What Was Daily Life Like For The Lower Class In Ancient Greece? | Boring History For Sleep

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Hey there. 
My exhausted potatoes. 

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I'm really glad you're here 
tonight. 

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Now let the day settle for a 
moment and give yourself 

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permission to slow down. 
This is as always a carefully 

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researched and thoughtfully 
written sleep story shaped from 

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real historical life and 
designed to be calm steady and 

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easy to follow. 
So you can maybe learn a little 

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something. 
Tonight, we're stepping into 

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what daily life was like for the
lower class in ancient Greece. 

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Focusing on the work routines 
and quiet ordinary moments that 

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made up most people's days. 
If this kind of calm grounded 

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history helps you relax, feel 
free to follow, leave a like and

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tell me where you're listening 
from and what time it is for 

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you. 
Now, let your head rest 

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comfortably into the pillow, dim
your light and gently ease into 

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the Storey. 
The smell reaches you before 

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anything else. 
Barley, porridge warming slowly 

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in a clay pot and underneath 
that the oldest smell of the 

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house itself. 
Of packed and wool. 

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And the particular darkness of a
room that has held a family for 

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a long time somewhere outside. 
A rooster is complaining about 

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the hour and the city of Athens 
is just beginning to make. 

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Its first sound of the morning. 
You were placed into this life. 

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The way a seed is placed into 
soil, not by your own hand and 

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the soil you landed in was 
ordinary, which is to say it was

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the soil that most people in the
ancient world landed in. 

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Not Noble, not destitute. 
Just the vast and celebrated 

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middle of human existence, where
the work was constant, and the 

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rewards were modest, and the 
life taken as a whole was not 

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without its satisfactions. the 
house you were born into his 

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small, that is the first fact of
your existence, the one that 

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shapes everything else it is a 
single structure of mud brick 

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plus plastered over on the 
outside with a pale clay wash 

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that has been slowly returning 
to dust for as long as anyone in

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your family can remember, The 
walls are thick which is the one

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luxury. 
They offer, keeping the worst of

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the summer heat outside and 
holding, whatever warmth the 

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Brazier produces on cold winter 
nights. 

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Floor is beaten Earth. 
So hard and for so long that it 

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has the quality of stone 
underfoot smooth and faintly 

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cool. 
Even in August, there is one 

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main room. 
This is where your family sleeps

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Cooks, eats Works argues and 
spends the long evening's. 

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There may be a small courtyard 
attached open to the sky, where 

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a little light falls in the 
middle of the day and where your

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mother keeps a few clay pots of 
herbs. 

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And in good years, a small fig 
tree and a large cracked and for

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that has outlasted two 
generations. 

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If your family is slightly 
better off than its neighbors, 

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there is a second room, a 
storage room, where the grain 

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jar sit and where the smell of 
dried things of lentils and 

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figs, and the sharp Dusty Center
of stored. 

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Barley is constant and faintly 
comforting, the way childhood 

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smells always are. 
The roof is a lattice of wooden 

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beams covered with terracotta 
tiles and when it rains which in

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Attica it does mostly in Winter 
and not nearly enough. 

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The sound on those tiles is a 
particular sound that you'll 

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carry in your memory for the 
rest of your life. not the sound

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of rain on Stone which is harder
not the sound of rain on leaves,

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which is Softer something in 
between the sound that says the 

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sister is filling and the fields
of drinking, and for now, at 

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least the worry about water can 
rest. your house in the way all 

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people arrive everywhere with no
knowledge of where you were and 

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no ability to ask what you would
have known in the wordless way 

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that newborns know things was 
warmth or cold hunger or 

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fullness held or not held your 
mother held you That much is 

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certain because across all the 
distance of 2,500 years and all 

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the silences of a culture that 
did not write down the lives of 

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people like your family that 
much remains constant. 

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Mothers held their children. 
The ancient world was not 

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sentimental about infancy in the
way that later centuries would 

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become hesiod writing several 
centuries before your birth in a

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poem called works and days that 
reads less like poetry and more 

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like a very tired farmer. 
Giving very good advice 

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describes, the life of Mortals 
as one of Labor and difficulty 

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from the beginning, not as 
punishment as the plane 

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condition of Being Human. 
There is something almost 

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comforting in that framing once 
you sit with it. 

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The difficulty is not a mistake,
it is not something that has 

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gone wrong. 
It is simply what a life is made

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of and you work within it the 
same way you work within the 

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season without expecting the 
season to apologize for being 

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what it is. 
Your family new in a practical 

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rather than philosophical way 
that early life was fragile. 

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Infant mortality in ancient 
Athens and across the Greek 

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world. 
Was significant enough that the 

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first week of a child's life was
treated with a kind of careful 

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restraint. 
The naming ceremony, the amphi 

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dromia didn't happen until the 
child had survived that first 

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week, which tells you something 
about the emotional arithmetic 

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of the time. 
You love the child, while also 

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knowing that love might need to 
be survived. 

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You name the child when it 
seemed reasonable to believe, 

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the child would be there to grow
into the name. 

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The rooster outside continued to
complain. 

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The Barley porridge continued to
cook Before Dawn, you would 

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survive the first week and now 
you have a name to grow into the

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house. 
You grew up in had a smell, that

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was entirely its own. 
And that you would not have been

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able to describe to anyone 
because it was simply the smell 

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of home, which is to say it was 
invisible to you in the way that

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the air is invisible. 
It was only later leaving the 

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house for the first time and 
coming back hours later that you

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would catch it. 
Briefly as something to distinct

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smoke from the half. 
Which was not a fireplace in any

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Grand sense, but a low clay 
structure in the center of the 

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main room with a hole in the 
roof of it, that was supposed to

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let the smoke out and did mostly
the oily warmth of wool. 

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Faint sweetness of dried figs in
the storage room. 

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The particular mineral smell of 
clay pots that have been filled 

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and emptied and filled a game 
many times. 

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The objects in that house were 
not decorative, every objects, 

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served a purpose. 
And if it stopped serving a 

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purpose, it was either prepared 
or repurposed. 

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The large storage jars, the ones
your family called pithoi, with 

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the most important objects in 
the house, more important than 

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any piece of furniture, because 
they held what the household 

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needed to survive the months 
between harvests. 

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Grain went into the biggest 
ones. 

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Olive oil into others sealed at 
the top dried legumes chickpeas,

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and lentils and dried fava beans
into the smaller ones. 

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You knew from a very young age. 
What was in each jar and roughly

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how full it was? 
Because in a household without 

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Surplus that knowledge mattered?
the furniture was minimal by any

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standard you would recognize 
from the world you live in now, 

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A few low. 
Wooden stools, sleeping pallets 

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that were rolled or stacked 
against the wall during the day 

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and spread out at night, filled 
with wool or dried grass. 

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The wooden chest that held the 
households cloth the tunics and 

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cloaks that your mother wove. 
On the upright Loom that stood 

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against one wall and was never 
in your memory ever entirely 

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finished. 
The loom was always in some 

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stage of production. 
Cloth in ancient Athens was not 

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cheap to buy and not quick to 
make and a family like yours 

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made most of what it War. 
There was no table in the way. 

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You might imagine one food was 
eaten from bowls sitting on 

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stools, or on the floor, in a 
way that would look informal to 

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later eyes, but which carried 
its own unspoken rituals, who 

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ate first how much what was 
saved and what was shared. 

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The archeology of small daily 
decisions that no one thought to

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write down the neighborhood 
around your house was not quiet 

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Athens in The Classical period. 
Was a city of somewhere between 

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100,000 and 300,000 people, 
depending on which historian you

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consult and which period, they 
are describing and the 

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residential districts were 
ordinary families. 

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Lived were dense but close 
together. 

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A long lanes that were narrow 
enough for two people to pass 

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each other only. 
If one of them turns sideways, 

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the house is shared walls, New 
York neighbor's. 

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Not because you chose to but 
because you had no option There 

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are arguments came through the 
mud brick as clearly as if they 

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were in the room. 
They're cooking smells arrived 

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before your own meals. 
Did This proximity was not only 

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an inconvenience, it was also 
how information moved who had 

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work of available who had grain 
to sell, which Merchants at the 

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Agora had been short-changing 
customers which family had new 

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trouble. 
Street outside your door, was a 

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slow constant River of this kind
of information and learning to 

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read. 
It was one of the early skills a

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child in your neighborhood 
acquired The sounds of the city 

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started before light. 
The baker's who worked through 

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the night to have bread, ready 
by morning? 

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With the first, Then the 
coppersmiths whose workshops 

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were concentrated in certain 
districts and whose hammering 

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began early and continued long. 
The sound of a city waking up in

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the ancient world was not an 
alarm or a signal. 

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It was a gradual accumulation of
individual sounds that added 

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together into something that 
meant the day had begun and 

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there was no point trying to 
stop it. 

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You did not know in those early 
years that your life was a 

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particular kind of life rather 
than just life in general. 

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Children do not arrive with 
comparisons already made. 

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The philosopher Aristotle had a 
great deal to say about the 

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proper ordering of households 
and of society. 

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Spent considerably more of his 
time writing about the 

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households of citizens with 
property than about households 

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like yours, which is itself, a 
kind of evidence about what the 

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ancient world considered worth 
recording, the life of the 

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ordinary working family, in 
Athens was not the life that 

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ended up in the written record, 
not because it was invisible to 

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the people living it. 
But because the people with the 

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tools and the time and the 
education to write things down, 

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were mostly not the people who 
spent their mornings at the 

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communal. 
Well, although there are 

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afternoons, repairing sandals or
carrying him for of olive oil, 

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from the press to the market, 
What you had in a written record

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was a passed down. 
One knowledge that moved from 

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person to person hand-to-hand 
season to season. 

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How to read the sky for weather.
How to know when grain was dry 

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enough to store without rotting,
how to stretch the contents of a

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storage jar across more weeks 
than it was supposed to cover. 

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How to keep a household running 
on the edge of enough without 

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tipping over into not enough. 
This was the education that 

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waited for you. 
Not a school room, not a scroll,

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not a teacher who had studied in
the manner of the wealthy. 

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The education of the ordinary 
ancient Greek child was the 

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education of paying attention to
the people around you, and 

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learning to do what they did 
before, anyone had to ask you 

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twice. 
The adage educational was about 

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to begin. 
And The Barley porridge, which 

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had been warming since before 
the city woke up was finally 

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ready? 
First thing, you notice is the 

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legs, everyone at the Agora has 
legs obviously. 

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But when you're small enough, 
that the average adults belt, 

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buckle is roughly at your eye 
level legs are what the world is

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mostly made of. 
Bare legs, sandaled feet. 

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Of a wool tunic swinging passed 
the thick cars of a man carrying

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an amphora on his shoulder. 
The quick steps of a woman, 

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moving through the crowd with a 
basket pressed against her hip, 

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not browsing, going somewhere 
specific because women with so 

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much specific to go move 
differently than everyone else. 

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You are holding your father's 
hand or rather. 

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He is holding yours, which is a 
different thing. 

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Because you're not holding on so
much as being held called gently

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forward through, the Press of 
bodies and noise and smell, that

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is the Agora on a busy morning 
in Athens. 

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The smell is the second thing. 
Fish is the loudest of the 

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smells sharp and insistent 
coming from the section of the 

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market where the fishmongers 
have their slabs of stone and 

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their morning catch laid out in 
rows. 

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Behind that the smoke from a 
brassiere where someone is 

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selling hot food. 
Something with onions in it. 

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Something that makes your 
stomach speak up, regardless of,

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whether you're hungry. 
Further in the mineral, smell of

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fresh, cut stone from a Mason 
Store The Greene bite of herbs. 

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Piled in bundles, the warm Dusty
Center of grain being poured 

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from one container into another 
somewhere nearby. 

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00:12:28,700 --> 00:12:30,800
The Agora does not smell like 
one thing. 

229
00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:34,200
It smells like everything at 
once, and when you are small 

230
00:12:34,200 --> 00:12:37,200
standing in the middle of it, 
the effect is not unpleasant so 

231
00:12:37,200 --> 00:12:40,600
much as genuinely overwhelming. 
Like being submerged in 

232
00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:42,300
something that has too many 
temperatures. 

233
00:12:42,300 --> 00:12:46,800
The noise is constant and 
layered vendors calling out, not

234
00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:50,300
to you, not to anyone in 
particular, just into the air, 

235
00:12:50,300 --> 00:12:54,800
the ancient equivalent of a sign
that moves and makes sound two 

236
00:12:54,800 --> 00:12:56,300
men. 
Near a pottery stall, arguing 

237
00:12:56,300 --> 00:12:58,500
about a price with the 
particular energy of people 

238
00:12:58,500 --> 00:13:01,800
you're enjoying the argument as 
much as they care about its 

239
00:13:01,800 --> 00:13:04,500
outcome. 
A donkey somewhere expressing 

240
00:13:04,500 --> 00:13:06,500
its feelings about, its current 
situation. 

241
00:13:07,300 --> 00:13:09,700
The clatter of bronze weights on
a merchant scale. 

242
00:13:10,500 --> 00:13:14,400
Children who are not, you older 
children move through the crowd 

243
00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:16,800
with a confidence. 
You have not yet earned running,

244
00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:19,800
errands with the practice, 
efficiency of people who have 

245
00:13:19,808 --> 00:13:22,700
done this enough times. 
That the crowd no longer feels 

246
00:13:22,700 --> 00:13:26,100
large, your father stops. 
He's looking at something. 

247
00:13:26,100 --> 00:13:30,000
A stall with amphi stacked in 
careful Rose, and he is doing 

248
00:13:30,000 --> 00:13:33,800
the thing adults do at markets. 
The slowest assessment, the 

249
00:13:33,800 --> 00:13:37,000
calculation behind the eyes that
you cannot yet, read, but are 

250
00:13:37,000 --> 00:13:41,000
already learning to watch for. 
He picks up a small jar turns. 

251
00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:44,600
It sets it down. 
He picks up another, the 

252
00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:46,500
merchant. 
A man with a beard going grey at

253
00:13:46,508 --> 00:13:48,800
the edges and the unhurried 
manner of someone who has been 

254
00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:50,900
doing this. 
For 30 years, says something. 

255
00:13:50,900 --> 00:13:55,000
Your father says something back.
You do not follow all of it yet 

256
00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:58,700
you follow the tone, which is 
careful and neutral on both 

257
00:13:58,700 --> 00:14:00,600
sides. 
Two people who each want the 

258
00:14:00,608 --> 00:14:04,500
other to believe, they are less 
interested and they are You're 

259
00:14:04,500 --> 00:14:07,000
watching your first economics 
lesson without knowing it has a 

260
00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:10,300
name, nobody in a family like 
yours sits down and decides to 

261
00:14:10,300 --> 00:14:13,300
educate a child, the education 
simply happens. 

262
00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:16,600
The way whether happens around 
you and to you, because you are 

263
00:14:16,600 --> 00:14:19,800
present in a life that requires 
knowledge to navigate, and the 

264
00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:22,100
knowledge is everywhere, if you 
are paying attention. 

265
00:14:23,100 --> 00:14:26,500
Hazard whose works and days 
reads in places like a letter 

266
00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:30,300
from a father to a son, about 
the non-negotiable realities of 

267
00:14:30,300 --> 00:14:33,700
agricultural, existence 
understood this without needing 

268
00:14:33,700 --> 00:14:36,500
to name it. 
The farmers child, learns 

269
00:14:36,500 --> 00:14:40,000
farming, by being a farmer's 
child, the Craftsman's child, 

270
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:42,900
learns the craft by being 
underfoot in the workshop, long 

271
00:14:42,900 --> 00:14:47,000
before anyone's the material. 
What this meant in practice was 

272
00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:51,400
that your education had no 
beginning and no end it did not 

273
00:14:51,408 --> 00:14:54,300
start at a particular age or 
finish with any ceremony. 

274
00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:57,800
It was the slow, accumulation of
things you had watched enough 

275
00:14:57,800 --> 00:15:01,000
times that you could eventually 
do them yourself and then the 

276
00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:04,100
slow refinement of doing them 
badly and doing them adequately,

277
00:15:04,100 --> 00:15:08,000
and the very gradual, and never 
quite complete process of doing 

278
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:10,100
the. 
Well, before you old enough to 

279
00:15:10,100 --> 00:15:13,300
be useful, you were old enough 
to watch You watched your 

280
00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:16,500
mother's hands at the Quan Stone
the way she leaned into the 

281
00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:20,100
grinding with her whole upper 
body, rather than just her arms 

282
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:23,000
because her arms alone would 
have give out by mid-morning. 

283
00:15:23,900 --> 00:15:26,700
He watched your father assess 
the condition of the soil by 

284
00:15:26,700 --> 00:15:29,300
crouching down and pressing two 
fingers into it. 

285
00:15:29,300 --> 00:15:34,200
Not deeply, just at the surface 
and reading something from the 

286
00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:37,000
resistance and the color and the
smell that you could not yet 

287
00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:40,800
decode but filed away anyway, 
You watch the way your neighbor 

288
00:15:40,800 --> 00:15:44,600
carried heavy and 4i not gripped
in the hands but balanced 

289
00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:47,800
against the hip and shoulder, 
the body doing the work instead 

290
00:15:47,800 --> 00:15:50,600
of the arms because the arms 
were not the strongest part of a

291
00:15:50,608 --> 00:15:52,900
person. 
And anyone who would carry 

292
00:15:52,900 --> 00:15:56,100
things long enough had figured 
that out the Agora taught, you 

293
00:15:56,100 --> 00:15:58,700
things that no one in your 
family could have taught you at 

294
00:15:58,700 --> 00:16:01,800
home, because the Agora was 
where the wider world was 

295
00:16:01,800 --> 00:16:04,400
compressed into one loud and 
smelly place. 

296
00:16:05,500 --> 00:16:08,500
You learned early that not all 
Merchants were equally honest 

297
00:16:08,500 --> 00:16:12,300
not because anyone sat you down 
and explain the concept of 

298
00:16:12,300 --> 00:16:16,900
commercial dishonesty but 
because you watched it happen, a

299
00:16:16,900 --> 00:16:21,500
scale that sat slightly wrong. 
Thumb resting with suspicious 

300
00:16:21,500 --> 00:16:23,800
lightness against the edge of 
the weighing pan. 

301
00:16:25,000 --> 00:16:29,200
Faint hesitation before a price 
was named the kind of hesitation

302
00:16:29,200 --> 00:16:31,600
that meant the first prize was 
not the real price. 

303
00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:35,900
Aristotle's, whose comedy is 
were performed for audiences. 

304
00:16:35,900 --> 00:16:39,600
That included people very much 
like your family built entire 

305
00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:42,800
scenes around this kind of 
marketplace cunning because it 

306
00:16:42,808 --> 00:16:45,200
was funny precisely because it 
was familiar. 

307
00:16:45,900 --> 00:16:48,200
The audience laughed because 
they recognized it. 

308
00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:50,400
You learned it because you were 
there. 

309
00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:54,600
The Agora and classical Athens 
was not only a Marketplace. 

310
00:16:54,600 --> 00:16:58,200
It was the civic center of the 
city, the place, where political

311
00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:01,400
announcements were made and 
legal notices posted and where 

312
00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:04,099
the general Business of Being a 
city happened in public View. 

313
00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:08,300
For a child from a working 
household, though, most of that 

314
00:17:08,300 --> 00:17:09,900
Civic architecture was 
background. 

315
00:17:10,800 --> 00:17:14,099
What mattered was the commercial
layer, the part of the Agora 

316
00:17:14,099 --> 00:17:16,700
that intersected directly with 
the daily survival of your 

317
00:17:16,700 --> 00:17:19,599
family. 
The market was organized in 

318
00:17:19,599 --> 00:17:23,099
loose sections, not by any 
formal regulation, but by the 

319
00:17:23,099 --> 00:17:24,900
kind of organic sorting that 
happens. 

320
00:17:24,900 --> 00:17:28,099
When vendors congregate over 
years and the customers learn 

321
00:17:28,099 --> 00:17:31,700
where to go for, what Fish in 
one area meeting another 

322
00:17:31,700 --> 00:17:35,800
vegetables and herbs clustered 
together, bread and grain toward

323
00:17:35,800 --> 00:17:39,100
one Edge pottery and household 
goods along a Colonnade. 

324
00:17:39,900 --> 00:17:42,000
You learned the layout, the way 
you learn the layout of any 

325
00:17:42,000 --> 00:17:45,700
familiar place, not by being 
taught it, but by moving through

326
00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:48,300
it enough times that your feet 
knew where to go before your 

327
00:17:48,300 --> 00:17:51,400
mind caught up the vendors. 
You saw most often were not 

328
00:17:51,400 --> 00:17:54,300
wealthy people, the fishmonger 
who called out in a voice 

329
00:17:54,300 --> 00:17:56,100
roughened by years of outdoor 
work. 

330
00:17:56,800 --> 00:17:59,600
The old woman selling dried 
herbs and medicinal plants from 

331
00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:03,100
a cloth spread on the ground 
sitting on a low stool with the 

332
00:18:03,100 --> 00:18:05,400
patience of someone whose 
business model relied entirely 

333
00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:09,100
on outlasting the morning. 
The bread seller, whose loaves 

334
00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:10,400
were stacked in a shallow 
basket. 

335
00:18:10,400 --> 00:18:13,400
And who always seemed to know 
exactly how many she had sold 

336
00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:16,500
without Counting. 
These were people of the same 

337
00:18:16,500 --> 00:18:19,800
broad stratum as your family 
people who are managing, rather 

338
00:18:19,800 --> 00:18:22,900
than prospering who were at the 
Agora, because they had to be 

339
00:18:22,900 --> 00:18:25,400
and not because it was where 
they preferred to spend their 

340
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:27,800
time. 
You absorbed this with without 

341
00:18:27,800 --> 00:18:30,900
commentary. 
The market was not a spectacle 

342
00:18:30,900 --> 00:18:32,600
to you. 
It was infrastructure. 

343
00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:34,600
It was where the household 
stored. 

344
00:18:34,600 --> 00:18:38,400
Goods met the outside world, 
where Surplus became coin and 

345
00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:40,800
coin became the things. 
The household could not produce 

346
00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:43,900
itself. 
Salt, certain tools, the fish 

347
00:18:43,900 --> 00:18:46,500
that your family could not catch
because you did not live near 

348
00:18:46,500 --> 00:18:48,600
the sea and could not afford to 
send anyone. 

349
00:18:48,600 --> 00:18:53,100
There, the occasional small 
luxury, a handful of dried figs 

350
00:18:53,100 --> 00:18:56,100
from somewhere south of Attica. 
Bought because your mother 

351
00:18:56,100 --> 00:18:58,300
decided that the week warranted 
it. 

352
00:18:58,300 --> 00:19:03,000
And because the decision was 
hers to make, first time you 

353
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,700
were sent the Agora alone, you 
are probably somewhere between 8

354
00:19:06,700 --> 00:19:10,000
and 10 years old though, the 
exact age mattered less than the

355
00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:14,200
Readiness and the Readiness was 
not announced It arrived. 

356
00:19:14,200 --> 00:19:17,400
The way most things arrived in 
your childhood without ceremony 

357
00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:21,600
as a simple expectation. 
Your mother handed you a small 

358
00:19:21,608 --> 00:19:25,200
coin and named what she needed 
and sent you out the door and 

359
00:19:25,200 --> 00:19:28,400
the fact that she did not come 
with you meant, she decided you 

360
00:19:28,400 --> 00:19:31,100
were capable which was its own 
kind of recognition. 

361
00:19:31,100 --> 00:19:35,000
Quiet and practical and more 
meaningful than praise. 

362
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:38,900
The coin was an awful. 
The smallest common denomination

363
00:19:38,900 --> 00:19:41,900
in Athenian. 
Currency worth roughly a sixth 

364
00:19:41,900 --> 00:19:45,300
of a dracma, which was itself. 
Roughly what an unskilled 

365
00:19:45,300 --> 00:19:47,100
laborer might earn for a full 
day's work. 

366
00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:50,900
It was not a large sum, it was 
enough for what your mother 

367
00:19:50,908 --> 00:19:54,200
needed and the margin for era 
was approximately nothing. 

368
00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:56,500
Which meant you had better. 
Not lose it. 

369
00:19:56,500 --> 00:20:00,900
Not be cheated out of it, not 
make the wrong purchase and not 

370
00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:03,500
take long enough that the good 
portions were gone by the time 

371
00:20:03,500 --> 00:20:06,500
you got there. 
You went found what you were 

372
00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:08,700
sent for. 
Made the transaction with the 

373
00:20:08,700 --> 00:20:11,300
careful suspicion. 
Your mother not needed to teach 

374
00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:14,100
you in came back with what she 
asked for in the change 

375
00:20:14,100 --> 00:20:17,500
accounted for. 
A crowd that did not adjust 

376
00:20:17,500 --> 00:20:21,400
itself for you to conduct a 
transaction with an adult who 

377
00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:25,300
had no particular obligation to 
treat you fairly to make change 

378
00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:28,500
in your head and verify it with 
a suspicion that you had been 

379
00:20:28,508 --> 00:20:31,500
practicing since the first time 
you watched your father at that 

380
00:20:31,508 --> 00:20:34,900
time for a stall it required you
to hold the coin the entire way 

381
00:20:34,900 --> 00:20:38,100
without losing it, which meant 
it was in your fist the whole 

382
00:20:38,108 --> 00:20:41,900
walk there, leaving a small 
circular impression in your palm

383
00:20:41,900 --> 00:20:43,800
that had Faded by the time you 
got home. 

384
00:20:44,700 --> 00:20:47,800
Your mother took what you 
brought her checked it and went 

385
00:20:47,800 --> 00:20:49,000
back to whatever she'd been 
doing. 

386
00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:53,700
This was a provable the work got
heavier as you got older in the 

387
00:20:53,708 --> 00:20:57,800
most literal sense. 
There is a particular moment in 

388
00:20:57,800 --> 00:20:59,700
the physical life of working 
child. 

389
00:20:59,700 --> 00:21:03,100
When the loads that the adults 
around you carry daily a 

390
00:21:03,100 --> 00:21:06,900
transferred to you, not all at 
once but incrementally each new 

391
00:21:06,900 --> 00:21:10,900
task slightly beyond what you 
did last season calibrated to 

392
00:21:10,900 --> 00:21:14,800
what your body can now do by 
people who know your body better

393
00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:18,200
than you do yourself. 
First time you carry something 

394
00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:21,500
genuinely too heavy for you. 
You carry it anyway. 

395
00:21:22,500 --> 00:21:25,900
This is not a piece of wisdom, 
or a lesson that anyone in your 

396
00:21:25,900 --> 00:21:28,000
family would have felt the need 
to articulate. 

397
00:21:29,200 --> 00:21:32,900
Simply the condition. 
Thing needed to be carried. 

398
00:21:32,900 --> 00:21:35,200
You were the one available to 
carry it. 

399
00:21:35,900 --> 00:21:38,700
The weight was not interested in
your age, or your preference, 

400
00:21:38,700 --> 00:21:41,800
and the ground between where the
thing was, and where it needed 

401
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:44,300
to be. 
Did not shortened itself on your

402
00:21:44,300 --> 00:21:47,100
behalf. 
What happened in your body 

403
00:21:47,100 --> 00:21:49,900
during that carry was the 
beginning of something not 

404
00:21:49,900 --> 00:21:51,300
strength. 
Exactly. 

405
00:21:51,300 --> 00:21:54,000
Not yet. 
More like the knowledge that 

406
00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:56,100
your body could be asked to do 
more than it. 

407
00:21:56,100 --> 00:21:58,600
Thought it could. 
And that the asking though 

408
00:21:58,600 --> 00:22:00,800
unpleasant did not break 
anything. 

409
00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:04,600
This knowledge once acquired 
does not leave. 

410
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:07,600
It settles into the muscles and 
the posture. 

411
00:22:07,600 --> 00:22:11,200
And the particular way, a person
from a working background moves 

412
00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:14,300
through the world. 
He's heard wrote about the body 

413
00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:17,000
of the laboring man, with the 
matter of fact, respect of 

414
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,800
someone who lived in one. 
The ideal farmer in works and 

415
00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:25,700
days is not graceful or refined.
He is capable, his value is in 

416
00:22:25,700 --> 00:22:29,300
what he can sustain across a 
long season, and what he can do,

417
00:22:29,300 --> 00:22:32,600
when the work arrives, whether 
he is ready for it or not, you 

418
00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:36,300
are learning in the small daily 
accumulations of effort and 

419
00:22:36,300 --> 00:22:39,800
repetition what it meant to be 
that kind of person. 

420
00:22:39,800 --> 00:22:45,500
Not a person who accomplished 
great things once Person who did

421
00:22:45,500 --> 00:22:50,700
necessary things over and over 
without requiring the necessity 

422
00:22:50,700 --> 00:22:54,600
to First justify itself. 
The Agora was still there every 

423
00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:57,000
morning. 
The fish still smelled the same 

424
00:22:57,000 --> 00:23:01,500
way the scale still needed 
watching and every time you went

425
00:23:01,500 --> 00:23:03,700
you were a little less lost in 
the crowd. 

426
00:23:03,700 --> 00:23:07,200
Then you had been the time 
before a little less held and a 

427
00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:10,400
little more holding your own. 
The pithos in the corner of the 

428
00:23:10,400 --> 00:23:11,700
storage. 
Room is not empty. 

429
00:23:12,500 --> 00:23:16,100
You check it every few days now 
not because checking it changes 

430
00:23:16,100 --> 00:23:19,400
anything, but because not 
knowing feels worse than knowing

431
00:23:19,400 --> 00:23:23,600
you, press your hand down into 
the grain, feel the cool dry 

432
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:27,000
resistance of it against your 
palm and make the same rough 

433
00:23:27,000 --> 00:23:29,500
calculation. 
You've been making since the 

434
00:23:29,500 --> 00:23:33,600
solstice how much is left? 
How many weeks remain before the

435
00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:35,900
spring? 
Barley comes in whether those 

436
00:23:35,900 --> 00:23:37,500
two numbers are going to agree 
with each other? 

437
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:41,300
It is February. 
In Attica, the February sky is 

438
00:23:41,300 --> 00:23:44,700
low and gray and the fields are 
still bare from the winter 

439
00:23:44,700 --> 00:23:48,800
plowing, the soil turned, and 
waiting doing the invisible 

440
00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:50,300
work. 
That soil does before. 

441
00:23:50,300 --> 00:23:51,900
Anything is visible above 
ground. 

442
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:56,300
The olive Harvest is finished. 
The Grain Stores from last 

443
00:23:56,300 --> 00:23:58,200
Autumn are passed their halfway 
point. 

444
00:23:59,000 --> 00:24:00,500
There are months between where 
you are. 

445
00:24:00,500 --> 00:24:02,700
And the next time this jar will 
be full. 

446
00:24:02,700 --> 00:24:06,600
And the distance between those 
two points is not only time. 

447
00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:10,400
It is a calculation, your entire
household is running constantly 

448
00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:15,900
in the background of every meal.
Every portion, every decision 

449
00:24:15,900 --> 00:24:19,300
about whether today is a day for
a little more or a day for a 

450
00:24:19,308 --> 00:24:22,100
little less. 
The central fact of food in the 

451
00:24:22,100 --> 00:24:25,100
ancient world was not what you 
ate, but how you manage what you

452
00:24:25,100 --> 00:24:29,900
had. the Grain in that jar is 
barley almost certainly not 

453
00:24:29,900 --> 00:24:33,800
wheat which grew in Attica but 
not abundantly, which was harder

454
00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:37,500
to process and more expensive to
buy, which was the grain that 

455
00:24:37,500 --> 00:24:41,400
showed up at a wealthy a table 
Barley was the grain of ordinary

456
00:24:41,400 --> 00:24:44,900
Greek life in the Classical 
period hardier than wheat and 

457
00:24:44,900 --> 00:24:47,900
more tolerant of the thin rocky,
soil, that covered most of the 

458
00:24:47,900 --> 00:24:51,100
attic Countryside. 
It grew, where wheat struggled, 

459
00:24:51,100 --> 00:24:54,300
it yielded reliably where wheat 
was uncertain. 

460
00:24:54,300 --> 00:24:57,500
It was not the more desirable 
grain and everyone knew it. 

461
00:24:57,500 --> 00:25:00,900
But desirability is a luxury 
that a household running 

462
00:25:00,900 --> 00:25:03,800
calculations in February, cannot
afford to prioritize. 

463
00:25:05,100 --> 00:25:07,500
The primary thing you made from 
barley was Mazda. 

464
00:25:07,500 --> 00:25:10,600
And if you lived, an ordinary 
working life, in ancient Athens,

465
00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:13,500
marzu was the foundation of 
almost every meal. 

466
00:25:13,500 --> 00:25:18,700
You ate not bread, exactly the 
Greeks had bread, artos made 

467
00:25:18,700 --> 00:25:22,000
from wheat flour, and leavened 
and baked, and it was good and 

468
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:25,200
it existed, but it was not what 
most people in your situation. 

469
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:27,700
Ate. 
Most of the time, Maeser was 

470
00:25:27,700 --> 00:25:30,700
simpler and cheaper, and 
required less fuel to prepare. 

471
00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:35,000
To make it, you roasted the 
barley grain first, which dried 

472
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:38,100
it further and gave it a faint 
nutty smell, that would follow 

473
00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:40,700
you out of whatever room. 
The Roasting happened in and 

474
00:25:40,700 --> 00:25:44,100
into the street and stay in your
clothes for the rest of the day.

475
00:25:44,100 --> 00:25:48,600
Then you ground, it either on a 
saddle, quirin or a rotary Kern 

476
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:52,200
depending on the period. 
And the households equipment, a 

477
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:55,400
physical task that your mother 
or older sisters, or you 

478
00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:58,900
yourself spent real time on 
every day, the grain feeding in 

479
00:25:58,900 --> 00:26:02,500
the top, and the course flower 
coming out of the side's, your 

480
00:26:02,500 --> 00:26:05,100
whole body involved in the 
motion, the way, all handling 

481
00:26:05,100 --> 00:26:09,300
required, The flour. 
You produced was not fine, there

482
00:26:09,300 --> 00:26:12,800
was not supposed to be fine, it 
was supposed to be enough from 

483
00:26:12,800 --> 00:26:14,400
there. 
You mixed, The Barley flour with

484
00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:17,100
water, sometimes with a little 
olive oil, if there was olive 

485
00:26:17,100 --> 00:26:20,800
oil to spare, sometimes with 
nothing more than water and a 

486
00:26:20,800 --> 00:26:24,300
pinch of salt and you worked it 
into a flat dense cake, that 

487
00:26:24,300 --> 00:26:27,800
could be eaten as it was or 
briefly heated on a hot stone. 

488
00:26:27,800 --> 00:26:31,200
The texture was Heavy 
substantially heavier than 

489
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:34,900
bread, it sat in the body, with 
the serious weight of something 

490
00:26:34,900 --> 00:26:39,300
that understood its function was
not to Delight but to sustain 

491
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:43,300
Mazda. 
Tasted of Bali, which is to say 

492
00:26:43,300 --> 00:26:46,900
it tasted of grain and Earth. 
And the faint bitterness that 

493
00:26:46,900 --> 00:26:50,400
barley carries and if you ate it
every day of your life from 

494
00:26:50,400 --> 00:26:54,000
childhood onward, you did not 
taste that bitterness anymore 

495
00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:56,300
because it was simply the taste 
of food. 

496
00:26:57,300 --> 00:26:59,800
Cato. 
The Elder writing from a Roman 

497
00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:03,100
rather than a Greek context but 
describing a Mediterranean 

498
00:27:03,100 --> 00:27:06,000
agricultural world that shared 
many of the same conditions. 

499
00:27:06,000 --> 00:27:08,700
Recorded barley cake 
preparations. 

500
00:27:08,700 --> 00:27:11,900
With the matter of fact bread of
someone documenting the obvious 

501
00:27:12,700 --> 00:27:16,400
Heard does not describe Masa 
directly but his entire framing 

502
00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:20,300
of the farming life assumes it. 
The way you assume the existence

503
00:27:20,300 --> 00:27:23,700
of bread, when you describe a 
kitchen, it was not worth 

504
00:27:23,700 --> 00:27:26,700
describing because it was simply
there every day. 

505
00:27:26,700 --> 00:27:31,500
The way the floor was there 
alongside the Bali, olive oil, 

506
00:27:31,500 --> 00:27:34,600
these two things. 
Barley, and oil were the 

507
00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:37,500
structural poles of your diet. 
The things around, which 

508
00:27:37,500 --> 00:27:41,000
everything else was arranged. 
The olive trees on the family, 

509
00:27:41,000 --> 00:27:44,900
plot if your family had a plot 
or the oil purchased at the 

510
00:27:44,900 --> 00:27:48,300
market, from the seasons 
pressing arrived in a smaller 

511
00:27:48,300 --> 00:27:52,100
clay jar than the grain pythos 
sealed at the top with a cloth 

512
00:27:52,100 --> 00:27:54,400
or a plug of clay to slow the 
oxidation. 

513
00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:58,300
He used it carefully. 
Not sparingly in the way that 

514
00:27:58,300 --> 00:28:01,300
suggests rationing as a 
conscious choice, but sparingly 

515
00:28:01,300 --> 00:28:04,500
in the way that suggests oil was
understood to be finite. 

516
00:28:04,500 --> 00:28:07,700
And the jar was understood to be
the whole of what there was. 

517
00:28:07,700 --> 00:28:11,900
And until the next pressing or 
the next Market Day, olive oil 

518
00:28:11,900 --> 00:28:14,300
in a lower class, Greek 
household, did not only go on 

519
00:28:14,300 --> 00:28:18,800
food, it went on the body. 
Used after exercise or work to 

520
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:22,300
clean the skin in the absence of
soap, which did not exist in the

521
00:28:22,308 --> 00:28:25,100
modern sense. 
Burned in lamps for light 

522
00:28:25,100 --> 00:28:27,600
though. 
The cheap oil used for lamps was

523
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:31,400
lower quality than the oil, used
for cooking cloudier and 

524
00:28:31,400 --> 00:28:35,100
stronger smelling. 
The kind that left a faint Haze 

525
00:28:35,100 --> 00:28:36,600
in a room after an evening's 
burning? 

526
00:28:37,500 --> 00:28:41,100
the same substance serving three
distinct household functions 

527
00:28:41,100 --> 00:28:44,800
meant that the jars contents 
were always being drawn from in 

528
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:48,300
multiple directions, which meant
the calculation of how much was 

529
00:28:48,300 --> 00:28:51,200
left was slightly more 
complicated than it appeared, 

530
00:28:52,200 --> 00:28:55,700
The olives themselves. 
Not just the oil, were a regular

531
00:28:55,700 --> 00:28:59,400
Presence at the table. 
Cured in brine, or in dry salt, 

532
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:01,500
they were among the most 
reliable of the everyday 

533
00:29:01,500 --> 00:29:04,700
accompaniments to Maza. 
The thing, you ate alongside the

534
00:29:04,700 --> 00:29:07,100
barley cake that gave the meal 
something to taste. 

535
00:29:07,100 --> 00:29:10,600
They were salty and dense and 
slightly bitter in the way that 

536
00:29:10,600 --> 00:29:13,400
cured things are. 
And they kept well, which in a 

537
00:29:13,408 --> 00:29:16,300
world without Refrigeration was 
a quality worth more than any 

538
00:29:16,300 --> 00:29:19,300
refinement of flavor. 
You ate them with your fingers 

539
00:29:19,300 --> 00:29:21,900
from a shared Bowl. 
The way the whole family ate 

540
00:29:21,900 --> 00:29:25,000
everything from shared vessels 
the meal being a collective act 

541
00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:28,800
rather than a sequence of 
individual portions What else 

542
00:29:28,800 --> 00:29:31,800
was on the table depended 
heavily on the time of year and 

543
00:29:31,800 --> 00:29:34,700
what the family had managed to 
store and on what was affordable

544
00:29:34,700 --> 00:29:39,500
at the market on any given week.
Dried figs appeared off and figs

545
00:29:39,500 --> 00:29:42,700
grew throughout Attica and were 
dried in the Summer sun in 

546
00:29:42,700 --> 00:29:46,100
quantity pressed into dense, 
blocks that lasted through the 

547
00:29:46,100 --> 00:29:48,500
winter, and provided, a 
sweetness, that was otherwise 

548
00:29:48,500 --> 00:29:50,600
largely absent from the daily 
diet. 

549
00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:54,600
The sweetness of a dried fig, is
concentrated and serious. 

550
00:29:54,600 --> 00:29:57,800
Not the Airy sweetness of honey,
but something darker and more. 

551
00:29:57,800 --> 00:30:01,700
Insistent the fruit sugar 
intensified by the removal of 

552
00:30:01,700 --> 00:30:03,300
the water that originally 
carried it. 

553
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:07,800
You ate them as part of a meal 
or between meals or instead of a

554
00:30:07,800 --> 00:30:09,100
meal if the meal was not 
available. 

555
00:30:09,100 --> 00:30:13,200
Aristophanes mentioned figs 
often enough in his comedies 

556
00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:15,800
that you understand. 
They were part of the texture of

557
00:30:15,808 --> 00:30:19,100
ordinary, Athenian, life. 
The way bread is part of the 

558
00:30:19,100 --> 00:30:21,300
texture of ordinary life almost 
anywhere. 

559
00:30:22,100 --> 00:30:25,900
Background essential 
unremarkable until they are 

560
00:30:25,900 --> 00:30:28,600
gone. 
Legumes were the other pillar 

561
00:30:28,600 --> 00:30:33,400
dried, lentils, chickpeas, dried
Fairview beans stored in the 

562
00:30:33,408 --> 00:30:36,900
smaller jars in the back of the 
storage room, cooked slowly with

563
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:40,300
water and sometimes onion. 
And sometimes a little oil into 

564
00:30:40,300 --> 00:30:43,500
a thick paste or suit that was 
hot and filling and cheap to 

565
00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:46,600
produce lentil soup. 
In particular appears throughout

566
00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:49,400
ancient sources as a standard 
food of Ordinary People. 

567
00:30:50,300 --> 00:30:54,600
Associated so consistently with 
modest circumstances that the 

568
00:30:54,600 --> 00:30:58,300
word for it became shorthand for
frugality and several ancient 

569
00:30:58,300 --> 00:31:01,600
writers. 
You ate it without embarrassment

570
00:31:01,600 --> 00:31:03,800
because embarrassment requires 
comparison. 

571
00:31:03,800 --> 00:31:06,700
And the comparison was not 
present at your table. 

572
00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:10,300
It was just dinner. 
Fish arrived, when it could. 

573
00:31:11,100 --> 00:31:14,800
Athens was close enough to the 
Sea and to the Paris fishing 

574
00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:17,000
trade, that fish were available 
at the Agora. 

575
00:31:17,900 --> 00:31:21,300
Fresh fish spoiled quickly and 
the better Cuts went to people 

576
00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:25,100
who could pay for them first. 
What reached a table like yours 

577
00:31:25,100 --> 00:31:28,600
was more likely to be salted, 
fish dried and preserved. 

578
00:31:28,600 --> 00:31:32,200
The ancient Mediterranean 
equivalent of a shelf, stable 

579
00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:36,100
protein, intensely salty and 
needing to be soaked before 

580
00:31:36,100 --> 00:31:39,400
cooking. 
It was not luxurious it was 

581
00:31:39,408 --> 00:31:42,400
useful which was the same thing.
Under the circumstances. 

582
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:47,300
Meet was occasional at festivals
when animals were sacrificed and

583
00:31:47,300 --> 00:31:51,000
the meat distributed, your 
family ate it at other times, if

584
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:53,900
a neighborhood slaughtered a 
goat or a pig and was selling 

585
00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:57,300
portions the decision of whether
to buy some was a real decision 

586
00:31:57,300 --> 00:32:01,000
way to get against other things.
The money could do meet was not 

587
00:32:01,000 --> 00:32:04,800
a daily expectation, it was an 
event marked as such without 

588
00:32:04,800 --> 00:32:08,200
anyone needing to say so the way
a meal slightly better than 

589
00:32:08,200 --> 00:32:11,200
usual, as always noticed even 
when nothing is said about it. 

590
00:32:12,100 --> 00:32:15,000
the psychology of the storage 
jar, is not something that shows

591
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:17,900
up in the written sources, 
because the people who wrote 

592
00:32:17,900 --> 00:32:20,800
things down, were not generally,
the people staring into a half 

593
00:32:20,808 --> 00:32:26,200
empty pithos in February But it 
was real and it was constant and

594
00:32:26,200 --> 00:32:29,100
if you grew up in a household, 
like yours, it shaped the way 

595
00:32:29,100 --> 00:32:31,300
you thought about food for the 
rest of your life. 

596
00:32:32,100 --> 00:32:35,000
The jar represented time. 
What was in? 

597
00:32:35,000 --> 00:32:37,900
It was not only grain. 
It was the number of weeks 

598
00:32:37,900 --> 00:32:42,300
between now and the next Harvest
made physical made possible to 

599
00:32:42,300 --> 00:32:44,400
look at and touch and measure 
with your hand. 

600
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:48,200
When the jar was full in 
October, after the Harvest came 

601
00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:50,700
in, there was something in the 
household that relaxed. 

602
00:32:51,500 --> 00:32:52,400
Collective. 
Exhale. 

603
00:32:52,400 --> 00:32:55,100
That was not named or 
celebrated, but the change the 

604
00:32:55,100 --> 00:32:58,600
feeling of the rooms. 
When the jar was low as it was 

605
00:32:58,600 --> 00:33:02,300
now in February, the opposite 
thing happened, not panic, 

606
00:33:02,300 --> 00:33:05,400
nothing. 
So dramatic, just a tightening, 

607
00:33:05,400 --> 00:33:09,900
a recalibration, a series of 
small adjustments in how much 

608
00:33:09,900 --> 00:33:13,500
went into each meal made without
an announcement by the person. 

609
00:33:13,500 --> 00:33:16,800
Usually, your mother who 
understood the jar better than 

610
00:33:16,800 --> 00:33:19,500
anyone. 
He is your addresses, this 

611
00:33:19,500 --> 00:33:22,400
directly and works and days. 
And the context of diverging the

612
00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:24,400
farmer to store properly and 
plan carefully. 

613
00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:28,700
Not as moral instruction. 
But as practical survival 

614
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:32,400
guidance delivered, with the 
particular impatience of someone

615
00:33:32,400 --> 00:33:34,400
who has seen. 
What happens when people do? 

616
00:33:34,400 --> 00:33:37,700
Not listen, the pithos is 
Central to his framing of a 

617
00:33:37,700 --> 00:33:40,700
well-run household. 
He describes The Man Who harvest

618
00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:43,300
well and stores properly as 
someone who can eat his own 

619
00:33:43,300 --> 00:33:47,100
bread in the world. 
Hess jod is describing that is 

620
00:33:47,100 --> 00:33:50,200
exactly enough. 
You press your hand into the 

621
00:33:50,200 --> 00:33:53,000
grain. 
One more time, it is enough. 

622
00:33:53,000 --> 00:33:57,200
Not comfortably enough, not 
enough with room to spare, but 

623
00:33:57,200 --> 00:34:00,200
enough which in February and 
Attica is what you were hoping 

624
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:02,100
for. 
When you came in here and the 

625
00:34:02,100 --> 00:34:04,800
same thing, you will be hoping 
for when you come back in a 

626
00:34:04,800 --> 00:34:08,500
week, you put the lid back on 
the jar, you go back into the 

627
00:34:08,500 --> 00:34:11,000
main room where the lamp is 
burning and the evening is 

628
00:34:11,000 --> 00:34:14,600
settling in and you sit down to 
the meal that is ready, which is

629
00:34:14,600 --> 00:34:17,699
Mazda and olives and the last of
the lentil soup from yesterday. 

630
00:34:17,699 --> 00:34:22,300
Still good still warm enough. 
Still the taste of the life, you

631
00:34:22,300 --> 00:34:25,100
are living. 
Tonight, it is enough. 

632
00:34:25,100 --> 00:34:29,199
The leather smell hits you 
before you sit down, it is not 

633
00:34:29,199 --> 00:34:32,699
unpleasant exactly more like the
smell of something that has been

634
00:34:32,699 --> 00:34:35,400
worked on for a long time by 
hands that knew what they were 

635
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:39,400
doing a warm animal smell 
underneath and the sharper 

636
00:34:39,400 --> 00:34:42,900
chemical edge of the tanning 
process on top and underneath. 

637
00:34:43,699 --> 00:34:47,100
Both of those, the faint mineral
smell of the stone floor, and 

638
00:34:47,100 --> 00:34:51,300
the particular Dusty warmth of a
small room that faces South and 

639
00:34:51,300 --> 00:34:54,100
catches the morning sun, full in
the face from the moment. 

640
00:34:54,100 --> 00:34:57,700
It clears the buildings across 
the lane You're at the front of 

641
00:34:57,700 --> 00:35:00,200
the shop which is to say, you're
essentially in the street 

642
00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:04,000
because the shop has no front 
wall in any meaningful sense. 

643
00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:08,600
There is a beam overhead and a 
roof behind you and walls on 

644
00:35:08,608 --> 00:35:11,800
three sides but the fourth side,
the one that faces. 

645
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:15,900
The lane is open, the work 
happens here in this Borderland 

646
00:35:15,900 --> 00:35:19,100
between inside and outside, 
where the light is best and 

647
00:35:19,100 --> 00:35:22,600
where the passing trade, can see
what you're doing and stop. 

648
00:35:22,600 --> 00:35:25,300
If they need what you make, you 
all is in your hand. 

649
00:35:25,300 --> 00:35:27,200
The leather strip is on the 
last. 

650
00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:30,700
The morning has may be too good 
hours of this quality of light 

651
00:35:30,700 --> 00:35:33,200
before the sun moves and you 
have to shift position or light 

652
00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:35,600
the lamp. 
You have learned over years of 

653
00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:39,000
sitting in this spot exactly how
to use those two hours before 

654
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:42,000
they change on you. 
The lane outside is already 

655
00:35:42,000 --> 00:35:46,300
moving a woman with a water jar,
balanced on her head walking 

656
00:35:46,300 --> 00:35:49,600
with the careful upright, 
posture of someone who has done 

657
00:35:49,600 --> 00:35:52,800
this 10,000 times and stop 
thinking about it. 

658
00:35:53,700 --> 00:35:57,000
Two men arguing in the unhurried
way that suggests neither of 

659
00:35:57,000 --> 00:36:01,000
them is actually in a hurry. 
A boy running with the specific 

660
00:36:01,000 --> 00:36:04,900
purposeful speed of someone, 
carrying a message already gone 

661
00:36:04,900 --> 00:36:06,500
before. 
You can see where he came from. 

662
00:36:07,700 --> 00:36:11,000
The city moves past the open 
front of your shop, the way a 

663
00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:14,400
river moves, past a fixed Stone 
continuously without 

664
00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:17,900
acknowledgment and you are part 
of it and apart from it at the 

665
00:36:17,908 --> 00:36:21,800
same time, xenophon who wrote 
about household management and 

666
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:25,200
the organization of Labor, with 
the careful interest of a Man 

667
00:36:25,208 --> 00:36:28,700
Who Thought deeply about how 
things ought to work, had a 

668
00:36:28,700 --> 00:36:30,600
fairly dim view of the kind of 
work you do. 

669
00:36:31,600 --> 00:36:35,300
He recorded the opinion shared 
by much of the Athenian citizens

670
00:36:35,300 --> 00:36:38,900
and Elite that the crafts 
practiced in Workshops the 

671
00:36:38,900 --> 00:36:42,600
bernot trades, the corrosive to 
the body and their to the 

672
00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:45,700
character. 
The work kept, you indoors or in

673
00:36:45,700 --> 00:36:50,000
one fixed position. 
It may be round, shouldered, it 

674
00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:53,200
narrowed the range of motion in 
your hands to the specific 

675
00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:56,200
repeating gesture of whatever 
your craft required. 

676
00:36:56,200 --> 00:36:59,500
And over years, it changed the 
shape of those hands. 

677
00:36:59,500 --> 00:37:04,600
Thickened some joints stiffened 
others so that the body became a

678
00:37:04,600 --> 00:37:08,500
record of its own occupation in 
ways that were visible to anyone

679
00:37:08,500 --> 00:37:11,500
who knew how to look. 
You look at your hands. 

680
00:37:11,500 --> 00:37:15,100
Now mid-morning, while the 
leather is soaking in water to 

681
00:37:15,100 --> 00:37:18,600
make it pliable. 
Xenophon was not entirely wrong.

682
00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:22,000
Your hands, do not look like the
hands of a man who spends his 

683
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:24,100
days in the gymnasium or the 
wrestling ground. 

684
00:37:24,900 --> 00:37:27,600
The knuckle on your right index 
finger is larger than it should 

685
00:37:27,600 --> 00:37:31,500
be from years of gripping. 
The all the skin on your palms 

686
00:37:31,500 --> 00:37:34,100
is not rough in the general way 
of outdoor workers. 

687
00:37:34,100 --> 00:37:37,700
But rough in specific places, 
The Ridge at the base of each 

688
00:37:37,700 --> 00:37:41,100
finger, the heel of the thumb, a
hardness that Maps. 

689
00:37:41,100 --> 00:37:44,400
Exactly to the grip required by 
the tools of your trade. 

690
00:37:45,600 --> 00:37:49,200
What xenophon did not write 
because it was not the kind of 

691
00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:51,500
thing, a man of his background 
would have thought to note. 

692
00:37:52,300 --> 00:37:54,700
Was what the work felt like from
the inside. 

693
00:37:55,700 --> 00:37:59,100
The satisfaction of the piece of
leather cut, cleanly along a 

694
00:37:59,100 --> 00:38:02,700
line you drew by. 
I Particular pleasure of a soul 

695
00:38:02,700 --> 00:38:05,800
fitted. 
Well, The upper touched with, 

696
00:38:05,800 --> 00:38:09,400
without puckering, the whole 
object, functional and balanced 

697
00:38:09,400 --> 00:38:13,300
in a way that required judgment 
to achieve, and that could not 

698
00:38:13,300 --> 00:38:16,300
be fake to the Craftsman's 
knowledge that a thing. 

699
00:38:16,308 --> 00:38:19,500
Well, made will Outlast the 
person who made it carried in 

700
00:38:19,500 --> 00:38:23,300
the hands rather than in any 
written record was not the kind 

701
00:38:23,300 --> 00:38:25,800
of knowledge that appeared in 
the philosophical literature of 

702
00:38:25,808 --> 00:38:28,700
the period. 
It was simply the texture of a 

703
00:38:28,700 --> 00:38:32,100
working day. 
Your neighbor to shops down is a

704
00:38:32,100 --> 00:38:34,600
bronze worker. 
His shop sounds different from 

705
00:38:34,600 --> 00:38:36,900
yours. 
The rhythmic ring of hammer on 

706
00:38:36,908 --> 00:38:40,800
metal that starts shortly after 
Dawn and continues with very few

707
00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:42,900
interruptions until the light 
fails. 

708
00:38:42,900 --> 00:38:46,500
You have worked next to that 
sound for so long that you no 

709
00:38:46,500 --> 00:38:48,800
longer hear it as sound, 
exactly. 

710
00:38:50,000 --> 00:38:52,500
It has become part of the 
texture of the morning, the way 

711
00:38:52,500 --> 00:38:55,800
the smell of leather has become 
part of the texture of the shop.

712
00:38:56,700 --> 00:38:59,800
When he is sick and hammering 
does not start the morning feels

713
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:02,100
wrong in a way that takes you a 
moment to locate. 

714
00:39:03,100 --> 00:39:05,900
Not everyone who worked with 
their hands in classical Athens 

715
00:39:05,900 --> 00:39:09,300
worked in a shop. 
The city in the countryside were

716
00:39:09,300 --> 00:39:11,700
not as separate as later. 
Centuries would make them seem 

717
00:39:11,700 --> 00:39:16,200
many families held both a small 
Workshop or trade in the city 

718
00:39:16,200 --> 00:39:19,700
and a plot of land outside. 
It moving between the two as the

719
00:39:19,700 --> 00:39:23,400
season required Urban in Winter 
and Rural at planting and 

720
00:39:23,408 --> 00:39:28,300
harvest, neither one Identity or
the other entirely. the line 

721
00:39:28,300 --> 00:39:31,100
between the Craftsmen and the 
farm in ancient Attica was 

722
00:39:31,100 --> 00:39:34,800
permeable in ways that the 
surviving sources, which tend to

723
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:39,300
sort people into categories do 
not always capture If your 

724
00:39:39,300 --> 00:39:43,300
family had land and many 
families of your kind did, it 

725
00:39:43,300 --> 00:39:46,400
was probably not much. 
A few acres in the Attic 

726
00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:49,600
Countryside, and the olives, and
a little grain. 

727
00:39:49,600 --> 00:39:52,600
And perhaps some vegetables, in 
a kitchen plot near the house, 

728
00:39:52,608 --> 00:39:56,600
not enough to make you wealthy 
enough to matter. 

729
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:00,700
The difference between a family 
with a small plot and a family. 

730
00:40:00,708 --> 00:40:03,600
Without one was the difference 
between having something to fall

731
00:40:03,600 --> 00:40:07,300
back on and having nothing to 
fall back on which in a world 

732
00:40:07,308 --> 00:40:10,400
without safety nets of any 
institutional kind was a 

733
00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:13,000
difference that could determine 
everything in a bad year. 

734
00:40:13,700 --> 00:40:16,300
The farming Callender that 
hesiod laid out in works and 

735
00:40:16,300 --> 00:40:18,900
days with a methodical patients 
of someone who had learned it. 

736
00:40:18,900 --> 00:40:22,100
The hard way organized the 
agricultural year into a 

737
00:40:22,108 --> 00:40:26,200
sequence of tasks. 
So specific and so timed that 

738
00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:29,700
deviation from the carried. 
Real consequences plowing 

739
00:40:29,700 --> 00:40:33,400
happened in Autumn after the 
first reigned the ground when 

740
00:40:33,400 --> 00:40:36,300
you followed the ox across the 
field in the particular slow, 

741
00:40:36,300 --> 00:40:39,400
rhythm of a man and an animal 
who have worked together long 

742
00:40:39,400 --> 00:40:43,100
enough to have an understanding.
The soil in attic is not 

743
00:40:43,100 --> 00:40:45,800
generous. 
It's thin and Stony over much of

744
00:40:45,800 --> 00:40:48,800
the region and working it 
required coaxing rather than 

745
00:40:48,800 --> 00:40:50,600
Force. 
Plow. 

746
00:40:50,600 --> 00:40:53,200
Finding the line of least 
resistance between the Rocks. 

747
00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:56,600
While you steered from behind 
your weight on the handles, your

748
00:40:56,600 --> 00:41:01,400
eyes, reading the ground ahead. 
Smell of freshly turned attic 

749
00:41:01,400 --> 00:41:04,200
soil. 
In October is specific try on 

750
00:41:04,208 --> 00:41:07,300
the surface from the summer and 
then suddenly dampen dark below 

751
00:41:07,300 --> 00:41:10,200
where the moisture that went 
down in last Winter's. 

752
00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:14,100
Rain has been sitting in the 
cool of the subsoil all through 

753
00:41:14,100 --> 00:41:18,600
the hot months waiting. 
When the plow breaks that 

754
00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:21,300
surface opened. 
The smell comes up all at once, 

755
00:41:21,300 --> 00:41:26,100
sharp and green and ancient the 
smell of something that has been

756
00:41:26,108 --> 00:41:28,700
closed being opened. 
And it carries in it. 

757
00:41:28,700 --> 00:41:32,500
If you are a person who has 
plowed this ground before the 

758
00:41:32,500 --> 00:41:35,700
memory of every other October, 
you have stood in this field, 

759
00:41:36,700 --> 00:41:39,800
Pruning came in late winter. 
When the olive trees needed to 

760
00:41:39,800 --> 00:41:42,800
be cut, back to encourage the 
new growth that would carry next

761
00:41:42,800 --> 00:41:46,300
door to fruit. 
Olive pruning is slow and cold 

762
00:41:46,300 --> 00:41:49,100
work. 
The trees in an old attic Grove 

763
00:41:49,100 --> 00:41:52,700
are not tall but they are dents 
their branches grown in on the 

764
00:41:52,700 --> 00:41:56,400
cells over decades in the way 
that all of trees do and getting

765
00:41:56,400 --> 00:42:00,400
into them requires patience and 
a pruning hook and a tolerance 

766
00:42:00,400 --> 00:42:03,300
for the particular cold of 
February morning, in the Hills 

767
00:42:03,300 --> 00:42:06,700
outside Athens when the wind 
comes down from the north and 

768
00:42:06,700 --> 00:42:10,600
has not yet decided to stop. 
The Olive Tree is one of the 

769
00:42:10,600 --> 00:42:13,400
slow commitments of 
Mediterranean agricultural life.

770
00:42:14,200 --> 00:42:17,100
It takes years to begin 
producing and decades to 

771
00:42:17,100 --> 00:42:19,600
produce, well, which means that 
the trees. 

772
00:42:19,600 --> 00:42:22,600
You pruned were almost certainly
planted by someone before. 

773
00:42:22,600 --> 00:42:26,000
You your father or your 
grandfather or someone further 

774
00:42:26,000 --> 00:42:29,200
back whose name you may or may 
not have known when you worked 

775
00:42:29,200 --> 00:42:31,100
among them. 
You are working in a landscape 

776
00:42:31,100 --> 00:42:33,800
that other hands had shaped, and
the trees themselves. 

777
00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:37,500
Carried that history in the way 
old trees, carry everything. 

778
00:42:38,500 --> 00:42:42,300
Silently in the thickness of the
trunk and the particular angle 

779
00:42:42,300 --> 00:42:45,900
of the branches and the places 
where old Cuts had healed over 

780
00:42:45,900 --> 00:42:50,300
into smooth gray wood. 
Heated specific about the timing

781
00:42:50,300 --> 00:42:52,500
of pruning and the importance of
not. 

782
00:42:52,500 --> 00:42:56,100
Letting the trees go too long 
between cutting's because none, 

783
00:42:56,100 --> 00:42:58,800
pruned Olive Tree puts its 
energy into would rather than 

784
00:42:58,800 --> 00:43:02,200
fruit and a tree putting its 
energy into would rather than 

785
00:43:02,200 --> 00:43:04,500
fruit is a tree. 
Not earning its place in the 

786
00:43:04,500 --> 00:43:07,200
plan. 
This is the agricultural 

787
00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:10,600
calculus that ran underneath 
every task in the farming year, 

788
00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:15,500
nothing wasted nothing done for 
its own sake, every action, in 

789
00:43:15,500 --> 00:43:18,800
service of the yield that would 
fill the storage jars in Autumn.

790
00:43:18,800 --> 00:43:23,700
The Harvest itself, when it came
in October was the one moment of

791
00:43:23,700 --> 00:43:25,800
in the farming year that felt 
like a resolution. 

792
00:43:25,800 --> 00:43:28,200
Not a celebration exactly 
nothing. 

793
00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:31,400
So organized as that but a 
collective release of the 

794
00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:34,800
tension that had been building 
since the previous harvest the 

795
00:43:34,800 --> 00:43:37,000
years long question about 
whether the land had done 

796
00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:39,700
enough. 
Finally answered You pick the 

797
00:43:39,700 --> 00:43:42,500
olives by hand or knock them 
from the branches with long 

798
00:43:42,500 --> 00:43:46,700
poles, onto cloth spread beneath
the trees working from first 

799
00:43:46,700 --> 00:43:50,500
light until the light failed 
your arms aching by mid-morning 

800
00:43:50,500 --> 00:43:52,400
and aching differently by 
afternoon. 

801
00:43:52,400 --> 00:43:54,500
The soreness shifting is 
different. 

802
00:43:54,500 --> 00:43:57,200
Muscles took over from the ones 
that are given up complaining. 

803
00:43:58,400 --> 00:44:01,800
What you carried home from that 
Harvest and what went into the 

804
00:44:01,800 --> 00:44:06,300
press and what came out of the 
press as oil and how much of 

805
00:44:06,300 --> 00:44:09,300
that oil was yours and how much 
went to whatever obligations, 

806
00:44:09,300 --> 00:44:13,000
the land carried, determine the 
shape of the coming year and 

807
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:16,200
ways that nothing else. 
Could adjust for a good harvest 

808
00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:19,200
meant the pithos full in 
October, the February 

809
00:44:19,200 --> 00:44:22,500
calculation, coming out in your 
favor, the evening meal. 

810
00:44:22,500 --> 00:44:25,600
Arriving, with the particular 
anxiety that the same food 

811
00:44:25,600 --> 00:44:29,200
carried in a thin year. 
In Winter, you are mostly in the

812
00:44:29,200 --> 00:44:32,300
shop the days too. 
Short and too cold for much 

813
00:44:32,300 --> 00:44:35,200
outdoor work. 
The leather filling the hours. 

814
00:44:35,200 --> 00:44:37,000
When the fields are nothing of 
you. 

815
00:44:37,600 --> 00:44:41,100
In Spring and Summer and Autumn 
the balance, shifted the land, 

816
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:43,100
making its demands in the 
sequence. 

817
00:44:43,100 --> 00:44:47,500
He sealed described the all set 
aside for the pruning hook, the 

818
00:44:47,500 --> 00:44:50,600
shock quiet while the Harvest 
happened and resumed when the 

819
00:44:50,608 --> 00:44:54,200
Harvest was done. 
He moved between these versions 

820
00:44:54,200 --> 00:44:56,400
of your working life. 
The way you move between the 

821
00:44:56,400 --> 00:44:59,400
rooms of your house without 
thinking of the movement as 

822
00:44:59,400 --> 00:45:03,300
transition, the year turned, and
the land turned with it and you 

823
00:45:03,300 --> 00:45:05,100
turned with both of them as you 
always had. 

824
00:45:05,900 --> 00:45:09,200
The leather smell hits you 
before you sit down, it is not 

825
00:45:09,200 --> 00:45:12,700
unpleasant exactly more like the
smell of something that has been

826
00:45:12,708 --> 00:45:16,700
worked on for a long time by 
hands that they were doing a 

827
00:45:16,700 --> 00:45:20,600
warm animal smell underneath and
the sharper chemical edge of the

828
00:45:20,600 --> 00:45:23,900
tanning process on top. 
And underneath both of those, 

829
00:45:23,900 --> 00:45:27,700
the faint mineral smell of the 
stone floor and the particular 

830
00:45:27,700 --> 00:45:32,600
Dusty warmth of a small room 
that faces South and catches the

831
00:45:32,600 --> 00:45:35,600
morning sun, full in the face 
from the moment it clears the 

832
00:45:35,608 --> 00:45:38,900
building's across the lane 
You're at the front of the shop 

833
00:45:38,900 --> 00:45:41,000
which is to say you are 
essentially in the street 

834
00:45:41,000 --> 00:45:44,900
because the shop has no front 
wall in any meaningful sense. 

835
00:45:44,900 --> 00:45:49,000
There is a Bim overhead and a 
roof behind you and walls on 

836
00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:53,400
three sides but the fourth side,
the one that faces the lane is 

837
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:56,900
open. 
The work happens here in this 

838
00:45:56,900 --> 00:46:00,300
Borderland between inside and 
outside, where the light is 

839
00:46:00,300 --> 00:46:03,400
best, and where the passing 
trade, can see what you're doing

840
00:46:03,400 --> 00:46:05,900
and stop. 
If they need what you make, the 

841
00:46:05,900 --> 00:46:08,900
all is in your hand, the leather
strip is on the last. 

842
00:46:08,900 --> 00:46:12,700
The morning has may be too good 
hours of this quality of light 

843
00:46:12,700 --> 00:46:15,400
before the sun moves and you 
have to shift position or light 

844
00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:18,100
the lamp. 
And you have learned over years 

845
00:46:18,100 --> 00:46:21,400
of sitting in this spot exactly 
how to use those two hours 

846
00:46:21,400 --> 00:46:25,100
before they change on you. 
The lane outside is already 

847
00:46:25,100 --> 00:46:27,600
moving. 
A woman with a water jar 

848
00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:30,900
balanced on her head walking 
with the careful upright, 

849
00:46:30,900 --> 00:46:35,300
posture of someone who has done 
this 10,000 times, and stopped 

850
00:46:35,300 --> 00:46:38,900
thinking about it. 
Two men arguing in the unhurried

851
00:46:38,900 --> 00:46:41,500
way that suggests neither of 
them is actually in a hurry. 

852
00:46:42,200 --> 00:46:45,600
A boy running with the specific 
purposeful speed of someone, 

853
00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:48,000
carrying a message already gone 
before. 

854
00:46:48,000 --> 00:46:51,900
You can see where he came from. 
The city moves past the open 

855
00:46:51,900 --> 00:46:55,400
front of your shop, the way a 
river moves, past a fixed Stone.

856
00:46:55,400 --> 00:46:59,300
Continuously with without 
acknowledgment, you are part of 

857
00:46:59,308 --> 00:47:03,900
it and apart from it at the same
time Zenfone, who wrote about 

858
00:47:03,900 --> 00:47:07,100
household Management in the 
organization of Labor, with the 

859
00:47:07,100 --> 00:47:10,100
careful interest of a Man Who 
Thought deeply about how things 

860
00:47:10,100 --> 00:47:14,000
ought to work, had a fairly dim 
view of the kind of work you do.

861
00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:18,600
He recorded the opinion shared 
by much of the Athenian citizen 

862
00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:21,800
Elite that the craft practiced 
in Workshops. 

863
00:47:21,800 --> 00:47:26,500
The bernic trades were corrosive
to the body and therefore to the

864
00:47:26,500 --> 00:47:30,200
character The work kept, you 
indoors or in one fixed 

865
00:47:30,200 --> 00:47:33,900
position, it made, you round 
shouldered, it narrowed the 

866
00:47:33,900 --> 00:47:37,700
range of motion in your hands to
the specific repeated gesture of

867
00:47:37,700 --> 00:47:41,200
whatever your craft required. 
And over years, it changed the 

868
00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:45,700
shape of those hands thicken, 
some joints stiffened others so 

869
00:47:45,700 --> 00:47:48,800
that the body became a record of
its own occupation in ways that 

870
00:47:48,800 --> 00:47:50,800
were visible to anyone who knew 
how to look. 

871
00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:55,200
You look at your hands. 
Now mid-morning, while the 

872
00:47:55,200 --> 00:47:57,600
leather is soaking in water to 
make it pliable. 

873
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:02,500
Xenophon was not entirely wrong.
Your hands, do not look like the

874
00:48:02,500 --> 00:48:05,400
hands of a man who spent his 
days in the gymnasium or the 

875
00:48:05,400 --> 00:48:08,300
wrestling ground. 
The knuckle on your right index 

876
00:48:08,300 --> 00:48:11,200
finger is larger than it should 
be from years of gripping. 

877
00:48:11,200 --> 00:48:15,000
The all the skin on your palms 
is not rough in the general way 

878
00:48:15,000 --> 00:48:17,800
of outdoor workers, but rough in
specific places. 

879
00:48:18,700 --> 00:48:22,800
The Ridge at the base of each 
finger, the heel of the thumb, a

880
00:48:22,800 --> 00:48:25,600
hardness that Maps. 
Exactly to the grip required by 

881
00:48:25,608 --> 00:48:29,300
the tools of your trade. 
What xenophon did not write. 

882
00:48:30,100 --> 00:48:32,400
Because it was not the kind of 
thing, a man of his background 

883
00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:35,800
would have thought to note was 
what the work felt like from the

884
00:48:35,800 --> 00:48:38,900
inside. 
The satisfaction of a piece of 

885
00:48:38,900 --> 00:48:41,200
leather cut, cleanly along a 
line you drew by. 

886
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:44,600
I The particular pleasure of a 
soul fitted. 

887
00:48:44,600 --> 00:48:48,200
Well, the upper attached without
puckering, the whole object, 

888
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:51,400
functional and balanced in a way
that required judgment to 

889
00:48:51,400 --> 00:48:55,200
achieve, and that could not be 
faked the craftsmen's knowledge 

890
00:48:55,200 --> 00:48:57,200
that a thing. 
Well, made will Outlast the 

891
00:48:57,200 --> 00:49:00,900
person who made it carried in 
the hands rather than in any 

892
00:49:00,900 --> 00:49:04,000
written record was not the kind 
of knowledge that appeared in 

893
00:49:04,008 --> 00:49:05,900
the philosophical literature of 
the period. 

894
00:49:06,600 --> 00:49:08,700
It was simply the texture of a 
working day. 

895
00:49:09,900 --> 00:49:12,100
Your neighbor, two shops down is
a bronze worker. 

896
00:49:12,100 --> 00:49:14,400
His shop sounds different from 
yours. 

897
00:49:14,400 --> 00:49:17,600
The rhythmic ring of her on 
metal that starts shortly after 

898
00:49:17,600 --> 00:49:21,400
Dawn and continues with very few
interruptions until the light 

899
00:49:21,400 --> 00:49:24,200
fails. 
You have worked next to that 

900
00:49:24,200 --> 00:49:26,900
sound for so long that you no 
longer hear it as sound, 

901
00:49:26,900 --> 00:49:29,300
exactly. 
It has become part of the 

902
00:49:29,300 --> 00:49:32,500
texture of the morning, the way 
the smell of leather has become 

903
00:49:32,500 --> 00:49:36,200
part of the texture of the shop.
When he is sick and hammering 

904
00:49:36,200 --> 00:49:40,000
does not start the morning feels
wrong in a way that takes you a 

905
00:49:40,000 --> 00:49:42,800
moment to locate. 
Not everyone who worked with 

906
00:49:42,800 --> 00:49:46,900
their hands in classical Athens 
worked in a shop, the city and 

907
00:49:46,900 --> 00:49:49,300
the countryside were not as 
separate as later. 

908
00:49:49,300 --> 00:49:53,600
Centuries would make them seem 
many families held both Small 

909
00:49:53,600 --> 00:49:56,600
Workshop or trade in the city 
and a plot of land outside. 

910
00:49:56,600 --> 00:50:01,200
It moving between, the two is 
the season required Urban in 

911
00:50:01,200 --> 00:50:05,000
Winter and Rural at planting and
harvest, neither one identity, 

912
00:50:05,000 --> 00:50:09,200
nor the other entirely the line 
between the Craftsmen and the 

913
00:50:09,208 --> 00:50:12,600
farmer in ancient Attica was 
permeable in ways that the 

914
00:50:12,600 --> 00:50:16,500
surviving sources, which tend to
sort people into categories do 

915
00:50:16,500 --> 00:50:20,900
not always capture If your 
family had land and many 

916
00:50:20,900 --> 00:50:23,800
families of your kind did, it 
was probably not much. 

917
00:50:24,900 --> 00:50:27,900
Few acres in the Attic 
Countryside enough for olives 

918
00:50:27,900 --> 00:50:30,900
and a little grain and perhaps 
some vegetables, in a kitchen 

919
00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:35,000
plot near the house, not enough 
to make you wealthy enough to 

920
00:50:35,000 --> 00:50:37,800
matter. 
The difference between a family 

921
00:50:37,800 --> 00:50:40,600
with a small plot and a family. 
Without one was the difference 

922
00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:44,300
between having something to fall
back on and having nothing to 

923
00:50:44,300 --> 00:50:47,900
fall back on which in a world 
without safety nets of any 

924
00:50:47,900 --> 00:50:50,800
institutional kind was a 
difference that could determine 

925
00:50:50,800 --> 00:50:54,300
everything in a bad year. 
The farming calendar that has 

926
00:50:54,300 --> 00:50:57,400
your laid out in works and days 
with the methodical patients of 

927
00:50:57,400 --> 00:51:00,100
someone who had learned at the 
hardware organized. 

928
00:51:00,100 --> 00:51:02,800
The agricultural year in to a 
sequence of tasks. 

929
00:51:02,800 --> 00:51:07,300
So specific and so timed that 
deviation from the carried real 

930
00:51:07,300 --> 00:51:10,500
consequences. 
Plowing happened in Autumn. 

931
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:13,700
After the first rain, softened 
the ground when you followed the

932
00:51:13,700 --> 00:51:17,800
ox across the field in the 
particular slow, rhythm of a man

933
00:51:17,808 --> 00:51:21,000
and an animal who have worked 
together long enough to have an 

934
00:51:21,000 --> 00:51:23,800
understanding. 
The soil in Attica is not 

935
00:51:23,800 --> 00:51:26,600
generous. 
It is thin and Stony over much 

936
00:51:26,600 --> 00:51:29,800
of the region and working, it 
required coaxing rather than 

937
00:51:29,800 --> 00:51:32,400
Force. 
The plow, finding the line of 

938
00:51:32,400 --> 00:51:34,200
least resistance between the 
Rocks. 

939
00:51:34,200 --> 00:51:37,400
While you steered from behind 
your weight on the handles, your

940
00:51:37,400 --> 00:51:41,400
eyes, reading the ground ahead. 
Smell of freshly turned attic 

941
00:51:41,400 --> 00:51:44,200
soil. 
In October is specific dry on 

942
00:51:44,200 --> 00:51:47,500
the surface from the summer and 
then suddenly dampen dark below 

943
00:51:47,500 --> 00:51:50,400
where the moisture that went 
down in last Winter's. 

944
00:51:50,400 --> 00:51:54,100
Rain has been sitting in the 
cool of the subsoil all through 

945
00:51:54,100 --> 00:51:58,600
the hot months waiting. 
When the plow breaks that 

946
00:51:58,600 --> 00:52:01,000
surface open, the smell comes up
all at once. 

947
00:52:01,900 --> 00:52:05,600
Sharp and green and ancient the 
smell of something that has been

948
00:52:05,600 --> 00:52:08,300
closed being opened and it 
carries in it. 

949
00:52:08,300 --> 00:52:12,300
If you are a person who has 
plowed this ground before the 

950
00:52:12,300 --> 00:52:15,400
memory of every other October, 
you have stood in the field, 

951
00:52:16,700 --> 00:52:20,000
pruning came in late winter. 
When the olive trees needed to 

952
00:52:20,000 --> 00:52:22,900
be cut back to encourage the new
growth that would carry next 

953
00:52:22,900 --> 00:52:26,700
Autumn's fruit. 
Olive pruning is slow and cold 

954
00:52:26,700 --> 00:52:29,600
work. 
The trees in an old attic Grove 

955
00:52:29,600 --> 00:52:33,100
are not tall, but they are dense
their branches grown in on 

956
00:52:33,100 --> 00:52:35,800
themselves, over decades, in the
way that olive trees do. 

957
00:52:36,600 --> 00:52:40,200
And getting into them requires 
patience and a pruning hook and 

958
00:52:40,200 --> 00:52:43,300
a tolerance for the particular 
cold of a February morning in 

959
00:52:43,300 --> 00:52:45,900
the Hills outside Athens when 
the wind comes down from the 

960
00:52:45,900 --> 00:52:48,600
north and has, not yet decided 
to stop. 

961
00:52:49,900 --> 00:52:52,300
The Olive Tree is one of the 
slow commitments of 

962
00:52:52,300 --> 00:52:56,400
Mediterranean agricultural life.
It takes years to begin 

963
00:52:56,400 --> 00:53:00,400
producing and decades to 
produce, well, which means that 

964
00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:03,700
the trees you pruned will almost
certainly planted by someone 

965
00:53:03,700 --> 00:53:05,700
before. 
You your father or your 

966
00:53:05,700 --> 00:53:09,300
grandfather or someone further 
back whose name you may or may 

967
00:53:09,300 --> 00:53:11,400
not have known when you worked 
among them. 

968
00:53:11,400 --> 00:53:14,700
You were working in a landscape 
that other hands had shaped, and

969
00:53:14,700 --> 00:53:16,600
the trees themselves. 
Carried that history. 

970
00:53:16,600 --> 00:53:18,500
In the way old trees, carry 
everything. 

971
00:53:18,500 --> 00:53:22,000
Silently, in the thickness of 
the trunk and the particular 

972
00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:25,400
angle of the branches and the 
places where old Cuts had healed

973
00:53:25,400 --> 00:53:29,900
over into smooth gray wood. 
See a specific about the timing 

974
00:53:29,900 --> 00:53:32,300
of pruning and the importance of
not? 

975
00:53:32,300 --> 00:53:35,800
Letting the trees go too long 
between cutting because an 

976
00:53:35,800 --> 00:53:39,400
unprinted olive tree, puts its 
energy into would rather than 

977
00:53:39,400 --> 00:53:43,100
fruit and a tree putting its 
energy into would rather than 

978
00:53:43,100 --> 00:53:45,500
fruit is a tree. 
Not earning its place in the 

979
00:53:45,500 --> 00:53:48,300
plan. 
This is the agricultural 

980
00:53:48,300 --> 00:53:51,900
calculus that ran underneath 
every task in the farming year, 

981
00:53:51,900 --> 00:53:57,200
nothing wasted nothing done for 
its own sake, every action, in 

982
00:53:57,200 --> 00:54:00,900
service of the yield that would 
fill the storage jars in Autumn.

983
00:54:00,900 --> 00:54:06,000
The Harvest itself when it came 
in October was the one moment in

984
00:54:06,000 --> 00:54:08,100
the farming year that felt like 
a resolution. 

985
00:54:08,100 --> 00:54:10,800
Not a celebration exactly 
nothing. 

986
00:54:10,800 --> 00:54:13,800
So organized as that but a 
collective release of the 

987
00:54:13,800 --> 00:54:16,500
tension that had been building 
since the previous Harvest. 

988
00:54:17,200 --> 00:54:19,600
The years long question about 
whether the land had done 

989
00:54:19,608 --> 00:54:22,000
enough. 
Finally answered you pick the 

990
00:54:22,000 --> 00:54:25,200
olives by hand or not them from 
the branches with long poles. 

991
00:54:25,200 --> 00:54:29,000
Onto cloth spread beneath the 
trees working from first light 

992
00:54:29,000 --> 00:54:33,100
until the light failed your arms
aching by mid-morning and aching

993
00:54:33,100 --> 00:54:35,700
differently. 
By afternoons, the sorness 

994
00:54:35,700 --> 00:54:38,700
shifting as different muscles. 
Took over from the ones that had

995
00:54:38,700 --> 00:54:42,300
give up complaining. 
What you carried home from that 

996
00:54:42,300 --> 00:54:45,900
Harvest and what went into the 
press and what came out of the 

997
00:54:45,900 --> 00:54:49,700
press as oil and how much of 
that oil was yours and how much 

998
00:54:49,700 --> 00:54:52,200
went to whatever obligations the
land carried? 

