The Entire Life & Legacy Of Genghis Khan | Boring History

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Well, hello, there my potatoes. 
I can tell you you need some 

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rest, so let's snuggle up. 
And let me tell you a story here

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where we Ease Into The Life and 
Legacy of Genghis Khan. 

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Not as a storm of Conquest but 
as a story of movement 

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leadership, and the lasting 
patterns, one life can leave 

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across Generations. 
If this content helps you 

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unwind, feel free to drop a 
follow. 

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If you have not already or leave
a like and tell me how life has 

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been down below in the comments.
Now settle closer to the warmth.

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Let your head sink into the 
pillow, slow your breathing and 

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let the fire guide us gently 
into the story. 

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Wake on a spring morning in the 
year. 1162 somewhere on the 

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Mongolian steppe near the honor 
River. 

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This isn't your story exactly 
your witnessing, the story of a 

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boy named to Megyn born, just 
days ago, in a felt tent much 

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like the one you're inhabiting 
now. 

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His father, yesu gay is a minor 
chief of the board game Clan. 

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And according to the midwives 
present at the birth, The baby 

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emerged, clutching a blood clot,
the size of a knuckle bone in 

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his tiny fist. 
People will argue for years 

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about what this Omen means. 
Some say, it predicted, he'd be 

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a great warrior, others claim it
foretold that he'd spill rivers 

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of blood. 
Looking back from where we sit 

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now, maybe both interpretations 
were correct. 

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Yes, we gave himself is an 
interesting figure worth 

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understanding because he shapes 
his sons early world view. 

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He skilled enough to survive in 
the brutal world of Step 

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politics, connected enough to 
arrange advantageous marriages 

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and violent enough to have 
kidnapped in his mother, Holland

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from a Merced tribesmen on her 
wedding day. 

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This act of bride theft is 
fairly common on the step, but 

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it creates a blood Feud that 
will haunt the family for years.

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Tim's Early Childhood unfolds in
the typical pattern of Step 

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life. 
He learns to ride almost before.

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He can walk properly spending 
hours on Horseback until the 

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saddle. 
Feels more natural than walking.

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He learns which plants are 
edible and which will make you 

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violently ill, while dunnes 
Lily, Roots, berries, and 

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seasons and how to avoid the 
ones that cause convulsions. he 

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learns to track Animals by 
studying bent grass and 

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Disturbed soil, reading the 
landscape, like you'd read a 

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book, He learns the complex web 
of Clan relationships that 

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Define his world who his family 
is allied with, who their 

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feuding with and why these 
distinctions matter more than 

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almost anything else. 
The steps Society he grows up in

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operates on principles that seem
harsh to outside as but make 

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perfect sense in an environment 
where survival margins are thin.

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Your clan is your insurance 
policy, your military Alliance, 

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your social network and your 
identity all rolled into one. 

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Loyalty to family and Clan comes
before almost everything else, 

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honor and reputation matter 
enormously because your word is 

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often all the guarantee. 
You can offer in transactions, 

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Hospitality to guests is sacred 
because you never know when 

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you'll be the one needing 
shelter. 

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Temujin has several siblings 
Brothers, Haase hache, and 

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temuge born to heal and plus 
half, brother's beta and 

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Belgrade from yesterday's other 
wife. 

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There's all a sister tamelen. 
This family structure with 

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children from multiple mothers, 
his common among men of yesu gay

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status. 
Creates both strength through 

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numbers and tension, through 
competing loyalties. 

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When temujin is around 9 years 
old, yes, the game makes a 

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crucial decision, he takes his 
son to visit the ongar at tribe 

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where Holland's family comes 
from hoping to arrange a 

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marriage Alliance. 
They meet a man named deshane 

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who has a daughter named Berta. 
She's slightly older than 

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temujin which is fine. 
Step, marriages are about 

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alliances more than Romance. 
Dissection agrees to the 

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betrothal and according to 
custom temujin stays with 

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berta's family to get 
acquainted. 

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While yesu gay Begins, the 
journey home. 

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This is where to move in his 
childhood ends. 

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Abruptly, yes, who gay traveling
back across the steppe in 

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counters, a group of tatars 
holding a feast The tatars along

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time enemies. 
Poisoned yesu gays, own 

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relatives years before and he 
had raided them in retaliation. 

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But step Customs require 
offering Hospitality to 

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Travelers and yesu gay is either
confident in his disguise or two

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tied to avoid them. 
The tatars recognize him offer 

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him food and drink laced, with 
poison and send him on his way. 

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By the time yesterday realizes 
what's happening, the poison is 

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working through his system. 
He manages to send word, to Tim 

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to come home, and the boy rushes
back the arrives too late. 

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Yes, we gave dies within days 
and temujin at age 9 watches, 

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his father succumbed to a death,
that's both agonizing and 

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inevitable. 
What happens next reveals? 

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The brutal practicality of Step 
politics. 

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Yes, we gaze followers, the tie 
tued Clan, who had supported 

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him, hold a meeting to decide 
what to do about his widow and 

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children. 
The leading men calculate coldly

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Holland and her children 
represent mouths to feed with no

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strong leader to Rally around. 
The boys are too young to fight 

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effectively two young to lead 
and two young to be useful. 

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Supporting the means charity 
with no return. 

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So they abandon the family, they
pack up their jurors round up 

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their herds and moved to 
different pastures. 

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Leaving Holland with seven 
children minimal supplies and no

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protection. 
On the step. 

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This is essentially a death 
sentence. 

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Winter is coming. 
Resources are scarce and a woman

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alone with children has almost 
no chance of survival. 

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But Holland refuses to accept 
this fate, she grabs the clan 

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Banner, the spirit Banner that 
represents the family's identity

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and continuity and rides after 
the departing Thai. 

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Chunes shaming. 
Some of them into briefly 

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returning, but most stay gone 
and Helen finds herself, 

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genuinely alone trying to keep 
seven children alive through 

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sheer, determination and 
improvisation You watch this 

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family struggled from a distance
maybe as a member of a 

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neighboring Clan who 
occasionally crosses paths with 

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them. 
Holland teaches her children 

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skills, that privileged families
don't usually need, they learn 

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to dig wild, garlic and lily, 
bulbs from the ground 

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backbreaking work that leaves 
your hands Roar. 

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They learn to trap marmots and 
fish from streams supplementing,

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their meager diet with whatever 
they can catch. 

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They learned to gather Barry's 
nuts and seasoned drying and 

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preserving everything they can 
for winter. 

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They learned to survive on what 
other families would consider 

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poverty, rations. 
Poland herself, becomes 

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something formidable during 
these years. 

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She's no longer just a chief 
turns wife. 

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She's the Sole Provider and 
protective for her children. 

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She teaches them to survive to 
fight and to stick together. 

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But survival creates its own 
tension's. 

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A specialty among growing boys, 
competing for limited resources 

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and testing their dominance 
against each other. 

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The crisis comes when temujin 
and his full brother hassar. 

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Get into a dispute with their 
half-brother better. 

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The source is described it as a 
conflict over food. 

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Specifically better allegedly 
stole a fish in a lark that 

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temujin and hussar had court. 
This might seem like a minor 

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dispute, but when your 
subsisting on near starvation 

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rations every bit of Food 
Matters enormously Temujin and 

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hussar decide better has gone 
too far. 

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They stalk him while he's 
sitting on a hill watching the 

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family's 9 horses, essentially 
their entire wealth. 

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They approached from different 
sides and shooting with arrows, 

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better sees them coming. 
And according to some accounts 

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sits calmly and asks only that, 
they spare to muga the youngest 

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brother, then they kill him. 
Holland is horrified when she 

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learns what her son's of done, 
she Compares them to wild 

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animals, to predators that turn 
on their own kind. 

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But the incident reveals 
something crucial about 

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television's character that will
Define his entire life. 

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He will not tolerate challenges 
to his authority, even from 

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family, and he's willing to use 
lethal violence to establish and

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maintain his position. 
The tights hearing about this 

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killing apparently, decide that 
TAMU gin is growing into a 

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genuine threat rather than just 
an abandoned orphan. 

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They raid hole and camp and 
capture the teenage TAMU gin 

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fitting him with a wooden 
collar, called a cane weigh. 

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A heavy wooden frame that goes 
around the neck and wrists 

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making it almost impossible to 
do anything for yourself. 

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They plan to keep him as a 
slave, a warning to others and a

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permanent solution to the 
problem. 

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He represents This turns out to 
be a serious miscalculation 

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temujin is probably 14 or 15 at 
this point. 

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Older enough to be resourceful 
and desperate enough to take 

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Serious risks. 
During a celebration, when his 

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guards are drunk and distracted.
He escapes the accounts describe

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him hiding in a river 
submerging. 

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With just his face above water, 
while Searchers passed by A man 

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named Sorkin Shira from the 
family that was guarding him. 

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Find him in but chooses to help 
him instead of recapturing him, 

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He hides to move in a cart full 
of wool, tells the Searchers. 

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He hasn't seen him and 
eventually helps him Escape. 

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This act of unexpected, kindness
from a member of the enemy. 

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Clan makes a deep impression 
onto mujin. 

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Years later when his powerful 
he'll rewards Sorkin Shearer's 

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family generously. 
The lesson is clear individual 

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character and specific actions 
matter more than Clan 

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affiliation alone. 
These formative experiences his 

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father's murder his family's 
abandonment years of desperate 

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poverty, his brothers killing 
his enslavement and Escape. 

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Shape everything to move in will
later. 

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Become he learns that 
traditional Clan loyalties are 

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unreliable when times get hard. 
He learns that survival often, 

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depends on individual capability
and determination rather than 

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inherited status. 
He learns to identify and reward

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loyalty regardless of its 
source. 

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He learns that violence used 
decisively at the right moment. 

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Can be more effective than 
endless, negotiation. 

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And he learns that talent and 
character can be found anywhere 

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not just among the highborne. 
By the time you encounter 

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tennouji in his late teens, he's
already working to build 

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something from the wreckage of 
his father's Legacy. 

