Boring History | How Medieval Gardens Were Designed for Peace and Rest

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Imagine stepping through a 
wooden gate into a quiet Walled 

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Garden, the noise of the world, 
fading behind you. 

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Well tonight we're exploring how
medieval Gardens were designed 

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for peace and rest, these 
weren't just places for growing 

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herbs or food. 
They were sanctuaries. 

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Carefully arranged with shaded 
benches, fragrant, flowers, 

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flowing, water, and paths, for 
slow, walks Gardens, in the 

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Middle Ages, were meant to sue 
the spirit as much as they serve

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the body. 
Monks Nobles and townsfolk are 

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like found Comfort within their 
walls where every plant carried 

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meaning and every corner invited
reflection. 

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If these stories bring you 
comfort, take a moment to like 

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the video and subscribe to keep 
tapped in. 

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Also, please let me know in the 
comments where you're tuning in 

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from and what time it is. 
It's always comforting to know, 

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our little circle is finding 
rest together. 

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Now, dim the lights. 
Maybe imagine the soft trick of 

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a fountain. 
The hum of bees drifting over 

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blossoms and the Stillness of a 
space built for quiet Minds. 

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This is the story of medieval 
Garden's carefully designed to 

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bring peace and rest. 
Imagine passing through a hefty,

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wooden gate with iron hinges 
that Creak like a long time, 

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friend clearing their throat. 
A medieval Garden that has been 

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waiting for centuries to reveal 
its secrets to you is something 

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truly remarkable that you've 
just entered. 

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It might be 1250 or 1350. 
Here time seems to move more 

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slowly. 
The air is centered with 

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lavender and damp Earth Niche 
path. 

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Seems to be whispering slow down
your safe. 

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Now, in an era known for plagues
and the occasional Dragon 

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sighting. 
Well, that last one was mostly 

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in the stories but you never 
know. 

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You might ask. 
Why anyone would bother 

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designing elaborate Gardens the 
responses incredibly 

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straightforward humans, have 
always required breathing 

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spaces, medieval Gardens, were 
meticulously planned Havens. 

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That could literally save your 
sanity, not just lovely places. 

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Take a moment to imagine life in
the Middle. 

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Ages your crammed into cities 
with dark narrow streets, that 

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lets face. 
It smell like things, you'd 

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rather not recognize you have to
avoid suspicious puddles Dodge 

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horses. 
And hope the person selling you 

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bread hasn't been experimenting 
with using sawdust, instead of 

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flowers, by Nightfall, your 
nervous system is more tightly 

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wound than the drawbridge of a 
castle. 

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Imagine now, finding a secret 
garden in a castle Courtyard, or

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Behind the Walls of a monastery.
It's like walking into a warm 

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kitchen after a thunderstorm. 
Suddenly the cobblestones that 

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seemed to take offense at your 
ankles are replaced by neat 

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Pathways beneath your feet. 
Instead of flag snapping, 

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urgently in the wind flowers, 
not in soft breezes the only 

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sounds are bees humming, their 
old working songs and the water 

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trickles rather than rushes. 
The need for specially designed 

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areas to help people relax was 
recognized by medieval Garden 

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designers. 
Something we're still learning 

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today. 
They were using centuries of 

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meticulous observation about 
what truly makes people feel at 

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ease rather than psychology 
textbooks which are not. 

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Yet been created these Gardens 
are adhered to the enclosed 

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Embrace concept. 
Every Serene medieval Garden was

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in circled by building's Hedges 
or walls, giving the impression 

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that one was being held rather 
than left open. 

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You were entering a protective 
cocoon where the chaos of the 

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outside world couldn't follow 
you. 

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Not just a garden. 
Enclosure was all useful. 

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Medieval Garden's required 
protection, from straggling 

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animals, think attempting to 
meditate while chasing a 

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determined goat away. 
Severe weather and the odd 

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Bandit who might be more 
concerned with your turnips than

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your spiritual health. 
The psychological impact. 

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However, was even more 
significant. 

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Your mind stops looking for far 
off dangers and becomes focused 

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on the here. 
And now when you are unable to 

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see past the gardens boundaries,
every design featured water as a

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key component. 
Not tumbling waterfalls or 

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flamboyant fountains which were 
added later when people felt 

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that Leisure had to be more 
thrilling. 

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Water in a medieval Garden 
flowed slowly. 

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And purposefully rainwater could
be collected in a simple stone 

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Basin, which would serve as a 
drinking area for birds and a 

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mirror for clouds. 
Water flowed along raised beds 

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in tiny channels. 
Creating the softest sound 

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imaginable, like rain on leaves,
or a lullaby to the ground. 

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The pathways themselves were 
psychological engineering. 

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Masterpieces medieval Garden 
paths were intended for 

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wandering. 
In contrast to contemporary 

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Gardens where paths frequently 
lead to designated locations. 

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They were never hurried. 
But in Stead curved gently 

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offering fresh views at every 
bend it may appear to be a rose 

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bush, but as you approach it 
you'll find a tiny herb garden 

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behind it which leads to a sunny
area where you can sit and watch

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butterflies compete for the best
flowers. 

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These designs were hazard. 
Although they would have scoffed

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at such a pretentious title, the
first landscape therapists were 

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the designers of medieval 
Gardens. 

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They were just individuals who 
realized that time Beauty safety

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and gentle stimulation or all 
necessary for the human Spirit 

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to unfold. 
Ton of time, you'll find that 

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each component had a purpose as 
you get comfortable, exploring 

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these Gardens during our journey
together. 

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The herbs weren't only used to 
season soup depending on your 

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needs. 
They release sense that could 

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increase energy or reducing 
anxiety. 

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In addition to being lovely, the
flowers Hughes and forms, were 

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selected to soothe the weary 
eyes and promote the kind of 

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gentle concentration that allows
your mind to relax, even the 

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upkeep of these Gardens was 
planned with Tranquility in 

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mind, in contrast to 
contemporary Landscaping, which 

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necessitates loud, machinery. 
And last minute weekend labor, 

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medieval Gardens, develop their 
beauty gradually seasoned by 

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season. 
Pruning. 

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Weeding watering all gentle 
repetitive tasks that allow your

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thoughts to settle like sediment
in a peaceful Pond became a kind

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of moving meditation. 
As you fall asleep. 

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Tonight, picture yourself as the
garden's. 

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Caretaker as you check on young 
seedlings, feel the morning dew,

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on your fingertips, here, the 
gratifying of your blade cutting

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overly eager herbs. 
Imagine yourself sitting on a 

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plain. 
Wooden bench in the evening 

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light watching the last of the 
day, visit flowers that appear 

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to Glow in the golden hour in 
your fantasy Medieval World, you

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awaken to the sound of bells, 
ringing throughout the 

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countryside, not the startling 
clatter of contemporary life. 

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But the soft bronze voices that 
have been calling people to pray

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for centuries. 
You're now in a monastery 

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Garden, the Pinnacle of the art 
of tranquil design for good 

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reason, monastic communities, 
were the world's best gardeners 

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during the Middle Ages through 
prayer meditation and what they 

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referred to. 
As Opus manual, the work of 

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hands. 
These individuals had devoted 

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their lives to discovering a 
connection with God. 

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They learned that certain 
physical settings could either 

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help or hinder their spiritual 
objectives and they Incorporated

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these insights into the design 
of their Garden's. 

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As soon as you enter the 
monastery, you'll notice how 

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differently atmosphere is from 
the outside world. 

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Not only is it quieter? 
But the air itself seems to have

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acquired patients, the garden 
unfolds in front of you, in 

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sections, each serving, a 
distinct function, but all being

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bound together. 
By the same overarching idea, 

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everything in this place, is 
there to restore the health of 

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the human soul. 
The physical Garden where 

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therapeutic herbs are grown in 
tidy. 

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Raise beds is the first baseman 
cross. 

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However, don't pick just stare 
all roads, like the outdoor area

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of a contemporary Pharmacy. 
An artist's sense of color 

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texture, and scent is evident in
the arrangement of these plants.

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Even their most utilitarian 
plantings were beautiful to 

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behold because the monastery 
gardeners recognize that healing

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starts with the census alongside
tidy time, borders chamomile, 

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grows in silvery green, Mounds 
in purple ranks, that appear to 

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glitter in the morning. 
Light lavender stands at 

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attention. 
Wherever it is permitted, mint, 

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grows producing, cool, green 
carpets, that smell good 

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whenever you touch them. 
The real magic occurs when you 

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discover that in fact, walking 
among these plants causes your 

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breathing to slow. 
Down the visual effect is 

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calming certain sense have 
direct Pathways to the nervous 

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system. 
A discovery made by medieval 

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monks that modern Aroma 
therapists still catching up to 

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True that lavender reduces 
anxiety. 

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In fact, Rosemary can help with 
mental Clarity, mint, actually, 

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improves mood and aids in 
digestion. 

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However they did more than 
simply cultivate these plants, 

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they placed them along the 
Garden Path. 

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So that people would naturally 
and unconsciously experience 

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their benefits. 
It was not because medieval 

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people lacked imagination, that 
monastic guards, were laid out 

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according to rigid, geometric 
patterns. 

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These geometric patterns 
functioned as a kind of visual 

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meditation your mind would 
naturally settle into the same 

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Serene Rhythm. 
If your, I followed the neat 

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patterns squares within squares 
circles intersected by crosses 

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and rectangles divided by 
diagonal paths. 

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Beyond Aesthetics, geometric 
garden. 

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Design has a profoundly 
fulfilling quality. 

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It is easier for your internal 
state to achieve equilibrium 

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when your external environment 
is well, organized and balanced.

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Through daily practice the monks
were able to determine this. 

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They discovered they could enter
and stay in meditative States, 

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more quickly and for longer 
after spending hours in prayer 

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and reflection in Garden's with 
solid geometric underpinning, a 

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well-off fountain place where 
several parts met was the focal 

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point of the majority of 
Monastery Gardens this. 

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Had symbolic and psychological 
significance in addition, to 

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being pragmatic, although access
to water was undoubtedly 

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crucial. 
In almost all spiritual 

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Traditions, water as a symbol of
Life, rebirth, and purification.

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having it at the center of the 
garden served as a conscious or 

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unconscious reminded to guests 
that they were in a space 

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devoted to Renewal the water 
features were intended to 

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stimulate your senses without 
overpowering them, which is 

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where the subtle Genius of 
medieval garden design as was 

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displayed Water trickling slowly
from a carved spout, into a 

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basin in a basic Stone. 
Well could produce the softer 

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sound possible enough to drown 
out distracting sounds outside? 

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The garden walls, but not enough
to draw attention to itself. 

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In order to maximize 
psychological benefits, the 

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seating areas in the monastery 
Gardens were positioned 

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strategically wooden benches 
were placed facing either West. 

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For evening reflection as the 
day came to an end or east for 

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more morning meditation in the 
light of the sunrise, they were 

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placed next to her beds where 
the scent would be most potent 

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in the hottest hours of the day 
or nestled in to alcoves created

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by carefully. 
Trained fruit trees sitting in 

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one of these locations, you 
would observe how the gardens 

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seems to envelop you without, 
making you feel crowded all the 

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surrounding Hedges or walls, 
provide, privacy and security. 

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They aren't so high that you 
feel confined. 

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As the Sun Passes overhead, you 
can see the sky. 

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Watch the clouds, move and take 
in the shifting patterns of 

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light and Shadow. 
It feels like a soft verdant, 

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hug Monastery. 
Gardens maintenance. 

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Philosophy was a reflection of 
their spiritual mission. 

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Slowly and deliberately the work
was done as a kind of prayer. 

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Weeding was an opportunity to 
exercise patience and attention 

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to detail. 
Not a task to be hurried 

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through. 
Watering was an opportunity to 

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observe and appreciate the needs
and growth of each individual 

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plant. 
An addition to providing basic 

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plant care, this method, 
produced Garden's, that exuded 

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serenity Spaces are quite a 
distinct energy quality when 

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they are maintained with love 
and meditation as opposed to 

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speed and efficiency. 
This phenomenon is frequently 

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mentioned by contemporary 
visitors to restore Monastery 

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Gardens. 
There is an unmistakably Serene 

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quality to these areas that 
transcend, their aesthetic 

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appeal, in ways, we have, mostly
forgotten the monks. 

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Also had an understanding of 
seasonal rhythms. 

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Their Gardens were planned to 
offer, various forms of 

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aesthetic, appeal and 
practicality all year long. 

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The delicate blossoms of fruit 
trees in the new green of fresh 

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herbs arrived with spring. 
Harvest to a plentiful and the 

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00:11:53,800 --> 00:11:56,100
center of blooming plants, 
filled the air during the 

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00:11:56,100 --> 00:11:58,500
summer. 
Autumn brought vibrant foliage 

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00:11:58,500 --> 00:12:01,900
and the joy of collecting seeds 
for planting the following year.

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00:12:03,100 --> 00:12:05,200
With the sharp lines of the 
geometric design. 

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Clearly visible and Evergreen 
herbs offering patches of Life 

239
00:12:08,500 --> 00:12:11,600
against the snow even winter had
its own Stern Beauty. 

240
00:12:11,600 --> 00:12:15,100
Imagine how the light of the day
gradually Fades and how the air 

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00:12:15,100 --> 00:12:17,900
cools and carries the mixed 
sense of herbs as you settle 

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00:12:17,900 --> 00:12:21,200
into evening prayer. 
In this Monastery Garden You 

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00:12:21,200 --> 00:12:24,500
discover that you have spent the
entire day in this verdant Haven

244
00:12:24,500 --> 00:12:28,700
without ever feeling rushed 
anxious or out of sync with the 

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00:12:28,708 --> 00:12:31,400
cycles of life itself. 
When the bells ring once more 

246
00:12:31,400 --> 00:12:34,900
summoning the community to 
Vespers your exchanging, your 

247
00:12:34,900 --> 00:12:38,000
modest Monastery self for 
something far more, opulent this

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00:12:38,000 --> 00:12:40,600
morning, the castle Garden 
intended for medieval 

249
00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:43,200
aristocracy. 
However, don't anticipate. 

250
00:12:43,200 --> 00:12:46,000
The extravagant extravagance of 
later, centuries. 

251
00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:49,900
Subtly sophisticated medieval 
Noble Gardens were designed to 

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00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:53,300
provide ideal settings for the 
kinds of Pursuits that kept a 

253
00:12:53,300 --> 00:12:55,700
risk to Kratts sane, amidst the 
demands of political life. 

254
00:12:55,700 --> 00:12:59,300
The unusual living quarters of 
medieval Aristocrats resembled a

255
00:12:59,300 --> 00:13:02,900
goldfish bowl from servants to 
rival families to visiting 

256
00:13:02,900 --> 00:13:05,300
diplomats who reported back to 
foreign courts. 

257
00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,900
Everyone was continuously 
watching criticizing and 

258
00:13:08,900 --> 00:13:12,900
analyzing their lives, there was
hardly any privacy and Leisure 

259
00:13:12,900 --> 00:13:15,300
had to be carefully planned in 
between Court, rituals 

260
00:13:15,300 --> 00:13:18,500
tournaments, and The NeverEnding
negotiations that prevented 

261
00:13:18,500 --> 00:13:20,200
kingdoms from falling into 
Anarchy. 

262
00:13:20,900 --> 00:13:22,200
Their Gardens which were 
created. 

263
00:13:22,200 --> 00:13:25,000
Specially to offer, the kinds of
tranquil experiences, that would

264
00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:27,700
be practically impossible to 
find elsewhere in medieval 

265
00:13:27,700 --> 00:13:30,400
Society, turned into vital 
pressure valves. 

266
00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:33,500
However, these were not merely 
enlarged, monastic, Gardens 

267
00:13:33,500 --> 00:13:37,800
Noble Gardens needed to do more 
than just impress guests, the 

268
00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:40,700
needed to offer useful 
advantages and a real escape 

269
00:13:40,700 --> 00:13:42,100
from the bustle of the outside 
world. 

270
00:13:42,100 --> 00:13:45,500
You can see how the garden areas
are shrewdly tucked into areas 

271
00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:48,300
that might otherwise go on used 
as you stroll through the 

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00:13:48,300 --> 00:13:52,500
Castle's main Courtyard. 
Every inch of protected interior

273
00:13:52,500 --> 00:13:55,300
space was valuable because 
medieval castles were 

274
00:13:55,300 --> 00:13:58,200
constructed primarily for 
defense and then for comfort. 

275
00:13:59,500 --> 00:14:03,000
Working like puzzle solvers, the
garden designers created, lovely

276
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:05,800
Havens in small Courtyards with 
no military. 

277
00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:08,900
Use along walls and in strange 
Corners. 

278
00:14:08,900 --> 00:14:12,100
One of the most clever features 
is what the medievals called, a 

279
00:14:12,100 --> 00:14:15,400
pleasant, basically a private 
outdoor space intended for 

280
00:14:15,408 --> 00:14:19,200
leisure and small parties. 
Imagine a square or rectangular 

281
00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:23,300
area surrounded by dense Hedges 
or low walls with thoughtfully, 

282
00:14:23,300 --> 00:14:25,800
placed sight lines, that 
preserve views of the Castle's 

283
00:14:25,800 --> 00:14:28,500
most appealing features or far 
off Landscapes. 

284
00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:31,200
While obstructing views from the
crowded main Courtyards. 

285
00:14:31,200 --> 00:14:34,500
These spaces were decorated to 
resemble outdoor living rooms 

286
00:14:34,500 --> 00:14:38,500
backrests and seating were 
provided by rays which were 

287
00:14:38,500 --> 00:14:41,500
frequently topped with Turf 
benches which were essentially 

288
00:14:41,500 --> 00:14:44,500
Earth and grass so forth that 
were surprisingly cozy and 

289
00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:47,900
unmistakably different. 
Depending on when the gardens 

290
00:14:47,900 --> 00:14:51,000
owner wanted to escape from 
public responsibilities wooden 

291
00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:53,700
benches were positioned to 
benefit from morning, sunlight, 

292
00:14:53,700 --> 00:14:56,200
or afternoon. 
Shade Noble Garden's, plant 

293
00:14:56,200 --> 00:14:59,400
selections, demonstrated a deep 
comprehension of social dynamics

294
00:14:59,400 --> 00:15:02,600
and psychology. 
Roses were important because of 

295
00:15:02,600 --> 00:15:05,900
their symbolic, meaning in 
addition to their beauty roses, 

296
00:15:05,900 --> 00:15:09,600
stood for love Purity and the 
transient nature of Earthly 

297
00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:12,000
Beauty. 
According to the medievals who 

298
00:15:12,000 --> 00:15:15,700
interpreted everything Roses 
were a continual reminder that 

299
00:15:15,700 --> 00:15:18,700
there was Beauty in life worth 
stopping to appreciate like 

300
00:15:18,700 --> 00:15:20,700
poetry growing right outside 
your window. 

301
00:15:20,700 --> 00:15:23,900
The way these roses were 
cultivated however was the truly

302
00:15:23,900 --> 00:15:27,200
ingenious aspect. 
Medieval gardeners trained roses

303
00:15:27,200 --> 00:15:29,900
as climbers and Ramblers. 
Weaving them through wooden 

304
00:15:29,900 --> 00:15:33,400
Frameworks to create living 
walls and shaded alcoves in 

305
00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:35,900
contrast to Modern rose bushes 
that bloom once. 

306
00:15:35,900 --> 00:15:38,500
And then look rather ordinary 
for the rest of the year. 

307
00:15:38,500 --> 00:15:41,900
Picture yourself, sitting 
beneath an arbor with hundreds 

308
00:15:41,900 --> 00:15:45,600
of tiny highly fragrant roses 
that formed a natural canopy 

309
00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:48,800
above you and petals that 
occasionally fell like fragrant 

310
00:15:48,800 --> 00:15:52,000
snow in castle, settings, herb 
garden for filled three 

311
00:15:52,008 --> 00:15:54,500
functions. 
They were useful, aesthetically 

312
00:15:54,500 --> 00:15:58,300
pleasing, and instructive noble.
Families were supposed to know 

313
00:15:58,300 --> 00:16:00,300
how to run the home cook and 
practice medicine. 

314
00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:03,000
The herb garden offered 
practical and soothing 

315
00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:04,500
opportunities for Hands-On 
learning. 

316
00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,700
Identifying the various mints, 
which is surprisingly difficult 

317
00:16:08,700 --> 00:16:11,800
and strangely, meditative 
knowing, which herbs aid in 

318
00:16:11,808 --> 00:16:15,300
digestion, or just taking in the
complex sense that changed 

319
00:16:15,300 --> 00:16:16,500
throughout the day. 
As plants. 

320
00:16:16,500 --> 00:16:19,000
Released various aromatic 
compounds in response to 

321
00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:22,200
temperature and Sun could all 
take up an afternoon, although 

322
00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:25,400
more ornate than those found in 
monasteries water features in 

323
00:16:25,408 --> 00:16:28,700
Noble Gardens were still created
with psychological comfort in 

324
00:16:28,700 --> 00:16:31,300
mind. 
The family's coat of arms could 

325
00:16:31,300 --> 00:16:33,300
be carved into a raised Stone 
Basin. 

326
00:16:33,300 --> 00:16:36,400
That was supplied with water 
from the Castle's main Supply 

327
00:16:36,400 --> 00:16:39,400
via a tiny Channel. 
Although the visual effect was 

328
00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:42,600
more advanced, the sound was 
still subdued because medieval 

329
00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:44,800
people had not yet developed the
noisy. 

330
00:16:44,800 --> 00:16:47,700
Fountain Obsession that would 
define later periods. 

331
00:16:47,700 --> 00:16:50,900
These water features provided 
focal points for casual 

332
00:16:50,900 --> 00:16:54,500
get-togethers and reflection. 
Since medieval Aristocrats 

333
00:16:54,500 --> 00:16:57,900
lacked, modern-day coffee shops,
and living rooms garden, water, 

334
00:16:57,900 --> 00:17:01,000
features offered Serene, lovely 
settings in which challenging 

335
00:17:01,000 --> 00:17:03,400
discussions could take place 
without creating tension. 

336
00:17:04,099 --> 00:17:05,900
Moving water seems to promote 
honesty. 

337
00:17:05,900 --> 00:17:09,400
While discouraging conflict 
medieval Garden designers were 

338
00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:11,300
well aware of this and took 
advantage of it. 

339
00:17:11,300 --> 00:17:14,700
Unlike Monastery, Gardens where 
paths and courage solitary 

340
00:17:14,700 --> 00:17:18,500
meditation, Castle, Garden paths
were ideal for two, personal 

341
00:17:18,500 --> 00:17:22,300
conversations wide enough for 
companions to walk side by side.

342
00:17:22,300 --> 00:17:26,099
But not so wide that the area 
felt formal or intimidating. 

343
00:17:26,900 --> 00:17:29,400
The paths in Noble Gardens were 
made for what we might call 

344
00:17:29,400 --> 00:17:32,300
Therapeutic strolling. 
These Pathways frequently 

345
00:17:32,300 --> 00:17:34,300
included. 
What medieval designers referred

346
00:17:34,300 --> 00:17:37,400
to as viewing mounts. 
Tiny man-made Hills made by 

347
00:17:37,400 --> 00:17:39,500
piling up dirt, and covering it 
with turf. 

348
00:17:40,300 --> 00:17:43,200
More significantly. 
Climbing to the top of a viewing

349
00:17:43,200 --> 00:17:45,700
Mount offered a mild form of 
exercise, that might help 

350
00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:48,100
release the tension that had 
built up from long days of 

351
00:17:48,100 --> 00:17:50,400
sitting through Court ceremonies
or Council meetings. 

352
00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:53,400
It also gave you a new 
perspective on the garden and 

353
00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:55,600
the surrounding area Noble 
Gardens. 

354
00:17:55,600 --> 00:17:58,600
Displayed a remarkable level of 
sophistication in their seasonal

355
00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,100
planning. 
In addition to ensuring that 

356
00:18:01,100 --> 00:18:04,400
there is always something lovely
or intriguing Garden designers. 

357
00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:07,100
Planned planting schedules to 
ensure that the garden would 

358
00:18:07,100 --> 00:18:10,700
offer a variety of psychological
advantages all year long The 

359
00:18:10,700 --> 00:18:14,400
emphasis on Hope and rebirth in 
Spring planting was ideal for 

360
00:18:14,400 --> 00:18:17,800
acclimating to the long gloomy, 
winter months when everyone was 

361
00:18:17,800 --> 00:18:20,900
cooped up inside. 
The social activities that were 

362
00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:24,200
vital to aristocratic life was 
supported by the abundance and 

363
00:18:24,200 --> 00:18:26,200
celebration that summer Gardens 
provided. 

364
00:18:27,000 --> 00:18:28,900
Plants in Autumn Garden's gave 
Nobles. 

365
00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:31,800
A sentence of preparation and 
achievement, which helped them 

366
00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:34,300
adopt the planning, mentality 
needed to survive the winter. 

367
00:18:34,300 --> 00:18:37,800
What could be referred to as 
emergencies relaxation features 

368
00:18:37,800 --> 00:18:41,100
elements created specially to 
offer prompt stress relief 

369
00:18:41,100 --> 00:18:44,600
during political crises were 
also present in medieval castle 

370
00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:47,500
Gardens. 
The maze or Labyrinth was a 

371
00:18:47,500 --> 00:18:49,300
favorite, but not the difficult 
puzzle. 

372
00:18:49,300 --> 00:18:52,900
Mazes of later, eras. 
With their single paths, winding

373
00:18:52,900 --> 00:18:55,800
an intricate patterns, but never
offering choices or dead ends 

374
00:18:55,800 --> 00:18:58,600
medieval labyrinths were 
intended to be walking 

375
00:18:58,600 --> 00:19:01,200
meditations. 
When you needed to solve, 

376
00:19:01,200 --> 00:19:04,500
complicated problems, you could 
walk the Labyrinth and the 

377
00:19:04,500 --> 00:19:07,000
intricate pattern and rhythmic 
movement would frequently 

378
00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:09,000
encouraged solutions to come to 
you organically. 

379
00:19:09,000 --> 00:19:12,200
Imagine yourself sitting on one 
of those Turf benches in your 

380
00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:16,100
make-believe Castle Garden as 
evening draws near and the 

381
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:18,800
center of plants that bloom at 
night starts to fill the air. 

382
00:19:19,500 --> 00:19:21,700
Here, the meticulous design of 
the garden. 

383
00:19:21,700 --> 00:19:24,300
Somehow absorbs, the political 
tensions of the day. 

384
00:19:25,100 --> 00:19:27,800
You can rest fully tonight 
surrounded by beauty that has 

385
00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:30,300
been specifically designed to 
Foster human piece. 

386
00:19:31,100 --> 00:19:33,900
But tomorrow will present new 
challenges your learning about 

387
00:19:33,900 --> 00:19:36,700
the hortus conclusus or enclosed
Garden. 

388
00:19:36,700 --> 00:19:39,500
One of the most advanced 
inventions in medieval gardening

389
00:19:39,500 --> 00:19:42,300
tonight. 
This was not just any walled 

390
00:19:42,300 --> 00:19:45,500
area with plants rather. 
It was a thoughtfully planned 

391
00:19:45,500 --> 00:19:48,300
setting intended to produce. 
What could be referred to as 

392
00:19:48,300 --> 00:19:50,900
perfect psychological conditions
for human flourishing. 

393
00:19:50,900 --> 00:19:54,500
A thorough understanding of how 
environmental boundaries impact 

394
00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:56,800
mental state led to the 
development of the enclosed 

395
00:19:56,800 --> 00:19:59,900
Garden concept. 
People in the Middle Ages lived?

396
00:19:59,900 --> 00:20:03,000
In constant, fear of danger, 
that might lurk outside of their

397
00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:07,400
familiar boundaries anywhere at 
any time, there could be Bandits

398
00:20:07,400 --> 00:20:12,000
Untamed, animals, hostile armies
and unexplained illnesses every 

399
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:15,800
element of daily life, including
the layout of serene areas was 

400
00:20:15,800 --> 00:20:18,400
influenced by this persistent 
low-level anxiety. 

401
00:20:18,400 --> 00:20:21,800
Imagine yourself walking through
a small gate or doorway into an 

402
00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:24,700
enclosed Garden. 
The changeover is purposeful and

403
00:20:24,700 --> 00:20:28,400
dramatic your surrounded by 
walls, that Define and Safeguard

404
00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:32,200
a smaller more manageable 
Universe one moment and then 

405
00:20:32,200 --> 00:20:35,000
you're in the open world with 
its boundless Horizons and 

406
00:20:35,000 --> 00:20:37,800
possible dangers. 
The next Your nervous system. 

407
00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:41,100
Literally lets out a sigh of 
relief as a result of the 

408
00:20:41,100 --> 00:20:43,900
profound. 
And instantaneous cycle shift, 

409
00:20:43,900 --> 00:20:47,100
medieval Garden designers. 
However, went beyond the basic 

410
00:20:47,100 --> 00:20:49,900
enclosure, they realized that 
Walls by themselves. 

411
00:20:49,900 --> 00:20:53,500
Could feel more like prisons 
than like freedoms, making the 

412
00:20:53,500 --> 00:20:55,900
enclosure feel more like an 
Embrace than a prison was the 

413
00:20:55,900 --> 00:20:58,300
trick. 
They achieved this by paying 

414
00:20:58,300 --> 00:21:01,600
close attention to sight lines 
proportions and what we might 

415
00:21:01,600 --> 00:21:05,400
refer to as control, opening's a
sense of protected space where 

416
00:21:05,400 --> 00:21:07,900
you could not be surprised or 
threatened was provided by the 

417
00:21:07,900 --> 00:21:11,500
walls of the most successful in 
closed, Gardens which adhered to

418
00:21:11,500 --> 00:21:14,400
what contemporary environmental 
psychologists refer to as the 

419
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:17,100
Prospect and refuge. 
Principal though, medieval 

420
00:21:17,100 --> 00:21:19,800
designers would have simply 
refer to it as feeling safe 

421
00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:23,000
while seeing Beauty. 
However, the gardens also 

422
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:26,800
featured thoughtfully designed 
opportunities Sky views, far off

423
00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,900
Landscapes or garden elements, 
that allowed your thoughts to 

424
00:21:29,900 --> 00:21:33,300
roam without straying from the 
safety zone Gates or Windows in 

425
00:21:33,300 --> 00:21:35,400
the walls that framed views like
living paintings. 

426
00:21:35,400 --> 00:21:39,200
Could create these opportunities
picture yourself, perched on a 

427
00:21:39,200 --> 00:21:42,300
stone bench gazing, through an 
arched aperture that ideally 

428
00:21:42,300 --> 00:21:45,300
frames a view of the Castle's 
Towers or a far-off hillside. 

429
00:21:45,300 --> 00:21:48,800
Your body stays securely 
contained, while your I can 

430
00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:51,700
travel to these far off views 
meeting the human need for 

431
00:21:51,700 --> 00:21:54,600
spatial variety. 
The enclosed Gardens plant, 

432
00:21:54,600 --> 00:21:57,300
choices were Exquisite examples 
of sensory design. 

433
00:21:57,300 --> 00:22:00,800
Each plant was picked for its 
ability to enhance the gardens 

434
00:22:00,800 --> 00:22:04,200
overall, psychological Ambience,
an addition to its aesthetic 

435
00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:06,800
value. 
Lavender offered a soothing 

436
00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:09,300
scent and delicate. 
Silver leaves that glistened in 

437
00:22:09,300 --> 00:22:12,700
any kind of light. 
The strong enlightening, Aroma 

438
00:22:12,700 --> 00:22:15,700
of Rosemary, could clear mental 
Haze and boost alertness without

439
00:22:15,700 --> 00:22:18,700
making people anxious. 
Plants in the mint, family 

440
00:22:18,700 --> 00:22:21,600
offered, refreshing sense and 
cooling effects that could help 

441
00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:23,100
cool. 
Even the hottest summer days, 

442
00:22:23,100 --> 00:22:26,600
what we might refer to as 
layered fragrances, plant 

443
00:22:26,600 --> 00:22:29,200
combinations, that released 
distinct sense at various times 

444
00:22:29,200 --> 00:22:32,500
of day and in various weather 
conditions were common in, 

445
00:22:32,500 --> 00:22:36,200
medieval and closed Gardens. 
The scent of wet herbs, may be 

446
00:22:36,200 --> 00:22:39,300
green and Dewey in the morning. 
Mingled with the honey, sweet 

447
00:22:39,300 --> 00:22:41,300
Aroma of flowers opening to the 
Sun. 

448
00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:45,100
Aromatic plants such as oregano 
and Thyme would release their 

449
00:22:45,100 --> 00:22:46,700
stronger sense in the midday 
Heat. 

450
00:22:47,500 --> 00:22:50,800
Night, blooming plants with 
their enigmatic and frequently 

451
00:22:50,800 --> 00:22:53,500
more complex sense would emerge 
in the evening. 

452
00:22:53,500 --> 00:22:56,900
These Gardens ground planning, 
adhered principles, that seem to

453
00:22:56,900 --> 00:23:00,200
work almost magically, the 
walkways were both, intimately 

454
00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:03,600
intimate and sufficiently wide 
for comfortable walking since 

455
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:05,800
you could never see the entire 
Garden at once. 

456
00:23:05,800 --> 00:23:09,600
They gently curved to evoke a 
sense of Discovery, there was 

457
00:23:09,608 --> 00:23:12,000
always something new to discover
around every corner. 

458
00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:16,400
However, everything happened at 
natural and secure pace and the 

459
00:23:16,408 --> 00:23:19,100
curves were never abrupt enough 
to cause surprise or fear 

460
00:23:19,100 --> 00:23:21,800
enclosed garden. 
Water management, reached new 

461
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:24,700
artistic Heights. 
Each drop of water could be 

462
00:23:24,708 --> 00:23:28,200
meticulously regulated and 
synchronized because these were 

463
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:31,200
in closed spaces. 
In order to produce various 

464
00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:34,500
sounds and visual effects 
throughout the garden, designers

465
00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:37,400
device systems that would allow 
water to move slowly through the

466
00:23:37,400 --> 00:23:41,000
area appearing and disappearing.
You may first see water as a 

467
00:23:41,000 --> 00:23:44,300
soft spring that emerges from a 
carved Stone Face in one wall 

468
00:23:44,300 --> 00:23:47,600
then follow its path. 
As it feeds various plant beds 

469
00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:50,800
by a tiny channels before 
gathering in a central Basin to 

470
00:23:50,800 --> 00:23:54,200
reflect the sky and Light. 
From the first soft bubbling of 

471
00:23:54,208 --> 00:23:57,200
the spring to the soft trickling
through the channels to the 

472
00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:00,400
almost silent filling of the 
last Basin, the sound of this 

473
00:24:00,400 --> 00:24:03,400
water would change as it. 
Traveled the psychological 

474
00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:05,800
significance of what we might 
refer to as controlled 

475
00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:09,500
Wilderness within enclosed 
spaces, was also recognized by 

476
00:24:09,500 --> 00:24:12,800
medieval designers. 
These Gardens featured sections 

477
00:24:12,800 --> 00:24:15,400
where plants were permitted to 
grow in more organic patterns, 

478
00:24:15,400 --> 00:24:18,200
despite their meticulous 
planning and upkeep. 

479
00:24:18,900 --> 00:24:21,700
Herbs that had been left to 
self-seed and spread could be 

480
00:24:21,700 --> 00:24:24,100
found in a corner, resulting in 
patches. 

481
00:24:24,100 --> 00:24:27,200
That felt wild and impromptu, 
but were totally safe. 

482
00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:30,800
A basic psychological need of 
humans, was met by this harmony 

483
00:24:30,800 --> 00:24:34,100
between naturalness and control.
We need a certain amount of 

484
00:24:34,100 --> 00:24:37,500
surprise natural beauty to keep 
our minds active and interested,

485
00:24:37,500 --> 00:24:40,800
but we also need order and 
predictability for security. 

486
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:44,800
Both were simultaneously offered
by enclosed Garden Gardens which

487
00:24:44,800 --> 00:24:47,300
offered areas of delightful, 
unpredictability along with 

488
00:24:47,300 --> 00:24:49,500
general order and safety in 
close. 

489
00:24:49,500 --> 00:24:51,700
Gardens featured. 
A specially, elaborate seating 

490
00:24:51,700 --> 00:24:53,800
arrangements. 
There were several seating 

491
00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:57,700
options to accommodate various 
social settings and moods cool 

492
00:24:57,700 --> 00:25:01,300
isolated places to reflect were 
provided by Stone benches 

493
00:25:01,300 --> 00:25:05,100
setting to the walls. 
For Extended Stays wooden, 

494
00:25:05,100 --> 00:25:08,700
benches placed in bright spots, 
offered warmth and comfort, the 

495
00:25:08,700 --> 00:25:11,600
most private and cozy. 
Seating was provided by Turf 

496
00:25:11,600 --> 00:25:13,800
benches. 
Those amazing earth and grass 

497
00:25:13,800 --> 00:25:16,500
Creations from the Middle Ages. 
There were ideal for reading 

498
00:25:16,500 --> 00:25:19,000
taking naps or having quiet 
discussions. 

499
00:25:19,000 --> 00:25:22,200
The placement of the seating 
sections was done to capitalize 

500
00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:24,100
on the various seasons and times
of day. 

501
00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:28,200
In order to enjoy the soft early
Sun morning seats faced East. 

502
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:31,200
The locations of the midday 
seats were chosen to provide 

503
00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:34,400
shade during the hottest times 
of the day seats in the evening 

504
00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:38,300
for West to watch the sunset. 
In order to harness any of 

505
00:25:38,300 --> 00:25:41,200
available warmth from the Low 
Winter Sun, winter seats were 

506
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:44,400
placed in alcoves facing south 
in closed guard Gardens 

507
00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:46,000
seasonal. 
Development was thoughtfully 

508
00:25:46,000 --> 00:25:48,500
planned to offer cycle support 
all year long. 

509
00:25:49,300 --> 00:25:52,500
After enduring the harsh winters
of the Middle Ages people 

510
00:25:52,500 --> 00:25:55,500
needed, hope, and renewal, which
spring planting offered. 

511
00:25:56,200 --> 00:25:58,800
Summertime designs. 
Offered celebration of plenty. 

512
00:25:59,500 --> 00:26:02,500
Plants in autumnal Guardians. 
Conveyed a sense of preparation 

513
00:26:02,500 --> 00:26:05,500
and harvest. 
Evergreen trees and intriguing. 

514
00:26:05,500 --> 00:26:08,800
Architectural elements were 
included in the design to add 

515
00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:11,100
Beauty and interest even during 
the winter months. 

516
00:26:11,100 --> 00:26:14,900
Most significantly medieval 
enclosed Gardens, were intended 

517
00:26:14,900 --> 00:26:17,900
to be places for what we might 
refer to as productive Solitude.

518
00:26:17,900 --> 00:26:20,800
These were not places where you 
could hide from the outside 

519
00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:23,300
world forever, but rather 
places, where you could 

520
00:26:23,300 --> 00:26:26,300
temporarily withdraw, regain 
your emotional and mental 

521
00:26:26,300 --> 00:26:29,300
balance and then resume your 
daily activities with fresh 

522
00:26:29,300 --> 00:26:32,600
vitality and perspective. 
Imagine yourself falling asleep 

523
00:26:32,600 --> 00:26:35,200
in your own little enclosed 
garden with walls. 

524
00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:38,700
That feel protective rather than
limiting and breathing in air 

525
00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:40,600
that is centered with herbs. 
That have been carefully 

526
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:42,900
selected to encourage relaxation
and tranquility. 

527
00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:46,800
The boundaries of the garden, 
create a perfect little world 

528
00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:49,500
where you can just enjoy being 
in an area, created, 

529
00:26:49,500 --> 00:26:50,900
specifically for your 
well-being. 

530
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:54,100
When you wake up this morning, 
you'll find something amazing. 

531
00:26:54,800 --> 00:26:57,700
Centuries before the terms 
environmental aroma therapy, 

532
00:26:57,700 --> 00:27:00,800
people were coined medieval, 
people were engaging in a highly

533
00:27:00,800 --> 00:27:03,400
developed form of it. 
In addition to being 

534
00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:06,300
aesthetically pleasing, their 
Gardens were meticulously 

535
00:27:06,300 --> 00:27:09,500
planned sensory experiences that
use the sense and qualities of 

536
00:27:09,508 --> 00:27:13,400
plants to affect mental, 
physical and emotional states. 

537
00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:17,100
Medieval Garden, designers, Drew
inspiration from a fascinating 

538
00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:19,400
blend of traditional knowledge 
passed down through the 

539
00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:23,500
generations, key observation and
what they dubbed, the doctrine 

540
00:27:23,500 --> 00:27:26,300
of signatures. 
The idea that a plants growth 

541
00:27:26,300 --> 00:27:29,600
patterns sent or appearance 
could reveal its medicinal uses 

542
00:27:29,600 --> 00:27:33,100
their practical outcomes were 
frequently, remarkably effective

543
00:27:33,100 --> 00:27:36,100
even though some of their 
theories now, seemingly 

544
00:27:36,100 --> 00:27:39,100
Antiquated an early morning. 
Stroll through a medieval herb 

545
00:27:39,100 --> 00:27:41,600
garden would reveal what is 
essentially a living farmacy. 

546
00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:45,000
But one that has been created 
with a psychologist awareness of

547
00:27:45,000 --> 00:27:49,400
human needs and an artist sense 
of Aesthetics, every plant was 

548
00:27:49,400 --> 00:27:52,400
placed to provide the greatest 
possible therapeutic benefit to 

549
00:27:52,400 --> 00:27:54,700
Garden. 
Visitors in addition to ideal 

550
00:27:54,700 --> 00:27:57,700
growing conditions along, 
Pathways where people would 

551
00:27:57,700 --> 00:28:00,400
naturally brush against it Kemal
was planted. 

552
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:05,700
It has tiny Daisy-like flowers 
and a sweet Apple like scent. 

553
00:28:06,500 --> 00:28:09,200
All the medieval gardeners were 
aware that the aroma of 

554
00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:12,700
chamomile could reduce anxiety, 
an encouraged sound sleep. 

555
00:28:12,700 --> 00:28:16,700
They also recognized that the 
cycle impact was greater than 

556
00:28:16,700 --> 00:28:19,100
the scent was inadvertently 
inhaled rather than 

557
00:28:19,100 --> 00:28:22,600
intentionally Something about 
finding a healing sent by 

558
00:28:22,600 --> 00:28:25,300
accident is more potent than 
actively seeking it out. 

559
00:28:25,300 --> 00:28:28,700
In addition to its lovely purple
blooms and unique scent. 

560
00:28:28,700 --> 00:28:32,700
Lavender was prized in medieval 
Gardens for its incredibly 

561
00:28:32,700 --> 00:28:36,100
consistent calming properties. 
The biochemistry of how 

562
00:28:36,100 --> 00:28:40,600
lavenders Lena Luol and Lionel 
acetate compounds actually slow 

563
00:28:40,600 --> 00:28:44,200
down nervous system activity was
unknown to Medieval people but 

564
00:28:44,200 --> 00:28:48,200
they were aware of the effects. 
In order to promote peaceful 

565
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:51,900
sleep, lavender was planted. 
Close to places where people sat

566
00:28:51,900 --> 00:28:55,300
along walkways that led to 
private areas and particularly 

567
00:28:55,300 --> 00:28:59,100
close to Windows in bedrooms 
lavenders placement in gardens 

568
00:28:59,100 --> 00:29:02,200
demonstrated, a sophisticated 
understanding of scent dispersal

569
00:29:03,300 --> 00:29:05,700
Gardeners planted Lavender in 
Sunny locations. 

570
00:29:05,700 --> 00:29:08,900
Where after noon heat would 
optimize his therapeutic 

571
00:29:08,900 --> 00:29:12,400
benefits because they knew that 
the plant releases its strongest

572
00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:14,200
fragrance, during the warmest 
part of the day. 

573
00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:17,200
Additionally, they placed 
lavender bushes where people 

574
00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:19,500
might unintentionally brush 
against the wall strolling 

575
00:29:19,500 --> 00:29:21,400
because they knew that bruised. 
Lavender. 

576
00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:24,500
Releases, even more scent, 
almost like a garden guardian 

577
00:29:24,500 --> 00:29:26,500
Rose. 
Marie was placed close to Gates 

578
00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:29,700
and entrances, so that its 
potent calming scent, could 

579
00:29:29,700 --> 00:29:32,600
assist guests and shifting from 
the disorganized state of 

580
00:29:32,608 --> 00:29:35,600
everyday life to the 
concentrated awareness required 

581
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:38,700
for appreciating a garden. 
According to contemporary 

582
00:29:38,700 --> 00:29:41,400
research, medieval people, 
thought, Rosemary improved, 

583
00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:44,800
mental, Clarity and memory. 
It is true that compounds found 

584
00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:47,400
in Rosemary can enhance 
alertness and cognitive 

585
00:29:47,400 --> 00:29:49,900
function. 
However, this is where the 

586
00:29:49,900 --> 00:29:52,400
genius of medieval garden design
was displayed. 

587
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:55,700
Rosemary was also planted 
alongside soothing herbs like 

588
00:29:55,700 --> 00:29:58,700
chamomile and lavender. 
The end effect was a 

589
00:29:58,700 --> 00:30:01,700
well-balanced scent experience 
that could improve mental 

590
00:30:01,700 --> 00:30:04,200
Clarity without causing over 
stimulation or anxiety. 

591
00:30:05,200 --> 00:30:07,600
In these Gardens, you felt more 
at ease and could think more 

592
00:30:07,600 --> 00:30:11,200
clearly two things that are 
surprisingly hard to combine the

593
00:30:11,200 --> 00:30:14,000
most adaptable medicinal plants.
In medieval Garden, Gardens came

594
00:30:14,000 --> 00:30:16,900
from the mint family, various 
mints were used to achieve 

595
00:30:16,900 --> 00:30:19,000
various physical and 
psychological effects. 

596
00:30:19,800 --> 00:30:22,800
Without the potency of 
peppermint spearmint provided 

597
00:30:22,800 --> 00:30:25,800
mild digestive support and a 
revitalizing mental boost. 

598
00:30:26,700 --> 00:30:28,300
The sweeter softer Center of 
Apple. 

599
00:30:28,300 --> 00:30:31,800
Mint was ideal for unwinding in 
the evening in the damp spots. 

600
00:30:31,800 --> 00:30:34,700
Next to garden water features 
where its cooling qualities 

601
00:30:34,700 --> 00:30:38,300
could intensify the revitalizing
effects of flowing water water, 

602
00:30:38,300 --> 00:30:41,600
mint, flourished, medieval 
gardeners also, recognized a 

603
00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:43,700
fact that contemporary aroma 
therapy is rediscovering. 

604
00:30:44,600 --> 00:30:47,500
Combinations of plants, rather 
than individual species 

605
00:30:47,500 --> 00:30:50,800
frequently produce the most 
potent, therapeutic fragrances 

606
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:53,200
in their Gardens. 
They established what? 

607
00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:55,200
We might refer to as fragrance 
neighborhoods. 

608
00:30:55,200 --> 00:30:58,300
By assembling plants, whose 
fragrances would complement one 

609
00:30:58,300 --> 00:31:00,900
another and offer supplementary 
medicinal advantages. 

610
00:31:00,900 --> 00:31:04,200
A standard calming Corner might 
include rows for emotional, 

611
00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:07,800
support chamomile for mild 
sedation, lavender for anxiety 

612
00:31:07,800 --> 00:31:10,400
relief and maybe a dash of mint 
for freshness. 

613
00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:14,100
Because each plant releases a 
different amount of fragrance 

614
00:31:14,100 --> 00:31:17,300
and response to temperature and 
humidity changes these plants 

615
00:31:17,300 --> 00:31:19,800
would be arranged so that their 
distinct sense would naturally 

616
00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:24,000
blend to create complex subtle 
scent experience's that could 

617
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:26,500
change throughout the day. 
In medieval Garden, Gardens 

618
00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:30,000
roses had uses far beyond 
Aesthetics, various types were 

619
00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:33,500
selected based on their distinct
scents and purported impact on 

620
00:31:33,500 --> 00:31:36,900
health and happiness with their 
powerful complex scent. 

621
00:31:36,900 --> 00:31:40,700
Damask roses were thought to 
uplift the soul and fortified 

622
00:31:40,700 --> 00:31:44,400
the heart in difficult times. 
Albert roses were believed to 

623
00:31:44,400 --> 00:31:47,800
promote rational thinking and 
clear mental confusion because 

624
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:51,000
of their fresher, clean Ascent 
roses were planted, along 

625
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:53,600
Pathways that people might walk 
when resolving difficult to 

626
00:31:53,600 --> 00:31:57,000
motion and medieval Rose 
Garden's were frequently created

627
00:31:57,000 --> 00:32:00,700
as emotional support systems. 
Perfect environment for 

628
00:32:00,700 --> 00:32:03,500
processing and healing emotions 
was created by the combination 

629
00:32:03,500 --> 00:32:07,200
of therapeutic fragrance. 
Lovely visual stimulation and 

630
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:10,900
Mild physical exercise, medieval
Gardens seasonal, fragrance, 

631
00:32:10,900 --> 00:32:13,500
progression, was thoughtfully 
planned to promote mental 

632
00:32:13,500 --> 00:32:14,900
well-being? 
All year long. 

633
00:32:15,500 --> 00:32:17,900
Fresh green fragrances that 
could alleviate winter 

634
00:32:17,900 --> 00:32:21,200
depression, and promote mental 
Rejuvenation with a focus of 

635
00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:25,400
spring gardens, early herbs such
as young Rosemary and mint. 

636
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:29,500
Offered a stringent energizing 
sense that might help dispel the

637
00:32:29,500 --> 00:32:31,900
mental sluggishness. 
That frequently accompanied the 

638
00:32:31,908 --> 00:32:35,200
dark months with several plants 
blooming at once to create 

639
00:32:35,200 --> 00:32:37,500
intricate multi-layered scent 
environments. 

640
00:32:37,500 --> 00:32:41,200
Some regards provided, the most 
complete fragrance experience is

641
00:32:41,200 --> 00:32:44,800
however, these weren't 
overpowering sensory attacks 

642
00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:48,200
medieval gardeners recognized 
the value of restraint and 

643
00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:50,700
balance. 
There were peaceful spots with 

644
00:32:50,700 --> 00:32:54,300
delicate sense in even the most 
ornate summer garden places 

645
00:32:54,300 --> 00:32:57,500
where overstimulated sensors 
could relax warming. 

646
00:32:57,500 --> 00:33:00,100
Grounding sense from Autumn 
Garden Gardens could ease the 

647
00:33:00,100 --> 00:33:02,900
cycle. 
Transition to Winter the rich 

648
00:33:02,900 --> 00:33:07,200
complex sense of late, blooming 
herbs such as origana and Sage 

649
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:09,300
seem to capture the joy of 
harvest. 

650
00:33:10,300 --> 00:33:13,000
These plants were frequently 
placed close to places where 

651
00:33:13,000 --> 00:33:16,200
people could sit and think back 
on the events of the Year while 

652
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:18,700
mentally getting ready for the 
reflective winter months. 

653
00:33:18,700 --> 00:33:22,100
Medieval herb gardens or served 
as therapeutic environments for 

654
00:33:22,100 --> 00:33:25,800
their upkeep herb harvesting. 
Required methodical slow 

655
00:33:25,800 --> 00:33:28,800
attention to timing, plant 
conditions and appropriate 

656
00:33:28,800 --> 00:33:30,500
methods. 
Spaces. 

657
00:33:30,500 --> 00:33:33,100
Filled with concentrated 
fragrances from drying herbs 

658
00:33:33,100 --> 00:33:35,600
could benefit from aromatherapy 
for weeks. 

659
00:33:35,600 --> 00:33:39,000
Since Disturbed, her plants 
released their fragrances as you

660
00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:42,300
worked even weeding herb. 
Gardens was more enjoyable than 

661
00:33:42,300 --> 00:33:45,100
other Garden maintenance. 
The significance of a personal 

662
00:33:45,100 --> 00:33:48,000
connection to medicinal plants 
is another thing that medieval 

663
00:33:48,000 --> 00:33:51,200
people understood that we are 
still learning about they urge 

664
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:54,800
Garden visitors to form bonds, 
with individual plants, learning

665
00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:57,800
about their unique growth, 
patterns best time to harvest 

666
00:33:57,800 --> 00:34:01,300
them and distinctive scent 
patterns, the therapeutic 

667
00:34:01,300 --> 00:34:05,000
effects were enhanced by this 
individualized attention The 

668
00:34:05,000 --> 00:34:07,600
benefits of a plant seemed to be
more potent when you know it. 

669
00:34:07,600 --> 00:34:10,400
Well, imagine yourself 
surrounded by carefully, 

670
00:34:10,400 --> 00:34:13,400
selected and arranged plants. 
That will support your health as

671
00:34:13,400 --> 00:34:15,800
evening descends on your 
make-believe, medieval herb 

672
00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:18,400
garden. 
A delicate combination of sense.

673
00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:21,900
Permeate the air calming the 
stresses of the day and 

674
00:34:21,900 --> 00:34:23,900
preparing your mind for a good 
night's sleep. 

675
00:34:24,699 --> 00:34:27,199
Every breath brings you 
compounds that have been used 

676
00:34:27,199 --> 00:34:30,100
for thousands of years to help 
people find health and peace. 

677
00:34:30,699 --> 00:34:33,600
These compounds were arranged by
gardeners who realized that 

678
00:34:33,600 --> 00:34:36,600
healing occurs most effectively 
in settings that are beautiful 

679
00:34:36,600 --> 00:34:39,100
and thoughtfully designed, your 
studying one of the most 

680
00:34:39,108 --> 00:34:42,300
intriguing facets of medieval 
gardening this morning, the 

681
00:34:42,300 --> 00:34:45,100
creation of space is that have 
the power to literally alter 

682
00:34:45,100 --> 00:34:48,400
human perception, through the 
use of geometric patterns, and 

683
00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:51,600
symbolic designs. 
Plants were not arranged 

684
00:34:51,600 --> 00:34:54,199
haphazardly or in accordance 
with contemporary aesthetic 

685
00:34:54,199 --> 00:34:56,100
standards by medieval Garden 
designers. 

686
00:34:56,100 --> 00:34:59,700
Their work was based on a deep 
understanding of how spiritual 

687
00:34:59,700 --> 00:35:02,900
awareness and mental state are 
influenced by visual patterns. 

688
00:35:02,900 --> 00:35:04,900
In the world of the medieval 
people. 

689
00:35:04,900 --> 00:35:08,200
Everything was thought to have 
symbolic, meaning, rather than 

690
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:11,900
being merely ornamental choices 
numbers shapes colors, and 

691
00:35:11,900 --> 00:35:15,500
spatial relationships were seen 
as stepping stones to a greater 

692
00:35:15,500 --> 00:35:18,400
comprehension of natural, 
Harmony and divine order. 

693
00:35:19,500 --> 00:35:22,400
This symbolic language was 
employed by Garden designers to 

694
00:35:22,400 --> 00:35:25,200
create areas that could lead 
guests to particular spiritual 

695
00:35:25,200 --> 00:35:28,200
encyclical States. 
You would instantly notice the 

696
00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:30,900
sense of balance and Justice. 
That seems to emanate from the 

697
00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:32,900
layout itself. 
If you were to walk into a 

698
00:35:32,900 --> 00:35:36,300
medieval Garden that was created
using sacred, geometric 

699
00:35:36,300 --> 00:35:40,200
principles Pathways that follow 
mathematical proportions, found 

700
00:35:40,200 --> 00:35:42,700
in nature. 
The same ratios that are present

701
00:35:42,700 --> 00:35:46,600
in human bodies, flower petals 
and seashells would entice your 

702
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:49,100
attention. 
Your mind would perceive these 

703
00:35:49,100 --> 00:35:52,400
patterns as essentially, 
reliable and harmonious, even if

704
00:35:52,400 --> 00:35:55,400
you are not familiar with the 
technical specifics, the square 

705
00:35:55,400 --> 00:35:58,300
formed by intersecting Pathways 
into four smaller. 

706
00:35:58,300 --> 00:36:00,900
Squares was the most popular 
geometric foundation for 

707
00:36:00,900 --> 00:36:04,500
medieval Gardens. 
The four elements earth air, 

708
00:36:04,500 --> 00:36:07,700
Fire and Water, the Four 
Seasons, the four cardinal 

709
00:36:07,700 --> 00:36:10,600
directions, and the four rivers 
of paradise mentioned in 

710
00:36:10,608 --> 00:36:13,000
biblical texts were all 
represented by this pattern, 

711
00:36:13,000 --> 00:36:15,600
which is known as a 
quadripartite design. 

712
00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:18,300
Beyond its symbolic 
significance. 

713
00:36:18,300 --> 00:36:21,500
However, this design had useful 
psychological effects. 

714
00:36:21,500 --> 00:36:24,100
Quadra party Gardens offered a 
visual order. 

715
00:36:24,100 --> 00:36:27,400
That was both simple enough to 
be instantly understandable and 

716
00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:29,100
complex enough to be 
fascinating. 

717
00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:33,200
The overall pattern was easy for
your mind to understand giving 

718
00:36:33,200 --> 00:36:36,800
you a sense of control. 
However, there was space for 

719
00:36:36,800 --> 00:36:38,400
variation and surprise. 
Within each. 

720
00:36:38,400 --> 00:36:42,400
Quadrant human cycle needs 
appear to be well served by this

721
00:36:42,400 --> 00:36:45,700
blend of controlled variation 
and predictable structure. 

722
00:36:45,700 --> 00:36:49,200
Geometrically designed Garden's 
had Pathways that were more than

723
00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:51,000
just ways to get from one place 
to another. 

724
00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:54,800
They served as what we might 
refer, to as contemplation 

725
00:36:54,800 --> 00:36:59,000
guides physical objects that by 
merely walking could induce 

726
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:02,800
meditative States in your mind. 
Special features such as a 

727
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:06,400
fountain and a specially, lovely
plant, or a religious sculpture 

728
00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:09,300
that encouraged pause and 
contemplation were frequently 

729
00:37:09,300 --> 00:37:12,800
used to Mark, the intersections 
where Pathways crossed medieval 

730
00:37:12,800 --> 00:37:14,100
Garden. 
Designers realized something 

731
00:37:14,100 --> 00:37:16,700
that contemporary meditation, 
instructors have rediscovered. 

732
00:37:17,500 --> 00:37:19,200
That beautiful visual 
stimulation. 

733
00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:22,500
Coupled with repetitive rhythmic
movement can create deeply 

734
00:37:22,500 --> 00:37:24,900
calming and restorative Altered 
States of consciousness. 

735
00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:29,600
Kind of moving meditation to 
follow the geometric Paths of a 

736
00:37:29,600 --> 00:37:32,200
medieval garden with their 
predictable, curves and 

737
00:37:32,200 --> 00:37:35,200
intersections, geometric, 
Gardens with circular features 

738
00:37:35,200 --> 00:37:39,900
had unique cycle of curved, 
alcoves round fountains and 

739
00:37:39,900 --> 00:37:43,100
circular herb beds, offered 
visual respite from the overall 

740
00:37:43,100 --> 00:37:45,300
geometric Frameworks angular 
precision. 

741
00:37:46,400 --> 00:37:49,100
More significantly. 
However, in medieval symbolic 

742
00:37:49,100 --> 00:37:51,500
thinking circles, stood for 
wholeness Harmony and 

743
00:37:51,500 --> 00:37:53,500
perfection. 
It was thought that 

744
00:37:53,500 --> 00:37:56,100
incorporating circular elements 
into garden design. 

745
00:37:56,100 --> 00:37:59,000
Would Aid guests in achieving 
spiritual integration and 

746
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:02,300
psychological wholeness what we 
might refer to as sacred 

747
00:38:02,300 --> 00:38:05,200
proportion systems. 
Mathematical relationships. 

748
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:08,600
Thought to reflect Divine 
Harmony were incorporated into 

749
00:38:08,600 --> 00:38:12,400
the most, elaborate medieval 
Gardens the golden ratio which 

750
00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:15,200
can be found in everything from 
Nautilus shells to sunflower 

751
00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:17,300
seed. 
Spirals was frequently used to 

752
00:38:17,300 --> 00:38:19,700
establish the connections 
between various Gardens 

753
00:38:19,700 --> 00:38:22,800
sections, even when visitors 
were unable to consciously 

754
00:38:22,800 --> 00:38:24,900
pinpoint. 
The reason these proportional 

755
00:38:24,900 --> 00:38:28,600
systems produced Gardens that 
felt enigmatically fulfilling to

756
00:38:28,600 --> 00:38:31,100
experience. 
Your mind would react with a 

757
00:38:31,100 --> 00:38:34,200
sense of calm and righteousness 
that seem to come from the 

758
00:38:34,200 --> 00:38:36,900
surroundings rather than, from 
any deliberate effort on your 

759
00:38:36,900 --> 00:38:40,000
part, as your eye move through 
areas that felt harmonious and 

760
00:38:40,000 --> 00:38:43,500
well-balanced geometric. 
Gardens featured equally complex

761
00:38:43,500 --> 00:38:46,900
color schemes, based on 
observed, psychological effects 

762
00:38:46,900 --> 00:38:50,300
and symbolic association's 
medieval designers employed, 

763
00:38:50,300 --> 00:38:53,500
what they dubbed, color 
harmonies, White flowers were 

764
00:38:53,500 --> 00:38:56,500
frequently planted in central 
areas or along main routes 

765
00:38:56,500 --> 00:38:59,000
because they symbolize Purity 
and spiritual illumination. 

766
00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:02,900
Red flowers were placed where 
their emotional intense could be

767
00:39:02,908 --> 00:39:05,000
appreciated without 
overpowering. 

768
00:39:05,000 --> 00:39:08,600
The Tranquil atmosphere of the 
garden symbolizing both Earthly,

769
00:39:08,600 --> 00:39:12,100
passion and divine love. 
Despite being comparatively 

770
00:39:12,100 --> 00:39:15,400
uncommon, in medieval Garden's 
blue flowers were prized for 

771
00:39:15,400 --> 00:39:18,700
their purported capacity to 
Foster, introspection and 

772
00:39:18,700 --> 00:39:22,100
spiritual understanding They 
were frequently placed in 

773
00:39:22,100 --> 00:39:24,400
peaceful Nooks or beside 
walkways. 

774
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:27,600
That led to places of prayer 
where their calming Hue might 

775
00:39:27,600 --> 00:39:30,300
assist guests and turning their 
attention from Material worries,

776
00:39:30,300 --> 00:39:33,800
to spiritual ones, keeping up 
geometric Gardens was a kind of 

777
00:39:33,800 --> 00:39:35,600
spiritual exercise in and of 
itself. 

778
00:39:36,600 --> 00:39:39,300
Regular patient attention was 
necessary to maintain the 

779
00:39:39,300 --> 00:39:42,800
patterns Clarity and accuracy. 
The gardeners who cared for 

780
00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:45,000
these areas frequently. 
Referred to their labor as a 

781
00:39:45,000 --> 00:39:48,600
kind of meditation or prayer. 
Replanting to maintain color 

782
00:39:48,600 --> 00:39:51,000
Arrangements. 
Weeding to preserve the clarity 

783
00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:54,000
of planted patterns and trimming
Hedges to maintain clean. 

784
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:57,300
Geometric lines, all became 
opportunities to practice. 

785
00:39:57,300 --> 00:40:00,300
The kind of focused attention 
that medieval people associated 

786
00:40:00,300 --> 00:40:02,400
with Spiritual Development 
geometric. 

787
00:40:02,400 --> 00:40:05,200
Gardens were designed with 
seasonal changes in mind to 

788
00:40:05,200 --> 00:40:08,700
preserve the key patterns while 
offering year-round diversity in

789
00:40:08,700 --> 00:40:11,100
interest. 
The linear features of the 

790
00:40:11,100 --> 00:40:14,600
garden such as the bolds, placed
along the edge of the pathways 

791
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:16,700
to produce. 
Clear lines of color could be 

792
00:40:16,700 --> 00:40:18,300
highlighted with spring 
planting. 

793
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:22,200
While keeping their fundamental 
boundaries, some are planting 

794
00:40:22,200 --> 00:40:24,900
could fill in the geometric 
shape with a profusion of 

795
00:40:24,900 --> 00:40:28,700
growth, even as their foliage 
changed color, plants that 

796
00:40:28,700 --> 00:40:30,500
offered strong. 
Structural elements, could be 

797
00:40:30,500 --> 00:40:33,700
found in Autumn Garden's. 
In order to maintain the 

798
00:40:33,700 --> 00:40:36,500
geometric patterns, even when 
the majority of the plants were 

799
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:40,200
inactive, Winter Gardens relied 
on Hardscape components and 

800
00:40:40,200 --> 00:40:43,400
Evergreen plants. 
The psychological significance 

801
00:40:43,400 --> 00:40:45,100
of what we might refer to as 
pattern. 

802
00:40:45,100 --> 00:40:49,100
Completion was also recognized 
by medieval Garden designers, 

803
00:40:49,100 --> 00:40:52,700
who produced geometric designs 
that encouraged guests to 

804
00:40:52,700 --> 00:40:55,800
actively perceive the patterns, 
rather than merely passively 

805
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:58,900
observing them. 
The entire geometric pattern, 

806
00:40:58,900 --> 00:41:01,700
may not be immediately apparent.
When you first enter a garden 

807
00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:04,700
instead, you may need to 
navigate through different 

808
00:41:04,700 --> 00:41:07,500
sections and observe the area 
from different perspectives 

809
00:41:07,500 --> 00:41:11,100
before the entire pattern 
becomes clear to you important 

810
00:41:11,100 --> 00:41:14,700
cycle purposes were fulfilled by
this gradual pattern recognition

811
00:41:14,700 --> 00:41:17,000
process. 
It was a gentle fulfilling 

812
00:41:17,000 --> 00:41:19,800
puzzle with a clear solution 
that kept your mind active. 

813
00:41:20,700 --> 00:41:24,200
Garden patterns could be fully 
comprehended and appreciated in 

814
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:27,200
contrast to the intricate and 
frequently intractable issues of

815
00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:30,400
every day, medieval life. 
A sense of emotional and 

816
00:41:30,400 --> 00:41:32,800
intellectual relief, that was 
hard to find elsewhere, was 

817
00:41:32,800 --> 00:41:35,500
brought on by this experience of
understanding and completion, 

818
00:41:35,500 --> 00:41:38,100
the geometric Garden, designed 
symbolic. 

819
00:41:38,100 --> 00:41:40,700
Meaning also gave guests. 
What we might refer to, as 

820
00:41:40,700 --> 00:41:44,400
contemplation Frameworks 
organized approaches to 

821
00:41:44,400 --> 00:41:46,100
considering life, more, profound
issues. 

822
00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:50,100
The garden that is themed around
the number four, could Inspire 

823
00:41:50,100 --> 00:41:52,500
contemplation of the four 
seasons of spiritual growth. 

824
00:41:52,500 --> 00:41:56,900
The four stages of life or the 
four virtues through garden 

825
00:41:56,900 --> 00:41:58,800
design. 
These ideas were made tangible 

826
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:01,400
and approachable rather than 
being abstract philosophical 

827
00:42:01,400 --> 00:42:04,900
Concepts, geometric, Gardens 
Maze, and Labyrinth features had

828
00:42:04,900 --> 00:42:08,900
specific psychological purposes.
Since they could engender fear 

829
00:42:08,900 --> 00:42:10,900
rather than Serenity. 
True. 

830
00:42:10,900 --> 00:42:14,600
Mazes with their numerous paths 
and dead ends were less 

831
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:16,700
prevalent in Serene medieval 
Gardens. 

832
00:42:17,600 --> 00:42:21,000
But because of their meditative 
properties, labyrinths single 

833
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:23,100
path patterns that wound in 
intricate. 

834
00:42:23,100 --> 00:42:26,000
Yet, predictable ways toward a 
central goal were, well, liked, 

835
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:29,200
it took just the right amount of
mental focus to navigate to 

836
00:42:29,200 --> 00:42:32,600
elaborate keeping your conscious
mind busy while allowing deeper 

837
00:42:32,600 --> 00:42:36,600
levels of awareness to emerge. 
What medieval people referred to

838
00:42:36,600 --> 00:42:40,400
as contemplative prayer and what
we might recognize as a type of 

839
00:42:40,408 --> 00:42:43,000
walking meditation were made 
possible by the rhythmic 

840
00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:45,500
movement in the visual interest 
of the winding path. 

841
00:42:45,500 --> 00:42:49,600
What medieval designers refer to
as Paradise features elements 

842
00:42:49,600 --> 00:42:52,700
created specially to evoke the 
biblical Garden of Eden or other

843
00:42:52,700 --> 00:42:55,600
sacred Landscapes. 
A found in the most ornate 

844
00:42:55,600 --> 00:42:59,000
geometric Guardians. 
These could include particular 

845
00:42:59,000 --> 00:43:02,000
plant combinations mentioned in 
religious texts or fountains 

846
00:43:02,000 --> 00:43:04,000
arranged to form the four rivers
of paradise. 

847
00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:07,900
However, even these highly 
symbolic components were 

848
00:43:07,900 --> 00:43:11,000
incorporated into designs that 
placed more emphasis on 

849
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:14,000
psychological calm and comfort 
than on Purely symbolic 

850
00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:16,200
accuracy. 
Observe how the Shadows 

851
00:43:16,200 --> 00:43:19,700
highlight the patterns that lead
your eye and mind to peace as 

852
00:43:19,700 --> 00:43:22,800
evening lights, starts to slope 
across your imagined, geometric 

853
00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:25,600
Garden. 
Lines of light and Shadow reveal

854
00:43:25,600 --> 00:43:28,600
mathematical relationships, that
appeared abstract during the day

855
00:43:28,600 --> 00:43:31,400
serving as a reminder that the 
same principles that give 

856
00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:32,900
flowers and seashells their 
beauty. 

857
00:43:32,900 --> 00:43:36,100
All influence the areas where 
people can find the most 

858
00:43:36,108 --> 00:43:39,400
Tranquility as our tour of 
medieval Garden's comes to an 

859
00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:41,600
end tonight. 
You find yourself sitting in a 

860
00:43:41,600 --> 00:43:43,700
garden that reflects all we have
learned together. 

861
00:43:44,700 --> 00:43:47,200
A place where Noble 
sophistication meets Monastery, 

862
00:43:47,200 --> 00:43:50,300
wisdom, where geometric 
Precision Embraces natural 

863
00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:52,800
beauty and where each element 
has been thoughtfully. 

864
00:43:52,800 --> 00:43:56,400
Chosen to Foster human piece. 
The surrounding Garden is a 

865
00:43:56,400 --> 00:43:59,200
representation of centuries 
worth of knowledge about what 

866
00:43:59,200 --> 00:44:01,700
people require in order to 
flourish spiritually and 

867
00:44:01,700 --> 00:44:04,200
emotionally. 
Despite lacking access to 

868
00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:07,200
contemporary psychology 
textbooks and environmental 

869
00:44:07,200 --> 00:44:09,700
science. 
Research, medieval Garden 

870
00:44:09,700 --> 00:44:12,900
designers, created methods and 
ideas that are still remarkably 

871
00:44:12,900 --> 00:44:15,600
successful today. 
Their Gardens were more than 

872
00:44:15,600 --> 00:44:18,600
just lovely settings. 
They were therapeutic Havens, 

873
00:44:18,600 --> 00:44:21,600
designed by individuals, who 
recognize the power of outward 

874
00:44:21,600 --> 00:44:23,300
Beauty to alter inner 
experience. 

875
00:44:23,300 --> 00:44:26,400
You can see how every element 
we've come across during our 

876
00:44:26,400 --> 00:44:28,900
exploration fulfill several 
functions at once? 

877
00:44:29,700 --> 00:44:33,100
In addition to offering physical
security, the wall surrounding 

878
00:44:33,100 --> 00:44:35,800
these Gardens established 
psychological barriers, that 

879
00:44:35,800 --> 00:44:38,900
help your mind focus on the Here
and Now, rather than constantly 

880
00:44:38,900 --> 00:44:40,300
looking for threats in the 
future. 

881
00:44:41,900 --> 00:44:44,600
In addition to being 
aesthetically pleasing, the 

882
00:44:44,600 --> 00:44:47,000
geometric Pathways lead your 
body through soft. 

883
00:44:47,000 --> 00:44:50,700
Rhythmic motion that naturally 
create meditative States, in 

884
00:44:50,700 --> 00:44:54,200
addition to producing beautiful 
sounds and visual interest, the 

885
00:44:54,200 --> 00:44:57,300
water features, we have found 
off the cycle of advantages of 

886
00:44:57,300 --> 00:45:01,700
being near flowing water such as
enhance to focus, lowered, 

887
00:45:01,700 --> 00:45:04,700
stress, hormones, and that 
inexplicable feeling of 

888
00:45:04,700 --> 00:45:07,400
Rejuvenation that people seem to
experience when they are near 

889
00:45:07,408 --> 00:45:11,000
Water, Despite their ignorance 
of negative ions. 

890
00:45:11,000 --> 00:45:13,500
And the neurological effects of 
specific sound frequencies. 

891
00:45:13,500 --> 00:45:17,300
Medieval people noticed that 
people felt better when they 

892
00:45:17,300 --> 00:45:20,300
were near flowing water. 
So they plan their Garden's 

893
00:45:20,300 --> 00:45:23,400
accordingly, perhaps the most 
advanced knowledge of all can be

894
00:45:23,400 --> 00:45:25,700
found in the plant choices, made
for medieval Gardens. 

895
00:45:26,600 --> 00:45:29,000
These gardeners were aware of 
the sense that could reduce 

896
00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:33,400
anxiety enhanced mental Clarity 
and facilitate the shift from 

897
00:45:33,400 --> 00:45:36,400
wakefulness to sleep. 
They selected plants that would 

898
00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:39,100
offer the appropriate sensory 
experience as during the seasons

899
00:45:39,100 --> 00:45:41,300
when people most needed them 
because they were aware of 

900
00:45:41,300 --> 00:45:44,200
seasonal psychology, perhaps 
more significantly, though, 

901
00:45:44,200 --> 00:45:46,600
medieval Garden designers, 
recognize that peace. 

902
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:49,900
Is more than simply the absence 
of stress or conflict something,

903
00:45:49,900 --> 00:45:53,100
we occasionally overlooked in 
our contemporary World, true. 

904
00:45:53,100 --> 00:45:56,100
Peace is a positive state that 
must be actively created and 

905
00:45:56,100 --> 00:45:58,200
maintained through careful, 
attention to environment 

906
00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:02,200
relationships and daily 
practices medieval Gardens, were

907
00:46:02,200 --> 00:46:05,600
intended to promote, peace each 
component combined to help 

908
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:08,400
guests transition from whatever 
state they were in to one of 

909
00:46:08,408 --> 00:46:12,500
true, peace and rejuvenation. 
Without strain or effort, the 

910
00:46:12,500 --> 00:46:14,700
shift occurred, gradually and 
organically. 

911
00:46:15,600 --> 00:46:18,300
Simply by spending time in a 
thoughtfully designed setting, 

912
00:46:18,300 --> 00:46:20,900
you would find that your natural
ability for peace, would 

913
00:46:20,900 --> 00:46:24,300
reassert itself and that the 
tension and worries of the day 

914
00:46:24,300 --> 00:46:27,700
would dissolve as you entered. 
These guards, medieval Garden 

915
00:46:27,700 --> 00:46:30,300
maintenance ideas. 
Also contained Timeless lessons.

916
00:46:30,300 --> 00:46:34,500
These areas were cared for with 
love patience and what the 

917
00:46:34,500 --> 00:46:36,600
medievals referred to as right 
intention. 

918
00:46:37,300 --> 00:46:39,600
The desire to bring about 
healing and Beauty rather than 

919
00:46:39,600 --> 00:46:43,300
efficiency or maximum output. 
The gardeners who cared for 

920
00:46:43,300 --> 00:46:45,700
these areas were aware that 
their own mental States during 

921
00:46:45,700 --> 00:46:47,200
work, had an impact on the 
outcome. 

922
00:46:48,000 --> 00:46:51,900
Compared to Gardens tended with 
meditative care Gardens tended 

923
00:46:51,900 --> 00:46:53,600
with hurried frustration felt 
different. 

924
00:46:53,600 --> 00:46:58,000
This idea applies to all facets 
of creating tranquil spaces not 

925
00:46:58,000 --> 00:47:00,500
just gardening. 
Beyond just physical 

926
00:47:00,500 --> 00:47:02,700
Arrangements, the energy and 
intention. 

927
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:04,900
We put into any space making 
activity. 

928
00:47:04,900 --> 00:47:08,400
Whether we're setting up a room 
cooking or just planning our 

929
00:47:08,400 --> 00:47:12,200
daily schedule influences. 
The outcome important lessons 

930
00:47:12,200 --> 00:47:14,600
about the interplay between 
structure and freedom and what 

931
00:47:14,600 --> 00:47:18,000
also imparted by medieval 
Garden's, they weren't wild 

932
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:21,300
unruly places but they also 
weren't strict or repressive. 

933
00:47:21,300 --> 00:47:25,300
They offered Dependable Beauty 
well-defined boundaries and 

934
00:47:25,300 --> 00:47:28,400
predictable patterns but there 
was also space for growth 

935
00:47:28,400 --> 00:47:33,500
surprise and organic variation. 
Human psychological well-being, 

936
00:47:33,500 --> 00:47:36,800
appears to depend on this 
harmony between spontaneity and 

937
00:47:36,800 --> 00:47:40,200
order in our contemporary world.
We frequently vacillate between 

938
00:47:40,200 --> 00:47:42,900
two extremes, either. 
We give up on structure, 

939
00:47:42,900 --> 00:47:46,500
completely and hope that freedom
alone will bring peace or we 

940
00:47:46,500 --> 00:47:49,500
attempt to control every element
of our surrounding and schedule.

941
00:47:50,200 --> 00:47:53,300
Medieval Gardens offer a 
compromise building pillars, 

942
00:47:53,300 --> 00:47:55,100
that support. 
Rather than impede. 

943
00:47:55,100 --> 00:47:57,000
Our innate ability to be happy 
and peaceful. 

944
00:47:57,000 --> 00:48:00,100
Another Timeless lesson is 
provided by the seasonal 

945
00:48:00,100 --> 00:48:02,600
awareness incorporated into 
medieval garden design. 

946
00:48:03,300 --> 00:48:05,700
Recognizing that people have 
different needs at different 

947
00:48:05,700 --> 00:48:08,400
times and Seasons. 
These Gardens were created to 

948
00:48:08,400 --> 00:48:11,900
offer a variety of gifts, 
throughout the year. after long 

949
00:48:11,900 --> 00:48:15,600
Winters, when people most needed
encouragement Spring Gardens 

950
00:48:15,600 --> 00:48:19,300
provided hope and renewal Some 
are Gardens supported the active

951
00:48:19,300 --> 00:48:21,300
growing season with celebration 
and plenty. 

952
00:48:22,300 --> 00:48:25,400
As the year, came to a close 
Autumn Garden, Gardens provided 

953
00:48:25,400 --> 00:48:27,300
a time, for contemplation and 
preparation. 

954
00:48:28,100 --> 00:48:30,900
During the reflective months, 
Winter Gardens, offered 

955
00:48:30,900 --> 00:48:33,800
structure, and peaceful Beauty. 
The way we think about bringing 

956
00:48:33,800 --> 00:48:36,500
peace into our own lives, may 
change as a result of this 

957
00:48:36,500 --> 00:48:38,700
seasonal approach to the 
surroundings and activities. 

958
00:48:38,700 --> 00:48:42,700
We might learn to modify our 
peacemaking techniques to fit 

959
00:48:42,700 --> 00:48:45,400
with seasonal, psychological 
needs, and natural rhythms, 

960
00:48:45,400 --> 00:48:48,200
rather than relying on the same 
tactics to function, 

961
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:49,800
consistently throughout the 
year. 

962
00:48:49,800 --> 00:48:53,000
Important insights can also be 
gained from the social aspects 

963
00:48:53,000 --> 00:48:56,600
of medieval Gardens, these were 
places intended to Foster both 

964
00:48:56,600 --> 00:48:59,500
community and Solitude, not just
private Havens. 

965
00:48:59,500 --> 00:49:02,700
They offered gathering places 
where people could congregate in

966
00:49:02,700 --> 00:49:05,600
lovely, Serene surroundings as 
well as peaceful alcoves, where 

967
00:49:05,600 --> 00:49:08,500
people could find time to 
themselves The Garden's 

968
00:49:08,500 --> 00:49:11,400
demonstrated that fostering an 
environment free from stress and

969
00:49:11,400 --> 00:49:14,900
conflict is what true. 
Peace is all about not isolating

970
00:49:14,900 --> 00:49:17,400
oneself from others. 
Perhaps most importantly, 

971
00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:20,700
medieval Garden showed that 
usefulness and Beauty are 

972
00:49:20,700 --> 00:49:24,000
Partners rather than mutually 
exclusive every lovely feature 

973
00:49:24,000 --> 00:49:26,100
in these Gardens had a 
functional function as well, 

974
00:49:26,100 --> 00:49:28,000
whether it was to improve 
growing. 

975
00:49:28,100 --> 00:49:32,000
Conditions, Supply, medicinal 
plants, control water, flow, or 

976
00:49:32,000 --> 00:49:33,500
promote, mental well-being, in 
people. 

977
00:49:34,800 --> 00:49:38,400
This combination of usefulness 
and Beauty offers ideas for how 

978
00:49:38,400 --> 00:49:40,200
we could approach. 
All of our life's decisions 

979
00:49:40,200 --> 00:49:43,800
final worth passing down is 
provided by the timing 

980
00:49:43,800 --> 00:49:46,200
principles in grained, in 
medieval garden design. 

981
00:49:47,200 --> 00:49:50,000
Through repeated, exposure to 
thoughtfully Designed sensory 

982
00:49:50,000 --> 00:49:53,200
experiences these Gardens 
gradually and gradually worked 

983
00:49:53,200 --> 00:49:55,800
their calming Magic. 
They were intended to bring 

984
00:49:55,800 --> 00:49:59,000
about the kind of profound 
long-lasting change that occurs 

985
00:49:59,000 --> 00:50:01,200
when people regularly spend time
in settings. 

986
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:04,100
That encourage their best 
traits, rather than for 

987
00:50:04,100 --> 00:50:06,100
temporary solutions or instant 
transformation. 

988
00:50:06,100 --> 00:50:07,900
Imagine yourself carrying 
forward. 

989
00:50:07,900 --> 00:50:10,300
The fundamental ideas we've 
learned as you get ready to 

990
00:50:10,300 --> 00:50:14,000
leave this fictional garden and 
head back to your own time and 

991
00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:18,100
place the significance of safety
and enclosure the ability of 

992
00:50:18,100 --> 00:50:20,600
natural beauty to alter mood and
Consciousness. 

993
00:50:20,600 --> 00:50:24,200
The importance of geometric 
order mixed with Organic variety

994
00:50:24,200 --> 00:50:28,000
and the fundamental human need 
for areas created a specialty to

995
00:50:28,008 --> 00:50:30,600
Foster peace. 
The medieval Garden Keepers had 

996
00:50:30,600 --> 00:50:33,700
a profound understanding 
establishing peace in particular

997
00:50:33,700 --> 00:50:36,400
locations is the first step 
toward establishing peace 

998
00:50:36,400 --> 00:50:39,000
globally and people naturally 
become more peaceful. 

999
00:50:39,000 --> 00:50:43,200
When they regularly have access 
to truly peaceful setting The 

1000
00:50:43,200 --> 00:50:46,600
garden's were investments in 
human potential areas, created 

1001
00:50:46,600 --> 00:50:49,100
to support individuals, in 
becoming the most Serene, 

1002
00:50:49,100 --> 00:50:53,300
astute, and affectionate version
of themselves, the sentence of 

1003
00:50:53,308 --> 00:50:56,100
medieval lavender, the sound of 
water. 