999
00:54:52,200 --> 00:54:56,100
Determined, the shape of the 
coming year in ways that nothing

1000
00:54:56,100 --> 00:54:58,300
else could adjust for a good 
harvest. 

1001
00:54:58,300 --> 00:55:02,500
The pithos full in October 
February calculation coming out 

1002
00:55:02,500 --> 00:55:05,700
in your favor, the evening meal 
arriving, without the particular

1003
00:55:05,700 --> 00:55:08,700
anxiety that the same food 
carried in a thin year. 

1004
00:55:10,000 --> 00:55:13,300
In Winter, you are mostly in the
shop the days too. 

1005
00:55:13,300 --> 00:55:15,400
Short and too cold for much 
outdoor work. 

1006
00:55:16,200 --> 00:55:19,100
The leather filling the hours. 
When the fields are nothing of 

1007
00:55:19,100 --> 00:55:21,500
you. 
In Spring and Summer and Autumn 

1008
00:55:21,500 --> 00:55:25,100
the balance, shifted the land. 
Making its demands in the 

1009
00:55:25,100 --> 00:55:28,400
sequence. 
He's your described The all set 

1010
00:55:28,400 --> 00:55:32,300
aside for the pruning hook, the 
shop quiet while the Harvest 

1011
00:55:32,300 --> 00:55:34,800
happened and resumed when the 
Harvest was done. 

1012
00:55:35,900 --> 00:55:38,500
You moved between these versions
of your working life. 

1013
00:55:38,500 --> 00:55:41,500
The way you move between the 
rooms of your house without 

1014
00:55:41,500 --> 00:55:45,300
thinking of the movement as a 
transition, the year turned, and

1015
00:55:45,300 --> 00:55:47,600
the land turned with it. 
And you turned with both of them

1016
00:55:47,600 --> 00:55:51,000
as you always had. 
You smell it before you turn the

1017
00:55:51,000 --> 00:55:55,600
corner would smoke. 
Yes, but underneath the smoke, 

1018
00:55:55,600 --> 00:55:58,000
something richer and darker and 
more serious. 

1019
00:55:58,000 --> 00:56:01,800
The smell of animal fat 
rendering over a fire that has 

1020
00:56:01,800 --> 00:56:04,000
been burning long enough to know
what it is doing. 

1021
00:56:05,100 --> 00:56:07,900
It reaches you in the Narrow 
Lane two streets before the 

1022
00:56:07,900 --> 00:56:10,600
source of it. 
Carried on a morning Breeze. 

1023
00:56:10,600 --> 00:56:13,100
That is picked it up from 
wherever the sacrificial fires 

1024
00:56:13,100 --> 00:56:16,500
are burning and brought it here 
to you before, you were ready 

1025
00:56:16,500 --> 00:56:19,000
for it. 
You turn the corner and the 

1026
00:56:19,000 --> 00:56:21,900
square opens up and the city has
changed overnight into 

1027
00:56:21,900 --> 00:56:24,800
something. 
It only becomes a few times a 

1028
00:56:24,800 --> 00:56:27,200
year. 
More people than a normal 

1029
00:56:27,208 --> 00:56:29,900
morning dressed in clothes that 
are not there. 

1030
00:56:29,900 --> 00:56:33,300
Working clothes, moving with the
particular looseness of people 

1031
00:56:33,300 --> 00:56:36,300
who have nowhere, they are 
required to be by specific hour.

1032
00:56:37,000 --> 00:56:39,400
Children running in the 
purposeless way that children 

1033
00:56:39,400 --> 00:56:41,800
run when they have been released
from the structure that normally

1034
00:56:41,800 --> 00:56:45,900
contains them old men sitting on
the steps of a stowaway in a 

1035
00:56:45,900 --> 00:56:48,900
line, talking with the 
unhurried, quality of people who

1036
00:56:48,900 --> 00:56:52,700
have decided that today, the 
conversation is the point. the 

1037
00:56:52,700 --> 00:56:55,700
animal sacrificed at the great 
altars of this morning are being

1038
00:56:55,708 --> 00:56:59,700
distributed now, Portions moved 
outward from the sanctuary into 

1039
00:56:59,700 --> 00:57:03,200
the surrounding streets. 
And the city of Athens is for 

1040
00:57:03,200 --> 00:57:06,700
this one day, feeding, everyone 
not lavishly. 

1041
00:57:06,700 --> 00:57:10,000
Not in a way that would 
embarrass a wealthy man's table.

1042
00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:15,300
but meet will meet the thing 
that appears on your family's 

1043
00:57:15,300 --> 00:57:17,700
table. 
Only, when circumstances arrange

1044
00:57:17,700 --> 00:57:20,900
themselves favorably his 
available to day without a 

1045
00:57:20,900 --> 00:57:24,700
rangement without calculation 
without the weight of what it 

1046
00:57:24,700 --> 00:57:28,100
costs set against waddells. 
The money could do you take your

1047
00:57:28,100 --> 00:57:30,700
portion and eat it standing in 
the street with the sun on your 

1048
00:57:30,700 --> 00:57:33,700
face and the noise of the 
festival around you and the 

1049
00:57:33,700 --> 00:57:36,300
taste of it is different from 
how you remember meat tasting 

1050
00:57:36,300 --> 00:57:40,300
richer and simpler at the same 
time or maybe it is just that, 

1051
00:57:40,300 --> 00:57:43,200
you are eating it without the 
slight anxiety that accompanies 

1052
00:57:43,200 --> 00:57:45,300
it. 
When it is a purchase rather 

1053
00:57:45,300 --> 00:57:48,500
than a gift. 
The great festivals of Athens 

1054
00:57:48,500 --> 00:57:50,400
were not holidays, in the way. 
The word is used. 

1055
00:57:50,400 --> 00:57:54,100
Now they subtracted from the 
working calendar, as a 

1056
00:57:54,100 --> 00:57:56,800
concession to leisure. 
They were religious occasions, 

1057
00:57:56,800 --> 00:58:00,700
first civica, occasion second, 
and the fact that they also 

1058
00:58:00,700 --> 00:58:03,800
happen to involve days off, work
and free food was not 

1059
00:58:03,800 --> 00:58:08,400
incidental. 
The pathania held every year in 

1060
00:58:08,400 --> 00:58:12,300
mid-summer in honor of Athena 
and the greater pan athenia held

1061
00:58:12,300 --> 00:58:15,500
every four years with additional
ceremony, organized, 

1062
00:58:15,500 --> 00:58:18,200
processions, and athletic 
competitions and musical. 

1063
00:58:18,200 --> 00:58:22,200
Contests around a central Act of
sacrifice and offering that the 

1064
00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:25,700
whole city participated in 
regardless of economic standing,

1065
00:58:25,700 --> 00:58:30,300
the feather celebrated, by women
in Autumn closed. 

1066
00:58:30,300 --> 00:58:33,400
The city's male dominated 
public, life out entirely for 

1067
00:58:33,400 --> 00:58:36,700
several days and gave the women 
who ran the households, their 

1068
00:58:36,700 --> 00:58:40,600
own ritual space, their own 
Festival, their own claim on the

1069
00:58:40,600 --> 00:58:44,200
religious calendar. 
For a family like yours, these 

1070
00:58:44,200 --> 00:58:47,500
occasions with the punctuation 
of the year in a way that the 

1071
00:58:47,500 --> 00:58:51,500
agricultural calendar though, 
more practically significant was

1072
00:58:51,500 --> 00:58:56,900
not quite the harvested more to 
survival, but the festivals 

1073
00:58:56,900 --> 00:59:00,200
mattered to something else to 
the sense of belonging to 

1074
00:59:00,200 --> 00:59:03,300
something larger than the 
household, and the street and 

1075
00:59:03,300 --> 00:59:06,200
the daily circuit between home 
and work and Market. 

1076
00:59:07,200 --> 00:59:11,300
On Festival days, you are not a 
sandal maker or a farmer's son, 

1077
00:59:11,300 --> 00:59:13,900
or a person managing, a storage 
jar. 

1078
00:59:14,800 --> 00:59:18,300
You were in Athenian which was a
category that included you, 

1079
00:59:18,300 --> 00:59:21,500
regardless of what you owned and
the city made that inclusion 

1080
00:59:21,500 --> 00:59:25,600
visible by feeding you alongside
everyone else Aristotle, who 

1081
00:59:25,600 --> 00:59:28,000
thought carefully about what 
made a polis function as a 

1082
00:59:28,008 --> 00:59:31,500
polis, rather than simply as a 
collection of people living near

1083
00:59:31,500 --> 00:59:34,900
each other understood the 
festivals as part of the Civic 

1084
00:59:34,900 --> 00:59:38,700
glue the mechanisms by, which a 
city reminded itself. 

1085
00:59:38,700 --> 00:59:41,600
That it was one thing rather 
than many separate things. 

1086
00:59:43,000 --> 00:59:46,900
Free distributions of meat and 
grain public sacrifices, the 

1087
00:59:46,900 --> 00:59:50,100
shared participation in 
precession and ceremony the 

1088
00:59:50,100 --> 00:59:52,600
collective experience of 
watching the same athletic 

1089
00:59:52,600 --> 00:59:56,500
contests from the same Hillside.
These were not generous gestures

1090
00:59:56,500 --> 00:59:59,700
from the wealthy to the poor. 
They were the City performing 

1091
00:59:59,700 --> 01:00:04,300
its own Unity to itself on the 
days between festivals the Agora

1092
01:00:04,300 --> 01:00:07,800
served a version of the same 
function in a lower register. 

1093
01:00:07,800 --> 01:00:11,400
You have seen it as a child 
overwhelming and Loud from 

1094
01:00:11,400 --> 01:00:13,800
knee-high. 
You have moved through it as an 

1095
01:00:13,800 --> 01:00:17,100
adult with errands to run and 
calculations to make. 

1096
01:00:17,100 --> 01:00:20,500
But there's another way to be in
the gore one that requires 

1097
01:00:20,500 --> 01:00:24,100
neither money nor purpose and it
is available on any morning, 

1098
01:00:24,100 --> 01:00:27,500
when the work can wait, You 
stand somewhere near the middle 

1099
01:00:27,508 --> 01:00:29,200
of the open space and you 
listen. 

1100
01:00:29,900 --> 01:00:33,500
Not for anything specific. 
The Agora generates information 

1101
01:00:33,500 --> 01:00:38,200
the way the sea generates noise 
continuously from every 

1102
01:00:38,200 --> 01:00:42,700
direction at once a constant 
low, Roar of individual voices 

1103
01:00:42,700 --> 01:00:45,700
that adds up to something larger
than any of its parts. 

1104
01:00:46,500 --> 01:00:48,900
Who has grained to sell and at 
what price. 

1105
01:00:49,800 --> 01:00:52,600
Which general has done something
that someone finds outrageous 

1106
01:00:52,600 --> 01:00:55,700
whether the harbor at the 
Pirates is expecting a 

1107
01:00:55,700 --> 01:00:59,600
particular shipment who has died
who has married who has been 

1108
01:00:59,608 --> 01:01:04,200
seen somewhere surprising. 
The Agora In classical Athens 

1109
01:01:04,200 --> 01:01:07,400
was the fastest Information 
Network of available to anyone 

1110
01:01:07,400 --> 01:01:10,400
who did not have the resources 
to employ a private messenger 

1111
01:01:10,400 --> 01:01:13,800
and standing in it for an hour. 
On a slow morning was the 

1112
01:01:13,800 --> 01:01:16,300
equivalent of reading. 
Several days of news at once 

1113
01:01:16,300 --> 01:01:20,200
Aristotle, is understood this 
Agora, the one that existed 

1114
01:01:20,200 --> 01:01:23,400
below the level of official 
Civic business who won made of 

1115
01:01:23,408 --> 01:01:26,900
gossip and complained and the 
particular political frustration

1116
01:01:26,900 --> 01:01:30,400
of people who had opinions about
how the city was being run. 

1117
01:01:30,400 --> 01:01:33,200
But limited means of acting on 
those opinions. 

1118
01:01:34,300 --> 01:01:37,100
His comedies are full of 
characters who are recognizably 

1119
01:01:37,100 --> 01:01:40,500
from your world. 
Farmers irritated about the cost

1120
01:01:40,500 --> 01:01:44,100
of the war Craftsman being 
short-changed by Merchants 

1121
01:01:44,100 --> 01:01:47,600
ordinary Athenians suspicious of
politicians who spoke 

1122
01:01:47,600 --> 01:01:49,300
beautifully and delivered 
poorly. 

1123
01:01:50,100 --> 01:01:53,400
The audiences who sat in the 
theater of Dionysus and laughed 

1124
01:01:53,400 --> 01:01:56,200
at these characters were 
laughing at themselves and the 

1125
01:01:56,208 --> 01:01:58,800
laughter had an edge to it, that
made it more satisfying than 

1126
01:01:58,800 --> 01:02:02,400
ordinary comedy. 
The luff of recognition of 

1127
01:02:02,400 --> 01:02:05,100
seeing your own frustration, 
given a mask in a stage. 

1128
01:02:06,300 --> 01:02:09,200
The theater of Dionysus, sat on 
the Southern Slope of the 

1129
01:02:09,200 --> 01:02:11,800
Acropolis. 
And on the days of the dramatic 

1130
01:02:11,800 --> 01:02:14,900
festivals in it, not in the 
front rows, which went to 

1131
01:02:14,908 --> 01:02:17,100
officials and Priests, and Men 
of standing. 

1132
01:02:18,100 --> 01:02:20,800
Further back on the wooden 
benches that climb the hillside 

1133
01:02:20,800 --> 01:02:24,100
in tears packed in among your 
neighbors and the neighbor's of 

1134
01:02:24,100 --> 01:02:26,500
your neighbor's. 
And people you had never seen 

1135
01:02:26,500 --> 01:02:29,900
before and would not see again. 
All of you facing the same 

1136
01:02:29,900 --> 01:02:34,100
circular Orchestra and the same 
stage and the same actors in 

1137
01:02:34,100 --> 01:02:36,300
their masks and their elevated 
boots. 

1138
01:02:37,400 --> 01:02:40,200
The experience of watching a 
play in that theater was nothing

1139
01:02:40,200 --> 01:02:42,300
like sitting quietly in a dark 
and room. 

1140
01:02:43,600 --> 01:02:47,300
The theater held thousands of 
people and thousands of people 

1141
01:02:47,300 --> 01:02:51,300
do not sit quietly. 
They responded, they called out 

1142
01:02:51,300 --> 01:02:55,000
expressed approval and 
occasionally disapproval with 

1143
01:02:55,000 --> 01:02:58,100
the directness of an audience 
that understood itself to be a 

1144
01:02:58,100 --> 01:03:00,700
participant in the event rather 
than merely a witness to it. 

1145
01:03:00,700 --> 01:03:04,200
When Aristophanes made a joke 
about the price of fish or the 

1146
01:03:04,200 --> 01:03:07,700
duplicity of a particular 
politician, the laugh that came 

1147
01:03:07,700 --> 01:03:10,700
back from the hillside was not 
the polite of an audience being 

1148
01:03:10,700 --> 01:03:13,300
entertained. 
It was the laugh of people being

1149
01:03:13,300 --> 01:03:17,900
seen you laughed too. 
At the fish joke which was funny

1150
01:03:17,900 --> 01:03:21,200
because fish was expensive and 
everyone on that Hillside New it

1151
01:03:21,200 --> 01:03:24,600
at the politician joke, which 
was funny for reasons. 

1152
01:03:24,600 --> 01:03:28,300
That did not require explanation
to anyone who'd been standing in

1153
01:03:28,300 --> 01:03:30,800
the Agora, the previous week, 
listening to what people were 

1154
01:03:30,800 --> 01:03:33,700
saying. 
The comedy worked because it was

1155
01:03:33,700 --> 01:03:37,400
made of the materials of your 
actual life, not elevated above 

1156
01:03:37,400 --> 01:03:41,100
them or transformed into 
something more dignified, just 

1157
01:03:41,100 --> 01:03:44,900
your life arranged slightly 
differently, given a mask and a 

1158
01:03:44,900 --> 01:03:47,800
stage and permission to say the 
things that were true, but that 

1159
01:03:47,800 --> 01:03:50,700
you did not usually say out loud
after the play. 

1160
01:03:50,700 --> 01:03:54,700
The day was still open. 
The sun was still in the sky. 

1161
01:03:55,600 --> 01:03:59,200
Festival was still going, you 
are not tired yet in the way, 

1162
01:03:59,200 --> 01:04:02,400
you would be tired by evening 
and the city around you was 

1163
01:04:02,400 --> 01:04:06,400
still in its loosened State. 
The normal rules of hurry, and 

1164
01:04:06,400 --> 01:04:08,100
purpose, suspended for a few 
more hours. 

1165
01:04:09,100 --> 01:04:11,300
Someone nearby was selling 
something sweet. 

1166
01:04:11,300 --> 01:04:15,800
Honeyed Sesame, the smell of it,
reaching you before you decided,

1167
01:04:15,800 --> 01:04:18,800
whether you wanted it and you 
stood there in the afternoon, 

1168
01:04:18,800 --> 01:04:22,500
light outside, the theater with 
the laughter, still somewhere in

1169
01:04:22,500 --> 01:04:26,000
your chest and for a little 
while the calculation of what 

1170
01:04:26,000 --> 01:04:27,600
was in the storage jar, could 
wait. 

1171
01:04:28,400 --> 01:04:31,700
These were the hours that did 
not fill the pithos or finish 

1172
01:04:31,700 --> 01:04:35,500
the sandal or turn the soil, the
ones that left, no mark on any 

1173
01:04:35,500 --> 01:04:40,500
seasonal accounting and yet they
were in some way that you could 

1174
01:04:40,500 --> 01:04:43,500
not have put into words and that
no one in your life would have 

1175
01:04:43,500 --> 01:04:47,000
asked you to the hours that made
the other hours, bearable, the 

1176
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:51,400
city fed you today. 
The play made you laugh, the 

1177
01:04:51,400 --> 01:04:55,000
afternoon held nothing? 
It required of you tomorrow, the

1178
01:04:55,000 --> 01:04:56,900
work would resume its ordinary 
weight. 

1179
01:04:56,900 --> 01:05:00,300
The lamp would go out and the 
loom would start and the lane 

1180
01:05:00,300 --> 01:05:03,200
outside, the shop would fill 
again, with its moving, River of

1181
01:05:03,200 --> 01:05:07,100
legs and Aaron and noises. 
Mythos would need checking. 

1182
01:05:07,100 --> 01:05:11,000
The leather would need, cutting 
the calendar would turn toward 

1183
01:05:11,000 --> 01:05:13,600
the next task in hesiod's 
patient sequence. 

1184
01:05:13,600 --> 01:05:17,100
The one that had been waiting 
while you stood in the Sun and 

1185
01:05:17,100 --> 01:05:20,600
ate your meat and laughed at the
fish joke with a hillside full 

1186
01:05:20,600 --> 01:05:22,200
of people who already knew the 
punchline. 

1187
01:05:23,000 --> 01:05:25,600
Tonight, the festival fires were
still burning somewhere in the 

1188
01:05:25,600 --> 01:05:27,700
direction. 
Of the Acropolis, they're like 

1189
01:05:27,700 --> 01:05:31,300
faint against the darkening sky 
and the city was still making 

1190
01:05:31,300 --> 01:05:34,300
the sound it made on days when 
it was given itself permission 

1191
01:05:34,300 --> 01:05:36,100
to be something other than 
serious. 

1192
01:05:37,000 --> 01:05:39,400
You walked home through streets 
that smelled of smoke and 

1193
01:05:39,400 --> 01:05:41,900
roasting. 
And the particular sweetness of 

1194
01:05:41,900 --> 01:05:45,300
a day that had asked very little
and give him more than expected.

1195
01:05:46,200 --> 01:05:48,600
The Joint in your right knee has
its own weather system. 

1196
01:05:48,600 --> 01:05:51,600
Now, you know, when rain is 
coming not by looking at the 

1197
01:05:51,600 --> 01:05:54,700
sky, but by the particular 
quality of the ache that settles

1198
01:05:54,700 --> 01:05:57,700
in to the knee sometime in the 
hour before the clouds arrive. 

1199
01:05:58,400 --> 01:06:01,700
A deep and patient pressure that
is not sharp enough to stop you.

1200
01:06:01,700 --> 01:06:04,200
But present enough that you're 
never quite unaware of it. 

1201
01:06:04,200 --> 01:06:08,100
You have had this knee for 60 
years or more you have asked a 

1202
01:06:08,100 --> 01:06:10,600
great deal of it. 
It just kept its own record. 

1203
01:06:12,000 --> 01:06:15,300
The mornings are slow than they 
used to be, not because you have

1204
01:06:15,300 --> 01:06:18,900
decided to move slowly. 
The decision was made for you by

1205
01:06:18,900 --> 01:06:21,100
a body that has strong opinions 
about Pace. 

1206
01:06:21,100 --> 01:06:25,000
Now, a pinions, it did not feel 
the need to express when you 

1207
01:06:25,000 --> 01:06:27,800
were younger and the morning 
simply began without 

1208
01:06:27,800 --> 01:06:30,400
negotiation. 
You sit at the edge of the 

1209
01:06:30,400 --> 01:06:34,000
palate for a moment before 
standing you let the night 

1210
01:06:34,000 --> 01:06:37,000
stiffness work itself out before
you ask the days, first thing of

1211
01:06:37,008 --> 01:06:39,000
your legs, the work is 
different. 

1212
01:06:39,000 --> 01:06:42,700
Now of a body that has learned 
across 60 years or more of 

1213
01:06:42,700 --> 01:06:47,100
winters, exactly what it can and
cannot be asked to do before it 

1214
01:06:47,100 --> 01:06:50,700
has had time to remember what it
is for the work is different 

1215
01:06:50,700 --> 01:06:55,300
now, not gone, because work does
not go, not in a household, like

1216
01:06:55,300 --> 01:06:57,300
yours. 
Not while there are hands that 

1217
01:06:57,300 --> 01:07:01,000
can still do something useful, 
but it's character has changed 

1218
01:07:01,000 --> 01:07:03,800
the heavy carrying Falls to 
younger people. 

1219
01:07:04,600 --> 01:07:08,100
The field work at harvest. 
The long days behind the plow in

1220
01:07:08,100 --> 01:07:11,900
Autumn those belong to your son.
Now, or to whomever in the 

1221
01:07:11,900 --> 01:07:13,300
household, has the back for 
them. 

1222
01:07:14,800 --> 01:07:17,400
What remains for you is the 
work, that requires knowledge 

1223
01:07:17,400 --> 01:07:20,800
more than strength. 
The slow and more patient kinds 

1224
01:07:20,800 --> 01:07:24,600
of usefulness that a life of 
Labor, eventually produces in a 

1225
01:07:24,608 --> 01:07:29,000
person if they have been paying 
attention the whole time, He's 

1226
01:07:29,000 --> 01:07:31,300
here did not write a cheerful 
account of Aging. 

1227
01:07:31,300 --> 01:07:34,600
He was not that kind of writer 
in works and days. 

1228
01:07:34,600 --> 01:07:36,400
He describes the last of the 
five. 

1229
01:07:36,400 --> 01:07:40,800
Ages of man, the Iron Age, the 
one, he himself, inhabited, and 

1230
01:07:40,800 --> 01:07:43,900
the one you inhabit. 
Now, as a time of Labor and 

1231
01:07:43,900 --> 01:07:46,900
sorrow in, which the good is 
always mixed with the difficult,

1232
01:07:46,900 --> 01:07:49,600
and the difficult is always 
present. 

1233
01:07:50,400 --> 01:07:54,300
He does not dress this up. 
He does not suggest that the 

1234
01:07:54,300 --> 01:07:57,500
difficulty will resolve or that.
The good will eventually 

1235
01:07:57,500 --> 01:08:00,700
outweigh it. 
He simply describes the shape of

1236
01:08:00,708 --> 01:08:04,500
a mortal life. 
Patient, accuracy of someone who

1237
01:08:04,500 --> 01:08:07,200
has looked at it long enough to 
stop expecting it to be 

1238
01:08:07,200 --> 01:08:09,400
otherwise. 
There is something in that 

1239
01:08:09,400 --> 01:08:12,600
framing that settles once you 
have lived long enough to 

1240
01:08:12,600 --> 01:08:15,900
receive it properly. 
The difficulty was not a 

1241
01:08:15,900 --> 01:08:19,100
mistake, it was not something 
that happened to you in stead of

1242
01:08:19,100 --> 01:08:20,500
the life, you were supposed to 
have. 

1243
01:08:20,500 --> 01:08:25,100
It was the life, the jar, 
running low in February, the 

1244
01:08:25,100 --> 01:08:28,100
knee that predicts rain, the 
mornings that require 

1245
01:08:28,100 --> 01:08:31,700
negotiation, the harvests that 
were not always enough. 

1246
01:08:31,700 --> 01:08:35,000
The festivals that briefly made,
everything feel like more than 

1247
01:08:35,000 --> 01:08:39,000
it was all of it was the life, 
the whole of it, not the 

1248
01:08:39,000 --> 01:08:41,399
background against, which the 
real story was happening. 

1249
01:08:41,399 --> 01:08:45,500
But the story itself, you know, 
things now that you did not know

1250
01:08:45,500 --> 01:08:49,200
when the work was new, you know,
which soil in the family plot 

1251
01:08:49,200 --> 01:08:52,800
drains quickly after rain and 
which holds water too long. 

1252
01:08:52,800 --> 01:08:56,000
You know, the particular angle 
at which the pruning hook needs 

1253
01:08:56,000 --> 01:08:59,399
to meet all of Branch to make a 
clean cut rather than a tearing 

1254
01:08:59,399 --> 01:09:01,800
one. 
You know from Decades of 

1255
01:09:01,800 --> 01:09:05,399
watching The agora's Price. 
Fluctuation roughly what grain 

1256
01:09:05,399 --> 01:09:07,800
will cost in Spring based on 
what it costs the previous 

1257
01:09:07,800 --> 01:09:10,600
Autumn and how the Harvest 
looked in the fields around the 

1258
01:09:10,600 --> 01:09:13,200
city. 
This knowledge has no place to 

1259
01:09:13,200 --> 01:09:16,300
be written down it. 
Lives in you and its 

1260
01:09:16,300 --> 01:09:20,000
destination. 
If it has one is the person in 

1261
01:09:20,000 --> 01:09:22,500
your household who is young 
enough to still be learning and 

1262
01:09:22,500 --> 01:09:26,399
paying attention enough to 
receive it. your grandchild is, 

1263
01:09:26,399 --> 01:09:30,100
at an age where learning happens
sideways, not from instruction 

1264
01:09:30,100 --> 01:09:34,500
not from anything announced as a
lesson, but from proximity from 

1265
01:09:34,500 --> 01:09:37,800
watching a pair of older hands 
do something, often enough that 

1266
01:09:37,800 --> 01:09:41,700
the hands of eventually want to 
try You have not sat the child 

1267
01:09:41,700 --> 01:09:45,500
down and explained how to read 
soil or how to hold a tool, or 

1268
01:09:45,500 --> 01:09:49,500
how to move through the Agora 
without being short changed. you

1269
01:09:49,500 --> 01:09:52,500
have simply done these things in
the child's presence over and 

1270
01:09:52,500 --> 01:09:56,100
over for long enough, that the 
watching has become its own kind

1271
01:09:56,100 --> 01:09:59,900
of knowing From your mother's 
hands at the Quan Stone. 

1272
01:10:00,900 --> 01:10:04,600
From your father's posture of 
the plow from the old woman. 

1273
01:10:04,600 --> 01:10:08,400
At the Agora Who Sold herbs from
a cloth on the ground, a new, 

1274
01:10:08,408 --> 01:10:11,500
the price of everything without 
writing any of it down. 

1275
01:10:12,500 --> 01:10:14,200
None of them search. 
You down. 

1276
01:10:14,200 --> 01:10:19,000
All of them taught you. 
The knowledge moved person to 

1277
01:10:19,000 --> 01:10:25,000
person, not recorded, but 
carried alive, in the people who

1278
01:10:25,000 --> 01:10:29,200
held it and passed it forward. 
What you're passing forward is 

1279
01:10:29,200 --> 01:10:32,800
the knowledge of how to manage 
well on very little how to 

1280
01:10:32,800 --> 01:10:35,100
whether the grandchild 
remembered what you showed them 

1281
01:10:35,100 --> 01:10:37,700
last week about the soil near, 
the Eastern edge of the plot. 

1282
01:10:38,600 --> 01:10:42,200
Street outside is the street, it
has always been different people

1283
01:10:42,200 --> 01:10:44,600
moving through it. 
Now, many of them, born after 

1284
01:10:44,600 --> 01:10:47,500
you were already in ways, you 
did not recognize at the time. 

1285
01:10:47,500 --> 01:10:51,300
The fishmongers stall is tended 
by someone younger than the 

1286
01:10:51,300 --> 01:10:54,500
person who tended it, when you 
were bringing your own children 

1287
01:10:54,500 --> 01:10:57,500
to the market. 
The voice is through the walls 

1288
01:10:57,500 --> 01:11:00,500
at night are different voices. 
The arguments different 

1289
01:11:00,500 --> 01:11:04,500
arguments, but the tone of them 
is the same tone tired, and 

1290
01:11:04,500 --> 01:11:07,600
practical and occasionally 
lifted by something genuinely 

1291
01:11:07,600 --> 01:11:10,000
funny. 
That comes from the mud brick as

1292
01:11:10,000 --> 01:11:14,200
a sound, rather than a word you 
have watched this street from 

1293
01:11:14,200 --> 01:11:16,600
this doorway for longer than 
most of the people currently 

1294
01:11:16,600 --> 01:11:18,300
moving through it have been 
alive. 

1295
01:11:19,200 --> 01:11:21,800
The street will keep moving 
after you've stopped watching 

1296
01:11:21,800 --> 01:11:24,500
it, the lamp will be lit, and 
the loom will start. 

1297
01:11:24,500 --> 01:11:27,800
And the pithos will be checked 
and The Barley will be ground 

1298
01:11:27,800 --> 01:11:30,400
Before Dawn by hands that are 
not yours anymore. 

1299
01:11:30,400 --> 01:11:33,600
And the household will go 
forward the way households go 

1300
01:11:33,600 --> 01:11:37,600
forward by the same daily acts 
repeated by different people in 

1301
01:11:37,600 --> 01:11:41,000
the same small rooms. 
The afternoon sun is on the 

1302
01:11:41,008 --> 01:11:43,800
doorway. 
Now it reaches the threshold in 

1303
01:11:43,800 --> 01:11:46,700
a particular way of this, our 
low enough to come under the 

1304
01:11:46,700 --> 01:11:49,800
overhang and fall Across The 
Pact of the floor, just inside 

1305
01:11:49,800 --> 01:11:53,500
the door, a warm rectangle of 
light, that moves slowly across 

1306
01:11:53,500 --> 01:11:57,800
the afternoon and that you have 
watched move across a thousand 

1307
01:11:57,800 --> 01:11:59,900
afternoon's without ever finding
it. 

1308
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:04,300
Less worth watching in it, not 
doing anything. 

1309
01:12:05,200 --> 01:12:08,300
The work that needed doing today
has been done or has been left 

1310
01:12:08,300 --> 01:12:11,200
and either way the afternoon has
arrived at the hour. 

1311
01:12:11,200 --> 01:12:14,400
When it asks nothing of you you 
have arrived at the age when the

1312
01:12:14,408 --> 01:12:16,900
hour of asks nothing of you as 
not a gap in the day. 

1313
01:12:16,900 --> 01:12:21,300
But the thing itself, Street 
goes by a woman with a water 

1314
01:12:21,300 --> 01:12:23,300
jar. 
Walking with the careful upright

1315
01:12:23,300 --> 01:12:26,000
posture of someone who has done 
this 10,000 times. 

1316
01:12:26,900 --> 01:12:29,700
Two men, talking with the 
unhurried quality of people who 

1317
01:12:29,700 --> 01:12:32,700
are not in a hurry. 
A child running for the specific

1318
01:12:32,700 --> 01:12:35,600
purposeful speed of someone 
carrying a message somewhere. 

1319
01:12:36,500 --> 01:12:40,100
The city in its ordinary motion,
neither hurrying nor pausing, 

1320
01:12:40,100 --> 01:12:43,500
neither noticing you nor require
you to notice it. 

1321
01:12:44,400 --> 01:12:48,000
Heated, understood this. 
Not the doorway, not your 

1322
01:12:48,000 --> 01:12:51,300
particular doorway but the shape
of the life that leads to it. 

1323
01:12:52,100 --> 01:12:55,200
the labor and the Harvest and 
the thin years and the festival 

1324
01:12:55,200 --> 01:12:58,600
days and the jar checked in 
February and the knee that 

1325
01:12:58,600 --> 01:13:02,000
predicts rain all of it, adding 
up to this. 

1326
01:13:02,000 --> 01:13:07,000
And after noon, in a doorway, 
the Sun moving slowly Across the

1327
01:13:07,000 --> 01:13:12,300
Threshold, the street going by 
the day asking nothing more. 

1328
01:13:13,100 --> 01:13:18,000
Your eyes are heavy, the sun is 
warm, the streak continues, its 

1329
01:13:18,000 --> 01:13:22,100
motion and you watch it. 
And the watching is enough and 

1330
01:13:22,100 --> 01:13:26,600
the day is nearly done and there
is no way left to be rest. 

1331
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:30,700
Now, my tired dumpling's, you 
have worked a very long time and

1332
01:13:30,700 --> 01:13:32,500
the doorway will still be there 
when you wait. 

1333
01:13:39,100 --> 01:13:42,100
You standing at one of history 
is most misunderstood turning 

1334
01:13:42,100 --> 01:13:44,700
points. 
The Roman Empire did not vanish 

1335
01:13:44,700 --> 01:13:47,300
in a dramatic explosion of chaos
and darkness. 

1336
01:13:47,300 --> 01:13:50,800
Instead it gradually transformed
over. 

1337
01:13:50,800 --> 01:13:54,100
Centuries in to something 
entirely new, and you're about 

1338
01:13:54,108 --> 01:13:58,600
to witness how Ordinary People 
navigated this slow, strange 

1339
01:13:58,600 --> 01:14:03,200
metamorphosis into the Medieval 
World, Imagine your walking 

1340
01:14:03,200 --> 01:14:05,800
through Rome in the year 400 and
476. 

1341
01:14:06,900 --> 01:14:10,700
The date means nothing to you 
yet because historians far in 

1342
01:14:10,700 --> 01:14:14,400
the future will mark this as the
year the Western Roman Empire 

1343
01:14:14,400 --> 01:14:17,400
officially ended. 
You do not feel any different 

1344
01:14:17,400 --> 01:14:21,100
today than you did yesterday. 
The streets are quieter than 

1345
01:14:21,100 --> 01:14:23,300
they used to be. 
Your grandfather told you 

1346
01:14:23,308 --> 01:14:25,500
stories about when this Avenue 
was so crowded. 

1347
01:14:25,500 --> 01:14:29,100
You could barely move Now, you 
can see clear across to the 

1348
01:14:29,100 --> 01:14:32,700
other side, the marble buildings
still stand exactly where they 

1349
01:14:32,700 --> 01:14:34,900
always stood the aqueducts 
still. 

1350
01:14:34,900 --> 01:14:38,600
Bring water from the hills, the 
fountain still run in the Forum.

1351
01:14:39,600 --> 01:14:42,400
But something has changed in 
ways that a heart and name. 

1352
01:14:42,400 --> 01:14:45,500
The population of Rome has been 
shrinking for over a century. 

1353
01:14:45,500 --> 01:14:49,900
The city that once held a 
million people, now houses may 

1354
01:14:49,900 --> 01:14:55,100
be 100,000 You can do the math 
easily enough, every generation 

1355
01:14:55,100 --> 01:14:58,800
fewer children of born every 
generation more families. 

1356
01:14:58,800 --> 01:15:01,800
Leave for the countryside, where
food is easier to grow and life 

1357
01:15:01,800 --> 01:15:04,800
feels more secure. 
The grand public baths still 

1358
01:15:04,800 --> 01:15:06,500
operate on Tuesdays and 
Thursdays. 

1359
01:15:06,500 --> 01:15:10,200
You went last week and noticed 
that only the smaller pools were

1360
01:15:10,200 --> 01:15:12,900
heated. 
The massive Caldera that once 

1361
01:15:12,900 --> 01:15:15,400
held hundreds of bay, the SAT 
empty and cold. 

1362
01:15:15,400 --> 01:15:17,600
The maintenance staff has 
dwindled. 

1363
01:15:17,600 --> 01:15:20,400
The man who tends the furnace is
told you. 

1364
01:15:20,400 --> 01:15:25,200
He used to have 12 assists. 
Now, he has two You walk past 

1365
01:15:25,200 --> 01:15:27,900
the Colosseum, no games have 
been held there in your 

1366
01:15:27,908 --> 01:15:30,900
lifetime. 
The building sits quietly like a

1367
01:15:30,900 --> 01:15:34,600
sleeping giant. 
Birds nest in the upper arches. 

1368
01:15:34,600 --> 01:15:37,400
Grass Grows between the paving 
stones. 

1369
01:15:38,100 --> 01:15:40,800
Someone has set up a small 
vegetable garden in one of the 

1370
01:15:40,800 --> 01:15:44,300
four major areas. 
Nobody stops them because nobody

1371
01:15:44,300 --> 01:15:47,400
cares enough to enforce the old 
rules about public buildings. 

1372
01:15:48,100 --> 01:15:50,800
The funny thing is that the 
Colosseum looks more peaceful 

1373
01:15:50,800 --> 01:15:52,700
now than it ever did when it was
in use. 

1374
01:15:53,500 --> 01:15:56,500
Silence feels appropriate 
somehow nature is slowly 

1375
01:15:56,500 --> 01:15:59,000
reclaiming. 
What humans build, you can 

1376
01:15:59,000 --> 01:16:02,600
continue toward the Forum, the 
Senate building still stands but

1377
01:16:02,600 --> 01:16:04,000
the Senate rarely meets any 
more. 

1378
01:16:04,700 --> 01:16:07,600
Most of the real decisions 
affecting your life are made by 

1379
01:16:07,600 --> 01:16:10,900
the local, bishop and a few 
wealthy landowners who stayed in

1380
01:16:10,908 --> 01:16:14,700
the city when others fled. 
The Imperial bureaucracy that 

1381
01:16:14,700 --> 01:16:17,700
once managed everything from tax
collection to road, maintenance 

1382
01:16:17,700 --> 01:16:20,900
has simply evaporated like 
morning missed. 

1383
01:16:21,700 --> 01:16:23,600
This morning, you need to get 
your grain ration. 

1384
01:16:23,600 --> 01:16:28,200
The distribution system still 
functions, but barely You 

1385
01:16:28,200 --> 01:16:30,900
remember when distributions 
happened every day in multiple 

1386
01:16:30,900 --> 01:16:35,000
locations across the city? 
Now, it happens twice a week at 

1387
01:16:35,000 --> 01:16:38,300
one central location. 
You arrive early because the 

1388
01:16:38,300 --> 01:16:41,500
grain sometimes runs out the 
line moves slowly. 

1389
01:16:41,500 --> 01:16:44,500
The man in front of you is a 
former school teacher. 

1390
01:16:44,500 --> 01:16:47,500
He tells you, he stopped 
teaching because no one can 

1391
01:16:47,500 --> 01:16:49,100
afford to pay for Education 
anymore. 

1392
01:16:49,100 --> 01:16:53,400
The students were left the city 
anyway, he now works, part-time 

1393
01:16:53,400 --> 01:16:57,700
repairing, roof tiles, His hands
show the evidence of his new 

1394
01:16:57,700 --> 01:17:00,800
profession. 
You receive your ration and walk

1395
01:17:00,800 --> 01:17:03,400
home through streets that feel 
too wide for the number of 

1396
01:17:03,400 --> 01:17:06,500
people using them. 
The city was built from a 

1397
01:17:06,500 --> 01:17:09,900
million in habitants. 
Now it feels like wearing a toga

1398
01:17:09,900 --> 01:17:12,600
made for someone. 
Three times, your size your 

1399
01:17:12,600 --> 01:17:15,400
apartment, occupies the third 
floor of an old insula. 

1400
01:17:16,200 --> 01:17:19,000
The building inspector used to 
come by every year to check for 

1401
01:17:19,000 --> 01:17:22,100
structural problems. 
He has not visited in five 

1402
01:17:22,100 --> 01:17:24,600
years. 
You notice new cracks in the 

1403
01:17:24,600 --> 01:17:27,700
walls each season, but you patch
them yourself, with whatever 

1404
01:17:27,700 --> 01:17:31,600
materials you can find, everyone
has become their own maintenance

1405
01:17:31,600 --> 01:17:34,000
crew. 
In the evening, you sit by your 

1406
01:17:34,000 --> 01:17:35,700
window and watch the sunset 
paint. 

1407
01:17:35,700 --> 01:17:38,600
The remaining marble temples in 
shades of gold and pink. 

1408
01:17:39,600 --> 01:17:42,900
The temples are mostly empty. 
Now, the Christian churches draw

1409
01:17:42,900 --> 01:17:45,500
the crowds but the old buildings
remain. 

1410
01:17:45,500 --> 01:17:49,500
Beautiful in their abandonment. 
You find strange comfort in 

1411
01:17:49,500 --> 01:17:52,500
their persistence. 
The cat walks along the top of 

1412
01:17:52,508 --> 01:17:53,900
the Garden Wall below your 
window. 

1413
01:17:53,900 --> 01:17:58,600
The city has more cats than ever
before with fewer people. 

1414
01:17:58,600 --> 01:18:02,700
The rodent population exploded 
and the cats followed the food 

1415
01:18:02,700 --> 01:18:05,000
supply, you appreciate their 
presence. 

1416
01:18:05,000 --> 01:18:08,800
They keep your building free of 
mice and rats without any effort

1417
01:18:08,800 --> 01:18:11,500
on your part. 
Tomorrow, you will wake up and 

1418
01:18:11,500 --> 01:18:14,000
the world will look exactly the 
same as it does today. 

1419
01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:19,100
The changes happen so slowly 
that you barely notice them. but

1420
01:18:19,100 --> 01:18:22,200
if you are grandfather, could 
see the city now, He would 

1421
01:18:22,200 --> 01:18:25,900
struggle to recognize it. 
And if you could see the city 

1422
01:18:25,900 --> 01:18:29,500
100 years from now, you would 
face the same confusion. 

1423
01:18:29,500 --> 01:18:34,200
This is how Empire's end. 
Not with a bang but with a 

1424
01:18:34,200 --> 01:18:36,000
gradual forget getting of what 
they used to be. 

1425
01:18:36,800 --> 01:18:38,900
You decide to visit your cousin 
in Ravenna. 

1426
01:18:39,600 --> 01:18:42,600
The journey used to take three 
days on well-maintained, Roman 

1427
01:18:42,600 --> 01:18:46,200
roads, you packed supplies for 
six days because, you know, 

1428
01:18:46,200 --> 01:18:48,800
better now. 
The morning, you leave Rome you 

1429
01:18:48,800 --> 01:18:51,200
stop at The City Gate. 
The guards are gone. 

1430
01:18:51,200 --> 01:18:53,600
No one has started this gate in 
years. 

1431
01:18:53,600 --> 01:18:58,200
The massive wooden doors down, 
permanently open. you wonder who

1432
01:18:58,200 --> 01:19:01,700
decided to stop closing them at 
night and when that decision was

1433
01:19:01,700 --> 01:19:04,800
made, Probably no decision was 
made at all. 

1434
01:19:04,800 --> 01:19:08,600
Probably the guards simply 
stopped showing up and no one 

1435
01:19:08,608 --> 01:19:11,900
assigned replacements. 
The Via flaminia stretches 

1436
01:19:11,900 --> 01:19:15,800
North, through Rolling Hills. 
This road was built 400 years 

1437
01:19:15,800 --> 01:19:17,600
ago and engineered to last 
forever. 

1438
01:19:18,500 --> 01:19:21,000
The Romans were annoyingly. 
Good, at building roads. 

1439
01:19:21,000 --> 01:19:23,300
The foundation consists of 
several. 

1440
01:19:23,300 --> 01:19:25,200
Layers of carefully, placed 
stones. 

1441
01:19:25,900 --> 01:19:29,300
The surface was smooth fitted. 
Paving that allowed carts to 

1442
01:19:29,308 --> 01:19:31,800
roll easily and water to drain 
away. 

1443
01:19:31,800 --> 01:19:35,800
That was the theory anyway, he 
walked for two hours before you 

1444
01:19:35,800 --> 01:19:37,400
encounter the first major 
problem. 

1445
01:19:38,300 --> 01:19:40,700
Section of the road has 
collapsed into a ravine. 

1446
01:19:41,400 --> 01:19:44,100
Heavy rains last spring, 
undermine the foundation. 

1447
01:19:44,100 --> 01:19:48,500
No repair crew, came to fix it. 
You stand at the edge of the Gap

1448
01:19:48,500 --> 01:19:51,700
and look down at the jumble of 
broken, paving stones, 30 feet 

1449
01:19:51,700 --> 01:19:55,800
below, A makeshift detour has 
been worn into the hillside by 

1450
01:19:55,800 --> 01:19:58,100
other Travelers. 
You follow their path. 

1451
01:19:58,100 --> 01:20:01,500
Through mud and loose rocks. 
The Detour adds an hour to your 

1452
01:20:01,500 --> 01:20:04,400
journey. 
Your shoes are cake with mud by 

1453
01:20:04,400 --> 01:20:06,000
the time you regain the main 
road. 

1454
01:20:06,900 --> 01:20:09,500
The road itself is in worst 
condition in the new remember 

1455
01:20:09,500 --> 01:20:11,000
from your last trip to years 
ago. 

1456
01:20:11,900 --> 01:20:16,300
Weeds grow through cracks in the
paving entire sections have been

1457
01:20:16,308 --> 01:20:19,300
torn up by local farmers who 
needed Building Stone for their 

1458
01:20:19,300 --> 01:20:21,300
walls. 
You cannot blame them. 

1459
01:20:21,900 --> 01:20:24,000
Why should good Stone go to 
waste when a road? 

1460
01:20:24,000 --> 01:20:26,700
Nobody maintains any more passes
right through your property? 

1461
01:20:27,900 --> 01:20:30,200
By midday you reach a former 
waystation. 

1462
01:20:30,200 --> 01:20:34,400
These stations used to provide 
Fresh Horses, hot meals, and 

1463
01:20:34,400 --> 01:20:38,000
comfortable beds for Imperial 
Messengers and officials the 

1464
01:20:38,000 --> 01:20:40,700
building still stands, but it 
has been converted into a 

1465
01:20:40,700 --> 01:20:43,500
farmhouse. 
A woman is hanging laundry in 

1466
01:20:43,500 --> 01:20:46,900
what used to be the stable yard,
She eyes you suspiciously. 

1467
01:20:46,900 --> 01:20:51,000
As you pass, you are not an 
Imperial Messenger, you are just

1468
01:20:51,000 --> 01:20:54,600
a personal walking to visit 
family The Empire no longer 

1469
01:20:54,600 --> 01:20:57,600
distinguishes between important 
Travelers and ordinary ones 

1470
01:20:57,600 --> 01:21:00,300
because the Empire no longer 
exists to make such 

1471
01:21:00,300 --> 01:21:03,200
distinctions. 
The funny part is that the road 

1472
01:21:03,200 --> 01:21:05,800
system was designed for military
and government use. 

1473
01:21:06,600 --> 01:21:09,700
Private Travelers were always an
afterthought now that the 

1474
01:21:09,700 --> 01:21:13,300
military and government are gone
only private Travelers remain. 

1475
01:21:14,300 --> 01:21:17,800
The road serve their original 
purpose, hardly at all, but they

1476
01:21:17,800 --> 01:21:21,200
still serve this secondary 
purpose fairly well despite the 

1477
01:21:21,200 --> 01:21:24,100
decay. 
You stopped to rest beneath an 

1478
01:21:24,100 --> 01:21:27,000
Old Stone Bridge. 
The bridge is Roman engineering 

1479
01:21:27,000 --> 01:21:29,900
at its finest. 
It has spanned this River for 

1480
01:21:29,900 --> 01:21:33,200
three centuries and will 
probably span it for three more.

1481
01:21:34,000 --> 01:21:36,700
You eat bread and cheese while 
watching the water flow beneath 

1482
01:21:36,700 --> 01:21:40,000
perfect arches. 
Someone carved their initials 

1483
01:21:40,000 --> 01:21:41,600
into the bridge support long 
ago. 

1484
01:21:41,600 --> 01:21:45,200
The letters are worn Smooth by 
weather, but still visible. 

1485
01:21:46,000 --> 01:21:48,600
The afternoon brings you through
territory that used to be 

1486
01:21:48,600 --> 01:21:51,600
careful. 
Patrolled Bandits were rare when

1487
01:21:51,600 --> 01:21:54,000
you were young because Romans 
soldiers maintained order. 

1488
01:21:54,800 --> 01:21:57,500
Now, Bandits a common enough 
that you choose your travel 

1489
01:21:57,500 --> 01:22:00,300
clothing carefully. 
You are nothing, that looks 

1490
01:22:00,300 --> 01:22:03,900
valuable, your bag contains only
food, and a change of clothes, 

1491
01:22:03,900 --> 01:22:07,900
you encounter another travel 
heading south, he's a merchant 

1492
01:22:07,900 --> 01:22:11,300
carrying salt, you walked 
together for Mutual safety. 

1493
01:22:11,300 --> 01:22:14,500
He tells you that the old 
Mansions were Travelers used to 

1494
01:22:14,500 --> 01:22:17,700
stay a mostly abandoned. 
Some of have been taken over by 

1495
01:22:17,700 --> 01:22:20,200
local Warlords, who demand 
payment for passage? 

1496
01:22:20,200 --> 01:22:24,500
Others are simply empty ruins. 
You ask him about the road 

1497
01:22:24,500 --> 01:22:27,200
conditions ahead. 
He warns you about another 

1498
01:22:27,200 --> 01:22:30,800
collapse section in narni He 
also mentioned that a group of 

1499
01:22:30,800 --> 01:22:34,200
enterprising locals has set up a
new toll bridge where the old 

1500
01:22:34,200 --> 01:22:37,500
free bridge washed away. 
The toll is reasonable. 

1501
01:22:37,500 --> 01:22:41,200
He says, two copper coins or 
equivalent value and trade 

1502
01:22:41,200 --> 01:22:43,100
goods. 
This strikes you as both 

1503
01:22:43,108 --> 01:22:46,600
annoying and entirely logical if
no government maintains. 

1504
01:22:46,600 --> 01:22:48,500
The bridges. 
Then someone else will maintain 

1505
01:22:48,500 --> 01:22:52,000
them and charge for the service.
You have the coins, you will pay

1506
01:22:52,000 --> 01:22:55,000
the toll. 
What choice do you have by 

1507
01:22:55,000 --> 01:22:57,100
evening? 
You reach a small town, there is

1508
01:22:57,108 --> 01:23:00,200
no formal in but a family offers
you floor space in their Barn 

1509
01:23:00,200 --> 01:23:03,700
for a small fee. 
You accept gratefully, the barn 

1510
01:23:03,700 --> 01:23:07,000
is clean and dry. 
The hay makes a softer bed than 

1511
01:23:07,000 --> 01:23:10,100
you expected. 
The family's dog curls, up near 

1512
01:23:10,100 --> 01:23:12,100
your feet, and provides warmth 
through the night. 

1513
01:23:12,100 --> 01:23:14,900
You fall asleep. 
Listening to owls calling in the

1514
01:23:14,900 --> 01:23:17,800
darkness and thinking about how 
different Travelers become. 

1515
01:23:17,800 --> 01:23:21,600
The roads are the same road, 
your grandfather traveled, but 

1516
01:23:21,600 --> 01:23:24,800
everything else has changed in 
subtle ways that add up to a 

1517
01:23:24,800 --> 01:23:28,500
completely different experience.
You arrive in Ravenna, after 

1518
01:23:28,500 --> 01:23:31,800
five and a half days of travel, 
your cousin, greets, you with 

1519
01:23:31,800 --> 01:23:35,000
enthusiasm in immediately begins
complaining about the local 

1520
01:23:35,000 --> 01:23:38,100
Bishop. 
This is funny because everyone 

1521
01:23:38,100 --> 01:23:41,600
complains about the local Bishop
The bishop has become the most 

1522
01:23:41,600 --> 01:23:46,600
important person in most cities.
Controls food distribution, he 

1523
01:23:46,600 --> 01:23:50,200
negotiates with Barbarian 
leaders, he organizes repairs to

1524
01:23:50,200 --> 01:23:52,500
public buildings. 
He settles disputes. 

1525
01:23:52,500 --> 01:23:55,900
He essentially does everything. 
The Imperial government used to 

1526
01:23:55,900 --> 01:23:58,900
do your cousin's. 
Bishop is named ecclesias. 

1527
01:23:58,900 --> 01:24:02,400
He is 35 years old and 
phenomenally efficient. 

1528
01:24:02,400 --> 01:24:06,900
He used to be a lawyer before 
taking holy orders, his legal 

1529
01:24:06,900 --> 01:24:08,700
training shows, in everything he
does. 

1530
01:24:08,700 --> 01:24:13,500
He keeps meticulous records, he 
insists on written contracts. 

1531
01:24:13,500 --> 01:24:17,100
He never makes a promise. 
He cannot keep the people 

1532
01:24:17,100 --> 01:24:19,500
respect him, but do not 
necessarily like him. 

1533
01:24:19,500 --> 01:24:21,700
He's a bit too organized for 
Comfort. 

1534
01:24:21,700 --> 01:24:24,500
He makes them feel disorganized 
by comparison. 

1535
01:24:25,900 --> 01:24:28,700
You attend Sunday services at 
ravenna's Main Church. 

1536
01:24:28,700 --> 01:24:32,700
The building is relatively new 
constructed only 20 years ago. 

1537
01:24:32,700 --> 01:24:37,200
The interior takes your breath 
away, mosaic's cover every 

1538
01:24:37,200 --> 01:24:42,000
surface in glittering patterns 
of gold and colored glass. the 

1539
01:24:42,000 --> 01:24:44,800
images show Christ, and the 
apostles and various Saints, 

1540
01:24:44,800 --> 01:24:48,900
light from high Windows makes 
the gold test series, Sparkle, 

1541
01:24:48,900 --> 01:24:52,700
like captured Starlight, The 
craftsmanship is purely Roman 

1542
01:24:52,700 --> 01:24:56,500
the artist who created these 
mosaic's, learned their trade in

1543
01:24:56,500 --> 01:25:00,100
the old Imperial workshops but 
the subject matter is entirely 

1544
01:25:00,100 --> 01:25:03,000
Christian. 
The building represents a 

1545
01:25:03,000 --> 01:25:06,400
perfect Fusion of Roman 
technical skill and Christian 

1546
01:25:06,400 --> 01:25:09,700
religious purpose. 
Bishop ecclesiast, delivers his 

1547
01:25:09,700 --> 01:25:12,400
sermon and clear Latin, he 
speaks slowly. 

1548
01:25:12,400 --> 01:25:16,500
So everyone can understand his 
topic is Charity toward the 

1549
01:25:16,500 --> 01:25:19,100
poor. 
He reminds the congregation that

1550
01:25:19,100 --> 01:25:21,500
they have a duty to share what 
they have with those who have 

1551
01:25:21,500 --> 01:25:24,300
less. 
He mentioned specific Families 

1552
01:25:24,300 --> 01:25:26,700
in Need by name, he is not 
subtle. 

1553
01:25:27,600 --> 01:25:31,200
After the service people line up
to speak with the bishop, he 

1554
01:25:31,200 --> 01:25:33,700
holds these informal audiences 
every week. 

1555
01:25:33,700 --> 01:25:37,900
You watch, as he listens to 
complaints, mediate's arguments 

1556
01:25:37,900 --> 01:25:41,300
and distribute small amounts of 
money from the church treasury 

1557
01:25:41,300 --> 01:25:44,900
to people in genuine need one 
man, complains that his 

1558
01:25:44,900 --> 01:25:47,700
neighbor's sheep. 
Keep eating his vegetables, the 

1559
01:25:47,700 --> 01:25:50,100
bishop listens carefully and 
then suggest building a better 

1560
01:25:50,108 --> 01:25:52,800
fence. 
He offers to provide materials 

1561
01:25:52,800 --> 01:25:56,400
from church supplies, if the man
provides labor, the man, accepts

1562
01:25:56,400 --> 01:25:59,300
problem. 
Solved a widow asks, for help 

1563
01:25:59,300 --> 01:26:02,100
feeding her children, her 
husband died last month. 

1564
01:26:02,100 --> 01:26:05,400
The bishop asks her age and how 
many children she has? 

1565
01:26:05,400 --> 01:26:08,100
He makes notes in a wax tablet. 
He carries. 

1566
01:26:08,100 --> 01:26:10,700
He promises. 
She will receive weekly grain 

1567
01:26:10,700 --> 01:26:14,100
rations starting tomorrow. 
He also suggests you might find 

1568
01:26:14,100 --> 01:26:17,300
work or Washington Linens for 
the church, she thanked him 

1569
01:26:17,300 --> 01:26:20,100
repeatedly. 
He realized that the bishop is 

1570
01:26:20,100 --> 01:26:21,900
basically running a parallel 
government. 

1571
01:26:21,900 --> 01:26:25,500
He has taken over the social 
services that the Roman State 

1572
01:26:25,500 --> 01:26:28,100
used to provide. 
He does this, not because he 

1573
01:26:28,100 --> 01:26:32,100
sought power but because someone
had to do it and he was the 

1574
01:26:32,100 --> 01:26:35,200
person with the resources and 
organizational ability to make 

1575
01:26:35,200 --> 01:26:37,800
it happen. 
Cousin confirms this 

1576
01:26:37,800 --> 01:26:40,800
observation, the official 
Imperial Governor still lives in

1577
01:26:40,800 --> 01:26:42,800
Ravenna, he technically 
outranks. 

1578
01:26:42,800 --> 01:26:46,900
The bishop But when people have 
actual problems, they go to the 

1579
01:26:46,900 --> 01:26:49,000
bishop because the bishop can 
actually help them. 

1580
01:26:50,400 --> 01:26:53,200
The governor mostly sits in his 
Villa and writes reports to 

1581
01:26:53,200 --> 01:26:56,100
Constantinople that may or may 
not ever get red. 

1582
01:26:57,300 --> 01:27:00,000
The transition of power from 
Imperial officials to church 

1583
01:27:00,000 --> 01:27:02,100
Bishops happened. 
Gradually over several 

1584
01:27:02,100 --> 01:27:04,500
Generations. 
No one planed it. 

1585
01:27:04,500 --> 01:27:07,700
No one decreed it. 
It just happened because the 

1586
01:27:07,700 --> 01:27:11,100
church had resources 
organization and local 

1587
01:27:11,100 --> 01:27:13,700
credibility. 
While the Imperial government 

1588
01:27:13,700 --> 01:27:15,600
had increasingly none of those 
things. 

1589
01:27:16,600 --> 01:27:18,400
He spend the evening with your 
cousins family. 

1590
01:27:18,400 --> 01:27:20,800
They live in a modest House near
the port. 

1591
01:27:20,800 --> 01:27:24,000
The house used to belong to a 
merchant family who left for 

1592
01:27:24,000 --> 01:27:27,700
Constantinople when trade 
declined, your cousin rents it 

1593
01:27:27,708 --> 01:27:31,300
for a fraction of what it would 
have cost in better times over 

1594
01:27:31,300 --> 01:27:33,000
dinner. 
Your cousins wife talks about 

1595
01:27:33,000 --> 01:27:36,300
the changes she seen She's 10 
years older than you. 

1596
01:27:37,000 --> 01:27:39,800
She remembers when Ravenna was a
major Imperial Center. 

1597
01:27:39,800 --> 01:27:42,400
The emperor himself lived here 
for several years. 

1598
01:27:42,400 --> 01:27:46,200
When she was a child, the palace
employed hundreds of people 

1599
01:27:46,200 --> 01:27:51,100
diplomats from across the world 
visited constantly Now the 

1600
01:27:51,100 --> 01:27:55,400
palace sits mostly empty. 
A skeleton staff maintains it. 

1601
01:27:55,400 --> 01:27:59,700
The emperor has not visited in 
decades, the diplomats stopped 

1602
01:27:59,700 --> 01:28:02,800
coming when they realized no 
real power resided here anymore.

1603
01:28:03,700 --> 01:28:06,700
But Ravenna has not died. 
It has transformed. 

1604
01:28:07,600 --> 01:28:11,200
The city is now a church 
administrative Center instead of

1605
01:28:11,208 --> 01:28:13,200
an imperial administrative 
Center. 

1606
01:28:14,100 --> 01:28:17,000
The Bishops of essentially 
inherited the infrastructure, 

1607
01:28:17,000 --> 01:28:20,500
the emperor's Left Behind. 
They used the same building's 

1608
01:28:20,500 --> 01:28:24,000
employee, many of the same 
people and perform many of the 

1609
01:28:24,000 --> 01:28:26,900
same functions. 
The funny thing is that most 

1610
01:28:26,900 --> 01:28:30,400
people barely noticed the 
transition, they still go to the

1611
01:28:30,400 --> 01:28:32,400
same building to get help with 
their problems. 

1612
01:28:32,400 --> 01:28:34,700
They still fill out forms in 
Latin. 

1613
01:28:34,700 --> 01:28:36,700
They still navigate a 
bureaucracy. 

1614
01:28:36,700 --> 01:28:39,100
The paperwork looks almost 
identical. 

1615
01:28:39,100 --> 01:28:42,700
Only, the person sitting behind 
the desk has changed from an 

1616
01:28:42,700 --> 01:28:47,100
imperial to a church official 
your cousin Paul's wine and 

1617
01:28:47,100 --> 01:28:48,800
laughs about the absurdity of 
it. 

1618
01:28:48,800 --> 01:28:52,100
All the Roman Empire spent 
centuries building and 

1619
01:28:52,100 --> 01:28:55,600
administrative system, then the 
Empire collapsed but the 

1620
01:28:55,600 --> 01:28:58,400
administrative system kept 
running Under New Management. 

1621
01:28:59,400 --> 01:29:02,800
It is like watching a ship lose,
its Captain but continues 

1622
01:29:02,800 --> 01:29:05,600
sailing because the crew knows 
how to do their jobs. 

1623
01:29:06,400 --> 01:29:09,700
You raise your cup and toast, a 
continuity in the face of chaos.

1624
01:29:09,700 --> 01:29:13,600
Her cousin drinks to that. 
The next day, your cousin takes 

1625
01:29:13,600 --> 01:29:16,800
you to meet his employer. 
This requires some explanation 

1626
01:29:16,800 --> 01:29:21,200
because his employer is a goth. 
Your cousin works as a scribe in

1627
01:29:21,200 --> 01:29:24,900
the court of theodoric who rules
Italy as an ostrich Gothic King.

1628
01:29:25,800 --> 01:29:28,100
This should feel strange, but it
does not. 

1629
01:29:29,400 --> 01:29:32,800
The Goths of being part of the 
Roman world for so long that 

1630
01:29:32,800 --> 01:29:36,100
they feel less likely Invaders, 
and more like new neighbors who 

1631
01:29:36,100 --> 01:29:40,300
moved in and never left. 
Theodore's Palace is actually 

1632
01:29:40,300 --> 01:29:44,000
the old Imperial Palace. 
He uses the same throne room 

1633
01:29:44,000 --> 01:29:47,200
where Roman emperors once held 
Court, He employs Roman 

1634
01:29:47,200 --> 01:29:51,600
administrators follows Roman 
laws and communicate in Latin. 

1635
01:29:51,600 --> 01:29:54,700
His official documents are 
written in the chance to restart

1636
01:29:54,708 --> 01:29:56,800
style. 
That Roman bureaucrats developed

1637
01:29:56,800 --> 01:30:00,300
centuries ago. 
The only obvious difference is 

1638
01:30:00,300 --> 01:30:03,300
that theodoric, and his Gothic 
Warriors, are Aryan Christians. 

1639
01:30:03,300 --> 01:30:08,000
While most Romans a nice seen 
Christians. this creates some 

1640
01:30:08,000 --> 01:30:11,400
theological tension, but 
surprisingly little practical 

1641
01:30:11,400 --> 01:30:15,600
conflict Fieldwork is pragmatic 
enough to let people worship 

1642
01:30:15,600 --> 01:30:18,000
however they want. 
As long as they pay their taxes 

1643
01:30:18,000 --> 01:30:21,600
and maintain order. 
You wait in an anteroom while 

1644
01:30:21,600 --> 01:30:24,600
your cousin delivers some 
documents, the walls display 

1645
01:30:24,600 --> 01:30:28,200
mosaics showing both Gothic and 
Roman symbols side by side. 

1646
01:30:28,200 --> 01:30:30,800
A Gothic Warrior on horseback 
rides. 

1647
01:30:30,800 --> 01:30:33,100
Next to a Roman magistrate in a 
toga. 

1648
01:30:33,800 --> 01:30:37,100
The message is clear. 
This government represents a 

1649
01:30:37,100 --> 01:30:41,400
blending of both cultures. 
A Gothic Soldier stands guard at

1650
01:30:41,400 --> 01:30:43,600
the door, is equipment is 
interesting. 

1651
01:30:43,600 --> 01:30:47,000
He wears Roman style armor made 
by Roman Craftsman. 

1652
01:30:47,000 --> 01:30:50,600
He carries a Germanic style 
sword that is Grandfather, 

1653
01:30:50,600 --> 01:30:54,400
probably brought from Beyond the
Danube, his belt, buckle shows, 

1654
01:30:54,400 --> 01:30:57,800
Roman decorative motifs. 
He is a visual representation of

1655
01:30:57,800 --> 01:31:01,300
cultural Fusion. 
Your cousin emerges and take you

1656
01:31:01,300 --> 01:31:04,400
on a tour of the complex, you 
passed through office's where 

1657
01:31:04,400 --> 01:31:08,700
Romans scribes work alongside 
Gothic administrators, everyone 

1658
01:31:08,700 --> 01:31:11,900
speaks Latin. 
In the Halls documents are filed

1659
01:31:11,900 --> 01:31:15,200
using the Roman system. 
The bureaucracy functions 

1660
01:31:15,200 --> 01:31:17,500
exactly as it did under Roman 
emperors. 

1661
01:31:18,400 --> 01:31:20,100
The address himself appears 
briefly. 

1662
01:31:20,100 --> 01:31:23,800
He's in a sixth is now heavy set
and dignified. 

1663
01:31:23,800 --> 01:31:26,900
He wears purple. 
Robes, like a Roman Emperor, but

1664
01:31:26,900 --> 01:31:31,200
keeps his long Germanic hair and
beard, He speaks to his advisors

1665
01:31:31,200 --> 01:31:33,900
in fluent Latin. 
His accent marks. 

1666
01:31:33,900 --> 01:31:37,100
Him was someone who learned 
Latin as a second language, but 

1667
01:31:37,100 --> 01:31:39,300
his vocabulary and grammar are 
impeccable. 

1668
01:31:40,100 --> 01:31:43,700
He notices you and your cousin 
and nods politely, your cousin 

1669
01:31:43,700 --> 01:31:47,900
bows, you bow. 
The king continues on his way. 

1670
01:31:47,900 --> 01:31:51,800
Surrounded by attendance, the 
encounter last may be 10 seconds

1671
01:31:51,800 --> 01:31:53,900
but it leaves you with a strange
feeling. 

1672
01:31:53,900 --> 01:31:56,800
This man is technically a 
barbarian Invader. 

1673
01:31:56,800 --> 01:32:00,500
His people were enemies of Rome 
within living memory yet. 

1674
01:32:00,500 --> 01:32:03,700
Here he is ruling Italy with 
Roman methods. 

1675
01:32:03,700 --> 01:32:07,600
Employing, Roman officials and 
maintaining Roman Traditions. 

1676
01:32:07,600 --> 01:32:11,400
He's more invested in preserving
Roman civilization than many 

1677
01:32:11,400 --> 01:32:14,200
Romans are. 
Your cousin explains the 

1678
01:32:14,200 --> 01:32:15,900
situation. 
As you walk back toward his 

1679
01:32:15,900 --> 01:32:19,500
house. 
The Goths number may be 100,000 

1680
01:32:19,500 --> 01:32:21,900
people. 
The Romans in Italy, number 

1681
01:32:21,900 --> 01:32:25,600
several million, the Goths 
cannot rule through Force alone 

1682
01:32:26,500 --> 01:32:30,500
They need Roman cooperation so 
Theodore has made a deal. 

1683
01:32:30,500 --> 01:32:34,000
He provides military protection 
and maintains order. 

1684
01:32:34,800 --> 01:32:38,500
The Romans provided Ministry of 
expertise and keep the economy 

1685
01:32:38,500 --> 01:32:41,200
functioning. 
It works surprisingly well, 

1686
01:32:41,200 --> 01:32:45,300
trade continues. 
Cities function laws are 

1687
01:32:45,300 --> 01:32:47,700
enforced. 
Taxes are collected at lower 

1688
01:32:47,700 --> 01:32:51,000
rates than under the old Empire,
which makes everyone reasonably 

1689
01:32:51,000 --> 01:32:54,400
happy. 
The system is not Roman and not 

1690
01:32:54,400 --> 01:32:57,400
Gothic, but something new that 
borrows from both. 

1691
01:32:58,300 --> 01:33:01,300
Your cousin mentions that many 
young Romans are learning Gothic

1692
01:33:01,300 --> 01:33:03,600
now. 
Not because they have to but 

1693
01:33:03,600 --> 01:33:06,600
because it helps with 
advancement in the military and 

1694
01:33:06,600 --> 01:33:11,000
some administrative positions. 
Meanwhile, Gothic Children of 

1695
01:33:11,000 --> 01:33:13,900
the elite a learning classical, 
Latin literature and rhetoric. 

1696
01:33:15,000 --> 01:33:17,400
Cultural exchange flows, both 
directions. 

1697
01:33:18,500 --> 01:33:20,900
Blending would have seemed 
impossible a century ago. 

1698
01:33:21,700 --> 01:33:25,900
Romans viewed Goths as 
uncivilized barbarians, Goths 

1699
01:33:25,900 --> 01:33:28,200
viewed Romans as soft, and 
decadent. 

1700
01:33:29,100 --> 01:33:32,400
Now their children play together
in the streets and their young 

1701
01:33:32,400 --> 01:33:33,900
adults. 
Sometimes, marry each other. 

1702
01:33:33,900 --> 01:33:38,000
The old Prejudice is persist but
they weaken with each 

1703
01:33:38,000 --> 01:33:41,600
generation. 
Funny part is that the Goths are

1704
01:33:41,600 --> 01:33:43,600
trying desperately to preserve 
Roman culture. 

1705
01:33:43,600 --> 01:33:46,300
While many Romans have stopped 
caring about it. 

1706
01:33:47,100 --> 01:33:50,200
Theodoric commissions, Public 
Works in the Roman style. 

1707
01:33:50,200 --> 01:33:53,500
He restores aqueducts and 
maintains roads. 

1708
01:33:53,500 --> 01:33:57,100
He patronizes Scholars, and 
collects Roman manuscripts. 

1709
01:33:57,100 --> 01:34:00,800
He seems to understand that 
Roman civilization is valuable 

1710
01:34:00,800 --> 01:34:04,400
and worth preserving. 
Even if Rome as a political 

1711
01:34:04,400 --> 01:34:07,800
entity is gone, you spend the 
afternoon in ravenna's 

1712
01:34:07,800 --> 01:34:11,100
Marketplace, the vendors are a 
mix of Romans and Goths. 

1713
01:34:11,100 --> 01:34:14,700
You hear both Latin and Gothic 
being spoken, the goods for 

1714
01:34:14,708 --> 01:34:17,500
sale, include Roman pottery and 
Gothic metal work. 

1715
01:34:18,300 --> 01:34:21,300
A Roman woman sells bread next 
to a Gothic woman selling 

1716
01:34:21,300 --> 01:34:23,900
cheese. 
They chat pleasantly about the 

1717
01:34:23,900 --> 01:34:27,700
weather and complained together 
about how expensive olive oil 

1718
01:34:27,700 --> 01:34:30,700
has become. 
This is the reality of life. 

1719
01:34:30,700 --> 01:34:34,000
After the Empire, The Grand 
political structures of change. 

1720
01:34:34,000 --> 01:34:36,900
But daily life continues people 
adapt. 

1721
01:34:36,900 --> 01:34:40,600
Cultures blend former enemies 
become neighbors and then 

1722
01:34:40,600 --> 01:34:43,000
friends, the transformation 
happened. 

1723
01:34:43,000 --> 01:34:46,200
So gradually, that no single 
moment marks the change. 

1724
01:34:46,900 --> 01:34:49,800
You buy some excellent Gothic 
cheese and some Roman bread. 

1725
01:34:49,800 --> 01:34:52,600
You eat them together and find 
they complement each other 

1726
01:34:52,600 --> 01:34:55,500
perfectly. 
This seems like an appropriate 

1727
01:34:55,500 --> 01:34:57,400
metaphor for everything you have
observed. 

1728
01:34:58,200 --> 01:35:01,500
Your cousin suggest you visit a 
rural estate before returning to

1729
01:35:01,500 --> 01:35:04,000
Rome. 
He knows the owner and thinks 

1730
01:35:04,000 --> 01:35:05,400
you would find the 
transformation. 

1731
01:35:05,400 --> 01:35:09,600
Interesting, you agree and set 
out the next morning. 

1732
01:35:10,900 --> 01:35:13,100
The Villa lies, a day's walk 
from Ravenna. 

1733
01:35:13,100 --> 01:35:15,400
The road is terrible as 
expected. 

1734
01:35:15,400 --> 01:35:18,600
You're in the afternoon and 
stopped at the entrance gate, 

1735
01:35:18,600 --> 01:35:22,800
the gate used to be guarded but 
now stands open, you walk 

1736
01:35:22,800 --> 01:35:25,800
through unchallenged. 
The Villa was built two 

1737
01:35:25,800 --> 01:35:27,600
centuries ago by a wealthy 
Senator. 

1738
01:35:27,600 --> 01:35:31,500
The main house is a sprawling, 
complex of rooms arranged around

1739
01:35:31,500 --> 01:35:34,700
a central Courtyard. 
Mosaic's decorate. 

1740
01:35:34,700 --> 01:35:37,200
The floors Fresco's cover the 
walls. 

1741
01:35:37,200 --> 01:35:41,400
The private Bath House includes 
heated pools and changing rooms.

1742
01:35:41,400 --> 01:35:45,700
The whole estate screams wealth 
and sophistication or at least 

1743
01:35:45,700 --> 01:35:49,800
it used to The main house is 
still inhabited but only barely.

1744
01:35:50,600 --> 01:35:54,100
The owners family lives in about
six rooms, the rest of the 

1745
01:35:54,100 --> 01:35:56,400
house, sits empty and 
increasingly derelict. 

1746
01:35:57,200 --> 01:36:00,700
Water damage is ruined. 
Many of the frescoes some of the

1747
01:36:00,700 --> 01:36:03,600
roof tiles are missing. 
The bath house is not been 

1748
01:36:03,600 --> 01:36:06,600
heated in years, but here's the 
interesting part. 

1749
01:36:07,400 --> 01:36:09,100
Where the ornamental Garden's 
used to be. 

1750
01:36:09,100 --> 01:36:11,100
There are now vegetable plot 
plots. 

1751
01:36:11,900 --> 01:36:14,800
Where decorative fountains once 
played, there are now chicken 

1752
01:36:14,808 --> 01:36:18,500
coops the olive Groves that 
provided oil for export. 

1753
01:36:18,500 --> 01:36:20,500
Now provide food for local 
consumption. 

1754
01:36:21,400 --> 01:36:24,100
The entire Villa has been 
converted from a luxury 

1755
01:36:24,100 --> 01:36:28,100
residence into a working farm. 
Even more interesting is what 

1756
01:36:28,108 --> 01:36:29,700
happened to the surrounding 
estate. 

1757
01:36:30,400 --> 01:36:32,600
The land used to be worked by 
tenant farmers. 

1758
01:36:32,600 --> 01:36:34,400
Who paid rent to the Senators 
family. 

1759
01:36:35,800 --> 01:36:39,000
When the economy collapsed and 
money became scarce, the 

1760
01:36:39,000 --> 01:36:42,200
arrangement changed. 
The tenant Farmers stopped 

1761
01:36:42,200 --> 01:36:46,100
paying rent in coin, and started
paying in labor and goods over 

1762
01:36:46,100 --> 01:36:48,000
time. 
They built permanent homes on 

1763
01:36:48,000 --> 01:36:50,800
the estate. 
Their home's cluster around the 

1764
01:36:50,800 --> 01:36:52,600
main Villa like chicks around 
hen. 

1765
01:36:52,600 --> 01:36:55,600
Your witnessing, the birth of a 
medieval manor. 

1766
01:36:56,400 --> 01:36:59,500
The Roman villa is becoming the 
center of a self-sufficient, 

1767
01:36:59,500 --> 01:37:01,800
Village. 
The owners family provides 

1768
01:37:01,800 --> 01:37:05,800
protection and organization. 
The farmers provide labor and 

1769
01:37:05,800 --> 01:37:08,300
food. 
Everyone depends on everyone 

1770
01:37:08,300 --> 01:37:10,700
else in ways that would have 
seemed strange under the old 

1771
01:37:10,700 --> 01:37:15,800
system, but make perfect sense 
now The Villa owner is named 

1772
01:37:15,800 --> 01:37:19,800
Marcus, he's about 50 and 
remarkably cheerful for someone 

1773
01:37:19,800 --> 01:37:21,300
whose family fortune has 
evaporated. 

1774
01:37:21,300 --> 01:37:25,600
He gives you a tour and explains
the changes with obvious Pride. 

1775
01:37:26,800 --> 01:37:29,100
The estate is almost entirely 
self-sufficient. 

1776
01:37:29,100 --> 01:37:32,300
Now they grow wheat, barley, 
vegetables and fruit. 

1777
01:37:32,300 --> 01:37:35,100
They raise chickens pigs and 
sheep. 

1778
01:37:35,100 --> 01:37:37,200
They make their own cheese and 
butter. 

1779
01:37:37,200 --> 01:37:40,500
They weave their own cloth, they
repair their own tools. 

1780
01:37:40,500 --> 01:37:43,900
They rely on the outside world 
for only a few essentials like 

1781
01:37:43,900 --> 01:37:48,600
salt and iron Marcus admits. 
This is not the life he imagined

1782
01:37:48,600 --> 01:37:51,300
when he was young, he was 
educated in Rome. 

1783
01:37:51,300 --> 01:37:53,200
He studied rhetoric and 
philosophy. 

1784
01:37:53,200 --> 01:37:56,500
He expected to have a career in 
Imperial Service. 

1785
01:37:56,500 --> 01:38:01,000
Instead, he spends his days 
managing crop rotations and 

1786
01:38:01,000 --> 01:38:03,000
mediating disputes between 
farmers. 

1787
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:05,700
But he has made peace with the 
change. 

1788
01:38:05,700 --> 01:38:09,900
He actually find satisfaction in
the work, the estate produces 

1789
01:38:09,900 --> 01:38:14,600
real things that people need. 
Under the old system, his 

1790
01:38:14,600 --> 01:38:17,500
family's wealth came from rents 
and Investments that felt 

1791
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:21,000
abstract and distant. 
Now he can see the direct 

1792
01:38:21,000 --> 01:38:24,400
results of his decision. 
The wheat grows or it does not 

1793
01:38:25,500 --> 01:38:30,200
Heat Thrive or they do not. 
Feedback is immediate and 

1794
01:38:30,200 --> 01:38:32,900
honest. 
Farmers, who live on the estate.

1795
01:38:32,900 --> 01:38:35,100
Treat him with respect but not 
civility. 

1796
01:38:36,000 --> 01:38:40,600
They need him and he needs them.
The relationship has become more

1797
01:38:40,600 --> 01:38:42,900
balanced than it was under the 
old tenant system. 

1798
01:38:42,900 --> 01:38:46,600
Marcus cannot simply evict 
someone who displeases him, 

1799
01:38:46,600 --> 01:38:49,900
because he cannot replace them. 
Labor is too scarce. 

1800
01:38:49,900 --> 01:38:54,100
Everyone who can work must work.
You spend the night in the 

1801
01:38:54,100 --> 01:38:57,900
Villas former guest Wing. 
The room is spacious, but cold 

1802
01:38:57,900 --> 01:39:01,600
the hippo cost heating system 
has not functioned in decades, 

1803
01:39:01,600 --> 01:39:05,000
you sleep under wool blankets 
and wake to the sound of 

1804
01:39:05,000 --> 01:39:07,900
roosters crowing. 
In the morning, you help with 

1805
01:39:07,900 --> 01:39:11,100
breakfast preparations. 
Everyone on the estate eats 

1806
01:39:11,100 --> 01:39:14,100
together in the main hall. 
The meal is simple but abundant 

1807
01:39:14,100 --> 01:39:17,600
fresh bread cheese fruit and 
watered wine. 

1808
01:39:18,600 --> 01:39:21,600
Marcus sits at the head of the 
long table but the arrangement 

1809
01:39:21,600 --> 01:39:24,700
feels more like a large family 
gathering than a formal dining 

1810
01:39:24,700 --> 01:39:29,200
situation. one of the farmers 
asked Marcus to settle a 

1811
01:39:29,200 --> 01:39:33,000
boundary dispute, two families, 
ownership of the same strip of 

1812
01:39:33,000 --> 01:39:37,100
land, Markers, listens to both 
sides and then walks out to look

1813
01:39:37,100 --> 01:39:40,700
at the disputed area. 
He examines the existing Stone 

1814
01:39:40,700 --> 01:39:43,200
markers and decided in favor of 
one family. 

1815
01:39:44,100 --> 01:39:46,800
The losing family grumbles, but 
accept his judgment. 

1816
01:39:47,800 --> 01:39:49,900
The dispute is settled in 15 
minutes. 

1817
01:39:49,900 --> 01:39:53,200
This is Roman law. 
Operating at the most local 

1818
01:39:53,200 --> 01:39:57,400
possible level, no quartz, no 
lawyers, no, written 

1819
01:39:57,400 --> 01:40:00,600
depositions. 
Just one man with traditional 

1820
01:40:00,600 --> 01:40:02,600
Authority. 
Making a decision based on 

1821
01:40:02,600 --> 01:40:04,300
common sense and local 
knowledge. 