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He survived the poverty years. 
He's proven, he won't be 

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enslaved and he is ready to 
start reclaiming. 

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His Birthright. 
His first moves demonstrates 

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strategic intelligence Beyond 
his years. 

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He seeks toggle Khan of the 
correct tribe who had been sworn

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Brothers under with TAMU Jin's 
father yesugei. 

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He presents to rule with a black
Sable coat. a valuable gift that

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shows respect and also 
demonstrates that despite his 

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poverty TAMU gin understands the
rituals of Step diplomacy He 

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explicitly invokes, his father's
relationship with Tom Cruise and

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asks for help in retrieving his 
betrothed wife barthe from the 

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ongar at tribe. 
To gruel impressed by this young

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man's initiative and courage, 
remembering his oath to yesu Gay

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and perhaps seeing potential for
a useful Ally, a grease to help.

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This begins a relationship that 
will last for years. 

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To rule become a father figure 
and political Mentor teaching to

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me in the complex, art of Step 
diplomacy how to build alliances

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when to fight and when to 
negotiate and how to balance 

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competing loyalties and 
interests temujin also 

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reconnects with a childhood 
friend named Jamaica. 

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There'd been closed as Boyz 
playing together and forming a 

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deep bond. 
Now, as young men, they renew 

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their friendship and formalize 
it through the oath of Anda. 

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Blood Brotherhood, the exchange 
gifts, according to tradition 

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Jamaica gives to mujin a knuckle
bone from a rodeo and to mujin 

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gives Jamaica a knuckle bone 
from a brass deer. 

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The seemingly simple exchanges 
carry enormous symbolic weight. 

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They're swearing to be closer 
than Brothers to share 

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everything and to support each 
other unconditionally. 

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For a while, this friendship 
seems genuine and unbreakable 

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temujin and Jamaica hunt 
together, fight together and 

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share their dreams and plans 
Jamaica who comes from a more 

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established background than to 
mu-jin has followers. 

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And resources, Tim who has 
almost nothing benefits from 

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this Association. 
They talked late into the night 

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about how the step could be 
better organized about honor and

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loyalty and about their 
Ambitions for the future temujin

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manages to retrieve Berta and 
they marry probably around 1178 

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or 1179 She's been waiting for 
him for years, faithful to the 

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betrothal arranged when they 
were children. 

228
00:13:25,700 --> 00:13:29,800
The marriage seems to be 
genuinely affectionate not just 

229
00:13:29,800 --> 00:13:33,600
a political arrangement though. 
Temujin will later take other 

230
00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:38,100
wives as his status increases 
Berta will remain his principal 

231
00:13:38,100 --> 00:13:40,700
wife and trusted advisor 
throughout his life. 

232
00:13:41,500 --> 00:13:43,500
Then disaster, strikes, and a 
form. 

233
00:13:43,508 --> 00:13:46,500
That's all too common on the 
step, the perkits. 

234
00:13:47,000 --> 00:13:50,100
Seeking revenge for yesterday's 
kidnapping of Holland decades 

235
00:13:50,100 --> 00:13:53,700
earlier raid, temujin camp and 
kidnap birthday. 

236
00:13:53,700 --> 00:13:58,100
This is blood Vengeance. 
According to step Customs. 

237
00:13:58,100 --> 00:14:00,900
Yes, or gay stole a market 
bride. 

238
00:14:00,900 --> 00:14:03,000
So the merkit steel is Suns 
bride. 

239
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:07,500
The logic is symmetrical and by 
step standards perfectly 

240
00:14:07,500 --> 00:14:10,700
reasonable. 
To response demonstrates, the 

241
00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:13,800
Strategic thinking that will 
characterize his entire career. 

242
00:14:14,700 --> 00:14:18,600
He doesn't rush off in a rage to
attack the markets alone that 

243
00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:22,500
would be suicide. 
Instead, he carefully builds a 

244
00:14:22,500 --> 00:14:25,400
coalition. 
He calls on to rule in the carry

245
00:14:25,400 --> 00:14:27,800
eats reminding them of their 
obligations. 

246
00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:31,600
He calls on Jamaica and his 
followers invoking their under 

247
00:14:31,600 --> 00:14:34,300
oath. 
He assembles a force strong 

248
00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:38,500
enough to defeat the markets 
decisively Campaigns succeeds, 

249
00:14:38,500 --> 00:14:42,200
the Coalition attacks, the 
market caps and Dawn scattered, 

250
00:14:42,200 --> 00:14:46,100
their Warriors and rescues. 
Berta, she's pregnant when they 

251
00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:49,700
recover her and the timing is 
such that nobody can be entirely

252
00:14:49,700 --> 00:14:51,800
certain whether the child is 
hemogen. 

253
00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:56,300
All the result of her captivity.
She gives birth to a son named 

254
00:14:56,300 --> 00:14:59,500
Joshi and temujin accepts him as
his own. 

255
00:14:59,500 --> 00:15:02,800
Though the question of jochi's 
paternity will haunt the family 

256
00:15:02,800 --> 00:15:06,600
for decades and eventually 
complicate succession planning. 

257
00:15:07,900 --> 00:15:12,100
This campaign does far more than
rescue Berta, it establishes. 

258
00:15:12,100 --> 00:15:15,900
TAMU Jin's reputation as a 
capable military leader, who can

259
00:15:15,900 --> 00:15:18,100
build coalitions and Achieve 
objectives. 

260
00:15:19,300 --> 00:15:22,100
People start noticing this young
man, who combines personal 

261
00:15:22,100 --> 00:15:25,700
capability, with strategic 
intelligence, who can fight 

262
00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:29,400
effectively, but also think 
politically and who honors his 

263
00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:31,800
obligations and expects others 
to honor. 

264
00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:35,500
Theirs for several years, to 
followers live under Jamaica's 

265
00:15:35,500 --> 00:15:39,900
protection, to still building 
his base of support, still, 

266
00:15:39,900 --> 00:15:43,100
accumulating followers and 
resources, still learning the 

267
00:15:43,100 --> 00:15:47,200
complex art of Step leadership. 
But fundamental differences 

268
00:15:47,200 --> 00:15:49,500
between him and jamuka are 
becoming apparent. 

269
00:15:49,500 --> 00:15:53,100
Jamaica represents the 
traditional aristocratic model. 

270
00:15:53,100 --> 00:15:57,000
He's from a good family, he 
inherited followers and status 

271
00:15:57,000 --> 00:16:01,100
and he expects to be followed 
because of who he is, he treats 

272
00:16:01,100 --> 00:16:04,400
leadership as a Birthright and 
maintains the traditional 

273
00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:08,300
clan-based hierarchies. 
His approach works fine for 

274
00:16:08,300 --> 00:16:11,600
maintaining existing power 
structures but it doesn't offer 

275
00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:15,100
much to talented people from 
minor Clans or to those who 

276
00:16:15,100 --> 00:16:19,400
weren't born into the right. 
Family shaped by his years of 

277
00:16:19,400 --> 00:16:22,500
poverty and abandonment is 
developing something different. 

278
00:16:22,500 --> 00:16:26,000
He's building a meritocratic 
approach where talent and 

279
00:16:26,008 --> 00:16:30,300
loyalty matter more than lineage
he promotes capable people, 

280
00:16:30,300 --> 00:16:32,200
regardless of their family 
background. 

281
00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:36,000
He rewards those who prove 
themselves in battle or in 

282
00:16:36,000 --> 00:16:40,000
administration, he treats 
followers, as individuals who've

283
00:16:40,000 --> 00:16:43,900
chosen to support him, rather 
than as Inherited property, 

284
00:16:43,900 --> 00:16:47,900
Bound by Clan obligation. 
This difference attracts people 

285
00:16:47,900 --> 00:16:51,200
to Thames camp. 
Commoners who have no chance of 

286
00:16:51,208 --> 00:16:53,200
advancement under the 
traditional system. 

287
00:16:53,200 --> 00:16:56,900
See opportunities with this new 
leader younger, sons of 

288
00:16:56,900 --> 00:17:00,000
nobility, who owned inherit 
positions, find that to mu-jin 

289
00:17:00,000 --> 00:17:02,900
judges them by their abilities, 
rather than their birth order. 

290
00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:05,900
Talented individuals from minor 
Clans. 

291
00:17:05,900 --> 00:17:08,599
Discover that competence can 
overcome low status. 

292
00:17:09,500 --> 00:17:13,400
The flow of people from 
Jamaica's Camp to Camp becomes 

293
00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:17,500
noticeable, then significant. 
the split when it comes around 

294
00:17:17,500 --> 00:17:23,400
1187 or 1188 is triggered by 
something relatively minor, A 

295
00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:26,599
dispute about where to set up 
camp, different preferences 

296
00:17:26,599 --> 00:17:29,500
about grazing, locations, or the
kind of disagreement, that 

297
00:17:29,500 --> 00:17:33,600
normally gets negotiated easily.
But it reflects the deeper 

298
00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:36,800
tension between two incompatible
approaches to leadership and 

299
00:17:36,800 --> 00:17:40,000
organization. 
According to the secret history 

300
00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:41,700
of the Mongols written years 
later. 

301
00:17:41,700 --> 00:17:46,200
Jamaica makes a cryptic comment 
about moving Camp, suggesting, 

302
00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:48,900
they separate to avoid conflict 
between their followers. 

303
00:17:49,600 --> 00:17:53,200
Technician's mother heroine, 
reportedly advises him. 

304
00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:55,400
Not to break with Jamaica 
warning. 

305
00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:59,500
That isolation is dangerous. 
But he decides to separate any 

306
00:17:59,500 --> 00:18:02,400
way and significant number of 
people choose to follow him 

307
00:18:02,400 --> 00:18:07,200
rather than stay with Jamaica. 
This Choice by so many to follow

308
00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:09,900
to move in over. 
Jamaica is itself. 