1004
00:50:56,100 --> 00:50:59,500
Gently trickling through Stone 
channels and the Fulfillment 

1005
00:50:59,500 --> 00:51:02,900
that comes from spending time in
places, created with unending 

1006
00:51:02,900 --> 00:51:06,300
attention to human flourishing 
should all accompany you as you 

1007
00:51:06,300 --> 00:51:09,700
drift off to sleep tonight. 
Even though these Gardens are 

1008
00:51:09,708 --> 00:51:13,000
only an our imaginations right 
now, anyone who wants to bring 

1009
00:51:13,000 --> 00:51:16,400
Beauty order, and peace to their
own region of the world can 

1010
00:51:16,400 --> 00:51:19,400
always benefit from their 
wisdom, some human experiences 

1011
00:51:19,400 --> 00:51:21,600
Beauty. 
Peace, the healing power of 

1012
00:51:21,600 --> 00:51:24,900
well-kept gardens transcend, 
time and connect us across, 

1013
00:51:24,900 --> 00:51:28,500
centuries to the basic needs and
joys that make us human these 

1014
00:51:28,500 --> 00:51:31,600
bells that called medieval 
people to prayer ring One Last 

1015
00:51:31,600 --> 00:51:33,400
Time across your imagined 
landscape. 

1016
00:51:33,400 --> 00:51:36,600
But they are not calling you to 
any specific religious practice 

1017
00:51:36,600 --> 00:51:38,800
dream, sweet dreams in your 
peaceful garden. 

1018
00:51:44,400 --> 00:51:47,400
Early morning in the ancient 
Kingdom of Macedon. 

1019
00:51:48,000 --> 00:51:50,900
A hazy Dawn, light creeping over
the Rolling Hills and 

1020
00:51:50,900 --> 00:51:54,100
Illuminating. 
The stone walls of Pella the 

1021
00:51:54,100 --> 00:51:56,600
capital in the courtyard of the 
Royal Palace. 

1022
00:51:56,600 --> 00:51:59,900
The Young Prince takes measured 
steps across smooth. 

1023
00:51:59,900 --> 00:52:02,000
Flagstone, still cool from the 
chill of night. 

1024
00:52:02,000 --> 00:52:06,800
He is Alexander son of King, 
Philip the second already 

1025
00:52:06,800 --> 00:52:10,500
restless with ambition. 
He stands No taller than any 

1026
00:52:10,500 --> 00:52:13,600
normal youth yet. 
There's a quiet intensity in his

1027
00:52:13,600 --> 00:52:16,300
gaze. 
Local gossip suggests he asks 

1028
00:52:16,300 --> 00:52:19,200
questions? 
No child, his age, should one's 

1029
00:52:19,200 --> 00:52:22,700
about life death and the 
boundaries of human capability. 

1030
00:52:22,700 --> 00:52:26,400
It's whispered that from the day
he first, saw the world, he's 

1031
00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:28,300
been driven by the desire to 
surpass. 

1032
00:52:28,300 --> 00:52:31,600
It Philip himself is not a 
particularly sentimental father,

1033
00:52:31,600 --> 00:52:35,200
he loves Alexander in his own 
way, yet the kingdom demands 

1034
00:52:35,200 --> 00:52:39,200
more attention than his son 
under King, Philip Macedon has 

1035
00:52:39,200 --> 00:52:42,200
become stronger, more organized,
and more dangerous to 

1036
00:52:42,200 --> 00:52:45,200
neighboring lands. 
Philip sees in Alexander the 

1037
00:52:45,200 --> 00:52:47,400
potential to carry on and expand
his work. 

1038
00:52:48,400 --> 00:52:50,800
He pushes the boy to study with 
the best tutors in all of 

1039
00:52:50,808 --> 00:52:54,100
Greece, in a potent, blend of 
Marshal and intellectual 

1040
00:52:54,100 --> 00:52:57,300
preparation. 
Aristotle is one among many 

1041
00:52:57,300 --> 00:53:01,200
teachers, but uniquely revered. 
He nurtures Alexander's 

1042
00:53:01,200 --> 00:53:04,500
fascination with science 
philosophy and the fringes of 

1043
00:53:04,500 --> 00:53:06,900
knowledge. 
Lessons aren't wrote 

1044
00:53:06,900 --> 00:53:10,100
memorization, but dialogues full
of debates that test logic. 

1045
00:53:10,100 --> 00:53:13,800
And Stoke curiosity. 
This mental discipline shapes 

1046
00:53:13,800 --> 00:53:17,208
Alexander's sense of strategy 
and cunning the climate in the 

1047
00:53:17,216 --> 00:53:20,000
palace is complex. 
Every corner can hold a 

1048
00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:23,600
potential spy and each Dusty. 
Corridor might Echo with rumors 

1049
00:53:23,600 --> 00:53:27,400
of betrayals and alliances 
people talk in low tones about 

1050
00:53:27,400 --> 00:53:29,300
the tension between Philip and 
his wives. 

1051
00:53:29,300 --> 00:53:34,100
Alexander's mother Olympia is as
formidable in her own writers, 

1052
00:53:34,100 --> 00:53:36,800
any Soldier. 
Devout worshiper of the god 

1053
00:53:36,800 --> 00:53:39,900
Dionysus, she's rumored to 
participate in Midnight, rituals

1054
00:53:39,900 --> 00:53:44,100
involving serpents drums and an 
ecstatic communion with the 

1055
00:53:44,100 --> 00:53:47,100
Divine. 
Some say she is cunning even a 

1056
00:53:47,100 --> 00:53:50,200
dangerous influence on Alexander
yet to him. 

1057
00:53:50,200 --> 00:53:53,400
She is not the mysterious 
Priestess but the unwavering 

1058
00:53:53,400 --> 00:53:57,800
pillar of maternal warmth. 
Between Philip Stern, discipline

1059
00:53:57,800 --> 00:54:02,800
and Olympia's intense devotion. 
Alexander is shaped by a certain

1060
00:54:02,800 --> 00:54:07,700
utility logic, wedded to the 
mystical ambition Guided by 

1061
00:54:07,700 --> 00:54:11,600
tradition but emboldened by 
dreams of grandeur From an early

1062
00:54:11,600 --> 00:54:14,900
age, Alexander's thirst for the 
glory Finds. 

1063
00:54:14,900 --> 00:54:18,200
Its first real test in the 
Stables of his father, Legend 

1064
00:54:18,200 --> 00:54:21,200
has it that when he encounters a
spirited, Black Stallion named 

1065
00:54:21,200 --> 00:54:24,900
boosalis the horse refuses to be
tame by any Philip's, most 

1066
00:54:24,900 --> 00:54:28,200
capable men. 
They try, they fail and the 

1067
00:54:28,200 --> 00:54:32,000
Beast is ready to be dismissed. 
But young, Alexander notices, 

1068
00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:34,800
the animals fear of its own 
shadow patiently. 

1069
00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:38,500
He coaxes bucephalus to face the
Sun away from the silhouette 

1070
00:54:38,500 --> 00:54:42,200
that spooked him in minutes. 
The horses, calm, and Alexander 

1071
00:54:42,200 --> 00:54:46,500
writes him without protest. 
Observers watch stunned, as the 

1072
00:54:46,500 --> 00:54:50,200
boy demonstrates, a combination 
of empathy and Ingenuity that 

1073
00:54:50,200 --> 00:54:54,600
even seasoned, Horsemen, lack, 
From that moment, you cephalus 

1074
00:54:54,600 --> 00:54:58,500
becomes a living extension of 
Alexander a half wild mirror to 

1075
00:54:58,508 --> 00:55:01,900
his own Fierce spirit. 
In the Macedonian Court. 

1076
00:55:01,900 --> 00:55:05,900
No virtue stands above the 
ability to wage war and art, 

1077
00:55:05,900 --> 00:55:08,100
requiring both brilliant and 
brute strength. 

1078
00:55:08,900 --> 00:55:12,100
Alexander's basic training 
begins filled with the typical 

1079
00:55:12,100 --> 00:55:15,600
rigors sprinting uphill 
wrestling and dustier Arenas and

1080
00:55:15,600 --> 00:55:18,100
drilling with weapons under the 
unrelenting heat of the Summer 

1081
00:55:18,100 --> 00:55:19,900
sun. 
Yet his father insists. 

1082
00:55:19,900 --> 00:55:23,600
He also mastered oratory the 
skill to sway hearts with words 

1083
00:55:23,600 --> 00:55:27,200
is as valuable in forging 
alliances as a sharp and spear 

1084
00:55:27,200 --> 00:55:29,800
is in battle. 
Philip knows that to conquer new

1085
00:55:29,800 --> 00:55:31,600
lands. 
You need to win people's Faith 

1086
00:55:31,600 --> 00:55:34,900
or Kindle. 
Their Fear Alexander even as a 

1087
00:55:34,900 --> 00:55:38,700
teenager shows promise in both 
Realms, before he ever lifts a 

1088
00:55:38,700 --> 00:55:41,700
sword in Earnest combat. 
He has already convinced many of

1089
00:55:41,708 --> 00:55:43,400
his peers. 
He is destined for greatness. 

1090
00:55:44,400 --> 00:55:47,800
At night after the strenuous 
training and political chatter, 

1091
00:55:47,800 --> 00:55:50,400
Alexander retreats to the Palace
Library. 

1092
00:55:50,400 --> 00:55:54,100
He pours over Scrolls describing
the achievements of Legendary 

1093
00:55:54,100 --> 00:55:57,100
Heroes. 
Achilles, most of all When 

1094
00:55:57,100 --> 00:56:00,400
Alexander reads these stories, 
he doesn't see them as Dusty 

1095
00:56:00,400 --> 00:56:04,400
relics but a signposts of what 
is possible, every Triumph of 

1096
00:56:04,400 --> 00:56:06,500
Achilles. 
Every cunning maneuver of 

1097
00:56:06,500 --> 00:56:10,300
Odysseus becomes a clue to his 
own destiny, yet, he's not 

1098
00:56:10,300 --> 00:56:12,300
content to just mirror these 
Heroes. 

1099
00:56:12,300 --> 00:56:16,300
He wants to Eclipse them to 
inscribe his own feet into the 

1100
00:56:16,308 --> 00:56:19,100
tapestry of myths in his private
moments. 

1101
00:56:19,100 --> 00:56:21,500
He contemplates the ephemeral 
nature of life. 

1102
00:56:21,500 --> 00:56:23,600
He wonders. 
How many will remember him after

1103
00:56:23,600 --> 00:56:26,400
centuries of past. 
His conclusion is always the 

1104
00:56:26,400 --> 00:56:28,900
same only through extraordinary 
Deeds. 

1105
00:56:28,900 --> 00:56:32,700
Can one transcend mortality? 
So from the vantage, point of 

1106
00:56:32,700 --> 00:56:36,100
pillars Palace, we see the 
formative years of a conqueror. 

1107
00:56:36,100 --> 00:56:40,000
In the making the forces shaping
Alexander's character are as 

1108
00:56:40,000 --> 00:56:43,000
varied as the land. 
He will one day Traverse the 

1109
00:56:43,000 --> 00:56:46,100
unwavering discipline from King 
Philip the fierce spiritual 

1110
00:56:46,100 --> 00:56:49,300
intensity from Olympia. 
The philosophical grounding from

1111
00:56:49,300 --> 00:56:52,600
Aristotle and the burning 
ambition Stoke by Legends of 

1112
00:56:52,600 --> 00:56:56,600
Warriors passed already. 
He's begun forging a path that 

1113
00:56:56,600 --> 00:56:59,700
few in the Greek World. 
Indeed, the entire Known World 

1114
00:56:59,700 --> 00:57:02,900
can envision He's not simply an 
heir to a throne. 

1115
00:57:02,900 --> 00:57:06,600
He sees himself as the living 
manifestation of a myth destined

1116
00:57:06,600 --> 00:57:10,000
to break the boundaries of what 
Macedon or any Kingdom believes 

1117
00:57:10,000 --> 00:57:12,200
is possible. 
Life in Macedon. 

1118
00:57:12,200 --> 00:57:15,800
Even for a prince is precarious,
the hallways of the palace Buzz 

1119
00:57:15,800 --> 00:57:19,300
with potential treachery. 
Assassins lurking in the shadows

1120
00:57:19,300 --> 00:57:22,500
and cutting allies who are only 
as loyal as their opportunities 

1121
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:26,500
demand every so often tensions 
flare between Philip and the 

1122
00:57:26,508 --> 00:57:30,600
aristocracy some resent. 
The Kings bold military, reforms

1123
00:57:30,600 --> 00:57:33,300
believing, he is gradually 
dismantling old tribal 

1124
00:57:33,300 --> 00:57:35,800
structures. 
That once defined Macedonia and 

1125
00:57:35,800 --> 00:57:38,100
life. 
Others fear that while building 

1126
00:57:38,100 --> 00:57:39,700
Alliance is with Greek 
city-states. 

1127
00:57:40,500 --> 00:57:43,300
Philip's. 
Losing the distinct identity of 

1128
00:57:43,300 --> 00:57:45,200
Mastodon on itself. 
Young. 

1129
00:57:45,200 --> 00:57:49,000
Alexander absorbing these 
concerns learns early that power

1130
00:57:49,000 --> 00:57:52,100
can be fickle. 
Even the mightiest monarchy can 

1131
00:57:52,100 --> 00:57:54,900
topple under the weight of 
ambition both from within and 

1132
00:57:54,900 --> 00:57:57,700
Beyond The Palace walls Beyond 
politics. 

1133
00:57:57,700 --> 00:58:00,200
Alexander wrestles with internal
doubt. 

1134
00:58:00,200 --> 00:58:03,800
Yes, he is fearless on a 
charging horse but the 

1135
00:58:03,800 --> 00:58:06,700
responsibility is overshadowing 
him far greater. 

1136
00:58:06,700 --> 00:58:11,100
There's a hidden conflict often 
on spoken between Father and Son

1137
00:58:11,100 --> 00:58:15,000
Philip expects gratitude for all
he provides training. 

1138
00:58:15,000 --> 00:58:20,400
A stable Empire connections. 
But Alexander yearns to chart 

1139
00:58:20,400 --> 00:58:23,700
his own course, and satisfied by
mere inheritance. 

1140
00:58:24,400 --> 00:58:27,700
He wants to carve out something 
unprecedented and Empire, 

1141
00:58:27,700 --> 00:58:29,200
bridging cultures, and 
continents. 

1142
00:58:30,000 --> 00:58:32,500
Sometimes it feels like the 
older generation just wants to 

1143
00:58:32,500 --> 00:58:35,100
secure mastodons. 
Local Dominion while 

1144
00:58:35,100 --> 00:58:38,000
Alexander's, private Vision 
stretches across the Horizon. 

1145
00:58:38,000 --> 00:58:42,300
He doesn't articulate it yet. 
But deep within the seeds of 

1146
00:58:42,308 --> 00:58:43,800
Conquest already. 
Take root. 

1147
00:58:44,700 --> 00:58:47,700
To Outsiders. 
Macedon can feel rugged compared

1148
00:58:47,700 --> 00:58:49,800
to the refined city-states of 
Southern Greece. 

1149
00:58:50,800 --> 00:58:54,100
The Athenians and Spartans might
sneer at Macedonian Barber asym.

1150
00:58:54,800 --> 00:58:58,100
But Philip has proven that in 
his might lie, in an organized 

1151
00:58:58,100 --> 00:59:01,800
Army led by Fierce leadership. 
Alexander sees the 

1152
00:59:01,800 --> 00:59:05,400
transformation, the Phalanx 
formation perfected discipline 

1153
00:59:05,400 --> 00:59:08,100
in forced a new Siege 
Technologies tested. 

1154
00:59:08,100 --> 00:59:11,800
He trains alongside hardened 
veterans who share stories of 

1155
00:59:11,800 --> 00:59:15,600
battles fought against 
formidable foes Growing up amid 

1156
00:59:15,600 --> 00:59:18,400
soldiers, banter. 
Alexander learns, not only the 

1157
00:59:18,400 --> 00:59:22,500
physical demands of combat, but 
also how morale, fear and 

1158
00:59:22,500 --> 00:59:25,400
loyalty can determine outcomes 
before the first Arrow even 

1159
00:59:25,400 --> 00:59:28,600
flys? 
Around this time Alexander is 

1160
00:59:28,600 --> 00:59:32,500
invited to visit Athens with his
father, despite any mocking 

1161
00:59:32,500 --> 00:59:35,000
glances from local 
intellectuals, he admires the 

1162
00:59:35,008 --> 00:59:38,500
marble columns, the bustling of 
Gore and the philosophical 

1163
00:59:38,500 --> 00:59:40,800
debate that spill out onto 
street corners. 

1164
00:59:41,700 --> 00:59:45,000
The famed city as a living 
Monument to human achievement in

1165
00:59:45,000 --> 00:59:49,900
art and reason yet, it also 
teams with political tensions, a

1166
00:59:49,900 --> 00:59:51,800
sense of friction between 
progress and tradition. 

1167
00:59:52,700 --> 00:59:56,100
Walking those storied streets. 
Alexander Muses that controlling

1168
00:59:56,100 --> 00:59:58,000
a city as far. 
More than just occupying its 

1169
00:59:58,000 --> 01:00:00,300
walls. 
You must win over its Spirit, 

1170
01:00:00,300 --> 01:00:04,600
its sense of cultural Pride. 
He keeps that Insight close, 

1171
01:00:04,600 --> 01:00:06,700
suspecting, he'll one day need 
it. 

1172
01:00:07,500 --> 01:00:11,600
Yet tragedy and strife soon 
converge as they so often do in 

1173
01:00:11,600 --> 01:00:15,600
the ancient world. 
Words of plots against Philip. 

1174
01:00:16,300 --> 01:00:19,100
Some revolve around former 
allies, who feel slighted by the

1175
01:00:19,100 --> 01:00:21,800
king's conquests or suspect he's
grown to bold. 

1176
01:00:22,600 --> 01:00:25,700
Alexander Stan's on the 
periphery uncertain where they 

1177
01:00:25,700 --> 01:00:29,500
should intervene Aid that. 
Any misstep might implicate him 

1178
01:00:29,500 --> 01:00:32,800
as a conspirator. 
The tension boils over during a 

1179
01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:36,100
grand ceremony one that should 
have been a pinnacle of Philips 

1180
01:00:36,100 --> 01:00:39,000
prestige. 
In a sudden and shocking moment 

1181
01:00:39,000 --> 01:00:44,100
and assassin, plunges, a blade 
into the king, the crowd, gasps 

1182
01:00:44,100 --> 01:00:48,500
the king of Macedon Unstoppable,
in battle Falls victim to a 

1183
01:00:48,500 --> 01:00:52,100
single thrust in the confusion 
of the celebration chaos, erupts

1184
01:00:52,100 --> 01:00:55,500
with bystanders, scattering and 
guards rushing forward within 

1185
01:00:55,500 --> 01:00:57,400
minutes. 
The Assassin lies dead. 

1186
01:00:57,400 --> 01:01:01,000
But the damage is done Philip's,
lifeblood seeps into the dirt 

1187
01:01:01,000 --> 01:01:03,200
and mastodons stands at a 
precipice. 

1188
01:01:04,200 --> 01:01:07,000
Alexander is thrust into an 
unexpected yet. 

1189
01:01:07,000 --> 01:01:11,800
Almost inevitable position at 
age 20 with the kingdom newly 

1190
01:01:11,800 --> 01:01:14,200
crowned upon his head. 
He must stabilize his realm, 

1191
01:01:14,200 --> 01:01:18,900
some friends Rejoice convinced, 
this is his Destiny others wait,

1192
01:01:18,900 --> 01:01:22,100
intense anticipation, unsure if 
the fledgling Monarch can hold 

1193
01:01:22,100 --> 01:01:25,700
the reins fractious Lords, sent 
an opening for Independence, 

1194
01:01:25,700 --> 01:01:28,700
rival city-states. 
Begin murmuring about retaking 

1195
01:01:28,700 --> 01:01:31,500
lost territory. 
Even within Macedon. 

1196
01:01:31,500 --> 01:01:35,900
Old grudges resurfaced. 
All eyes fix on the new king. 

1197
01:01:35,900 --> 01:01:39,900
He must assert control with the 
same decisive as his father. 

1198
01:01:40,700 --> 01:01:43,200
Or face disintegration of all 
that has been built. 

1199
01:01:44,200 --> 01:01:47,100
One of his first orders is 
brutal and direct subdue. 

1200
01:01:47,100 --> 01:01:51,400
Any potential revolts in a swift
campaign, Alexander and his 

1201
01:01:51,400 --> 01:01:54,600
loyal companions quell 
insurrections, sometimes 

1202
01:01:54,600 --> 01:01:56,300
responding with shocking 
severity. 

1203
01:01:57,100 --> 01:01:59,700
Towns that challenge him. 
Learn the cost of defiance as 

1204
01:01:59,700 --> 01:02:02,400
you raise his structures and 
exact harsh penalties. 

1205
01:02:03,200 --> 01:02:06,900
These measures while seemingly 
cruel do confirm a crucial fact.

1206
01:02:06,900 --> 01:02:10,800
The throne is not vacant. 
Alexander wields power with an 

1207
01:02:10,800 --> 01:02:14,100
iron determination that matches 
and at times, surpasses 

1208
01:02:14,100 --> 01:02:15,800
Philip's. 
Yep. 

1209
01:02:15,800 --> 01:02:18,400
Behind the stern facade. 
There's a flicker of deeper 

1210
01:02:18,400 --> 01:02:20,800
purpose. 
Alexander doesn't want to be the

1211
01:02:20,800 --> 01:02:25,500
typical Monarch who rules merely
out of fears, to unite, to be 

1212
01:02:25,500 --> 01:02:28,200
recognized, not just as a 
conqueror, but as a Visionary 

1213
01:02:28,200 --> 01:02:31,100
leader, who can guide disparate 
people's towards something 

1214
01:02:31,100 --> 01:02:34,600
grander In the midst of 
stamping, out rebellions, 

1215
01:02:34,600 --> 01:02:37,600
Alexander turns his eyes back to
the Greek city-states. 

1216
01:02:37,600 --> 01:02:41,300
Many think him too young to 
command their respect and until 

1217
01:02:41,300 --> 01:02:45,000
he arrives at Thebes. 
The city had rebelled Perhaps 

1218
01:02:45,000 --> 01:02:48,400
assuming the new King was 
inexperience in an audacious 

1219
01:02:48,400 --> 01:02:52,300
move, Alexander's troops stormed
Thebes quickly, unleashing 

1220
01:02:52,300 --> 01:02:57,200
severe punishment while horrific
to watch it Samantha realization

1221
01:02:57,200 --> 01:03:00,400
across Greece. 
This is no malleable successor. 

1222
01:03:00,400 --> 01:03:03,900
If Alexander is tested, he will 
respond forcefully. 

1223
01:03:04,800 --> 01:03:07,000
The punishment. 
Also sends a cautionary note to 

1224
01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:10,700
Athens and others tempted to 
break a alliance's diplomacy. 

1225
01:03:10,700 --> 01:03:14,700
Alexander understands can be on 
intimidation as well as flattery

1226
01:03:14,700 --> 01:03:18,800
by the time, the dust settles. 
The name Alexander already rings

1227
01:03:18,800 --> 01:03:22,200
with fear across rebellious 
enclaves, and resonates with 

1228
01:03:22,200 --> 01:03:25,900
respect among loyal allies. 
In fewer than two years. 

1229
01:03:25,900 --> 01:03:30,300
He consolidates macedonia's hold
over Greece, earning recognition

1230
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:32,400
as the de facto hegemon of the 
region. 

1231
01:03:33,100 --> 01:03:36,700
Yet rather than rest on these 
Laurels Alexander looks East. 

1232
01:03:37,000 --> 01:03:40,900
Where the vast Persian Empire 
sprawls, the memory of previous 

1233
01:03:40,900 --> 01:03:42,900
Greek. 
Persian conflicts looms, large, 

1234
01:03:42,900 --> 01:03:46,200
but Alexander imagines, more 
than a retaliatory, strike 

1235
01:03:46,200 --> 01:03:49,500
rumors swirl that he sees an 
Empire Beyond the Horizon. 

1236
01:03:49,500 --> 01:03:53,600
A chance to bring Greek culture 
into a new world, if he can 

1237
01:03:53,600 --> 01:03:57,700
muster the daring to seize it. 
And so in the hush of late 

1238
01:03:57,700 --> 01:03:59,600
evening, he prepares to set in 
motion, one of the most 

1239
01:03:59,600 --> 01:04:02,600
extraordinary military campaigns
recorded in the annals of 

1240
01:04:02,600 --> 01:04:05,000
History. 
The war drums, beat in the 

1241
01:04:05,008 --> 01:04:07,200
hearts of those who follow 
Alexander Eastwood. 

1242
01:04:07,200 --> 01:04:10,400
It's more than just ambition or 
revenge for past Persian 

1243
01:04:10,400 --> 01:04:13,000
aggression. 
For many, it feels like a holy 

1244
01:04:13,000 --> 01:04:15,900
cause to punish the Empire that 
once threatened, Greek freedom, 

1245
01:04:15,900 --> 01:04:18,900
but Alexander's goals surpassed 
mere retribution. 

1246
01:04:19,700 --> 01:04:22,500
Standing at the Gila spots Edge.
Where Europe meets Asia. 

1247
01:04:22,500 --> 01:04:26,800
He performs symbolic rituals 
before Crossing Tossing, a spear

1248
01:04:26,800 --> 01:04:29,900
onto the Asian shore. 
He allegedly proclaims the land 

1249
01:04:29,900 --> 01:04:34,300
to be won by the spear. 
It's a blend of theater and 

1250
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:37,900
conviction carefully calculated 
to United's troops with the 

1251
01:04:37,900 --> 01:04:41,900
sense that Destiny itself back 
in the forward, the Persian 

1252
01:04:41,900 --> 01:04:44,600
Empire stretching from the 
Aegean Sea to. 

1253
01:04:44,600 --> 01:04:48,700
The Indus Valley has Wealth 
Beyond imagination, its roads 

1254
01:04:48,700 --> 01:04:52,900
like lifeline's connect distant 
provinces governed by satraps 

1255
01:04:52,900 --> 01:04:57,000
Alexander's Army though. 
Battle hardened pales in sheer 

1256
01:04:57,000 --> 01:05:00,000
numbers compared to the Persian 
forces but he counts on 

1257
01:05:00,000 --> 01:05:00,800
something. 
Intangible. 

1258
01:05:00,800 --> 01:05:04,700
The belief that each Macedonian 
Soldier is part of a historical 

1259
01:05:04,700 --> 01:05:08,300
Quest Logistics become the 
Silent Partner of this ambition,

1260
01:05:08,300 --> 01:05:11,400
the organizers supply lines, 
Secours. 

1261
01:05:11,400 --> 01:05:14,500
Local alliance's, where possible
and ensures his men remain 

1262
01:05:14,500 --> 01:05:17,800
disciplined rewarded and mindful
of the stakes. 

1263
01:05:18,500 --> 01:05:21,900
A Loosely knit Coalition of 
Greek allies joined him, some 

1264
01:05:21,900 --> 01:05:25,000
out of genuine, admiration, 
others, out of fear of 

1265
01:05:25,000 --> 01:05:26,300
Retribution. 
Should they refuse? 

1266
01:05:27,600 --> 01:05:30,800
The first major engagement a 
confrontation at the granicus 

1267
01:05:30,800 --> 01:05:33,200
river tests Alexander's metal 
against. 

1268
01:05:33,200 --> 01:05:38,200
Persian satraps, Cavalry Charges
Spears glinting in the sun churn

1269
01:05:38,200 --> 01:05:40,100
the Muddy Banks on the 
battlefield. 

1270
01:05:41,500 --> 01:05:43,300
Alexander fights at the 
Forefront. 

1271
01:05:43,300 --> 01:05:46,600
Disregarding the protective 
distance that many generals 

1272
01:05:46,600 --> 01:05:50,300
maintained he trusts in his 
skill and the Loyalty of the men

1273
01:05:50,300 --> 01:05:53,300
around him though. 
Pinned down, at one point, he 

1274
01:05:53,300 --> 01:05:56,800
narrowly escaped a fatal blow. 
Thanks to a timely intervention 

1275
01:05:56,800 --> 01:06:00,800
by a commander, the macedonians 
push forward turning the tide, 

1276
01:06:00,800 --> 01:06:04,400
the Persians momentarily, 
disorganized retreat. 

1277
01:06:05,400 --> 01:06:08,200
Their Swift defeat rattles the 
Empire's Western flank, the 

1278
01:06:08,200 --> 01:06:10,100
rumor spreads that Alexander's 
boldness. 

1279
01:06:10,100 --> 01:06:13,200
On the battlefield is as Fierce 
as his father's had been in the 

1280
01:06:13,200 --> 01:06:16,200
realm of politics victories. 
Follow in Rapid succession. 

1281
01:06:16,200 --> 01:06:20,100
Alexander strategy is not merely
about smashing through defenses,

1282
01:06:20,100 --> 01:06:23,300
but also about presenting 
himself as a liberated to Greek 

1283
01:06:23,300 --> 01:06:26,500
cities under Persian rule. 
He spares those willing to 

1284
01:06:26,508 --> 01:06:30,000
cooperate, displaying a surprise
in level of Mercy towards some 

1285
01:06:30,000 --> 01:06:32,200
towns. 
This balanced approach 

1286
01:06:32,200 --> 01:06:36,100
undercuts, personal Authority, 
and encourages local populations

1287
01:06:36,100 --> 01:06:38,400
to accept his leadership with 
fewer rebellions. 

1288
01:06:38,400 --> 01:06:42,100
It also cultivates, a sense of 
moral justification among his 

1289
01:06:42,100 --> 01:06:44,600
troops. 
They aren't mere Invaders and 

1290
01:06:44,600 --> 01:06:46,200
others. 
They are freeing these 

1291
01:06:46,200 --> 01:06:48,600
territories. 
At least that's the story told 

1292
01:06:48,600 --> 01:06:51,200
in Macedonian, campfires and 
official proclamations. 

1293
01:06:51,200 --> 01:06:53,700
Still, there are instances of 
calculated cruelty. 

1294
01:06:54,700 --> 01:06:57,000
When a city defies him, he 
doesn't hesitate to unleash. 

1295
01:06:57,000 --> 01:07:00,700
The terror of Siege Warfare 
employing Advanced Siege engines

1296
01:07:00,700 --> 01:07:04,500
learned from Phillips campaigns 
walls crumble families, flee. 

1297
01:07:04,500 --> 01:07:07,700
If the Defenders still refused 
to surrender, the aftermath is 

1298
01:07:07,700 --> 01:07:10,300
Dyer. 
The memory of Thebes resonates 

1299
01:07:10,300 --> 01:07:13,300
Disobedience to Alexander 
carries a dire cost. 

1300
01:07:13,300 --> 01:07:16,800
Yet what emerges is a pattern of
caution among local rulers? 

1301
01:07:17,500 --> 01:07:19,500
An increasingly. 
They waste submission as the 

1302
01:07:19,500 --> 01:07:21,800
safer path. 
While forging ahead. 

1303
01:07:21,800 --> 01:07:24,300
Alexander exemplifies, a curious
mind. 

1304
01:07:25,300 --> 01:07:29,200
Local environments, floral and 
fauna fascinated him. 

1305
01:07:30,000 --> 01:07:33,300
He consults with his retinue of 
Scholars, describing new animal 

1306
01:07:33,300 --> 01:07:36,600
species, in letters to 
Aristotle, his bond with abuse 

1307
01:07:36,600 --> 01:07:39,900
remain strong, the horse 
Galloping across unfamiliar 

1308
01:07:39,900 --> 01:07:41,900
planes. 
As though, both man and Beast 

1309
01:07:41,900 --> 01:07:44,900
are discovering their Destinies 
together and as the Army 

1310
01:07:44,900 --> 01:07:48,300
advances, forging New Roads, 
bridging Ravines, setting up 

1311
01:07:48,300 --> 01:07:50,800
Supply Depots, Alexander 
Insurance. 

1312
01:07:50,800 --> 01:07:53,000
Each step is methodically 
prepared for the next 

1313
01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:54,500
confrontation with Persian 
Knight. 

1314
01:07:55,400 --> 01:07:58,600
The Turning Point Looms in an 
expansive plain near the city of

1315
01:07:58,600 --> 01:08:01,900
Isis here. 
Darius the third, the Persian 

1316
01:08:01,900 --> 01:08:04,600
king of kings personally leads a
massive Force. 

1317
01:08:04,600 --> 01:08:08,700
The disparity in numbers is 
staggering, Alexander must rely 

1318
01:08:08,700 --> 01:08:11,500
on the discipline, Macedonian 
Phalanx, and cunning Cavalry 

1319
01:08:11,500 --> 01:08:15,600
Maneuvers before the battle 
tension grips, his soldiers, 

1320
01:08:15,600 --> 01:08:18,500
they face an emperor whose 
domain and army dwarfed their 

1321
01:08:18,508 --> 01:08:23,000
own, Alexander never missing an 
opportunity for theater walks 

1322
01:08:23,000 --> 01:08:26,399
through his Camp, greeting 
individual soldiers, sharing a 

1323
01:08:26,399 --> 01:08:29,399
brief word of confidence. 
He underscores that they fight, 

1324
01:08:29,399 --> 01:08:32,399
not just for Macedon, but for 
Greece and for a place in the 

1325
01:08:32,399 --> 01:08:36,700
annals of Glory morale saws, it 
said that a single Warrior 

1326
01:08:36,700 --> 01:08:40,000
burning with faith in Victory 
can fight like three and 

1327
01:08:40,000 --> 01:08:42,800
Alexander aims to ensure that 
each Soldier feels that horse 

1328
01:08:42,800 --> 01:08:44,800
flame. 
Once the horn signal, the 

1329
01:08:44,800 --> 01:08:48,800
charged dust clouds enveloped 
the plane javelin's fly swords 

1330
01:08:48,800 --> 01:08:51,000
clash, and war. 
Cries mixed with the clamor of 

1331
01:08:51,008 --> 01:08:53,500
shields. 
Alexander targets, the heart of 

1332
01:08:53,500 --> 01:08:55,899
the Persian line seeking to 
unnerve. 

1333
01:08:55,899 --> 01:08:59,800
Darius himself rumor has it that
during the most critical moments

1334
01:08:59,800 --> 01:09:03,100
Alexander and Darius lock eyes 
across the chaos. 

1335
01:09:03,100 --> 01:09:07,500
Darius seeing the Relentless 
approach loses his nerve and 

1336
01:09:07,500 --> 01:09:10,600
flees the battlefield suddenly 
the king's personal guard 

1337
01:09:10,600 --> 01:09:15,000
disperses and the Persian ranks 
crumble, Victory belongs to 

1338
01:09:15,000 --> 01:09:18,899
Alexander, who captures not only
the field, but also the family 

1339
01:09:18,899 --> 01:09:22,300
of Darius, his mother wife and 
children. 

1340
01:09:23,200 --> 01:09:27,600
Remarkably he treats them with 
respect, the calculated move to 

1341
01:09:27,600 --> 01:09:31,300
demonstrate both the magnanimity
and his sense of kingship if he 

1342
01:09:31,300 --> 01:09:34,700
is to succeed in ruling Persian 
lands, he must show that he can 

1343
01:09:34,700 --> 01:09:38,800
protect as well as conquer. 
After Isis Alexander's star 

1344
01:09:38,800 --> 01:09:41,399
Rises among his own troops. 
While the Persian Empire 

1345
01:09:41,399 --> 01:09:45,000
grapples with uncertainty cities
open, their Gates more quickly 

1346
01:09:45,000 --> 01:09:48,899
satraps, waste switching sides 
or forging secret deals and the 

1347
01:09:48,908 --> 01:09:53,399
myth of Persian invincibility. 
Splinter's still Darius remains 

1348
01:09:53,399 --> 01:09:57,400
at large and the Empire endures 
like a Hydra cutting off one 

1349
01:09:57,400 --> 01:10:01,500
head doesn't necessarily kill 
the beast but for Alexander Isis

1350
01:10:01,500 --> 01:10:04,400
is proof that no odds are too 
great when armed with discipline

1351
01:10:04,400 --> 01:10:09,000
daring and a bit of Destiny. 
The next chapter of his campaign

1352
01:10:09,000 --> 01:10:12,300
will test him in deserts on the 
high seas and within the 

1353
01:10:12,300 --> 01:10:15,300
labyrinth, in politics of an 
Empire older than Mastodon 

1354
01:10:15,300 --> 01:10:18,300
itself yet. 
One fact emerges unmistakably. 

1355
01:10:18,300 --> 01:10:21,900
The young king from the rugged 
North is rewriting the map of 

1356
01:10:21,900 --> 01:10:26,300
the known world and he has just 
begun In the aftermath of the 

1357
01:10:26,308 --> 01:10:30,500
battle of issus, the Macedonian 
army, marches Southward drawn 

1358
01:10:30,500 --> 01:10:33,500
toward the wealthy and strategic
coastal cities of phenicia. 

1359
01:10:33,500 --> 01:10:37,000
The broad objective is clear 
secure, the Eastern 

1360
01:10:37,000 --> 01:10:40,000
Mediterranean ports and deny the
Persian Fleet any safe harbors. 

1361
01:10:40,600 --> 01:10:43,800
City by City, Alexander 
negotiates or procedures or 

1362
01:10:43,800 --> 01:10:47,000
fostering alliances with those 
who bow voluntarily and 

1363
01:10:47,000 --> 01:10:50,600
subduing, those who resist, at 
the city of Tyre perched on an 

1364
01:10:50,600 --> 01:10:54,000
island with towering walls, 
Alexander meets one of his most 

1365
01:10:54,000 --> 01:10:57,800
formidable sieges yet tires, 
Defenders mock the macedonians 

1366
01:10:57,800 --> 01:11:01,500
convinced that their Fortress Is
impregnable protected by the 

1367
01:11:01,500 --> 01:11:03,000
shimmering blue Waters around 
it. 

1368
01:11:03,900 --> 01:11:06,100
Unfazed. 
Alexander orders the 

1369
01:11:06,100 --> 01:11:08,800
construction of a massive 
Causeway stretching from the 

1370
01:11:08,800 --> 01:11:11,100
mainland to the island day by 
day. 

1371
01:11:11,100 --> 01:11:14,500
The land bridge inches forward. 
Built from Timber and Rubble 

1372
01:11:14,500 --> 01:11:18,000
tires Defenders, Hill blazing, 
projectiles and staged daring 

1373
01:11:18,000 --> 01:11:22,500
Naval raids inflicting 
casualties Still Alexander's 

1374
01:11:22,500 --> 01:11:24,900
men. 
Persist the siege of Tyre drags 

1375
01:11:24,900 --> 01:11:28,600
on for months and agonizing test
of perseverance in engineering. 

1376
01:11:29,400 --> 01:11:32,900
To motivate his frustrated 
troops, Alexander personally 

1377
01:11:32,900 --> 01:11:35,200
joins. 
The construction shoulders 

1378
01:11:35,200 --> 01:11:38,200
loaded with materials as though 
he were an ordinary laborer. 

1379
01:11:38,900 --> 01:11:40,700
Sweat mingling with dust on his 
brow. 

1380
01:11:40,700 --> 01:11:44,200
This spectacle of shared 
hardship, stiffens their resolve

1381
01:11:44,200 --> 01:11:48,600
forging a deeper Bond, 
eventually Macedonian Siege 

1382
01:11:48,600 --> 01:11:51,800
engines, batter tires walls, The
Falls. 

1383
01:11:51,800 --> 01:11:53,900
Unleashing, a bloody aftermath 
that. 

1384
01:11:53,900 --> 01:11:55,700
Once again, underscores 
Alexander's. 

1385
01:11:55,700 --> 01:11:59,500
Ruthless approach when denied a 
swift Victory, the causeway left

1386
01:11:59,500 --> 01:12:02,700
behind in the sea stands. 
As a testament to his unbending 

1387
01:12:02,700 --> 01:12:06,500
will to succeed. 
From Tire Alexander's, gaze 

1388
01:12:06,500 --> 01:12:11,100
shifts to Egypt, the Egyptians 
long subjugated by Persia C and 

1389
01:12:11,100 --> 01:12:12,800
opening in the young conquerors 
approach. 

1390
01:12:13,600 --> 01:12:17,300
Panner, rivelle Alexander 
greeted less, as an Invader and 

1391
01:12:17,300 --> 01:12:21,900
more as a liberator welcomed 
with procession and offering the

1392
01:12:21,900 --> 01:12:26,300
famed City of Memphis, opens, 
its Gates, and Alexander visits 

1393
01:12:26,300 --> 01:12:29,500
its Temple's. 
He's fascinated by the age-old, 

1394
01:12:29,500 --> 01:12:33,200
rituals the Colossal statues of 
the Gods and the Labyrinth theme

1395
01:12:33,200 --> 01:12:36,900
law for some his admiration. 
Might seem an act and other 

1396
01:12:36,900 --> 01:12:38,900
shrewd political ploid, win 
hearts. 

1397
01:12:38,900 --> 01:12:42,400
That Alexander truly finds one 
during the cultural richness. 

1398
01:12:42,400 --> 01:12:45,800
He encounters sensing the 
importance of Egyptian beliefs. 

1399
01:12:45,800 --> 01:12:48,800
He visits the Oracle of a moon 
at siwa traversing, desert 

1400
01:12:48,800 --> 01:12:53,000
expanses Legends suggest that in
the hush of the sanctuary, the 

1401
01:12:53,000 --> 01:12:55,000
Oracle addresses him as the son 
of a god. 

1402
01:12:55,700 --> 01:12:58,400
The exact words remain hidden in
the desert silence. 

1403
01:12:58,400 --> 01:13:02,100
But from that day on Alexander's
conviction, in his Divine 

1404
01:13:02,100 --> 01:13:05,400
Destiny, intensifies. 
Seizing this momentum. 

1405
01:13:05,400 --> 01:13:09,600
He founds the city of Alexandria
on Egypt's Mediterranean Coast, 

1406
01:13:09,600 --> 01:13:11,600
his future capital in the 
region. 

1407
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:15,300
Alexander envisioned. 
It as a bustling hub for trade 

1408
01:13:15,300 --> 01:13:19,600
culture and philosophy. 
He consults Architects on layout

1409
01:13:19,600 --> 01:13:21,900
and design ensuring broad 
Avenues. 

1410
01:13:21,900 --> 01:13:24,800
To catch the Sea Breeze and 
Grand public spaces, that might 

1411
01:13:24,800 --> 01:13:27,700
rival Athens. 
Even in the midst of Conquest, 

1412
01:13:27,700 --> 01:13:31,500
his mind is drawn to City 
Planning forging, new centers of

1413
01:13:31,500 --> 01:13:34,900
learning and commerce. 
For him building, an empire 

1414
01:13:34,900 --> 01:13:36,300
isn't merely about claiming 
land. 

1415
01:13:36,300 --> 01:13:40,400
It's about shaping the fabric of
civilization. he leaves behind 

1416
01:13:40,400 --> 01:13:44,400
administrators and soldiers to 
some Macedonian Authority in 

1417
01:13:44,400 --> 01:13:47,200
that the nascent City will 
flourish once he has moved on 

1418
01:13:48,200 --> 01:13:51,000
Returning to the broader 
campaign, Alexander heads back 

1419
01:13:51,000 --> 01:13:53,600
north and east to chase Darius 
in to the heart of Persia. 

1420
01:13:54,300 --> 01:13:57,900
The next great confrontation 
comes at gaugamela a Dusty 

1421
01:13:57,900 --> 01:13:59,600
plane. 
Where the Persian king assembles

1422
01:13:59,600 --> 01:14:02,900
a massive Army bolstered by 
side's chariots and war 

1423
01:14:02,900 --> 01:14:07,400
elephants the site, intimidates,
an ocean of Persian soldiers, 

1424
01:14:07,400 --> 01:14:11,100
swirling, with countless 
banners, Yet Alexander employs 

1425
01:14:11,100 --> 01:14:16,000
cunning, tactics encouraging his
Cavalry to feign Retreats luring

1426
01:14:16,000 --> 01:14:19,200
enemy chariots into positions 
where they are easily, targeted 

1427
01:14:19,200 --> 01:14:22,900
and orchestrating the Phalanx to
hold firm against waves of 

1428
01:14:22,900 --> 01:14:27,900
attackers again. 
Darius flees The Persian kings 

1429
01:14:27,900 --> 01:14:30,600
departure sent shockwaves 
through his ranks, inciting 

1430
01:14:30,600 --> 01:14:33,400
panic. 
Alexander's victory at gaugamela

1431
01:14:33,400 --> 01:14:37,300
effectively shatters the core of
Persian military might it's a 

1432
01:14:37,300 --> 01:14:39,100
Triumph. 
So decisive that historians 

1433
01:14:39,100 --> 01:14:41,900
later Market as the downfall of 
the Ikea Menard Empire. 

1434
01:14:43,100 --> 01:14:46,500
With no organized Persian 
resistance left, Alexander moves

1435
01:14:46,500 --> 01:14:50,600
Eastwood and Babylon, a city of 
legendary Splendor gold Laden 

1436
01:14:50,600 --> 01:14:54,000
temples Lush Hanging Gardens and
the Labyrinth of ancient 

1437
01:14:54,000 --> 01:14:56,800
streets. 
Leave Alexander in Orr Babylons 

1438
01:14:56,800 --> 01:14:59,700
popular yields to him without 
significant conflict and he 

1439
01:14:59,708 --> 01:15:01,500
enters the city like a 
triumphant hero. 

1440
01:15:02,500 --> 01:15:05,900
Symbolic gestures follow 
Alexander orders that the local 

1441
01:15:05,900 --> 01:15:09,000
temples be restored presenting 
himself as a patron of 

1442
01:15:09,000 --> 01:15:11,900
Babylonian religion and 
traditions each region. 

1443
01:15:11,900 --> 01:15:14,700
He conquers, he strives to 
affirm its culture and worship 

1444
01:15:14,700 --> 01:15:18,100
forging, an image of himself as 
a unifier rather than a mere 

1445
01:15:18,100 --> 01:15:21,500
plunderer beneath. 
The spectacle though is a shrewd

1446
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:24,900
realization to rule lands. 
As vast as fast as Persia. 

1447
01:15:24,900 --> 01:15:29,400
Intimidation alone won't suffice
understanding and respecting, 

1448
01:15:29,400 --> 01:15:32,400
local Customs will secure 
loyalty far more effectively 

1449
01:15:32,400 --> 01:15:36,400
than perpetuating fear. as he 
Journeys further into Persia's 

1450
01:15:36,400 --> 01:15:39,200
Heartland, Alexander takes 
possession of the Persian 

1451
01:15:39,200 --> 01:15:43,200
Capital Cities Sousa and 
persepolis among them at 

1452
01:15:43,200 --> 01:15:46,200
persepolis, the seat of 
achaemenid, power, and iconic 

1453
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:50,700
event unfolds during a drunken 
Revel, some Macedonian soldiers 

1454
01:15:50,700 --> 01:15:54,700
possibly incited by Alexander or
by a woman's vengeful suggestion

1455
01:15:54,700 --> 01:15:59,500
Set Fire to the Royal Palace 
Flames danced across Priceless 

1456
01:15:59,500 --> 01:16:01,900
reliefs and echo through the 
columns that once bought 

1457
01:16:01,900 --> 01:16:05,600
Testament to Persian might The 
devastation stands out as a 

1458
01:16:05,608 --> 01:16:09,300
moment of fiery Revenge, 
avenging, centuries of Persian 

1459
01:16:09,300 --> 01:16:12,900
against Greece. 
Yet as the Embers fade, 

1460
01:16:12,900 --> 01:16:15,700
Alexander reportedly regrets, 
the destruction of such a 

1461
01:16:15,700 --> 01:16:19,300
magnificent sight. 
Legend holds that the next day 

1462
01:16:19,300 --> 01:16:23,400
he wanders the charred remains 
in somber reflection, perhaps 

1463
01:16:23,400 --> 01:16:27,300
realizing that in a single night
of triumphal Fury, an 

1464
01:16:27,300 --> 01:16:30,300
irretrievable piece of human 
Heritage was incinerated. 

1465
01:16:31,200 --> 01:16:35,300
By now, Alexander has all, but 
to throw down Darius who flees 

1466
01:16:35,300 --> 01:16:38,700
East with a few loyalists yet 
the Empire's total subjugation 

1467
01:16:38,700 --> 01:16:42,200
remains incomplete. 
Vast territories in Central 

1468
01:16:42,200 --> 01:16:44,500
Asia. 
Remain on Concord, rebellious 

1469
01:16:44,500 --> 01:16:47,100
satraps and local Warlords. 
Refused to acknowledge 

1470
01:16:47,100 --> 01:16:49,700
Macedonian rule. 
The campaign that began with 

1471
01:16:49,700 --> 01:16:51,500
dreams of bridging Europe, and 
Asia. 

1472
01:16:51,500 --> 01:16:55,600
Now stretches into a sprawling, 
Pursuit across deserts, mounted 

1473
01:16:55,600 --> 01:17:00,300
and unfamiliar Realms. 
Alexander undeterred pushes 

1474
01:17:00,300 --> 01:17:03,700
onward, the once modest 
Macedonian Force has evolved 

1475
01:17:03,700 --> 01:17:07,500
into a complex Multicultural 
Army, incorporating Persians, 

1476
01:17:07,500 --> 01:17:12,900
Egyptians, and other people's 
Still the spirit of Macedonia 

1477
01:17:12,900 --> 01:17:16,300
endures in the discipline of its
core Phalanx and the leadership 

1478
01:17:16,300 --> 01:17:20,200
of Alexander himself? 
No, rumor of a hostile warlord 

1479
01:17:20,200 --> 01:17:22,000
or rebellious. 
City can quell his 

1480
01:17:22,000 --> 01:17:24,500
determination. 
The promised land lies yet 

1481
01:17:24,500 --> 01:17:27,100
further east. 
Beckoning him to push the 

1482
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:31,000
boundaries of the known world. 
as Alexander forges deeper into 

1483
01:17:31,000 --> 01:17:35,200
Central Asia, the terrain itself
becomes an adversary The rocky 

1484
01:17:35,200 --> 01:17:38,800
Highlands, unpredictable 
Winter's and scarce Water 

1485
01:17:38,800 --> 01:17:40,700
Supplies challenges Army in 
ways. 

1486
01:17:40,700 --> 01:17:44,500
The open Plains never did Gone, 
are the easy show, stopping 

1487
01:17:44,500 --> 01:17:48,300
battles of early campaigns. 
Instead Alexander and his men 

1488
01:17:48,300 --> 01:17:51,500
face guerrilla warfare. 
Local Warlords, Retreat into 

1489
01:17:51,500 --> 01:17:54,100
fortresses high in the mountains
from which they launched 

1490
01:17:54,100 --> 01:17:57,700
ambushes on the Macedonian 
columns supplies strain under 

1491
01:17:57,700 --> 01:18:00,700
the demands of a longer than 
anticipated Pursuit and the 

1492
01:18:00,708 --> 01:18:03,900
troops grow weary. 
In these hostile environments 

1493
01:18:03,900 --> 01:18:07,400
Alexander's formidable will 
serve as a kind of compass for 

1494
01:18:07,400 --> 01:18:09,700
his men, he refuses to turn 
back. 

1495
01:18:10,600 --> 01:18:14,400
It can't sway local Leaders with
diplomacy methodically besiegers

1496
01:18:14,400 --> 01:18:17,500
their strongholds using a 
combination of Siege Towers. 

1497
01:18:17,500 --> 01:18:21,100
Specialized a climbers and 
Cavalry blockades the 

1498
01:18:21,100 --> 01:18:23,000
macedonians gradually wear down 
resistance. 

1499
01:18:24,000 --> 01:18:26,400
Slow. 
And grueling a war of attrition 

1500
01:18:26,400 --> 01:18:30,500
in which Alexanders famed speed 
and decisiveness are tested to 

1501
01:18:30,500 --> 01:18:34,800
the Limit occasionally entire 
communities vowel, loyalty some 

1502
01:18:34,800 --> 01:18:37,500
out of ore, others out of 
exhaustion at resisting. 

1503
01:18:38,400 --> 01:18:41,200
Alexander sees his such 
opportunities to integrate them 

1504
01:18:41,200 --> 01:18:44,700
into his growing Empire placing,
local leaders in positions of 

1505
01:18:44,700 --> 01:18:46,200
governance. 
If they pledge allegiance. 

1506
01:18:47,200 --> 01:18:50,400
He's discovered that a balanced 
approach of magnanimity and 

1507
01:18:50,400 --> 01:18:53,600
unrelenting force can be potent.
Central Asia. 

1508
01:18:53,600 --> 01:18:56,000
Also, introduces him to new 
customs and cultures. 

1509
01:18:56,000 --> 01:19:00,200
The regions vibrant tapestries 
horse breeding, traditions and 

1510
01:19:00,200 --> 01:19:01,800
local myths. 
Intrigued him. 

1511
01:19:01,800 --> 01:19:06,000
Even the architecture, mud brick
fortresses perched on 

1512
01:19:06,000 --> 01:19:09,200
precipitous Cliffs provides 
lessons in resourceful building 

1513
01:19:09,200 --> 01:19:11,100
methods. 
Though the campaign is 

1514
01:19:11,100 --> 01:19:14,100
physically draining. 
Alexander seems mentally alive 

1515
01:19:14,100 --> 01:19:17,800
soaking up every experience as 
if it might offer a clue to how 

1516
01:19:17,800 --> 01:19:19,400
worlds might merge under his 
rule. 

1517
01:19:20,000 --> 01:19:23,200
As the Army trudgers forward, 
Alexander's increasingly 

1518
01:19:23,200 --> 01:19:26,000
elaborate attire. 
Sometimes blending Persian 

1519
01:19:26,000 --> 01:19:29,600
finery with Macedonian 
practicality Sparks, disquiet 

1520
01:19:29,600 --> 01:19:32,900
among his veteran officers. 
They mutter that he's adopting 

1521
01:19:32,900 --> 01:19:36,300
foreign ways to eagerly 
Alexander is aware of The 

1522
01:19:36,300 --> 01:19:39,300
Whispers, but believes that to 
govern effectively he must 

1523
01:19:39,300 --> 01:19:41,500
visibly embrace the cultures 
under his Dominion. 

1524
01:19:42,300 --> 01:19:45,100
For the older macedonians 
though, he's gestures 

1525
01:19:45,100 --> 01:19:46,900
threatened. 
The very identity, they fought 

1526
01:19:46,900 --> 01:19:51,400
to protect Tension. 
Simmers one controversy that 

1527
01:19:51,400 --> 01:19:53,800
ignites this tension is 
Alexander's. 

1528
01:19:53,800 --> 01:19:56,700
Adoption of the Persian Court, 
practice known as proskynesis 

1529
01:19:56,700 --> 01:20:01,100
bowing or prostrating oneself 
before the king among Persians. 

1530
01:20:01,100 --> 01:20:04,100
It symbolizes respect for a 
ruler believed to be quasi 

1531
01:20:04,100 --> 01:20:06,800
Divine. 
However, for macedonians and 

1532
01:20:06,800 --> 01:20:10,700
Greeks, bowing to another mortal
man, seems like servile flattery

1533
01:20:10,700 --> 01:20:15,800
even blasphemy When Alexander 
begins expecting his courteous 

1534
01:20:15,800 --> 01:20:18,600
to perform the gesture, he faces
a quiet. 

1535
01:20:18,600 --> 01:20:21,700
But potent backlash is not 
outright mutiny. 

1536
01:20:22,300 --> 01:20:24,400
But murmurs drift through the 
camp that there. 

1537
01:20:24,400 --> 01:20:27,900
Once beloved leader is suing to 
arrogance for getting that the 

1538
01:20:27,900 --> 01:20:30,400
bond between commander and 
soldier in the Macedonian, 

1539
01:20:30,400 --> 01:20:33,700
tradition was forged through a 
shared sense of mortal equality.

1540
01:20:34,800 --> 01:20:39,200
Alexander for his part. 
Sees prosky, nieces as a means 

1541
01:20:39,200 --> 01:20:42,000
to unify the traditions of 
Eastern West under a single 

1542
01:20:42,000 --> 01:20:44,200
Court protocol. 
Friction. 

1543
01:20:44,200 --> 01:20:47,300
Underscores the growing distance
between him and the rank and 

1544
01:20:47,300 --> 01:20:49,700
file, who wants found him. 
So relatable. 

1545
01:20:50,500 --> 01:20:53,500
Heading to this Strife is the 
case of fellow Lotus, a high 

1546
01:20:53,500 --> 01:20:56,400
ranking officer, and Son of 
Alexander's, cherish General 

1547
01:20:56,400 --> 01:21:00,900
parmesan accusations arise that 
filters is embroiled in a 

1548
01:21:00,900 --> 01:21:04,700
conspiracy to assassinate 
Alexander. whether real or 

1549
01:21:04,700 --> 01:21:08,900
fabricated, Alexander reacts 
swiftly, Filters is tortured 

1550
01:21:08,900 --> 01:21:12,300
into confession and executed 
fearing parmesan might seek 

1551
01:21:12,300 --> 01:21:14,200
Vengeance. 
Alexander orders. 

1552
01:21:14,200 --> 01:21:16,000
The older generals murder 
preemptively. 

1553
01:21:16,000 --> 01:21:19,700
The effect ripples through the 
Army, striking fear and sowing 

1554
01:21:19,700 --> 01:21:23,900
doubt, even close companions. 
Realize Alexander's paranoia has

1555
01:21:23,900 --> 01:21:26,200
grown. 
No one is Untouchable in the 

1556
01:21:26,208 --> 01:21:29,700
face of suspected betrayal. 
Rumors swirl that his mother 

1557
01:21:29,700 --> 01:21:32,400
olympias. 
And once warned him about 

1558
01:21:32,400 --> 01:21:36,200
trusting, anyone to deeply the 
triple blow of adoptive Persian 

1559
01:21:36,200 --> 01:21:40,200
Customs, harsh punishment of 
traitors and the creeping sense 

1560
01:21:40,200 --> 01:21:43,600
that Alexander is evolving into 
a distant figure combined to a 

1561
01:21:43,600 --> 01:21:45,900
road, some of the camaraderie 
that once fueled his men's 

1562
01:21:45,900 --> 01:21:48,800
devotion, Yet. 
If the internal climate is 

1563
01:21:48,800 --> 01:21:52,800
fractures the external campaign 
continues to expand Alexander's 

1564
01:21:52,800 --> 01:21:55,700
legend in the region known as 
bacteria and Society. 

1565
01:21:55,700 --> 01:21:58,800
Anna roughly modern Afghanistan 
and parts of Central Asia. 

1566
01:21:59,700 --> 01:22:02,900
Alexander marries Rock sauna, 
the daughter of a local Noble. 

1567
01:22:03,700 --> 01:22:06,500
Historians debate. 
His reasons is it genuine 

1568
01:22:06,500 --> 01:22:09,800
affection stories, describe her 
as strikingly intelligent and 

1569
01:22:09,800 --> 01:22:12,600
beautiful or a strategic move to
legitimize. 

1570
01:22:12,600 --> 01:22:15,700
His claim over the newly 
subjugated territories possibly 

1571
01:22:15,700 --> 01:22:18,400
both. 
In any case the wedding is 

1572
01:22:18,400 --> 01:22:21,600
symbolic it merges Macedonian 
power with Central Asian lineage

1573
01:22:21,600 --> 01:22:25,000
hinting at Alexander's D Prime 
mission to create a blended 

1574
01:22:25,000 --> 01:22:29,100
aristocracy that transcends all 
boundaries eventually the 

1575
01:22:29,100 --> 01:22:32,400
pursuit of Darius ends, not with
a climactic battle, but with the

1576
01:22:32,400 --> 01:22:35,200
Persian kings murder at the 
hands of one of his own satraps 

1577
01:22:35,200 --> 01:22:39,400
bestest Alexander finds Darius 
abandoned and fatally wounded 

1578
01:22:39,400 --> 01:22:41,800
along, a Dusty roadside granting
him. 

1579
01:22:41,800 --> 01:22:45,500
A final respectful cloak, the 
demise of his long-standing 

1580
01:22:45,500 --> 01:22:47,700
rival brings Alexander, no real 
Triumph. 

1581
01:22:47,700 --> 01:22:51,800
Instead leaves him with a new 
antagonist bestest who declares 

1582
01:22:51,800 --> 01:22:53,300
himself, the rightful Persian 
king. 

1583
01:22:54,000 --> 01:22:57,000
To avenge Darius and maintain 
the symbols of continuity. 

1584
01:22:57,000 --> 01:22:59,100
A clever tactic to Rally 
Persian. 

1585
01:22:59,100 --> 01:23:02,700
Loyalists under his Banner 
Alexander pursues bestest until 

1586
01:23:02,700 --> 01:23:06,600
the US captured and executed. 
It's a twist of fate that 

1587
01:23:06,600 --> 01:23:09,400
Alexander originally the Nemesis
of Persia. 

1588
01:23:09,400 --> 01:23:12,300
Now, punishes those who harm. 
The Persian royal family 

1589
01:23:12,300 --> 01:23:15,500
positioning himself as the 
legitimate heir to the Empire 

1590
01:23:15,500 --> 01:23:19,000
with that Alexander. 
Effectively becomes king of 

1591
01:23:19,008 --> 01:23:21,300
Asia, though. 
The label falls short of 

1592
01:23:21,300 --> 01:23:23,200
capturing the enormity of what 
he's achieved. 

1593
01:23:23,200 --> 01:23:26,200
He's already governed 
territories from Greece, to the 

1594
01:23:26,200 --> 01:23:30,100
Eastern edges of the Iranian 
Plateau, but the Horizon beckons

1595
01:23:30,100 --> 01:23:31,900
him yet. 
Again, this time toward the 

1596
01:23:31,900 --> 01:23:35,300
far-flung lands of the Indus 
Valley having extended his 

1597
01:23:35,300 --> 01:23:38,500
Empire across deserts and 
mountains, he thirst for new 

1598
01:23:38,500 --> 01:23:41,800
challenges, no ancient map. 
Fully satisfied him. 

1599
01:23:42,700 --> 01:23:46,100
If Ocean's defined the world's 
boundary, he wants to see that 

1600
01:23:46,100 --> 01:23:49,700
boundary for himself and 
possibly cross it marching into 

1601
01:23:49,700 --> 01:23:52,100
the Indian subcontinent. 
The vast industry. 

1602
01:23:52,100 --> 01:23:54,300
Region. 
Alexander confronts, not a 

1603
01:23:54,300 --> 01:23:57,600
monolithic Empire, but a 
tapestry of Kingdoms each with 

1604
01:23:57,600 --> 01:24:00,200
its own Traditions Warrior's and
alliance's. 

1605
01:24:00,200 --> 01:24:03,900
The land is Lush with tropical 
forests and rivers that swell 

1606
01:24:03,900 --> 01:24:07,500
during monsoon rains. 
As he advances, he sends invoice

1607
01:24:07,500 --> 01:24:11,000
to local rulers, hoping to forge
alliances or demand submission. 

1608
01:24:11,000 --> 01:24:15,600
Some comply offering gifts and 
tribute others test his mettle 

1609
01:24:15,600 --> 01:24:19,000
on the battlefield. 
Famed among these rulers is King

1610
01:24:19,000 --> 01:24:22,000
porus who Reigns over a 
territory in the Punjab region. 

1611
01:24:22,800 --> 01:24:25,400
Taller than most men. 
Poorest is said to command 

1612
01:24:25,400 --> 01:24:28,300
fearsome war elephants that 
Tower over the Macedonian 

1613
01:24:28,300 --> 01:24:31,100
cavalry. 
When Alexander Scouts bring back

1614
01:24:31,100 --> 01:24:33,000
tales of the Beast, trumpeting 
rules. 

1615
01:24:33,000 --> 01:24:35,600
And the sight of the sweeping 
trunks used like living 

1616
01:24:35,600 --> 01:24:38,600
battering rams. 
It Sparks both Fascination and 

1617
01:24:38,600 --> 01:24:41,600
anxiety among the troops 
Alexander senses. 

1618
01:24:41,600 --> 01:24:45,400
This confrontation will be 
unlike any before elephants can 

1619
01:24:45,400 --> 01:24:48,900
shatter a Phalanx throwing even 
seasoned veterans into disarray.

1620
01:24:48,900 --> 01:24:51,600
Nevertheless, he refuses to be 
deterred. 

1621
01:24:51,600 --> 01:24:55,700
In fact, the challenge 
invigorates him His route to 

1622
01:24:55,700 --> 01:24:59,100
poorest leads him and his men 
across the Heisman River where 

1623
01:24:59,100 --> 01:25:02,200
fast currents and Monsoon rains 
make the crossing treacherous. 

1624
01:25:02,900 --> 01:25:05,500
Under the cover of darkness and 
using diversionary tactics. 

1625
01:25:05,500 --> 01:25:08,600
Alexander manages to transport a
significant portion of his 

1626
01:25:08,600 --> 01:25:11,500
forces to the opposite Bank 
positioning himself to attack 

1627
01:25:11,500 --> 01:25:14,900
when Dawn breaks the armies 
faced each other on a sudden 

1628
01:25:14,900 --> 01:25:17,500
plane. 
Horus stride, an elephant 

1629
01:25:17,500 --> 01:25:21,600
appears Regal and unflinching, 
Alexander on his trusty 

1630
01:25:21,600 --> 01:25:25,300
bufferless readies his Cavalry, 
to Harry the flanks, as the 

1631
01:25:25,300 --> 01:25:28,000
battle commences, the Thundering
of the elephant shakes, the 

1632
01:25:28,000 --> 01:25:32,100
ground sending Tremors through 
the Macedonian lines yet, 

1633
01:25:32,100 --> 01:25:35,800
Alexander employs cunning, he 
directs archers to focus on the 

1634
01:25:35,800 --> 01:25:40,100
elephant's drivers, creating 
confusion among the beasts, and 

1635
01:25:40,100 --> 01:25:42,400
positions Horseman to strike 
from multiple angles. 

1636
01:25:43,400 --> 01:25:47,200
The Macedonian infantry displays
its trademark discipline forming

1637
01:25:47,200 --> 01:25:50,500
tight, formations that can pivot
to lure elephants into lethal. 

1638
01:25:50,500 --> 01:25:55,100
Cul-de-sacs The chaos is intense
mud and blood mingle underfoot 

1639
01:25:55,100 --> 01:25:57,100
and the Roar of maddened 
elephants. 

1640
01:25:57,100 --> 01:25:58,700
Resonates across the 
battlefield. 

1641
01:25:58,700 --> 01:26:02,800
Eventually poorest is forces 
Buckle under the unrelenting 

1642
01:26:02,800 --> 01:26:05,200
pressure. 
Even the mighty war elephants 

1643
01:26:05,200 --> 01:26:08,300
wounded and panicked, turn 
against their own side. 

1644
01:26:08,300 --> 01:26:12,700
In some cases, in the end, the 
macedonians triumph Rather than 

1645
01:26:12,700 --> 01:26:15,200
subjecting poorest to 
humiliation or execution, 

1646
01:26:15,200 --> 01:26:19,300
Alexander does something 
unexpected impressed by porus 

1647
01:26:19,300 --> 01:26:21,800
bravery. 
He restores him to his throne as

1648
01:26:21,800 --> 01:26:24,900
a subordinate ruler, extending a
policy of pragmatic 

1649
01:26:24,900 --> 01:26:27,800
statesmanship. 
This act leaves an enduring 

1650
01:26:27,800 --> 01:26:30,300
Legacy in the region. 
Capturing the idea that 

1651
01:26:30,300 --> 01:26:33,500
Alexander valued Noble opponents
and recognized the utility of 

1652
01:26:33,508 --> 01:26:38,200
local rulers, who would maintain
order in his name A sense of 

1653
01:26:38,200 --> 01:26:41,800
admiration grows on both sides, 
some of Alexander's men. 

1654
01:26:41,800 --> 01:26:44,700
Remark, they've never seen him 
so openly respectful to a 

1655
01:26:44,700 --> 01:26:47,600
defeated foe. 
And in return, poorest becomes a

1656
01:26:47,600 --> 01:26:51,800
loyal Ally at least for a Time. 
Despite the victory macedonians 

1657
01:26:51,800 --> 01:26:54,900
of battered by the tropical 
climate Monsoon, rains and 

1658
01:26:54,900 --> 01:26:58,000
familiar diseases, and the 
strain of campaigning so far 

1659
01:26:58,000 --> 01:27:02,300
from home, Some murmurs become 
open, pleased to turn back many 

1660
01:27:02,300 --> 01:27:05,100
of marched for years, seldom 
seeing their families. 

1661
01:27:05,100 --> 01:27:09,200
Tales spread of monstrous 
Rivers, further east of endless 

1662
01:27:09,200 --> 01:27:11,500
armies. 
Waiting were of new elephant 

1663
01:27:11,500 --> 01:27:16,700
call that dwarf porous. the man 
once Intoxicated by continuous 

1664
01:27:16,700 --> 01:27:21,300
string of conquests begin to 
waver The bond between Alexander

1665
01:27:21,300 --> 01:27:24,400
and his army is tested. 
He rallies them with talk of 

1666
01:27:24,400 --> 01:27:28,300
forging, an Empire that circles 
the entire known world Yet, even

1667
01:27:28,300 --> 01:27:32,100
as he speaks the weariness, in 
their eyes is palpable at the 

1668
01:27:32,108 --> 01:27:35,400
faceless River. 
They finally bought refusing to 

1669
01:27:35,400 --> 01:27:38,500
go any further. 
Alexander is outraged. 

1670
01:27:38,500 --> 01:27:41,800
This is the first time his men 
openly defy him on Mass. 

1671
01:27:42,600 --> 01:27:44,700
He tries all his powers of 
persuasion, calling upon their 

1672
01:27:44,700 --> 01:27:48,300
shared Glory, reminding them of 
the unswerving, Loyalty they 

1673
01:27:48,300 --> 01:27:51,100
want showed under the scorching 
Sun of Persian deserts. 

1674
01:27:51,800 --> 01:27:55,800
But the tired homesick soldiers 
refused to yield the standoff is

1675
01:27:55,800 --> 01:27:59,600
deeply emotional. 
Last Alexander relents. 

1676
01:27:59,600 --> 01:28:03,000
Perhaps realizing that an Empire
without an army to maintain. 

1677
01:28:03,000 --> 01:28:06,200
It would collapse anyway. 
He constructs large altars at 

1678
01:28:06,200 --> 01:28:09,300
the boundary symbolically 
marking the farthest point of 

1679
01:28:09,300 --> 01:28:11,400
his March and dedicating them to
the Gods. 

1680
01:28:12,100 --> 01:28:13,600
It's a gesture. 
That provides him. 

1681
01:28:13,600 --> 01:28:16,300
A sense of closure. 
Even as frustration Royals in 

1682
01:28:16,300 --> 01:28:19,900
his heart, The Retreat begins 
though, it's hardly a 

1683
01:28:19,900 --> 01:28:22,900
straightforward journey home. 
Alexander splits his forces 

1684
01:28:22,900 --> 01:28:25,900
sending part by river while he 
leads the remainder through the 

1685
01:28:25,900 --> 01:28:30,100
harsh gedrosian desert, modern 
day, Southern Pakistan and Iran.

1686
01:28:30,100 --> 01:28:34,200
This route is fraught with 
scorching, heat, water, series 

1687
01:28:34,200 --> 01:28:36,800
City, and sandstorms that 
obscure the Sun. 

1688
01:28:37,500 --> 01:28:41,700
Many men, succumb to thirst, 
exhaustion, and disease leaving 

1689
01:28:41,700 --> 01:28:45,600
their bleached Bones on the 
baron Dunes, the retreat in a 

1690
01:28:45,600 --> 01:28:48,600
way becomes more of a trial than
any of the battles waged 

1691
01:28:49,400 --> 01:28:51,100
Alexander shares in the 
hardships. 

1692
01:28:51,900 --> 01:28:54,000
He famously. 
Pours out a helmet of offered 

1693
01:28:54,000 --> 01:28:56,600
water onto the sand rather than 
drinking it himself. 

1694
01:28:56,600 --> 01:29:00,000
When his men have. 
None such acts re-kindle a 

1695
01:29:00,000 --> 01:29:02,500
measure of respect though. 
No one can forget the scale of 

1696
01:29:02,500 --> 01:29:04,900
the suffering, they endure at 
length. 

1697
01:29:04,900 --> 01:29:08,500
The Battered Army, reunites near
the Persian Heartland in place 

1698
01:29:08,500 --> 01:29:11,000
of triumphal parades there is 
subdued relief. 

1699
01:29:11,000 --> 01:29:13,900
They have conquered more 
territory than any Greek or 

1700
01:29:13,900 --> 01:29:15,300
Macedonian ever dreamed 
possible. 

1701
01:29:16,000 --> 01:29:17,800
Yet the human toll is 
devastating. 

1702
01:29:17,800 --> 01:29:22,700
Alexander now stands at the Apex
of his power in theory, the rule

1703
01:29:22,700 --> 01:29:25,500
of everything from the ionian 
sea to the fringes of India. 

1704
01:29:26,200 --> 01:29:29,600
He has tested the boundaries of 
the world as known to him but he

1705
01:29:29,608 --> 01:29:31,600
can't escape an inevitable 
question. 

1706
01:29:31,600 --> 01:29:33,700
What does one do after 
conquering? 

1707
01:29:33,700 --> 01:29:37,200
So much. 
There's an unease in the air, a 

1708
01:29:37,200 --> 01:29:39,700
sense that the Unstoppable force
of Alexander's ambition. 

1709
01:29:39,700 --> 01:29:42,900
Might have reached its outer 
limit In the final years 

1710
01:29:42,900 --> 01:29:46,200
Alexander's Empire is vast yet 
fragile. 

1711
01:29:46,800 --> 01:29:49,200
He understands that simply 
conquering land doesn't 

1712
01:29:49,200 --> 01:29:51,500
guarantee permanence cracks 
appear. 

1713
01:29:51,500 --> 01:29:54,100
Among his generals, each 
harboring, personal Ambitions, 

1714
01:29:54,100 --> 01:29:58,000
ethnic tensions flared between 
macedonians who considered 

1715
01:29:58,000 --> 01:30:01,700
themselves, the rightful rulers 
and Persians who resent, foreign

1716
01:30:01,700 --> 01:30:03,700
occupation but also resented 
each other. 

1717
01:30:04,700 --> 01:30:08,400
Alexander attempts a radical 
solution he pushes for a few of 

1718
01:30:08,400 --> 01:30:11,800
the races, encouraging Mass 
marriages between Macedonia and 

1719
01:30:11,800 --> 01:30:15,100
officers and personal women, 
even presiding over a grand 

1720
01:30:15,100 --> 01:30:18,500
ceremony in Sousa. 
Thousands of couples wear under 

1721
01:30:18,500 --> 01:30:21,300
lavish canopies. 
The event choreographed to 

1722
01:30:21,300 --> 01:30:23,900
Signal Unity. 
Well, it's a breathtaking 

1723
01:30:23,900 --> 01:30:26,200
spectacle, it doesn't fully 
ease. 

1724
01:30:26,200 --> 01:30:30,100
The undercurrents of distrust, 
many marriages end as soon as 

1725
01:30:30,108 --> 01:30:33,500
the official Feast conclude. 
The shift in Alexander's 

1726
01:30:33,500 --> 01:30:35,500
personal demeanor also causes 
Eunice. 

1727
01:30:35,500 --> 01:30:39,200
He drinks more heavily at times 
losing the composure that wants 

1728
01:30:39,200 --> 01:30:42,100
set him apart. 
Gone is the Simplicity that 

1729
01:30:42,100 --> 01:30:45,200
marked his early campaigns. 
Now he's surrounded by an 

1730
01:30:45,200 --> 01:30:48,200
Entourage of courtiers many 
eager to flatter or manipulate 

1731
01:30:48,200 --> 01:30:51,900
some suspect that guilt over the
killing of Old Friends haunts 

1732
01:30:51,900 --> 01:30:55,900
him. that the war weary ghosts 
of campaigns passed away on his 

1733
01:30:55,908 --> 01:31:00,600
conscience, anger flares, 
unpredictably In one Infamous 

1734
01:31:00,600 --> 01:31:04,400
episode, during a heated 
argument, he fatally stabs 

1735
01:31:04,400 --> 01:31:07,400
colitis, the black the same 
officer who once saved 

1736
01:31:07,400 --> 01:31:10,600
Alexander's life at the Battle 
of the Grenache immediately 

1737
01:31:10,600 --> 01:31:15,000
remorseful Alexander is 
inconsolable for days, shutting 

1738
01:31:15,000 --> 01:31:18,900
himself away in anguish. 
But the damage is done the old 

1739
01:31:18,900 --> 01:31:21,100
Macedonian veterans. 
Now, see their King as a 

1740
01:31:21,100 --> 01:31:24,200
dangerous blend of paranoia and 
absolute power. 

1741
01:31:25,100 --> 01:31:28,000
Despite these tensions, 
Alexander doesn't abandon 

1742
01:31:28,000 --> 01:31:30,900
governance. 
He plans administrative reforms 

1743
01:31:30,900 --> 01:31:33,500
carving the empire into 
provinces, run by both 

1744
01:31:33,500 --> 01:31:37,900
Macedonian and local officials. 
He invest in roads trade routes 

1745
01:31:37,900 --> 01:31:42,200
and the expansion of cities. 
Alexandria and Egypt blossoms 

1746
01:31:42,200 --> 01:31:45,500
into a vibrant metropolis. 
A beacon of Hellenistic culture,

1747
01:31:45,500 --> 01:31:48,700
similar foundations, or we found
Asia. 

1748
01:31:48,700 --> 01:31:52,700
Creator network of Alexandria's 
each intended as a focal point 

1749
01:31:52,700 --> 01:31:55,200
of Greek influence in twined 
with local customs. 

1750
01:31:56,000 --> 01:31:58,900
Scholars travel, these routes 
exchanging Knowledge from Athens

1751
01:31:58,900 --> 01:32:01,800
Babylon and Beyond Alexander 
envisions. 

1752
01:32:01,800 --> 01:32:05,300
A Cosmopolitan tapestry. 
Though whether such a vision can

1753
01:32:05,300 --> 01:32:08,600
survive him remains uncertain. 
He even contemplates new 

1754
01:32:08,600 --> 01:32:11,400
campaigns. 
Rumors swirl that he wants to 

1755
01:32:11,400 --> 01:32:14,300
press into the Arabian 
Peninsula, that he might return 

1756
01:32:14,300 --> 01:32:18,200
to India with a fresh army or 
sail around Africa to fold and 

1757
01:32:18,200 --> 01:32:22,100
find a Western sea route. 
The man who once stood Restless 

1758
01:32:22,100 --> 01:32:24,600
in the courtyard of Pella still 
cannot resist. 

1759
01:32:24,600 --> 01:32:27,400
The siren Call of Uncharted 
Horizons yet. 

1760
01:32:27,400 --> 01:32:30,100
Fate intervenes while residing 
in Babylon. 

1761
01:32:30,100 --> 01:32:33,400
His chosen administrative 
Center, Alexander Falls ill. 

1762
01:32:33,400 --> 01:32:36,300
After a prolonged bankwit High 
fever grips. 

1763
01:32:36,300 --> 01:32:40,400
In some Whispers, the result of 
poisoning others claimed its 

1764
01:32:40,400 --> 01:32:43,300
malaria. 
Typhoid or complications from 

1765
01:32:43,300 --> 01:32:47,100
old battle wounds. 
The Unstoppable conqueror, only 

1766
01:32:47,100 --> 01:32:51,300
in his early 30s in himself, 
bedridden as his condition 

1767
01:32:51,300 --> 01:32:54,100
deteriorate. 
Alexander's High, commanders 

1768
01:32:54,100 --> 01:32:57,400
gather anxiously each wonders, 
who will inherit an Empire. 

1769
01:32:57,400 --> 01:33:02,000
So colossal that it defies any 
single are Rockstar is pregnant 

1770
01:33:02,000 --> 01:33:05,800
but an unborn child. 
Can't rule a realm in Chaos on 

1771
01:33:05,800 --> 01:33:08,900
his deathbed voice. 
Rasping Alexander is said to 

1772
01:33:08,900 --> 01:33:12,000
murmur cryptic statements about 
leaving his Empire to the 

1773
01:33:12,000 --> 01:33:15,000
strongest. 
Or maybe he names no successor 

1774
01:33:15,000 --> 01:33:18,500
at all the records vary 
reflecting, the swirling 

1775
01:33:18,500 --> 01:33:22,200
confusion of that moment. 
He offers his Signet ring to a 

1776
01:33:22,200 --> 01:33:24,800
trusted General, but the 
gestures meaning as ambiguous. 

1777
01:33:24,800 --> 01:33:28,000
Was it a personal request or a 
declaration of succession? 

1778
01:33:29,100 --> 01:33:32,800
In the humid, Babylonian Knights
Mighty conqueror, succumbs 

1779
01:33:32,800 --> 01:33:36,500
soldiers, gather outside the 
palace, Gates, refusing to 

1780
01:33:36,500 --> 01:33:40,100
believe the rumors, they beg to 
see him one last time. 

1781
01:33:40,100 --> 01:33:43,000
Legend says the dying. 
Alexander is carried to an 

1782
01:33:43,008 --> 01:33:46,400
anti-chamber where he silently 
acknowledges his troops, with 

1783
01:33:46,400 --> 01:33:50,200
his eyes, two weeks to speak, 
sorrow and developed them. 

1784
01:33:50,200 --> 01:33:53,900
The man who led them across 
Ocean's deserts, and countless 

1785
01:33:53,900 --> 01:33:57,200
battlefields is now leaving them
with no clear directive for 

1786
01:33:57,200 --> 01:34:00,600
tomorrow. 
With Alexander's death the 

1787
01:34:00,600 --> 01:34:03,500
Empire, he created trembles on 
the brink of fragmentation. 

1788
01:34:04,300 --> 01:34:07,900
Generals later called the deer 
dachi will carve the territories

1789
01:34:07,900 --> 01:34:11,000
into separate, kingdoms forging 
their own in a season Egypt. 

1790
01:34:11,000 --> 01:34:15,000
Asia, Minor, and Beyond. 
Many of the Cities Alexander 

1791
01:34:15,000 --> 01:34:18,200
founded remain cultural 
crossroads that spin out, new 

1792
01:34:18,200 --> 01:34:21,100
fusions of art philosophy and 
religion. 

1793
01:34:22,000 --> 01:34:24,800
Hellenistic influence spreads 
further than any purely Greek 

1794
01:34:24,800 --> 01:34:27,900
city-state ever could have 
imagined shaping centuries of 

1795
01:34:27,908 --> 01:34:31,600
development in allowance as far 
as the Indus Valley And what 

1796
01:34:31,600 --> 01:34:34,800
have Alexander's Legacy for 
some, he is a brilliant 

1797
01:34:34,808 --> 01:34:38,400
strategist who rewrote the art 
of warfare, a king, who 

1798
01:34:38,400 --> 01:34:41,300
integrated peoples and stoke, 
the fires of cross-cultural 

1799
01:34:41,300 --> 01:34:44,800
exchange to others, he is a 
figure of tragic hubris, 

1800
01:34:44,800 --> 01:34:49,100
dragging thousands into a long, 
bloody March fueled by personal 

1801
01:34:49,100 --> 01:34:51,400
ambition. 
Stories from the Indus to the 

1802
01:34:51,408 --> 01:34:54,200
Nile from the oxus river to the 
Aegean Sea. 

1803
01:34:54,200 --> 01:34:58,900
Carrie, fragments of his Legend 
over centuries, the raw details,

1804
01:34:58,900 --> 01:35:02,200
morph into myths poets, 
transformed him into a demigod 

1805
01:35:02,200 --> 01:35:06,100
historians debate, his virtues 
and vices and explorers invoke 

1806
01:35:06,100 --> 01:35:09,700
his name when embarking on 
perilous quests But above all, 

1807
01:35:09,700 --> 01:35:12,800
Alexander Remains the Restless 
soul of antiquity. 

1808
01:35:12,800 --> 01:35:16,800
A leader, who from his first 
steps on Macedonian soil dream 

1809
01:35:16,800 --> 01:35:19,000
not of limiting Horizon's but of
breaking them. 

1810
01:35:19,000 --> 01:35:22,600
His life stands as a testament 
to the sheer and sometimes 

1811
01:35:22,600 --> 01:35:26,400
terrifying force of will forever
leaving questions about how one 

1812
01:35:26,400 --> 01:35:29,300
man's Drive can alter the course
of Nations for good or ill. 