1822
01:40:04,300 --> 01:40:07,900
It is both completely Roman and 
completely different from how 

1823
01:40:07,900 --> 01:40:09,500
Roman law worked under the 
empire. 

1824
01:40:10,400 --> 01:40:12,900
You leave The Villa in the 
afternoon with a bag of fresh 

1825
01:40:12,900 --> 01:40:16,900
apples Marcus insists. 
You take as you walk back to 

1826
01:40:16,900 --> 01:40:20,500
order Ravenna, you think about 
what you have witnessed The 

1827
01:40:20,500 --> 01:40:24,000
Roman villa system is not dying.
It is transforming into 

1828
01:40:24,000 --> 01:40:26,900
something new, that will 
eventually be called feudalism. 

1829
01:40:27,900 --> 01:40:31,100
The process will take centuries 
to complete but you are seeing 

1830
01:40:31,100 --> 01:40:35,700
the early stages, the structures
remain Roman, the legal Concepts

1831
01:40:35,700 --> 01:40:39,000
remain Roman, but the social 
relationships are changing in 

1832
01:40:39,000 --> 01:40:42,000
fundamental ways. 
The future is being built from 

1833
01:40:42,000 --> 01:40:45,400
the materials of the past 
arranged in new patterns that 

1834
01:40:45,400 --> 01:40:49,000
solve new problems. 
On your return journey, to Rome 

1835
01:40:49,000 --> 01:40:51,600
you stop at a monastery, your 
feet hurt. 

1836
01:40:51,600 --> 01:40:56,000
The monks have a reputation for 
Hospitality, they welcome you at

1837
01:40:56,000 --> 01:40:57,600
the gate with without asking 
questions. 

1838
01:40:57,600 --> 01:41:00,900
A novice shows you to the guest 
quarters and brings you bread 

1839
01:41:00,900 --> 01:41:04,500
and beer, monasteries only 30 
years old but feels ancient. 

1840
01:41:05,500 --> 01:41:08,100
The buildings are simple. 
Stone, structures arranged 

1841
01:41:08,100 --> 01:41:11,500
around a Central Church. 
Everything is clean and well, 

1842
01:41:11,500 --> 01:41:14,900
maintained the monks clearly 
take pride in their work. 

1843
01:41:14,900 --> 01:41:20,000
You attend evening prayers, the 
monks singing Latin their 

1844
01:41:20,000 --> 01:41:22,200
voices. 
Blend in harmonious patterns 

1845
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:24,700
that fill the small church with 
sound. 

1846
01:41:25,300 --> 01:41:29,100
The Melodies are based on older,
Roman musical forms but adapted 

1847
01:41:29,100 --> 01:41:33,000
for Christian worship, the 
result is hauntingly beautiful. 

1848
01:41:34,000 --> 01:41:37,000
After prayers, the Abbot invites
you to dine with the community 

1849
01:41:37,000 --> 01:41:40,500
the meal is vegetarian, lentil 
stew. 

1850
01:41:40,500 --> 01:41:44,400
Bread cheese, and surprisingly 
good wine from the monasteries 

1851
01:41:44,400 --> 01:41:47,500
owned Vineyard. 
The monks, eating silence, while

1852
01:41:47,500 --> 01:41:50,200
one of their number read aloud 
from a religious text. 

1853
01:41:50,200 --> 01:41:54,400
This is new Communal. 
Silent meals are not a Roman 

1854
01:41:54,400 --> 01:41:56,900
tradition. 
Just comes from desert 

1855
01:41:56,900 --> 01:42:01,100
monasticism in Egypt and Syria. 
It is bred to the west and been 

1856
01:42:01,100 --> 01:42:04,200
adapted to local conditions, 
your witnessing. 

1857
01:42:04,200 --> 01:42:07,700
Another form of cultural 
blending. after dinner, the 

1858
01:42:07,700 --> 01:42:11,100
Abbot shows you the monasteries 
most precious possession, the 

1859
01:42:11,100 --> 01:42:15,600
library the room is small but 
every wall is line with shells, 

1860
01:42:15,600 --> 01:42:20,700
the shells hold perhaps 100 
books This may not sound like 

1861
01:42:20,700 --> 01:42:24,000
much, but you realize, you're 
looking at one of the largest 

1862
01:42:24,000 --> 01:42:27,100
book collections in Italy. 
The Abba explains that the 

1863
01:42:27,100 --> 01:42:29,600
monastery has made it their 
mission to preserve texts. 

1864
01:42:30,200 --> 01:42:33,900
They copy books by hand. 
Each monk spend several hours 

1865
01:42:33,900 --> 01:42:36,700
per day in the scriptorium, 
creating new copies of old 

1866
01:42:36,700 --> 01:42:39,500
works. 
They copy primarily religious 

1867
01:42:39,500 --> 01:42:42,400
texts but also classical Roman 
literature history and 

1868
01:42:42,400 --> 01:42:45,300
philosophy. 
You examine some of the books. 

1869
01:42:45,300 --> 01:42:47,800
The craftsmanship is 
extraordinary. 

1870
01:42:47,800 --> 01:42:50,200
The letters are perfectly 
formed. 

1871
01:42:50,200 --> 01:42:54,300
The margins are decorated with 
simple but elegant designs. 

1872
01:42:54,300 --> 01:42:57,600
These books will last for 
centuries if properly cared for 

1873
01:42:58,700 --> 01:43:01,700
funny thing is that these monks 
are preserving Roman literature 

1874
01:43:01,700 --> 01:43:05,600
better than the Romans did. 
In the cities, old books are 

1875
01:43:05,600 --> 01:43:08,300
being lost through neglect, or 
destroyed for their valuable 

1876
01:43:08,300 --> 01:43:11,100
parchment. 
Here in this remote Monastery, 

1877
01:43:11,100 --> 01:43:13,900
monks who never met a Roman 
Senator a carefully copying 

1878
01:43:13,900 --> 01:43:17,200
Virgil and cistro. 
The adapters are former Roman 

1879
01:43:17,200 --> 01:43:19,800
official who took holy orders 
after his wife died. 

1880
01:43:19,800 --> 01:43:22,800
He understands the value of what
they are saving. 

1881
01:43:23,700 --> 01:43:26,600
He talks about the books, the 
way other men talk about gold. 

1882
01:43:27,500 --> 01:43:30,600
Each volume represents thousands
of hours of human thought and 

1883
01:43:30,600 --> 01:43:34,700
creativity to lose a book is to 
lose a piece of human knowledge 

1884
01:43:34,700 --> 01:43:38,600
forever. 
He shows you the scriptorium a 

1885
01:43:38,600 --> 01:43:41,000
long room with good light from 
south-facing Windows. 

1886
01:43:41,000 --> 01:43:44,900
A dozen monks sitted individual 
desks copying texts. 

1887
01:43:45,500 --> 01:43:48,400
They work in complete silence, 
except for the scratching of 

1888
01:43:48,400 --> 01:43:52,300
pens on parchment. 
The concentration is absolute 

1889
01:43:52,300 --> 01:43:54,600
one. 
Young Monk Is copying a work. 

1890
01:43:54,600 --> 01:43:58,100
By Seneca, another is working on
the Gospel of Luke. 

1891
01:43:59,000 --> 01:44:03,200
Third is creating a new copy of 
a Botanical text by dioscorides.

1892
01:44:03,800 --> 01:44:07,900
The subjects are wildly diverse 
but the monks approached each 

1893
01:44:07,900 --> 01:44:10,200
text with the same careful 
attention. 

1894
01:44:11,200 --> 01:44:15,600
You watch as a monk mixes Inc. 
He combined oak gall, iron, 

1895
01:44:15,600 --> 01:44:18,800
salts, and water in precise 
proportions. 

1896
01:44:19,500 --> 01:44:23,100
The recipe comes from ancient 
Rome, the monks of preserved, 

1897
01:44:23,100 --> 01:44:25,500
not just books, but the 
technical knowledge needed to 

1898
01:44:25,500 --> 01:44:27,900
create them. 
The Abbot mentioned that 

1899
01:44:27,900 --> 01:44:30,100
monasteries are springing up all
over Europe. 

1900
01:44:30,100 --> 01:44:34,800
Each follows similar patterns, 
prayer manual, labor study 

1901
01:44:34,800 --> 01:44:38,400
copying texts. 
The network is informal but 

1902
01:44:38,400 --> 01:44:42,000
effective, but travel from 
Monastery to Monastery, 

1903
01:44:42,000 --> 01:44:45,100
knowledge spreads in slow, but 
steady waves. 

1904
01:44:45,100 --> 01:44:49,200
This is how Roman learning Will 
Survive the collapse not in 

1905
01:44:49,200 --> 01:44:52,000
cities, or universities, or 
imperial libraries. 

1906
01:44:52,700 --> 01:44:55,500
In small monastic communities, 
scattered across the 

1907
01:44:55,500 --> 01:44:59,800
countryside, where dedicated men
preserve texts, for reasons that

1908
01:44:59,800 --> 01:45:02,300
mixed religious devotion with 
scholarly passion. 

1909
01:45:03,300 --> 01:45:05,100
You spend two nights at the 
monastery. 

1910
01:45:05,100 --> 01:45:07,700
The routine is soothing in its 
predictability. 

1911
01:45:08,600 --> 01:45:11,500
Prayers at set hours meals, set 
times. 

1912
01:45:11,500 --> 01:45:16,600
Work in between The chaos of the
outside world feels very far 

1913
01:45:16,600 --> 01:45:19,600
away. 
On your last evening, the Abbot 

1914
01:45:19,600 --> 01:45:22,600
gives you a gift. 
A small copy of the Psalms 

1915
01:45:22,600 --> 01:45:24,800
handwritten on. 
Good parchment and bound in 

1916
01:45:24,800 --> 01:45:27,200
leather. 
He says every traveler should 

1917
01:45:27,200 --> 01:45:30,200
have something beautiful to 
remind them of moments of peace.

1918
01:45:31,200 --> 01:45:32,600
You accept the gift with 
gratitude. 

1919
01:45:32,600 --> 01:45:36,500
The book fits easily in your 
bag, it weighs almost nothing, 

1920
01:45:36,500 --> 01:45:40,100
but it represents everything 
about this transitional age. 

1921
01:45:40,100 --> 01:45:44,300
Roman craftsmanship preserving 
Jewish religious texts copied by

1922
01:45:44,300 --> 01:45:47,100
Christian monks for a traveler 
whose future is uncertain. 

1923
01:45:48,300 --> 01:45:51,200
All the threads of the ancient 
world of being woven into 

1924
01:45:51,200 --> 01:45:54,700
something new, You reach the 
outskirts of Rome after eight 

1925
01:45:54,700 --> 01:45:59,100
days of travel, your tired. 
But satisfied, the journey has 

1926
01:45:59,100 --> 01:46:00,900
shown you things you needed to 
see. 

1927
01:46:02,000 --> 01:46:04,500
As you walk through the city 
Gates, you notice something you 

1928
01:46:04,500 --> 01:46:08,200
never paid attention to before. 
People speak differently 

1929
01:46:08,200 --> 01:46:12,000
depending on their age and 
social class the Latin spoken by

1930
01:46:12,000 --> 01:46:14,600
the old Senator. 
You pass in the street is formal

1931
01:46:14,600 --> 01:46:17,500
and complex. 
The Latin spoken by the children

1932
01:46:17,500 --> 01:46:20,200
playing nearby is simpler and 
filled with words. 

1933
01:46:20,200 --> 01:46:23,500
Their grandparents would not 
recognize languages. 

1934
01:46:23,500 --> 01:46:27,200
Changing Latin is slowly 
splitting into the various 

1935
01:46:27,200 --> 01:46:30,000
romance languages that will 
eventually become Italian, 

1936
01:46:30,000 --> 01:46:34,700
French Spanish and Romanian. 
But this process will take 

1937
01:46:34,700 --> 01:46:38,000
centuries right now. 
You are in the middle of it. 

1938
01:46:38,000 --> 01:46:41,700
The changes are noticeable, but 
not yet, extreme. 

1939
01:46:42,400 --> 01:46:45,200
You stopped at a bakery. 
The baker's wife, serves you. 

1940
01:46:45,200 --> 01:46:48,400
She speaks a Latin that would 
make a classical grammarian 

1941
01:46:48,400 --> 01:46:50,900
wheat. 
She drops case endings. 

1942
01:46:50,900 --> 01:46:55,100
She confuses verb tenses. 
She uses vocabulary borrowed 

1943
01:46:55,100 --> 01:46:58,600
from Gothic and Greek. 
But you understand her perfectly

1944
01:46:58,600 --> 01:47:02,500
and she understands you. 
This is the real Latin. 

1945
01:47:02,500 --> 01:47:05,800
Not the literary language 
preserved in books, but the 

1946
01:47:05,800 --> 01:47:08,400
living language spoken by 
Ordinary People. 

1947
01:47:09,200 --> 01:47:12,000
It is always been more flexible,
and practical than the formal 

1948
01:47:12,000 --> 01:47:15,300
version. 
Now, it is evolving rapidly, in 

1949
01:47:15,300 --> 01:47:18,600
response to new circumstances. 
The baker's young daughter, 

1950
01:47:18,600 --> 01:47:23,400
asks, you, where you travel from
you tell her Ravenna, She asks, 

1951
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:26,100
if people there speak 
differently, you admit that they

1952
01:47:26,100 --> 01:47:28,600
do. 
The northern dialects already 

1953
01:47:28,600 --> 01:47:31,900
sound distinct from the speech 
patterns in Rome, give it 

1954
01:47:31,908 --> 01:47:34,500
another few generations and they
will be different enough to 

1955
01:47:34,500 --> 01:47:38,400
cause comprehension problems. 
The girl finds this fascinating.

1956
01:47:38,400 --> 01:47:43,600
She asks, if this means Latin is
dying, you tell her no Latin is 

1957
01:47:43,608 --> 01:47:48,200
not dying, it is multiplying. 
Each region is developing its 

1958
01:47:48,200 --> 01:47:51,500
own version adapted to local 
needs and influenced by local 

1959
01:47:51,500 --> 01:47:53,800
languages. 
All these versions are still 

1960
01:47:53,800 --> 01:47:55,900
Latin but they are becoming 
differentiated. 

1961
01:47:56,800 --> 01:47:59,500
Her mother laughs and says, 
philosophers always complicates 

1962
01:47:59,500 --> 01:48:04,000
simple things, people talk. 
However, they talk, the girl 

1963
01:48:04,000 --> 01:48:07,300
should not worry about it. 
You accept this wisdom and buy 

1964
01:48:07,300 --> 01:48:10,900
two loaves of bread. 
As you walk home, you listen 

1965
01:48:10,900 --> 01:48:14,100
more carefully to the 
conversations around, you a 

1966
01:48:14,100 --> 01:48:18,000
group of merchants arguing about
prices a mother scolding her 

1967
01:48:18,000 --> 01:48:20,800
children. 
Two friends discussing the 

1968
01:48:20,800 --> 01:48:25,500
upcoming religious Festival 
Everyone speaks Latin but no two

1969
01:48:25,500 --> 01:48:27,400
people speak it exactly the same
way. 

1970
01:48:28,400 --> 01:48:31,300
This diversity would have 
bothered Roman grammarians. 

1971
01:48:31,300 --> 01:48:35,000
They spent centuries, trying to 
standardize Latin and preserve 

1972
01:48:35,000 --> 01:48:38,400
its classical forms, but there 
are efforts only worked for the 

1973
01:48:38,400 --> 01:48:42,600
educated Elite The Common People
spoke however they wanted. 

1974
01:48:43,500 --> 01:48:46,800
Now that the educational system 
is largely collapsed, the common

1975
01:48:46,800 --> 01:48:48,500
version is taking over 
completely. 

1976
01:48:49,500 --> 01:48:52,000
You reach your apartment 
building, your neighbor is 

1977
01:48:52,000 --> 01:48:53,800
sitting outside enjoying the 
evening air. 

1978
01:48:54,400 --> 01:48:58,100
She is 90 years old and has 
lived in Rome, her entire life. 

1979
01:48:59,100 --> 01:49:02,900
Speaks a Latin that sounds 
almost archaic to your ears full

1980
01:49:02,900 --> 01:49:06,500
case endings complex. 
Subordinate clauses vocabulary 

1981
01:49:06,500 --> 01:49:10,500
that feels ancient. 
She asks about your trip, you 

1982
01:49:10,500 --> 01:49:13,300
tell her about Ravenna and the 
Gothic Court and the monastery 

1983
01:49:13,300 --> 01:49:16,600
and the transforming Villa. 
She listens and nods. 

1984
01:49:17,300 --> 01:49:21,000
She seems so many changes in her
life time that nothing surprises

1985
01:49:21,000 --> 01:49:23,800
her anymore. 
She tells you that when she was 

1986
01:49:23,800 --> 01:49:27,700
young, her tutor insisted she 
learned Greek all educated. 

1987
01:49:27,700 --> 01:49:30,700
Romans spoke Greek as well as 
Latin now. 

1988
01:49:30,700 --> 01:49:33,300
Almost no one bothers with Greek
anymore except monks and 

1989
01:49:33,308 --> 01:49:36,500
Scholars. 
The eastern and western halves 

1990
01:49:36,500 --> 01:49:39,300
of the old, Empire are drifting 
apart linguistically, as well as

1991
01:49:39,300 --> 01:49:41,600
politically. 
You mentioned the monks 

1992
01:49:41,600 --> 01:49:44,400
preserving books. 
She approved strongly. 

1993
01:49:44,400 --> 01:49:47,800
She learned to read as a child 
and still considers literacy. 

1994
01:49:47,800 --> 01:49:51,300
One of the greatest gifts. 
Anyone can receive She worries 

1995
01:49:51,300 --> 01:49:53,300
that fewer children are learning
these days. 

1996
01:49:54,100 --> 01:49:57,500
Without schools and tutors. 
Literacy is becoming a 

1997
01:49:57,500 --> 01:49:59,500
specialized skill in a common 
accomplishment. 

1998
01:49:59,500 --> 01:50:04,200
This is true in your 
grandfather's time, perhaps 30% 

1999
01:50:04,200 --> 01:50:08,400
of urban Romans could read. 
Now the number is closer to 10% 

2000
01:50:08,400 --> 01:50:12,100
and falling writing is becoming 
a professional specialty, 

2001
01:50:12,100 --> 01:50:14,600
practice mainly by monks and 
scribes. 

2002
01:50:15,400 --> 01:50:18,800
Your neighbor predicts that in 
another few Generations, most 

2003
01:50:18,800 --> 01:50:22,100
people will not read at all. 
They will depend entirely on 

2004
01:50:22,100 --> 01:50:23,800
oral transmission of 
information. 

2005
01:50:24,800 --> 01:50:28,300
Stories will be told, in stead 
of written history will be 

2006
01:50:28,300 --> 01:50:32,100
remembered in stead of recorded.
Knowledge will be preserved in 

2007
01:50:32,100 --> 01:50:35,800
human memory instead of books. 
She finds this sad but 

2008
01:50:35,800 --> 01:50:38,900
inevitable, the world is 
changing and literacy. 

2009
01:50:38,900 --> 01:50:42,100
As a casualty of that change. 
Only the church and the 

2010
01:50:42,100 --> 01:50:44,400
monasteries will maintain 
reading and writing skills. 

2011
01:50:44,400 --> 01:50:47,600
Everyone else will return to old
traditions. 

2012
01:50:47,600 --> 01:50:50,200
You sit with her for a while 
longer as the sunset. 

2013
01:50:50,200 --> 01:50:53,200
So over the old city, the 
conversation drifts to other 

2014
01:50:53,200 --> 01:50:56,400
topics. 
The price of olive oil, the new 

2015
01:50:56,400 --> 01:50:59,600
Bishops policies, the weather 
predictions for harvest season. 

2016
01:51:00,900 --> 01:51:04,400
Later alone in your apartment. 
You think about language and 

2017
01:51:04,400 --> 01:51:08,700
change Latin Will Survive, but 
it will transform beyond 

2018
01:51:08,700 --> 01:51:11,700
recognition. 
The books will survive, but only

2019
01:51:11,700 --> 01:51:15,200
in monasteries, the oral 
Traditions will strengthen as 

2020
01:51:15,200 --> 01:51:18,300
written Traditions. 
Weaken everything is in flux. 

2021
01:51:18,300 --> 01:51:21,500
The old forms persist, but their
meanings shift. 

2022
01:51:22,400 --> 01:51:26,300
Future is being created through 
10,000 small changes that no one

2023
01:51:26,300 --> 01:51:27,700
can fully perceive in the 
moment. 

2024
01:51:29,000 --> 01:51:31,000
The next morning, you need to 
buy olive oil. 

2025
01:51:31,000 --> 01:51:34,500
This simple task reveals the new
economic reality. 

2026
01:51:35,300 --> 01:51:39,000
Under the old Empire, olive oil 
from Spain float into roam 

2027
01:51:39,000 --> 01:51:40,700
through well organized trade 
Networks. 

2028
01:51:41,500 --> 01:51:45,500
Ships carried bulk quantities, 
Merchants operated on credit. 

2029
01:51:45,500 --> 01:51:50,000
Backed by Imperial Banks prices 
were stable and Supply was 

2030
01:51:50,000 --> 01:51:52,300
reliable. 
Now, everything depends on 

2031
01:51:52,300 --> 01:51:54,000
personal relationships and 
Trust. 

2032
01:51:54,800 --> 01:51:57,100
You go to the marketplace, the 
vendor. 

2033
01:51:57,100 --> 01:52:00,900
You usually buy from has no 
Spanish oil, he is not received 

2034
01:52:00,900 --> 01:52:04,500
a shipment in six months, the 
ships still run, but less 

2035
01:52:04,500 --> 01:52:07,600
frequently. 
And with less predictability, he

2036
01:52:07,600 --> 01:52:11,400
does have oil from Sicily. 
The price is higher than you 

2037
01:52:11,400 --> 01:52:12,900
remember. 
But he assures you the quality 

2038
01:52:12,900 --> 01:52:16,100
is good. 
You examine the oil, it looks 

2039
01:52:16,100 --> 01:52:18,500
fine. 
You asked about his Source. 

2040
01:52:18,500 --> 01:52:22,100
He tells you the oil comes from 
his wife's cousin who owns 

2041
01:52:22,100 --> 01:52:26,600
Grove's near Syracuse, Family 
connections have replaced formal

2042
01:52:26,600 --> 01:52:29,700
trading companies. 
If you want a reliable Supply, 

2043
01:52:29,700 --> 01:52:32,800
you deal with people, you know, 
or people, your family knows 

2044
01:52:32,800 --> 01:52:36,100
this personalization of trade is
happening everywhere. 

2045
01:52:36,100 --> 01:52:40,400
The old Imperial economy, ran on
standardized currency, written, 

2046
01:52:40,400 --> 01:52:43,900
contracts, and legal 
enforcement, that system 

2047
01:52:43,900 --> 01:52:46,900
required a functioning 
government without government 

2048
01:52:46,900 --> 01:52:49,700
backing merchants of return to 
older methods based on 

2049
01:52:49,708 --> 01:52:53,600
reputation and kinship You buy 
the oil and chat with the 

2050
01:52:53,600 --> 01:52:56,000
vendor. 
He tells you trade is not dead, 

2051
01:52:56,000 --> 01:53:00,000
just different. 
The big Merchant companies that 

2052
01:53:00,000 --> 01:53:02,200
moved Goods across the 
Mediterranean have mostly 

2053
01:53:02,200 --> 01:53:05,400
disappeared. 
But smaller networks based on 

2054
01:53:05,400 --> 01:53:09,400
family and Community ties have 
emerged to replace them gives 

2055
01:53:09,400 --> 01:53:12,900
you an example, his wife's 
cousin in Sicily sends oil to 

2056
01:53:12,900 --> 01:53:15,900
Rome in return. 
The vendor sends cloth, that is 

2057
01:53:15,900 --> 01:53:19,000
Sister weaves. 
His sister gets wool from a 

2058
01:53:19,000 --> 01:53:22,500
Shepherd whose brother-in-law 
works for the vendor everyone in

2059
01:53:22,500 --> 01:53:26,200
the network knows everyone else.
Trust is built on personal 

2060
01:53:26,200 --> 01:53:28,800
relationships, rather than legal
contracts. 

2061
01:53:29,500 --> 01:53:32,400
The system is less efficient 
than the old Imperial trade net 

2062
01:53:32,400 --> 01:53:36,700
worth but more resilient. 
When one link breaks the network

2063
01:53:36,700 --> 01:53:40,300
routes around it, when the 
supply of one good becomes 

2064
01:53:40,300 --> 01:53:43,000
scarce people substitute 
alternatives. 

2065
01:53:43,900 --> 01:53:46,600
Flexibility matters more than 
optimization. 

2066
01:53:47,300 --> 01:53:49,400
You wander through the market 
looking at other Goods. 

2067
01:53:49,400 --> 01:53:53,000
Wine from local, Vineyards is 
replaced wine from distant 

2068
01:53:53,000 --> 01:53:56,700
provinces, local Pottery, has 
replaced fine, Ceramics from 

2069
01:53:56,700 --> 01:54:00,900
Africa, wool and linen, from 
nearby states of replaced silk 

2070
01:54:00,900 --> 01:54:03,500
from the East. 
The market has contracted 

2071
01:54:03,500 --> 01:54:05,400
geographically. 
Most Goods. 

2072
01:54:05,400 --> 01:54:09,000
Now come from, within a few 
days, travel long distance trade

2073
01:54:09,000 --> 01:54:13,300
still exists, but it focuses on 
high-value items like spices and

2074
01:54:13,300 --> 01:54:16,600
pressures metals. 
Bulk goods are too expensive to 

2075
01:54:16,600 --> 01:54:18,000
transport without the 
infrastructure. 

2076
01:54:18,000 --> 01:54:22,100
The Empire used to maintain a 
merchant displays amber beads 

2077
01:54:22,100 --> 01:54:25,400
from the Baltic, this Amber 
traveled, hundreds of miles, 

2078
01:54:25,400 --> 01:54:27,900
through networks of traders, who
each moved. 

2079
01:54:27,900 --> 01:54:31,900
It one step closer to Rome, no, 
single person, organized the 

2080
01:54:31,900 --> 01:54:35,200
journey, the bead simply passed 
from hand to hand through 

2081
01:54:35,200 --> 01:54:37,900
existing relationships until 
they reached their final 

2082
01:54:37,900 --> 01:54:40,800
destination. 
You asked the merchant? 

2083
01:54:40,800 --> 01:54:44,000
How payment works for something 
that traveled so far, he 

2084
01:54:44,000 --> 01:54:46,800
explains that the Amber was 
exchanged multiple times. 

2085
01:54:48,000 --> 01:54:50,800
The final price in Rome Bears 
little relation to what the 

2086
01:54:50,800 --> 01:54:52,800
original collector in the Baltic
received. 

2087
01:54:53,400 --> 01:54:56,000
Each Trader along the way added 
their profit margin. 

2088
01:54:56,700 --> 01:54:58,600
This is inefficient but it 
works. 

2089
01:54:58,600 --> 01:55:01,300
The Amber reaches customers. 
Who want it. 

2090
01:55:01,308 --> 01:55:04,700
The northern collectors get 
Goods, they need in return. 

2091
01:55:05,400 --> 01:55:08,800
Value flows in multiple 
directions, through networks 

2092
01:55:08,800 --> 01:55:11,100
that require no Central 
coordination. 

2093
01:55:12,600 --> 01:55:15,900
The funny thing is that this 
system resembles ancient trade 

2094
01:55:15,900 --> 01:55:20,500
patterns from before Rome built 
its Empire, the world is not 

2095
01:55:20,500 --> 01:55:23,000
moving forward into some new 
economic model. 

2096
01:55:23,000 --> 01:55:26,600
It is circling back to older 
patterns, that worked for 

2097
01:55:26,600 --> 01:55:30,000
thousands of years before Roman 
efficiency, temporarily replaced

2098
01:55:30,000 --> 01:55:34,100
the buy some items. 
You need salt from the coast 

2099
01:55:34,100 --> 01:55:38,200
iron nails from a local 
blacksmith A clay lamp to 

2100
01:55:38,200 --> 01:55:41,800
replace one that broke. 
Each purchase involves a brief 

2101
01:55:41,800 --> 01:55:44,800
conversation about quality 
source and price. 

2102
01:55:44,800 --> 01:55:48,700
The transactions feel personal 
in ways that shopping in the old

2103
01:55:48,700 --> 01:55:52,800
Imperial markets, never did. 
On your way home, you pass the 

2104
01:55:52,800 --> 01:55:56,300
ruins of what used to be a grain
Warehouse, the massive building 

2105
01:55:56,300 --> 01:55:59,200
once stored grain from Egypt to 
feed Rome's population. 

2106
01:55:59,200 --> 01:56:03,000
Now it's its empty. 
The grain shipments from Egypt 

2107
01:56:03,000 --> 01:56:05,500
stopped decades ago, when the 
Eastern Empire, stopped 

2108
01:56:05,500 --> 01:56:08,700
subsidizing them. 
Rome now feeds itself from 

2109
01:56:08,700 --> 01:56:12,800
nearby farms, and Estates the 
population is small enough, that

2110
01:56:12,800 --> 01:56:17,000
local production suffices, the 
city has adjusted its size to 

2111
01:56:17,000 --> 01:56:20,300
match available resources. 
This adjustment required, 

2112
01:56:20,300 --> 01:56:24,500
hardship, many people left or 
died when food became scarce. 

2113
01:56:24,500 --> 01:56:28,500
But those who remain have 
adapted to the new reality, they

2114
01:56:28,500 --> 01:56:30,700
eat more locally, they waste 
less. 

2115
01:56:31,500 --> 01:56:34,800
The Garden in spaces that used 
to be purely on a mental. 

2116
01:56:34,800 --> 01:56:37,400
You reach your building and 
climb the stairs to your 

2117
01:56:37,408 --> 01:56:39,800
apartment. 
The bag of oil is heavy. 

2118
01:56:39,800 --> 01:56:42,600
You bought enough to last 
several months because you 

2119
01:56:42,600 --> 01:56:44,600
cannot count on finding more 
when you need it. 

2120
01:56:45,400 --> 01:56:47,800
Storage matters. 
Now, in ways, it did not when 

2121
01:56:47,800 --> 01:56:51,500
Supply was reliable later, you 
sit by your window and watch the

2122
01:56:51,500 --> 01:56:56,700
city trade continues markets 
function, people exchange goods 

2123
01:56:56,700 --> 01:56:59,500
and services economy has not 
collapsed. 

2124
01:56:59,500 --> 01:57:02,800
It has transformed into 
something more, local more 

2125
01:57:02,800 --> 01:57:06,300
personal and more dependent on 
trust between individuals. 

2126
01:57:06,300 --> 01:57:10,800
The old efficiency is gone, but 
a different kind of stability is

2127
01:57:10,800 --> 01:57:13,300
emerging. 
You notice something odd 

2128
01:57:13,300 --> 01:57:16,400
happening around Rome old 
buildings are being dismantled 

2129
01:57:16,400 --> 01:57:19,700
and their materials are being 
reused in new construction. 

2130
01:57:20,600 --> 01:57:24,600
This is practical recycling, but
it also represents a fundamental

2131
01:57:24,600 --> 01:57:27,000
shift in how people think about 
the past. 

2132
01:57:27,800 --> 01:57:30,100
The church is being built near 
your apartment. 

2133
01:57:30,100 --> 01:57:34,100
The construction crew is pulling
marble columns from an abandoned

2134
01:57:34,100 --> 01:57:37,000
Temple and installing them in 
the new building. 

2135
01:57:37,600 --> 01:57:40,900
The Columns were carved 300 
years ago to honor Jupiter. 

2136
01:57:41,900 --> 01:57:44,700
Now, they will support a roof 
over Christian worshipers. 

2137
01:57:44,700 --> 01:57:46,800
You watch the workers for a 
while. 

2138
01:57:46,800 --> 01:57:48,600
They treat the columns 
carefully. 

2139
01:57:49,500 --> 01:57:51,900
The marble is valuable and 
difficult to replace. 

2140
01:57:51,900 --> 01:57:55,500
Modern quarries, cannot produce 
Stone of this quality anymore. 

2141
01:57:56,400 --> 01:57:58,000
The techniques of being 
partially lost. 

2142
01:57:58,000 --> 01:58:01,200
So Builders reuse what the 
Romans made, when they still 

2143
01:58:01,200 --> 01:58:04,600
have the skills and resources. 
The foreman tells you this is 

2144
01:58:04,600 --> 01:58:08,700
happening everywhere, churches 
are built from Material scavenge

2145
01:58:08,700 --> 01:58:12,100
from Pagan temples. 
Houses are constructed from 

2146
01:58:12,100 --> 01:58:14,400
Stones taken from old government
buildings. 

2147
01:58:15,300 --> 01:58:18,400
Garden walls, incorporate 
fragments of sculptures and 

2148
01:58:18,400 --> 01:58:21,700
monuments. 
Rome is literally rebuilding 

2149
01:58:21,700 --> 01:58:25,600
itself from its own ruins. 
The city is becoming its own 

2150
01:58:25,600 --> 01:58:28,600
Quarry. 
Every generation takes pieces 

2151
01:58:28,600 --> 01:58:31,300
from older structures and 
incorporates them into newer 

2152
01:58:31,300 --> 01:58:33,700
ones. 
Physical matter of the city 

2153
01:58:33,700 --> 01:58:36,200
remains, but its form changes 
completely. 

2154
01:58:36,200 --> 01:58:39,500
This should feel like vandalism 
but it does not. 

2155
01:58:40,300 --> 01:58:42,900
The old buildings were designed 
for purposes that no longer 

2156
01:58:42,900 --> 01:58:45,900
exists. 
No one worships Jupiter anymore.

2157
01:58:45,900 --> 01:58:50,400
So his temples serve no function
The government offices are empty

2158
01:58:50,400 --> 01:58:52,800
so their buildings might as well
be useful. 

2159
01:58:52,800 --> 01:58:56,600
The transformation is pragmatic 
rather than destructive. 

2160
01:58:57,500 --> 01:59:00,100
You see a house where the front 
wall, incorporates a section of 

2161
01:59:00,100 --> 01:59:03,900
an old memorial stone? 
The original inscription is 

2162
01:59:03,900 --> 01:59:06,900
still visible, but now it forms 
part of a private residents. 

2163
01:59:06,900 --> 01:59:09,900
The past becomes literal 
building material for the 

2164
01:59:09,900 --> 01:59:12,700
future. 
Some people find this disturbing

2165
01:59:12,700 --> 01:59:16,400
your neighbor. 
Who is 90 years old mentioned 

2166
01:59:16,400 --> 01:59:19,000
that she Mourns seeing the old 
monuments dispersed. 

2167
01:59:19,900 --> 01:59:22,500
She remembers when the city 
looked different when the 

2168
01:59:22,500 --> 01:59:25,000
ancient structures stood intact 
and purposeful. 

2169
01:59:25,900 --> 01:59:28,100
But even she admits the ReUse 
makes sense. 

2170
01:59:29,100 --> 01:59:30,600
What good are beautiful 
buildings? 

2171
01:59:30,600 --> 01:59:34,100
If they serve no function and 
cannot be maintained Better to 

2172
01:59:34,100 --> 01:59:36,200
salvage. 
What can be saved and put it to 

2173
01:59:36,200 --> 01:59:40,400
New Uses? 
You visit the four of several of

2174
01:59:40,400 --> 01:59:42,600
the old government buildings 
have been partially, dismantled 

2175
01:59:42,600 --> 01:59:45,000
their marble facing have been 
removed. 

2176
01:59:45,000 --> 01:59:48,700
Their roof tiles have been 
scavenged their foundations 

2177
01:59:48,700 --> 01:59:50,600
remain, but everything above 
ground. 

2178
01:59:50,600 --> 01:59:54,600
Level is gradually disappearing.
Within a few Generations, The 

2179
01:59:54,600 --> 01:59:58,300
Forum will be a field where 
cattle graze the grandest Civic 

2180
01:59:58,308 --> 02:00:00,800
Center in the Western World will
become farmland. 

2181
02:00:01,500 --> 02:00:05,000
This seems impossible, but you 
can see it happening in slow 

2182
02:00:05,000 --> 02:00:07,300
motion. 
The Colosseum is also being 

2183
02:00:07,300 --> 02:00:09,400
slowly mined for building 
materials. 

2184
02:00:10,100 --> 02:00:13,200
People remove stones from the 
upper levels, they pry out 

2185
02:00:13,200 --> 02:00:16,300
metal, clamps, that hold blocks 
together, they cart away, 

2186
02:00:16,300 --> 02:00:19,400
anything useful. 
The building is so massive that 

2187
02:00:19,400 --> 02:00:21,100
this process will take 
centuries. 

2188
02:00:21,100 --> 02:00:24,200
But eventually even the 
Colosseum will be reduced to a 

2189
02:00:24,200 --> 02:00:27,500
partial ruin. 
You feel oddly calm about this. 

2190
02:00:28,400 --> 02:00:30,100
The buildings were always just 
building's. 

2191
02:00:30,100 --> 02:00:33,800
The real Rome was the people and
the ideas and the systems they 

2192
02:00:33,800 --> 02:00:36,600
created. 
Those things are transforming 

2193
02:00:36,600 --> 02:00:40,000
but not disappearing. 
The physical Stones matter less 

2194
02:00:40,000 --> 02:00:43,500
than what they represented the 
same time you recognize 

2195
02:00:43,500 --> 02:00:47,100
something as being lost. 
Future Generations will not see 

2196
02:00:47,100 --> 02:00:50,400
what you have seen. 
They will not walk among intact 

2197
02:00:50,400 --> 02:00:53,400
temples and monuments. 
They will inherit a different 

2198
02:00:53,400 --> 02:00:56,000
city built from fragments of the
one, you know? 

2199
02:00:57,400 --> 02:00:59,900
You pass a construction site, 
where a wealthy family is 

2200
02:00:59,900 --> 02:01:03,400
building a new house. 
The design is interesting, it 

2201
02:01:03,400 --> 02:01:06,200
combines Roman architectural 
principles with new ideas. 

2202
02:01:06,200 --> 02:01:09,700
The floor plan follows 
traditional patterns, the 

2203
02:01:09,700 --> 02:01:13,100
building techniques are Roman 
but the decoration shows 

2204
02:01:13,100 --> 02:01:17,300
influences from gothic art, The 
mosaics include Christian 

2205
02:01:17,300 --> 02:01:19,700
symbols mixed with classical 
motifs. 

2206
02:01:20,200 --> 02:01:22,800
The house represents the same 
kind of blending, you have seen 

2207
02:01:22,800 --> 02:01:25,700
elsewhere. 
Roman forms filled with new 

2208
02:01:25,700 --> 02:01:29,000
content old techniques, apply to
new purposes. 

2209
02:01:29,900 --> 02:01:32,000
The past and future merge into a
present. 

2210
02:01:32,000 --> 02:01:34,500
That feels transitional. 
Stones. 

2211
02:01:34,500 --> 02:01:37,000
Do not care what they support 
columns. 

2212
02:01:37,000 --> 02:01:39,600
Hold up, roofs. 
Whether those roof shelter 

2213
02:01:39,600 --> 02:01:43,300
temples, or churches, marble 
decorates walls, whether those 

2214
02:01:43,300 --> 02:01:46,200
walls surround Pagan shrines or 
Christian homes? 

2215
02:01:46,200 --> 02:01:49,600
The materials remain constant 
while their meaning shift 

2216
02:01:49,600 --> 02:01:52,200
completely. 
You think about the monks 

2217
02:01:52,200 --> 02:01:54,600
copying books and the stones 
being recycled? 

2218
02:01:55,500 --> 02:01:59,000
Both represent preservation 
through Transformations, the 

2219
02:01:59,000 --> 02:02:03,100
word Survive by being Rewritten,
the building survived by being 

2220
02:02:03,100 --> 02:02:07,300
disassembled and rebuilt. 
Nothing stays exactly the same, 

2221
02:02:07,300 --> 02:02:09,800
but nothing is entirely lost 
either. 

2222
02:02:10,600 --> 02:02:14,700
This is how civilizations work. 
They do not end cleanly, they 

2223
02:02:14,700 --> 02:02:19,100
evolve continuously The new is 
always built from a piece of the

2224
02:02:19,100 --> 02:02:22,700
old arranged in patterns that 
solve current problems rather 

2225
02:02:22,700 --> 02:02:26,900
than passed, once you decide to 
improve your education, this 

2226
02:02:26,900 --> 02:02:28,500
sounds odd in a collapsing 
Empire. 

2227
02:02:28,500 --> 02:02:32,400
But you have time and curiosity,
you find a tutor who teaches 

2228
02:02:32,400 --> 02:02:35,100
rhetoric and grammar in the 
traditional Roman Style. 

2229
02:02:36,000 --> 02:02:37,600
The tutor turns out to be a 
vandal. 

2230
02:02:37,600 --> 02:02:41,300
His name is Hill, Derek. 
He was born in North Africa 

2231
02:02:41,300 --> 02:02:44,500
where the vandals established 
their Kingdom after Crossing 

2232
02:02:44,500 --> 02:02:47,600
from Spain. 
He came to Rome as a young man 

2233
02:02:47,600 --> 02:02:50,500
to study, he liked the city and 
stayed. 

2234
02:02:50,500 --> 02:02:53,700
Now he earns his living 
teaching, Romans the classical 

2235
02:02:53,700 --> 02:02:55,800
education. 
He learned from Roman teachers 

2236
02:02:55,800 --> 02:02:59,400
and Carthage. 
This is hilarious in multiple 

2237
02:02:59,400 --> 02:03:04,300
ways a barbarian teaching, 
Romans how to be Roman a member 

2238
02:03:04,300 --> 02:03:08,700
of the tribe that sacked, Rome 
teaching rhetoric, a vandal 

2239
02:03:08,700 --> 02:03:11,800
preserving classical learning 
that many Romans have abandoned.

2240
02:03:13,000 --> 02:03:16,400
Hildreth finds the irony 
amusing, he mentioned it during 

2241
02:03:16,400 --> 02:03:19,600
your first lesson. 
He says the vandals value, Roman

2242
02:03:19,600 --> 02:03:22,800
culture more than the Roman's do
because they had to work harder,

2243
02:03:22,800 --> 02:03:26,300
to acquire it Romans. 
Take their Heritage for granted 

2244
02:03:26,300 --> 02:03:29,500
vandals and Goths and other 
barbarians choose. 

2245
02:03:29,500 --> 02:03:33,300
It deliberately his teaching 
style is rigorously traditional 

2246
02:03:33,300 --> 02:03:37,800
you read, Cicero and Virgil you 
practice writing in the periodic

2247
02:03:37,800 --> 02:03:41,400
style, you'll learn rhetorical 
devices and grammatical rules. 

2248
02:03:41,400 --> 02:03:44,900
Everything is exactly as it 
would have been taught a century

2249
02:03:44,900 --> 02:03:49,000
ago, you asked killed Rick, why 
he bothers Classical education 

2250
02:03:49,000 --> 02:03:52,900
has limited practical value. 
Now most people do not care 

2251
02:03:52,900 --> 02:03:55,500
about rhetoric. 
You could earn more money doing 

2252
02:03:55,500 --> 02:03:58,800
almost anything else. 
He considers the question 

2253
02:03:58,800 --> 02:04:01,400
carefully. 
He says he teaches because 

2254
02:04:01,400 --> 02:04:05,200
civilization is more than 
buildings and laws, it is a set 

2255
02:04:05,208 --> 02:04:08,000
of ideas transmitted through 
language and education. 

2256
02:04:08,000 --> 02:04:11,100
If the ideas are lost, then Rome
is truly dead. 

2257
02:04:11,100 --> 02:04:14,900
Regardless of what happens to 
the stones and structures By 

2258
02:04:14,900 --> 02:04:18,800
teaching you Cicero, he is 
preserving, not just a text, but

2259
02:04:18,800 --> 02:04:22,500
a way of thinking. 
Like insisting on proper grammar

2260
02:04:22,500 --> 02:04:25,700
is maintaining standards of 
precision and clarity. 

2261
02:04:26,600 --> 02:04:30,200
By drilling you in rhetoric, he 
is keeping alive the notion that

2262
02:04:30,200 --> 02:04:32,700
language matters and can be 
crafted with care. 

2263
02:04:33,900 --> 02:04:37,000
You have other students in the 
class, two young Romans from 

2264
02:04:37,000 --> 02:04:39,000
families that still value 
education. 

2265
02:04:39,000 --> 02:04:42,500
One is a Gothic woman who wants 
to read classical literature. 

2266
02:04:42,500 --> 02:04:46,000
One is a former soldier who 
decided learning his more 

2267
02:04:46,000 --> 02:04:49,400
interesting than fighting the 
class meets three times a week. 

2268
02:04:49,408 --> 02:04:52,900
He'll direct teaches in Latin 
but occasionally lapses into 

2269
02:04:52,900 --> 02:04:55,100
Vandal. 
When he gets excited about a 

2270
02:04:55,100 --> 02:04:56,700
particularly good, passage from 
Virgil. 

2271
02:04:56,700 --> 02:05:00,200
No one complains. 
You all understand enough Latin 

2272
02:05:00,200 --> 02:05:03,000
to follow the lessons. 
One day, Hildreth brings a 

2273
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:06,100
manuscript to acquired. 
It is a copy of cellists his 

2274
02:05:06,100 --> 02:05:08,800
history. 
The manuscript is old and the 

2275
02:05:08,800 --> 02:05:13,000
parchment is deteriorating. 
Hildreth copied the entire text 

2276
02:05:13,000 --> 02:05:16,000
himself, because he worries, the
original will not survive much 

2277
02:05:16,000 --> 02:05:18,600
longer. 
He shows you his copy, the 

2278
02:05:18,600 --> 02:05:21,700
handwriting is clear and 
careful, he corrected obvious 

2279
02:05:21,700 --> 02:05:25,000
errors in the original, he added
marginal notes, explaining 

2280
02:05:25,000 --> 02:05:28,800
obscure references, he treated 
the work with scholarly respect.

2281
02:05:28,800 --> 02:05:31,300
This Vandal Barbarian has 
preserved. 

2282
02:05:31,300 --> 02:05:33,800
A piece of Roman history. 
That Romans might have let 

2283
02:05:33,800 --> 02:05:36,900
disappear. 
The situation feels backwards. 

2284
02:05:37,800 --> 02:05:41,400
But it also makes perfect sense.
People who chose a culture 

2285
02:05:41,400 --> 02:05:44,800
often, appreciate it more than 
people who inherit it passively 

2286
02:05:45,700 --> 02:05:48,500
Your lessons can continue 
through the winter, you read, 

2287
02:05:48,500 --> 02:05:52,800
write and discuss. 
Hildreth assigns essays on 

2288
02:05:52,808 --> 02:05:55,800
classical themes. 
You struggle with the complex 

2289
02:05:55,800 --> 02:05:58,300
sentence structures, but improve
gradually. 

2290
02:05:59,500 --> 02:06:02,500
One evening Hill Rick invites, 
the whole class to his home for 

2291
02:06:02,500 --> 02:06:04,600
dinner. 
His house is modest, but 

2292
02:06:04,600 --> 02:06:08,200
comfortable. 
His wife is Roman, she serves a 

2293
02:06:08,200 --> 02:06:10,000
meal. 
That mixes Roman and Vandal 

2294
02:06:10,000 --> 02:06:12,700
dishes. 
You eat Roman bread with Vandal 

2295
02:06:12,700 --> 02:06:15,400
smoked fish. 
The combination is unusual but 

2296
02:06:15,400 --> 02:06:18,300
delicious. 
After dinner hildreth's wife 

2297
02:06:18,300 --> 02:06:21,200
tells stories about growing up 
in Rome, she remembers. 

2298
02:06:21,200 --> 02:06:23,400
When the city was more crowded 
and prosperous. 

2299
02:06:23,400 --> 02:06:26,800
She also remembers constant 
political instability and 

2300
02:06:26,800 --> 02:06:30,200
violence. she says, the current 
situation is actually more 

2301
02:06:30,200 --> 02:06:33,600
peaceful than what she 
experienced as child, her 

2302
02:06:33,600 --> 02:06:36,200
perspective surprises. 
You, you tend to think of the 

2303
02:06:36,200 --> 02:06:39,100
past as a golden age and the 
present is decline. 

2304
02:06:39,800 --> 02:06:42,300
But she lived through that past 
and found its stressful. 

2305
02:06:42,300 --> 02:06:45,500
The present may be poorer, but 
it is karma. 

2306
02:06:46,300 --> 02:06:49,100
Hildreth raises his cup and 
toasts to learning across 

2307
02:06:49,100 --> 02:06:52,500
boundaries, Romans and 
barbarians studying together. 

2308
02:06:52,500 --> 02:06:57,700
The old and new mixing freely, 
The future is being created by 

2309
02:06:57,700 --> 02:06:59,900
people who refused to let 
knowledge die. 

2310
02:07:00,700 --> 02:07:03,000
You drink to that. 
The wine is good. 

2311
02:07:03,000 --> 02:07:06,800
The company's Pleasant, you 
realize that Civilization is not

2312
02:07:06,800 --> 02:07:09,500
a fixed thing. 
Passed down intact from 

2313
02:07:09,500 --> 02:07:12,800
generation to generation. 
It is something recreated 

2314
02:07:12,800 --> 02:07:16,700
continuously by people who care 
enough to preserve it and adapt 

2315
02:07:16,700 --> 02:07:19,500
it and pass it forward. 
Hildreth. 

2316
02:07:19,500 --> 02:07:22,200
The Vandal is doing more for 
Roman civilization than many 

2317
02:07:22,200 --> 02:07:24,500
Romans. 
This fact would have astonished 

2318
02:07:24,500 --> 02:07:27,700
people a century ago. 
But it makes perfect sense. 

2319
02:07:27,700 --> 02:07:31,800
Now, Autumn arrives and you help
with the grain Harvest everyone 

2320
02:07:31,800 --> 02:07:34,400
helped. 
The distinction between City 

2321
02:07:34,400 --> 02:07:38,100
dweller and farmer has blurred. 
If you want to eat, you need to 

2322
02:07:38,100 --> 02:07:40,200
participate in food production 
at some level. 

2323
02:07:41,000 --> 02:07:44,100
The Harvest takes place on a 
state surrounding Rome, you join

2324
02:07:44,100 --> 02:07:46,800
a group walking out to one of 
the larger Villas, the owner 

2325
02:07:46,800 --> 02:07:49,100
agreed to feed everyone who 
helps bring in the grain. 

2326
02:07:49,100 --> 02:07:53,000
This is a fair exchange, your 
labor, for a share of the food. 

2327
02:07:53,000 --> 02:07:57,400
The work is hard, but social 40 
people spread across the field. 

2328
02:07:57,400 --> 02:08:00,800
With sickles, you cut grain 
stalks and bundle them into 

2329
02:08:00,800 --> 02:08:03,900
sheaves your back aches. 
After the first hour, but you 

2330
02:08:03,900 --> 02:08:06,900
keep going. 
Everyone keeps going the work 

2331
02:08:06,908 --> 02:08:10,000
must be finished before rain 
comes the atmosphere is 

2332
02:08:10,000 --> 02:08:12,200
cheerful, despite the labor 
people. 

2333
02:08:12,200 --> 02:08:15,500
Sing while they work. 
Old Romans songs, mixed with 

2334
02:08:15,500 --> 02:08:19,300
newer ones, borrowed from Gothic
or garlic Traditions, The 

2335
02:08:19,300 --> 02:08:22,900
Melodies blend together in 
Pleasant harmonies. a woman 

2336
02:08:22,900 --> 02:08:25,700
working next to you explains at 
this communal approach to 

2337
02:08:25,700 --> 02:08:29,600
harvest is becoming standard 
Individual families, cannot 

2338
02:08:29,600 --> 02:08:32,900
manage the work alone. 
So everyone, pulls labor and 

2339
02:08:32,900 --> 02:08:35,600
shares the results. 
It is more efficient and more 

2340
02:08:35,608 --> 02:08:37,500
enjoyable. 
You break for lunch. 

2341
02:08:38,300 --> 02:08:41,900
The Villa owner staff brings 
bread cheese and watered wine 

2342
02:08:41,900 --> 02:08:46,600
everyone sits in the shade meets
together the owner himself sits 

2343
02:08:46,600 --> 02:08:50,100
with the workers There is no 
formal separation between 

2344
02:08:50,100 --> 02:08:53,700
classes during Harvest. 
Everyone is equally necessary. 

2345
02:08:54,900 --> 02:08:56,900
After lunch, you returned to 
cutting grain. 

2346
02:08:56,900 --> 02:09:00,900
After noon is hot, but a breeze 
makes it bearable, you fall into

2347
02:09:00,900 --> 02:09:05,000
a rhythm cut bundle and stack, 
cut bundle stack. 

2348
02:09:05,900 --> 02:09:09,600
The repetitive motion becomes 
almost meditative by evening. 

2349
02:09:09,600 --> 02:09:12,700
The field is cleared. 
The grain stands in neat. 

2350
02:09:12,700 --> 02:09:14,000
Stacks. 
Ready for threshing? 

2351
02:09:14,000 --> 02:09:18,200
Everyone is exhausted. 
But satisfied, you accomplished.

2352
02:09:18,200 --> 02:09:22,100
Something tangible and 
important, the city will eat 

2353
02:09:22,100 --> 02:09:24,000
this winter because of today's 
work. 

2354
02:09:24,700 --> 02:09:28,300
The owner announces that dinner 
will be served long tables are 

2355
02:09:28,300 --> 02:09:31,800
set up in the Villa Courtyard. 
The meal is simple but generous 

2356
02:09:31,800 --> 02:09:37,300
roasted vegetables, bread beans,
and more wine you eat until you 

2357
02:09:37,300 --> 02:09:40,600
are full. 
After dinner, someone produces a

2358
02:09:40,600 --> 02:09:43,600
flute music. 
Starts a few people. 

2359
02:09:43,600 --> 02:09:46,100
Begin dancing. 
You watch from the edge of the 

2360
02:09:46,100 --> 02:09:49,100
courtyard, too tired to move but
happy to observe. 

2361
02:09:50,000 --> 02:09:53,300
This is not healthy things, 
worked under the old Empire back

2362
02:09:53,300 --> 02:09:56,700
then agricultural, labor was 
performed by slaves or tenant 

2363
02:09:56,700 --> 02:10:00,000
farmers. 
Freezers avoided manual work. 

2364
02:10:00,700 --> 02:10:03,100
Social classes remain strictly 
separated. 

2365
02:10:03,100 --> 02:10:06,700
Now everyone works. 
Everyone needs together. 

2366
02:10:07,400 --> 02:10:09,600
The old hierarchies are 
weakening under economic 

2367
02:10:09,600 --> 02:10:13,000
pressure. 
When labor is scarce, it gains 

2368
02:10:13,000 --> 02:10:16,300
value. 
When food is precious those who 

2369
02:10:16,300 --> 02:10:19,800
produce it, gain status. 
You sleep in the Villas Barn, 

2370
02:10:19,800 --> 02:10:21,800
along with dozens of other 
Harvest workers. 

2371
02:10:21,800 --> 02:10:24,500
The accommodations are basic but
adequate. 

2372
02:10:24,500 --> 02:10:28,400
Hey provides padding, blankets, 
provide warmth. 

2373
02:10:29,000 --> 02:10:31,200
You're so tired that Comfort 
hardly matters. 

2374
02:10:32,000 --> 02:10:33,500
In the morning, you help with 
threshing. 

2375
02:10:33,500 --> 02:10:37,100
The grain sheaves are spread on 
a stone floor and beaten with 

2376
02:10:37,100 --> 02:10:39,900
flails. 
The rhythmic pounding creates a 

2377
02:10:39,900 --> 02:10:43,800
steady beat Someone starts 
singing in the work becomes 

2378
02:10:43,800 --> 02:10:46,800
synchronized with the music. 
This communal labor will 

2379
02:10:46,800 --> 02:10:50,600
continue through the week 
threshing winnowing and backing 

2380
02:10:50,600 --> 02:10:53,700
the grain everyone who helps 
will receive a share. 

2381
02:10:53,700 --> 02:10:57,500
The Villa owner will keep a 
larger portion but everyone gets

2382
02:10:57,500 --> 02:11:00,500
something. 
The system is fair enough, it 

2383
02:11:00,500 --> 02:11:04,100
rewards participation it 
distributes food based on 

2384
02:11:04,100 --> 02:11:06,900
contribution. 
It creates bonds between people 

2385
02:11:06,900 --> 02:11:08,900
who might otherwise have little 
in common. 

2386
02:11:09,600 --> 02:11:13,300
You think about how Rome used to
feed itself grain from Egypt and

2387
02:11:13,300 --> 02:11:16,200
Africa? 
Ships bringing bulk supplies 

2388
02:11:16,200 --> 02:11:20,100
government distribution to 
citizens The system was 

2389
02:11:20,100 --> 02:11:23,100
efficient but fragile it. 
Required infrastructure 

2390
02:11:23,100 --> 02:11:25,500
organization and political 
stability. 

2391
02:11:26,500 --> 02:11:29,300
The current system is less 
efficient, but more robust. 

2392
02:11:30,000 --> 02:11:34,100
If one Harvest fails people can 
turn to another estate, if one 

2393
02:11:34,100 --> 02:11:38,300
region has problems, other 
regions can help the network is 

2394
02:11:38,300 --> 02:11:42,000
decentralized and flexible. 
You finish your work and receive

2395
02:11:42,000 --> 02:11:45,400
your share of grain enough to 
last your household, two months.

2396
02:11:45,400 --> 02:11:49,000
If you use carefully, you thank 
the owner and begin the walk 

2397
02:11:49,000 --> 02:11:51,900
back to Rome. 
On the road, you talk with other

2398
02:11:51,900 --> 02:11:55,700
workers, they discuss whether 
predictions planting plans for 

2399
02:11:55,700 --> 02:11:58,400
next season and the quality of 
this year's Harvest. 

2400
02:11:59,500 --> 02:12:02,500
The conversations revealed deep 
knowledge of Agriculture that 

2401
02:12:02,500 --> 02:12:04,600
Romans used to consider beneath 
their dignity. 

2402
02:12:05,600 --> 02:12:09,100
Times of change knowledge of 
farming is now valuable 

2403
02:12:09,100 --> 02:12:12,100
practical skills matter more 
than classical education. 

2404
02:12:12,100 --> 02:12:17,200
You can quote Virgil, but you 
can also cut grain, you know, 

2405
02:12:17,208 --> 02:12:20,800
which skill keeps you alive, a 
religious Festival approaches. 

2406
02:12:20,800 --> 02:12:25,000
The celebration Blends Christian
and older traditions in ways 

2407
02:12:25,000 --> 02:12:28,300
that would confuse a strict 
Theologian, but make perfect 

2408
02:12:28,300 --> 02:12:32,200
sense to Ordinary People. 
The festival supposedly on as a 

2409
02:12:32,200 --> 02:12:36,000
Christian martyr but the date 
coincides with an older, Roman 

2410
02:12:36,000 --> 02:12:39,500
agricultural celebration, the 
activities include both 

2411
02:12:39,500 --> 02:12:42,200
Christian prayers and rituals 
that have Roots going back. 

2412
02:12:42,200 --> 02:12:46,200
Centuries before Christianity 
arrived, you attend the festival

2413
02:12:46,200 --> 02:12:49,600
because everyone attends the 
event combines worship 

2414
02:12:49,600 --> 02:12:54,200
socializing and entertainment 
the whole Community gathers, 

2415
02:12:54,200 --> 02:12:55,900
regardless of their specific 
beliefs. 

2416
02:12:56,800 --> 02:13:00,100
The day begins with a church 
service, the bishop leads 

2417
02:13:00,100 --> 02:13:02,700
prayers and gives a sermon about
the martyrs courage. 

2418
02:13:03,500 --> 02:13:07,100
The story is inspiring. 
The Martyr refused to worship 

2419
02:13:07,100 --> 02:13:09,400
pagan gods and died for his 
fake. 

2420
02:13:10,600 --> 02:13:13,200
His example, teachers that 
principles matter more than 

2421
02:13:13,200 --> 02:13:16,300
comfort. 
After the service, people moved 

2422
02:13:16,300 --> 02:13:19,300
to the town square. 
Vendor set up stalls, selling 

2423
02:13:19,300 --> 02:13:23,900
food and small Goods. 
Musicians perform children run 

2424
02:13:23,900 --> 02:13:27,600
around playing games, the 
atmosphere shifts from solemn 

2425
02:13:27,600 --> 02:13:32,400
worship to cheerful celebration.
You buy roasted chestnuts from a

2426
02:13:32,400 --> 02:13:34,200
vendor. 
The chestnuts are hot and 

2427
02:13:34,200 --> 02:13:36,600
delicious. 
You chat with the vendor about 

2428
02:13:36,600 --> 02:13:40,200
whether and crops he is 
cautiously optimistic about the 

2429
02:13:40,200 --> 02:13:42,700
coming winter. 
Food Supplies. 

2430
02:13:42,700 --> 02:13:46,600
Seem adequate. 
A procession forms, people carry

2431
02:13:46,600 --> 02:13:50,000
a statue of the Martyr through 
the streets, the procession 

2432
02:13:50,000 --> 02:13:53,800
follows a route that happens to 
pass several locations that were

2433
02:13:53,800 --> 02:13:58,600
sacred in pre-christian times. 
This is not accidental, the 

2434
02:13:58,600 --> 02:14:02,300
church wisely incorporates older
sacred geography into new 

2435
02:14:02,300 --> 02:14:07,200
practices music accompanies. 
The procession Christian hymns 

2436
02:14:07,200 --> 02:14:09,500
mixed with older Melodies that 
your grandmother would 

2437
02:14:09,500 --> 02:14:13,200
recognize. 
The blending feels natural, the 

2438
02:14:13,200 --> 02:14:16,500
distinction, between Christian 
and pre-christian is less clear 

2439
02:14:16,500 --> 02:14:20,300
in practice than in theory. 
You join the procession? 

2440
02:14:21,200 --> 02:14:24,700
Walking together creates a sense
of community, your part of 

2441
02:14:24,700 --> 02:14:28,300
something larger than yourself. 
This feeling was important to 

2442
02:14:28,300 --> 02:14:30,900
Romans in the old Empire and 
remains important now. 

2443
02:14:31,700 --> 02:14:33,400
The processional ends at a 
church. 

2444
02:14:33,400 --> 02:14:37,500
The bishop offers final prayers.
He thanks God for the Harvest 

2445
02:14:37,500 --> 02:14:41,400
and asked for protection during 
winter everyone says amen 

2446
02:14:41,400 --> 02:14:43,700
together. 
The unified response. 

2447
02:14:43,700 --> 02:14:47,700
Creates a powerful moment of 
shared purpose after the 

2448
02:14:47,700 --> 02:14:51,600
religious portion ends. 
The Real Party begins tables are

2449
02:14:51,600 --> 02:14:54,800
set up for a communal, Feast 
every family brings food to 

2450
02:14:54,800 --> 02:14:57,600
share. 
The result is an enormous spread

2451
02:14:57,600 --> 02:15:00,500
of dishes representing every 
household in the community. 

2452
02:15:00,500 --> 02:15:03,500
You can contribute bread and 
cheese, others. 

2453
02:15:03,500 --> 02:15:06,200
Bring vegetables meat fish fruit
and wine. 

2454
02:15:06,200 --> 02:15:09,200
The variety is impressive 
considering how limited 

2455
02:15:09,200 --> 02:15:12,400
resources are. 
People have saved and prepared 

2456
02:15:12,400 --> 02:15:15,100
for this event, the meal is 
wonderfully chaotic. 

2457
02:15:15,100 --> 02:15:19,400
Everyone eats from shared 
platters conversations overlap, 

2458
02:15:19,400 --> 02:15:23,500
children, run between tables, 
stealing treats old people tell 

2459
02:15:23,500 --> 02:15:26,300
stories, young people flirt and 
laugh. 

2460
02:15:26,300 --> 02:15:29,300
The festival creates space for 
every kind of social 

2461
02:15:29,300 --> 02:15:31,900
interaction. 
You sit with a mixed group 

2462
02:15:31,900 --> 02:15:35,700
Romans, and Goths old and young,
rich and poor. 

2463
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:40,400
The festival erases normal. 
Boundaries for one day, everyone

2464
02:15:40,400 --> 02:15:43,000
is simply a member of the 
community celebrating together. 

2465
02:15:43,900 --> 02:15:48,300
Someone proposes a toast to the 
Martyr everyone raises cups then

2466
02:15:48,300 --> 02:15:52,300
someone else proposes a toast to
the Harvest more cups arrays, 

2467
02:15:52,300 --> 02:15:56,300
then toast to health piece, 
friendship, and anything else, 

2468
02:15:56,300 --> 02:15:58,900
people can think of the wine 
flows. 

2469
02:15:58,900 --> 02:16:02,300
Freely, as evening, approaches 
dancing Begins. 

2470
02:16:02,300 --> 02:16:05,800
The dance is a traditional Roman
patterns, that everyone knows. 

2471
02:16:06,700 --> 02:16:10,200
Simple Circle, dances and line 
dances that require no special 

2472
02:16:10,200 --> 02:16:13,400
skill. 
The point is participation not 

2473
02:16:13,400 --> 02:16:17,200
performance. 
You join the dancing, the 

2474
02:16:17,200 --> 02:16:19,000
movements are easy and 
repetitive. 

2475
02:16:19,000 --> 02:16:23,300
The music is Lively, you dance 
until you're out of breath and 

2476
02:16:23,300 --> 02:16:26,500
laughing around you. 
The whole Community moves 

2477
02:16:26,500 --> 02:16:30,400
together in Rhythm. 
This is civilization not marble 

2478
02:16:30,400 --> 02:16:35,200
buildings or complex laws this 
shared celebration this coming 

2479
02:16:35,200 --> 02:16:38,600
together this creation of 
community Through ritual and 

2480
02:16:38,600 --> 02:16:42,299
feast and dance. 
The old Empire had Grand 

2481
02:16:42,299 --> 02:16:44,400
architecture, and a 
sophisticated government. 

2482
02:16:45,200 --> 02:16:49,200
It also had festivals like this.
The architecture is crumbling 

2483
02:16:49,200 --> 02:16:54,200
and the government is gone. 
But the festivals continue, they

2484
02:16:54,200 --> 02:16:58,100
adapt and change, but they 
persist because people need 

2485
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:00,299
them. 
You leave the festival as 

2486
02:17:00,299 --> 02:17:03,400
Darkness Falls torches. 
Like your way home. 

2487
02:17:03,400 --> 02:17:07,000
You can hear music and laughter 
continuing behind you. 

2488
02:17:07,000 --> 02:17:09,100
The party will go on for hours. 
Yet. 

2489
02:17:09,100 --> 02:17:12,600
In your apartment you reflect on
what you experienced. 

2490
02:17:13,600 --> 02:17:17,900
Festival was Christian in name, 
but Roman instructure and mixed 

2491
02:17:17,900 --> 02:17:21,000
in practice. 
The church has not destroyed 

2492
02:17:21,000 --> 02:17:24,799
older Traditions, it is absorbed
them and give them new meaning, 

2493
02:17:24,799 --> 02:17:28,799
this is how cultures really 
change not through dramatic 

2494
02:17:28,799 --> 02:17:31,299
breaks, but through gradual 
Incorporation. 

2495
02:17:32,100 --> 02:17:35,200
The new takes the shell of the 
old and fills it with different 

2496
02:17:35,200 --> 02:17:38,500
content. 
Forms remained familiar even as 

2497
02:17:38,500 --> 02:17:41,600
their significant shifts. 
You fall asleep, thinking about 

2498
02:17:41,600 --> 02:17:45,500
continuity and transformation. 
The two are not opposites. 

2499
02:17:45,500 --> 02:17:48,900
They are Partners in the endless
process of human adaptation. 

2500
02:17:49,600 --> 02:17:51,000
Winter. 
Settles over Rome. 

2501
02:17:51,000 --> 02:17:54,700
The days are short and cold. 
You spend evenings by your small

2502
02:17:54,700 --> 02:17:58,000
Brazier, trying to stay warm. 
The apartment is never quite 

2503
02:17:58,000 --> 02:18:00,799
comfortable, but it is better 
than being outside. 

2504
02:18:01,700 --> 02:18:05,000
One night, you cannot sleep. 
You wrap yourself in blankets 

2505
02:18:05,000 --> 02:18:07,100
and sit by the window. 
Looking out at the city. 

2506
02:18:07,900 --> 02:18:11,700
The moon is full and bright, the
old buildings cast sharp 

2507
02:18:11,700 --> 02:18:14,900
Shadows, everything looks silver
and black. 

2508
02:18:14,900 --> 02:18:18,700
You think about all the changes 
you've witnessed the shrinking 

2509
02:18:18,700 --> 02:18:22,000
population? 
The abandoned buildings, the new

2510
02:18:22,000 --> 02:18:24,700
powers arise in the blending of 
cultures. 

2511
02:18:24,700 --> 02:18:28,600
The transformation of everything
familiar into something stranger

2512
02:18:28,600 --> 02:18:31,900
yet recognizable. 
For the first time, you truly 

2513
02:18:31,900 --> 02:18:35,600
understand that the Roman Empire
is gone, not gone in the sense 

2514
02:18:35,600 --> 02:18:39,100
of completely vanished gone in 
the sense that it has become 

2515
02:18:39,100 --> 02:18:42,100
something else. 
Entirely the Chrysalis is split 

2516
02:18:42,100 --> 02:18:44,000
open and something new is 
emerging. 

2517
02:18:45,000 --> 02:18:47,500
This realization makes you feel 
unmoored. 

2518
02:18:47,500 --> 02:18:50,799
Your whole identity was built on
being Roman. 

2519
02:18:51,600 --> 02:18:55,000
But what does that mean now? 
The old definition is no longer,

2520
02:18:55,000 --> 02:18:58,000
apply the Empire, you were 
taught to honor exist. 

2521
02:18:58,000 --> 02:19:01,200
Only in memory and books yet, 
you are still here. 

2522
02:19:01,200 --> 02:19:06,000
The city is still here, the 
language is still here, the laws

2523
02:19:06,000 --> 02:19:08,700
and customs and ways of thinking
are still here. 

2524
02:19:08,700 --> 02:19:13,900
They have changed but they 
persist Maybe being Roman means 

2525
02:19:13,900 --> 02:19:16,200
something different now than it 
did a century ago. 

2526
02:19:17,100 --> 02:19:20,600
You think about Hildreth the 
Vandal teaching rhetoric about 

2527
02:19:20,600 --> 02:19:24,900
theodoric, the goth ruling from 
a Roman Throne about the bishop 

2528
02:19:24,900 --> 02:19:29,500
organizing Social Services about
the monks copying books about 

2529
02:19:29,500 --> 02:19:32,799
Farmers sharing harvests. 
None of these things would have 

2530
02:19:32,808 --> 02:19:36,000
happened under the old Empire 
yet, all of them preserves 

2531
02:19:36,000 --> 02:19:40,400
something essentially Roman, 
even while transforming it Maybe

2532
02:19:40,400 --> 02:19:43,700
civilization is not a fixed 
thing passed down on changed. 

2533
02:19:43,700 --> 02:19:47,600
Maybe it is a conversation 
across Generations, each age 

2534
02:19:47,600 --> 02:19:50,900
receives what the previous age 
created and then adapted it to 

2535
02:19:50,908 --> 02:19:53,200
current needs before passing it 
Forward again. 

2536
02:19:54,000 --> 02:19:57,100
The moon moves across the sky. 
The shadows shift. 

2537
02:19:57,100 --> 02:20:00,600
You remain at your window, 
thinking about continuity and 

2538
02:20:00,600 --> 02:20:03,000
change. 
In the morning things will look 

2539
02:20:03,000 --> 02:20:05,500
the same. 
As always you will buy bread and

2540
02:20:05,500 --> 02:20:07,500
chat with neighbors and go about
your business. 

2541
02:20:08,400 --> 02:20:12,100
The dramatic thoughts of a 
sleepless night will fade life 

2542
02:20:12,100 --> 02:20:16,800
will resume its normal patterns.
But something has shifted in 

2543
02:20:16,800 --> 02:20:20,600
your understanding. you see now 
that you live in a transitional 

2544
02:20:20,600 --> 02:20:25,600
moment, The old world is dying, 
but slowly, the new world is 

2545
02:20:25,600 --> 02:20:29,700
being born, but gradually. 
Most people do not even notice 

2546
02:20:29,700 --> 02:20:32,600
because the changes happen 
across decades and generations. 

2547
02:20:33,800 --> 02:20:35,800
Your fortunate to recognize what
is happening. 

2548
02:20:35,800 --> 02:20:38,900
This awareness will not change 
your daily life. 

2549
02:20:38,900 --> 02:20:42,800
You will still need to eat and 
find work and maintain shelter. 

2550
02:20:43,800 --> 02:20:46,200
But it gives meaning to the 
small Transformations. 

2551
02:20:46,200 --> 02:20:50,700
You observe every Gothic word 
entering Latin every church is 

2552
02:20:50,700 --> 02:20:54,300
from Temple Stones. 
Every Villa is becoming a 

2553
02:20:54,300 --> 02:20:57,000
village. 
Every Monk Is copying a book. 

2554
02:20:57,000 --> 02:20:59,600
Every Harvest was shared 
communally. 

2555
02:21:00,900 --> 02:21:04,200
These are not random of events. 
They are pieces of a larger 

2556
02:21:04,200 --> 02:21:06,700
pattern that will become clear 
only in retrospect. 

2557
02:21:07,800 --> 02:21:11,300
You finally, feel sleepy your 
return to your bed and pull the 

2558
02:21:11,300 --> 02:21:16,000
blankets tight outside the city,
sleeps under Moonlight, the old 

2559
02:21:16,000 --> 02:21:18,400
walls stand, as they have stood 
for centuries. 

2560
02:21:18,400 --> 02:21:23,000
The new churches, rest in 
darkness, Future Waits patiently

2561
02:21:23,000 --> 02:21:26,200
to unfold. 
Spring arrives with unexpected, 

2562
02:21:26,200 --> 02:21:30,200
warmth, the flowers bloom early 
the farmers predict a good 

2563
02:21:30,208 --> 02:21:33,000
growing season. 
Hope feels possible after the 

2564
02:21:33,000 --> 02:21:36,600
long cold winter. 
You decide to plant a garden a 

2565
02:21:36,600 --> 02:21:39,400
small plot behind your building 
has sat unused for years. 

2566
02:21:39,400 --> 02:21:43,000
You claim it and begin 
preparing, the soil, the work is

2567
02:21:43,000 --> 02:21:46,100
harder than expected. 
The ground is packed, hard and 

2568
02:21:46,100 --> 02:21:48,600
full of rocks. 
Your neighbor sees you working 

2569
02:21:48,600 --> 02:21:50,700
and offers advice. 
She grew vegetables. 

2570
02:21:50,700 --> 02:21:54,000
When she was younger, she 
teaches you about soil 

2571
02:21:54,000 --> 02:21:58,000
preparation and planting times. 
You listen, carefully and follow

2572
02:21:58,000 --> 02:22:01,300
her instructions? 
Over several weeks, you create a

2573
02:22:01,300 --> 02:22:05,000
functioning Garden beans, 
onions, lettuce and herbs. 

2574
02:22:05,000 --> 02:22:08,500
The plants are small, but 
healthy, you water them every 

2575
02:22:08,500 --> 02:22:11,300
evening and watch them grow. 
This is new for you. 

2576
02:22:12,200 --> 02:22:14,800
Romans of your class 
traditionally did not guard and 

2577
02:22:15,600 --> 02:22:19,500
that was work for farmers and 
slaves, but class, distinctions 

2578
02:22:19,500 --> 02:22:22,400
mean, less. 
Now, everyone does what needs to

2579
02:22:22,400 --> 02:22:24,900
be done? 
You find satisfaction in the 

2580
02:22:24,900 --> 02:22:27,100
work. 
The garden responds to care. 

2581
02:22:27,100 --> 02:22:30,400
Watering and weeding produced 
visible results. 

2582
02:22:30,400 --> 02:22:34,000
You feel connected to the Earth 
in ways you never experienced 

2583
02:22:34,000 --> 02:22:36,700
before? 
Other people in your building, 

2584
02:22:36,700 --> 02:22:40,000
notice the garden and ask if 
they can help you agree. 

2585
02:22:40,700 --> 02:22:42,500
The garden becomes a communal 
project. 

2586
02:22:42,500 --> 02:22:46,500
Several families, contribute, 
labor, and everyone shares the 

2587
02:22:46,500 --> 02:22:49,500
Harvest. 
This small cooperation reveals 

2588
02:22:49,500 --> 02:22:53,300
how Society is reorganizing 
itself people form voluntary 

2589
02:22:53,300 --> 02:22:55,500
associations based on Mutual 
benefit? 

2590
02:22:56,300 --> 02:22:59,700
The old hierarchies based on 
class and Status are being 

2591
02:22:59,708 --> 02:23:02,900
replaced by networks based on 
reciprocity and Trust. 

2592
02:23:03,700 --> 02:23:07,800
Your garden thrives by early 
summer your harvesting lettuce 

2593
02:23:07,800 --> 02:23:10,000
and beans. 
The produce is fresh and 

2594
02:23:10,000 --> 02:23:12,300
delicious. 
You eat better than you have in 

2595
02:23:12,300 --> 02:23:16,200
months, the garden will become a
social Center neighbor stopped 

2596
02:23:16,200 --> 02:23:19,600
by to check on the plants 
conversations happen naturally. 

2597
02:23:20,300 --> 02:23:22,900
You learn things about people 
who have lived in your building 

2598
02:23:22,900 --> 02:23:25,000
for years, but whom you barely 
knew before. 

2599
02:23:26,300 --> 02:23:29,900
One neighbor is a widow who used
to work as a seamstress, another

2600
02:23:29,900 --> 02:23:32,300
is a former soldier who lost his
leg in battle. 

2601
02:23:33,300 --> 02:23:35,200
Third is a young couple with two
children. 

2602
02:23:36,100 --> 02:23:39,300
They all have stories and skills
and knowledge to share the 

2603
02:23:39,300 --> 02:23:43,200
garden creates opportunities. 
For exchange, the seamstress 

2604
02:23:43,200 --> 02:23:45,500
repairs, your cloak in return 
for vegetables. 

2605
02:23:46,500 --> 02:23:49,500
Former Soldier teaches you how 
to sharpen tools. 

2606
02:23:50,100 --> 02:23:53,400
The young couple helps with 
heavy work in exchange, for a 

2607
02:23:53,400 --> 02:23:56,500
share of the Harvest. 
These informal barter 

2608
02:23:56,500 --> 02:23:59,000
arrangements are becoming the 
foundation of the local economy.

2609
02:23:59,800 --> 02:24:02,600
Money is scarce. 
So people trade goods and 

2610
02:24:02,600 --> 02:24:06,100
services directly. 
The system works because 

2611
02:24:06,100 --> 02:24:09,300
everyone has something to offer 
and everyone needs something 

2612
02:24:09,300 --> 02:24:11,800
from others. 
You think about how different 

2613
02:24:11,800 --> 02:24:15,400
this is from the old Empire. 
Back then most transactions 

2614
02:24:15,400 --> 02:24:18,900
involved money. 
Services were professionalized. 

2615
02:24:18,900 --> 02:24:22,700
People interacted through formal
markets and legal contracts. 

2616
02:24:23,400 --> 02:24:26,700
Now interaction is more personal
and direct you know, the people 

2617
02:24:26,700 --> 02:24:29,600
you trade with you, trust them 
because you live near them and 

2618
02:24:29,600 --> 02:24:33,200
see them regularly. 
Reputation matters more than 

2619
02:24:33,200 --> 02:24:36,800
formal credentials. 
The garden produces through the 

2620
02:24:36,800 --> 02:24:39,700
summer. 
You learn by doing some plants. 

2621
02:24:39,700 --> 02:24:43,300
Thrive, others fail. 
You adjust your approach based 

2622
02:24:43,300 --> 02:24:46,300
on results. 
This practical education is 

2623
02:24:46,300 --> 02:24:49,900
valuable in ways that book 
learning never was by Autumn. 

2624
02:24:49,900 --> 02:24:54,100
You're an experienced Gardener 
not an expert, but competent. 

2625
02:24:54,800 --> 02:24:57,500
You know what works in this 
particular soil, under these 

2626
02:24:57,500 --> 02:25:01,200
specific conditions, your 
knowledge is local and practical

2627
02:25:01,200 --> 02:25:04,100
and hard one, the other 
gardeners in your building have 

2628
02:25:04,100 --> 02:25:07,500
similar stories, a started 
knowing nothing and learned 

2629
02:25:07,500 --> 02:25:10,300
through trial and error. 
The collective knowledge of the 

2630
02:25:10,300 --> 02:25:12,800
group is now substantial you 
harvest. 

2631
02:25:12,800 --> 02:25:15,800
The last of the summer crops and
prepare the garden for winter. 

2632
02:25:16,700 --> 02:25:20,100
Some of the plants will regrow 
in Spring others, you will 

2633
02:25:20,100 --> 02:25:22,600
replant. 
You already know what you will 

2634
02:25:22,600 --> 02:25:26,100
do differently next year. 
As you work, you realize the 

2635
02:25:26,100 --> 02:25:28,800
garden is a perfect metaphor for
everything happening in the 

2636
02:25:28,800 --> 02:25:31,500
world. 
The old Empire was like a formal

2637
02:25:31,500 --> 02:25:34,100
garden with strict plans and 
professional maintenance. 

2638
02:25:34,100 --> 02:25:38,800
That Garden is overgrown now but
new Gardens are sprouting 

2639
02:25:38,800 --> 02:25:41,700
everywhere. 
Small plots tended by Ordinary 

2640
02:25:41,700 --> 02:25:45,600
People less Grand than the old 
formal guardians, but more 

2641
02:25:45,600 --> 02:25:50,600
resilient if one fails others, 
continue the system survives 

2642
02:25:50,600 --> 02:25:54,000
through, diversity and 
adaptation, You finish preparing

2643
02:25:54,000 --> 02:25:56,800
the garden for winter, and stand
back to admire your work. 