309
00:18:09,900 --> 00:18:13,600
A vote of no confidence in the 
traditional system and an 

310
00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:16,300
endorsement of Tim's 
meritocratic approach. 

311
00:18:17,400 --> 00:18:19,000
People are voting with their 
feet. 

312
00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:21,900
Choosing the leader who offers 
them opportunities. 

313
00:18:21,900 --> 00:18:24,500
Over the leader who offers them 
inherited hierarchy. 

314
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:28,900
The split becomes formalized 
around 1189 when various Clan 

315
00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:31,600
leaders, gather and Proclaim to 
mujin as Khan. 

316
00:18:32,500 --> 00:18:36,000
He's maybe 27 years, old 
leading, a coalition built, not 

317
00:18:36,008 --> 00:18:38,900
on traditional Clan structures, 
but on personal loyalty and 

318
00:18:38,900 --> 00:18:43,600
merit-based organization. 
Title itself is significant like

319
00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:46,600
calling him Khan. 
His supporters Acclaim, he has 

320
00:18:46,600 --> 00:18:50,400
the authority to lead multiple 
Clans, not just his own body in 

321
00:18:50,408 --> 00:18:53,900
Clan. 
This infuriates Jamaica, who 

322
00:18:53,900 --> 00:18:56,900
sees it as a betrayal of their 
Brotherhood and a challenge to 

323
00:18:56,900 --> 00:19:00,400
the traditional order? 
He begins assembling a coalition

324
00:19:00,400 --> 00:19:04,300
of tribes of Thames, Rising 
power calling on traditional 

325
00:19:04,300 --> 00:19:07,700
Clan loyalties and warning that 
to muji's innovation's, threaten

326
00:19:07,700 --> 00:19:09,100
the established way of doing 
things. 

327
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:14,600
The next 15 years from roughly 
1190 to 12:05 consists of nearly

328
00:19:14,600 --> 00:19:16,900
constant Warfare Alliance 
building. 

329
00:19:16,900 --> 00:19:19,900
Betrayals and the gradual 
consolidation of power. 

330
00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:23,600
You witness this era as a 
warrior in tamizhans growing 

331
00:19:23,600 --> 00:19:26,100
Army. 
And what strikes you most is how

332
00:19:26,100 --> 00:19:28,900
differently he operates compared
to traditional step leaders. 

333
00:19:30,000 --> 00:19:33,000
The first major confrontation 
comes at the Battle of Delon 

334
00:19:33,000 --> 00:19:36,700
balzout around 1190. 
Jamaica has assembled a 

335
00:19:36,700 --> 00:19:40,500
coalition of 13 tribes, a 
significant Force representing 

336
00:19:40,500 --> 00:19:44,100
much of the traditional step 
aristocracy who viewed temujin 

337
00:19:44,100 --> 00:19:46,700
as an upstart threatening their 
positions. 

338
00:19:47,600 --> 00:19:49,300
The battle goes badly for 
temujin. 

339
00:19:49,300 --> 00:19:54,100
His forces are outnumbered out 
maneuvered and forced to retreat

340
00:19:54,100 --> 00:19:57,700
into the mountains. 
After the battle Jamaica commits

341
00:19:57,700 --> 00:19:59,900
an atrocity that will haunt him 
for years. 

342
00:19:59,900 --> 00:20:04,000
He captures several dozen of 
temo jeans followers and has 

343
00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:09,300
them executed by boiling alive 
in 70 cauldrons This extreme 

344
00:20:09,300 --> 00:20:14,000
cruelty is intended to terrorize
to supporters and demonstrate 

345
00:20:14,000 --> 00:20:16,500
the cost of defying, traditional
Authority. 

346
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:21,400
The plan backfire spectacularly.
Many of your muscles own 

347
00:20:21,400 --> 00:20:25,100
followers discussed by such 
brutal treatment of captured 

348
00:20:25,100 --> 00:20:27,700
Warriors who fought honorably 
desert him. 

349
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:32,400
Some joined to mu-jin directly 
others, simply withdraw their 

350
00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:35,300
support. 
Step Warfare can be vicious, 

351
00:20:35,300 --> 00:20:39,000
that there are customary limits 
to how captured Warriors are 

352
00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:41,500
treated the specially, those who
fought bravely. 

353
00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:45,900
Jamaica's violation of these 
Norms cost him credibility and 

354
00:20:45,900 --> 00:20:48,200
support. 
Temujin. 

355
00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:51,500
Meanwhile is developing the 
military organization that will 

356
00:20:51,500 --> 00:20:53,100
eventually conquer much of 
Eurasia. 

357
00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:57,900
He divides his army into units 
of tens hundreds and thousands 

358
00:20:57,900 --> 00:21:02,500
the decimal system. 
This organizational structure 

359
00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:06,700
isn't entirely new similar 
systems existed among steppe 

360
00:21:06,700 --> 00:21:10,500
people's and in Chinese armies. 
But to move in applies, its 

361
00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:13,300
systematically and uses it to 
break down traditional 

362
00:21:13,300 --> 00:21:17,700
clan-based military formation. 
The Innovation is in how he 

363
00:21:17,700 --> 00:21:21,300
assigns people to these units. 
Instead of keeping clan members 

364
00:21:21,300 --> 00:21:24,800
together which reinforces 
existing loyalties, he 

365
00:21:24,800 --> 00:21:27,600
deliberately mixes Warriors from
different Clans in the same 

366
00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:30,600
units. 
A unit of 10 like include 

367
00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:33,900
Warriors from five different 
tribal backgrounds, creating 

368
00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:38,100
loyalty to the unit and to 
temujin that supersedes Clan 

369
00:21:38,100 --> 00:21:40,800
loyalty. 
You experience this directly 

370
00:21:40,800 --> 00:21:44,100
when you're assigned to a unit 
with Warriors from Clans that 

371
00:21:44,100 --> 00:21:46,200
your family had feuded with for 
Generations. 

372
00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:50,900
Initially, it feels wrong 
violation of natural order. 

373
00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,800
You spend months, training 
together, fighting together, 

374
00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:58,500
sharing dangers, and victories, 
and something shifts. 

375
00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:03,100
You start to identify with this 
unit as strongly as you identify

376
00:22:03,100 --> 00:22:06,700
with your clan. 
Maybe more strongly because you 

377
00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:10,000
chose this affiliation through 
your decision to follow to mujin

378
00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:11,700
rather than inheriting it at 
Birth. 

379
00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:15,200
Promotion in this system is 
based purely on demonstrated 

380
00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:17,900
ability. 
Your commanding officer might be

381
00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:20,600
someone from a family or Clan 
never would have followed 

382
00:22:20,600 --> 00:22:22,700
traditionally. 
But he earned his position 

383
00:22:22,700 --> 00:22:25,200
through skill in battle and 
tactical intelligence. 

384
00:22:26,200 --> 00:22:30,500
This creates a military machine,
where Talent Rises naturally and

385
00:22:30,500 --> 00:22:33,400
where soldiers know their 
commanders earn their positions 

386
00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:36,600
through competence not through 
accidents of birth. 

387
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:40,400
Temujin. 
Also, institutes strict 

388
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:43,800
discipline soldiers, who desert 
or disobey orders face 

389
00:22:43,800 --> 00:22:47,500
execution, plundering before a 
campaign is complete as 

390
00:22:47,500 --> 00:22:50,000
forbidden. 
It disrupts military discipline 

391
00:22:50,000 --> 00:22:53,700
and creates chaos, but soldiers 
who fight bravely and loyally? 

392
00:22:53,700 --> 00:22:56,500
Receive generous rewards from 
The Spoils of Conquest. 

393
00:22:57,500 --> 00:23:01,100
The system creates both 
accountability and incentive. 

394
00:23:02,000 --> 00:23:06,000
Around 1196 an opportunity 
arises that demonstrate to 

395
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:10,800
muji's. 
Which controls northern China 

396
00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:14,500
and demands tribute from the 
steppe tribes his facing a 

397
00:23:14,500 --> 00:23:17,900
rebellion from the tatars. 
The same group that poisoned 

398
00:23:17,900 --> 00:23:21,400
jeans, father. 
The Gin asked for step allies to

399
00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:24,800
help suppress the tatars 
offering rewards for assistance.

400
00:23:25,500 --> 00:23:28,500
Temujin joins. 
The campaign fighting alongside 

401
00:23:28,500 --> 00:23:30,700
the Gin against his father's 
murderers. 

402
00:23:30,700 --> 00:23:35,500
This serves multiple purposes. 
It provides an opportunity to 

403
00:23:35,500 --> 00:23:39,000
take revenge on the tatars. 
It builds a relationship with 

404
00:23:39,000 --> 00:23:42,700
the powerful Jin Dynasty. 
It demonstrates that to mujin 

405
00:23:42,700 --> 00:23:46,600
can be a reliable Ally and 
yields spoils and recognition. 

406
00:23:47,500 --> 00:23:52,000
The Gin Grant to Muji in a minor
title validating his status as a

407
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:55,200
legitimate leader. 
But the relationships with his 

408
00:23:55,200 --> 00:23:59,100
mentors and allies are becoming 
complicated to rule the 

409
00:23:59,100 --> 00:24:02,300
character who helped to move in 
his early years is growing 

410
00:24:02,300 --> 00:24:04,400
jealous of his proteges Rising 
power. 

411
00:24:05,300 --> 00:24:08,100
To rule son, sangam, 
particularly resents to mujin 

412
00:24:08,100 --> 00:24:10,700
viewing him. 
As an ungrateful upstart whose 

413
00:24:10,700 --> 00:24:15,600
outgrown his proper place around
12:01 in Florence by Rivals and 

414
00:24:15,600 --> 00:24:19,300
his sons jealousy. 
Toggle turns against to mujin, 

415
00:24:19,300 --> 00:24:23,000
they plot to Ambush him as a 
posed reconciliation feast. 

416
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:27,400
Tim gets warning of the plot 
from two herdsmen, who overhear 

417
00:24:27,400 --> 00:24:31,400
the planing and loyal to tamagne
rather than to their carat Clan 

418
00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:33,400
rides through the night to warn 
him. 