1813
01:35:30,000 --> 01:35:32,000
Thus, concludes our tapestry of 
Alexander. 

1814
01:35:32,000 --> 01:35:35,100
The Great a story woven from 
Dusty paths. 

1815
01:35:35,100 --> 01:35:39,600
Rivers of conflict, lavish 
Banquets, and fleeting triumphs 

1816
01:35:40,300 --> 01:35:43,700
He was shaped by powerful 
parents, Guided by philosophers 

1817
01:35:43,700 --> 01:35:47,100
tested on, countless 
battlefields and enthralled by 

1818
01:35:47,108 --> 01:35:50,700
the promise of immortality 
through Conquest, whether or not

1819
01:35:50,708 --> 01:35:53,000
here to achieve that, 
immortality remains for us to 

1820
01:35:53,008 --> 01:35:55,700
judge. 
As long as human curiosity, 

1821
01:35:55,700 --> 01:36:00,100
thrives his name, Echoes 
Alexander the man who sought to 

1822
01:36:00,100 --> 01:36:03,400
see to rule and to understand 
the edge of the known world, 

1823
01:36:03,400 --> 01:36:06,600
only to find that the world is 
always larger than we dare. 

1824
01:36:06,600 --> 01:36:14,600
Imagine. 
You know, that feeling when you 

1825
01:36:14,600 --> 01:36:16,900
find something in your attic, 
that makes you forget about the 

1826
01:36:16,900 --> 01:36:20,300
cobwebs in your hair. 
That's exactly what happened to 

1827
01:36:20,308 --> 01:36:24,300
Dr. Sarah Chen on a particularly
muggy Tuesday afternoon in 

1828
01:36:24,300 --> 01:36:26,700
Athens. 
She'd been rummaging through the

1829
01:36:26,700 --> 01:36:29,600
basement Archives of the 
National Library, hunting for 

1830
01:36:29,600 --> 01:36:31,100
anything related to her 
research. 

1831
01:36:31,100 --> 01:36:34,300
On Ancient Greek philosophy, 
when her fingers brushed against

1832
01:36:34,300 --> 01:36:36,300
something that definitely didn't
belong with the other 

1833
01:36:36,300 --> 01:36:39,000
manuscripts. 
The leather binding felt 

1834
01:36:39,000 --> 01:36:42,600
different older somehow more? 
Secretive. 

1835
01:36:42,600 --> 01:36:45,600
It appeared as though it had 
been concealed for centuries 

1836
01:36:45,600 --> 01:36:48,200
awaiting to Discovery by the 
appropriate individual. 

1837
01:36:49,300 --> 01:36:52,200
The cover born, no title. just a
small symbol that looked 

1838
01:36:52,200 --> 01:36:55,600
suspiciously like Aristotle 
signature, if philosophers had 

1839
01:36:55,600 --> 01:36:59,400
signatures back there, Although 
philosophers probably didn't 

1840
01:36:59,400 --> 01:37:01,800
have signatures back, then you 
get the idea. 

1841
01:37:03,000 --> 01:37:06,200
Sarah pulled the manuscript 
closer to the single flickering 

1842
01:37:06,200 --> 01:37:08,600
fluorescent light, that made 
everything in the basement. 

1843
01:37:08,600 --> 01:37:12,700
Look like a horror movie set. 
The first page made our eyebrows

1844
01:37:12,700 --> 01:37:14,500
shoot up. 
So high, they nearly disappeared

1845
01:37:14,500 --> 01:37:17,300
into her hairline. 
Written in faded. 

1846
01:37:17,300 --> 01:37:19,700
Greek letters were the words the
teachings. 

1847
01:37:19,700 --> 01:37:22,900
They didn't want you to know 
though, in much fancier ancient.

1848
01:37:22,900 --> 01:37:26,700
Greek of course. 
Now, Sarah had been studying 

1849
01:37:26,700 --> 01:37:29,000
Aristotle for the better part of
15 years. 

1850
01:37:29,900 --> 01:37:32,700
She knew his work, just like 
some people know, their morning 

1851
01:37:32,700 --> 01:37:35,300
coffee routine. 
She could recite passages from 

1852
01:37:35,300 --> 01:37:38,600
the nicomachean ethics while 
brushing her teeth and had 

1853
01:37:38,600 --> 01:37:41,400
actually done so, on more than 
one occasion, much to her 

1854
01:37:41,400 --> 01:37:46,500
roommates bewilderment This. 
This was entirely new territory.

1855
01:37:47,500 --> 01:37:50,700
Aristotle's hand appeared to 
write the manuscript or at least

1856
01:37:50,700 --> 01:37:54,500
it was a convincing forgery. 
Forges usually didn't hide their

1857
01:37:54,500 --> 01:37:58,000
work in Dusty basement archives 
where nobody would find them for

1858
01:37:58,000 --> 01:38:01,000
centuries. 
Typically they desired for their

1859
01:38:01,000 --> 01:38:04,100
Creations to be discovered 
specially by individuals with 

1860
01:38:04,100 --> 01:38:06,800
substantial find natural 
resources and dubious moral 

1861
01:38:06,800 --> 01:38:10,900
standards. a Sarah carefully 
turned the brittle Pages, she 

1862
01:38:10,900 --> 01:38:13,300
realized she was looking at what
appeared to be Aristotle's, 

1863
01:38:13,300 --> 01:38:17,300
personal Journal, his thoughts 
were raw and unfiltered and 

1864
01:38:17,300 --> 01:38:19,600
unlike the polished treaters is 
that had endured through 

1865
01:38:19,600 --> 01:38:22,000
history. 
You might jot down notes in the 

1866
01:38:22,000 --> 01:38:25,200
margins of your own books. 
Yet these margins held Concepts 

1867
01:38:25,200 --> 01:38:27,200
that could transform our 
understanding of one of 

1868
01:38:27,208 --> 01:38:28,900
history's most influential 
intellectuals. 

1869
01:38:30,000 --> 01:38:34,100
The first entry was dated to, 
what would have been 335 BCE 

1870
01:38:34,100 --> 01:38:37,700
right around the time Aristotle 
returned to Athens to establish 

1871
01:38:37,700 --> 01:38:40,900
his school. 
The lyceum But in stead of the 

1872
01:38:40,900 --> 01:38:44,100
formal measured tone of his 
Public Works, the passage read 

1873
01:38:44,100 --> 01:38:47,300
more like someone venting to 
their diary after a particularly

1874
01:38:47,300 --> 01:38:51,000
frustrating day at the office. 
Alexander keeps sending me 

1875
01:38:51,000 --> 01:38:53,800
letters asking for advice on 
Conquering, the world, the entry

1876
01:38:53,800 --> 01:38:57,300
began as if I have a manual for 
that sort of thing like around. 

1877
01:38:58,300 --> 01:39:00,500
I keep telling him that wisdom 
comes from understanding 

1878
01:39:00,500 --> 01:39:04,600
yourself first, but apparently 
that's not nearly as exciting as

1879
01:39:04,600 --> 01:39:06,500
charging across continents with 
an army. 

1880
01:39:07,600 --> 01:39:10,000
Sarah found a self smiling 
despite the gravity of her 

1881
01:39:10,000 --> 01:39:14,200
Discovery here was Aristotle. 
The great philosopher sounding 

1882
01:39:14,200 --> 01:39:16,700
remarkably like any modern 
Mentor dealing with an 

1883
01:39:16,700 --> 01:39:19,700
overachieving student, who'd 
rather skip, the hard work of 

1884
01:39:19,700 --> 01:39:22,900
self-reflection and jumps 
straight to the Glamorous stuff.

1885
01:39:24,000 --> 01:39:27,100
But as she continued reading the
entries became more intriguing 

1886
01:39:27,100 --> 01:39:29,600
Aristotle. 
Wrote about ideas that seem to 

1887
01:39:29,600 --> 01:39:32,800
contradict, his published Works 
theories, that felt centuries 

1888
01:39:32,800 --> 01:39:35,400
ahead of their time. 
Knobs of oceans about human 

1889
01:39:35,400 --> 01:39:38,100
nature that were so brutally 
honest, they would have probably

1890
01:39:38,100 --> 01:39:40,700
gotten him exiled from Athens 
faster than you could say, 

1891
01:39:40,700 --> 01:39:43,800
corrupting the youth. 
The basement suddenly felt 

1892
01:39:43,800 --> 01:39:47,800
smaller stuff. 
Became aware that she'd been 

1893
01:39:47,800 --> 01:39:49,600
suppressing her emotions 
unknowingly. 

1894
01:39:50,400 --> 01:39:52,100
This wasn't just any old 
manuscript. 

1895
01:39:52,100 --> 01:39:54,500
This was potentially the 
philosophical discovery of the 

1896
01:39:54,500 --> 01:39:57,400
century, the kind of find that 
would make her colleagues. 

1897
01:39:57,400 --> 01:40:00,300
Turn Green With Envy and 
probably result in at least 

1898
01:40:00,308 --> 01:40:02,900
three documentary, Crews 
camping, outside her apartment. 

1899
01:40:04,100 --> 01:40:06,300
He carefully closed the 
manuscript and looked around the

1900
01:40:06,300 --> 01:40:09,800
empty basement, half expecting 
to see some shadowy figure 

1901
01:40:09,800 --> 01:40:11,300
lurking behind the filing 
cabinets. 

1902
01:40:11,300 --> 01:40:13,500
Ready to snatch away her 
discovery. 

1903
01:40:14,400 --> 01:40:16,900
But there was only the gentle 
hum of the ancient air 

1904
01:40:16,900 --> 01:40:19,200
conditioning system and the 
faint smell of old paper and 

1905
01:40:19,200 --> 01:40:21,600
forgotten stories. 
You'd think that finding a 

1906
01:40:21,600 --> 01:40:24,200
potentially world changing 
manuscript would keep someone 

1907
01:40:24,200 --> 01:40:26,700
awake all night. 
Pacing around their apartment, 

1908
01:40:26,700 --> 01:40:30,800
like a caffeinated philosopher. 
Sarah had always been the type 

1909
01:40:30,800 --> 01:40:34,600
to process big Discovery slowly 
like a fine wine or a 

1910
01:40:34,600 --> 01:40:36,300
particularly complex piece of 
music. 

1911
01:40:37,200 --> 01:40:39,600
So in stead of rushing into 
anything dramatic, she made 

1912
01:40:39,600 --> 01:40:42,700
herself a cup of camel tea 
settled into her favorite 

1913
01:40:42,700 --> 01:40:45,000
reading chair. 
The one with the questionable 

1914
01:40:45,000 --> 01:40:48,700
upholstery that somehow made 
everything more comfortable and 

1915
01:40:48,700 --> 01:40:52,000
began to read more carefully. 
The second section of 

1916
01:40:52,000 --> 01:40:55,400
Aristotle's hidden Journal dealt
with what he called The Art of 

1917
01:40:55,408 --> 01:40:58,700
comfortable Rebellion. 
This chapter was fascinating 

1918
01:40:58,700 --> 01:41:01,500
because the Aristotle, everyone 
knew was hardly a rebel. 

1919
01:41:02,100 --> 01:41:04,200
He was more like the 
philosophical equivalent of a 

1920
01:41:04,200 --> 01:41:07,800
competent, insurance agent, 
reliable thorough, and not 

1921
01:41:07,808 --> 01:41:09,900
particularly interested in 
Rocking boats. 

1922
01:41:10,600 --> 01:41:13,300
However his private thoughts 
revealed, a distinct 

1923
01:41:13,300 --> 01:41:15,300
perspective, the greatest 
wisdom. 

1924
01:41:15,300 --> 01:41:18,400
He had written often comes from 
quietly questioning everything. 

1925
01:41:18,400 --> 01:41:21,200
Even the things you've spent 
your whole life teaching others 

1926
01:41:21,200 --> 01:41:24,200
to accept, Sarah had to pause at
that line. 

1927
01:41:24,200 --> 01:41:27,200
She'd spent her career studying 
Aristotle's, public teachings, 

1928
01:41:27,200 --> 01:41:29,400
about logic ethics and the 
natural world. 

1929
01:41:30,200 --> 01:41:32,700
But this private Aristotle 
seemed to be suggesting that 

1930
01:41:32,700 --> 01:41:35,900
maybe just maybe some of those 
carefully. 

1931
01:41:35,900 --> 01:41:38,700
Constructed arguments were more 
like starting points than final 

1932
01:41:38,700 --> 01:41:41,200
destinations. 
The philosopher went on to 

1933
01:41:41,200 --> 01:41:43,300
describe what he called, gentle 
heresy. 

1934
01:41:44,100 --> 01:41:46,500
Practice of challenging 
established ideas not through 

1935
01:41:46,500 --> 01:41:49,200
dramatic confrontation, but 
through persistent. 

1936
01:41:49,200 --> 01:41:54,600
Quiet questioning like water 
slowly wearing away Stone, you 

1937
01:41:54,600 --> 01:41:57,000
were instead eroding the 
assumptions that everyone took 

1938
01:41:57,000 --> 01:42:01,500
for granted I've noticed 
Aristotle continued that the 

1939
01:42:01,500 --> 01:42:03,400
most dangerous side. 
Ideas are often the most 

1940
01:42:03,400 --> 01:42:06,000
comfortable ones. 
The thoughts that feel so 

1941
01:42:06,000 --> 01:42:09,100
natural are often ones. 
We never think to examine like 

1942
01:42:09,100 --> 01:42:12,300
assuming that wisdom always 
comes from age, or the happiness

1943
01:42:12,300 --> 01:42:13,800
means the same thing to 
everyone. 

1944
01:42:13,800 --> 01:42:17,000
Well, that the best way to live 
is the way our parents lived. 

1945
01:42:17,700 --> 01:42:19,800
Sarah found herself nodding 
along as she read. 

1946
01:42:20,500 --> 01:42:23,100
This was the kind of philosophy 
that felt less like an academic 

1947
01:42:23,100 --> 01:42:27,400
exercise and more like practical
life advice, you could Converse 

1948
01:42:27,400 --> 01:42:29,800
about it with a knowledgeable 
companion, over an extended 

1949
01:42:29,800 --> 01:42:32,900
meal, as opposed to engaging in 
a formal discussion with 

1950
01:42:32,900 --> 01:42:36,700
accurate citations and footnotes
what struck her most was how 

1951
01:42:36,700 --> 01:42:40,200
modern these ideas sounded 
Aristotle was essentially, 

1952
01:42:40,200 --> 01:42:43,400
describing what we might Now, 
call mindfulness or critical 

1953
01:42:43,400 --> 01:42:47,000
thinking but he was doing it in 
a way that felt gentle rather 

1954
01:42:47,000 --> 01:42:49,700
than aggressive. 
He wasn't suggesting that people

1955
01:42:49,700 --> 01:42:52,100
should go around tearing down 
every belief system. 

1956
01:42:52,100 --> 01:42:55,400
They encountered, instead he was
advocating for a kind of 

1957
01:42:55,408 --> 01:42:59,000
philosophical curiosity, that 
could co-exist peacefully with 

1958
01:42:59,000 --> 01:43:01,900
daily life. 
The comfortable Rebel. 

1959
01:43:01,900 --> 01:43:05,200
He wrote is someone who can hold
their beliefs lightly enough to 

1960
01:43:05,200 --> 01:43:07,900
examine the but firmly enough to
live by them. 

1961
01:43:07,900 --> 01:43:11,200
When examination is complete. 
There was something deeply 

1962
01:43:11,200 --> 01:43:14,200
appealing about this approach. 
Sarah had always found 

1963
01:43:14,200 --> 01:43:17,500
traditional academic philosophy 
a bit exhausting, all that 

1964
01:43:17,500 --> 01:43:21,200
arguing and counter arguing all 
those elaborate systems designed

1965
01:43:21,200 --> 01:43:24,600
to prove other people wrong. 
But this felt different. 

1966
01:43:24,600 --> 01:43:27,900
This approach to philosophy, 
felt more like a way of living 

1967
01:43:27,900 --> 01:43:29,900
than merely a means to win 
arguments. 

1968
01:43:30,900 --> 01:43:33,600
The journal entries from this 
section were peppered with small

1969
01:43:33,600 --> 01:43:36,100
observations about daily life in
ancient Athens. 

1970
01:43:36,900 --> 01:43:38,900
Aristotle. 
Wrote about conversations with 

1971
01:43:38,900 --> 01:43:42,100
his students that went in 
unexpected directions about 

1972
01:43:42,100 --> 01:43:44,300
moments when he realized he'd 
been wrong about something, he 

1973
01:43:44,300 --> 01:43:47,400
taught for years and about the 
strange comfort of admitting 

1974
01:43:47,400 --> 01:43:49,900
ignorance in areas where he was 
supposed to be an expert. 

1975
01:43:51,400 --> 01:43:54,700
Today a student asked me why we 
called certain emotions, good 

1976
01:43:54,700 --> 01:43:56,900
and others. 
Bad one entry red. 

1977
01:43:57,700 --> 01:44:01,100
I gave him the standard answer 
about virtue and vice but 

1978
01:44:01,100 --> 01:44:03,100
afterward I realized I wasn't 
entirely sure. 

1979
01:44:03,100 --> 01:44:07,300
I believed what I said, Perhaps 
emotions are more like whether 

1980
01:44:07,300 --> 01:44:10,600
natural phenomena that simply 
are rather than moral 

1981
01:44:10,600 --> 01:44:12,100
categories. 
That should be judged. 

1982
01:44:13,000 --> 01:44:15,900
Sarah could almost imagine the 
scene, the great philosopher 

1983
01:44:15,900 --> 01:44:18,600
standing in his school, 
surrounded by eager students, 

1984
01:44:18,600 --> 01:44:21,500
suddenly confronted with the 
possibility that one of his 

1985
01:44:21,500 --> 01:44:23,700
fundamental assumptions. 
Might be shaky. 

1986
01:44:24,600 --> 01:44:26,300
Stead of doubling down on his 
position. 

1987
01:44:26,300 --> 01:44:29,700
He seemed genuinely curious 
about this moment of 

1988
01:44:29,700 --> 01:44:33,800
uncertainty. 
As she continued reading, Sarah 

1989
01:44:33,800 --> 01:44:36,500
realized that the topic wasn't 
just historical curiosity. 

1990
01:44:37,300 --> 01:44:39,800
These ideas felt remarkably 
relevant to her life. 

1991
01:44:40,800 --> 01:44:43,400
How many of her beliefs had she 
simply inherited rather than 

1992
01:44:43,400 --> 01:44:46,000
examined? 
How many assumptions was she 

1993
01:44:46,000 --> 01:44:47,900
carrying around without even 
realizing it? 

1994
01:44:48,900 --> 01:44:51,500
The chamomile tea had gone cold 
in her mug, but she barely 

1995
01:44:51,500 --> 01:44:55,100
noticed outside her window, 
Athens was settling into its 

1996
01:44:55,100 --> 01:44:58,000
evening Rhythm. 
But inside her apartment she was

1997
01:44:58,000 --> 01:45:00,600
having a conversation across 
Centuries with one of history's 

1998
01:45:00,600 --> 01:45:04,300
most influential thinkers except
this version of him felt less 

1999
01:45:04,300 --> 01:45:07,100
like a distant authority figure 
and more like someone. 

2000
01:45:07,100 --> 01:45:10,400
She might actually want to have 
coffee with the third section of

2001
01:45:10,400 --> 01:45:13,800
Aristotle's Journal had a title 
that made Sarah nearly snort tea

2002
01:45:13,800 --> 01:45:17,400
through her nose. 
On the noble art of making it up

2003
01:45:17,400 --> 01:45:20,000
as you go along. 
This was definitely not the 

2004
01:45:20,000 --> 01:45:21,900
Aristotle. 
She remembered from graduate 

2005
01:45:21,900 --> 01:45:26,300
school I have a confession of 
the entry began which I suspect 

2006
01:45:26,300 --> 01:45:29,700
would horrified my students. 
If they knew most of the time I 

2007
01:45:29,708 --> 01:45:32,100
have absolutely no idea what I'm
talking about. 

2008
01:45:33,300 --> 01:45:36,300
Sarah had to read that sentence 
three times before it sank. 

2009
01:45:36,300 --> 01:45:39,100
In here was one of history's 
most confident sounding 

2010
01:45:39,100 --> 01:45:42,000
philosophers admitting to what 
basically amounted to imposter 

2011
01:45:42,000 --> 01:45:44,600
syndrome. 
It was like discovering that 

2012
01:45:44,600 --> 01:45:47,800
your high school principal had 
been just as confused about how 

2013
01:45:47,800 --> 01:45:49,200
to run a school as everyone 
else. 

2014
01:45:50,100 --> 01:45:53,200
But in of being disappointing, 
this Revelation was oddly 

2015
01:45:53,200 --> 01:45:56,000
comforting. 
Aristotle went on to explain 

2016
01:45:56,000 --> 01:45:57,700
that. 
He had gradually realized that 

2017
01:45:57,700 --> 01:46:01,300
the appearance of certainly was 
often just that and appearance. 

2018
01:46:02,200 --> 01:46:04,600
The really interesting stuff 
happened when you admitted, you 

2019
01:46:04,600 --> 01:46:06,300
were figuring things out as you 
went along. 

2020
01:46:07,400 --> 01:46:09,700
I've noticed that my best 
insights come not. 

2021
01:46:09,700 --> 01:46:12,500
When I'm trying to prove a 
point, he continued but when I'm

2022
01:46:12,500 --> 01:46:15,100
genuinely puzzled by something 
and willing to sit with that 

2023
01:46:15,100 --> 01:46:18,400
puzzlement for a while, It's 
akin to the distinction between 

2024
01:46:18,400 --> 01:46:21,900
forcing a key into a lock and 
patiently waiting for the right 

2025
01:46:21,900 --> 01:46:24,900
key to emerge. 
This was revolutionary stuff. 

2026
01:46:24,900 --> 01:46:27,600
Philosophically speaking the 
Aristotle, the history 

2027
01:46:27,600 --> 01:46:30,400
remembered had built elaborate 
logical systems and created 

2028
01:46:30,400 --> 01:46:33,600
comprehensive categories for 
understanding everything from 

2029
01:46:33,600 --> 01:46:36,600
ethics to biology. 
But this private Aristotle 

2030
01:46:36,600 --> 01:46:40,000
seemed to be suggesting that 
maybe the best wisdom came from 

2031
01:46:40,000 --> 01:46:43,300
embracing uncertainty rather 
than trying to eliminate it. 

2032
01:46:44,100 --> 01:46:46,200
Sarah reflected on her own 
academic career. 

2033
01:46:47,000 --> 01:46:49,300
How much energy had she spent 
trying to sound? 

2034
01:46:49,300 --> 01:46:52,900
Like she was talking about, How 
many potentially interesting 

2035
01:46:52,900 --> 01:46:55,800
ideas and she set aside because 
they didn't align neatly with 

2036
01:46:55,800 --> 01:46:59,400
existing Frameworks. 
The academic world practically 

2037
01:46:59,400 --> 01:47:03,200
demanded certainly or at least 
the convincing performance of 

2038
01:47:03,200 --> 01:47:06,000
certainly. 
But Aristotle's Journal 

2039
01:47:06,000 --> 01:47:07,800
suggested a different approach 
entirely. 

2040
01:47:08,700 --> 01:47:12,900
The wisest people, I know he 
wrote other ones who can say, I 

2041
01:47:12,900 --> 01:47:16,900
don't know without shame, and I 
might be wrong without fear. 

2042
01:47:17,600 --> 01:47:20,500
They're also coincidentally the 
most interesting people to talk 

2043
01:47:20,500 --> 01:47:23,900
with the entries in this section
were full of examples from 

2044
01:47:23,900 --> 01:47:27,400
Aristotle's daily life where 
admitting ignorance had led to 

2045
01:47:27,400 --> 01:47:30,800
unexpected discoveries. 
He wrote about a conversation 

2046
01:47:30,800 --> 01:47:33,800
with a pottery maker who had 
casually mention something about

2047
01:47:33,800 --> 01:47:35,900
clay, that completely changed 
Aristotle's. 

2048
01:47:35,900 --> 01:47:39,600
Understanding of how materials 
behave, He described a 

2049
01:47:39,600 --> 01:47:41,800
discussion with a child who had 
asked such a simple question 

2050
01:47:41,800 --> 01:47:45,200
about Justice that it had forced
him to reconsider an entire 

2051
01:47:45,200 --> 01:47:49,200
chapter of his ethics children. 
He noted a natural philosophers 

2052
01:47:49,200 --> 01:47:51,600
because they haven't yet learned
to be embarrassed by not knowing

2053
01:47:51,600 --> 01:47:55,300
things. 
They asked why with the same 

2054
01:47:55,300 --> 01:47:57,900
enthusiasm, whether they're 
talking about the color of the 

2055
01:47:57,908 --> 01:48:00,400
sky or the nature of friendship 
adults. 

2056
01:48:00,400 --> 01:48:03,400
Unfortunately often lose this 
beautiful shamelessness about 

2057
01:48:03,400 --> 01:48:06,100
their ignorance Sarah found 
herself thinking about her 

2058
01:48:06,100 --> 01:48:09,600
relationship with uncertainty 
people, expected her to be an 

2059
01:48:09,600 --> 01:48:12,100
expert on Ancient philosophy and
her professional life. 

2060
01:48:12,900 --> 01:48:16,000
Students came to her classes, 
expecting answers colleague's 

2061
01:48:16,000 --> 01:48:19,000
expected her to have informed 
opinions and academic 

2062
01:48:19,000 --> 01:48:21,100
conferences. 
Expected her to present research

2063
01:48:21,100 --> 01:48:24,300
as if she had definitively 
solved, whatever puzzle she was 

2064
01:48:24,300 --> 01:48:27,100
working on. 
Sitting in her comfortable chair

2065
01:48:27,100 --> 01:48:30,900
with Aristotle secret journal. 
She realized how much more 

2066
01:48:30,900 --> 01:48:34,000
captivating her work might 
become if she approached it with

2067
01:48:34,000 --> 01:48:36,400
the same kind of curious 
uncertainty that he was 

2068
01:48:36,400 --> 01:48:39,600
describing. 
What if not knowing something, 

2069
01:48:39,600 --> 01:48:43,600
wasn't a professional weakness, 
but a starting point for genuine

2070
01:48:43,600 --> 01:48:46,800
inquiry. 
The journal entries from this 

2071
01:48:46,800 --> 01:48:49,300
period. 
Showed Aristotle, experimenting 

2072
01:48:49,300 --> 01:48:53,600
with what he called productive 
confusion, instead of rushing to

2073
01:48:53,600 --> 01:48:56,500
resolve every intellectual 
puzzle, he would sometimes 

2074
01:48:56,500 --> 01:48:59,700
deliberately sit with questions.
That didn't have clear answers. 

2075
01:48:59,700 --> 01:49:02,700
He would collect observations 
without immediately trying to 

2076
01:49:02,700 --> 01:49:05,100
fit them into theories. 
You would have conversations 

2077
01:49:05,100 --> 01:49:08,900
without trying to win them. 
I've started telling my students

2078
01:49:08,900 --> 01:49:12,000
when I don't know, something one
entry red and the strangest 

2079
01:49:12,000 --> 01:49:15,400
thing has happened instead of 
losing respect for me, they seem

2080
01:49:15,400 --> 01:49:18,700
more engaged, it's as if 
admitting my ignorance gives 

2081
01:49:18,700 --> 01:49:22,700
them permission to explore their
own This was exactly the kind of

2082
01:49:22,700 --> 01:49:26,000
teaching approach that Sarah had
always wanted to try, but had 

2083
01:49:26,000 --> 01:49:27,700
never quite had the courage to 
implement. 

2084
01:49:28,600 --> 01:49:31,800
Yak world could be brutally 
competitive and showing 

2085
01:49:31,800 --> 01:49:35,900
vulnerability. 
But here was Aristotle, the 

2086
01:49:35,900 --> 01:49:38,600
renowned philosopher suggesting,
that being intellectually honest

2087
01:49:38,600 --> 01:49:41,200
might actually be more effective
than pretending to be 

2088
01:49:41,200 --> 01:49:44,800
knowledgeable. 
As she read on Sarah began, to 

2089
01:49:44,800 --> 01:49:47,300
see how this Embrace of 
uncertainty connected to the 

2090
01:49:47,300 --> 01:49:51,200
early themes in the journal. 
The comfortable Rebellion that 

2091
01:49:51,200 --> 01:49:53,600
Aristotle had written about 
wasn't just about questioning 

2092
01:49:53,600 --> 01:49:56,500
established ideas. 
It was about being comfortable 

2093
01:49:56,500 --> 01:49:59,400
with the fact that questioning 
might not lead to neat, final 

2094
01:49:59,400 --> 01:50:02,100
answers. 
The evening was growing darker 

2095
01:50:02,100 --> 01:50:05,400
outside and Sarah realized she'd
been reading for hours without 

2096
01:50:05,400 --> 01:50:08,800
noticing the time pass. 
But in stead of feeling worn 

2097
01:50:08,800 --> 01:50:10,500
out, she felt energized by these
ideas. 

2098
01:50:10,500 --> 01:50:13,800
It was like discovering that 
someone she admired from a 

2099
01:50:13,800 --> 01:50:16,700
distance was actually much more 
interesting and Human Than she'd

2100
01:50:16,700 --> 01:50:19,800
imagined the fourth section of 
Aristotle's Journal opened with 

2101
01:50:19,800 --> 01:50:22,100
what might have been the most 
subversive statement yet. 

2102
01:50:23,200 --> 01:50:25,900
I have come to believe that the 
most revolutionary thing a 

2103
01:50:25,900 --> 01:50:29,000
person can do is to live an 
ordinary life with extraordinary

2104
01:50:29,000 --> 01:50:31,700
attention. 
Sarah had to smile at this. 

2105
01:50:31,700 --> 01:50:35,200
The idea that ordinariness might
be a form of wisdom was not in 

2106
01:50:35,200 --> 01:50:38,200
the standard philosophical. 
Curriculum philosophy was 

2107
01:50:38,200 --> 01:50:42,300
supposed to be about Big Ideas, 
Universal truths, and profound 

2108
01:50:42,300 --> 01:50:45,500
insights, that elevated human 
thinking of mundane concerns. 

2109
01:50:45,500 --> 01:50:49,000
However, Aristotle's personal 
Reflections appeared to be 

2110
01:50:49,008 --> 01:50:50,900
moving in a completely different
direction. 

2111
01:50:50,900 --> 01:50:55,100
He was becoming fascinated with 
what he called the philosophy of

2112
01:50:55,100 --> 01:50:58,100
Tuesday, afternoons. 
The idea that wisdom might be 

2113
01:50:58,100 --> 01:51:01,300
found not in dramatic moments of
Revelation, but in the simple 

2114
01:51:01,300 --> 01:51:05,900
practice of paying attention to 
ordinary experience, I spent 

2115
01:51:05,900 --> 01:51:08,700
this morning watching my 
neighbor, hang laundry on Entry 

2116
01:51:08,700 --> 01:51:11,300
began and realized I was 
witnessing a perfect 

2117
01:51:11,300 --> 01:51:12,800
demonstration of practical 
wisdom. 

2118
01:51:13,700 --> 01:51:16,700
She knew exactly how much space 
each garment needed how to 

2119
01:51:16,700 --> 01:51:18,600
arrange them. 
So they would dry efficiently 

2120
01:51:18,600 --> 01:51:21,300
and how to secure them Against 
the Wind without damage. 

2121
01:51:21,300 --> 01:51:24,900
This knowledge came not from 
books or lectures but from years

2122
01:51:24,900 --> 01:51:28,900
of patient attention to a simple
task This writing was vintage 

2123
01:51:28,900 --> 01:51:31,200
Aristotle. 
In some ways, it always been 

2124
01:51:31,200 --> 01:51:34,600
interested in practical wisdom 
alongside theoretical knowledge,

2125
01:51:34,600 --> 01:51:38,000
but there was something 
different about the tone here in

2126
01:51:38,000 --> 01:51:40,400
stead of analyzing practical 
wisdom as a philosophical 

2127
01:51:40,400 --> 01:51:42,800
concept. 
He seemed to be celebrating it 

2128
01:51:42,800 --> 01:51:46,100
as a way of life. 
The entries in this section were

2129
01:51:46,100 --> 01:51:49,700
full of similar observations 
Aristotle wrote about the baker,

2130
01:51:49,700 --> 01:51:52,300
who could tell by smelling 
exactly when bread was ready. 

2131
01:51:52,300 --> 01:51:55,100
The teacher who knew 
instinctively, when a student 

2132
01:51:55,100 --> 01:51:57,700
was struggling, with something 
beyond the current lesson, and 

2133
01:51:57,700 --> 01:52:00,400
the gardener, who understood the
subtle rhythms of plant growth 

2134
01:52:00,400 --> 01:52:02,900
better than any Botanical 
Treatise could explain. 

2135
01:52:04,000 --> 01:52:07,400
These people, he wrote are 
practicing a form of philosophy.

2136
01:52:07,400 --> 01:52:10,500
That doesn't announce itself. 
They're conducting ongoing 

2137
01:52:10,500 --> 01:52:12,900
experiments in how to live, 
well, that they don't call it 

2138
01:52:12,900 --> 01:52:14,800
research. 
Their developing sophisticated 

2139
01:52:14,800 --> 01:52:18,100
theories about human nature and 
the physical world, but they 

2140
01:52:18,108 --> 01:52:21,500
don't write papers about it. 
They're just living with 

2141
01:52:21,500 --> 01:52:24,500
intelligence. 
Sarah found this perspective, 

2142
01:52:24,500 --> 01:52:27,500
both refreshing and slightly 
unsettling, she'd spent her 

2143
01:52:27,500 --> 01:52:29,900
career in an environment where 
the value of knowledge was 

2144
01:52:29,900 --> 01:52:33,000
largely determined by how 
complex and Abstract it could 

2145
01:52:33,000 --> 01:52:36,500
become the idea that the person 
who knew the most about living, 

2146
01:52:36,500 --> 01:52:39,200
well, might be someone who had 
never read a philosophy. 

2147
01:52:39,200 --> 01:52:42,200
Book was both liberating and 
threatening to everything. 

2148
01:52:42,200 --> 01:52:44,300
She'd built her professional 
identity around. 

2149
01:52:45,300 --> 01:52:48,100
But as she continued reading, 
she realized that Aristotle, 

2150
01:52:48,100 --> 01:52:50,000
wasn't dismissing formal 
philosophy. 

2151
01:52:50,000 --> 01:52:51,700
So much as expanding its 
boundaries. 

2152
01:52:52,400 --> 01:52:54,800
He seemed to be suggesting that 
the kind of wisdom you might 

2153
01:52:54,800 --> 01:52:58,600
have through Decades of mindful 
attention to daily life was just

2154
01:52:58,600 --> 01:53:01,200
as valuable as the kind, you 
might develop through years of 

2155
01:53:01,200 --> 01:53:05,200
academic study, maybe more. 
So I have students who can argue

2156
01:53:05,200 --> 01:53:07,300
brilliantly about the nature of 
virtue. 

2157
01:53:07,300 --> 01:53:10,400
He wrote, but who have never 
learned to listen carefully to 

2158
01:53:10,400 --> 01:53:14,300
another person I know Scholars 
who can analyze the structure of

2159
01:53:14,300 --> 01:53:17,100
a perfect argument but who 
cannot Comfort a friend in 

2160
01:53:17,100 --> 01:53:20,200
distress knowledge without 
practical application is like a 

2161
01:53:20,200 --> 01:53:22,100
beautiful song that no one ever 
sings. 

2162
01:53:23,000 --> 01:53:26,000
Sarah found this observation 
particularly poignant, how many 

2163
01:53:26,000 --> 01:53:29,500
academic discussions are, she 
participated in that felt 

2164
01:53:29,500 --> 01:53:31,900
completely disconnected from 
actual Human Experience. 

2165
01:53:32,700 --> 01:53:34,800
How many brilliant theoretical 
insights? 

2166
01:53:34,800 --> 01:53:37,400
Has she encountered that seemed 
to have no practical relevance 

2167
01:53:37,400 --> 01:53:39,100
to the business of living a good
life? 

2168
01:53:39,900 --> 01:53:42,400
But Aristotle's Journal was 
suggesting a different approach 

2169
01:53:42,400 --> 01:53:44,700
entirely. 
What if the goal wasn't to 

2170
01:53:44,700 --> 01:53:48,000
transcend ordinary experience, 
but to inhabit it more fully 

2171
01:53:49,200 --> 01:53:52,300
what if wisdom wasn't about 
Rising above the mundane, but 

2172
01:53:52,300 --> 01:53:55,900
about finding depth within it, 
The entries from this period 

2173
01:53:55,900 --> 01:53:59,300
showed Aristotle, conducting 
what he called experiments in 

2174
01:53:59,300 --> 01:54:02,700
ordinary attention. 
He would spend entire days 

2175
01:54:02,700 --> 01:54:06,000
trying to notice things, he 
usually took for granted the way

2176
01:54:06,000 --> 01:54:07,500
light changed throughout the 
day. 

2177
01:54:07,500 --> 01:54:10,600
The subtle variations in 
people's voices when they were 

2178
01:54:10,600 --> 01:54:14,400
tired or excited and the small 
rituals that made daily life, 

2179
01:54:14,400 --> 01:54:19,300
feel stable, and meaningful. 
I am trying to learn to see my 

2180
01:54:19,300 --> 01:54:21,700
life as if I were an 
anthropologist studying a 

2181
01:54:21,700 --> 01:54:24,600
foreign culture. 
He wrote What are the customs 

2182
01:54:24,600 --> 01:54:26,400
and assumptions? 
I follow without thinking. 

2183
01:54:26,400 --> 01:54:28,800
What would a visitor From 
Another World? 

2184
01:54:28,800 --> 01:54:31,500
Find most puzzling about the way
I organize my days. 

2185
01:54:32,400 --> 01:54:35,000
This practice seemed to be 
yielding unexpected insights. 

2186
01:54:35,700 --> 01:54:38,300
Aristotle began to notice 
patterns in his behavior that 

2187
01:54:38,300 --> 01:54:40,800
he'd never seen before 
connections between his 

2188
01:54:40,800 --> 01:54:43,800
emotional states and his 
physical environment and small 

2189
01:54:43,800 --> 01:54:46,200
habits that were either 
supporting or undermining his 

2190
01:54:46,200 --> 01:54:49,800
world being Today I realized 
that I think more clearly when 

2191
01:54:49,800 --> 01:54:53,200
I'm walking than when I am 
sitting still one entry read but

2192
01:54:53,200 --> 01:54:55,800
I've been conducting most of my 
important conversations while 

2193
01:54:55,800 --> 01:54:57,800
seated. 
This seems like the kind of 

2194
01:54:57,800 --> 01:54:59,800
practical wisdom. 
That's too obvious to notice 

2195
01:54:59,800 --> 01:55:03,300
until you notice it. 
As the evening deepened around. 

2196
01:55:03,308 --> 01:55:05,700
Her Sarah found herself 
wondering what she might 

2197
01:55:05,700 --> 01:55:08,200
discover if she applied this 
kind of attention to her own 

2198
01:55:08,200 --> 01:55:11,900
ordinary days. 
What patterns might emerge if 

2199
01:55:11,900 --> 01:55:14,900
she paid closer attention to the
rhythms of her life, could she 

2200
01:55:14,900 --> 01:55:17,200
uncover hidden wisdom in her 
daily routines? 

2201
01:55:18,100 --> 01:55:21,300
The idea was both simple and 
profound that. 

2202
01:55:21,300 --> 01:55:24,100
The most important insights 
might not come from reading more

2203
01:55:24,100 --> 01:55:25,600
books or attending more 
conferences. 

2204
01:55:26,400 --> 01:55:28,700
But from learning to inhabit, 
her experience with greater 

2205
01:55:28,700 --> 01:55:31,900
awareness and appreciation. 
The 5th section of Aristotle's 

2206
01:55:31,900 --> 01:55:34,400
Journal began with a warning 
that would have made his PR team

2207
01:55:34,400 --> 01:55:37,200
very nervous. 
I must write carefully about 

2208
01:55:37,200 --> 01:55:40,500
what I am going to discuss next 
because it touches on the most 

2209
01:55:40,500 --> 01:55:43,300
dangerous idea. 
I've encountered the possibility

2210
01:55:43,300 --> 01:55:45,600
that the best life might be the 
one where you stop trying to 

2211
01:55:45,600 --> 01:55:48,300
become someone else. 
Sarah, raise an eyebrow at this.

2212
01:55:49,300 --> 01:55:52,000
In her experience. 
Ancient philosophy was usually 

2213
01:55:52,000 --> 01:55:55,300
all about self-improvement and 
moral development, the whole 

2214
01:55:55,300 --> 01:55:57,500
point was supposed to be 
becoming a better version of 

2215
01:55:57,500 --> 01:56:00,200
yourself. 
But Aristotle seem to be heading

2216
01:56:00,200 --> 01:56:03,100
towards something that sounded 
suspiciously like acceptance 

2217
01:56:03,100 --> 01:56:05,700
which wasn't typically 
considered a philosophical 

2218
01:56:05,700 --> 01:56:08,600
virtue. 
I have spent most of my life, 

2219
01:56:08,600 --> 01:56:11,000
the next entry continued, trying
to become the person. 

2220
01:56:11,000 --> 01:56:14,200
I thought I should be. 
I have strive to become the wise

2221
01:56:14,200 --> 01:56:17,500
teacher, the respected scholar, 
and the moral Exemplar. 

2222
01:56:18,200 --> 01:56:21,500
But lately, I've been wondering 
what if the person I already am 

2223
01:56:21,500 --> 01:56:25,500
is actually quite adequate. 
Such an attitude was definitely 

2224
01:56:25,500 --> 01:56:28,000
not the kind of thing that would
have appeared in the nicomachean

2225
01:56:28,000 --> 01:56:30,900
ethics. 
Ancient Greek culture was built 

2226
01:56:30,900 --> 01:56:34,000
around ideals of excellence, and
self-improvement the whole 

2227
01:56:34,000 --> 01:56:36,200
concept of virtue. 
Was about actualizing your 

2228
01:56:36,200 --> 01:56:39,300
potential and becoming the best 
possible version of yourself. 

2229
01:56:40,500 --> 01:56:42,900
But here was Aristotle, 
suggesting that maybe all that 

2230
01:56:42,900 --> 01:56:44,700
striving was missing something 
important. 

2231
01:56:44,700 --> 01:56:47,900
The entries in this section were
more personal than anything 

2232
01:56:47,900 --> 01:56:51,100
Sarah had read. 
So far Aristotle, wrote about 

2233
01:56:51,100 --> 01:56:54,000
the exhaustion of constantly 
trying to live up to his 

2234
01:56:54,000 --> 01:56:56,500
reputation. 
The way he'd begun to feel like 

2235
01:56:56,500 --> 01:56:59,400
a character in a play rather 
than a person living his life. 

2236
01:57:00,400 --> 01:57:02,600
He described the strange relief 
he'd felled. 

2237
01:57:02,600 --> 01:57:05,000
When he first allowed himself to
admit that he didn't always 

2238
01:57:05,000 --> 01:57:08,900
enjoy teaching that he sometimes
found his students tedious and 

2239
01:57:08,900 --> 01:57:11,200
that he had days when he'd 
rather be gardening than 

2240
01:57:11,200 --> 01:57:15,500
philosophizing, The most radical
thing I can imagine, he wrote is

2241
01:57:15,500 --> 01:57:18,500
simply being honest about who I 
actually am, rather than who I 

2242
01:57:18,500 --> 01:57:21,200
think I should be. 
He meant not being honest, in a 

2243
01:57:21,208 --> 01:57:24,700
confessional dramatic way, but 
rather being honest in the quiet

2244
01:57:24,700 --> 01:57:26,900
manner of someone who has 
stopped performing for an 

2245
01:57:26,900 --> 01:57:30,200
invisible audience. 
Sarah found his words 

2246
01:57:30,200 --> 01:57:32,900
surprisingly moving. 
She reflected on her 

2247
01:57:32,900 --> 01:57:35,600
relationship with professional 
expectations and how she 

2248
01:57:35,600 --> 01:57:38,200
sometimes fell as if she were 
playing the role of Professor 

2249
01:57:38,200 --> 01:57:40,800
Sarah, instead of Simply being 
herself. 

2250
01:57:41,800 --> 01:57:44,400
The academic world seemed to 
reward a particular kind of 

2251
01:57:44,400 --> 01:57:47,700
personality, articulate, 
confident, intellectually 

2252
01:57:47,700 --> 01:57:50,800
aggressive, and she'd spent 
years trying to fit herself into

2253
01:57:50,800 --> 01:57:53,100
that mold. 
But what would it be like to 

2254
01:57:53,100 --> 01:57:55,000
bring more of her actual self to
her work? 

2255
01:57:55,700 --> 01:57:58,500
The parts of her that were 
uncertain, curious, and 

2256
01:57:58,500 --> 01:58:02,100
sometimes confused, could she 
embrace the aspects of herself 

2257
01:58:02,100 --> 01:58:05,700
that prioritize comprehension 
over accuracy, Aristotle's 

2258
01:58:05,700 --> 01:58:07,000
journal entries from this 
period. 

2259
01:58:07,000 --> 01:58:10,100
Showed him experimenting with 
what he called, authentic 

2260
01:58:10,100 --> 01:58:12,500
presence. 
The practice of showing up to 

2261
01:58:12,500 --> 01:58:16,200
conversations and interactions 
as himself, rather than as the 

2262
01:58:16,200 --> 01:58:20,200
version of himself, he thought 
other people wanted to see I 

2263
01:58:20,200 --> 01:58:23,200
tried an experiment today. 
One entry red, when a student 

2264
01:58:23,200 --> 01:58:25,100
asked me a question. 
I did not know how to answer 

2265
01:58:25,100 --> 01:58:28,500
instead of deflecting, or giving
a partial response that made me 

2266
01:58:28,500 --> 01:58:31,800
sound knowledgeable. 
I simply said, that's a 

2267
01:58:31,800 --> 01:58:34,600
wonderful question and I 
genuinely don't know the answer.

2268
01:58:34,600 --> 01:58:38,600
What do you think? 
The conversation that followed 

2269
01:58:38,600 --> 01:58:40,500
was more fascinating than any 
lecture. 

2270
01:58:40,500 --> 01:58:43,200
I've given this year, this kind 
of all authenticity seemed to be

2271
01:58:43,208 --> 01:58:47,100
having unexpected effects. 
Aristotle wrote about students 

2272
01:58:47,100 --> 01:58:50,100
who began sharing more personal 
questions about how to apply 

2273
01:58:50,100 --> 01:58:52,300
philosophical ideas to their 
actual lives. 

2274
01:58:52,300 --> 01:58:55,200
He described colleagues who 
started admitting their 

2275
01:58:55,200 --> 01:58:58,400
uncertainties and doubts. 
It was as if his willingness to 

2276
01:58:58,400 --> 01:59:00,600
be himself was giving other 
people permission to be 

2277
01:59:00,600 --> 01:59:04,500
themselves as well. 
I'm beginning to suspect, he 

2278
01:59:04,500 --> 01:59:07,300
wrote that what people really 
want from a teacher is not 

2279
01:59:07,300 --> 01:59:10,200
someone who has all the answers,
but someone who demonstrates 

2280
01:59:10,200 --> 01:59:12,900
that it's possible to live 
thoughtfully with questions. 

2281
01:59:14,000 --> 01:59:17,000
Sarah thought about her 
teaching, how much more engaging

2282
01:59:17,000 --> 01:59:19,500
might her classes be if she 
approached them with this kind 

2283
01:59:19,500 --> 01:59:22,800
of authenticity, instead of 
trying to be the expert, who 

2284
01:59:22,800 --> 01:59:24,600
knew everything about ancient 
philosophy? 

2285
01:59:24,600 --> 01:59:28,100
What if she positioned herself 
as someone who was genuinely, 

2286
01:59:28,100 --> 01:59:31,300
curious about these ideas and 
wanted to explore them together 

2287
01:59:31,300 --> 01:59:34,300
with her students? 
The journal entry is also 

2288
01:59:34,300 --> 01:59:36,700
revealed Aristotle grappling 
with the social risks of 

2289
01:59:36,708 --> 01:59:39,400
authenticity. 
Ancient Athens was not 

2290
01:59:39,400 --> 01:59:42,700
necessarily a place where being 
different was celebrated and 

2291
01:59:42,700 --> 01:59:45,900
philosophers were already viewed
with some suspicions, being 

2292
01:59:45,900 --> 01:59:49,300
genuinely himself meant risking 
the disapproval of people whose 

2293
01:59:49,300 --> 01:59:52,600
opinions he cared about. 
There is a particular kind of 

2294
01:59:52,600 --> 01:59:55,000
loneliness. 
He wrote that comes from being 

2295
01:59:55,000 --> 01:59:58,000
surrounded by people who know 
your reputation but not your 

2296
01:59:58,000 --> 02:00:00,700
actual thoughts. 
It's the loneliness of being 

2297
02:00:00,700 --> 02:00:03,600
admired for qualities. 
You're not sure you possess and 

2298
02:00:03,600 --> 02:00:06,800
respected for achievements. 
That feel less important to you 

2299
02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:09,800
than they do to others. 
But he also wrote about the 

2300
02:00:09,800 --> 02:00:11,900
relief of gradually. 
Letting go of the need to 

2301
02:00:11,900 --> 02:00:15,300
maintain that reputation. 
I'm discovering that the energy 

2302
02:00:15,300 --> 02:00:18,100
I've been spending on trying to 
be impressive, could be much 

2303
02:00:18,100 --> 02:00:20,800
better used for actually paying 
attention to what's happening 

2304
02:00:20,800 --> 02:00:23,500
around me. 
The Sarah read these entries, 

2305
02:00:23,500 --> 02:00:26,300
she realized that Aristotle was 
describing something that felt 

2306
02:00:26,300 --> 02:00:29,300
very familiar. 
The tension between who you are 

2307
02:00:29,300 --> 02:00:32,500
and who you think you're 
supposed to be the exhaustion of

2308
02:00:32,500 --> 02:00:35,400
maintaining a professional 
Persona and the yearning for 

2309
02:00:35,400 --> 02:00:38,400
conversations that felt real 
rather than performative? 

2310
02:00:39,100 --> 02:00:41,600
The section ended with an entry 
that felt like a small 

2311
02:00:41,600 --> 02:00:44,300
Revolution. 
Today, I told someone that I 

2312
02:00:44,300 --> 02:00:47,100
don't actually enjoy wine very 
much, even though I've been 

2313
02:00:47,100 --> 02:00:50,000
pretending to appreciate it for 
years because that seemed like 

2314
02:00:50,000 --> 02:00:53,600
the sophisticated thing to do. 
It was such a smaller admission,

2315
02:00:53,600 --> 02:00:57,300
but it felt like opening a 
window in a stuffy room, the 

2316
02:00:57,300 --> 02:01:00,200
sixth section of Aristotle's 
Journal opened with what sounded

2317
02:01:00,200 --> 02:01:03,100
like a contradiction. 
I have been working on becoming 

2318
02:01:03,100 --> 02:01:06,900
better at being confused and I 
think I'm finally getting good 

2319
02:01:06,900 --> 02:01:09,100
at it. 
Sarah had to pause at the 

2320
02:01:09,100 --> 02:01:11,900
sentence in her world solving 
confusion. 

2321
02:01:11,900 --> 02:01:15,100
Quickly was the norm students 
were confused until they 

2322
02:01:15,100 --> 02:01:18,100
understood the material. 
Researchers were confused until 

2323
02:01:18,100 --> 02:01:19,700
they found answers to their 
questions. 

2324
02:01:19,700 --> 02:01:23,300
Confusion was a temporary state 
that you passed through on your 

2325
02:01:23,300 --> 02:01:26,500
way to clarity. 
But Aristotle seem to be 

2326
02:01:26,500 --> 02:01:28,300
suggesting something entirely 
different. 

2327
02:01:28,300 --> 02:01:32,200
He was treating confusion, not 
as a problem, but as a skill 

2328
02:01:32,200 --> 02:01:36,100
that could be developed and 
refined I used to think the goal

2329
02:01:36,100 --> 02:01:39,100
of thinking was to eliminate 
confusion, first entry in this 

2330
02:01:39,100 --> 02:01:42,200
section continued, but now I 
suspect that the goal might be 

2331
02:01:42,200 --> 02:01:44,300
to become confused about more 
interesting things. 

2332
02:01:45,200 --> 02:01:48,300
This was a fascinating 
distinction Aristotle, went on 

2333
02:01:48,300 --> 02:01:50,900
to describe what he called 
productive confusion. 

2334
02:01:50,900 --> 02:01:53,700
The kind of mental state, where 
you're not sure what you think 

2335
02:01:53,700 --> 02:01:57,000
about something, but you're 
engaged with that uncertainty in

2336
02:01:57,000 --> 02:01:58,800
a way that feels alive and 
generative. 

2337
02:01:59,900 --> 02:02:03,400
He contrasted this with what he 
called Dead End, confusion the 

2338
02:02:03,400 --> 02:02:06,000
kind where you are stuck and 
frustrated and just want someone

2339
02:02:06,000 --> 02:02:09,000
to give you the right answer. 
So you can move on. the 

2340
02:02:09,000 --> 02:02:12,400
difference, he suggested was in 
the confusion itself, but in how

2341
02:02:12,400 --> 02:02:16,100
you related to it, when I'm 
productively confused, he wrote.

2342
02:02:16,100 --> 02:02:18,800
I feel like I'm at the edge of 
understanding something 

2343
02:02:18,800 --> 02:02:21,300
important. 
I don't know what it is yet but 

2344
02:02:21,300 --> 02:02:24,700
I can sense its presents. 
When I find myself in a state of

2345
02:02:24,700 --> 02:02:27,800
dead and confusion, it feels 
like I'm struggling against a 

2346
02:02:27,800 --> 02:02:29,400
barrier that someone else has 
constructed. 

2347
02:02:30,400 --> 02:02:32,700
Sarah found, this distinction 
immediately useful. 

2348
02:02:32,700 --> 02:02:36,100
She reflected on her own 
research, considering the 

2349
02:02:36,100 --> 02:02:38,500
moments when she felt genuinely 
puzzled by something. 

2350
02:02:38,500 --> 02:02:41,400
Compared to those when she felt 
frustrated by her inability to 

2351
02:02:41,400 --> 02:02:44,600
make progress, The quality of 
the confusion, really was 

2352
02:02:44,600 --> 02:02:48,100
different in each case. 
Aristotle's journal entries from

2353
02:02:48,100 --> 02:02:50,400
this period were full of 
examples of productive. 

2354
02:02:50,400 --> 02:02:54,100
Confusion in action. 
He wrote about spending an 

2355
02:02:54,100 --> 02:02:56,600
entire afternoon, thinking about
a single question. 

2356
02:02:56,600 --> 02:02:59,500
A student had asked not because 
he was trying to find the 

2357
02:02:59,500 --> 02:03:02,600
answer, but because he wanted to
understand why the question was 

2358
02:03:02,600 --> 02:03:05,500
so intriguing. 
A young woman asked me 

2359
02:03:05,500 --> 02:03:08,200
yesterday, whether it's possible
to be brave about small things, 

2360
02:03:08,200 --> 02:03:11,400
one entry read. 
I gave her a standard answer 

2361
02:03:11,400 --> 02:03:14,300
about the nature of Courage. 
But the question has been 

2362
02:03:14,300 --> 02:03:16,400
haunting me. 
There's something about it. 

2363
02:03:16,400 --> 02:03:19,400
That suggests my usual way of 
thinking about bravery might be 

2364
02:03:19,400 --> 02:03:22,700
incomplete, instead of rushing 
to resolve this confusion 

2365
02:03:22,700 --> 02:03:24,800
Aristotle, seemed to be 
cultivating. 

2366
02:03:24,800 --> 02:03:28,100
It, he wrote about carrying the 
question with him, for days, 

2367
02:03:28,100 --> 02:03:31,100
noticing how it changed. 
His perception of ordinary 

2368
02:03:31,100 --> 02:03:35,200
interactions, He observed people
making small acts of courage 

2369
02:03:35,200 --> 02:03:37,000
that he'd never recognized as 
such. 

2370
02:03:37,900 --> 02:03:40,600
Speaking up in conversations, 
where they disagreed with the 

2371
02:03:40,600 --> 02:03:44,400
majority admitting when they 
didn't understand something and 

2372
02:03:44,400 --> 02:03:46,600
choosing to be kind, when it 
would have been easier to be in 

2373
02:03:46,600 --> 02:03:49,800
different. 
I'm beginning to think he wrote 

2374
02:03:49,800 --> 02:03:53,000
that there might be an entire 
category of Virtues that I've 

2375
02:03:53,000 --> 02:03:55,600
been overlooking because they're
too quiet and every day to 

2376
02:03:55,608 --> 02:03:58,800
notice, this was exactly the 
kind of insight, that seemed to 

2377
02:03:58,808 --> 02:04:02,800
emerge from what Aristotle was 
calling productive, Confusion by

2378
02:04:02,800 --> 02:04:05,500
staying with the question 
instead of immediately trying to

2379
02:04:05,508 --> 02:04:08,000
answer it. 
He'd opened up a whole new way 

2380
02:04:08,000 --> 02:04:11,200
of seeing familiar territory. 
Sarah realized that she'd been 

2381
02:04:11,208 --> 02:04:14,500
having a similar experience with
this journal itself, instead of 

2382
02:04:14,500 --> 02:04:17,700
rushing to analyze it or fit it 
into existing categories of 

2383
02:04:17,700 --> 02:04:20,500
philosophical thought. 
She'd been allowing herself to 

2384
02:04:20,500 --> 02:04:23,400
be puzzled by it. 
And that puzzlement was leading 

2385
02:04:23,400 --> 02:04:26,400
her to see connections and 
possibilities that she never 

2386
02:04:26,400 --> 02:04:28,200
would have noticed. 
If she'd approached it with a 

2387
02:04:28,208 --> 02:04:32,000
predetermined, a gender the 
entry is in this section, also 

2388
02:04:32,000 --> 02:04:35,000
revealed Aristotle developing 
what he called, confusion 

2389
02:04:35,000 --> 02:04:39,100
practices, deliberate exercises 
designed to cultivate productive

2390
02:04:39,100 --> 02:04:42,300
on certainly He would spend time
each day thinking about 

2391
02:04:42,300 --> 02:04:43,600
something. 
He thought he understood. 

2392
02:04:43,600 --> 02:04:47,000
Well, trying to find aspects of 
it that were actually mysterious

2393
02:04:48,900 --> 02:04:51,400
Today I tried to really think 
about what happened when I 

2394
02:04:51,408 --> 02:04:53,900
recognize a friend's face, one 
entry red. 

2395
02:04:54,700 --> 02:04:57,800
I know that I know this person, 
but I have no idea how that 

2396
02:04:57,800 --> 02:05:00,800
knowing works. 
What is the mechanism by which 

2397
02:05:00,800 --> 02:05:04,000
patterns of light entering my 
eyes become the experience of 

2398
02:05:04,000 --> 02:05:07,100
recognition? 
the more, I think about it, the 

2399
02:05:07,100 --> 02:05:11,100
more miraculous, it seems This 
kind of practice seemed to be 

2400
02:05:11,100 --> 02:05:14,600
having a profound effect on how 
Aristotle experience daily life.

2401
02:05:14,600 --> 02:05:17,800
Instead of taking familiar 
experiences for granted. 

2402
02:05:17,800 --> 02:05:20,700
He was learning to see them as 
full of mystery and complexity. 

2403
02:05:21,800 --> 02:05:24,300
The world was becoming more 
interesting rather than more 

2404
02:05:24,300 --> 02:05:27,300
predictable. 
I'm discovering that confusion 

2405
02:05:27,300 --> 02:05:30,200
is a form of attention. 
He wrote when I am genuinely 

2406
02:05:30,200 --> 02:05:33,300
puzzled by something, I pay 
attention to it in a way that I 

2407
02:05:33,308 --> 02:05:34,700
don't. 
When I think I already 

2408
02:05:34,700 --> 02:05:37,300
understand it. 
The Sarah read these entries. 

2409
02:05:37,300 --> 02:05:40,200
She found herself wanting to try
some of these confusion 

2410
02:05:40,200 --> 02:05:42,900
practices herself. 
What would it be like to 

2411
02:05:42,900 --> 02:05:45,800
approach familiar aspects of her
life with genuine curiosity 

2412
02:05:45,800 --> 02:05:48,300
rather than automatic 
understanding? 

2413
02:05:49,400 --> 02:05:52,100
what might she notice if she 
allowed herself to be puzzled by

2414
02:05:52,100 --> 02:05:55,500
thinking, she usually took for 
granted The section ended with 

2415
02:05:55,500 --> 02:05:58,500
an observation that felt like a 
summary of everything Aristotle.

2416
02:05:58,500 --> 02:06:00,700
Had been learning the wisest 
people. 

2417
02:06:00,700 --> 02:06:04,400
I know are not the ones who have
the most answers, but the ones 

2418
02:06:04,400 --> 02:06:05,800
who have the most interesting 
questions. 

2419
02:06:06,800 --> 02:06:09,100
And the most interesting 
questions are usually, the ones 

2420
02:06:09,100 --> 02:06:11,600
that make you realize, how 
little you actually know about 

2421
02:06:11,600 --> 02:06:14,500
things, you thought you 
understood perfectly, the final 

2422
02:06:14,500 --> 02:06:17,400
section of Aristotle's Journal, 
felt different from the rest. 

2423
02:06:18,200 --> 02:06:22,100
Aristotle's handwriting appeared
slightly shakier, suggesting 

2424
02:06:22,100 --> 02:06:25,200
that he had written it later in 
his life and his tone was more 

2425
02:06:25,200 --> 02:06:28,400
reflective and settled. 
The opening entry was dated 

2426
02:06:28,400 --> 02:06:32,500
several years after the others, 
and it began simply I have been 

2427
02:06:32,500 --> 02:06:35,600
thinking about what it means to 
live a quietly revolutionary 

2428
02:06:35,600 --> 02:06:37,800
life. 
Sarah sense. 

2429
02:06:37,800 --> 02:06:41,000
She was approaching something 
important. this passage felt 

2430
02:06:41,000 --> 02:06:43,900
like Aristotle's attempt to 
synthesize everything, he'd been

2431
02:06:43,900 --> 02:06:46,800
exploring in his private, 
writings to see what it all 

2432
02:06:46,800 --> 02:06:50,800
added up to I realized, now that
I have been describing a 

2433
02:06:50,800 --> 02:06:52,100
particular way of being in the 
world. 

2434
02:06:52,100 --> 02:06:54,200
He wrote though, I didn't set 
out to do. 

2435
02:06:54,200 --> 02:06:56,900
So it's a way of living that 
doesn't announce itself 

2436
02:06:56,900 --> 02:07:01,400
dramatically, but that changes. 
Everything nonetheless. the 

2437
02:07:01,400 --> 02:07:04,200
entries in this final section, 
wove together, all the themes 

2438
02:07:04,200 --> 02:07:07,600
that had appeared early The 
comfortable Rebellion, the 

2439
02:07:07,600 --> 02:07:11,100
wisdom of uncertainty, the 
Revolutionary, ordinarys the 

2440
02:07:11,100 --> 02:07:14,400
dangerous authenticity and the 
Art of productive confusion. 

2441
02:07:16,000 --> 02:07:19,400
But in stead of treating them, 
as separate ideas Aristotle, was

2442
02:07:19,400 --> 02:07:21,800
showing how they formed a 
coherent approach to life. 

2443
02:07:22,600 --> 02:07:25,500
The gentle Revolution, he wrote 
is not about overthrowing 

2444
02:07:25,500 --> 02:07:28,300
external systems but about 
changing your relationship to 

2445
02:07:28,300 --> 02:07:30,900
your experience. 
It's about choosing curiosity 

2446
02:07:30,900 --> 02:07:35,100
over certainty authenticity over
performance attention over 

2447
02:07:35,100 --> 02:07:37,300
distraction and questions over 
answers. 

2448
02:07:38,200 --> 02:07:40,200
Sarah could see how these 
Concepts tied together 

2449
02:07:40,200 --> 02:07:43,500
everything she'd been reading 
each of the practices Aristotle 

2450
02:07:43,500 --> 02:07:46,000
had been exploring was really a 
way of stepping outside 

2451
02:07:46,000 --> 02:07:49,200
conventional approaches to 
living and thinking, but instead

2452
02:07:49,200 --> 02:07:51,900
of doing so, through dramatic 
gestures or confrontational 

2453
02:07:51,900 --> 02:07:55,500
Behavior, he was advocating for 
a kind of quiet, subversion. 

2454
02:07:56,700 --> 02:07:58,100
The most radical thing you can 
do. 

2455
02:07:58,100 --> 02:08:01,400
One entry red is to pay 
attention to your actual 

2456
02:08:01,400 --> 02:08:04,400
experience rather than to your 
ideas, about what your 

2457
02:08:04,400 --> 02:08:07,800
experience should be. 
This approach sounds simple, but

2458
02:08:07,800 --> 02:08:10,000
it undermines. 
Almost everything that Society 

2459
02:08:10,000 --> 02:08:13,700
tells us is important. 
Aristotle went on to explain 

2460
02:08:13,700 --> 02:08:16,500
what he meant by this. 
So much of human suffering. 

2461
02:08:16,500 --> 02:08:19,200
He suggested came from the gap 
between how we think our lives 

2462
02:08:19,200 --> 02:08:21,300
should be and how they actually 
are. 

2463
02:08:22,200 --> 02:08:24,700
We exhaust ourselves, trying to 
feel the emotions. 

2464
02:08:24,700 --> 02:08:26,900
We think we should feel to want 
the things. 

2465
02:08:26,900 --> 02:08:29,800
We think we should want and to 
be the people, we think we 

2466
02:08:29,800 --> 02:08:33,700
should be. 
But what if you wrote the person

2467
02:08:33,700 --> 02:08:35,700
you already are is actually 
quite interesting. 

2468
02:08:35,700 --> 02:08:38,500
What if the life you're 
currently leading holds more 

2469
02:08:38,500 --> 02:08:40,800
wisdom and Beauty than your 
training has taught you to 

2470
02:08:40,808 --> 02:08:44,200
perceive what if the gentle 
Revolution is simply learning to

2471
02:08:44,200 --> 02:08:47,400
see what's already there. 
This approach wasn't about 

2472
02:08:47,400 --> 02:08:50,500
settling for mediocrity or 
giving up on growth and change. 

2473
02:08:50,500 --> 02:08:54,300
Instead, it was about starting 
from a place of basic acceptance

2474
02:08:54,300 --> 02:08:58,000
rather than fundamental 
dissatisfaction, it was about 

2475
02:08:58,000 --> 02:09:00,400
approaching self-improvement 
from a foundation of 

2476
02:09:00,400 --> 02:09:05,300
self-appreciation rather than 
self-criticism Sarah 

2477
02:09:05,300 --> 02:09:07,800
contemplated how different her 
life might feel if she 

2478
02:09:07,800 --> 02:09:09,800
approached it with this kind of 
gentle attention. 

2479
02:09:10,700 --> 02:09:13,600
Instead of constantly measuring 
herself against external, 

2480
02:09:13,600 --> 02:09:16,600
standards, or future 
possibilities, what would it be 

2481
02:09:16,600 --> 02:09:18,500
like to genuinely appreciate the
person? 

2482
02:09:18,500 --> 02:09:21,700
She was right now, the work she 
was already doing and the 

2483
02:09:21,700 --> 02:09:24,100
relationships. 
You already had the journal 

2484
02:09:24,100 --> 02:09:26,300
entries from this period, showed
Aristotle, living this 

2485
02:09:26,300 --> 02:09:29,000
philosophy rather than just 
theorizing about it. 

2486
02:09:29,800 --> 02:09:32,400
He wrote about small moments of 
contentment that he might have 

2487
02:09:32,408 --> 02:09:35,200
previously overlooked. 
The satisfaction of a good 

2488
02:09:35,208 --> 02:09:38,100
conversation with a student. 
The pleasure of a perfectly, 

2489
02:09:38,100 --> 02:09:40,000
right? 
Piece of fruit, and the comfort 

2490
02:09:40,000 --> 02:09:41,500
of a familiar walk through the 
city. 

2491
02:09:42,900 --> 02:09:46,000
I am learning to treat my life 
as if it were a work of art that

2492
02:09:46,000 --> 02:09:48,200
I'm both creating, and 
appreciating he wrote. 

2493
02:09:49,000 --> 02:09:52,100
Not in a self-conscious way that
in the way that an artist might 

2494
02:09:52,100 --> 02:09:55,000
step back from a painting 
occasionally, to really see what

2495
02:09:55,000 --> 02:09:57,200
they've been working on this 
metaphor. 

2496
02:09:57,200 --> 02:10:00,500
Struck Sarah as particularly 
beautiful, instead of treating 

2497
02:10:00,500 --> 02:10:03,400
Life, as a problem to be sold or
a test to be passed. 

2498
02:10:03,400 --> 02:10:06,300
What would it be like to 
approach it as a creative work 

2499
02:10:06,300 --> 02:10:08,600
in progress? 
Something that was already 

2500
02:10:08,600 --> 02:10:11,100
valuable, but there could always
be developed further. 

2501
02:10:12,500 --> 02:10:15,400
The final entries in the journal
was surprisingly practical. 

2502
02:10:16,600 --> 02:10:20,100
Offered specific suggestions for
anyone who wanted to experiment 

2503
02:10:20,100 --> 02:10:23,400
with these ideas. 
Keep a daily record of moments. 

2504
02:10:23,400 --> 02:10:26,500
When you notice something you'd 
usually overlooked Practice 

2505
02:10:26,500 --> 02:10:29,400
saying, I don't know. 
Without embarrassment, spend 

2506
02:10:29,400 --> 02:10:30,500
time. 
Each day doing something 

2507
02:10:30,500 --> 02:10:32,300
ordinary with extraordinary 
attention. 

2508
02:10:32,300 --> 02:10:34,800
Allow yourself to be confused by
things. 

2509
02:10:34,800 --> 02:10:37,900
You think you understand? 
These are not dramatic 

2510
02:10:37,900 --> 02:10:41,400
practices, he wrote, but they 
are surprisingly powerful, they 

2511
02:10:41,400 --> 02:10:43,900
work by gradually, shifting, 
your attention, from what you 

2512
02:10:43,900 --> 02:10:46,600
think should be happening to 
what is actually happening. 

2513
02:10:47,800 --> 02:10:51,000
But what's really going on, is 
often more interesting than what

2514
02:10:51,000 --> 02:10:54,500
you think is going on. 
The journal ended with an entry 

2515
02:10:54,500 --> 02:10:57,300
that felt like both the 
conclusion and a beginning. 

2516
02:10:58,200 --> 02:11:01,000
I have spent my public career 
trying to understand the nature 

2517
02:11:01,000 --> 02:11:03,700
of the good life. 
But I think the good life might 

2518
02:11:03,700 --> 02:11:06,300
be simple of them. 
I imagined it might be nothing 

2519
02:11:06,300 --> 02:11:09,100
more than learning to live your 
actual life with genuine 

2520
02:11:09,100 --> 02:11:13,400
attention and appreciation. 
Everything else, the wisdom, the

2521
02:11:13,400 --> 02:11:17,700
peace Joy might Simply Be what 
emerges when you stop trying so 

2522
02:11:17,700 --> 02:11:21,300
hard to be somewhere else? 
A Sarah closed, the manuscript. 

2523
02:11:21,300 --> 02:11:23,300
She realized that the 
fluorescent light in the 

2524
02:11:23,300 --> 02:11:26,600
basement had been replaced by 
the Warm Glow of early morning. 

2525
02:11:27,400 --> 02:11:30,200
She'd been reading all night, 
but instead of feeling tired, 

2526
02:11:30,200 --> 02:11:33,000
she felt energized by a quiet 
excitement. 

2527
02:11:34,100 --> 02:11:36,400
The find wasn't just a 
historical Discovery. 

2528
02:11:36,400 --> 02:11:40,100
It was a practical invitation to
experiment with a different way 

2529
02:11:40,100 --> 02:11:43,800
of being in the world. 
She carefully placed the journal

2530
02:11:43,800 --> 02:11:47,400
back in its protective case. 
She'd be returning to these 

2531
02:11:47,400 --> 02:11:50,900
ideas again and again, 
Aristotle's, forbidden teachings

2532
02:11:50,900 --> 02:11:53,600
weren't forbidden because they 
were dangerous to society. 

2533
02:11:53,600 --> 02:11:56,700
They were forbidden because they
were dangerous to the part of 

2534
02:11:56,708 --> 02:11:59,400
each person that preferred The 
Familiar discomfort of striving 

2535
02:11:59,400 --> 02:12:01,200
to the unfamiliar comfort of 
acceptance. 

2536
02:12:02,400 --> 02:12:05,400
Outside Athens was waking up to 
another ordinary day. 

2537
02:12:06,800 --> 02:12:08,700
Sarah suspected that her own 
ordinary days. 

2538
02:12:08,700 --> 02:12:10,300
Might never feel quite the same 
again. 

2539
02:12:15,600 --> 02:12:17,900
Julius Caesar was an always the 
Towering figure. 

2540
02:12:17,900 --> 02:12:21,000
We picked picture Drake in a 
bright red cloak and commanding 

2541
02:12:21,000 --> 02:12:25,400
the world's greatest Empire. 
Before he was that Legend, he 

2542
02:12:25,400 --> 02:12:28,100
was simply Gaius. 
Julius born into a patrician, 

2543
02:12:28,100 --> 02:12:31,600
family with fading clout, in a 
Rome that seemed to change every

2544
02:12:31,600 --> 02:12:34,200
week. 
In those early days, the city 

2545
02:12:34,200 --> 02:12:37,100
itself wasn't the polished 
marble one of later, centuries. 

2546
02:12:37,800 --> 02:12:41,000
With curving streets that spread
more quickly than chariots. 

2547
02:12:41,000 --> 02:12:44,700
It was a noisy crowded Center of
ambition and politics people. 

2548
02:12:44,700 --> 02:12:47,700
Lived on top of each other in 
shabby Apartments, while 

2549
02:12:47,700 --> 02:12:50,700
Aristocrats planned lavish 
feasts in their Villa Courtyards

2550
02:12:50,700 --> 02:12:53,000
hoping to lure allies for the 
next election. 

2551
02:12:54,000 --> 02:12:57,400
Gaius Julius was shaped by it 
all the noise of Street vendors,

2552
02:12:57,400 --> 02:13:00,700
Hawking figs, and fish the 
heated oratory in the Forum and 

2553
02:13:00,700 --> 02:13:02,500
The Whispers behind every 
statues. 

2554
02:13:02,500 --> 02:13:06,100
Column Even as a child sees, had
a curiosity that led him to 

2555
02:13:06,100 --> 02:13:09,200
corners of Rome others, avoided 
dimly lit taverns. 

2556
02:13:09,200 --> 02:13:12,200
The Muddy Banks of the Tiber 
River and rows of cramped 

2557
02:13:12,200 --> 02:13:15,100
bookshops, where scribes copied 
Scrolls for hours on end. 

2558
02:13:15,100 --> 02:13:18,400
These experiences seasoned him 
with a knowledge of everyday 

2559
02:13:18,400 --> 02:13:22,400
life that most upper-class 
Romans rarely bothered with He'd

2560
02:13:22,400 --> 02:13:25,000
watch workers at the Docks 
fascinated by the different 

2561
02:13:25,000 --> 02:13:27,100
languages from Traders coming in
from East. 

2562
02:13:27,100 --> 02:13:30,000
He gave him an early taste for 
the diversity, that existed 

2563
02:13:30,000 --> 02:13:34,300
Beyond Rome's walls, and no 
matter how chaotic it got he 

2564
02:13:34,300 --> 02:13:38,200
never seemed overwhelmed. 
Instead he carefully absorb how 

2565
02:13:38,200 --> 02:13:41,900
each piece of society functioned
and filed the information away 

2566
02:13:41,900 --> 02:13:45,600
in his early teens, while many 
aristocratic boys took lessons 

2567
02:13:45,600 --> 02:13:49,200
in rhetoric under Fame tutors 
season did too, but he did more 

2568
02:13:49,200 --> 02:13:51,400
than rehearse speeches from 
ancient Greek texts. 

2569
02:13:52,200 --> 02:13:55,200
The peppered, his teachers with 
questions about how words could 

2570
02:13:55,200 --> 02:13:57,700
shift emotions. 
You realize is that to command 

2571
02:13:57,700 --> 02:14:01,400
respect in Rome, you needed to 
shape minds and hearts not just 

2572
02:14:01,400 --> 02:14:05,400
bodies on a Battlefield. 
This flare for auditory would 

2573
02:14:05,400 --> 02:14:09,000
become one of his trademarks. 
Before he wore the Laurel 

2574
02:14:09,000 --> 02:14:11,500
wreath. 
Caesar was already making a name

2575
02:14:11,508 --> 02:14:13,200
for himself in smaller, legal 
cases. 

2576
02:14:14,100 --> 02:14:16,700
He wowed the courts with a 
perfect blend of reason. 

2577
02:14:17,500 --> 02:14:21,000
Passion and style that made 
older more experienced pleaders.

2578
02:14:21,000 --> 02:14:24,000
Look foolish. 
His household wasn't exactly a 

2579
02:14:24,000 --> 02:14:27,000
fortress of Tranquility. 
Tensions brewed under its roof 

2580
02:14:27,000 --> 02:14:29,300
fed by old feuds and 
expectations that could 

2581
02:14:29,300 --> 02:14:32,400
suffocate a young man. 
If you were a patrician 

2582
02:14:32,400 --> 02:14:34,700
tradition, dictated you, climb 
certain ladders. 

2583
02:14:34,700 --> 02:14:37,500
Hold a few officers Curry favor 
with the Senate. 

2584
02:14:37,500 --> 02:14:42,200
Play by Rome's Unwritten rules. 
Yet sees his mother really since

2585
02:14:42,200 --> 02:14:45,600
something different in him. 
His eyes sparked with ambition 

2586
02:14:45,600 --> 02:14:47,500
beyond the norm. 
Quite quietly. 

2587
02:14:47,500 --> 02:14:50,500
She encouraged him to break 
molds but do so intelligently. 

2588
02:14:50,500 --> 02:14:53,700
She knew that living like a 
chameleon, in Rome's, political 

2589
02:14:53,700 --> 02:14:57,700
ecosystem, switching Shades were
necessary was the path to real 

2590
02:14:57,700 --> 02:15:00,100
power. 
Of course, season's early 

2591
02:15:00,100 --> 02:15:03,200
Journey wasn't smooth. 
He found himself in snared in 

2592
02:15:03,208 --> 02:15:07,300
the Civil disputes between 
Marius his uncle by marriage and

2593
02:15:07,300 --> 02:15:11,600
sulla which tour Rome into 
factors as a teenager sees. 

2594
02:15:11,600 --> 02:15:14,200
Her had to flee or risk 
execution, when the dictatorial 

2595
02:15:14,200 --> 02:15:17,800
Sula took over but even on the 
Run he refused to remain hidden 

2596
02:15:17,800 --> 02:15:21,600
in a corner of Italy. 
Instead, he traveled, discreetly

2597
02:15:21,600 --> 02:15:24,600
learning about local 
communities, forging bonds, with

2598
02:15:24,600 --> 02:15:27,600
minor officials and gaining a 
sense for the shifting alliances

2599
02:15:27,600 --> 02:15:28,800
that propped up Roman 
government. 

2600
02:15:29,600 --> 02:15:32,500
Ever cunning, he avoided sula's 
Men by staying, a step ahead of 

2601
02:15:32,508 --> 02:15:35,500
them sometimes disguising 
himself or traveling in the 

2602
02:15:35,508 --> 02:15:39,200
company of improbable companions
like foreign Traders or even 

2603
02:15:39,200 --> 02:15:42,300
wandering performers. 
Eventually Caesar returned to 

2604
02:15:42,308 --> 02:15:45,300
Rome after solar's death. 
But he'd learned that when power

2605
02:15:45,300 --> 02:15:48,000
is on the table, trust is a 
fragile commodity. 

2606
02:15:48,000 --> 02:15:52,100
He had seen men switch loyalties
for a promise of gold or turn in

2607
02:15:52,100 --> 02:15:56,000
a friend to keep their own head 
that lesson never left him upon 

2608
02:15:56,000 --> 02:15:58,100
coming home. 
He immediately set about 

2609
02:15:58,100 --> 02:16:01,400
re-establishing, his social ties
attending Banks and forging 

2610
02:16:01,400 --> 02:16:04,200
friendships with men who had 
once I'd him with suspicion. 

2611
02:16:05,100 --> 02:16:08,500
Yet, Caesar was a depth at 
reading faces, if he caught even

2612
02:16:08,500 --> 02:16:11,600
a flicker of duplicity, he 
dodged that Bond elegantly, 

2613
02:16:11,600 --> 02:16:14,700
perhaps with an extravagant 
greeting, followed by a subtle 

2614
02:16:14,700 --> 02:16:17,300
distancing. 
One could never be too. 

2615
02:16:17,300 --> 02:16:19,200
Careful in Rome, swirling 
politics. 

2616
02:16:19,200 --> 02:16:22,700
A remarkable moment came when he
took on the role of priests to 

2617
02:16:22,700 --> 02:16:27,400
Jupiter only to lose it during 
solar's purges, it was a blow 

2618
02:16:27,400 --> 02:16:30,300
public piety. 
After all was a stepping stone 

2619
02:16:30,300 --> 02:16:33,900
for an aspiring politician. 
Caesar's resilience was already 

2620
02:16:33,900 --> 02:16:38,299
in full bloom, he picked himself
up Found A New Path and ventured

2621
02:16:38,299 --> 02:16:40,100
into the world of politics from 
a different angle. 

2622
02:16:40,100 --> 02:16:43,200
Securing lesser offices, that 
would eventually open bigger 

2623
02:16:43,200 --> 02:16:45,500
doors. 
He began building a personal 

2624
02:16:45,500 --> 02:16:48,400
brand of generosity soon. 
People, whispered about the, 

2625
02:16:48,400 --> 02:16:51,299
Banquets he held and the funds 
he provided for Public Works. 

2626
02:16:51,299 --> 02:16:54,400
Senators, wondered how he 
managed to gather such a Deep 

2627
02:16:54,400 --> 02:16:56,900
Pockets. 
There wasn't old family, wealth 

2628
02:16:56,900 --> 02:17:00,000
alone, Caesar had a network of 
supporters and many believed in 

2629
02:17:00,008 --> 02:17:02,600
him precisely, because of his 
willingness to think outside the

2630
02:17:02,600 --> 02:17:05,000
conventional lines of patronage 
and nepotism. 

2631
02:17:05,000 --> 02:17:09,000
By his mid-20s Caesar had 
cultivated a reputation for 

2632
02:17:09,000 --> 02:17:12,900
being both bold and adaptable. 
He hadn't yet reshaped Rome but 

2633
02:17:12,900 --> 02:17:15,500
the seeds were there. 
His path was not about simple 

2634
02:17:15,500 --> 02:17:18,500
heroics or the typical childhood
prophecy that he was destined 

2635
02:17:18,500 --> 02:17:21,200
for greatness. 
Rather, it was a quieter 

2636
02:17:21,200 --> 02:17:23,900
accumulation of experiences that
prepared him for the challengers

2637
02:17:23,900 --> 02:17:26,799
ahead. 
Each piece is exposure to 

2638
02:17:26,799 --> 02:17:29,000
Everyday. 
Romans his brush with danger, 

2639
02:17:29,000 --> 02:17:32,600
during sula's regime. 
His love of rhetoric lined up 

2640
02:17:32,608 --> 02:17:35,500
perfectly to form a foundation 
Rome. 

2641
02:17:35,500 --> 02:17:38,400
Full of swirling rivalries and 
unspoken rules. 

2642
02:17:38,400 --> 02:17:42,000
Had no idea that this relatively
unremarkable, young man with a 

2643
02:17:42,008 --> 02:17:44,799
quick tongue and quick, mind was
about to upend everything 

2644
02:17:44,799 --> 02:17:47,600
before. 
He was a seasoned Commander or 

2645
02:17:47,600 --> 02:17:49,400
the Colossus striding across the
Rubicon. 