2644
02:25:56,800 --> 02:26:01,000
It is not much. 
Small plot of Earth behind a 

2645
02:26:01,000 --> 02:26:02,600
decrepit building and a 
shrinking City. 

2646
02:26:03,400 --> 02:26:07,800
But it is yours and it produces 
food and it connects you to your

2647
02:26:07,808 --> 02:26:09,900
neighbor's. 
This is enough. 

2648
02:26:09,900 --> 02:26:15,400
This is actually everything that
matters, chapter 15, The Future 

2649
02:26:15,400 --> 02:26:17,800
that already arrived. 
Years. 

2650
02:26:17,800 --> 02:26:22,000
Pass you grow older, the 
changes, you observed continue. 

2651
02:26:22,700 --> 02:26:26,500
Rome shrinks further. 
The population stabilizes at a 

2652
02:26:26,500 --> 02:26:29,500
lower level. 
The city reimagines itself as a 

2653
02:26:29,500 --> 02:26:32,100
church Center rather than an 
imperial capital. 

2654
02:26:33,000 --> 02:26:34,500
You attend your neighbor's 
funeral. 

2655
02:26:34,500 --> 02:26:39,500
She lived in 95, she saw the 
Empire at its height and watched

2656
02:26:39,500 --> 02:26:44,100
it transformed completely. 
She adapted to every change and 

2657
02:26:44,100 --> 02:26:45,800
maintained her dignity 
throughout. 

2658
02:26:47,100 --> 02:26:50,000
Funeral the bishop speaks about 
continuity through faith. 

2659
02:26:50,800 --> 02:26:54,000
He suggests that Earthly 
Empires, rise and fall, but 

2660
02:26:54,000 --> 02:26:58,000
spiritual truth, persists. this 
is a Christian interpretation, 

2661
02:26:58,000 --> 02:27:01,900
but it contains wisdom. 
You think about what persists 

2662
02:27:01,900 --> 02:27:05,000
language changes? 
But people still speak 

2663
02:27:05,000 --> 02:27:09,600
building's crumble of people, 
still build governments fall, 

2664
02:27:09,600 --> 02:27:11,900
but people still organize 
themselves. 

2665
02:27:12,900 --> 02:27:16,000
Forms change, but human needs 
and human. 

2666
02:27:16,000 --> 02:27:19,200
Creativity. 
Continue your cousin visits from

2667
02:27:19,200 --> 02:27:21,700
Ravenna. 
He's middle-aged now with grown 

2668
02:27:21,700 --> 02:27:24,800
children. 
He tells you that theodoric died

2669
02:27:24,800 --> 02:27:26,400
and was succeeded by his 
grandson. 

2670
02:27:26,400 --> 02:27:29,300
The gothic Kingdom continues to 
function. 

2671
02:27:29,300 --> 02:27:33,500
Life goes on. 
You tell him about your guardian

2672
02:27:33,500 --> 02:27:35,600
and your tutoring session with 
Hillary. 

2673
02:27:35,600 --> 02:27:39,700
He approves of both practical 
skills and classical learning. 

2674
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:43,100
The combination is necessary for
the new age. 

2675
02:27:43,800 --> 02:27:46,300
He asks, if you ever regret 
living through such dramatic 

2676
02:27:46,300 --> 02:27:48,600
changes, you can consider the 
question carefully. 

2677
02:27:48,600 --> 02:27:52,300
The answer is complicated. 
You lost many things. 

2678
02:27:52,300 --> 02:27:56,500
The security of the old system, 
the Grandeur of the Imperial 

2679
02:27:56,500 --> 02:28:00,000
City, the certainty that came 
from Clear, hierarchies and 

2680
02:28:00,000 --> 02:28:03,600
roles these losses are real and 
sometimes painful. 

2681
02:28:03,600 --> 02:28:07,300
But you gained things too 
Community, connections, 

2682
02:28:07,300 --> 02:28:11,400
practical skills, understanding 
that life continues, even when 

2683
02:28:11,400 --> 02:28:14,600
systems collapse. 
Appreciation for what truly 

2684
02:28:14,600 --> 02:28:17,800
matters vs. 
What merely appears important on

2685
02:28:17,800 --> 02:28:19,600
balance. 
You do not regret your life. 

2686
02:28:19,600 --> 02:28:22,500
You adapted. 
When adaptation was necessary, 

2687
02:28:22,500 --> 02:28:25,700
you preserved, what you could 
you contributed? 

2688
02:28:25,700 --> 02:28:26,800
What you were able to 
contribute? 

2689
02:28:26,800 --> 02:28:30,600
This is enough. 
Your cousins stays for a week. 

2690
02:28:30,600 --> 02:28:34,400
You show him around Rome. 
He Marvels at how much is 

2691
02:28:34,400 --> 02:28:37,900
changed since his last visit 
whole neighborhoods are 

2692
02:28:37,900 --> 02:28:42,700
abandoned churches have replaced
temples Gardens grow in former 

2693
02:28:42,700 --> 02:28:45,200
public Square's. 
Yet the city remains 

2694
02:28:45,200 --> 02:28:49,200
recognizably roam, the Seven 
Hills still shape the landscape.

2695
02:28:49,200 --> 02:28:53,200
The Tiber still flows through 
the center, the ancient wall, 

2696
02:28:53,200 --> 02:28:57,600
still Define the boundaries 
Physical reality persists, even 

2697
02:28:57,600 --> 02:29:01,600
as its meaning transforms. 
On his last evening, you sit 

2698
02:29:01,600 --> 02:29:04,000
together drinking wine and 
talking about the future. 

2699
02:29:04,000 --> 02:29:08,600
Your cousin is optimistic. 
He believes the new kingdoms 

2700
02:29:08,600 --> 02:29:11,200
will stabilize trade will 
recover? 

2701
02:29:11,200 --> 02:29:15,900
Population will grow again? 
Civilization will rebuild on New

2702
02:29:15,900 --> 02:29:19,300
Foundations, you're less 
certain, but you hope he is 

2703
02:29:19,300 --> 02:29:22,100
right. 
The future is always uncertain. 

2704
02:29:22,100 --> 02:29:25,900
The only guarantee is that 
change will continue how people 

2705
02:29:25,900 --> 02:29:28,500
respond to that change 
determines, whether the future 

2706
02:29:28,500 --> 02:29:30,300
is better or worse than the 
present. 

2707
02:29:31,100 --> 02:29:34,600
You walk your cousin to The City
Gate in the morning, you Embrace

2708
02:29:34,600 --> 02:29:38,500
and promise to write letters. 
He begins his journey North. 

2709
02:29:39,200 --> 02:29:42,100
You watch until he disappears 
around a bend in the road. 

2710
02:29:43,000 --> 02:29:45,100
Then you return to your 
apartment and your daily 

2711
02:29:45,100 --> 02:29:47,400
routines. 
There is work to be done. 

2712
02:29:47,400 --> 02:29:51,400
The garden needs attention. 
He'll drink expect you at your 

2713
02:29:51,408 --> 02:29:55,700
lesson, the communal meal 
requires your contribution life 

2714
02:29:55,700 --> 02:29:58,300
continues, Empires, rise and 
fall. 

2715
02:29:58,300 --> 02:30:02,000
But people endure, they adapt 
and persist and create meaning 

2716
02:30:02,000 --> 02:30:04,100
in whatever circumstances they 
face. 

2717
02:30:04,900 --> 02:30:07,300
This is the real lesson of 
Rome's transformation. 

2718
02:30:08,200 --> 02:30:11,100
The Empire ended not with 
apocalypse, but with gradual 

2719
02:30:11,100 --> 02:30:13,700
adjustment. 
The dramatic Narrative of 

2720
02:30:13,700 --> 02:30:17,300
collapse is false, the truth is 
quieter and stranger. 

2721
02:30:18,400 --> 02:30:21,300
The old world slowly became a 
new world While most people 

2722
02:30:21,300 --> 02:30:24,200
simply live their lives and 
adapted as necessary. 

2723
02:30:25,000 --> 02:30:29,200
You are part of this story, not 
a hero, or a leader, just a 

2724
02:30:29,200 --> 02:30:32,000
person who witnessed change and 
responded as well as you could. 

2725
02:30:32,000 --> 02:30:36,000
Your contribution is small, but 
real, you helped build the 

2726
02:30:36,008 --> 02:30:38,900
future by maintaining Gardens 
and learning rhetoric and 

2727
02:30:38,900 --> 02:30:42,700
participating in the community. 
this is how history actually 

2728
02:30:42,700 --> 02:30:46,400
happens, not through the actions
of Emperors, and Generals alone 

2729
02:30:46,400 --> 02:30:49,900
through millions of ordinary 
people making small decisions 

2730
02:30:49,900 --> 02:30:54,200
that collectively create large 
patterns, You sit at your window

2731
02:30:54,200 --> 02:30:56,400
one last time watching the 
sunset paint. 

2732
02:30:56,400 --> 02:31:00,100
The old city in shades of gold. 
The buildings that remain 

2733
02:31:00,100 --> 02:31:02,000
standing Glow In The Fading 
light. 

2734
02:31:02,800 --> 02:31:06,400
The new churches, cast Long 
Shadows, the ancient and the 

2735
02:31:06,400 --> 02:31:10,100
modern exist side by side 
tomorrow will look much like 

2736
02:31:10,100 --> 02:31:12,500
today. 
The day after will look much 

2737
02:31:12,500 --> 02:31:16,600
like tomorrow change happens to 
slowly to perceive in any single

2738
02:31:16,600 --> 02:31:20,200
moment. but over years and 
decades and generations, 

2739
02:31:20,200 --> 02:31:24,600
everything transforms you have 
witnessed the end of one age, 

2740
02:31:24,600 --> 02:31:27,500
and the beginning of another, 
You have seen how the Roman 

2741
02:31:27,500 --> 02:31:30,400
world became the Medieval World 
through, countless small 

2742
02:31:30,400 --> 02:31:32,600
transformations. 
You have lived through 

2743
02:31:32,600 --> 02:31:34,600
history's, hinge point and 
survived. 

2744
02:31:35,300 --> 02:31:39,200
This knowledge brings peace, 
whatever comes next, people will

2745
02:31:39,200 --> 02:31:42,400
adapt, they will preserve what 
matters and discard. 

2746
02:31:42,400 --> 02:31:46,000
What does not, they will create 
new systems suited to new 

2747
02:31:46,000 --> 02:31:49,200
circumstances. 
Life will continue because life 

2748
02:31:49,200 --> 02:31:53,800
always continues the sun sets 
completely Darkness spreads 

2749
02:31:53,800 --> 02:31:56,500
across the city. 
You light a lamp and return to 

2750
02:31:56,500 --> 02:31:59,700
your evening tasks. 
The world keeps turning to 

2751
02:31:59,700 --> 02:32:02,200
tomorrow Waits with its own 
small dramas and quiet. 

2752
02:32:02,200 --> 02:32:05,000
Transformations, and you will be
there to witness them. 

2753
02:32:05,000 --> 02:32:09,500
As you have been there all along
A quiet Observer of Empires end 

2754
02:32:09,500 --> 02:32:12,400
and the patient emergence of 
whatever comes next. 

2755
02:32:12,400 --> 02:32:17,100
This is your story. 
This is everyone's Story the 

2756
02:32:17,100 --> 02:32:20,900
long slow, fascinating process 
of becoming something new while 

2757
02:32:20,900 --> 02:32:30,900
remaining somehow the same. 
Imagine living in ancient Greece

2758
02:32:30,900 --> 02:32:34,000
around 600 BCE. 
When the only technological 

2759
02:32:34,000 --> 02:32:36,600
concern you might have had, was 
whether your olive oil lamp 

2760
02:32:36,600 --> 02:32:39,500
would have enough fuel to last. 
The entire night, people who 

2761
02:32:39,500 --> 02:32:42,600
entered this world of basic 
tools and sophisticated ideas 

2762
02:32:42,600 --> 02:32:46,600
did something revolutionary. 
They began to ask why rather 

2763
02:32:46,600 --> 02:32:48,900
than merely accepting because 
the gods said. 

2764
02:32:48,900 --> 02:32:53,100
So instead of calling themselves
physicists, the first physicist 

2765
02:32:53,100 --> 02:32:57,000
called themselves natural 
philosophers, which sounds far 

2766
02:32:57,000 --> 02:32:59,500
more respectable than people who
spend too much time. 

2767
02:32:59,500 --> 02:33:01,800
Wondering why rocks, fall down 
instead of up. 

2768
02:33:02,400 --> 02:33:05,400
However, that's exactly what 
they were doing viewing. 

2769
02:33:05,400 --> 02:33:08,400
The everyday World from A New 
Perspective and rejecting. 

2770
02:33:08,400 --> 02:33:10,400
The idea that mystery was a 
sufficient explanation. 

2771
02:33:10,400 --> 02:33:12,800
For anything. 
One of these early wanders was 

2772
02:33:12,800 --> 02:33:16,700
thales of miletus who reportedly
spent so much time gazing up at 

2773
02:33:16,700 --> 02:33:18,200
the stars that he wants fell 
into a. 

2774
02:33:18,200 --> 02:33:21,800
Well, while out for a walk, 
according to reports his made 

2775
02:33:21,800 --> 02:33:24,800
fun of him by pointing out that 
he was attempting to comprehend,

2776
02:33:24,800 --> 02:33:27,800
the heavens while ignoring the 
ground beneath his feet. 

2777
02:33:27,800 --> 02:33:30,900
This may be the earliest known 
case of someone becoming so 

2778
02:33:30,900 --> 02:33:34,200
engrossed in theoretical physics
that they fail to observe their 

2779
02:33:34,200 --> 02:33:36,800
surroundings. 
A practice that is still common 

2780
02:33:36,800 --> 02:33:38,600
in physics, departments all over
the world. 

2781
02:33:38,600 --> 02:33:42,700
However, Sally's had a crucial 
Insight, according to his theory

2782
02:33:42,700 --> 02:33:44,900
water in. 
Its various forms makes up 

2783
02:33:44,908 --> 02:33:48,000
everything in the universe. 
Now, before you write this off 

2784
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:51,200
as our cake thinking, remember 
that he was putting forth a 

2785
02:33:51,200 --> 02:33:54,100
profound idea that the 
astounding diversity of the 

2786
02:33:54,100 --> 02:33:56,100
natural world could have 
straightforward underlying 

2787
02:33:56,100 --> 02:33:58,400
calls. 
Is he was completely correct? 

2788
02:33:58,400 --> 02:34:00,700
That the way forward was to look
for straightforward, 

2789
02:34:00,700 --> 02:34:04,200
explanations of complicated, 
Phenomena, but he was mistaken 

2790
02:34:04,200 --> 02:34:08,200
that water was the fundamental 
substance Democritus expanded on

2791
02:34:08,200 --> 02:34:11,300
this notion with the notion so 
revolutionary that it would not 

2792
02:34:11,300 --> 02:34:13,500
be fully comprehended for more 
than two Millennia. 

2793
02:34:13,500 --> 02:34:16,500
He proposed that cutting 
something into ever tinier 

2794
02:34:16,500 --> 02:34:19,500
pieces would eventually result 
in pieces that were too small to

2795
02:34:19,500 --> 02:34:21,400
cut. 
He referred to these fragments 

2796
02:34:21,400 --> 02:34:24,300
as atoms, which in Greek means 
uncuttable. 

2797
02:34:25,300 --> 02:34:28,100
In essence, Democritus was 
suggesting that the Universe was

2798
02:34:28,100 --> 02:34:31,300
composed of inconspicuous 
minuscule, building blocks. 

2799
02:34:31,300 --> 02:34:36,200
Akin to Cosmic Le g o pieces 
since Democritus lacked particle

2800
02:34:36,200 --> 02:34:39,400
accelerators and microscopes. 
It wasn't that he was accurate 

2801
02:34:39,400 --> 02:34:42,800
in every detail, rather, it was 
that he was thinking in the 

2802
02:34:42,800 --> 02:34:44,800
right way. 
He was saying that you could 

2803
02:34:44,800 --> 02:34:48,100
comprehend large complex things 
by comprehending their smallest 

2804
02:34:48,100 --> 02:34:50,800
components though. 
It would take centuries for 

2805
02:34:50,800 --> 02:34:53,000
anyone to figure out how to 
actually test these ideas. 

2806
02:34:53,000 --> 02:34:56,000
This reductionist approach would
have eventually become one of 

2807
02:34:56,008 --> 02:34:57,700
the most potent tools in 
Physics. 

2808
02:34:57,700 --> 02:35:01,100
The ancient natural philosopher 
Aristotle who was arguably the 

2809
02:35:01,100 --> 02:35:03,900
most influential adopted a 
different strategy. 

2810
02:35:04,700 --> 02:35:08,000
He concentrated on what he could
actually see rather than making 

2811
02:35:08,000 --> 02:35:09,900
assumptions about invisible 
atoms. 

2812
02:35:09,900 --> 02:35:13,900
He observed how objects moved 
fell and behaved under various 

2813
02:35:13,900 --> 02:35:16,200
conditions. 
He then made an effort to 

2814
02:35:16,200 --> 02:35:18,900
arrange these findings into a 
logical framework that would 

2815
02:35:18,900 --> 02:35:21,300
account for everything. 
The physics of Aristotle. 

2816
02:35:21,300 --> 02:35:23,800
Resembled a complex 
categorization system for 

2817
02:35:23,800 --> 02:35:27,400
natural phenomena Because they 
want to hit the ground more 

2818
02:35:27,400 --> 02:35:30,800
urgently than light objects, 
heavy objects fall more quickly 

2819
02:35:30,800 --> 02:35:33,200
when something pushes something,
it moves. 

2820
02:35:33,200 --> 02:35:36,300
And when that push stops, it 
stops moving heavy objects 

2821
02:35:36,300 --> 02:35:39,400
naturally congregate at the 
center of the universe, which is

2822
02:35:39,400 --> 02:35:42,900
why the Earth is there because 
it wants to ascend to its proper

2823
02:35:42,900 --> 02:35:47,000
location in the heavens Fire 
Rises. we now know that the 

2824
02:35:47,000 --> 02:35:49,500
majority of Aristotle's 
particular conclusions were 

2825
02:35:49,500 --> 02:35:53,700
incorrect, however, his method 
careful observation followed by 

2826
02:35:53,708 --> 02:35:57,800
methodical explanation was spot 
on He was looking for Trends in 

2827
02:35:57,808 --> 02:36:01,000
the behavior of nature rules 
that could forecast the future, 

2828
02:36:01,000 --> 02:36:04,200
in novel circumstances, even 
though he had few scientific 

2829
02:36:04,200 --> 02:36:07,200
instruments at his disposal, he 
was conducting research. 

2830
02:36:07,200 --> 02:36:10,000
These early natural philosophers
were brilliant because they 

2831
02:36:10,000 --> 02:36:13,100
believed that the universe made 
sense, even though some of their

2832
02:36:13,100 --> 02:36:15,800
discoveries were remarkably 
prescient, they thought that 

2833
02:36:15,800 --> 02:36:18,400
rather than being the random 
whims of irrational Gods, 

2834
02:36:18,400 --> 02:36:21,500
natural phenomena adhered to 
understandable laws. 

2835
02:36:21,500 --> 02:36:24,600
This presumption would turn out 
to be possibly the most 

2836
02:36:24,600 --> 02:36:26,800
significant Concept. 
In human thought history. 

2837
02:36:26,800 --> 02:36:29,500
A tradition of rigorous 
reasoning about the natural 

2838
02:36:29,500 --> 02:36:31,400
world was also being established
by them. 

2839
02:36:31,400 --> 02:36:34,500
They were willing to approach 
problems, methodically and 

2840
02:36:34,500 --> 02:36:37,700
follow reasoning wherever it led
even if it resulted in 

2841
02:36:37,700 --> 02:36:39,300
uncomfortable or 
counterintuitive. 

2842
02:36:39,300 --> 02:36:43,000
Conclusion, rather than simply 
accepting conventional wisdom, 

2843
02:36:43,000 --> 02:36:45,900
every significant development in
physics that followed would 

2844
02:36:45,900 --> 02:36:49,000
depend on this intellectual 
bravery as you go to bed 

2845
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:51,500
tonight, remember that? 
These ancient philosophers were 

2846
02:36:51,500 --> 02:36:53,800
answering questions that still 
captivated us? 

2847
02:36:53,800 --> 02:36:56,200
What is the composition of the 
universe? 

2848
02:36:56,700 --> 02:37:00,200
How do things change and move? 
What basic laws, apply to 

2849
02:37:00,200 --> 02:37:02,600
everything from far-off stars to
Falling apples. 

2850
02:37:02,600 --> 02:37:06,300
They lacked our resources and 
expertise, but they possess 

2851
02:37:06,300 --> 02:37:10,500
something just as valuable an 
insatiable curiosity and the 

2852
02:37:10,508 --> 02:37:14,000
endurance to consider basic 
issues carefully, the Islamic 

2853
02:37:14,000 --> 02:37:17,000
World kept the flame of natural 
philosophy burning after the 

2854
02:37:17,000 --> 02:37:20,300
fall of the Roman Empire, when 
Europe was busy for getting much

2855
02:37:20,300 --> 02:37:21,600
of what the Greeks are 
discovered. 

2856
02:37:21,600 --> 02:37:24,600
The Next Great Leap in human 
understanding would, eventually 

2857
02:37:24,600 --> 02:37:27,000
be supported by the picture, 
libraries and Baghdad and 

2858
02:37:27,000 --> 02:37:30,100
Cordoba where Scholars 
preserved, Greek texts while 

2859
02:37:30,100 --> 02:37:33,300
adding their own observations 
and insights even now, Heather, 

2860
02:37:33,300 --> 02:37:37,300
referred to as a Hazen in the 
west was one of these Scholars 

2861
02:37:37,300 --> 02:37:39,900
who made the Revolutionary move 
of insisting, that theories 

2862
02:37:39,900 --> 02:37:43,300
about the natural world be put 
to the test against meticulous 

2863
02:37:43,300 --> 02:37:46,000
observations. 
This may seem like common sense 

2864
02:37:46,000 --> 02:37:47,800
but keep in mind that for 
centuries. 

2865
02:37:47,800 --> 02:37:50,700
Most people were satisfied to 
settle disputes by citing 

2866
02:37:50,700 --> 02:37:54,000
historical authorities rather 
than paying attention to actual 

2867
02:37:54,000 --> 02:37:56,400
events. 
Light in Vision, particularly 

2868
02:37:56,400 --> 02:37:59,000
captivated al-hasan. 
The ancient Greeks had some 

2869
02:37:59,000 --> 02:38:01,200
rather strange theories about 
how we see the world. 

2870
02:38:01,200 --> 02:38:05,300
For example, many thought that 
our eyes invisible rays that 

2871
02:38:05,300 --> 02:38:09,000
reflect off of objects, much 
like biological radar systems 

2872
02:38:09,000 --> 02:38:12,400
through meticulous, 
experimentation and discovered 

2873
02:38:12,400 --> 02:38:15,400
that light moves from objects to
our eyes, rather than the other 

2874
02:38:15,400 --> 02:38:18,400
way around, in order to prove 
that light moves in straight 

2875
02:38:18,400 --> 02:38:20,700
lines. 
He constructed the first camera 

2876
02:38:20,700 --> 02:38:24,300
obscura, which is basically a 
gigantic pinhole camera. 

2877
02:38:25,300 --> 02:38:28,300
How has an gained insights from 
his work with Optics, that would

2878
02:38:28,300 --> 02:38:30,000
take centuries to fully 
comprehend. 

2879
02:38:30,000 --> 02:38:33,300
He understood that light is bent
by the atmosphere which 

2880
02:38:33,300 --> 02:38:36,000
functions as a lens and 
influences our perception. 

2881
02:38:36,800 --> 02:38:40,200
This explains why stars appear 
to twinkle and the Sun appears 

2882
02:38:40,200 --> 02:38:41,900
larger when it is close to the 
Horizon. 

2883
02:38:41,900 --> 02:38:45,100
How Hazen was learning that 
observation itself might be 

2884
02:38:45,100 --> 02:38:48,000
trickier than it seemed, which 
would be important for future 

2885
02:38:48,000 --> 02:38:51,800
advances in physics. 
By translating Arabic texts, 

2886
02:38:51,800 --> 02:38:55,000
scholars in medieval Europe, 
were rediscovering Aristotle. 

2887
02:38:55,000 --> 02:38:58,600
This led to an intriguing 
situation, like playing 

2888
02:38:58,600 --> 02:39:00,300
telephone across centuries and 
cultures. 

2889
02:39:00,300 --> 02:39:03,500
European thinkers were learning 
Greek physics from Islamic 

2890
02:39:03,500 --> 02:39:06,200
commentaries during a time. 
When original scientific 

2891
02:39:06,200 --> 02:39:08,300
thinking was comparatively 
uncommon in Europe. 

2892
02:39:08,300 --> 02:39:12,100
This process kept the discussion
about natural philosophy alive. 

2893
02:39:12,100 --> 02:39:14,800
Even though it occasionally 
brought New Concepts and 

2894
02:39:14,800 --> 02:39:17,700
confusion English. 
Monk, Roger Baker, who lived in 

2895
02:39:17,700 --> 02:39:20,300
the 13th century. 
Took out Hazen's focus on 

2896
02:39:20,300 --> 02:39:24,500
experimentation and ran with it.
Bacon believed that thorough 

2897
02:39:24,500 --> 02:39:27,000
observation, and methodical 
idea, testing could reveal the 

2898
02:39:27,000 --> 02:39:29,300
mysteries of nature. 
He studied the characteristics 

2899
02:39:29,300 --> 02:39:32,500
of magnets. 
Experimented with lenses and 

2900
02:39:32,500 --> 02:39:35,500
mirrors and even conjectured 
about flying machines and 

2901
02:39:35,500 --> 02:39:38,600
mechanically propelled ships 
Concepts, that would not be 

2902
02:39:38,600 --> 02:39:41,100
realized. 
For centuries, Bacon's method 

2903
02:39:41,100 --> 02:39:44,200
was revolutionary because rather
than merely interpreting ancient

2904
02:39:44,200 --> 02:39:47,800
authorities, he argued that 
humans could uncover new truths 

2905
02:39:47,800 --> 02:39:50,300
about the natural world. 
This was potentially 

2906
02:39:50,300 --> 02:39:53,100
theologically dangerous as well 
as intellectually radical. 

2907
02:39:53,100 --> 02:39:55,600
What did it say about the 
completeness of revealed 

2908
02:39:55,600 --> 02:39:57,300
knowledge? 
If people could learn new things

2909
02:39:57,300 --> 02:40:00,400
about God's creation on their 
own for centuries, the conflict 

2910
02:40:00,400 --> 02:40:02,800
between religious Authority and 
natural philosophy. 

2911
02:40:02,800 --> 02:40:06,000
Based on observation would 
simmer and occasionally explode 

2912
02:40:06,000 --> 02:40:09,100
into major battles. 
However, rather than questioning

2913
02:40:09,100 --> 02:40:12,300
religious Doctrine, the majority
of natural philosophers of the 

2914
02:40:12,300 --> 02:40:14,800
Middle Ages were able to present
their work as a means of 

2915
02:40:14,808 --> 02:40:18,000
comprehending God's creation. 
It was believed that the same 

2916
02:40:18,000 --> 02:40:21,000
Divine intelligence wrote both 
the book of scripture and the 

2917
02:40:21,000 --> 02:40:23,800
Book of nature, which they were 
reading side by side. 

2918
02:40:23,800 --> 02:40:26,800
Some of these conflicts were 
eased by the renowned medieval 

2919
02:40:26,800 --> 02:40:30,500
Theologian, Thomas Aquinas, who 
maintained that faith and reason

2920
02:40:30,500 --> 02:40:33,900
were Elementary rather than 
antagonistic while theology 

2921
02:40:33,900 --> 02:40:37,000
addressed spiritual issues. 
Natural philosophy was able to 

2922
02:40:37,000 --> 02:40:40,100
uncover truths about the 
material world by avoiding 

2923
02:40:40,100 --> 02:40:42,400
direct confrontations with 
religious authorities. 

2924
02:40:42,400 --> 02:40:45,900
This intellectual division of 
labor allowed natural philosophy

2925
02:40:45,900 --> 02:40:48,400
to flourish. 
Additionally more advanced. 

2926
02:40:48,400 --> 02:40:51,900
Mathematical instruments emerge 
during the Middle, Ages Islamic 

2927
02:40:51,900 --> 02:40:54,600
sources, taught European 
scholars algebra and Arabic 

2928
02:40:54,600 --> 02:40:57,600
numerals which significantly 
enhance their computational 

2929
02:40:57,600 --> 02:41:00,700
skills, they established the 
foundation for the quantitative 

2930
02:41:00,700 --> 02:41:01,900
method. 
That would ultimately 

2931
02:41:01,900 --> 02:41:05,400
revolutionize physics by 
starting to apply mathematical 

2932
02:41:05,400 --> 02:41:08,900
analysis to physical issues. 
The stage was set for something.

2933
02:41:08,900 --> 02:41:12,200
Extraordinary by the end of the 
Middle, Ages, the value of 

2934
02:41:12,208 --> 02:41:14,700
meticulous observation and 
experimentation had been 

2935
02:41:14,700 --> 02:41:16,400
established by natural 
philosophers. 

2936
02:41:16,400 --> 02:41:19,100
They had accessed to 
progressively more potent, 

2937
02:41:19,100 --> 02:41:21,900
mathematical instruments. 
They had established a framework

2938
02:41:21,900 --> 02:41:25,100
for considering natural 
philosophy to be a valid 

2939
02:41:25,100 --> 02:41:26,800
approach to studying God's 
creation. 

2940
02:41:26,800 --> 02:41:31,000
They also had centuries worth of
observations on everything from 

2941
02:41:31,000 --> 02:41:34,900
how light behaves to how planets
move, the next thing they needed

2942
02:41:34,900 --> 02:41:37,300
was someone who was prepared to 
question basic beliefs, about 

2943
02:41:37,308 --> 02:41:40,000
the structure of the universe 
even though he wouldn't 

2944
02:41:40,000 --> 02:41:43,000
transform astronomy for several 
more decades, someone was 

2945
02:41:43,000 --> 02:41:45,100
already being born in a small 
polish town. 

2946
02:41:45,800 --> 02:41:48,000
Important to recognize the 
amount of intellectual 

2947
02:41:48,000 --> 02:41:50,700
Foundation that had been 
established by centuries of 

2948
02:41:50,700 --> 02:41:54,300
patient thinkers who are happy 
to make observations pose 

2949
02:41:54,300 --> 02:41:57,400
questions and gradually Advance.
Human knowledge of the natural 

2950
02:41:57,400 --> 02:42:00,000
world before we met Nicolaus, 
Copernicus. 

2951
02:42:00,000 --> 02:42:03,100
Imagine living a lifetime under 
the assumption that the Sun, 

2952
02:42:03,100 --> 02:42:07,600
Moon Planet, stars and Earth. 
All revolve around us in a 

2953
02:42:07,600 --> 02:42:10,300
complex, Celestial dance and 
that the Earth remains 

2954
02:42:10,300 --> 02:42:12,400
motionless of the center of the 
universe. 

2955
02:42:12,400 --> 02:42:15,400
Then picture someone gently 
pointing out that perhaps were 

2956
02:42:15,400 --> 02:42:18,500
in reverse that perhaps we're 
the ones dancing, while the sun 

2957
02:42:18,500 --> 02:42:21,400
remains motionless. 
It's difficult to exaggerate how

2958
02:42:21,400 --> 02:42:23,400
fundamentally this idea, 
upended. 

2959
02:42:23,400 --> 02:42:26,400
The medieval worldview, which is
precisely what, Nicholas 

2960
02:42:26,400 --> 02:42:28,400
Copernicus suggested in the 16th
century. 

2961
02:42:29,300 --> 02:42:32,400
Perkins had no intention of 
igniting a revolution in 

2962
02:42:32,400 --> 02:42:34,200
reality. 
He was a fairly conservative, 

2963
02:42:34,200 --> 02:42:36,400
man. 
A church Canon who manages 

2964
02:42:36,400 --> 02:42:39,900
Church finance's, occasionally 
practiced medicine and had a 

2965
02:42:39,900 --> 02:42:41,900
hobby of studying mathematics 
and astronomy. 

2966
02:42:41,900 --> 02:42:44,200
A technical issue in ptolemaic, 
astronomy. 

2967
02:42:44,200 --> 02:42:46,900
Troubled him. 
The mathematical models used to 

2968
02:42:46,900 --> 02:42:48,800
forecast. 
Planetary motions were growing, 

2969
02:42:48,800 --> 02:42:51,900
more complex and laborious. 
He thought it was inelegant to 

2970
02:42:51,900 --> 02:42:54,600
keep adding circles, within 
circles to account, for observe,

2971
02:42:54,600 --> 02:42:58,200
planetary positions, like a 
lovely equation ruined by too 

2972
02:42:58,200 --> 02:43:00,200
many correction factors 
Copernicus. 

2973
02:43:00,200 --> 02:43:01,900
Therefore attempted, a thought 
experiment. 

2974
02:43:02,700 --> 02:43:06,000
What if the Sun not the Earth 
were at the center of the 

2975
02:43:06,000 --> 02:43:09,200
planetary system? 
Something lovely occurred when 

2976
02:43:09,200 --> 02:43:12,700
he solved the math, The Limited 
range of Mercury and Venus from 

2977
02:43:12,700 --> 02:43:16,000
the Sun Wei Mars occasionally 
seems to move backwards against 

2978
02:43:16,000 --> 02:43:19,100
the background stars, and many 
other complex aspects of 

2979
02:43:19,108 --> 02:43:21,600
planetary motion suddenly made 
perfect sense. 

2980
02:43:21,600 --> 02:43:24,700
These were the inevitable 
results of tracking planetary 

2981
02:43:24,700 --> 02:43:28,100
motion from a moving platform, 
not enigmatic anomalies that 

2982
02:43:28,108 --> 02:43:31,600
needed intricate explanations. 
It was similar to realizing that

2983
02:43:31,600 --> 02:43:34,100
the scenery outside a train 
window, seems to move backwards 

2984
02:43:34,100 --> 02:43:36,100
because you are moving and not 
the scenery itself. 

2985
02:43:37,300 --> 02:43:39,900
Everything else is apparent, 
motion becomes completely 

2986
02:43:39,900 --> 02:43:41,900
understandable. 
Once you comprehend your own 

2987
02:43:41,900 --> 02:43:45,400
motion Copernicus, however was 
reluctant published this Theory,

2988
02:43:46,100 --> 02:43:48,800
He realized that implying that 
the Earth moves was a 

2989
02:43:48,800 --> 02:43:51,300
fundamental challenge to how 
people perceive their place in 

2990
02:43:51,308 --> 02:43:53,500
the universe. 
Not just a technical 

2991
02:43:53,500 --> 02:43:56,200
astronomical adjustment. 
According to the medieval 

2992
02:43:56,200 --> 02:43:59,500
perspective Humanities unique 
place in God's creation, was 

2993
02:43:59,500 --> 02:44:02,400
symbolized by the Earth's 
location at the center of the 

2994
02:44:02,400 --> 02:44:05,200
universe. 
Humanity appeared to be devalued

2995
02:44:05,200 --> 02:44:07,600
from the center of divine 
attention to just another 

2996
02:44:07,600 --> 02:44:10,500
wandering Planet. 
When the Earth was moved out to 

2997
02:44:10,500 --> 02:44:13,700
orbit the sun Copernicus spent 
decades refining, his 

2998
02:44:13,700 --> 02:44:15,600
mathematical models and 
Gathering evidence. 

2999
02:44:16,300 --> 02:44:19,100
But he was reluctant to expose 
his ideas to public criticism. 

3000
02:44:19,100 --> 02:44:23,100
Finally, in 1543, he published 
on the revolution's of the 

3001
02:44:23,100 --> 02:44:27,100
celestial sphere's presenting 
his heliocentric model, as a 

3002
02:44:27,100 --> 02:44:29,900
mathematical convenience that 
happened to provide more elegant

3003
02:44:29,900 --> 02:44:32,100
explanations for astronomical 
observations. 

3004
02:44:32,100 --> 02:44:35,200
The book was dedicated to the 
pope and carefully framed to 

3005
02:44:35,200 --> 02:44:36,900
minimize theological 
controversy. 

3006
02:44:36,900 --> 02:44:40,000
The immediate reaction was 
remarkably muted. 

3007
02:44:40,000 --> 02:44:42,900
Most astronomers treated the 
copernican system as an 

3008
02:44:42,900 --> 02:44:46,000
interesting mathematical tool 
rather than literal description 

3009
02:44:46,000 --> 02:44:48,700
of reality. 
It was useful for calculations 

3010
02:44:48,700 --> 02:44:51,700
but didn't necessarily mean the 
Earth, actually moved this 

3011
02:44:51,700 --> 02:44:54,900
response, allowed the healing 
Centric idea to circulate and 

3012
02:44:54,900 --> 02:44:58,000
gain supporters without 
immediately triggering the 

3013
02:44:58,000 --> 02:45:01,700
religious backlash that 
Copernicus had feared Some 

3014
02:45:01,700 --> 02:45:04,000
people understood the broader 
implications immediately. 

3015
02:45:04,000 --> 02:45:06,800
If the Earth was just another 
planet orbiting the Sun. 

3016
02:45:06,800 --> 02:45:09,400
What did that say about 
Humanity's special status? 

3017
02:45:09,400 --> 02:45:13,300
If the universe was much larger 
than previously thought and Had 

3018
02:45:13,300 --> 02:45:16,100
to be to explain why we don't 
observe stellar parallax as 

3019
02:45:16,100 --> 02:45:19,300
Earth, orbits the Sun. 
What did that suggest about our 

3020
02:45:19,300 --> 02:45:22,400
Cosmic significance? 
These questions would trouble, 

3021
02:45:22,400 --> 02:45:24,700
theologians and philosophers for
Generations. 

3022
02:45:24,700 --> 02:45:28,500
The copernican revolution also 
demonstrated something important

3023
02:45:28,500 --> 02:45:32,100
about how scientific ideas 
develop and spread revolutionary

3024
02:45:32,100 --> 02:45:34,800
Concepts often begin as 
Technical Solutions to narrow 

3025
02:45:34,800 --> 02:45:36,500
problems within specialized 
fields. 

3026
02:45:37,400 --> 02:45:40,900
Copernicus was trying to improve
astronomical calculations, not 

3027
02:45:40,900 --> 02:45:44,700
overthrow, medieval cosmology, 
but ideas have consequences that

3028
02:45:44,700 --> 02:45:48,100
extend far beyond their original
contexts and those consequences 

3029
02:45:48,100 --> 02:45:52,600
can transform entire worldviews.
Moreover the acceptance of new 

3030
02:45:52,600 --> 02:45:56,200
ideas, often depends as much on 
their practical utility as on 

3031
02:45:56,200 --> 02:45:59,200
their theoretical Elegance. 
The copernican system gains 

3032
02:45:59,200 --> 02:46:01,900
supporters partly because it 
provided better predictions of 

3033
02:46:01,900 --> 02:46:04,900
planetary positions, which was 
important for navigation, 

3034
02:46:04,900 --> 02:46:09,100
calendar reform, and 
astrological calculations people

3035
02:46:09,100 --> 02:46:12,200
adopted heliocentric astronomy. 
Not necessarily because they 

3036
02:46:12,200 --> 02:46:14,800
were convinced the Earth 
actually moved, but because it 

3037
02:46:14,800 --> 02:46:17,700
worked better for practical 
purposes, this pattern. 

3038
02:46:17,700 --> 02:46:21,600
Technical improvements leading 
to conceptual revolution's would

3039
02:46:21,600 --> 02:46:24,400
repeat throughout the history of
physics, improvements in 

3040
02:46:24,400 --> 02:46:27,800
mathematical techniques, 
observational, instruments, or 

3041
02:46:27,800 --> 02:46:30,900
experimental methods, often 
reveal new phenomena that 

3042
02:46:30,900 --> 02:46:34,500
require fundamental changes in 
theoretical understanding the 

3043
02:46:34,500 --> 02:46:36,600
copernican Revolution. 
Was one of the first clear 

3044
02:46:36,600 --> 02:46:39,500
examples of this Process. 
But it certainly wouldn't be the

3045
02:46:39,500 --> 02:46:42,500
last as you drift off to night. 
Consider how comfortable 

3046
02:46:42,500 --> 02:46:45,200
assumptions about the nature of 
reality can be quietly. 

3047
02:46:45,200 --> 02:46:48,800
Undermined by patient technical 
work, Copernicus, didn't set out

3048
02:46:48,800 --> 02:46:51,600
to revolutionize human thought, 
he just wanted to make 

3049
02:46:51,600 --> 02:46:55,100
astronomical calculations more 
elegant, but sometimes, the 

3050
02:46:55,100 --> 02:46:58,200
pursuit of mathematical Beauty 
leads to profound insights about

3051
02:46:58,200 --> 02:47:01,600
the structure of the universe. 
Insights that Force us to 

3052
02:47:01,600 --> 02:47:04,700
reconsider our most basic 
assumptions about our place in 

3053
02:47:04,700 --> 02:47:08,100
the cosmic order. 
Picture yourself in 1609 living 

3054
02:47:08,100 --> 02:47:10,200
in a world where the most 
distant things you can see 

3055
02:47:10,200 --> 02:47:12,700
clearly are perhaps a few miles 
away on a clear day. 

3056
02:47:12,700 --> 02:47:15,700
Suddenly someone hands, you a 
device that lets you see the 

3057
02:47:15,700 --> 02:47:19,200
craters on the moon, the moon's 
of Jupiter and thousands of 

3058
02:47:19,208 --> 02:47:22,000
previously invisible Stars. 
This is what happened. 

3059
02:47:22,000 --> 02:47:25,000
When Galileo Galilee turned, his
newly, improved telescope toward

3060
02:47:25,000 --> 02:47:28,000
the sky, and the universe has 
never looked the same since 

3061
02:47:28,000 --> 02:47:30,300
Galileo, didn't invent the 
telescope. 

3062
02:47:30,300 --> 02:47:33,600
That honor belongs to Dutch 
spectacle makers, who discovered

3063
02:47:33,600 --> 02:47:36,400
that certain combinations of 
lenses could magnify distant 

3064
02:47:36,400 --> 02:47:38,800
objects. 
But Galileo heard about these 

3065
02:47:38,800 --> 02:47:42,300
devices, immediately grasped 
their potential and set about 

3066
02:47:42,300 --> 02:47:45,100
improving their design with the 
enthusiasm of someone who had 

3067
02:47:45,100 --> 02:47:48,100
found the perfect tool. 
The satisfying, his curiosity 

3068
02:47:48,100 --> 02:47:51,800
about the natural world within 
months, Galileo had built 

3069
02:47:51,800 --> 02:47:55,600
telescopes, that magnified 
objects 20 times, or more far 

3070
02:47:55,600 --> 02:47:58,600
better than anything previously 
available, then he did something

3071
02:47:58,600 --> 02:48:01,200
that seems obvious in. 
Retrospect but was actually 

3072
02:48:01,200 --> 02:48:04,400
quite revolutionary. 
He pointed his telescope at the 

3073
02:48:04,408 --> 02:48:06,700
night sky and systematically 
observed. 

3074
02:48:06,700 --> 02:48:09,000
What he saw there. 
Most people had been using 

3075
02:48:09,000 --> 02:48:12,200
telescopes to observe distant 
ships or enemy fortifications. 

3076
02:48:12,200 --> 02:48:15,400
Practical applications that 
everyone could understand. 

3077
02:48:16,500 --> 02:48:19,000
Galileo was using them to 
explore the cosmos. 

3078
02:48:19,000 --> 02:48:23,000
What he discovered changed, 
everything the moon, which had 

3079
02:48:23,000 --> 02:48:25,700
appeared to be a perfect smooth 
sphere In classical astronomy. 

3080
02:48:25,700 --> 02:48:29,300
Turned out to have mountains. 
Valleys and what appeared to be 

3081
02:48:29,308 --> 02:48:32,600
ancient impact craters. 
The Milky Way, which looked like

3082
02:48:32,600 --> 02:48:36,000
a faint Cloud, to the naked eye 
resolved into thousands of 

3083
02:48:36,000 --> 02:48:39,300
individual Stars. 
Venus showed phases, like the 

3084
02:48:39,300 --> 02:48:42,000
moon. 
Cycling from Full to Crescent as

3085
02:48:42,000 --> 02:48:44,100
it orbited. 
The sun most dramatically 

3086
02:48:44,100 --> 02:48:48,500
Galileo, discovered four, moons 
orbiting Jupiter These were just

3087
02:48:48,500 --> 02:48:50,900
distant stars that moved 
slightly from night to night. 

3088
02:48:50,900 --> 02:48:54,000
These were clearly satellites 
revolving around the giant 

3089
02:48:54,000 --> 02:48:56,000
planet. 
In regular predictable patterns 

3090
02:48:56,000 --> 02:48:59,200
for the first time in human 
history, someone had Direct 

3091
02:48:59,200 --> 02:49:02,000
observational evidence that not 
everything in the universe 

3092
02:49:02,000 --> 02:49:05,200
revolved around Earth. 
The discovery of Jupiter's moons

3093
02:49:05,200 --> 02:49:07,900
was particularly significant 
because it demolished one of the

3094
02:49:07,900 --> 02:49:11,300
main objections to the 
copernican system critics had 

3095
02:49:11,300 --> 02:49:12,500
argued. 
That if the Earth moved through 

3096
02:49:12,500 --> 02:49:15,000
space, it would leave the moon 
behind like a horse out. 

3097
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:18,700
Running its Rider. 
But here was Jupiter clearly 

3098
02:49:18,700 --> 02:49:21,600
moving through the heavens while
keeping four moons in toe. 

3099
02:49:21,600 --> 02:49:24,500
If Jupiter could maintain 
satellites while moving, why 

3100
02:49:24,500 --> 02:49:27,100
couldn't Earth do the same? 
Galileo, published his 

3101
02:49:27,100 --> 02:49:29,900
telescopic observations in a 
book called siderius, nuncius 

3102
02:49:29,900 --> 02:49:33,100
The Starry Messenger and it 
became an immediate sensation 

3103
02:49:33,100 --> 02:49:36,300
educated people across Europe. 
Were fascinated by these 

3104
02:49:36,300 --> 02:49:39,000
Revelations about the true 
nature of the celestial realm. 

3105
02:49:39,000 --> 02:49:43,100
Some were skeptical, How could a
mere Optical instrument reveal 

3106
02:49:43,100 --> 02:49:46,000
truths that had been hidden from
human eyes for all of recorded 

3107
02:49:46,000 --> 02:49:49,200
history, others worried about 
the theological implications of 

3108
02:49:49,200 --> 02:49:51,700
discovering that the heavens 
were far more complex and 

3109
02:49:51,700 --> 02:49:53,300
diverse than anyone had 
imagined. 

3110
02:49:54,200 --> 02:49:56,900
But Galileo's telescopic 
observations were just the 

3111
02:49:56,900 --> 02:49:58,700
beginning of his contributions 
to physics. 

3112
02:49:58,700 --> 02:50:02,200
He was equally fascinated by 
motion here on Earth, and he 

3113
02:50:02,200 --> 02:50:05,200
approached the study of moving 
objects with the same systematic

3114
02:50:05,200 --> 02:50:07,600
methodology that he applied to 
astronomy. 

3115
02:50:07,600 --> 02:50:10,400
This terrestrial work, would 
prove even more revolutionary 

3116
02:50:10,400 --> 02:50:13,100
than his Celestial discoverers 
Galileo. 

3117
02:50:13,100 --> 02:50:14,600
Realized that Aristotelian 
physics. 

3118
02:50:14,600 --> 02:50:17,600
Which are dominated European 
thought for over a millennium, 

3119
02:50:17,600 --> 02:50:20,800
was simply wrong about some 
fundamental aspects of motion 

3120
02:50:20,800 --> 02:50:24,200
Aristotle had taught that heavy 
objects fall, faster than light 

3121
02:50:24,200 --> 02:50:26,500
ones. 
That objects in motion naturally

3122
02:50:26,500 --> 02:50:28,500
come to rest. 
And that the motion of 

3123
02:50:28,500 --> 02:50:31,700
projectiles required, continuous
pushing by the surrounding air 

3124
02:50:31,700 --> 02:50:35,100
Galileo's, careful, experiments 
and mathematical analysis 

3125
02:50:35,100 --> 02:50:37,700
revealed that none of these 
ideas accurately described how 

3126
02:50:37,700 --> 02:50:41,000
things actually moved through 
ingenious experiments with 

3127
02:50:41,000 --> 02:50:45,000
inclined planes pendulums and 
projectiles Galileo, discovered 

3128
02:50:45,000 --> 02:50:47,800
that all objects fall at the 
same rate in the absence of air 

3129
02:50:47,800 --> 02:50:50,700
resistance that objects in 
motion, tend to stay in motion, 

3130
02:50:50,700 --> 02:50:53,900
unless something stops them and 
their projectile motion. 

3131
02:50:54,200 --> 02:50:56,600
Can be understood as a 
combination of horizontal motion

3132
02:50:56,600 --> 02:51:00,100
at constant velocity and 
vertical motion under constant 

3133
02:51:00,100 --> 02:51:03,300
acceleration, these insights 
laid, the groundwork for a 

3134
02:51:03,300 --> 02:51:04,900
completely new understanding of 
mechanics. 

3135
02:51:05,700 --> 02:51:08,900
Perhaps more importantly, 
Galileo, Pioneer, the use of 

3136
02:51:08,900 --> 02:51:13,100
mathematics to describe physical
phenomena quantitatively instead

3137
02:51:13,100 --> 02:51:15,700
of just saying that objects fall
quickly or slowly. 

3138
02:51:15,700 --> 02:51:19,400
He measured exactly how their 
velocities change with time 

3139
02:51:19,400 --> 02:51:22,600
instead of Simply observing that
pendulum swing back and forth. 

3140
02:51:22,600 --> 02:51:25,800
He discovered the mathematical 
relationship between a 

3141
02:51:25,800 --> 02:51:28,200
pendulum's length and its period
of oscillation. 

3142
02:51:28,200 --> 02:51:30,900
This mathematical approach to 
physics was revolutionary 

3143
02:51:30,900 --> 02:51:33,700
because it allowed theories to 
make precise testable 

3144
02:51:33,700 --> 02:51:36,100
predictions. 
If you knew the mathematical 

3145
02:51:36,100 --> 02:51:39,400
laws governing motion, you could
predict exactly where a 

3146
02:51:39,400 --> 02:51:42,000
projectile would land, how long 
a pendulum would take to 

3147
02:51:42,000 --> 02:51:45,400
complete its swing, or how fast 
an object would be moving after 

3148
02:51:45,400 --> 02:51:48,200
falling, a given distance. 
Physics was becoming a 

3149
02:51:48,200 --> 02:51:51,600
quantitative science capable of 
making precise predictions about

3150
02:51:51,600 --> 02:51:54,300
natural phenomena. 
Galileo's combination of 

3151
02:51:54,300 --> 02:51:58,600
systematic observation, careful 
experimentation and mathematical

3152
02:51:58,600 --> 02:52:01,600
analysis established, the 
methodology that would guide 

3153
02:52:01,600 --> 02:52:04,900
physics for centuries to come. 
He showed that human beings 

3154
02:52:04,900 --> 02:52:07,900
could discover The mathematical 
laws governing natural phenomena

3155
02:52:07,900 --> 02:52:10,600
through patient. 
Systematic investigation, this 

3156
02:52:10,600 --> 02:52:12,500
was profoundly optimistic 
vision. 

3157
02:52:13,200 --> 02:52:16,000
The universe might be vast and 
complex, but it was also 

3158
02:52:16,000 --> 02:52:18,900
comprehensible to human 
intelligence equipped with the 

3159
02:52:18,908 --> 02:52:21,600
right tools and methods. 
There's something deeply 

3160
02:52:21,600 --> 02:52:24,900
satisfying about the story of 
Newton's Apple even though it 

3161
02:52:24,900 --> 02:52:27,300
probably never happened. 
Quite the way popular Legend, 

3162
02:52:27,300 --> 02:52:30,500
tells it the image of a young 
man sitting under a tree struck 

3163
02:52:30,500 --> 02:52:32,500
by inspiration. 
When a piece of fruit falls on 

3164
02:52:32,500 --> 02:52:35,500
his head captures something 
essential about the nature of 

3165
02:52:35,500 --> 02:52:38,900
scientific discovery. 
Sometimes the most profound 

3166
02:52:38,900 --> 02:52:41,900
insights come from paying 
attention to the most ordinary 

3167
02:52:41,900 --> 02:52:44,200
phenomena. 
The real Newton was far more 

3168
02:52:44,200 --> 02:52:45,800
complex than the legend 
suggests. 

3169
02:52:45,800 --> 02:52:48,900
He was a mathematician of 
extraordinary talent and 

3170
02:52:48,900 --> 02:52:51,600
Alchemists, who spent years 
trying to transmute base Metals 

3171
02:52:51,600 --> 02:52:54,600
into gold, a theologian, who 
wrote more about biblical 

3172
02:52:54,600 --> 02:52:57,800
prophecy than about physics and 
a natural philosopher, who 

3173
02:52:57,800 --> 02:53:01,100
somehow managed to create a 
unified mathematical description

3174
02:53:01,100 --> 02:53:02,800
of motion. 
That worked equally well for 

3175
02:53:02,800 --> 02:53:06,000
falling apples and orbiting 
planets when Newton began his 

3176
02:53:06,000 --> 02:53:08,100
serious work on mechanics and 
gravitational. 

3177
02:53:08,100 --> 02:53:12,100
In the 1660s, he inherited a 
collection of important but 

3178
02:53:12,100 --> 02:53:14,300
disconnected. 
Insights, from his predecessors.

3179
02:53:15,100 --> 02:53:17,700
Galileo had discovered the 
mathematical laws governing 

3180
02:53:17,700 --> 02:53:20,800
motion on Earth Kepler 
discovered that planets move in 

3181
02:53:20,808 --> 02:53:24,000
elliptical orbits according to 
precise mathematical 

3182
02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:27,600
relationships, The cart had 
suggested that all natural 

3183
02:53:27,600 --> 02:53:30,300
phenomena could be understood 
through mechanical principles, 

3184
02:53:30,300 --> 02:53:33,000
but no one had figured out how 
to tie these discoveries 

3185
02:53:33,000 --> 02:53:35,400
together into a coherent 
theoretical framework. 

3186
02:53:36,400 --> 02:53:39,100
Newton's genius, lay in 
recognizing, that terrestrial 

3187
02:53:39,100 --> 02:53:41,400
and Celestial mechanics were 
really the same thing. 

3188
02:53:41,400 --> 02:53:44,400
The force that makes an apple 
fall from a tree as the same 

3189
02:53:44,400 --> 02:53:47,100
force that keeps the moon in 
orbit around Earth and the 

3190
02:53:47,100 --> 02:53:50,600
planets in orbit around the sun.
This Insight, the universality 

3191
02:53:50,600 --> 02:53:53,700
of gravitation was one of the 
most profound unifying 

3192
02:53:53,700 --> 02:53:57,000
principles in the history of 
science, but Newton didn't just 

3193
02:53:57,000 --> 02:53:58,600
propose that gravity was 
Universal. 

3194
02:53:58,600 --> 02:54:02,100
He worked out the mathematical 
details with extraordinary 

3195
02:54:02,100 --> 02:54:04,100
Precision. 
He showed that gravitational 

3196
02:54:04,100 --> 02:54:06,900
force decreases with the square 
of the distance between objects 

3197
02:54:06,900 --> 02:54:09,700
and that this inverse Square law
could account. 

3198
02:54:09,700 --> 02:54:12,000
For all of Kepler's 
observational, discoveries about

3199
02:54:12,000 --> 02:54:14,800
planetary motion. 
He demonstrated that the same 

3200
02:54:14,800 --> 02:54:17,800
mathematical principles could 
explain the tides, the 

3201
02:54:17,800 --> 02:54:20,800
precession of Earth rotation, 
and the complex motions of 

3202
02:54:20,800 --> 02:54:24,000
comets. 
Mathematical sophistication of 

3203
02:54:24,000 --> 02:54:27,100
Newton's work was unprecedented 
to solve the problems. 

3204
02:54:27,100 --> 02:54:30,200
He was tackling Newton had to 
invent entirely new mathematical

3205
02:54:30,200 --> 02:54:33,300
techniques. 
What we now call calculus, he 

3206
02:54:33,300 --> 02:54:36,500
developed methods for analyzing 
continuously changing quantities

3207
02:54:36,500 --> 02:54:38,600
for understanding the 
relationship between 

3208
02:54:38,600 --> 02:54:42,100
instantaneous, velocity and 
position and for calculating the

3209
02:54:42,100 --> 02:54:44,600
forces required to produce 
complex motions. 

3210
02:54:44,600 --> 02:54:49,200
Newton's principia, Mathematica 
published in 1687 was unlike 

3211
02:54:49,200 --> 02:54:50,700
anything that had ever been 
written. 

3212
02:54:50,700 --> 02:54:53,700
It presented a complete 
mathematical system for 

3213
02:54:53,700 --> 02:54:57,300
understanding motion and force 
to derive from just a few basic 

3214
02:54:57,300 --> 02:55:00,600
principles and applicable to 
everything from projectiles to 

3215
02:55:00,600 --> 02:55:03,500
planets the book was so 
mathematically sophisticated 

3216
02:55:03,500 --> 02:55:06,600
that only a handful of people in
Europe could fully understand it

3217
02:55:06,600 --> 02:55:10,500
when it was first published But 
the implication of Newton's work

3218
02:55:10,500 --> 02:55:13,100
extended far beyond, technical 
mathematics. 

3219
02:55:13,100 --> 02:55:16,400
He had shown that the Universe 
operated according to precise, 

3220
02:55:16,400 --> 02:55:19,100
mathematical laws that human 
beings could discover, and 

3221
02:55:19,100 --> 02:55:21,600
understand the same principles 
that governed. 

3222
02:55:21,600 --> 02:55:24,500
The laboratory bench also 
governed the motion of stars and

3223
02:55:24,500 --> 02:55:26,700
galaxies. 
This was a breathtakingly 

3224
02:55:26,700 --> 02:55:30,200
unified vision of Nature, and it
suggested that everything in the

3225
02:55:30,200 --> 02:55:33,000
universe, from the smallest 
particle to the largest 

3226
02:55:33,000 --> 02:55:37,500
Celestial body was part of a 
single coherent, mathematically 

3227
02:55:37,500 --> 02:55:41,100
describable system, Newton's 
mechanics also established a new

3228
02:55:41,108 --> 02:55:43,700
standard for what scientific 
theories should accomplish. 

3229
02:55:44,500 --> 02:55:47,700
The good theory didn't just 
explain known phenomena, it made

3230
02:55:47,700 --> 02:55:50,300
precise predictions that could 
be tested against future 

3231
02:55:50,300 --> 02:55:52,900
observations Newton's 
gravitational Theory. 

3232
02:55:52,900 --> 02:55:55,600
Predicted the existence of 
previously unknown celestial 

3233
02:55:55,600 --> 02:55:59,200
objects explained, puzzling 
features of commentary, orbits 

3234
02:55:59,200 --> 02:56:02,900
and even allowed astronomers to 
discover new planets by 

3235
02:56:02,900 --> 02:56:06,700
analyzing tiny, irregularities 
in the Motions of known planets.

3236
02:56:06,700 --> 02:56:10,000
The success of Newtonian 
mechanics, had profound cultural

3237
02:56:10,000 --> 02:56:13,600
implications If the universe 
operated like a vast, precise 

3238
02:56:13,600 --> 02:56:16,500
Clockwork mechanism. 
What did that suggest about the 

3239
02:56:16,500 --> 02:56:18,900
role of divine intervention in 
natural Affairs? 

3240
02:56:18,900 --> 02:56:22,200
If human reason could discover 
the mathematical laws governing 

3241
02:56:22,200 --> 02:56:25,600
all natural phenomena, what were
the limits of human knowledge? 

3242
02:56:25,600 --> 02:56:29,200
These questions would occupy 
philosophers and theologians for

3243
02:56:29,200 --> 02:56:33,200
Generations Newton himself was 
deeply religious and saw his 

3244
02:56:33,200 --> 02:56:35,100
scientific work. 
As revealing the mathematical 

3245
02:56:35,100 --> 02:56:38,600
Harmony of God's creation. 
He believed that the elegant 

3246
02:56:38,600 --> 02:56:41,300
mathematical structure of 
natural laws provided evidence 

3247
02:56:41,300 --> 02:56:43,000
for divine intelligence and 
design. 

3248
02:56:43,000 --> 02:56:45,700
But later, thinkers would 
sometimes use Newtonian 

3249
02:56:45,700 --> 02:56:48,500
mechanics to support more 
materialistic or deterministic 

3250
02:56:48,500 --> 02:56:51,300
World Views. 
The practical application of 

3251
02:56:51,308 --> 02:56:53,400
Newtonian mechanics were equally
revolutionary. 

3252
02:56:53,400 --> 02:56:57,000
Engineers could now calculate 
the precise forces and motion 

3253
02:56:57,000 --> 02:57:00,000
involved in mechanical systems, 
leading to dramatic, 

3254
02:57:00,000 --> 02:57:03,100
improvements in everything from 
Mill, Machinery to Naval 

3255
02:57:03,100 --> 02:57:05,600
architecture. 
Navigators could predict the 

3256
02:57:05,600 --> 02:57:08,400
positions of celestial bodies 
with unprecedented accuracy. 

3257
02:57:09,500 --> 02:57:11,800
The Industrial Revolution was 
built in part on the 

3258
02:57:11,800 --> 02:57:14,400
mathematical understanding of 
mechanics that Newton had 

3259
02:57:14,400 --> 02:57:16,900
provided as you settle into 
sleep tonight. 

3260
02:57:16,900 --> 02:57:20,400
Consider the extraordinary 
intellectual achievement that 

3261
02:57:20,400 --> 02:57:23,200
Newton represented. 
He took the scattered insights 

3262
02:57:23,200 --> 02:57:25,500
of his predecessors and wove 
them into a mathematical 

3263
02:57:25,500 --> 02:57:28,500
tapestry that revealed the 
fundamental architecture of the 

3264
02:57:28,500 --> 02:57:31,300
physical Universe for the first 
time in human history. 

3265
02:57:31,300 --> 02:57:34,100
People could understand the 
cosmos not as a collection of 

3266
02:57:34,100 --> 02:57:38,000
mysterious phenomena, but as a 
single integrated system 

3267
02:57:38,000 --> 02:57:40,800
operating according to 
comprehensible, mathematical 

3268
02:57:40,800 --> 02:57:43,700
principles, while Newton was 
revealing, the mathematical 

3269
02:57:43,700 --> 02:57:46,700
architecture of motion and 
gravitation other natural. 

3270
02:57:46,700 --> 02:57:49,200
Philosophers were grappling with
phenomena, that seemed more 

3271
02:57:49,200 --> 02:57:53,100
subtle and mysterious heat light
electricity. 

3272
02:57:53,100 --> 02:57:57,600
And magnetism these forces could
be felt and observed, but they 

3273
02:57:57,600 --> 02:57:59,900
didn't fit neatly into the 
mechanical framework. 

3274
02:57:59,900 --> 02:58:02,000
That worked so well for 
understanding the motion of 

3275
02:58:02,008 --> 02:58:05,000
solid objects, consider heat 
something. 

3276
02:58:05,000 --> 02:58:07,800
So fundamental to Human 
Experience that we rarely think 

3277
02:58:07,800 --> 02:58:10,600
about what it actually is. 
For centuries, most people 

3278
02:58:10,600 --> 02:58:13,800
assumed that heat was a kind of 
invisible fluid called caloric 

3279
02:58:13,800 --> 02:58:17,300
that float from hot objects to 
cold ones, like water flowing 

3280
02:58:17,300 --> 02:58:20,100
downhill. 
But Dalton's atoms were still 

3281
02:58:20,100 --> 02:58:22,600
hypothetical. 
Entities inferred from indirect 

3282
02:58:22,600 --> 02:58:25,600
evidence. 
Nobody had actually seen an atom

3283
02:58:25,600 --> 02:58:27,000
or measured its properties 
directly. 

3284
02:58:27,000 --> 02:58:30,400
The atoms remained invisible and
for all practical purposes, 

3285
02:58:30,400 --> 02:58:34,200
undetectable by any direct means
available to 19th century 

3286
02:58:34,208 --> 02:58:36,900
science. 
The first hints that atoms might

3287
02:58:36,900 --> 02:58:39,600
have internal structure came 
from studies of electricity. 

3288
02:58:39,600 --> 02:58:43,400
Michael Faraday's experiments 
with electrolysis passing, 

3289
02:58:43,400 --> 02:58:45,700
electric currents through 
Solutions of various compounds 

3290
02:58:45,700 --> 02:58:49,800
showed that electric charge and 
matter were related in precise 

3291
02:58:49,800 --> 02:58:52,700
quantitative ways. 
It took a definite amount of 

3292
02:58:52,700 --> 02:58:55,900
electric charge to deposit, a 
definite amount of Any Given 

3293
02:58:55,900 --> 02:58:58,700
element from solution. 
Suggesting that atoms themselves

3294
02:58:58,700 --> 02:59:01,300
might carry discrete amounts of 
electric charge. 

3295
02:59:01,300 --> 02:59:03,900
These studies led to the 
discovery of what we now. 

3296
02:59:03,900 --> 02:59:07,800
Call the electron JJ Thomson 
working at Cambridge University,

3297
02:59:07,800 --> 02:59:11,400
in the 1890s was studying the 
behavior of electric currents in

3298
02:59:11,400 --> 02:59:14,500
evacuated glass tubes. 
He found that these currents 

3299
02:59:14,500 --> 02:59:18,300
consisted of streams of tiny 
negatively, charged particles 

3300
02:59:18,300 --> 02:59:20,000
that. 
Much lighter than any known 

3301
02:59:20,000 --> 02:59:22,300
atom. 
These core puzzles as Thompson 

3302
02:59:22,300 --> 02:59:24,800
initially called them seemed to 
be fundamental. 

3303
02:59:24,800 --> 02:59:28,600
Constituents of matter pieces of
atoms rather than complete 

3304
02:59:28,600 --> 02:59:30,900
atoms. 
Thompson's Discovery was 

3305
02:59:30,900 --> 02:59:34,100
revolutionary because it showed 
that atoms were not indivisible.

3306
02:59:34,100 --> 02:59:36,900
After all, they had internal 
structure and could be broken 

3307
02:59:36,900 --> 02:59:39,600
apart under the right 
conditions, this raised 

3308
02:59:39,600 --> 02:59:42,600
fascinating questions. 
If atoms contain negatively 

3309
02:59:42,600 --> 02:59:46,200
charged electrons, they must 
also contain positively charged 

3310
02:59:46,200 --> 02:59:49,800
material to balance the negative
charge, how are these positive 

3311
02:59:49,800 --> 02:59:51,900
and negative components arranged
within atoms? 

3312
02:59:51,900 --> 02:59:54,700
Thompson proposed? 
What became known as The Plum 

3313
02:59:54,700 --> 02:59:56,300
Pudding model of atomic 
structure? 

3314
02:59:57,000 --> 03:00:00,100
Atoms consisted of a diffuse 
sphere of positive charge with 

3315
03:00:00,100 --> 03:00:03,900
negatively, charged, electrons 
embedded within it like raisins 

3316
03:00:03,900 --> 03:00:06,300
in a pudding. 
This model explained the overall

3317
03:00:06,300 --> 03:00:08,900
electrical neutrality of atoms 
while accounting for the 

3318
03:00:08,900 --> 03:00:11,100
emission of electrons under 
certain conditions. 

3319
03:00:11,100 --> 03:00:14,000
But the plum pudding model 
wouldn't survive for long 

3320
03:00:14,000 --> 03:00:16,600
Earnest. 
Roth working with his students 

3321
03:00:16,600 --> 03:00:20,100
hands Geiger and Ernest Marston 
conducted experiments that 

3322
03:00:20,100 --> 03:00:22,700
revealed the true structure of 
atoms in dramatic fashion. 

3323
03:00:22,700 --> 03:00:26,400
They fired alpha particles. 
Energetic, positively, charged, 

3324
03:00:26,400 --> 03:00:29,300
particles, emitted by 
radioactive elements, a thin 

3325
03:00:29,300 --> 03:00:31,900
gold foils and observed how 
these particles were deflected. 

3326
03:00:31,900 --> 03:00:35,300
According to the plum pudding 
model alpha particles, should 

3327
03:00:35,300 --> 03:00:38,000
pass through the diffuse, 
positive charge of gold atoms 

3328
03:00:38,000 --> 03:00:41,000
with only slight deflections 
like bullets passing through 

3329
03:00:41,000 --> 03:00:43,800
soft targets instead rather for 
his team. 

3330
03:00:43,800 --> 03:00:46,300
Found that while most alpha 
particles did pass through with 

3331
03:00:46,300 --> 03:00:49,400
little deflection, a small 
percentage, bounce back, almost 

3332
03:00:49,400 --> 03:00:52,600
directly toward their saws. 
This was completely unexpected 

3333
03:00:52,600 --> 03:00:56,300
as Rutherford later said, it was
like firing artillery shells at 

3334
03:00:56,300 --> 03:00:58,300
tissue. 
Paper and having some of them 

3335
03:00:58,300 --> 03:01:00,600
bounce back. 
The only way to explain these 

3336
03:01:00,600 --> 03:01:03,300
results was to assume that atoms
had a very different structure 

3337
03:01:03,300 --> 03:01:06,300
than Thompson had proposed. 
Instead of diffuse, fears of 

3338
03:01:06,308 --> 03:01:10,100
positive charged atoms must 
contain tiny dense, nuclei 

3339
03:01:10,100 --> 03:01:13,300
carrying all the positive charge
and most of the mass with 

3340
03:01:13,300 --> 03:01:16,400
electrons orbiting, these nuclei
like planets around the Sun, 

3341
03:01:16,400 --> 03:01:19,500
most alpha particles passed 
through the mostly empty space 

3342
03:01:19,500 --> 03:01:23,300
between nuclei But the few that 
happened to approach nuclei 

3343
03:01:23,300 --> 03:01:26,600
closely were deflected or 
reflected by the intense 

3344
03:01:26,600 --> 03:01:30,000
electrical forces near these 
dense concentrations of positive

3345
03:01:30,000 --> 03:01:33,500
charge Rutherford's nuclear 
model of the atom was a Triumph 

3346
03:01:33,500 --> 03:01:36,600
of experimental physics. 
It showed that atoms were mostly

3347
03:01:36,600 --> 03:01:39,500
empty space. 
If an atom were expanded to the 

3348
03:01:39,500 --> 03:01:42,600
size of a football stadium, the 
nucleus would be about the size 

3349
03:01:42,600 --> 03:01:45,300
of a marble at the center, with 
electron somewhere in the 

3350
03:01:45,300 --> 03:01:47,900
stands. 
This was a startling picture of 

3351
03:01:47,900 --> 03:01:51,100
the structure of matter. 
Solid objects of everyday 

3352
03:01:51,100 --> 03:01:54,600
experience were revealed to be 
mostly emptiness held together 

3353
03:01:54,608 --> 03:01:58,900
by electromagnetic forces 
between tiny widely separated 

3354
03:01:58,900 --> 03:02:01,400
particles. 
But the nuclear model also 

3355
03:02:01,400 --> 03:02:04,400
created new puzzles. 
According to classical 

3356
03:02:04,400 --> 03:02:08,000
electromagnetic Theory, orbiting
electrons should continuously 

3357
03:02:08,000 --> 03:02:12,300
emit, electromagnetic radiation 
lose energy and spiral into the 

3358
03:02:12,308 --> 03:02:15,000
nucleus. 
In a fraction of a second atom 

3359
03:02:15,000 --> 03:02:17,000
should be completely unstable 
yet. 

3360
03:02:17,000 --> 03:02:19,500
They were obviously stable 
enough to constitute the entire 

3361
03:02:19,500 --> 03:02:22,600
material Universe. 
Something was seriously wrong 

3362
03:02:22,600 --> 03:02:26,300
with the classical understanding
of electromagnetic radiation at 

3363
03:02:26,300 --> 03:02:28,900
Atomic scales. 
Meanwhile, other investigators 

3364
03:02:28,900 --> 03:02:31,600
were discovering even more 
puzzling, aspects of atomic 

3365
03:02:31,600 --> 03:02:35,100
Behavior, studies of atomic 
Spectra, the light emitted, or 

3366
03:02:35,100 --> 03:02:37,500
absorbed by atoms showed that 
atoms. 

3367
03:02:37,500 --> 03:02:40,500
Could only emit or absorb 
radiation at very specific, 

3368
03:02:40,500 --> 03:02:43,600
frequencies producing 
characteristic patterns of 

3369
03:02:43,600 --> 03:02:46,900
bright or dark lines. 
The spectral lines will like 

3370
03:02:46,900 --> 03:02:49,600
fingerprints, that could be used
to identify different elements, 

3371
03:02:49,600 --> 03:02:52,300
but classical physics provided, 
no explanation. 

3372
03:02:52,300 --> 03:02:56,400
For why only certain frequencies
were allowed Max planks work on 

3373
03:02:56,400 --> 03:02:59,500
black body radiation had already
suggested that energy might come

3374
03:02:59,500 --> 03:03:03,400
in discrete packets rather than 
continuous amounts Ein. 

3375
03:03:03,500 --> 03:03:05,500
Explanation of the photoelectric
effect. 

3376
03:03:05,500 --> 03:03:08,700
Had proposed that light itself 
consisted of discrete particles 

3377
03:03:08,700 --> 03:03:10,400
carrying quantized amounts of 
energy. 

3378
03:03:10,400 --> 03:03:13,900
Now Atomic spectroscopy was 
suggesting that atoms themselves

3379
03:03:13,900 --> 03:03:16,200
could only exist in discrete 
energy states. 

3380
03:03:16,200 --> 03:03:18,900
All of these discoveries were 
pointing toward a radical 

3381
03:03:18,900 --> 03:03:21,400
conclusion. 
Classical physics. 

3382
03:03:21,400 --> 03:03:23,800
That worked so well. 
For describing the behavior of 

3383
03:03:23,800 --> 03:03:27,800
large objects might not apply to
the microscopic world of atoms 

3384
03:03:27,800 --> 03:03:30,500
and electrons, the atomic realm 
seemed to operate. 

3385
03:03:30,500 --> 03:03:34,000
According to different rules 
rules that allowed, only certain

3386
03:03:34,000 --> 03:03:37,700
energies, certain orbital paths 
and certain frequencies of 

3387
03:03:37,700 --> 03:03:39,800
radiation as you settle in for 
the night. 

3388
03:03:39,800 --> 03:03:42,800
Consider, how these earlier 
Atomic investigators were 

3389
03:03:42,800 --> 03:03:45,700
discovering that the familiar 
solid world of everyday 

3390
03:03:45,700 --> 03:03:48,700
experience was built from 
components that behaved in 

3391
03:03:48,700 --> 03:03:51,700
utterly unfamiliar ways. 
The atoms that make up your 

3392
03:03:51,700 --> 03:03:55,500
pillow, your blanket, and even 
your own body are mostly empty 

3393
03:03:55,500 --> 03:03:58,100
space populated by particles 
obeying rules. 

3394
03:03:58,100 --> 03:04:01,000
That would have seemed like 
magic to earlier generations of 

3395
03:04:01,000 --> 03:04:03,300
scientists. 
The universe was revealing 

3396
03:04:03,300 --> 03:04:07,000
itself to be far stranger and 
more wonderful than anyone had 

3397
03:04:07,000 --> 03:04:10,300
imagined. 
As the 19th century Drew to a 

3398
03:04:10,308 --> 03:04:13,000
close physics. 
Found itself in a curious 

3399
03:04:13,000 --> 03:04:15,900
position on one hand, the 
achievements were breathtaking 

3400
03:04:15,900 --> 03:04:19,400
Newton's mechanics, explain the 
motion of everything from 

3401
03:04:19,400 --> 03:04:22,600
billiard balls to planets. 
Maxwell's electromagnetism 

3402
03:04:22,600 --> 03:04:26,700
unified light with electricity 
and magnetism and thermodynamics

3403
03:04:26,700 --> 03:04:28,900
had revealed the fundamental 
principles. 

3404
03:04:28,900 --> 03:04:32,100
Governing heat in energy, the 
universe appeared to be a vast 

3405
03:04:32,100 --> 03:04:35,000
comprehensible mechanism 
operating according to 

3406
03:04:35,000 --> 03:04:37,900
mathematical laws, that human 
intelligence had successfully 

3407
03:04:37,900 --> 03:04:40,800
decoded. 
Yet careful observers were 

3408
03:04:40,800 --> 03:04:43,600
noticing cracks in This 
Magnificent edifice small 

3409
03:04:43,600 --> 03:04:46,500
experimental results, that 
didn't quite fit the theoretical

3410
03:04:46,500 --> 03:04:49,500
predictions puzzling phenomena 
that seemed to violate 

3411
03:04:49,500 --> 03:04:52,400
established principles. 
Strange Behaviors that 

3412
03:04:52,400 --> 03:04:55,000
suggested, The Familiar laws of 
physics, might not apply 

3413
03:04:55,000 --> 03:04:56,500
everywhere and under all 
conditions. 

3414
03:04:57,700 --> 03:05:00,100
These weren't dramatic failures 
that demanded immediate 

3415
03:05:00,100 --> 03:05:03,700
attention, but subtle anomalies 
that hinted at deeper Mysteries,

3416
03:05:03,700 --> 03:05:06,700
the behavior of light presented,
some of the most perplexing 

3417
03:05:06,700 --> 03:05:08,700
puzzles. 
Maxwell's electromagnetic 

3418
03:05:08,700 --> 03:05:11,800
Theory, had triumphantly 
explained light as waves in the 

3419
03:05:11,800 --> 03:05:14,900
electromagnetic field and this 
wave pictures successfully, 

3420
03:05:14,900 --> 03:05:18,100
accounted for interference 
diffraction, and most other 

3421
03:05:18,100 --> 03:05:21,100
Optical phenomena, but certain 
experiments seem to require 

3422
03:05:21,100 --> 03:05:23,500
treating light as discrete 
particles, rather, than 

3423
03:05:23,500 --> 03:05:26,800
continuous wave's. 
The photoelectric effect was 

3424
03:05:26,800 --> 03:05:29,500
particularly troubling. 
When light shines on certain 

3425
03:05:29,500 --> 03:05:32,900
Metals, electrons are emitted 
from the surface a phenomenon 

3426
03:05:32,900 --> 03:05:36,300
that should be easily explained 
by electromagnetic Theory, the 

3427
03:05:36,300 --> 03:05:38,900
energy of the light waves should
be transferred to electrons 

3428
03:05:38,900 --> 03:05:41,900
heating them up until some have 
enough energy to escape the 

3429
03:05:41,900 --> 03:05:44,200
metal. 
This suggested that brighter 

3430
03:05:44,200 --> 03:05:47,000
light should produce more 
energetic electrons, just as 

3431
03:05:47,000 --> 03:05:50,700
brighter, sunlight produces, 
more Heating, But experiments 

3432
03:05:50,700 --> 03:05:52,000
showed something completely 
different. 

3433
03:05:52,000 --> 03:05:55,400
The energy of emitted, electrons
depended only on the frequency 

3434
03:05:55,400 --> 03:05:58,500
color of the light. 
Not on its brightness. 

3435
03:05:59,400 --> 03:06:02,400
Dim blue, light produced, more 
energetic electrons than bright 

3436
03:06:02,400 --> 03:06:05,300
red light, even stranger below 
certain frequencies. 

3437
03:06:05,300 --> 03:06:06,700
No electrons were emitted at 
all. 

3438
03:06:06,708 --> 03:06:08,900
No matter how bright the light 
became. 

3439
03:06:08,900 --> 03:06:11,700
This was like, finding that 
whispered words could break 

3440
03:06:11,700 --> 03:06:15,300
glass while shouted words could 
not depending only on the pitch 

3441
03:06:15,300 --> 03:06:17,000
of the voice rather than its 
volume. 

3442
03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:20,100
Meanwhile, studies of atomic 
Spectra were revealing that 

3443
03:06:20,100 --> 03:06:22,200
atoms could only emit or absorb 
light. 

3444
03:06:22,200 --> 03:06:25,500
Very specific frequencies 
producing characteristic 

3445
03:06:25,500 --> 03:06:28,400
patterns of bright or dark lines
that were as distinctive as 

3446
03:06:28,400 --> 03:06:31,800
fingerprints classical physics. 
Suggested that atom should be 

3447
03:06:31,800 --> 03:06:34,700
able to emit or absorb 
electromagnetic radiation at any

3448
03:06:34,708 --> 03:06:37,400
frequency. 
Yet, experiments showed that 

3449
03:06:37,400 --> 03:06:39,600
only certain discrete 
frequencies were allowed. 

3450
03:06:39,600 --> 03:06:42,500
It was as if Atomic violins. 
Could only place certain 

3451
03:06:42,500 --> 03:06:45,200
specific notes. 
Never the notes in between 

3452
03:06:46,200 --> 03:06:49,000
Structure of atoms themselves 
presented equally puzzling, 

3453
03:06:49,000 --> 03:06:52,000
contradictions, Rutherford's 
experiments had revealed that 

3454
03:06:52,000 --> 03:06:56,300
atoms consisted of tiny dense 
nuclei surrounded by orbiting 

3455
03:06:56,300 --> 03:06:59,000
electrons. 
But classical electromagnetic 

3456
03:06:59,000 --> 03:07:01,700
Theory predicted that such a 
system should be completely. 

3457
03:07:01,700 --> 03:07:04,900
Unstable orbiting electrons 
should continuously emit, 

3458
03:07:04,900 --> 03:07:09,000
electromagnetic radiation lose 
energy and spiral into the 

3459
03:07:09,000 --> 03:07:11,800
nucleus in a tiny fraction of a 
second yet. 

3460
03:07:11,800 --> 03:07:14,600
Atoms were obviously stable 
enough to constitute the entire 

3461
03:07:14,600 --> 03:07:17,200
material Universe. 
Perhaps most mysteriously 

3462
03:07:17,200 --> 03:07:20,000
careful, measurements of the 
speed of light were producing 

3463
03:07:20,000 --> 03:07:22,100
results, that seem to violate 
Common Sense. 