419
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:37,100
To mujin escapes, the Trap and 
withdraws to a region called 

420
00:24:37,100 --> 00:24:40,000
Belgium taking only his most 
loyal followers. 

421
00:24:40,000 --> 00:24:43,200
They reduced to drinking. 
Muddy water from the Belgian 

422
00:24:43,200 --> 00:24:45,600
River and eating whatever game 
they can hunt. 

423
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:49,900
This is a low point. 
Maybe the closest to mujin comes

424
00:24:49,900 --> 00:24:53,700
to complete defeat since his 
poverty years, but he uses this 

425
00:24:53,700 --> 00:24:57,600
time to rebuild carefully, he 
gathers intelligence about great

426
00:24:57,600 --> 00:25:01,000
defenses and internal politics. 
He reaches out to potential 

427
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:03,500
allies and to disaffected create
leaders. 

428
00:25:03,500 --> 00:25:07,500
He waits for the right moment, 
when to rule is overconfident 

429
00:25:07,500 --> 00:25:11,900
and unprepared the attack, when 
it comes, is Swift and decisive,

430
00:25:11,900 --> 00:25:17,000
Tim's forces strike the carrot 
camp at night achieving complete

431
00:25:17,000 --> 00:25:19,600
surprise. 
The battle is fierce, but 

432
00:25:19,600 --> 00:25:23,400
relatively brief took rule, 
flees and his eventually killed 

433
00:25:23,400 --> 00:25:25,700
by nine and Border guards who 
don't recognize him. 

434
00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:28,500
Thank him escapes. 
But his later killed. 

435
00:25:29,400 --> 00:25:32,600
The current tribe, one of the 
most powerful on the step is 

436
00:25:32,600 --> 00:25:34,800
defeated and absorbed into 
tumor's. 

437
00:25:34,800 --> 00:25:38,600
Growing Confederation, this 
Victory is crucial for several 

438
00:25:38,600 --> 00:25:41,700
reasons. 
It eliminates a major rival and 

439
00:25:41,700 --> 00:25:44,600
father figure. 
Forcing to move in to stand 

440
00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:48,400
fully on his own authority 
rather than operating under Tom 

441
00:25:48,400 --> 00:25:51,700
Cruise shadow. 
It brings substantial resources 

442
00:25:51,700 --> 00:25:55,400
and followers under TAMU Jin's 
control and it demonstrates to 

443
00:25:55,400 --> 00:25:58,400
other step leaders that temujin 
is now a power that must be 

444
00:25:58,400 --> 00:26:01,900
dealt with seriously. 
The naimans are powerful. 

445
00:26:01,900 --> 00:26:05,300
Turkic-speaking Confederation 
controlling the Western step, 

446
00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:09,800
decide to resist, to mujin 
Growing Power, their leader tie,

447
00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:14,000
and Khan influenced by his 
ambitious wife, Gerber Sue mocks

448
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:17,200
Teemu, Jin's followers as women 
of the East and prepares for 

449
00:26:17,200 --> 00:26:19,400
war. 
This turns out to be 

450
00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:24,300
catastrophically, poor judgment.
In 1204 to June meets the 

451
00:26:24,300 --> 00:26:26,200
Neiman's in battle at Chuck him 
out. 

452
00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:30,700
Fighting is intense lasting from
Sunset through the night until 

453
00:26:30,700 --> 00:26:34,300
dawn, but when's better 
organized and better disciplined

454
00:26:34,300 --> 00:26:36,300
forces. 
Gradually overwhelmed, the 

455
00:26:36,300 --> 00:26:41,200
diamonds, tie and his killed and
his son Kutch, flees Westwood 

456
00:26:42,100 --> 00:26:45,100
what significant about this 
Victory isn't just the military 

457
00:26:45,100 --> 00:26:49,600
achievement but what to move in,
does with it, Captures Tata 

458
00:26:49,600 --> 00:26:52,400
Tonga. 
Augora scribe, who had served 

459
00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:55,600
the nine months instead of 
killing the foreign scholar 

460
00:26:55,600 --> 00:27:00,600
temujin recognizes his value, 
Tata Tonga understands literacy 

461
00:27:00,600 --> 00:27:03,300
record-keeping and 
administration in ways that step

462
00:27:03,300 --> 00:27:07,200
people's traditionally, don't 
emphasize Temujin makes a 

463
00:27:07,200 --> 00:27:10,200
crucial decision. 
He adopts the yogurt script for 

464
00:27:10,200 --> 00:27:14,700
writing, Mongolian and tasks, 
Tata Tonga with teaching it to 

465
00:27:14,700 --> 00:27:16,400
mangle princes and 
administrators. 

466
00:27:17,300 --> 00:27:20,400
This Begins the transition 
toward a literate Administration

467
00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:25,000
capable of maintaining records 
sending written orders and 

468
00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:28,700
conducting diplomacy through 
formal correspondence rather 

469
00:27:28,700 --> 00:27:33,800
than purely oral communication. 
You watch this transformation as

470
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:35,700
someone who grew up in a purely 
oral culture. 

471
00:27:35,700 --> 00:27:40,400
Suddenly important decisions are
being recorded treaties are 

472
00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:43,200
written down. 
Tax obligations are documented 

473
00:27:43,200 --> 00:27:47,100
messages can be sent that say 
exactly what the sender intended

474
00:27:47,100 --> 00:27:50,800
without the distortions that 
occur when information passes 

475
00:27:50,800 --> 00:27:55,000
through multiple oral 
Transmissions. it feels strange 

476
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:59,000
at first seeing words, captured 
on paper or silk, but the 

477
00:27:59,000 --> 00:28:04,000
Practical advantages become 
obvious quickly Jamaica's former

478
00:28:04,000 --> 00:28:06,800
Blood Brother continues 
resisting, but his increasingly 

479
00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:10,400
isolated. 
By 12:05 his position is 

480
00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:13,200
hopeless. 
His own followers tired. 

481
00:28:13,200 --> 00:28:16,200
Of endless Warfare and 
diminishing prospects, capture 

482
00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:20,600
him and deliver him to Tamu gin 
The confrontation between the 

483
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:22,400
two. 
Former friends is poignant 

484
00:28:23,100 --> 00:28:27,000
According to the sources temujin
offers Jamaica reconciliation, 

485
00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:30,800
suggesting they restore their 
Brotherhood and that Jamaica 

486
00:28:30,800 --> 00:28:33,800
take a position of Honor in the 
growing Mongol Confederation. 

487
00:28:34,600 --> 00:28:37,800
It's hard to know if this offer 
is genuine or political theater,

488
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:41,000
but it reflects the complex 
feelings between them. 

489
00:28:41,000 --> 00:28:46,000
They were genuinely close once 
before ambition and incompatible

490
00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:47,800
visions of leadership, drove 
them apart. 

491
00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:51,600
Jamaica refuses. 
He argues that they can only be 

492
00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:55,900
one son in the sky. 
One Khan of the Mongols, he 

493
00:28:55,900 --> 00:28:59,300
requests, an honorable death 
asking to be killed without 

494
00:28:59,300 --> 00:29:02,600
spilling blood traditionally 
done by breaking the back. 

495
00:29:03,500 --> 00:29:06,500
Temujin respecting this final 
request from his former and 

496
00:29:06,500 --> 00:29:11,300
Grant it some sources suggest 
Jamaica's body was buried on her

497
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:13,500
with temujin. 
Reportedly mourning. 

498
00:29:13,500 --> 00:29:16,000
The loss of what their 
friendship might have been with 

499
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:18,000
Jamaica's death. 
The last major, internal 

500
00:29:18,000 --> 00:29:23,200
resistance to Tim's rule ends He
Now controls or has submitted 

501
00:29:23,200 --> 00:29:25,600
most of the Mongol and turkic 
tribes of the eastern and 

502
00:29:25,600 --> 00:29:28,700
Central step. 
Fragmented tribal world. 

503
00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:32,500
He grew up in is being unified 
under single leadership for the 

504
00:29:32,500 --> 00:29:36,500
first time in memory in 1206 
tribal leaders. 

505
00:29:36,500 --> 00:29:40,500
Gather for a real tie, a great 
assembly near the source of the 

506
00:29:40,500 --> 00:29:44,100
online, River in the sacred book
and Chaldean, mountain region, 

507
00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:49,200
where Tim had hidden and prayed 
during desperate times. you 

508
00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:51,800
attend this Gathering as a 
mid-level officer and temujin 

509
00:29:51,800 --> 00:29:55,700
army one among thousands of 
Warriors leaders and 

510
00:29:55,700 --> 00:30:00,100
representatives from dozens of 
tribes The atmosphere combines 

511
00:30:00,100 --> 00:30:03,600
celebration with uncertainty 
people, understand, their 

512
00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:06,600
participating? 
In something, unprecedented the 

513
00:30:06,600 --> 00:30:09,200
unification of the Mongol 
peoples, under a single Khan, 

514
00:30:09,200 --> 00:30:13,200
but nobody quite knows what this
new political entity will become

515
00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:16,800
more how it will function. 
The traditional tribal system is

516
00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:20,500
being superseded by something 
new and change Always creates 

517
00:30:20,500 --> 00:30:24,800
anxiety alongside hope. 
The formal proclamation of TAMU 

518
00:30:24,800 --> 00:30:28,700
as Genghis Khan the title's 
exact meaning remains debated 

519
00:30:28,700 --> 00:30:32,700
among Scholars. 
It might mean universal ruler or

520
00:30:32,700 --> 00:30:37,600
Oceanic ruler or Fierce ruler 
represents more than just a 

521
00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:40,500
change of title. 
It's the establishment of a new 

522
00:30:40,500 --> 00:30:42,900
political order. 
With explicit principles and 

523
00:30:42,900 --> 00:30:46,800
structures Genghis, Khan 
addresses the assembly and his 

524
00:30:46,800 --> 00:30:50,100
speeches characteristically, 
practical rather than grandiose.