2646
02:17:49,400 --> 02:17:52,500
Caesar had an Escapade that 
shaped his perspective on the 

2647
02:17:52,500 --> 02:17:54,100
power. 
More than any lecture in the 

2648
02:17:54,108 --> 02:17:56,600
Senate ever. 
Could his abduction by solution 

2649
02:17:56,600 --> 02:18:00,000
pirates in the Aegean Sea. 
It's a tale rarely told in the 

2650
02:18:00,000 --> 02:18:03,100
mainstream but it offers a raw 
glimpse into his character. 

2651
02:18:04,000 --> 02:18:06,200
Caesar was traveling to 
strengthen his oratory skills, 

2652
02:18:06,200 --> 02:18:09,500
under a, renowned teacher on the
island, roads, something 

2653
02:18:09,500 --> 02:18:13,100
Aristocrats often did. 
But the Seas teamed with Pirates

2654
02:18:13,100 --> 02:18:16,000
Who thrived on Rants and it 
wasn't long before his ship was 

2655
02:18:16,000 --> 02:18:18,900
seized the Pirates. 
Who captured him expected a 

2656
02:18:18,900 --> 02:18:22,299
frightened Roman Aristocrat. 
Instead they encountered a man, 

2657
02:18:22,299 --> 02:18:24,400
whose boldness made them 
question, who truly been 

2658
02:18:24,407 --> 02:18:28,200
captured when they demanded a 
ransom of 20 talents of silver? 

2659
02:18:28,900 --> 02:18:31,600
Caesar reportedly scoffed that 
they were under selling him. 

2660
02:18:31,600 --> 02:18:34,900
He insisted they asked for 50 
the Pirates. 

2661
02:18:34,900 --> 02:18:37,400
Bemused yet. 
Intrigued took his suggestion 

2662
02:18:37,400 --> 02:18:41,600
for several weeks season, lived 
among them, waiting for friends 

2663
02:18:41,600 --> 02:18:44,799
to gather the Sun, during that 
time, he treated them as if he 

2664
02:18:44,808 --> 02:18:48,100
were the one in charge, ordering
them to keep quiet when he slept

2665
02:18:48,100 --> 02:18:51,299
even reciting poems and speeches
and telling them to appreciate 

2666
02:18:51,299 --> 02:18:55,799
the Artistry or else to the 
Pirates credit they indulged 

2667
02:18:55,799 --> 02:18:57,600
him. 
Perhaps wondering if they had 

2668
02:18:57,600 --> 02:19:00,700
accidentally kidnapped a 
lunatic, he wasn't simply being 

2669
02:19:00,700 --> 02:19:02,799
arrogant. 
He was displaying confidence and

2670
02:19:02,799 --> 02:19:06,299
unpredictability. 
In a precarious situation, fear 

2671
02:19:06,299 --> 02:19:09,700
can be an exploitable weakness 
by acting as if he were the 

2672
02:19:09,708 --> 02:19:12,600
authority figure. 
Caesar Force the Pirates to 

2673
02:19:12,600 --> 02:19:15,200
respect him or at least treated 
him carefully. 

2674
02:19:16,100 --> 02:19:19,400
When the ransom finally arrived 
and Caesar was freed, he 

2675
02:19:19,400 --> 02:19:21,900
quickly, organized a naval Force
hunted. 

2676
02:19:21,900 --> 02:19:24,299
Those same Pirates down and had 
them crucified. 

2677
02:19:24,299 --> 02:19:27,600
It was an act of lethal 
retribution laced with the 

2678
02:19:27,600 --> 02:19:29,900
cunning, that would characterize
his later campaigns. 

2679
02:19:29,900 --> 02:19:33,299
The memory of that Ransom 
demanded and of Caesar's 

2680
02:19:33,299 --> 02:19:36,799
outlandish performance on the 
Pirates Island helped shape his 

2681
02:19:36,799 --> 02:19:40,600
entire approach to dealing with 
adversaries, dramatic strategic,

2682
02:19:40,600 --> 02:19:42,400
and always with an eye to the 
outcome. 

2683
02:19:43,500 --> 02:19:46,600
Back in Rome, Caesar resumed his
climb yet. 

2684
02:19:46,600 --> 02:19:48,299
He carried a certain Swagger 
now. 

2685
02:19:49,000 --> 02:19:51,100
The sense that his life was 
fated for something. 

2686
02:19:51,100 --> 02:19:55,400
Extraordinary after all, how 
many young Roman Nobles had 

2687
02:19:55,400 --> 02:19:58,700
stared down, Pirates and lived 
to spin the tail, a political 

2688
02:19:58,700 --> 02:20:01,600
Gatherings, people whispered 
behind their cups of wine 

2689
02:20:01,600 --> 02:20:04,900
speculating on whether that 
story was just seizes brand of 

2690
02:20:04,908 --> 02:20:08,300
theatrics or pure truth. 
But it was undeniable that he 

2691
02:20:08,308 --> 02:20:10,700
managed to secure enough 
influence to become a military 

2692
02:20:10,700 --> 02:20:13,500
Tribune. 
And soon he was off to gain 

2693
02:20:13,500 --> 02:20:16,200
experience in the provinces, 
which gave him intimate 

2694
02:20:16,200 --> 02:20:17,900
knowledge of the army, he would 
one day command. 

2695
02:20:18,800 --> 02:20:20,700
The politics? 
He left in Rome were no less 

2696
02:20:20,700 --> 02:20:23,700
complicated. 
He forged a delicate packed with

2697
02:20:23,700 --> 02:20:27,300
Pompey and don't crashes later 
known as the first triumvirate. 

2698
02:20:28,300 --> 02:20:31,100
This was not a formal 
institution, but rather a 

2699
02:20:31,100 --> 02:20:33,700
private handshake that United 
three men with distinct 

2700
02:20:33,700 --> 02:20:37,800
strengths pompies, military, 
Prestige, Caesars wealth, and 

2701
02:20:37,800 --> 02:20:41,600
Caesars political cunning. 
People often assume Caesar just 

2702
02:20:41,600 --> 02:20:44,600
lucked into that Arrangement but
it was actually the culmination 

2703
02:20:44,600 --> 02:20:47,800
of countless dinners private 
agreements and carefully, 

2704
02:20:47,800 --> 02:20:50,600
Bartered favors. 
Caesar knew that if he wanted to

2705
02:20:50,600 --> 02:20:53,800
climb higher, he needed to bring
Rome's big players into his 

2706
02:20:53,800 --> 02:20:57,500
corner at least temporarily. 
If that meant moderating, his 

2707
02:20:57,500 --> 02:21:00,100
own Ambitions in the short run 
to secure pompey's trust. 

2708
02:21:00,100 --> 02:21:05,000
He do it without blinking, with 
their support Caesar aimed for a

2709
02:21:05,000 --> 02:21:07,100
new goal. 
A position that would not only 

2710
02:21:07,100 --> 02:21:10,000
confer Prestige, but also 
provide him with the chance to 

2711
02:21:10,000 --> 02:21:12,000
broaden his Network and bolster 
his army. 

2712
02:21:12,000 --> 02:21:15,200
With devoted Soldiers, the 
governorship of hispania 

2713
02:21:15,200 --> 02:21:18,700
ulterior or Gaul where fortunes 
could be made and reputation. 

2714
02:21:18,700 --> 02:21:22,800
Cemented seemed ideal Not only 
would it allow him to command 

2715
02:21:22,800 --> 02:21:25,200
armies? 
It would offer a stage to 

2716
02:21:25,200 --> 02:21:27,700
Showcase his genius in both 
Administration and warfare. 

2717
02:21:28,600 --> 02:21:31,500
In time, he secured the 
proconsul ship of Gaul. 

2718
02:21:32,500 --> 02:21:36,900
Was vast populated by diverse 
tribes each with its own 

2719
02:21:36,900 --> 02:21:38,900
Traditions, alliances and 
grudges. 

2720
02:21:38,900 --> 02:21:43,400
Were lesser, men might see only 
a frontier to exploit season saw

2721
02:21:43,400 --> 02:21:46,300
a chess board with dozens of 
moving pieces, he relished the 

2722
02:21:46,300 --> 02:21:48,600
challenge. 
This was after all, the man who 

2723
02:21:48,600 --> 02:21:51,300
wants calmly, died with 
kidnappers Gathering. 

2724
02:21:51,300 --> 02:21:53,100
Legions known for their 
discipline and grit. 

2725
02:21:53,100 --> 02:21:56,400
He departed North determined to 
do more than just play. 

2726
02:21:56,400 --> 02:21:59,900
Caretaker, you wanted to knit, 
those tribes into Rome sphere of

2727
02:21:59,908 --> 02:22:03,600
influence, forging, New Roads 
and alliances while showcasing 

2728
02:22:03,600 --> 02:22:06,800
Roman Supremacy. 
Before he launched significant 

2729
02:22:06,800 --> 02:22:10,200
campaigns, Caesar did his 
homework, he arranged meetings 

2730
02:22:10,200 --> 02:22:13,300
with tribal Chiefs, listening, 
carefully to their rivalries, 

2731
02:22:13,300 --> 02:22:15,100
and hearing their pleas for 
Roman protection. 

2732
02:22:16,000 --> 02:22:18,000
Was it genuine concern or a 
ploy? 

2733
02:22:18,600 --> 02:22:21,700
Caesar would wage statement. 
Reading not just the words, but 

2734
02:22:21,700 --> 02:22:23,200
the shifts in tone and eye 
contact. 

2735
02:22:24,000 --> 02:22:27,500
If he sensed an opportunity like
a tribe longing for revenge on 

2736
02:22:27,500 --> 02:22:30,900
its neighbor, he promised 
support extracting pledges of 

2737
02:22:30,900 --> 02:22:34,200
loyalty in many ways. 
His tactics mirrored, the hush 

2738
02:22:34,200 --> 02:22:37,300
hush, political dealings, he'd 
owned back in Rome only. 

2739
02:22:37,300 --> 02:22:40,300
Now the stakes were measured in 
thousands of soldiers and entire

2740
02:22:40,300 --> 02:22:43,400
territories. 
Yet throughout these Maneuvers 

2741
02:22:43,400 --> 02:22:45,800
season. 
Never lost sight of the Persona 

2742
02:22:45,800 --> 02:22:50,300
he'd cultivated, he was no mere 
bureaucrat, he was that daring 

2743
02:22:50,300 --> 02:22:52,300
Aristocrat who'd outwitted 
Pirates. 

2744
02:22:52,300 --> 02:22:55,800
The dynamic orator who 
electrified the courts and the 

2745
02:22:55,808 --> 02:22:58,800
cunning negotiator who found 
common ground with Pompey and 

2746
02:22:58,800 --> 02:23:02,100
Caesar each success. 
In Gaul was reported back to 

2747
02:23:02,100 --> 02:23:05,700
Rome Vice and Sensational 
dispatchers, komentaryo so 

2748
02:23:05,700 --> 02:23:09,500
written with Clarity and Flair. 
People in the city devoured 

2749
02:23:09,500 --> 02:23:12,500
them, as if they were tabloid 
headlines, he dramatized his 

2750
02:23:12,500 --> 02:23:14,900
victories, just enough to 
capture the Public's 

2751
02:23:14,900 --> 02:23:17,300
imagination. 
The Senate, reading the official

2752
02:23:17,300 --> 02:23:21,300
versions found themselves, both 
impressed and weary Caesar was 

2753
02:23:21,300 --> 02:23:24,700
quickly becoming too big to 
ignore these initial steps and 

2754
02:23:24,700 --> 02:23:28,500
Gaul some alliances, struck some
small skirmishes, one emboldened

2755
02:23:28,500 --> 02:23:31,700
him, he sensed that if he could 
bring all of Gaul under Roman 

2756
02:23:31,700 --> 02:23:33,400
control. 
He'd move from being just 

2757
02:23:33,400 --> 02:23:37,300
another ambitious politician to 
a legendary conqueror that 

2758
02:23:37,300 --> 02:23:40,200
knowledge spurred him on Cesar 
might have left Behind The 

2759
02:23:40,200 --> 02:23:43,400
Pirates Who Wants threatened him
but the memory of that captivity

2760
02:23:43,400 --> 02:23:45,600
fueled his hunger for absolute 
control. 

2761
02:23:45,600 --> 02:23:49,400
If he had his way, no one be 
their tribal Chief or a Roman 

2762
02:23:49,400 --> 02:23:52,400
Senator would ever have the 
power to hold him captive again.

2763
02:23:53,300 --> 02:23:56,100
The gallic wars, the seasons 
campaigns would come to be 

2764
02:23:56,100 --> 02:23:59,100
called weren't just about 
marching Legions, across fields 

2765
02:23:59,100 --> 02:24:00,400
and building. 
Wooden Palisades. 

2766
02:24:00,400 --> 02:24:04,500
They were about psychological 
warfare diplomacy and the 

2767
02:24:04,500 --> 02:24:08,200
cunning exploitation of 
intertribal rivalries Rome's 

2768
02:24:08,200 --> 02:24:11,000
dominance always hung on its 
ability to divide and conquer. 

2769
02:24:12,000 --> 02:24:15,100
With Caesar at the helm that 
strategy took on fresh new ones,

2770
02:24:15,100 --> 02:24:19,000
in the early phases Caesar 
Consolidated, Roman games by 

2771
02:24:19,000 --> 02:24:21,100
constructing a network of roads 
and fortifications. 

2772
02:24:21,100 --> 02:24:25,300
This was hardly glamorous labor,
Roman soldiers would spend weeks

2773
02:24:25,300 --> 02:24:28,900
hacking through forests and bogs
to erect outposts sometimes 

2774
02:24:28,900 --> 02:24:32,600
under the threat of ambush. 
Yet each New Roman style Fort 

2775
02:24:32,600 --> 02:24:34,600
complete with straight lines and
carefully. 

2776
02:24:34,600 --> 02:24:37,100
Measured intervals. 
Sent a message of permanence 

2777
02:24:37,900 --> 02:24:40,600
These weren't just makeshift 
Garrison's, they were statements

2778
02:24:40,600 --> 02:24:44,500
that Rome had come to stay. 
People often remember, Caesar's 

2779
02:24:44,500 --> 02:24:47,900
Brilliance on the battlefield. 
But his true strength lay in 

2780
02:24:47,900 --> 02:24:51,400
methodical organization. 
He considered Logistics as vital

2781
02:24:51,400 --> 02:24:54,300
as sword and shield the various 
gallic tribes. 

2782
02:24:54,300 --> 02:24:58,500
Watched on easily some rushing 
to Caesar's side others forming 

2783
02:24:58,500 --> 02:25:01,800
alliances against him. 
Caesar capitalized on the 

2784
02:25:01,800 --> 02:25:05,200
smallest of division. 
If one tribe feuded with 

2785
02:25:05,200 --> 02:25:08,500
another, he'd arrived as a 
peace, broker offering Roman 

2786
02:25:08,500 --> 02:25:10,500
friendship and military aid 
against arrival. 

2787
02:25:11,400 --> 02:25:14,500
Soon enough, the tribe would 
find itself to see by Mutual 

2788
02:25:14,500 --> 02:25:17,200
benefit and Shackled by Roman 
expectations. 

2789
02:25:17,200 --> 02:25:20,800
The brilliant in making it seem 
as if the tribe had chosen this 

2790
02:25:20,800 --> 02:25:23,700
path freely. 
Not that Caesar's campaign was 

2791
02:25:23,700 --> 02:25:27,000
devoid of Bloodshed certain 
tribes, resisted fiercely, 

2792
02:25:27,000 --> 02:25:31,300
resentful of foreign occupation.
The Belgium in the north, for 

2793
02:25:31,300 --> 02:25:35,000
instance, martial forces that 
tested Roman discipline? 

2794
02:25:35,700 --> 02:25:39,200
Caesar, never squeeze deployed 
tactics to crush resistance, 

2795
02:25:39,200 --> 02:25:43,300
decisively destroying crops, 
capturing strategic points, and 

2796
02:25:43,300 --> 02:25:46,000
sometimes resorting to brutal 
reprisals that sent a chill 

2797
02:25:46,000 --> 02:25:49,500
through neighboring tribes, He 
didn't Revel in cruelty for its 

2798
02:25:49,500 --> 02:25:52,600
own sake, but he understood the 
Roman tradition of deterrence 

2799
02:25:52,600 --> 02:25:56,200
ferocious display could prevent 
a drawn-out rebellion. 

2800
02:25:56,200 --> 02:25:59,700
This approach while effective 
also laid the seeds for future 

2801
02:25:59,700 --> 02:26:03,300
animosity, Especially among 
Fierce Defenders of gallic 

2802
02:26:03,300 --> 02:26:07,000
Independence. 
Like Versace was no vernian 

2803
02:26:07,000 --> 02:26:09,800
Chieftain who recognized that 
the gallic tribes needed. 

2804
02:26:09,800 --> 02:26:13,100
Unity more than ever. 
He wasn't some hot-headed Bandit

2805
02:26:13,100 --> 02:26:16,400
chief, he was methodical 
charismatic and had a strategic 

2806
02:26:16,400 --> 02:26:20,000
mind that could rival seasons. 
While Caesar was off campaigning

2807
02:26:20,000 --> 02:26:22,400
on another front. 
The Cinco tricks rally. 

2808
02:26:22,400 --> 02:26:24,800
Disparate tribes under the 
banner of garlic Pride. 

2809
02:26:24,800 --> 02:26:28,200
When Caesar got wind of this 
resistance, he recognized at 

2810
02:26:28,200 --> 02:26:30,700
once that the king tricks was no
ordinary adversary. 

2811
02:26:31,700 --> 02:26:34,700
The typical trick of exploiting 
old rivalries might not work 

2812
02:26:34,700 --> 02:26:37,300
here. 
The confrontation between Caesar

2813
02:26:37,300 --> 02:26:40,300
and the singer torex escalated. 
Into one of the defining 

2814
02:26:40,300 --> 02:26:42,900
struggles of the gallic wars 
versing. 

2815
02:26:42,900 --> 02:26:44,600
Get her ex adopted, a 
scorched-earth policy 

2816
02:26:44,600 --> 02:26:48,300
instructing villages to destroy 
their own supplies and talents 

2817
02:26:48,300 --> 02:26:50,000
to starve. 
The Roman Legions of resources. 

2818
02:26:50,000 --> 02:26:54,200
It was a grim strategy burning 
fields and uprooting harvests 

2819
02:26:54,200 --> 02:26:57,900
but it slowed Caesar's Advanced 
creating logistical nightmares 

2820
02:26:57,900 --> 02:27:00,300
for Roman soldiers are 
accustomed to living off the 

2821
02:27:00,308 --> 02:27:03,400
land for a man who prided 
himself on controlling every 

2822
02:27:03,400 --> 02:27:06,300
variable, Caesar found himself 
confronting the unpredictable 

2823
02:27:06,300 --> 02:27:08,600
Factor. 
The charismatic, local leader, 

2824
02:27:08,600 --> 02:27:12,100
who matched him in cunning still
Caesar was a master of 

2825
02:27:12,100 --> 02:27:15,900
adaptation, recognizing the 
challenge he can, solidated his 

2826
02:27:15,900 --> 02:27:18,400
troops and chose to perceive key
Galaxy strongholds. 

2827
02:27:19,200 --> 02:27:22,100
Most famously, he surrounded. 
The Fortress town of Alesia, 

2828
02:27:22,100 --> 02:27:25,700
whoever thinking Torx had taken 
Refuge with 10s of thousands of 

2829
02:27:25,700 --> 02:27:28,900
Warriors, the Sea of Elyria 
would become a testament to 

2830
02:27:28,900 --> 02:27:32,500
seize his ability to think in 
layers, He constructed a ring of

2831
02:27:32,500 --> 02:27:34,700
fortifications around the city 
to starve out. 

2832
02:27:34,700 --> 02:27:40,700
Versing a tricks as forces and 
anticipating a Galaxy Ring 

2833
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:43,500
facing outwards to protect his 
Legions, from an attack from 

2834
02:27:43,500 --> 02:27:46,400
outside. 
This double fortification was 

2835
02:27:46,400 --> 02:27:50,400
notation engineering project 
involving miles of ditches. 

2836
02:27:50,400 --> 02:27:54,800
Ramparts and what towers enough 
to give any modern city planner 

2837
02:27:54,800 --> 02:28:00,300
Paul's The days wore on under a 
Relentless son, the besieged 

2838
02:28:00,300 --> 02:28:04,300
goals inside Alicia ran short of
food women and children were 

2839
02:28:04,300 --> 02:28:07,600
turned out of the Fortress. 
Hoping, for Mercy, only to be 

2840
02:28:07,608 --> 02:28:10,400
left stranded between the city 
walls and the Roman lines. 

2841
02:28:11,400 --> 02:28:15,200
Meanwhile, a massive relief, 
force of various gallic tribes 

2842
02:28:15,200 --> 02:28:19,200
arrived, attempting to break 
seizures, outer defenses during 

2843
02:28:19,200 --> 02:28:22,700
one critical night, seemed Rome 
might collapse under the weight 

2844
02:28:22,700 --> 02:28:25,200
of the onslaught. 
Caesar himself, rallied. 

2845
02:28:25,200 --> 02:28:28,000
His men darting from post to 
post Heuer. 

2846
02:28:28,000 --> 02:28:32,200
Felicia was relieved, Gaul could
unite behind versing goettee's 

2847
02:28:32,200 --> 02:28:35,400
entire campaign, might unravel 
against for Middle odds. 

2848
02:28:35,400 --> 02:28:39,500
The Roman lines held exhausted 
from repeated attacks and 

2849
02:28:39,500 --> 02:28:42,900
lacking a coherent strategy. 
The relief Force finally broke 

2850
02:28:42,900 --> 02:28:46,600
inside Elysia with supplies gone
in morale. 

2851
02:28:46,600 --> 02:28:51,300
Shattered, the singer's the site
of this defiant, gallic 

2852
02:28:51,300 --> 02:28:54,000
Chieftain handing over his 
weapons underscore the Turning 

2853
02:28:54,000 --> 02:28:58,100
Point Rome had asserted, its 
dominance and Caesar stood at 

2854
02:28:58,100 --> 02:29:01,900
the Pinnacle of Victory yet, for
all the glory, the end of The 

2855
02:29:01,900 --> 02:29:03,600
Siege left many goals in 
bittered. 

2856
02:29:03,600 --> 02:29:07,100
Caesar might have pacified the 
region that a smoldering 

2857
02:29:07,100 --> 02:29:09,600
resentment would eventually lurk
beneath the official, peace 

2858
02:29:09,600 --> 02:29:12,700
treaties. 
When Caesar returned to Rome, he

2859
02:29:12,700 --> 02:29:15,700
was hailed as a hero, his 
campaigns and Gaul had 

2860
02:29:15,700 --> 02:29:18,400
quadrupled, roams domain and 
filled the Republic's coffers 

2861
02:29:18,400 --> 02:29:20,300
with wealth from newly conquered
territories. 

2862
02:29:21,300 --> 02:29:24,400
The senator awarded him. 
Grant triumphs parades were 

2863
02:29:24,400 --> 02:29:26,300
caged. 
Prisoners Walked In Chains and 

2864
02:29:26,300 --> 02:29:30,600
the crowd roared with delight. 
in these processions, Caesar's 

2865
02:29:30,600 --> 02:29:33,200
name became synonymous with 
military genius and Roman might 

2866
02:29:34,100 --> 02:29:37,000
yet the very success that 
elevated him threatened to 

2867
02:29:37,000 --> 02:29:40,700
unbalance the precarious 
political framework in Rome men 

2868
02:29:40,700 --> 02:29:44,600
like Pompey and Crassus. 
Once his allies couldn't help 

2869
02:29:44,600 --> 02:29:47,800
but feel overshadowed by the 
sheer magnitude of Caesar's 

2870
02:29:47,800 --> 02:29:51,600
Chief movements, the Old Guard 
in the Senate, grew uneasy, they

2871
02:29:51,600 --> 02:29:54,300
murdered that sees as ambition 
was too large for the Republic 

2872
02:29:54,300 --> 02:29:57,200
even allies wondered. 
If they could remain relevant 

2873
02:29:57,200 --> 02:30:00,600
while season soaked up the 
glory, Caesar for his part 

2874
02:30:00,600 --> 02:30:03,800
believed he had only just begun 
his vision extended Beyond The 

2875
02:30:03,800 --> 02:30:06,700
Spoils of Gaul. 
He wanted to transform Rome 

2876
02:30:06,700 --> 02:30:10,900
itself to carve out a position 
where no single factional rival 

2877
02:30:10,900 --> 02:30:13,900
could stifle him. 
Again this set the stage for an 

2878
02:30:13,900 --> 02:30:17,300
inevitable Clash Caesar's 
Maneuvers and Gaul while 

2879
02:30:17,300 --> 02:30:20,700
triumphant had also sown 
suspicion and envy and 

2880
02:30:20,700 --> 02:30:22,600
suspicion. 
And Envy in Rome often led to 

2881
02:30:22,600 --> 02:30:25,500
Civil War assassinations and 
chaos. 

2882
02:30:25,500 --> 02:30:29,500
But if Caesar was worried he 
hardly showed it, Fresh from the

2883
02:30:29,508 --> 02:30:32,000
greatest victory of his career. 
He was welcomed like a 

2884
02:30:32,000 --> 02:30:34,500
Conquering Hero. 
He stepped onto the marble 

2885
02:30:34,500 --> 02:30:36,300
streets of Rome with a 
confidence forged in The 

2886
02:30:36,308 --> 02:30:40,600
Crucible of countless battles. 
The final The uneasy Alliance of

2887
02:30:40,600 --> 02:30:44,100
Pompey, Crassus and Caesar often
called. 

2888
02:30:44,100 --> 02:30:47,400
The first triumvirate had always
been a marriage of convenience, 

2889
02:30:48,700 --> 02:30:52,300
each man saw it as a tool to 
secure power, but once Caesar's 

2890
02:30:52,300 --> 02:30:54,500
gallic conquests made him the 
darling of the masses. 

2891
02:30:54,500 --> 02:30:57,700
Resentment began to simmer 
Pompeii. 

2892
02:30:57,700 --> 02:31:01,100
Roams, previous Superstar, 
General noticed public attention

2893
02:31:01,100 --> 02:31:03,900
drifting from him to Caesar 
Crassus. 

2894
02:31:03,900 --> 02:31:07,200
Meanwhile met a tragic end in an
ill-advised campaign against the

2895
02:31:07,200 --> 02:31:09,900
parthians leaving. 
Caesar and Pompey, is the two 

2896
02:31:09,900 --> 02:31:11,700
principal contenders for the 
heart of Rome. 

2897
02:31:12,800 --> 02:31:15,200
And under current of tension. 
Now, pulse, through the city 

2898
02:31:15,200 --> 02:31:20,400
Senators whispered in corridors,
choosing side up to conservative

2899
02:31:20,400 --> 02:31:22,900
factions in the Senate who 
viewed Caesar as a threat to the

2900
02:31:22,908 --> 02:31:27,200
old Republican system, Caesar 
still away in Gaul understood. 

2901
02:31:27,200 --> 02:31:29,500
He would need to solidify his 
position back home soon. 

2902
02:31:30,400 --> 02:31:33,200
The term of his governorship was
drawing to a close and if he 

2903
02:31:33,208 --> 02:31:36,200
returned to Rome merely as a 
private citizen, his enemies 

2904
02:31:36,200 --> 02:31:39,300
could bring him to trial for 
various alleged misdeeds and 

2905
02:31:39,300 --> 02:31:40,900
effectively ended his political 
career. 

2906
02:31:41,700 --> 02:31:44,600
His solution. 
He demanded to run for Consul in

2907
02:31:44,608 --> 02:31:46,900
absentia. 
Seeking an extension of the 

2908
02:31:46,900 --> 02:31:50,800
immunity and power he held as 
proconsul the Senate refused 

2909
02:31:50,800 --> 02:31:53,000
with Pompey supporting that 
refusal. 

2910
02:31:53,000 --> 02:31:57,100
This was the point of no return.
Caesar stood at the banks of the

2911
02:31:57,100 --> 02:32:00,400
Rubicon river, the boundary 
Beyond which laterally proper 

2912
02:32:00,400 --> 02:32:05,400
Roman law was crystal clear. 
No, General was allowed to bring

2913
02:32:05,400 --> 02:32:07,400
his army into Italy. 
To do. 

2914
02:32:07,408 --> 02:32:10,800
So amounted, to a declaration of
war on a Winter's Night. 

2915
02:32:10,800 --> 02:32:15,600
In 49 BC, made his choice, he 
marched across the Rubicon 

2916
02:32:15,600 --> 02:32:20,700
uttering the phrase, Aaliyah, 
yacta SST, the dye is caste if 

2917
02:32:20,700 --> 02:32:24,400
the anecdotes hold any truth 
Overnight Rome system of 

2918
02:32:24,400 --> 02:32:28,400
alliance's shattered. 
The Civil War had begun Pompey 

2919
02:32:28,400 --> 02:32:30,500
and many senators. 
Fled Rome to gather forces in 

2920
02:32:30,500 --> 02:32:33,200
the East confident. 
They'd must arm his far greater 

2921
02:32:33,200 --> 02:32:35,000
than Caesars. 
They had the backing of 

2922
02:32:35,000 --> 02:32:39,000
traditional Elites wealthy 
province's, and they believed 

2923
02:32:39,000 --> 02:32:42,300
time on their side, Caesar, 
however, wasn't known for 

2924
02:32:42,300 --> 02:32:44,900
cautious delay. 
He pressed forward Breakneck 

2925
02:32:44,900 --> 02:32:49,100
speed towns and cities along the
way, open their Gates, some out 

2926
02:32:49,100 --> 02:32:52,800
of admiration, for Caesar 
others, out of fear, The 

2927
02:32:52,800 --> 02:32:56,200
Unstoppable momentum. 
Took Pompey by surprise, forcing

2928
02:32:56,200 --> 02:32:57,800
him to evacuate Italy 
altogether. 

2929
02:32:58,500 --> 02:33:02,100
Caesar entered Rome unopposed, 
but taking Rome was just the 

2930
02:33:02,100 --> 02:33:03,900
beginning. 
The real challenge was 

2931
02:33:03,900 --> 02:33:07,200
confronting pompey's Legions, 
which were regrouping in Greece,

2932
02:33:07,200 --> 02:33:10,800
Caesar leaving a minimal 
Garrison behind, sailed across 

2933
02:33:10,808 --> 02:33:12,600
the Adriatic to chase, down his 
rival. 

2934
02:33:12,600 --> 02:33:16,300
It was a frantic race. 
Both men vying for resources and

2935
02:33:16,300 --> 02:33:19,600
key strategic points. 
Caesar's forces were often 

2936
02:33:19,600 --> 02:33:22,000
outnumbered pompei's alliances 
spanned. 

2937
02:33:22,000 --> 02:33:24,200
Vast portions of the Republic 
yet. 

2938
02:33:24,200 --> 02:33:26,700
Caesar, leveraged speed, 
surprise. 

2939
02:33:26,700 --> 02:33:29,800
And the Loyalty, he turned from 
Legions, who fought alongside 

2940
02:33:29,800 --> 02:33:34,200
him in Gaul battles erupted 
across multiple theater's Spain,

2941
02:33:34,200 --> 02:33:36,100
Africa. 
And ultimately The Plains of 

2942
02:33:36,100 --> 02:33:41,100
fossils in Greece, The Battle of
fastest in 48, BCE became a 

2943
02:33:41,100 --> 02:33:44,300
defining moment, Pompey, 
confident, in his Superior 

2944
02:33:44,300 --> 02:33:48,000
numbers, formed, a traditional 
line and anticipating a swift 

2945
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:51,500
victory. 
Caesar outmanned, arranged a 

2946
02:33:51,500 --> 02:33:54,900
reserve line of cohorts, by his 
Cavalry on the right flank and 

2947
02:33:54,900 --> 02:33:57,500
anticipating pompei's, Horsemen 
would try to envelop him. 

2948
02:33:58,300 --> 02:34:01,900
When the Cavalry Clash began 
sees as hidden cohort surged 

2949
02:34:01,900 --> 02:34:05,500
forward, routing pompei's. 
Cavalry this triggered a domino 

2950
02:34:05,500 --> 02:34:08,500
effect pompey's infantry. 
Once they saw the Cavalry in 

2951
02:34:08,508 --> 02:34:12,900
Flight lost cohesion, Caesar's 
Legions, hardened by years of 

2952
02:34:12,900 --> 02:34:15,200
Frontier Warfare exploited every
Gap. 

2953
02:34:15,200 --> 02:34:19,600
It was a massacre escaped, but 
the cycle damage was done. 

2954
02:34:20,400 --> 02:34:22,500
Men who had once sworn loyalty 
to Pompey. 

2955
02:34:22,500 --> 02:34:26,300
Began to slip away, or switch 
sides, sensing the tides of 

2956
02:34:26,308 --> 02:34:31,100
fated, turned poppy fled to 
Egypt, hoping to regroup, but 

2957
02:34:31,100 --> 02:34:35,600
the ptolemaic officials came to 
a pcsa betrayed him on his 

2958
02:34:35,600 --> 02:34:39,600
arrival Pompey, was assassinated
his head presented as a Caesar 

2959
02:34:39,600 --> 02:34:42,900
as a perverse gift. 
Caesar was horrified despite 

2960
02:34:42,900 --> 02:34:45,900
their rivalry Pompey. 
Had once been his son in law. 

2961
02:34:45,900 --> 02:34:48,000
Caesar's daughter. 
Julia had been married to 

2962
02:34:48,000 --> 02:34:50,600
Pompey. 
Caesar publicly wept at the 

2963
02:34:50,600 --> 02:34:53,800
sight of Pompey, severed head, 
then ordered the execution of 

2964
02:34:53,800 --> 02:34:55,500
the men responsible for the 
Betrayal. 

2965
02:34:56,300 --> 02:34:59,800
This act, conveyed a message 
Caesar might be ruthless but he 

2966
02:34:59,800 --> 02:35:01,500
upheld the Dignity of Roman 
nobility. 

2967
02:35:01,500 --> 02:35:05,300
And to tested dishonor Egypt, 
however offered its own 

2968
02:35:05,300 --> 02:35:07,900
elaborate of politics. 
Cleopatra. 

2969
02:35:07,900 --> 02:35:10,000
And her brother Ptolemy were 
locked in a power struggle. 

2970
02:35:10,700 --> 02:35:13,600
Caesar now the most influential 
Roman in the region, found 

2971
02:35:13,600 --> 02:35:17,100
himself arbitrating their 
dispute Cleopatra saw an 

2972
02:35:17,100 --> 02:35:19,900
opportunity. 
She smuggled herself in to seize

2973
02:35:19,900 --> 02:35:23,700
his presence in a carpet. 
So the story goes and Charmed 

2974
02:35:23,700 --> 02:35:27,800
him with her intellect wit and 
Grand Vision for Egypt, Caesar 

2975
02:35:27,800 --> 02:35:31,300
Neville want to resist or dasy 
or intelligent cited with 

2976
02:35:31,300 --> 02:35:34,500
Cleopatra. 
The pair Consolidated, power in 

2977
02:35:34,500 --> 02:35:38,800
Alexandria, defeating ptolemies 
forces and installing Cleopatra 

2978
02:35:38,800 --> 02:35:41,100
as Queen. 
Their liaison was more than 

2979
02:35:41,100 --> 02:35:43,300
romantic. 
It was a strategic Alliance that

2980
02:35:43,300 --> 02:35:45,100
gave Caesar access to Egypt's 
wealth. 

2981
02:35:45,100 --> 02:35:46,700
While securing Cleopatra's 
throne. 

2982
02:35:47,800 --> 02:35:50,900
Rome watched these events with 
Fascination and growing anxiety.

2983
02:35:51,700 --> 02:35:54,300
Caesar was off, forging 
alliances and fathering a child 

2984
02:35:54,300 --> 02:35:57,700
with a foreign Queen. 
Caesarean while Italy braced for

2985
02:35:57,700 --> 02:36:01,700
whatever came next. 
Though, Pompey was dead segments

2986
02:36:01,700 --> 02:36:04,400
of the Roman Republic. 
Still resisted Caesar's rule. 

2987
02:36:04,400 --> 02:36:07,900
Caesar marched on quelling 
resistance in Asia Minor with 

2988
02:36:07,900 --> 02:36:11,300
such speed that he famously, 
declared Vonnie vide. 

2989
02:36:11,300 --> 02:36:15,800
Vicky I came, I saw, I conquered
Then he headed to Africa 

2990
02:36:15,800 --> 02:36:19,200
clashing with remaining Pompeii 
and forces and eventually 

2991
02:36:19,200 --> 02:36:22,300
subduing them. 
By 45 BCE. 

2992
02:36:23,200 --> 02:36:25,800
Caesar stood unchallenged as 
ROMs Paramount leader. 

2993
02:36:26,500 --> 02:36:29,700
Senate, most of whose members 
owed him, their lives or careers

2994
02:36:29,700 --> 02:36:32,800
filled his hands with powers 
that stretch the limits of 

2995
02:36:32,808 --> 02:36:35,800
Rome's Traditions. 
He was named dictator for 10 

2996
02:36:35,800 --> 02:36:38,000
years eventually dictator for 
life. 

2997
02:36:38,800 --> 02:36:42,000
Some called it a tyranny. 
Caesar for his part claimed. 

2998
02:36:42,000 --> 02:36:44,400
He was trying to restore order 
enacted. 

2999
02:36:44,400 --> 02:36:47,700
Sweeping reforms revising. 
The calendar in the Julian 

3000
02:36:47,700 --> 02:36:52,300
model, restructuring debts. 
Expanding the Senate granting 

3001
02:36:52,300 --> 02:36:55,800
citizenship to Loyal allies in 
distant provinces and planning, 

3002
02:36:55,800 --> 02:36:58,600
massive building projects that 
aim to beautify the city. 

3003
02:36:58,600 --> 02:37:02,700
He also introduced social 
measures like Distributing land 

3004
02:37:02,700 --> 02:37:06,100
to veterans in these moves, 
Caesar walked to tightrope. 

3005
02:37:06,100 --> 02:37:09,400
Consolidating, power while 
giving just enough to the masses

3006
02:37:09,400 --> 02:37:12,800
and send it to keep them largely
compliant. but something in the 

3007
02:37:12,808 --> 02:37:17,200
Roman psyche, at one man rule, 
Rome prided itself on hating 

3008
02:37:17,200 --> 02:37:21,400
Kings, their entire identity was
built around a republic even if 

3009
02:37:21,400 --> 02:37:23,900
that Republic was often 
manipulated by the powerful, 

3010
02:37:24,700 --> 02:37:27,800
Caesar's acceptance of lavish 
honors and his centralization of

3011
02:37:27,800 --> 02:37:30,700
power made some worry that he 
sought to Crown himself. 

3012
02:37:30,700 --> 02:37:34,400
Others found him dangerously 
modern someone who might change 

3013
02:37:34,400 --> 02:37:38,000
roam beyond recognition and 
behind Caesar's Unstoppable. 

3014
02:37:38,000 --> 02:37:40,800
Force layer. 
Silent question was the Republic

3015
02:37:40,800 --> 02:37:44,100
just to Stage for one man's 
ambition or could it endure? 

3016
02:37:44,800 --> 02:37:47,500
When Caesar finally returned to 
Roman Triumph, the city was 

3017
02:37:47,500 --> 02:37:51,300
above with rumors and festivals.
The war still Sim in the distant

3018
02:37:51,300 --> 02:37:54,900
corners of the Republic, sees 
his personal magnetism, and the 

3019
02:37:54,900 --> 02:37:57,200
promise of stability temporarily
silenced. 

3020
02:37:57,200 --> 02:38:01,300
Most discontent The orchestrated
spectacular public games and 

3021
02:38:01,300 --> 02:38:04,200
feasts showering. 
The populace with free grain 

3022
02:38:04,200 --> 02:38:06,700
statues and monuments sprang up 
in his honor. 

3023
02:38:06,700 --> 02:38:10,200
Yet beneath the gleaming facade,
the core of Roman tradition. 

3024
02:38:10,200 --> 02:38:13,200
Those Unwritten rules guarding 
through Republic from monarchy 

3025
02:38:13,200 --> 02:38:17,200
felt under siege. 
One example of Caesar's Larger 

3026
02:38:17,200 --> 02:38:19,400
than Life. 
Persona was his attempt to 

3027
02:38:19,400 --> 02:38:21,600
reshape the calendar, which was 
no small matter. 

3028
02:38:21,600 --> 02:38:25,400
In Rome, the old lunar calendar 
had become hopelessly misaligned

3029
02:38:25,400 --> 02:38:28,800
with the seasons, creating 
confusion in festivals and Civic

3030
02:38:28,800 --> 02:38:31,200
life. 
Caesar advised by astronomers 

3031
02:38:31,200 --> 02:38:35,000
including sausage of Alexandria.
Introduced the Julian calendar, 

3032
02:38:35,000 --> 02:38:37,800
a solar base system with a leap 
year cycle. 

3033
02:38:38,600 --> 02:38:41,600
This was a major administrative 
reform that didn't just tidy 

3034
02:38:41,600 --> 02:38:44,000
update. 
It demonstrated Caesar's 

3035
02:38:44,000 --> 02:38:46,400
willingness to override 
centuries of practice. 

3036
02:38:46,400 --> 02:38:47,700
If he believed he had a better 
way. 

3037
02:38:48,600 --> 02:38:51,100
People marveled at the clarity 
of the new calendar offered. 

3038
02:38:51,100 --> 02:38:53,800
But they also sense that if 
Caesar could reorder time 

3039
02:38:53,800 --> 02:38:56,800
itself, what else might he feel 
entitled to reorder? 

3040
02:38:56,800 --> 02:39:00,300
He poured money into 
construction under seizures 

3041
02:39:00,300 --> 02:39:04,000
Direction, new buildings, 
temples and public spaces. 

3042
02:39:04,000 --> 02:39:06,500
Sprouted symbolizing a Rome 
reborn. 

3043
02:39:07,300 --> 02:39:11,200
The form, grew more magnificent.
He commissioned Grand projects 

3044
02:39:11,200 --> 02:39:13,900
that not only beautified the 
city, but gave work to thousands

3045
02:39:13,900 --> 02:39:17,600
of laborers, elevating Caesars 
popularity among the common folk

3046
02:39:17,600 --> 02:39:21,700
at the same time, expanded the 
Senate from roughly 600 to as 

3047
02:39:21,700 --> 02:39:25,700
many as 900 members, adding 
allies from the provinces and 

3048
02:39:25,700 --> 02:39:28,400
diluting the power of the older 
aristocratic families. 

3049
02:39:28,400 --> 02:39:32,300
Some saw this as an inclusive 
move, broadening representation 

3050
02:39:32,300 --> 02:39:36,000
within the Roman State, others 
viewed it as an egregious, power

3051
02:39:36,000 --> 02:39:39,800
play for Caesar to stack the 
Senate with loyalists who owed 

3052
02:39:39,800 --> 02:39:43,300
their positions, to him alone. 
All these changes stirred. 

3053
02:39:43,300 --> 02:39:46,100
The question was Caesar still 
just a leading citizen? 

3054
02:39:46,100 --> 02:39:48,700
Or was he inching toward King 
ship? 

3055
02:39:49,400 --> 02:39:51,800
Rome had a cultural aversion to 
the very word. 

3056
02:39:51,800 --> 02:39:55,500
Rex King Generations. 
Were taught that their ancestors

3057
02:39:55,500 --> 02:39:58,900
had exiled the last, Roman King,
and vowed, never to Neil before 

3058
02:39:58,900 --> 02:40:02,200
another so when statues of 
Caesar began appearing in public

3059
02:40:02,200 --> 02:40:06,100
places, crowned, with diadems 
some citizens felt a chill 

3060
02:40:06,900 --> 02:40:08,700
Caesar claimed. 
These were tokens of respect 

3061
02:40:08,700 --> 02:40:12,300
from admirers not Declaration of
monarchy butts. 

3062
02:40:12,300 --> 02:40:15,100
Lingard at a public Festival. 
Marcos Antonio. 

3063
02:40:15,100 --> 02:40:18,200
Sol favorite left tenant 
attempted to place a diet demo 

3064
02:40:18,200 --> 02:40:21,700
season's head season 
dramatically refused stating, 

3065
02:40:21,700 --> 02:40:24,000
only Jupiter is King of the 
Romans. 

3066
02:40:25,100 --> 02:40:26,800
But the crowds reaction was 
mixed. 

3067
02:40:27,700 --> 02:40:31,200
Some cheered, his refusal, 
others suspected, a theatrical 

3068
02:40:31,200 --> 02:40:34,200
performance designed to test 
public opinion on a monarchy. 

3069
02:40:34,200 --> 02:40:37,400
The dissonance grew sharper as 
Caesar took on the title. 

3070
02:40:38,100 --> 02:40:42,500
Dictator for life. 
In theory a dictator in Roman 

3071
02:40:42,500 --> 02:40:44,000
history was an emergency 
measure. 

3072
02:40:44,600 --> 02:40:47,700
Appointed for six months in 
times of dire threat and then 

3073
02:40:47,700 --> 02:40:51,400
required to relinquish power. 
Like extending this temporary 

3074
02:40:51,400 --> 02:40:54,900
position indefinitely, Caesar 
strained, the very definitions 

3075
02:40:54,900 --> 02:40:58,200
of Roman governance. 
His supporters insisted Roman 

3076
02:40:58,200 --> 02:41:01,100
needed, strongly leadership, 
giving all the unrest, But his 

3077
02:41:01,108 --> 02:41:03,900
critics argued, that Caesar was 
snuffing out, the Republican 

3078
02:41:03,900 --> 02:41:06,700
Flame. 
Seeds of conspiracy began to 

3079
02:41:06,700 --> 02:41:10,100
sprout Senators, who longed for 
a return to the old order. 

3080
02:41:10,100 --> 02:41:15,400
Such as gas, Cassius longinus, 
and Markus Junius Brutus started

3081
02:41:15,400 --> 02:41:18,700
meeting discreetly. 
Brutus, stood out, he dissented 

3082
02:41:18,700 --> 02:41:22,500
from Lucius Junior's Brutus the 
fabled founder of the Republic 

3083
02:41:22,500 --> 02:41:26,000
who drove out the ancient Kings.
Season had shown Brutus 

3084
02:41:26,000 --> 02:41:29,700
remarkable favor, even rumored 
to have paternal affection for 

3085
02:41:29,700 --> 02:41:32,200
him. 
Yet this complicated bond in, 

3086
02:41:32,200 --> 02:41:36,000
stifle brutus's conviction that 
sees as power threatened, the 

3087
02:41:36,000 --> 02:41:39,700
Republic's call values. 
Cassius a cunning figure with a 

3088
02:41:39,708 --> 02:41:43,500
far darker Edge, found the 
Flames, reminding Brutus of his 

3089
02:41:43,508 --> 02:41:47,600
ancestors Legacy and the sacred 
duty to protect Rome from a 

3090
02:41:47,600 --> 02:41:50,300
tyrant. 
Meanwhile, Caesar seemed to 

3091
02:41:50,308 --> 02:41:54,400
sense an undercurrent of danger.
He went about with guards, but 

3092
02:41:54,400 --> 02:41:56,500
he also believed that living in 
constant fear. 

3093
02:41:56,500 --> 02:42:00,400
Would diminish his stature on 
the surface, he continued 

3094
02:42:00,400 --> 02:42:03,800
orchestrating elaborate plans. 
He was preparing a massive 

3095
02:42:03,800 --> 02:42:07,200
campaign against pathy in the 
East and tending to surpass. 

3096
02:42:07,200 --> 02:42:11,000
Even pompies conquests returning
to Rome from that Victory, 

3097
02:42:11,000 --> 02:42:15,200
Caesar likely envisioned a final
consolidation of power and 

3098
02:42:15,200 --> 02:42:18,200
unassailable. 
Legacy his mind, overflowed with

3099
02:42:18,200 --> 02:42:21,700
new ideas for governance, law 
codes and expansion of citizens 

3100
02:42:21,700 --> 02:42:24,200
rights. 
He can find it in close allies 

3101
02:42:24,200 --> 02:42:27,000
that his rule were transformed 
roam into a cohesive Empire 

3102
02:42:27,000 --> 02:42:29,600
rather than a loose 
Confederation of territories. 

3103
02:42:30,800 --> 02:42:33,300
Yet those grand Visions. 
Collided, with the simmering 

3104
02:42:33,300 --> 02:42:36,100
resentment of the senatorial 
class, many of them. 

3105
02:42:36,100 --> 02:42:39,000
Had gone along with Caesar out 
of pragmatism, biding. 

3106
02:42:39,000 --> 02:42:41,500
Their time waiting for a chance 
to assert the old ways. 

3107
02:42:41,500 --> 02:42:44,600
They resented house Seasons 
reforms, undermined their 

3108
02:42:44,600 --> 02:42:47,000
Prestige. 
How is populist measures made 

3109
02:42:47,000 --> 02:42:49,400
the people less reliant on 
senatorial patrons. 

3110
02:42:50,300 --> 02:42:52,900
Some conspirators. 
Hope to reinstate a pure public 

3111
02:42:52,900 --> 02:42:55,700
with limited terms, of office 
and carefully balanced Powers. 

3112
02:42:55,700 --> 02:42:59,900
Others simply wanted Caesar gone
viewing him as an existential 

3113
02:42:59,900 --> 02:43:01,500
threat to their personal 
standing. 

3114
02:43:02,300 --> 02:43:05,600
So as Caesar walked the marble 
floors of the couriering with 

3115
02:43:05,600 --> 02:43:09,500
Senators, not all who greeted 
him warmly were true allies, the

3116
02:43:09,500 --> 02:43:12,300
facade of unity was just that 
for sad. 

3117
02:43:13,000 --> 02:43:16,300
Whispers circulated about the 
Ides of March, a date. 

3118
02:43:16,300 --> 02:43:20,000
The conspirators had marked as 
pivotal Caesar distracted by 

3119
02:43:20,000 --> 02:43:21,800
preparations for upcoming 
campaigns. 

3120
02:43:21,800 --> 02:43:25,300
Either dismissed or downplayed 
the signs of looming treachery. 

3121
02:43:25,300 --> 02:43:29,300
He was after all Julius. 
Caesar the man who escaped 

3122
02:43:29,300 --> 02:43:32,700
Pirates conquered, Gaul and 
overcame Pompey. 

3123
02:43:33,500 --> 02:43:35,900
To him. 
Fear was a cage, he refused to 

3124
02:43:35,900 --> 02:43:39,600
live in to the conspirators. 
His confidence was both an 

3125
02:43:39,600 --> 02:43:42,800
insult and an opportunity. 
The stage was set and all of 

3126
02:43:42,800 --> 02:43:44,200
Rome felt the tension in the 
air. 

3127
02:43:44,200 --> 02:43:47,900
The days, leading up to the Ides
of March had a strange energy in

3128
02:43:47,900 --> 02:43:50,200
Rome. 
Senators bustled about with 

3129
02:43:50,200 --> 02:43:52,900
Force Smiles. 
While scribes noted, a flurry of

3130
02:43:52,908 --> 02:43:56,100
edicts and proposals Caesar aim 
to finalize before departing on 

3131
02:43:56,100 --> 02:43:58,700
campaign. 
Craftsman, labored on newly, 

3132
02:43:58,700 --> 02:44:01,500
commissioned statues and 
inscription, praising Caesars 

3133
02:44:01,500 --> 02:44:04,500
achievements. 
Meanwhile, anxious Whispers 

3134
02:44:04,500 --> 02:44:07,700
seeped through the city, 
swirling in the Smoky corners of

3135
02:44:07,700 --> 02:44:10,200
taverns and the hush of 
aristocratic dinner parties. 

3136
02:44:11,000 --> 02:44:13,400
Caesar himself oscillated 
between excitement for his 

3137
02:44:13,400 --> 02:44:15,500
parthian expedition and vague 
apprehension. 

3138
02:44:15,500 --> 02:44:19,900
Omens were a big deal in Roman 
society and several odd 

3139
02:44:19,900 --> 02:44:23,200
occurrences had stoked. 
Superstitions reports of strange

3140
02:44:23,200 --> 02:44:26,600
lights in the sky or a 
soothsayer who warned Caesar to 

3141
02:44:26,600 --> 02:44:30,900
aware The Ides of March. 
Caesar rational yet not entirely

3142
02:44:30,900 --> 02:44:34,500
dismissive of command orgies 
seemed torn between curiosity 

3143
02:44:34,500 --> 02:44:37,300
and disbelief. 
Joked about the warnings telling

3144
02:44:37,300 --> 02:44:40,300
Friends, The Ides of March had 
arrived and nothing had happened

3145
02:44:40,300 --> 02:44:42,800
yet. 
But behind the levity, hints of 

3146
02:44:42,808 --> 02:44:46,100
caution surface, he was known to
have shared concerns with 

3147
02:44:46,100 --> 02:44:49,400
Calpurnia. 
His wife who begged him on to be

3148
02:44:49,400 --> 02:44:52,000
vigilant, the conspiracy gained 
momentum. 

3149
02:44:53,100 --> 02:44:56,700
Celsius, worked tirelessly 
approaching Senators who felt 

3150
02:44:56,700 --> 02:44:59,500
displayed by Caesar's sweeping 
reforms or who bought personal 

3151
02:44:59,500 --> 02:45:03,400
grudges persuading Brutus had 
been the linchpin, brutus's 

3152
02:45:03,400 --> 02:45:06,400
moral standing, and family 
Legacy offered a veneer of honor

3153
02:45:06,400 --> 02:45:08,500
to what might otherwise look 
like a power. 

3154
02:45:08,500 --> 02:45:12,300
Grab with Brutus on board, 
recruiting others became easier.

3155
02:45:12,900 --> 02:45:16,100
Each conspirator had different 
reasons, some came to fight for 

3156
02:45:16,100 --> 02:45:19,500
the Republic's Freedom, others, 
sought personal gain or Revenge 

3157
02:45:19,500 --> 02:45:23,400
yet the United under, a single 
dramatic resolution, Caesar must

3158
02:45:23,400 --> 02:45:25,900
be removed. 
One version of their plan 

3159
02:45:25,900 --> 02:45:28,800
involved attacking Caesar during
a senate session when he would 

3160
02:45:28,800 --> 02:45:32,000
be relatively. 
Unguarded in theory, the 

3161
02:45:32,000 --> 02:45:34,400
presence of so many senators, 
served as a public Shield, 

3162
02:45:34,400 --> 02:45:37,700
Caesar wouldn't expect a mass 
attack in the heart of Roman 

3163
02:45:37,700 --> 02:45:40,100
governance. 
The conspirators also believed 

3164
02:45:40,100 --> 02:45:42,500
that once the deed was done, 
they could Proclaim themselves 

3165
02:45:42,500 --> 02:45:46,000
Defenders of Liberty summoning, 
the people to restore Republican

3166
02:45:46,000 --> 02:45:49,100
ideals despite the risk. 
None could deny the plans or 

3167
02:45:49,100 --> 02:45:52,500
dacious Simplicity the Senate 
meeting on the Ides of March, 

3168
02:45:52,500 --> 02:45:54,000
beckoned like a Grimmer 
appointment. 

3169
02:45:55,100 --> 02:45:59,200
The morning of the Ides, arrived
Calpurnia shaken by nightmares 

3170
02:45:59,200 --> 02:46:03,100
implored season, not to go. 
Some historians claim, she 

3171
02:46:03,100 --> 02:46:06,500
dreamed of a statue of Caesar 
spouting blood of him lying 

3172
02:46:06,500 --> 02:46:10,500
slain in her arms. 
Moved by her distress, Caesar 

3173
02:46:10,500 --> 02:46:14,100
initially decided to stay home, 
possibly rescheduling the Senate

3174
02:46:14,100 --> 02:46:17,400
session that alone could have 
altered history but the 

3175
02:46:17,408 --> 02:46:19,500
conspirators panic. 
When the Vietnamese had seized 

3176
02:46:19,500 --> 02:46:22,100
not come, they dispatched 
Decimus Brutus. 

3177
02:46:22,100 --> 02:46:26,000
No relation to Marcus Brutus but
another close Ally to persuade, 

3178
02:46:26,000 --> 02:46:29,400
Caesar Decimus feigned 
concerned, Caesar would insult, 

3179
02:46:29,400 --> 02:46:32,500
the Senate by his absence 
diminishing, his standing right 

3180
02:46:32,500 --> 02:46:37,100
before his Grand campaign. 
So, despite calpurnia's, please 

3181
02:46:37,100 --> 02:46:41,400
sees a relented daunted, his 
sermon onion, toga and left for 

3182
02:46:41,400 --> 02:46:43,800
the curia. 
Inside the Senate meeting. 

3183
02:46:43,800 --> 02:46:46,100
The atmosphere was thick with 
tension, though. 

3184
02:46:46,100 --> 02:46:50,100
It started off with formalities.
Caesar took his seat, the group 

3185
02:46:50,100 --> 02:46:53,000
of conspirators approached 
pretending to ask a favor on 

3186
02:46:53,008 --> 02:46:57,100
behalf of a political exile. 
They surrounded him as if to 

3187
02:46:57,100 --> 02:46:58,300
press their case more 
passionately. 

3188
02:46:58,300 --> 02:47:01,900
Then as The Story Goes at a 
signal dagger's appeared. 

3189
02:47:02,700 --> 02:47:04,600
The first strike came from casca
and others. 

3190
02:47:04,600 --> 02:47:08,100
Joined accounts vary some say 
physio tried to defend himself 

3191
02:47:08,100 --> 02:47:09,700
others that he was too 
overwhelmed. 

3192
02:47:09,700 --> 02:47:13,500
He was stabbed multiple times 
the final Blow from Brutus 

3193
02:47:13,500 --> 02:47:18,400
prompting Caesar's legendary and
possibly apocryphal utterance at

3194
02:47:18,400 --> 02:47:22,900
2 route. 
In moments, it was over Caesar 

3195
02:47:22,900 --> 02:47:24,700
lay dead at the foot of Pompey, 
statue. 

3196
02:47:24,700 --> 02:47:28,300
A cruel twist of fate for the 
man who had once wept for his 

3197
02:47:28,300 --> 02:47:31,000
demise. 
The Senators spattered with 

3198
02:47:31,000 --> 02:47:34,000
blood proclaimed, they had 
liberated Rome from tyranny. 

3199
02:47:34,000 --> 02:47:36,700
They expected the city that a 
greet them as Heroes. 

3200
02:47:36,700 --> 02:47:39,100
Yet the immediate reaction was 
shock. 

3201
02:47:39,100 --> 02:47:42,600
Not Jubilation citizens fled the
curia. 

3202
02:47:42,600 --> 02:47:44,700
Unsure. 
Whether more violence would 

3203
02:47:44,700 --> 02:47:49,100
follow the conspirators, had for
season's death, but they hadn't 

3204
02:47:49,100 --> 02:47:50,700
planned for the emotional 
vacuum. 

3205
02:47:50,700 --> 02:47:52,500
It would create among the Roman 
populace. 

3206
02:47:52,500 --> 02:47:57,000
The question remained had, they 
truly saved the republic or just

3207
02:47:57,008 --> 02:48:00,300
Unleashed chaos. 
Brutus and Cassius tried to calm

3208
02:48:00,300 --> 02:48:02,600
the city with speeches, 
invoking, the memory of their 

3209
02:48:02,600 --> 02:48:07,600
ancestor Lucius, Junius Brutus, 
who banished, Rome's last king, 

3210
02:48:07,600 --> 02:48:10,900
centuries before they insisted, 
they had restored the Republic 

3211
02:48:10,900 --> 02:48:13,800
but the people had witnessed 
Caesar's generosity. 

3212
02:48:13,800 --> 02:48:17,000
His Banquets land, 
distributions, public games, 

3213
02:48:17,000 --> 02:48:20,200
many commoners, revered him 
anger and sorrow. 

3214
02:48:20,200 --> 02:48:23,700
Brewed, in the streets word 
spread of the Savage Butchery in

3215
02:48:23,700 --> 02:48:26,600
the Senate, far from celebrating
the conspirators. 

3216
02:48:26,600 --> 02:48:28,800
Many citizens demanded 
vengeance. 

3217
02:48:29,800 --> 02:48:32,600
Mark Antony, who had not 
participated in the conspiracy 

3218
02:48:32,600 --> 02:48:36,500
seized, this public sentiment. 
He delivered a funeral oration 

3219
02:48:36,500 --> 02:48:38,100
for Caesar that became 
legendary. 

3220
02:48:38,100 --> 02:48:42,600
Anthony spoke with passion 
displaying Caesar's bloodstain, 

3221
02:48:42,600 --> 02:48:46,300
toga stirring the crowd into a 
frenzy against the conspirators.

3222
02:48:46,300 --> 02:48:49,600
Some historians say, sees his 
body was burned in the Forum 

3223
02:48:49,600 --> 02:48:52,600
itself with the Flames fed by 
citizens, who tossed in 

3224
02:48:52,608 --> 02:48:55,800
furniture and items. 
As offering the conspirators, 

3225
02:48:55,800 --> 02:49:00,700
realizing the tide had turned 
fled, the city, outraged Sword, 

3226
02:49:00,700 --> 02:49:04,300
and the once proud Senate found 
Itself, overshadowed, by the 

3227
02:49:04,300 --> 02:49:07,400
populist Fury that sees her. 
So, skillfully, harnessed in 

3228
02:49:07,400 --> 02:49:09,900
life. 
Thus, the killing that was 

3229
02:49:09,900 --> 02:49:12,600
intended to save the Republic. 
Actually accelerated, its 

3230
02:49:12,600 --> 02:49:15,900
decline power soon. 
Consolidated, not around a 

3231
02:49:15,900 --> 02:49:19,600
restored, Senate, but around new
strong men, Mark, Antony 

3232
02:49:20,300 --> 02:49:24,600
Octavian sees as young are and 
adopted son and others who were 

3233
02:49:24,600 --> 02:49:26,700
jockey for command in the 
following years. 

3234
02:49:27,600 --> 02:49:30,300
In death. 
Caesar had transcended mortality

3235
02:49:30,300 --> 02:49:32,500
to become an icon. 
Some would say a martyr while 

3236
02:49:32,508 --> 02:49:35,200
the vision of a renewed 
Republic, ironically slipped 

3237
02:49:35,200 --> 02:49:39,100
further away, the aftermath of 
Caesar's assassination was as 

3238
02:49:39,100 --> 02:49:43,600
turbulent as any period Rome had
ever seen the city already tense

3239
02:49:43,600 --> 02:49:47,400
from years of civil conflict. 
Discovered that removing one 

3240
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:49,700
towering figure didn't 
automatically restore the Old 

3241
02:49:49,700 --> 02:49:52,600
Republic. 
Instead a new power vacuum 

3242
02:49:52,600 --> 02:49:56,000
emerged quickly filled by those 
with the ambition and resources 

3243
02:49:56,000 --> 02:49:59,300
to claim it. 
Marc Anthony Caesar's closest. 

3244
02:49:59,300 --> 02:50:02,900
Lieutenant was first, on the 
scene, leveraging his connection

3245
02:50:02,900 --> 02:50:06,500
to the slain dictator to Rally 
the masses, but Caesar had named

3246
02:50:06,500 --> 02:50:08,900
a surprise. 
Aaron, his will Gear, S 

3247
02:50:08,900 --> 02:50:10,600
Octavius, better known as 
Octavian. 

3248
02:50:10,600 --> 02:50:15,900
His Grand, nephew only 19 years.
Old Octavian, carried Caesar's 

3249
02:50:15,900 --> 02:50:18,600
name and soon enough. 
Caesar's Legions would rally 

3250
02:50:18,600 --> 02:50:22,300
around him too Brutus and 
Cassius fled Rome hoping to 

3251
02:50:22,300 --> 02:50:24,900
raise armies. 
In the Eastern, provinces a 

3252
02:50:24,900 --> 02:50:27,400
published declarations 
defending, the assassination as 

3253
02:50:27,400 --> 02:50:31,100
an act of patriotic duty but the
events in Rome worked against 

3254
02:50:31,100 --> 02:50:33,700
them. 
The funeral oration by Anthony 

3255
02:50:33,700 --> 02:50:35,500
had painted them as traitors to 
Caesar. 

3256
02:50:35,500 --> 02:50:40,500
And by extension enemies of the 
Roman people, Legions loyal to 

3257
02:50:40,500 --> 02:50:43,100
Caesar scorned, the conspirators
lines. 

3258
02:50:43,100 --> 02:50:47,500
Hardened, another round of Civil
Wars seemed inevitable as one 

3259
02:50:47,500 --> 02:50:50,400
man's ambition had morphed in to
a generational crisis of 

3260
02:50:50,400 --> 02:50:53,200
identity for Rome. 
Though, Anthony and Octavian, 

3261
02:50:53,200 --> 02:50:54,900
initially each other with 
suspicion. 

3262
02:50:54,900 --> 02:50:57,500
They realized they stood a 
better chance against the 

3263
02:50:57,500 --> 02:51:01,800
conspirators of they cooperated.
Along with Marcus lepidus, a 

3264
02:51:01,800 --> 02:51:03,600
trusted Commander. 
They formed the second 

3265
02:51:03,600 --> 02:51:06,600
triumvirate, unlike Caesars 
informal Arrangement. 

3266
02:51:06,600 --> 02:51:10,200
This triumphant was legally, 
sanctioned granting the three 

3267
02:51:10,200 --> 02:51:13,600
men near absolute power to 
reorganize the state and 

3268
02:51:13,600 --> 02:51:14,800
reorganize it. 
They did. 

3269
02:51:15,600 --> 02:51:19,600
Prescriptions lists of enemies 
of the state were published men 

3270
02:51:19,600 --> 02:51:21,600
of wealth and influence found 
themselves. 

3271
02:51:21,600 --> 02:51:25,400
Outlawed the triumvirate seized 
property and executed opponents,

3272
02:51:25,400 --> 02:51:27,900
echoing the Grim days of 
solar's. 

3273
02:51:27,900 --> 02:51:31,900
Dictatorship, the conspirators. 
Meanwhile, mustard forces in the

3274
02:51:31,908 --> 02:51:35,100
East culminating in the 
climactic Battle of Philippi in 

3275
02:51:35,100 --> 02:51:40,000
42 BCE Brutus and Cassius were 
defeated and they chose suicide 

3276
02:51:40,000 --> 02:51:43,100
over capture. 
If Caesars murderers hoped for a

3277
02:51:43,100 --> 02:51:45,800
Renaissance of Republican, 
ideals made Gravely 

3278
02:51:45,800 --> 02:51:48,600
miscalculated. 
Rome was now torn between 

3279
02:51:48,600 --> 02:51:52,400
competing strong men after 
Philippi tensions, Rose between 

3280
02:51:52,400 --> 02:51:56,500
Antony and Octavian, Anthony 
headed east forming an alliance 

3281
02:51:56,500 --> 02:51:59,300
and famously. 
A romance with Cleopatra in 

3282
02:51:59,300 --> 02:52:03,600
Egypt, Octavian, solidified his 
base in Rome in the Senate 

3283
02:52:03,600 --> 02:52:07,800
recognized him as the principal 
are to seize his legacy by 31 

3284
02:52:07,800 --> 02:52:12,200
BCE the Rivalry exploded in to 
another civil war culminating in

3285
02:52:12,200 --> 02:52:16,800
the naval battle of actium. 
Octavian, proved Antony and 

3286
02:52:16,800 --> 02:52:20,000
Cleopatra fled, and later took 
their own lives and the stage 

3287
02:52:20,000 --> 02:52:22,000
was set for Octavian to become 
Augustus. 

3288
02:52:22,000 --> 02:52:25,900
The first Roman Emperor, the 
Republic in its old form was 

3289
02:52:25,900 --> 02:52:28,900
gone. 
And what of Caesar's Legacy, his

3290
02:52:28,900 --> 02:52:32,500
name Caesar would become 
synonymous with rulership 

3291
02:52:32,500 --> 02:52:36,400
itself. 
Kaiser in German to Tsar in 

3292
02:52:36,400 --> 02:52:39,500
Russian leaders in distant 
lands, would adopt the moniker 

3293
02:52:39,500 --> 02:52:44,200
as a badge of Imperial might his
reforms, especially the Julian 

3294
02:52:44,200 --> 02:52:48,100
calendar outlived him by 
centuries influencing how 

3295
02:52:48,100 --> 02:52:51,500
millions of people marked time 
his writings particularly the 

3296
02:52:51,500 --> 02:52:54,500
commentaries on the gallican 
Civil Wars remained essential 

3297
02:52:54,500 --> 02:52:58,300
reading for generations of 
Statesmen, and Generals admired 

3298
02:52:58,300 --> 02:53:00,700
for their Clarity and rhetorical
brilliance. 

3299
02:53:02,000 --> 02:53:05,400
In a strange twist. 
The Senate that once feared him 

3300
02:53:05,400 --> 02:53:09,600
voted to DFI sees after his 
death, proclaiming him devious 

3301
02:53:09,600 --> 02:53:14,000
shrines and temples to the 
Divine Julius sprang up turning 

3302
02:53:14,000 --> 02:53:17,800
him into a figure of worship. 
This posthumous deification gave

3303
02:53:17,800 --> 02:53:19,600
Octavian an added Aura of 
legitimacy. 

3304
02:53:19,600 --> 02:53:25,000
He was now Divi Filius, the son 
of a god, One might argue, it 

3305
02:53:25,000 --> 02:53:28,700
was the final irony, the same 
institution that bristled at his

3306
02:53:28,708 --> 02:53:31,300
ambition. 
Now raised him to Divine status,

3307
02:53:31,300 --> 02:53:34,600
this transformation reflected 
the contradictory nature of 

3308
02:53:34,600 --> 02:53:38,600
Roman politics, practical to the
core yet steeped in soup 

3309
02:53:38,600 --> 02:53:42,600
Superstition, and reverence for 
signs and wonders public memory 

3310
02:53:42,600 --> 02:53:45,300
of Caesar remained divided. 
Many admired him for 

3311
02:53:45,300 --> 02:53:48,600
championing, the lower classes, 
taking decisive action to end 

3312
02:53:48,600 --> 02:53:51,400
Rome's, internal strife, an 
extending Roman influence 

3313
02:53:51,400 --> 02:53:54,100
abroad. 
Others condemned him as the man 

3314
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:57,400
who shattered the Republic's 
checks and balances, making a 

3315
02:53:57,400 --> 02:54:01,400
single man rule inevitable over 
time, historians playwrights and

3316
02:54:01,400 --> 02:54:04,100
orators distilled his story into
dramatic beats. 

3317
02:54:04,100 --> 02:54:07,300
The brilliant General, the 
cunning politician, the Betrayed

3318
02:54:07,300 --> 02:54:09,400
friend. 
Those wanting a moral lesson, 

3319
02:54:09,400 --> 02:54:12,400
found ample material some used 
him as a warning against 

3320
02:54:12,400 --> 02:54:16,000
unchecked ambition others, as an
example of visionary leadership,

3321
02:54:16,000 --> 02:54:20,200
undone by a petty jealousy. 
Yet, there's a deeper layer to 

3322
02:54:20,200 --> 02:54:22,600
season's Life. 
One Less recounted in popular 

3323
02:54:22,600 --> 02:54:24,900
law. 
He was profoundly curious about 

3324
02:54:24,900 --> 02:54:28,300
the world about languages, 
cultures, and the mechanics of 

3325
02:54:28,300 --> 02:54:31,400
governance. 
From his youth, in the streets 

3326
02:54:31,400 --> 02:54:34,300
of Rome to his kidnapping by 
Pirates From the Muddy 

3327
02:54:34,300 --> 02:54:37,100
battlefields of gold, the marble
corridors of the curia. 

3328
02:54:37,100 --> 02:54:41,100
He sought to understand and 
master every environment he 

3329
02:54:41,100 --> 02:54:44,900
touched He wasn't content to 
play by the rules, he rewrote 

3330
02:54:44,900 --> 02:54:49,200
them not all admired his methods
but few could deny his results 

3331
02:54:49,200 --> 02:54:51,900
for those living. 
In Rome after Seasons demise 

3332
02:54:51,900 --> 02:54:55,100
daily, life of eventually 
stabilized under augustus's 

3333
02:54:55,100 --> 02:54:59,200
Reign, the city grew Grandeur, 
the Empire expanded, and a new 

3334
02:54:59,208 --> 02:55:02,700
system, the principal took 
shape, but an undercurrent of 

3335
02:55:02,700 --> 02:55:04,900
nostalgia. 
Persisted among some Senators 

3336
02:55:04,900 --> 02:55:08,000
who recalled a republic where 
men like Cicero and Cato wants 

3337
02:55:08,000 --> 02:55:12,000
to debated the future of Rome. 
They wondered if in slaying, 

3338
02:55:12,000 --> 02:55:15,300
Caesar they had severed the last
chance to preserve Republican 

3339
02:55:15,300 --> 02:55:19,000
dignity or if Caesars very 
presence who doomed it from the 

3340
02:55:19,000 --> 02:55:21,200
start. 
And so the figure of Julius 

3341
02:55:21,200 --> 02:55:24,700
Caesar stands in Roman history, 
not simply as a conqueror or a 

3342
02:55:24,700 --> 02:55:29,100
dictator, but as a turning point
he harnessed ambition, popular 

3343
02:55:29,100 --> 02:55:32,400
abuse support and raw military 
skill to reshape the world's 

3344
02:55:32,400 --> 02:55:36,100
greatest Republic and in doing 
so he cleared a path for 

3345
02:55:36,100 --> 02:55:38,500
Imperial rule. 
Some see him as a hero 

3346
02:55:38,500 --> 02:55:42,200
Visionary, who expanded Rome's 
Horizons, others view him as the

3347
02:55:42,200 --> 02:55:45,700
ultimate user betraying, the 
collective governance that had 

3348
02:55:45,700 --> 02:55:50,300
once defined the city's spirit. 
Perhaps both are true in the 

3349
02:55:50,300 --> 02:55:53,400
end, Julius Caesar's story 
reminds us that history rarely 

3350
02:55:53,400 --> 02:55:57,800
lends itself to meet label's, 
the arks of power Destiny, and 

3351
02:55:57,800 --> 02:56:01,200
personal will often weave 
together and ways that defy easy

3352
02:56:01,200 --> 02:56:03,800
categorization. 
And if there's one lesson that 

3353
02:56:03,800 --> 02:56:07,500
resonates across the centuries, 
it might be this when a single 

3354
02:56:07,500 --> 02:56:09,800
individual grows too large for 
the existing order 

3355
02:56:09,800 --> 02:56:12,300
transformation. 
However, exhilarating or 

3356
02:56:12,300 --> 02:56:21,700
destructive becomes inevitable 
It is quite intriguing to 

3357
02:56:21,700 --> 02:56:24,400
consider that you are likely 
resting on a meticulously 

3358
02:56:24,400 --> 02:56:28,900
designed mattress, composed of 
foam and spring while listening 

3359
02:56:28,900 --> 02:56:31,800
to a narrative about how your 
ancestors, slept on much less 

3360
02:56:31,800 --> 02:56:35,100
comfortable surfaces. 
Well, not literally on rocks 

3361
02:56:35,100 --> 02:56:36,700
though. 
We will address that aspect 

3362
02:56:36,700 --> 02:56:38,800
shortly. 
This evening, we will Journey 

3363
02:56:38,800 --> 02:56:41,600
back in time to explore the 
sleeping Arrangements of those 

3364
02:56:41,600 --> 02:56:45,200
who lived before the Innovative 
concept of filling a fabric sack

3365
02:56:45,200 --> 02:56:48,400
with soft materials, to create a
mattress was conceived. 

3366
02:56:48,400 --> 02:56:51,100
Well, they didn't actually sleep
on rocks. 

3367
02:56:51,100 --> 02:56:52,900
There will discuss that part 
soon. 

3368
02:56:52,900 --> 02:56:55,700
Enough tonight. 
We're going back in time to 

3369
02:56:55,700 --> 02:56:58,800
discover what people did before.
Someone had the brilliant idea 

3370
02:56:58,800 --> 02:57:02,400
to stuff a fabric sack with soft
things and call it a mattress. 

3371
02:57:03,300 --> 02:57:07,000
Picture this. 
It's 200,000 years ago and your 

3372
02:57:07,000 --> 02:57:09,200
great-great-great time is about 
10,000. 

3373
02:57:09,200 --> 02:57:10,700
Grandmother is getting ready for
bed. 

3374
02:57:11,400 --> 02:57:13,700
She is not scrolling through her
phone or adjusting her memory 

3375
02:57:13,700 --> 02:57:16,400
foam pillow. 
She's not even wearing pajamas 

3376
02:57:16,400 --> 02:57:19,600
because pajamas have not been 
invented yet, neither has the 

3377
02:57:19,600 --> 02:57:23,100
bed, she's about to Sleep Inn. 
In fact, the idea of having a 

3378
02:57:23,100 --> 02:57:26,300
specific sleeping area rather 
than just collapsing, wherever 

3379
02:57:26,300 --> 02:57:28,800
exhaustion takes, you has not 
been developed either. 

3380
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:32,400
The earliest humans were 
remarkably practical about 

3381
02:57:32,400 --> 02:57:34,400
sleep. 
They found a spot that wasn't 

3382
02:57:34,400 --> 02:57:36,800
too Rocky. 
Hopefully not too muddy and 

3383
02:57:36,800 --> 02:57:39,300
definitely not occupied by 
something with more teeth. 

3384
02:57:39,300 --> 02:57:42,300
And they had Then they curled up
and hope for the best. 

3385
02:57:42,300 --> 02:57:45,700
You might think this scenario 
sounds uncomfortable, but 

3386
02:57:45,700 --> 02:57:48,600
remember these people had never 
experienced a Tempur-Pedic 

3387
02:57:48,600 --> 02:57:51,300
mattress, so they had no idea 
what they were missing. 

3388
02:57:52,200 --> 02:57:56,800
Ignorance was Bliss. 
Literally However, as is typical

3389
02:57:56,800 --> 02:57:59,200
of humans, they quickly began to
get creative. 

3390
02:57:59,900 --> 02:58:03,700
Archaeological evidence shows 
that around 77,000 years ago. 

3391
02:58:03,700 --> 02:58:06,900
People in South Africa were 
making the world's first beds 

3392
02:58:06,900 --> 02:58:08,800
out of sedge grass and aromatic 
leaves. 

3393
02:58:08,800 --> 02:58:12,400
They'd layer these materials in 
caves creating what was 

3394
02:58:12,400 --> 02:58:14,900
essentially nature's. 
First mattress, prototype. 

3395
02:58:15,800 --> 02:58:19,100
The aromatic leaves were just 
for Comfort, they helped repel 

3396
02:58:19,100 --> 02:58:21,200
insects. 
So technically these ancient 

3397
02:58:21,200 --> 02:58:23,300
beds were also the world's first
bug zappers. 

3398
02:58:23,300 --> 02:58:25,400
You have to admire their 
Ingenuity. 

3399
02:58:25,400 --> 02:58:27,700
They figured out that certain 
plants. 

3400
02:58:27,700 --> 02:58:31,400
When dried and layered created a
relatively soft surface, that 

3401
02:58:31,400 --> 02:58:33,900
was infinitely better than bare 
rock or dirt. 

3402
02:58:34,700 --> 02:58:38,100
They even discovered that some 
leads when crushed released 

3403
02:58:38,100 --> 02:58:41,700
natural insect repellents. 
Your ancestors were basically 

3404
02:58:41,700 --> 02:58:44,700
running a prehistoric bed and 
bath store complete with the 

3405
02:58:44,700 --> 02:58:47,400
Roman therapy. 
The Intriguing thing about these

3406
02:58:47,400 --> 02:58:50,700
early beds is that they weren't 
permanent fixtures when the 

3407
02:58:50,700 --> 02:58:54,300
tribe moved the bed. 
Stayed behind this meant that 

3408
02:58:54,300 --> 02:58:57,000
every night someone had to 
gather fresh materials and 

3409
02:58:57,000 --> 02:59:00,400
essentially build a new bed. 
Imagine if you had to 

3410
02:59:00,400 --> 02:59:03,700
reconstruct your entire sleeping
Arrangement every single day. 

3411
02:59:04,600 --> 02:59:07,300
You'd probably develop some 
serious appreciation for your 

3412
02:59:07,300 --> 02:59:11,100
current setup pretty quickly. 
These grass beds weren't just 

3413
02:59:11,100 --> 02:59:13,500
about Comfort, though. 
They represented, one of 

3414
02:59:13,500 --> 02:59:16,700
Humanity's first attempts to 
control their environment rather

3415
02:59:16,700 --> 02:59:20,800
than simply adapt to it. 
People began to reject the idea 

3416
02:59:20,800 --> 02:59:23,500
that sleep had to mean lying on,
whatever surface was available 

3417
02:59:23,500 --> 02:59:26,300
saying, you know what? 
I think I can do better than 

3418
02:59:26,300 --> 02:59:29,600
this and that drive to improve 
their sleeping situation, would 

3419
02:59:29,600 --> 02:59:33,100
continue for thousands of years.
The construction of these early 

3420
02:59:33,100 --> 02:59:36,300
beds was surprisingly. 
Sophisticated people would 

3421
02:59:36,300 --> 02:59:39,100
gather fresh grass, and leaves 
carefully, layer them for 

3422
02:59:39,100 --> 02:59:42,900
maximum softness, and insulation
and arrange them in shape that 

3423
02:59:42,900 --> 02:59:44,900
followed the natural curves of 
the human body. 

3424
02:59:45,600 --> 02:59:48,000
They understood Concepts like, 
moisture management and 

3425
02:59:48,000 --> 02:59:51,200
temperature regulation long 
before anyone gave those ideas 

3426
02:59:51,200 --> 02:59:54,200
fancy names. 
What's particularly fascinating 

3427
02:59:54,200 --> 02:59:58,000
is that these beds were often 
communal projects everyone? 

3428
02:59:58,000 --> 03:00:00,600
In the group would help gather 
materials and the beds were 

3429
03:00:00,600 --> 03:00:02,700
usually large enough for 
multiple people to share. 

3430
03:00:03,700 --> 03:00:05,600
Privacy, as we know, it didn't 
exist yet. 

3431
03:00:05,600 --> 03:00:08,500
So sleeping Arrangements were 
more about survival and warmth 

3432
03:00:08,500 --> 03:00:11,500
and personal space 
archaeological site. 

3433
03:00:11,500 --> 03:00:14,800
Containing these beds provide 
evidence of consistent, upkeep 

3434
03:00:14,800 --> 03:00:18,500
and rejuvenation. people would 
periodically burn old bedding, 

3435
03:00:18,500 --> 03:00:22,100
materials, possibly to eliminate
pests in parasites before 

3436
03:00:22,100 --> 03:00:25,700
starting a new Such Behavior 
makes them possibly the first 

3437
03:00:25,700 --> 03:00:28,300
people in history to actually 
change their sheets regularly. 

3438
03:00:29,200 --> 03:00:30,900
Something that would make your 
mother proud. 

3439
03:00:31,900 --> 03:00:34,600
As you settle into your bed 
tonight, take a moment to 

3440
03:00:34,600 --> 03:00:37,300
appreciate the long journey that
brought us from those first 

3441
03:00:37,300 --> 03:00:39,400
grass beds to whatever you're 
lying on now. 

3442
03:00:40,100 --> 03:00:42,600
Those ancient people sleeping on
their carefully. 

3443
03:00:42,600 --> 03:00:46,000
Constructed piles of aromatic 
leaves had no idea. 

3444
03:00:46,000 --> 03:00:48,700
They were starting a tradition 
that would eventually lead to 

3445
03:00:48,700 --> 03:00:51,500
Memory Foam, adjustable bases, 
and heated blankets. 

3446
03:00:51,500 --> 03:00:55,000
We want to sleep, well, just 
like they did fast-forward about

3447
03:00:55,000 --> 03:00:59,100
70,000 years and suddenly, we're
in ancient Egypt where people 

3448
03:00:59,100 --> 03:01:01,300
had figured out some pretty 
impressive tricks for getting 

3449
03:01:01,300 --> 03:01:04,300
comfortable at night. 
You might think the Egyptians 

3450
03:01:04,300 --> 03:01:06,900
were all about pyramids and 
mummies, but they were all so 

3451
03:01:06,900 --> 03:01:10,300
surprisingly good at sleeping, 
In fact, they basically invented

3452
03:01:10,300 --> 03:01:12,700
the concept of having a real bed
that you could use more than 

3453
03:01:12,700 --> 03:01:15,700
once the Egyptians thought, this
is nice. 