3464
03:07:22,100 --> 03:07:25,300
Maxwell's equations, implied 
that light should travel at a 

3465
03:07:25,300 --> 03:07:27,800
constant speed relative to the 
electromagnetic field that 

3466
03:07:27,800 --> 03:07:31,200
supported it just to sound 
travels at a constant speed 

3467
03:07:31,200 --> 03:07:32,700
relative to the air that carries
it. 

3468
03:07:32,700 --> 03:07:35,700
This suggested that there should
be a preferred reference frame. 

3469
03:07:36,500 --> 03:07:38,700
The frame in which the 
electromagnetic field was at 

3470
03:07:38,700 --> 03:07:42,100
rest and that measurements of 
light speed should depend on the

3471
03:07:42,100 --> 03:07:45,100
observer's motion relative to 
this Frame but the famous 

3472
03:07:45,100 --> 03:07:47,900
Mickelson Morley experiment 
found no evidence for such a 

3473
03:07:47,900 --> 03:07:50,400
preferred frame. 
The speed of light appeared to 

3474
03:07:50,408 --> 03:07:53,500
be the same for all observers 
regardless of their motion. 

3475
03:07:53,500 --> 03:07:56,700
This was like finding that the 
sound of a train whistle had the

3476
03:07:56,700 --> 03:07:58,800
same pitch, whether you were 
running toward or away from the 

3477
03:07:58,800 --> 03:08:02,300
train, a result that seemed to 
contradict everything physics 

3478
03:08:02,300 --> 03:08:04,300
had learned about waves and 
relative motion. 

3479
03:08:04,300 --> 03:08:07,200
These experimental puzzles were 
accumulating throughout the 

3480
03:08:07,200 --> 03:08:11,800
1890s and early 1900s creating a
sense that classical physics. 

3481
03:08:11,800 --> 03:08:16,100
Despite its remarkable successes
was approaching the boundaries 

3482
03:08:16,100 --> 03:08:19,000
of its applicability. 
The Clockwork Universe was still

3483
03:08:19,000 --> 03:08:22,500
running remarkably well for most
purposes but careful examination

3484
03:08:22,500 --> 03:08:25,100
was revealing phenomena. 
That didn't quite fit the 

3485
03:08:25,100 --> 03:08:28,300
classical mechanical framework. 
Most physicists initially 

3486
03:08:28,300 --> 03:08:31,000
assumed that these puzzles would
eventually be resolved through 

3487
03:08:31,000 --> 03:08:34,900
minor modifications to existing 
theories, perhaps by discovering

3488
03:08:34,900 --> 03:08:38,400
new effects, or making more. 
Size calculations the basic 

3489
03:08:38,400 --> 03:08:41,600
principles of classical physics.
Newton's Laws of Motion, 

3490
03:08:41,600 --> 03:08:45,200
Maxwell's, electromagnetic 
Theory, and the kinetic theory 

3491
03:08:45,200 --> 03:08:48,500
of heat seemed so well 
established and so successful. 

3492
03:08:48,500 --> 03:08:52,400
That fundamental revision seemed
almost Unthinkable, but a few 

3493
03:08:52,408 --> 03:08:54,800
pressured investigators were 
beginning to suspect that 

3494
03:08:54,800 --> 03:08:56,700
something more radical might be 
required. 

3495
03:08:56,700 --> 03:09:00,200
Lord kelvin's, famous comment 
about two small clouds on the 

3496
03:09:00,200 --> 03:09:01,700
otherwise, clear Horizon of 
physics. 

3497
03:09:01,700 --> 03:09:05,400
Reflected the general optimism. 
That these minor puzzles would 

3498
03:09:05,400 --> 03:09:08,200
soon be resolved. 
Instead, these small clouds 

3499
03:09:08,200 --> 03:09:09,900
would grow into the conceptual 
storms. 

3500
03:09:09,900 --> 03:09:13,400
That were transformed, our 
understanding of space, time, 

3501
03:09:13,400 --> 03:09:17,700
matter, and energy. 
The stage was set for the most 

3502
03:09:17,700 --> 03:09:19,800
profound revolution, in the 
history of physics. 

3503
03:09:19,800 --> 03:09:23,300
The classical worldview had 
reached its limits and nature 

3504
03:09:23,300 --> 03:09:25,900
was ready to reveal principles, 
fast, stranger and more 

3505
03:09:25,900 --> 03:09:28,700
wonderful than anyone had. 
Imagined the comfortable 

3506
03:09:28,700 --> 03:09:31,600
Mechanical Universe of the 19th 
century was about to give away 

3507
03:09:31,600 --> 03:09:34,700
to a cosmos governed by Quantum 
on certainly in relative to 

3508
03:09:34,700 --> 03:09:38,100
Mystic space-time The universe 
in which the familiar rules of 

3509
03:09:38,100 --> 03:09:41,400
everyday experience, would prove
to be approximations valid only 

3510
03:09:41,400 --> 03:09:44,300
under limited conditions, but 
that's a story for another 

3511
03:09:44,300 --> 03:09:47,500
bedtime tale for now, it's 
enough to appreciate how the 

3512
03:09:47,500 --> 03:09:49,700
patient systemic work of 19th 
century. 

3513
03:09:49,700 --> 03:09:53,300
Physicists had pushed human, 
understanding to the very edges 

3514
03:09:53,300 --> 03:09:56,300
of the classical worldview. 
They had explored the mechanical

3515
03:09:56,300 --> 03:09:59,400
universe, as thoroughly as it 
could be explored discovered, 

3516
03:09:59,400 --> 03:10:02,100
its fundamental principles and 
mapped its boundaries. 

3517
03:10:02,900 --> 03:10:05,900
In doing so they had unknowingly
prepared, the ground for the 

3518
03:10:05,908 --> 03:10:08,900
Revolutionary insights that 
would follow as we near the end 

3519
03:10:08,900 --> 03:10:11,900
of our journey, through pre 
Einstein physics, it's worth 

3520
03:10:11,900 --> 03:10:15,200
pausing to appreciate the 
extraordinary pattern that had 

3521
03:10:15,200 --> 03:10:17,500
emerged from centuries of 
patient investigation. 

3522
03:10:17,500 --> 03:10:20,100
What had begun with ancient 
philosophers wondering? 

3523
03:10:20,100 --> 03:10:23,000
Why things fell down instead of 
up had evolved into a 

3524
03:10:23,000 --> 03:10:25,500
magnificent intellectual edifice
that revealed deep. 

3525
03:10:25,500 --> 03:10:28,800
Mathematical harmonies 
underlying the apparent chaos of

3526
03:10:28,800 --> 03:10:31,400
natural phenomena. 
The story of physics before 

3527
03:10:31,400 --> 03:10:34,300
Einstein is really a story about
the gradual discovery that the 

3528
03:10:34,300 --> 03:10:38,000
Universe speaks mathematics not 
the dry abstract mathematics of 

3529
03:10:38,000 --> 03:10:40,200
homework assignments. 
But a living breathing, 

3530
03:10:40,200 --> 03:10:43,000
mathematical language that 
describes everything from the 

3531
03:10:43,000 --> 03:10:46,200
flutter of falling leaves to the
dance of distant galaxies. 

3532
03:10:46,200 --> 03:10:49,000
Each generation of 
investigators, had decoded a 

3533
03:10:49,000 --> 03:10:50,400
little more of this Cosmic 
language. 

3534
03:10:50,400 --> 03:10:53,900
Gradually revealing the elegant 
Simplicity that underlies 

3535
03:10:53,900 --> 03:10:57,400
Nature's complexity Newton's. 
Great Insight was recognizing 

3536
03:10:57,400 --> 03:10:59,800
that the same mathematical 
principles governed motion 

3537
03:10:59,800 --> 03:11:03,400
everywhere in the universe. 
The parabolic path of a throne 

3538
03:11:03,400 --> 03:11:05,300
Stone. 
And the elliptical orbit of Mars

3539
03:11:05,300 --> 03:11:07,800
were both consequences of the 
same underlying laws. 

3540
03:11:07,800 --> 03:11:11,100
This mathematical Unity 
suggested that the Universe was 

3541
03:11:11,100 --> 03:11:14,600
not a collection of separate 
unrelated phenomena, but single 

3542
03:11:14,600 --> 03:11:18,000
integrated system operating 
according to comprehensible 

3543
03:11:18,000 --> 03:11:21,500
principles, Maxwell's 
electromagnetic Theory, extended

3544
03:11:21,500 --> 03:11:24,300
this unification. 
Even further showing that light 

3545
03:11:24,300 --> 03:11:28,100
electricity and magnetism were 
all manifestations of a single 

3546
03:11:28,100 --> 03:11:30,800
electromagnetic field, 
oscillating through space. 

3547
03:11:30,800 --> 03:11:34,800
The rainbow of colors in the 
sunset, the spark from a door 

3548
03:11:34,800 --> 03:11:37,500
knob on a dry day. 
And the invisible forces that 

3549
03:11:37,500 --> 03:11:40,100
aligned Compass needles were all
different notes in an 

3550
03:11:40,100 --> 03:11:43,700
electromagnetic Symphony, that 
filled the universe, the kinetic

3551
03:11:43,700 --> 03:11:46,800
theory of heat revealed that 
thermal phenomena the warmth of 

3552
03:11:46,800 --> 03:11:50,400
sunlight, the expansion of 
heated Metals, the pressure of 

3553
03:11:50,400 --> 03:11:53,600
steam and engines were really 
consequences of the random 

3554
03:11:53,600 --> 03:11:56,400
motion of countless tiny 
particles temperature was 

3555
03:11:56,400 --> 03:12:00,000
molecular motion, heat transfer 
was the sharing of kinetic 

3556
03:12:00,000 --> 03:12:03,300
energy between particles. 
The gas laws were statistical 

3557
03:12:03,300 --> 03:12:04,800
description of particle 
Behavior. 

3558
03:12:04,800 --> 03:12:08,000
Once again, apparently, 
different phenomenon were 

3559
03:12:08,000 --> 03:12:10,200
revealed to be different 
manifestations of the same 

3560
03:12:10,200 --> 03:12:13,800
underlying reality. 
This Progressive unification was

3561
03:12:13,800 --> 03:12:17,400
more than just intellectual 
satisfaction for physicists, it?

3562
03:12:17,400 --> 03:12:20,300
Demonstrated that human reason 
equipped with careful 

3563
03:12:20,300 --> 03:12:23,400
observation and mathematical 
analysis could penetrate the 

3564
03:12:23,400 --> 03:12:26,700
deepest mysteries of nature. 
The universe might be vast and 

3565
03:12:26,700 --> 03:12:29,800
complex but it was also 
comprehensible natural. 

3566
03:12:29,800 --> 03:12:33,000
Phenomena might appear chaotic 
and unpredictable but they 

3567
03:12:33,000 --> 03:12:35,500
followed mathematical laws, that
could be discovered and 

3568
03:12:35,500 --> 03:12:37,900
understood. 
This was an extraordinarily 

3569
03:12:37,900 --> 03:12:40,900
optimistic worldview. 
It suggested that every mystery 

3570
03:12:40,900 --> 03:12:44,000
could eventually be sold every 
phenomenon of eventually 

3571
03:12:44,000 --> 03:12:47,300
understood and every natural law
of eventually decoded. 

3572
03:12:48,200 --> 03:12:51,300
The universe was like an 
enormous but finite book written

3573
03:12:51,300 --> 03:12:54,200
in the language of mathematics 
human beings. 

3574
03:12:54,200 --> 03:12:56,400
Had learned to read this 
language and give them enough 

3575
03:12:56,400 --> 03:12:59,000
time and effort they could have 
eventually read the entire book.

3576
03:13:00,000 --> 03:13:02,900
The Practical consequences of 
this, mathematical understanding

3577
03:13:02,900 --> 03:13:04,800
were transforming human 
civilization. 

3578
03:13:04,800 --> 03:13:08,300
Steam engines designed using 
thermodynamic principles were 

3579
03:13:08,300 --> 03:13:09,900
powering, the Industrial 
Revolution. 

3580
03:13:10,800 --> 03:13:13,300
Telegraph systems. 
Based on electromagnetic theory 

3581
03:13:13,300 --> 03:13:15,700
was shrinking. 
The World by enabling near 

3582
03:13:15,700 --> 03:13:19,500
instantaneous communication 
across vast distances, Precision

3583
03:13:19,500 --> 03:13:22,900
navigation using gravitational. 
Astronomy was making Global 

3584
03:13:22,900 --> 03:13:24,500
Commerce safer and more 
reliable. 

3585
03:13:24,500 --> 03:13:28,300
But perhaps most remarkably, the
mathematical laws discovered by 

3586
03:13:28,300 --> 03:13:31,300
physicists were revealing 
unexpected connections between 

3587
03:13:31,300 --> 03:13:34,500
apparently, unrelated for 
nominal the same equation that 

3588
03:13:34,500 --> 03:13:36,100
described the vibration of 
violin. 

3589
03:13:36,100 --> 03:13:39,000
Strings also described the 
oscillation of electromagnetic 

3590
03:13:39,000 --> 03:13:42,200
fields The same principles that 
govern the flight of 

3591
03:13:42,200 --> 03:13:44,200
projectiles. 
Also govern the orbits of 

3592
03:13:44,208 --> 03:13:46,700
comets. 
The same statistical methods, 

3593
03:13:46,700 --> 03:13:49,200
that explain the behavior of 
gases also, explain the 

3594
03:13:49,200 --> 03:13:51,900
properties of heat and 
temperature these connections 

3595
03:13:51,900 --> 03:13:53,900
suggested that the Universe 
possessed, a kind of 

3596
03:13:53,908 --> 03:13:57,400
mathematical coherence, that 
went far deeper than anyone had 

3597
03:13:57,400 --> 03:13:59,400
suspected. 
It wasn't just that natural 

3598
03:13:59,400 --> 03:14:01,300
phenomena obeyed, mathematical 
laws. 

3599
03:14:01,300 --> 03:14:04,400
It was that these laws were 
interconnected in ways that 

3600
03:14:04,400 --> 03:14:06,700
revealed a profound underlying 
Unity. 

3601
03:14:06,700 --> 03:14:09,300
The universe appeared to be 
constructed according to 

3602
03:14:09,300 --> 03:14:12,500
mathematical principles that 
human Minds could discover and 

3603
03:14:12,500 --> 03:14:16,100
appreciate This mathematical 
Harmony had an almost musical 

3604
03:14:16,100 --> 03:14:19,100
quality, just as a symphony 
weaves together, different 

3605
03:14:19,100 --> 03:14:21,800
instruments, and Melodies to 
creating unified artistic 

3606
03:14:21,800 --> 03:14:24,500
experience. 
The universe seemed to weave 

3607
03:14:24,500 --> 03:14:26,400
together. 
Different physical, phenomena to

3608
03:14:26,400 --> 03:14:29,900
create a unified natural order. 
The Ancients had spoken of The 

3609
03:14:29,900 --> 03:14:33,200
Music of the Spheres. 
The idea that Celestial motions 

3610
03:14:33,200 --> 03:14:36,300
produced harmonious sounds that 
reflected the mathematical order

3611
03:14:36,300 --> 03:14:38,200
of creation. 
While this literal 

3612
03:14:38,200 --> 03:14:41,300
interpretation had been 
abandoned 19th century physics, 

3613
03:14:41,300 --> 03:14:44,600
had revealed a deeper sense in 
which the universe really did 

3614
03:14:44,600 --> 03:14:47,900
possess mathematical Harmony 
that even as physicists 

3615
03:14:47,900 --> 03:14:49,600
celebrated. 
These Chiefs, they were 

3616
03:14:49,608 --> 03:14:51,600
beginning to encounter 
phenomena, that didn't quite 

3617
03:14:51,600 --> 03:14:53,600
fit. 
The established patterns the 

3618
03:14:53,600 --> 03:14:56,400
small experimental anomalies we 
discussed earlier were like 

3619
03:14:56,400 --> 03:14:59,000
discordant notes in an otherwise
harmonious Symphony. 

3620
03:15:00,000 --> 03:15:02,200
They suggested that the 
classical mathematical 

3621
03:15:02,200 --> 03:15:05,800
description of nature. 
However, successful might be in 

3622
03:15:05,800 --> 03:15:07,400
complete. 
These puzzles weren't 

3623
03:15:07,400 --> 03:15:09,300
necessarily failures of the 
classical approach. 

3624
03:15:09,300 --> 03:15:12,900
They might simply indicate that 
Nature's mathematical language 

3625
03:15:12,900 --> 03:15:17,200
was richer and more subtle than 
anyone had realized just as a 

3626
03:15:17,200 --> 03:15:19,900
simple Melody can be developed 
into complex variations that 

3627
03:15:19,900 --> 03:15:22,600
reveal hidden possibilities 
within the original theme. 

3628
03:15:22,600 --> 03:15:25,300
The mathematical laws of 
classical physics. 

3629
03:15:25,300 --> 03:15:28,100
Might be special cases of more 
general principles that would 

3630
03:15:28,100 --> 03:15:31,900
prove even more beautiful and 
unified this possibility, was 

3631
03:15:31,900 --> 03:15:35,600
both exciting and unsettling 
exciting because it suggested 

3632
03:15:35,600 --> 03:15:38,800
that the greatest discoveries 
might still lie ahead that the 

3633
03:15:38,800 --> 03:15:41,200
Universe might possess 
mathematical depth that would 

3634
03:15:41,200 --> 03:15:44,400
dwarf even the remarkable 
achievements of new Maxwell 

3635
03:15:44,400 --> 03:15:47,700
unsettling because it implied 
that the comfortable mechanical,

3636
03:15:47,700 --> 03:15:50,100
worldview of classical. 
Physics might need to be 

3637
03:15:50,100 --> 03:15:53,100
abandoned in favor of principles
that would challenge basic 

3638
03:15:53,100 --> 03:15:57,800
assumptions about the nature of 
space time, matter and causality

3639
03:15:57,800 --> 03:15:59,700
as you drift off to sleep 
tonight. 

3640
03:16:00,000 --> 03:16:03,000
Listen for the mathematical 
music that classical physicists 

3641
03:16:03,000 --> 03:16:04,600
had learned to hear in the 
natural world. 

3642
03:16:05,500 --> 03:16:08,100
The steady tick of a clock 
measures, the flow of time. 

3643
03:16:08,100 --> 03:16:11,500
According to principles Newton 
would recognize the Warm Glow of

3644
03:16:11,500 --> 03:16:13,800
a lamp represent 
electromagnetic, radiation 

3645
03:16:13,800 --> 03:16:16,000
behaving. 
Exactly as Maxwell's equations 

3646
03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:19,900
predict, The gentle settling of 
your house, reflects thermal 

3647
03:16:19,900 --> 03:16:23,300
expansion and contraction 
governed by the kinetic theory 

3648
03:16:23,300 --> 03:16:25,500
of heat. 
But also consider that this 

3649
03:16:25,500 --> 03:16:28,200
familiar music might be just the
beginning of a much grander 

3650
03:16:28,200 --> 03:16:30,600
composition. 
One that would require new 

3651
03:16:30,600 --> 03:16:34,000
mathematical languages to 
appreciate fully a new 

3652
03:16:34,000 --> 03:16:36,900
conceptual Frameworks to 
understand, completely the 

3653
03:16:36,900 --> 03:16:39,500
classical Symphony of physics, 
had reached a magnificent 

3654
03:16:39,500 --> 03:16:43,200
conclusion, but the universe Was
preparing to reveal entirely new

3655
03:16:43,200 --> 03:16:46,100
movements that were transformed.
Our understanding of reality 

3656
03:16:46,100 --> 03:16:49,100
itself, as our journey. 
Through pre Einstein, physics 

3657
03:16:49,100 --> 03:16:52,700
draws to a close, take a moment 
to appreciate the extraordinary 

3658
03:16:52,700 --> 03:16:55,500
intellectual Adventure. 
We've shared, we've traveled 

3659
03:16:55,500 --> 03:16:58,500
from ancient Greek philosophers,
throwing, rocks and wandering 

3660
03:16:58,500 --> 03:17:01,400
about the nature of motion. 
Through medieval Scholars, 

3661
03:17:01,400 --> 03:17:03,300
rediscovering Aristotle and 
inventing. 

3662
03:17:03,300 --> 03:17:06,800
New ways to think about natural 
phenomena to 19th century. 

3663
03:17:06,800 --> 03:17:09,900
Investigators revealing the 
mathematical harmonies that 

3664
03:17:09,900 --> 03:17:12,600
govern everything from heat and 
light to electricity and 

3665
03:17:12,600 --> 03:17:16,200
magnetism what emerges from this
long story is a picture of human

3666
03:17:16,200 --> 03:17:18,500
curiosity. 
Gradually unveiling the Deep 

3667
03:17:18,500 --> 03:17:21,800
structure of reality through 
patient, observation, careful, 

3668
03:17:21,800 --> 03:17:25,400
experimentation and creative, 
mathematical thinking each 

3669
03:17:25,400 --> 03:17:27,800
generation built upon the 
insights of their predecessors. 

3670
03:17:27,800 --> 03:17:31,600
Slowly constructing an edifice 
of understanding that reveal the

3671
03:17:31,600 --> 03:17:35,800
universe to be far more elegant 
unified, and comprehensible than

3672
03:17:35,800 --> 03:17:39,200
anyone had originally dead to 
hope the physicists whose work 

3673
03:17:39,208 --> 03:17:41,800
we've explored weren't trying to
revolutionize, human thought. 

3674
03:17:42,500 --> 03:17:45,000
They were simply trying to 
understand how things worked. 

3675
03:17:45,700 --> 03:17:48,800
Galileo wanted to know why 
pendulum swung with regular 

3676
03:17:48,800 --> 03:17:53,000
periods Newton was curious about
why planets moved in elliptical 

3677
03:17:53,000 --> 03:17:55,600
orbits. 
Maxwell was trying to make sense

3678
03:17:55,600 --> 03:17:58,800
of the relationship between 
electricity and magnetism yet 

3679
03:17:58,800 --> 03:18:00,900
their modest investigations into
specific. 

3680
03:18:00,900 --> 03:18:03,700
Phenomena gradually revealed 
Universal principles that 

3681
03:18:03,700 --> 03:18:05,700
transformed. 
Our understanding of the cosmos,

3682
03:18:05,700 --> 03:18:08,300
this is one of the most 
remarkable features of 

3683
03:18:08,300 --> 03:18:12,000
scientific progress, local 
investigations, often reveal 

3684
03:18:12,000 --> 03:18:14,900
Global truths. 
When you study falling objects, 

3685
03:18:14,900 --> 03:18:19,000
carefully enough you discover 
universal laws of motion when 

3686
03:18:19,000 --> 03:18:22,200
you investigate heat, transfer 
systematically, you uncover 

3687
03:18:22,200 --> 03:18:25,200
fundamental principles about 
energy and molecular Behavior. 

3688
03:18:25,900 --> 03:18:29,100
When you explore electromagnetic
phenomena thoroughly, you 

3689
03:18:29,100 --> 03:18:32,000
realize that light itself is an 
electromagnetic wave. 

3690
03:18:32,000 --> 03:18:35,100
The universe seems to be 
constructed in such a way that 

3691
03:18:35,100 --> 03:18:36,800
deep truths are accessible 
through. 

3692
03:18:36,800 --> 03:18:40,100
Careful study of commonplace 
phenomena the classical physics 

3693
03:18:40,100 --> 03:18:42,000
that emerge from the centuries 
of Investigation. 

3694
03:18:42,000 --> 03:18:44,300
Provided a worldview. 
That was both scientifically 

3695
03:18:44,300 --> 03:18:46,100
powerful and psychologically 
comfortable. 

3696
03:18:46,100 --> 03:18:49,200
It suggested that the Universe 
operated like a vast. 

3697
03:18:49,200 --> 03:18:52,600
But comprehensible machine 
governed by mathematical laws 

3698
03:18:52,600 --> 03:18:56,000
that human reason could discover
and understand every phenomenon 

3699
03:18:56,000 --> 03:18:59,200
had a cause every effect 
followed necessarily from its 

3700
03:18:59,200 --> 03:19:02,600
antecedents and given sufficient
information about the presence 

3701
03:19:02,600 --> 03:19:05,300
of any system. 
Its future Behavior could be 

3702
03:19:05,300 --> 03:19:09,200
predicted with perfect accuracy.
This deterministic mechanical 

3703
03:19:09,200 --> 03:19:11,900
picture of nature had profound 
cultural implications. 

3704
03:19:11,900 --> 03:19:15,700
It suggested that human beings 
through scientific investigation

3705
03:19:15,700 --> 03:19:18,900
could eventually understand 
everything about the natural 

3706
03:19:18,900 --> 03:19:21,500
world mystery. 
Wasn't a fundamental feature of 

3707
03:19:21,500 --> 03:19:23,400
reality. 
It was simply a temporary 

3708
03:19:23,408 --> 03:19:25,700
condition that would be 
eliminated as scientific. 

3709
03:19:25,900 --> 03:19:28,900
Knowledge advanced. 
The universe might be complex 

3710
03:19:28,900 --> 03:19:31,700
but it wasn't ultimately 
mysterious yet. 

3711
03:19:31,700 --> 03:19:33,400
Even at the height of classical 
physics. 

3712
03:19:33,400 --> 03:19:36,100
Success, careful. 
Observers were noticing small 

3713
03:19:36,100 --> 03:19:38,900
anomalies that didn't quite fit 
the established framework. 

3714
03:19:38,900 --> 03:19:41,900
These weren't dramatic failures 
that demanded immediate 

3715
03:19:41,900 --> 03:19:45,200
attention, but subtle puzzles 
that suggested the classical 

3716
03:19:45,200 --> 03:19:48,200
picture. 
However, successful might not be

3717
03:19:48,200 --> 03:19:51,200
complete. 
The photoelectric effect, Atomic

3718
03:19:51,200 --> 03:19:54,800
Spectra, the stability of atoms,
and the constancy of light 

3719
03:19:54,800 --> 03:19:58,100
speed, These phenomena hinted 
that nature might operate. 

3720
03:19:58,100 --> 03:20:00,900
According to principles Stranger
than anyone had imagined. 

3721
03:20:00,900 --> 03:20:03,900
These puzzles were like faint 
sounds from a distant country. 

3722
03:20:03,900 --> 03:20:07,400
Barely audible, but suggesting 
the existence of territories 

3723
03:20:07,400 --> 03:20:10,700
that hadn't, yet been explored 
classical physics had maps. 

3724
03:20:10,700 --> 03:20:13,100
The Familiar landscape of 
everyday experience with 

3725
03:20:13,100 --> 03:20:16,300
extraordinary precision. 
But they were regions Beyond 

3726
03:20:16,300 --> 03:20:20,000
this familiar territory where 
different rules might apply when

3727
03:20:20,000 --> 03:20:23,800
new kinds of phenomena might 
exist and where reality itself 

3728
03:20:23,800 --> 03:20:26,500
might prove to be far stranger 
and more wonderful than the 

3729
03:20:26,500 --> 03:20:29,200
Clockwork Universe of 19th 
century physics. 

3730
03:20:29,200 --> 03:20:33,000
Standing on the threshold of the
20th century physics was in a 

3731
03:20:33,008 --> 03:20:35,300
position. 
Remarkably similar to geography 

3732
03:20:35,300 --> 03:20:38,300
in the 15th century, the known 
world had been mapped with 

3733
03:20:38,308 --> 03:20:41,800
increasing accuracy trade 
routes, had been established and

3734
03:20:41,800 --> 03:20:43,900
navigation had become a reliable
science. 

3735
03:20:43,900 --> 03:20:46,800
But beyond the edges of the 
Known World, lay vast 

3736
03:20:46,800 --> 03:20:49,500
territories, waiting to be 
discovered territories. 

3737
03:20:49,500 --> 03:20:52,600
That would prove to be far, 
larger and more diverse than the

3738
03:20:52,600 --> 03:20:55,900
familiar landscape of Europe and
the Mediterranean Einstein. 

3739
03:20:55,900 --> 03:20:58,400
And his contemporaries would 
prove to be the explorers of 

3740
03:20:58,400 --> 03:21:01,900
these new physical territories. 
Discovering that space and time 

3741
03:21:01,900 --> 03:21:05,400
were far more flexible than 
Newton had imagined. that matter

3742
03:21:05,400 --> 03:21:09,400
and energy were interchangeable,
that uncertainty was built into 

3743
03:21:09,400 --> 03:21:12,600
the fundamental structure of 
reality and that the Universe 

3744
03:21:12,600 --> 03:21:16,200
was expanding evolving and fast 
range of an anyone who dreamed 

3745
03:21:16,200 --> 03:21:18,900
that these revolutionary 
discoveries were only possible 

3746
03:21:18,900 --> 03:21:21,600
because of the solid foundation 
that classical physics had 

3747
03:21:21,600 --> 03:21:25,200
provided You can't appreciate 
the strangeness of relativistic 

3748
03:21:25,200 --> 03:21:28,000
space-time without first 
understanding Newtonian 

3749
03:21:28,000 --> 03:21:30,700
mechanics. 
You can't grasp the weirdness of

3750
03:21:30,700 --> 03:21:33,700
quantum on certainly without 
first mastering classical, 

3751
03:21:33,700 --> 03:21:37,300
electromagnetic Theory. 
The revolution that was about to

3752
03:21:37,300 --> 03:21:40,100
unfold in physics. 
Wasn't a rejection of classical 

3753
03:21:40,100 --> 03:21:42,500
insights. 
It was their fulfillment and 

3754
03:21:42,500 --> 03:21:45,000
Transcendence as you settle into
sleep. 

3755
03:21:45,000 --> 03:21:47,800
Consider that you've been 
privileged to witness one of the

3756
03:21:47,800 --> 03:21:50,500
greatest intellectual adventures
in human history. 

3757
03:21:50,500 --> 03:21:54,500
The gradual discovery that the 
universe is both more orderly 

3758
03:21:54,500 --> 03:21:56,700
and more mysterious than Common 
Sense. 

3759
03:21:56,700 --> 03:22:00,700
Suggests the work of Galileo 
Newton, Maxwell and their 

3760
03:22:00,700 --> 03:22:02,200
colleagues established that 
human reason. 

3761
03:22:02,200 --> 03:22:05,600
Carefully applied could 
penetrate the deepest secrets of

3762
03:22:05,600 --> 03:22:07,800
nature. 
Their successes would discover 

3763
03:22:07,800 --> 03:22:10,400
that those secrets were far 
deeper and more wonderful than 

3764
03:22:10,400 --> 03:22:13,200
anyone had. 
Imagined tomorrow's sunrise will

3765
03:22:13,200 --> 03:22:16,000
illuminate a world governed by 
the same physical laws that 

3766
03:22:16,000 --> 03:22:17,900
fascinated. 
These early investigators, 

3767
03:22:17,900 --> 03:22:21,000
gravity will still follow 
Newton's inverse Square, law for

3768
03:22:21,000 --> 03:22:24,200
all practical purposes. 
Light will still behave as 

3769
03:22:24,200 --> 03:22:27,600
electromagnetic wave. 
As Maxwell described heat will 

3770
03:22:27,600 --> 03:22:29,400
still flow. 
According to the principles of 

3771
03:22:29,408 --> 03:22:31,700
thermodynamics, the classical 
physics. 

3772
03:22:31,700 --> 03:22:34,200
We've explored together, 
continues to govern the world of

3773
03:22:34,200 --> 03:22:37,200
everyday experience, with 
remarkable accuracy, but that 

3774
03:22:37,200 --> 03:22:39,900
same Sunrise will also 
illuminate a universe that 

3775
03:22:39,900 --> 03:22:42,000
extends far beyond every day 
experience. 

3776
03:22:42,800 --> 03:22:46,000
The cosmos where space and time 
a woven together in a fabric 

3777
03:22:46,000 --> 03:22:49,800
that can be stretched and curved
where particles exist in Quantum

3778
03:22:49,800 --> 03:22:53,400
superpositions of multiple 
States simultaneously and where 

3779
03:22:53,400 --> 03:22:56,500
uncertainty is, not just a 
limitation of our knowledge, but

3780
03:22:56,500 --> 03:22:58,600
a fundamental feature of reality
itself. 

3781
03:22:58,600 --> 03:23:02,400
The gentle story of physics 
before Einstein is really the 

3782
03:23:02,400 --> 03:23:05,200
story of human beings learning 
to see the universe with new 

3783
03:23:05,200 --> 03:23:09,300
eyes discovering that reality is
both more comprehensible and 

3784
03:23:09,300 --> 03:23:11,400
more mysterious than we 
originally supposed. 

3785
03:23:11,400 --> 03:23:15,200
It's a story that continues 
today as each generation of 

3786
03:23:15,200 --> 03:23:17,900
investigators pushes further 
into the unknown territories. 

3787
03:23:17,900 --> 03:23:21,200
That surround our island of 
understanding always finding 

3788
03:23:21,200 --> 03:23:24,500
that the universe is, stranger 
more, beautiful, and more 

3789
03:23:24,500 --> 03:23:27,500
wonderful than we had dead to 
imagine sleep. 

3790
03:23:27,500 --> 03:23:30,500
Well, knowing that you live in a
cosmos who Secrets have been 

3791
03:23:30,500 --> 03:23:33,000
partially revealed through 
centuries of patient human 

3792
03:23:33,000 --> 03:23:36,000
curiosity and whose deeper 
Mysteries can continue to 

3793
03:23:36,000 --> 03:23:39,300
Beckham from Beyond the ages of 
our current understanding, the 

3794
03:23:39,300 --> 03:23:41,000
university, Delights, and 
surprising. 

3795
03:23:41,000 --> 03:23:44,500
Usually, in ways that Reveal it 
to be more elegant and unified 

3796
03:23:44,500 --> 03:23:47,300
than we had previously thought 
possible, sweet dreams of 

3797
03:23:47,300 --> 03:23:51,200
mathematical harmonies, 
electromagnetic, Symphonies and 

3798
03:23:51,200 --> 03:23:54,400
the gentle dance of atoms that 
create the solid reality of your

3799
03:23:54,400 --> 03:23:56,900
pillow. 
Your blanket and the beating of 

3800
03:23:56,900 --> 03:24:05,900
your own heart. 
You stand on the Southampton, 

3801
03:24:05,900 --> 03:24:10,100
doc this crisp April morning, 
watching your breath form, small

3802
03:24:10,100 --> 03:24:12,900
clouds in the air, the ear is 
1912. 

3803
03:24:12,900 --> 03:24:16,400
And before you rise is something
that makes the nearby buildings 

3804
03:24:16,400 --> 03:24:20,200
look like children's toys. 
Titanic Towers above the 

3805
03:24:20,200 --> 03:24:23,600
waterfront. 
A black hole stretching so far 

3806
03:24:23,600 --> 03:24:26,000
in both directions, that you 
actually have to turn your head 

3807
03:24:26,000 --> 03:24:27,700
to see where she begins and 
ends. 

3808
03:24:29,300 --> 03:24:33,500
Four massive funnels painted in 
buff yellow with black Tops, 

3809
03:24:33,500 --> 03:24:37,700
Reach toward the sky, each one 
wide enough to drive two Autumn.

3810
03:24:37,700 --> 03:24:41,300
Reels through side by side the 
noise around you creates a 

3811
03:24:41,300 --> 03:24:44,500
peculiar Symphony Steve doors. 
Shout to each other. 

3812
03:24:44,500 --> 03:24:48,200
In Doc language, you can barely 
decipher their voices mixing 

3813
03:24:48,200 --> 03:24:51,700
with the grinding of loading 
cranes and the constant clatter 

3814
03:24:51,700 --> 03:24:53,600
of luggage carts on 
cobblestones. 

3815
03:24:55,000 --> 03:24:58,700
Somewhere nearby a street vendor
calls out about fresh Pace 

3816
03:24:58,700 --> 03:25:03,200
trees, his voice nearly lost in 
the general commotion, yet, 

3817
03:25:03,200 --> 03:25:06,400
despite all the activity, you 
keep looking back at the ship 

3818
03:25:06,400 --> 03:25:09,900
because nothing else seems quite
Real by comparison, your first 

3819
03:25:09,900 --> 03:25:13,400
class ticket feels substantially
in your gloved hand, the paper 

3820
03:25:13,400 --> 03:25:17,400
thick and official it cost you 
more than many people earn in a 

3821
03:25:17,400 --> 03:25:20,000
year. 
But looking at Titanic now, you 

3822
03:25:20,000 --> 03:25:24,100
understand why. 
This isn't merely a ship, it's a

3823
03:25:24,100 --> 03:25:26,900
statement about what human 
beings can accomplish when they 

3824
03:25:26,900 --> 03:25:31,100
decide nothing is impossible. 
The white superstructure gleams 

3825
03:25:31,100 --> 03:25:33,500
in the morning light and you 
count the decks. 

3826
03:25:33,500 --> 03:25:41,200
One, two, three, four, five, 
six, seven, stacked like a 

3827
03:25:41,208 --> 03:25:44,200
tiered wedding cake designed by 
someone with extraordinary 

3828
03:25:44,200 --> 03:25:47,900
ambition, the steward in a 
crisp, White Star Line, uniform,

3829
03:25:47,900 --> 03:25:51,600
approaches you with practice 
efficiency His jacket button 

3830
03:25:51,600 --> 03:25:55,400
shine like, tiny sons, and his 
cap sits at precisely the 

3831
03:25:55,400 --> 03:25:58,400
correct angle. 
He touches the brim lightly and 

3832
03:25:58,400 --> 03:26:01,900
asks to see your ticket which he
examines with the careful 

3833
03:26:01,900 --> 03:26:04,600
attention of someone, who knows 
exactly what to look for. 

3834
03:26:05,400 --> 03:26:08,100
Satisfied. 
He gestures toward a covered 

3835
03:26:08,108 --> 03:26:09,900
gangway that leads up to Sea 
deck. 

3836
03:26:09,900 --> 03:26:13,100
Reserved exclusively for first 
class passengers. 

3837
03:26:13,100 --> 03:26:16,000
Like yourself. 
Welcome aboard, sir, he says, 

3838
03:26:16,000 --> 03:26:19,100
and you notice he doesn't shout 
to despite the noise around you.

3839
03:26:19,900 --> 03:26:22,400
His voice carry is a quiet 
confidence that suggests. 

3840
03:26:22,400 --> 03:26:25,900
He said these words hundreds of 
times today alone the gangway 

3841
03:26:25,900 --> 03:26:28,600
slopes Upward at an angle. 
That's gentle enough to manage 

3842
03:26:28,600 --> 03:26:30,700
easily. 
Even though you're wearing your 

3843
03:26:30,700 --> 03:26:33,100
traveling clothes and still 
feeling the effects of last 

3844
03:26:33,100 --> 03:26:36,400
night's, farewell dinner other 
first class passengers walk 

3845
03:26:36,400 --> 03:26:40,600
ahead of you women in enormous 
hats that require them to tilt 

3846
03:26:40,600 --> 03:26:42,900
their heads carefully. 
When passing through doorways 

3847
03:26:42,900 --> 03:26:46,200
and men in dark suits, carrying 
walking sticks, they probably 

3848
03:26:46,200 --> 03:26:50,500
don't actually need Everyone 
moves with the unhurried pace of

3849
03:26:50,508 --> 03:26:53,700
people who've never had to rush 
for anything in their lives. 

3850
03:26:53,700 --> 03:26:56,800
Halfway up the gangway, you 
pause and look back at 

3851
03:26:56,800 --> 03:27:01,000
Southampton. the city threads 
out behind the docks Church 

3852
03:27:01,000 --> 03:27:04,700
spiers Rising above rows of 
buildings, smoke from morning 

3853
03:27:04,700 --> 03:27:09,700
fires drifting lazily upward, In
a few minutes, you'll leave this

3854
03:27:09,700 --> 03:27:13,500
view behind and something about 
that moment feels significant. 

3855
03:27:14,300 --> 03:27:17,000
You're not particularly 
superstitious, but boarding the 

3856
03:27:17,008 --> 03:27:19,800
Titanic feels like stepping 
across a threshold into 

3857
03:27:19,800 --> 03:27:22,200
something new at the top of the 
gangway. 

3858
03:27:22,200 --> 03:27:26,600
You step onto the ship itself 
and The Sensation surprises you 

3859
03:27:27,500 --> 03:27:31,000
You'd expected to feel movement 
immediately, some sense of being

3860
03:27:31,000 --> 03:27:34,500
on water, but Titanic is so 
massive that she barely 

3861
03:27:34,500 --> 03:27:36,700
registers the gentle swells in 
the harbor. 

3862
03:27:37,500 --> 03:27:40,800
The deck beneath your feet feels
as solid as any floor in any 

3863
03:27:40,800 --> 03:27:44,200
building you've ever entered. 
For a moment, you almost forget 

3864
03:27:44,200 --> 03:27:47,500
your ownership at all the 
entrance area on sea Deco, opens

3865
03:27:47,500 --> 03:27:50,400
before you, and your first 
impression is of warmth. 

3866
03:27:51,000 --> 03:27:54,900
The space glows with electrical 
lighting that doesn't flicker or

3867
03:27:54,900 --> 03:27:58,300
smoke like gas lamps. 
Dark wood, paneling covers, the 

3868
03:27:58,300 --> 03:28:02,000
walls polished to such a shine 
that you can almost see your 

3869
03:28:02,000 --> 03:28:05,000
reflection. 
The floor features intricate 

3870
03:28:05,000 --> 03:28:09,400
tile work in geometric patterns,
and the ceiling Rises high 

3871
03:28:09,400 --> 03:28:13,400
enough that the space feels open
rather than confined more 

3872
03:28:13,400 --> 03:28:15,400
stewards. 
Wait inside directing passengers

3873
03:28:15,400 --> 03:28:18,600
to all their accommodations. 
The air smells of fresh, paint, 

3874
03:28:18,600 --> 03:28:22,500
new carpet, and something else, 
maybe furniture polish, or the 

3875
03:28:22,500 --> 03:28:25,400
particular set of wood that 
hasn't yet absorbed the oceans. 

3876
03:28:25,400 --> 03:28:28,700
Dampness. 
Everything looks so pristine 

3877
03:28:28,700 --> 03:28:31,200
that you wonder if you're the 
first person ever to walk here, 

3878
03:28:31,200 --> 03:28:34,300
a young Steward with red hair 
and freckles steps forward 

3879
03:28:34,300 --> 03:28:38,000
Consulting a list. 
Cabin number sir, you tell him 

3880
03:28:38,000 --> 03:28:41,100
and he nods immediately, clearly
having memorized the ship's 

3881
03:28:41,100 --> 03:28:43,200
layout. 
B-52. 

3882
03:28:43,200 --> 03:28:45,600
Excellent. 
Just this way, please. 

3883
03:28:46,700 --> 03:28:49,100
He doesn't offer to carry your 
small traveling case because 

3884
03:28:49,100 --> 03:28:51,700
another crew member has already 
appeared to handle that task 

3885
03:28:51,700 --> 03:28:55,600
moving with such efficiency that
you barely noticed his approach,

3886
03:28:55,600 --> 03:28:58,800
as You Follow the steward deeper
into the ship, you pass other 

3887
03:28:58,800 --> 03:29:01,200
passengers having their own 
first moments of board. 

3888
03:29:02,100 --> 03:29:03,800
And elderly woman examines the 
light. 

3889
03:29:03,800 --> 03:29:07,700
Fixtures with evident approval, 
a businessman stands Motionless,

3890
03:29:07,700 --> 03:29:11,200
in the middle of the corridor 
apparently overwhelmed by the 

3891
03:29:11,200 --> 03:29:14,500
sheer grandia. 
Two children, press their faces 

3892
03:29:14,500 --> 03:29:16,900
against a window. 
Overlooking the harbor, their 

3893
03:29:16,900 --> 03:29:18,500
Nanny. 
Trying unsuccessfully to 

3894
03:29:18,500 --> 03:29:23,400
encourage the cabin's, the 
corridors branch and turn but 

3895
03:29:23,400 --> 03:29:27,000
your Stuart never hesitate. 
He knows every passage and 

3896
03:29:27,000 --> 03:29:30,900
stairway guiding you through 
Titanic's, interior with the 

3897
03:29:30,900 --> 03:29:33,500
confidence of someone. 
Who could do this blindfolded, 

3898
03:29:33,500 --> 03:29:38,200
you pass doorways, marked 
smoking room and reading and 

3899
03:29:38,200 --> 03:29:41,600
writing room catching glimpses 
of spaces furnished with 

3900
03:29:41,608 --> 03:29:44,100
overstuffed chairs and table set
with lamps. 

3901
03:29:44,100 --> 03:29:48,700
Then your climbing a staircase, 
the main first class grand 

3902
03:29:48,700 --> 03:29:50,700
staircase though. 
You don't know that yet. 

3903
03:29:51,500 --> 03:29:55,600
Your hand touches the balustrade
and the wood, feels impossibly 

3904
03:29:55,600 --> 03:29:59,500
smooth under your gloves. 
Want to Perfection by craftsmen 

3905
03:29:59,500 --> 03:30:02,100
who understood their trade Above
you. 

3906
03:30:02,100 --> 03:30:05,400
A glass Dome, lets in natural 
light, that plays across every 

3907
03:30:05,400 --> 03:30:08,300
surface. 
Creating an effect like being 

3908
03:30:08,300 --> 03:30:11,600
inside a collider scope at the 
top of the stairs you pause 

3909
03:30:11,600 --> 03:30:15,500
again, this Landing features a 
clock set in to an ornate carved

3910
03:30:15,500 --> 03:30:18,500
panel showing two figures 
holding up the clock face. 

3911
03:30:19,400 --> 03:30:21,800
The detail in the carving 
catches your attention. 

3912
03:30:22,700 --> 03:30:26,300
Each fold of the figures has 
been shaped with care each 

3913
03:30:26,300 --> 03:30:28,100
expression thoughtfully 
rendered. 

3914
03:30:28,800 --> 03:30:32,900
Someone spent days, maybe weeks 
creating this single decorative 

3915
03:30:32,900 --> 03:30:35,100
element. 
The clock shows on her and 

3916
03:30:35,100 --> 03:30:36,900
Glory. 
Crowning time your Steward 

3917
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:38,400
mentioned, noticing your 
interest. 

3918
03:30:39,200 --> 03:30:41,000
Rather fitting for a maiden 
voyage. 

3919
03:30:41,000 --> 03:30:44,400
Don't you think you agree though
privately, you're thinking that 

3920
03:30:44,400 --> 03:30:48,400
it's an ambitious motto for any 
ship, no matter how Grand Still 

3921
03:30:48,400 --> 03:30:51,200
looking around at the Perfection
surrounding you. 

3922
03:30:51,200 --> 03:30:54,200
Perhaps Titanic has earned the 
right to such confidence. 

3923
03:30:54,200 --> 03:30:56,800
The steward leads. 
You along B deck. 

3924
03:30:56,800 --> 03:31:00,700
Now passed, more cabin doors 
with brass numbers, gleaming in 

3925
03:31:00,700 --> 03:31:03,900
the electric light. 
Other passengers emerge from 

3926
03:31:03,908 --> 03:31:05,700
their own rooms beginning to 
explore. 

3927
03:31:06,500 --> 03:31:09,700
You hear American accents 
British and flexions and 

3928
03:31:09,700 --> 03:31:11,200
languages, you don't 
immediately. 

3929
03:31:11,200 --> 03:31:15,100
Recognize Titanic is carrying a 
cross section of the world's 

3930
03:31:15,100 --> 03:31:18,700
wealthy all Drawn Together by 
curiosity about this legendary 

3931
03:31:18,700 --> 03:31:21,500
vessel. 
Finally, you reach B-52. 

3932
03:31:22,500 --> 03:31:25,700
The steward, produces a key and 
unlocks the door with a solid 

3933
03:31:25,700 --> 03:31:27,700
click that suggests Quality 
Hardware. 

3934
03:31:28,500 --> 03:31:31,500
He pushes it open and steps 
aside allowing you to enter 

3935
03:31:31,500 --> 03:31:33,700
first. 
Your luggage will arrive 

3936
03:31:33,700 --> 03:31:36,400
shortly. 
He says, if you need anything at

3937
03:31:36,400 --> 03:31:39,300
all, simply press the call 
button and someone will attend 

3938
03:31:39,300 --> 03:31:42,300
to you immediately. 
Lunches served at 1:00 in the 

3939
03:31:42,300 --> 03:31:45,200
Dining Saloon. 
Welcome aboard the Titanic, sir,

3940
03:31:45,200 --> 03:31:47,800
he's gone before. 
You can even think about tipping

3941
03:31:47,800 --> 03:31:50,300
him disappearing. 
Back into the corridor with 

3942
03:31:50,300 --> 03:31:53,900
practice discretion. 
You stand in the doorway of your

3943
03:31:53,908 --> 03:31:57,700
cabin looking in at what will be
your home for the next week and 

3944
03:31:57,700 --> 03:32:00,400
realize that your understanding 
of luxury is about to be 

3945
03:32:00,400 --> 03:32:04,400
completely redefined your cabin 
is not what you expected. 

3946
03:32:05,300 --> 03:32:08,400
Somehow you'd imagine a Ship's 
Cabin would be small and cramped

3947
03:32:08,400 --> 03:32:11,200
a place to sleep between days 
spent on Deck. 

3948
03:32:12,100 --> 03:32:16,500
But a B-52 opens before you like
a comfortable hotel room, that 

3949
03:32:16,500 --> 03:32:19,600
happens to be moving across the 
Atlantic, the sitting room 

3950
03:32:19,600 --> 03:32:24,000
because this cabin has multiple 
rooms measures perhaps 12 feet 

3951
03:32:24,000 --> 03:32:27,900
by 14 with genuine Windows 
rather than Port holes. 

3952
03:32:29,000 --> 03:32:31,000
Through the glass. 
You can still see Southampton 

3953
03:32:31,000 --> 03:32:33,700
Harbor the water choppy with 
morning. 

3954
03:32:33,700 --> 03:32:37,500
Wind the walls, were a soft 
cream colored fabric above dark 

3955
03:32:37,500 --> 03:32:40,300
mahogany. 
Wainscoting this isn't paint 

3956
03:32:40,300 --> 03:32:43,600
trying to look like fabric. 
You can see the actual weave. 

3957
03:32:43,600 --> 03:32:47,100
When you look closely The 
furniture includes a sofa, a 

3958
03:32:47,100 --> 03:32:51,300
pulsed in Rose Colored material 
two, armchairs a writing desk 

3959
03:32:51,300 --> 03:32:53,800
with his own chair and a coffee 
table. 

3960
03:32:53,800 --> 03:32:56,100
Displaying a small vase of fresh
flowers. 

3961
03:32:57,000 --> 03:33:00,500
Real flowers. 
Someone placed fresh flowers in 

3962
03:33:00,500 --> 03:33:04,000
your cabin, before you arrived, 
you walked to the desk and run 

3963
03:33:04,000 --> 03:33:07,700
your finger along its surface. 
Not a single rough spot, not one

3964
03:33:07,700 --> 03:33:11,600
in perfection. 
The wood grain flows in patterns

3965
03:33:11,600 --> 03:33:15,100
that suggest this piece was 
crafted from a single yes, high 

3966
03:33:15,100 --> 03:33:17,400
quality board. 
Rather than assembled from 

3967
03:33:17,400 --> 03:33:19,900
scraps. 
A blotter sits ready with 

3968
03:33:19,900 --> 03:33:23,800
several sheets of White Star 
Line stationery the paper so 

3969
03:33:23,800 --> 03:33:25,800
thick you could probably use it 
as cardstock. 

3970
03:33:26,700 --> 03:33:30,500
Next to it, someone has placed a
fountain pen and a small brass 

3971
03:33:30,500 --> 03:33:33,500
bell for summoning. 
The steward the bedroom opens 

3972
03:33:33,500 --> 03:33:36,300
off the sitting room through a 
wide doorway here the color 

3973
03:33:36,300 --> 03:33:39,400
scheme shifts to Gentle greens 
and creams creating an 

3974
03:33:39,400 --> 03:33:43,000
atmosphere of restfulness. 
The bed itself is larger than 

3975
03:33:43,000 --> 03:33:46,900
you thought possible on a ship, 
a full double bed with a brass 

3976
03:33:46,900 --> 03:33:50,200
frame and a mattress that when 
you press it, experimentally 

3977
03:33:50,200 --> 03:33:53,200
feels as comfortable as any and 
a luxury hotel. 

3978
03:33:54,600 --> 03:33:57,400
The headboard features more of 
that intricate carving, your 

3979
03:33:57,400 --> 03:33:59,400
beginning to recognize as 
Titanic's. 

3980
03:33:59,400 --> 03:34:03,600
Signature detail Awards stands 
against one wall already opened 

3981
03:34:03,600 --> 03:34:06,100
to reveal hanging space. 
That could accommodate several 

3982
03:34:06,100 --> 03:34:09,300
trunks worth of clothes. 
More drawers than you'll 

3983
03:34:09,300 --> 03:34:12,000
probably need occupied address 
her above it. 

3984
03:34:12,008 --> 03:34:15,100
Hangs a mirror in a gilded frame
and you catch a glimpse of your 

3985
03:34:15,100 --> 03:34:18,700
self still in traveling clothes 
hair, slightly must from the 

3986
03:34:18,700 --> 03:34:21,900
mornings activities. 
Looking somewhat stunned by your

3987
03:34:21,900 --> 03:34:24,300
surrounding. 
The bathroom makes you actually 

3988
03:34:24,300 --> 03:34:26,900
laugh out loud. 
You've stayed in expensive 

3989
03:34:26,900 --> 03:34:28,800
hotels. 
That didn't have bathrooms this 

3990
03:34:28,800 --> 03:34:32,200
well appointed. 
Full-sized bathtub sits on 

3991
03:34:32,208 --> 03:34:35,500
decorative claw feet, the 
porcelain so white. 

3992
03:34:35,500 --> 03:34:39,400
It almost glows both hot and 
cold, running water flow from 

3993
03:34:39,408 --> 03:34:41,200
Taps. 
That feel substantial in your 

3994
03:34:41,200 --> 03:34:43,900
hands. 
A sink with its own mirror. 

3995
03:34:43,900 --> 03:34:47,400
Occupies one corner. 
The toilet is modern and 

3996
03:34:47,400 --> 03:34:49,300
connected to a proper plumbing 
system. 

3997
03:34:50,100 --> 03:34:53,000
Thick towels. 
Hang from heated racks and 

3998
03:34:53,000 --> 03:34:55,900
someone has provided soap that 
smells faintly of lavender. 

3999
03:34:55,900 --> 03:34:58,800
You turn on the hot water tap, 
just to see what happens. 

4000
03:34:59,900 --> 03:35:03,000
After a moment's wait steam 
begins rising from the stream 

4001
03:35:03,000 --> 03:35:05,700
and you realize that you're 
going to be able to take a hot 

4002
03:35:05,700 --> 03:35:07,400
bath in the middle of the 
Atlantic Ocean. 

4003
03:35:08,400 --> 03:35:12,200
The absurdity of that luxury. 
The sheer improbability of it, 

4004
03:35:12,200 --> 03:35:14,900
strikes, you as both wonderful 
and slightly ridiculous. 

4005
03:35:14,900 --> 03:35:18,600
Back in the city room, you 
discover more details, the 

4006
03:35:18,600 --> 03:35:21,000
electrical lighting can be 
adjusted with switches on the 

4007
03:35:21,000 --> 03:35:25,400
wall, no more fumbling with gas,
valves or oil lamps A small 

4008
03:35:25,400 --> 03:35:29,100
bookshelf, holds a selection of 
volumes including what appears 

4009
03:35:29,100 --> 03:35:32,700
to be a ship's directory. 
You pull this out and flip 

4010
03:35:32,700 --> 03:35:36,500
through it? 
Discovering maps of every decks 

4011
03:35:36,500 --> 03:35:39,700
of facilities and menus from 
various restaurants. 

4012
03:35:40,500 --> 03:35:43,400
Titanic isn't just large, she's 
complex. 

4013
03:35:44,300 --> 03:35:47,300
Floating city with more 
amenities than you could explore

4014
03:35:47,300 --> 03:35:49,500
in a week. 
A knock at the door, announces 

4015
03:35:49,500 --> 03:35:52,900
the arrival of your luggage to 
stewards, enter with your trunk 

4016
03:35:52,900 --> 03:35:55,500
and bags moving with 
choreographed efficiency. 

4017
03:35:55,500 --> 03:35:59,300
They know exactly where things 
should go placing your trunk at 

4018
03:35:59,300 --> 03:36:02,000
the foot of the bed, hanging 
your traveling, coat in the 

4019
03:36:02,008 --> 03:36:05,000
wardrobe and setting your 
smaller bags on the dresser. 

4020
03:36:06,000 --> 03:36:10,200
A whole operation takes, perhaps
90 seconds and then they're 

4021
03:36:10,200 --> 03:36:12,000
gone. 
One of them having somehow 

4022
03:36:12,000 --> 03:36:14,500
slipped a copy of the day, 
schedule, onto your desk. 

4023
03:36:14,500 --> 03:36:17,800
Without You noticing, you pick 
up the schedule and scan it. 

4024
03:36:18,600 --> 03:36:21,000
Breakfast to serve from 8:00 
until 10:30. 

4025
03:36:22,100 --> 03:36:27,700
We are in the cafe at 11, launch
at 1 tea at 4 dinner at 7:30. 

4026
03:36:28,600 --> 03:36:31,400
between meals, passengers can 
occupy themselves in the 

4027
03:36:31,408 --> 03:36:35,700
gymnasium, the swimming pool, 
the squash court, the library's 

4028
03:36:35,700 --> 03:36:41,500
the smoking rooms, the lounges 
or simply walking the decks The 

4029
03:36:41,500 --> 03:36:44,100
schedule reads more like a 
country house party than a 

4030
03:36:44,100 --> 03:36:46,100
seaboard age through your 
window. 

4031
03:36:46,100 --> 03:36:48,600
You watch the final preparation 
for departure. 

4032
03:36:49,600 --> 03:36:52,000
More passengers. 
Continued boarding via the 

4033
03:36:52,000 --> 03:36:54,100
second class gangway further 
down the ship. 

4034
03:36:54,800 --> 03:36:59,200
Cargo Nets swing loads into the 
holds white uniformed crew 

4035
03:36:59,200 --> 03:37:02,000
members move along the decks 
checking equipment securing 

4036
03:37:02,000 --> 03:37:06,200
hatches and Performing the 1000.
Small tasks required before a 

4037
03:37:06,200 --> 03:37:09,900
ship can leave port you decide 
to unpack, though, you're aware 

4038
03:37:09,900 --> 03:37:12,000
that this is something your 
personal valet would normally 

4039
03:37:12,000 --> 03:37:15,500
handle But you didn't bring a 
valet on this trip, partly. 

4040
03:37:15,500 --> 03:37:18,300
Because you're traveling alone 
and partly because you sometimes

4041
03:37:18,300 --> 03:37:22,000
enjoy doing things yourself, you
open your trunk and begin 

4042
03:37:22,000 --> 03:37:26,100
hanging suits in the wardrobe, 
placing shirts, and drawers, and

4043
03:37:26,100 --> 03:37:29,400
arranging your personal items on
the dresser, your neighbor in 

4044
03:37:29,400 --> 03:37:32,000
Cabin. 
B-54 apparently has no such 

4045
03:37:32,000 --> 03:37:36,300
independence Through the wall. 
You hear voices, a gentleman, 

4046
03:37:36,300 --> 03:37:39,800
giving instructions to what must
be his valet discussing, which 

4047
03:37:39,800 --> 03:37:41,800
evening closed to prepare for 
dinner tonight. 

4048
03:37:43,000 --> 03:37:45,700
The walls are thick enough that 
you can't make out individual 

4049
03:37:45,700 --> 03:37:48,200
words. 
Just the rise and fall of 

4050
03:37:48,208 --> 03:37:51,200
conversation. 
But it reminds you that you're 

4051
03:37:51,200 --> 03:37:55,000
surrounded by people of means. 
Folks accustomed to being 

4052
03:37:55,000 --> 03:37:59,400
served, the ship's horns sound 
suddenly so deep and Loud that. 

4053
03:37:59,400 --> 03:38:01,900
You feel it in your chest rather
than just hearing it. 

4054
03:38:02,700 --> 03:38:05,800
The departure signal you 
abandoned your own packing and 

4055
03:38:05,800 --> 03:38:09,300
hurry to the window watching as 
the gangways are pulled back and

4056
03:38:09,300 --> 03:38:12,300
The Mooring lines are cost off. 
Several minutes. 

4057
03:38:12,300 --> 03:38:16,800
Nothing seems to happen then 
almost imperceptibly The View 

4058
03:38:16,800 --> 03:38:18,500
through your window begins to 
change. 

4059
03:38:19,200 --> 03:38:22,500
Building starts sliding past the
dock pulls away. 

4060
03:38:22,500 --> 03:38:26,600
Titanic is moving, grab your 
coat and head for the deck, 

4061
03:38:26,600 --> 03:38:29,600
wanting to experience this 
moment in the open air. 

4062
03:38:30,500 --> 03:38:33,300
Corridors are full of other 
passengers with the same idea. 

4063
03:38:33,300 --> 03:38:36,600
All of us flowing toward the 
exits, like water, finding 

4064
03:38:36,600 --> 03:38:40,900
channels, nobody runs, we're all
too dignified for that but 

4065
03:38:40,900 --> 03:38:44,300
everyone moves with purpose. 
On Deck, the wind hits. 

4066
03:38:44,300 --> 03:38:47,500
You immediately cold and sharp 
with a chill? 

4067
03:38:48,200 --> 03:38:50,200
You should have brought a 
heavier coat but you're too 

4068
03:38:50,208 --> 03:38:53,900
excited to care. 
Southampton, spreads out to Port

4069
03:38:53,900 --> 03:38:57,400
now, the city growing smaller as
Titanic makes her way down. 

4070
03:38:57,400 --> 03:39:01,600
The channel toward Open Water. 
Other ships sound their horns in

4071
03:39:01,600 --> 03:39:03,900
greeting. 
People on Shore wave 

4072
03:39:03,900 --> 03:39:07,200
handkerchiefs and hats. 
You find yourself waving back 

4073
03:39:07,200 --> 03:39:08,900
though, you don't know any of 
them. 

4074
03:39:08,900 --> 03:39:11,900
Other first class, passengers 
line, the railing with you. 

4075
03:39:11,900 --> 03:39:16,300
Nobody says much. for all caught
up in the moment watching 

4076
03:39:16,300 --> 03:39:20,800
England received beginning this 
Grand Adventure, A woman next to

4077
03:39:20,800 --> 03:39:22,600
you Dabs at her eyes with a 
handkerchief. 

4078
03:39:22,600 --> 03:39:26,900
A man like to Cigar the smoke 
whipping away instantly in the 

4079
03:39:26,900 --> 03:39:29,600
Wind. 
Children point at sea, birds 

4080
03:39:29,600 --> 03:39:33,300
Wheeling overhead, the deck 
Beneath Your Feet, vibrates with

4081
03:39:33,300 --> 03:39:36,700
engine power, a deep thumbing 
that you feel through your 

4082
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:40,200
shoes. 
Titanic moves with surprising 

4083
03:39:40,200 --> 03:39:43,500
Grace for something. 
So enormous cutting through the 

4084
03:39:43,500 --> 03:39:45,500
water as though it offers no 
resistance. 

4085
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:50,900
Wait behind the ship in wide 
white Trails, the fourth funnels

4086
03:39:50,900 --> 03:39:54,300
above release Steam and 
controlled bursts, the sound is 

4087
03:39:54,300 --> 03:39:57,400
like giant size. 
You stay on deck for perhaps 

4088
03:39:57,400 --> 03:40:00,800
half an hour watching until 
Southampton disappears from View

4089
03:40:00,800 --> 03:40:03,100
and only open water surrounds 
the ship. 

4090
03:40:03,900 --> 03:40:07,600
Other passengers gradually Drift
Away heading back inside to 

4091
03:40:07,600 --> 03:40:12,200
warmth and comfort. eventually 
you follow your fingers numb 

4092
03:40:12,200 --> 03:40:16,700
from cold, but your spirits high
back in your cabin everything 

4093
03:40:16,700 --> 03:40:20,400
looks exactly as you left it 
except that someone has been in 

4094
03:40:20,400 --> 03:40:24,300
to light a small fire in the 
electric heater the room glows 

4095
03:40:24,300 --> 03:40:27,700
with warmth and welcome, you 
finish unpacking hanging, the 

4096
03:40:27,700 --> 03:40:31,100
last of your clothes, placing 
your books on the shelf, and 

4097
03:40:31,100 --> 03:40:33,800
arranging your personal items 
until the space feels like 

4098
03:40:33,800 --> 03:40:36,000
yours. 
Then you stretch out on the 

4099
03:40:36,000 --> 03:40:38,400
sofa, listening to the ship 
sounds. 

4100
03:40:38,400 --> 03:40:42,400
The distant hum of engine's, The
Creeks of Woodwork and Justin to

4101
03:40:42,400 --> 03:40:46,300
motion Footsteps in the corridor
outside and the muffled 

4102
03:40:46,300 --> 03:40:48,700
conversations of other 
passengers settling into their 

4103
03:40:48,700 --> 03:40:51,900
own cabinets. 
The window shows. 

4104
03:40:51,900 --> 03:40:55,700
Only ocean now, gray green water
stretching to the Horizon. 

4105
03:40:55,700 --> 03:40:58,900
Under an overcast Sky. 
You think about that clock on 

4106
03:40:58,900 --> 03:41:01,500
the grand staircase? 
With honor and Glory crowning 

4107
03:41:01,500 --> 03:41:04,800
time and smile? 
Perhaps, that's exactly what 

4108
03:41:04,800 --> 03:41:07,800
this Voyage is. 
A moment when human achievement 

4109
03:41:07,800 --> 03:41:11,200
reaches a pinnacle when 
everything seems possible, when 

4110
03:41:11,200 --> 03:41:14,800
luxury and Engineering combined 
creates something genuinely 

4111
03:41:14,800 --> 03:41:19,200
remarkable, your eyes grow 
heavy, The gentle motion of the 

4112
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:22,500
ship, the warmth of the cabin, 
and the comfort of the sofa. 

4113
03:41:22,500 --> 03:41:26,500
All conspire to make you drowsy 
You didn't sleep well, last 

4114
03:41:26,500 --> 03:41:29,300
night too. 
Excited about today's departure.

4115
03:41:30,600 --> 03:41:34,200
Now that excitement is giving 
way to contentment a deep 

4116
03:41:34,208 --> 03:41:36,900
satisfaction with your 
surroundings and circumstances 

4117
03:41:36,900 --> 03:41:40,900
outside your window Titanic, 
carries you toward of America, 

4118
03:41:40,900 --> 03:41:44,900
moving through the Atlantic 
swells, with power and Grace. 

4119
03:41:45,800 --> 03:41:50,000
But in this moment, all of that 
seems distant your warm 

4120
03:41:50,000 --> 03:41:54,300
comfortable, surrounded by 
luxury and beginning an 

4121
03:41:54,300 --> 03:41:55,700
adventure, that will become a 
story. 

4122
03:41:55,700 --> 03:41:57,100
You'll tell for the rest of your
life. 

4123
03:41:57,100 --> 03:42:00,800
You wake from your sofa map to 
the sound of the bugle, call for

4124
03:42:00,800 --> 03:42:03,800
lunch, its notes, floating 
through the corridors with 

4125
03:42:03,800 --> 03:42:08,100
cheerful insistence. 
Checking your pocket, watch your

4126
03:42:08,100 --> 03:42:10,200
surprised to find it's already 
past 12:30. 

4127
03:42:11,000 --> 03:42:14,300
The morning has vanished into 
unpacking and settling in and 

4128
03:42:14,300 --> 03:42:17,000
now your stomach reminds you 
that breakfast was many hours 

4129
03:42:17,000 --> 03:42:20,400
ago after a refreshing yourself 
in that magnificent bathroom 

4130
03:42:20,400 --> 03:42:23,300
splashing cold water on your 
face, straightening Your Collar 

4131
03:42:23,300 --> 03:42:27,600
running a comb through your 
hair, you step out into the B 

4132
03:42:27,600 --> 03:42:29,900
deck. 
Corridor other cabin doors are 

4133
03:42:29,900 --> 03:42:32,900
opening as well passengers 
emerging like butterflies from 

4134
03:42:32,900 --> 03:42:36,600
chrysalises everyone dressed 
appropriately for Midday dining.

4135
03:42:37,700 --> 03:42:41,200
The women wear after noon, 
dresses and soft colors, The Men

4136
03:42:41,200 --> 03:42:44,000
Sport Lounge suits rather than 
formal dinner attire. 

4137
03:42:45,100 --> 03:42:48,300
We're all finding our sea legs 
together, learning The rhythms 

4138
03:42:48,300 --> 03:42:51,500
of shipboard life. 
You follow the general flow of 

4139
03:42:51,500 --> 03:42:54,500
passengers toward the Dining 
Saloon, but take your time 

4140
03:42:54,500 --> 03:42:57,200
wanting to see more of this 
remarkable ship. 

4141
03:42:58,100 --> 03:43:01,400
The corridors branch and connect
in ways that will take days to 

4142
03:43:01,400 --> 03:43:04,500
fully understand. 
Every passage offers something 

4143
03:43:04,500 --> 03:43:08,400
worth noticing a painting of 
ships at Sea, a decorative 

4144
03:43:08,400 --> 03:43:11,800
mirror or a carved panel 
depicting nautical themes. 

4145
03:43:12,700 --> 03:43:16,600
Nothing looks mass-produced or 
generic every detail suggests 

4146
03:43:16,600 --> 03:43:18,400
careful. 
Planning by people who cared 

4147
03:43:18,400 --> 03:43:21,200
deeply about getting things 
right, you climb the grand 

4148
03:43:21,200 --> 03:43:24,500
staircase again and this time 
you pause on each Landing to 

4149
03:43:24,500 --> 03:43:28,200
examine the carved Oak. 
Paneling The wood grain flows. 

4150
03:43:28,200 --> 03:43:30,500
Like water Frozen in mid 
movement. 

4151
03:43:31,300 --> 03:43:34,600
Your hand on the balustrade 
feels the silky smoothness that 

4152
03:43:34,600 --> 03:43:36,800
comes only from patient 
craftsmanship. 

4153
03:43:37,700 --> 03:43:40,200
Above you. 
The glass Dome filters, the 

4154
03:43:40,200 --> 03:43:42,400
afternoon light into something, 
soft and golden. 

4155
03:43:42,400 --> 03:43:45,900
Making, everyone looks slightly 
better than they do in ordinary 

4156
03:43:45,900 --> 03:43:49,400
daylight on a deck. 
You discover the Promenade a 

4157
03:43:49,400 --> 03:43:51,600
covered walkway. 
That runs the length of the ship

4158
03:43:51,600 --> 03:43:55,200
lined with Windows on one side 
and cabin doors on the other. 

4159
03:43:56,100 --> 03:43:58,100
Deck chairs arranged in neat 
rows. 

4160
03:43:58,100 --> 03:44:01,800
Wait for passengers seeking 
fresh air without the full force

4161
03:44:01,800 --> 03:44:05,200
of Atlantic wind. 
See the ocean through those 

4162
03:44:05,200 --> 03:44:09,300
windows, watch the waves rolling
past and observe the horizon 

4163
03:44:09,300 --> 03:44:13,000
line tilting gently. 
As Titanic moves through the 

4164
03:44:13,000 --> 03:44:17,700
swells a few Hardy Souls already
occupied deck, chairs in 

4165
03:44:17,700 --> 03:44:20,200
blankets, provided by attentive 
stewards. 

4166
03:44:21,200 --> 03:44:24,900
An elderly gentleman, read a 
newspaper, the pages snapping in

4167
03:44:24,900 --> 03:44:26,700
the breeze, each time Adora 
opens. 

4168
03:44:27,500 --> 03:44:30,200
Two women sick. 
Close together conversation. 

4169
03:44:30,200 --> 03:44:32,900
Animated hands, moving 
expressively. 

4170
03:44:33,900 --> 03:44:36,500
A young couple stands at the 
railing looking out at the water

4171
03:44:36,500 --> 03:44:38,600
standing close but not quite 
touching. 

4172
03:44:39,500 --> 03:44:42,600
That careful distance that 
suggests courtship rather than 

4173
03:44:42,600 --> 03:44:44,900
marriage. 
You can continue exploring 

4174
03:44:44,900 --> 03:44:47,800
discovering the reading and 
writing room with its white 

4175
03:44:47,800 --> 03:44:51,200
wicker, furniture and delicate 
color scheme, clearly designed 

4176
03:44:51,200 --> 03:44:55,700
to appeal to female passengers. 
Next door, the lounge, offers 

4177
03:44:55,700 --> 03:44:59,900
more masculine Comfort, leather,
chairs, dark wood, and tables, 

4178
03:44:59,900 --> 03:45:01,900
perfect, for cards, or 
conversation. 

4179
03:45:02,900 --> 03:45:04,800
The smoking room lies, further 
forward. 

4180
03:45:04,800 --> 03:45:08,100
It stained glass windows and or 
Nate ceiling. 

4181
03:45:08,100 --> 03:45:11,200
Creating an atmosphere of a 
gentleman's club transported to 

4182
03:45:11,200 --> 03:45:13,800
see. 
But it's the general room, a 

4183
03:45:13,800 --> 03:45:17,100
spacious area near the entrance,
the truly captures the ship 

4184
03:45:17,100 --> 03:45:21,000
spirit. 
Here passengers gather naturally

4185
03:45:21,000 --> 03:45:24,400
drawn by comfortable Furniture 
arranged in conversational, 

4186
03:45:24,400 --> 03:45:28,100
grouping's. 
Piano sits in one corner, the 

4187
03:45:28,100 --> 03:45:32,000
nobody plays at the moment. 
Potted Palms At Greenery. 

4188
03:45:32,700 --> 03:45:36,000
Their leaves creating small 
private spaces within the larger

4189
03:45:36,000 --> 03:45:39,200
public area. 
The ceiling Rises, two decks 

4190
03:45:39,200 --> 03:45:43,200
High, making the space, feel 
more like a hotel lobby and part

4191
03:45:43,200 --> 03:45:45,800
of a ship. 
You observe how people inhabit 

4192
03:45:45,800 --> 03:45:49,100
this space? 
Some sit alone reading books or 

4193
03:45:49,100 --> 03:45:53,100
writing letters, others form, 
small groups conversation 

4194
03:45:53,100 --> 03:45:55,500
flowing, with the ease of 
Travelers, sharing common 

4195
03:45:55,500 --> 03:45:58,500
experience. 
A few children, play a quiet 

4196
03:45:58,500 --> 03:46:02,000
game in one corner, supervised 
by nannies who chat among 

4197
03:46:02,000 --> 03:46:05,300
themselves. 
Everyone seems relaxed 

4198
03:46:05,300 --> 03:46:10,200
comfortable and already adapting
to life, aboard Titanic, the 

4199
03:46:10,200 --> 03:46:14,100
attention to comfort extends to 
temperature, the ship maintains 

4200
03:46:14,100 --> 03:46:18,300
perfect warmth throughout not 
the stuffy heat of over fired 

4201
03:46:18,300 --> 03:46:20,700
rooms. 
But a gentle climate that makes 

4202
03:46:20,700 --> 03:46:22,200
you forget your wearing your 
coat. 

4203
03:46:23,000 --> 03:46:25,000
Hidden vents circulate fresh 
air. 

4204
03:46:25,000 --> 03:46:28,900
You never smell that stuffiness 
that accumulates and closed 

4205
03:46:28,900 --> 03:46:31,800
spaces. 
Someone engineered these systems

4206
03:46:31,800 --> 03:46:35,200
with remarkable sophistication. 
Following your nose, and the 

4207
03:46:35,200 --> 03:46:38,600
increasing number of passengers.
You find your way to the Dining 

4208
03:46:38,600 --> 03:46:40,900
Saloon. 
The entrance takes your breath 

4209
03:46:40,900 --> 03:46:43,600
away. 
The rooms stretches, the full 

4210
03:46:43,600 --> 03:46:47,400
width of the ship with tables 
arranged in precise rows that 

4211
03:46:47,400 --> 03:46:51,300
could seat hundreds. 
Windows along both sides, 

4212
03:46:51,300 --> 03:46:54,700
letting natural light. 
The ceiling archers overhead 

4213
03:46:54,700 --> 03:46:58,000
cream, colored with ornate 
molding that draws the eye 

4214
03:46:58,000 --> 03:47:01,400
upward. 
Chairs, upholstered in deep red 

4215
03:47:01,400 --> 03:47:05,100
provides splashes of color 
against the neutral walls, white

4216
03:47:05,100 --> 03:47:07,500
tablecloth, cover every surface.
So bright. 

4217
03:47:07,500 --> 03:47:11,000
They almost hurt to look at 
directly Crystal glassware 

4218
03:47:11,000 --> 03:47:14,900
catches and reflects light. 
Silver Cutlery lines, each place

4219
03:47:14,900 --> 03:47:16,700
setting with mathematical 
precision. 

4220
03:47:17,600 --> 03:47:20,100
Fresh flowers bloom in vs on 
every table. 

4221
03:47:21,100 --> 03:47:24,000
The overall effect suggests a 
very fine restaurant that 

4222
03:47:24,000 --> 03:47:25,300
happens to be crossing the 
Atlantic. 

4223
03:47:26,200 --> 03:47:29,200
A steward and formal attire 
materializes at your elbow 

4224
03:47:29,200 --> 03:47:33,400
table, for one sir, you confirm,
and he guides you to a small 

4225
03:47:33,400 --> 03:47:37,100
table near one of the windows. 
As you're seated, you notice how

4226
03:47:37,100 --> 03:47:40,600
the room fills with passengers 
families, couples and solo 

4227
03:47:40,600 --> 03:47:44,400
Travelers like yourself. 
The noise level rises but never 

4228
03:47:44,400 --> 03:47:48,100
becomes over Welling. 
People speak in modulated tones,

4229
03:47:48,100 --> 03:47:51,100
maintaining that atmosphere of 
refined civilization. 

4230
03:47:51,100 --> 03:47:56,100
Even as of conversations happen 
simultaneously, your table 

4231
03:47:56,100 --> 03:47:59,000
settings include more pieces of 
silverware than you strictly 

4232
03:47:59,000 --> 03:48:03,000
need for any meal. 
Working from the outside in you 

4233
03:48:03,000 --> 03:48:04,300
remember from some half 
forgotten. 

4234
03:48:04,300 --> 03:48:08,300
Etiquette lesson the menu 
presented in an embossed folder 

4235
03:48:08,300 --> 03:48:11,500
offers choices, that would 
impress even the most demanding 

4236
03:48:11,500 --> 03:48:14,700
diner for lunch. 
This is the selection of 

4237
03:48:14,700 --> 03:48:16,600
available for a casual midday 
meal. 

4238
03:48:16,600 --> 03:48:19,200
You can choose from consume or 
cream soup. 

4239
03:48:19,200 --> 03:48:22,300
Fish course, is include salmon 
with Muslim Source. 

4240
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:26,000
Meet options, range from chicken
to lamb to beef each with its 

4241
03:48:26,000 --> 03:48:30,200
own accompaniments Vegetables 
come separately, asparagus 

4242
03:48:30,200 --> 03:48:33,600
potatoes prepared, three 
different ways and fresh peas, 

4243
03:48:33,600 --> 03:48:36,300
despite it being only April. 
Desserts. 

4244
03:48:36,300 --> 03:48:39,900
Take up an entire section of the
menu, even the cheese selection 

4245
03:48:39,900 --> 03:48:41,400
requires. 
Careful consideration. 

4246
03:48:41,400 --> 03:48:46,100
You order modestly soup fish 
vegetables like dessert. 

4247
03:48:46,900 --> 03:48:50,600
Aware that dinner will be a much
more substantial Affair, the 

4248
03:48:50,600 --> 03:48:54,600
stewards approvingly and Glides 
away, moving between tables with

4249
03:48:54,600 --> 03:48:57,500
practiced efficiency while 
waiting for your food. 

4250
03:48:57,500 --> 03:49:01,500
You observe your fellow diners, 
the diversity of the first class

4251
03:49:01,500 --> 03:49:04,800
passengers surprises. 
You, yes, there are obvious 

4252
03:49:04,800 --> 03:49:08,200
millionaires, men, whose names 
you recognize from newspapers 

4253
03:49:08,200 --> 03:49:12,600
and women dripping with jewelry,
even at lunch But there are so 

4254
03:49:12,600 --> 03:49:14,600
middle-aged couples, who might 
be successful? 

4255
03:49:14,600 --> 03:49:18,100
Merchants younger people who 
could be inheriting family, 

4256
03:49:18,100 --> 03:49:21,500
wealth, and older persons, who 
have clearly been rich long 

4257
03:49:21,500 --> 03:49:24,800
enough to wear a comfortably. 
The super arrives in Delicate, 

4258
03:49:24,800 --> 03:49:28,500
China, steaming gently and 
tasting exactly as good as it 

4259
03:49:28,500 --> 03:49:31,600
looks. 
The fish follows perfectly 

4260
03:49:31,600 --> 03:49:34,600
cooked, flaking easily under 
your fork. 

4261
03:49:35,300 --> 03:49:38,100
Everything is served at the 
correct temperature, seasoned 

4262
03:49:38,100 --> 03:49:40,000
properly and presented 
beautifully. 

4263
03:49:40,800 --> 03:49:43,500
You're eating better than you do
in most restaurants are sure. 

4264
03:49:43,500 --> 03:49:46,200
And you're doing it while 
traveling at more than 20 knots 

4265
03:49:46,200 --> 03:49:49,400
across the Atlantic, through the
window beside your table. 

4266
03:49:49,400 --> 03:49:52,700
You watch the ocean roll past 
the water today. 

4267
03:49:52,700 --> 03:49:56,000
Looks gray green under Cloudy 
Skies but you can see how it 

4268
03:49:56,000 --> 03:49:57,700
might turn. 
Brilliant Blue under better 

4269
03:49:57,700 --> 03:50:00,600
weather. 
Waves, rise and fall in patterns

4270
03:50:00,600 --> 03:50:04,300
that never quite repeat. 
Occasionally the spray catches, 

4271
03:50:04,300 --> 03:50:07,000
the wind and creates momentary 
rainbows before disappearing. 