525
00:30:50,800 --> 00:30:54,100
He doesn't claim divine right? 
Or inherited Authority from 

526
00:30:54,100 --> 00:30:58,400
ancient Emperors instead. 
He talks about organization 

527
00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:01,400
about the importance of 
communication and coordination 

528
00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:05,400
about treating people fairly 
regardless of their origin and 

529
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:08,000
about building something that 
will Outlast any individual 

530
00:31:08,000 --> 00:31:11,300
leader. 
He's establishing a system, not 

531
00:31:11,300 --> 00:31:15,300
just claiming personal power, 
the yassa, the legal code is 

532
00:31:15,300 --> 00:31:19,000
proclaimed, its Provisions, 
cover both military organization

533
00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:23,300
and civil Behavior. 
Some key principles theft is 

534
00:31:23,300 --> 00:31:26,000
severely punished. 
Stealing livestock, which is 

535
00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:29,400
both livelihood and wealth on 
the step can result in death. 

536
00:31:29,400 --> 00:31:35,000
Even minor theft receives harsh 
penalties, The severity serves a

537
00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:37,300
purpose. 
It creates security of property 

538
00:31:37,300 --> 00:31:39,000
that enables trade and 
investment. 

539
00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:42,800
When people know their 
possessions are protected by law

540
00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:46,000
rather than just by Family 
strengths, they can engage in 

541
00:31:46,000 --> 00:31:48,400
economic activity with greater 
confidence. 

542
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:51,200
Adultery is forbidden and 
punished harshly. 

543
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:54,800
This isn't moralism. 
It's about maintaining family 

544
00:31:54,800 --> 00:31:56,900
stability and clear inheritance 
lines. 

545
00:31:56,900 --> 00:32:00,500
Both crucial for a society 
organized around kinship 

546
00:32:00,500 --> 00:32:03,000
networks. 
Even as those networks are being

547
00:32:03,000 --> 00:32:06,800
supplemented by new 
organizational structures, Lying

548
00:32:06,800 --> 00:32:12,100
legal proceedings, carry serious
consequences Genghis. 

549
00:32:12,100 --> 00:32:15,000
Khan has learned that Justice 
depends on truthful testimony 

550
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:18,400
and Witnesses. 
Who lie undermine the entire 

551
00:32:18,400 --> 00:32:22,100
legal system. 
The penalties for perjury are 

552
00:32:22,100 --> 00:32:25,100
severe enough to encourage 
honesty. but the truly 

553
00:32:25,100 --> 00:32:28,300
revolutionary aspect is that 
these laws apply to everyone 

554
00:32:28,300 --> 00:32:32,500
equally a noble who steals faces
the same punishment as a 

555
00:32:32,500 --> 00:32:36,700
commoner who steals A Khan's 
relative who commits adultery as

556
00:32:36,700 --> 00:32:40,400
punish the same as anyone else. 
Even members of Genghis, Khan's 

557
00:32:40,400 --> 00:32:42,800
own family must follow the same 
rules as everyone else. 

558
00:32:43,700 --> 00:32:46,800
This is radical for a society 
where status traditionally 

559
00:32:46,800 --> 00:32:49,200
provided immunity from 
consequences. 

560
00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:54,200
Religious tolerance becomes 
explicit formal policy. 

561
00:32:55,100 --> 00:32:58,100
Genghis Khan proclaims that all 
religions are to be respected 

562
00:32:58,100 --> 00:33:01,500
and that religious leaders are 
exempt from Taxation and 

563
00:33:01,500 --> 00:33:04,400
military service. 
Buddhist monks. 

564
00:33:04,400 --> 00:33:10,100
Christian, priests Muslim imams,
Tower sages and shamanic 

565
00:33:10,100 --> 00:33:13,400
practitioners all received the 
same, legal, protection and 

566
00:33:13,400 --> 00:33:16,200
privileges. 
You witnessed this policies 

567
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:18,800
implementation when various 
religious leaders present 

568
00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:22,200
themselves at court. 
And historian Christian monk 

569
00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:24,800
from Central. 
Asia offers prayers in his 

570
00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:29,300
tradition, a Buddhist Lama. 
From Tibet performs rituals a 

571
00:33:29,300 --> 00:33:36,900
Muslim scholar recites from the 
Quran, a shamanistic with 

572
00:33:36,900 --> 00:33:38,600
apparent interest, but favors 
none. 

573
00:33:38,600 --> 00:33:42,500
The message is clear, believe 
what ever you want worship? 

574
00:33:42,500 --> 00:33:45,900
However, you choose As Long as 
You Follow the Civil laws and 

575
00:33:45,900 --> 00:33:48,400
contribute to the Empire's 
defense and administration. 

576
00:33:49,500 --> 00:33:52,800
This tolerance isn't based on 
Modern philosophical principles 

577
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:56,300
about religious freedom. 
Its pragmatic calculation. 

578
00:33:57,100 --> 00:33:59,300
Genghis. 
Khan recognizes that forcing 

579
00:33:59,300 --> 00:34:03,400
religious, uniformity creates 
conflict resentment and 

580
00:34:03,400 --> 00:34:06,500
Rebellion. 
He's seen religious wars, 

581
00:34:06,500 --> 00:34:10,199
devastates societies. 
He understands that talented 

582
00:34:10,199 --> 00:34:13,699
people come from all religious 
backgrounds, an excluding them 

583
00:34:13,699 --> 00:34:18,000
based on belief would weaken his
administration Why limit 

584
00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:21,400
yourself to Mongol shamanic 
practitioners when you can 

585
00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:25,000
recruit Christian 
administrators, Muslim merchants

586
00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:28,300
Buddhist Scholars and Taoist 
advisors? 

587
00:34:29,600 --> 00:34:32,699
The military organization 
becomes formalized and extended.

588
00:34:33,600 --> 00:34:38,400
The decimal system applies 
Empire wide units of 10 command 

589
00:34:38,400 --> 00:34:43,100
by leaders of 10 units of 100 
commanded by leaders, of 100 

590
00:34:43,100 --> 00:34:48,600
units of 1,000 commanded by 
leaders of 1,000 and two men 

591
00:34:48,600 --> 00:34:53,500
units of 10,000 commanded by the
most capable and trusted 

592
00:34:53,500 --> 00:34:56,600
generals. 
Promotion through these ranks is

593
00:34:56,600 --> 00:35:00,000
based purely on Merit. 
A commoner can become a leader 

594
00:35:00,000 --> 00:35:04,800
of 10 100 or even 1000 if they 
excel in battle. 

595
00:35:05,600 --> 00:35:09,700
Conversely, a noble who proves 
incompetent can be demoted or 

596
00:35:09,700 --> 00:35:12,500
dismissed. 
This creates a meritocracy 

597
00:35:12,500 --> 00:35:16,200
that's radical for its time and 
that attracts talented 

598
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:17,900
individuals from across the 
empire. 

599
00:35:18,800 --> 00:35:21,400
The military code is strict 
soldiers. 

600
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:25,400
Who desert face execution 
soldiers, who plunder before a 

601
00:35:25,400 --> 00:35:29,400
campaign is complete face. 
Severe punishment soldiers, who 

602
00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:32,400
fail to support their comrades 
in battle can be executed. 

603
00:35:33,300 --> 00:35:37,300
But soldiers, who fight bravely,
who show initiative and 

604
00:35:37,300 --> 00:35:39,700
intelligence and who achieve 
objectives. 

605
00:35:39,700 --> 00:35:42,800
If efficiently receive generous 
rewards from The Spoils of 

606
00:35:42,800 --> 00:35:47,800
conquest and public recognition 
of their achievements, Genghis. 

607
00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:49,200
Khan establishes. 
The case. 

608
00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:53,200
Sheik and Imperial Guard of 
10,000 Warriors who serve as 

609
00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:56,000
both bodyguards and a training 
ground for Future Leaders. 

610
00:35:57,000 --> 00:35:59,800
Membership in the Keisha is 
highly prestigious and 

611
00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:03,000
competitive. 
Even the son of a leader of 10 

612
00:36:03,000 --> 00:36:07,200
in the kesher cats, ordinary 
commanders of 1,000 creating 

613
00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:10,500
incentive from ambitious young 
men to seek these positions. 

614
00:36:10,500 --> 00:36:14,000
The keshik becomes a 
meritocratic funnel for 

615
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:15,700
identifying and developing 
Talent. 

616
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:19,500
The treatment of conquered 
peoples follows, clear patterns,

617
00:36:19,500 --> 00:36:21,800
that Genghis Khan has developed 
through experience. 

618
00:36:22,900 --> 00:36:26,000
Cities and tribes that surrender
peacefully are generally, 

619
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:29,200
spared, major violence and 
incorporated into the Empire 

620
00:36:29,200 --> 00:36:31,800
with their existing structures 
largely intact. 

621
00:36:32,500 --> 00:36:34,600
Leaders. 
Who submit voluntarily often 

622
00:36:34,600 --> 00:36:38,600
retain their positions under 
Mongol supervision populations, 

623
00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:42,300
that surrender pay taxes and 
provide soldiers but otherwise 

624
00:36:42,300 --> 00:36:46,800
continue their lives relatively 
normally Cities that resist and 

625
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:49,200
are taken by force face. 
Brutal consequences. 

626
00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:53,900
The resistance is punished often
through Mass execution of 

627
00:36:53,900 --> 00:36:57,300
fighting age, men and 
enslavement, or relocation of 

628
00:36:57,300 --> 00:37:00,300
civilians. 
The brutality serves multiple 

629
00:37:00,300 --> 00:37:04,400
purposes, its revenge for the 
costs of resistance, it 

630
00:37:04,400 --> 00:37:08,000
eliminates potential future 
rebellions and it sends a 

631
00:37:08,000 --> 00:37:11,000
message to other cities that 
resistance is costly, while 

632
00:37:11,000 --> 00:37:14,800
surrender is relatively 
painless, but even in Conquest 

633
00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:19,600
Genghis, Khan is selective about
who suffers artists Crafts. 