3454
03:01:15,700 --> 03:01:18,200
But what if we could make 
something that didn't need to be

3455
03:01:18,200 --> 03:01:21,400
rebuilt every night? 
So they started making bed 

3456
03:01:21,400 --> 03:01:25,100
frames out of wood usually Palm 
Sycamore or Cedar, if they could

3457
03:01:25,100 --> 03:01:26,700
afford it. 
These work. 

3458
03:01:26,700 --> 03:01:30,000
Just simple platforms, either. 
Egyptian beds were often 

3459
03:01:30,000 --> 03:01:32,700
elaborate affairs with carved 
legs that looked like animal 

3460
03:01:32,700 --> 03:01:36,000
feet decorative. 
Headboards and even built-in 

3461
03:01:36,000 --> 03:01:38,600
storage. 
Now, here's where it gets 

3462
03:01:38,600 --> 03:01:42,000
intriguing, the Egyptians didn't
put mattresses on these beds 

3463
03:01:42,000 --> 03:01:46,800
instead, they used a system of 
woven Reed mats or leather strip

3464
03:01:46,800 --> 03:01:48,200
stretched across the wooden 
frame. 

3465
03:01:48,200 --> 03:01:52,800
Imagine it as the world's first 
box spring with reeds or leather

3466
03:01:52,800 --> 03:01:56,100
taking on the role of Springs. 
The wealthy would add layers of 

3467
03:01:56,108 --> 03:01:59,000
linen, sheets and pillows 
stuffed with feathers or straw, 

3468
03:01:59,000 --> 03:02:02,500
but the basic sleeping surface 
was still pretty much a fancy 

3469
03:02:02,500 --> 03:02:06,400
hammock. the Egyptian approached
to pillows, was particularly 

3470
03:02:06,400 --> 03:02:11,600
creative and by creative I mean 
potentially painful The 

3471
03:02:11,600 --> 03:02:16,100
Egyptians used headrests made of
wood stove or Ivory instead of 

3472
03:02:16,100 --> 03:02:19,700
the soft fluffy pillows your 
accustomed to these were pillows

3473
03:02:19,700 --> 03:02:20,400
at all. 
Really? 

3474
03:02:20,400 --> 03:02:23,200
They were more like next 
supports that kept your head 

3475
03:02:23,200 --> 03:02:25,100
elevated while you slept on your
side. 

3476
03:02:25,100 --> 03:02:28,600
The idea was to protect your 
elaborate hairstyles and keep 

3477
03:02:28,600 --> 03:02:30,200
your head cool in the desert 
heat. 

3478
03:02:30,900 --> 03:02:33,800
Your probably thinking the idea 
sound incredibly uncomfortable 

3479
03:02:33,800 --> 03:02:37,200
and you'd be right. 
But the Egyptians had their 

3480
03:02:37,200 --> 03:02:40,300
reasons, those wooden headrests 
were just practical. 

3481
03:02:40,300 --> 03:02:43,900
They were also spiritual. 
They believe that elevating the 

3482
03:02:43,900 --> 03:02:47,000
head helped, protect the sleeper
from evil spirits and allowed 

3483
03:02:47,000 --> 03:02:49,100
the soul to travel more freely 
during dreams. 

3484
03:02:49,100 --> 03:02:53,000
So, while you might wake up with
a stiff neck, at least your soul

3485
03:02:53,000 --> 03:02:55,900
was well traveled. 
The truly affluent Egyptians 

3486
03:02:55,900 --> 03:02:58,000
achieved, remarkable levels of 
bed Comfort. 

3487
03:02:58,000 --> 03:03:01,200
They had servants, whose job was
to Fan them while they slept 

3488
03:03:01,200 --> 03:03:03,700
ensuring a cool breeze 
throughout the night. 

3489
03:03:03,700 --> 03:03:07,500
Some beds, even had built-in 
mosquito Nets made of fine 

3490
03:03:07,500 --> 03:03:10,300
linen, which was probably the 
most practical Innovation since 

3491
03:03:10,300 --> 03:03:13,500
the aromatic leaves. 
Nothing ruins, a good night's. 

3492
03:03:13,500 --> 03:03:16,500
Sleep like mosquitoes. 
Whether you're in ancient Egypt,

3493
03:03:16,500 --> 03:03:19,900
or modern Florida. 
Egyptian beds were also status 

3494
03:03:19,900 --> 03:03:21,900
symbols the more elaborate your 
bed. 

3495
03:03:21,900 --> 03:03:25,400
The more important you were 
Pharaohs had beds made with gold

3496
03:03:25,400 --> 03:03:29,100
inlays, precious stones, and 
intricate carvings, these beds 

3497
03:03:29,100 --> 03:03:31,400
are often so on late that they 
were probably more comfortable 

3498
03:03:31,400 --> 03:03:36,000
to look at than to sleep on. 
But when you're a fairer Comfort

3499
03:03:36,000 --> 03:03:38,900
is sometimes less important than
making sure everyone knows the 

3500
03:03:38,900 --> 03:03:41,400
fair. 
Oh, Construction of these beds 

3501
03:03:41,400 --> 03:03:45,200
was remarkably sophisticated 
Egyptian Craftsmen understood 

3502
03:03:45,200 --> 03:03:47,200
Concepts like weight 
distribution and Joint 

3503
03:03:47,200 --> 03:03:49,800
flexibility. 
They created beds that could 

3504
03:03:49,800 --> 03:03:53,100
support significant weight while
still providing some give and 

3505
03:03:53,100 --> 03:03:57,000
flexibility The leather or read 
sleeping, surfaces were 

3506
03:03:57,000 --> 03:04:00,100
carefully, tensioned to provide 
optimal support and the bed 

3507
03:04:00,100 --> 03:04:01,700
frames were designed to last for
decades. 

3508
03:04:02,800 --> 03:04:05,700
One, particularly ingenious 
feature of Egyptian beds, was 

3509
03:04:05,700 --> 03:04:08,100
their height. 
They were typically quite tall. 

3510
03:04:08,100 --> 03:04:11,100
Sometimes, requiring a small 
step or stool to climb into, 

3511
03:04:11,108 --> 03:04:15,100
this wasn't just for show it 
helped protect sleepers from 

3512
03:04:15,100 --> 03:04:18,800
scorpions snakes and other 
ground dwelling creatures, that 

3513
03:04:18,800 --> 03:04:22,200
might want to share the bed. 
It also improved air circulation

3514
03:04:22,200 --> 03:04:26,200
which was crucial in Egypt, hot 
climate, the Egyptians also 

3515
03:04:26,200 --> 03:04:27,600
developed, some of the first 
bed. 

3516
03:04:27,600 --> 03:04:30,800
Linens, they made sheets from 
linen, which was cooler than 

3517
03:04:30,808 --> 03:04:33,000
wool and softer than the Reed 
mats. 

3518
03:04:33,800 --> 03:04:37,200
Wealthy Egyptians would have 
multiple sets of Lynn sheets and

3519
03:04:37,200 --> 03:04:39,500
they were often buried with 
their favorite bedding to ensure

3520
03:04:39,500 --> 03:04:42,600
comfort in the afterlife. 
This gives a whole new meaning 

3521
03:04:42,600 --> 03:04:47,200
to the phrase, Eternal rest. 
What's particularly amusing is 

3522
03:04:47,200 --> 03:04:50,500
that Egyptian beds often had a 
slight incline with the head, 

3523
03:04:50,500 --> 03:04:54,100
end higher than the foot end. 
This feature was supposed to a 

3524
03:04:54,100 --> 03:04:56,000
digestion and improved 
circulation. 

3525
03:04:56,000 --> 03:04:59,900
So basically, the Egyptians 
invented the adjustable bed 

3526
03:04:59,900 --> 03:05:03,800
about 4,000 years before anyone 
thought to add Motors and remote

3527
03:05:03,800 --> 03:05:07,400
controls. 
The legacy of Egyptian bedding. 

3528
03:05:07,400 --> 03:05:09,200
Extended far beyond Egypt 
itself. 

3529
03:05:10,000 --> 03:05:12,500
Their techniques and Designs 
influenced bedding throughout 

3530
03:05:12,500 --> 03:05:15,800
the Mediterranean world and many
of their Innovations like 

3531
03:05:15,800 --> 03:05:19,200
elevated, beds and linen sheets 
became standard features that we

3532
03:05:19,200 --> 03:05:22,100
still use today. 
When you adjust your pillows 

3533
03:05:22,100 --> 03:05:25,400
tonight your participating in a 
tradition that started with 

3534
03:05:25,400 --> 03:05:27,300
those wooden. 
Headrests along the Nile. 

3535
03:05:27,300 --> 03:05:31,400
The Greeks and Romans in the 
Egyptian bed concept a 

3536
03:05:31,400 --> 03:05:33,900
characteristic of cultures 
adapted elevating others, good 

3537
03:05:33,900 --> 03:05:37,400
ideas to a higher level. 
By the time we reach classical 

3538
03:05:37,400 --> 03:05:41,400
Antiquity bed, to devolved into 
a serious business, complete 

3539
03:05:41,400 --> 03:05:44,700
with social etiquette 
philosophical implications, and 

3540
03:05:44,700 --> 03:05:47,300
a level of luxury, that would 
make a modern Hotel jellis. 

3541
03:05:48,200 --> 03:05:51,300
Greek beds were called Kleins 
and they weren't just for 

3542
03:05:51,300 --> 03:05:53,800
sleeping. 
These were multipurpose pieces 

3543
03:05:53,800 --> 03:05:57,300
of furniture used for sleeping 
eating and lounging around 

3544
03:05:57,300 --> 03:06:00,500
looking philosophical. 
The Greek, Spacey invented the 

3545
03:06:00,500 --> 03:06:03,900
concept of the couch except 
their version was also your bed,

3546
03:06:03,900 --> 03:06:06,400
your dining table and you're 
thinking spot. 

3547
03:06:07,400 --> 03:06:09,300
Talk about efficient use of 
space. 

3548
03:06:09,300 --> 03:06:12,400
The construction of a Greek 
climb was quite sophisticated. 

3549
03:06:12,400 --> 03:06:17,100
The frame was typically made of 
wood often decorated with inlays

3550
03:06:17,100 --> 03:06:19,000
of ivory silver or precious 
metals. 

3551
03:06:20,000 --> 03:06:22,900
The sleeping surface, consisted 
of a network of chords or 

3552
03:06:22,908 --> 03:06:26,000
leather straps stretched across 
the frame, like the Egyptian 

3553
03:06:26,000 --> 03:06:28,800
system, but with much more 
attention to comfort and 

3554
03:06:28,800 --> 03:06:32,900
Aesthetics on top of this they'd
pile layers of Woolen blankets, 

3555
03:06:32,900 --> 03:06:37,700
linen sheets and stuffed. 
Cushions now the Greeks had some

3556
03:06:37,700 --> 03:06:41,200
intriguing ideas about pillows, 
instead of just one pillow for 

3557
03:06:41,200 --> 03:06:44,200
your head, they use multiple 
cushions of different sizes and 

3558
03:06:44,200 --> 03:06:46,900
firmness levels. 
You'd have firm cushions for 

3559
03:06:46,900 --> 03:06:50,200
support and soft ones for 
Comfort arranged in various 

3560
03:06:50,200 --> 03:06:51,900
combinations. 
Depending on whether you were 

3561
03:06:51,900 --> 03:06:55,100
sleeping eating or just lounging
around contemplating, the nature

3562
03:06:55,100 --> 03:06:57,800
of existence. 
It was basically the ancient 

3563
03:06:57,800 --> 03:07:01,300
equivalent of those people who 
have 17 pillows on their bed and

3564
03:07:01,300 --> 03:07:03,200
spent 10 minutes, arranging them
every night. 

3565
03:07:04,000 --> 03:07:07,700
Not to be outdone the Romans 
took Greek bed, technology and 

3566
03:07:07,700 --> 03:07:09,300
added their own Flair for 
excess. 

3567
03:07:10,200 --> 03:07:13,700
Roman beds or Lecter massive 
Affairs. 

3568
03:07:13,700 --> 03:07:15,300
That could accommodate multiple 
people. 

3569
03:07:15,300 --> 03:07:18,100
This wasn't necessarily for 
romantic reasons. 

3570
03:07:18,100 --> 03:07:21,500
Roman dining culture involved, 
reclining on beds, while eating 

3571
03:07:21,500 --> 03:07:24,600
So a family meal might involve 
several people sharing the same 

3572
03:07:24,600 --> 03:07:28,100
sleeping surface while consuming
elaborate multi-course dinners. 

3573
03:07:29,000 --> 03:07:32,200
Roman beds were all the first to
feature anything resembling a 

3574
03:07:32,200 --> 03:07:35,400
real mattress. 
They stuffed large fabric sacks 

3575
03:07:35,400 --> 03:07:39,000
with wool, feathers or even rose
petals for the extremely 

3576
03:07:39,000 --> 03:07:40,600
wealthy. 
These work. 

3577
03:07:40,600 --> 03:07:43,700
Quite the mattresses we know 
today, but they were definitely 

3578
03:07:43,700 --> 03:07:46,800
a step up from stretched 
leather, and wooden headrests 

3579
03:07:47,400 --> 03:07:50,100
The Romans had discovered that 
if you stuff enough, soft things

3580
03:07:50,100 --> 03:07:52,800
into a bag, it becomes 
surprisingly comfortable to 

3581
03:07:52,800 --> 03:07:56,100
sleep on the Romans were 
particularly proud of their bed 

3582
03:07:56,100 --> 03:07:59,700
linens, the imported fine silks 
from China and cotton from India

3583
03:07:59,700 --> 03:08:03,300
creating sheets that were softer
and more luxurious than anything

3584
03:08:03,300 --> 03:08:07,200
that had come before Roman beds 
often featured elaborate bedding

3585
03:08:07,200 --> 03:08:09,500
sets with matching, pillows, 
blankets, and curtains. 

3586
03:08:10,400 --> 03:08:13,200
They basically invented the 
concept of bedroom decor 

3587
03:08:13,200 --> 03:08:16,500
complete with color coordination
and seasonal changes. 

3588
03:08:17,700 --> 03:08:20,500
One, particularly Roman 
Innovation was the canopy bed, 

3589
03:08:20,500 --> 03:08:23,200
they discovered that hanging 
curtains around the bed, 

3590
03:08:23,200 --> 03:08:25,900
created, privacy blocked, drafts
and helped. 

3591
03:08:25,900 --> 03:08:29,300
Keep insects at Bay these bed 
curtains were often made of 

3592
03:08:29,300 --> 03:08:33,100
expensive fabrics and were as 
much about showing off, well, as

3593
03:08:33,100 --> 03:08:34,600
they were about practical 
comfort. 

3594
03:08:36,100 --> 03:08:39,300
If you've ever wondered why 
canopy bed seem so fancy, you 

3595
03:08:39,300 --> 03:08:41,500
can thank the Romans for 
establishing that tradition. 

3596
03:08:42,300 --> 03:08:45,300
The Romans also developed heated
Beds, which is pretty 

3597
03:08:45,300 --> 03:08:48,500
impressive, considering the 
didn't have electricity, they 

3598
03:08:48,500 --> 03:08:49,900
used to system called hyper 
course. 

3599
03:08:49,900 --> 03:08:53,100
That circulated warm air from 
furnaces through Hollow spaces 

3600
03:08:53,100 --> 03:08:56,200
in the walls and Floors. 
Some wealthy, Romans at heated 

3601
03:08:56,200 --> 03:08:58,000
sleeping chambers that 
maintained comfortable 

3602
03:08:58,000 --> 03:08:59,300
temperatures throughout the 
night. 

3603
03:09:00,100 --> 03:09:02,500
This method was probably the 
ancient equivalent of those 

3604
03:09:02,500 --> 03:09:05,600
heated mattress pads that make 
getting out of bed, even more 

3605
03:09:05,600 --> 03:09:09,200
difficult than it already. 
Is Roman beds, often featured, 

3606
03:09:09,200 --> 03:09:12,500
adjustable elements, they had 
mechanisms for raising or 

3607
03:09:12,500 --> 03:09:15,600
lowering different parts of the 
bed allowing sleepers to find 

3608
03:09:15,600 --> 03:09:18,600
their optimal position. 
Some Roman beds could be 

3609
03:09:18,600 --> 03:09:21,000
converted from sleeping 
configuration to dining 

3610
03:09:21,000 --> 03:09:23,400
configuration with a few simple 
adjustments. 

3611
03:09:24,300 --> 03:09:27,300
This flexibility was regarded as
the Pinnacle of luxury and 

3612
03:09:27,300 --> 03:09:30,300
practicality. 
The social aspects of Roman 

3613
03:09:30,300 --> 03:09:31,900
bedding were complex and 
fascinating. 

3614
03:09:31,900 --> 03:09:35,700
There were strict rules about 
who could sleep where, what type

3615
03:09:35,700 --> 03:09:38,100
of bedding was appropriate for 
different, social classes and 

3616
03:09:38,100 --> 03:09:40,000
how bad should be arranged in 
different rooms. 

3617
03:09:41,000 --> 03:09:44,900
The master bedroom or cubicle 
was considered a semi-public 

3618
03:09:44,900 --> 03:09:47,200
space where in Portland guests 
might be received. 

3619
03:09:47,200 --> 03:09:50,300
So the bed had to be impressive 
enough to reflect the owners 

3620
03:09:50,300 --> 03:09:53,200
status. 
The Romans developed the first 

3621
03:09:53,200 --> 03:09:56,300
real understanding of sleep 
hygiene, which is particularly 

3622
03:09:56,300 --> 03:09:58,800
interesting. 
They thought that the quality of

3623
03:09:58,800 --> 03:10:01,400
your bedding, affected your 
sleep, which affected your 

3624
03:10:01,400 --> 03:10:04,200
health. 
This belief led to innovation in

3625
03:10:04,200 --> 03:10:07,100
mattress materials bed, 
positioning, and even the 

3626
03:10:07,100 --> 03:10:09,900
orientation of sleeping Chambers
to catch optimal, breezes. 

3627
03:10:10,900 --> 03:10:13,800
The decline of the Roman Empire 
marked, the end of this golden 

3628
03:10:13,800 --> 03:10:17,200
age of bed luxury, but many 
Roman Innovation, survived and 

3629
03:10:17,200 --> 03:10:19,700
influenced bedding. 
For centuries to come the idea 

3630
03:10:19,700 --> 03:10:23,800
of stuffed mattresses, elaborate
bed, linens, and beds as status,

3631
03:10:23,800 --> 03:10:26,900
symbols all traces, back to 
Roman innovations, that were far

3632
03:10:26,900 --> 03:10:29,200
ahead of their time after the 
fall of Rome. 

3633
03:10:29,200 --> 03:10:32,200
Bed technology took a bit of a 
nosedive which is probably what 

3634
03:10:32,200 --> 03:10:34,600
you'd expect during a period 
called the Dark Ages. 

3635
03:10:35,300 --> 03:10:38,600
Medieval Europeans basically 
forgot most of what the Romans 

3636
03:10:38,600 --> 03:10:41,100
had figured out about 
comfortable sleeping and went 

3637
03:10:41,100 --> 03:10:42,600
back to much simpler 
Arrangements. 

3638
03:10:42,600 --> 03:10:46,800
But don't worry, they made up 
for it with creativity, communal

3639
03:10:46,800 --> 03:10:49,500
sleeping, and some pretty 
intriguing solutions to the 

3640
03:10:49,500 --> 03:10:53,300
problem of staying warm in 
drafty Stone Castle's Medieval 

3641
03:10:53,300 --> 03:10:57,700
peasants who made up about 90% 
of the population slept on what 

3642
03:10:57,700 --> 03:11:00,800
were essentially, piles of straw
covered with rough and blankets.

3643
03:11:01,700 --> 03:11:04,400
Their beds were usually just 
wooden platforms or even 

3644
03:11:04,400 --> 03:11:07,300
hollowed out sections of the 
floor, filled with straw or hay,

3645
03:11:07,300 --> 03:11:10,700
the straw served as both 
mattress and pillow, and it was 

3646
03:11:10,708 --> 03:11:13,600
changed when it got to smelly or
bug infested tolerate. 

3647
03:11:13,600 --> 03:11:16,600
This scenario happened more 
often than you might think 

3648
03:11:16,600 --> 03:11:19,000
because medieval hygiene 
standards were. 

3649
03:11:19,000 --> 03:11:22,000
Shall we say relaxed? 
The really interesting part 

3650
03:11:22,000 --> 03:11:24,000
about medieval sleeping 
Arrangements is that almost 

3651
03:11:24,000 --> 03:11:27,600
nobody slept alone. 
Families would pile into one big

3652
03:11:27,600 --> 03:11:32,000
bed often with parents children 
and sometimes even servants all 

3653
03:11:32,000 --> 03:11:35,300
sharing the same sleeping space.
This wasn't just about saving 

3654
03:11:35,300 --> 03:11:37,100
space. 
It was about staying warm 

3655
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:41,900
Medieval houses were cold drafty
places and body heat was often 

3656
03:11:41,900 --> 03:11:44,400
the only reliable source of 
warmth available during winter 

3657
03:11:44,400 --> 03:11:47,400
months, even wealthy. 
Medieval Nobles, didn't have 

3658
03:11:47,400 --> 03:11:49,300
private bedrooms as we 
understand them today. 

3659
03:11:49,300 --> 03:11:52,700
The enormous Hall of a castle or
manor house would be filled with

3660
03:11:52,700 --> 03:11:54,600
beds. 
And everyone from the Lord's 

3661
03:11:54,600 --> 03:11:57,200
family to visiting guests to 
household, servants would sleep 

3662
03:11:57,200 --> 03:12:00,500
in the same room. 
Privacy was a luxury that simply

3663
03:12:00,500 --> 03:12:02,900
didn't exist. 
You learned to sleep through 

3664
03:12:02,900 --> 03:12:06,200
other people's snoring, talking 
and various nocturnal activities

3665
03:12:06,200 --> 03:12:10,200
or you didn't sleep at all. 
The wealthy did have some what 

3666
03:12:10,200 --> 03:12:13,600
better sleeping Arrangements. 
Of course, Noble beds were often

3667
03:12:13,600 --> 03:12:16,700
large elaborate affairs with 
carved, wooden frames and thick 

3668
03:12:16,700 --> 03:12:19,300
curtains, that could be drawn 
for privacy and warmth. 

3669
03:12:20,200 --> 03:12:23,000
These bed curtains were crucial 
because they created a 

3670
03:12:23,000 --> 03:12:26,400
microclimate around the sleeper 
trapping body heat and blocking 

3671
03:12:26,400 --> 03:12:29,100
drafts. 
Medieval beds were essentially 

3672
03:12:29,100 --> 03:12:33,500
small portable rooms within the 
largest sleeping space devil 

3673
03:12:33,500 --> 03:12:35,700
mattresses when they existed at 
all. 

3674
03:12:35,708 --> 03:12:39,800
Were usually, large fabric sacks
stuffed with straw feathers or 

3675
03:12:39,800 --> 03:12:42,300
wool? 
The wealthy often possessed 

3676
03:12:42,300 --> 03:12:45,600
mattresses filled with down 
feathers regarded as the epitome

3677
03:12:45,600 --> 03:12:48,700
of luxury. 
Wills and inheritance documents 

3678
03:12:48,700 --> 03:12:51,600
often specifically mentioned, 
these feather mattresses due to 

3679
03:12:51,608 --> 03:12:54,800
their high value. 
Imagine being so excited about 

3680
03:12:54,800 --> 03:12:57,100
your mattress that you want to 
ensure it goes to the right 

3681
03:12:57,100 --> 03:13:00,800
person after you die. 
Medieval people also developed 

3682
03:13:00,800 --> 03:13:03,000
some Creative Solutions to 
common sleeping problems. 

3683
03:13:03,000 --> 03:13:06,700
They discovered that certain 
herbs when mixed with straw 

3684
03:13:06,700 --> 03:13:09,500
helped repel insects and 
provided Pleasant sense. 

3685
03:13:10,400 --> 03:13:13,000
Lavender, mint and rosemary, 
were popular choices. 

3686
03:13:13,000 --> 03:13:15,700
So, medieval beds were 
essentially aromatherapy 

3687
03:13:15,700 --> 03:13:17,600
stations long before anyone 
called them. 

3688
03:13:17,600 --> 03:13:20,700
That one important medieval 
Innovation was the trundle bed. 

3689
03:13:20,700 --> 03:13:23,800
These were low beds that could 
be rolled under larger beds 

3690
03:13:23,800 --> 03:13:25,300
during the day and pulled out at
night. 

3691
03:13:26,100 --> 03:13:28,900
Servants children or guests 
would sleep on trundle beds 

3692
03:13:28,900 --> 03:13:32,100
which saved space and allowed 
for flexible sleeping 

3693
03:13:32,100 --> 03:13:34,700
Arrangements. 
It was basically the medieval 

3694
03:13:34,700 --> 03:13:38,100
equivalent of a pullout couch 
except much less comfortable. 

3695
03:13:39,000 --> 03:13:41,900
The concept of changing sheets 
was pretty foreign to Medieval 

3696
03:13:41,900 --> 03:13:45,600
people bed linens when they 
existed were expensive and 

3697
03:13:45,600 --> 03:13:48,700
difficult to clean. 
Most people slept directly on 

3698
03:13:48,700 --> 03:13:51,300
their mattresses or under 
Rothwell and blankets that were 

3699
03:13:51,300 --> 03:13:53,100
washed in frequently if for 
tall. 

3700
03:13:54,000 --> 03:13:56,700
The wealthy might have linen 
sheets, but even these were 

3701
03:13:56,700 --> 03:13:59,800
changed only occasionally. 
Medieval people had a much 

3702
03:13:59,800 --> 03:14:02,400
higher tolerance for what we 
would consider unsanitary 

3703
03:14:02,400 --> 03:14:05,300
conditions, medieval beds were 
also surprisingly. 

3704
03:14:05,300 --> 03:14:08,800
Portable wealthy Nobles, 
traveled frequently, and they 

3705
03:14:08,808 --> 03:14:12,400
often took their beds with them.
Proper medieval bed, could be 

3706
03:14:12,400 --> 03:14:16,900
disassembled packed onto wagons 
and reassembled at the next car 

3707
03:14:16,900 --> 03:14:17,600
slaw. 
Manor house. 

3708
03:14:18,300 --> 03:14:20,800
This meant that your bed was 
literally your most important 

3709
03:14:20,800 --> 03:14:23,400
piece of furniture, because it 
went everywhere. 

3710
03:14:23,400 --> 03:14:25,600
You did. 
The height of medieval bed 

3711
03:14:25,600 --> 03:14:28,400
luxury was the state bed used by
royalty and the highest 

3712
03:14:28,400 --> 03:14:31,200
nobility. 
These beds were enormous, 

3713
03:14:31,200 --> 03:14:34,700
elaborate constructions that 
resembled architecture, more 

3714
03:14:34,700 --> 03:14:37,300
than furniture. 
They had carved posts, 

3715
03:14:37,300 --> 03:14:40,200
embroidered, curtains, and 
sometimes even small Chambers 

3716
03:14:40,200 --> 03:14:42,700
built into the headboard for 
storing valuable items. 

3717
03:14:43,700 --> 03:14:46,400
These beds were so impressive 
that they were often considered 

3718
03:14:46,400 --> 03:14:50,000
works of art in their own right.
What's particularly fascinating 

3719
03:14:50,000 --> 03:14:52,300
about medieval sleeping 
Arrangements is how they 

3720
03:14:52,300 --> 03:14:56,100
reflected social hierarchy. 
The closer you slept to the lord

3721
03:14:56,100 --> 03:15:00,100
of the castle, the higher your 
social status The most important

3722
03:15:00,100 --> 03:15:03,700
guests would sleep in the same 
room as the Lord while servants 

3723
03:15:03,700 --> 03:15:06,400
and lessen Nobles would sleep in
progressively more distant 

3724
03:15:06,400 --> 03:15:09,500
locations. 
Your sleeping spot was a direct 

3725
03:15:09,500 --> 03:15:12,900
reflection of your place. 
In society, medieval people also

3726
03:15:12,900 --> 03:15:15,400
had some intriguing beliefs 
about sleep and dreams. 

3727
03:15:15,400 --> 03:15:18,400
They thought that sleeping with 
your head pointing East was 

3728
03:15:18,400 --> 03:15:21,400
healthiest and that certain 
materials in your mattress could

3729
03:15:21,400 --> 03:15:24,600
influence your dreams. 
They believed that sleeping on a

3730
03:15:24,600 --> 03:15:27,600
mattress stuffed with particular
herbs, could promote prophetic 

3731
03:15:27,600 --> 03:15:31,100
dreams or ward off nightmares? 
Whether or not this approach 

3732
03:15:31,100 --> 03:15:33,800
actually worked. 
It certainly made bedtime more 

3733
03:15:33,800 --> 03:15:36,000
interesting. 
The Renaissance brought a 

3734
03:15:36,000 --> 03:15:38,400
revolution in sleeping comfort. 
That would have made medieval 

3735
03:15:38,400 --> 03:15:42,300
peasants, weep With Envy. 
Suddenly people rediscovered, 

3736
03:15:42,300 --> 03:15:45,600
the Roman lover of luxury and 
comfort, but with medieval 

3737
03:15:45,600 --> 03:15:48,800
practicality and some genuinely 
new Innovations. 

3738
03:15:48,800 --> 03:15:52,400
This was the period when 
sleeping went from being a basic

3739
03:15:52,400 --> 03:15:55,700
survival necessity to something,
that could actually be 

3740
03:15:55,700 --> 03:15:58,500
enjoyable. 
Renaissance Italians were 

3741
03:15:58,500 --> 03:16:00,700
particularly obsessed with 
comfortable sleeping. 

3742
03:16:01,400 --> 03:16:03,700
They developed the first real 
mattresses, that would be 

3743
03:16:03,700 --> 03:16:07,700
recognizable to Modern sleepers,
large fabric cases stuffed with 

3744
03:16:07,700 --> 03:16:10,100
combination of wool cotton and 
Feathers. 

3745
03:16:10,100 --> 03:16:14,400
So into sections to prevent the 
stuffing from clumping These 

3746
03:16:14,400 --> 03:16:16,700
mattresses were placed on top of
rope or wooden slack. 

3747
03:16:16,700 --> 03:16:19,100
Bed frames, creating a sleeping 
surface. 

3748
03:16:19,100 --> 03:16:20,800
That was both supportive and 
comfortable. 

3749
03:16:21,900 --> 03:16:24,200
The Rope bed frame was a 
Renaissance Innovation, that 

3750
03:16:24,200 --> 03:16:27,400
deserves special mention, 
instead of the solid wooden 

3751
03:16:27,400 --> 03:16:31,200
platforms of medieval times 
Renaissance beds, used networks 

3752
03:16:31,200 --> 03:16:33,500
of ropes threaded through holes 
in the bed frame. 

3753
03:16:34,200 --> 03:16:36,700
These ropes could be tightened 
or loosened to adjust the 

3754
03:16:36,700 --> 03:16:38,300
firmness of the sleeping 
surface. 

3755
03:16:39,000 --> 03:16:41,700
This is where the phrase sleep 
tight comes from. 

3756
03:16:41,700 --> 03:16:45,400
It literally meant to tighten 
the Rope on your bed to ensure a

3757
03:16:45,400 --> 03:16:47,500
firm comfortable sleeping 
surface. 

3758
03:16:48,700 --> 03:16:51,600
Renaissance beds were all the 
first to feature multiple layers

3759
03:16:51,600 --> 03:16:53,800
of bedding. 
Instead of just throwing a 

3760
03:16:53,800 --> 03:16:56,800
blanket over a straw mattress, 
people began using systems of 

3761
03:16:56,800 --> 03:17:00,600
sheets blankets and coverlets 
that could be added or removed, 

3762
03:17:00,600 --> 03:17:02,700
depending on the weather and 
personal preference. 

3763
03:17:03,400 --> 03:17:05,800
This layered approach allowed 
for much more precise, 

3764
03:17:05,800 --> 03:17:07,800
temperature control and comfort,
customization. 

3765
03:17:08,600 --> 03:17:11,100
The Renaissance also saw the 
development of the first real 

3766
03:17:11,100 --> 03:17:14,600
pillows as we know them today 
instead of wooden headrests or 

3767
03:17:14,600 --> 03:17:17,000
simple cloth. 
Bundles Renaissance, pillows 

3768
03:17:17,000 --> 03:17:19,900
were carefully, constructed 
fabric cases stuffed with down 

3769
03:17:19,900 --> 03:17:23,400
feathers or fine wool. 
These pillows were designed 

3770
03:17:23,400 --> 03:17:27,000
specifically for comfort and 
support and Wealthy households 

3771
03:17:27,000 --> 03:17:29,800
would have multiple pillows of 
different sizes and firmness 

3772
03:17:29,800 --> 03:17:33,400
levels for different sleeping 
positions. privacy became 

3773
03:17:33,400 --> 03:17:36,500
increasingly important during 
the Renaissance and this led to 

3774
03:17:36,500 --> 03:17:40,200
Innovations in bed, curtains, 
and canopies Renaissance bed 

3775
03:17:40,200 --> 03:17:43,400
curtains were often made of 
expensive Fabrics like Silk or 

3776
03:17:43,400 --> 03:17:46,900
velvet and they were designed to
create a private intimate space 

3777
03:17:46,900 --> 03:17:50,400
within the larger bedroom. 
These curtains served practical 

3778
03:17:50,400 --> 03:17:53,400
purposes too. 
They blocked drafts provided 

3779
03:17:53,400 --> 03:17:56,400
insulation and helped to keep 
out insects and Light. 

3780
03:17:57,400 --> 03:18:00,200
The Renaissance bed was also 
when furniture makers began 

3781
03:18:00,200 --> 03:18:04,000
treating beds as serious pieces 
of craftsmanship, Renaissance 

3782
03:18:04,000 --> 03:18:07,900
beds featured, elaborate 
carvings inlays and decorative 

3783
03:18:07,900 --> 03:18:10,100
elements that made them works of
art, as well as functional 

3784
03:18:10,100 --> 03:18:13,200
furniture. 
These beds were often family. 

3785
03:18:13,200 --> 03:18:16,000
Heirlooms passed down through 
generations and becoming more 

3786
03:18:16,000 --> 03:18:18,700
valuable over time. 
Once specific Renaissance 

3787
03:18:18,700 --> 03:18:21,500
Innovation was the development 
of specialized bedding for 

3788
03:18:21,500 --> 03:18:24,400
different seasons. 
Wealthy households would have 

3789
03:18:24,400 --> 03:18:27,300
lightweight linen bedding for 
summer and heavy Woolen bedding 

3790
03:18:27,300 --> 03:18:29,800
for winter. 
They also developed the first 

3791
03:18:29,800 --> 03:18:32,900
washable bed, linens, which 
represented a significant 

3792
03:18:32,900 --> 03:18:36,700
advance in hygiene and comfort. 
The ability to regularly clean, 

3793
03:18:36,700 --> 03:18:39,400
your bedding was a luxury that 
previous generations could not 

3794
03:18:39,400 --> 03:18:42,900
imagine Renaissance beds, all so
became much larger than their 

3795
03:18:42,900 --> 03:18:46,300
medieval predecessors. 
The great bed became a status 

3796
03:18:46,300 --> 03:18:49,200
symbol among the wealthy with 
some beds, measuring 8 feet 

3797
03:18:49,200 --> 03:18:52,100
square, or larger. 
These enormous beds were just 

3798
03:18:52,100 --> 03:18:54,000
for sleeping. 
They were used for conducting 

3799
03:18:54,000 --> 03:18:57,800
business, receiving guests, and 
displaying wealth and status. 

3800
03:18:58,800 --> 03:19:01,600
The bed became the centerpiece 
of the bedroom, which itself 

3801
03:19:01,600 --> 03:19:03,000
became an important room in the 
house. 

3802
03:19:03,000 --> 03:19:06,200
The Renaissance period also saw 
the development of the first 

3803
03:19:06,200 --> 03:19:09,300
adjustable beds. 
Some Renaissance beds featured 

3804
03:19:09,300 --> 03:19:12,200
mechanisms that allowed sleepers
to raise or lower their heads 

3805
03:19:12,200 --> 03:19:14,300
and feet. 
Providing comfort for people 

3806
03:19:14,300 --> 03:19:16,700
with medical conditions or 
simply allowing, for more 

3807
03:19:16,700 --> 03:19:18,300
comfortable reading or dining in
bed. 

3808
03:19:19,100 --> 03:19:20,800
These adjustable beds were 
complex. 

3809
03:19:20,800 --> 03:19:23,200
Mechanical devices, that 
demonstrated the periods 

3810
03:19:23,200 --> 03:19:25,600
growing, understanding of 
engineering and comfort. 

3811
03:19:26,600 --> 03:19:29,000
Renaissance sleeping 
Arrangements, all reflected 

3812
03:19:29,000 --> 03:19:32,200
changing social attitudes. 
While many evil people saw 

3813
03:19:32,200 --> 03:19:34,700
nothing wrong with communal, 
sleeping Renaissance 

3814
03:19:34,700 --> 03:19:37,500
sensibilities, increasingly 
valued privacy and individual 

3815
03:19:37,500 --> 03:19:40,100
comfort. 
Married couples began sleeping 

3816
03:19:40,100 --> 03:19:42,700
in their rooms and children 
would give them their beds 

3817
03:19:42,700 --> 03:19:44,700
rather than sharing with parents
or siblings. 

3818
03:19:45,600 --> 03:19:48,500
This shift toward individual 
sleeping space as was a 

3819
03:19:48,500 --> 03:19:51,000
significant cultural change. 
That would continue into the 

3820
03:19:51,000 --> 03:19:54,000
modern era. 
The Renaissance also saw the 

3821
03:19:54,000 --> 03:19:56,500
development of the first 
specialized children's beds. 

3822
03:19:56,500 --> 03:19:59,700
In stead of just making smaller 
versions of adult beds. 

3823
03:19:59,700 --> 03:20:03,500
Furniture makers began creating 
beds specifically designed for 

3824
03:20:03,500 --> 03:20:06,500
children children's needs. 
These beds were lowered to the 

3825
03:20:06,500 --> 03:20:09,900
ground, had protective railings 
and were designed to be safe and

3826
03:20:09,900 --> 03:20:13,000
comfortable for young sleepers. 
The idea that children might 

3827
03:20:13,000 --> 03:20:15,800
have different sleeping needs 
than adults was revolutionary. 

3828
03:20:16,700 --> 03:20:19,300
Renaissance beds were also the 
first to feature Storage 

3829
03:20:19,300 --> 03:20:23,300
Solutions, many Renaissance beds
had built-in chests or drawers 

3830
03:20:23,300 --> 03:20:26,700
underneath the sleeping surface.
Providing storage for bed, 

3831
03:20:26,700 --> 03:20:28,200
linens, clothing, and personal 
items. 

3832
03:20:29,200 --> 03:20:32,100
This Innovation held significant
importance during a period when 

3833
03:20:32,100 --> 03:20:35,400
closets were scarce and storage 
space was highly valued. 

3834
03:20:36,400 --> 03:20:38,600
The Renaissance period 
established, many of the basic 

3835
03:20:38,600 --> 03:20:40,900
principles of comfortable 
sleeping that we still use 

3836
03:20:40,900 --> 03:20:43,400
today. 
The idea of layered bedding. 

3837
03:20:43,400 --> 03:20:46,200
Supportive, mattresses 
comfortable, pillows and private

3838
03:20:46,200 --> 03:20:48,500
sleeping spaces. 
All, Trace back to Renaissance 

3839
03:20:48,500 --> 03:20:51,300
Innovations. 
During this period we 

3840
03:20:51,300 --> 03:20:53,900
essentially figured out what 
makes a good bed despite the 

3841
03:20:53,900 --> 03:20:55,800
dramatic improvements in 
technology. 

3842
03:20:55,800 --> 03:20:59,000
The Industrial Revolution 
fundamentally transformed the 

3843
03:20:59,000 --> 03:21:01,900
way people slept with most of 
the changes occurring more 

3844
03:21:01,900 --> 03:21:05,500
quickly than you could say. 
Factory made mattress, suddenly 

3845
03:21:05,500 --> 03:21:08,800
beds that had been luxury items 
for the wealthy became available

3846
03:21:08,800 --> 03:21:11,700
to Ordinary People. 
An innovation that had taken 

3847
03:21:11,700 --> 03:21:14,900
centuries to develop were being 
improved upon every few years. 

3848
03:21:16,400 --> 03:21:19,500
The 1850s saw the development of
the coil spring mattress 

3849
03:21:19,500 --> 03:21:22,500
marking. 
The first major change this 

3850
03:21:22,500 --> 03:21:25,400
breakthrough was revolutionary 
because it provided support and 

3851
03:21:25,400 --> 03:21:26,900
comfort. 
That was far superior to 

3852
03:21:26,900 --> 03:21:30,500
anything that had come before. 
Instead of sleeping on stuffed 

3853
03:21:30,500 --> 03:21:33,400
fabric sacks, that gradually 
compressed and lost their shape.

3854
03:21:33,400 --> 03:21:36,500
People could now sleep on 
mattresses that maintain their 

3855
03:21:36,500 --> 03:21:38,800
support and bounce back night 
after night. 

3856
03:21:39,700 --> 03:21:42,200
The coil spring mattress, 
quickly established itself as 

3857
03:21:42,200 --> 03:21:45,000
the standard with variations 
still in use today. 

3858
03:21:46,000 --> 03:21:48,200
Mass production meant that 
mattresses could be made 

3859
03:21:48,200 --> 03:21:51,300
consistently in affordably 
instead of having to commission.

3860
03:21:51,300 --> 03:21:53,400
A custom mattress from a local 
crafts person. 

3861
03:21:53,400 --> 03:21:57,400
People could buy ready-made 
mattresses from stores, This 

3862
03:21:57,400 --> 03:21:59,900
democratization of comfort meant
that working class. 

3863
03:21:59,900 --> 03:22:02,300
Families could have sleeping 
Arrangements that were 

3864
03:22:02,300 --> 03:22:04,900
comparable to what, only the 
wealthy had enjoyed in previous 

3865
03:22:04,900 --> 03:22:07,600
centuries. 
The industrial brought 

3866
03:22:07,600 --> 03:22:10,400
significant improvements in 
Bedding, materials, the 

3867
03:22:10,400 --> 03:22:13,000
development of cotton Mills made
cotton sheets and pillowcases 

3868
03:22:13,000 --> 03:22:16,500
widely available and affordable.
Cotton was softer more 

3869
03:22:16,500 --> 03:22:19,900
breathable and easier to clean 
than the rough linen or wool 

3870
03:22:19,900 --> 03:22:21,900
bedding. 
Most used the ability to have 

3871
03:22:21,900 --> 03:22:24,900
soft washable, sheets 
represented a major advance in 

3872
03:22:24,900 --> 03:22:28,400
both comfort and hygiene Iron 
and Steel bed frames became 

3873
03:22:28,400 --> 03:22:31,500
popular during this period. 
Replacing wooden frames for many

3874
03:22:31,500 --> 03:22:33,500
people. 
These Metal Frames were 

3875
03:22:33,500 --> 03:22:36,900
stronger, more durable, and less
likely to Harbor, insects than 

3876
03:22:36,900 --> 03:22:39,500
wooden frames. 
They were also much easier to 

3877
03:22:39,500 --> 03:22:41,200
mass-produce which made them 
more affordable. 

3878
03:22:42,200 --> 03:22:45,300
Classic iron bed frame with its 
distinctive vertical bars and 

3879
03:22:45,300 --> 03:22:48,400
simple design became a symbol of
the Industrial Age. 

3880
03:22:48,400 --> 03:22:51,400
The Industrial Revolution also 
brought the first real 

3881
03:22:51,400 --> 03:22:53,300
understanding of sleep, hygiene 
and health. 

3882
03:22:53,300 --> 03:22:56,900
Medical professionals began 
studying sleep in its effects on

3883
03:22:56,908 --> 03:22:59,600
health leading to 
recommendations about mattress 

3884
03:22:59,600 --> 03:23:03,000
firmness room ventilation and 
sleeping positions. 

3885
03:23:03,000 --> 03:23:06,400
This scientific approach to 
sleep was a departure from the 

3886
03:23:06,400 --> 03:23:09,500
folk wisdom and superstitions 
that had guided sleeping 

3887
03:23:09,500 --> 03:23:12,600
arrangements for centuries. 
One, particularly important 

3888
03:23:12,600 --> 03:23:15,200
innovation was the development 
of the box spring. 

3889
03:23:16,200 --> 03:23:19,200
Instead of placing mattresses 
directly on rope, or wooden slat

3890
03:23:19,200 --> 03:23:22,800
frame's, manufacturers began 
creating specialized Foundation 

3891
03:23:22,800 --> 03:23:26,500
Systems that provided additional
support and extended mattress 

3892
03:23:26,500 --> 03:23:29,000
life. 
The box spring combined with the

3893
03:23:29,008 --> 03:23:32,600
coil spring mattress, created a 
sleeping system that was far, 

3894
03:23:32,600 --> 03:23:34,500
superior to anything that had 
existed before. 

3895
03:23:35,600 --> 03:23:38,300
The Industrial Age also saw the 
development of specialized 

3896
03:23:38,300 --> 03:23:41,600
bedding for different needs. 
Manufacturers began producing 

3897
03:23:41,600 --> 03:23:44,500
mattresses for children for 
people with medical conditions 

3898
03:23:44,500 --> 03:23:48,000
and for different climates. 
This specialization represented 

3899
03:23:48,000 --> 03:23:51,100
a recognition that different 
people had different sleeping 

3900
03:23:51,100 --> 03:23:54,600
needs and that technology could 
be adapted to meet those needs 

3901
03:23:54,600 --> 03:23:57,700
department stores. 
Revolutionized how people bought

3902
03:23:57,700 --> 03:24:00,300
bedding? 
Instead of visiting specialized 

3903
03:24:00,300 --> 03:24:03,400
crafts people or commissioning 
custom work, people could see 

3904
03:24:03,400 --> 03:24:06,700
and compare different mattresses
sheets and pillows in large 

3905
03:24:06,700 --> 03:24:09,900
retail spaces. 
This gave consumers much more 

3906
03:24:09,900 --> 03:24:13,600
choice and helped Drive 
Innovation as manufacturers 

3907
03:24:13,600 --> 03:24:17,000
competed for customers, the 
development of reliable indoor 

3908
03:24:17,000 --> 03:24:18,400
heating. 
Also changed sleeping 

3909
03:24:18,400 --> 03:24:21,600
Arrangements, significantly 
people no longer needed to share

3910
03:24:21,600 --> 03:24:25,000
beds for warmth, and bedrooms 
could be set for Living Spaces. 

3911
03:24:25,000 --> 03:24:28,300
This led to the development of 
the modern bedroom, as a private

3912
03:24:28,300 --> 03:24:31,000
individual space designed 
specifically for sleeping. 

3913
03:24:31,900 --> 03:24:34,800
The Industrial Age brought the 
first real advertising for Sleep

3914
03:24:34,800 --> 03:24:37,300
Products. 
Mattress manufacturers began 

3915
03:24:37,300 --> 03:24:40,400
making claims about the health 
benefits of their products, the 

3916
03:24:40,400 --> 03:24:43,600
superiority of their materials 
and the importance of Excellence

3917
03:24:43,600 --> 03:24:47,700
sleep, This was the beginning of
the modern sleep industry, which

3918
03:24:47,700 --> 03:24:50,000
would eventually become a 
multi-billion Dollar business. 

3919
03:24:50,800 --> 03:24:53,600
Mail, order catalogs, made it 
possible for people in rural 

3920
03:24:53,600 --> 03:24:56,200
areas to buy the same quality 
bedding as City dwellers. 

3921
03:24:56,900 --> 03:24:59,400
Companies, like Sears and 
Montgomery Ward, offered 

3922
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:02,100
mattresses bed frames and 
bedding through their catalogs, 

3923
03:25:02,100 --> 03:25:05,000
bringing Industrial Age. 
Comfort people who had 

3924
03:25:05,000 --> 03:25:07,900
previously been limited to local
products, The Industrial 

3925
03:25:07,900 --> 03:25:09,700
Revolution. 
Also led the initial 

3926
03:25:09,700 --> 03:25:13,900
standardization of bed sizes 
instead of custom-made beds that

3927
03:25:13,900 --> 03:25:16,200
varied depending on the crafts 
person and customer 

3928
03:25:16,200 --> 03:25:19,500
manufacturers began producing 
beds and standard sizes. 

3929
03:25:19,500 --> 03:25:22,600
This made it easier to buy 
bedding and meant that a 

3930
03:25:22,600 --> 03:25:25,300
mattress in one city would fit a
bed frame bought in another 

3931
03:25:26,200 --> 03:25:28,300
working conditions during the 
Industrial Age. 

3932
03:25:28,300 --> 03:25:30,600
Also, highlighted the importance
of good sleep. 

3933
03:25:31,500 --> 03:25:34,000
Factory workers who had to wake 
up early and work long hours 

3934
03:25:34,000 --> 03:25:36,900
needed better sleep than had 
been necessary in agricultural 

3935
03:25:36,900 --> 03:25:39,800
societies? 
This created demand for more 

3936
03:25:39,800 --> 03:25:42,700
comfortable bedding and led to 
Innovations designed to help 

3937
03:25:42,700 --> 03:25:45,900
people fall asleep, faster, and 
sleep, more soundly, the 

3938
03:25:45,900 --> 03:25:48,700
Industrial Age of established. 
The foundation, for modern sleep

3939
03:25:48,700 --> 03:25:52,400
technology, The basic concept of
the coil, spring mattress. 

3940
03:25:52,400 --> 03:25:56,000
The box spring foundation and 
mass-produced bedding, all 

3941
03:25:56,000 --> 03:25:59,800
originated during this period. 
The Industrial Revolution 

3942
03:25:59,800 --> 03:26:02,700
established, the fundamental 
approach to creating comfortable

3943
03:26:02,700 --> 03:26:06,000
beds, despite dramatic 
improvements in materials and 

3944
03:26:06,000 --> 03:26:09,100
construction techniques. 
And here we are in the modern 

3945
03:26:09,100 --> 03:26:12,400
era where your bed is probably 
more technologically advanced 

3946
03:26:12,400 --> 03:26:14,400
than the computers that sent 
people to the Moon. 

3947
03:26:15,100 --> 03:26:18,700
The 20th and 21st centuries have
brought an explosion of 

3948
03:26:18,708 --> 03:26:21,400
innovation in sleep technology. 
That would have seemed like 

3949
03:26:21,400 --> 03:26:24,000
science fiction to people just a
few Generations ago. 

3950
03:26:25,100 --> 03:26:27,800
The development of synthetic 
materials, revolutionized 

3951
03:26:27,800 --> 03:26:31,600
mattress Construction. 
Memory foam originally developed

3952
03:26:31,600 --> 03:26:34,000
by NASA to improve crash 
protection for astronauts. 

3953
03:26:34,000 --> 03:26:37,500
Became the foundation for a new 
generation of mattresses that 

3954
03:26:37,500 --> 03:26:41,100
could conform to individual body
shapes and provide personalized 

3955
03:26:41,100 --> 03:26:43,600
support. 
The idea that your mattress 

3956
03:26:43,600 --> 03:26:46,800
could remember your body's 
Contours and adapt accordingly 

3957
03:26:46,800 --> 03:26:49,700
was a concept that previous 
generations could have imagined 

3958
03:26:49,700 --> 03:26:53,200
latex mattresses brought 
natural, elasticity and 

3959
03:26:53,200 --> 03:26:55,700
durability. 
That surpassed traditional coil 

3960
03:26:55,700 --> 03:26:58,200
springs. 
These mattresses could provide 

3961
03:26:58,200 --> 03:27:01,300
Firm support for still 
conforming to body shapes and 

3962
03:27:01,300 --> 03:27:03,700
they lasted much longer than 
previous mattress types. 

3963
03:27:04,600 --> 03:27:06,600
The development of synthetic 
latex made. 

3964
03:27:06,600 --> 03:27:09,900
These benefits available at 
reasonable prices, democratizing

3965
03:27:09,900 --> 03:27:12,500
comfort in ways that would have 
amazed earlier Generations. 

3966
03:27:12,500 --> 03:27:15,700
The introduction of adjustable 
beds, brought hospital-level, 

3967
03:27:15,700 --> 03:27:17,000
Comfort to home. 
Bedrooms. 

3968
03:27:17,000 --> 03:27:20,500
These beds could be adjusted to 
provide optimal positioning for 

3969
03:27:20,500 --> 03:27:23,400
sleeping reading watching 
television or dealing with 

3970
03:27:23,408 --> 03:27:26,800
medical conditions. 
The ability to adjust your bed's

3971
03:27:26,800 --> 03:27:29,608
position with the touch of a 
button represented, a level of 

3972
03:27:29,616 --> 03:27:33,200
convenience and customization 
that surpassed anything in 

3973
03:27:33,200 --> 03:27:36,700
history. 
Temperature controlled became a 

3974
03:27:36,700 --> 03:27:40,600
major focus of modern, sleep 
technology, gel-infused Foams, 

3975
03:27:40,600 --> 03:27:43,700
phase, change, materials. 
And even water called mattresses

3976
03:27:43,700 --> 03:27:46,200
were developed to help people 
maintain optimal sleeping 

3977
03:27:46,200 --> 03:27:49,200
temperatures. 
The recognition that temperature

3978
03:27:49,200 --> 03:27:52,400
regulation was crucial for good 
sleep led to Innovation that 

3979
03:27:52,400 --> 03:27:55,000
actively managed to Heaton 
moisture throughout the night. 

3980
03:27:56,000 --> 03:27:58,800
Modern bedding materials have 
achieved levels of softness and 

3981
03:27:58,800 --> 03:28:01,500
performance that would have been
impossible with natural 

3982
03:28:01,500 --> 03:28:04,600
materials alone. 
Like microfiber sheets can be 

3983
03:28:04,608 --> 03:28:07,400
softer than silk, while being 
more durable and easier to care 

3984
03:28:07,400 --> 03:28:09,900
for. 
Moisture wicking Fabrics, help 

3985
03:28:09,900 --> 03:28:12,800
regulate temperature and 
humidity creating optimal 

3986
03:28:12,800 --> 03:28:15,000
sleeping conditions regardless 
of seasonal. 

3987
03:28:15,000 --> 03:28:18,300
Climate The development of the 
Sleep industry is a major 

3988
03:28:18,308 --> 03:28:20,900
economic Force. 
Has driven continuous innovation

3989
03:28:20,900 --> 03:28:24,000
companies spend millions of 
dollars, researching sleep 

3990
03:28:24,000 --> 03:28:27,600
patterns, testing new materials 
and developing products that 

3991
03:28:27,600 --> 03:28:30,600
promise better rest. 
This competition has led to 

3992
03:28:30,608 --> 03:28:34,100
Rapid advances in mattress. 
Technology bedding, materials 

3993
03:28:34,100 --> 03:28:37,600
and sleep accessories. 
Sleep tracking technology has 

3994
03:28:37,600 --> 03:28:40,600
given people unprecedented 
insight into their sleep 

3995
03:28:40,600 --> 03:28:44,600
patterns devices that monitor 
movement, heart rate and sleep 

3996
03:28:44,600 --> 03:28:46,300
stages. 
Provide detailed information 

3997
03:28:46,300 --> 03:28:48,000
about Sleep Quality and 
duration. 

3998
03:28:48,800 --> 03:28:51,700
This data driven approach to 
sleep represents a return to the

3999
03:28:51,700 --> 03:28:54,700
scientific study of sleep that 
began during the Industrial Age.

4000
03:28:54,700 --> 03:28:58,600
But with far more sophisticated 
tools and understanding, the 

4001
03:28:58,600 --> 03:29:01,100
internet has revolutionized, how
people buy mattresses and 

4002
03:29:01,100 --> 03:29:04,100
bedding online retailers, 
offered detailed product 

4003
03:29:04,100 --> 03:29:07,600
information, customer reviews. 
And even sleep trials, that 

4004
03:29:07,600 --> 03:29:09,900
allow people to test mattresses 
in their homes. 

4005
03:29:10,700 --> 03:29:13,200
The internet has made it easier 
for people to find products that

4006
03:29:13,200 --> 03:29:15,100
meet their specific needs and 
preferences. 

4007
03:29:15,100 --> 03:29:18,500
Modern, understanding of sleep 
science as led to products 

4008
03:29:18,500 --> 03:29:22,000
designed for specific sleep 
positions, body types, and 

4009
03:29:22,000 --> 03:29:25,000
medical conditions. 
Side sleepers, combine 

4010
03:29:25,000 --> 03:29:27,000
mattresses optimized for their 
sleeping position. 

4011
03:29:27,000 --> 03:29:30,400
While people with back problems,
can find products specifically 

4012
03:29:30,400 --> 03:29:32,500
designed to provide proper 
spinal alignment. 

4013
03:29:33,500 --> 03:29:36,500
This level of customization 
represents a sophisticated 

4014
03:29:36,500 --> 03:29:39,400
understanding of how different 
people have different sleep 

4015
03:29:39,400 --> 03:29:42,800
needs the development of organic
and natural bedding. 

4016
03:29:42,800 --> 03:29:45,400
Materials is brought together 
Modern Performance with 

4017
03:29:45,400 --> 03:29:50,000
traditional materials, organic 
cotton natural latex and wool 

4018
03:29:50,000 --> 03:29:51,700
bedding. 
Provide the benefits of natural 

4019
03:29:51,700 --> 03:29:55,000
materials while meeting modern 
standards for comfort and 

4020
03:29:55,000 --> 03:29:58,200
durability. 
This trend represents a return 

4021
03:29:58,200 --> 03:30:00,900
to Natural materials, but with 
the benefit of modern 

4022
03:30:00,900 --> 03:30:04,400
manufacturing techniques, smart 
beds are at the Forefront of 

4023
03:30:04,400 --> 03:30:07,200
sleep technology. 
These beds can automatically 

4024
03:30:07,200 --> 03:30:10,700
adjust firmness temperature and 
position based on sleep 

4025
03:30:10,700 --> 03:30:13,900
patterns, and preferences. 
Some can even track Sleep 

4026
03:30:13,900 --> 03:30:16,600
Quality, and make 
recommendations for improvement.

4027
03:30:16,600 --> 03:30:19,300
A bed that actively Works to 
improve. 

4028
03:30:19,300 --> 03:30:21,800
Your sleep would have seemed 
like Pure Fantasy to previous 

4029
03:30:21,800 --> 03:30:25,300
generations. 
The modern Sleep Revolution has 

4030
03:30:25,300 --> 03:30:28,400
also brought an understanding of
the importance of sleep for 

4031
03:30:28,400 --> 03:30:32,100
overall health and well-being. 
Researchers shown that adequate 

4032
03:30:32,100 --> 03:30:36,000
sleep is crucial for physical 
health, mental performance and 

4033
03:30:36,000 --> 03:30:39,000
emotional stability. 
This awareness has led to 

4034
03:30:39,000 --> 03:30:42,000
increase investment in sleep 
technology and a recognition. 

4035
03:30:42,000 --> 03:30:45,200
That good bedding is an 
investment in health, not just 

4036
03:30:45,200 --> 03:30:48,000
comfort. 
As you settle into your modern 

4037
03:30:48,000 --> 03:30:51,000
bed tonight, with its carefully 
engineered support system, 

4038
03:30:51,000 --> 03:30:55,400
temperature regulating materials
and precisely designed Comfort 

4039
03:30:55,400 --> 03:30:58,500
layers, your participating in a 
tradition that stretches back to

4040
03:30:58,500 --> 03:31:00,000
those. 
First grass, beds in South 

4041
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:02,600
African caves the drive. 
To create better. 

4042
03:31:02,600 --> 03:31:05,000
Sleeping conditions has been a 
constant throughout human 

4043
03:31:05,000 --> 03:31:06,900
history. 
Leading us from simple. 

4044
03:31:06,900 --> 03:31:10,200
Piles of aromatic leaves to the 
sophisticated sleep systems we 

4045
03:31:10,200 --> 03:31:13,000
have today. 
The journey from sleeping on the

4046
03:31:13,000 --> 03:31:15,500
ground to sleeping on memory 
foam has been long and 

4047
03:31:15,500 --> 03:31:19,700
fascinating filled with 
Innovations setbacks and gradual

4048
03:31:19,700 --> 03:31:22,500
improvements. 
Each generation has built upon 

4049
03:31:22,500 --> 03:31:25,500
the discovery of the previous 
one creating better and more 

4050
03:31:25,500 --> 03:31:29,400
comfortable ways to get a good 
night's rest and who knows the 

4051
03:31:29,400 --> 03:31:30,800
bed. 
Your sleeping onto night might 

4052
03:31:30,800 --> 03:31:32,300
seem primitive to Future 
Generations. 

4053
03:31:32,300 --> 03:31:35,600
Who will undoubtedly find even 
better ways to achieve the 

4054
03:31:35,600 --> 03:31:40,000
perfect night's sleep. 
Sweet dreams and remember your 

4055
03:31:40,000 --> 03:31:44,600
sleeping better than 99.9% of 
all humans who have ever lived. 

4056
03:31:45,400 --> 03:31:48,100
That's worth appreciating as you
drift off to sleep, on your 

4057
03:31:48,100 --> 03:31:50,400
modern Miracle of comfort and 
engineering. 

4058
03:31:51,400 --> 03:31:54,000
But if that insomnia is still 
kicking, don't worry. 

4059
03:31:54,000 --> 03:31:57,500
I will always have other stories
of mine told her from the past 

4060
03:31:57,500 --> 03:32:01,200
to help you get that rest, no 
matter what it takes sleep. 

4061
03:32:01,200 --> 03:32:04,600
Well, my friends and I will 
catch you later as I always do. 

4062
03:32:11,500 --> 03:32:15,600
Picturing London in the 1500s, a
damp sheep filled Kingdom 

4063
03:32:15,600 --> 03:32:19,000
sitting off the coast of Europe.
Watching, Spain Hall shiploads 

4064
03:32:19,000 --> 03:32:22,400
of gold back from the Americas. 
While Spain was becoming 

4065
03:32:22,400 --> 03:32:24,800
incredibly wealthy from its New 
World Adventures. 

4066
03:32:24,800 --> 03:32:28,300
The English was still trying to 
figure out basic matters such as

4067
03:32:28,300 --> 03:32:32,100
not executing so many of their 
monarchs Sometimes underdogs are

4068
03:32:32,100 --> 03:32:36,000
just getting warmed up. 
The Elizabeth, the first a woman

4069
03:32:36,008 --> 03:32:39,800
sat on the throne capable of 
engaging diplomatically in the 

4070
03:32:39,800 --> 03:32:41,400
morning and authorizing a pirate
raid. 

4071
03:32:41,400 --> 03:32:44,400
By tea time she looked at 
Spain's treasure Fleet sailing 

4072
03:32:44,400 --> 03:32:46,700
past and thought the English 
deserved to share of that. 

4073
03:32:46,700 --> 03:32:49,800
Well, Enter the Sea Dogs, which 
sounds Innocent. 

4074
03:32:49,800 --> 03:32:52,600
But was actually England's 
cheeky name for their officially

4075
03:32:52,600 --> 03:32:55,700
unofficial Pirates. 
These were men such as Francis 

4076
03:32:55,700 --> 03:32:59,100
Drake, who had the audacity to 
sail around the entire world. 

4077
03:32:59,100 --> 03:33:02,100
Just to prove, it could be done 
stopping along the way to 

4078
03:33:02,100 --> 03:33:05,300
liberate Spanish treasure. 
When Drake came home with a 

4079
03:33:05,300 --> 03:33:08,200
ship, so loaded with stolen 
Spanish gold, that it nearly 

4080
03:33:08,200 --> 03:33:12,300
sank, Elizabeth didn't arrest 
him, she knighted him, the 

4081
03:33:12,300 --> 03:33:15,600
Spanish understandably were 
getting tired of this Behavior. 

4082
03:33:16,300 --> 03:33:19,600
So in 1588 they decided to send 
a little reminder called the 

4083
03:33:19,600 --> 03:33:24,100
Spanish Armada 130 ships, packed
with soldiers heading straight 

4084
03:33:24,100 --> 03:33:26,800
for Englund Shores. 
You might expect this to be 

4085
03:33:26,800 --> 03:33:28,500
where England gets its come up 
once. 

4086
03:33:29,100 --> 03:33:32,800
David vs Goliath except Goliath 
has canons and centuries of 

4087
03:33:32,800 --> 03:33:35,700
Naval experience. 
But here's where geography 

4088
03:33:35,700 --> 03:33:38,600
becomes Destiny and where 
England's, Terrible Weather. 

4089
03:33:38,600 --> 03:33:42,200
Finally worked in their favor. 
Picture the Spanish Admiral, who

4090
03:33:42,200 --> 03:33:45,000
had spent months planning, this 
invasion is ships. 

4091
03:33:45,000 --> 03:33:48,100
Loaded with troops feeling 
confident, then he hits the 

4092
03:33:48,100 --> 03:33:51,200
English Channel and discovers 
that English weather isn't just 

4093
03:33:51,200 --> 03:33:53,600
unpleasant. 
It's actively hostile. 

4094
03:33:53,600 --> 03:33:57,600
The wind starts howling. 
The Seas turned nasty and 

4095
03:33:57,600 --> 03:34:00,300
suddenly, those massive proud 
warships are being tossed around

4096
03:34:00,300 --> 03:34:02,900
violently. 
The English meanwhile had 

4097
03:34:02,900 --> 03:34:06,200
smaller more, Nimble ships, that
danced around the Spanish Fleet 

4098
03:34:06,200 --> 03:34:10,200
they Dart in fire their cannons 
and zip away before the Spanish 

4099
03:34:10,200 --> 03:34:13,000
could respond. 
It was Naval guerrilla warfare 

4100
03:34:13,000 --> 03:34:14,600
and the Spanish weren't ready 
for it. 

4101
03:34:15,500 --> 03:34:18,200
But the real hero of this story 
wasn't English bravery or 

4102
03:34:18,200 --> 03:34:21,300
cunning it was the weather. 
A massive storm. 

4103
03:34:21,300 --> 03:34:24,200
Scattered the Spanish Fleet 
sending ships crashing into 

4104
03:34:24,200 --> 03:34:27,400
rocks, running a ground and 
generally having the worst day 

4105
03:34:27,400 --> 03:34:29,700
in Naval History, the Spanish 
called it. 

4106
03:34:29,708 --> 03:34:34,400
El, viento protestante, the 
Protestant wind even God, it 

4107
03:34:34,400 --> 03:34:38,400
seemed had picked sides. 
When the dust settled, Spain 

4108
03:34:38,400 --> 03:34:40,700
seemingly Invincible. 
Navy was in tatters. 

4109
03:34:40,700 --> 03:34:44,100
And little England had proven 
that sometimes being small, and 

4110
03:34:44,100 --> 03:34:47,300
Scrappy beats being big, and 
powerful, your underweight 

4111
03:34:47,300 --> 03:34:49,800
friend, somehow winning an arm 
wrestling contest against the 

4112
03:34:49,800 --> 03:34:53,000
Jim's bodybuilder. 
Improbable but undeniably 

4113
03:34:53,000 --> 03:34:56,300
impressive, this Victory, not 
only protected England from 

4114
03:34:56,300 --> 03:34:59,200
Invasion, but also signaled, the
arrival of a new player. 

4115
03:34:59,200 --> 03:35:02,700
In the global Arena, the Spanish
Empire, which had seemed as 

4116
03:35:02,700 --> 03:35:05,800
permanent as the Sunrise 
suddenly looked vulnerable and 

4117
03:35:05,800 --> 03:35:09,000
England that soggy little island
that nobody had taken, seriously

4118
03:35:09,000 --> 03:35:12,000
started getting some intriguing 
ideas about what it might 

4119
03:35:12,000 --> 03:35:16,100
accomplish on the world stage. 
The age of Spanish dominance was

4120
03:35:16,100 --> 03:35:18,500
beginning to crack. 
And through those cracks 

4121
03:35:18,500 --> 03:35:22,800
English, ambition was starting 
to grow assistant Unstoppable 

4122
03:35:22,800 --> 03:35:26,900
and surprisingly resilient. 
The foundation was being laid 

4123
03:35:26,900 --> 03:35:29,100
for what would become the 
largest Empire in human history.

4124
03:35:29,100 --> 03:35:33,400
After beating the Spanish Armada
England had confidence but still

4125
03:35:33,400 --> 03:35:35,900
relatively little money compared
to his European neighbors. 

4126
03:35:35,900 --> 03:35:39,900
They needed a business plan and 
unfortunately the business plan 

4127
03:35:39,900 --> 03:35:43,800
of the 1600s often involved. 
What we politely call morally 

4128
03:35:43,800 --> 03:35:47,200
questionable practices, enter 
the merchant companies 

4129
03:35:47,200 --> 03:35:50,900
organizations with grand names, 
such as the company of merchant 

4130
03:35:50,900 --> 03:35:53,600
adventurers. 
These work, your typical Corner 

4131
03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:57,200
shops, they were massive trading
corporations with royal Charters

4132
03:35:57,200 --> 03:36:00,000
that basically said go forth and
make money. 

4133
03:36:00,000 --> 03:36:04,200
And don't ask too many questions
about how Feast India Company 

4134
03:36:04,200 --> 03:36:06,800
was the crown jewel of these 
operations and calling. 

4135
03:36:06,800 --> 03:36:09,700
It just a Trading Company, under
states, its true nature. 

4136
03:36:10,500 --> 03:36:13,400
Founded in 1600, it started as a
simple idea. 

4137
03:36:14,200 --> 03:36:18,300
Sail to Asia by spices and silk 
and sell them back home for 

4138
03:36:18,300 --> 03:36:21,400
enormous profits. 
Became the world's first Global 

4139
03:36:21,400 --> 03:36:24,800
Corporation, except with more 
cannons and fewer HR 

4140
03:36:24,800 --> 03:36:27,900
departments, you have to 
understand spices back then 

4141
03:36:27,900 --> 03:36:29,600
weren't just about making food 
taste better. 

4142
03:36:29,600 --> 03:36:33,500
They were incredibly valuable. 
Pepper was literally worth its 

4143
03:36:33,500 --> 03:36:36,200
weight in Silver. 
And Nutmeg was so precious that 

4144
03:36:36,200 --> 03:36:38,500
wars were fought over tiny 
islands that grew it. 

4145
03:36:39,200 --> 03:36:41,900
The Dutch had monopolized much 
of the spice trade charging 

4146
03:36:41,900 --> 03:36:44,800
whatever they wanted, and the 
English decided they should get 

4147
03:36:44,800 --> 03:36:48,000
in on that business. 
But the East Indy company wasn't

4148
03:36:48,000 --> 03:36:50,800
content to just trade. 
They started hiring their own 

4149
03:36:50,800 --> 03:36:54,100
armies, making their own 
treaties and essentially running

4150
03:36:54,100 --> 03:36:57,900
their own foreign policy. 
A modern Corporation deciding to

4151
03:36:57,900 --> 03:36:59,700
start. 
Conquering countries that's 

4152
03:36:59,700 --> 03:37:03,200
basically what happened except 
with sailing ships and elaborate

4153
03:37:03,200 --> 03:37:06,000
uniforms the company's expansion
into India. 

4154
03:37:06,000 --> 03:37:09,100
Perfectly demonstrates, how 
ambition can snowball Beyond 

4155
03:37:09,100 --> 03:37:13,300
anyone's original intentions. 
It started by just wanting to 

4156
03:37:13,300 --> 03:37:17,100
set up trading posts along the 
coast little fortified compounds

4157
03:37:17,100 --> 03:37:18,900
where they could store goods and
conduct business. 

4158
03:37:18,900 --> 03:37:23,100
But India in the 1600s was a 
complex Patchwork of competing 

4159
03:37:23,100 --> 03:37:25,900
kingdoms and the Mughal Empire, 
which had been holding 

4160
03:37:25,900 --> 03:37:29,700
everything together was starting
to weaken into this power vacuum

4161
03:37:29,700 --> 03:37:33,300
step the East India Company, 
they'd make alliances with local

4162
03:37:33,300 --> 03:37:36,200
rulers, provide military 
support, and gradually become 

4163
03:37:36,200 --> 03:37:39,100
indispensable. 
Before anyone quite realized 

4164
03:37:39,100 --> 03:37:42,400
what was happening, the company 
wasn't just trading in India, it

4165
03:37:42,400 --> 03:37:43,800
was running. 
Large chunks of it. 

4166
03:37:44,900 --> 03:37:48,500
The Battle of Plassey in 1757 
was one of those moments that 

4167
03:37:48,500 --> 03:37:51,500
seemed minor at the time, but 
changed everything, Robert 

4168
03:37:51,500 --> 03:37:53,300
Clive. 
A company official who'd started

4169
03:37:53,300 --> 03:37:56,100
as a clerk and worked his way up
to general defeated. 

4170
03:37:56,100 --> 03:37:58,200
The now of Bengal with a much 
smaller Force. 

4171
03:37:58,200 --> 03:38:00,500
This unexpected Victory. 
Paved. 

4172
03:38:00,500 --> 03:38:03,800
The way for unprecedented power.
That Victory came with 

4173
03:38:03,800 --> 03:38:05,700
consequences. 
Nobody had thought through 

4174
03:38:05,700 --> 03:38:07,400
southernly the East. 
India. 

4175
03:38:07,400 --> 03:38:09,900
Company was responsible for 
governing millions of people 

4176
03:38:09,900 --> 03:38:13,800
across vast territories. 
They'd gone from being Merchants

4177
03:38:13,800 --> 03:38:17,400
to being rulers and they were 
completely unprepared for this 

4178
03:38:17,400 --> 03:38:20,800
transformation. 
The Wealth flowing back to 

4179
03:38:20,800 --> 03:38:24,700
Britain was staggering Bengal 
alone was generating revenues 

4180
03:38:24,700 --> 03:38:26,800
that dwarfed many European 
Kingdoms in. 

4181
03:38:26,800 --> 03:38:30,400
Entire budgets, the taxes that 
had previously benefited local 

4182
03:38:30,400 --> 03:38:33,600
rulers were now contributing 
significantly to British offers 

4183
03:38:33,600 --> 03:38:36,400
and the company shareholders 
were experiencing unprecedented 

4184
03:38:36,400 --> 03:38:39,200
wealth. 
Naturally, the foundation of 

4185
03:38:39,200 --> 03:38:41,700
this wealth rested on systems 
that were fundamentally 

4186
03:38:41,700 --> 03:38:45,700
extractive and frequently cruel.
The company exploited, their 

4187
03:38:45,700 --> 03:38:49,400
territories prioritizing profit 
margins, over the well-being of 

4188
03:38:49,400 --> 03:38:53,100
the people, under their control.
Famines became more common and 

4189
03:38:53,100 --> 03:38:55,100
more deadly. 
When local resources were 

4190
03:38:55,100 --> 03:38:58,600
diverted to company profits, 
rather than local needs back in 

4191
03:38:58,600 --> 03:39:00,700
London. 
People were starting to notice 

4192
03:39:00,700 --> 03:39:03,500
that their little Trading 
Company that somehow acquired, 

4193
03:39:03,500 --> 03:39:06,600
an Empire, The British 
government wasn't entirely sure 

4194
03:39:06,600 --> 03:39:09,800
what to do with this situation. 
The company was generating 

4195
03:39:09,800 --> 03:39:12,500
enormous wealth for the country,
but it was all. 

4196
03:39:12,500 --> 03:39:14,900
So making decisions that 
affected in international 

4197
03:39:14,900 --> 03:39:17,200
relations and the lives of 
millions of people. 

4198
03:39:18,000 --> 03:39:20,200
This was the beginning of a 
pattern that would define the 

4199
03:39:20,200 --> 03:39:23,500
British Empire for centuries. 
Private ambition leading to 

4200
03:39:23,500 --> 03:39:26,600
public responsibility. 
Commercial Ventures, growing 

4201
03:39:26,600 --> 03:39:30,200
into political control and a 
small island nation, finding 

4202
03:39:30,200 --> 03:39:33,100
itself responsible for governing
vast population across the 

4203
03:39:33,100 --> 03:39:35,500
globe. 
Often without any clear plans 

4204
03:39:35,500 --> 03:39:37,400
for how to do it. 
Ethically, or effectively. 

4205
03:39:38,800 --> 03:39:41,400
Stage was set for an Empire that
would span continents and 

4206
03:39:41,400 --> 03:39:45,100
reshape the world Bill, not 
through Grand strategy, but 

4207
03:39:45,100 --> 03:39:47,800
through the accumulated 
decisions of merchants soldiers.

4208
03:39:47,800 --> 03:39:50,800
And administrators, who often 
had no idea what they were 

4209
03:39:50,800 --> 03:39:54,900
creating by the 1700s Britain 
had stumbled into something 

4210
03:39:54,900 --> 03:39:58,500
resembling a strategy though. 
Calling it a strategy might be 

4211
03:39:58,500 --> 03:40:00,400
generous. 
It was more organized 

4212
03:40:00,400 --> 03:40:04,200
opportunism with excellent Naval
support Britain had discovered 

4213
03:40:04,200 --> 03:40:07,500
that if you control the Seas, 
you could control global trade 

4214
03:40:07,500 --> 03:40:10,800
control, the highways and you 
don't need to own every town. 

4215
03:40:10,800 --> 03:40:13,500
You just need to control how 
people in Goods move between 

4216
03:40:13,500 --> 03:40:15,500
them. 
This is where the Royal Navy 

4217
03:40:15,500 --> 03:40:19,400
enters our story with full force
by the mid-1700s, Britain was 

4218
03:40:19,408 --> 03:40:22,600
building ships constantly 
everywhere with the assumption 

4219
03:40:22,600 --> 03:40:24,200
that you could never have too 
many. 

4220
03:40:24,800 --> 03:40:27,800
They had honed their Naval 
Warfare skills to such an extent

4221
03:40:27,800 --> 03:40:31,300
that any potential enemy found 
in countering a British Fleet to

4222
03:40:31,308 --> 03:40:34,000
be highly unwelcome. 
This Naval strategy. 

4223
03:40:34,000 --> 03:40:36,600
Truly demonstrated its 
Effectiveness during the Seven 

4224
03:40:36,600 --> 03:40:44,600
Years War, while 1,756 to 1,763.
While European powers engaged in

4225
03:40:44,600 --> 03:40:47,000
land battles. 
Britain pursued, a distinct 

4226
03:40:47,000 --> 03:40:50,300
strategy. 
It swoop in capture strategic 

4227
03:40:50,300 --> 03:40:53,900
ports, and Islands, disrupt, 
enemy trade routes and generally

4228
03:40:53,900 --> 03:40:55,400
make life. 
Miserable for anyone who 

4229
03:40:55,400 --> 03:40:59,000
depended on Maritime Commerce, 
take the capture of Quebec in 

4230
03:40:59,000 --> 03:41:01,800
1759, which sounds 
straightforward, but was 

4231
03:41:01,800 --> 03:41:05,900
actually extraordinarily daring.
General for his troops, had to 

4232
03:41:05,900 --> 03:41:08,500
scale supposedly and climbable 
cliffs in the middle of the 

4233
03:41:08,500 --> 03:41:10,000
night. 
Surprise, the French Defenders 

4234
03:41:10,000 --> 03:41:12,500
and capture one of the most 
important cities in North 

4235
03:41:12,500 --> 03:41:14,800
America. 
It was the kind of plan that 

4236
03:41:14,800 --> 03:41:17,900
should have failed spectacularly
but somehow worked perfectly. 

4237
03:41:17,900 --> 03:41:20,900
They're both wolf and the French
Commander died in the Battle. 

4238
03:41:20,900 --> 03:41:24,000
The result of all this Naval 
dominance was that Britain 

4239
03:41:24,000 --> 03:41:27,000
started accumulating territories
at an unprecedented rate. 

4240
03:41:27,800 --> 03:41:31,100
Gibraltar controlled access to 
the Mediterranean Malta, was 

4241
03:41:31,100 --> 03:41:33,500
perfectly positioned for Middle 
Eastern trade routes. 

4242
03:41:34,400 --> 03:41:35,800
The Cape of Good. 
Hope controlled. 

4243
03:41:35,800 --> 03:41:38,700
The sea route to Asia. 
It was strategic positioning on 

4244
03:41:38,700 --> 03:41:40,600
a global scale. 
With the acquisition. 

4245
03:41:40,600 --> 03:41:42,200
Making the next one more 
valuable. 

4246
03:41:42,900 --> 03:41:45,700
From a logistical perspective, 
governing a global Empire with a

4247
03:41:45,700 --> 03:41:48,900
sailing ship, as your fastest 
communication method presents 

4248
03:41:48,900 --> 03:41:52,800
unique challenges messages 
between London and India, took 

4249
03:41:52,800 --> 03:41:56,000
months, which meant that by the 
time headquarters heard about a 

4250
03:41:56,000 --> 03:41:58,800
problem and sent back in 
constructions, the situation had

4251
03:41:58,800 --> 03:42:01,900
usually either resulted itself, 
or gotten spectacularly worse, 

4252
03:42:01,900 --> 03:42:05,300
this communication delay, 
created a dynamic where British 

4253
03:42:05,300 --> 03:42:07,700
officials on the ground had 
enormous autonomy. 

4254
03:42:07,700 --> 03:42:10,400
They couldn't ask under for 
permission every time they 

4255
03:42:10,400 --> 03:42:13,200
needed to make a decision. 
So they often just made it and 

4256
03:42:13,200 --> 03:42:16,500
hoped it would be approved. 
Retroactively some officials 

4257
03:42:16,500 --> 03:42:19,700
used this Freedom responsibly 
others, discovered that power 

4258
03:42:19,700 --> 03:42:24,000
exercise. 8,000 miles away from 
any oversight, can corrupts 

4259
03:42:24,000 --> 03:42:27,500
absolutely you'd have company 
officials essentially running 

4260
03:42:27,500 --> 03:42:31,200
their own kingdoms, making 
treaties waging Wars and 

4261
03:42:31,200 --> 03:42:34,000
collecting taxes. 
All while technically being 

4262
03:42:34,000 --> 03:42:37,400
employees of a trading company 
based in London, The system 

4263
03:42:37,400 --> 03:42:40,400
worked when these officials were
competent and honest, but it 

4264
03:42:40,400 --> 03:42:43,200
created opportunities for abuse 
that were difficult to control 

4265
03:42:43,200 --> 03:42:47,400
from such distances. 
The American colonies served as 

4266
03:42:47,408 --> 03:42:49,800
a prime illustration of the 
potential pitfalls of this 

4267
03:42:49,800 --> 03:42:51,800
system. 
Strapped for cash. 

4268
03:42:51,800 --> 03:42:54,800
After the costly, Seven Years 
War, the British government 

4269
03:42:54,800 --> 03:42:57,200
decided that the Americans 
should contribute to their own 

4270
03:42:57,200 --> 03:42:59,800
defense costs. 
This seemed reasonable from 

4271
03:42:59,800 --> 03:43:02,700
London's perspective after all 
British troops are just spent 

4272
03:43:02,700 --> 03:43:05,300
years protecting American 
colonists from French and Indian

4273
03:43:05,308 --> 03:43:08,200
attacks. 
But the colonists had gotten 

4274
03:43:08,200 --> 03:43:11,500
used to managing their Affairs 
and suddenly being asked to pay 

4275
03:43:11,500 --> 03:43:14,800
taxes, they'd had no say in 
imposing felt fundamentally 

4276
03:43:14,800 --> 03:43:19,400
unfair, the famous no taxation 
without representation wasn't 

4277
03:43:19,400 --> 03:43:22,900
just a catchy slogan. 
It was a fundamental complained 

4278
03:43:22,900 --> 03:43:25,000
about the impossibility of 
governing and Empire when 

4279
03:43:25,000 --> 03:43:28,000
communication took months and 
local conditions changed daily, 

4280
03:43:28,900 --> 03:43:31,600
The British response to American
complaints, was essentially. 