4272
03:50:07,000 --> 03:50:10,900
After lunch, you wander outside 
of the boat deck, the highest 

4273
03:50:10,900 --> 03:50:14,500
deck accessible to passengers. 
The wind up here, blows stronger

4274
03:50:14,500 --> 03:50:17,700
carrying the salt smell of the 
ocean, and the faint Tang of 

4275
03:50:17,700 --> 03:50:20,900
smoke from the funnel's. 
You walked toward the stern, 

4276
03:50:20,900 --> 03:50:24,600
passing ventilation equipment, 
passed the entrance to the 

4277
03:50:24,600 --> 03:50:27,900
gymnasium and around the base of
those massive funnels that 

4278
03:50:27,900 --> 03:50:30,800
dominate the upper deck. 
Other passengers have the same 

4279
03:50:30,800 --> 03:50:33,500
idea. 
We stroll in informal groups, 

4280
03:50:33,500 --> 03:50:37,100
taking constitutional walks 
getting exercise and enjoying 

4281
03:50:37,100 --> 03:50:38,700
the fresh air, despite the 
chill. 

4282
03:50:39,600 --> 03:50:42,400
Nobody rushes. 
There's no way to rush to after 

4283
03:50:42,400 --> 03:50:45,700
all. 
The beauty of Ocean Travel lies,

4284
03:50:45,700 --> 03:50:50,200
partly in this enforced, Leisure
this necessary, slowing down you

4285
03:50:50,200 --> 03:50:52,500
lean against the railing at the 
stern and looked back at 

4286
03:50:52,500 --> 03:50:55,300
Titanic's. 
Wake a wide white path. 

4287
03:50:55,300 --> 03:50:58,300
Stretching toward the Horizon 
evidence of the ship's. 

4288
03:50:58,300 --> 03:51:01,900
Passage through the Atlantic the
propellers churn beneath the 

4289
03:51:01,908 --> 03:51:05,900
surface driving this enormous 
vessel forward with Relentless 

4290
03:51:05,900 --> 03:51:07,800
power. 
Yes. 

4291
03:51:07,800 --> 03:51:10,700
Standing here you barely feel 
any vibration. 

4292
03:51:11,500 --> 03:51:15,400
The engineers who designed these
engines understood their craft a

4293
03:51:15,400 --> 03:51:18,400
steward appears with a tray of 
bouillon in cups, offering it to

4294
03:51:18,400 --> 03:51:21,400
passengers on Deck. 
You accept one gratefully, 

4295
03:51:21,400 --> 03:51:25,300
wrapping your cold hands around 
the warm cup sipping, the rich 

4296
03:51:25,300 --> 03:51:29,300
broth This is what luxury means.
Not just comfortable. 

4297
03:51:29,300 --> 03:51:33,100
Cabins and excellent food, but 
someone anticipating your needs 

4298
03:51:33,100 --> 03:51:36,000
before you voice them appearing 
with hot soup. 

4299
03:51:36,000 --> 03:51:38,000
Exactly. 
When the April Wind Makes You 

4300
03:51:38,000 --> 03:51:41,400
Wish For warmth, you spend the 
afternoon, exploring more of the

4301
03:51:41,400 --> 03:51:45,000
ship, the swimming pool located,
deep in the ship's interior 

4302
03:51:45,000 --> 03:51:49,500
Echoes with the sound of water 
and voices the Turkish bath 

4303
03:51:49,500 --> 03:51:51,900
offers heated rooms and massage 
facilities. 

4304
03:51:51,900 --> 03:51:55,700
The squash court provides 
exercise for those energetic 

4305
03:51:55,700 --> 03:51:59,200
enough to want it. 
The library stop books in 

4306
03:51:59,200 --> 03:52:01,700
multiple languages, everywhere 
you go. 

4307
03:52:01,700 --> 03:52:05,400
You find evidence of careful 
planning of designers who try to

4308
03:52:05,400 --> 03:52:08,500
imagine every possible passenger
need and meet it. 

4309
03:52:09,500 --> 03:52:12,100
Will call for dinner. 
Sounds at 7:00 giving passengers

4310
03:52:12,100 --> 03:52:14,200
90 minutes to prepare for the 
evening meal. 

4311
03:52:15,100 --> 03:52:18,000
In your cabin, you've laid out 
your formal dinner, clothes, 

4312
03:52:18,000 --> 03:52:22,400
white tie, and Tails. 
The uniform of first class 

4313
03:52:22,400 --> 03:52:26,100
evening dining The boat I gives 
you trouble as it always does. 

4314
03:52:26,100 --> 03:52:29,100
You fumble with it for several 
minutes before achieving 

4315
03:52:29,100 --> 03:52:30,800
something that looks 
approximately correct? 

4316
03:52:31,700 --> 03:52:34,700
The transformation of passengers
between afternoon and evening 

4317
03:52:34,700 --> 03:52:37,300
remains. 
One of shipboard Life, Small 

4318
03:52:37,300 --> 03:52:40,600
Miracles. 
Same people who lounged in 

4319
03:52:40,600 --> 03:52:44,000
casual clothes at lunch. 
Now, emerged from their cabins 

4320
03:52:44,000 --> 03:52:47,900
looking like their attending an 
opera or Palace ball the women 

4321
03:52:47,900 --> 03:52:52,000
especially have undergone 
complete metamorphosis afternoon

4322
03:52:52,000 --> 03:52:54,200
dresses replaced by evening 
gowns. 

4323
03:52:54,200 --> 03:52:58,600
That showcase the latest Paris 
Fashions jewelry that probably 

4324
03:52:58,600 --> 03:53:03,200
required safe deposit boxes in 
their cabin's and hair arranged 

4325
03:53:03,200 --> 03:53:06,300
in elaborate styles that must 
have taken their maids and our 

4326
03:53:06,300 --> 03:53:10,300
to create you join the general 
flow to the Dining Saloon, but 

4327
03:53:10,300 --> 03:53:12,600
the experience differs 
dramatically from lunch. 

4328
03:53:13,500 --> 03:53:16,600
The evening crowd moves more 
slowly with more awareness of 

4329
03:53:16,600 --> 03:53:19,900
being on display. 
Ladies are just their gloves 

4330
03:53:19,900 --> 03:53:22,800
gentlemen. 
Check their pocket watches were 

4331
03:53:22,800 --> 03:53:25,900
all performing, the ritual of 
dressing for dinner, an ancient 

4332
03:53:25,900 --> 03:53:28,900
tradition of civilization 
asserting itself even in the 

4333
03:53:28,900 --> 03:53:31,400
middle of the Atlantic. 
The Dining Saloon has 

4334
03:53:31,408 --> 03:53:34,300
transformed as well. 
The natural light of our 

4335
03:53:34,300 --> 03:53:37,200
afternoon has given way to 
Electric chandeliers that hang 

4336
03:53:37,200 --> 03:53:39,300
from the ceiling like 
crystallized Starlight. 

4337
03:53:40,100 --> 03:53:43,900
Every bulb blazes creating an 
atmosphere of almost theatrical 

4338
03:53:43,900 --> 03:53:47,300
brilliance. the white 
tablecloths look, even brighter 

4339
03:53:47,300 --> 03:53:50,000
against the evening, Darkness 
visible Through the Windows 

4340
03:53:50,000 --> 03:53:53,200
candles, on each table, add 
flickering warmth to the 

4341
03:53:53,200 --> 03:53:56,500
electric glow, your table 
assignment tonight, places you 

4342
03:53:56,500 --> 03:53:59,800
with several other passengers, a
system designed to encourage 

4343
03:53:59,800 --> 03:54:03,500
social mixing You introduce 
yourself to your table mates. 

4344
03:54:03,500 --> 03:54:07,400
A railroad investor from 
Philadelphia and his wife, a 

4345
03:54:07,400 --> 03:54:10,000
British wool Merchants traveling
home from business in America 

4346
03:54:10,000 --> 03:54:13,800
and a young couple whose Fortune
apparently derives from Timba. 

4347
03:54:14,500 --> 03:54:18,200
Everyone maintains that careful 
politeness of strangers thrown 

4348
03:54:18,200 --> 03:54:22,100
together by circumstances the 
menu for dinner requires serious

4349
03:54:22,100 --> 03:54:24,800
study, this isn't lunches, 
modest selection. 

4350
03:54:24,800 --> 03:54:28,300
This is a document that 
describes what might be 10 

4351
03:54:28,300 --> 03:54:31,700
separate courses you read 
through the options with growing

4352
03:54:31,700 --> 03:54:37,400
amazement. 
Oysters orders soup two, kinds 

4353
03:54:37,400 --> 03:54:41,400
both available if you want them.
Fish with the elaborate sources,

4354
03:54:41,400 --> 03:54:44,000
an entry of chicken, or lamb or 
beef. 

4355
03:54:44,800 --> 03:54:48,800
A poultry course separate from 
the entree cold, asparagus, with

4356
03:54:48,800 --> 03:54:53,200
vinaigrette roasted meat 
duckling beef, sirloin spring 

4357
03:54:53,200 --> 03:54:56,600
lamb, various vegetables. 
Punch. 

4358
03:54:56,600 --> 03:55:01,300
Sorbet to cleanse the palate. 
Putting ice cream, fresh fruit, 

4359
03:55:01,300 --> 03:55:04,700
cheese and coffee. 
They feed us like Roman 

4360
03:55:04,700 --> 03:55:08,100
emperors, the wool Merchant 
observes studying his own menu 

4361
03:55:08,100 --> 03:55:11,300
with evident approval. 
I've crossed the Atlantic a 

4362
03:55:11,300 --> 03:55:15,000
dozen times, and I've never seen
a menu quite like this, his 

4363
03:55:15,000 --> 03:55:18,400
comment prompts discussion of 
other voyages are the ships. 

4364
03:55:19,400 --> 03:55:22,100
The railroad investor prefers 
German liners for their 

4365
03:55:22,100 --> 03:55:25,100
engineering. 
The British merchants swears by 

4366
03:55:25,100 --> 03:55:28,100
colored for reliability the 
timber couple. 

4367
03:55:28,100 --> 03:55:31,600
This is their first ocean 
Crossing listens with the 

4368
03:55:31,600 --> 03:55:34,800
fascination of newcomers, 
hearing experienced Travelers 

4369
03:55:34,800 --> 03:55:37,900
compared notes, your order 
carefully knowing you can't 

4370
03:55:37,900 --> 03:55:40,800
possibly eat everything offered,
but wanting to experience the 

4371
03:55:40,800 --> 03:55:44,800
range of kitchen capabilities. 
The first course, arrives 

4372
03:55:44,800 --> 03:55:49,400
oysters on Ice each one looking 
perfect tasting of cold, salt 

4373
03:55:49,400 --> 03:55:52,200
water, and the Sea. 
You squeeze lemon over them and 

4374
03:55:52,200 --> 03:55:55,400
experience that peculiar 
sensation of eating, something 

4375
03:55:55,400 --> 03:55:58,900
that was alive in the ocean. 
Just hours ago, the horses can 

4376
03:55:58,900 --> 03:56:01,900
continue with Clockwork, 
precision, Super Pierce. 

4377
03:56:01,900 --> 03:56:04,900
Exactly. 
When you finish the oysters fish

4378
03:56:04,900 --> 03:56:07,000
follow suit. 
Each plate. 

4379
03:56:07,000 --> 03:56:09,400
Arrives at the perfect 
temperature arranged with 

4380
03:56:09,408 --> 03:56:12,800
artistic attention sources 
compliment with out, 

4381
03:56:12,800 --> 03:56:16,100
overwhelming vegetables, retain 
their color, and texture. 

4382
03:56:16,100 --> 03:56:18,900
Everything tastes as good as it 
looks, which is saying 

4383
03:56:18,900 --> 03:56:20,200
something. 
Because it looks spectacular 

4384
03:56:20,200 --> 03:56:24,600
between courses conversation, 
flows around the table. 

4385
03:56:25,500 --> 03:56:28,700
The railroad investor discusses 
investment opportunities in 

4386
03:56:28,700 --> 03:56:32,500
American infrastructure. 
New Rail lines pushing west 

4387
03:56:32,500 --> 03:56:36,900
electrification of existing 
routes, and the endless appetite

4388
03:56:36,900 --> 03:56:39,700
for expansion. 
His wife talks about their 

4389
03:56:39,700 --> 03:56:43,000
daughters upcoming wedding and 
the challenges of planning a 

4390
03:56:43,000 --> 03:56:46,800
society event while traveling. 
The wool Merchant offers dry 

4391
03:56:46,800 --> 03:56:49,900
observations about British, 
textile, markets, and the 

4392
03:56:49,900 --> 03:56:53,700
quality of Australian Imports. 
You notice how the Dining Saloon

4393
03:56:53,700 --> 03:56:57,000
is filled with life, as dinner, 
progresses individual 

4394
03:56:57,000 --> 03:57:01,400
conversations combined into a 
general hum of voices punctuated

4395
03:57:01,400 --> 03:57:04,700
by occasional laughter. 
Silverware clinks, against 

4396
03:57:04,700 --> 03:57:08,200
China. 
Crystal glasses ring gently when

4397
03:57:08,200 --> 03:57:12,200
toasts are made stewards. 
Move constantly between tables, 

4398
03:57:12,200 --> 03:57:17,000
replacing dishes, refilling 
glasses and anticipating needs 

4399
03:57:17,000 --> 03:57:19,800
before their voice. 
Your Orchestra begins playing 

4400
03:57:19,800 --> 03:57:22,800
during the main core stationed 
on a small balcony, overlooking 

4401
03:57:22,800 --> 03:57:26,200
the Dining Saloon They perform 
like classical pieces and 

4402
03:57:26,200 --> 03:57:29,400
popular Tunes, nothing too 
demanding or intrusive. 

4403
03:57:30,200 --> 03:57:33,100
The music provides oral 
wallpaper creating atmosphere 

4404
03:57:33,100 --> 03:57:36,700
without commanding attention. 
Occasionally someone hums along 

4405
03:57:36,700 --> 03:57:40,100
but mostly we eat and talk and 
let the Melodies wash over us. 

4406
03:57:40,100 --> 03:57:44,300
You order the beef for your main
course, when it arrives, you 

4407
03:57:44,300 --> 03:57:47,300
understand why people pay 
premium prices for first class 

4408
03:57:47,300 --> 03:57:51,000
Passage The meat has been cooked
precisely to your 

4409
03:57:51,000 --> 03:57:55,600
specifications, the exterior, 
dark and caramelized the 

4410
03:57:55,600 --> 03:57:57,800
interior still showing a hint of
pink. 

4411
03:57:58,500 --> 03:58:01,900
It cuts with minimal resistance 
and tastes rich, without being 

4412
03:58:01,900 --> 03:58:04,400
heavy. 
The accompanying vegetables, 

4413
03:58:04,400 --> 03:58:09,400
tiny potatoes, fresh beans and 
glazed carrots provide perfect. 

4414
03:58:09,400 --> 03:58:12,900
Complements young couple at your
table holds hands between 

4415
03:58:12,900 --> 03:58:15,900
courses, a gesture. 
They probably think goes 

4416
03:58:15,900 --> 03:58:19,600
unnoticed, The railroad 
investors wife catches, your eye

4417
03:58:19,600 --> 03:58:22,800
and smiles. 
Both of us seeing in to ignore 

4418
03:58:22,800 --> 03:58:26,100
this small intimacy. 
Young Love on an ocean Voyage 

4419
03:58:26,100 --> 03:58:29,400
carries its own sweetness and 
we're all old enough to remember

4420
03:58:29,400 --> 03:58:32,800
when the world felt new desert 
offers yet more choices. 

4421
03:58:32,800 --> 03:58:36,400
You select the chocolate 
pudding, which arrives in an 

4422
03:58:36,400 --> 03:58:39,700
individual portion, that looks 
almost too pretty to disturb but

4423
03:58:39,700 --> 03:58:43,200
disturb that you do and discover
that it tastes even better than 

4424
03:58:43,200 --> 03:58:46,400
it looks rich. 
Chocolate balanced by Cream, 

4425
03:58:46,400 --> 03:58:49,700
Sweet, without being cloying, 
the perfect ending to an 

4426
03:58:49,700 --> 03:58:52,300
excessive meal coffee follows 
dessert. 

4427
03:58:52,300 --> 03:58:55,500
Served in Delicate, China cups 
with sugar cubes and cream. 

4428
03:58:56,400 --> 03:58:59,800
Someone at a nearby table 
request Brandy and suddenly 

4429
03:58:59,800 --> 03:59:01,200
several of us are ordering the 
same. 

4430
03:59:02,100 --> 03:59:05,300
The steward, produces a bottle 
and pause generous measures into

4431
03:59:05,300 --> 03:59:08,000
sniffers, the Amber liquid, 
catching the light. 

4432
03:59:08,700 --> 03:59:11,700
You warm the glass between your 
palms, inhaling the complex 

4433
03:59:11,700 --> 03:59:14,700
Aroma. 
Then take a small sip that burns

4434
03:59:14,700 --> 03:59:17,700
pleasantly down your throat. 
The meal is stretched past two 

4435
03:59:17,700 --> 03:59:21,500
hours, but nobody seems hurried.
This is what evenings are for a 

4436
03:59:21,508 --> 03:59:26,000
board Titanic, leisurely dining,
good conversation and the 

4437
03:59:26,000 --> 03:59:29,500
pleasure of excellent food and 
wine and beautiful surroundings.

4438
03:59:30,600 --> 03:59:33,300
Through the Windows. 
You can see complete darkness 

4439
03:59:33,300 --> 03:59:36,000
now. 
The ocean has disappeared into 

4440
03:59:36,000 --> 03:59:40,200
night, only Titanic exists, a 
pocket of light and 

4441
03:59:40,200 --> 03:59:42,900
civilization. 
Moving through the void as 

4442
03:59:42,900 --> 03:59:46,000
dinner, wines down, passengers, 
begin to parting in casual 

4443
03:59:46,000 --> 03:59:48,500
groups. 
The men drift toward the smoking

4444
03:59:48,500 --> 03:59:50,200
room for cigars and further, 
Brandy. 

4445
03:59:51,400 --> 03:59:54,200
The women head to the lounges 
for conversation and perhaps 

4446
03:59:54,200 --> 03:59:59,400
cards, the young couple 
predictably escape to the deck 

4447
03:59:59,400 --> 04:00:02,600
for a romantic moment. 
Under the Stars, you follow the 

4448
04:00:02,600 --> 04:00:04,900
men to the smoking room. 
Curious about this male 

4449
04:00:04,900 --> 04:00:09,600
Sanctuary, the space lives up to
expectations, deeply masculine 

4450
04:00:09,600 --> 04:00:11,100
with all leather chairs and dark
wood. 

4451
04:00:11,100 --> 04:00:15,900
Paneling Stained glass windows, 
depict Maritime scenes, the 

4452
04:00:15,900 --> 04:00:19,400
ceiling features ornate plaster 
work painted to resemble to 

4453
04:00:19,400 --> 04:00:22,500
leather. 
Every surface suggests wealth 

4454
04:00:22,500 --> 04:00:25,900
and permanence men, settle into 
chairs with practice, Comfort, 

4455
04:00:25,900 --> 04:00:29,300
loosening, collar buttons, and 
lighting cigars, and cigarettes.

4456
04:00:29,900 --> 04:00:33,300
The air quickly fills with smoke
that hangs in blue gray layers 

4457
04:00:33,300 --> 04:00:36,500
Under The Lights. 
Stewards circulate with trays of

4458
04:00:36,508 --> 04:00:38,800
drinks. 
Someone calls for whiskey, 

4459
04:00:38,800 --> 04:00:42,100
another for port, and a third, 
for more Brandy. 

4460
04:00:42,900 --> 04:00:45,100
The bartender prepares each 
drink with professional 

4461
04:00:45,100 --> 04:00:49,000
efficiency conversation, flows 
in the smoking room, but with a 

4462
04:00:49,000 --> 04:00:53,500
different quality than a dinner.
topics become more Frank a penis

4463
04:00:53,500 --> 04:00:57,500
more freely stated Someone 
discusses American politics with

4464
04:00:57,500 --> 04:01:01,100
more heat than wisdom. 
Another passenger offers 

4465
04:01:01,100 --> 04:01:03,700
investment advice. 
That might or might not be 

4466
04:01:03,700 --> 04:01:07,700
found. third tells a moderately 
scandalous story about a 

4467
04:01:07,700 --> 04:01:11,600
friend's business dealing that 
has everyone chuckling a leather

4468
04:01:11,600 --> 04:01:15,200
chair near the window and nurse 
your Brandy content to listen, 

4469
04:01:15,200 --> 04:01:19,700
rather than contribute The chair
Embraces you with the comfort of

4470
04:01:19,700 --> 04:01:23,300
expensive furniture and the 
Brandy creates a pleasant warmth

4471
04:01:23,300 --> 04:01:27,000
in your chest. 
Outside the ocean remains 

4472
04:01:27,000 --> 04:01:30,400
invisible but you can hear waves
against the hull. 

4473
04:01:30,400 --> 04:01:33,100
A rhythmic sound that becomes 
hypnotic. 

4474
04:01:33,100 --> 04:01:36,100
If you pay attention the 
railroad investor, settles into 

4475
04:01:36,100 --> 04:01:39,300
the chair next to yours. 
Remarkable ship. 

4476
04:01:39,300 --> 04:01:40,900
He says more to himself than to 
you. 

4477
04:01:40,900 --> 04:01:43,200
You agree. 
Because what else, can you say? 

4478
04:01:43,200 --> 04:01:47,700
Titanic exceed superlatives. 
I've built things and continues 

4479
04:01:47,700 --> 04:01:51,100
staring at his glass Bridges 
rail terminals. 

4480
04:01:51,100 --> 04:01:56,500
Even a small damn once but this 
He gestures vaguely at the room,

4481
04:01:56,500 --> 04:01:59,100
the ship and the entire 
Enterprise. 

4482
04:02:00,000 --> 04:02:02,800
This makes my accomplishments. 
Look like amateur efforts. 

4483
04:02:02,800 --> 04:02:06,100
You understand what he means. 
There's something about being a 

4484
04:02:06,108 --> 04:02:09,600
board Titanic that makes you 
aware of human capability of 

4485
04:02:09,600 --> 04:02:11,500
what we can achieve. 
When we combine resources 

4486
04:02:11,500 --> 04:02:14,700
knowledge and ambition, this 
ship shouldn't exist. 

4487
04:02:14,700 --> 04:02:19,000
It's too large to complex and 
two luxurious yet here. 

4488
04:02:19,000 --> 04:02:21,900
You sit drinking brandy in a 
floating palace that moves 

4489
04:02:21,900 --> 04:02:25,600
across the Atlantic, with the 
confidence of inevitability the 

4490
04:02:25,600 --> 04:02:28,500
evening passes. 
In a pleasant Haze, more drinks 

4491
04:02:28,500 --> 04:02:31,600
arrived, without being ordered 
the stewards somehow knowing 

4492
04:02:31,600 --> 04:02:35,800
when glass is nearly empty. 
Conversation, Ebbs and flows. 

4493
04:02:35,800 --> 04:02:40,200
Some passengers depart for their
cabins, other settled deeper 

4494
04:02:40,200 --> 04:02:42,600
into their chairs. 
Apparently, planning to spend 

4495
04:02:42,600 --> 04:02:45,000
hours here. 
Eventually, you decide you've 

4496
04:02:45,000 --> 04:02:48,800
had enough brand tobacco smoke 
you, excuse yourself, and make 

4497
04:02:48,800 --> 04:02:51,200
your way back through corridors.
That have grown quiet. 

4498
04:02:52,400 --> 04:02:56,600
Most passengers have retired, 
the ship's night watches taken 

4499
04:02:56,600 --> 04:02:59,700
over maintaining Titanic's 
course while we sleep. 

4500
04:03:00,500 --> 04:03:02,100
A cabin. 
Welcomes, you with familiar 

4501
04:03:02,100 --> 04:03:04,900
comfort. 
Someone has been in turned down 

4502
04:03:04,900 --> 04:03:08,900
your bed leaving a small 
chocolate on the pillow a detail

4503
04:03:08,900 --> 04:03:13,000
so thoughtful, you almost laugh.
You prepare for bed, moving 

4504
04:03:13,000 --> 04:03:16,100
through, the rituals of evening 
ablution in that magnificent 

4505
04:03:16,100 --> 04:03:19,300
bathroom. 
The ship rocks, gently Beneath 

4506
04:03:19,300 --> 04:03:22,400
You emotion, you're already 
beginning to find comforting 

4507
04:03:22,400 --> 04:03:26,400
rather than unsettling in bed. 
You listen to Titanic's 

4508
04:03:26,400 --> 04:03:30,400
nighttime sounds the engines 
maintain their steady throwing 

4509
04:03:30,400 --> 04:03:33,300
water rushes along the whole 
somewhere. 

4510
04:03:33,300 --> 04:03:37,300
Distant footsteps echo on metal 
stairs voices murmur in the 

4511
04:03:37,300 --> 04:03:40,000
corridors late passengers 
returned to their cabin's. 

4512
04:03:40,000 --> 04:03:43,900
You think about dinner about the
food and wine and conversation. 

4513
04:03:43,900 --> 04:03:47,300
You think about the railroad 
investors comment about human 

4514
04:03:47,300 --> 04:03:50,400
achievement and ambition. 
You think about being in the 

4515
04:03:50,400 --> 04:03:53,500
middle of the Atlantic Ocean, 
surrounded by luxury. 

4516
04:03:53,500 --> 04:03:56,300
That would have seemed 
impossible just a few decades 

4517
04:03:56,300 --> 04:03:59,200
ago. 
Sleep comes easily pulling you 

4518
04:03:59,200 --> 04:04:02,500
down into dreams of light and 
motion a ventless, dining 

4519
04:04:02,500 --> 04:04:05,600
tables, and orchestras playing 
in the distance of a ship. 

4520
04:04:05,600 --> 04:04:08,900
Moving through Darkness toward 
tomorrow morning, like, through 

4521
04:04:08,900 --> 04:04:10,600
your cabin window wakes, you 
gently. 

4522
04:04:10,600 --> 04:04:12,700
And for a moment, You Forget 
Where You Are. 

4523
04:04:13,600 --> 04:04:17,500
Then the ship's motion registers
that's subtle rocking that has 

4524
04:04:17,500 --> 04:04:20,400
become familiar overnight, and a
memory returns. 

4525
04:04:21,200 --> 04:04:23,000
You're aboard. 
The Titanic somewhere in the 

4526
04:04:23,008 --> 04:04:26,600
Atlantic with another day of the
Voyager head, after washing and 

4527
04:04:26,600 --> 04:04:29,200
dressing in casual clothes 
suitable for morning aboard 

4528
04:04:29,200 --> 04:04:31,800
ship, you make your way to the 
cafe for breakfast. 

4529
04:04:32,900 --> 04:04:36,000
This smaller dining area offers 
a more relaxed atmosphere than 

4530
04:04:36,000 --> 04:04:40,400
the Grand Dining Saloon with 
table scattered, informally, and

4531
04:04:40,400 --> 04:04:42,600
passengers coming and going at 
their own pace. 

4532
04:04:42,600 --> 04:04:47,900
Order eggs toast, bacon and 
coffee simple food perfectly 

4533
04:04:47,900 --> 04:04:50,700
prepared. 
The days program printed on 

4534
04:04:50,700 --> 04:04:52,500
Fresh paper and delivered to 
your cabin. 

4535
04:04:52,500 --> 04:04:55,500
While you slept list. 
The mornings activities 

4536
04:04:55,500 --> 04:05:00,500
gymnasium hours swimming pool of
availability Divine service. 

4537
04:05:00,500 --> 04:05:04,600
In the Dining Saloon at 10:30 
inspection of the ship for 

4538
04:05:04,600 --> 04:05:08,000
interested passengers at 11. 
The schedule suggests 

4539
04:05:08,000 --> 04:05:11,800
possibilities without demanding 
participation leaving, you free 

4540
04:05:11,800 --> 04:05:15,200
to structure your day. 
However, you prefer you decide 

4541
04:05:15,200 --> 04:05:18,900
to explore the gymnasium first 
curious about this facility. 

4542
04:05:18,900 --> 04:05:22,800
You've heard other passengers 
discussing Located on the boat 

4543
04:05:22,800 --> 04:05:25,900
deck, the gym, occupies a 
surprisingly, large, space 

4544
04:05:25,900 --> 04:05:29,200
fitted with equipment. 
That looks both modern and 

4545
04:05:29,200 --> 04:05:33,500
slightly strange mechanical. 
Horse's that simulate riding 

4546
04:05:33,500 --> 04:05:36,900
rowing machines. 
Something called an electric 

4547
04:05:36,900 --> 04:05:39,200
camel that apparently mimics 
desert travel. 

4548
04:05:39,900 --> 04:05:43,400
Stationary bicycles, weight 
machines, with pulleys and 

4549
04:05:43,400 --> 04:05:46,800
cables. 
The gymnasium instructor a fit 

4550
04:05:46,800 --> 04:05:49,600
man in white, flannels who 
introduces himself as Mr. 

4551
04:05:49,600 --> 04:05:52,200
McCauley. 
Demonstrates each machine. 

4552
04:05:52,200 --> 04:05:55,700
With enthusiastic 
professionalism, he helps an 

4553
04:05:55,700 --> 04:05:59,000
elderly lady onto one of the 
mechanical horses, adjusting the

4554
04:05:59,000 --> 04:06:02,900
settings, for gentle motion, He 
shows a teenager how to use the 

4555
04:06:02,900 --> 04:06:05,700
rowing machine properly. 
He explains to you how the 

4556
04:06:05,700 --> 04:06:09,300
electric camel provides exercise
without requiring actual camel 

4557
04:06:09,300 --> 04:06:11,800
ownership. 
Rather marvellous, isn't it Mr. 

4558
04:06:11,800 --> 04:06:14,600
Macaulay says, patting the 
electrical affectionately. 

4559
04:06:14,600 --> 04:06:18,300
You can experience the exercise 
benefits of exotic travel 

4560
04:06:18,300 --> 04:06:21,700
without leaving the ship. 
Modern science is making the 

4561
04:06:21,700 --> 04:06:24,700
world smaller. 
You try several machines, 

4562
04:06:24,700 --> 04:06:26,900
finding them amusing more than 
challenging. 

4563
04:06:26,900 --> 04:06:30,300
The mechanical horse rocks. 
Back and forth with a steady 

4564
04:06:30,300 --> 04:06:33,700
Rhythm new, imagine your 
cantering across some imaginary 

4565
04:06:33,700 --> 04:06:37,900
landscape. the rowing machine 
provides real resistance and 

4566
04:06:37,900 --> 04:06:41,500
after five minutes your arms 
feel the effort, The electric 

4567
04:06:41,500 --> 04:06:45,200
camel lives up to its billing. 
It does indeed simulate the 

4568
04:06:45,200 --> 04:06:47,500
lurching motion of camel travel 
there. 

4569
04:06:47,500 --> 04:06:49,700
Why anyone would want to 
simulate that particular 

4570
04:06:49,700 --> 04:06:53,000
experience remains unclear after
the gymnasium? 

4571
04:06:53,000 --> 04:06:55,700
You venture to the swimming pool
located, deep in the ship's 

4572
04:06:55,700 --> 04:07:00,000
interior, The Descent takes you 
down, several staircases, past 

4573
04:07:00,000 --> 04:07:03,800
Machinery spaces and crew areas 
until you reach a section 

4574
04:07:03,800 --> 04:07:08,100
clearly designed for passengers.
The pool itself measures perhaps

4575
04:07:08,100 --> 04:07:12,400
30 feet long, and 15 wide filled
with sea water that sloshes 

4576
04:07:12,400 --> 04:07:16,700
gently with the ship's motion. 
Tiles cover the walls, in white 

4577
04:07:16,700 --> 04:07:19,400
and blue patterns changing rooms
line. 

4578
04:07:19,400 --> 04:07:23,900
One side a few brave souls are 
actually swimming a man doing 

4579
04:07:23,900 --> 04:07:26,800
determined lapse. 
A young boy splashing near the 

4580
04:07:26,800 --> 04:07:29,100
shallow end under his mother's 
watchful eye. 

4581
04:07:29,800 --> 04:07:33,100
The water looks cold and you 
decide to save swimming for 

4582
04:07:33,100 --> 04:07:36,100
another day. 
Instead, you explore the 

4583
04:07:36,100 --> 04:07:40,500
adjacent Turkish baths, a series
of rooms decorated in Arabic 

4584
04:07:40,500 --> 04:07:43,600
Style, with colorful tiles and 
carved wooden screens. 

4585
04:07:43,600 --> 04:07:46,200
The Bears offer gradual 
progression through, 

4586
04:07:46,200 --> 04:07:50,100
increasingly warm rooms The 
temperate room feels Pleasant 

4587
04:07:50,100 --> 04:07:53,700
like a sunny day. 
The hot room makes you start 

4588
04:07:53,700 --> 04:07:57,300
sweating within minutes. 
Steam room and develops. 

4589
04:07:57,300 --> 04:08:00,500
You in Vapor South thick. 
You can barely see your hand in 

4590
04:08:00,500 --> 04:08:04,000
front of your face. 
Tendency in white roads move, 

4591
04:08:04,000 --> 04:08:07,600
like ghosts through the steam 
offering towels and glasses of 

4592
04:08:07,600 --> 04:08:10,300
cool water. 
You endure the heat for perhaps 

4593
04:08:10,300 --> 04:08:13,800
20 minutes before retreating to 
the cooling room where you wrap 

4594
04:08:13,800 --> 04:08:16,700
yourself in a thick robe and 
stretch out on a comfortable 

4595
04:08:16,700 --> 04:08:19,300
lounger. 
Your body feels loose and 

4596
04:08:19,300 --> 04:08:22,500
relaxed and muscles. 
You didn't know were tents are 

4597
04:08:22,500 --> 04:08:26,300
now releasing other passengers 
occupy, nearby, lounges, all of 

4598
04:08:26,300 --> 04:08:30,300
us looking slightly pink and 
very content in the baths. 

4599
04:08:30,300 --> 04:08:33,000
Asks, a man with an impressive 
mustache on the next lounger, 

4600
04:08:33,000 --> 04:08:38,000
you confirm any nods knowingly. 
Remarkable facility. 

4601
04:08:38,000 --> 04:08:42,100
I use Turkish bars regularly in 
London and these rival. 

4602
04:08:42,100 --> 04:08:45,900
The best I've experienced. 
Trodden area that they've 

4603
04:08:45,900 --> 04:08:48,100
installed them on a ship. 
He's right. 

4604
04:08:48,100 --> 04:08:51,900
Of course, the existence of 
Turkish baths, aboard, an ocean 

4605
04:08:51,900 --> 04:08:55,100
line, a represents another 
example of Titanic's commitment 

4606
04:08:55,100 --> 04:08:59,100
to comprehensive luxury. 
Why should passengers sacrifice 

4607
04:08:59,100 --> 04:09:01,400
any comfort? 
Just because they're traveling. 

4608
04:09:02,400 --> 04:09:06,700
Why not bring every amendment of
surelife to see after the bars? 

4609
04:09:06,700 --> 04:09:09,400
You return to your cabin for 
fresh clothes, then. 

4610
04:09:09,400 --> 04:09:12,000
Join the growing crowd gathering
on the boat deck for the 

4611
04:09:12,008 --> 04:09:17,000
inspection tour. an officer in a
crisp, white uniform leads the 

4612
04:09:17,000 --> 04:09:21,400
group explaining technical 
details as we walk, He shows us 

4613
04:09:21,400 --> 04:09:24,100
the bridge where the captain and
his officers navigate. 

4614
04:09:25,100 --> 04:09:26,800
He demonstrates the wireless 
equipment. 

4615
04:09:26,800 --> 04:09:30,900
Those mysterious machines that 
can send messages through empty 

4616
04:09:30,900 --> 04:09:34,000
air. 
He explains the ships watertight

4617
04:09:34,000 --> 04:09:37,200
compartments designed to keep 
Titanic afloat. 

4618
04:09:37,200 --> 04:09:40,800
Even if the hole suffers damage,
she is practically. 

4619
04:09:40,800 --> 04:09:43,600
Unsinkable the officer says with
understandable. 

4620
04:09:43,600 --> 04:09:46,300
Pride the designers thought of 
everything. 

4621
04:09:46,300 --> 04:09:50,100
These watertight doors can be 
closed instantly from the bridge

4622
04:09:50,100 --> 04:09:54,100
sealing off any flooding even if
several compartments filled with

4623
04:09:54,108 --> 04:09:56,700
water, the Titanic will remain 
afloat. 

4624
04:09:56,700 --> 04:10:00,200
The group, murmurs appreciation 
were impressed by the 

4625
04:10:00,200 --> 04:10:03,700
engineering and reassured by the
safety, measures Titanic 

4626
04:10:03,700 --> 04:10:07,300
represents the Pinnacle of 
Maritime technology and standing

4627
04:10:07,300 --> 04:10:09,900
on her deck hearing these 
explanations. 

4628
04:10:09,900 --> 04:10:13,100
You feel confident in the ship 
and the men who operate her 

4629
04:10:13,100 --> 04:10:15,700
lunch arrives with its usual 
variety. 

4630
04:10:15,700 --> 04:10:17,800
And Excellence. 
You eat lightly. 

4631
04:10:17,800 --> 04:10:21,600
Save your appetite for dinner. 
The afternoon stretches ahead 

4632
04:10:21,600 --> 04:10:25,200
with Pleasant emptiness. 
Some passengers play cards in 

4633
04:10:25,200 --> 04:10:27,800
the lounges, others write 
letters in the library. 

4634
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:32,700
Few brave, souls walk the deck, 
despite the April chill, you 

4635
04:10:32,700 --> 04:10:35,900
find yourself drawn to the 
reading and writing room that 

4636
04:10:35,900 --> 04:10:38,900
feminine Sanctuary done in 
delicate, colors and white 

4637
04:10:38,900 --> 04:10:41,900
wicker furniture. 
Despite being designed for 

4638
04:10:41,900 --> 04:10:44,600
ladies the room. 
Well, comes male visitors. 

4639
04:10:44,600 --> 04:10:47,300
And you claim a comfortable 
chair near the windows. 

4640
04:10:48,200 --> 04:10:52,300
Someone has left a book a 
popular novel about Adventure in

4641
04:10:52,300 --> 04:10:55,100
Africa. 
You pick it up intending to read

4642
04:10:55,100 --> 04:10:58,600
just a chapter or two the next 
time you check your pocket watch

4643
04:10:58,600 --> 04:11:03,100
two hours of past the story 
captured, you completely pulling

4644
04:11:03,100 --> 04:11:05,300
you into fictional jungles and 
Adventures. 

4645
04:11:05,300 --> 04:11:08,000
That seemed both exotic and 
slightly ridiculous. 

4646
04:11:09,000 --> 04:11:10,600
But that's what good 
entertainment does. 

4647
04:11:10,600 --> 04:11:14,300
It takes you somewhere else and 
lets you forget your 

4648
04:11:14,300 --> 04:11:18,500
surroundings completely tea 
service begins at 4:00 and you 

4649
04:11:18,500 --> 04:11:21,400
make your way to the cafe. 
For this very British ritual, 

4650
04:11:21,400 --> 04:11:25,200
the servers of laid out 
impressive spreadz sandwiches 

4651
04:11:25,200 --> 04:11:30,100
with the cross removed, small 
cakes, pastries, and scones with

4652
04:11:30,100 --> 04:11:33,500
jam and cream. 
He arrives in proper pots, 

4653
04:11:33,500 --> 04:11:36,800
strong and hot. 
You prepare yours with milk and 

4654
04:11:36,800 --> 04:11:40,200
sugar the way your grandmother 
taught you decades ago, other 

4655
04:11:40,200 --> 04:11:43,200
passengers gather for tea and 
the cafe fills with quiet 

4656
04:11:43,200 --> 04:11:47,000
conversation. 
This meal really more of a snack

4657
04:11:47,000 --> 04:11:50,600
provides opportunity for social 
mixing with the formality of 

4658
04:11:50,600 --> 04:11:53,200
dinner. 
People move between tables 

4659
04:11:53,200 --> 04:11:57,300
greeting friends made yesterday 
striking up conversations with 

4660
04:11:57,300 --> 04:12:00,500
strangers. 
Sense of community, is building 

4661
04:12:00,500 --> 04:12:04,100
among the first class passengers
that peculiar bonding, that 

4662
04:12:04,100 --> 04:12:06,200
happens when people share an 
adventure. 

4663
04:12:06,200 --> 04:12:09,900
After tea, you return to the 
deck for a constitutional walk. 

4664
04:12:09,900 --> 04:12:13,000
The wind has picked up since 
morning and the Ocean looks 

4665
04:12:13,000 --> 04:12:17,700
rougher with waves showing White
Caps Titanic, handles the swells

4666
04:12:17,700 --> 04:12:20,700
with barely noticeable motion. 
But you can see spray 

4667
04:12:20,700 --> 04:12:23,100
occasionally reaching high 
enough to catch sunlight. 

4668
04:12:23,800 --> 04:12:27,200
The air tastes strongly of salt 
and your face feels wind burned 

4669
04:12:27,200 --> 04:12:31,000
after just minutes outside, you 
can complete several circuits of

4670
04:12:31,008 --> 04:12:33,700
the Promenade deck. 
Walking briskly enough to 

4671
04:12:33,700 --> 04:12:36,900
elevate your heart rate. 
Other passengers have the same 

4672
04:12:36,900 --> 04:12:41,000
idea, exercise before dinner, 
working up an appetite for the 

4673
04:12:41,000 --> 04:12:44,200
evening's feast. 
We nod to each other, as we pass

4674
04:12:44,200 --> 04:12:48,600
fellow Travelers sharing space 
and purpose back in your cabin. 

4675
04:12:48,600 --> 04:12:51,800
You rest before beginning, the 
evening's preparation. 

4676
04:12:52,800 --> 04:12:56,400
The Sun is setting visible 
through your window as a Golden 

4677
04:12:56,400 --> 04:13:00,400
Glow on the horizon. 
The ocean catches this light and

4678
04:13:00,400 --> 04:13:02,700
transforms it into something 
magical. 

4679
04:13:03,600 --> 04:13:05,400
The water appearing to hold 
fire. 

4680
04:13:06,200 --> 04:13:10,200
The wave's edged in gold. 
You stand at the window and 

4681
04:13:10,200 --> 04:13:13,900
watch until the sun disappears, 
completely leaving only after 

4682
04:13:13,900 --> 04:13:18,100
glow, and the approach of night 
evening, returns you to formal 

4683
04:13:18,100 --> 04:13:22,400
dress to white tie, and Tails to
the transformation, into your 

4684
04:13:22,408 --> 04:13:25,600
most elegant self. 
Dinner tonight, features 

4685
04:13:25,600 --> 04:13:29,600
different table mates. 
The assignments, rotate ensuring

4686
04:13:29,600 --> 04:13:31,900
passengers meet various people 
during the voyage. 

4687
04:13:32,600 --> 04:13:35,700
Your new companions include a 
steel magnate from Pittsburgh. 

4688
04:13:35,700 --> 04:13:39,300
A British Lord traveling with 
his sister and a doctor 

4689
04:13:39,300 --> 04:13:42,200
returning, from a medical 
conference in New York, the 

4690
04:13:42,200 --> 04:13:45,400
conversation flows toward more 
intellectual topics than last 

4691
04:13:45,400 --> 04:13:48,400
night. 
The doctor discusses and 

4692
04:13:48,400 --> 04:13:51,100
surgery. 
The steel magnate offers 

4693
04:13:51,100 --> 04:13:52,700
thoughts on Industrial 
Development. 

4694
04:13:53,600 --> 04:13:56,500
The British Lord. 
Surprisingly, well, read quote's

4695
04:13:56,500 --> 04:14:00,200
poetry, and philosophy. 
His sister listens with patient 

4696
04:14:00,200 --> 04:14:03,600
tension, occasionally 
contributing observations that 

4697
04:14:03,600 --> 04:14:06,400
reveal sharp intelligence after 
dinner. 

4698
04:14:06,400 --> 04:14:09,800
You skip the smoking room and 
instead wandered to the lounge, 

4699
04:14:09,800 --> 04:14:13,800
where someone is playing the 
piano The musician performs with

4700
04:14:13,800 --> 04:14:17,100
real skill. 
Moving from classical pieces to 

4701
04:14:17,100 --> 04:14:21,000
popular songs to improvise 
Melodies, that might be original

4702
04:14:21,000 --> 04:14:24,900
compositions. 
A small crowd gathers, some 

4703
04:14:24,900 --> 04:14:28,700
people singing along softly 
others, simply listening, the 

4704
04:14:28,700 --> 04:14:32,500
music creates an atmosphere of 
gentlemen, collie beautiful, but

4705
04:14:32,500 --> 04:14:35,300
tinged with something 
indefinable but perhaps 

4706
04:14:35,300 --> 04:14:39,300
awareness of time passing of 
this Voyage representing a brief

4707
04:14:39,300 --> 04:14:43,500
moment outside ordinary life. 
tomorrow Titanic will be further

4708
04:14:43,500 --> 04:14:48,100
across the Atlantic the day 
after further still Eventually, 

4709
04:14:48,100 --> 04:14:52,300
this Floating Palace existence 
will end returning us all to 

4710
04:14:52,300 --> 04:14:54,800
normal life for sure but not 
tonight. 

4711
04:14:55,500 --> 04:14:58,800
Tonight, you're here, listening 
to piano music in an elegant 

4712
04:14:58,800 --> 04:15:02,900
Lounge, surrounded by strangers,
becoming friends carried across 

4713
04:15:02,900 --> 04:15:05,000
the ocean, by the extraordinary 
ship. 

4714
04:15:05,000 --> 04:15:08,400
Tonight is Enough by the third 
day aboard. 

4715
04:15:08,400 --> 04:15:11,200
You've begun to recognize faces 
and remember names. 

4716
04:15:11,900 --> 04:15:14,300
The ship social world is 
organized itself into loose 

4717
04:15:14,300 --> 04:15:16,900
groups, based on shared 
interests and compatible 

4718
04:15:16,900 --> 04:15:19,900
personalities. 
You find yourself drawn to a 

4719
04:15:19,900 --> 04:15:22,900
particular cluster of passengers
who Gather in the lounge after 

4720
04:15:22,900 --> 04:15:27,100
breakfast, a mix of Ages and 
backgrounds United by curiosity 

4721
04:15:27,100 --> 04:15:31,000
about fellow Travelers and 
enjoyment of good conversation. 

4722
04:15:31,000 --> 04:15:35,300
The core group includes Margaret
a widow from Boston with sharp 

4723
04:15:35,300 --> 04:15:39,400
wit and bottomless energy. 
Thomas a banker from 

4724
04:15:39,400 --> 04:15:42,600
Philadelphia who collects rare 
books and loves to discussing 

4725
04:15:42,600 --> 04:15:45,500
literature. 
Edward a British Diplomat 

4726
04:15:45,500 --> 04:15:49,700
returning from posting in 
Washington Sarah a young woman 

4727
04:15:49,700 --> 04:15:53,100
traveling with her considerably 
older, Aunt, both heading to 

4728
04:15:53,100 --> 04:15:57,300
Italy for an extended stay. 
And you the Observer who 

4729
04:15:57,300 --> 04:16:01,400
sometimes become a participant, 
your conversations range widely.

4730
04:16:02,300 --> 04:16:05,500
Margaret tells stories about 
Boston Society with humor, that 

4731
04:16:05,500 --> 04:16:09,100
makes everyone laugh while also 
revealing complex social 

4732
04:16:09,100 --> 04:16:12,600
dynamics. 
Thomas describes rare volumes. 

4733
04:16:12,600 --> 04:16:15,700
He's acquired. 
His enthusiasm infectious. 

4734
04:16:15,700 --> 04:16:19,400
Even for those who don't share 
his passion for first editions, 

4735
04:16:20,300 --> 04:16:23,300
Edward offers Insider 
perspectives on international 

4736
04:16:23,300 --> 04:16:26,500
relations carefully. 
Avoiding anything too 

4737
04:16:26,500 --> 04:16:29,900
confidential. 
Sarah asks, questions that 

4738
04:16:29,900 --> 04:16:33,200
reveal her intelligence and 
curiosity about the wider World 

4739
04:16:33,200 --> 04:16:35,800
these morning. 
Gatherings become ritual. 

4740
04:16:35,800 --> 04:16:39,900
You the same area of the lounge,
those comfortable chairs near 

4741
04:16:39,900 --> 04:16:43,300
the windows, Stewards, learn 
your preferences and deliver 

4742
04:16:43,300 --> 04:16:44,900
coffee or tea without being 
asked. 

4743
04:16:46,200 --> 04:16:50,000
The conversations start casually
but often develop unexpected 

4744
04:16:50,000 --> 04:16:53,000
debt. 
Discussions of art politics 

4745
04:16:53,000 --> 04:16:55,400
philosophy and the changing 
world of 19 to 12. 

4746
04:16:55,400 --> 04:16:57,800
Everything's accelerating 
Thomas. 

4747
04:16:57,800 --> 04:17:00,100
Observes one more morning 
stirring sugar, in his coffee. 

4748
04:17:00,900 --> 04:17:04,700
Technology society and even time
itself seemed to move faster. 

4749
04:17:05,600 --> 04:17:09,500
When I was young, I felt stable.
Now, each year brings dramatic 

4750
04:17:09,500 --> 04:17:13,600
changes progress. 
Edward says, inevitable and 

4751
04:17:13,600 --> 04:17:15,600
mostly positive though. 
Not without costs. 

4752
04:17:15,600 --> 04:17:18,600
I wonder if we're progressing 
towards something or just move, 

4753
04:17:18,600 --> 04:17:21,300
moving, Margaret muses. 
Speed doesn't necessarily 

4754
04:17:21,300 --> 04:17:23,600
indicate Direction these 
conversations. 

4755
04:17:23,600 --> 04:17:26,700
Make you think challenge 
assumptions and open 

4756
04:17:26,700 --> 04:17:30,700
perspectives, you realize that 
one of luxury's true gift is 

4757
04:17:30,700 --> 04:17:35,500
time, time to think to talk to 
explore ideas without the 

4758
04:17:35,500 --> 04:17:37,600
pressure of schedules and 
obligations. 

4759
04:17:38,500 --> 04:17:41,200
Titanic provides space for 
intellectual Leisure, that 

4760
04:17:41,200 --> 04:17:44,500
Modern Life, rarely permits. 
You also notice how the ships 

4761
04:17:44,500 --> 04:17:48,100
environment encourages, 
unexpected connections, One 

4762
04:17:48,100 --> 04:17:50,600
afternoon, you strike up a 
conversation with an older 

4763
04:17:50,600 --> 04:17:53,800
gentleman on the Promenade deck.
He turns out to be a professor 

4764
04:17:53,800 --> 04:17:56,900
of history at Oxford and you 
spend an hour discussing the 

4765
04:17:56,900 --> 04:17:59,200
fall of Rome. 
While walking circles around the

4766
04:17:59,200 --> 04:18:01,600
deck, his knowledge impresses 
you. 

4767
04:18:01,600 --> 04:18:05,400
But so does his ability to make 
ancient events, feel relevant to

4768
04:18:05,400 --> 04:18:08,200
contemporary life. 
Another time you end up playing 

4769
04:18:08,200 --> 04:18:11,800
bridge with three strangers, two
sisters from New York and a 

4770
04:18:11,800 --> 04:18:14,900
mining engineer from Colorado. 
None of you played particularly 

4771
04:18:14,900 --> 04:18:17,900
well, but the game provides a 
framework for getting to know 

4772
04:18:17,900 --> 04:18:20,000
each other. 
You learn about their lives, 

4773
04:18:20,000 --> 04:18:23,300
their reasons for traveling and 
their hopes and worries. 

4774
04:18:24,300 --> 04:18:27,200
By the end of the evening, you 
feel like you've made genuine 

4775
04:18:27,200 --> 04:18:29,700
friends people. 
You might actually stay in 

4776
04:18:29,700 --> 04:18:31,600
contact with, after the voyage 
ends. 

4777
04:18:31,600 --> 04:18:36,100
The children, aboard deserve, 
special mention Titanic carries,

4778
04:18:36,100 --> 04:18:39,800
perhaps two dozen, first class 
children, ranging, from infants 

4779
04:18:39,800 --> 04:18:43,200
to teenagers. 
They bring energy and 

4780
04:18:43,200 --> 04:18:46,000
spontaneity that can trust 
beautifully with adult 

4781
04:18:46,000 --> 04:18:48,800
formality. 
You often see them racing along 

4782
04:18:48,800 --> 04:18:51,800
corridors until their nannies, 
call them back to decorum. 

4783
04:18:52,500 --> 04:18:56,100
They explore the ship with 
Fearless curiosity, discovering 

4784
04:18:56,100 --> 04:18:58,200
spaces and perspectives that 
adults. 

4785
04:18:58,200 --> 04:19:02,100
Miss one morning, you encounter 
a small boy, perhaps, six years 

4786
04:19:02,100 --> 04:19:04,900
old. 
Standing at a window staring at 

4787
04:19:04,900 --> 04:19:07,400
the ocean with such intensity 
that. 

4788
04:19:07,500 --> 04:19:08,900
He stopped to see what he's 
watching. 

4789
04:19:10,000 --> 04:19:11,400
The first you see nothing 
unusual. 

4790
04:19:11,400 --> 04:19:16,700
Just waves and Horizon. 
Then you spot it a distant way 

4791
04:19:16,700 --> 04:19:20,400
visible as a dark shape briefly 
surfacing before disappearing, 

4792
04:19:20,400 --> 04:19:24,200
Back Into the Depths. 
Did you see the boy asks turning

4793
04:19:24,200 --> 04:19:27,300
to you with excitement? 
That can't be contained a whale 

4794
04:19:27,300 --> 04:19:30,400
and actual way you can firm 
that. 

4795
04:19:30,408 --> 04:19:33,600
Yes, you saw it too. 
And the boys face lights up with

4796
04:19:33,600 --> 04:19:36,400
joy, which makes you smile for 
the rest of the day. 

4797
04:19:37,400 --> 04:19:41,800
That simple moment a child one 
at the natural world provides 

4798
04:19:41,800 --> 04:19:44,500
more genuine pleasure than all 
of Titanic's. 

4799
04:19:44,500 --> 04:19:48,100
Manufactured luxuries, social 
events punctuate the Voyages 

4800
04:19:48,100 --> 04:19:50,800
rhythm. 
One evening, the ship's officers

4801
04:19:50,800 --> 04:19:53,800
host, a reception, giving 
passengers, the opportunity to 

4802
04:19:53,800 --> 04:19:56,200
meet the captain and crew who 
operate Titanic. 

4803
04:19:57,100 --> 04:20:00,700
Captain Smith appears exactly as
you'd imagine a ship's Captain 

4804
04:20:00,700 --> 04:20:04,800
should. 
White bearded dignified and 

4805
04:20:04,800 --> 04:20:09,000
radiating calm competence. 
He moves through the crowd with 

4806
04:20:09,000 --> 04:20:11,300
practiced ease spending a few 
minutes. 

4807
04:20:11,300 --> 04:20:14,300
With each passenger, making 
everyone feel acknowledged 

4808
04:20:14,300 --> 04:20:17,600
another night features a concert
by the ship's Orchestra. 

4809
04:20:17,600 --> 04:20:20,500
Transformed from background 
dinner music to featured 

4810
04:20:20,500 --> 04:20:24,300
performers, they play a full 
program of classical and popular

4811
04:20:24,300 --> 04:20:27,100
pieces. 
The musicians revealing skills 

4812
04:20:27,100 --> 04:20:30,700
that dinner service doesn't 
fully showcase the lounge fills 

4813
04:20:30,700 --> 04:20:32,900
with passengers dressed in their
evening finest. 

4814
04:20:32,900 --> 04:20:35,600
All of us enjoying culture in 
the middle of the Atlantic. 

4815
04:20:35,600 --> 04:20:39,600
He also observe the quiet 
romance's developing aboard 

4816
04:20:39,600 --> 04:20:42,100
ship. 
That young couple from dinner, 

4817
04:20:42,100 --> 04:20:46,000
the first night, spend hours 
together on Deck, talking and 

4818
04:20:46,000 --> 04:20:49,400
laughing, clearly falling deeper
into love with each passing day.

4819
04:20:50,600 --> 04:20:55,600
An older pair hepat, 60. 
She and her 50s to be 

4820
04:20:55,600 --> 04:20:58,600
discovering each other. 
Their courtship more subtle but 

4821
04:20:58,600 --> 04:21:01,000
no less real. 
Ocean voyages. 

4822
04:21:01,000 --> 04:21:05,000
Apparently encouraged Romance. 
The enclosed world and temporary

4823
04:21:05,000 --> 04:21:07,600
nature of the experience 
creating conditions, where 

4824
04:21:07,600 --> 04:21:11,200
feelings, develop quickly, your 
own social experience includes 

4825
04:21:11,200 --> 04:21:14,700
several conversations with the 
track of women encounters that 

4826
04:21:14,700 --> 04:21:17,500
might have developed into 
something more if circumstances 

4827
04:21:17,500 --> 04:21:21,000
were different. 
A Charming Widow, invites you to

4828
04:21:21,000 --> 04:21:24,900
walk the deck with her. 
Stated woman your own age, 

4829
04:21:24,900 --> 04:21:27,900
engages you an extended 
discussion about art and 

4830
04:21:27,900 --> 04:21:31,400
literature in another context, 
these meetings might have led 

4831
04:21:31,400 --> 04:21:34,700
somewhere. 
But shipboard romance requires 

4832
04:21:34,700 --> 04:21:37,400
either quick development or 
acceptance of a temporary 

4833
04:21:37,400 --> 04:21:39,800
connection. 
And you find yourself preferring

4834
04:21:39,800 --> 04:21:43,700
friendship to the complications 
of brief Romance, the dining 

4835
04:21:43,700 --> 04:21:46,500
room continues, providing 
theater each evening by. 

4836
04:21:46,500 --> 04:21:49,600
Now, you've learned to recognize
various personalities among the 

4837
04:21:49,600 --> 04:21:53,000
first class passengers, the 
millionaire who always orders 

4838
04:21:53,000 --> 04:21:56,200
the most expensive wine, the 
British Aristocrat who treats 

4839
04:21:56,200 --> 04:21:58,000
Stuarts with casual 
condescension. 

4840
04:21:59,000 --> 04:22:01,900
The Nouveau riche couple is 
trying to hard to fit into High 

4841
04:22:01,900 --> 04:22:06,000
Society, the genuinely wealthy, 
who wear their money comfortably

4842
04:22:06,000 --> 04:22:09,600
without need for display. 
Your note, how the stewards 

4843
04:22:09,600 --> 04:22:12,200
manage this diverse group with 
remarkable skill? 

4844
04:22:12,200 --> 04:22:15,900
There remember, names, 
preferences, and small details 

4845
04:22:15,900 --> 04:22:20,000
that make each passenger feel 
individually, served a steward, 

4846
04:22:20,000 --> 04:22:23,200
might recall that you prefer 
your coffee very hot or that you

4847
04:22:23,200 --> 04:22:26,500
typically skip the soup. 
Course that you want mentioned 

4848
04:22:26,500 --> 04:22:30,200
enjoying a particular wine. 
These small acknowledgments of 

4849
04:22:30,200 --> 04:22:32,700
individual preference, create 
the illusion of personal 

4850
04:22:32,700 --> 04:22:36,300
service, even within the 
industrial scale of Titanic's 

4851
04:22:36,300 --> 04:22:39,600
operations. 
One evening Margaret organizes 

4852
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:41,800
an impromptu gathering in the 
lounge after dinner. 

4853
04:22:42,800 --> 04:22:46,400
Perhaps a dozen passengers, 
attend forming a loose circle of

4854
04:22:46,400 --> 04:22:49,500
chairs. 
Someone suggests telling stories

4855
04:22:49,500 --> 04:22:52,600
and suddenly were entertaining 
each other with Tales from our 

4856
04:22:52,600 --> 04:22:55,900
lives. 
Margaret describes a disastrous 

4857
04:22:55,900 --> 04:22:58,900
dinner party where everything 
went wrong, but somehow became 

4858
04:22:58,900 --> 04:23:00,800
the most memorable evening of 
the season. 

4859
04:23:01,800 --> 04:23:04,900
Thomas tells about discovering a
valuable book in a Dusty shop 

4860
04:23:04,900 --> 04:23:07,100
where the owner had no idea what
he possessed. 

4861
04:23:07,800 --> 04:23:10,500
Edward shares diplomatic 
anecdotes carefully. 

4862
04:23:10,500 --> 04:23:14,200
Edited to remove confidential 
details when your turn comes you

4863
04:23:14,200 --> 04:23:16,900
tell about a business venture. 
That succeeded far beyond 

4864
04:23:16,900 --> 04:23:19,900
expectations. 
The combination of planning and 

4865
04:23:19,908 --> 04:23:24,600
luck that made everything work 
perfectly But as you talk, you 

4866
04:23:24,600 --> 04:23:28,200
realize the stories, real point 
isn't the success, it's the 

4867
04:23:28,200 --> 04:23:32,000
journey, it's the uncertainty, 
the gradual realization that 

4868
04:23:32,000 --> 04:23:35,000
things were going to work out. 
Your listeners seem to 

4869
04:23:35,000 --> 04:23:38,500
understand this nodding at 
recognition of universal 

4870
04:23:38,500 --> 04:23:41,300
experience's dressed in 
individual circumstances. 

4871
04:23:41,300 --> 04:23:45,500
The Gathering continues past 
midnight, passengers telling 

4872
04:23:45,500 --> 04:23:49,400
stories laughing and sharing 
moments of connection, that make

4873
04:23:49,400 --> 04:23:52,600
Titanic feel less like a ship 
and more like a floating 

4874
04:23:52,600 --> 04:23:56,300
community. 
Eventually people drift away to 

4875
04:23:56,300 --> 04:23:59,200
their cabins. 
But you linger in the lounge, 

4876
04:23:59,200 --> 04:24:02,000
thinking about this evening 
about these temporary 

4877
04:24:02,000 --> 04:24:05,300
friendships, that feel 
surprisingly substantial walking

4878
04:24:05,300 --> 04:24:06,700
back to your cabin through 
quiet. 

4879
04:24:06,700 --> 04:24:10,700
Corridors, you reflect on how 
Ocean Travel creates unique 

4880
04:24:10,700 --> 04:24:14,200
social conditions. 
Remove people from their normal 

4881
04:24:14,200 --> 04:24:17,000
contexts. 
Put them in close proximity for 

4882
04:24:17,000 --> 04:24:20,200
several days. 
Add comfort and Leisure and 

4883
04:24:20,200 --> 04:24:23,200
connections, develop that might 
never form ashore. 

4884
04:24:24,000 --> 04:24:26,900
You'll probably never see most 
of these people again after the 

4885
04:24:26,900 --> 04:24:31,800
voyage and yet, right now, they 
feel like friends companions on 

4886
04:24:31,800 --> 04:24:33,900
a shared Adventure, in your 
cabin. 

4887
04:24:33,900 --> 04:24:37,100
You prepare for bed, while 
thinking about tomorrow, the 

4888
04:24:37,100 --> 04:24:38,700
voyage is more than half 
finished. 

4889
04:24:39,500 --> 04:24:42,100
Titanic is crossing the Atlantic
middle sections. 

4890
04:24:42,100 --> 04:24:47,300
Now, the deepest Waters farthest
from any land, each day, brings,

4891
04:24:47,300 --> 04:24:51,000
you closer to New York to the 
end of this experience and to 

4892
04:24:51,000 --> 04:24:54,400
returning to normal life. 
But tonight that seems distant 

4893
04:24:54,400 --> 04:24:58,900
and unimportant tonight, your 
here surrounded by new friends 

4894
04:24:58,900 --> 04:25:02,900
carried across the ocean in 
luxury experiencing something 

4895
04:25:02,900 --> 04:25:05,600
you'll remember forever. 
The ship takes on a different 

4896
04:25:05,600 --> 04:25:09,300
character after midnight. 
You discover this one night when

4897
04:25:09,300 --> 04:25:14,000
sleep eludes you and you decide 
to explore rather than lie in 

4898
04:25:14,000 --> 04:25:17,400
bed wrestling with wakefulness. 
Putting on a robe over your 

4899
04:25:17,400 --> 04:25:21,100
pajamas and slipping into shoes.
You venture out into corridors 

4900
04:25:21,100 --> 04:25:24,100
that have transformed from 
daytime bustle into something 

4901
04:25:24,100 --> 04:25:28,500
quieter almost meditative night,
lighting replaces the brilliant 

4902
04:25:28,500 --> 04:25:32,600
illumination of daytime. 
Softer bulbs cast, gentle pools 

4903
04:25:32,600 --> 04:25:34,900
of light, separated, by 
stretches of shadow. 

4904
04:25:35,700 --> 04:25:39,500
The effect creates intimacy, 
making the huge ship feel 

4905
04:25:39,500 --> 04:25:43,600
smaller and more manageable. 
Your footsteps Echo differently 

4906
04:25:43,600 --> 04:25:46,700
in these empty passages each 
sale and reaching further 

4907
04:25:46,700 --> 04:25:48,700
without daytime noise to absorb 
it. 

4908
04:25:48,700 --> 04:25:51,200
You climb the ground staircase 
meeting. 

4909
04:25:51,200 --> 04:25:55,400
No one carved Oak panels look 
different in reduced lighting. 

4910
04:25:55,400 --> 04:25:57,700
The wood grain deeper and 
richer. 

4911
04:25:58,800 --> 04:26:00,700
That clock showing honor and 
Glory. 

4912
04:26:00,700 --> 04:26:06,500
Crowning time reads 25. 
Somewhere in the ship crew 

4913
04:26:06,500 --> 04:26:09,600
members maintain their watches. 
But here in the passenger areas 

4914
04:26:09,600 --> 04:26:13,500
you have the world yourself on 
the boat deck, cold air hits 

4915
04:26:13,500 --> 04:26:16,500
immediately. 
You'd expected this but the 

4916
04:26:16,500 --> 04:26:18,200
reality still takes your breath 
away. 

4917
04:26:18,900 --> 04:26:22,400
The April night temperature must
be barely above freezing and the

4918
04:26:22,400 --> 04:26:25,800
wind makes it feel colder. 
Yet something about the cold 

4919
04:26:25,800 --> 04:26:27,700
appeals to you. 
It's honest. 

4920
04:26:27,700 --> 04:26:32,200
Demanding attention, refusing to
be ignored Sky above Titanic 

4921
04:26:32,200 --> 04:26:35,900
overwhelms with its vastness. 
You've seen night skies before 

4922
04:26:35,900 --> 04:26:40,300
but never like this never so far
from any competing light. 

4923
04:26:41,100 --> 04:26:43,800
Stars Pack the darkness in 
numbers that seem impossible, 

4924
04:26:43,800 --> 04:26:46,400
more stars than Sky to hold 
them. 

4925
04:26:47,500 --> 04:26:50,200
The Milky Way stretches overhead
like spilled milk. 

4926
04:26:50,200 --> 04:26:53,400
Frozen in place. 
Constellations you've known 

4927
04:26:53,400 --> 04:26:55,400
since childhood appear embedded 
in this. 

4928
04:26:55,400 --> 04:27:00,100
Great pattern familiar markers. 
In overwhelming, abundant you 

4929
04:27:00,100 --> 04:27:02,000
walked to the railing and look 
down at the ocean. 

4930
04:27:02,000 --> 04:27:06,500
The water appears black under 
Starlight invisible except where

4931
04:27:06,500 --> 04:27:10,400
Titanic's lights, reach it. 
Along the hull Port holes, 

4932
04:27:10,400 --> 04:27:13,100
create pools of golden 
illumination on the surface 

4933
04:27:13,100 --> 04:27:17,200
giving you glimpses of wave's 
rolling passed beyond that. 

4934
04:27:17,208 --> 04:27:20,800
Narrow band of his ability 
Darkness extends infinitely in 

4935
04:27:20,800 --> 04:27:24,200
all directions, the ship's 
engines maintain their constant 

4936
04:27:24,200 --> 04:27:27,500
Rhythm felt through your feet as
much as heard. 

4937
04:27:28,400 --> 04:27:31,300
Somewhere forward, the watch 
officer stand on the bridge 

4938
04:27:31,300 --> 04:27:34,400
monitoring instruments. 
Maintaining course. 

4939
04:27:35,200 --> 04:27:38,500
In the engine rooms, far below 
crew members tend Machinery, 

4940
04:27:38,500 --> 04:27:40,600
that drives this enormous vessel
forward. 

4941
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:44,800
But up here, you are alone with 
the night in the stars and the 

4942
04:27:44,800 --> 04:27:48,100
vast ocean. 
You think about distance how far

4943
04:27:48,100 --> 04:27:51,600
Titanic has traveled from 
Southampton, how far remains to 

4944
04:27:51,600 --> 04:27:55,000
New York, How deep the water 
flows beneath the keel. 

4945
04:27:55,800 --> 04:27:59,400
The numbers become abstract at 
this scale, three miles to the 

4946
04:27:59,408 --> 04:28:04,300
ocean floor, hundreds of miles 
to the nearest land, thousands 

4947
04:28:04,300 --> 04:28:07,700
of stars visible overhead, 
measurements that dwarf human 

4948
04:28:07,700 --> 04:28:11,300
comprehension, the cold 
eventually drives you inside but

4949
04:28:11,300 --> 04:28:13,000
you're not ready to return to 
your cabin. 

4950
04:28:13,000 --> 04:28:17,700
Instead, you explore the ship's 
public rooms, finding them 

4951
04:28:17,700 --> 04:28:21,900
empty, but still lit. 
The reading room maintained its 

4952
04:28:21,900 --> 04:28:24,100
quiet charm. 
Even without readers. 

4953
04:28:24,900 --> 04:28:28,100
The lounge, looks almost 
mysterious and reduced lighting.

4954
04:28:28,100 --> 04:28:31,000
Familiar ferniture. 
Transformed into unfamiliar 

4955
04:28:31,000 --> 04:28:34,200
shapes and shadows. 
You discover your not completely

4956
04:28:34,200 --> 04:28:37,200
alone after all In the smoking 
room. 

4957
04:28:37,200 --> 04:28:40,000
One other passenger. 
Occupies a leather chair staring

4958
04:28:40,000 --> 04:28:42,600
into the middle distance while 
nursing a glass of whiskey. 

4959
04:28:43,400 --> 04:28:47,000
He's older perhaps 70 Dresden, a
robe similar to yours. 

4960
04:28:47,000 --> 04:28:50,500
He nods acknowledgment, when you
enter, but doesn't speak. 

4961
04:28:50,500 --> 04:28:54,400
And you respect his desire for 
Solitude by claiming a chair on 

4962
04:28:54,400 --> 04:28:57,800
the opposite side of the room. 
But perhaps half an hour, you 

4963
04:28:57,800 --> 04:28:59,600
both sit there in comfortable 
silence. 

4964
04:29:00,600 --> 04:29:02,800
The smoking room stained glass 
windows. 

4965
04:29:02,800 --> 04:29:06,300
Look, black from inside 
reflecting the room, rather than

4966
04:29:06,300 --> 04:29:10,000
showing anything beyond the 
calves ceiling seems to press 

4967
04:29:10,000 --> 04:29:13,000
down slightly without crowds and
conversation to push it back. 

4968
04:29:13,700 --> 04:29:17,600
Everything feels compressed, 
concentrated and essential 

4969
04:29:17,600 --> 04:29:20,600
eventually. 
The older gentleman Rises nods 

4970
04:29:20,600 --> 04:29:23,400
again and parts. 
You remain thinking about 

4971
04:29:23,400 --> 04:29:27,400
nothing in particular letting 
your mind drift like the Titanic

4972
04:29:27,400 --> 04:29:30,800
across the water. 
Thoughts come and go without 

4973
04:29:30,800 --> 04:29:34,100
demanding attention worries. 
That might keep you awake in 

4974
04:29:34,100 --> 04:29:38,300
your cabin, feel distant here, 
manageable and small around 

4975
04:29:38,300 --> 04:29:40,600
three o'clock. 
You return to the Promenade deck

4976
04:29:40,600 --> 04:29:42,800
for another exposure to cold and
Stars. 

4977
04:29:42,800 --> 04:29:46,900
This time, you notice the 
Horizon align barely visible 

4978
04:29:46,900 --> 04:29:49,200
West, Starry Sky meets dark 
ocean. 

4979
04:29:49,200 --> 04:29:53,800
The division between up and down
the edge between two in finitas.

4980
04:29:54,700 --> 04:29:57,400
Staring at that line. 
You feel both very small and 

4981
04:29:57,400 --> 04:29:59,300
somehow connected to something 
larger. 

4982
04:29:59,300 --> 04:30:03,800
You could not articulate exactly
what a shooting star crosses the

4983
04:30:03,800 --> 04:30:08,200
sky there and gone in a breath. 
Then another, then a third. 

4984
04:30:09,100 --> 04:30:12,500
You realize you're watching a 
meteor shower, piece of cosmic 

4985
04:30:12,500 --> 04:30:16,300
debris, burning up in the 
atmosphere far above each streak

4986
04:30:16,300 --> 04:30:19,900
of light represents matter. 
Older, than human civilization 

4987
04:30:19,900 --> 04:30:23,600
material, that's traveled 
through space for millions of 

4988
04:30:23,600 --> 04:30:26,000
years. 
Before ending, its journey in a 

4989
04:30:26,000 --> 04:30:29,400
brief flash of the Atlantic, the
beauty of it makes your chest 

4990
04:30:29,400 --> 04:30:32,600
tight, you're watching something
that has nothing to do with 

4991
04:30:32,600 --> 04:30:35,900
human concerns. 
The universe simply being itself

4992
04:30:35,900 --> 04:30:39,500
in different to observers yet. 
Here you stand. 

4993
04:30:39,500 --> 04:30:43,500
Observing creating meaning from 
natural phenomenon. 

4994
04:30:43,500 --> 04:30:47,100
That carry, no, inherent, 
meaning at all back, inside. 

4995
04:30:47,100 --> 04:30:49,900
Again, you wander toward the 
stern down. 

4996
04:30:49,900 --> 04:30:52,300
Staircases. 
You haven't explored before and 

4997
04:30:52,300 --> 04:30:55,000
through crew areas where signs 
indicate passengers shouldn't 

4998
04:30:55,000 --> 04:30:58,400
go. 
Nobody stops you the nightwatch 

4999
04:30:58,400 --> 04:31:00,700
Apparently assumes. 
Any passenger wandering around 

5000
04:31:00,700 --> 04:31:02,000
at this hour. 
Has good reason. 

5001
04:31:02,800 --> 04:31:05,000
You emerge onto a lower deck 
where you can hear the 

5002
04:31:05,000 --> 04:31:07,900
propellers more clearly and feel
their vibration more strongly. 

5003
04:31:07,900 --> 04:31:11,000
Looking back along Titanic's. 
Length from this position. 

5004
04:31:11,000 --> 04:31:13,800
You see the ship's full scale in
a way. 

5005
04:31:13,800 --> 04:31:16,100
Daytime viewing never quite 
captures. 

5006
04:31:16,900 --> 04:31:20,400
She rises above you, like a 
cliff face deck stacked stacked 

5007
04:31:20,400 --> 04:31:25,000
upon deck, like marking windows 
and passages the four funnels 

5008
04:31:25,000 --> 04:31:28,800
Tower against the Stars. 
The whole structure seems 

5009
04:31:28,800 --> 04:31:32,500
impossible, too large to float 
and too complex to operate. 

5010
04:31:33,400 --> 04:31:37,200
Yet, she moves through the water
with Grace carrying, hundreds of

5011
04:31:37,208 --> 04:31:40,300
passengers in Comfort. 
While they sleep, you make your 

5012
04:31:40,300 --> 04:31:43,800
way back to familiar areas 
climbing toward the boat deck 

5013
04:31:43,800 --> 04:31:46,200
again. 
The sky has begun showing the 

5014
04:31:46,200 --> 04:31:48,900
first hints of dawn, not light 
exactly. 

5015
04:31:48,900 --> 04:31:53,500
But a lessening of absolute 
Darkness, a suggestion that day.

5016
04:31:53,500 --> 04:31:57,200
Approaches your tired. 
Now, in a pleasant way the sort 

5017
04:31:57,208 --> 04:31:59,300
of exhaustion that promises deep
sleep. 

5018
04:31:59,300 --> 04:32:02,600
One final Circuit of the 
Promenade deck serves, as the 

5019
04:32:02,600 --> 04:32:06,400
conclusion, to your nighttime 
exploration, the wind still 

5020
04:32:06,400 --> 04:32:09,400
blows cold, but you've adjusted 
to it, accepted it. 

5021
04:32:10,300 --> 04:32:13,400
The Stars still fill the sky 
though, they seem less 

5022
04:32:13,400 --> 04:32:15,300
overwhelming. 
Now, more familiar. 

5023
04:32:16,100 --> 04:32:19,300
The ocean still stretches 
endlessly but you've made peace 

5024
04:32:19,300 --> 04:32:21,700
with his vastness back in your 
cabin. 

5025
04:32:21,700 --> 04:32:24,600
Finally, you remove your robe 
and shoes and climb into bed, 

5026
04:32:24,600 --> 04:32:28,000
the sheets, feel warm and 
welcoming after the cold deck, 

5027
04:32:28,000 --> 04:32:32,400
the mattress Embraces, you the 
gentle motion of the ship rocks.

5028
04:32:32,400 --> 04:32:35,100
You like a cradle. 
You think about the night just 

5029
04:32:35,100 --> 04:32:39,800
passed about stars and darkness 
and solitude You think about 

5030
04:32:39,800 --> 04:32:43,400
being awake while others sleep 
about seeing the ship in her 

5031
04:32:43,400 --> 04:32:46,400
nighttime aspect and about 
discovering that Titanic 

5032
04:32:46,400 --> 04:32:50,500
contains layers of experience 
Beyond daytime luxury, sleep 

5033
04:32:50,500 --> 04:32:53,800
arrives, like a friend, you'd 
been expecting pulling you down 

5034
04:32:53,800 --> 04:32:58,200
into dreams colored By Starlight
notion depths by the rhythm of 

5035
04:32:58,200 --> 04:33:00,800
engines and the whisper of waves
along the hull. 

5036
04:33:00,800 --> 04:33:04,500
Tomorrow will bring another day 
of a Leisure and luxury of meals

5037
04:33:04,500 --> 04:33:06,599
and conversation and social 
ritual. 

5038
04:33:07,500 --> 04:33:10,099
But tonight, belongs to 
something else to quiet. 

5039
04:33:10,099 --> 04:33:14,700
Wander to connect with vastness 
to moments of pure existence, 

5040
04:33:14,700 --> 04:33:18,599
without purpose Beyond being the
last thought, before sleep 

5041
04:33:18,599 --> 04:33:22,099
claims, you can completely Your 
glad you could not sleep early. 

5042
04:33:22,099 --> 04:33:26,000
Glad you went exploring and glad
you discovered this secret 

5043
04:33:26,000 --> 04:33:29,800
version of Titanic that only 
reveals herself to the wakeful 

5044
04:33:29,800 --> 04:33:33,300
and the wandering you awake late
off your nighttime Adventures 

5045
04:33:33,300 --> 04:33:35,900
sunlight streaming through your 
cabin window. 

5046
04:33:36,700 --> 04:33:40,000
Checking your pocket, watch your
startled, to find its nearly 

5047
04:33:40,000 --> 04:33:43,400
10:00, you've slept through 
breakfast service, something you

5048
04:33:43,400 --> 04:33:46,200
haven't done since boarding. 
But the extra rest feels 

5049
04:33:46,200 --> 04:33:49,099
deserved and besides the cafe 
will still serve light, a fair 

5050
04:33:49,108 --> 04:33:51,599
for late rise's after washing 
and dressing. 

5051
04:33:51,599 --> 04:33:55,200
You make your way to the cafe. 
Finding it moderately populated 

5052
04:33:55,200 --> 04:33:57,200
with other passengers who have 
also slept late. 

5053
04:33:58,099 --> 04:34:01,500
Your coffee and toast and settle
at a window table to watch the 

5054
04:34:01,500 --> 04:34:04,700
ocean while you eat. 
The sea looks calmer today. 

5055
04:34:04,700 --> 04:34:08,300
The waves gentler and the water 
are deeper blue than you've seen

5056
04:34:08,300 --> 04:34:09,400
yet. 
On this Voyage. 

5057
04:34:09,400 --> 04:34:12,800
Margaret appears with her own 
coffee and spotting new comes 

5058
04:34:12,800 --> 04:34:15,000
over to join. 
You look rested. 

5059
04:34:15,000 --> 04:34:18,300
She observes settling into the 
chair across from yours. 

5060
04:34:18,300 --> 04:34:20,300
You tell her about your 
nighttime. 

5061
04:34:20,300 --> 04:34:24,300
Wandering about stars and 
Solitude and seeing the ship in 

5062
04:34:24,300 --> 04:34:28,300
darkness. she listens with 
evident interest then shares, 

5063
04:34:28,300 --> 04:34:32,099
her own similar experience from 
a previous voyage Apparently 

5064
04:34:32,099 --> 04:34:34,900
many passengers eventually, 
discover the appeal of nighttime

5065
04:34:34,900 --> 04:34:38,599
exploration drawn by 
restlessness, or curiosity, and 

5066
04:34:38,599 --> 04:34:41,300
to seeing their floating home 
from different perspectives. 

5067
04:34:41,300 --> 04:34:44,200
It's like visiting a familiar 
house at an unfamiliar. 

5068
04:34:44,200 --> 04:34:46,800
Our Margaret says everything 
looks different. 

5069
04:34:46,800 --> 04:34:51,099
You notice details that daytime 
activity, obscures the 

5070
04:34:51,099 --> 04:34:54,599
conversation drifts to other 
topics her plans once reaching 

5071
04:34:54,599 --> 04:34:58,200
Italy, your own upcoming 
business, New York, and the 

5072
04:34:58,200 --> 04:35:01,500
strange feeling that this Voyage
exists outside normal time. 

5073
04:35:02,900 --> 04:35:05,800
But both aware that Titanic will
reach New York in a few days. 

5074
04:35:05,800 --> 04:35:09,500
Ending this interlude returning 
us to regular life. 