634
00:37:19,600 --> 00:37:24,800
People Engineers Scholars, 
anyone with useful skills, a 

635
00:37:24,800 --> 00:37:28,100
deliberately spared and often 
relocated to where their talents

636
00:37:28,100 --> 00:37:31,900
are most needed. 
When a city is sacked, the 

637
00:37:31,900 --> 00:37:35,000
Mongol commanders have orders to
identify and preserve people 

638
00:37:35,000 --> 00:37:38,500
with valuable skills. 
A metal worker, might be sent to

639
00:37:38,508 --> 00:37:40,500
Mongolia to improve weapon 
production. 

640
00:37:40,500 --> 00:37:44,200
A scholar, might be sent to the 
Capitol to educate Mongol 

641
00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:47,000
princes. 
An engineer might be assigned to

642
00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:49,000
the Army to assist with Siege 
Warfare. 

643
00:37:49,800 --> 00:37:53,100
Starting around 12:09 Genghis, 
Khan turns his full attention 

644
00:37:53,100 --> 00:37:55,600
Southward toward the settled 
kingdoms of China. 

645
00:37:56,500 --> 00:37:59,700
This represents a significant 
shift in Mongol strategy. 

646
00:38:00,500 --> 00:38:02,200
The steppe tribes are now 
unified. 

647
00:38:02,200 --> 00:38:05,700
The next phase is expanding 
beyond the traditional nomadic 

648
00:38:05,700 --> 00:38:08,900
territories into the wealthy 
Agricultural. 

649
00:38:08,900 --> 00:38:12,100
And urban civilizations that the
Mongols have historically 

650
00:38:12,100 --> 00:38:17,000
raided, but never conquered. 
The Western Sia a tangut, 

651
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:19,800
kingdom controlling, the Gantt, 
suicide Corridor, and The 

652
00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:23,600
crucial trade routes connecting.
China to Central, Asia becomes 

653
00:38:23,600 --> 00:38:27,000
the first Target. 
The Westin Seer had previously 

654
00:38:27,000 --> 00:38:28,700
treated. 
The Mongols dismissively 

655
00:38:28,700 --> 00:38:32,500
demanding tribute and acting as 
intermediaries between the 

656
00:38:32,500 --> 00:38:36,100
Mongols and the Gin Dentistry. 
The Tango's are powerful 

657
00:38:36,100 --> 00:38:38,400
possessing. 
Strong fortifications and 

658
00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:42,400
significant military forces but 
they make a critical error in 

659
00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:44,300
underestimating Mongol 
capabilities. 

660
00:38:44,300 --> 00:38:47,500
You participate in these early 
campaigns as a mid-level 

661
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:49,400
officer. 
And what strikes you immediately

662
00:38:49,400 --> 00:38:52,000
is, how much the Mongol military
is evolving. 

663
00:38:52,800 --> 00:38:55,400
The traditional step Warfare 
fast. 

664
00:38:55,400 --> 00:38:59,900
Cavalry raids feigned, Retreats,
and encirclement tactics 

665
00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:02,500
remained Central to Mongol 
strategy. 

666
00:39:03,700 --> 00:39:07,200
But Genghis Khan recognizes that
conquering fortified cities 

667
00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:11,200
requires new capabilities. 
He systematically addresses, 

668
00:39:11,200 --> 00:39:14,500
this weakness by recruiting 
Chinese engineers and Military 

669
00:39:14,500 --> 00:39:16,800
Specialists who understand Siege
Warfare. 

670
00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:20,600
These experts, teach the Mongols
to build and operate Siege 

671
00:39:20,600 --> 00:39:23,500
equipment. 
Trebuchets for hurling stones at

672
00:39:23,500 --> 00:39:28,600
walls, Siege towers for scaling 
fortifications, battering rams 

673
00:39:28,600 --> 00:39:32,500
for breaking Gates and various 
other devices that step people's

674
00:39:32,500 --> 00:39:35,400
traditionally lacked. 
The combination proves 

675
00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:38,700
devastating Mongol. 
Armies can move with the speed 

676
00:39:38,700 --> 00:39:41,300
and flexibility of traditional 
nomadic forces. 

677
00:39:41,300 --> 00:39:44,900
Covering vast distances rapidly 
and appearing. 

678
00:39:44,900 --> 00:39:48,200
Where enemies don't expect them.
But when they encounter 

679
00:39:48,200 --> 00:39:50,900
fortified positions, they can 
also conduct sophisticated 

680
00:39:50,900 --> 00:39:55,100
operations, the eventually 
reduced even strong defenses. 

681
00:39:56,400 --> 00:39:59,400
The campaigns against Western 
Sierra demonstrate, the Mongol 

682
00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:03,300
military systems Effectiveness 
the Mongol Army raids deep into 

683
00:40:03,300 --> 00:40:05,500
Tango at territory destroys 
field. 

684
00:40:05,500 --> 00:40:09,400
Armies that come out to fight 
besiegers key cities and 

685
00:40:09,400 --> 00:40:12,700
gradually weakens Western shears
capacity for resistance. 

686
00:40:12,700 --> 00:40:17,700
The Tango got super peace in 
1210 agreeing to provide tribute

687
00:40:17,700 --> 00:40:20,700
and Military Support and submit 
to Mongol, Susan and tea. 

688
00:40:21,600 --> 00:40:23,700
Genghis, Khan. 
Accepts this submission. 

689
00:40:23,700 --> 00:40:26,800
He's not yet interested. 
In directly governing these 

690
00:40:26,800 --> 00:40:30,400
territories just in establishing
dominance and extracting 

691
00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:35,600
resources. but the real prize is
the Gin Dynasty, which controls 

692
00:40:35,600 --> 00:40:40,100
northern China, possesses vast 
and population has sophisticated

693
00:40:40,100 --> 00:40:44,000
military forces and initially 
considers the Mongols and minor 

694
00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:47,700
nuisance rather than a serious 
threat, this miscalculation will

695
00:40:47,700 --> 00:40:51,400
prove catastrophic for the gin 
The Gin Dynasty has a 

696
00:40:51,400 --> 00:40:53,400
complicated history with the 
steppe peoples. 

697
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:56,600
They had conquered Northern 
China from the Song, Dynasty 

698
00:40:56,600 --> 00:40:59,900
decades earlier establishing 
themselves as a major power. 

699
00:41:00,700 --> 00:41:03,000
They've traditionally dealt with
steppe tribes through a 

700
00:41:03,000 --> 00:41:07,000
combination of tribute payments,
divided, and conquered diplomacy

701
00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:09,500
and Military Expeditions when 
necessary. 

702
00:41:10,500 --> 00:41:13,400
They view the Mongols as just 
another Troublesome step group 

703
00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:16,100
that can be managed through 
traditional methods. 

704
00:41:16,800 --> 00:41:20,200
Genghis, Khan Begins the Gin 
campaign around 12:11 with 

705
00:41:20,200 --> 00:41:22,100
characteristic systematic 
planning. 

706
00:41:22,800 --> 00:41:25,200
He doesn't attempt to conquer 
all of gin territory, 

707
00:41:25,200 --> 00:41:28,500
immediately, that would 
overextend his forces and create

708
00:41:28,500 --> 00:41:32,500
logistical nightmares. 
Instead, he conduct carefully 

709
00:41:32,500 --> 00:41:35,500
planned campaigns that gradually
weaken power. 

710
00:41:35,500 --> 00:41:38,400
While building Mongol 
capabilities for governing 

711
00:41:38,400 --> 00:41:42,000
settled populations. 
The pattern repeats across 

712
00:41:42,000 --> 00:41:46,500
multiple campaigns Mongol 
armies, raid, gin territory, 

713
00:41:46,500 --> 00:41:50,800
destroy field, armies that come 
out to fight them besiege and 

714
00:41:50,800 --> 00:41:54,500
capture strategic cities and 
then withdraw with spoils and 

715
00:41:54,500 --> 00:41:57,600
captives before gin forces can 
mass for an effective 

716
00:41:57,600 --> 00:42:00,200
Counterattack. 
Campaign leaves. 

717
00:42:00,200 --> 00:42:04,400
The Gin weaker less capable of 
mounting effective defense and 

718
00:42:04,400 --> 00:42:08,000
more demoralized. 
You participate in one of these 

719
00:42:08,000 --> 00:42:11,100
campaigns and witness the 
evolution of Mongol Warfare. 

720
00:42:11,100 --> 00:42:15,900
The Army moves with astonishing 
speed Cavalry units covering 

721
00:42:15,900 --> 00:42:18,900
perhaps 50 to 70 miles per day 
were necessary. 

722
00:42:20,200 --> 00:42:24,000
The Mongols travel with multiple
horses per Warrior rotating 

723
00:42:24,000 --> 00:42:27,300
mounts, to maintain the pace 
they carry minimal supplies, 

724
00:42:27,300 --> 00:42:31,000
living off the land and off 
captured provision's, which 

725
00:42:31,000 --> 00:42:34,100
keeps the mobile while enemy 
armies bogged down with Supply 

726
00:42:34,100 --> 00:42:37,700
trains. 
Intelligence gathering, a 

727
00:42:37,700 --> 00:42:41,400
systematic and sophisticated 
Genghis, Khan employs, extensive

728
00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:45,600
networks of merchants Travelers 
and spies who gather information

729
00:42:45,600 --> 00:42:50,400
about enemy defenses, resources,
troop movements and internal 

730
00:42:50,400 --> 00:42:54,000
politics. 
Before attacking a city, the 

731
00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:57,000
Mongol commanders often. 
No details about its Garrison 

732
00:42:57,000 --> 00:43:01,700
strength, Food, Supplies, water 
sources, leadership conflict, 

733
00:43:01,700 --> 00:43:05,900
and defensive weaknesses. 
This intelligence Advantage 

734
00:43:05,900 --> 00:43:08,500
allows them to exploit 
vulnerabilities and avoid 

735
00:43:08,500 --> 00:43:12,000
unnecessary risks. 
The psychological warfare is 

736
00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:16,300
deliberate and effective. 
Stories of Mongol cruelty spread

737
00:43:16,300 --> 00:43:19,700
through refugees and survivors 
often exaggerated in the 

738
00:43:19,700 --> 00:43:23,900
retelling. cities facing Mongol 
attack here, Tales of mass 

739
00:43:23,900 --> 00:43:29,300
execution of cities reduced to 
Rubble of populations and slaved

740
00:43:29,300 --> 00:43:33,700
or massacred This Terror 
sometimes encourages without 

741
00:43:33,700 --> 00:43:37,100
fighting saving the Mongols, the
cost of Siege Warfare. 