4281
03:43:32,300 --> 03:43:34,500
We've been doing this 
successfully all over the world,

4282
03:43:34,500 --> 03:43:38,200
just go along with it. 
But North America was different 

4283
03:43:38,200 --> 03:43:40,800
from India. 
All the Caribbean, the colonists

4284
03:43:40,800 --> 03:43:43,500
were mostly British, descended 
shared British, legal 

4285
03:43:43,500 --> 03:43:46,500
traditions, and had enough 
economic independence to cause 

4286
03:43:46,500 --> 03:43:49,300
real trouble. 
If they organized When that 

4287
03:43:49,300 --> 03:43:52,200
trouble finally came Britain, 
discovered that Naval Supremacy 

4288
03:43:52,200 --> 03:43:55,300
while excellent for controlling 
trade routes and capturing 

4289
03:43:55,300 --> 03:43:58,300
Islands was less useful for 
fighting a land war against 

4290
03:43:58,300 --> 03:44:01,200
people who knew the terrain and 
had the support of the local 

4291
03:44:01,200 --> 03:44:04,700
population. 
You could control the coasts but

4292
03:44:04,700 --> 03:44:06,800
controlling the interior 
required different tactics. 

4293
03:44:06,800 --> 03:44:09,700
Entirely. 
The loss of the American 

4294
03:44:09,700 --> 03:44:13,200
colonies was Britain's first. 
Major Imperial setback, but it 

4295
03:44:13,200 --> 03:44:16,600
wouldn't be the last. 
The lesson was clear Empires 

4296
03:44:16,600 --> 03:44:19,300
built on Naval power and 
Commercial Advantage, were 

4297
03:44:19,300 --> 03:44:21,600
vulnerable. 
When local populations decided 

4298
03:44:21,600 --> 03:44:24,200
they no longer wanted to be 
governed by distant foreigners, 

4299
03:44:24,200 --> 03:44:27,000
no matter how powerful those 
foreigners might be at Sea. 

4300
03:44:27,000 --> 03:44:29,900
After losing the American 
colonies, Britain was hurt and 

4301
03:44:29,908 --> 03:44:32,200
embarrassed, but determined to 
prove, they could do better 

4302
03:44:32,200 --> 03:44:34,400
elsewhere. 
They were lucky to have in 

4303
03:44:34,400 --> 03:44:37,500
India, which was becoming their 
most lucrative relationship, 

4304
03:44:37,500 --> 03:44:40,100
even if it was unexpectedly 
complex. 

4305
03:44:41,000 --> 03:44:45,300
By the 1800s, calling India, the
jewel in the crown wasn't just 

4306
03:44:45,300 --> 03:44:48,000
poetic language, it was an 
economic reality. 

4307
03:44:48,000 --> 03:44:51,700
The wealth flowing from the 
subcontinent was extraordinary 

4308
03:44:51,700 --> 03:44:57,100
cotton spices tea, opium and 
manufactured goods were 

4309
03:44:57,100 --> 03:44:59,400
generating revenues that made 
Britain, one of the wealthiest 

4310
03:44:59,400 --> 03:45:03,300
Nations on Earth but this wealth
came with responsibilities and 

4311
03:45:03,300 --> 03:45:07,000
complications that nobody had 
really planned for The thing 

4312
03:45:07,000 --> 03:45:10,200
about governing 300 million 
people across a subcontinent, is

4313
03:45:10,200 --> 03:45:14,000
that it's incredibly complex. 
Your managing people who speak 

4314
03:45:14,000 --> 03:45:17,500
dozens of different languages, 
follow different religions and 

4315
03:45:17,500 --> 03:45:20,200
have centuries of complicated 
relationships with each other 

4316
03:45:20,200 --> 03:45:22,800
and you're expected to make a 
profit while doing it. 

4317
03:45:23,600 --> 03:45:25,600
The East India Company, had 
grown from a trading 

4318
03:45:25,600 --> 03:45:28,900
organization into essentially, a
parallel government complete 

4319
03:45:28,900 --> 03:45:32,700
with its own armies, tax systems
and legal codes company 

4320
03:45:32,700 --> 03:45:35,500
officials lived, lavishly 
building, elaborate mansions, 

4321
03:45:35,500 --> 03:45:38,400
and hosting parties that would 
have impressed European royalty.

4322
03:45:39,400 --> 03:45:42,600
But they were all dealing with 
famines rebellion's and the 

4323
03:45:42,608 --> 03:45:44,900
constant challenge of 
maintaining control over 

4324
03:45:44,900 --> 03:45:47,000
territories larger than most 
European countries. 

4325
03:45:47,000 --> 03:45:51,100
The Indian rebellion of 1857 
served as a significant 

4326
03:45:51,100 --> 03:45:55,600
Awakening a mutiny among Indian 
soldiers, escalated into a 

4327
03:45:55,600 --> 03:45:57,800
wide-spread Uprising throughout 
Northern India. 

4328
03:45:57,800 --> 03:46:01,900
Thereby forcing the company to 
fight for its own Survival, The 

4329
03:46:01,900 --> 03:46:03,800
immediate trigger was rumors 
about ammunition. 

4330
03:46:03,800 --> 03:46:06,300
Cartridges, being greased with 
cow and pig fat. 

4331
03:46:06,300 --> 03:46:10,200
Offensive to both Hindu and 
Muslim soldiers, but the real 

4332
03:46:10,200 --> 03:46:13,500
cause is went much deeper. 
The company had been gradually 

4333
03:46:13,500 --> 03:46:15,900
taking over more and more 
aspects of Indian life. 

4334
03:46:15,900 --> 03:46:19,900
Raising taxes changing 
traditional arrangements and 

4335
03:46:19,900 --> 03:46:22,600
generally making life more 
difficult for local populations 

4336
03:46:22,600 --> 03:46:26,500
while getting richer themselves.
Eventually the changes created 

4337
03:46:26,500 --> 03:46:28,800
enough resentment to explode in 
to open Rebellion. 

4338
03:46:29,500 --> 03:46:32,700
The rebellion was brutal on both
sides, the atrocities that 

4339
03:46:32,700 --> 03:46:36,200
shocked, even people accustomed 
to Colonial violence when 

4340
03:46:36,200 --> 03:46:38,100
British forces. 
Finally regained control. 

4341
03:46:38,100 --> 03:46:41,000
The response was Swift. 
And decisive East. 

4342
03:46:41,000 --> 03:46:43,700
India Company was dissolved and 
the British government took 

4343
03:46:43,700 --> 03:46:47,200
Direct Control of India. 
Someone responsible needed to 

4344
03:46:47,200 --> 03:46:50,400
take charge the new Arrangement 
known as the British. 

4345
03:46:50,400 --> 03:46:53,400
Raj was supposed to be more 
professional and less extractive

4346
03:46:53,400 --> 03:46:56,000
than company rule. 
The idea was that government 

4347
03:46:56,000 --> 03:46:59,600
officials unlike company 
employees were prioritized 

4348
03:46:59,600 --> 03:47:01,400
beneficial governance over pure 
profit. 

4349
03:47:02,400 --> 03:47:05,100
In practice, it was more a 
change in management structure 

4350
03:47:05,100 --> 03:47:07,900
than a fundamental reform of a 
system designed to benefit 

4351
03:47:07,900 --> 03:47:10,200
outside as the expense of 
locals. 

4352
03:47:11,100 --> 03:47:13,700
This period saw the construction
of massive infrastructure 

4353
03:47:13,700 --> 03:47:17,700
projects, Railways telegraphs, 
irrigation systems and 

4354
03:47:17,700 --> 03:47:20,500
administrative buildings that 
still got the Indian landscape 

4355
03:47:20,500 --> 03:47:23,600
today. 
The British built these, not out

4356
03:47:23,600 --> 03:47:26,700
of altruism but because 
effective extraction requires 

4357
03:47:26,700 --> 03:47:30,000
effective infrastructure. 
Better roads, and Railways, made

4358
03:47:30,000 --> 03:47:32,400
everything work more 
efficiently, but the primary 

4359
03:47:32,400 --> 03:47:35,600
beneficiary was still Britain. 
The railway system perfectly 

4360
03:47:35,600 --> 03:47:38,700
demonstrates. 
This Dynamic by 1900. 

4361
03:47:38,700 --> 03:47:41,600
India had one of the largest 
railway networks in the world, 

4362
03:47:41,600 --> 03:47:45,700
which was genuinely, impressive 
and useful trains connected 

4363
03:47:45,700 --> 03:47:49,400
remote regions facilitated trade
and made travel easier for 

4364
03:47:49,400 --> 03:47:52,100
millions of people. 
But the network was designed 

4365
03:47:52,100 --> 03:47:55,700
primarily to move raw materials,
from the interior to Coastal 

4366
03:47:55,700 --> 03:47:59,600
ports, and finished goods from 
ports to markets a pattern that 

4367
03:47:59,600 --> 03:48:02,900
benefited British manufacturers 
much more than Indian ones. 

4368
03:48:03,900 --> 03:48:05,500
Imperial wealth was 
simultaneously. 

4369
03:48:05,500 --> 03:48:09,700
Transforming British Society. 
Bengali fortunes enabled the 

4370
03:48:09,700 --> 03:48:12,000
construction of Grand Mansion in
the countryside. 

4371
03:48:12,000 --> 03:48:15,800
Entire families could live 
comfortably on the pension of 

4372
03:48:15,800 --> 03:48:20,300
relatives who served in India in
Indian textiles foods and ideas 

4373
03:48:20,300 --> 03:48:21,900
were influencing British 
culture. 

4374
03:48:22,700 --> 03:48:26,000
Despite Britain maintaining 
strict hierarchies the kept in 

4375
03:48:26,000 --> 03:48:28,000
Indian subordinate within their 
own country. 

4376
03:48:28,000 --> 03:48:32,100
Everyone recognized the irony 
British officials in India, 

4377
03:48:32,100 --> 03:48:34,600
lived in luxury, while promoting
the civilizing mission of 

4378
03:48:34,608 --> 03:48:37,100
Empire. 
Whereas back in Britain in 

4379
03:48:37,100 --> 03:48:39,400
industrial cities were filled 
with workers and during 

4380
03:48:39,400 --> 03:48:42,300
conditions often worse than 
those faced by many Indians. 

4381
03:48:43,600 --> 03:48:46,300
The wealth that made Britain a 
global power was unevenly 

4382
03:48:46,300 --> 03:48:48,300
distributed, even among the 
British themselves. 

4383
03:48:49,400 --> 03:48:51,900
But perhaps the most significant
long-term impact was 

4384
03:48:51,900 --> 03:48:54,800
educational. 
The British introduced English 

4385
03:48:54,800 --> 03:48:57,900
language education partly to 
create a class of Indians who 

4386
03:48:57,900 --> 03:49:00,700
could serve as intermediaries 
between British administrators 

4387
03:49:00,700 --> 03:49:04,200
and the local population. the 
unintended consequence was 

4388
03:49:04,208 --> 03:49:07,300
creating a generation of Indian 
intellectuals who could read 

4389
03:49:07,300 --> 03:49:10,600
British political philosophy, 
including ideas, about democracy

4390
03:49:10,600 --> 03:49:15,200
individual rights, and 
self-governance This educated 

4391
03:49:15,200 --> 03:49:17,300
class began to ask uncomfortable
questions. 

4392
03:49:17,300 --> 03:49:20,400
If these principles were 
beneficial enough for Britain. 

4393
03:49:20,400 --> 03:49:22,800
Why weren't they beneficial 
enough for in India? 

4394
03:49:22,800 --> 03:49:26,700
Ironically the British was 
sowing the seeds of Independence

4395
03:49:26,700 --> 03:49:28,400
through the very educational 
system. 

4396
03:49:28,400 --> 03:49:31,600
They had established to enhance 
the effectiveness of their rule 

4397
03:49:31,600 --> 03:49:34,700
by the mid-1800s. 
Britain had achieved something 

4398
03:49:34,700 --> 03:49:38,400
unprecedented in human history. 
They had become so globally 

4399
03:49:38,400 --> 03:49:40,900
dominant that they were 
essentially playing geopolitics 

4400
03:49:40,900 --> 03:49:44,000
alone at the top. 
But success brought its own 

4401
03:49:44,000 --> 03:49:46,500
problems. 
When you're the World's dominant

4402
03:49:46,500 --> 03:49:49,500
power, everyone else starts 
looking for ways to knock you 

4403
03:49:49,500 --> 03:49:52,800
down, enter Russia with all the 
subtlety of a freight train. 

4404
03:49:54,100 --> 03:49:57,400
The Russians were expanding 
south and east, methodically 

4405
03:49:57,400 --> 03:49:59,000
acquiring Central Asian 
territories. 

4406
03:50:00,100 --> 03:50:03,300
From Britain's perspective such 
activity was deeply concerning 

4407
03:50:03,300 --> 03:50:06,500
because Russian expansion told 
Afghanistan meant Russian 

4408
03:50:06,500 --> 03:50:09,700
expansion toward India and 
nobody was allowed to threaten 

4409
03:50:09,700 --> 03:50:13,700
the jewel in the crown. 
Thus began what Rudyard Kipling 

4410
03:50:13,700 --> 03:50:17,200
called the great game. 
The decades long strategic 

4411
03:50:17,200 --> 03:50:20,100
competition between Britain and 
Russia that played out across 

4412
03:50:20,100 --> 03:50:22,100
some of the most inhospitable 
terrain on Earth. 

4413
03:50:22,900 --> 03:50:26,400
It was expensive. 
Dangerous, geopolitics with real

4414
03:50:26,400 --> 03:50:28,200
consequences measured in 
Empires. 

4415
03:50:28,200 --> 03:50:31,900
The problem was geography. 
The distance between Russian 

4416
03:50:31,900 --> 03:50:35,000
territory and British, India was
filled with mountains, deserts, 

4417
03:50:35,000 --> 03:50:38,400
and tribal territories that 
nobody really controlled 

4418
03:50:39,500 --> 03:50:42,600
Ganister was the key piece. 
Whoever controlled Afghanistan. 

4419
03:50:42,600 --> 03:50:46,000
Could threaten India but 
Afghanistan Had An Inconvenient 

4420
03:50:46,000 --> 03:50:48,000
habit of being completely 
unconquerable. 

4421
03:50:49,200 --> 03:50:54,600
First Afghan war 1839 to 1842 
was Britain's attempt to install

4422
03:50:54,600 --> 03:50:57,800
a friendly ruler in Kabul and it
went disastrously wrong. 

4423
03:50:59,100 --> 03:51:02,100
The plan involved marching an 
army through mountain passes to 

4424
03:51:02,100 --> 03:51:04,500
impose a government on people 
who really didn't want one. 

4425
03:51:05,700 --> 03:51:08,300
The Retreat from Kabul became 
legendary for all the wrong 

4426
03:51:08,300 --> 03:51:12,300
reasons of the roughly 16,000 
people who began the retreat. 

4427
03:51:12,300 --> 03:51:15,000
Only one British officer made it
back to tell the story. 

4428
03:51:15,000 --> 03:51:18,200
It was a military disaster that 
should have made everyone 

4429
03:51:18,200 --> 03:51:20,600
reconsider their entire approach
to foreign policy. 

4430
03:51:20,600 --> 03:51:23,000
But here's the thing about 
Imperial momentum. 

4431
03:51:23,000 --> 03:51:26,000
Once you're committed to 
defending everywhere, you can't 

4432
03:51:26,008 --> 03:51:27,500
really afford to look weak 
anywhere. 

4433
03:51:28,200 --> 03:51:31,800
So despite the Afghan disaster, 
Britain kept expanding building 

4434
03:51:31,800 --> 03:51:35,100
Naval bases, signing treaties, 
with local rulers, and getting 

4435
03:51:35,108 --> 03:51:37,700
drawn into conflicts, that seem 
to multiply endlessly. 

4436
03:51:39,100 --> 03:51:43,900
The Crimean War 1853 to 1856 was
officially presented as a 

4437
03:51:43,900 --> 03:51:45,600
conflict. 
To protect the Ottoman Empire, 

4438
03:51:45,600 --> 03:51:49,500
from Russia and expansion. 
However, its true purpose was to

4439
03:51:49,500 --> 03:51:52,200
maintain the balance of power 
that secured Britain's Global 

4440
03:51:52,200 --> 03:51:54,600
position. 
Fighting in the Crimean. 

4441
03:51:54,600 --> 03:51:57,600
Peninsula was difficult and 
messy, and nobody looked 

4442
03:51:57,600 --> 03:52:00,800
particularly competent. 
This was also the war that 

4443
03:52:00,800 --> 03:52:04,300
introduced the world to Florence
Nightingale and modern nursing 

4444
03:52:04,300 --> 03:52:07,500
which tells you something about 
how badly things were going. 

4445
03:52:07,500 --> 03:52:10,400
That the most memorable outcome 
was improvements in medical care

4446
03:52:10,400 --> 03:52:14,300
for wounded soldiers. 
The Charge of the Light Brigade 

4447
03:52:14,300 --> 03:52:18,300
became famous poetry, but it was
famous because 600 Cavalry, 

4448
03:52:18,300 --> 03:52:21,500
charging directly into Canon 
fire was such a spectacular, 

4449
03:52:21,500 --> 03:52:23,800
example of military, 
incompetence. 

4450
03:52:24,800 --> 03:52:28,300
Couldn't stop talking about it. 
Meanwhile, the cost of 

4451
03:52:28,300 --> 03:52:31,100
maintaining this Global Empire 
was becoming astronomical 

4452
03:52:32,000 --> 03:52:35,400
Britain's Imperial commitments 
were accumulating steadily and 

4453
03:52:35,400 --> 03:52:39,000
each one required its Army and 
Navy to maintain the Royal Navy 

4454
03:52:39,000 --> 03:52:42,000
alone was larger than the next 
two navies combined and 

4455
03:52:42,000 --> 03:52:45,200
maintaining that Supremacy meant
constantly building new ships to

4456
03:52:45,200 --> 03:52:46,900
keep up with technological 
advances. 

4457
03:52:47,900 --> 03:52:51,200
When Ironclad warships replaced,
wooden ones, Britain had to 

4458
03:52:51,200 --> 03:52:54,600
replace its entire fleet. 
When steam power became 

4459
03:52:54,600 --> 03:52:57,300
standard, they had to build 
cooling stations around the 

4460
03:52:57,300 --> 03:52:59,400
world. 
There was a never-ending cycle 

4461
03:52:59,400 --> 03:53:02,800
of expensive upgrade on land. 
Britain was maintaining 

4462
03:53:02,800 --> 03:53:05,700
Garrison's from Gibraltar to 
Hong Kong in each Garrison, 

4463
03:53:05,700 --> 03:53:08,300
needed supplies reinforcements 
and local support. 

4464
03:53:09,200 --> 03:53:12,200
The logistics of empire were 
mine, balling coordinating, 

4465
03:53:12,200 --> 03:53:14,500
military operations across 
multiple times zones. 

4466
03:53:14,500 --> 03:53:17,900
When your fastest communication 
was still limited by the speed 

4467
03:53:17,900 --> 03:53:20,300
of telegraph cables, that could 
be cut by anyone with 

4468
03:53:20,300 --> 03:53:24,500
determination and basic tools. 
When local population's decided,

4469
03:53:24,500 --> 03:53:27,400
they'd had enough of foreign 
rule, the Indian Mutiny had. 

4470
03:53:27,400 --> 03:53:29,500
Demonstrated how quickly things 
could go wrong? 

4471
03:53:29,500 --> 03:53:32,900
Every British colony now, needs 
enough troops to maintain order 

4472
03:53:32,900 --> 03:53:35,400
but not so many that the cost 
becomes prohibitive. 

4473
03:53:36,600 --> 03:53:40,000
It was a delicate balance that 
required constant attention and 

4474
03:53:40,000 --> 03:53:44,300
enormous resources back home 
British Society was dealing with

4475
03:53:44,300 --> 03:53:47,500
the contradictions of Empire and
increasingly uncomfortable ways.

4476
03:53:48,300 --> 03:53:51,000
While the wealth from India and 
other colonists funded British 

4477
03:53:51,000 --> 03:53:53,500
Prosperity. 
It also raised moral questions 

4478
03:53:53,500 --> 03:53:57,500
that were difficult to dismiss 
How do you reconcile believing 

4479
03:53:57,500 --> 03:54:00,300
in Liberty and Justice with 
ruling over 100 of millions of 

4480
03:54:00,300 --> 03:54:02,400
people? 
But no say in their governance. 

4481
03:54:03,100 --> 03:54:05,700
Some British intellectuals 
convinced themselves that Empire

4482
03:54:05,700 --> 03:54:09,300
was actually beneficial for 
colonized, people's a civilizing

4483
03:54:09,300 --> 03:54:11,700
mission that brought progress in
Enlightenment to backward 

4484
03:54:11,700 --> 03:54:14,600
societies. 
Others were more honest about 

4485
03:54:14,600 --> 03:54:17,800
the economic motivations, but 
argued that the benefits justify

4486
03:54:17,800 --> 03:54:20,700
the costs. 
Still others, began questioning 

4487
03:54:20,700 --> 03:54:23,200
whether the whole entire prize 
was sustainable or ethical. 

4488
03:54:23,200 --> 03:54:26,200
These debates were mostly 
academic for ordinary British 

4489
03:54:26,200 --> 03:54:29,500
people who enjoyed Imperial 
Prosperity without having to 

4490
03:54:29,500 --> 03:54:31,300
think too deeply about where it 
came from. 

4491
03:54:32,300 --> 03:54:34,500
But they were becoming very real
for the growing number of 

4492
03:54:34,500 --> 03:54:37,900
educated Indians Africans and 
others who have been beginning 

4493
03:54:37,900 --> 03:54:42,000
to organize, and demand changes 
to the Colonial system by 1900. 

4494
03:54:42,000 --> 03:54:44,700
Britain's Empire covered roughly
a quarter of the earth's land 

4495
03:54:44,700 --> 03:54:47,600
surface and ruled over 400 
million people. 

4496
03:54:47,600 --> 03:54:51,100
Which sounds impressive, Until 
you realize that managing that 

4497
03:54:51,100 --> 03:54:54,200
many people across, that much 
territory was extraordinarily 

4498
03:54:54,200 --> 03:54:57,400
difficult trying to conduct an 
orchestra where half the 

4499
03:54:57,400 --> 03:54:59,800
musicians are in different 
buildings and none of them can 

4500
03:54:59,800 --> 03:55:02,800
hear the conductor. 
The first major crack in the 

4501
03:55:02,800 --> 03:55:05,300
Imperial facade came from an 
unexpected Direction. 

4502
03:55:06,200 --> 03:55:09,000
White settlers in South Africa 
who had the audacity to fight 

4503
03:55:09,000 --> 03:55:13,300
back. 
The ball War 1899 to 1902 was 

4504
03:55:13,300 --> 03:55:15,700
supposed to be a quick 
demonstration of British power, 

4505
03:55:15,700 --> 03:55:18,700
but it turned into a grinding 
conflict that revealed some 

4506
03:55:18,700 --> 03:55:22,400
uncomfortable truths about 
Imperial Warfare fighting Dutch 

4507
03:55:22,400 --> 03:55:24,500
farmers, who knew the terrain 
and had good rifles. 

4508
03:55:24,500 --> 03:55:26,900
Turned out to be much harder 
than anyone had anticipated. 

4509
03:55:27,900 --> 03:55:31,000
The British response was to 
invent concentration camps, not 

4510
03:55:31,000 --> 03:55:34,300
the Nazi death camps but the 
original version of Civilian, 

4511
03:55:34,300 --> 03:55:36,700
populations were confined to 
control guerrilla warfare. 

4512
03:55:36,700 --> 03:55:40,300
It worked from a military 
standpoint but the international

4513
03:55:40,300 --> 03:55:43,200
criticism was severe and the 
cost was enormous. 

4514
03:55:43,200 --> 03:55:46,000
Britain spent more money 
fighting a few thousand bore 

4515
03:55:46,000 --> 03:55:48,600
Farmers than they made spent on 
most previous colonial wars 

4516
03:55:48,600 --> 03:55:51,400
combined. 
More troubling was what the war 

4517
03:55:51,400 --> 03:55:53,200
of revealed about British 
Society itself. 

4518
03:55:54,000 --> 03:55:57,000
Physical examination of army 
recruits showed that a shocking 

4519
03:55:57,000 --> 03:55:59,400
percentage of young British. 
Men were unfit for military 

4520
03:55:59,400 --> 03:56:03,000
service, malnourished disease, 
and physically. 

4521
03:56:03,000 --> 03:56:06,900
Underdeveloped The empire was so
busy extracting well from other 

4522
03:56:06,900 --> 03:56:10,000
countries that it had neglected,
the health of its own population

4523
03:56:10,000 --> 03:56:13,400
World, War 1 was supposed to 
demonstrate the Empire's 

4524
03:56:13,400 --> 03:56:15,700
strength and unity and in some 
ways it did. 

4525
03:56:16,500 --> 03:56:19,700
Troops from India, Canada, 
Australia, New Zealand, and 

4526
03:56:19,700 --> 03:56:22,500
South Africa, fought alongside 
British forces. 

4527
03:56:22,500 --> 03:56:25,800
And the combined Imperial effort
was genuinely impressive. 

4528
03:56:26,500 --> 03:56:29,400
But the war also accelerated 
changes that would ultimately 

4529
03:56:29,400 --> 03:56:33,400
undermine Imperial Authority. 
The thing about asking people to

4530
03:56:33,400 --> 03:56:36,300
die for your cause is that it 
gives them certain moral 

4531
03:56:36,300 --> 03:56:37,800
authority to question it 
afterward. 

4532
03:56:37,800 --> 03:56:41,600
Indian soldiers who fought in 
Europe and Mesopotamia returned 

4533
03:56:41,600 --> 03:56:44,500
home with New Perspectives on 
British power and new 

4534
03:56:44,500 --> 03:56:46,300
expectations about political 
rights. 

4535
03:56:47,100 --> 03:56:49,000
It's difficult to tell someone 
they're not ready for 

4536
03:56:49,000 --> 03:56:51,300
self-governance after they've 
spent four years fighting 

4537
03:56:51,300 --> 03:56:54,900
Germans in the trenches, the 
economic cost of world war one 

4538
03:56:54,900 --> 03:56:57,300
was staggering. 
Britain went from being the 

4539
03:56:57,300 --> 03:56:59,700
world's largest Predator to 
being deeply in debt, 

4540
03:56:59,700 --> 03:57:01,600
particularly to the United 
States. 

4541
03:57:02,900 --> 03:57:04,400
Running. 
A global Empire is expensive 

4542
03:57:04,400 --> 03:57:07,300
under the best circumstances but
trying to do it while 

4543
03:57:07,300 --> 03:57:10,200
simultaneously fighting the most
destructive war in human history

4544
03:57:10,200 --> 03:57:14,400
was financially devastating. 
The interwar period, saw Britain

4545
03:57:14,400 --> 03:57:17,000
trying to maintain Imperial 
prestige on a reduced budget 

4546
03:57:17,000 --> 03:57:19,100
which worked out as well as 
you'd expect. 

4547
03:57:20,000 --> 03:57:23,200
Although the government of India
Act of 1919 promised in Indians 

4548
03:57:23,200 --> 03:57:26,600
greater self-governance, it's 
actual reforms were so limited 

4549
03:57:26,600 --> 03:57:29,100
that they fail to satisfy almost
anyone. 

4550
03:57:29,900 --> 03:57:33,100
Meanwhile a lawyer named Gandhi 
was developing new methods of 

4551
03:57:33,100 --> 03:57:36,500
resistance that was specifically
designed to make British rule 

4552
03:57:36,500 --> 03:57:38,800
look illegitimate and brutal 
Gandhi's. 

4553
03:57:38,800 --> 03:57:41,500
Genius was understanding that 
the moral Foundation of empire 

4554
03:57:41,500 --> 03:57:44,900
was already shaky. 
Most British people wanted to 

4555
03:57:44,900 --> 03:57:46,800
believe they were governing 
other countries for those 

4556
03:57:46,800 --> 03:57:49,500
countries benefit not just for 
British prophet. 

4557
03:57:50,200 --> 03:57:51,900
By organizing peaceful 
resistance. 

4558
03:57:51,900 --> 03:57:54,900
That provoked, violent 
responses, Gandhi, made it 

4559
03:57:54,900 --> 03:57:57,100
impossible to maintain that 
comfortable fiction. 

4560
03:57:57,900 --> 03:58:01,000
When British authorities beat 
peaceful protesters with clubs 

4561
03:58:01,000 --> 03:58:04,500
or opened fire on unarmed crowds
the civilizing. 

4562
03:58:04,500 --> 03:58:07,300
Mission started looking more 
like organized theft. 

4563
03:58:08,500 --> 03:58:10,900
In many ways, World War 2 was 
Britain's. 

4564
03:58:10,900 --> 03:58:14,600
Greatest achievement standing 
alone against Nazi, Germany in 

4565
03:58:14,600 --> 03:58:18,100
1940 required, genuine, courage,
and determination. 

4566
03:58:19,600 --> 03:58:22,400
Fighting that war required, 
mobilizing every possible 

4567
03:58:22,400 --> 03:58:25,900
resource, including the empires.
And it became increasingly 

4568
03:58:25,900 --> 03:58:29,700
difficult to justify denying 
political rights to people whose

4569
03:58:29,700 --> 03:58:32,000
contributions were essential to 
British survival. 

4570
03:58:33,400 --> 03:58:36,700
The Bengal Famine of 1943, which
killed between two and three 

4571
03:58:36,700 --> 03:58:38,800
million. 
People was a particularly dark 

4572
03:58:38,800 --> 03:58:41,500
moment while Britain was 
fighting for freedom and 

4573
03:58:41,508 --> 03:58:43,900
democracy. 
In Europe Imperial policies were

4574
03:58:43,900 --> 03:58:45,900
contributing to mass starvation 
in India. 

4575
03:58:46,800 --> 03:58:49,400
Challenging to maintain that 
you're fighting for Universal 

4576
03:58:49,400 --> 03:58:52,400
human rights while 
simultaneously presiding over 

4577
03:58:52,400 --> 03:58:55,200
preventable famine in your most 
important colony. 

4578
03:58:56,300 --> 03:59:00,600
By 1945 Britain had won the war 
but lost the economic foundation

4579
03:59:00,600 --> 03:59:04,200
of the empire. 
The country was exhausted broke 

4580
03:59:04,200 --> 03:59:08,300
and dependent on American Aid. 
The Royal Navy which had been 

4581
03:59:08,308 --> 03:59:11,700
the backbone of Imperial power 
for centuries was increasingly 

4582
03:59:11,700 --> 03:59:14,500
obsolete, in an age of air 
power, and nuclear weapons. 

4583
03:59:15,200 --> 03:59:17,600
Maintaining global Military 
Supremacy was no longer 

4584
03:59:17,600 --> 03:59:20,400
affordable and frankly no longer
possible. 

4585
03:59:21,900 --> 03:59:23,400
The people running, Britain were
stupid. 

4586
03:59:23,400 --> 03:59:25,500
They could see that. 
The old system was 

4587
03:59:25,500 --> 03:59:28,000
unsustainable. 
The question wasn't whether to 

4588
03:59:28,000 --> 03:59:31,000
end the Empire, but how to do it
in a way that preserved British 

4589
03:59:31,000 --> 03:59:34,100
influence and prevented complete
chaos in former colonies. 

4590
03:59:35,200 --> 03:59:37,900
Some British politicians hope 
they could transition to a new 

4591
03:59:37,908 --> 03:59:41,600
kind of relationship informal 
influence and of formal control 

4592
03:59:41,600 --> 03:59:44,900
economic Partnerships and state 
of colonial extraction. 

4593
03:59:44,900 --> 03:59:48,300
The idea was to maintain the 
benefits of Empire without the 

4594
03:59:48,300 --> 03:59:50,800
costs and moral complications of
direct rule. 

4595
03:59:51,600 --> 03:59:54,300
It was an attractive Theory but 
it assumed that newly 

4596
03:59:54,300 --> 03:59:56,800
independent countries would want
to maintain close ties with 

4597
03:59:56,800 --> 03:59:59,500
their former Colonial Masters 
which turned out to be 

4598
03:59:59,508 --> 04:00:01,600
questionable. 
The end of the British Empire 

4599
04:00:01,608 --> 04:00:04,000
wasn't sudden. 
It was more of a very long, very

4600
04:00:04,000 --> 04:00:07,400
complicated process involving 
dozens of countries, hundreds of

4601
04:00:07,400 --> 04:00:10,200
treaties, and countless 
opportunities for things to go 

4602
04:00:10,200 --> 04:00:13,700
spectacularly wrong. 
Britain had spent centuries 

4603
04:00:13,700 --> 04:00:15,800
acquiring territories giving 
them back. 

4604
04:00:15,800 --> 04:00:18,100
Would prove to be almost as 
challenging as taking them in 

4605
04:00:18,100 --> 04:00:21,900
the first place. 
India's independence in 1947 was

4606
04:00:21,900 --> 04:00:25,500
both the inevitable beginning of
the end and a case study in how 

4607
04:00:25,500 --> 04:00:27,600
decolonization could go horribly
wrong. 

4608
04:00:27,600 --> 04:00:30,700
Despite everyone's best 
intentions partition. 

4609
04:00:30,700 --> 04:00:34,200
The division of British India 
into India, and Pakistan was 

4610
04:00:34,200 --> 04:00:36,000
supposed to solve. 
The problem of religious 

4611
04:00:36,000 --> 04:00:38,100
tensions between Hindus and 
Muslims. 

4612
04:00:38,100 --> 04:00:42,000
Instead, he created one of the 
largest forced migrations in 

4613
04:00:42,000 --> 04:00:44,600
human history. 
With millions of people fleeing 

4614
04:00:44,600 --> 04:00:48,500
their homes and somewhere 
between 200,000 and 2 million 

4615
04:00:48,500 --> 04:00:50,600
people dying in communal 
violence. 

4616
04:00:51,500 --> 04:00:54,100
The British government's role in
Partition was problematic. 

4617
04:00:54,900 --> 04:00:58,100
Lord mountbatten the last Vice 
Royal of India was in the 

4618
04:00:58,108 --> 04:01:00,000
impossible task of drawing 
boarders. 

4619
04:01:00,000 --> 04:01:03,600
That would satisfy everyone 
which was roughly equivalent to 

4620
04:01:03,600 --> 04:01:07,000
being asked to divide a pizza in
a way that makes everyone happy 

4621
04:01:07,000 --> 04:01:11,900
when some people want pepperoni 
and others are vegetarian. the 

4622
04:01:11,900 --> 04:01:13,900
irony is that Britain's 
departure from India was 

4623
04:01:13,900 --> 04:01:17,200
probably about 50 years, too 
late to be graceful and about 

4624
04:01:17,200 --> 04:01:21,900
five years to early to be 
properly played By 1947 British 

4625
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:23,700
royal Authority. 
Had already collapsed in much of

4626
04:01:23,700 --> 04:01:26,900
the subcontinent, but the 
timeline for Independence was so

4627
04:01:26,900 --> 04:01:30,000
rushed that nobody had time to 
work out the Practical details 

4628
04:01:30,000 --> 04:01:32,200
of creating two new nations from
scratch. 

4629
04:01:33,100 --> 04:01:35,900
Meanwhile, other regions of the 
empire were coming to similar 

4630
04:01:35,900 --> 04:01:39,200
conclusions about British rule. 
Albeit through, different means 

4631
04:01:39,200 --> 04:01:42,200
in Palestine. 
Britain found itself, trying to 

4632
04:01:42,200 --> 04:01:45,600
balance promises made to the 
Jewish and Arab population's 

4633
04:01:45,600 --> 04:01:48,700
while dealing with increasingly 
violent resistance from both 

4634
04:01:48,700 --> 04:01:52,300
sides, The solution was to give 
up and hand the problem over to 

4635
04:01:52,300 --> 04:01:55,500
the newly created United 
Nations, which worked about as 

4636
04:01:55,500 --> 04:02:00,200
well as you'd expect. 
Suez Crisis of 1956 was the 

4637
04:02:00,200 --> 04:02:02,900
moment when Britain discovered, 
that being a former superpower 

4638
04:02:02,900 --> 04:02:06,600
means you still think you 
deserve special treatment, but 

4639
04:02:06,600 --> 04:02:09,800
nobody else agrees. 
When Egypt nationalized, the 

4640
04:02:09,800 --> 04:02:13,700
Suez Canal, Britain and France, 
invaded to retake it assuming 

4641
04:02:13,700 --> 04:02:16,100
they could still act 
unilaterally on the world stage.

4642
04:02:16,100 --> 04:02:19,700
The United States, essentially 
told them to sit down and behave

4643
04:02:19,700 --> 04:02:22,500
themselves, and Britain 
discovered that their special 

4644
04:02:22,500 --> 04:02:25,700
relationship with America didn't
include permission to start wars

4645
04:02:25,700 --> 04:02:29,200
without asking first The 
humiliation of Suez Mark, the 

4646
04:02:29,200 --> 04:02:32,200
psychological end of Empire. 
Even though formal 

4647
04:02:32,200 --> 04:02:35,700
decolonization would continue 
for decades, Britain could no 

4648
04:02:35,700 --> 04:02:37,600
longer pretend to be an 
independent Global power. 

4649
04:02:37,600 --> 04:02:41,200
They were now a regional power 
with global interests, the 

4650
04:02:41,200 --> 04:02:44,800
process of decolonization 
accelerated through the 1960s 

4651
04:02:44,800 --> 04:02:48,000
with African territories, 
gaining independence and Rapid 

4652
04:02:48,000 --> 04:02:50,900
succession. 
Some transitions were relatively

4653
04:02:50,900 --> 04:02:54,100
smooth. 
Gianna's Independence in 1957, 

4654
04:02:54,100 --> 04:02:58,200
was managed by Kwame nkrumah who
had been educated in British 

4655
04:02:58,200 --> 04:03:01,500
universities and understood how 
to work within British political

4656
04:03:01,500 --> 04:03:06,000
systems, others like Kenya 
experienced brutal, conflicts, 

4657
04:03:06,000 --> 04:03:10,400
that left lasting scars on both 
sides, The challenge for Britain

4658
04:03:10,400 --> 04:03:14,000
was figuring out what came next 
having spent centuries telling 

4659
04:03:14,000 --> 04:03:16,300
themselves that they governed 
other countries for those 

4660
04:03:16,300 --> 04:03:19,000
countries benefit. 
How do you maintain any 

4661
04:03:19,000 --> 04:03:21,000
influence? 
Once those countries are free to

4662
04:03:21,000 --> 04:03:24,000
choose their relationships. 
The answer was the Commonwealth,

4663
04:03:24,000 --> 04:03:26,800
a voluntary Association of 
Former colonies that would 

4664
04:03:26,800 --> 04:03:29,100
maintain cultural and economic 
ties with Britain. 

4665
04:03:30,300 --> 04:03:33,000
The Commonwealth was an attempt 
to preserve relationships after 

4666
04:03:33,000 --> 04:03:36,600
the formal Empire ended some 
countries such as Canada and 

4667
04:03:36,600 --> 04:03:40,000
Australia were pleased to 
maintain close ties, others, 

4668
04:03:40,000 --> 04:03:43,400
such as Ireland, wanted nothing 
to do with Britain Beyond basic 

4669
04:03:43,400 --> 04:03:45,500
diplomatic relations. 
Still. 

4670
04:03:45,500 --> 04:03:47,900
Others had more complex 
relationships that varied 

4671
04:03:47,900 --> 04:03:50,200
depending on who was in charge 
and what Britain had done 

4672
04:03:50,200 --> 04:03:53,000
lately. 
By the 1970s, the 

4673
04:03:53,000 --> 04:03:54,700
transformational was largely 
complete. 

4674
04:03:54,700 --> 04:03:58,300
Britain had gone from ruling a 
quarter of the world to being a 

4675
04:03:58,300 --> 04:04:01,500
medium-sized European country 
with some overseas territories 

4676
04:04:01,500 --> 04:04:05,700
and a lot of historical baggage.
Economic benefits of Empire, had

4677
04:04:05,700 --> 04:04:09,000
been replaced by the cost of 
managing decline, dealing with 

4678
04:04:09,008 --> 04:04:12,300
immigration, from former 
colonies, maintaining expensive 

4679
04:04:12,300 --> 04:04:15,400
military commitments that no 
longer served clear purposes and

4680
04:04:15,400 --> 04:04:18,000
figuring out Britain's role in a
world where they were no longer 

4681
04:04:18,008 --> 04:04:21,600
automatically important. 
We are still working out how the

4682
04:04:21,600 --> 04:04:24,200
legacy of Empire continues to 
shape both Britain and its 

4683
04:04:24,200 --> 04:04:28,100
former colonies in Britain 
imperial history remains a 

4684
04:04:28,100 --> 04:04:30,800
source of both pride and 
discomfort pride in the 

4685
04:04:30,800 --> 04:04:33,700
achievements and Global 
influence and discomfort with 

4686
04:04:33,700 --> 04:04:37,900
the methods and consequences in 
former colonies, the impacts of 

4687
04:04:37,908 --> 04:04:41,300
variance lie but they include 
everything from legal systems 

4688
04:04:41,300 --> 04:04:44,100
and languages to boarders and 
ethnic tensions that can be 

4689
04:04:44,108 --> 04:04:46,000
traced directly to colonial 
policies. 

4690
04:04:46,000 --> 04:04:49,200
Perhaps the most lasting Legacy 
is the English language itself, 

4691
04:04:49,200 --> 04:04:52,500
which became the global lingua 
Franca partly because the 

4692
04:04:52,500 --> 04:04:56,500
British Empire spreaded across 
the world, Today more people 

4693
04:04:56,500 --> 04:04:58,900
speaking English as a second 
language than as a first 

4694
04:04:58,900 --> 04:05:00,700
language. 
And the internet has made 

4695
04:05:00,700 --> 04:05:04,100
English fluency, essential for 
Global participation in ways 

4696
04:05:04,100 --> 04:05:07,600
that the Builders of Empire 
never could have imagined So 

4697
04:05:07,600 --> 04:05:10,500
there you have it. 
The rise and fall of the British

4698
04:05:10,500 --> 04:05:14,000
Empire, from a soggy island with
big Ambitions to a global 

4699
04:05:14,000 --> 04:05:17,100
superpower to a Modern Nation. 
Still figuring out, its place in

4700
04:05:17,100 --> 04:05:19,200
the world. 
It's a story about how 

4701
04:05:19,200 --> 04:05:23,100
geography, technology and human 
ambition can combine to create 

4702
04:05:23,100 --> 04:05:26,600
something unprecedented. 
And how even the most powerful 

4703
04:05:26,600 --> 04:05:29,100
systems eventually face the 
limits of their own 

4704
04:05:29,100 --> 04:05:32,400
contradictions? 
Sweet dreams and remember 

4705
04:05:32,400 --> 04:05:36,100
Empires may come and go. 
But the really good stories 

4706
04:05:36,100 --> 04:05:44,600
about them tend to stick around.
you know how sometimes the most 

4707
04:05:44,600 --> 04:05:48,100
ridiculous moments in history 
happen and powerful people try 

4708
04:05:48,100 --> 04:05:52,800
to do something perfectly normal
Well, settle in because you're 

4709
04:05:52,800 --> 04:05:56,700
about to hear about the time. 
Napoleon Bonaparte conquer of 

4710
04:05:56,700 --> 04:06:00,700
Europe, Emperor, France, the man
who redrew the map of the world 

4711
04:06:00,700 --> 04:06:04,100
got completely overwhelmed by a 
bunch of fluffy rabbits. 

4712
04:06:04,100 --> 04:06:08,800
Imagine Napoleon in July 1807 
when his power was at its peak, 

4713
04:06:08,800 --> 04:06:12,400
he is just signed the Treaty of 
tilsit with the Russia, which 

4714
04:06:12,400 --> 04:06:14,500
essentially divides Europe 
between him and Tsar. 

4715
04:06:14,500 --> 04:06:17,700
Alexander the firm as if they 
are splitting a Peter, the 

4716
04:06:17,700 --> 04:06:20,300
treaty negotiations, took place 
on a raft in the middle of the 

4717
04:06:20,300 --> 04:06:23,200
niemen river, which sounds 
uncomfortable, but was 

4718
04:06:23,200 --> 04:06:25,600
apparently the fashionable way 
to conduct International 

4719
04:06:25,600 --> 04:06:29,400
diplomacy back there. 
Napoleon is feeling pretty good 

4720
04:06:29,400 --> 04:06:32,800
about himself. 
He is 37 years old ruler of an 

4721
04:06:32,800 --> 04:06:36,000
Empire that stretches from Spain
to Poland and he's just 

4722
04:06:36,000 --> 04:06:38,600
convinced one of Europe's. 
Most powerful rulers to be his 

4723
04:06:38,600 --> 04:06:42,200
friend in stead of his enemy. 
In his mind, the occasion calls 

4724
04:06:42,200 --> 04:06:46,200
for a celebration, this is not 
just any celebration but one 

4725
04:06:46,200 --> 04:06:48,200
that is fittingly Imperial and 
manly. 

4726
04:06:48,800 --> 04:06:50,700
So, what does the emperor of 
France decide to do? 

4727
04:06:50,700 --> 04:06:53,900
He wants to go hunting. 
Specifically, he wants to go 

4728
04:06:53,908 --> 04:06:56,900
rabbit hunting. 
Now, this may seem like a 

4729
04:06:56,900 --> 04:07:00,600
perfectly reasonable way for a 
powerful man to decompress after

4730
04:07:00,600 --> 04:07:03,900
all hunting was the traditional 
pastime of European nobility. 

4731
04:07:04,700 --> 04:07:07,700
It showed you had Leisure Time, 
excellent, aim and weren't 

4732
04:07:07,700 --> 04:07:09,100
afraid to get a little dirt 
under your fingernails. 

4733
04:07:10,900 --> 04:07:13,800
This is where Napoleon's 
personality begins to emerge. 

4734
04:07:13,800 --> 04:07:16,800
Napoleon cannot simply go 
hunting like any other 

4735
04:07:16,800 --> 04:07:19,400
individual. 
Everything has to be grand. 

4736
04:07:19,400 --> 04:07:22,800
Everything has to be perfect and
everything has to make a 

4737
04:07:22,800 --> 04:07:24,900
statement. 
He doesn't want to wander 

4738
04:07:24,900 --> 04:07:28,100
through the woods so hoping to 
spot a rabbit or two, he desires

4739
04:07:28,100 --> 04:07:31,800
a hunt that is not only Grand 
but also spectacular a hunt that

4740
04:07:31,800 --> 04:07:35,100
will leave a lasting impression.
He turns to his chief of staff 

4741
04:07:35,100 --> 04:07:39,000
Alexandra Bertier, and tells him
to organize a rabbit hunt. 

4742
04:07:39,000 --> 04:07:42,800
This is not just any rabbit hunt
but a hunt fit for an emperor. 

4743
04:07:43,700 --> 04:07:46,700
The RTA who was dealt with 
Napoleon and grandiose ideas for

4744
04:07:46,700 --> 04:07:50,700
years probably size in early, 
but immediately gets to work. 

4745
04:07:51,400 --> 04:07:54,800
After all, if your boss is just 
conquered most of Europe, you 

4746
04:07:54,800 --> 04:07:56,600
don't argue with him about party
planning. 

4747
04:07:57,300 --> 04:07:59,800
The location chosen is the 
grounds around melisten 

4748
04:07:59,800 --> 04:08:03,200
Napoleon's country estate. 
It's a beautiful property with 

4749
04:08:03,200 --> 04:08:06,800
Rolling Hills scattered woods 
and plenty of open space. 

4750
04:08:06,800 --> 04:08:11,600
Perfect for a Hunting Party. 
The plan is simple, invite all 

4751
04:08:11,600 --> 04:08:14,000
the important Military Officers 
and government officials 

4752
04:08:14,000 --> 04:08:17,400
released hundreds of rabbits 
into the countryside, and then 

4753
04:08:17,400 --> 04:08:19,200
have a grand time, chasing them 
down. 

4754
04:08:20,300 --> 04:08:23,100
You can imagine Napoleon's 
excitement as the plans come 

4755
04:08:23,100 --> 04:08:25,300
together. 
He's probably pacing around his 

4756
04:08:25,300 --> 04:08:28,900
study hands clasped behind his 
back in that famous, Posse 

4757
04:08:28,900 --> 04:08:31,400
detailing, exactly. 
How he wants everything 

4758
04:08:31,400 --> 04:08:34,400
arranged, the weapons must be 
cleaned and prepared. 

4759
04:08:34,400 --> 04:08:37,800
The Refreshments must be 
perfect, and there must be many,

4760
04:08:37,800 --> 04:08:40,400
rabbits. 
This phase is, where he is 

4761
04:08:40,400 --> 04:08:42,700
starts to earn his reputation as
one of history, as most 

4762
04:08:42,700 --> 04:08:46,000
competent staff officers, he 
understands that his Emperor 

4763
04:08:46,000 --> 04:08:47,500
doesn't just want a Hunting 
Party. 

4764
04:08:47,500 --> 04:08:50,300
He wants to hunting party that 
will become a legend. 

4765
04:08:51,400 --> 04:08:53,800
Bertier starts the planning 
process with the same 

4766
04:08:53,800 --> 04:08:56,300
meticulousness. 
He would apply to a military 

4767
04:08:56,300 --> 04:08:59,400
campaign. 
First, he needs to secure the 

4768
04:08:59,400 --> 04:09:01,800
hunting grounds. 
The estate must be properly 

4769
04:09:01,800 --> 04:09:04,700
prepared with beaters, 
positioned to drive the rabbits 

4770
04:09:04,700 --> 04:09:06,900
toward the hunters. 
Then there's the matter of 

4771
04:09:06,900 --> 04:09:09,600
weapons. 
Find hunting rifles, for all the

4772
04:09:09,600 --> 04:09:13,100
guests, properly maintained and 
sighted food. 

4773
04:09:13,100 --> 04:09:15,900
And drink should also be 
provided for the guests as they 

4774
04:09:15,900 --> 04:09:18,400
will undoubtedly engage in a 
LinkedIn day of outdoor 

4775
04:09:18,400 --> 04:09:20,800
activities. 
They need to arrange 

4776
04:09:20,800 --> 04:09:23,100
transportation to and from the 
hunting grounds. 

4777
04:09:23,800 --> 04:09:27,200
Starting to sound less like a 
casual afternoon and more like a

4778
04:09:27,200 --> 04:09:30,300
logistical operation. 
But most importantly, Bertier 

4779
04:09:30,300 --> 04:09:33,100
needs rabbits Bertier. 
Requires an abundance of 

4780
04:09:33,100 --> 04:09:35,900
rabbits. 
The year is 1807, so it's not 

4781
04:09:35,900 --> 04:09:38,300
like he can just call up a 
rabbit supplier and place an 

4782
04:09:38,300 --> 04:09:40,300
order. 
He needs to find someone who can

4783
04:09:40,300 --> 04:09:42,200
provide hundreds of rabbits, on 
short notice. 

4784
04:09:42,200 --> 04:09:45,400
And they need to be the right 
kind of rabbits, healthy 

4785
04:09:45,400 --> 04:09:48,700
numerous and suitable for an 
imperial Hunting Party. 

4786
04:09:49,700 --> 04:09:52,700
As you drift off tonight, 
picture Napoleon in his study 

4787
04:09:52,700 --> 04:09:55,800
completely absorbed in planning,
what he thinks will be a perfect

4788
04:09:55,800 --> 04:09:58,900
day of hunting with no idea that
he is about to face one of the 

4789
04:09:58,900 --> 04:10:00,600
most embarrassing moments of his
career. 

4790
04:10:00,600 --> 04:10:04,900
So there's beta Napoleon's, most
trusted organizer facing what 

4791
04:10:04,900 --> 04:10:07,700
might seem like a simple task, 
get some rabbits for the 

4792
04:10:07,708 --> 04:10:10,800
emperor's hunting party, but you
know how it is when your boss 

4793
04:10:10,800 --> 04:10:13,600
wants something done perfectly 
suddenly, even the simplest job 

4794
04:10:13,600 --> 04:10:17,200
becomes complicated, Best starts
by doing what? 

4795
04:10:17,200 --> 04:10:20,100
Any sensible person would do. 
He asks around? 

4796
04:10:21,300 --> 04:10:23,700
Where does one acquire? 
Several hundred rabbits for a 

4797
04:10:23,700 --> 04:10:26,100
Hunting Party. 
It's not exactly the kind of 

4798
04:10:26,100 --> 04:10:28,200
question that comes up in normal
conversation. 

4799
04:10:29,100 --> 04:10:31,700
Oh by the way, do you know 
anyone who has a few hundred? 

4800
04:10:31,700 --> 04:10:34,200
Rabbits flying around asking for
an emperor? 

4801
04:10:34,200 --> 04:10:37,500
The answer it turns out is local
farmers and Rapid breeders. 

4802
04:10:38,400 --> 04:10:40,800
In early 19th century, France 
rabbit. 

4803
04:10:40,800 --> 04:10:44,600
Farming was actually quite 
common rabbits were a reliable 

4804
04:10:44,600 --> 04:10:48,100
source of meat and fur. 
They reproduced quickly and they

4805
04:10:48,100 --> 04:10:50,400
didn't require much space or 
expensive feed. 

4806
04:10:51,100 --> 04:10:53,600
Your average French farmer. 
Probably had a dozen or so 

4807
04:10:53,608 --> 04:10:55,300
rabbits in Hutch's behind his 
house. 

4808
04:10:55,300 --> 04:10:58,500
But Bertier, doesn't need a 
dozen rabbits, he needs 

4809
04:10:58,500 --> 04:11:01,100
hundreds. 
So he starts sending out his 

4810
04:11:01,100 --> 04:11:04,200
assistance to every farm and 
rabbit breeder within a day's 

4811
04:11:04,200 --> 04:11:06,500
travel of melames on. 
The message is simple. 

4812
04:11:06,500 --> 04:11:10,300
The emperor needs rabbits and he
needs them by a specific date. 

4813
04:11:10,300 --> 04:11:13,500
Money is no object. 
Now, you can imagine the 

4814
04:11:13,500 --> 04:11:16,200
conversations this must have 
sparked in, French Farmhouse 

4815
04:11:16,200 --> 04:11:18,000
houses. 
The emperor wants. 

4816
04:11:18,000 --> 04:11:21,200
Our rabbits does the emperor 
want them all the hunting? 

4817
04:11:21,900 --> 04:11:26,500
well, if bonapartes, rabbits 
Bonaparte gets Rapids, It 

4818
04:11:26,500 --> 04:11:28,500
probably seemed like the most 
patriotic thing. 

4819
04:11:28,500 --> 04:11:30,100
A rabbit farmer could do for 
France. 

4820
04:11:31,000 --> 04:11:34,200
Words quickly through the 
farming communities imperial 

4821
04:11:34,200 --> 04:11:36,900
agent soon contact, every 
rabbit, breeder in the region, 

4822
04:11:36,900 --> 04:11:40,100
the demand is so high. 
That people start bringing 

4823
04:11:40,100 --> 04:11:43,600
rabbits from farther and farther
away, carts full of rabbit, 

4824
04:11:43,600 --> 04:11:46,200
cages start rolling towards on 
from all directions. 

4825
04:11:46,200 --> 04:11:49,400
Here's where things get 
intriguing and were Bettye. 

4826
04:11:49,400 --> 04:11:51,900
Makes what historians now 
recognized as a crucial era. 

4827
04:11:51,900 --> 04:11:55,400
He so focused on getting enough 
rabbits that he doesn't pay 

4828
04:11:55,400 --> 04:11:57,100
close attention to, what kind 
he's getting. 

4829
04:11:58,100 --> 04:12:00,600
See, there are basically two 
types of rabbits, you might 

4830
04:12:00,600 --> 04:12:04,100
encounter in this situation. 
There are wild rabbits, the kind

4831
04:12:04,108 --> 04:12:06,900
that live in the woods and 
Fields that are naturally wary 

4832
04:12:06,900 --> 04:12:09,300
of humans and will run away. 
The moment, they are released, 

4833
04:12:09,300 --> 04:12:12,600
these are the rabbits that would
make for proper hunting skittish

4834
04:12:12,600 --> 04:12:15,400
Swift and inclined to scatter in
all directions. 

4835
04:12:15,400 --> 04:12:19,100
The moment they sense danger, 
then there are domestic rabbits,

4836
04:12:19,100 --> 04:12:21,500
the kind that farmers raise for 
meat and fur. 

4837
04:12:21,500 --> 04:12:25,400
These rabbits have been bred for
generations to be docile welfare

4838
04:12:25,400 --> 04:12:28,800
and comfortable around humans. 
They used to being handled and 

4839
04:12:28,800 --> 04:12:31,800
used to being fed by people and 
they associate humans with food 

4840
04:12:31,800 --> 04:12:35,700
and safety rather than Danger. 
Bertier in his rushed to fulfill

4841
04:12:35,700 --> 04:12:38,300
Napoleon's order ends up with a 
mix of both types. 

4842
04:12:38,300 --> 04:12:41,400
But here's the problem, the 
domestic rabbits vastly, 

4843
04:12:41,400 --> 04:12:45,000
outnumber the Wild Ones, most 
local farmers and breeders are 

4844
04:12:45,000 --> 04:12:47,200
supplying domestic rabbits 
because they have a larger 

4845
04:12:47,200 --> 04:12:50,600
quantity of them and domestic 
rabbits, it turns out behave 

4846
04:12:50,600 --> 04:12:52,800
very differently from wild. 
Rabbits, when released into the 

4847
04:12:52,808 --> 04:12:56,000
countryside, as the day of the 
hunter approaches hundreds of 

4848
04:12:56,000 --> 04:12:58,600
rabbits, and wooden cages are 
being transported to malm. 

4849
04:12:58,600 --> 04:13:00,900
The logistics alone are 
impressive. 

4850
04:13:00,900 --> 04:13:04,800
You've got dozens of cars. 
Each loaded with rabbit cages 

4851
04:13:04,800 --> 04:13:08,100
converging on Napoleon's. 
Estate the rabbits are fed and 

4852
04:13:08,100 --> 04:13:11,700
watered kept in the shade in 
generally treated better than 

4853
04:13:11,700 --> 04:13:13,400
many soldiers in Napoleon's 
Army. 

4854
04:13:14,100 --> 04:13:16,900
The staff at malamis on is 
probably a bit bewildered by the

4855
04:13:16,900 --> 04:13:20,300
whole operation. 
The stable boys are suddenly 

4856
04:13:20,300 --> 04:13:21,500
dealing with hundreds of 
rabbits. 

4857
04:13:21,500 --> 04:13:24,200
Instead of Horses. 
The groundskeepers are being 

4858
04:13:24,208 --> 04:13:26,300
asked to help prepare release 
points for the rabbits. 

4859
04:13:27,000 --> 04:13:29,700
The kitchen staff is also 
involved, as they must provide 

4860
04:13:29,700 --> 04:13:31,700
food for all the rabbits and the
hunt day. 

4861
04:13:31,700 --> 04:13:35,200
Meanwhile, Napoleon is getting 
more and more excited about his 

4862
04:13:35,200 --> 04:13:38,700
upcoming Hunting Party. 
Napoleon is likely examining his

4863
04:13:38,700 --> 04:13:42,400
hunting rifle strategizing with 
his officers and envisioning. 

4864
04:13:42,400 --> 04:13:45,100
The tales that will unfold from 
This Magnificent hunt. 

4865
04:13:45,100 --> 04:13:47,400
In his mind, it's going to be a 
perfect day. 

4866
04:13:47,400 --> 04:13:50,500
Good weather, good company. 
And plenty of rabbits to provide

4867
04:13:50,500 --> 04:13:52,800
exciting sport. 
Bertier. 

4868
04:13:52,800 --> 04:13:55,300
Meanwhile is dealing with the 
Practical details. 

4869
04:13:55,300 --> 04:13:58,700
Could you please advise on the 
optimal location for releasing 

4870
04:13:58,700 --> 04:14:00,900
the rabbits? 
How many should be released at 

4871
04:14:00,900 --> 04:14:03,000
once? 
Should they be released all at 

4872
04:14:03,000 --> 04:14:05,600
the same time or in waves to 
keep the hunting interesting 

4873
04:14:05,600 --> 04:14:08,400
throughout the day? 
These are the kinds of questions

4874
04:14:08,400 --> 04:14:11,400
that don't come up in military 
planning, but their crucial for 

4875
04:14:11,400 --> 04:14:14,900
a successful Hunting Party. 
The decision is made to release 

4876
04:14:14,900 --> 04:14:17,500
all the rabbits at once from 
several different points around 

4877
04:14:17,500 --> 04:14:20,700
the hunting grounds, the move 
should provide plenty of targets

4878
04:14:20,700 --> 04:14:23,000
and ensure that the rabbit 
scatter in all directions, 

4879
04:14:23,000 --> 04:14:25,300
giving everyone a good chance at
some hunting. 

4880
04:14:26,400 --> 04:14:29,300
Seems like a perfectly 
reasonable plan as you go to 

4881
04:14:29,300 --> 04:14:33,200
bed, imagine the rabbits in 
their cages unaware that they're

4882
04:14:33,200 --> 04:14:36,100
about to make history in the 
most unexpected way, the morning

4883
04:14:36,100 --> 04:14:39,000
of the great rabbit, hunt, 
Dawn's, clear, and bright the 

4884
04:14:39,000 --> 04:14:40,500
kind of summer day. 
That makes you want to be 

4885
04:14:40,508 --> 04:14:44,000
outside doing something active. 
Napoleon wakes up in an 

4886
04:14:44,000 --> 04:14:46,800
excellent mood. 
Probably humming to himself as 

4887
04:14:46,800 --> 04:14:48,400
he gets dressed in his hunting 
outfit. 

4888
04:14:48,400 --> 04:14:51,600
He's chosen his clothes 
carefully, elegant. 

4889
04:14:51,600 --> 04:14:54,200
But practical for fitting an 
emperor who's about to 

4890
04:14:54,200 --> 04:14:57,200
demonstrate his prowess. 
In the field, you can picture 

4891
04:14:57,200 --> 04:15:00,000
him standing in front of his 
mirror, adjusting his coat. 

4892
04:15:00,000 --> 04:15:02,000
Making sure everything is 
perfect. 

4893
04:15:02,000 --> 04:15:05,000
This isn't just a hunting trip. 
It's a performance. 

4894
04:15:06,300 --> 04:15:09,200
Napoleon wants to present 
himself as a masterful huntsman 

4895
04:15:09,200 --> 04:15:12,200
to all the important people in 
his government and Military who 

4896
04:15:12,200 --> 04:15:15,500
will be present. 
The guests start arriving at 

4897
04:15:15,500 --> 04:15:18,800
malaise on in the late morning. 
These aren't just casual friends

4898
04:15:18,800 --> 04:15:21,900
invited for a day of sport. 
These are the powerbrokers of 

4899
04:15:21,900 --> 04:15:24,900
the French Empire Military 
Officers, who've helped Napoleon

4900
04:15:24,900 --> 04:15:27,500
conquer Europe. 
Government officials who run his

4901
04:15:27,500 --> 04:15:30,500
administration and diplomats who
negotiate his treaties. 

4902
04:15:31,400 --> 04:15:34,100
Everyone's dressed in their 
finest hunting attire, carrying 

4903
04:15:34,100 --> 04:15:37,000
beautiful rifles. 
Looking forward to a day of 

4904
04:15:37,000 --> 04:15:40,700
Imperial entertainment. 
The atmosphere is festive and 

4905
04:15:40,700 --> 04:15:43,400
relaxed after years of constant 
Warfare. 

4906
04:15:43,400 --> 04:15:46,900
Everyone's ready for a break. 
The Treaty of tilsit has brought

4907
04:15:46,900 --> 04:15:49,900
a temporary piece to Europe and 
for the first time in years, 

4908
04:15:49,900 --> 04:15:52,600
Napoleon's, Inner Circle can 
gather without discussing 

4909
04:15:52,600 --> 04:15:56,100
military campaigns or political 
crises, it's just going to be a 

4910
04:15:56,100 --> 04:15:59,200
pleasant day of hunting tasty 
food and masculine camaraderie 

4911
04:15:59,200 --> 04:16:01,600
Bertier. 
Meanwhile, is running around 

4912
04:16:01,600 --> 04:16:03,200
making sure everything is 
perfect. 

4913
04:16:03,200 --> 04:16:06,100
These coordinating with the 
beaters, who will drive the 

4914
04:16:06,100 --> 04:16:08,700
rabbits toward the hunters, 
checking that the refreshment 

4915
04:16:08,700 --> 04:16:12,000
stations are properly stocked 
and making sure all the rifles 

4916
04:16:12,000 --> 04:16:13,600
are in. 
Excellent working order. 

4917
04:16:14,300 --> 04:16:17,100
He is also supervising the final
preparations for the Rapid 

4918
04:16:17,100 --> 04:16:19,500
Release. 
Throughout the hunting grounds. 

4919
04:16:19,500 --> 04:16:22,800
The rabbits themselves are 
placed in key, locations of 

4920
04:16:22,800 --> 04:16:25,200
cages are scattered through the 
woods and Fields. 

4921
04:16:25,200 --> 04:16:28,600
Each one containing several 
rabbits ready to be released on 

4922
04:16:28,600 --> 04:16:31,700
Signal Plan is beautifully 
simple. 

4923
04:16:31,700 --> 04:16:35,100
When Napoleon gives the word, 
all the cages will be open 

4924
04:16:35,100 --> 04:16:37,600
simultaneously. 
Releasing a small army of 

4925
04:16:37,600 --> 04:16:41,100
rabbits in to the countryside. 
The hunters will then fan out 

4926
04:16:41,100 --> 04:16:44,700
and begin their sport. 
What nobody realizes that the 

4927
04:16:44,700 --> 04:16:47,400
majority of these rabbits have 
spent their entire lives in 

4928
04:16:47,400 --> 04:16:50,500
captivity. 
They've been hand-fed by Farmers

4929
04:16:50,500 --> 04:16:54,600
handled by humans and generally 
treated as livestock rather than

4930
04:16:54,600 --> 04:16:57,400
wild animals. 
They don't have the instincts 

4931
04:16:57,400 --> 04:16:59,500
that would make them good 
hunting targets, they don't 

4932
04:16:59,500 --> 04:17:00,800
know. 
They're supposed to be afraid of

4933
04:17:00,800 --> 04:17:04,100
humans. 
The Hunting Party gathers in the

4934
04:17:04,100 --> 04:17:07,400
main field and Napoleon gives a 
little speech about the day's 

4935
04:17:07,400 --> 04:17:10,100
activities. 
He's in his element commanding 

4936
04:17:10,100 --> 04:17:13,100
attention, setting the tone for 
what he expects to be a 

4937
04:17:13,100 --> 04:17:15,400
memorable day. 
The rifles are loaded. 

4938
04:17:15,400 --> 04:17:18,700
The beaters are in position and 
everyone's ready for the grand 

4939
04:17:18,700 --> 04:17:21,700
release. 
Bertier, gives the signal and 

4940
04:17:21,700 --> 04:17:24,400
all across the hunting grounds 
caged doors, swing open. 

4941
04:17:25,400 --> 04:17:28,800
Hundreds of rabbits, hop out 
into the sunshine, probably 

4942
04:17:28,800 --> 04:17:31,800
blinking in the southern 
brightness and looking around to

4943
04:17:31,800 --> 04:17:35,300
get their bearings. 
For a brief moment, everything 

4944
04:17:35,300 --> 04:17:37,000
appears to be proceeding as 
planned. 

4945
04:17:37,000 --> 04:17:40,800
The hunters spread out across 
the field rifles, ready 

4946
04:17:40,800 --> 04:17:44,400
expecting the rabbits to scatter
in all directions and provide 

4947
04:17:44,400 --> 04:17:48,300
them with moving targets. 
Napoleon himself takes a 

4948
04:17:48,300 --> 04:17:49,500
position in the center of the 
field. 

4949
04:17:49,500 --> 04:17:52,100
Probably. 
Feeling very satisfied with how 

4950
04:17:52,100 --> 04:17:55,200
well everything is organized. 
But then something unexpected 

4951
04:17:55,200 --> 04:17:58,200
happens instead of running away 
from the humans. 

4952
04:17:58,200 --> 04:18:01,600
The rabbits start moving toward 
them, not just a few rabbits, 

4953
04:18:01,600 --> 04:18:05,300
but dozens of them, then 
hundreds, they're hopping across

4954
04:18:05,300 --> 04:18:06,600
the field with what appears to 
be. 

4955
04:18:06,608 --> 04:18:09,500
Determination heading straight 
for the hunting party. 

4956
04:18:09,500 --> 04:18:12,900
At first, the scene probably 
seems amusing rather than 

4957
04:18:12,900 --> 04:18:16,100
alarming, maybe Napoleon 
Chuckles and makes a joke about 

4958
04:18:16,100 --> 04:18:16,900
Brave. 
Rabbits. 

4959
04:18:16,900 --> 04:18:20,000
Maybe some of the officers laugh
about, rabbits, that don't know.

4960
04:18:20,000 --> 04:18:21,600
They're supposed to be afraid of
hunters. 

4961
04:18:21,600 --> 04:18:25,500
It's quirky and unexpected but 
not necessarily problematic. 

4962
04:18:25,500 --> 04:18:29,000
But the rabbits keep coming and 
more rabbits, keep emerging from

4963
04:18:29,000 --> 04:18:31,200
the woods. 
And instead of providing moving 

4964
04:18:31,200 --> 04:18:34,200
targets running away from the 
hunters, they're converging on 

4965
04:18:34,200 --> 04:18:38,600
the humans like their expecting 
something, which of course they 

4966
04:18:38,600 --> 04:18:40,700
are. 
They are expecting to be fed, 

4967
04:18:40,700 --> 04:18:43,800
just like they've been fed every
day of their lives. 

4968
04:18:45,400 --> 04:18:47,900
The Hunting Party Starts to 
realize that something is going 

4969
04:18:47,900 --> 04:18:50,500
very wrong with their carefully 
planned day of sport. 

4970
04:18:51,200 --> 04:18:54,000
These aren't wild rabbits 
behaving, like wild rabbits, 

4971
04:18:54,000 --> 04:18:56,500
these are domestic. 
Rabbits behaving, like domestic,

4972
04:18:56,500 --> 04:18:59,600
rabbits and domestic rabbits 
have very different ideas about 

4973
04:18:59,600 --> 04:19:02,800
what humans are for. 
As you drift off to sleep. 

4974
04:19:02,800 --> 04:19:06,200
Imagine Napoleon standing in 
that field rifle. 

4975
04:19:06,200 --> 04:19:09,100
In he observing hundreds of 
rabbits, hopping toward him with

4976
04:19:09,100 --> 04:19:12,100
an unmistakable confidence and 
beginning to realize that his 

4977
04:19:12,100 --> 04:19:15,100
perfect Hunting Party is about 
to transform into something 

4978
04:19:15,100 --> 04:19:18,500
entirely different pulling. 
Do you recall the moment when 

4979
04:19:18,500 --> 04:19:20,200
you become aware of a dire 
situation? 

4980
04:19:20,200 --> 04:19:22,900
Yet uncertain about how to 
address it? 

4981
04:19:23,600 --> 04:19:27,100
That's exactly where Napoleon 
finds himself as hundreds of 

4982
04:19:27,100 --> 04:19:30,400
rabbits, continue hopping toward
the hunting party with what can 

4983
04:19:30,400 --> 04:19:34,500
only be described as enthusiasm 
at first, the situation is more 

4984
04:19:34,500 --> 04:19:37,600
puzzling than alarming. 
These are supposed to be prey 

4985
04:19:37,600 --> 04:19:39,300
animals. 
After all, they're supposed to 

4986
04:19:39,300 --> 04:19:43,100
run away when they see humans 
with rifles instead, there are 

4987
04:19:43,108 --> 04:19:45,100
approaching like they're 
expecting a handout. 

4988
04:19:46,000 --> 04:19:49,200
Some of the officers are still 
chuckling nervously making jokes

4989
04:19:49,200 --> 04:19:52,000
about Fearless French rabbits 
showing their patriotic spirit. 

4990
04:19:52,800 --> 04:19:55,700
But the rabbits keep coming and 
they're not just approaching 

4991
04:19:55,700 --> 04:19:57,800
their surrounding the hunting 
party. 

4992
04:19:57,800 --> 04:19:59,700
It's like watching a slow 
motion. 

4993
04:19:59,700 --> 04:20:02,000
Avalanche of fur, and floppy 
ears. 

4994
04:20:02,900 --> 04:20:05,800
The rabbits hot closer and 
closer and some of them start 

4995
04:20:05,800 --> 04:20:08,200
doing what domestic rabbits do 
when they want attention from 

4996
04:20:08,200 --> 04:20:10,900
humans. 
They start climbing picture, 

4997
04:20:10,900 --> 04:20:14,000
imagine Napoleon, the emperor, 
France and Conquer of Europe, 

4998
04:20:14,000 --> 04:20:17,300
standing in a field As Rabbits, 
begin hopping onto his boots, 

4999
04:20:17,300 --> 04:20:20,400
then onto his legs, then up with
his coat. 

5000
04:20:21,100 --> 04:20:23,700
These aren't tiny rabbits, 
either, these are well-fed farm,

5001
04:20:23,700 --> 04:20:26,800
rabbits, some of them weighing 
several pounds each and their 

5002
04:20:26,800 --> 04:20:29,400
treating Napoleon, like he's 
their favorite farmer coming to 

5003
04:20:29,400 --> 04:20:31,400
feed them. 
The other Hunters are 

5004
04:20:31,400 --> 04:20:34,400
experiencing the same problem, 
rabbits are climbing all over 

5005
04:20:34,400 --> 04:20:36,200
them getting tangled in their 
hunting gear. 

5006
04:20:36,200 --> 04:20:39,900
Generally behaving like overly 
Friendly Pets rather than Wild 

5007
04:20:39,900 --> 04:20:42,400
game. 
Some of the offices are trying 

5008
04:20:42,408 --> 04:20:44,600
to gently. 
Push the rabbits away, but there

5009
04:20:44,600 --> 04:20:46,900
are too many of them and they 
keep coming. 

5010
04:20:48,200 --> 04:20:51,700
Napoleon's initial Amusement is 
rapidly turning to irritation. 

5011
04:20:51,700 --> 04:20:55,100
This is not how an imperial 
Hunting Party suppose to go. 

5012
04:20:55,100 --> 04:20:58,200
He's supposed to be 
demonstrating his, Marksmanship 

5013
04:20:58,200 --> 04:21:01,500
enjoying civilized Sport with 
his colleagues and creating 

5014
04:21:01,500 --> 04:21:03,200
stories that will enhance his 
reputation. 

5015
04:21:04,200 --> 04:21:07,900
Instead he's being overwhelmed 
by affectionate rabbits the 

5016
04:21:07,900 --> 04:21:10,200
situation gets worse. 
When the rabbits start 

5017
04:21:10,200 --> 04:21:13,100
exhibiting more, aggressive 
behavior, They are not 

5018
04:21:13,100 --> 04:21:15,800
aggressive in the sense of 
attacking but aggressive in the 

5019
04:21:15,800 --> 04:21:19,700
sense of relentlessly pursuing 
their desires and what they want

5020
04:21:19,700 --> 04:21:23,000
having been trained by a 
lifetime of human interaction is

5021
04:21:23,000 --> 04:21:25,900
food and attention from these 
humans who have appeared in 

5022
04:21:25,900 --> 04:21:28,900
their territory. 
Some of the larger rabbits begin

5023
04:21:28,900 --> 04:21:31,900
to exhibit Boulder Behavior. 
They're not just climbing on the

5024
04:21:31,900 --> 04:21:35,600
hunters, there exploring 
Pockets, chewing on clothing and

5025
04:21:35,600 --> 04:21:38,500
generally treating The Hunting 
Party like a mobile petting zoo 

5026
04:21:38,500 --> 04:21:41,900
Napoleon finds himself with 
rabbits in his coat Pockets 

5027
04:21:41,900 --> 04:21:45,300
rabbits tugging at his buttons 
and rabbits that seemed 

5028
04:21:45,300 --> 04:21:47,600
determined to climb all the way 
up to his shoulders. 

5029
04:21:48,400 --> 04:21:51,600
The rifles intended for hunting 
turn into completely useless 

5030
04:21:51,600 --> 04:21:54,000
tools. 
You can't shoot at Rapids that 

5031
04:21:54,000 --> 04:21:56,000
are climbing all over you 
without risking injury to 

5032
04:21:56,000 --> 04:21:59,000
yourself or your fellow hunters.
And even if you could get a 

5033
04:21:59,000 --> 04:22:01,800
clear shot, these rabbits are so
tame and friendly that shooting 

5034
04:22:01,800 --> 04:22:04,100
them would feel less like 
hunting and more like Massacre. 

5035
04:22:04,100 --> 04:22:06,600
Their tier watching this 
disaster on fold. 

5036
04:22:06,600 --> 04:22:10,200
Probably realizes exactly what 
went wrong. instead of 

5037
04:22:10,208 --> 04:22:13,500
encountering wild, rabbits 
Bettie has encountered, domestic

5038
04:22:13,500 --> 04:22:16,900
rabbits who view humans as 
sources of food and comfort, 

5039
04:22:16,900 --> 04:22:20,600
rather than as potential 
predators But realizing the 

5040
04:22:20,600 --> 04:22:23,100
problem and fixing it, a two 
different things, especially 

5041
04:22:23,100 --> 04:22:25,300
when you're dealing with 
hundreds of determined rabbits, 

5042
04:22:25,300 --> 04:22:28,300
the hunters try various 
strategies to deal with their 

5043
04:22:28,300 --> 04:22:31,800
situation, some attempt to walk 
away from the rabbits but the 

5044
04:22:31,800 --> 04:22:34,800
rabbits simply follow them. 
Treating the scenario is a fun 

5045
04:22:34,808 --> 04:22:37,300
game. 
Others try to shoo the rabbits 

5046
04:22:37,300 --> 04:22:40,800
away but the rabbits interpret 
this as playful interaction and 

5047
04:22:40,800 --> 04:22:43,600
become even more enthusiastic 
Napoleon. 

5048
04:22:43,600 --> 04:22:46,300
Meanwhile is getting genuinely 
frustrated, he's trying to 

5049
04:22:46,308 --> 04:22:48,900
maintain his Imperial dignity 
while literally covered in 

5050
04:22:48,900 --> 04:22:52,300
rabbits, every time he manages 
to remove one rabbit, from his 

5051
04:22:52,300 --> 04:22:54,100
personal two more take its 
place. 

5052
04:22:54,100 --> 04:22:57,500
His carefully planned hunting. 
Outfit is getting covered in a 

5053
04:22:57,500 --> 04:23:00,000
rabbit fur and possibly other 
things that rabbits leave 

5054
04:23:00,000 --> 04:23:02,300
behind. 
The other members of The Hunting

5055
04:23:02,300 --> 04:23:03,600
Party are having their 
struggles. 

5056
04:23:03,600 --> 04:23:06,300
These men in Portland, 
government officials and 

5057
04:23:06,300 --> 04:23:09,200
Military Officers are accustomed
to receiving respect and 

5058
04:23:09,200 --> 04:23:11,700
deference. 
Instead they're being treated 

5059
04:23:11,700 --> 04:23:15,000
like walking Rabbit toys by an 
army of overly friendly farm 

5060
04:23:15,000 --> 04:23:18,500
animals, the beaters who were 
supposed to drive the rabbits 

5061
04:23:18,500 --> 04:23:21,100
toward the hunters a standing 
around looking confused. 

5062
04:23:21,100 --> 04:23:23,800
Their job was to make sure the 
rabbits ran in the right 

5063
04:23:23,800 --> 04:23:25,800
direction. 
But these rabbits don't need to 

5064
04:23:25,800 --> 04:23:28,900
be driven anywhere. 
The rabbits are precisely where 

5065
04:23:28,900 --> 04:23:31,600
they should be swarming all over
the humans. 

5066
04:23:31,600 --> 04:23:33,100
They believe are there to feed 
them. 

5067
04:23:33,100 --> 04:23:37,000
As the situation continues to 
deteriorate, Napoleon starts 

5068
04:23:37,000 --> 04:23:39,600
giving orders. 
He's a military commander after 

5069
04:23:39,600 --> 04:23:43,000
all and his instinct when faced 
with a crisis is to take charge 

5070
04:23:43,000 --> 04:23:46,400
and start issuing commands. 
What exactly do you instruct 

5071
04:23:46,400 --> 04:23:49,800
when you're being surrounded by 
amiable rabbits Retreat, from 

5072
04:23:49,800 --> 04:23:52,600
the rabbits, doesn't sound very 
Imperial tonight. 

5073
04:23:52,600 --> 04:23:55,600
As you settle in picture, 
Napoleon standing in that field 

5074
04:23:55,600 --> 04:23:59,100
is Imperial composure, beginning
to crack as he realizes that 

5075
04:23:59,100 --> 04:24:01,100
he's about to suffer. 
One of the most ridiculous 

5076
04:24:01,100 --> 04:24:04,100
defeats of his career. 
At the hands of creatures, that 

5077
04:24:04,100 --> 04:24:07,600
weigh less than his boots. 
Every disaster culminates in a 

5078
04:24:07,600 --> 04:24:10,100
realization that maintaining 
dignity is no longer a luxury. 

5079
04:24:11,000 --> 04:24:14,600
For Napoleon that moment arrives
when a particularly large rabbit

5080
04:24:14,600 --> 04:24:17,700
managers to climb all the way 
up, his coat and perch on his 

5081
04:24:17,700 --> 04:24:19,300
shoulder. 
Like some kind of furry 

5082
04:24:19,300 --> 04:24:23,400
floppy-eared parrot, The emperor
of France, the man who has 

5083
04:24:23,400 --> 04:24:26,600
stared down the armies of 
Austria Prussia and Russia finds

5084
04:24:26,600 --> 04:24:29,900
himself in the utterly 
ridiculous position of being 

5085
04:24:29,900 --> 04:24:33,200
unable to dislodge, a single 
rabbit from his personal without

5086
04:24:33,200 --> 04:24:35,400
losing his balance and 
potentially falling over. 

5087
04:24:36,300 --> 04:24:39,300
naturally dozens of other 
rabbits around his feet hopping 

5088
04:24:39,300 --> 04:24:43,400
back and forth, rendering any 
abrupt movement hazardous You 

5089
04:24:43,400 --> 04:24:45,900
can imagine the thoughts going 
through Napoleon's head at this 

5090
04:24:45,900 --> 04:24:48,000
moment. 
This is supposed to be a 

5091
04:24:48,000 --> 04:24:50,800
relaxing day of sport. 
A chance to unwind with his 

5092
04:24:50,800 --> 04:24:54,000
closest Associates and enjoy 
some traditional aristocratic 

5093
04:24:54,000 --> 04:24:57,600
entertainment. 
Instead an army of overly 

5094
04:24:57,600 --> 04:25:00,600
affectionate farm animals is 
treating him like a jungle gym. 

5095
04:25:01,400 --> 04:25:03,100
The other Hunters are faring, 
know better. 

5096
04:25:03,100 --> 04:25:06,300
The creatures that eat lettuce 
are defeating these seasoned 

5097
04:25:06,300 --> 04:25:08,900
Military Officers who have 
charged into battle without 

5098
04:25:08,900 --> 04:25:11,100
flinching. 
Some of them are trying to 

5099
04:25:11,100 --> 04:25:14,200
maintain their composure, but 
it's hard to look dignified when

5100
04:25:14,200 --> 04:25:16,600
you're covered in rabbit fur and
there's a rabbit trying to nest 

5101
04:25:16,600 --> 04:25:20,400
in your hat. 
The situation reaches its peak, 

5102
04:25:20,400 --> 04:25:24,400
when someone history doesn't 
record, who makes the Fatal 

5103
04:25:24,400 --> 04:25:26,400
mistake of trying to run away 
from the rabbits. 