5075
04:35:09,500 --> 04:35:12,500
I always feel slightly 
Melancholy toward the end of 

5076
04:35:12,508 --> 04:35:15,200
ocean voyages. 
Margaret admits all these 

5077
04:35:15,200 --> 04:35:18,200
connections, we've made the 
friendships that feel real 

5078
04:35:18,200 --> 04:35:21,400
despite their brevity. 
Most of them won't survive 

5079
04:35:21,400 --> 04:35:24,200
contact with Shore. 
Life will exchange addresses, 

5080
04:35:24,200 --> 04:35:28,400
promise to write and maybe even 
mean it sincerely, but then 

5081
04:35:28,400 --> 04:35:32,000
regular life resumes and this 
shipboard world Fades into a 

5082
04:35:32,000 --> 04:35:34,400
pleasant memory. 
You recognize the truth. 

5083
04:35:34,400 --> 04:35:38,500
In her words already, you can 
feel this Voyage becoming a 

5084
04:35:38,500 --> 04:35:41,200
story, you'll tell and 
experience, you'll remember, 

5085
04:35:41,200 --> 04:35:43,400
rather than something you're 
actively living. 

5086
04:35:44,400 --> 04:35:48,400
The present moment keeps sliding
into past tense, each day adding

5087
04:35:48,400 --> 04:35:51,099
to accumulated memory after 
coffee. 

5088
04:35:51,099 --> 04:35:54,099
You decide to attend the church 
service being held in the Dining

5089
04:35:54,099 --> 04:35:56,200
Saloon. 
You're not particularly 

5090
04:35:56,200 --> 04:35:59,599
religious but the service 
provides an opportunity to see 

5091
04:35:59,599 --> 04:36:02,599
The Passenger community gathered
for something Beyond meals and 

5092
04:36:02,599 --> 04:36:05,599
entertainment. 
The dining slew has been 

5093
04:36:05,599 --> 04:36:09,900
transformed with chairs arranged
theater style facing a small 

5094
04:36:09,900 --> 04:36:12,800
lectern of the front. 
Captain Smith conducts, the 

5095
04:36:12,800 --> 04:36:16,099
service with the same dignity, 
he brings to ship operations. 

5096
04:36:17,000 --> 04:36:20,099
His voice carries Authority, but
also warmth, as he reads from 

5097
04:36:20,099 --> 04:36:24,300
the book of common prayer. 
The hymns familiar ones that 

5098
04:36:24,300 --> 04:36:27,400
most people know rise from 
hundreds of voices. 

5099
04:36:27,400 --> 04:36:32,400
Creating Harmony that feels both
solemn and uplifting Looking 

5100
04:36:32,400 --> 04:36:34,300
around at your fellow passengers
singing together. 

5101
04:36:34,300 --> 04:36:38,400
You feel connected to something 
older than Titanic older than 

5102
04:36:38,408 --> 04:36:42,099
ocean travel. 
Something about humans seeking 

5103
04:36:42,099 --> 04:36:45,300
meaning and Community. 
The sermon brief and 

5104
04:36:45,300 --> 04:36:48,700
non-controversial focuses on 
gratitude and safe Passage. 

5105
04:36:49,500 --> 04:36:52,300
Captain Smith. 
Thanks God for calm, seas and 

5106
04:36:52,300 --> 04:36:55,400
favorable weather asks for 
blessings for the remainder of 

5107
04:36:55,408 --> 04:36:59,200
the voyage and reminds everyone 
to appreciate the remarkable 

5108
04:36:59,200 --> 04:37:01,700
vessel carrying us across the 
ocean. 

5109
04:37:02,900 --> 04:37:05,500
It's good, pastoral care, 
appropriate for the setting 

5110
04:37:05,500 --> 04:37:09,599
demanding nothing while offering
Comfort after the service. 

5111
04:37:09,599 --> 04:37:13,300
Passengers lingo in small 
groups, conversation flowing 

5112
04:37:13,300 --> 04:37:17,300
naturally, You speak with Thomas
about the music, with Edward 

5113
04:37:17,300 --> 04:37:20,500
about Maritime traditions, and 
with several other passengers. 

5114
04:37:20,500 --> 04:37:23,900
You've come to know during the 
voyage The Gathering feels like 

5115
04:37:23,900 --> 04:37:27,000
Church Fellowship anywhere 
people can connecting over 

5116
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:30,900
shared experience finding 
comfort and Community lunch 

5117
04:37:30,900 --> 04:37:33,000
follows its usual pattern of 
Excellence. 

5118
04:37:33,800 --> 04:37:37,400
You've stopped being Amazed by 
the food quality accepting it as

5119
04:37:37,400 --> 04:37:41,300
normal rather than exceptional. 
This adaptation strike. 

5120
04:37:41,300 --> 04:37:44,400
She was interesting. 
How quickly luxury becomes 

5121
04:37:44,400 --> 04:37:47,300
expected? 
How standards are just upward 

5122
04:37:47,300 --> 04:37:49,500
when exposed to consistently 
high quality? 

5123
04:37:50,500 --> 04:37:52,900
You'll probably find ordinary 
restaurants disappointing. 

5124
04:37:52,900 --> 04:37:56,599
After this Voyage, the afternoon
brings you to the library where 

5125
04:37:56,599 --> 04:37:58,099
you've spent minimal time so 
far. 

5126
04:37:59,200 --> 04:38:03,099
The room contains an impressive 
book selection, novels histories

5127
04:38:03,099 --> 04:38:06,900
travel narratives poetry and 
reference works. 

5128
04:38:07,700 --> 04:38:11,599
You browse, the shelves, pulling
volumes at random reading 

5129
04:38:11,599 --> 04:38:14,800
opening paragraphs and trying to
decide what appeals to your 

5130
04:38:14,808 --> 04:38:17,300
current mood. 
Eventually, you select a book, 

5131
04:38:17,300 --> 04:38:20,500
about arctic, exploration, and 
settle into a comfortable chair.

5132
04:38:21,500 --> 04:38:25,099
The contrast appeals to you 
reading about extreme cold, 

5133
04:38:25,099 --> 04:38:28,400
while sitting in Titanic's. 
Perfect Comfort learning about 

5134
04:38:28,400 --> 04:38:31,300
dangerous Expeditions while 
experiencing the safest 

5135
04:38:31,300 --> 04:38:34,500
possible, Ocean Travel. 
The explorers in the book 

5136
04:38:34,500 --> 04:38:37,900
struggled against hostile 
nature, risked, death regularly,

5137
04:38:37,900 --> 04:38:40,099
and suffered incredible 
hardship. 

5138
04:38:40,800 --> 04:38:43,500
You're eating chocolate while 
reading about their frostbite 

5139
04:38:43,500 --> 04:38:46,200
and starvation. 
Yet you don't feel guilty about 

5140
04:38:46,200 --> 04:38:49,800
this contrast. 
Civilization's entire purpose as

5141
04:38:49,800 --> 04:38:53,599
creating comfort from hostile 
nature, building systems that 

5142
04:38:53,599 --> 04:38:55,800
protect humans from 
environmental dangers. 

5143
04:38:56,599 --> 04:39:00,300
Titanic represents the Coleman 
of that project nature, 

5144
04:39:00,300 --> 04:39:04,200
completely tamed Ocean Travel 
transformed from dangerous 

5145
04:39:04,200 --> 04:39:06,099
necessity into comfortable 
pleasure. 

5146
04:39:06,099 --> 04:39:08,800
An older woman sits near you 
also reading. 

5147
04:39:08,800 --> 04:39:11,099
Eventually, she looks up and 
catches your eye. 

5148
04:39:11,099 --> 04:39:15,200
Good book you show the cover and
she nods and recognition. 

5149
04:39:16,000 --> 04:39:19,700
I read that last year. 
Remarkable stories makes you 

5150
04:39:19,707 --> 04:39:22,099
grateful for a modern 
technology, doesn't it? 

5151
04:39:22,099 --> 04:39:25,200
You agree and conversation 
develops naturally. 

5152
04:39:25,200 --> 04:39:29,000
She's a professor's Widow 
traveling to visit family in 

5153
04:39:29,000 --> 04:39:31,599
America. 
This is her third Atlantic 

5154
04:39:31,599 --> 04:39:34,400
Crossing. 
And she's watched ships evolved 

5155
04:39:34,400 --> 04:39:38,000
from relatively basic vessels to
Modern Marvels like Titanic. 

5156
04:39:38,900 --> 04:39:41,800
Her observations about Maritime 
progress, reveal sharp 

5157
04:39:41,800 --> 04:39:45,000
intelligence and genuine 
curiosity about technological 

5158
04:39:45,000 --> 04:39:47,400
change. 
My late husband believed we were

5159
04:39:47,400 --> 04:39:50,000
living through Humanity's great,
age of advancement. 

5160
04:39:50,000 --> 04:39:53,800
She tells you He thought future 
Generations would look back at 

5161
04:39:53,800 --> 04:39:55,900
our era. 
The way we look back at the 

5162
04:39:55,900 --> 04:39:59,100
Renaissance. 
Time when human capability 

5163
04:39:59,100 --> 04:40:01,400
exploded. 
When we achieve things 

5164
04:40:01,400 --> 04:40:04,700
previously, thought impossible? 
Do you think he was right? 

5165
04:40:04,700 --> 04:40:08,800
You are asked she considers 
carefully before answering yes, 

5166
04:40:08,800 --> 04:40:10,900
though. 
Perhaps not quite the way he 

5167
04:40:10,900 --> 04:40:13,400
imagined. 
Progress, always comes with 

5168
04:40:13,400 --> 04:40:14,700
costs. 
He didn't fully anticipate. 

5169
04:40:14,700 --> 04:40:18,900
Which yes, this is a remarkable 
time to be alive. 

5170
04:40:18,900 --> 04:40:23,100
The conversation continues for 
perhaps an hour ranging across 

5171
04:40:23,100 --> 04:40:25,400
topics with the freedom that 
comes from intelligent, 

5172
04:40:25,400 --> 04:40:29,600
strangers meeting by chance. 
She's read, widely traveled 

5173
04:40:29,600 --> 04:40:33,300
extensively, and thought deeply 
about the world and Humanities 

5174
04:40:33,300 --> 04:40:36,000
place in it. 
Talking with her, remind you 

5175
04:40:36,000 --> 04:40:38,900
that education and intelligence 
aren't limited to any particular

5176
04:40:38,900 --> 04:40:42,000
age or gender, that wisdom can 
appear anywhere. 

5177
04:40:42,000 --> 04:40:45,100
If you're paying attention, 
eventually, she returns to her 

5178
04:40:45,100 --> 04:40:48,700
book and you to yours. 
But the interaction leaves you 

5179
04:40:48,700 --> 04:40:52,300
feeling enriched grateful. 
For unexpected connections, that

5180
04:40:52,300 --> 04:40:56,200
Ocean Travel facilitates tea 
service at 4:00 brings you to 

5181
04:40:56,200 --> 04:40:58,500
the cafe. 
Again where the usual crowd is 

5182
04:40:58,500 --> 04:41:01,100
gathered. 
Your core group sits together 

5183
04:41:01,100 --> 04:41:04,800
and conversation flows with the 
ease of astonished friendship, 

5184
04:41:04,800 --> 04:41:08,600
we've shared enough meals and 
discussions that inside jokes of

5185
04:41:08,600 --> 04:41:12,800
references that wouldn't make 
sense to outside as but send us 

5186
04:41:12,800 --> 04:41:15,200
into laughter. 
Sarah describes her Arts 

5187
04:41:15,200 --> 04:41:18,500
reaction to the Turkish bars. 
Apparently, the older woman 

5188
04:41:18,500 --> 04:41:21,900
found the heat shocking but the 
massage after a deeply 

5189
04:41:21,900 --> 04:41:25,700
satisfying Thomas reports 
finishing, an excellent novel 

5190
04:41:25,700 --> 04:41:29,100
from the library that offers 
recommendations for what others 

5191
04:41:29,100 --> 04:41:32,600
should read. 
Edward shares news from the 

5192
04:41:32,600 --> 04:41:35,200
ship's Daily Bulletin about 
events and The Wider world. 

5193
04:41:36,000 --> 04:41:39,200
Though these reports feel 
distant and what unreal from the

5194
04:41:39,200 --> 04:41:41,800
middle of the Atlantic, you 
mention your nighttime 

5195
04:41:41,800 --> 04:41:44,700
exploration and this prompts 
others to share similar 

5196
04:41:44,700 --> 04:41:47,600
experiences. 
We discover that several of us 

5197
04:41:47,600 --> 04:41:50,900
have been drawn to late night 
wondering each finding our own 

5198
04:41:50,900 --> 04:41:54,000
version of that peaceful 
Solitude the ship offers after 

5199
04:41:54,000 --> 04:41:57,700
most passengers sleep. 
If we compare favorite spots 

5200
04:41:57,700 --> 04:41:59,800
Margaret likes the reading room 
at night. 

5201
04:41:59,800 --> 04:42:04,200
Thomas prefers, the smoking room
and Sarah has discovered a quiet

5202
04:42:04,200 --> 04:42:07,600
corner of the Promenade deck. 
We're like ghosts haunting our 

5203
04:42:07,600 --> 04:42:10,300
own Voyage Edward. 
Observe smiling at the metaphor 

5204
04:42:10,300 --> 04:42:13,100
moving through, empty spaces 
while everyone else. 

5205
04:42:13,100 --> 04:42:17,500
Dreams dinner that evening. 
Feels especially convivial, your

5206
04:42:17,500 --> 04:42:20,600
table includes several people. 
You've come to know well and 

5207
04:42:20,600 --> 04:42:22,700
conversation flows with unusual 
warmth. 

5208
04:42:23,500 --> 04:42:27,200
Someone proposes a toast to 
Titanic and Captain Smith and we

5209
04:42:27,200 --> 04:42:31,000
all raise our glasses, genuinely
grateful for this experience the

5210
04:42:31,000 --> 04:42:33,200
meal. 
It's self course, after course 

5211
04:42:33,200 --> 04:42:35,800
of Exquisite food hardly 
registered now. 

5212
04:42:36,600 --> 04:42:39,600
You've become accustomed to 
color and recs and while you 

5213
04:42:39,600 --> 04:42:42,700
still appreciate the quality, it
no longer astonishes. 

5214
04:42:43,500 --> 04:42:46,300
What matters more is the 
fellowship, the shared 

5215
04:42:46,300 --> 04:42:49,500
experience and the sense of 
being part of something special?

5216
04:42:49,500 --> 04:42:53,500
After dinner the group migrates 
to the lounge where The Pianist 

5217
04:42:53,500 --> 04:42:56,200
plays and passengers gather for 
the evening's final social 

5218
04:42:56,200 --> 04:42:58,500
hours. 
You notice how relationships 

5219
04:42:58,500 --> 04:43:02,100
have developed over the voyage. 
The young couple you observed 

5220
04:43:02,100 --> 04:43:05,800
early on now seems firmly 
attacked like clingy engaged or 

5221
04:43:05,800 --> 04:43:09,500
soon to be several passengers 
who began a strangers. 

5222
04:43:09,500 --> 04:43:13,500
Now, sit together, like old 
friends, The ship social world 

5223
04:43:13,500 --> 04:43:16,000
has organized itself into a 
functioning Community. 

5224
04:43:16,000 --> 04:43:18,400
Margaret pulls, you aside at one
point. 

5225
04:43:19,600 --> 04:43:21,200
I'm going to miss this. 
She says, quietly. 

5226
04:43:21,200 --> 04:43:25,200
This feeling of being outside 
regular life of having time to 

5227
04:43:25,200 --> 04:43:28,200
just be without endless 
obligations pressing on every 

5228
04:43:28,200 --> 04:43:30,700
moment. 
You understand exactly what she 

5229
04:43:30,700 --> 04:43:33,800
means. 
Titanic provides a bubble a 

5230
04:43:33,800 --> 04:43:36,300
protected space where normal 
rules don't quite apply. 

5231
04:43:37,200 --> 04:43:41,100
Time moves differently here. 
Concerns that Loom, larger Shore

5232
04:43:41,100 --> 04:43:44,300
seem distant. 
He enforced Leisure allows for 

5233
04:43:44,300 --> 04:43:47,900
thought and conversation that 
regular life rarely permits. 

5234
04:43:47,900 --> 04:43:49,700
We should all do this more 
often. 

5235
04:43:49,700 --> 04:43:53,500
You suggest take deliberate 
breaks from normal routine and 

5236
04:43:53,500 --> 04:43:55,500
creates space for reflection and
connection. 

5237
04:43:55,500 --> 04:43:59,700
We should Margaret agrees, we 
won't, but we should the evening

5238
04:43:59,700 --> 04:44:03,400
winds down slowly. 
Passengers drift toward their 

5239
04:44:03,400 --> 04:44:07,000
cabins, in one's and two's. 
The Pianist Place softer 

5240
04:44:07,000 --> 04:44:10,100
selections music for ending 
rather than beginning. 

5241
04:44:11,200 --> 04:44:13,700
Stewards move through the room 
collecting empty glasses, 

5242
04:44:13,700 --> 04:44:17,000
straightening furniture, and 
preparing spaces for tomorrow. 

5243
04:44:17,000 --> 04:44:20,600
You're among the last to leave 
reluctant to let this evil 

5244
04:44:20,600 --> 04:44:23,500
evening end. 
On the walk back to your cabin. 

5245
04:44:23,500 --> 04:44:27,600
You pause One More Time On Deck.
Looking up at stars now familiar

5246
04:44:27,600 --> 04:44:31,100
from previous nights, The air 
feels warmer than your first 

5247
04:44:31,100 --> 04:44:33,600
night aboard either. 
The temperature is actually 

5248
04:44:33,600 --> 04:44:37,400
risen or you've adapted to the 
cold in your cabin, preparing 

5249
04:44:37,400 --> 04:44:39,700
for bed. 
You reflect on the cultural 

5250
04:44:39,700 --> 04:44:41,700
snapshot, this Voyage 
represents. 

5251
04:44:42,600 --> 04:44:47,300
Particular moment in time, April
1912, when technology had 

5252
04:44:47,300 --> 04:44:50,600
Advanced far enough to make 
ocean Crossings comfortable, but

5253
04:44:50,600 --> 04:44:52,300
not so far as to make them 
routine. 

5254
04:44:53,000 --> 04:44:56,000
When wealthy passengers could 
experience luxury that previous 

5255
04:44:56,000 --> 04:44:58,100
generations would have 
considered impossible. 

5256
04:44:59,100 --> 04:45:02,300
When the world felt both larger 
and smaller than ever before. 

5257
04:45:03,200 --> 04:45:05,000
Larger. 
Because Global Travel was 

5258
04:45:05,000 --> 04:45:08,600
Expanding Horizons smaller 
because technology was 

5259
04:45:08,600 --> 04:45:11,900
connecting distant places. 
This Voyage captures something 

5260
04:45:11,900 --> 04:45:15,400
about early 20th century 
aspirations, the belief that 

5261
04:45:15,400 --> 04:45:17,600
human Ingenuity could solve any 
problem. 

5262
04:45:17,600 --> 04:45:21,000
The confidence that progress was
inevitable and positive. 

5263
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:23,900
The sense that we were building 
a better world through 

5264
04:45:23,900 --> 04:45:27,300
engineering and Industry. 
You drift towards sleep thinking

5265
04:45:27,300 --> 04:45:32,100
about Titanic as a cultural 
artifact as a symbol and as a 

5266
04:45:32,100 --> 04:45:34,400
representation of an era and 
attitude. 

5267
04:45:35,400 --> 04:45:38,300
She's more than a ship. 
She's a statement about what 

5268
04:45:38,300 --> 04:45:42,600
humans can achieve about our 
Ambitions and capabilities and 

5269
04:45:42,600 --> 04:45:44,500
determination to conquer 
challenges. 

5270
04:45:44,500 --> 04:45:47,700
The engines throughout steadily 
carrying you through the night, 

5271
04:45:47,700 --> 04:45:50,900
toward New York toward the end 
of this experience taught 

5272
04:45:50,900 --> 04:45:55,300
tomorrow and whatever comes off 
after. but tonight, right now, 

5273
04:45:55,300 --> 04:45:59,700
you're here, part of this 
moment, experiencing something 

5274
04:45:59,700 --> 04:46:03,100
that will live in memory long 
after the voyage ends sleep 

5275
04:46:03,100 --> 04:46:07,000
comes with a gentle rocking of 
waves against the hull with the 

5276
04:46:07,000 --> 04:46:10,700
whisper of water rushing past, 
and with the distant sound of 

5277
04:46:10,700 --> 04:46:15,400
the Titanic's, orchestra playing
One Last Waltz, before silence 

5278
04:46:15,400 --> 04:46:27,600
claims the night, Imagine you're
sitting around Humanity's first 

5279
04:46:27,600 --> 04:46:31,500
control, fire, maybe 400,000 
years ago, give or take a few 

5280
04:46:31,508 --> 04:46:34,400
millennia. 
You're not quite a modern human 

5281
04:46:34,400 --> 04:46:36,700
yet, your brow Ridge is more 
pronounced. 

5282
04:46:36,700 --> 04:46:41,000
Your posture slightly different 
But your brain is asking the 

5283
04:46:41,000 --> 04:46:44,400
same questions humans still 
asked today, what is this? 

5284
04:46:44,400 --> 04:46:48,600
How does it work and most 
importantly, how can I use this 

5285
04:46:48,600 --> 04:46:51,900
to make my life better? 
Fire itself was already 

5286
04:46:51,900 --> 04:46:55,000
miraculous enough. 
Your ancestors had watched 

5287
04:46:55,000 --> 04:46:58,400
lightning strike for generations
and seen the devastating and 

5288
04:46:58,400 --> 04:47:02,800
cleansing power of wildfire. 
But now, now they could carry 

5289
04:47:02,800 --> 04:47:05,500
this Elemental force in their 
hands feed. 

5290
04:47:05,500 --> 04:47:09,700
It control it and make it dance 
to human rhythms. 

5291
04:47:11,200 --> 04:47:15,200
The warmth alone would have been
revolutionary transforming caves

5292
04:47:15,200 --> 04:47:19,100
from Cold Stone Chambers into 
something approaching homes but 

5293
04:47:19,100 --> 04:47:20,900
then something unexpected 
happened. 

5294
04:47:21,500 --> 04:47:24,400
Someone, let's call her the 
world's first accidental 

5295
04:47:24,400 --> 04:47:27,600
aromatherapist through some 
green wood, onto the fire. 

5296
04:47:28,300 --> 04:47:32,500
Maybe it was wet Sage or pine 
boughs or some resinous, branch 

5297
04:47:32,500 --> 04:47:36,000
that hadn't dried properly. 
The smoke that Rose wasn't, the 

5298
04:47:36,000 --> 04:47:40,900
usual grey plume, this smoke was
thick and aromatic and when it 

5299
04:47:40,900 --> 04:47:43,400
drifted past someone's face, 
something changed. 

5300
04:47:43,400 --> 04:47:46,300
You have to understand that 
these early humans had no 

5301
04:47:46,300 --> 04:47:50,600
context for what we'd call 
relaxation, or stress relief. 

5302
04:47:51,500 --> 04:47:55,800
Life was an endless cycle of 
hunting Gathering voiding 

5303
04:47:55,800 --> 04:47:59,400
predators, and trying not to die
from infected wounds or bad 

5304
04:47:59,400 --> 04:48:02,100
weather. 
The concept of deliberately 

5305
04:48:02,100 --> 04:48:05,000
calming, your self would have 
seemed as alien as quantum 

5306
04:48:05,000 --> 04:48:09,900
physics. but when that fragrant 
smoke passed by muscles, that 

5307
04:48:09,900 --> 04:48:13,900
had been tense for days, 
suddenly loosened, Minds that 

5308
04:48:13,900 --> 04:48:16,200
had been vigilantly scanning for
danger. 

5309
04:48:16,200 --> 04:48:19,200
Found themselves drifting into 
something approaching piece, 

5310
04:48:19,200 --> 04:48:22,200
probably took generations to 
connect the dots. 

5311
04:48:23,000 --> 04:48:25,600
Fire Plus certain plants equals 
feeling different. 

5312
04:48:26,700 --> 04:48:28,800
Humans are pattern recognition 
machines. 

5313
04:48:28,800 --> 04:48:32,000
And eventually someone noticed 
that burning Juniper made the 

5314
04:48:32,000 --> 04:48:33,900
cave. 
Smell clean and left people 

5315
04:48:33,900 --> 04:48:37,000
feeling lighter. 
Burning certain resins made 

5316
04:48:37,000 --> 04:48:41,100
everyone drowsy and content. 
Burning others seem to sharpen 

5317
04:48:41,100 --> 04:48:44,900
the mind or lift the spirits. 
These early experiments weren't 

5318
04:48:44,900 --> 04:48:48,000
written down, writing, wouldn't 
be invented for hundreds of 

5319
04:48:48,000 --> 04:48:50,500
thousands of years, but they 
were passed down through 

5320
04:48:50,500 --> 04:48:54,300
demonstration and experience. 
The knowledge became embedded in

5321
04:48:54,300 --> 04:48:57,500
human culture. 
So deeply that by the time we 

5322
04:48:57,500 --> 04:49:00,500
invented writing smoking, 
various substances for various 

5323
04:49:00,500 --> 04:49:02,400
effects, was already an ancient 
practice? 

5324
04:49:02,400 --> 04:49:05,200
The interesting thing is that 
this discovery was almost 

5325
04:49:05,200 --> 04:49:08,300
certainly made independently in 
dozens of different locations 

5326
04:49:08,300 --> 04:49:11,600
around the world. 
Humans in Africa, Asia Europe, 

5327
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:15,100
and eventually the Americas all 
figured out the smoke could be 

5328
04:49:15,100 --> 04:49:16,900
more than just a byproduct of 
fire. 

5329
04:49:16,900 --> 04:49:21,200
It could be a tool, a medicine, 
a pathway to Altered States Of 

5330
04:49:21,200 --> 04:49:24,400
Consciousness, or simply a 
moment of relief in otherwise 

5331
04:49:24,400 --> 04:49:27,500
Relentless lives. 
Consider the sensory experience 

5332
04:49:27,500 --> 04:49:30,500
for these early humans. 
They lived in a world that was 

5333
04:49:30,500 --> 04:49:33,200
simultaneously more Vivid and 
more limited than ours. 

5334
04:49:34,200 --> 04:49:36,700
No, artificial lights. 
Meant that fire was the only 

5335
04:49:36,700 --> 04:49:38,700
thing holding back. 
Absolute Darkness. 

5336
04:49:39,500 --> 04:49:43,500
No processed foods meant every 
meal was an adventure in Wild 

5337
04:49:43,500 --> 04:49:47,400
flavors, and no air pollution 
meant that the smell of burning 

5338
04:49:47,400 --> 04:49:50,900
herbs, was a profound departure 
from the normal sense of Earth 

5339
04:49:50,900 --> 04:49:56,200
animals and unwashed humans when
aromatic Smoke Filled a cave, it

5340
04:49:56,200 --> 04:49:59,600
transformed the space entirely. 
The flickering firelight would 

5341
04:49:59,600 --> 04:50:02,900
make the smoke visible as it 
Rose and swirled creating 

5342
04:50:02,900 --> 04:50:07,200
patterns that human eyes evolved
to spot predators, and prey 

5343
04:50:07,200 --> 04:50:11,100
couldn't help, but follow, The 
smell would announce itself 

5344
04:50:11,100 --> 04:50:14,600
immediately, overwhelmed the 
caves normal odors with 

5345
04:50:14,600 --> 04:50:17,900
something intentional and 
controlled and The Taste, 

5346
04:50:17,900 --> 04:50:20,300
because smell and taste are 
intimately. 

5347
04:50:20,300 --> 04:50:22,300
Connected would Linger on the 
tongue. 

5348
04:50:22,300 --> 04:50:26,000
A reminder, that this moment was
different from normal moments. 

5349
04:50:26,000 --> 04:50:29,400
Some of these early smoke 
experiments probably went badly,

5350
04:50:30,200 --> 04:50:34,400
Certain plants when burned 
produced toxic fumes that caused

5351
04:50:34,400 --> 04:50:38,600
nausea headaches or worse. 
There must have been countless 

5352
04:50:38,600 --> 04:50:41,600
trial and error incidents that 
ended with everyone, stumbling 

5353
04:50:41,600 --> 04:50:43,800
out of a cave. 
Gasping for fresh air and 

5354
04:50:43,800 --> 04:50:46,500
wondering why their ancestors 
had recommended burning that 

5355
04:50:46,500 --> 04:50:50,000
particular plant. 
But The successes those plants 

5356
04:50:50,000 --> 04:50:53,500
that produced Pleasant calming 
or Consciousness altering smoke.

5357
04:50:54,300 --> 04:50:57,800
Those got remembered and 
repeated by the time humans were

5358
04:50:57,800 --> 04:51:02,100
anatomically modern roughly 
300,000 years ago, the knowledge

5359
04:51:02,100 --> 04:51:04,900
of smoke and its effects was 
already an established part of 

5360
04:51:04,908 --> 04:51:08,300
human culture. 
Archaeological evidence shows 

5361
04:51:08,300 --> 04:51:12,300
that even neanderthals are close
cousins who died out around 

5362
04:51:12,300 --> 04:51:15,600
40,000 years ago. 
Used aromatic plants 

5363
04:51:15,600 --> 04:51:20,000
deliberately We found traces of 
medicinal herbs in their teeth. 

5364
04:51:20,000 --> 04:51:23,300
Suggesting they were either 
eating them or breathing their 

5365
04:51:23,300 --> 04:51:28,100
smoke for therapeutic purposes. 
This will wasn't Superstition or

5366
04:51:28,100 --> 04:51:31,300
primitive ignorant. 
These early humans were 

5367
04:51:31,300 --> 04:51:34,200
conducting empirical experiments
with their own consciousness. 

5368
04:51:35,200 --> 04:51:38,000
Discovering that certain 
substances could reliably 

5369
04:51:38,000 --> 04:51:42,100
produce specific effects. 
They were in their way, the 

5370
04:51:42,100 --> 04:51:45,900
world's first farmer colleges 
working without Laboratories or 

5371
04:51:45,900 --> 04:51:48,600
double blind studies. 
But with a deep intuitive, 

5372
04:51:48,600 --> 04:51:52,500
understanding of how plants and 
human bodies interact, the smoke

5373
04:51:52,500 --> 04:51:57,800
itself became a teacher, Watch 
how it rises always seeking the 

5374
04:51:57,800 --> 04:51:59,700
sky. 
Never moving straight, but 

5375
04:51:59,700 --> 04:52:03,000
dancing in response to air 
currents, too subtle for human 

5376
04:52:03,000 --> 04:52:06,300
senses to detect. 
See how it gathers along. 

5377
04:52:06,300 --> 04:52:10,100
The cave ceiling creating a 
visible layer between Earth and 

5378
04:52:10,100 --> 04:52:13,200
Stone. 
Notice how it clings to hair and

5379
04:52:13,200 --> 04:52:16,000
clothing. 
Marking those who sat closest to

5380
04:52:16,008 --> 04:52:18,800
the fire with a lingering 
reminder of the experience. 

5381
04:52:18,800 --> 04:52:22,300
These observations would later 
become metaphors and spiritual 

5382
04:52:22,300 --> 04:52:25,700
Concepts Smoke Rises like 
prayers. 

5383
04:52:26,400 --> 04:52:30,100
Smoke connects Earth to Sky. 
Smoke transforms. 

5384
04:52:30,100 --> 04:52:32,900
Solid matter into something 
ethereal and temporary. 

5385
04:52:33,900 --> 04:52:37,700
But before the metaphors came, 
the simple physical reality, 

5386
04:52:37,700 --> 04:52:41,600
burning certain things, produces
smoke that makes you feel 

5387
04:52:41,600 --> 04:52:45,400
different. 
Feeling different can be exactly

5388
04:52:45,400 --> 04:52:48,200
what you need. 
Fast forward, several 100,000 

5389
04:52:48,200 --> 04:52:51,800
years humans have invented, 
agriculture, built cities 

5390
04:52:51,800 --> 04:52:55,700
developed, writing systems, and 
created the first civilization 

5391
04:52:55,700 --> 04:52:59,700
where now in the ancient world 
of temples and Priests of 

5392
04:52:59,700 --> 04:53:03,300
organized, religion and 
institutionalized ritual and 

5393
04:53:03,300 --> 04:53:06,500
smoke are old friend from the 
cave, has become absolutely 

5394
04:53:06,500 --> 04:53:10,300
Central to how humans interact 
with the Divine picture yourself

5395
04:53:10,300 --> 04:53:13,400
in ancient Egyptian temple 
around 2000 BC. 

5396
04:53:13,400 --> 04:53:17,600
You've been awake since before, 
Dawn preparing for Ceremony, 

5397
04:53:17,600 --> 04:53:20,800
that will honor the gods and 
hopefully secure Their Blessings

5398
04:53:20,800 --> 04:53:24,700
for the coming of harvest. 
The temple itself is a Marvel, 

5399
04:53:24,700 --> 04:53:28,400
massive stone. 
Columns, carved with hieroglyphs

5400
04:53:28,400 --> 04:53:31,900
painted in colors that would 
seem garish by modern standards,

5401
04:53:31,900 --> 04:53:34,500
but that Shimmer beautifully and
Lamplight. 

5402
04:53:34,500 --> 04:53:37,700
But what hits you first before 
you even enter the inner 

5403
04:53:37,700 --> 04:53:41,200
Sanctuary is the smell Incense 
has been burning in this Temple 

5404
04:53:41,200 --> 04:53:45,100
for hours, maybe days, the 
priests know that the Sacred 

5405
04:53:45,100 --> 04:53:48,600
Space must be properly prepared,
and preparation means filling 

5406
04:53:48,600 --> 04:53:51,000
the air with fragrance. 
So thick you can almost see it 

5407
04:53:51,000 --> 04:53:55,200
the ancient Egyptians took their
incense seriously and by 

5408
04:53:55,200 --> 04:53:58,700
seriously I mean they built an 
entire economic system around 

5409
04:53:58,700 --> 04:54:02,800
it, they imported frankincense 
and myrrh from the mysterious 

5410
04:54:02,800 --> 04:54:06,100
Land of Punt. 
Probably modern Somalia or Yemen

5411
04:54:06,100 --> 04:54:09,800
paying enormous sums for resin 
that were literally worth their 

5412
04:54:09,800 --> 04:54:14,000
weight in gold. 
Famous reliefs at Dale bihari 

5413
04:54:14,000 --> 04:54:17,400
show, Queen hatshepsut's 
expedition to punt, bringing 

5414
04:54:17,400 --> 04:54:21,100
back, living merch trees, like 
Botanical trophies, why this 

5415
04:54:21,100 --> 04:54:25,900
obsession with aromatic smoke. 
The Practical answer is that 

5416
04:54:25,900 --> 04:54:29,500
temples were located in hot 
climate filled with animal 

5417
04:54:29,500 --> 04:54:33,400
sacrifices and attended by 
crowds of people who bathed less

5418
04:54:33,400 --> 04:54:37,300
frequently than we do. 
Incense was among other things, 

5419
04:54:37,300 --> 04:54:40,400
the ancient world's most 
sophisticated air freshener. 

5420
04:54:41,100 --> 04:54:42,600
But that's only part of the 
story. 

5421
04:54:42,600 --> 04:54:46,100
The Egyptians believed that 
fragrant smoke was literally 

5422
04:54:46,100 --> 04:54:50,000
food for the Gods. when they 
burned incense before a statue 

5423
04:54:50,000 --> 04:54:53,700
of RA or Osiris, they won't just
creating a pleasant atmosphere, 

5424
04:54:53,700 --> 04:54:57,800
they were providing sustenance 
to Divine beings who existed in 

5425
04:54:57,800 --> 04:55:03,300
a realm, Beyond human senses, 
The smoke rising from the sensor

5426
04:55:03,300 --> 04:55:07,300
was a bridge between worlds 
carrying prayers and offerings 

5427
04:55:07,300 --> 04:55:09,800
to places. 
Humans couldn't reach the 

5428
04:55:09,800 --> 04:55:12,400
physical effect of. 
This constant incense burning 

5429
04:55:12,400 --> 04:55:15,400
would have been significant 
ancient temples used 

5430
04:55:15,400 --> 04:55:20,300
frankincense, myrrh styrax and 
other resins that we now know, 

5431
04:55:20,300 --> 04:55:22,300
contained psychoactive 
compounds. 

5432
04:55:23,100 --> 04:55:26,500
Frankincense for instance 
contains Tetra Hydra cannabinol 

5433
04:55:26,500 --> 04:55:28,900
and other chemicals. 
That can produce mild Euphoria 

5434
04:55:28,900 --> 04:55:32,500
and reducing anxiety when burned
in enclosed spaces. 

5435
04:55:33,600 --> 04:55:36,900
Stand in the temple filled with 
frankincense, smoke for hours 

5436
04:55:36,900 --> 04:55:38,600
and you're going to feel 
different. 

5437
04:55:39,500 --> 04:55:43,200
Karma will contemplative, 
perhaps more receptive to 

5438
04:55:43,200 --> 04:55:47,200
spiritual experiences, the 
priest understood this, even if 

5439
04:55:47,200 --> 04:55:49,900
they couldn't explain it in 
modern pharmacological terms, 

5440
04:55:49,900 --> 04:55:53,600
then that the right combination 
of incense chanting. 

5441
04:55:53,600 --> 04:55:57,000
Drumming and ritual could induce
States Of Consciousness that 

5442
04:55:57,000 --> 04:55:59,000
felt like communication with the
divine. 

5443
04:56:00,300 --> 04:56:03,500
Whether these states actually 
involved Supernatural contact or

5444
04:56:03,500 --> 04:56:06,100
were simply altered brain 
chemistry is almost beside the 

5445
04:56:06,108 --> 04:56:09,800
point. 
The experience was real profound

5446
04:56:09,800 --> 04:56:14,000
and reliably reproducible. 
Now travel West to ancient 

5447
04:56:14,000 --> 04:56:18,600
Greece around 500 BCE. 
You're at the Oracle of Delphi, 

5448
04:56:18,600 --> 04:56:21,600
that famous Sanctuary where 
priestesses delivered prophecies

5449
04:56:21,600 --> 04:56:24,900
that Kings and Generals would 
stake their fortunes on. 

5450
04:56:25,700 --> 04:56:28,700
The Oracle sits in a small 
chamber, built over a geological

5451
04:56:28,700 --> 04:56:31,500
fault, a modern researchers have
discovered something, 

5452
04:56:31,500 --> 04:56:34,600
fascinating. 
That fault releases ethylene. 

5453
04:56:34,600 --> 04:56:39,100
Gas a sweet smelling substance 
that produces Euphoria and 

5454
04:56:39,100 --> 04:56:41,400
dissociative States in moderate 
concentrations. 

5455
04:56:41,400 --> 04:56:44,900
The Greeks didn't know about 
ethylene chemistry, but they 

5456
04:56:44,900 --> 04:56:48,300
certainly knew that the pythia 
the pristine who served as the 

5457
04:56:48,300 --> 04:56:51,900
Oracle would breathe deeply from
the vapors rising from the 

5458
04:56:51,900 --> 04:56:54,400
earth. 
Then enter a trance State during

5459
04:56:54,400 --> 04:56:56,400
which she would speak the words 
of Apollo. 

5460
04:56:56,400 --> 04:56:59,800
They burned a national 
substance's, Laurel leaves 

5461
04:56:59,800 --> 04:57:03,400
barley and other materials to 
enhance the effect and create an

5462
04:57:03,400 --> 04:57:05,500
atmosphere thick with smoke and 
mystery. 

5463
04:57:05,500 --> 04:57:09,500
You can imagine standing in that
sacred Precinct waiting, your 

5464
04:57:09,500 --> 04:57:13,400
turn to consult the oracle. 
Smell of burning Laurel. 

5465
04:57:13,400 --> 04:57:16,900
Fills your nostrils. 
Sharp slightly medicinal 

5466
04:57:17,700 --> 04:57:21,000
Strangely compelling. 
The pythia's attendance, 

5467
04:57:21,000 --> 04:57:24,500
maintain the fires adding more 
leaves When the Smoke begins to 

5468
04:57:24,500 --> 04:57:26,900
thin. 
The whole process has been 

5469
04:57:26,900 --> 04:57:30,200
refined over centuries to 
produce maximum psychological 

5470
04:57:30,200 --> 04:57:34,500
and pharmacological effect when 
the pythia, finally, speaks her 

5471
04:57:34,500 --> 04:57:37,800
words are often cryptic and 
ambiguous famously. 

5472
04:57:37,800 --> 04:57:41,900
So, but in that smoke filled 
chamber with your own 

5473
04:57:41,900 --> 04:57:44,900
Consciousness, slightly altered 
by the atmospheric compounds 

5474
04:57:44,900 --> 04:57:48,300
you've been breathing. those 
ambiguous words, seem pregnant, 

5475
04:57:48,300 --> 04:57:52,300
with meaning, your mind, makes 
connections sees patterns and 

5476
04:57:52,300 --> 04:57:55,300
find significance, that might 
not survive, exposure, to clear,

5477
04:57:55,300 --> 04:57:59,600
air, and sober reflection the 
Romans practical, as always took

5478
04:57:59,600 --> 04:58:03,300
incense culture and 
industrialized, it They imported

5479
04:58:03,300 --> 04:58:06,800
so much frankincense and myrrh 
that the trade routes carrying, 

5480
04:58:06,800 --> 04:58:09,300
these materials, became some of 
the most important economic 

5481
04:58:09,300 --> 04:58:14,200
arteries of the ancient world. 
Roman temples burned incense 

5482
04:58:14,200 --> 04:58:18,200
constantly not just during 
special ceremonies but as a 

5483
04:58:18,200 --> 04:58:20,700
regular offering to maintain 
good relations with the gods, 

5484
04:58:20,700 --> 04:58:25,200
but Romans also recognized the 
secular uses of aromatic smoke. 

5485
04:58:26,100 --> 04:58:29,300
Wealthy households burned 
incense to mask unpleasant, 

5486
04:58:29,300 --> 04:58:32,000
odors and create an atmosphere 
of luxury. 

5487
04:58:33,100 --> 04:58:37,500
Roman Physicians, like Galen and
dioscorides wrote extensively 

5488
04:58:37,500 --> 04:58:40,100
about the medicinal properties 
of different incentives. 

5489
04:58:40,100 --> 04:58:43,100
Recommending specific substances
for specific conditions 

5490
04:58:43,100 --> 04:58:49,100
headache, burning willow bark, 
anxiety chamomile, smoke 

5491
04:58:49,100 --> 04:58:54,300
insomnia, Valerian or Poppy. 
The senses themselves, those 

5492
04:58:54,300 --> 04:58:58,400
ornate metal containers designed
to burn incense became works of 

5493
04:58:58,408 --> 04:59:01,200
art. 
Some were simple, clay bowls 

5494
04:59:01,200 --> 04:59:04,700
others were elaborate bronze 
constructions with chains for 

5495
04:59:04,700 --> 04:59:09,200
carrying perforated Lids to 
control airflow and decorative. 

5496
04:59:09,200 --> 04:59:12,300
Elements that showed exactly how
important incentives have become

5497
04:59:12,300 --> 04:59:15,800
to Mediterranean culture across 
the Mediterranean in ancient. 

5498
04:59:15,800 --> 04:59:20,800
Judea, incense played a central 
role in Temple worship The book 

5499
04:59:20,800 --> 04:59:23,800
of Exodus describes a specific 
incense recipe. 

5500
04:59:24,700 --> 04:59:30,000
Stacked tea on each other 
galbanum and frankensons mixed 

5501
04:59:30,000 --> 04:59:33,700
in precise proportions. 
That was so sacred that making 

5502
04:59:33,700 --> 04:59:36,600
it for any purpose other than 
Temple worship was punishable by

5503
04:59:36,600 --> 04:59:39,708
exile. 
Cloud of incense smoke in the 

5504
04:59:39,716 --> 04:59:41,400
temples. 
Holy of holies was thought to 

5505
04:59:41,400 --> 04:59:45,700
Veil The Very presence of God, 
making the Divine, bearable to 

5506
04:59:45,700 --> 04:59:49,700
human eyes. 
This period, roughly 3,000, BCE 

5507
04:59:49,700 --> 04:59:52,800
to 500 CE represents the high 
water. 

5508
04:59:52,800 --> 04:59:55,900
Mark of, institutional incense 
culture in the ancient world 

5509
04:59:56,900 --> 05:00:00,200
Smoke had evolved from a cave, 
Discovery to a Cornerstone of 

5510
05:00:00,208 --> 05:00:03,900
religious practice from an 
accidental finding to a 

5511
05:00:03,900 --> 05:00:06,300
deliberate technology for 
altering Consciousness, and 

5512
05:00:06,300 --> 05:00:09,900
creating Sacred Space, while 
priests were burning incense in 

5513
05:00:09,900 --> 05:00:12,400
temples. 
And other group of professionals

5514
05:00:12,400 --> 05:00:16,200
was discovering that smoke could
heal the body as directly as it 

5515
05:00:16,200 --> 05:00:20,600
elevated, the spirit. 
The ancient Physicians those 

5516
05:00:20,600 --> 05:00:24,200
observers of human suffering who
combined empirical observations 

5517
05:00:24,200 --> 05:00:27,300
with theoretical Frameworks, 
that seemed both sophisticated 

5518
05:00:27,300 --> 05:00:29,800
and charmingly wrong by modern 
standards. 

5519
05:00:30,900 --> 05:00:34,800
Developed an entire branch of 
Therapeutics based on inhaling 

5520
05:00:34,800 --> 05:00:38,100
medicinal smoke. 
Let's visit ancient China around

5521
05:00:38,100 --> 05:00:42,100
200, BCE your suffering from a 
persistent cough. 

5522
05:00:42,100 --> 05:00:45,200
That's been keeping you awake at
night in your family, is finally

5523
05:00:45,200 --> 05:00:47,400
scraped together enough money to
consult a physician. 

5524
05:00:48,400 --> 05:00:51,800
He's a learned man who has 
studied the classics understands

5525
05:00:51,800 --> 05:00:55,100
the flow of chi through the body
and has access to the 

5526
05:00:55,100 --> 05:00:59,000
accumulated medical wisdom of 
centuries, after examining your 

5527
05:00:59,000 --> 05:01:02,500
tongue, checking your pulse at 
several points and asking 

5528
05:01:02,500 --> 05:01:05,400
detailed questions about your 
diet and daily routine. 

5529
05:01:05,400 --> 05:01:10,600
He nods thoughtfully. 
The problem he explains is an 

5530
05:01:10,600 --> 05:01:14,700
imbalance of energies in your 
lungs Complicated by excess 

5531
05:01:14,700 --> 05:01:17,800
dampness. 
The treatment requires a careful

5532
05:01:17,800 --> 05:01:21,300
combination of approaches, but 
one element will be therapeutic.

5533
05:01:21,300 --> 05:01:25,000
Smoke, The Physician produces a 
small bundle of dried herbs, 

5534
05:01:25,000 --> 05:01:29,100
mahua ephedra, some dried 
Mulberry leaf and other 

5535
05:01:29,100 --> 05:01:32,900
materials you don't recognize He
instructs you to burn these 

5536
05:01:32,900 --> 05:01:34,600
over. 
Charcoal and breathe. 

5537
05:01:34,600 --> 05:01:37,700
The resulting smoke deeply. 
Three times per day. 

5538
05:01:37,700 --> 05:01:40,500
Always facing East in the 
morning and West, in the 

5539
05:01:40,500 --> 05:01:43,300
evening. 
The ritual specification isn't 

5540
05:01:43,300 --> 05:01:45,900
arbitrary. 
Chinese medicine viewed. 

5541
05:01:45,900 --> 05:01:49,800
The body as intimately connected
to Cosmic patterns and timing 

5542
05:01:49,800 --> 05:01:53,400
treatments to align with daily 
Cycles was thought to enhance 

5543
05:01:53,400 --> 05:01:56,900
their effectiveness the herbs. 
He's prescribed actually work 

5544
05:01:56,900 --> 05:01:59,200
though. 
Not for the reason he believes 

5545
05:02:00,300 --> 05:02:04,100
Mal Hwang contains a fedrin, a 
Broncho dilator that opens 

5546
05:02:04,100 --> 05:02:05,600
Airways and makes breathing 
easier. 

5547
05:02:06,700 --> 05:02:08,700
The other herbs have 
antimicrobial and 

5548
05:02:08,700 --> 05:02:12,300
anti-inflammatory properties, 
that would genuinely help a 

5549
05:02:12,300 --> 05:02:15,900
respiratory infection. 
The act of deliberately slowing 

5550
05:02:15,900 --> 05:02:19,100
your breathing to inhale, the 
smoke probably helps too 

5551
05:02:19,100 --> 05:02:23,300
inducing a relaxation response 
that reduces stress related 

5552
05:02:23,300 --> 05:02:25,800
coughing. 
The Chinese weren't alone in 

5553
05:02:25,800 --> 05:02:29,400
developing smoke, based 
Therapeutics in Ancient India, 

5554
05:02:29,400 --> 05:02:33,800
ayurvedic Physicians created, 
elaborate systems of douma 

5555
05:02:33,800 --> 05:02:36,000
Panna. 
Therapeutic smoking. 

5556
05:02:37,200 --> 05:02:40,100
The sushruta samhita and medical
texts. 

5557
05:02:40,100 --> 05:02:44,600
Composed around 600 BCE 
described specific herbs, to be 

5558
05:02:44,600 --> 05:02:49,800
smoked for specific conditions. 
Try mixture that includes 

5559
05:02:49,800 --> 05:02:54,300
cannabis and deteriorate. 
Mental disturbances different 

5560
05:02:54,300 --> 05:02:56,700
combinations of aromatic, woods 
and resins. 

5561
05:02:56,700 --> 05:02:59,400
Even hiccups have their own 
prescribed. 

5562
05:02:59,400 --> 05:03:02,200
Smoke treatment, these ayurvedic
Physicians. 

5563
05:03:02,200 --> 05:03:05,900
Understood something important, 
Different substances produced 

5564
05:03:05,900 --> 05:03:08,400
different effects depending on 
how they consumed. 

5565
05:03:09,300 --> 05:03:12,300
Cannabis eaten as food produces 
one set of effects. 

5566
05:03:13,100 --> 05:03:17,200
The same plant smoked produces 
different faster acting results.

5567
05:03:18,100 --> 05:03:21,400
This wasn't Superstition. 
It was practical pharmacology 

5568
05:03:21,400 --> 05:03:24,800
based on careful observation the
Greeks and Romans also 

5569
05:03:24,800 --> 05:03:28,100
Incorporated therapeutic smoking
into their medical practice. 

5570
05:03:28,800 --> 05:03:32,200
Hypocrites, the father of 
Western medicine, described 

5571
05:03:32,200 --> 05:03:35,500
using smoke inhalation, to treat
gynecological problems. 

5572
05:03:36,300 --> 05:03:39,000
His reasoning was based on the 
theory that the uterus could 

5573
05:03:39,000 --> 05:03:42,000
wander through the body. 
A delightfully wrong idea, 

5574
05:03:42,000 --> 05:03:45,900
called the wandering womb, and 
strong, smelling smoke would 

5575
05:03:45,900 --> 05:03:47,500
drive it back to its proper 
position. 

5576
05:03:48,700 --> 05:03:52,400
The theory was nonsense, but 
some of the herbs he recommended

5577
05:03:52,400 --> 05:03:54,900
had genuine and 
anti-inflammatory or muscle 

5578
05:03:54,900 --> 05:03:58,900
relaxing properties, that 
probably provided actual relief 

5579
05:03:58,900 --> 05:04:01,300
Galen. 
Probably the most influential 

5580
05:04:01,300 --> 05:04:05,200
physician of the ancient world 
wrote extensively about smoke 

5581
05:04:05,200 --> 05:04:08,000
Therapeutics. 
He distinguished between 

5582
05:04:08,000 --> 05:04:11,500
different types of smoke based 
on their properties, hot, or 

5583
05:04:11,500 --> 05:04:14,700
cold wet, or dry, subtle, or 
thick. 

5584
05:04:15,800 --> 05:04:18,600
A physician needed to match the 
qualities of the therapeutic. 

5585
05:04:18,600 --> 05:04:21,300
Smoke to the imbalance in the 
patient's body. 

5586
05:04:22,100 --> 05:04:26,000
Too much heat in the lungs. 
Use cooling smoke from cucumber 

5587
05:04:26,000 --> 05:04:30,100
seeds or lettuce, too much 
coaled warming smoke from Pepper

5588
05:04:30,100 --> 05:04:32,600
or mustard. 
The interesting thing is that 

5589
05:04:32,600 --> 05:04:36,300
many of these ancient smoke 
remedies actually worked, even 

5590
05:04:36,300 --> 05:04:40,200
if the theoretical explanations 
were completely wrong, when you 

5591
05:04:40,208 --> 05:04:44,600
burn eucalyptus and breathe, its
Vapor, your congested sinuses do

5592
05:04:44,600 --> 05:04:48,000
clear, not because your 
balancing humors or adjusting 

5593
05:04:48,000 --> 05:04:51,900
your key but because eucalyptus 
is a genuine expectorant and 

5594
05:04:51,900 --> 05:04:56,200
decongestant Ancient Physicians,
didn't need to understand the 

5595
05:04:56,200 --> 05:04:59,800
chemistry to observe that it 
worked and to incorporate it 

5596
05:04:59,800 --> 05:05:02,600
into their practice. 
So ancient smoke therapies were 

5597
05:05:02,600 --> 05:05:06,400
surprisingly, sophisticated 
Greek, and Roman Physicians. 

5598
05:05:06,400 --> 05:05:09,100
Developed fumigation tents where
patients with respiratory 

5599
05:05:09,100 --> 05:05:11,300
problems. 
Could sit surrounded by 

5600
05:05:11,300 --> 05:05:13,100
therapeutic smoke from 
carefully. 

5601
05:05:13,100 --> 05:05:16,500
Chosen herbs. 
The dosage could be controlled 

5602
05:05:16,500 --> 05:05:19,600
by adjusting ventilation. 
The duration of treatment was 

5603
05:05:19,600 --> 05:05:23,000
specified, precisely and 
patients were monitored for 

5604
05:05:23,000 --> 05:05:25,600
adverse reactions in ancient 
Persia. 

5605
05:05:25,600 --> 05:05:28,300
Physicians at the famous medical
school in gundicha. 

5606
05:05:28,300 --> 05:05:32,300
Poor compiled, extensive 
Farmer's that included details 

5607
05:05:32,300 --> 05:05:34,300
descriptions of therapeutic 
smoking. 

5608
05:05:35,200 --> 05:05:38,000
The categorized hundreds of 
plants by their effects. 

5609
05:05:38,000 --> 05:05:41,200
When burned and inhaled, 
creating reference works that 

5610
05:05:41,200 --> 05:05:44,300
Physicians could consult when 
treating specific conditions, 

5611
05:05:44,300 --> 05:05:47,500
the sensory experience of these 
treatments would have been 

5612
05:05:47,500 --> 05:05:51,100
significant in itself. 
Imagine suffering from some 

5613
05:05:51,100 --> 05:05:54,900
chronic condition joint pain. 
Respiratory problems or 

5614
05:05:54,900 --> 05:05:58,300
digestive issues and being 
prescribed to treatment that 

5615
05:05:58,300 --> 05:06:02,000
involves City in a warm room 
filled with aromatic smoke, 

5616
05:06:02,000 --> 05:06:06,400
while a physician monitors your 
response The relaxation induced 

5617
05:06:06,400 --> 05:06:10,100
by the setting, the attention 
from a respected healer, and the

5618
05:06:10,108 --> 05:06:12,100
pleasant smell of the burning 
herbs. 

5619
05:06:12,100 --> 05:06:15,800
All of these factors would work 
together to produce, what modern

5620
05:06:15,800 --> 05:06:19,700
medicine calls Placebo effects 
though that term doesn't quite 

5621
05:06:19,700 --> 05:06:21,400
capture. 
The complexity of what's 

5622
05:06:21,400 --> 05:06:24,600
happening because here's the 
thing, about Placebo effects, 

5623
05:06:24,600 --> 05:06:27,900
they're real. 
When your brain believes healing

5624
05:06:27,900 --> 05:06:30,100
is occurring, it triggers 
physiological. 

5625
05:06:30,100 --> 05:06:32,800
Processes that promote actual 
healing. 

5626
05:06:33,600 --> 05:06:37,500
Stress hormones, decrease immune
function, improves pain, 

5627
05:06:37,500 --> 05:06:41,300
perception changes. 
The ancient physicians may not 

5628
05:06:41,300 --> 05:06:44,400
have understood the mechanisms, 
but they understood that healing

5629
05:06:44,400 --> 05:06:48,600
involved, the whole person, Body
Mind and Spirit and that 

5630
05:06:48,600 --> 05:06:50,200
therapeutic. 
Smoke could address. 

5631
05:06:50,200 --> 05:06:51,900
All three aspects 
simultaneously. 

5632
05:06:51,900 --> 05:06:55,800
While Physicians were refining, 
therapeutic smoke in to a 

5633
05:06:55,800 --> 05:06:59,000
medical art and Priests were 
perfecting incense rituals 

5634
05:06:59,000 --> 05:07:02,800
Merchants were creating networks
that would carry aromatic 

5635
05:07:02,800 --> 05:07:05,000
substances across continents and
oceans. 

5636
05:07:06,500 --> 05:07:09,900
These trade routes, particularly
the famous Silk Road and the 

5637
05:07:09,900 --> 05:07:13,000
maritime spice route didn't just
transport Goods. 

5638
05:07:13,000 --> 05:07:17,300
The carried knowledge practices 
and entire cultural Traditions 

5639
05:07:17,300 --> 05:07:21,200
around smoke in its uses picture
yourself as a merchant in a 

5640
05:07:21,200 --> 05:07:24,000
caravan traveling. 
The Silk Road around 200 CE 

5641
05:07:24,900 --> 05:07:28,800
You've been on the road for 
months, moving slowly from Oasis

5642
05:07:28,800 --> 05:07:30,900
to Oasis across the heart of 
Asia. 

5643
05:07:31,800 --> 05:07:35,200
Your camels are loaded with 
various Goods, but the most 

5644
05:07:35,200 --> 05:07:41,600
valuable items are small light. 
And Incredibly expensive, resins

5645
05:07:41,600 --> 05:07:45,400
herbs, and aromatic Woods that 
will eventually be burned in 

5646
05:07:45,408 --> 05:07:48,700
temples, palaces and Wealthy 
homes across the known world. 

5647
05:07:48,700 --> 05:07:51,900
The economics of the incense 
trade were fascinating and 

5648
05:07:51,900 --> 05:07:56,800
sometimes absurd Frankincense 
and myrrh harvested from trees 

5649
05:07:56,800 --> 05:07:59,900
in southern Arabia, and the Horn
of Africa could increase in 

5650
05:07:59,900 --> 05:08:03,600
value by a factor of 50 or more.
By the time they reached Rome or

5651
05:08:03,600 --> 05:08:07,600
shangaan, Merchants could become
wealthy from a single successful

5652
05:08:07,600 --> 05:08:10,100
Caravan though. 
They could also lose everything 

5653
05:08:10,100 --> 05:08:14,300
to ban its sandstorms or simple 
miscalculations about market 

5654
05:08:14,300 --> 05:08:17,800
demand, but these Merchants were
carrying more than commodities 

5655
05:08:18,800 --> 05:08:22,000
at each stop along the Route. 
They shared information about 

5656
05:08:22,000 --> 05:08:26,100
how different cultures used 
aromatic smoke. a Buddhist 

5657
05:08:26,100 --> 05:08:28,800
technique for burning incense 
learned in India, might be 

5658
05:08:28,800 --> 05:08:31,800
combined with Chinese theories 
about herbal properties and 

5659
05:08:31,800 --> 05:08:35,300
Persian aesthetic preferences to
create something entirely new 

5660
05:08:36,400 --> 05:08:40,500
The Silk Road was like a massive
slow-motion cultural blender 

5661
05:08:40,500 --> 05:08:44,800
mixing practices and beliefs 
about smoke into increasingly 

5662
05:08:44,800 --> 05:08:48,800
complex combinations. 
Consider Sandalwood that 

5663
05:08:48,800 --> 05:08:52,100
aromatic wood from India that 
has been prized for thousands of

5664
05:08:52,100 --> 05:08:55,200
years. 
In its Homeland, Sandalwood was 

5665
05:08:55,200 --> 05:08:59,300
primarily a religious substance 
burned in Hindu and Buddhist 

5666
05:08:59,300 --> 05:09:01,900
temples to purify space and 
honor the divine. 

5667
05:09:02,800 --> 05:09:05,700
But as it traveled along trade 
routes, it acquired New Uses and

5668
05:09:05,700 --> 05:09:09,800
meanings Chinese Buddhists 
adopted Sandalwood incense but 

5669
05:09:09,800 --> 05:09:12,200
integrated it with Taurus 
practices and Confucian 

5670
05:09:12,200 --> 05:09:15,200
Aesthetics. 
Japanese culture of eventually 

5671
05:09:15,200 --> 05:09:19,700
transformed incense appreciation
into codo, literally the way of 

5672
05:09:19,700 --> 05:09:23,000
incense. 
Ceremonial art form as refined 

5673
05:09:23,000 --> 05:09:26,600
as tea, ceremony. 
Islamic cultures Incorporated 

5674
05:09:26,600 --> 05:09:29,200
Sandalwood into their own 
devotional practices. 

5675
05:09:29,200 --> 05:09:32,900
While developing new 
combinations, with rose Howard 

5676
05:09:32,900 --> 05:09:36,600
and other aromatics. 
Christian churches began using 

5677
05:09:36,600 --> 05:09:40,200
it as an alternative to 
frankincense the same substance 

5678
05:09:40,200 --> 05:09:41,800
moving through different 
cultural. 

5679
05:09:41,800 --> 05:09:45,200
Contexts became multiple 
different things while remaining

5680
05:09:45,200 --> 05:09:48,000
itself. 
This is one of smokes, 

5681
05:09:48,000 --> 05:09:51,400
interesting properties. 
It's concrete enough to be a 

5682
05:09:51,400 --> 05:09:53,500
definite substance with specific
effects. 

5683
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:57,100
But ephemeral enough to acquire,
whatever symbolic, meanings 

5684
05:09:57,100 --> 05:10:00,600
humans want to project onto it. 
The maritime spice routes that 

5685
05:10:00,608 --> 05:10:03,400
connected the Indian Ocean world
were equally important for 

5686
05:10:03,400 --> 05:10:06,500
spreading smoke. 
Kulture Arab traders sailing 

5687
05:10:06,500 --> 05:10:10,200
from East Africa, to India to 
Southeast, Asia carried, not 

5688
05:10:10,200 --> 05:10:13,800
just cinnamon cloves and pepper,
but also knowledge about 

5689
05:10:13,800 --> 05:10:17,700
aromatics and their uses. 
An Indonesian method for 

5690
05:10:17,700 --> 05:10:20,300
processing benzoin. 
Resin might be combined with 

5691
05:10:20,300 --> 05:10:24,500
Indian ivic theories and Arab 
perfumery technique to create 

5692
05:10:24,500 --> 05:10:27,600
new products and practices. 
Some of these aromatic 

5693
05:10:27,600 --> 05:10:32,000
substances traveled, astonishing
distances, Camper from Borneo. 

5694
05:10:32,000 --> 05:10:35,200
Found its way to Chinese temples
and European apothecaries. 

5695
05:10:36,000 --> 05:10:39,000
Hallows wood from South East 
Asia became prize in Middle 

5696
05:10:39,000 --> 05:10:42,300
Eastern palaces. 
Dragon's blood resin from the 

5697
05:10:42,300 --> 05:10:45,900
Secretary of islands off, Yemen 
traveled to China in India, 

5698
05:10:45,900 --> 05:10:50,700
Rome, and eventually Europe. 
Each substance carried with its 

5699
05:10:50,700 --> 05:10:55,100
stories practices and beliefs 
about smoke and its properties 

5700
05:10:55,100 --> 05:10:58,600
the Traders themselves. 
Often became experts in aromatic

5701
05:10:58,600 --> 05:11:02,600
substances, they needed to know,
not just market prices but also 

5702
05:11:02,600 --> 05:11:06,200
how to identify genuine 
materials versus delta rations. 

5703
05:11:06,200 --> 05:11:09,600
How to store and transport 
delicate, resins, without losing

5704
05:11:09,600 --> 05:11:12,700
their aromatic properties and 
what different customers in 

5705
05:11:12,700 --> 05:11:16,900
different regions preferred. 
A successful incense Merchant 

5706
05:11:16,900 --> 05:11:21,500
was part chemist, part cultural 
Anthropologist and part 

5707
05:11:21,500 --> 05:11:24,600
Logistics expert. 
These trade routes also spread 

5708
05:11:24,600 --> 05:11:28,800
Technologies for using aromatic 
smoke this sensor designs we 

5709
05:11:28,800 --> 05:11:31,500
discussed earlier though, 
specialized containers for 

5710
05:11:31,500 --> 05:11:35,100
burning incense evolved through 
contact between different 

5711
05:11:35,100 --> 05:11:39,300
cultures Chinese designs 
influenced, Persian metal work, 

5712
05:11:39,300 --> 05:11:42,900
Indian temple practices, 
inspired Southeast, Asian, 

5713
05:11:42,900 --> 05:11:46,400
Buddhist rituals Arab 
Innovations in perfumery 

5714
05:11:46,400 --> 05:11:48,600
influenced. 
European approaches to aromatic 

5715
05:11:48,600 --> 05:11:51,000
substances by the medieval 
period. 

5716
05:11:51,000 --> 05:11:53,600
You could track cultural 
influence by following incense 

5717
05:11:53,600 --> 05:11:57,200
practices, When you see a 
particular way of blending, our 

5718
05:11:57,200 --> 05:12:00,600
Matrix, or a specific ritual use
of smoke appearing, in a new 

5719
05:12:00,608 --> 05:12:04,100
region, you're usually seeing 
evidence of trade contact and 

5720
05:12:04,100 --> 05:12:07,200
cultural Exchange. 
Smoke became a marker of 

5721
05:12:07,200 --> 05:12:10,300
cultural connection. 
A visible sign, that ideas and 

5722
05:12:10,300 --> 05:12:14,300
practices were flowing between 
regions economic importance, of 

5723
05:12:14,300 --> 05:12:18,400
the incense trade, also shaped 
political relationships, Control

5724
05:12:18,400 --> 05:12:21,800
over frankincense and myrrh 
producing regions was contested 

5725
05:12:21,800 --> 05:12:24,300
by various Powers throughout 
ancient history. 

5726
05:12:24,300 --> 05:12:27,700
The Romans even launched 
military Expeditions into 

5727
05:12:27,700 --> 05:12:32,000
Arabia, partly to try to control
incense supplies and reduce the 

5728
05:12:32,000 --> 05:12:34,200
enormous costs. 
They were paying to Arabian 

5729
05:12:34,200 --> 05:12:39,900
merchants The Expeditions failed
desert Warfare is hard but the 

5730
05:12:39,900 --> 05:12:43,700
attempt shows just how valuable 
these aromatic substances had 

5731
05:12:43,700 --> 05:12:45,800
become. 
What's remarkable is that this 

5732
05:12:45,800 --> 05:12:50,600
vast complex trade system 
existed primarily to serve human

5733
05:12:50,600 --> 05:12:55,300
desires for Pleasant smells and 
altered consciousness Yes, some 

5734
05:12:55,300 --> 05:12:58,800
aromatic substances, had 
important medicinal uses and yes

5735
05:12:58,800 --> 05:13:02,100
incense played crucial roles in 
religious practices. 

5736
05:13:02,900 --> 05:13:05,900
But at its core, the incense 
trade existed because humans 

5737
05:13:05,900 --> 05:13:08,700
across cultures agreed that 
filling the air with fragrance, 

5738
05:13:08,700 --> 05:13:11,700
smoke was worth enormous effort 
and expense. 

5739
05:13:11,700 --> 05:13:16,200
This tells us something about 
human priority is not purely 

5740
05:13:16,200 --> 05:13:18,800
practical creatures. 
Focused, only on immediate 

5741
05:13:18,800 --> 05:13:22,200
survival needs. 
We're also aesthetic beings who 

5742
05:13:22,200 --> 05:13:26,400
Value Beauty, pleasure, and 
experiences that Transporters 

5743
05:13:26,400 --> 05:13:31,100
Beyond ordinary consciousness. 
The ancient incense trade serve 

5744
05:13:31,100 --> 05:13:34,700
these deeper, human needs and 
Merchants became wealthy because

5745
05:13:34,700 --> 05:13:37,400
they understood something 
essential about what humans want

5746
05:13:37,400 --> 05:13:40,400
from Life. 
By now several thousand years 

5747
05:13:40,400 --> 05:13:44,000
into Humanity's relationship 
with aromatic smoke, something 

5748
05:13:44,000 --> 05:13:47,800
interesting, had happened, Smoke
hadn't just become a tool or 

5749
05:13:47,800 --> 05:13:51,300
commodity. 
It had become a language a 

5750
05:13:51,300 --> 05:13:54,300
system of symbols through which 
humans expressed ideas about the

5751
05:13:54,300 --> 05:13:58,200
sacred, the mysterious and the 
boundaries between different 

5752
05:13:58,200 --> 05:14:00,600
Realms of existence. 
Let's explore. 

5753
05:14:00,600 --> 05:14:03,600
How different cultures turn this
physical phenomenon into 

5754
05:14:03,600 --> 05:14:07,000
metaphor and how those metaphors
shaped human, understanding of 

5755
05:14:07,000 --> 05:14:10,500
Consciousness, Divinity. 
And the structure of reality 

5756
05:14:10,500 --> 05:14:14,900
itself, start in ancient, 
Mesopotamia that cradle of 

5757
05:14:14,908 --> 05:14:17,900
civilization between the Tigris 
and Euphrates rivers. 

5758
05:14:18,700 --> 05:14:21,800
The Babylonians and Assyrians 
burned incense in their temples 

5759
05:14:21,800 --> 05:14:25,400
but they all carefully observed 
that patterns smoke made as it 

5760
05:14:25,408 --> 05:14:29,000
Rose. 
Specialized priests Bahru. 

5761
05:14:29,000 --> 05:14:32,900
They were called practiced 
divination by smoke. 

5762
05:14:32,900 --> 05:14:37,200
Reading messages from the gods 
in how incense smoke curled 

5763
05:14:37,200 --> 05:14:39,600
drifted or suddenly changed 
Direction. 

5764
05:14:39,600 --> 05:14:42,200
This wasn't as arbitrary as it 
might sound. 

5765
05:14:42,200 --> 05:14:46,900
Smoke is exquisitely, sensitive 
to air, currents, temperature, 

5766
05:14:46,900 --> 05:14:50,400
gradients, and subtle 
environmental factors that human

5767
05:14:50,400 --> 05:14:55,000
senses can't directly detect. 
The Barry were essentially using

5768
05:14:55,000 --> 05:14:58,400
smoke as a visualization tool 
for invisible atmospheric 

5769
05:14:58,400 --> 05:15:02,400
conditions, then inputting these
patterns, according to complex 

5770
05:15:02,400 --> 05:15:06,100
symbolic systems that have been 
refined over Generations. 

5771
05:15:06,900 --> 05:15:09,100
They were wrong about the God, 
sending messages. 

5772
05:15:09,100 --> 05:15:13,000
But right that smoke reveals 
information about the 

5773
05:15:13,000 --> 05:15:16,300
environment that would otherwise
be hidden, the symbolism was 

5774
05:15:16,300 --> 05:15:19,300
clear. 
Smoke connects the visible and 

5775
05:15:19,300 --> 05:15:21,600
invisible, the known and 
unknown. 

5776
05:15:21,600 --> 05:15:26,500
It emerges from the solid matter
of incense, or herbs transforms 

5777
05:15:26,500 --> 05:15:31,000
into something ethereal and 
disappears into are Travelling, 

5778
05:15:31,000 --> 05:15:33,400
perhaps to Realms Beyond human 
perception. 

5779
05:15:34,300 --> 05:15:37,400
This makes smoke a perfect 
metaphor for the souls Journey 

5780
05:15:37,400 --> 05:15:40,600
after death for prayers seeking 
Divine attention. 

5781
05:15:40,600 --> 05:15:45,100
And for any movement between 
material and spiritual Realms in

5782
05:15:45,100 --> 05:15:48,300
ancient China smoked took on 
different but related meanings 

5783
05:15:49,200 --> 05:15:52,200
Dallas philosophers, watched 
incense smoke rising, and 

5784
05:15:52,200 --> 05:15:54,800
temples, and saw lessons about 
the nature of reality. 

5785
05:15:56,000 --> 05:15:59,900
The smoke follows its nature, 
they noted, it doesn't try to be

5786
05:15:59,900 --> 05:16:02,400
anything other than what it is 
doesn't resist. 

5787
05:16:02,400 --> 05:16:05,900
Its own Transformations from 
visible to Invisible and doesn't

5788
05:16:05,900 --> 05:16:09,100
cling to any particular form or 
place this made. 

5789
05:16:09,100 --> 05:16:13,200
Smoke a teaching tool of about 
Huawei effortless action, and 

5790
05:16:13,200 --> 05:16:17,100
about accepting change rather 
than fighting it Chinese poets, 

5791
05:16:17,100 --> 05:16:19,500
wrote extensively about incense 
smoke. 

5792
05:16:19,500 --> 05:16:22,700
Using it as a metaphor, for 
everything from romantic 

5793
05:16:22,700 --> 05:16:26,100
Longing, To political 
frustration to the transients of

5794
05:16:26,100 --> 05:16:30,100
life itself. 
Levi, one of China's greatest 

5795
05:16:30,100 --> 05:16:34,000
poets wrote about smoke from his
incense, burner twisting like 

5796
05:16:34,000 --> 05:16:37,700
dragon shapes, connecting, his 
writing desk to the realm of 

5797
05:16:37,708 --> 05:16:41,100
Immortals, The smoke wasn't just
decoration. 

5798
05:16:41,100 --> 05:16:44,300
It was a visual representation 
of the connection between 

5799
05:16:44,300 --> 05:16:47,600
mundane reality and Transcendent
experience. 

5800
05:16:47,600 --> 05:16:50,200
That poetry sought to capture in
India. 

5801
05:16:50,200 --> 05:16:53,300
Smoke symbolism, became deeply 
embedded in both Hindu and 

5802
05:16:53,308 --> 05:16:57,500
Buddhist practice. 
The Sanskrit word Duma smoke 

5803
05:16:57,500 --> 05:17:01,500
appears in, countless religious 
texts, usually associated with 

5804
05:17:01,500 --> 05:17:05,400
transformation purification, and
the transition between states, 

5805
05:17:06,300 --> 05:17:10,400
when a Hindu cremation releases 
smoke into the sky, that smoke 

5806
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:13,700
represents the deceased Essence,
beginning its journey to 

5807
05:17:13,700 --> 05:17:18,700
whatever comes next When 
Buddhist monks burn incense the 

5808
05:17:18,700 --> 05:17:20,500
rising smoke. 
Visualizes. 

5809
05:17:20,500 --> 05:17:22,800
The rise of Merit from good 
actions. 

5810
05:17:22,800 --> 05:17:26,600
The dispersion of negative Karma
and the movement of 

5811
05:17:26,600 --> 05:17:29,600
Consciousness toward in the 
lightning, the Buddha himself. 

5812
05:17:29,600 --> 05:17:32,000
Apparently used smokers as a 
teaching metaphor. 

5813
05:17:33,000 --> 05:17:36,300
In various sutras, he compared 
clinging to impermanent things 

5814
05:17:36,300 --> 05:17:39,900
to try to grasp smoke. 
The harder, you squeeze the 

5815
05:17:39,900 --> 05:17:43,600
faster it escapes, and you're 
left with nothing, but perhaps a

5816
05:17:43,600 --> 05:17:46,800
lingering smell on your hands. 
The lesson was about 

5817
05:17:46,800 --> 05:17:50,700
non-attachment about recognizing
that everything like smoke is 

5818
05:17:50,708 --> 05:17:52,400
temporary and cannot be 
possessed. 

5819
05:17:52,400 --> 05:17:55,500
Native American cultures 
developed their own Rich. 

5820
05:17:55,500 --> 05:17:58,500
Smoke symbolism, though. 
We should be careful here about 

5821
05:17:58,500 --> 05:18:01,100
generalizing cross hundreds of 
distinct cultures. 

5822
05:18:02,100 --> 05:18:06,900
Many groups use smoke from 
sacred plants tobacco, Sage 

5823
05:18:06,900 --> 05:18:10,800
sweet grass in ways that 
combined practical purposes with

5824
05:18:10,800 --> 05:18:14,300
deep symbolic. 
Meaning, Smoke might purifier 

5825
05:18:14,300 --> 05:18:17,700
space, carry prayers to the 
spirit world, Mark, the 

5826
05:18:17,700 --> 05:18:21,000
boundaries of sacred ground, or 
seal agreements between 

5827
05:18:21,000 --> 05:18:24,800
people's, the peace pipe sage 
and or ceremonial pipe. 

5828
05:18:25,600 --> 05:18:28,600
Traditions found in many North 
American cultures treated 

5829
05:18:28,600 --> 05:18:33,000
smokers a covenant mediator. 
When former enemy, shared smoke 

5830
05:18:33,000 --> 05:18:36,200
from the same pipe, they were 
creating a physical and symbolic

5831
05:18:36,200 --> 05:18:39,400
Bond. 
The smoke, they exhaled had been

5832
05:18:39,408 --> 05:18:42,600
inside their bodies mingling 
with their breath and blood. 

5833
05:18:43,400 --> 05:18:45,900
Shareing that smoke and sharing 
something essential. 

5834
05:18:47,400 --> 05:18:50,100
Breaking an agreement made over.
The pipe wasn't just political 

5835
05:18:50,100 --> 05:18:53,100
betrayal. 
It was spiritual violation in 

5836
05:18:53,100 --> 05:18:55,800
Islamic cultures. 
Smoke acquired, meaning related 

5837
05:18:55,800 --> 05:18:57,400
to both Beauty and 
Transcendence. 

5838
05:18:58,200 --> 05:19:01,500
Persian, poetry frequently 
mentioned incense smokers a 

5839
05:19:01,500 --> 05:19:05,000
symbol of devotion longing and 
the attempt to reach Beyond 

5840
05:19:05,000 --> 05:19:08,800
material limitations. 
Sufi Mystics sometimes used 

5841
05:19:08,800 --> 05:19:13,100
aromatic smokers part of their 
practices seeing in its Rising 

5842
05:19:13,100 --> 05:19:15,800
movement and image of the souls 
aspiration toward God. 

5843
05:19:16,700 --> 05:19:20,800
The best smoked pure fragrant, 
Rising straight and true 

5844
05:19:20,800 --> 05:19:24,000
represented. 
The ideal spiritual State 

5845
05:19:24,000 --> 05:19:26,900
medieval European Christianity 
inherited. 

5846
05:19:26,900 --> 05:19:30,700
Its smoke, symbolism partly from
Jewish temple, traditions and 

5847
05:19:30,700 --> 05:19:32,800
partly from broader 
Mediterranean cultures. 

5848
05:19:33,700 --> 05:19:36,800
The smoke of incense in a 
cathedral represented prayers 

5849
05:19:36,800 --> 05:19:40,100
rising to heaven, but it also 
had more practical symbolic 

5850
05:19:40,100 --> 05:19:42,600
functions. 
It marked Sacred Space as 

5851
05:19:42,600 --> 05:19:46,300
distinct from ordinary space. 
Created an atmosphere for 

5852
05:19:46,300 --> 05:19:49,700
experiences of the numinous and 
literally Illustrated 

5853
05:19:49,700 --> 05:19:53,200
theological Concepts about 
mediation between human and 

5854
05:19:53,200 --> 05:19:56,300
divine Realms. 
The writers of medieval mystical

5855
05:19:56,300 --> 05:20:00,000
texts often used as a metaphor 
for Spiritual experiences that 

5856
05:20:00,000 --> 05:20:01,800
couldn't be captured in ordinary
language. 

5857
05:20:03,400 --> 05:20:05,200
How do you describe a vision of 
God? 

5858
05:20:05,200 --> 05:20:10,000
It's like seeing through smoke 
you perceive something, you 

5859
05:20:10,000 --> 05:20:13,900
know, something is there but you
can't make out clear details and

5860
05:20:13,900 --> 05:20:17,900
the experience is inherently 
transitory Smoke became the 

5861
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:20,300
language for describing, 
encounters with the ineffable. 

5862
05:20:20,300 --> 05:20:23,300
What's interesting across? 
All these Traditions is how 

5863
05:20:23,300 --> 05:20:27,000
smokes physical properties. 
Its visibility combined with 

5864
05:20:27,000 --> 05:20:31,000
intangibility its upward 
movement and its gradual 

5865
05:20:31,000 --> 05:20:35,300
dissolution made it almost 
universally available as a 

5866
05:20:35,300 --> 05:20:39,700
metaphor for similar Concepts. 
Different cultures didn't arrive

5867
05:20:39,700 --> 05:20:41,400
at identical. 
Smoke, symbolism. 

5868
05:20:41,400 --> 05:20:45,400
But there are striking parallels
in how humans have interpreted 

5869
05:20:45,400 --> 05:20:48,500
this phenomenon. 
The color of smoke also acquired

5870
05:20:48,500 --> 05:20:52,800
symbolic meanings white, smoke 
was generally positive, Pure 

5871
05:20:52,800 --> 05:20:57,700
Clean or suspicious black smoke,
suggested something wrong, 

5872
05:20:57,700 --> 05:21:02,800
dangerous, or malevolent Grace 
Mo was ambiguous, neither 

5873
05:21:02,800 --> 05:21:06,800
clearly good nor bad. 
These color associations were 

5874
05:21:06,800 --> 05:21:09,600
not arbitrary. 
They related to what actually 

5875
05:21:09,600 --> 05:21:11,300
produces different colored 
smoke. 

5876
05:21:12,200 --> 05:21:15,700
White smoke comes from clean 
burning aromatics and black 

5877
05:21:15,700 --> 05:21:19,400
smoke from incomplete combustion
or in pure materials. 