742
00:43:38,000 --> 00:43:40,700
But when cities do surrender 
peacefully Genghis, Khan 

743
00:43:40,700 --> 00:43:42,800
generally keeps his word about 
moderate treatment. 

744
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:46,600
He has learned that a reputation
for keeping promises to those 

745
00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:49,200
who surrender is militarily 
valuable. 

746
00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:54,300
It encourages future surrenders 
City that submits peacefully, 

747
00:43:54,300 --> 00:43:56,300
typically pay substantial 
tribute. 

748
00:43:57,000 --> 00:44:00,600
Provides hostages to guarantee 
future, cooperation and 

749
00:44:00,600 --> 00:44:02,500
supplies, Provisions to the 
Mongol Army. 

750
00:44:03,400 --> 00:44:07,300
But its population survives and 
its basic structures remain 

751
00:44:07,300 --> 00:44:10,400
intact. 
The siege of John Doe, modern 

752
00:44:10,400 --> 00:44:13,600
Beijing in 1214. 
Demonstrates Mongol capabilities

753
00:44:13,600 --> 00:44:17,100
at their Peak. 
City is enormous strongly 

754
00:44:17,100 --> 00:44:20,200
fortified and defended by large 
gin armies. 

755
00:44:20,200 --> 00:44:22,400
The Mongols can't storm it 
directly. 

756
00:44:22,400 --> 00:44:26,600
The defenses are too strong 
instead, they besiege it 

757
00:44:26,600 --> 00:44:30,800
systematically cutting supply 
lines preventing relief forces 

758
00:44:30,800 --> 00:44:34,100
from reaching it, and waiting 
for starvation and disease to do

759
00:44:34,100 --> 00:44:36,500
the work that direct assault. 
Can't accomplish. 

760
00:44:37,200 --> 00:44:42,100
The Siege lasts months inside 
the city Food Supplies, dwindle 

761
00:44:42,100 --> 00:44:44,900
disease, spreads and morale 
collapses. 

762
00:44:45,900 --> 00:44:49,200
The Gin Emperor, abandoned the 
city and fleece, South to Chi 

763
00:44:49,200 --> 00:44:51,200
Fung. 
The remaining Defenders, 

764
00:44:51,200 --> 00:44:53,900
leaderless and hopeless, 
eventually. 

765
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:57,800
Negotiate surrender. 
The Mongols allow, most of the 

766
00:44:57,800 --> 00:45:00,500
population to survive but 
thoroughly loot the city. 

767
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:06,100
Extracting, an enormous quantity
of gold, silver silk, and other 

768
00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:09,200
valuable Goods. 
What you notice during these 

769
00:45:09,200 --> 00:45:12,300
campaigns is, how Genghis Khan 
handles the administration of 

770
00:45:12,300 --> 00:45:15,100
conquered territory. 
He doesn't try to govern 

771
00:45:15,100 --> 00:45:17,600
everything directly through 
Mongol administrators. 

772
00:45:17,600 --> 00:45:22,100
Most Mongols don't understand, 
agricultural societies, taxation

773
00:45:22,100 --> 00:45:27,000
systems or Urban Administration.
Instead he appoints local 

774
00:45:27,000 --> 00:45:30,300
leaders who submit to Mongol 
Authority but who understand how

775
00:45:30,300 --> 00:45:32,200
to actually govern these 
populations. 

776
00:45:32,200 --> 00:45:35,500
He also begins recruiting 
Chinese administrators and 

777
00:45:35,508 --> 00:45:39,000
bureaucrats who can manage the 
complex systems required for 

778
00:45:39,000 --> 00:45:41,400
governing settled agricultural 
societies. 

779
00:45:42,500 --> 00:45:45,600
These Chinese officials. 
Teach the Mongols about taxation

780
00:45:45,600 --> 00:45:47,400
systems that don't simply 
plunder. 

781
00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:51,200
Populations dry About 
agricultural management that 

782
00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:54,300
maintained productivity and 
about record keeping and 

783
00:45:54,300 --> 00:45:57,500
bureaucracy that enables 
consistent governance across 

784
00:45:57,500 --> 00:46:01,000
large territories. 
The incorporation of Chinese 

785
00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:04,600
administrative practices, begins
transforming, the Mongol state. 

786
00:46:05,500 --> 00:46:08,600
Mongol leaders start, employing,
scribes who maintain written 

787
00:46:08,600 --> 00:46:12,300
records tax collection, becomes 
more systematic and less 

788
00:46:12,300 --> 00:46:15,900
arbitrary. 
Census taking begins crude 

789
00:46:15,900 --> 00:46:19,500
first, but gradually improving. 
Providing information about 

790
00:46:19,500 --> 00:46:22,500
population and resources that 
enables better planning. 

791
00:46:23,900 --> 00:46:27,500
The Mongol Army itself evolves 
during these campaigns it 

792
00:46:27,500 --> 00:46:30,500
incorporates Chinese Engineers 
who can build increasingly 

793
00:46:30,500 --> 00:46:34,800
sophisticated Siege equipment. 
It adds infantry units. 

794
00:46:34,800 --> 00:46:37,400
Recruited from conquered 
populations, to complement. 

795
00:46:37,400 --> 00:46:40,800
The core Cavalry forces. 
It develops more complex 

796
00:46:40,800 --> 00:46:44,200
Logistics systems to supply. 
Armor's campaigning far from the

797
00:46:44,200 --> 00:46:48,600
step including Supply, Depots, 
transport networks and 

798
00:46:48,600 --> 00:46:53,200
systematic foraging procedures. 
The learning curve is steep paid

799
00:46:53,200 --> 00:46:56,800
for in setbacks and failures. 
But Genghis, Khan demonstrates. 

800
00:46:56,800 --> 00:47:00,600
Remarkable flexibility in 
adopting whatever methods work. 

801
00:47:01,600 --> 00:47:05,400
when traditional step tactics 
proven sufficient, he adapts 

802
00:47:06,100 --> 00:47:09,500
when his commanders make 
mistakes, He adjusted strategies

803
00:47:09,500 --> 00:47:13,500
when new technologies or 
techniques appear useful, he 

804
00:47:13,500 --> 00:47:18,300
incorporates them this 
adaptability as much as military

805
00:47:18,300 --> 00:47:24,300
prowess explains Mongol success.
The year 1218, brings a crisis 

806
00:47:24,300 --> 00:47:27,300
that will redirect Mongol 
expansion and ultimately 

807
00:47:27,300 --> 00:47:31,900
devastates, Central Asia. 
Trade Caravan sent by Genghis 

808
00:47:31,900 --> 00:47:35,700
Khan to the kwara. 
Powerful Muslim State 

809
00:47:35,700 --> 00:47:38,400
controlling much of Central Asia
Persia. 

810
00:47:38,400 --> 00:47:41,900
And Afghanistan is attacked at 
the border city of otra. 

811
00:47:42,700 --> 00:47:45,600
The governor announced took 
accuses, the merchants of being 

812
00:47:45,600 --> 00:47:49,200
spies and has them executed 
along with confiscating, their 

813
00:47:49,200 --> 00:47:51,100
valuable Goods. 
Genghis. 

814
00:47:51,100 --> 00:47:54,900
Khan sent ambassadors, demanding
restitution punishment of an 

815
00:47:54,900 --> 00:47:57,400
al-cu and Assurance is this 
won't happen again. 

816
00:47:58,200 --> 00:48:01,200
This is standard diplomatic 
procedure, following an incident

817
00:48:01,200 --> 00:48:03,200
affecting Merchants under 
Imperial protection. 

818
00:48:04,100 --> 00:48:05,200
Sharma, Muhammad. 
The second. 

819
00:48:05,200 --> 00:48:16,300
The Of apologizing and punishing
in ultsh Sharma Hamad executes, 

820
00:48:16,300 --> 00:48:19,900
the lead Mongol Ambassador and 
sends the others back with their

821
00:48:19,900 --> 00:48:23,500
beard, shaved. 
A grave insult in both Mongol 

822
00:48:23,500 --> 00:48:26,600
and Muslim cultures. 
This is essentially a 

823
00:48:26,600 --> 00:48:29,900
declaration that the Quarry and 
Empire doesn't fear the Mongols 

824
00:48:29,900 --> 00:48:31,900
and won't submit to their 
demands. 

825
00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:36,500
You watch Genghis Khan's 
reaction and its chilling in its

826
00:48:36,500 --> 00:48:39,700
controlled Fury. 
He doesn't Rage or make 

827
00:48:39,700 --> 00:48:42,700
immediate threats. 
Instead, he withdraws for 

828
00:48:42,700 --> 00:48:45,600
several days to the mountains to
pray and contemplate. 

829
00:48:46,500 --> 00:48:51,000
When he returns, he's made his 
decision, the Asian Empire will 

830
00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:54,800
be destroyed as an object lesson
that attacking Mongol merchants 

831
00:48:54,800 --> 00:48:57,800
and killing Mongol ambassadors, 
carries consequences. 