5104
04:25:27,100 --> 04:25:30,000
Perhaps, it's one of the younger
officers, someone who thinks he 

5105
04:25:30,000 --> 04:25:32,800
can simply outrun the problem. 
But running turns out to be 

5106
04:25:32,800 --> 04:25:35,800
exactly the wrong strategy, 
because it triggers every 

5107
04:25:35,800 --> 04:25:38,200
rabbits instinct to chase after 
something that's moving. 

5108
04:25:39,000 --> 04:25:41,100
Suddenly instead of just 
climbing on the stationary 

5109
04:25:41,100 --> 04:25:43,600
humans, the rabbits start 
hopping off to the running 

5110
04:25:43,600 --> 04:25:48,500
humans and rabbits, it turns out
a surprise when they want to be.

5111
04:25:49,300 --> 04:25:52,600
They can hop at speeds of up to 
25 miles per hour, which is 

5112
04:25:52,608 --> 04:25:55,300
considerably fast than most 
humans can run while carrying 

5113
04:25:55,300 --> 04:25:58,200
hunting rifles and wearing 
formal hunting attire. 

5114
04:25:59,200 --> 04:26:02,200
Napoleon seeing one of his 
officers being chased across the

5115
04:26:02,200 --> 04:26:05,900
field by a horde of bouncing, 
rabbits probably realizes that 

5116
04:26:05,900 --> 04:26:09,400
the situation has moved Beyond 
embarrassing and into the realm 

5117
04:26:09,400 --> 04:26:12,900
of the completely absurd. 
This is the kind of seen that 

5118
04:26:12,900 --> 04:26:15,000
would be funny if it were 
happening to someone else but is

5119
04:26:15,000 --> 04:26:17,900
absolutely mortifying when it's 
happening to you. 

5120
04:26:19,100 --> 04:26:22,200
The decision is reached though. 
It is not entirely clear who 

5121
04:26:22,200 --> 04:26:24,800
made it that the Hunting Party 
should Retreat. 

5122
04:26:24,800 --> 04:26:28,200
It's not a tactical 
repositioning or a strategic 

5123
04:26:28,200 --> 04:26:31,400
withdrawal, but a genuine 
Retreat from an army of rabbits.

5124
04:26:32,200 --> 04:26:35,700
Napoleon who has never retreated
from a human enemy is about to 

5125
04:26:35,700 --> 04:26:38,800
retreat from a bunch of farm 
animals but retreating from 

5126
04:26:38,800 --> 04:26:41,300
Rabbits, turns out to be more 
complicated than retreating. 

5127
04:26:41,300 --> 04:26:44,400
From say, Austrian Cavalry. 
The rabbits don't understand 

5128
04:26:44,400 --> 04:26:47,500
military protocol, they don't 
recognize surrender Flags or 

5129
04:26:47,500 --> 04:26:49,800
ceasefire signals. 
They just see their favorite 

5130
04:26:49,800 --> 04:26:52,500
humans trying to leave and their
determined to follow. 

5131
04:26:53,800 --> 04:26:56,600
The hunting party starts moving 
toward their carriages, but the 

5132
04:26:56,608 --> 04:26:59,800
rabbits move with them. 
Like trying to evacuate a 

5133
04:26:59,800 --> 04:27:02,500
building while being followed by
hundreds of overly enthusiastic 

5134
04:27:02,500 --> 04:27:05,400
pets. 
Every step toward the carriages 

5135
04:27:05,400 --> 04:27:08,400
is accompanied by a bouncing 
escort of rabbits who seem to 

5136
04:27:08,400 --> 04:27:11,400
think their presence is the most
entertaining thing that's ever 

5137
04:27:11,400 --> 04:27:14,100
happened to them. 
Napoleon trying to maintain 

5138
04:27:14,100 --> 04:27:15,900
some. 
Semblance of Imperial dignity 

5139
04:27:15,900 --> 04:27:20,000
walks as calmly as he can toward
his Carriage, but it's hard to 

5140
04:27:20,000 --> 04:27:22,900
look Imperial when your brushing
rabbits off your coat, every few

5141
04:27:22,900 --> 04:27:25,400
steps and there's rabbit fur 
floating around. 

5142
04:27:25,400 --> 04:27:29,400
You like some kind of Barnyard, 
snowstorm Carriages when they 

5143
04:27:29,408 --> 04:27:31,400
finally reach them present their
problems. 

5144
04:27:32,000 --> 04:27:35,900
The rabbits completely terrify 
the horses horses and rabbits 

5145
04:27:35,900 --> 04:27:39,000
don't normally interact and the 
horses aren't sure what to make 

5146
04:27:39,000 --> 04:27:41,300
of these small bounce and 
creatures that keep hopping 

5147
04:27:41,300 --> 04:27:44,200
around their hooves. 
Some of the horses are dancing. 

5148
04:27:44,200 --> 04:27:47,800
Nervously, others are trying to 
back away and the Coachmen are 

5149
04:27:47,800 --> 04:27:49,000
struggling to keep them under 
control. 

5150
04:27:50,100 --> 04:27:52,800
Getting into the carriages 
becomes an operation in itself. 

5151
04:27:52,800 --> 04:27:55,800
The moment someone opens a 
carriage door rabbit start 

5152
04:27:55,800 --> 04:27:59,100
trying to hop inside they're not
being malicious, they just want 

5153
04:27:59,100 --> 04:28:01,700
to continue their interaction 
with these fascinating humans. 

5154
04:28:02,800 --> 04:28:05,500
But having a carriage full of 
rabbits, is not exactly what 

5155
04:28:05,500 --> 04:28:07,900
Napoleon had in mind for his 
dignified departure. 

5156
04:28:08,800 --> 04:28:12,300
The scene becomes increasingly 
chaotic as The Hunting Party 

5157
04:28:12,300 --> 04:28:14,900
tries to separate themselves 
from their rabbit admirers. 

5158
04:28:16,000 --> 04:28:18,300
Some of the officers are 
literally having to pick rabbits

5159
04:28:18,300 --> 04:28:20,700
off the themselves and set them 
down before climbing into 

5160
04:28:20,700 --> 04:28:24,000
carriages, others are trying to 
create barriers to keep the 

5161
04:28:24,000 --> 04:28:27,400
rabbits from following them. 
Napoleon finally makes it to his

5162
04:28:27,400 --> 04:28:30,100
Carriage probably with less 
Grace than he's used to 

5163
04:28:30,108 --> 04:28:33,300
displaying in public. 
The Coachman, who was never 

5164
04:28:33,300 --> 04:28:36,500
dealt with a rabbit Siege before
his doing his best, to keep the 

5165
04:28:36,500 --> 04:28:38,400
rabbits from climbing onto the 
carriage itself. 

5166
04:28:39,400 --> 04:28:41,900
Some of the more athletic 
rabbits are actually managing to

5167
04:28:41,900 --> 04:28:44,200
hop onto the running boards and 
peer into the windows. 

5168
04:28:44,900 --> 04:28:48,000
As you drift off tonight. 
Imagine Napoleon sitting in his 

5169
04:28:48,000 --> 04:28:51,800
Carriage, looking out at a field
full of rabbits who have 

5170
04:28:51,800 --> 04:28:54,600
probably wondering why their new
human friends are leaving and 

5171
04:28:54,600 --> 04:28:57,100
trying to figure out how he's 
going to explain the matter to 

5172
04:28:57,100 --> 04:28:58,800
anyone. 
The carriage ride back to 

5173
04:28:58,800 --> 04:29:01,500
Melbourne, is probably one of 
the most awkward Journeys in 

5174
04:29:01,500 --> 04:29:05,100
Napoleon's life. 
Here he is the Emperor France 

5175
04:29:05,100 --> 04:29:07,900
fresh from one of the most 
embarrassing defeats in military

5176
04:29:07,900 --> 04:29:11,400
history and he has to sit there 
with rabbit first still clinging

5177
04:29:11,400 --> 04:29:13,400
to his coat while pretending 
that what just happened. 

5178
04:29:13,400 --> 04:29:16,400
Was somehow normal. 
You can imagine the silence in 

5179
04:29:16,400 --> 04:29:18,900
that Carriage. 
How do you address the situation

5180
04:29:18,900 --> 04:29:21,700
after being unexpectedly? 
Overrun by a group of domestic. 

5181
04:29:21,700 --> 04:29:24,100
Rabbits. 
How might one present that in a 

5182
04:29:24,100 --> 04:29:26,500
way that appears impressive 
rather than absurd? 

5183
04:29:27,100 --> 04:29:30,800
Napoleon who typically possesses
a wealth of words, likely 

5184
04:29:30,800 --> 04:29:32,600
spends. 
The entire Journey at tempting 

5185
04:29:32,600 --> 04:29:36,200
to contextualize This Disaster. 
The other carriages are dealing 

5186
04:29:36,200 --> 04:29:38,200
with their own awkward 
situations. 

5187
04:29:38,200 --> 04:29:40,700
These are high ranking military 
officers, and government 

5188
04:29:40,700 --> 04:29:42,800
officials who have just 
experienced something that 

5189
04:29:42,800 --> 04:29:46,108
defies all their training and 
experience, If they've been in 

5190
04:29:46,116 --> 04:29:49,400
battles, they've negotiated 
treaters and they've dealt with 

5191
04:29:49,400 --> 04:29:52,300
political crises but none of 
that prepared them for being 

5192
04:29:52,300 --> 04:29:54,400
climbed on by overly friendly 
farm animals. 

5193
04:29:55,100 --> 04:29:58,000
Some officers may be joking to 
lighten the mood, but what do 

5194
04:29:58,000 --> 04:30:00,500
you joke about when rabbits have
just defeated your Emperor? 

5195
04:30:00,500 --> 04:30:04,100
Others are maintaining a 
dignified silence pretending 

5196
04:30:04,100 --> 04:30:05,700
that nothing unusual has 
happened. 

5197
04:30:05,700 --> 04:30:08,600
A few are probably already 
trying to figure out how to tell

5198
04:30:08,600 --> 04:30:11,900
the story to their wives without
sounding completely insane. 

5199
04:30:12,800 --> 04:30:15,900
Meanwhile, back at the hunting 
grounds Bertier is left to deal 

5200
04:30:15,900 --> 04:30:19,200
with the aftermath, but he a 
must decide how to handle the 

5201
04:30:19,200 --> 04:30:20,800
hundreds of rabbits roaming. 
The estate. 

5202
04:30:20,800 --> 04:30:23,700
He can't just leave them there. 
They're not wild rabbits. 

5203
04:30:23,700 --> 04:30:26,800
So they don't know how to 
survive on their own, but he 

5204
04:30:26,800 --> 04:30:29,900
also can't exactly round them 
all up and return them to their 

5205
04:30:29,900 --> 04:30:32,900
original owners because that 
would require admitting what 

5206
04:30:32,900 --> 04:30:35,600
happened. 
The estate staff is probably 

5207
04:30:35,600 --> 04:30:38,600
having the strangest day of 
their careers, the grounds 

5208
04:30:38,600 --> 04:30:41,200
Keepers who are expecting to 
help with a normal Hunting 

5209
04:30:41,200 --> 04:30:43,200
Party. 
Now, dealing with a rabbit 

5210
04:30:43,200 --> 04:30:46,300
population explosion. 
The stable hands are trying to 

5211
04:30:46,300 --> 04:30:49,300
calm down horses who are still 
spooked by the mornings events. 

5212
04:30:50,100 --> 04:30:52,400
Everyone is attempting to 
restore some semblance of 

5213
04:30:52,400 --> 04:30:54,600
normalcy to the once peaceful 
country estate. 

5214
04:30:55,700 --> 04:30:57,900
Word of the rabbit incident 
starts spreading almost 

5215
04:30:57,900 --> 04:31:01,300
immediately, despite everyone's 
best efforts to keep it quiet. 

5216
04:31:02,100 --> 04:31:03,600
Servants. 
Talk to other servants. 

5217
04:31:03,600 --> 04:31:07,100
Coachmen share stories with 
other Coachmen and pretty soon. 

5218
04:31:07,100 --> 04:31:09,600
The tail is making its way 
through the Social Circle of 

5219
04:31:09,600 --> 04:31:12,600
Paris. 
Stories, that spread aren't 

5220
04:31:12,600 --> 04:31:14,700
exactly accurate. 
There are embellished 

5221
04:31:14,700 --> 04:31:18,500
exaggerated and twisted into 
something, even more ridiculous 

5222
04:31:18,500 --> 04:31:22,200
than what actually happened. 
Meanwhile, Napoleon grapples 

5223
04:31:22,200 --> 04:31:23,600
with a crisis of public 
relations. 

5224
04:31:23,600 --> 04:31:27,400
Napoleon has established his 
reputation by being Invincible. 

5225
04:31:27,400 --> 04:31:31,400
Mastering every situation and 
never letting anyone catch him 

5226
04:31:31,400 --> 04:31:33,600
off guard. 
The idea that he could be 

5227
04:31:33,600 --> 04:31:37,100
defeated by a bunch of rabbits 
is exactly the kind of story 

5228
04:31:37,100 --> 04:31:39,700
that his political enemies would
love to spread around Europe. 

5229
04:31:39,700 --> 04:31:42,900
The official version of events 
that emerges is carefully, 

5230
04:31:42,900 --> 04:31:45,600
sanitized. 
The hunting party was successful

5231
04:31:45,600 --> 04:31:48,600
and enjoyable, the emperor 
demonstrated his excellent 

5232
04:31:48,600 --> 04:31:51,800
Marksmanship and everyone had a 
thoroughly Imperial time. 

5233
04:31:51,800 --> 04:31:55,400
Any mention of rabbits behaving 
unusually as carefully omitted 

5234
04:31:55,400 --> 04:31:58,800
from the official records, but 
you can't completely suppress a 

5235
04:31:58,800 --> 04:32:01,300
story. 
This good Whispers and private 

5236
04:32:01,300 --> 04:32:03,800
letters circulate the rabbit 
incident as a historical 

5237
04:32:03,800 --> 04:32:07,300
anecdote Military Officers. 
Tell the story to their friends,

5238
04:32:07,300 --> 04:32:10,600
government officials, share it 
with their families and 

5239
04:32:10,600 --> 04:32:11,800
gradually. 
It becomes part of The 

5240
04:32:11,800 --> 04:32:16,200
Unofficial history of Napoleon's
reign, The irony lies in the 

5241
04:32:16,200 --> 04:32:19,300
fact that this absurd rabbit 
defeat occurs during the 

5242
04:32:19,300 --> 04:32:22,800
Pinnacle of Napoleon's power. 
He's just negotiated the Treaty 

5243
04:32:22,800 --> 04:32:25,600
of tilsit. 
He controls most of Europe and 

5244
04:32:25,600 --> 04:32:27,500
he's at the peak of his 
political and Military 

5245
04:32:27,500 --> 04:32:30,300
influence. 
However, he finds himself 

5246
04:32:30,300 --> 04:32:33,700
completely powerless against a 
group of domestic, rabbits who 

5247
04:32:33,700 --> 04:32:37,900
merely seek food and affection. 
Years later when Napoleon is in 

5248
04:32:37,900 --> 04:32:41,500
Exile on Saint Helena, he 
probably has plenty of time to 

5249
04:32:41,500 --> 04:32:45,100
reflect on the rapid incident. 
The story becomes, increasingly 

5250
04:32:45,100 --> 04:32:47,500
humorous, over time and distance
yet. 

5251
04:32:47,500 --> 04:32:50,300
It also serves as a poignant 
illustration of how even the 

5252
04:32:50,300 --> 04:32:52,900
most powerful individuals can 
succumb to unforeseen 

5253
04:32:52,900 --> 04:32:55,600
circumstances. 
Bertier. 

5254
04:32:55,600 --> 04:32:59,200
Meanwhile learns a valuable 
lesson about the importance of 

5255
04:32:59,208 --> 04:33:02,600
understanding your resources. 
He is successfully, managed 

5256
04:33:02,600 --> 04:33:05,500
military logistics for some of 
the most complex campaigns in 

5257
04:33:05,500 --> 04:33:08,200
European history. 
But his failure to distinguish 

5258
04:33:08,200 --> 04:33:11,800
between wild and domestic 
rabbits as led to his defeat 

5259
04:33:12,599 --> 04:33:14,599
Probably not a mistake he'll 
ever make again. 

5260
04:33:15,400 --> 04:33:18,200
The rabbits themselves having 
had their brief moment of 

5261
04:33:18,200 --> 04:33:21,400
historical significance or 
eventually rounded up and 

5262
04:33:21,400 --> 04:33:23,099
returned to more conventional 
lives. 

5263
04:33:23,800 --> 04:33:25,800
Some probably end up back on 
farms. 

5264
04:33:25,800 --> 04:33:28,900
Others might be relocated to 
areas where they can live more 

5265
04:33:28,900 --> 04:33:32,500
naturally. 
But for one morning in 1807, 

5266
04:33:32,500 --> 04:33:36,099
they were the most important 
creatures in France as you 

5267
04:33:36,099 --> 04:33:38,599
settle in for the night. 
Think about how this story 

5268
04:33:38,599 --> 04:33:41,800
reveals something essential 
about human nature, no matter 

5269
04:33:41,808 --> 04:33:44,900
how powerful or important, we 
become we're all just one 

5270
04:33:44,900 --> 04:33:47,400
encounter with unexpected, 
rabbits away from looking 

5271
04:33:47,400 --> 04:33:50,000
completely ridiculous. 
The beautiful thing about 

5272
04:33:50,000 --> 04:33:53,400
Napoleon's rabbit, incident is 
how it perfectly captures the 

5273
04:33:53,400 --> 04:33:55,599
absurdity. 
That looks beneath all human 

5274
04:33:55,599 --> 04:33:58,200
pretension. 
Here we have the most powerful 

5275
04:33:58,200 --> 04:34:00,599
man in Europe. 
Someone who has literally 

5276
04:34:00,599 --> 04:34:04,400
reshaped the political landscape
of an entire continent and he's 

5277
04:34:04,400 --> 04:34:06,900
brought down by creatures. 
Most people consider suitable 

5278
04:34:06,900 --> 04:34:10,800
for children to petting zoos, 
The stories continued survival, 

5279
04:34:10,800 --> 04:34:14,500
despite everyone's best efforts 
to suppress it adds to its 

5280
04:34:14,500 --> 04:34:17,200
Delight. 
Napoleon's government certainly 

5281
04:34:17,200 --> 04:34:20,099
didn't want this story getting 
out and most of the participants

5282
04:34:20,099 --> 04:34:22,700
probably preferred not to talk 
about their morning being 

5283
04:34:22,700 --> 04:34:26,599
overwhelmed by farm animals, but
the story was simply too good to

5284
04:34:26,599 --> 04:34:29,500
stay buried. 
Over the years, the rapid 

5285
04:34:29,500 --> 04:34:33,099
incident has taken on a life of 
its own each telling, like all 

5286
04:34:33,099 --> 04:34:36,000
good, historical anecdotes 
embellishes and exaggerates the 

5287
04:34:36,000 --> 04:34:39,099
story. 
In certain Renditions, thousands

5288
04:34:39,099 --> 04:34:42,300
of rabbits, completely 
overwhelmed, Napoleon in other 

5289
04:34:42,300 --> 04:34:44,099
versions. 
The rapid attack actually in 

5290
04:34:44,099 --> 04:34:47,500
Napoleon some stories claim. 
The rabbits were deliberately 

5291
04:34:47,500 --> 04:34:50,599
released as part of a practical 
joke, While others suggest they 

5292
04:34:50,599 --> 04:34:53,000
were trained to attack rabbits 
deployed by his enemies. 

5293
04:34:53,800 --> 04:34:57,400
Truth, as you now know, is both 
more mundane and more amusing 

5294
04:34:57,400 --> 04:35:00,200
than the legends. 
It wasn't thousands of rabbits, 

5295
04:35:00,200 --> 04:35:03,200
and they weren't trying to 
attack anyone who was simply a 

5296
04:35:03,200 --> 04:35:05,300
case of domestic rabbits 
behaving, like, domestic 

5297
04:35:05,300 --> 04:35:08,300
rabbits, treating humans as 
sources of food and comfort 

5298
04:35:08,300 --> 04:35:10,200
rather than as predators to be 
avoided. 

5299
04:35:10,200 --> 04:35:13,500
But the story endures because it
reveals something important 

5300
04:35:13,500 --> 04:35:17,800
about power and Human Nature. 
Napoleon dedicated the majority 

5301
04:35:17,800 --> 04:35:20,800
of his career to demonstrating 
his ability to sum out any 

5302
04:35:20,800 --> 04:35:24,000
challenge through his unwavering
determination, strategic 

5303
04:35:24,000 --> 04:35:27,000
planning and exceptional 
organizational skills. 

5304
04:35:27,000 --> 04:35:31,500
He defeated armies conquered 
Nations and rewrote the laws of 

5305
04:35:31,500 --> 04:35:34,300
entire societies. 
However, he was unable to 

5306
04:35:34,300 --> 04:35:36,800
overcome a group of hungry, 
rabbits, there's something 

5307
04:35:36,808 --> 04:35:40,000
deeply, satisfying about this 
story, especially for those of 

5308
04:35:40,000 --> 04:35:42,200
us who sometimes feel 
overwhelmed by the ordinary 

5309
04:35:42,200 --> 04:35:45,599
challenges of daily life. 
If rabbits can defeat Napoleon 

5310
04:35:45,599 --> 04:35:48,400
Bonaparte, perhaps our own minor
setbacks don't carry such 

5311
04:35:48,400 --> 04:35:51,599
embarrassment, maybe getting 
flustered by a technology 

5312
04:35:51,599 --> 04:35:55,300
problem or being outwitted by a 
household pet, or failing to 

5313
04:35:55,300 --> 04:35:57,900
assemble a piece of furniture 
properly, puts us, in pretty 

5314
04:35:57,900 --> 04:36:01,599
good company. 
The rabbit incidental highlights

5315
04:36:01,599 --> 04:36:04,000
the importance of understanding 
your resources and your 

5316
04:36:04,000 --> 04:36:06,900
environment. 
Bertier was an excellent 

5317
04:36:06,900 --> 04:36:09,200
organizer. 
But he fell to ask the right 

5318
04:36:09,200 --> 04:36:11,099
questions about the rabbits he 
was acquiring. 

5319
04:36:11,099 --> 04:36:15,000
He focused on quantity rather 
than quality and he didn't 

5320
04:36:15,000 --> 04:36:17,500
consider how the rabbits 
background might affect their 

5321
04:36:17,500 --> 04:36:19,800
behavior. 
It's a lesson that applies to 

5322
04:36:19,800 --> 04:36:22,800
everything from military 
campaigns to dinner parties, The

5323
04:36:22,800 --> 04:36:26,599
Details Matter and assumptions 
can be dangerous. modern 

5324
04:36:26,599 --> 04:36:29,700
historians have used the rabbit 
story as an example of how even 

5325
04:36:29,700 --> 04:36:31,900
the most carefully planned 
events can go wrong in 

5326
04:36:31,900 --> 04:36:35,300
unexpected ways, it's become a 
case study in the limits of 

5327
04:36:35,300 --> 04:36:39,200
control and the importance of 
contingency planning, military 

5328
04:36:39,200 --> 04:36:41,099
academies. 
Sometimes use it as humorous 

5329
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:44,000
example of how intelligence 
gathering should include 

5330
04:36:44,000 --> 04:36:47,300
seemingly trivial details. 
The story is also become a 

5331
04:36:47,308 --> 04:36:49,800
favorite among those who study 
the psychology of power. 

5332
04:36:51,300 --> 04:36:54,500
Napoleon's reaction to the 
rabbit incident, his apparent 

5333
04:36:54,500 --> 04:36:58,200
inability to laugh at himself. 
His focus on damage control 

5334
04:36:58,200 --> 04:37:00,800
rather than enjoying the 
absurdity revealed. 

5335
04:37:00,800 --> 04:37:03,400
Something about how absolute 
power can make people lose their

5336
04:37:03,400 --> 04:37:06,500
sense of humor about themselves.
But the rabbit incidents. 

5337
04:37:06,500 --> 04:37:10,900
Most lasting lesson is that life
is unpredictable and absurd, no 

5338
04:37:10,900 --> 04:37:12,700
matter who you are, or how 
powerful you are. 

5339
04:37:13,599 --> 04:37:16,099
Napoleon could plan brilliant 
military campaigns and 

5340
04:37:16,099 --> 04:37:19,300
reorganizing entire legal 
systems, but he couldn't plan 

5341
04:37:19,300 --> 04:37:21,800
for the possibility that 
hundreds of domestic rabbits 

5342
04:37:21,800 --> 04:37:24,099
would mistake him for their 
favorite farmer. 

5343
04:37:24,099 --> 04:37:27,400
The rabbits of course, were 
completely innocent in all this 

5344
04:37:27,400 --> 04:37:30,700
it would just being rabbits 
following their instincts and 

5345
04:37:30,700 --> 04:37:33,900
their training. 
They saw humans and expected 

5346
04:37:33,900 --> 04:37:37,099
food and attention. 
Just as they'd been conditioned 

5347
04:37:37,099 --> 04:37:40,700
to expect throughout their lives
from their perspective, the 

5348
04:37:40,700 --> 04:37:43,400
humans were the ones behaving 
strangely by running away. 

5349
04:37:43,400 --> 04:37:46,900
Instead of providing the 
expected carrots and lettuce. 

5350
04:37:46,900 --> 04:37:50,800
In the end, the rabbit incident 
becomes a perfect metaphor for 

5351
04:37:50,800 --> 04:37:54,300
the gap between our plans and 
reality between our self-image 

5352
04:37:54,300 --> 04:37:55,800
and how the world actually 
works. 

5353
04:37:56,599 --> 04:38:00,200
Napoleon saw himself as the 
master of Europe, but the rabbit

5354
04:38:00,200 --> 04:38:02,000
saw him as a potential source of
breakfast. 

5355
04:38:02,000 --> 04:38:06,099
Both perspectives were valid but
only one of them was prepared 

5356
04:38:06,099 --> 04:38:07,500
for what actually happened that 
morning. 

5357
04:38:08,900 --> 04:38:10,300
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight. 

5358
04:38:10,300 --> 04:38:13,900
Remember that, no matter how 
important our plans seem to us, 

5359
04:38:13,900 --> 04:38:16,599
somewhere, there are rabbits who
have their ideas about how 

5360
04:38:16,599 --> 04:38:19,599
things should work. 
And sometimes, just sometimes 

5361
04:38:19,599 --> 04:38:28,099
the rabbits win. 
Picture yourself settling into 

5362
04:38:28,099 --> 04:38:31,200
your favorite chair. 
Maybe with a warm cup of tea as 

5363
04:38:31,200 --> 04:38:33,800
we travel back to a time when 
America was a very different 

5364
04:38:33,800 --> 04:38:36,800
place. 
It's the late 1800s, and if you 

5365
04:38:36,800 --> 04:38:39,200
wanted to get somewhere, you'd 
better have a good pair of shoes

5366
04:38:39,200 --> 04:38:42,000
or reliable horse or access to a
train. 

5367
04:38:43,000 --> 04:38:45,300
The idea of every family owning 
their own personal 

5368
04:38:45,300 --> 04:38:48,500
Transportation device. 
Well, that was about as likely 

5369
04:38:48,500 --> 04:38:51,099
as having a computer in your 
pocket that could connect you to

5370
04:38:51,099 --> 04:38:53,400
anyone in the world. 
Oh wait. 

5371
04:38:54,700 --> 04:38:56,800
Our Story begins with a young 
man named Henry. 

5372
04:38:56,800 --> 04:39:01,400
Ford born in 1863 on a farm in 
what's now Dearborn. 

5373
04:39:01,400 --> 04:39:04,700
Michigan. 
Now Henry wasn't your typical 

5374
04:39:04,700 --> 04:39:08,300
Farm Boy, while other kids were 
content to milk cows and plant 

5375
04:39:08,300 --> 04:39:10,500
corn. 
Henry was the kind of kid who 

5376
04:39:10,500 --> 04:39:13,599
take apart the family's pocket 
watch just to see how it worked.

5377
04:39:14,300 --> 04:39:17,400
His father probably wasn't 
thrilled about this habit much 

5378
04:39:17,400 --> 04:39:20,400
like how you might feel if your 
teenager decided to fix your 

5379
04:39:20,400 --> 04:39:23,099
smartphone. 
Henry had what we'd call today? 

5380
04:39:23,099 --> 04:39:25,400
A classic case of mechanical 
curiosity. 

5381
04:39:25,400 --> 04:39:28,500
He couldn't see a machine 
without wondering how it ticked,

5382
04:39:28,500 --> 04:39:32,400
literally and figuratively. 
When Henry first laid eyes on a 

5383
04:39:32,408 --> 04:39:35,400
steam engine, at the age of 13, 
it was an instant connection, 

5384
04:39:35,400 --> 04:39:39,000
not the romantic kind of love 
mind you, but the kind of 

5385
04:39:39,000 --> 04:39:41,400
obsession that makes you forget 
to eat dinner because you're too

5386
04:39:41,408 --> 04:39:45,600
busy sketching gear ratios. 
By 16 Henry had left the farm 

5387
04:39:45,600 --> 04:39:48,200
for Detroit which was already 
becoming a hub of American 

5388
04:39:48,200 --> 04:39:50,700
industry. 
He found work as a machine is 

5389
04:39:50,700 --> 04:39:53,300
Apprentice earning two dollars 
and fifty cents a week. 

5390
04:39:54,300 --> 04:39:56,400
To put that in perspective, 
that's about what you might 

5391
04:39:56,400 --> 04:39:59,900
spend on a fancy coffee drink 
today except Henry had to live 

5392
04:39:59,900 --> 04:40:03,900
on it for seven days. 
But he was learning absorbing 

5393
04:40:03,900 --> 04:40:07,300
everything, about how things 
worked from Steam Engines to the

5394
04:40:07,300 --> 04:40:10,200
newfangled electricity. 
That was just beginning to light

5395
04:40:10,200 --> 04:40:13,100
up cities. 
What made Henry different from 

5396
04:40:13,100 --> 04:40:16,300
other tinkerers of his time? 
Wasn't just his Mechanical 

5397
04:40:16,300 --> 04:40:18,100
Aptitude. 
It was his vision. 

5398
04:40:19,000 --> 04:40:22,300
While others saw machines, as 
individual Marvels, Henry began 

5399
04:40:22,300 --> 04:40:25,500
to see them as part of something
bigger, he understood that the 

5400
04:40:25,500 --> 04:40:28,400
real magic wasn't just in making
something work, but in making it

5401
04:40:28,400 --> 04:40:30,900
work for everyone. 
The project wasn't just about 

5402
04:40:30,900 --> 04:40:33,400
building a better mouse trap. 
This was about reimagining, how 

5403
04:40:33,400 --> 04:40:36,500
Society itself could function 
during these early years. 

5404
04:40:36,500 --> 04:40:39,500
In Detroit, Henry worked for the
Edison Illuminating Company 

5405
04:40:39,500 --> 04:40:41,900
eventually becoming their chief 
engineer. 

5406
04:40:41,900 --> 04:40:46,300
Yes, that Edison Thomas Edison 
himself working for the man who 

5407
04:40:46,300 --> 04:40:48,500
brought us the light bulb gave 
Henry front row seats. 

5408
04:40:48,500 --> 04:40:50,800
To the biggest technological 
revolution of his time. 

5409
04:40:50,800 --> 04:40:54,600
He watched out Edison didn't 
just invent things but created 

5410
04:40:54,600 --> 04:40:57,900
entire systems around them. 
The light bulb was useless 

5411
04:40:57,900 --> 04:41:02,200
without power plants wiring and 
switches Henry was taking notes.

5412
04:41:02,200 --> 04:41:06,100
But Henry's real passion project
was happening in his spare time 

5413
04:41:06,100 --> 04:41:08,400
and a little brick shed behind 
his house. 

5414
04:41:08,400 --> 04:41:11,100
He was building what he called a
Horseless. 

5415
04:41:11,100 --> 04:41:14,900
Carriage basically a carriage 
with out the horse, powered by a

5416
04:41:14,900 --> 04:41:17,800
gasoline engine. 
The Carriage wasn't a completely

5417
04:41:17,800 --> 04:41:20,400
original idea. 
Other inventors were working on 

5418
04:41:20,400 --> 04:41:23,400
similar projects. 
Henry had something different in

5419
04:41:23,400 --> 04:41:25,500
mind. 
While others were creating 

5420
04:41:25,500 --> 04:41:28,300
expensive toys for the wealthy 
Henry was already dreaming of 

5421
04:41:28,300 --> 04:41:30,400
something that Ordinary People 
could afford. 

5422
04:41:31,400 --> 04:41:33,900
In 1896, a 2. 
Mm, on a June morning. 

5423
04:41:33,900 --> 04:41:37,100
Henry fired up his first 
successful automobile. 

5424
04:41:38,000 --> 04:41:41,100
There was just one problem, the 
car was wider than the door of 

5425
04:41:41,100 --> 04:41:42,900
his Workshop. 
So what did he do? 

5426
04:41:42,900 --> 04:41:44,700
He took an axe to the brick 
wall. 

5427
04:41:44,700 --> 04:41:47,700
His wife Clara watching from the
doorway in her like gown 

5428
04:41:47,700 --> 04:41:50,200
probably wondered if she'd 
married a genius or a Madman 

5429
04:41:50,200 --> 04:41:53,700
time would reveal that it was a 
combination of both genius and 

5430
04:41:53,700 --> 04:41:56,800
Madness. 
That first car the Quadra cycle 

5431
04:41:56,800 --> 04:42:00,700
as he called, it could reach the
Blazing speed of 20 miles per 

5432
04:42:00,700 --> 04:42:03,400
hour. 
To put that in perspective that 

5433
04:42:03,400 --> 04:42:06,400
slower than most people jogged 
today, but it was fast enough to

5434
04:42:06,400 --> 04:42:09,000
scare horses and create quite a 
stir in the neighborhood. 

5435
04:42:09,000 --> 04:42:11,300
Henry had achieved a significant
Milestone. 

5436
04:42:11,300 --> 04:42:15,100
He'd prove that his vision 
wasn't just a dream, it was 

5437
04:42:15,100 --> 04:42:17,700
possible. 
As you drift off tonight. 

5438
04:42:17,700 --> 04:42:21,200
Imagine that moment when Henry 
first drove his quadricycle 

5439
04:42:21,200 --> 04:42:24,100
down, Detroit's dirt roads, the 
neighbors peered out their 

5440
04:42:24,100 --> 04:42:27,300
Windows wondering what that 
strange Contraption was Henry 

5441
04:42:27,300 --> 04:42:30,500
himself, probably grinning from 
ear-to-ear, knowing that he just

5442
04:42:30,500 --> 04:42:32,100
taken the first step toward 
changing. 

5443
04:42:32,100 --> 04:42:35,200
Not just how people got around 
how they lived worked. 

5444
04:42:35,200 --> 04:42:38,200
And thought about the future. 
Now, you might think that after 

5445
04:42:38,200 --> 04:42:40,900
building his first car Henry, 
Ford would have immediately 

5446
04:42:40,900 --> 04:42:43,900
started mass producing them, but
here's where our story gets 

5447
04:42:43,900 --> 04:42:46,200
interesting and where Henry 
shows, he was more than just a 

5448
04:42:46,200 --> 04:42:48,300
good mechanic. 
He was a dreamer with a 

5449
04:42:48,300 --> 04:42:51,100
practical streak and he 
understood something that many 

5450
04:42:51,100 --> 04:42:53,400
inventors. 
Miss building something once is 

5451
04:42:53,400 --> 04:42:56,000
engineering, but building at 
affordably for millions of 

5452
04:42:56,000 --> 04:42:59,800
people that's Revolution, 
Henry's early attempts at 

5453
04:42:59,808 --> 04:43:01,700
starting a car company where to 
put it? 

5454
04:43:01,700 --> 04:43:05,300
Gently learning experience is 
his first company, the Detroit 

5455
04:43:05,300 --> 04:43:08,400
automobile company folded faster
than a cheap launcher. 

5456
04:43:08,400 --> 04:43:13,200
The cars were too expensive, too
unreliable and frankly too much 

5457
04:43:13,208 --> 04:43:16,100
like the luxury playthings that 
other manufacturers were making 

5458
04:43:17,100 --> 04:43:19,600
Henry wanted something 
different, but he wasn't quite 

5459
04:43:19,600 --> 04:43:22,900
sure how to get there yet. 
This is where Henry's story 

5460
04:43:22,900 --> 04:43:25,800
becomes relatable to. 
Anyone who's ever had a big idea

5461
04:43:25,800 --> 04:43:28,700
that seemed impossible, you 
know, that feeling when you can 

5462
04:43:28,708 --> 04:43:31,900
see exactly what you want to 
accomplish, but every practical 

5463
04:43:31,900 --> 04:43:33,700
steps seems to lead to another 
obstacle. 

5464
04:43:34,500 --> 04:43:36,100
That was Henry in the early 
1900s. 

5465
04:43:36,100 --> 04:43:39,500
He could Envision millions of 
Americans, driving affordable 

5466
04:43:39,500 --> 04:43:42,100
cars, but the math just didn't 
add up. 

5467
04:43:42,800 --> 04:43:46,400
Cars were assembled by skilled 
Craftsmen one at a time like 

5468
04:43:46,400 --> 04:43:49,700
handmade Furniture. 
The result was beautiful but 

5469
04:43:49,700 --> 04:43:53,600
expensive about 3,000 for a 
basic model which was more than 

5470
04:43:53,600 --> 04:43:57,300
most people made in two years. 
But Henry was stubborn in the 

5471
04:43:57,300 --> 04:44:00,100
best possible way. 
Instead of giving up or settling

5472
04:44:00,100 --> 04:44:03,400
for the luxury Market, he became
obsessed with a single question.

5473
04:44:03,400 --> 04:44:06,300
How do you make something both 
good and cheap? 

5474
04:44:06,300 --> 04:44:09,300
It's the same question. 
That would later drive on 

5475
04:44:09,300 --> 04:44:11,200
entrepreneurs to create 
everything from affordable 

5476
04:44:11,200 --> 04:44:14,500
computers to budget. 
Airlines Henry was researching 

5477
04:44:14,500 --> 04:44:17,200
cars at a time when most people 
considered them a fleeting 

5478
04:44:17,200 --> 04:44:19,800
trained. 
Breakthrough came when Henry 

5479
04:44:19,800 --> 04:44:22,700
started studying other 
Industries, he spent time in 

5480
04:44:22,700 --> 04:44:26,300
slaughterhouses, not the most 
Pleasant research locations but 

5481
04:44:26,300 --> 04:44:29,700
bear with me here. 
You watched how they processed 

5482
04:44:29,700 --> 04:44:32,900
cattle with each worker 
performing, one specific task as

5483
04:44:32,900 --> 04:44:34,800
the carcass moved along overhead
rails. 

5484
04:44:35,500 --> 04:44:38,500
He visited flour Mills and 
watched grain being processed in

5485
04:44:38,500 --> 04:44:40,500
stages. 
He was seeing the power of 

5486
04:44:40,500 --> 04:44:42,400
breaking down complex tasks into
simple. 

5487
04:44:42,400 --> 04:44:45,300
Repeatable steps. 
The process wasn't just about 

5488
04:44:45,300 --> 04:44:48,000
efficiency. 
It was about democratization. 

5489
04:44:48,000 --> 04:44:51,800
You can only make a few of them 
and they'll be expensive, but if

5490
04:44:51,808 --> 04:44:54,800
you can teach someone to do one 
task, well you can make a lot of

5491
04:44:54,800 --> 04:44:57,700
them and they can be cheap. 
It's the same principle that 

5492
04:44:57,700 --> 04:45:00,500
makes your smartphone possible. 
Instead of one person. 

5493
04:45:00,500 --> 04:45:03,800
Handcrafting each phone, 
thousands of people, each do one

5494
04:45:03,800 --> 04:45:07,500
small part of the process. 
Henry's breakthrough occurred. 

5495
04:45:07,500 --> 04:45:10,500
When he realized that, instead 
of workers circling a stationary

5496
04:45:10,500 --> 04:45:12,900
car, the car could move past 
these workers. 

5497
04:45:14,100 --> 04:45:16,800
Person would install one 
component, then the car would 

5498
04:45:16,800 --> 04:45:20,600
move to the next station. 
It sounds simple now but it was 

5499
04:45:20,600 --> 04:45:23,700
revolutionary then it was like, 
rearranging the entire world of 

5500
04:45:23,700 --> 04:45:26,000
manufacturing. 
But here's what made Henry 

5501
04:45:26,000 --> 04:45:28,100
different from other 
industrialists of his time. 

5502
04:45:28,100 --> 04:45:30,400
He didn't just want to make cars
efficiently. 

5503
04:45:30,400 --> 04:45:34,000
He wanted to make them so 
efficiently that his own workers

5504
04:45:34,000 --> 04:45:36,500
could afford to buy them. 
This wasn't just good business. 

5505
04:45:36,500 --> 04:45:39,500
It was Visionary. 
He understood that the people 

5506
04:45:39,500 --> 04:45:41,500
who made the cars, should also 
be able to enjoy them. 

5507
04:45:42,500 --> 04:45:44,800
It's a lesson that some Modern 
companies are still learning. 

5508
04:45:45,700 --> 04:45:50,200
In 1903, Henry founded the Ford 
Motor Company with 28,000 

5509
04:45:50,200 --> 04:45:53,700
dollars in capital that's 
roughly 850,000 dollars in 

5510
04:45:53,700 --> 04:45:56,500
today's money significant but 
not the billions. 

5511
04:45:56,500 --> 04:45:58,200
We associate with major 
companies today. 

5512
04:45:59,300 --> 04:46:01,400
From the beginning, he was clear
about his mission. 

5513
04:46:01,400 --> 04:46:05,600
I will build a calf for the 
great multitude. he was not 

5514
04:46:05,600 --> 04:46:08,700
building a car for the wealthy 
or the elite, but for everyone 

5515
04:46:10,000 --> 04:46:13,900
The first Ford Model, A sold for
850 dollars which was still 

5516
04:46:13,900 --> 04:46:16,500
expensive, but considerably less
than the competition. 

5517
04:46:17,500 --> 04:46:20,400
More importantly, Henry was 
already planning for the future.

5518
04:46:20,400 --> 04:46:24,100
He knew that the present was 
just the beginning that the real

5519
04:46:24,100 --> 04:46:27,500
goal was to make cars as common 
as bicycles, his Partners 

5520
04:46:27,500 --> 04:46:29,800
thought he was crazy. 
They wanted to focus on more 

5521
04:46:29,800 --> 04:46:33,500
expensive cars with higher 
profit, margins per unit, But 

5522
04:46:33,500 --> 04:46:36,300
Henry had a different vision of 
profit instead of making a lot 

5523
04:46:36,300 --> 04:46:39,200
of money on a few cars, why not?
Make a little money on many 

5524
04:46:39,200 --> 04:46:41,700
cars. 
As you settle in for the night. 

5525
04:46:41,700 --> 04:46:44,600
Picture Henry in his office 
sketching and calculating 

5526
04:46:44,600 --> 04:46:47,800
rounded by the noise and smoke 
of early Detroit industry. 

5527
04:46:48,600 --> 04:46:51,500
He's not just designing a car. 
He's designing a new way of 

5528
04:46:51,500 --> 04:46:53,700
life. 
He's imagining families, taking 

5529
04:46:53,700 --> 04:46:57,100
Sunday, drives workers commuting
to better jobs and young, people

5530
04:46:57,100 --> 04:46:59,000
exploring the world beyond their
neighborhoods. 

5531
04:46:59,000 --> 04:47:02,500
His dreaming of an America where
Mobility isn't a privilege, but 

5532
04:47:02,500 --> 04:47:05,800
a possibility for everyone. 
Let's talk about what might be 

5533
04:47:05,800 --> 04:47:09,200
the most important car ever 
built a car so revolutionary 

5534
04:47:09,200 --> 04:47:11,100
that it changed, not just 
Transportation. 

5535
04:47:11,100 --> 04:47:16,200
But the entire fabric of 
American society in 1908 Henry, 

5536
04:47:16,200 --> 04:47:19,400
Ford introduced the Model T and 
if you've ever heard someone 

5537
04:47:19,400 --> 04:47:22,200
jokingly say, you can have any 
color you want, as long as it's 

5538
04:47:22,200 --> 04:47:24,700
black, you're hearing an echo of
this moment in history. 

5539
04:47:24,700 --> 04:47:27,600
But here's the thing about that 
famous quote. 

5540
04:47:27,600 --> 04:47:30,700
It wasn't about Henry being 
stubborn or lacking imagination.

5541
04:47:31,800 --> 04:47:33,700
It was about something much more
profound. 

5542
04:47:34,600 --> 04:47:38,200
The power of standardization. 
By offering the Model. 

5543
04:47:38,200 --> 04:47:41,900
T in just one color and it was 
actually dark green initially. 

5544
04:47:41,900 --> 04:47:45,600
But black tried fasta, Henry 
could streamline production and 

5545
04:47:45,600 --> 04:47:48,700
keep costs down. 
It's the same principle that 

5546
04:47:48,700 --> 04:47:51,900
makes modern fast food, 
possible, limited options, but 

5547
04:47:51,900 --> 04:47:53,600
consistent quality and low 
prices. 

5548
04:47:53,600 --> 04:47:56,300
The Model T wasn't just 
affordable. 

5549
04:47:56,300 --> 04:47:58,200
It was practically 
indestructible. 

5550
04:47:59,100 --> 04:48:02,000
Henry, understood that if you're
going to sell cars to Farmers 

5551
04:48:02,000 --> 04:48:04,100
Factory workers and middle-class
families. 

5552
04:48:04,100 --> 04:48:07,000
Those cars better to be able to 
handle whatever life throws at 

5553
04:48:07,000 --> 04:48:09,400
them. 
The Model T could drive through 

5554
04:48:09,400 --> 04:48:12,900
mud that would stop a modern SUV
and it was so simple that just 

5555
04:48:12,900 --> 04:48:16,500
about anyone could learn to 
repair it. it was the era's 

5556
04:48:16,500 --> 04:48:19,700
smartphone not due to its 
complexity but because it was 

5557
04:48:19,708 --> 04:48:24,000
easy to use Now, imagine you're 
living in 1908. 

5558
04:48:24,700 --> 04:48:27,200
Your world is still largely 
organized around walking 

5559
04:48:27,200 --> 04:48:29,600
distance. 
You live near where you work, 

5560
04:48:29,600 --> 04:48:31,700
you shop at the stores in your 
neighborhood. 

5561
04:48:31,700 --> 04:48:34,800
And if you want to visit family 
in the next town over, that's a 

5562
04:48:34,800 --> 04:48:37,100
major Expedition, requiring 
careful planning. 

5563
04:48:38,100 --> 04:48:40,000
The Model T changed. 
All of that. 

5564
04:48:41,100 --> 04:48:44,000
Suddenly distance became less 
important than time. 

5565
04:48:44,000 --> 04:48:46,900
You could live in one place and 
work in another, you could shop 

5566
04:48:46,900 --> 04:48:49,100
where prices were better, not 
just where things were closest, 

5567
04:48:49,100 --> 04:48:52,900
but here's where Henry's Real 
Genius shows didn't just build a

5568
04:48:52,900 --> 04:48:55,900
car, he built a system. 
He understood that selling cars 

5569
04:48:55,900 --> 04:48:58,000
was useless. 
If people couldn't get parts 

5570
04:48:58,000 --> 04:49:01,800
fuel or repairs so Ford created 
and network of dealership's, the

5571
04:49:01,800 --> 04:49:04,700
country trained mechanics and 
standardized Parts. 

5572
04:49:04,700 --> 04:49:08,400
When your Model T broke down in 
rural Kansas, you could fix it 

5573
04:49:08,400 --> 04:49:09,900
with Detroit parts and 
procedures. 

5574
04:49:10,800 --> 04:49:12,400
The same thing that makes your 
phone work. 

5575
04:49:12,400 --> 04:49:15,500
The same way, whether you're in 
New York or Nebraska, the 

5576
04:49:15,500 --> 04:49:18,300
production Innovations would 
just as revolutionary as the car

5577
04:49:18,300 --> 04:49:20,600
itself. 
Henry's assembly line, didn't 

5578
04:49:20,600 --> 04:49:23,600
just make cars faster, it made 
them consistently better. 

5579
04:49:23,600 --> 04:49:26,700
When each worker becomes an 
expert at one specific task 

5580
04:49:26,700 --> 04:49:29,800
quality actors actually. 
Improves its like, the 

5581
04:49:29,808 --> 04:49:33,300
difference between a home cook 
making one elaborate meal and a 

5582
04:49:33,300 --> 04:49:35,400
specialist making one perfect 
dish, hundreds of times. 

5583
04:49:36,400 --> 04:49:39,500
In 1908 the Model T sold for 
825. 

5584
04:49:40,800 --> 04:49:45,700
By 1925, the price had dropped 
to 290, even though the card 

5585
04:49:45,700 --> 04:49:48,600
gotten better, that's the 
opposite of what usually happens

5586
04:49:48,600 --> 04:49:50,500
with products. 
They typically get more 

5587
04:49:50,500 --> 04:49:52,500
expensive over time, not 
cheaper. 

5588
04:49:53,300 --> 04:49:57,000
Henry found the learning curve, 
the more you make something, the

5589
04:49:57,000 --> 04:50:00,300
better you get at it, the 
cheaper it is, but the real 

5590
04:50:00,300 --> 04:50:04,000
Revolution was so social the 
Model, T democratized mobility 

5591
04:50:04,000 --> 04:50:08,100
in a way that changed everything
about how Americans lived young 

5592
04:50:08,100 --> 04:50:11,100
people could Court someone from 
the next town over family. 

5593
04:50:11,100 --> 04:50:14,200
Could live in suburbs and 
commute to city jobs Farmers. 

5594
04:50:14,200 --> 04:50:16,400
Could get their products to 
Market faster and cheaper. 

5595
04:50:17,300 --> 04:50:20,200
It's hard to overstate how 
fundamentally these Innovations 

5596
04:50:20,200 --> 04:50:23,300
changed daily life. 
The Model T also created 

5597
04:50:23,300 --> 04:50:25,800
something. 
We take for granted today, the 

5598
04:50:25,800 --> 04:50:29,500
weekend road trip. before cars 
Leisure Travel was something 

5599
04:50:29,500 --> 04:50:33,100
only the wealthy could afford 
but with a Model T, A 

5600
04:50:33,100 --> 04:50:35,400
middle-class family could pack 
up on the Saturday morning and 

5601
04:50:35,400 --> 04:50:38,600
explore places, they had only 
heard about This marked the 

5602
04:50:38,608 --> 04:50:42,100
start of America's passion for 
the open road, extending from 

5603
04:50:42,100 --> 04:50:46,200
Route 66 to the interstate 
highway system Henry's workers 

5604
04:50:46,200 --> 04:50:48,900
were among the first to benefit 
in 1914. 

5605
04:50:48,900 --> 04:50:52,200
He made a decision that shocked,
the business world, he doubled 

5606
04:50:52,200 --> 04:50:55,200
his work as wages to five 
dollars a day, other 

5607
04:50:55,200 --> 04:50:58,200
industrialists believed. 
He had gone insane but Henry 

5608
04:50:58,200 --> 04:50:59,300
understood something they 
didn't. 

5609
04:50:59,300 --> 04:51:02,200
If his workers could afford to 
buy the cars, they were making, 

5610
04:51:02,200 --> 04:51:05,600
he'd have a whole new market. 
It wasn't just generosity. 

5611
04:51:05,600 --> 04:51:07,400
It was brilliant, business 
strategy. 

5612
04:51:07,400 --> 04:51:11,600
The five dollar day, did more 
than boost sales, it created a 

5613
04:51:11,600 --> 04:51:14,700
new kind of middle class. 
Ford workers could afford not 

5614
04:51:14,700 --> 04:51:17,400
just cars, but home's appliances
and education for their 

5615
04:51:17,400 --> 04:51:20,400
children, they became consumers.
Not just producers. 

5616
04:51:20,400 --> 04:51:23,600
This hero was the beginning of 
the consumer economy that would 

5617
04:51:23,600 --> 04:51:27,300
define 20th century America. 
As you drift towards sleep, 

5618
04:51:27,300 --> 04:51:30,300
imagine the sound of a Model. 
T puttering down a dirt road in 

5619
04:51:30,300 --> 04:51:32,800
1915. 
Perhaps carrying a family on 

5620
04:51:32,800 --> 04:51:36,000
their first real vacation or a 
young entrepreneur heading to 

5621
04:51:36,008 --> 04:51:38,500
the city to start a business. 
That's simple. 

5622
04:51:38,500 --> 04:51:40,200
Black car wasn't just 
Transportation. 

5623
04:51:40,200 --> 04:51:43,800
It was possibility, itself, 
rolling down American, roads and

5624
04:51:43,800 --> 04:51:45,600
into the future. 
Now, we come to the most 

5625
04:51:45,600 --> 04:51:48,400
important part of our story. 
When Henry, Ford changed, how 

5626
04:51:48,400 --> 04:51:51,600
everything was made. 
The assembly line wasn't just a 

5627
04:51:51,600 --> 04:51:54,300
manufacturing technique. 
It was a complete rethinking of 

5628
04:51:54,300 --> 04:51:55,900
how work itself could be 
organized. 

5629
04:51:55,900 --> 04:51:59,300
Like many revolutionary ideas. 
It began with a simple 

5630
04:51:59,300 --> 04:52:02,600
observation and a willingness to
challenge traditional methods. 

5631
04:52:03,400 --> 04:52:05,500
Picture the world of 
manufacturing before Henry's 

5632
04:52:05,500 --> 04:52:08,100
innovation. 
If you desired a car, a skilled 

5633
04:52:08,100 --> 04:52:10,000
Craftsmen would construct it 
from beginning to end. 

5634
04:52:10,000 --> 04:52:12,600
He'd be partner mechanic part 
artist and part engineer. 

5635
04:52:12,600 --> 04:52:16,100
Each car was unique like a 
handmade piece of furniture. 

5636
04:52:16,100 --> 04:52:20,500
It was beautiful in its way as a
slow expensive and required 

5637
04:52:20,500 --> 04:52:23,600
workers with years of training. 
It's like the difference between

5638
04:52:23,600 --> 04:52:26,100
having a Master Chef. 
Prepare your meal from scratch 

5639
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:29,200
versus having a kitchen staff, 
where each person specializes in

5640
04:52:29,200 --> 04:52:33,000
one aspect of the meal Henry's 
breakthrough came from watching 

5641
04:52:33,000 --> 04:52:36,100
that slaughterhouse we mentioned
earlier but also from studying 

5642
04:52:36,100 --> 04:52:39,300
his workers, he noticed that 
when someone did the same task 

5643
04:52:39,300 --> 04:52:41,700
repeatedly they got remarkably 
quick at it. 

5644
04:52:41,700 --> 04:52:45,100
They became not just slightly 
faster but significantly faster,

5645
04:52:45,100 --> 04:52:48,200
a worker who could install a 
dashboard in 20 minutes. 

5646
04:52:48,200 --> 04:52:51,600
Could do it in five minutes 
after doing it 100 times, the 

5647
04:52:51,600 --> 04:52:54,500
Steep learning curve, led to 
substantial improvements, but 

5648
04:52:54,500 --> 04:52:57,800
the real Innovation was moving 
the work to the worker instead 

5649
04:52:57,800 --> 04:53:01,000
of the worker to the work. 
Instead of Craftsman walking 

5650
04:53:01,000 --> 04:53:03,800
around a stationary car with 
their tools, the car would move 

5651
04:53:03,800 --> 04:53:06,100
along a line, while workers 
State and one spot with their 

5652
04:53:06,100 --> 04:53:08,200
tools, organized. 
Exactly how they needed them. 

5653
04:53:09,100 --> 04:53:12,500
It sounds obvious now, but it 
was revolutionary, then it's 

5654
04:53:12,500 --> 04:53:15,400
akin to the difference between a
chef frantically Gathering 

5655
04:53:15,400 --> 04:53:18,300
ingredients in a kitchen and 
having everything they need 

5656
04:53:18,300 --> 04:53:22,000
within easy reach. 
The first December line at 

5657
04:53:22,000 --> 04:53:24,300
Ford's Highland. 
Park plant was almost comically 

5658
04:53:24,300 --> 04:53:26,400
simple. 
They used a rope and pulley 

5659
04:53:26,400 --> 04:53:29,300
system to drag car frame's 
password as onto wooden floor. 

5660
04:53:30,000 --> 04:53:33,400
But it worked the time to build 
a car dropped from 12 hours to 

5661
04:53:33,400 --> 04:53:35,900
two and a half hours, almost 
immediately, and this 

5662
04:53:35,900 --> 04:53:37,100
Improvement was just the 
beginning. 

5663
04:53:38,000 --> 04:53:41,500
As they refine the process, 
adding conveyors and optimizing 

5664
04:53:41,500 --> 04:53:43,300
the workflow. 
The time kept dropping. 

5665
04:53:44,300 --> 04:53:46,500
But here's what made Henry's 
approach different from other 

5666
04:53:46,500 --> 04:53:48,900
industrialists. 
He obsessed over the details 

5667
04:53:48,900 --> 04:53:51,900
that made workers' lives better,
not just more productive. 

5668
04:53:52,600 --> 04:53:55,600
He studied how high the conveyor
belt should be so workers didn't

5669
04:53:55,600 --> 04:53:59,500
have to bend over or reach up. 
You figure out the optimal speed

5670
04:53:59,500 --> 04:54:02,700
fast enough to maintain 
efficiency, but not so far that 

5671
04:54:02,700 --> 04:54:04,300
workers felt rushed or made 
mistakes. 

5672
04:54:05,100 --> 04:54:08,000
He was essentially inventing 
ergonomics though that word 

5673
04:54:08,000 --> 04:54:12,000
wouldn't be coined for decades. 
The results were staggering by 

5674
04:54:12,000 --> 04:54:14,600
1914. 
Ford's Highland Park plant could

5675
04:54:14,600 --> 04:54:17,500
produce more cars in a day than 
most manufacturers could make in

5676
04:54:17,500 --> 04:54:21,400
a month. 
The Model T, which had taken 728

5677
04:54:21,400 --> 04:54:26,000
minutes to assemble in 1930 was 
taking just 93, millionaires by 

5678
04:54:26,000 --> 04:54:29,200
1914. 
That's not just Improvement, 

5679
04:54:29,200 --> 04:54:32,800
that's transformation. 
But with this efficiency came, a

5680
04:54:32,800 --> 04:54:35,100
new challenges. 
Repetitive work could be 

5681
04:54:35,108 --> 04:54:38,400
mind-numbing worker. 
Turnover was initially high as 

5682
04:54:38,400 --> 04:54:40,800
people found the work boring 
compared to the variety of 

5683
04:54:40,800 --> 04:54:43,900
traditional craftsmanship. 
Henry's solution was typically 

5684
04:54:43,900 --> 04:54:46,300
Direct. 
You paid workers as well enough 

5685
04:54:46,300 --> 04:54:49,600
that they wanted to stay the 
famous five dollars day wasn't 

5686
04:54:49,600 --> 04:54:52,400
just about buying cars. 
It was about creating jobs that 

5687
04:54:52,400 --> 04:54:56,300
people actually wanted to keep 
This is where Henry's philosophy

5688
04:54:56,300 --> 04:54:59,500
really shines through. 
He understood that efficiency 

5689
04:54:59,500 --> 04:55:01,900
without Humanity was ultimately 
self-defeating. 

5690
04:55:02,900 --> 04:55:04,800
Happy workers were productive 
workers. 

5691
04:55:04,800 --> 04:55:08,200
Well, paid workers were loyal. 
Workers workers. 

5692
04:55:08,200 --> 04:55:10,800
Who could afford the products. 
They made were also customers. 

5693
04:55:10,800 --> 04:55:13,700
It was a virtuous cycle. 
That benefited everyone. 

5694
04:55:14,800 --> 04:55:17,000
The assembly line also, 
democratized skill. 

5695
04:55:17,000 --> 04:55:20,600
Previously making cars required 
Master Craftsman with years of 

5696
04:55:20,600 --> 04:55:23,400
training, but Henry's system 
could take someone with no 

5697
04:55:23,400 --> 04:55:25,500
experience and make them 
productive in days. 

5698
04:55:26,300 --> 04:55:28,700
The initiative wasn't about 
replacing skilled workers. 

5699
04:55:28,700 --> 04:55:31,300
It was about creating a new kind
of skilled work. 

5700
04:55:32,100 --> 04:55:34,600
Workers became experts in their 
specific tasks. 

5701
04:55:34,600 --> 04:55:37,100
Often innovating better ways to 
do their jobs. 

5702
04:55:37,100 --> 04:55:40,300
Other Industries. 
Took notice the assembly line, 

5703
04:55:40,300 --> 04:55:43,300
principal spread to everything 
from appliances to electronics, 

5704
04:55:43,300 --> 04:55:47,000
to food processing, even today. 
When you unwrap a smartphone or 

5705
04:55:47,000 --> 04:55:49,900
open a package meal, your 
benefiting from principal's 

5706
04:55:49,900 --> 04:55:53,800
Henry, Ford pioneered The modern
world of abundant affordable 

5707
04:55:53,800 --> 04:55:57,100
Goods traces back to that first 
rope and pulley system dragging.

5708
04:55:57,100 --> 04:55:59,000
Car frame a cross a factory 
floor in Detroit. 

5709
04:55:59,900 --> 04:56:02,200
But perhaps the most important 
thing to understand is that 

5710
04:56:02,200 --> 04:56:05,300
Henry didn't just speed up 
production, he made it more 

5711
04:56:05,300 --> 04:56:08,800
predictable. 
Before the assembly line, you 

5712
04:56:08,800 --> 04:56:11,800
never knew exactly when a car 
would be finished. with the 

5713
04:56:11,808 --> 04:56:14,400
assembly line, you could plan 
production weeks in advance, 

5714
04:56:14,400 --> 04:56:18,600
this predictability, made 
everything else possible Supply,

5715
04:56:18,600 --> 04:56:22,800
chains, dealer networks, even 
consumer financing, As you rest 

5716
04:56:22,800 --> 04:56:25,400
tonight, think about how many 
things in your daily life exists

5717
04:56:25,400 --> 04:56:28,500
because of Henry's Innovations. 
The device you're listening to 

5718
04:56:28,508 --> 04:56:31,300
this on the car in your 
driveway, even the grocery 

5719
04:56:31,300 --> 04:56:34,100
store, where you shop, they all 
know something to that moment, 

5720
04:56:34,100 --> 04:56:37,400
when Henry decided to move the 
work to the worker, instead of 

5721
04:56:37,400 --> 04:56:40,400
the worker to the work, he 
didn't just change how cars were

5722
04:56:40,400 --> 04:56:42,900
made. 
He changed how everything was 

5723
04:56:42,900 --> 04:56:47,100
made January 5th. 1914 was a day
that changed not just for Ford 

5724
04:56:47,100 --> 04:56:50,400
Motor Company, but the entire 
relationship between workers and

5725
04:56:50,400 --> 04:56:53,200
Employers in America. 
On that day Henry. 

5726
04:56:53,200 --> 04:56:55,800
Ford announced something so 
radical, that newspapers across 

5727
04:56:55,800 --> 04:56:57,500
the country struggled, to 
believe it was real. 

5728
04:56:57,500 --> 04:57:00,200
He was going to pay his work as 
five dollars a day. 

5729
04:57:01,200 --> 04:57:03,000
To understand why the news was 
so shocking. 

5730
04:57:03,000 --> 04:57:05,500
You need to know that the 
average industrial wage. 

5731
04:57:05,500 --> 04:57:08,300
At the time, was about two 
dollars and fifty cents a day, 

5732
04:57:08,300 --> 04:57:12,700
Henry wasn't just raising wages,
he was more than doubling them. 

5733
04:57:12,700 --> 04:57:15,500
Other Business Leaders believed,
Henry was insane. 

5734
04:57:15,500 --> 04:57:18,800
The Wall Street Journal called 
it an economic crime and 

5735
04:57:18,800 --> 04:57:20,800
predicted it would ruin Ford 
Motor Company. 

5736
04:57:21,600 --> 04:57:24,300
Competitors, were Furious 
worried that they'd have to 

5737
04:57:24,300 --> 04:57:28,000
raise their wages to compete for
workers, but Henry had done his 

5738
04:57:28,000 --> 04:57:30,400
math and his reasoning was both 
simple and Brilliant. 

5739
04:57:30,400 --> 04:57:34,100
If we pay our work as well, 
they'll be able to buy our cars.

5740
04:57:34,700 --> 04:57:37,700
The immediate effect was chaos 
but the good kind of chaos. 

5741
04:57:37,700 --> 04:57:41,000
The next morning, thousands of 
men lined up outside Ford's 

5742
04:57:41,000 --> 04:57:44,600
Highland Park, plant hoping for 
jobs, police had to use fire 

5743
04:57:44,600 --> 04:57:47,800
hoses to control the crowds word
spread that Ford was paying 

5744
04:57:47,800 --> 04:57:49,600
wages. 
That could actually support a 

5745
04:57:49,600 --> 04:57:51,500
family and workers came from a 
cross. 

5746
04:57:51,500 --> 04:57:54,800
The country, it was like, the 
Gold Rush except in searching 

5747
04:57:54,800 --> 04:57:56,500
for gold. 
People were searching for good 

5748
04:57:56,500 --> 04:57:59,300
jobs. 
However, Henry's 5.00 day was 

5749
04:57:59,300 --> 04:58:02,300
not without its limitations 
workers, had to meet certain 

5750
04:58:02,300 --> 04:58:04,600
standards. 
Not just at work, but in their 

5751
04:58:04,600 --> 04:58:08,600
personal lives, Ford created a 
Sociological Department that 

5752
04:58:08,600 --> 04:58:10,900
would visit workers home's to 
ensure they were living 

5753
04:58:10,900 --> 04:58:13,300
properly. 
This meant no drinking, No 

5754
04:58:13,300 --> 04:58:16,400
gambling, keeping a clean house 
and sending children to school. 

5755
04:58:18,000 --> 04:58:20,700
By modern standards, the 
arrangement, seems intrusive and

5756
04:58:20,700 --> 04:58:24,600
paternalistic. 
But in the context of 1914, many

5757
04:58:24,600 --> 04:58:28,200
workers, saw it as a fair trade,
a middle class wage in exchange 

5758
04:58:28,200 --> 04:58:31,300
for middle class Behavior. 
The program worked better than 

5759
04:58:31,300 --> 04:58:34,300
even Henry. 
Expected worker turnover dropped

5760
04:58:34,300 --> 04:58:37,700
to under 20% down from over 300%
annually. 

5761
04:58:37,700 --> 04:58:40,900
Meaning, they had to hire three 
people for every job just to 

5762
04:58:40,900 --> 04:58:44,000
keep positions filled Quality 
improved dramatically 

5763
04:58:44,000 --> 04:58:48,000
productivity soared. 
The workers who stayed were 

5764
04:58:48,000 --> 04:58:50,500
invested in their jobs, in a way
that had never been seen before 

5765
04:58:50,500 --> 04:58:54,200
in an industrial America. 
But the real Revolution was what

5766
04:58:54,200 --> 04:58:57,200
happened after work. 
For the first time in American 

5767
04:58:57,200 --> 04:59:00,200
history, you had industrial 
workers who could afford more 

5768
04:59:00,200 --> 04:59:02,700
than just survival. 
They could buy homes. 

5769
04:59:02,700 --> 04:59:05,300
Not just rent them. 
They could purchase appliances 

5770
04:59:05,300 --> 04:59:08,500
furniture. 
And yes, cars, they could send 

5771
04:59:08,500 --> 04:59:10,800
their children to high school 
instead of putting them to work 

5772
04:59:10,800 --> 04:59:13,300
at age 14. 
They could plan for the future 

5773
04:59:13,300 --> 04:59:15,100
in stead of just surviving the 
present day. 

5774
04:59:15,800 --> 04:59:19,500
Henry had essentially created a 
new social class the industrial 

5775
04:59:19,500 --> 04:59:21,900
middle class. 
These were not Farmers or 

5776
04:59:21,900 --> 04:59:24,700
shopkeepers or professionals, 
they were Factory workers who 

5777
04:59:24,700 --> 04:59:27,900
lived like middle class people. 
The idea was revolutionary. 

5778
04:59:29,100 --> 04:59:31,500
Throughout history, people who 
worked with their hands had 

5779
04:59:31,500 --> 04:59:34,300
always been poor. 
Henry, changed that equation. 

5780
04:59:35,200 --> 04:59:36,800
The Ripple effects were 
enormous. 

5781
04:59:37,700 --> 04:59:40,600
When Ford workers could afford 
to buy homes, the construction 

5782
04:59:40,600 --> 04:59:43,900
industry boomed, when they could
afford appliances, the appliance

5783
04:59:43,900 --> 04:59:46,800
industry grew and they could 
afford cars, the entire 

5784
04:59:46,800 --> 04:59:50,200
automotive industry expanded. 
Henry had discovered something 

5785
04:59:50,200 --> 04:59:53,200
that economists would later call
the multiplier effect. 

5786
04:59:53,200 --> 04:59:56,200
When you put money in workers 
pockets, they spend it, which 

5787
04:59:56,200 --> 04:59:59,500
creates more jobs which creates 
more spending other companies 

5788
04:59:59,500 --> 05:00:02,800
slowly began to follow Ford's 
lead, not out of generosity, but

5789
05:00:02,800 --> 05:00:05,400
out of necessity, they 
discovered what Henry had 

5790
05:00:05,400 --> 05:00:08,000
already figured out. 
Well paid workers were more 

5791
05:00:08,000 --> 05:00:09,900
productive, more loyal and more 
innovative. 

5792
05:00:10,700 --> 05:00:12,800
The idea that paying work as 
well, could build a better 

5793
05:00:12,800 --> 05:00:15,500
business challenge, the notion 
that paying them as little as 

5794
05:00:15,508 --> 05:00:18,300
possible would work. 
But the five dollar day was 

5795
05:00:18,300 --> 05:00:20,400
about more than wages. 
It was about dignity. 

5796
05:00:21,500 --> 05:00:24,300
For the first time industrial 
workers, experienced a sense of 

5797
05:00:24,300 --> 05:00:26,900
partnership in the business 
rather than being mere 

5798
05:00:26,900 --> 05:00:29,300
components. 
They had a stake in the Company 

5799
05:00:29,300 --> 05:00:32,300
Success because that success 
directly affected their lives. 

5800
05:00:33,100 --> 05:00:36,500
When the Model T sold, well, 
Ford workers benefited when the 

5801
05:00:36,500 --> 05:00:40,300
company grew their jobs to 
security increased Henry, also 

5802
05:00:40,300 --> 05:00:42,800
understood something that many 
modern companies have forgotten 

5803
05:00:42,800 --> 05:00:46,300
training workers is an 
investment, not Nepal's. 

5804
05:00:47,000 --> 05:00:49,700
The Sociological Department 
didn't just monitor workers 

5805
05:00:49,700 --> 05:00:53,700
Behavior, it provided education 
and support workers could learn 

5806
05:00:53,700 --> 05:00:57,000
English, take classes in 
personal finance and get help 

5807
05:00:57,000 --> 05:00:59,100
navigate the bureaucracy of home
ownership. 

5808
05:01:00,500 --> 05:01:02,300
Ford was creating not just 
employees. 

5809
05:01:02,300 --> 05:01:07,200
But citizens, the program wasn't
perfect the intrusion into 

5810
05:01:07,200 --> 05:01:10,200
workers private lives was 
problematic, and the standards 

5811
05:01:10,200 --> 05:01:12,600
were sometimes arbitrary and 
culturally biased. 

5812
05:01:13,400 --> 05:01:16,700
But the fundamental principle 
that workers should share in the

5813
05:01:16,700 --> 05:01:20,000
prosperity, they help create was
revolutionary and remains 

5814
05:01:20,000 --> 05:01:23,000
relevant today. 
By 1915. 

5815
05:01:23,000 --> 05:01:25,800
Ford workers were buying model 
T's with their own paychecks 

5816
05:01:25,800 --> 05:01:30,300
Henry's forecasted materialized.
His employees had transformed 

5817
05:01:30,300 --> 05:01:33,600
into his clients more than that.
They had become tangible 

5818
05:01:33,600 --> 05:01:35,900
evidence, that the American 
dream was achievable for 

5819
05:01:35,900 --> 05:01:39,200
individuals who employed their 
hands, not just their minds. 

5820
05:01:40,000 --> 05:01:42,500
As you settle into sleep, 
imagine what it must have felt 

5821
05:01:42,500 --> 05:01:46,500
like to be a Ford worker in 1915
driving home in a car, you built

5822
05:01:46,500 --> 05:01:49,100
and paid for with wages. 
That seemed impossible just a 

5823
05:01:49,100 --> 05:01:52,100
few years earlier, you weren't 
just going home from work. 

5824
05:01:52,100 --> 05:01:55,000
You were driving toward a future
that previous generations of 

5825
05:01:55,000 --> 05:01:58,000
workers could never have 
imagined by the 1920s. 

5826
05:01:58,000 --> 05:02:01,100
Something remarkable had 
happened in America, the country

5827
05:02:01,100 --> 05:02:04,400
had become Mobile in a way that 
no Society in human history had 

5828
05:02:04,400 --> 05:02:07,300
ever been before. 
Thanks to Henry Ford's vision 

5829
05:02:07,300 --> 05:02:11,000
and the Model T success cars 
were no longer luxury items for 

5830
05:02:11,000 --> 05:02:13,200
the wealthy. 
They were becoming as common as 

5831
05:02:13,200 --> 05:02:16,400
telephones and electric lights. 
And this transformation was 

5832
05:02:16,400 --> 05:02:20,200
changing everything about how 
Americans lived worked and 

5833
05:02:20,200 --> 05:02:23,300
thought about themselves. 
The numbers telling incredible 

5834
05:02:23,300 --> 05:02:27,300
story in 1910, approximately 
half a million cars were present

5835
05:02:27,300 --> 05:02:31,600
throughout the United States. 
By 1920, there were 9 million by

5836
05:02:31,600 --> 05:02:35,500
1930, there were 26 million, 
that's not just growth. 

5837
05:02:35,500 --> 05:02:38,200
That's a complete transformation
of society. 

5838
05:02:38,200 --> 05:02:40,400
It's like the adoption of 
smartphones. 

5839
05:02:40,400 --> 05:02:43,500
But even more fundamental, 
because cars change it where 

5840
05:02:43,500 --> 05:02:46,700
people could live work and play.
Think about what this 

5841
05:02:46,700 --> 05:02:48,700
development meant for a typical 
American family. 

5842
05:02:49,600 --> 05:02:52,800
In 1910, your job options were 
limited to what you could reach 

5843
05:02:52,800 --> 05:02:55,800
on foot or by streetcar 
neighborhood stores with the 

5844
05:02:55,800 --> 05:02:59,300
only places you could shop your 
social, life was limited to 

5845
05:02:59,300 --> 05:03:02,400
people who lived nearby your 
children's education was limited

5846
05:03:02,400 --> 05:03:06,300
to the local school by 1925. 
All of those limitations had 

5847
05:03:06,300 --> 05:03:09,800
been swept away. the car had 
given Ordinary People, a kind of

5848
05:03:09,800 --> 05:03:13,100
Freedom that had previously been
available only to the wealthy, 

5849
05:03:13,800 --> 05:03:16,500
The transformation was 
especially dramatic in rural 

5850
05:03:16,500 --> 05:03:18,700
areas. 
Farmers had been among the most 

5851
05:03:18,708 --> 05:03:23,000
isolated people in America. 
Sometimes going weeks without 

5852
05:03:23,000 --> 05:03:26,500
seeing anyone outside their 
immediate family, the Model T 

5853
05:03:26,500 --> 05:03:29,200
changed that overnight Farmers. 
Could drive to town for 

5854
05:03:29,200 --> 05:03:32,100
supplies, attend church 
regularly and send their 

5855
05:03:32,100 --> 05:03:35,000
children to better schools, they
could get their crops to Market 

5856
05:03:35,000 --> 05:03:37,800
faster and cheaper. 
They could access medical care 

5857
05:03:37,800 --> 05:03:39,000
that had been unreachable 
before. 

5858
05:03:40,000 --> 05:03:43,000
The card didn't just change 
Rural Life, it saved it. 

5859
05:03:43,000 --> 05:03:46,500
Perhaps the most profound change
was in how young people lived. 

5860
05:03:47,200 --> 05:03:49,600
Before cars caught ship was a 
highly supervised. 

5861
05:03:49,600 --> 05:03:52,700
A fair young men would visit 
young women in their families 

5862
05:03:52,700 --> 05:03:56,100
parlor under the watchful eye of
parents, the car changed all 

5863
05:03:56,100 --> 05:03:59,900
that suddenly, young people 
could go out together alone and 

5864
05:03:59,900 --> 05:04:02,100
explore their feelings without 
constant supervision. 

5865
05:04:03,400 --> 05:04:05,800
It's hard to overstate how 
revolutionary The Invention was 

5866
05:04:05,800 --> 05:04:08,200
the car didn't just change 
Transportation. 

5867
05:04:08,200 --> 05:04:12,400
It changed romance, marriage, 
and family formation cities 

5868
05:04:12,400 --> 05:04:14,500
began to reshape themselves 
around the automobile. 

5869
05:04:15,400 --> 05:04:18,400
New suburbs sprang up connected 
to downtown areas by roads, 

5870
05:04:18,400 --> 05:04:21,200
rather than streetcar lines. 
Shopping centers. 

5871
05:04:21,200 --> 05:04:24,200
Moved from downtown to the 
outskirts where land was cheaper

5872
05:04:24,200 --> 05:04:28,000
and parking was abundant. the 
mall that quintessentially 

5873
05:04:28,000 --> 05:04:31,100
American institution was born 
from the marriage of cars and 

5874
05:04:31,100 --> 05:04:34,500
commerce, people could live in 
quiet residential areas and 

5875
05:04:34,500 --> 05:04:37,100
commute to work shop at 
convenient locations and still 

5876
05:04:37,100 --> 05:04:40,400
have access to Urban amenities. 
The car also democratized 

5877
05:04:40,400 --> 05:04:42,600
leisure in ways that are 
difficult to imagine today. 

5878
05:04:43,600 --> 05:04:46,700
Before cars vacation travel was 
something only the wealthy could

5879
05:04:46,700 --> 05:04:50,000
afford Working Families. 
Might take a day trip to a 

5880
05:04:50,000 --> 05:04:52,700
nearby lake or park. 
But real travel required trains 

5881
05:04:52,700 --> 05:04:55,100
and hotels that were on most 
people's budgets. 

5882
05:04:55,100 --> 05:04:58,700
The car change that Families 
could pack up and drive to 

5883
05:04:58,700 --> 05:05:00,400
National Parks beaches or 
mountains. 

5884
05:05:00,400 --> 05:05:03,400
They could camp along the way 
making vacation travel 

5885
05:05:03,400 --> 05:05:07,200
affordable for the first time 
This phenomenon gave birth to an

5886
05:05:07,200 --> 05:05:11,200
entirely new industry, Roadside 
America, gas, stations motor 

5887
05:05:11,200 --> 05:05:13,100
courts. 
The predecessors of motels 

5888
05:05:13,100 --> 05:05:16,300
diners and tourist attractions. 
Sprang up along major highways 

5889
05:05:16,300 --> 05:05:20,300
Route. 66 the famous highway 
from Chicago to Los Angeles, 

5890
05:05:20,300 --> 05:05:24,300
became a symbol of American 
freedom and Adventure railroad 

5891
05:05:24,300 --> 05:05:27,500
bypass small towns, but if they 
happen to be along a major 

5892
05:05:27,500 --> 05:05:30,200
highway, they suddenly found 
themselves back on the map. 

5893
05:05:31,100 --> 05:05:33,200
But the car Revolution wasn't 
just about Leisure. 

5894
05:05:33,200 --> 05:05:36,900
It was about opportunity 
workers, could live in one place

5895
05:05:36,900 --> 05:05:39,700
and work in another which meant 
they could choose jobs based on 

5896
05:05:39,708 --> 05:05:41,600
quality rather than just 
proximity. 

5897
05:05:42,400 --> 05:05:45,100
Businesses could locate where 
land was cheaper and still 

5898
05:05:45,100 --> 05:05:48,800
attract workers the entire 
economic geography of America 

5899
05:05:48,800 --> 05:05:50,400
was being redrawn by the 
automobile. 

5900
05:05:51,200 --> 05:05:54,600
Henry Ford had predicted this 
transformation but even he was 

5901
05:05:54,600 --> 05:05:57,500
probably surprised by how 
quickly and completely it 

5902
05:05:57,500 --> 05:05:59,900
happened. 
The Model T had become more than

5903
05:05:59,900 --> 05:06:02,300
just a product. 
It was the Catalyst for a new 

5904
05:06:02,308 --> 05:06:05,200
way of life. 
Americans were becoming a mobile

5905
05:06:05,208 --> 05:06:08,000
people always ready to move 
towards better opportunities. 

5906
05:06:08,000 --> 05:06:10,800
New experience is and different 
ways of living. 

5907
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:15,300
The cycle impact was just as 
important as the Practical one 

5908
05:06:15,300 --> 05:06:18,300
owning a car, gave people, a 
sense of control over their 

5909
05:06:18,300 --> 05:06:19,800
lives that they'd never had 
before. 

5910
05:06:20,700 --> 05:06:23,600
They weren't dependent on 
streetcar schedules or limited 

5911
05:06:23,600 --> 05:06:26,300
to walking distance. 
They could make decisions about 

5912
05:06:26,300 --> 05:06:29,500
where and when to go there it 
was a kind of personal freedom 

5913
05:06:29,500 --> 05:06:31,400
that was entirely new in Human 
Experience. 

5914
05:06:32,200 --> 05:06:35,800
Of course, this transformation 
brought challenges too, traffic 

5915
05:06:35,800 --> 05:06:39,100
jams, parking problems, and air 
pollution with the price of 

5916
05:06:39,100 --> 05:06:42,000
ability. 
Traditional communities began to

5917
05:06:42,000 --> 05:06:45,500
break down as people became more
mobile and less tied to specific

5918
05:06:45,500 --> 05:06:48,300
neighborhoods. 
The car enabled suburbanization,

5919
05:06:48,300 --> 05:06:51,100
which had both positive and 
negative effects on American 

5920
05:06:51,100 --> 05:06:53,800
society. 
But for most Americans in the 

5921
05:06:53,800 --> 05:06:58,100
1920s, the car represented pure 
possibility, it was the physical

5922
05:06:58,100 --> 05:06:59,600
embodiment of the American 
dream. 

5923
05:06:59,600 --> 05:07:02,900
The idea that with hard work and
determination, you could go 

5924
05:07:02,900 --> 05:07:06,400
anywhere and become anything. 
Henry Ford had built more than 

5925
05:07:06,400 --> 05:07:08,900
just an affordable car. 
He had built a machine that made

5926
05:07:08,900 --> 05:07:12,300
dreams feel achievable. 
Imagine the excitement of a 

5927
05:07:12,300 --> 05:07:17,900
family in 1925 packing, their 
Model T for their first real 

5928
05:07:17,900 --> 05:07:20,700
vacation heading out on roads 
that led to places. 

5929
05:07:20,700 --> 05:07:24,300
They'd only read about in books,
they weren't just driving. 

5930
05:07:24,300 --> 05:07:26,900
They were exploring a new kind 
of Freedom that their parents 

5931
05:07:26,900 --> 05:07:29,800
could never have imagined as we 
reached the end of our story as 

5932
05:07:29,800 --> 05:07:32,700
worth reflecting on just how 
completely Henry Ford changed, 

5933
05:07:32,700 --> 05:07:37,600
not just America, but the world 
by the time, he died in 1947, 

5934
05:07:37,600 --> 05:07:40,700
the boy who took apart pocket 
watches on a Michigan Farm, 

5935
05:07:40,700 --> 05:07:44,600
fundamentally altered, how 
people lived worked, and thought

5936
05:07:44,608 --> 05:07:48,400
about the future, but his legacy
goes far beyond the millions of 

5937
05:07:48,400 --> 05:07:50,100
cars that rolled off his 
assembly lines. 

5938
05:07:51,100 --> 05:07:53,100
Henry's greatest achievement was
not technical. 