5878
05:21:20,500 --> 05:21:23,700
Humans turn these practical 
observations into symbolic 

5879
05:21:23,700 --> 05:21:26,700
systems, even the smell of 
smoke, carried some bullet 

5880
05:21:26,700 --> 05:21:29,500
weight. 
Sweet, Smoke suggested, divine 

5881
05:21:29,500 --> 05:21:33,300
presence, spiritual Purity or 
successful ritual. 

5882
05:21:34,200 --> 05:21:36,600
Acrid smoke indicated, something
gone wrong. 

5883
05:21:36,600 --> 05:21:39,800
Either in the physical 
preparation of materials, or 

5884
05:21:39,800 --> 05:21:43,300
metaphorically in the spiritual 
state of the people involved. 

5885
05:21:44,600 --> 05:21:48,400
Smell that most Primal and 
emotionally evocative of Senses 

5886
05:21:48,400 --> 05:21:52,600
became a way of evaluating the 
quality and success of smoke 

5887
05:21:52,600 --> 05:21:56,700
based practices while temples 
filled with incense smoke and 

5888
05:21:56,700 --> 05:21:59,100
Physicians prescribed 
therapeutic fumigations. 

5889
05:21:59,100 --> 05:22:03,800
Another tradition was developing
one more personal more intimate,

5890
05:22:03,800 --> 05:22:07,700
and more focused on individual 
Consciousness than Collective. 

5891
05:22:07,700 --> 05:22:10,200
Ritual. 
This was the tradition of 

5892
05:22:10,200 --> 05:22:14,100
smoking from Pike's, a practice 
that would eventually Circle the

5893
05:22:14,100 --> 05:22:17,100
globe and become one of 
Humanity's most widespread ways 

5894
05:22:17,100 --> 05:22:19,800
of altering Consciousness. 
The earliest pipes. 

5895
05:22:19,800 --> 05:22:23,200
We know about come from various 
places and probably represent 

5896
05:22:23,200 --> 05:22:26,400
independent invention rather 
than diffusion from a single 

5897
05:22:26,400 --> 05:22:29,700
source. 
Ancient peoples in Africa Asia 

5898
05:22:29,700 --> 05:22:33,500
and the Americas all developed 
pipe Technologies though they 

5899
05:22:33,500 --> 05:22:35,900
used them for different 
substances and invested them 

5900
05:22:35,900 --> 05:22:38,900
with different meanings. 
Let's start in the Americas 

5901
05:22:38,900 --> 05:22:42,700
where tobacco was first, 
domesticated and smoking first 

5902
05:22:42,700 --> 05:22:44,500
became a complex cultural 
practice. 

5903
05:22:45,300 --> 05:22:49,000
Long before Europeans arrived 
indigenous, peoples throughout 

5904
05:22:49,000 --> 05:22:53,000
North, and South America, were 
cultivating tobacco and 

5905
05:22:53,000 --> 05:22:55,800
developing elaborate 
Technologies and rituals around 

5906
05:22:55,800 --> 05:22:58,100
smoking it. 
But here's something that often 

5907
05:22:58,100 --> 05:23:02,100
gets misunderstood these weren't
casual recreational practices 

5908
05:23:02,100 --> 05:23:05,800
when a Mayan priests smoked 
tobacco through a long read tube

5909
05:23:05,800 --> 05:23:09,300
or when a Cherokee Elder filled 
a ceremonial pipe with sacred 

5910
05:23:09,300 --> 05:23:12,700
tobacco mixed with other herbs, 
they were engaging in religious 

5911
05:23:12,700 --> 05:23:15,100
practice as serious as any 
Temple ceremony. 

5912
05:23:15,900 --> 05:23:19,400
The smoke from these pipes was 
medicine, Sacrament and 

5913
05:23:19,400 --> 05:23:21,800
diplomatic tool all rolled into 
one. 

5914
05:23:21,800 --> 05:23:25,300
The physical experience of 
smoking tobacco through a pipe 

5915
05:23:25,300 --> 05:23:28,200
would have been intense. 
Far more so than modern 

5916
05:23:28,200 --> 05:23:31,200
cigarettes. 
Ancient tobacco over Riot is 

5917
05:23:31,200 --> 05:23:34,500
significantly stronger than 
modern breeds and pipes. 

5918
05:23:34,500 --> 05:23:37,600
Smoking delivers nicotine more 
efficiently than modern smoking 

5919
05:23:37,600 --> 05:23:40,600
methods. 
The immediate effects mild, 

5920
05:23:40,600 --> 05:23:43,900
Euphoria slight. 
Nausea, dizziness altered 

5921
05:23:43,900 --> 05:23:46,400
perception. 
Would have reinforced the sense 

5922
05:23:46,400 --> 05:23:49,000
that something spiritually 
significant was occurring. 

5923
05:23:49,000 --> 05:23:52,000
Native, American Pipe, 
Traditions, often, treated the 

5924
05:23:52,000 --> 05:23:55,200
pipes itself as sacred. 
Materials were chosen, 

5925
05:23:55,200 --> 05:23:59,000
carefully, certain Woods 
specific stones and decorations 

5926
05:23:59,000 --> 05:24:03,300
that carried symbolic meaning. 
The process of filling lighting 

5927
05:24:03,300 --> 05:24:06,000
and smoking the pipe followed 
prescribed patterns. 

5928
05:24:06,800 --> 05:24:09,600
Smoke might be offered to the 
four directions to the Earth and

5929
05:24:09,600 --> 05:24:14,500
Sky or to ancestors or spirits. 
The entire practice was 

5930
05:24:14,500 --> 05:24:16,800
choreographed to create an 
experience, that was 

5931
05:24:16,800 --> 05:24:19,600
simultaneously, physical the 
nicotine effects. 

5932
05:24:20,400 --> 05:24:24,900
Social pipes were often smoked 
communally, and spiritual the 

5933
05:24:24,900 --> 05:24:28,700
ceremonial context, provided 
meaning in Asia different pipe 

5934
05:24:28,700 --> 05:24:30,900
Traditions developed around 
different substances. 

5935
05:24:30,900 --> 05:24:35,000
Chinese and Southeast Asian 
opium pipes represented a 

5936
05:24:35,000 --> 05:24:38,900
fascinating case study in how 
substance technology and culture

5937
05:24:38,900 --> 05:24:43,400
interact, opium smoking which 
became wide spread in China 

5938
05:24:43,400 --> 05:24:47,300
during the 17th and 18th, 
centuries required, specialized 

5939
05:24:47,300 --> 05:24:51,400
equipment and technique Pipes 
were often works of art. 

5940
05:24:52,100 --> 05:24:56,400
Bamboo stems with ceramic bowls,
sometimes decorated, with 

5941
05:24:56,400 --> 05:25:00,100
intricate carving or inlays. 
The Opium smoking ritual was 

5942
05:25:00,100 --> 05:25:02,500
elaborate. 
The Opium had to be prepared. 

5943
05:25:02,500 --> 05:25:07,500
Cooked cleaned formed into pills
the pike had to be held at the 

5944
05:25:07,500 --> 05:25:10,900
correct angle over a lamp. 
The smoker had to know exactly 

5945
05:25:10,900 --> 05:25:14,600
how to heat the Opium pill and 
when to inhale, Done correctly. 

5946
05:25:14,600 --> 05:25:16,700
The process produced a 
distinctive. 

5947
05:25:16,700 --> 05:25:19,200
Sweet smell and a wave of 
relaxation. 

5948
05:25:19,200 --> 05:25:23,100
That opium uses described as, 
like floating on a warm sea. 

5949
05:25:23,100 --> 05:25:26,500
We should note here that opium 
addiction became a severe social

5950
05:25:26,500 --> 05:25:29,800
problem in 19th century. 
China The devastating 

5951
05:25:29,800 --> 05:25:32,300
consequences for individuals and
Society. 

5952
05:25:33,100 --> 05:25:36,100
But understanding the appeal 
requires acknowledging the 

5953
05:25:36,100 --> 05:25:39,400
sensory and psychological 
attractions of the practice the 

5954
05:25:39,400 --> 05:25:43,900
ritual, The Taste the immediate 
relief from pain or anxiety and 

5955
05:25:43,900 --> 05:25:48,000
cleaned and the temporary escape
from difficult lives in the 

5956
05:25:48,000 --> 05:25:51,500
Middle East and Central. 
Asia water pipes, who curse or 

5957
05:25:51,500 --> 05:25:54,800
arguers evolved as a way to 
smoke tobacco and other 

5958
05:25:54,800 --> 05:25:58,400
substances with some of the 
harshness filtered out, The 

5959
05:25:58,400 --> 05:26:01,900
hookah represents sophisticated.
Engineering smoke is drawn 

5960
05:26:01,900 --> 05:26:04,900
through water, which cools it 
and remove some irritants. 

5961
05:26:04,900 --> 05:26:07,500
Then through a long tube to The 
Smokers mouth. 

5962
05:26:08,500 --> 05:26:12,000
Multiple people can smoke from 
the same, hookah simultaneously,

5963
05:26:12,000 --> 05:26:15,900
making it a social technology as
much as a drug delivery system. 

5964
05:26:15,900 --> 05:26:19,300
Whose smoking in traditional 
Middle Eastern culture was 

5965
05:26:19,300 --> 05:26:23,100
allegedly practiced associated 
with coffee houses, intellectual

5966
05:26:23,100 --> 05:26:26,800
discussion and unhurried 
socializing you didn't just 

5967
05:26:26,800 --> 05:26:29,300
smoke a hookah. 
You spent an evening at a hookah

5968
05:26:29,300 --> 05:26:32,800
lounge, talking philosophy or 
politics or everyday concerns 

5969
05:26:32,800 --> 05:26:35,100
with friends? 
While sharing flavored tobacco 

5970
05:26:35,100 --> 05:26:39,300
smoke that tasted Apple Rose or 
other aromatics? 

5971
05:26:40,300 --> 05:26:44,500
The practice created a specific 
kind of social space slightly 

5972
05:26:44,500 --> 05:26:47,900
removed from ordinary time. 
Where conversation could wander 

5973
05:26:47,900 --> 05:26:51,200
and people could relax European 
and American Pipe smoking 

5974
05:26:51,200 --> 05:26:54,200
Traditions, which developed 
primarily in the 16th through 

5975
05:26:54,200 --> 05:26:57,800
19th centuries, created their 
own cultures around the 

5976
05:26:57,800 --> 05:27:01,300
practice. 
Clay pipes, then Briar pipes 

5977
05:27:01,300 --> 05:27:03,700
became Technologies of 
contemplation. 

5978
05:27:04,500 --> 05:27:07,800
The ritual of choosing it 
tobacco blend, filling the pipe 

5979
05:27:07,800 --> 05:27:11,300
properly, lighting it with care,
and maintaining the burn through

5980
05:27:11,300 --> 05:27:14,900
strategic puffing. 
These actions required attention

5981
05:27:14,900 --> 05:27:19,100
and provided structure for 
thinking many scholars, writers 

5982
05:27:19,100 --> 05:27:22,500
and artists described pipe 
smoking as an aid to 

5983
05:27:22,500 --> 05:27:26,300
concentration and creativity. 
The gentle stimulation from 

5984
05:27:26,300 --> 05:27:30,000
nicotine combined with the 
meditative quality of the ritual

5985
05:27:30,000 --> 05:27:34,100
and the pleasant Taste of good 
tobacco created conditions that 

5986
05:27:34,100 --> 05:27:36,600
many found conducive to 
intellectual work. 

5987
05:27:37,400 --> 05:27:39,600
This wasn't justification for a 
habit. 

5988
05:27:40,300 --> 05:27:43,300
There's evidence that moderate 
nicotine intake, can enhance, 

5989
05:27:43,300 --> 05:27:46,500
certain cognitive functions, 
particularly sustained, 

5990
05:27:46,500 --> 05:27:50,500
attention a pipe itself became a
symbol in European and American 

5991
05:27:50,500 --> 05:27:54,600
culture of masculinity 
intellectuality Leisure or 

5992
05:27:54,600 --> 05:27:57,000
contemplation depending on 
context. 

5993
05:27:58,000 --> 05:28:01,200
Sherlock Holmes's pipe suggested
his analytical mind. 

5994
05:28:02,000 --> 05:28:04,900
Father Christmas is pipe 
represented Jolly contentment. 

5995
05:28:05,700 --> 05:28:09,100
The pipe smoking Professor 
became such a cultural archetype

5996
05:28:09,100 --> 05:28:12,100
that even people who never 
smoked recognized The 

5997
05:28:12,100 --> 05:28:15,000
Stereotype, what United? 
All these different pipe 

5998
05:28:15,000 --> 05:28:18,400
Traditions from Amazonian 
tobacco to Asian opium to 

5999
05:28:18,400 --> 05:28:21,100
European. 
Briar pipes was the intimate 

6000
05:28:21,100 --> 05:28:23,000
personal quality of the 
experience. 

6001
05:28:23,900 --> 05:28:26,300
Unlike Temple incense. 
That filled a large space. 

6002
05:28:26,300 --> 05:28:29,200
For many people unlike 
Physicians fumigations 

6003
05:28:29,200 --> 05:28:33,100
administered as treatment Pipes 
smoking was about individual 

6004
05:28:33,100 --> 05:28:37,400
Consciousness, personal ritual 
and chosen moments of altered 

6005
05:28:37,400 --> 05:28:39,600
awareness. 
The pipe created a small 

6006
05:28:39,600 --> 05:28:42,000
immediate relationship between a
person and smoke. 

6007
05:28:42,000 --> 05:28:47,100
You can control every aspect 
what you smoked when you smoke'd

6008
05:28:47,100 --> 05:28:51,500
and how much you smoked The 
Smoke Filled your mouth touched 

6009
05:28:51,500 --> 05:28:55,200
your tongue and entered your 
lungs or in some traditions was 

6010
05:28:55,200 --> 05:28:58,000
only taken into the mouth. 
It was yours in a way that 

6011
05:28:58,000 --> 05:29:01,800
communal smoke wasn't this 
personal quality made pipes 

6012
05:29:01,800 --> 05:29:05,100
attractive for contemplation 
marking transitions between 

6013
05:29:05,100 --> 05:29:08,900
activities and for creating 
small islands of ritual in 

6014
05:29:08,900 --> 05:29:12,700
otherwise unstructured time. 
You could smoke a pipe while 

6015
05:29:12,700 --> 05:29:16,100
thinking through a problem, 
while grieving a loss while 

6016
05:29:16,100 --> 05:29:19,600
celebrating a success for whilst
simply watching the sunset. 

6017
05:29:20,700 --> 05:29:24,100
The smoke became a companion, to
your thoughts, a physical 

6018
05:29:24,100 --> 05:29:27,300
manifestation of the moment you 
were inhabiting different 

6019
05:29:27,300 --> 05:29:30,400
cultures, developed different, 
etiquettes around pipe smoking. 

6020
05:29:31,200 --> 05:29:33,100
In some native American 
traditions. 

6021
05:29:33,100 --> 05:29:35,900
Interrupting someone who was 
smoking, would be deeply 

6022
05:29:35,900 --> 05:29:39,200
disrespectful. 
The ACT demanded its own time 

6023
05:29:39,200 --> 05:29:42,400
and space in. 
Victorian England, pipes smoking

6024
05:29:42,400 --> 05:29:46,000
was, gendered male and confined 
to specific rooms or times, 

6025
05:29:46,000 --> 05:29:49,800
creating a whole architecture of
social rules about where and 

6026
05:29:49,800 --> 05:29:54,400
when smoke was appropriate, In 
Middle Eastern coffeehouses who 

6027
05:29:54,400 --> 05:29:58,000
could smoking was communal and 
conversational the pipe passed 

6028
05:29:58,000 --> 05:30:01,000
between friends. 
As freely as words, the sensory 

6029
05:30:01,000 --> 05:30:05,200
experience of pipes smoking 
varied in enormously depending 

6030
05:30:05,200 --> 05:30:09,000
on what was being smoked and how
tobacco, could be sweet or 

6031
05:30:09,000 --> 05:30:15,400
harsh, smooth or biting Harrow 
Matic or plain opium produced, a

6032
05:30:15,400 --> 05:30:18,700
distinctive smell that became 
associated with real relaxation 

6033
05:30:18,700 --> 05:30:21,800
and Escape. 
Cannabis, which has been smoked 

6034
05:30:21,800 --> 05:30:25,000
in, various forms for thousands 
of years offered yet. 

6035
05:30:25,000 --> 05:30:29,100
Another sensory profile, Earth, 
Thea and more pungent than 

6036
05:30:29,100 --> 05:30:32,300
tobacco with quite different 
effect on Consciousness. 

6037
05:30:32,300 --> 05:30:36,000
What's interesting is how 
quickly pipes smoking spread 

6038
05:30:36,000 --> 05:30:39,600
once global trade networks 
emerged in the 16th and 17th 

6039
05:30:39,600 --> 05:30:43,700
centuries, Tobacco, which was 
completely unknown outside the 

6040
05:30:43,700 --> 05:30:47,500
Americas. 
Before 1492 had reached every 

6041
05:30:47,500 --> 05:30:50,800
inhabited continent within a 
century of European contact with

6042
05:30:50,800 --> 05:30:54,300
the new world. 
Pipes appeared in Africa, Asia 

6043
05:30:54,300 --> 05:30:58,300
Europe and Oceania with 
remarkable speed suggesting that

6044
05:30:58,300 --> 05:31:01,900
the practice answered some 
widespread human need or desire.

6045
05:31:01,900 --> 05:31:05,200
This rapid spread wasn't just 
about nicotine addiction, 

6046
05:31:05,200 --> 05:31:06,600
though. 
That certainly played a role. 

6047
05:31:07,300 --> 05:31:10,300
It was also about the appeal of 
a personal ritual that could 

6048
05:31:10,300 --> 05:31:13,400
create moments of calm, in 
increasingly, complex, 

6049
05:31:13,400 --> 05:31:15,500
connected, and demanding 
societies. 

6050
05:31:16,800 --> 05:31:19,700
As the world modernized as 
traditional rhythms of 

6051
05:31:19,700 --> 05:31:21,700
agricultural. 
Life gave way to Urban 

6052
05:31:21,700 --> 05:31:24,800
industrial time. 
The pipe offered a portable 

6053
05:31:24,800 --> 05:31:28,800
personal technology for creating
small moments of peace. 

6054
05:31:28,800 --> 05:31:32,200
Now, we approach more recent 
history that period from roughly

6055
05:31:32,200 --> 05:31:35,400
1700 to 1900. 
When the practice is we've been 

6056
05:31:35,400 --> 05:31:40,000
discussing underwent significant
transformation, The Scientific 

6057
05:31:40,000 --> 05:31:43,300
Revolution was changing how 
educated people understood smoke

6058
05:31:43,300 --> 05:31:46,600
and its effects 
industrialization was changing 

6059
05:31:46,600 --> 05:31:49,600
how aromatic substances were 
produced and distributed. 

6060
05:31:50,600 --> 05:31:53,700
Colonialism was disrupting 
traditional practices while 

6061
05:31:53,700 --> 05:31:57,500
spreading them to new contexts. 
Let's consider how European 

6062
05:31:57,500 --> 05:32:00,200
expansion affected incense 
Traditions worldwide. 

6063
05:32:01,100 --> 05:32:05,000
When Portuguese traders reached 
India and Southeast Asia, when 

6064
05:32:05,000 --> 05:32:07,400
Spanish conquistadors, 
encountered American 

6065
05:32:07,400 --> 05:32:10,700
civilizations, and when Dutch 
Merchants established themselves

6066
05:32:10,700 --> 05:32:13,700
in Indonesia, they found 
elaborate sophisticated 

6067
05:32:13,700 --> 05:32:17,900
Traditions around aromatic 
smoke, some of these Traditions.

6068
05:32:17,900 --> 05:32:21,500
They adopted others they 
disrupted and still others. 

6069
05:32:21,500 --> 05:32:25,300
They try to suppress Christian 
missionaries for instance often 

6070
05:32:25,300 --> 05:32:28,600
viewed indigenous smoking 
practices with deep suspicion. 

6071
05:32:29,800 --> 05:32:33,200
Shamanic tobacco, use in the 
Americas look disturbingly like 

6072
05:32:33,200 --> 05:32:37,100
religious ritual, which of 
course, it was, and missionaries

6073
05:32:37,100 --> 05:32:40,900
work to suppress it as paganism.
But they had no problem with 

6074
05:32:40,900 --> 05:32:44,300
incense in their own churches, 
which was a religious smoke 

6075
05:32:44,300 --> 05:32:47,700
ritual but probably Christian 
and therefore acceptable this 

6076
05:32:47,700 --> 05:32:50,300
selective acceptance and 
rejection and created. 

6077
05:32:50,300 --> 05:32:54,600
Interesting hybrid practice's in
Latin America in indigenous 

6078
05:32:54,600 --> 05:32:57,900
smoking Traditions, mixed with 
Catholic incense used to create 

6079
05:32:57,900 --> 05:33:03,100
something new In India Hindu 
incense, practices continued but

6080
05:33:03,100 --> 05:33:05,000
also influence British colonial 
culture. 

6081
05:33:06,000 --> 05:33:10,000
By the Victorian era, wealthy 
British homes routinely burned 

6082
05:33:10,000 --> 05:33:12,900
in Indian incense, though, 
usually stripped of their 

6083
05:33:12,900 --> 05:33:16,500
original religious meanings and 
appreciated primarily for their 

6084
05:33:16,500 --> 05:33:19,800
exotic fragrance. 
The scientific study of smoke 

6085
05:33:19,800 --> 05:33:22,500
and its effects began in Earnest
during this period. 

6086
05:33:23,300 --> 05:33:26,800
Chemists started analyzing the 
compounds and various aromatic 

6087
05:33:26,800 --> 05:33:30,300
substances. 
Identifying specific molecules 

6088
05:33:30,300 --> 05:33:33,200
responsible for particular, 
smells or effects. 

6089
05:33:33,800 --> 05:33:36,800
Physicians began conducting 
something resembling clinical 

6090
05:33:36,800 --> 05:33:40,400
trials testing, whether the 
therapeutic smoking actually 

6091
05:33:40,400 --> 05:33:43,800
worked for the conditions. 
It was prescribed to treat some 

6092
05:33:43,800 --> 05:33:46,800
traditional smoke remedies held 
up reasonably well under 

6093
05:33:46,800 --> 05:33:50,500
scientific scrutiny. 
Yes, you clip to smoke does help

6094
05:33:50,500 --> 05:33:53,900
respiratory problems. 
We can now explain exactly why 

6095
05:33:53,900 --> 05:33:56,500
in terms of chemical 
constituents and their 

6096
05:33:56,500 --> 05:33:59,600
interactions with human 
respiratory tissues other 

6097
05:33:59,600 --> 05:34:01,700
traditional practices didn't 
fare as well. 

6098
05:34:01,700 --> 05:34:05,800
No smoke from burnt goat hair 
will not cure epilepsy 

6099
05:34:05,800 --> 05:34:09,400
regardless of what ancient 
Physicians believed, but this 

6100
05:34:09,400 --> 05:34:12,700
scientific understanding also 
strips of much of its mystery 

6101
05:34:12,700 --> 05:34:16,100
and symbolic power. 
When aromatic smoke becomes 

6102
05:34:16,100 --> 05:34:19,600
merely a delivery mechanism for 
specific chemical compounds. 

6103
05:34:19,600 --> 05:34:23,000
It loses something of its 
capacity to carry, meaning 

6104
05:34:23,000 --> 05:34:26,400
beyond the physical. 
The rationalization of smoke 

6105
05:34:26,400 --> 05:34:29,800
knowledge, made practices more 
effective in some ways while 

6106
05:34:29,800 --> 05:34:33,800
making them less meaningful in 
others industrialization changed

6107
05:34:33,800 --> 05:34:38,000
the incense trade dramatically. 
Instead of rare resins carried 

6108
05:34:38,000 --> 05:34:41,600
across continents. 
By Caravan aromatic substances 

6109
05:34:41,600 --> 05:34:44,800
could be synthesized in 
factories or at least mass 

6110
05:34:44,800 --> 05:34:47,000
produced from Plantation grown 
materials. 

6111
05:34:47,000 --> 05:34:51,400
This made in cents, much cheaper
and more widely available which 

6112
05:34:51,400 --> 05:34:55,100
was good for Access but not so 
good for the sense of precious 

6113
05:34:55,100 --> 05:34:58,800
Rarity that had surrounded 
aromatics for thousands of 

6114
05:34:58,800 --> 05:35:01,600
years. 
The 19th century also saw 

6115
05:35:01,600 --> 05:35:04,300
increasing concerns about 
smoking health effects 

6116
05:35:05,300 --> 05:35:08,400
Physicians who had once 
prescribed therapeutic smoking 

6117
05:35:08,400 --> 05:35:11,400
began noticing that heavy 
smokers seem to develop 

6118
05:35:11,400 --> 05:35:15,200
distinctive health problems. 
The connection between tobacco 

6119
05:35:15,200 --> 05:35:17,900
and very diseases was beginning 
to be recognized. 

6120
05:35:17,900 --> 05:35:21,600
Though, it would take until the 
mid-20th century before the full

6121
05:35:21,600 --> 05:35:24,800
scope of smoking. 
Health impacts became clear this

6122
05:35:24,800 --> 05:35:28,400
created an interesting 
Divergence Temple incense and 

6123
05:35:28,400 --> 05:35:30,800
aromatic smoke for atmosphere 
remained relatively 

6124
05:35:30,800 --> 05:35:34,500
uncontroversial. 
People recognized inhaling 

6125
05:35:34,500 --> 05:35:36,900
enough smoke in these context to
cause health problems. 

6126
05:35:37,700 --> 05:35:40,900
But pipe smoking and especially 
cigarette smoking, came under 

6127
05:35:40,900 --> 05:35:43,800
increasing scrutiny. 
There's evidence mounted that 

6128
05:35:43,800 --> 05:35:47,700
regular smoke, inhalation, 
damaged lungs, and contributed 

6129
05:35:47,700 --> 05:35:51,200
to various diseases, the 
cigarette which became dominant 

6130
05:35:51,200 --> 05:35:54,200
in the 20th. 
Century represented a departure 

6131
05:35:54,200 --> 05:35:56,800
from older smoking traditions in
important ways. 

6132
05:35:57,600 --> 05:36:01,800
Cigarettes were Industrial 
Products, uniform mass produced 

6133
05:36:01,800 --> 05:36:04,700
and designed for quick 
consumption rather than 

6134
05:36:04,700 --> 05:36:09,300
contemplative ritual. 
The cigarette breaks, the pipes,

6135
05:36:09,300 --> 05:36:13,400
smoking session, same basic 
activity, but compressed hurried

6136
05:36:13,400 --> 05:36:15,500
and stripped of most ceremonial 
elements. 

6137
05:36:15,500 --> 05:36:19,800
Where pipes smoking at required.
Some skill and tension yet to 

6138
05:36:19,800 --> 05:36:22,000
pack the pipe properly. 
Keep it lit and manage. 

6139
05:36:22,000 --> 05:36:24,900
The ash cigarette. 
Smoking was nearly effortless. 

6140
05:36:25,700 --> 05:36:30,800
Strike a match. 
Inhale, exhale, repeat this ease

6141
05:36:30,800 --> 05:36:33,500
of use contributed to much 
higher consumption rates and 

6142
05:36:33,500 --> 05:36:35,200
consequently much worse, Health 
outcomes. 

6143
05:36:36,900 --> 05:36:40,300
Cigarette was Smoke, practice 
optimized for nicotine delivery 

6144
05:36:40,300 --> 05:36:44,600
rather than for ritual, 
contemplation or social bonding 

6145
05:36:44,600 --> 05:36:48,100
yet even cigarettes acquired 
their own rituals and meanings 

6146
05:36:48,100 --> 05:36:51,700
the sharing of cigarettes 
between soldiers created bonds. 

6147
05:36:52,600 --> 05:36:56,200
The offered cigarette, became a 
social gesture, the lighting of 

6148
05:36:56,208 --> 05:36:59,600
someone else's cigarette had its
own etiquette and even romantic 

6149
05:36:59,600 --> 05:37:02,900
connotations. 
Humans, it seems will create 

6150
05:37:02,900 --> 05:37:06,700
ritual around any repeated 
practice, even industrial ones. 

6151
05:37:06,700 --> 05:37:10,400
Meanwhile, incense Traditions 
continue to evolve in various 

6152
05:37:10,400 --> 05:37:15,200
directions in Japan. 
Kodo the way of incense became 

6153
05:37:15,200 --> 05:37:18,900
increasingly refined as an 
aesthetic practice separate from

6154
05:37:18,900 --> 05:37:22,000
religious contexts. 
Practitioners learn to 

6155
05:37:22,000 --> 05:37:24,200
distinguish. 
Hundreds of different aromatic 

6156
05:37:24,200 --> 05:37:28,400
Woods to appreciate subtle 
differences in fragrance and to 

6157
05:37:28,400 --> 05:37:32,800
use incense as a focus for 
meditation and mindfulness. it 

6158
05:37:32,800 --> 05:37:36,100
was like wine tasting but for 
smoke and equally sophisticated 

6159
05:37:36,100 --> 05:37:40,500
in India, the ancient traditions
of incense making continued but 

6160
05:37:40,500 --> 05:37:44,100
also adapted to Modern Commerce 
Factories and cities like 

6161
05:37:44,100 --> 05:37:47,100
Bangalore produced incense 
sticks in enormous quantities, 

6162
05:37:47,100 --> 05:37:50,500
maintaining traditional 
formulations while using modern 

6163
05:37:50,500 --> 05:37:54,000
manufacturing techniques. 
The smell of Jasmine or 

6164
05:37:54,000 --> 05:37:57,000
Sandalwood, incense became 
associated with Indian culture. 

6165
05:37:57,000 --> 05:38:01,600
Generally carried worldwide by 
the Indian diaspora Western 

6166
05:38:01,600 --> 05:38:05,600
counterculture movements in the 
1960s and seventies rediscovered

6167
05:38:05,600 --> 05:38:09,000
incense and brought it into 
mainstream Euro American 

6168
05:38:09,000 --> 05:38:12,300
culture. 
Young people burning nag Champa 

6169
05:38:12,300 --> 05:38:14,000
in their Apartments were 
participating. 

6170
05:38:14,000 --> 05:38:18,300
Often unknowingly in Smoke 
Traditions that stretched back, 

6171
05:38:18,300 --> 05:38:23,200
thousands of years. 
The context had changed Bohemian

6172
05:38:23,200 --> 05:38:27,000
Flats rather than ancient 
temples but the basic practice 

6173
05:38:27,000 --> 05:38:29,800
of filling a space with aromatic
smoke remained. 

6174
05:38:29,800 --> 05:38:32,700
The same. 
This period also saw renewed 

6175
05:38:32,700 --> 05:38:35,900
interest in indigenous smoking 
practices, particularly 

6176
05:38:35,900 --> 05:38:38,300
Ayahuasca ceremonies and similar
traditions. 

6177
05:38:39,300 --> 05:38:41,900
Some of this interest was 
respectful and carefully 

6178
05:38:41,900 --> 05:38:45,100
conducted. 
Some of it amounted to cultural 

6179
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:48,700
appropriation with sacred 
practices stripped from their 

6180
05:38:48,700 --> 05:38:52,000
original context and treated as 
recreational drug use. 

6181
05:38:52,900 --> 05:38:55,600
The distinction matters. 
There's a difference between 

6182
05:38:55,600 --> 05:38:59,500
participating meaningfully in a 
tradition and simply consuming 

6183
05:38:59,500 --> 05:39:02,800
exotic experience's as you 
nestled deeper into your 

6184
05:39:02,800 --> 05:39:04,800
blanket. 
And perhaps notice how your own 

6185
05:39:04,800 --> 05:39:06,900
breathing is slowed while 
reading this story. 

6186
05:39:06,900 --> 05:39:10,300
Let's turn to what modern 
science has discovered about why

6187
05:39:10,300 --> 05:39:13,200
smoke bass practices affect the 
way they do. 

6188
05:39:13,200 --> 05:39:16,900
Understanding the mechanisms, 
doesn't diminish The Experience,

6189
05:39:16,900 --> 05:39:21,500
if anything it reveals, how 
intuitive our ancestors were in 

6190
05:39:21,500 --> 05:39:24,300
their observations, the human 
olfactory system. 

6191
05:39:24,300 --> 05:39:28,600
Your sense of smell is directly 
connected to the limbic system. 

6192
05:39:28,600 --> 05:39:32,000
Those ancient structures deep in
your brain that process in 

6193
05:39:32,000 --> 05:39:35,700
motion and memory. 
This is why certain smells can 

6194
05:39:35,700 --> 05:39:39,300
instantly transport you to 
Childhood evoke powerful 

6195
05:39:39,300 --> 05:39:43,200
emotional responses or create 
immediate feelings of calm, or 

6196
05:39:43,200 --> 05:39:46,400
anxiety. 
When you smell incense or 

6197
05:39:46,408 --> 05:39:50,200
aromatic smoke the molecules 
trigger, not just sensory 

6198
05:39:50,200 --> 05:39:54,200
perception, but emotional and 
memory responses that bypass 

6199
05:39:54,200 --> 05:39:56,900
conscious reasoning. 
Ancient peoples didn't know 

6200
05:39:56,900 --> 05:39:59,900
about the limbic system, but 
they certainly knew that certain

6201
05:39:59,900 --> 05:40:01,500
smells made them feel certain 
ways. 

6202
05:40:02,500 --> 05:40:04,900
They were working with the same 
neurological architecture. 

6203
05:40:04,900 --> 05:40:08,300
We have today conducting 
empirical experiments and 

6204
05:40:08,300 --> 05:40:11,000
altering their own Consciousness
and carefully noting which 

6205
05:40:11,000 --> 05:40:15,000
plants produced which affects 
modern chemistry as identify the

6206
05:40:15,008 --> 05:40:18,300
specific compounds responsible 
for many traditional incense 

6207
05:40:18,300 --> 05:40:21,900
effects. 
Frankincense contains boswellic 

6208
05:40:21,900 --> 05:40:25,200
acids and other molecules that 
have genuine anti-inflammatory 

6209
05:40:25,200 --> 05:40:28,500
and anxiolytic anxiety. 
Reducing properties. 

6210
05:40:29,400 --> 05:40:33,100
When burned frankincense 
releases these compounds in a 

6211
05:40:33,108 --> 05:40:35,600
form that can be absorbed 
through the respiratory system 

6212
05:40:35,600 --> 05:40:39,400
producing measurable effects on 
brain, chemistry and emotional 

6213
05:40:39,400 --> 05:40:45,700
state, lavender smoke contains 
Lena, Liu, and acetate compounds

6214
05:40:45,700 --> 05:40:47,800
that have been shown in 
laboratory studies, to reduce, 

6215
05:40:47,800 --> 05:40:49,900
stress hormones, and promote 
relaxation. 

6216
05:40:51,000 --> 05:40:54,400
The Greeks and Romans who burned
lavender to promote, calmness 

6217
05:40:54,400 --> 05:40:58,200
weren't just engaging in 
Superstition, they were using a 

6218
05:40:58,200 --> 05:41:02,200
substance that genuinely affects
human neurobiology and ways that

6219
05:41:02,200 --> 05:41:05,500
reduce anxiety. 
Similarly, the therapeutic 

6220
05:41:05,500 --> 05:41:09,300
smoking practices of ancient 
Physicians often prescribed 

6221
05:41:09,300 --> 05:41:14,300
genuinely effective substances. 
When Chinese doctors recommended

6222
05:41:14,300 --> 05:41:16,600
smoking, Mahjong for respiratory
problems. 

6223
05:41:16,600 --> 05:41:20,300
They were unknowingly 
prescribing a feeder in a 

6224
05:41:20,300 --> 05:41:24,400
powerful bronchodilator. 
When Indian I evaded Physicians 

6225
05:41:24,400 --> 05:41:27,900
prescribed cannabis smoke for 
various conditions, they were 

6226
05:41:27,900 --> 05:41:30,800
using a substance with 
documented effects on pain. 

6227
05:41:30,800 --> 05:41:33,500
Nausea and several other 
symptoms. 

6228
05:41:33,500 --> 05:41:37,200
Modern Neuroscience has also 
helped explain why ritual and 

6229
05:41:37,208 --> 05:41:40,100
setting matter so much for 
smoked based practices. 

6230
05:41:41,100 --> 05:41:43,700
The brain doesn't just respond 
to chemical compounds. 

6231
05:41:43,700 --> 05:41:46,900
It responds to expectations 
context and meaning. 

6232
05:41:48,000 --> 05:41:50,300
When you burn incense in a 
context, you've learned to 

6233
05:41:50,300 --> 05:41:53,200
associate with relaxation or 
spiritual experience. 

6234
05:41:53,200 --> 05:41:57,100
Your brain begins producing the 
associated response before. 

6235
05:41:57,100 --> 05:42:00,900
You've even inhaled any smoke, 
this isn't just psychological. 

6236
05:42:00,900 --> 05:42:04,400
By the way, the expectation of 
relaxation triggers real. 

6237
05:42:04,400 --> 05:42:08,100
Measurable changes in brain 
chemistry, increased serotonin 

6238
05:42:08,100 --> 05:42:11,400
and dopamine, and decreased 
quarters all in Adrenaline. 

6239
05:42:12,300 --> 05:42:15,300
Chemical compounds in the smoke 
then enhance and extend these 

6240
05:42:15,300 --> 05:42:18,100
changes creating a synergistic 
effect. 

6241
05:42:18,100 --> 05:42:21,100
That's more powerful than either
context or chemistry alone, 

6242
05:42:21,100 --> 05:42:25,000
breathing patterns matter too 
and this is something ancient 

6243
05:42:25,000 --> 05:42:26,900
practitioners understood 
intuitively. 

6244
05:42:28,100 --> 05:42:31,300
When you deliberately slow and 
deepen, your breathing to inhale

6245
05:42:31,300 --> 05:42:35,500
aromatic smoke, your activating 
your parasympathetic nervous 

6246
05:42:35,500 --> 05:42:39,200
system, the rest and digest mode
that counteract stress 

6247
05:42:39,200 --> 05:42:41,700
responses. 
The compounds in the Smoke, 

6248
05:42:41,700 --> 05:42:45,100
enhance the effect. 
Breathing pattern itself is 

6249
05:42:45,100 --> 05:42:48,400
doing significant work. 
This explains why similar 

6250
05:42:48,400 --> 05:42:50,600
practices emerged in different 
cultures. 

6251
05:42:50,600 --> 05:42:55,300
Humans everywhere have the same 
basic neurobiology the same 

6252
05:42:55,300 --> 05:42:59,200
Olympic system responses to 
aromatic compounds and the same 

6253
05:42:59,200 --> 05:43:02,500
parasympathetic relaxation 
response to slow breathing. 

6254
05:43:03,300 --> 05:43:07,800
Ancient people's in China, India
Rome and the Americas 

6255
05:43:07,800 --> 05:43:11,500
independently discovered that 
burning certain plants and 

6256
05:43:11,500 --> 05:43:15,300
breathing the smoke deeply 
produced specific desirable 

6257
05:43:15,300 --> 05:43:18,500
effects because they were all 
working with the same human 

6258
05:43:18,500 --> 05:43:21,000
Hardware. 
Modern research has also 

6259
05:43:21,000 --> 05:43:23,900
revealed some unexpected 
benefits of certain aromatic 

6260
05:43:23,900 --> 05:43:26,300
compounds. 
Rosemary smoke. 

6261
05:43:26,300 --> 05:43:30,000
For instance, contains molecules
that appear to enhance memory 

6262
05:43:30,000 --> 05:43:33,300
and cognitive function. 
Studies have shown that people 

6263
05:43:33,300 --> 05:43:36,900
performing memory tasks in room 
centered with rosemary, perform 

6264
05:43:36,900 --> 05:43:40,400
better than control groups. 
Ancient peoples who burned 

6265
05:43:40,400 --> 05:43:43,700
Rosemary while studying or 
before important meetings may 

6266
05:43:43,700 --> 05:43:46,900
have been unwittingly using a 
genuine cognitive enhancer 

6267
05:43:46,900 --> 05:43:50,600
interestingly, the communal 
aspects of smoke practices. 

6268
05:43:50,600 --> 05:43:54,500
Also have measurable effects. 
when people participate in 

6269
05:43:54,500 --> 05:43:57,900
shared rituals, whether 
religious incense ceremonies or 

6270
05:43:57,900 --> 05:44:01,900
communal pipes, smoking their 
stress hormones, decrease their 

6271
05:44:01,900 --> 05:44:04,800
sense of social connection 
increases and various measures 

6272
05:44:04,800 --> 05:44:08,200
of well-being improve The smoke 
is part of this. 

6273
05:44:08,200 --> 05:44:12,800
But so is the ritual itself, the
shared experience and the sense 

6274
05:44:12,800 --> 05:44:16,800
of participating in something 
larger than yourself, Placebo 

6275
05:44:16,800 --> 05:44:17,900
effects. 
We mentioned earlier. 

6276
05:44:17,900 --> 05:44:20,900
Turn out to be far more complex 
and interesting than once 

6277
05:44:20,900 --> 05:44:23,600
thought. 
Modern research shows that 

6278
05:44:23,600 --> 05:44:26,300
Placebo responses involved. 
Genuine changes in 

6279
05:44:26,300 --> 05:44:30,000
neurotransmitter levels immune 
function and even gene 

6280
05:44:30,000 --> 05:44:33,200
expression. 
When ancient healers conducted 

6281
05:44:33,200 --> 05:44:36,700
elaborate smoke rituals for sick
patients, they were triggering 

6282
05:44:36,700 --> 05:44:40,000
healing responses that were as 
real as any pharmaceutical 

6283
05:44:40,000 --> 05:44:42,600
effect. 
Even if the mechanisms were 

6284
05:44:42,600 --> 05:44:45,700
completely different from what 
the healers believed there are 

6285
05:44:45,708 --> 05:44:48,100
also risks. 
And modern science has made 

6286
05:44:48,108 --> 05:44:51,300
these clearer than ever. 
Regular smoke, inhalation, 

6287
05:44:51,300 --> 05:44:55,100
regardless of the substance 
damages respiratory tissues and 

6288
05:44:55,100 --> 05:44:57,800
increases risks of various 
cancers and lung diseases. 

6289
05:44:58,700 --> 05:45:01,600
The difference between 
occasional ceremonial incense, 

6290
05:45:01,600 --> 05:45:04,600
exposure and daily tobacco 
smoking is enormous in terms of 

6291
05:45:04,600 --> 05:45:08,000
health outcomes. 
But even aromatic smoke in high 

6292
05:45:08,000 --> 05:45:10,300
concentrations can be 
problematic for people with 

6293
05:45:10,300 --> 05:45:13,200
respiratory conditions. 
This creates an interesting 

6294
05:45:13,200 --> 05:45:15,900
tension. 
The practice is we've been 

6295
05:45:15,900 --> 05:45:19,300
discussing, do have genuine 
effects, psychological 

6296
05:45:19,300 --> 05:45:23,700
neurological and social. 
But they also carry risks that 

6297
05:45:23,700 --> 05:45:26,200
increase with frequency and 
intensity of use. 

6298
05:45:27,000 --> 05:45:29,600
Ancient people's generally. 
Use these practices more 

6299
05:45:29,600 --> 05:45:31,800
sparingly than modern 
recreational smokers. 

6300
05:45:31,800 --> 05:45:35,200
Which likely limited health 
impacts while preserving the 

6301
05:45:35,200 --> 05:45:38,300
ritual and cyclical benefits. 
The modern scientific 

6302
05:45:38,300 --> 05:45:41,300
understanding of smoke and its 
effects suggests that our 

6303
05:45:41,300 --> 05:45:44,500
ancestors were remarkably 
sophisticated observers of human

6304
05:45:44,500 --> 05:45:47,300
consciousness and the substance 
is the altar. 

6305
05:45:47,300 --> 05:45:50,700
It They couldn't explain the 
mechanisms in terms of 

6306
05:45:50,700 --> 05:45:54,200
neurotransmitters and receptor 
sites but they could reliably 

6307
05:45:54,200 --> 05:45:57,600
predict that burning substance 
in context why would produce 

6308
05:45:57,600 --> 05:46:00,300
affect zeed? 
That's empirical science. 

6309
05:46:00,300 --> 05:46:04,300
Even without the theoretical 
Frameworks, we've added now as 

6310
05:46:04,300 --> 05:46:07,800
we move into the present day, 
the story of smoke becomes more 

6311
05:46:07,800 --> 05:46:11,500
personal and immediate You might
have your own experience with 

6312
05:46:11,500 --> 05:46:15,500
incense with the smell of wood 
smoke from a fireplace with the 

6313
05:46:15,508 --> 05:46:20,100
lingering Aroma of sage or sweet
grass or with memories attached 

6314
05:46:20,100 --> 05:46:23,000
to particular sense that rise 
and curling wisps. 

6315
05:46:23,000 --> 05:46:26,300
The relationship between modern 
people and aromatic smokers, 

6316
05:46:26,300 --> 05:46:29,100
complicated, full of 
contradictions that would have 

6317
05:46:29,100 --> 05:46:32,500
baffled our ancestors. 
We know more about the chemistry

6318
05:46:32,500 --> 05:46:35,700
and health effects than any 
previous generation yet, we 

6319
05:46:35,700 --> 05:46:39,600
often use this knowledge poorly.
We have access to aromatics from

6320
05:46:39,600 --> 05:46:42,800
around the world at prices, that
would Astound ancient Merchants.

6321
05:46:42,800 --> 05:46:46,800
Yet, we often fail to appreciate
the depth of traditions behind 

6322
05:46:46,800 --> 05:46:48,800
them. 
Walk into most metaphysical 

6323
05:46:48,800 --> 05:46:52,600
bookstores, yoga studios, or 
wellness centers in the western 

6324
05:46:52,600 --> 05:46:56,200
world, and you'll find incense 
for sale often. 

6325
05:46:56,200 --> 05:47:01,000
Nag Champa from India, but also 
white sage bundles Palo Santos, 

6326
05:47:01,000 --> 05:47:03,800
sticks. 
Copeland and various other 

6327
05:47:03,800 --> 05:47:07,800
aromatics from Traditions 
worldwide. this represents 

6328
05:47:07,800 --> 05:47:11,700
unprecedented access to global 
smoke Traditions, but also 

6329
05:47:11,700 --> 05:47:15,600
raises questions about cultural 
appropriation sustainable 

6330
05:47:15,600 --> 05:47:19,200
harvesting and whether 
transplanted practice is retain 

6331
05:47:19,200 --> 05:47:23,100
their meaning, outside their 
original contexts, The white 

6332
05:47:23,108 --> 05:47:25,700
sage situation is particularly 
instructive. 

6333
05:47:26,600 --> 05:47:29,700
White sages sacred to various 
Native, American peoples, 

6334
05:47:29,700 --> 05:47:32,300
particularly in California, and 
the Southwest. 

6335
05:47:33,400 --> 05:47:37,200
Smudging with white sage burning
bundles of the dried herb to 

6336
05:47:37,200 --> 05:47:40,700
purify spaces is an important 
practice in these traditions. 

6337
05:47:41,700 --> 05:47:44,900
But commercial harvesting has 
put white sage populations under

6338
05:47:44,900 --> 05:47:48,900
pressure and seeing their sacred
plants sold in every new age 

6339
05:47:48,900 --> 05:47:52,300
shop, understandably, bothers, 
many Native Americans. 

6340
05:47:52,300 --> 05:47:56,500
This is the smoke traditional 
encountering, globalization and 

6341
05:47:56,500 --> 05:48:00,100
its complicated. 
On one hand, people worldwide 

6342
05:48:00,100 --> 05:48:04,100
seeking calm and purification 
through aromatic smoke, up 

6343
05:48:04,100 --> 05:48:07,700
participating in fundamentally 
human practices that transcend 

6344
05:48:07,700 --> 05:48:10,700
culture. 
On the other hand, there's 

6345
05:48:10,700 --> 05:48:13,900
something troubling about sacred
Traditions being commodified and

6346
05:48:13,900 --> 05:48:18,100
stripped of their contexts. 
The smoke Remains the Same but 

6347
05:48:18,100 --> 05:48:19,900
the meaning has changed in 
Translation. 

6348
05:48:19,900 --> 05:48:24,100
Meanwhile, incense traditions in
their homelands continue to 

6349
05:48:24,100 --> 05:48:28,300
evolve Visitor Buddhist temple, 
in Taiwan Thailand or Japan. 

6350
05:48:28,300 --> 05:48:32,000
And you'll find practices that 
combine ancient formulations 

6351
05:48:32,000 --> 05:48:35,900
with modern sense of abilities. 
The incense might be made using 

6352
05:48:35,900 --> 05:48:38,600
traditional recipes but 
manufactured and climate 

6353
05:48:38,600 --> 05:48:42,100
controlled facilities with 
quality testing that ensures 

6354
05:48:42,100 --> 05:48:45,600
consistent products. 
The rituals continue. 

6355
05:48:45,600 --> 05:48:48,400
But in buildings that have 
electric lights, air 

6356
05:48:48,400 --> 05:48:52,200
conditioning, and live stream 
services for distant devotees in

6357
05:48:52,200 --> 05:48:54,600
India. 
The incense industry has become 

6358
05:48:54,600 --> 05:48:58,500
a significant economic sector 
employing, thousands of people 

6359
05:48:58,500 --> 05:49:01,200
in traditional craft 
manufacturing that's been 

6360
05:49:01,200 --> 05:49:04,400
modernized with without being 
completely industrialized. 

6361
05:49:05,300 --> 05:49:07,400
Families that have made incense 
for Generations. 

6362
05:49:07,400 --> 05:49:10,700
Now export their products 
globally while maintaining 

6363
05:49:10,700 --> 05:49:13,500
recipes and techniques passed 
down through the centuries. 

6364
05:49:13,500 --> 05:49:17,800
Its traditional adapting to 
modernity finding ways to 

6365
05:49:17,808 --> 05:49:20,500
continue that. 
Don't require rejecting change 

6366
05:49:20,500 --> 05:49:22,900
in entirely the medical use of 
aromatic. 

6367
05:49:22,900 --> 05:49:26,500
Smoke has largely disappeared in
developed countries, replaced by

6368
05:49:26,508 --> 05:49:29,900
more reliable pharmaceutical. 
Approaches the doctrine isn't 

6369
05:49:29,900 --> 05:49:32,800
going to prescribe therapeutic 
fumigation for your respiratory 

6370
05:49:32,800 --> 05:49:35,200
infection. 
They'll give you antibiotics or 

6371
05:49:35,200 --> 05:49:38,900
antivirals. 
The aromatherapy, the use of 

6372
05:49:38,908 --> 05:49:42,400
essential oils and aromatic 
compounds for psychological and 

6373
05:49:42,400 --> 05:49:45,000
Mild. 
Physical benefits has found a 

6374
05:49:45,000 --> 05:49:48,400
niche as complementary medicine,
essential oil, diffusers 

6375
05:49:48,400 --> 05:49:51,000
represent an interesting 
evolution of smoke practice, 

6376
05:49:51,000 --> 05:49:53,700
instead of burning aromatic 
substances. 

6377
05:49:53,700 --> 05:49:57,800
These devices vaporize essential
oils and water, creating a 

6378
05:49:57,800 --> 05:50:00,000
fragrant Mist that disperses 
through a room. 

6379
05:50:00,000 --> 05:50:05,600
It smoke without combustion 
aromatics without Ash and a 

6380
05:50:05,600 --> 05:50:08,400
sanitized version of ancient 
practices adapted for modern 

6381
05:50:08,400 --> 05:50:11,000
homes that have smoked detectors
and fire codes. 

6382
05:50:11,000 --> 05:50:14,500
Does it work? 
Yes, and no. 

6383
05:50:15,700 --> 05:50:19,200
The aromatic compounds still 
affect the limbic system still 

6384
05:50:19,200 --> 05:50:22,400
produce cycle responses and 
still create Pleasant 

6385
05:50:22,400 --> 05:50:25,500
environments. 
But something is lost when you 

6386
05:50:25,508 --> 05:50:27,600
remove the visual element of 
smoke Rising. 

6387
05:50:27,600 --> 05:50:32,400
The slight edge of danger from 
working with fire and the 

6388
05:50:32,400 --> 05:50:35,700
ritualized aspects of preparing 
and lighting incense. 

6389
05:50:36,500 --> 05:50:39,900
The diffuser is more convenient 
and probably safer but 

6390
05:50:39,900 --> 05:50:42,700
convenient and safety. 
At the only value that matter, 

6391
05:50:42,700 --> 05:50:45,800
the cigarette culture that 
dominated much of the 20th 

6392
05:50:45,800 --> 05:50:49,100
century as finally declining as 
health consequences, become 

6393
05:50:49,100 --> 05:50:52,400
undeniable and social acceptance
of evaporate. 

6394
05:50:53,400 --> 05:50:55,700
Fewer people. 
Smoke cigarettes now than at any

6395
05:50:55,700 --> 05:50:57,700
time. 
Since the 1920s in most 

6396
05:50:57,700 --> 05:51:01,200
developed countries. 
This is undoubtedly good for 

6397
05:51:01,200 --> 05:51:04,500
public health but it's also 
removed one of the few remaining

6398
05:51:04,500 --> 05:51:07,100
widespread smoke practices from 
everyday life. 

6399
05:51:07,100 --> 05:51:10,500
Some of this void has been 
filled by cannabis legalization 

6400
05:51:10,500 --> 05:51:14,600
in various jurisdictions as 
cannabis becomes legal for 

6401
05:51:14,600 --> 05:51:17,700
recreational. 
Use New Traditions and practices

6402
05:51:17,700 --> 05:51:19,400
are emerging around its 
consumption. 

6403
05:51:20,400 --> 05:51:24,100
Some of these Echo older 
Traditions the past joined as a 

6404
05:51:24,100 --> 05:51:27,200
social bonding ritual has 
parallels to passed pipes in 

6405
05:51:27,208 --> 05:51:32,100
various cultures Others are 
distinctly, modern vaporizes and

6406
05:51:32,100 --> 05:51:35,500
Edibles representing, approaches
to cannabis consumption, that 

6407
05:51:35,500 --> 05:51:37,700
minimize or eliminate smoke 
entirely. 

6408
05:51:37,700 --> 05:51:41,600
The use of incense and religious
and spiritual context continues 

6409
05:51:41,600 --> 05:51:45,700
worldwide relatively unchanged 
by modernity's other 

6410
05:51:45,700 --> 05:51:48,900
transformations. 
Walk in to a Catholic Church 

6411
05:51:48,900 --> 05:51:53,500
during high mass visit a Hindu 
temple during Puja or attend. 

6412
05:51:53,500 --> 05:51:57,300
A Buddhist Meditation session. 
You'll encounter aromatic smoke 

6413
05:51:57,300 --> 05:52:00,400
being used for purposes, that 
would be instantly recognizable 

6414
05:52:00,400 --> 05:52:02,200
to practitioners from centuries 
ago. 

6415
05:52:02,900 --> 05:52:06,200
This continuity is remarkable 
given how much else has changed?

6416
05:52:06,200 --> 05:52:09,900
Interestingly, there's been a 
modern Revival of interest in 

6417
05:52:09,900 --> 05:52:13,300
contemplative practices 
generally and incense as 

6418
05:52:13,300 --> 05:52:17,200
followed along. 
Mindfulness meditation, which 

6419
05:52:17,200 --> 05:52:20,100
has become surprisingly 
mainstream in secular Western 

6420
05:52:20,100 --> 05:52:24,100
culture, often incorporates 
incense as a focus for attention

6421
05:52:24,100 --> 05:52:28,900
or simply as atmosphere. 
The practice has been stripped 

6422
05:52:28,900 --> 05:52:33,000
of religious associations but 
retains the basic Insight that 

6423
05:52:33,000 --> 05:52:37,900
aromatic smoke can help create 
mental States, conducive to calm

6424
05:52:37,900 --> 05:52:40,300
awareness. 
The Japanese incense ceremony 

6425
05:52:40,300 --> 05:52:44,300
codo has even founded here at 
Japan though. 

6426
05:52:44,300 --> 05:52:47,100
Whether these practitioners 
fully appreciate the aesthetic 

6427
05:52:47,100 --> 05:52:49,600
and philosophical depth of the 
tradition is debatable. 

6428
05:52:50,600 --> 05:52:53,700
Still, the fact that people are 
willing to spend hours learning 

6429
05:52:53,700 --> 05:52:56,900
to distinguish subtle, 
differences and aromatic Woods 

6430
05:52:56,900 --> 05:52:59,600
suggest that ancient approaches 
to smoke. 

6431
05:52:59,600 --> 05:53:03,500
Appreciation can still resonate 
with modern sense, abilities. 

6432
05:53:03,500 --> 05:53:07,200
Environmental concerns are 
adding New Dimensions to how we 

6433
05:53:07,200 --> 05:53:10,400
think about smoke. 
Burning incense or anything else

6434
05:53:10,400 --> 05:53:14,200
releases particular matter and 
various chemicals in to the air.

6435
05:53:15,100 --> 05:53:19,100
In indoor air quality has become
a recognized Health concern and 

6436
05:53:19,100 --> 05:53:22,100
burning substance is in doors. 
Regularly isn't great for it. 

6437
05:53:22,800 --> 05:53:26,600
This creates another tension. 
Practices that brought calm to 

6438
05:53:26,600 --> 05:53:29,500
countless Generations. 
Now faced questions about 

6439
05:53:29,500 --> 05:53:31,800
whether they're worth the 
environmental and health costs. 

6440
05:53:32,600 --> 05:53:35,300
There's also the simple fact 
that many modern people don't 

6441
05:53:35,300 --> 05:53:37,100
know how to safely work with 
fire. 

6442
05:53:38,000 --> 05:53:41,500
We've outsourced flame to gas. 
Stoves furnaces and pilot lights

6443
05:53:41,500 --> 05:53:45,200
controlled automatic. 
Requiring no attention. 

6444
05:53:46,100 --> 05:53:49,000
The idea of deliberately 
lighting something on fire and 

6445
05:53:49,000 --> 05:53:51,400
managing it while. 
It burns is foreign to people 

6446
05:53:51,400 --> 05:53:54,300
who've grown up with smoke 
detectors, that sound at the 

6447
05:53:54,308 --> 05:53:59,200
first hint of combustion. 
Ancient practices assume a 

6448
05:53:59,200 --> 05:54:02,400
comfort level with fire. 
That many modern people simply 

6449
05:54:02,400 --> 05:54:06,800
lack yet, the fundamental human 
responses to aromatic smoke have

6450
05:54:06,800 --> 05:54:09,600
not changed. 
When you smell Sandalwood or 

6451
05:54:09,600 --> 05:54:13,200
frankincense, your brain, 
processes it using the same 

6452
05:54:13,200 --> 05:54:16,500
neural Pathways that lit up in 
ancient Egyptians brain. 

6453
05:54:17,600 --> 05:54:21,000
When you watch smoke curl and 
Rise, you're seeing the same 

6454
05:54:21,000 --> 05:54:24,100
patterns that fascinated 
Mesopotamian diviners. 

6455
05:54:25,300 --> 05:54:28,100
When you associate certain 
smells with calm or 

6456
05:54:28,100 --> 05:54:31,100
contemplation, you are 
participating in conditioning 

6457
05:54:31,100 --> 05:54:33,400
processes. 
That humans have been using for 

6458
05:54:33,400 --> 05:54:36,800
Millennia as we approach the end
of our journey through smokes 

6459
05:54:36,800 --> 05:54:39,300
history. 
It's worth pausing to reflect on

6460
05:54:39,300 --> 05:54:43,200
why this matters, why the story 
of Humanity's relationship with 

6461
05:54:43,200 --> 05:54:46,700
aromatic smoke, deserves 
telling, and what it reveals 

6462
05:54:46,700 --> 05:54:50,000
about, who we are as a species 
at the most basic level. 

6463
05:54:50,000 --> 05:54:53,300
The story of smoke is a story 
about human curiosity and 

6464
05:54:53,300 --> 05:54:57,000
experimentation Our ancestors 
didn't have to figure out the 

6465
05:54:57,000 --> 05:55:00,200
burning certain plants produced 
Pleasant or interesting effects.

6466
05:55:01,000 --> 05:55:03,500
They could have just burned. 
What ever would was convenient 

6467
05:55:03,500 --> 05:55:05,500
and being content with warmth 
and Light? 

6468
05:55:06,800 --> 05:55:11,700
Humans, don't work that way. 
We experiment, observe remember 

6469
05:55:11,700 --> 05:55:15,900
and refine. 
We notice patterns and explore 

6470
05:55:15,900 --> 05:55:19,200
possibilities. 
We turn accidental discoveries 

6471
05:55:19,200 --> 05:55:22,800
into deliberate practices. 
The fact that humans in wildly 

6472
05:55:22,800 --> 05:55:24,900
different cultures, 
independently, discovered, 

6473
05:55:24,900 --> 05:55:28,200
similarly uses for aromatic, 
smoke tells us something about 

6474
05:55:28,200 --> 05:55:33,500
Universal human needs, Across 
every continent in climates from

6475
05:55:33,500 --> 05:55:36,700
Arctic, to Tropical people 
sought ways to alter 

6476
05:55:36,700 --> 05:55:39,400
Consciousness, create Sacred 
Space. 

6477
05:55:39,400 --> 05:55:44,800
Mark, important moments, find 
relief from pain or anxiety, and

6478
05:55:44,800 --> 05:55:47,400
connect with something Beyond 
every day reality. 

6479
05:55:48,400 --> 05:55:50,900
Smoke became one tool among many
for meeting. 

6480
05:55:50,900 --> 05:55:54,200
These needs, this suggests that 
the desire for altered. 

6481
05:55:54,200 --> 05:55:57,000
Consciousness isn't a pathology 
or a weakness. 

6482
05:55:57,000 --> 05:56:00,400
But a fundamental aspect of 
human psychology. 

6483
05:56:01,300 --> 05:56:04,200
We're not meant to exist in one 
constant state. 

6484
05:56:04,800 --> 05:56:08,500
We need Variety in our 
experiences access to different 

6485
05:56:08,500 --> 05:56:11,900
modes of Consciousness and ways 
to step outside ordinary 

6486
05:56:11,900 --> 05:56:14,200
perception and see from 
different angles. 

6487
05:56:15,400 --> 05:56:19,700
Aromatic smoke provided this for
most of human history, which is 

6488
05:56:19,700 --> 05:56:23,500
why its practices spread so 
widely and persisted so long, 

6489
05:56:23,500 --> 05:56:27,100
the story of smoke in a story 
about the tension between 

6490
05:56:27,100 --> 05:56:30,400
material and meaning. 
Smoke is a physical phenomenon, 

6491
05:56:30,400 --> 05:56:34,700
combustion producing particular 
matter, suspended in air. 

6492
05:56:35,800 --> 05:56:38,800
Human's of never been content to
treat it as merely physical. 

6493
05:56:39,700 --> 05:56:43,700
We've invested smoke with 
meaningless used as a language 

6494
05:56:43,700 --> 05:56:46,100
for Concepts. 
That can't be expressed in words

6495
05:56:46,100 --> 05:56:48,900
alone. 
And made it carry our hopes and 

6496
05:56:48,900 --> 05:56:53,100
prayers to rails, we can't 
directly perceive this capacity 

6497
05:56:53,100 --> 05:56:56,100
to see beyond the purely 
physical to find meaning in 

6498
05:56:56,100 --> 05:56:59,000
natural phenomena to create 
symbol systems. 

6499
05:56:59,000 --> 05:57:00,900
That let us think about abstract
Concepts. 

6500
05:57:00,900 --> 05:57:05,600
This is distinctly human. 
Other animals might enjoy 

6501
05:57:05,600 --> 05:57:09,500
Pleasant smells, but only humans
burn aromatics in specific 

6502
05:57:09,500 --> 05:57:12,300
contexts to deliberately alter 
their mental States. 

6503
05:57:12,300 --> 05:57:15,300
While simultaneously, expressing
spiritual beliefs through the 

6504
05:57:15,300 --> 05:57:18,200
act itself. 
The global spread of smoked 

6505
05:57:18,200 --> 05:57:21,100
Traditions through trade routes 
tells us something about human 

6506
05:57:21,100 --> 05:57:25,200
connectivity, We tend to think 
of ancient people as isolated in

6507
05:57:25,200 --> 05:57:28,700
their own cultures but the fact 
that frankincense from Southern 

6508
05:57:28,700 --> 05:57:32,500
Arabia ended up in Chinese 
temples that tobacco from the 

6509
05:57:32,500 --> 05:57:34,700
Americas reached Asia within 
decades. 

6510
05:57:35,500 --> 05:57:39,000
And that incense formulas, 
spread across continents, all 

6511
05:57:39,000 --> 05:57:42,300
this reveals networks of human 
connection that were 

6512
05:57:42,300 --> 05:57:44,400
surprisingly robust and 
far-reaching. 

6513
05:57:44,400 --> 05:57:47,400
These trade networks weren't 
just about economics. 

6514
05:57:47,400 --> 05:57:51,300
They were about shared human 
experience's about the 

6515
05:57:51,308 --> 05:57:54,100
recognition that people in 
distant lands, were seeking 

6516
05:57:54,100 --> 05:57:58,800
similar things. 
Calm transcendents healing and 

6517
05:57:58,800 --> 05:58:02,400
connection to the divine The 
merchant who carried 

6518
05:58:02,400 --> 05:58:05,400
frankincense from Arabia to Rome
was carrying more than a 

6519
05:58:05,408 --> 05:58:08,400
commodity. 
They were carrying one cultures 

6520
05:58:08,400 --> 05:58:11,900
approached to these Universal 
needs and introducing it to 

6521
05:58:11,908 --> 05:58:14,200
people who would adapt it to 
their own purposes. 

6522
05:58:14,200 --> 05:58:17,800
The evolution of smoke practices
over time shows, human 

6523
05:58:17,800 --> 05:58:22,400
creativity and adaptability Same
basic principle. 

6524
05:58:22,400 --> 05:58:26,300
Burning aromatic substances and 
breathing or being present with 

6525
05:58:26,300 --> 05:58:29,900
the smoke has been endlessly 
varied and refined. 

6526
05:58:30,700 --> 05:58:34,800
From cave, fires to Temple 
sensors, to ceremonial pipes, to

6527
05:58:34,800 --> 05:58:38,800
Modern, incense sticks. 
Humans have found countless ways

6528
05:58:38,800 --> 05:58:40,500
to engage with this simple 
practice. 

6529
05:58:40,500 --> 05:58:44,300
Each variation reflecting 
different values Technologies 

6530
05:58:44,300 --> 05:58:47,700
and cultural contexts. 
There's something deeply 

6531
05:58:47,700 --> 05:58:51,000
Democratic about smoke 
practices, unlike some 

6532
05:58:51,000 --> 05:58:54,200
technologies that require rare 
materials or expert knowledge. 

6533
05:58:54,200 --> 05:58:58,400
Almost anyone can burn our 
aromatic substances and benefit 

6534
05:58:58,400 --> 05:59:02,000
from the experience. 
Yes, there are elaborate 

6535
05:59:02,000 --> 05:59:05,800
Traditions that require years to
master but the basic practice is

6536
05:59:05,800 --> 05:59:09,600
accessible to everyone. 
This accessibility helps explain

6537
05:59:09,600 --> 05:59:14,200
why smoke practice is spread, so
widely and persisted across huge

6538
05:59:14,200 --> 05:59:18,000
difference in wealth, power and 
social organization. 

6539
05:59:18,000 --> 05:59:21,100
The modern decline of some 
smoke, Traditions, raises 

6540
05:59:21,100 --> 05:59:24,300
questions about what we're 
losing. not just specific 

6541
05:59:24,300 --> 05:59:27,600
practices, but a whole way of 
engaging with Consciousness 

6542
05:59:27,600 --> 05:59:32,700
ritual, and the Mistral world, 
when we replace incense with 

6543
05:59:32,700 --> 05:59:36,300
room deodorizers, when we 
substitute essential old, 

6544
05:59:36,300 --> 05:59:39,800
diffusers for sensors, when we 
eliminate smoke practices 

6545
05:59:39,800 --> 05:59:43,800
entirely due to health concerns,
what are we giving up along with

6546
05:59:43,800 --> 05:59:46,500
what we gain? 
This isn't a call to reject 

6547
05:59:46,500 --> 05:59:50,900
modernity or ignore legitimate 
health concerns but it is worth 

6548
05:59:50,900 --> 05:59:54,900
recognizing that our ancestors 
smoke practices emerged from and

6549
05:59:54,900 --> 05:59:58,100
spoke to genuine human needs 
that don't disappear. 

6550
05:59:58,100 --> 06:00:01,600
Just because we've developed new
technologies, The need for 

6551
06:00:01,600 --> 06:00:03,900
ritual for moments of 
deliberate. 

6552
06:00:03,900 --> 06:00:07,100
Calm, the sensory experience? 
Is that anchor Us in the 

6553
06:00:07,100 --> 06:00:09,300
present? 
These persist, whether we 

6554
06:00:09,300 --> 06:00:12,100
acknowledge them or not. 
Perhaps, what's most remarkable 

6555
06:00:12,100 --> 06:00:13,800
is? 
How such a simple thing. 

6556
06:00:13,800 --> 06:00:18,000
Aromatic smoke could carry so 
much weight across so many 

6557
06:00:18,008 --> 06:00:21,400
cultures and so many centuries. 
We've developed. 

6558
06:00:21,400 --> 06:00:25,200
Incredibly sophisticated 
Technologies map the human 

6559
06:00:25,200 --> 06:00:28,300
genome and sent probes to the 
edge of the solar system. 

6560
06:00:29,100 --> 06:00:32,400
Yet something as basic as 
burning aromatic resins and 

6561
06:00:32,400 --> 06:00:35,500
breathing, the smoke can still 
produce experiences that modern 

6562
06:00:35,500 --> 06:00:39,300
science fully explains but can't
quite replicate through. 

6563
06:00:39,300 --> 06:00:44,000
Any other means the smell of 
Frankenstein's or Sandalwood the

6564
06:00:44,000 --> 06:00:48,400
site of smoke curling upward, 
the taste of aromatic Vapor on 

6565
06:00:48,400 --> 06:00:51,500
your tongue. 
These experiences connect you 

6566
06:00:51,500 --> 06:00:55,600
directly to humans who lived 
thousands of years ago, who 

6567
06:00:55,600 --> 06:00:59,000
found in the same smells and 
sights access to States Of 

6568
06:00:59,000 --> 06:01:01,900
Consciousness. 
They valued It's a form of time 

6569
06:01:01,900 --> 06:01:05,600
travel, not through technology 
but through shared experience 

6570
06:01:05,600 --> 06:01:08,700
across the centuries. 
As you finish this story and 

6571
06:01:08,700 --> 06:01:11,300
prepare for sleep, you might be 
more aware of the air. 

6572
06:01:11,300 --> 06:01:14,900
You're breathing the way sense. 
Linger, in your room, and the 

6573
06:01:14,900 --> 06:01:17,300
quality of Stillness that can 
settle over a space in the 

6574
06:01:17,300 --> 06:01:20,500
evening. 
These awarenesses are part of 

6575
06:01:20,500 --> 06:01:24,600
what smoke practices cultivated.
Tension to subtle. 

6576
06:01:24,600 --> 06:01:28,100
Sensory experience is 
recognition that the invisible 

6577
06:01:28,100 --> 06:01:31,400
can be as important as the 
visible and understanding that 

6578
06:01:31,400 --> 06:01:33,800
Consciousness is not fixed but 
fluid. 

6579
06:01:34,500 --> 06:01:36,900
The story of smoke is in the 
end. 

6580
06:01:36,900 --> 06:01:40,800
Your story too. 
Whether you've ever burned in 

6581
06:01:40,800 --> 06:01:44,100
sense or not, whether you have 
any personal smoke practices or 

6582
06:01:44,100 --> 06:01:48,100
not, your part of a species that
has been exploring Consciousness

6583
06:01:48,100 --> 06:01:53,200
seeking calm and finding meaning
in Rising wisps for hundreds of 

6584
06:01:53,208 --> 06:01:57,000
thousands of years that's worth 
remembering as you drift towards

6585
06:01:57,000 --> 06:01:59,300
sleep. 
You're not separate from this 

6586
06:01:59,300 --> 06:02:01,600
history. 
You're its latest chapter 

6587
06:02:01,600 --> 06:02:05,200
carrying forward, patterns of 
human experience that stretch 

6588
06:02:05,200 --> 06:02:08,600
back to those first cave 
dwellers, who threw aromatic 

6589
06:02:08,600 --> 06:02:11,900
branches on their fires and 
discovered that the world could 

6590
06:02:11,900 --> 06:02:15,600
suddenly seemed different more 
spacious and more full of 

6591
06:02:15,600 --> 06:02:18,500
possibility. 
The practice is change, the 

6592
06:02:18,500 --> 06:02:21,600
substances vary, and the 
cultural context shift. 

6593
06:02:21,600 --> 06:02:25,000
But the underlying human, 
impulses remain constant. 

6594
06:02:25,800 --> 06:02:28,100
We seek moments of Peace in 
difficult times. 

6595
06:02:28,100 --> 06:02:32,100
We create rituals to Mark the 
sacred and separate it from the 

6596
06:02:32,100 --> 06:02:35,000
mundane. 
We use our sensei's to Anchor 

6597
06:02:35,000 --> 06:02:39,200
ourselves in the present moment.
We explore altered state of 

6598
06:02:39,200 --> 06:02:41,100
consciousness because ordinary 
Consciousness. 

6599
06:02:41,100 --> 06:02:45,200
While necessary is not 
sufficient for a fully human 

6600
06:02:45,200 --> 06:02:49,500
life, smoke visible. 
Breath transformation made 

6601
06:02:49,500 --> 06:02:53,600
tangible, the boundary between 
solid and are serves all these 

6602
06:02:53,600 --> 06:02:56,700
purposes and more. 
It's been medicine and Sacrament

6603
06:02:56,700 --> 06:03:00,300
recreational therapy art form 
and spiritual practice. 

6604
06:03:00,300 --> 06:03:04,100
It's linked distant, cultures, 
and revealed, common Humanity. 

6605
06:03:04,900 --> 06:03:08,400
It's been studied by scientists 
and Mystics sought by Kings and 

6606
06:03:08,400 --> 06:03:11,900
available to peasants tomorrow. 
You might smell wood smoke from 

6607
06:03:11,900 --> 06:03:15,800
a neighbor's fireplace or 
incense from a nearby Temple or 

6608
06:03:15,800 --> 06:03:18,500
simply the lingering Aroma of 
your evening tea. 

6609
06:03:19,300 --> 06:03:22,600
When you do, you might remember 
this story and recognize that 

6610
06:03:22,600 --> 06:03:25,500
your experiencing something 
humans have found meaningful for

6611
06:03:25,500 --> 06:03:27,100
longer than we've had written 
language. 

6612
06:03:28,000 --> 06:03:30,800
You might notice how the smell 
effects your mood, how your 

6613
06:03:30,808 --> 06:03:34,100
breathing changes, and how the 
moment feels slightly different 

6614
06:03:34,100 --> 06:03:37,500
from moments without that 
aromatic presence, or you might 

6615
06:03:37,500 --> 06:03:41,500
not, you might simply go about 
your day unaware of the ancient 

6616
06:03:41,500 --> 06:03:43,900
Traditions playing out in the 
background of Modern Life. 

6617
06:03:44,700 --> 06:03:47,800
Either way, the smoke will 
continue to rise carrying with 

6618
06:03:47,800 --> 06:03:51,200
it meaning and memories 
accumulated across Millennia. 

6619
06:03:51,200 --> 06:03:54,600
The practice is we've discussed 
face and uncertain, future 

6620
06:03:54,600 --> 06:03:59,800
climate, change urbanization, 
health concerns, and cultural 

6621
06:03:59,800 --> 06:04:02,400
shifts. 
All challenged traditional smoke

6622
06:04:02,400 --> 06:04:05,200
practices Some will adapt and 
continue. 

6623
06:04:05,200 --> 06:04:09,200
Others will fade a new forms. 
Will emerge that we can't yet 

6624
06:04:09,200 --> 06:04:12,100
predict But the human needs 
these practices. 

6625
06:04:12,100 --> 06:04:16,000
Address aren't going anywhere, 
which suggests that some form of

6626
06:04:16,000 --> 06:04:19,600
smoke, traditional will persist.
As long as humans do perhaps 

6627
06:04:19,600 --> 06:04:21,600
future. 
Historians will look back at our

6628
06:04:21,600 --> 06:04:24,800
area, as the moment when 
Humanity's ancient relationship 

6629
06:04:24,800 --> 06:04:28,100
with aromatic, smoke underwent, 
its most dramatic 

6630
06:04:28,100 --> 06:04:32,500
transformation, Or perhaps, 
they'll see our time as just 

6631
06:04:32,500 --> 06:04:37,300
another adaptation in an ongoing
story that continues to unfold 

6632
06:04:37,300 --> 06:04:39,400
in ways, both familiar and 
surprising. 

6633
06:04:39,400 --> 06:04:42,500
What we can say with certainty, 
is that smoke has been a 

6634
06:04:42,500 --> 06:04:45,400
faithful companion to human 
consciousness for longer than 

6635
06:04:45,400 --> 06:04:47,600
any other deliberately sought 
altered state. 

6636
06:04:48,300 --> 06:04:52,700
Before alcohol, fermentation 
before Plant cultivation before 

6637
06:04:52,700 --> 06:04:56,500
writing or wheels or cities. 
Humans were burning aromatic 

6638
06:04:56,500 --> 06:04:59,500
substances and discovering that 
the right smoke at the right 

6639
06:04:59,500 --> 06:05:01,600
time could open doors to 
experience. 

6640
06:05:01,600 --> 06:05:04,900
That made life more bearable and
sometimes Transcendent. 

6641
06:05:04,900 --> 06:05:08,800
That's not a small thing that's 
evidence that humans have always

6642
06:05:08,800 --> 06:05:12,700
been more than just survival 
machines focused on food shelter

6643
06:05:12,700 --> 06:05:16,300
and reproduction Where 
meaning-making creatures 

6644
06:05:16,300 --> 06:05:20,000
Consciousness exploring animals?
Being who seek? 

6645
06:05:20,000 --> 06:05:23,000
Not just to live but to 
experience living fully in all 

6646
06:05:23,000 --> 06:05:26,300
its varieties and depths as you 
close your eyes and feel 

6647
06:05:26,300 --> 06:05:28,200
yourself beginning to drift into
sleep. 

6648
06:05:29,100 --> 06:05:31,800
Imagine for a moment, all the 
people are all the centuries who

6649
06:05:31,800 --> 06:05:35,100
have laned down at Days end with
the smell of aromatic smoke, 

6650
06:05:35,100 --> 06:05:37,100
still lingering in their 
awareness. 

6651
06:05:38,000 --> 06:05:42,100
Roman priestesses are after a 
day of Temple service, Chinese 

6652
06:05:42,100 --> 06:05:44,300
Scholars. 
After evening study sessions. 

6653
06:05:45,100 --> 06:05:48,400
Native American Elders off to 
ceremonial pipe sharing. 

6654
06:05:49,200 --> 06:05:54,000
Medieval monks after even song. 
Victorian gentlemen after 

6655
06:05:54,000 --> 06:05:57,200
contemplative pipe smoking, 
you're part of that vast 

6656
06:05:57,200 --> 06:06:00,400
invisible Community. 
All the humans who have sought 

6657
06:06:00,400 --> 06:06:05,100
and found moments of Peace 
Insight or Transcendence through

6658
06:06:05,100 --> 06:06:08,400
the simple Act of being present 
with aromatic smoke. 

6659
06:06:09,300 --> 06:06:13,400
The specific practices differ, 
the beliefs vary, and the 

6660
06:06:13,400 --> 06:06:17,800
cultural context shift. 
But the experience connects you 

6661
06:06:17,800 --> 06:06:22,400
across time to countless others 
who breathe deeply, watch, Smoke

6662
06:06:22,400 --> 06:06:26,600
Rise and felt something shift in
their awareness sleep. 

6663
06:06:26,600 --> 06:06:29,300
Well, knowing that the air you 
breathe has carried, not just 

6664
06:06:29,300 --> 06:06:32,100
oxygen, but meaning for, as long
as humans have existed. 

6665
06:06:33,300 --> 06:06:36,400
The darkness that gathers around
you as you sleep once glowed 

6666
06:06:36,400 --> 06:06:39,600
with firelight and the 
Stillness, you enter was filled 

6667
06:06:39,600 --> 06:06:43,700
with the scent of sacred smoke. 
You're not alone in this moment.

6668
06:06:43,700 --> 06:06:47,500
You're a company by ancestors 
Beyond counting who founded in 

6669
06:06:47,508 --> 06:06:50,000
Smoke something worth 
preserving, and passing down 

6670
06:06:50,000 --> 06:06:53,400
tomorrow will bring its own 
challenges and joys, its own 

6671
06:06:53,400 --> 06:06:56,800
moments of stress and peace. 
But you'll carry with you. 

6672
06:06:56,800 --> 06:07:00,300
Now, this story, this awareness 
that Karma has always been 

6673
06:07:00,300 --> 06:07:03,000
available. 
That humans have always found 

6674
06:07:03,000 --> 06:07:06,900
ways to create space for 
reflection and renewal and that 

6675
06:07:06,900 --> 06:07:10,400
something as simple as aromatic.
Smoke, has served as a bridge to

6676
06:07:10,400 --> 06:07:13,600
better states of mind for longer
than we can fully comprehend. 

6677
06:07:13,600 --> 06:07:17,100
And if you choose to light 
incense, or simply notice the 

6678
06:07:17,100 --> 06:07:20,300
scent of wood smoke drifting, 
past your window, you'll do so, 

6679
06:07:20,300 --> 06:07:22,900
with deeper understanding of 
what your participating in. 

6680
06:07:23,700 --> 06:07:27,300
Not just a personal preference 
or a pleasant smell, but a 

6681
06:07:27,300 --> 06:07:30,200
practice that connects you to 
the oldest most persistent human

6682
06:07:30,200 --> 06:07:34,100
Traditions. 
The last Ember glows Fades and 

6683
06:07:34,100 --> 06:07:38,200
finally goes dark. 
The smoke Rises One Last Time, 

6684
06:07:38,200 --> 06:07:42,200
thinning, as it climbs becoming 
invisible, as it joins the air. 

6685
06:07:43,200 --> 06:07:47,600
Story continues even as this 
telling ends rest now.