5939
05:07:53,100 --> 05:07:56,500
It was philosophical. 
He proved that mass production 

5940
05:07:56,500 --> 05:07:59,000
and high wages. 
Could work together that 

5941
05:07:59,000 --> 05:08:01,900
efficiently in humanity, won't 
opposites and that the people 

5942
05:08:01,900 --> 05:08:04,400
who made things should also be 
able to afford them. 

5943
05:08:05,100 --> 05:08:07,100
His approach wasn't just a 
business strategy. 

5944
05:08:07,100 --> 05:08:10,000
It was a new way of thinking 
about the relationship between 

5945
05:08:10,000 --> 05:08:13,500
work and prosperity. 
The principles Henry pioneered 

5946
05:08:13,500 --> 05:08:16,400
standardization continuous 
Improvement and treating workers

5947
05:08:16,400 --> 05:08:18,200
as partners rather than just 
labor. 

5948
05:08:19,000 --> 05:08:21,900
Became the foundation of modern 
Manufacturing. 

5949
05:08:22,800 --> 05:08:25,100
When you buy something today, 
that's both high-quality and 

5950
05:08:25,100 --> 05:08:28,400
affordable, your benefiting from
ideas that Henry Ford developed 

5951
05:08:28,400 --> 05:08:32,100
in his Detroit factories. 
From smartphones to Furniture to

5952
05:08:32,100 --> 05:08:34,300
food. 
The modern world of abundant 

5953
05:08:34,300 --> 05:08:36,700
consumer goods traces. 
Back to those early assembly 

5954
05:08:36,700 --> 05:08:39,000
lines. 
But perhaps Henry's most 

5955
05:08:39,000 --> 05:08:41,300
important contribution was 
proving that Innovation could be

5956
05:08:41,300 --> 05:08:44,800
democratic. 
Before Ford most new 

5957
05:08:44,800 --> 05:08:47,400
technologies were luxury items 
that gradually became more 

5958
05:08:47,400 --> 05:08:50,100
affordable. 
Henry, reversed that process. 

5959
05:08:50,100 --> 05:08:53,300
He started with the goal of 
making cars, affordable for 

5960
05:08:53,300 --> 05:08:55,000
everyone. 
Then figured out how to make 

5961
05:08:55,000 --> 05:08:58,600
them officially He began with 
the customer, not the technology

5962
05:08:58,600 --> 05:09:01,500
and that customer first approach
revolutionized. 

5963
05:09:01,500 --> 05:09:03,200
How businesses think about 
innovation? 

5964
05:09:04,200 --> 05:09:07,600
The social changes Henry, set in
motion were even more profound 

5965
05:09:07,600 --> 05:09:10,400
than the economic ones. 
The ultimate Bill culture, he 

5966
05:09:10,400 --> 05:09:13,600
created the freedom to live, 
where you want work, where you 

5967
05:09:13,608 --> 05:09:16,600
want and travel, where you want 
became Central to the American 

5968
05:09:16,600 --> 05:09:20,300
identity, the suburbs the 
shopping mall, the family road 

5969
05:09:20,300 --> 05:09:23,900
trip the drive-in restaurant, 
even the drive through bank, all

5970
05:09:23,900 --> 05:09:26,600
of these, Trace back to Henry's 
decision to make cars affordable

5971
05:09:26,600 --> 05:09:29,700
for ordinary families. 
Henry, also, demonstrated 

5972
05:09:29,700 --> 05:09:32,600
something that many modern 
companies struggle with the 

5973
05:09:32,600 --> 05:09:37,000
power of long-term thinking. 
While his competitors focused on

5974
05:09:37,000 --> 05:09:40,600
quarterly profits, Henry was 
thinking in decades, he 

5975
05:09:40,600 --> 05:09:42,900
understood that building a 
sustainable business meant 

5976
05:09:42,900 --> 05:09:46,000
creating a sustainable Society 
where workers could afford to be

5977
05:09:46,008 --> 05:09:49,300
customers where efficiency 
served Humanity, rather than 

5978
05:09:49,300 --> 05:09:52,400
replacing it and where 
innovation made life better for 

5979
05:09:52,400 --> 05:09:54,700
everyone. 
Not just the wealthy, the 

5980
05:09:54,700 --> 05:09:57,200
influence of Henry's ideas, 
extended far beyond the 

5981
05:09:57,200 --> 05:10:00,000
automotive industry. 
The assembly line principle, 

5982
05:10:00,000 --> 05:10:02,700
transformed manufacturing across
every sector. 

5983
05:10:02,700 --> 05:10:06,000
The concept of paying workers. 
Well enough to be customers 

5984
05:10:06,000 --> 05:10:08,000
influenced labor policy for 
Generations. 

5985
05:10:09,000 --> 05:10:11,800
The idea that mass production 
could create Prosperity rather 

5986
05:10:11,800 --> 05:10:14,900
than just profit became a 
Cornerstone of American Economic

5987
05:10:14,900 --> 05:10:18,800
Policy but Henry story also 
teaches us about the complexity 

5988
05:10:18,800 --> 05:10:22,100
of change the same innovations 
that created Suburban 

5989
05:10:22,100 --> 05:10:24,900
Prosperity. 
Also contributed to Urban Decay 

5990
05:10:26,000 --> 05:10:29,000
The freedom of the automobile 
came with costs pollution 

5991
05:10:29,000 --> 05:10:31,700
traffic and the decline of 
public transportation. 

5992
05:10:32,800 --> 05:10:35,200
The efficiently of mass 
production sometimes came at the

5993
05:10:35,208 --> 05:10:38,600
expense of Crossman in 
individual creativity, every 

5994
05:10:38,600 --> 05:10:41,800
Revolution brings both benefits 
and challenges and Henry's was 

5995
05:10:41,800 --> 05:10:44,600
no exception. 
What made Henry special wasn't 

5996
05:10:44,600 --> 05:10:46,700
that he was perfect. 
He certainly wasn't. 

5997
05:10:46,700 --> 05:10:50,800
He could be stubborn sometimes 
to the point of damaging his own

5998
05:10:50,800 --> 05:10:53,400
company. 
His paternalistic approach to 

5999
05:10:53,408 --> 05:10:55,100
work. 
A welfare would be unacceptable 

6000
05:10:55,100 --> 05:10:57,700
today. 
His later Embrace of automation 

6001
05:10:57,700 --> 05:10:59,800
over employment, showed the 
limits of his vision. 

6002
05:11:00,600 --> 05:11:03,500
But what made him remarkable was
his ability to see beyond the 

6003
05:11:03,500 --> 05:11:05,700
immediate problem to the larger 
possibilities? 

6004
05:11:06,500 --> 05:11:10,800
Today, as we Face new Revolution
in technology and work, Henry's 

6005
05:11:10,800 --> 05:11:14,300
example, remains relevant. 
His approach starting with human

6006
05:11:14,300 --> 05:11:17,000
needs rather than technical 
capabilities thinking about 

6007
05:11:17,000 --> 05:11:20,300
workers as partners, rather than
costs and believing that 

6008
05:11:20,300 --> 05:11:24,000
Innovation should serve. 
Everyone not just the few offers

6009
05:11:24,000 --> 05:11:27,300
lessons for our digital age. 
When you drive your car to 

6010
05:11:27,300 --> 05:11:30,100
tomorrow, remember that you're 
not just using a machine, your 

6011
05:11:30,100 --> 05:11:33,000
participating in a revolution 
that began with a young man who 

6012
05:11:33,000 --> 05:11:35,400
couldn't resist taking things 
apart to see how they worked. 

6013
05:11:36,400 --> 05:11:38,400
When you buy something that's 
both high-quality and 

6014
05:11:38,400 --> 05:11:41,500
affordable, your benefiting from
principles that Henry Ford 

6015
05:11:41,500 --> 05:11:45,100
pioneered over a century ago. 
Henry, proved that work, can 

6016
05:11:45,100 --> 05:11:49,500
provide not just survival, but 
prosperity The boy who left his 

6017
05:11:49,500 --> 05:11:51,900
father's Farm to work in. 
Detroit factories, became the 

6018
05:11:51,900 --> 05:11:54,800
man who showed the world that 
technology could serve Humanity,

6019
05:11:54,800 --> 05:11:58,700
that efficiency could co-exist 
with fairness and that 

6020
05:11:58,700 --> 05:12:01,400
Innovation could create 
opportunities for everyone. 

6021
05:12:02,100 --> 05:12:03,800
He didn't just change how cars 
were made. 

6022
05:12:03,800 --> 05:12:07,000
He changed how we think about 
work prosperity, and the 

6023
05:12:07,000 --> 05:12:10,400
possibilities of American Life. 
As you settle into sleep 

6024
05:12:10,400 --> 05:12:12,400
tonight. 
Remember that your living in the

6025
05:12:12,400 --> 05:12:15,400
world that Henry Ford helped 
create a world where Ordinary 

6026
05:12:15,400 --> 05:12:18,400
People can afford extraordinary 
things where Innovation serves 

6027
05:12:18,400 --> 05:12:20,800
humanity and where the next 
great breakthrough might come 

6028
05:12:20,800 --> 05:12:23,600
from someone who simply refuses 
to accept that things have to be

6029
05:12:23,608 --> 05:12:25,000
done the way they've always been
done. 

6030
05:12:26,200 --> 05:12:29,600
Remember every Revolution begins
with someone brave enough to 

6031
05:12:29,600 --> 05:12:31,000
imagine that things could be 
different? 

6032
05:12:37,800 --> 05:12:40,400
Picture yourself standing 
outside a towering Manhattan 

6033
05:12:40,400 --> 05:12:44,600
mansion in 1885 clutching A Worn
carpet bag and wearing your own 

6034
05:12:44,600 --> 05:12:47,700
decent dress. 
The marble steps stretch up like

6035
05:12:47,700 --> 05:12:49,800
a mountain, but you're not 
headed that way. 

6036
05:12:50,800 --> 05:12:53,200
Your entrance is around back 
through a narrow door. 

6037
05:12:53,200 --> 05:12:55,900
Marked only by the constant 
stream of delivery boys and 

6038
05:12:55,900 --> 05:12:59,600
other working, folks, welcome to
your new life as a housemaid in 

6039
05:12:59,600 --> 05:13:03,200
America's Gilded Age, where the 
rich got richer and you got to 

6040
05:13:03,200 --> 05:13:07,100
scrub their chamber pots. 
The servants entrance opens in 

6041
05:13:07,100 --> 05:13:08,700
to a different Universe 
entirely. 

6042
05:13:09,500 --> 05:13:12,500
While the family upstairs lifts 
around by velvet, drapes, and 

6043
05:13:12,508 --> 05:13:15,700
crystal chandeliers, your 
entering, a maze of narrow 

6044
05:13:15,700 --> 05:13:19,400
hallways steep staircases and 
rooms that never see proper 

6045
05:13:19,400 --> 05:13:21,800
sunlight. 
The basement kitchen feels like 

6046
05:13:21,800 --> 05:13:25,800
a ship's Galley, cramped hot and
buzzing with activity. 

6047
05:13:25,800 --> 05:13:29,800
The downstairs is your world now
and it operates by rules as 

6048
05:13:29,800 --> 05:13:33,300
rigid as any Royal Court. 
Your first shot comes. 

6049
05:13:33,300 --> 05:13:35,600
When the housekeeper misses 
Patterson hands. 

6050
05:13:35,600 --> 05:13:37,500
You a list of Duties longer than
your arm. 

6051
05:13:37,500 --> 05:13:40,400
Did you assume that housework 
only involved sweeping and 

6052
05:13:40,400 --> 05:13:43,200
dusting? 
Think, again, your responsible 

6053
05:13:43,200 --> 05:13:46,200
for everything from blackening, 
the coal stoves Before Dawn to 

6054
05:13:46,200 --> 05:13:49,500
polishing door handles with such
Precision that the Master of the

6055
05:13:49,500 --> 05:13:52,500
House, shouldn't see a single 
fingerprint and that's just 

6056
05:13:52,500 --> 05:13:54,000
Monday. 
The uniform. 

6057
05:13:54,000 --> 05:13:57,700
Comes next, a gray wolf dressed.
That itches something fierce 

6058
05:13:57,700 --> 05:14:00,000
covered by a white apron that 
must remain spotless. 

6059
05:14:00,000 --> 05:14:03,400
Despite the fact that you'll be 
cleaning fireplaces scrubbing, 

6060
05:14:03,400 --> 05:14:06,300
floors and Hauling buckets of 
water up, three flights of 

6061
05:14:06,300 --> 05:14:09,200
stairs. 
The little white cap perched on 

6062
05:14:09,200 --> 05:14:12,200
your head serves as both 
identification and humiliation. 

6063
05:14:12,200 --> 05:14:15,600
Your invisible, until your 
needed and needed until the job 

6064
05:14:15,600 --> 05:14:18,800
is perfect. 
Your bedroom as a closet size 

6065
05:14:18,800 --> 05:14:21,800
space under the eaves shared 
with another maid named Sarah 

6066
05:14:21,800 --> 05:14:26,000
who snores like a freight train.
The single window faces an air 

6067
05:14:26,000 --> 05:14:29,800
shaft offering a view of 
absolutely nothing except the 

6068
05:14:29,800 --> 05:14:31,200
brick wall of the house next 
door. 

6069
05:14:31,200 --> 05:14:35,000
But hey, at least you get your 
own chamber pot though, you'll 

6070
05:14:35,000 --> 05:14:38,800
be emptying everyone else's too.
The pace sounds decent at first 

6071
05:14:38,800 --> 05:14:41,300
maybe eight dollars a month plus
room and board. 

6072
05:14:42,100 --> 05:14:45,300
But then you discover the board 
consists of whatever leftovers. 

6073
05:14:45,300 --> 05:14:48,100
The family doesn't want served 
at a wooden table in the 

6074
05:14:48,100 --> 05:14:49,600
kitchen. 
After the family has finished 

6075
05:14:49,600 --> 05:14:52,800
their elaborate meals upstairs, 
you'll eat a lot of bread and 

6076
05:14:52,800 --> 05:14:56,500
gravy and you'll be grateful for
it because jobs are scarce and 

6077
05:14:56,500 --> 05:14:59,600
this beats, the factory work 
that slowly killing your cousin 

6078
05:14:59,600 --> 05:15:02,000
back home. 
What nobody tells you is, how 

6079
05:15:02,000 --> 05:15:03,800
the hierarchy Works below 
stairs. 

6080
05:15:03,800 --> 05:15:07,900
The butler rules like a king. 
The housekeeper like a queen and

6081
05:15:07,900 --> 05:15:09,900
you're somewhere near the bottom
of the pecking order with the 

6082
05:15:09,900 --> 05:15:12,500
scullery maid. 
And the boot boy everyone has a 

6083
05:15:12,508 --> 05:15:14,200
boss and someone else bosses 
them around. 

6084
05:15:14,200 --> 05:15:17,100
It's like a pyramid scheme 
except instead of selling 

6085
05:15:17,100 --> 05:15:19,500
overpriced vitamins. 
You're all selling your dignity 

6086
05:15:19,500 --> 05:15:23,000
one scrubbed floor at a time. 
The strangest part isn't the 

6087
05:15:23,000 --> 05:15:24,900
work. 
It's becoming a ghost in your 

6088
05:15:24,900 --> 05:15:27,200
life. 
You dust around the family as 

6089
05:15:27,200 --> 05:15:29,500
they eat breakfast. 
Invisible as furniture. 

6090
05:15:30,400 --> 05:15:33,500
Change sheets while they're at 
the Opera racing, any sign that 

6091
05:15:33,500 --> 05:15:36,300
you exist. 
You know, intimate details about

6092
05:15:36,300 --> 05:15:39,000
their lives, whose having 
Affairs, whose losing money at 

6093
05:15:39,000 --> 05:15:41,800
cards, who can't sleep without 
Lord and him, but they couldn't 

6094
05:15:41,800 --> 05:15:45,800
pick you out of a police lineup.
Somehow in this strange 

6095
05:15:45,800 --> 05:15:49,300
Netherworld between upstairs and
downstairs, you'll find a 

6096
05:15:49,300 --> 05:15:52,600
community, the other servants 
become your family, sharing 

6097
05:15:52,600 --> 05:15:56,100
gossip over Stolen Moments, and 
leftover cake, you'll discover 

6098
05:15:56,100 --> 05:15:59,600
that Mrs. Patterson isn't a 
Stern as she seems and that even

6099
05:15:59,600 --> 05:16:01,400
the stuffy Butler. 
Once sneaked you an extra 

6100
05:16:01,408 --> 05:16:04,800
blanket, during a cold, snap, 
your hands will become rough and

6101
05:16:04,800 --> 05:16:06,900
read your back. 
Will ache from bending over 

6102
05:16:06,900 --> 05:16:09,900
scrub brushes and you'll fall 
into bed each night exhausted. 

6103
05:16:10,900 --> 05:16:12,700
But you'll also develop muscles,
you never need. 

6104
05:16:12,700 --> 05:16:15,000
You had learn skills that would 
impress. 

6105
05:16:15,000 --> 05:16:18,600
Any modern efficiency, expert 
and gain a perspective on wealth

6106
05:16:18,600 --> 05:16:21,400
and privilege that few people 
ever get to see from the inside.

6107
05:16:21,400 --> 05:16:24,600
Five in the morning marks the 
start of your day with the 

6108
05:16:24,600 --> 05:16:27,700
world, still in darkness and the
house and developed in a quiet 

6109
05:16:27,700 --> 05:16:31,800
that Echoes with every footstep 
you've learned to dress by field

6110
05:16:31,800 --> 05:16:34,600
fumbling for your uniform, in 
the pitch black because 

6111
05:16:34,600 --> 05:16:36,200
lighting, a candle would wake 
Sarah. 

6112
05:16:36,200 --> 05:16:39,400
And a cranky roommate makes an 
already difficult day. 

6113
05:16:39,400 --> 05:16:43,100
Downright visible. 
First task is creeping down 

6114
05:16:43,100 --> 05:16:45,200
stairs, like a burglar in your 
workplace. 

6115
05:16:45,200 --> 05:16:48,600
Those beautiful hardwood floors,
that the family walks on. 

6116
05:16:48,600 --> 05:16:52,400
So elegantly, become your enemy 
in the pre-dawn hours every 

6117
05:16:52,400 --> 05:16:55,300
board seems designed to Creak at
the worst possible moment. 

6118
05:16:55,300 --> 05:16:58,700
You've mapped out the quiet 
spots like a criminal planning, 

6119
05:16:58,700 --> 05:17:01,700
a heist stepping only where the 
floorboards meet the joists. 

6120
05:17:01,700 --> 05:17:04,600
Once you reach the kitchen, it's
time for the morning, miracle 

6121
05:17:04,600 --> 05:17:07,600
bringing the house to life 
without anyone upstairs, knowing

6122
05:17:07,600 --> 05:17:10,000
how it happens. 
The Cold Stone needs to be 

6123
05:17:10,000 --> 05:17:13,700
cleaned out fresh coal added and
the fire coaxed back to life. 

6124
05:17:14,400 --> 05:17:17,300
Your hands turned black within 
minutes and you'll spend the 

6125
05:17:17,308 --> 05:17:19,700
rest of the day trying to scrub 
the evidence from under your 

6126
05:17:19,700 --> 05:17:22,400
fingernails. 
But this temperamental iron 

6127
05:17:22,400 --> 05:17:26,600
Beast is your lifeline. 
No, fire means no hot water, no 

6128
05:17:26,600 --> 05:17:28,800
cooking and no heat for the 
families. 

6129
05:17:28,800 --> 05:17:31,600
Mourning comfort. 
While the stove heats up your 

6130
05:17:31,600 --> 05:17:34,200
racing against time to complete 
what servants called The 

6131
05:17:34,200 --> 05:17:37,800
Invisible ballet, every surface 
that the family might touch 

6132
05:17:37,800 --> 05:17:41,100
needs to be perfect before they 
wake up door, knobs become 

6133
05:17:41,100 --> 05:17:44,300
polished, and they gleam carpets
become beaten free of 

6134
05:17:44,300 --> 05:17:47,400
yesterday's dust, and windows 
are cleaned with a mixed of 

6135
05:17:47,400 --> 05:17:50,300
vinegar and newspaper. 
That leaves your hands smelling 

6136
05:17:50,300 --> 05:17:54,000
like a Pickle Factory. 
The state of the bathroom 

6137
05:17:54,000 --> 05:17:57,100
warrants a separate narrative 
indoor, plumbing is still a 

6138
05:17:57,100 --> 05:18:00,200
luxury even in wealthy homes. 
So, your dealing with chamber 

6139
05:18:00,200 --> 05:18:02,500
pots. 
Wash basins, and the occasional 

6140
05:18:02,500 --> 05:18:05,500
newfangled water closet that 
breaks down more often than it 

6141
05:18:05,500 --> 05:18:08,200
works. 
Emptying and cleaning chamber. 

6142
05:18:08,200 --> 05:18:11,200
Pots becomes as routine as 
brushing your teeth though, 

6143
05:18:11,200 --> 05:18:14,100
considerably less Pleasant. 
You develop a technique that 

6144
05:18:14,100 --> 05:18:16,900
involves holding your breath and
contemplating, literally 

6145
05:18:16,900 --> 05:18:19,700
anything else breakfast. 
Preparation happens in 

6146
05:18:19,700 --> 05:18:22,600
Controlled Chaos. 
The cook maintains strict 

6147
05:18:22,600 --> 05:18:24,500
Authority in the kitchen 
wielding. 

6148
05:18:24,500 --> 05:18:26,600
A wooden spoon with 
determination to ensure that 

6149
05:18:26,600 --> 05:18:31,700
anyone who obstructs her efforts
is swiftly dealt with. your 

6150
05:18:31,700 --> 05:18:34,200
responsible for setting the 
dining room table with military 

6151
05:18:34,200 --> 05:18:38,000
precision, Every Fork exactly 
one inch from the edge of the 

6152
05:18:38,000 --> 05:18:40,800
plate. 
Every napkin folded into perfect

6153
05:18:40,800 --> 05:18:43,000
triangles, the family's 
breakfast. 

6154
05:18:43,000 --> 05:18:46,800
Must be delivered upstairs as if
by Magic hot and impeccably 

6155
05:18:46,800 --> 05:18:49,100
arranged. 
While you hastily grab cold 

6156
05:18:49,100 --> 05:18:52,600
leftover, biscuits and hope your
stomach remains silent enough to

6157
05:18:52,600 --> 05:18:55,500
go unnoticed. 
The washing routine would make a

6158
05:18:55,500 --> 05:18:58,400
modern person. 
Weep everything is scrubbed by 

6159
05:18:58,400 --> 05:19:01,400
hand, with lice soap, that could
strip paint from a barn door. 

6160
05:19:02,200 --> 05:19:05,100
Bed sheets of boiled in large 
copper tubs and stirred with 

6161
05:19:05,100 --> 05:19:08,400
wooden paddles, reminiscent of 
preparing an exceedingly, 

6162
05:19:08,400 --> 05:19:11,500
tedious stew. 
Your hands develop calluses in 

6163
05:19:11,500 --> 05:19:12,900
places. 
You didn't know could grow 

6164
05:19:12,900 --> 05:19:16,000
blisters and the constant 
moisture makes your skin crack 

6165
05:19:16,000 --> 05:19:19,200
like dried leather. 
Laundry day transforms the 

6166
05:19:19,200 --> 05:19:23,200
basement into a steamy jungle. 
Clothesline stretch everywhere, 

6167
05:19:23,200 --> 05:19:27,400
creating a maze of damp Linens 
and undergarments you learned to

6168
05:19:27,400 --> 05:19:30,800
navigate this, textile obstacle 
course, while carrying baskets 

6169
05:19:30,800 --> 05:19:33,100
of wet laundry that way more 
than small children. 

6170
05:19:34,000 --> 05:19:37,000
The air becomes so thick with 
moisture that breathing feels 

6171
05:19:37,000 --> 05:19:40,600
like drowning in slow motion and
your hair escapes from your cap.

6172
05:19:40,600 --> 05:19:42,700
In rebellious wisps that make 
you look like, you've been 

6173
05:19:42,700 --> 05:19:45,700
struck by lightning. 
The ironing comes next. 

6174
05:19:45,700 --> 05:19:49,700
Using heavy metal irons heated 
on the stove, these weapons of 

6175
05:19:49,700 --> 05:19:52,800
domestic destruction weigh about
5 pounds each and retain heat 

6176
05:19:52,800 --> 05:19:55,800
like, tiny furnaces. 
You'll burn yourself at least 

6177
05:19:55,800 --> 05:19:59,100
once a week, developing a 
collection of small scars that 

6178
05:19:59,100 --> 05:20:00,900
Mark, you as permanently as any 
Sailors. 

6179
05:20:00,900 --> 05:20:04,200
Tattoos, the family's clothes 
must emerge crisp and perfect 

6180
05:20:04,200 --> 05:20:07,300
while your own uniform looks 
like you slept in it, which 

6181
05:20:07,300 --> 05:20:10,900
somedays you practically did. 
Between all these tasks, your 

6182
05:20:10,900 --> 05:20:12,600
constantly running up and down 
stairs. 

6183
05:20:12,600 --> 05:20:16,300
That seemed designed by some of 
who hated servants your legs, 

6184
05:20:16,300 --> 05:20:18,400
the strength of a mountain 
climber. 

6185
05:20:18,400 --> 05:20:22,800
But you'll need start protesting
before you turn. 25 each trip up

6186
05:20:22,800 --> 05:20:24,600
stairs. 
Feels like scaling Mount 

6187
05:20:24,600 --> 05:20:26,700
Everest. 
Especially when your carrying 

6188
05:20:26,700 --> 05:20:28,900
heavy buckets, or baskets of 
clean laundry. 

6189
05:20:30,400 --> 05:20:32,300
The morning routine ends around 
9:00. 

6190
05:20:32,300 --> 05:20:35,100
When the family finally makes 
their grand appearance down 

6191
05:20:35,100 --> 05:20:37,900
stairs by. 
Then you've been working for 

6192
05:20:37,900 --> 05:20:41,700
four hours accomplished enough, 
tasks to exhaust a small army 

6193
05:20:41,700 --> 05:20:44,200
and somehow managed to make it 
all look effortless. 

6194
05:20:45,100 --> 05:20:47,800
The family effortlessly 
navigates their morning, routine

6195
05:20:47,800 --> 05:20:51,000
unaware that a team of servants 
has been working tirelessly 

6196
05:20:51,000 --> 05:20:52,900
behind the scenes to ensure 
their comfort. 

6197
05:20:52,900 --> 05:20:55,800
The invisible line between 
upstairs and downstairs isn't 

6198
05:20:55,800 --> 05:20:59,500
marked on any blueprint, but it 
might as well be painted in neon

6199
05:20:59,500 --> 05:21:02,000
cross it at the wrong time, or 
in the wrong way. 

6200
05:21:02,000 --> 05:21:05,300
And you'll face consequences 
ranging from sharp words to 

6201
05:21:05,300 --> 05:21:08,700
outright dismissal. 
Learning to navigate this social

6202
05:21:08,700 --> 05:21:11,600
Minefield becomes as crucial as 
mastering the art of silver 

6203
05:21:11,600 --> 05:21:14,100
polish. 
Your training in invisibility 

6204
05:21:14,100 --> 05:21:18,100
starts immediately, when family 
members enter a room, you become

6205
05:21:18,100 --> 05:21:22,800
a piece of furniture useful when
needed ignored otherwise You'll 

6206
05:21:22,800 --> 05:21:24,900
learn to dust around 
conversations about family. 

6207
05:21:24,900 --> 05:21:28,900
Finances, clean fireplace places
while dramatic arguments on fold

6208
05:21:28,900 --> 05:21:31,200
and change bed. 
Linens while pretending not to 

6209
05:21:31,200 --> 05:21:33,200
notice the Love Letter hidden 
under pillows. 

6210
05:21:33,200 --> 05:21:36,000
It's akin to operating as a 
secret agent. 

6211
05:21:36,000 --> 05:21:39,100
Within your own organization 
yet, the information you collect

6212
05:21:39,100 --> 05:21:42,100
is utterly insignificant and 
could pose a threat if 

6213
05:21:42,100 --> 05:21:45,600
discovered The bail system 
becomes your master. 

6214
05:21:45,600 --> 05:21:49,400
Every room has a cord that 
connects to a series of bells in

6215
05:21:49,400 --> 05:21:51,900
the servants Hall each with a 
different tone that you must 

6216
05:21:51,900 --> 05:21:55,800
memorize, like a musical scale. 
The library bell sound different

6217
05:21:55,800 --> 05:21:58,300
from the morning room Belle, 
which sounds different from the 

6218
05:21:58,300 --> 05:21:59,400
master bedroom. 
Belle. 

6219
05:21:59,400 --> 05:22:02,500
Every room is equipped with a 
cold that connects to a series 

6220
05:22:02,500 --> 05:22:04,400
of bells located, in the 
servants Hall. 

6221
05:22:04,400 --> 05:22:07,900
Each producing a distinct tone 
that won must memorize a king to

6222
05:22:07,900 --> 05:22:11,100
a musical scale. 
The bell in the library, has a 

6223
05:22:11,100 --> 05:22:13,500
different sound than that of the
morning room, which in turn 

6224
05:22:13,508 --> 05:22:15,200
differs from the bell. 
In the master bedroom. 

6225
05:22:15,200 --> 05:22:18,200
Should you make an error? 
You may find yourself in the 

6226
05:22:18,208 --> 05:22:21,200
position of having to explain 
why you deliver tea service to 

6227
05:22:21,200 --> 05:22:23,700
someone who actually desired 
their boots to be polished. 

6228
05:22:23,700 --> 05:22:27,400
Engaging in conversation with 
family members, necessitates its

6229
05:22:27,400 --> 05:22:30,600
own set of protocols. 
One should never initiate 

6230
05:22:30,600 --> 05:22:33,900
dialogue unless there is an 
urgent situation such as 

6231
05:22:33,900 --> 05:22:37,200
someone's hair being on fire. 
Speaking to family members 

6232
05:22:37,200 --> 05:22:40,200
requires its own protocol, you 
should never start a 

6233
05:22:40,200 --> 05:22:42,000
conversation unless someone's 
hair is in danger. 

6234
05:22:42,800 --> 05:22:46,400
When spoken to you respond with?
Yes sir or yes? 

6235
05:22:46,400 --> 05:22:48,500
Ma'am. 
Followed by a media attack 

6236
05:22:48,500 --> 05:22:51,400
action. 
Extended conversations are 

6237
05:22:51,400 --> 05:22:53,800
forbidden, even if the family 
member seems friendly. 

6238
05:22:54,700 --> 05:22:57,200
They might ask about your family
back home or comment on the 

6239
05:22:57,208 --> 05:23:00,100
weather, but these aren't 
invitations for genuine human 

6240
05:23:00,100 --> 05:23:02,300
connection. 
They're just rich people being 

6241
05:23:02,300 --> 05:23:04,000
polite in the same way. 
They might pattern. 

6242
05:23:04,000 --> 05:23:06,400
Well behaved dog. 
The children of the house 

6243
05:23:06,400 --> 05:23:08,900
presents, special challenges 
little Master. 

6244
05:23:08,900 --> 05:23:12,200
Timothy might be adorable in his
sailor suit, but he is also a 

6245
05:23:12,200 --> 05:23:15,200
tiny dictator, whose never heard
the word know applied to 

6246
05:23:15,200 --> 05:23:17,400
himself. 
He'll demand that you drop. 

6247
05:23:17,400 --> 05:23:19,900
Everything to build him a fort 
out of dining room chairs. 

6248
05:23:19,900 --> 05:23:22,500
Then try to his mother. 
When you explain that, you need 

6249
05:23:22,500 --> 05:23:25,400
to finish your actual work. 
First, the result. 

6250
05:23:26,200 --> 05:23:28,900
You'll build the fort and work 
twice as fast to catch up 

6251
05:23:28,900 --> 05:23:32,400
because Rich children's tears, 
carry more weight than servants 

6252
05:23:32,400 --> 05:23:35,300
explanations. 
Privacy becomes a foreign 

6253
05:23:35,300 --> 05:23:38,800
concept, your employers expect 
you to see and hear everything 

6254
05:23:38,800 --> 05:23:40,900
while somehow remaining mentally
absent. 

6255
05:23:41,600 --> 05:23:44,400
Your witness family fights that 
would scandalize the neighbors, 

6256
05:23:44,400 --> 05:23:48,100
observe personal habits that 
range from quirky to discussing.

6257
05:23:48,100 --> 05:23:51,300
And over here Financial 
discussions that could tax stock

6258
05:23:51,300 --> 05:23:53,500
prices. 
But you're not supposed to 

6259
05:23:53,500 --> 05:23:56,000
remember discuss or use any of 
it. 

6260
05:23:56,800 --> 05:24:00,000
The family's guest provide their
own entertainment, wealthy 

6261
05:24:00,000 --> 05:24:02,500
guests, treat their servants, 
like interactive wallpaper 

6262
05:24:02,500 --> 05:24:05,700
discussing intimate details of 
their lives as if they've left 

6263
05:24:05,700 --> 05:24:09,400
you deaf and mute you'll learn 
about Affairs, business deals 

6264
05:24:09,400 --> 05:24:12,300
and family, scandals, that would
fill a dozen gossip columns. 

6265
05:24:12,300 --> 05:24:15,500
All while polishing silver or 
arranging flowers with the 

6266
05:24:15,500 --> 05:24:18,800
focused concentration of a monk 
meal, service becomes a 

6267
05:24:18,800 --> 05:24:21,700
choreographed dance where one 
wrong step can ruin the entire 

6268
05:24:21,700 --> 05:24:24,300
performance. 
You must appear at exactly the 

6269
05:24:24,300 --> 05:24:27,100
right moment with the right 
item, serve from the correct 

6270
05:24:27,100 --> 05:24:30,800
side and vanish before anyone 
notices, you are there, drop a 

6271
05:24:30,808 --> 05:24:34,400
fork and the entire table Falls,
silent spill wine on a guest. 

6272
05:24:34,400 --> 05:24:37,300
And you'll be lucky to find work
cleaning Stables, the Family 

6273
05:24:37,300 --> 05:24:39,400
schedule, dictates your entire 
existence. 

6274
05:24:39,400 --> 05:24:43,200
When they decide to host a 
dinner party for 20 people, your

6275
05:24:43,200 --> 05:24:46,800
schedule explodes into 16-hour 
days of preparation either. 

6276
05:24:46,800 --> 05:24:49,300
Pacquiao along like luggage or 
leave you behind to maintain an 

6277
05:24:49,300 --> 05:24:51,700
empty house when they travel to 
their summer house. 

6278
05:24:52,700 --> 05:24:55,400
Your needs for rest. 
So, social contact, or personal 

6279
05:24:55,400 --> 05:24:58,700
time, simply don't factor into 
their calculations yet. 

6280
05:24:58,700 --> 05:25:02,900
Within this rigid system small, 
rebellions bloom Servants 

6281
05:25:02,900 --> 05:25:04,700
develop their own communication 
networks. 

6282
05:25:04,700 --> 05:25:07,800
Passing information through a 
complex system of glances 

6283
05:25:07,800 --> 05:25:10,900
gestures and carefully coded 
conversations. 

6284
05:25:10,900 --> 05:25:14,300
You learn to read the subtle 
signs that indicate when cook is

6285
05:25:14,300 --> 05:25:16,200
in a poor mood. 
When the butler has been 

6286
05:25:16,200 --> 05:25:19,300
sampling, the wine Where Mrs. 
Patterson is actually pleased 

6287
05:25:19,300 --> 05:25:21,200
with your work despite her Stern
expression. 

6288
05:25:21,200 --> 05:25:24,700
The hypocrisy becomes almost 
comical once you adjust to it. 

6289
05:25:24,700 --> 05:25:28,100
The same family that lectures, 
their children about honesty 

6290
05:25:28,100 --> 05:25:31,100
will lie, smoothly, to social 
callers about their whereabouts.

6291
05:25:31,100 --> 05:25:34,000
They'll preach Christian. 
Charity at Sunday dinner. 

6292
05:25:34,000 --> 05:25:36,200
Then dock your wages for 
breaking a plate. 

6293
05:25:36,200 --> 05:25:39,100
They'll discuss the moral 
degradation of the working 

6294
05:25:39,100 --> 05:25:41,900
classes, while running their 
household through a system that 

6295
05:25:41,900 --> 05:25:45,500
would make a medieval Lord 
blush. your fellow servants, 

6296
05:25:45,500 --> 05:25:50,200
become your real family, united 
by shared exhaustion, and mutual

6297
05:25:50,200 --> 05:25:52,700
understanding of the 
absurdities, you witness daily 

6298
05:25:53,800 --> 05:25:56,000
late night conversations in the 
servants Hall. 

6299
05:25:56,000 --> 05:25:58,100
Create bonds stronger than 
blood. 

6300
05:25:58,800 --> 05:26:01,200
Forged by the knowledge that 
you're all surviving the same 

6301
05:26:01,200 --> 05:26:04,400
bizarre, social experiment 
together, a low stairs operates,

6302
05:26:04,400 --> 05:26:07,200
like its own small Kingdom 
complete with rigid, social 

6303
05:26:07,200 --> 05:26:10,600
rankings, unspoken rules and 
enough political Intrigue to 

6304
05:26:10,600 --> 05:26:11,800
rival. 
Any Royal Court? 

6305
05:26:12,900 --> 05:26:15,700
Understanding your place in this
hierarchy becomes crucial for 

6306
05:26:15,700 --> 05:26:18,800
survival because stepping out of
a line can make your already 

6307
05:26:18,800 --> 05:26:20,800
difficult life absolutely 
miserable. 

6308
05:26:22,200 --> 05:26:24,600
At the top of this domestic 
pyramid sits the butler. 

6309
05:26:24,600 --> 05:26:28,100
A man who carries himself with 
more dignity than most senators 

6310
05:26:28,100 --> 05:26:31,200
and considerably more Authority 
than the average Army General. 

6311
05:26:31,900 --> 05:26:35,100
He controls The Wine, Cellar. 
Manages the male servants and 

6312
05:26:35,100 --> 05:26:37,600
serves as the family's public 
face when they are receiving 

6313
05:26:37,600 --> 05:26:42,000
guests in his perfectly pressed,
uniform and white gloves, he 

6314
05:26:42,000 --> 05:26:45,400
Glides through the house. 
Like he owns it which in many 

6315
05:26:45,400 --> 05:26:50,500
practical ways he does cross him
and you'll find yourself a sign 

6316
05:26:50,500 --> 05:26:53,400
to the worst jobs until you 
either quit or learn proper 

6317
05:26:53,400 --> 05:26:56,200
respect. 
The housekeeper holds a dominant

6318
05:26:56,200 --> 05:26:57,800
position among the female 
servants. 

6319
05:26:57,800 --> 05:27:00,900
Dictating everything from 
uniform standards to room 

6320
05:27:00,900 --> 05:27:03,900
assignments. 
Mrs. Patterson may appear as a 

6321
05:27:03,900 --> 05:27:07,400
gentle grandmother to sum yet. 
She manages her domain with the 

6322
05:27:07,400 --> 05:27:10,500
efficiency of a military 
commander and the meticulousness

6323
05:27:10,500 --> 05:27:14,300
of a Swiss watchmaker. 
He keeps track of every towel, 

6324
05:27:14,300 --> 05:27:16,600
every bar of soap and every 
minute of your day. 

6325
05:27:17,400 --> 05:27:20,500
Her approval means protection 
and slightly better assignments.

6326
05:27:20,500 --> 05:27:24,100
Her disapproval means scrubbing,
floors and to your knees. 

6327
05:27:24,100 --> 05:27:28,000
Bleed cook occupies her own 
special category, technically 

6328
05:27:28,000 --> 05:27:31,300
below the housekeeper in rank 
but wielding enormous practical 

6329
05:27:31,300 --> 05:27:35,200
power because she controls the 
food Skilled cook has the power 

6330
05:27:35,200 --> 05:27:38,800
to shape the social status of a 
wealthy family inspiring, both 

6331
05:27:38,800 --> 05:27:43,000
respect and fear in everyone, 
including the family members 

6332
05:27:43,000 --> 05:27:45,200
themselves. 
She rules her kitchen. 

6333
05:27:45,200 --> 05:27:48,700
Like a benevolent dictator 
capable of creating masterpieces

6334
05:27:48,700 --> 05:27:50,600
with one hand, while boxing 
ears. 

6335
05:27:50,600 --> 05:27:53,600
With the other, if you manage to
gain her favor, you'll never 

6336
05:27:53,600 --> 05:27:56,400
face hunger. 
If you provoke her anger, you'll

6337
05:27:56,400 --> 05:27:58,400
have to rely on bread, crusts 
and regret. 

6338
05:27:59,400 --> 05:28:03,000
Ladies maids and valleys occupy,
the aristocracy of servant land 

6339
05:28:03,000 --> 05:28:06,700
these personal attendants dress,
their employers style, their 

6340
05:28:06,700 --> 05:28:09,600
hair and no intimate details 
about their daily lives. 

6341
05:28:09,600 --> 05:28:13,200
They earn higher wages, where 
better uniforms and often 

6342
05:28:13,200 --> 05:28:15,900
receive cast off clothing worth 
more than your annual salary. 

6343
05:28:15,900 --> 05:28:20,100
They also tend to adopt an air 
of superiority Having us though,

6344
05:28:20,100 --> 05:28:22,500
they have somehow elevated above
others, simply because they 

6345
05:28:22,500 --> 05:28:26,200
assist to fluent individuals in 
dressing rather than performing 

6346
05:28:26,200 --> 05:28:29,900
more menial tasks. 
Footman represent the peacocks 

6347
05:28:29,900 --> 05:28:33,000
of the servant World chosen more
for their appearance than their 

6348
05:28:33,000 --> 05:28:35,700
skills. 
They need to be tall handsome 

6349
05:28:35,700 --> 05:28:38,400
and capable of standing 
motionless for hours while 

6350
05:28:38,400 --> 05:28:41,300
looking decorative. 
Their primary duties include 

6351
05:28:41,300 --> 05:28:45,000
opening, doors serving meals and
providing visual stimulation for

6352
05:28:45,000 --> 05:28:48,800
the families, female guests. 
The Beneficial news is they're 

6353
05:28:48,800 --> 05:28:50,300
often too, pretty to be truly 
bright. 

6354
05:28:50,300 --> 05:28:53,700
The adverse news is they know 
they're pretty an act 

6355
05:28:53,700 --> 05:28:56,500
accordingly. 
You occupy the vast Middle 

6356
05:28:56,500 --> 05:28:59,600
Ground of General housemates, 
along with your fellow soldiers,

6357
05:28:59,600 --> 05:29:02,000
in the war against dust dirt and
disorder. 

6358
05:29:02,000 --> 05:29:05,700
You're above the scullery maid 
who spends her entire existence,

6359
05:29:05,700 --> 05:29:07,400
washing dishes and scrubbing 
pots. 

6360
05:29:07,400 --> 05:29:09,900
And the boot boy whose life 
revolves around. 

6361
05:29:09,900 --> 05:29:13,000
Making leather shine, but below 
practically everyone else. 

6362
05:29:13,900 --> 05:29:15,900
It's like being middle 
management in a company that 

6363
05:29:15,900 --> 05:29:18,900
specializes in thankless labor 
kitchen politics. 

6364
05:29:18,900 --> 05:29:20,900
Make international diplomacy 
look simple. 

6365
05:29:21,800 --> 05:29:23,100
Cook in the housekeeper 
maintained. 

6366
05:29:23,100 --> 05:29:26,000
An uneasy Alliance based on 
mutual respect, and territorial 

6367
05:29:26,000 --> 05:29:29,700
boundaries that shift. 
Like Desert Sands the butler, 

6368
05:29:29,700 --> 05:29:33,000
considers himself above such 
Petty concerns, which makes 

6369
05:29:33,000 --> 05:29:35,100
everyone else. 
Consider him an arrogant 

6370
05:29:35,100 --> 05:29:37,800
peacock. 
Personal Maids gossip about 

6371
05:29:37,800 --> 05:29:41,000
their employers or somehow 
maintaining superiority over 

6372
05:29:41,000 --> 05:29:43,600
everyone who doesn't have access
to such intimate information. 

6373
05:29:44,800 --> 05:29:47,700
Meals in the servants Hall. 
Follow protocols to the state 

6374
05:29:47,700 --> 05:29:50,200
dinners at the head of the 
table, the Butler and 

6375
05:29:50,200 --> 05:29:53,300
housekeeper received the first 
service and consume the tastiest

6376
05:29:53,300 --> 05:29:57,300
portions Personal servants are 
seated next then upper 

6377
05:29:57,300 --> 05:30:01,100
housemates then lower house 
maids and lastly the truly 

6378
05:30:01,100 --> 05:30:03,900
unfortunate individuals who 
clean pots and polish boots. 

6379
05:30:03,900 --> 05:30:08,100
Conversation follows equally 
rigid rules, no discussion of 

6380
05:30:08,108 --> 05:30:10,600
family business. 
No complaints about working 

6381
05:30:10,600 --> 05:30:14,400
conditions and absolutely, no 
questioning of decisions made by

6382
05:30:14,408 --> 05:30:18,100
your superiors romance below 
stairs, provide endless, 

6383
05:30:18,100 --> 05:30:20,400
entertainment and occasional 
heartbreak. 

6384
05:30:21,300 --> 05:30:25,100
Relationships between servants 
face constant scrutiny from both

6385
05:30:25,100 --> 05:30:27,700
the staff hierarchy and the 
family upstairs. 

6386
05:30:28,700 --> 05:30:30,600
A housemaid dating. 
A footman might find herself 

6387
05:30:30,600 --> 05:30:33,200
reassigned to less desirable 
duties if the housekeeper 

6388
05:30:33,200 --> 05:30:35,800
disapproves. 
Marriage, usually, means one 

6389
05:30:35,800 --> 05:30:38,800
partner must locate employment 
elsewhere, since most families 

6390
05:30:38,800 --> 05:30:41,800
won't employ married couples who
might prioritize each other over

6391
05:30:41,800 --> 05:30:45,300
their duties, the contrast 
between your circumstances, and 

6392
05:30:45,300 --> 05:30:48,400
those of the family creates its 
own psychological challenges, 

6393
05:30:48,400 --> 05:30:51,400
you handle their money while 
earning a fraction of what they 

6394
05:30:51,400 --> 05:30:54,700
spend on a single dinner party. 
You maintain their beautiful 

6395
05:30:54,700 --> 05:30:56,900
clothes while wearing the same 
grey dress day. 

6396
05:30:56,900 --> 05:31:00,200
After day, you prepare their 
luxurious meals while eating 

6397
05:31:00,200 --> 05:31:04,700
leftovers that wouldn't satisfy 
a prison inmate The irony 

6398
05:31:04,700 --> 05:31:07,200
thickens to such an extent that 
it could be sliced. 

6399
05:31:07,200 --> 05:31:09,900
With the silver knives, you 
meticulously polish every day, 

6400
05:31:10,800 --> 05:31:14,500
Yet, within this strange system.
Genuine friendships develop 

6401
05:31:15,300 --> 05:31:16,700
Sarah. 
You're snoring. 

6402
05:31:16,700 --> 05:31:19,200
Roommate becomes your closest 
confidant. 

6403
05:31:20,000 --> 05:31:23,600
Scholarly made, despite her 
lowly status, possesses a wicked

6404
05:31:23,600 --> 05:31:25,400
sense of humor. 
That makes even the worst days 

6405
05:31:25,400 --> 05:31:29,500
bearable even, Mrs. Patterson 
for all her Stern, efficiency, 

6406
05:31:29,500 --> 05:31:32,400
occasionally shows flashes of 
motherly concern. 

6407
05:31:32,400 --> 05:31:35,000
That remind you she was once 
young and overwhelmed too. 

6408
05:31:35,800 --> 05:31:39,200
Information becomes currently in
this closed World knowing which 

6409
05:31:39,200 --> 05:31:42,800
family members are traveling 
which guests are expected or 

6410
05:31:42,800 --> 05:31:44,600
Which social events require 
extra. 

6411
05:31:44,600 --> 05:31:48,000
Preparation provides you 
leverage and protection the 

6412
05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:50,600
servant to overhears plans for a
dinner party can prepare 

6413
05:31:50,600 --> 05:31:53,200
accordingly. 
The one caught off guard ends up

6414
05:31:53,208 --> 05:31:55,200
working until midnight with no 
warning. 

6415
05:31:55,200 --> 05:31:58,300
Nothing tests are servants, and 
durans quite like the social 

6416
05:31:58,300 --> 05:32:00,200
season. 
When wealthy family is 

6417
05:32:00,200 --> 05:32:03,400
transformed from merely 
demanding employers into social 

6418
05:32:03,400 --> 05:32:05,900
climbing tornadoes. 
That sweep through your life. 

6419
05:32:05,900 --> 05:32:10,000
Leaving kale chaos, exhaustion, 
and occasionally, broken china, 

6420
05:32:10,000 --> 05:32:12,700
in their weight. 
From November, through February,

6421
05:32:12,700 --> 05:32:15,900
your employers shed, any 
pretense of normal living and 

6422
05:32:15,900 --> 05:32:19,600
dive head first into a whirlwind
of dinner parties, balls, and 

6423
05:32:19,600 --> 05:32:21,400
social events. 
That would exhaust a 

6424
05:32:21,400 --> 05:32:24,200
professional athlete. 
Preparing for a dinner party, 

6425
05:32:24,200 --> 05:32:27,500
feels like planning, a military 
Invasion, two days before the 

6426
05:32:27,500 --> 05:32:30,200
event, the house erupts into 
controlled pandemonium. 

6427
05:32:30,200 --> 05:32:33,800
Every piece of silver must be 
polished until it blinds anyone.

6428
05:32:33,800 --> 05:32:35,700
Foolish enough to look directly 
at it. 

6429
05:32:35,700 --> 05:32:39,300
Crystal glasses, get washed in 
special solutions that cost more

6430
05:32:39,300 --> 05:32:40,800
per bottle than you earn in a 
week. 

6431
05:32:41,600 --> 05:32:45,300
Mrs. Patterson meticulously 
scrubs polishes and inspect 

6432
05:32:45,300 --> 05:32:46,900
every surface in the dining 
room. 

6433
05:32:46,900 --> 05:32:50,900
A process typically reserved for
operating, Theatres the floral 

6434
05:32:50,900 --> 05:32:54,100
arrangements alone could drive 
you to drink, if you had access 

6435
05:32:54,100 --> 05:32:56,300
to anything stronger than Cooks 
cooking Sherry. 

6436
05:32:57,100 --> 05:33:00,300
Flowers arrived from the florist
in carefully packed boxes each 

6437
05:33:00,300 --> 05:33:02,300
Bloom worth more than your 
monthly wages. 

6438
05:33:02,300 --> 05:33:06,500
You'll spend hours, arranging 
roses lilies and exotic blooms 

6439
05:33:06,500 --> 05:33:10,100
whose names you can't pronounce 
creating centerpieces that will 

6440
05:33:10,108 --> 05:33:13,800
be admired for precisely three 
hours before being relegated to 

6441
05:33:13,800 --> 05:33:16,600
the servants Hall, where they'll
brighten your Drury meals for 

6442
05:33:16,600 --> 05:33:19,600
the rest of the week. 
Planing the menu turns into a 

6443
05:33:19,600 --> 05:33:23,300
challenge in culinary 
mathematics comparable to that 

6444
05:33:23,300 --> 05:33:26,400
of a university Professor. 
The family wants to impress 

6445
05:33:26,400 --> 05:33:29,300
their guests without appearing 
to try too hard serve 

6446
05:33:29,300 --> 05:33:32,500
sophisticated food without being
pretentious and accommodate 

6447
05:33:32,500 --> 05:33:35,100
dietary, restrictions, that 
changed daily based on the 

6448
05:33:35,100 --> 05:33:38,300
latest medical fans. 
Cook transforms into a 

6449
05:33:38,300 --> 05:33:41,100
temperamental artists creating 
elaborate dishes. 

6450
05:33:41,100 --> 05:33:44,100
While simultaneously managing a 
kitchen staff that multiplies 

6451
05:33:44,100 --> 05:33:48,400
mysteriously during party 
preparations, Your uniform gets 

6452
05:33:48,400 --> 05:33:52,700
upgraded for special events. 
A slightly better dress a crispr

6453
05:33:52,700 --> 05:33:56,400
apron and shoes that haven't 
been resolved, three times your 

6454
05:33:56,400 --> 05:33:59,700
expected to serve guests with 
the grace of a ballet dancer and

6455
05:33:59,700 --> 05:34:02,500
the efficiency of a factory 
worker while remaining, as 

6456
05:34:02,500 --> 05:34:06,100
invisible as furniture. 
Spill wine on a guest gown and 

6457
05:34:06,100 --> 05:34:08,700
you'll find yourself explaining 
to potential future employers 

6458
05:34:08,700 --> 05:34:11,300
why your last position ended so 
abruptly. 

6459
05:34:12,300 --> 05:34:14,700
The guest bedrooms become 
monuments to excessive 

6460
05:34:14,700 --> 05:34:17,600
hospitality. 
Fresh Linens appear on beds that

6461
05:34:17,600 --> 05:34:20,500
may not even be used but the 
possibility that the 

6462
05:34:20,500 --> 05:34:23,200
Vanderbilt's cousin might need a
place to rest between courses 

6463
05:34:23,200 --> 05:34:27,400
requires preparation, worthy of 
visiting royalty, you'll arrange

6464
05:34:27,400 --> 05:34:31,200
flowers stopwatch basins, with 
the finest, soaps, and ensure 

6465
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:33,600
that chamber pots are spotless 
and discreetly positioned. 

6466
05:34:33,600 --> 05:34:36,900
Because nothing ruins a social 
evening like inadequate, 

6467
05:34:36,900 --> 05:34:40,100
bathroom facilities, Christmas 
seized multiplies. 

6468
05:34:40,100 --> 05:34:44,300
The Insanity by roughly 10,000%,
The family's gift-giving 

6469
05:34:44,300 --> 05:34:46,700
requires military level 
Logistics coordination. 

6470
05:34:46,700 --> 05:34:50,500
You'll spend December wrapping 
presents with paper that costs. 

6471
05:34:50,500 --> 05:34:53,400
More than most people's winter 
coats arranging, elaborate 

6472
05:34:53,400 --> 05:34:55,800
displays that transformed the 
house into something. 

6473
05:34:55,800 --> 05:34:59,200
Resembling a particularly 
expensive Museum and somehow 

6474
05:34:59,200 --> 05:35:02,000
maintaining normal daily 
operations while accommodating. 

6475
05:35:02,000 --> 05:35:05,400
The constant stream of 
deliveries social calls and 

6476
05:35:05,400 --> 05:35:08,900
holiday preparations. 
Holiday, entertaining reaches 

6477
05:35:08,900 --> 05:35:12,500
levels of absurdity, that would 
impress Roman emperors, New 

6478
05:35:12,500 --> 05:35:15,700
Year's Eve parties, stretch 
until dawn requiring, you to 

6479
05:35:15,700 --> 05:35:17,800
work shifts. 
That would violate modern labor 

6480
05:35:17,800 --> 05:35:21,300
laws by several decades. 
You'll serve champagne that cost

6481
05:35:21,300 --> 05:35:24,900
more per bottle, the new earn in
three months, clean up after 

6482
05:35:24,900 --> 05:35:27,800
revelers, whose idea of fun 
involves considerable property 

6483
05:35:27,800 --> 05:35:31,100
damage and somehow maintain a 
pleasant demeanor while running 

6484
05:35:31,100 --> 05:35:34,100
on three hours of sleep. 
And pure caffeine the laundry 

6485
05:35:34,100 --> 05:35:35,800
situation. 
During the social season, 

6486
05:35:35,800 --> 05:35:38,300
deserves its own chapter, in the
annals of human suffering. 

6487
05:35:38,300 --> 05:35:43,100
Evening gowns, require special 
handling with beading lace and 

6488
05:35:43,100 --> 05:35:45,700
fabric so delicate that 
breathing on the wrong could 

6489
05:35:45,700 --> 05:35:48,900
cause a reputable damage. 
Men's Formal Wear involved, 

6490
05:35:48,900 --> 05:35:51,000
starching shirt from France to 
cardboard, stiffness. 

6491
05:35:51,000 --> 05:35:54,500
Pressing steel coats that must 
hang perfectly and managing 

6492
05:35:54,500 --> 05:35:57,000
White Tiles. 
That require the Precision of a 

6493
05:35:57,000 --> 05:36:00,100
Swiss clockmaker. 
Guest management becomes a 

6494
05:36:00,100 --> 05:36:02,800
diplomatic challenge, that would
stump professional ambassadors. 

6495
05:36:03,600 --> 05:36:06,400
Wealthy visitors arrive with 
their servants, creating 

6496
05:36:06,400 --> 05:36:09,400
temporary hierarchies and 
territorial disputes that make 

6497
05:36:09,400 --> 05:36:11,000
international border 
negotiations. 

6498
05:36:11,000 --> 05:36:14,600
Look, simple sharing already 
cramped, quarters with ladies, 

6499
05:36:14,600 --> 05:36:18,200
Maids who consider themselves, 
your social superiors competing 

6500
05:36:18,200 --> 05:36:20,300
for kitchen space. 
With visiting Cooks who have 

6501
05:36:20,300 --> 05:36:23,200
strong opinions about proper 
techniques and navigating 

6502
05:36:23,200 --> 05:36:25,900
personality conflicts, that 
could destabilize small 

6503
05:36:25,900 --> 05:36:27,700
governments or all common 
experiences. 

6504
05:36:27,700 --> 05:36:30,800
The aftermath of large parties 
resembles Battlefield. 

6505
05:36:30,800 --> 05:36:34,800
Cleanup wine stains on Persian 
carpets require immediate 

6506
05:36:34,800 --> 05:36:38,200
attention with special cleaning 
solutions and techniques passed 

6507
05:36:38,200 --> 05:36:40,200
down through generations of 
certains. 

6508
05:36:40,200 --> 05:36:43,900
Broken crystal is collected with
the reverence, usually, reserved

6509
05:36:43,900 --> 05:36:45,900
for Gathering fragments of 
religious relics. 

6510
05:36:46,700 --> 05:36:49,500
Leftover food will be 
redistributed through a complex 

6511
05:36:49,500 --> 05:36:52,700
system that ensures nothing 
edible goes to waste though. 

6512
05:36:52,700 --> 05:36:55,400
The definition of edible is 
stretched considerably after 

6513
05:36:55,400 --> 05:36:57,900
midnight. 
Your social life disappears 

6514
05:36:57,900 --> 05:37:01,700
entirely during party season, 
any hope of personal time of 

6515
05:37:01,700 --> 05:37:04,900
evaporates under the constant 
demands of preparation, service 

6516
05:37:04,900 --> 05:37:08,000
and cleanup. 
Letters from home pile up unread

6517
05:37:08,000 --> 05:37:11,300
friendships with other servants.
Get reduced to exhausted, nods 

6518
05:37:11,300 --> 05:37:13,400
in hallways and your health 
become. 

6519
05:37:13,400 --> 05:37:16,300
Secondary to maintaining the 
family's social standing yet 

6520
05:37:16,300 --> 05:37:18,600
somehow you develop skills that 
would impress. 

6521
05:37:18,600 --> 05:37:22,000
Modern event planners. 
You learn to coordinate complex,

6522
05:37:22,000 --> 05:37:25,900
Logistics manage multiple tasks 
simultaneously and solve 

6523
05:37:25,900 --> 05:37:28,200
problems with creativity born 
from desperation. 

6524
05:37:28,200 --> 05:37:30,700
You can estimate quantities for 
50. 

6525
05:37:30,700 --> 05:37:33,200
People arrange flowers that 
would make professional 

6526
05:37:33,200 --> 05:37:36,500
florists, weep with envy and 
serve formal meals with 

6527
05:37:36,500 --> 05:37:39,100
Precision, that would satisfy 
military inspection. 

6528
05:37:40,200 --> 05:37:42,000
Strangers. 
Part is how normal It all 

6529
05:37:42,000 --> 05:37:45,000
becomes after. 
Your first social season, you 

6530
05:37:45,000 --> 05:37:46,800
develop the stamina of a 
marathon runner. 

6531
05:37:46,800 --> 05:37:50,800
And the organizational skills of
a general staff officer What 

6532
05:37:50,800 --> 05:37:53,500
once seemed impossible comes 
merely exhausting? 

6533
05:37:53,500 --> 05:37:56,800
And what once seemed exhausting 
becomes, just another Tuesday in

6534
05:37:56,800 --> 05:37:59,900
the life of a Gilded Age. 
Housemaid finding space for your

6535
05:37:59,900 --> 05:38:02,500
Humanity within the rigid 
structure of domestic service 

6536
05:38:02,500 --> 05:38:06,000
requires the Ingenuity of a 
master criminal and the stealth 

6537
05:38:06,000 --> 05:38:09,800
of a professional spy. 
Your personal life exists and 

6538
05:38:09,800 --> 05:38:14,200
fragments Stolen Moments between
duties, whispered conversations 

6539
05:38:14,200 --> 05:38:17,300
in hallways and relationships 
that bloom in the shadows of 

6540
05:38:17,300 --> 05:38:20,800
other people's Grand lives. 
Your correspondents become a 

6541
05:38:20,800 --> 05:38:22,900
Lifeline to the world, beyond 
the servants door. 

6542
05:38:23,900 --> 05:38:27,100
Letters from home arrives 
sporadically, their contents, 

6543
05:38:27,100 --> 05:38:28,600
both comforting and 
heartbreaking. 

6544
05:38:29,300 --> 05:38:31,700
Your mother writes about crops 
and weather, and neighbors, 

6545
05:38:31,700 --> 05:38:34,400
who've married or died. 
Painting, pictures of a life. 

6546
05:38:34,400 --> 05:38:37,900
That feels simultaneously 
familiar and impossibly distant,

6547
05:38:37,900 --> 05:38:41,600
you save your pennies to send 
money home knowing that your 

6548
05:38:41,600 --> 05:38:43,700
wages, might mean the difference
between your younger siblings, 

6549
05:38:43,700 --> 05:38:46,800
eating, well, or going hungry, 
even as you survive on kitchen 

6550
05:38:46,800 --> 05:38:50,700
scraps, and leftover bread. 
Romance and service requires 

6551
05:38:50,700 --> 05:38:53,200
navigating obstacles that were 
challenged a diplomat. 

6552
05:38:54,100 --> 05:38:56,700
Meeting someone from outside the
household means coordinating 

6553
05:38:56,700 --> 05:38:59,400
schedules. 
That change daily finding time 

6554
05:38:59,400 --> 05:39:02,700
when you're not exhausted from 
14-hour, workdays and somehow 

6555
05:39:02,700 --> 05:39:05,000
maintaining a relationship. 
When you can't predict whether 

6556
05:39:05,000 --> 05:39:07,300
you'll have an evening free 
until about five minutes before 

6557
05:39:07,300 --> 05:39:10,500
it happens. 
Dating fellow servants, create 

6558
05:39:10,500 --> 05:39:14,000
its own complications workplace 
relationships under the constant

6559
05:39:14,000 --> 05:39:17,000
scrutiny of superiors who view 
any personal attachment as a 

6560
05:39:17,000 --> 05:39:20,900
potential distraction from Duty.
Your half day off, becomes more 

6561
05:39:20,900 --> 05:39:24,100
precious than gold and twice as 
rare every other Sunday 

6562
05:39:24,100 --> 05:39:27,700
afternoon from two until 10 in 
the evening, your theoretically 

6563
05:39:27,700 --> 05:39:30,900
free to live your life. 
In reality, your often to 

6564
05:39:30,900 --> 05:39:33,700
exhausted to do anything, more 
ambitious than sleeping in a 

6565
05:39:33,700 --> 05:39:36,500
real bed, or taking a bath 
without worrying about someone 

6566
05:39:36,500 --> 05:39:40,100
needing immediate service. 
When you do venture outside, the

6567
05:39:40,100 --> 05:39:42,700
world feels foreign after 
spending weeks in the artificial

6568
05:39:42,700 --> 05:39:44,200
environment of wealth and 
privilege. 

6569
05:39:44,900 --> 05:39:47,400
Friendships among servants 
develop their own peculiar 

6570
05:39:47,400 --> 05:39:50,100
intensity. 
Shared hardship, forges bonds, 

6571
05:39:50,100 --> 05:39:53,700
that might not otherwise exist. 
The scullery maid transforms 

6572
05:39:53,700 --> 05:39:56,200
into your Confidant. 
The boot boy provides you with 

6573
05:39:56,208 --> 05:39:59,700
comedic relief and Sarah becomes
your sister Beyond blood. 

6574
05:40:00,500 --> 05:40:03,700
These relationships sustain you 
through the worst moments and 

6575
05:40:03,700 --> 05:40:07,300
make the best moments worth 
celebrating, even if celebration

6576
05:40:07,300 --> 05:40:10,300
means sharing a stolen apple 
tart in the server's Hall after 

6577
05:40:10,300 --> 05:40:14,200
midnight, reading becomes a form
of rebellion and Escape You 

6578
05:40:14,200 --> 05:40:16,300
Squirrel away. 
Penny novels and yesterday's 

6579
05:40:16,300 --> 05:40:19,200
newspapers reading by 
candlelight until your eyes 

6580
05:40:19,200 --> 05:40:21,400
strain and your candle budget 
disappears. 

6581
05:40:22,200 --> 05:40:24,300
But books transport you to 
Worlds, where women have 

6582
05:40:24,300 --> 05:40:28,000
choices, where love overcomes 
social barriers and where 

6583
05:40:28,000 --> 05:40:30,100
Hardware working people 
sometimes find happiness. 

6584
05:40:30,900 --> 05:40:33,500
The family's discarded 
magazines, provide glimpses in 

6585
05:40:33,500 --> 05:40:37,100
to Fashions and Lifestyles that 
seem as exotic as Tales From 

6586
05:40:37,100 --> 05:40:39,900
distant countries. 
Your health suffers in ways, 

6587
05:40:39,900 --> 05:40:44,000
both obvious and subtle constant
physical labor, strengthens your

6588
05:40:44,000 --> 05:40:45,700
muscles but wears down your 
joints. 

6589
05:40:46,600 --> 05:40:48,900
Poor nutrition leaves you 
vulnerable to every passing 

6590
05:40:48,900 --> 05:40:51,500
illness. 
The lack of sunlight and fresh 

6591
05:40:51,500 --> 05:40:55,000
air creates a power that marks 
you as any uniform back. 

6592
05:40:55,000 --> 05:40:58,200
Pain, becomes your constant 
companion, along with hands that

6593
05:40:58,200 --> 05:41:01,400
crack and bleed from exposure to
harsh, cleaning, chemicals and 

6594
05:41:01,400 --> 05:41:05,800
cold water. personal hygiene 
presents its challenges in an 

6595
05:41:05,800 --> 05:41:10,600
era when hot water is a luxury 
and privacy is non-existent Your

6596
05:41:10,600 --> 05:41:13,800
weekly bath become a cherished 
ritual, even if it takes place 

6597
05:41:13,800 --> 05:41:16,400
in a tin tub in the kitchen, 
after everyone else has finished

6598
05:41:16,400 --> 05:41:19,500
their evening duties. 
Washing your hair requires 

6599
05:41:19,500 --> 05:41:22,300
planning and coordination, 
worthy of a military operations,

6600
05:41:22,300 --> 05:41:25,200
since you need access to hot 
water, sufficient time for 

6601
05:41:25,200 --> 05:41:27,700
drying and privacy, that's rare 
than diamonds. 

6602
05:41:27,700 --> 05:41:31,600
Your few personal possessions, 
take on enormous significance. 

6603
05:41:31,600 --> 05:41:35,500
A locket from your mother, a 
pressed flower from your last 

6604
05:41:35,500 --> 05:41:38,800
walk in the countryside or a 
photograph of family members 

6605
05:41:38,800 --> 05:41:41,200
becomes a treasure guarded more 
carefully than the family 

6606
05:41:41,200 --> 05:41:43,300
silver. 
The small tokens. 

6607
05:41:43,300 --> 05:41:46,400
Represent your identity beyond 
the gray, uniform and White Cap 

6608
05:41:46,400 --> 05:41:49,300
reminders that you exist. 
As More Than Just A Pair of 

6609
05:41:49,300 --> 05:41:53,100
Hands that scrub and clean. 
Dreams and aspirations are 

6610
05:41:53,100 --> 05:41:56,300
modified rather than a band. 
And instead of opening your 

6611
05:41:56,300 --> 05:41:59,400
shop, you dream of becoming a 
housekeeper with authority of 

6612
05:41:59,400 --> 05:42:02,400
your staff. 
Instead of marrying a prosperous

6613
05:42:02,400 --> 05:42:06,100
farmer, you hope to locate a 
butler or valet whose combined 

6614
05:42:06,100 --> 05:42:09,100
income might allow for a small 
apartment and maybe even 

6615
05:42:09,100 --> 05:42:12,900
children someday. 
Your goals shrink to fit reality

6616
05:42:12,900 --> 05:42:16,700
but they don't disappear 
entirely the seasonal rhythms of

6617
05:42:16,700 --> 05:42:19,500
the household create their own 
calendar of anticipation and 

6618
05:42:19,500 --> 05:42:22,400
Dread. 
Summer might bring opportunities

6619
05:42:22,400 --> 05:42:25,600
to accompany the family to their
country house, offering glimpses

6620
05:42:25,600 --> 05:42:28,300
of different scenery and 
slightly modified routines. 

6621
05:42:29,300 --> 05:42:32,200
Winter social season means 
exhausting work, but also 

6622
05:42:32,200 --> 05:42:35,800
excitement and the possibility 
of glimpsing famous guests. 

6623
05:42:37,100 --> 05:42:40,700
Spring cleaning represents weeks
of back-breaking labor but also 

6624
05:42:40,700 --> 05:42:42,800
the satisfaction of 
transformation and renewal. 

6625
05:42:43,600 --> 05:42:45,700
Small Pleasures. 
Take on enormous importance. 

6626
05:42:46,600 --> 05:42:49,500
A compliment from Mrs. Patterson
carries more weight than praise 

6627
05:42:49,500 --> 05:42:52,600
from royalty. 
An evening when cooked shares 

6628
05:42:52,600 --> 05:42:54,500
left over desert feels like 
Christmas morning. 

6629
05:42:55,400 --> 05:42:58,100
Sunday, when your healthy enough
to walk to the park and sit 

6630
05:42:58,100 --> 05:43:01,300
under actual trees, become a 
memory to sustain you through 

6631
05:43:01,300 --> 05:43:04,700
difficult weeks ahead. 
Your relationship with money 

6632
05:43:04,700 --> 05:43:08,000
becomes complex and 
contradictory handle more wealth

6633
05:43:08,000 --> 05:43:10,200
daily than most people see in 
their entire lives. 

6634
05:43:10,200 --> 05:43:12,900
Yet your own financial situation
remains precarious. 

6635
05:43:14,000 --> 05:43:18,200
Every penny saved represents 
enormous sacrifice less food, 

6636
05:43:18,200 --> 05:43:21,100
fewer letters home and no small 
luxuries. 

6637
05:43:21,100 --> 05:43:22,900
That might make your hard life 
slightly more. 

6638
05:43:22,900 --> 05:43:26,200
Bearable, your bank account 
grows slowly while your hands 

6639
05:43:26,200 --> 05:43:30,100
grow rough and your back grows, 
crooked The strange intimacy of 

6640
05:43:30,108 --> 05:43:33,500
service creates its own 
emotional complications, you 

6641
05:43:33,500 --> 05:43:35,600
know, details about your 
employer's lives that they're 

6642
05:43:35,600 --> 05:43:37,400
relatives. 
Don't share yet. 

6643
05:43:37,400 --> 05:43:40,400
They remain strangers, who could
dismiss you without reference. 

6644
05:43:41,100 --> 05:43:44,500
Barely remember your name? 
This one-sided into Mercy breeds

6645
05:43:44,500 --> 05:43:48,000
both affection and resentment 
creating relationships that are 

6646
05:43:48,000 --> 05:43:52,000
simultaneously personal and 
completely impersonal as the 

6647
05:43:52,000 --> 05:43:55,600
1890s draw to a close. 
You've survived nearly a decade 

6648
05:43:55,600 --> 05:43:59,100
of service, in the grand houses,
of America's wealthy Elite, and 

6649
05:43:59,100 --> 05:44:02,100
the world around you is changing
in ways, both subtle and 

6650
05:44:02,100 --> 05:44:06,100
dramatic. from your perspective 
in the servants quarters, these 

6651
05:44:06,100 --> 05:44:09,600
changes feel both impossibly 
distant and intimately personal 

6652
05:44:09,600 --> 05:44:13,200
technology creeps into the 
household like a slow-moving 

6653
05:44:13,200 --> 05:44:16,900
Revolution, electric lights, 
begin replacing gas, fixtures 

6654
05:44:16,900 --> 05:44:19,800
transforming your morning 
routine of lamp cleaning but 

6655
05:44:19,800 --> 05:44:22,500
introducing new mysteries of 
switches and bulbs that 

6656
05:44:22,500 --> 05:44:26,100
sometimes work and sometimes 
don't Telephone appears in the 

6657
05:44:26,100 --> 05:44:29,100
front hall, like a magical 
device, bringing the outside 

6658
05:44:29,100 --> 05:44:31,500
world directly into the house 
while creating new 

6659
05:44:31,500 --> 05:44:34,700
responsibilities. 
Someone must answer it and that 

6660
05:44:34,700 --> 05:44:38,200
person often turns out to be you
Your body tells the story of 

6661
05:44:38,208 --> 05:44:41,200
your service in ways that no 
employment record could capture 

6662
05:44:41,200 --> 05:44:44,700
your hands bare, the permanent 
stains and scars of countless 

6663
05:44:44,700 --> 05:44:48,100
cleaning, chemicals and burns 
from Hot Irons your shoulders, 

6664
05:44:48,100 --> 05:44:51,100
curve slightly forward from 
years of bending over scrub 

6665
05:44:51,100 --> 05:44:54,200
brushes and laundry. 
Tubs, your knees protest. 

6666
05:44:54,200 --> 05:44:56,500
When climbing the endless, 
flights of stairs, that connect 

6667
05:44:56,500 --> 05:44:59,200
your basement world to the 
families, elevated existence, 

6668
05:44:59,200 --> 05:45:01,800
these marks of service will stay
with you long. 

6669
05:45:01,800 --> 05:45:04,800
After you've left Astic work 
behind the skills, you've 

6670
05:45:04,800 --> 05:45:07,200
developed would impress, any 
modern efficiency expert? 

6671
05:45:07,200 --> 05:45:11,400
You can manage complex household
Logistics called multiple tasks 

6672
05:45:11,400 --> 05:45:14,800
simultaneously and maintain 
impossibly high standards under 

6673
05:45:14,800 --> 05:45:17,400
constant pressure. 
You've learned to read people's 

6674
05:45:17,400 --> 05:45:20,100
moods and needs from subtle cues
mastered. 

6675
05:45:20,100 --> 05:45:22,900
The art of diplomatic problem 
solving and developed the 

6676
05:45:22,900 --> 05:45:24,900
physical stamina of a 
professional athlete. 

6677
05:45:25,700 --> 05:45:28,200
These abilities will serve you. 
Well, whether you can continue 

6678
05:45:28,200 --> 05:45:32,500
in service or Venture into other
forms of work, Daily proximity 

6679
05:45:32,500 --> 05:45:35,800
to extreme luxury and the labor 
required, to maintain it, to 

6680
05:45:35,800 --> 05:45:37,600
shape, your perspective on 
wealth and privilege. 

6681
05:45:38,500 --> 05:45:41,400
You've witnessed the ease with 
which one can spend money and 

6682
05:45:41,400 --> 05:45:44,500
the challenge of earning it, 
you've witnessed the isolation 

6683
05:45:44,500 --> 05:45:47,600
that wealth can create even as 
you've experienced the 

6684
05:45:47,600 --> 05:45:51,700
exhaustion that poverty demands.
this understanding of both sides

6685
05:45:51,700 --> 05:45:54,400
of America's growing economic 
divide provides you insights 

6686
05:45:54,400 --> 05:45:58,600
that few people possess the 
friendships forged in service. 

6687
05:45:58,600 --> 05:46:01,900
Carry a special intensity born 
from shared hardship and mutual 

6688
05:46:01,900 --> 05:46:04,500
dependence. 
Sarah, your long-suffering 

6689
05:46:04,500 --> 05:46:07,500
roommate has become closer than 
any sister cook. 

6690
05:46:07,500 --> 05:46:11,300
Despite her graphic stereo has 
served as a mentor and mother 

6691
05:46:11,300 --> 05:46:15,100
figure even Mrs. Patterson with 
all her Stern efficiency. 

6692
05:46:15,100 --> 05:46:18,300
The shown moments of genuine 
care that transcended the 

6693
05:46:18,300 --> 05:46:21,900
employer employee relationship. 
These bonds will Outlast your 

6694
05:46:21,900 --> 05:46:25,300
employment and provide emotional
support for decades to come. 

6695
05:46:26,100 --> 05:46:29,200
Years of separation and 
financial responsibilities have 

6696
05:46:29,200 --> 05:46:31,400
complicated, your relationship 
with your own family. 

6697
05:46:32,300 --> 05:46:35,600
The money you've sent home has 
made real difference, is your 

6698
05:46:35,600 --> 05:46:37,800
youngest brother, finish school 
in stead of working in 

6699
05:46:37,800 --> 05:46:41,400
factories, your sister avoided 
and unfortunate marriage and 

6700
05:46:41,400 --> 05:46:43,000
your parents kept their small 
farm. 

6701
05:46:43,000 --> 05:46:46,800
Despite several bad harvests Yet
the physical and emotional 

6702
05:46:46,800 --> 05:46:50,100
distance is created gaps that 
letters can't entirely Bridge. 

6703
05:46:50,100 --> 05:46:53,300
You've become somewhat foreign 
to your Origins shaped by 

6704
05:46:53,308 --> 05:46:56,600
experiences, your family can't 
fully understand marriage and 

6705
05:46:56,600 --> 05:46:59,700
family planning in service posts
special difficulties that will 

6706
05:46:59,700 --> 05:47:02,300
influence your future choices. 
If you marry. 

6707
05:47:02,300 --> 05:47:04,200
Another servant, you'll 
understand each other's 

6708
05:47:04,200 --> 05:47:06,300
experiences. 
But face continued economic 

6709
05:47:06,300 --> 05:47:09,000
uncertainty. 
If you marry outside, domestic 

6710
05:47:09,000 --> 05:47:10,800
service, you'll need to explain 
a world. 

6711
05:47:10,800 --> 05:47:13,500
That sounds almost fictional to 
people who haven't lived it 

6712
05:47:13,500 --> 05:47:17,300
children complicate everything 
servants with families obtain 

6713
05:47:17,300 --> 05:47:20,600
fewer employment opportunities, 
and face the constant struggle 

6714
05:47:20,600 --> 05:47:22,600
of balancing parental 
responsibilities with 

6715
05:47:22,600 --> 05:47:25,800
professional demands. 
The broader social changes 

6716
05:47:25,800 --> 05:47:27,400
Rippling through American 
society. 

6717
05:47:27,400 --> 05:47:30,000
Will eventually transform 
domestic Services itself. 

6718
05:47:30,000 --> 05:47:33,000
Women are beginning to discover 
other employment opportunities, 

6719
05:47:33,000 --> 05:47:36,900
and offices, shops and factories
labor. 

6720
05:47:36,900 --> 05:47:39,300
Movements are questioning the 
working conditions that you've 

6721
05:47:39,300 --> 05:47:43,200
simply accepted as natural. 
New technologies will gradually 

6722
05:47:43,200 --> 05:47:44,900
reduce the need for armies of 
servants. 

6723
05:47:44,900 --> 05:47:48,300
To maintain wealthy households. 
Your generation represents the 

6724
05:47:48,308 --> 05:47:50,000
peak of an era that won't last 
forever. 

6725
05:47:50,900 --> 05:47:54,400
Your dreams have evolved through
your years of service, the naive

6726
05:47:54,400 --> 05:47:57,100
girl, who first walked through 
the Servants of entrance has 

6727
05:47:57,100 --> 05:47:59,200
been replaced by a woman who 
understands both her 

6728
05:47:59,200 --> 05:48:01,900
capabilities and the realistic 
limits of her opportunities. 

6729
05:48:01,900 --> 05:48:05,400
Even when your hard work remains
largely unnoticed, you've 

6730
05:48:05,400 --> 05:48:06,900
learned to find satisfaction in 
it. 

6731
05:48:07,700 --> 05:48:10,400
You've discovered that dignity 
can be maintained even in 

6732
05:48:10,400 --> 05:48:12,100
situations designed to minimize 
it. 

6733
05:48:12,800 --> 05:48:15,500
The education you've received 
through observation and 

6734
05:48:15,500 --> 05:48:18,200
experience Rivals, anything 
offered in formal schools. 

6735
05:48:18,200 --> 05:48:21,700
You've learned about art by 
dusting Priceless paintings 

6736
05:48:21,700 --> 05:48:24,800
about music by overhearing. 
Private concerts about 

6737
05:48:24,800 --> 05:48:28,300
literature by reading discarded 
books and about human nature by 

6738
05:48:28,300 --> 05:48:30,800
witnessing how people behave 
when they think no one important

6739
05:48:30,800 --> 05:48:34,400
is watching. this informal 
education has expanded your mind

6740
05:48:34,400 --> 05:48:37,200
in ways that will continue 
paying dividends throughout your

6741
05:48:37,200 --> 05:48:39,300
life. 
Looking back on your years and 

6742
05:48:39,300 --> 05:48:41,500
service. 
The Experience defies simple 

6743
05:48:41,500 --> 05:48:45,300
categorization, it has been 
simultaneously degrading and 

6744
05:48:45,300 --> 05:48:48,500
nobling exhausting and 
educational, and isolating and 

6745
05:48:48,500 --> 05:48:51,300
Community Building. 
You've sacrificed your Youth and

6746
05:48:51,300 --> 05:48:53,900
health to maintain other 
people's Comfort yet. 

6747
05:48:53,900 --> 05:48:56,600
You've also developed strengths 
and skills that you might never 

6748
05:48:56,600 --> 05:48:59,700
have discovered otherwise, 
You've lived through one of the 

6749
05:48:59,700 --> 05:49:02,000
most economically unequal 
periods in American history. 

6750
05:49:02,000 --> 05:49:06,400
Not as a victim or a hero. 
But as a working woman doing 

6751
05:49:06,400 --> 05:49:09,800
what was necessary to survive 
and help your family survive? 

6752
05:49:10,700 --> 05:49:13,900
As you consider your future 
where the continuing in service 

6753
05:49:13,900 --> 05:49:16,400
marrying and starting your 
family while venturing into the 

6754
05:49:16,400 --> 05:49:19,100
changing world of women's work, 
you carry with you, the 

6755
05:49:19,100 --> 05:49:21,800
knowledge that you've already 
overcome challenges that would 

6756
05:49:21,800 --> 05:49:25,200
break weaker sprits, you've 
maintained your Humanity in a 

6757
05:49:25,200 --> 05:49:28,400
system designed to reduce you to
a function, you found friendship

6758
05:49:28,400 --> 05:49:32,300
in unlikely, places, dignity and
humble work, and strengthen 

6759
05:49:32,300 --> 05:49:35,900
circumstances that seem designed
to crush it, the Gilded ages 

6760
05:49:35,900 --> 05:49:39,400
ending taking with it. 
Some of the extreme social rigid

6761
05:49:39,400 --> 05:49:42,800
structures that Define your 
working life but the lessons 

6762
05:49:42,800 --> 05:49:46,600
you've learned about resilience 
community and the true nature of

6763
05:49:46,600 --> 05:49:48,800
both wealth and poverty will 
serve you. 

6764
05:49:48,800 --> 05:49:51,900
Well, in whatever comes next, 
you've been invisible to the 

6765
05:49:51,900 --> 05:49:55,300
wealthy families, you've served,
but your story and the stories 

6766
05:49:55,300 --> 05:49:59,100
of millions of women, like you 
represents the real Foundation 

6767
05:49:59,100 --> 05:50:02,200
upon which America's grandest 
era was built,