832
00:48:57,800 --> 00:49:02,100
That no amount of distance or 
fortification can prevent the 

833
00:49:02,100 --> 00:49:05,100
preparation for this campaign is
methodical and extensive 

834
00:49:05,100 --> 00:49:08,900
Genghis. 
Khan assembles perhaps 150,000 

835
00:49:08,900 --> 00:49:13,000
to 200,000 troops. 
The exact numbers are debated, 

836
00:49:13,000 --> 00:49:16,300
but it's clearly the largest 
forces ever commanded. 

837
00:49:17,400 --> 00:49:21,200
He brings his best generals, 
most experienced troops, and 

838
00:49:21,200 --> 00:49:23,200
most sophisticated Siege 
equipment. 

839
00:49:24,300 --> 00:49:28,800
He gathers intelligence about 
kwara and defenses resources and

840
00:49:28,800 --> 00:49:32,000
internal politics. 
He plans the campaign with the 

841
00:49:32,000 --> 00:49:35,200
care of someone, who knows, this
will be different from anything.

842
00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:36,900
The Mongols have attempted 
before. 

843
00:49:36,900 --> 00:49:42,800
The kwara is wealthy urbanized 
and militarily Powerful. 

844
00:49:43,800 --> 00:49:46,900
Sharma, Hamad command armies 
numbering in the hundreds of 

845
00:49:46,908 --> 00:49:49,700
thousands. 
His Empire includes some of the 

846
00:49:49,700 --> 00:49:51,500
greatest cities in the Islamic 
World. 

847
00:49:51,500 --> 00:49:57,400
Bukhara samachan Merv herat and 
many others. 

848
00:49:58,300 --> 00:50:01,300
The fortifications are strong, 
the garrisons are substantial 

849
00:50:01,300 --> 00:50:05,100
and the territory is vast. 
But Sharma, hammered makes 

850
00:50:05,100 --> 00:50:07,900
critical strategic era that 
Dooms his Empire. 

851
00:50:07,900 --> 00:50:11,600
Instead of concentrating his 
forces to meet the Mongols in 

852
00:50:11,600 --> 00:50:15,400
decisive battle, he disperses 
them in Garrison Duty across his

853
00:50:15,400 --> 00:50:18,900
numerous cities. 
This defensive strategy seems 

854
00:50:18,900 --> 00:50:21,300
logical. 
Protect the valuable Urban 

855
00:50:21,300 --> 00:50:25,500
centers, but it allows Genghis 
Khan to defeat the korres and 

856
00:50:25,500 --> 00:50:28,000
forces. 
Piecemeal preventing them from 

857
00:50:28,000 --> 00:50:32,600
combining this strength. 
In 1219 the Mongol invasion 

858
00:50:32,600 --> 00:50:37,100
begins Genghis, Khan divides his
forces into multiple armies that

859
00:50:37,100 --> 00:50:40,500
can operate independently while 
maintaining coordination through

860
00:50:40,500 --> 00:50:42,400
the sophisticated messenger 
system. 

861
00:50:43,300 --> 00:50:46,100
This allows him to threaten 
multiple objective 

862
00:50:46,100 --> 00:50:50,700
simultaneously. forcing Sharma 
Hamid to guess, which targets a 

863
00:50:50,700 --> 00:50:55,000
primary and which are faints 
Your part of the main Army that 

864
00:50:55,000 --> 00:50:58,800
Genghis, Khan personally 
commands and the campaign scale 

865
00:50:58,800 --> 00:51:01,800
dwarfs anything. 
You've experienced the Mongol 

866
00:51:01,800 --> 00:51:05,500
Army moves across the Sierra 
River and penetrates deep into 

867
00:51:05,500 --> 00:51:09,500
quarrels me on territory. 
The speed of advanced catchers 

868
00:51:09,500 --> 00:51:13,000
Defenders unprepared. 
They expect the Mongols to move 

869
00:51:13,000 --> 00:51:16,800
more slowly to follow 
conventional Invasion routes and

870
00:51:16,800 --> 00:51:20,600
to pause and consolidate off. 
After initial Victory is the 

871
00:51:20,600 --> 00:51:24,200
city of otra where the merchants
were killed, received special 

872
00:51:24,200 --> 00:51:27,400
attention. 
Genghis, Khan assigned, one Army

873
00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:30,500
to besiege it. 
While the main forces continued,

874
00:51:30,500 --> 00:51:34,800
advancing The Siege lasts five 
months before October. 

875
00:51:35,900 --> 00:51:38,100
The governor responsible for 
killing. 

876
00:51:38,100 --> 00:51:41,900
The merchants is captured and 
reportedly executed by having 

877
00:51:41,900 --> 00:51:45,100
molten silver poured into his 
eyes and ears. 

878
00:51:45,900 --> 00:51:47,900
A punishment. 
That's symbolically connects to 

879
00:51:47,900 --> 00:51:49,700
his Greed for the merchants 
Goods. 

880
00:51:50,400 --> 00:51:53,800
Uehara one of the great centers 
of Islamic learning and culture 

881
00:51:53,800 --> 00:51:56,600
is next. 
The Mongol Army appears before 

882
00:51:56,600 --> 00:52:00,600
the city in 1220, having crossed
distances that the Defenders 

883
00:52:00,600 --> 00:52:04,200
thought provided safety. 
The Garrison attempts to break 

884
00:52:04,200 --> 00:52:08,600
out and Escape rather than 
Endura Siege but the Mongols 

885
00:52:08,600 --> 00:52:12,000
slaughter them in the field. 
City leadership left without 

886
00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:15,600
military protection, surrenders 
What happens? 

887
00:52:15,600 --> 00:52:18,900
Next becomes one of the most 
famous incidents of the conquest

888
00:52:18,900 --> 00:52:21,700
Genghis. 
Khan reportedly entered bahara 

889
00:52:21,700 --> 00:52:25,000
goes to the main mosque and 
addresses the assembled 

890
00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:28,100
population. 
According to Persian historians 

891
00:52:28,100 --> 00:52:31,700
writing later, he climbs the 
pulpit and announces that he is 

892
00:52:31,700 --> 00:52:35,500
the punishment of God sent to 
chastise them for their sins. 

893
00:52:35,500 --> 00:52:39,200
That if they had not committed, 
great sins, God would not have 

894
00:52:39,200 --> 00:52:42,900
sent a punishment like him. 
Whether he actually said this or

895
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:45,000
whether it's later, 
embellishment is debatable. 

896
00:52:45,800 --> 00:52:49,200
Genghis, Khan wasn't fluent in 
Persian and the story appears in

897
00:52:49,200 --> 00:52:53,400
sources written decades later. 
But the narrative capture 

898
00:52:53,400 --> 00:52:56,200
something psychologically 
important about how the conquest

899
00:52:56,200 --> 00:53:00,400
was experienced and remembered 
as a Divine punishment and 

900
00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:03,700
apocalyptic judgment that 
destroyed the normal order of 

901
00:53:03,700 --> 00:53:07,600
things, the Mongol 
systematically loot bahara. 

902
00:53:07,600 --> 00:53:09,900
They spare most of the 
population. 

903
00:53:09,900 --> 00:53:13,600
But conscript, many for labor, 
and military service, they 

904
00:53:13,600 --> 00:53:17,500
execute the Garrison and anyone 
identified, as having resisted 

905
00:53:17,500 --> 00:53:22,000
they burn parts of the city, 
destroy fortifications and leave

906
00:53:22,000 --> 00:53:25,700
it permanently weakened. 
The destruction serves both 

907
00:53:25,700 --> 00:53:30,200
practical purposes, eliminating 
potential resistance, and 

908
00:53:30,200 --> 00:53:33,400
strategic ones. 
Encouraging other cities to 

909
00:53:33,400 --> 00:53:35,800
surrender, rather than face 
similar Fates. 

910
00:53:36,500 --> 00:53:39,200
Some accounts the greatest City 
in Central Asia. 

911
00:53:39,200 --> 00:53:43,900
Proves more difficult. 
The city is enormous strongly 

912
00:53:43,900 --> 00:53:48,300
fortified and defended by a 
Garrison of Pratt's, 60,000 to 

913
00:53:48,300 --> 00:53:53,300
100,000 soldiers. 
Again, numbers are disputed The 

914
00:53:53,300 --> 00:53:57,400
Mongols surround it with, 
perhaps 150,000 troops and 

915
00:53:57,400 --> 00:53:59,700
begin, systematic, Siege 
operations. 

916
00:54:00,700 --> 00:54:03,300
The Siege demonstrates. 
The sophisticated military 

917
00:54:03,300 --> 00:54:05,300
capabilities, the Mongols of 
developed. 

918
00:54:06,000 --> 00:54:08,900
The employee Chinese Siege 
engines to bombard the walls, 

919
00:54:08,900 --> 00:54:13,200
they build Siege Towers to scale
fortifications, they divert 

920
00:54:13,200 --> 00:54:16,700
Water Supplies, they use 
prisoners as human Shields to 

921
00:54:16,700 --> 00:54:18,400
discourage Defenders from 
fighting. 

922
00:54:19,200 --> 00:54:23,100
They negotiate with city leaders
offering terms for surrender 

923
00:54:23,100 --> 00:54:25,700
while simultaneously preparing 
for assault. 

924
00:54:26,400 --> 00:54:30,100
After about a week of Siege, a 
relatively brief time, for a 

925
00:54:30,100 --> 00:54:34,000
city of this size Sama cans 
leadership, surrenders, The 

926
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:37,500
Garrison is executed Craftsman, 
and skilled workers, are 

927
00:54:37,500 --> 00:54:41,200
conscripted and relocated much 
of the population is temporarily

928
00:54:41,200 --> 00:54:43,800
expelled. 
While the city is looted, and 

929
00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:48,600
among all Governor is installed,
Famous structures and libraries 

930
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:51,700
that made some Mark and a center
of learning or either destroyed 

931
00:54:51,700 --> 00:54:54,500
or gutted. 
The destruction of these great 

932
00:54:54,500 --> 00:54:57,400
cities creates trauma that 
Echoes through Islamic 

933
00:54:57,400 --> 00:55:02,000
civilization for Generations. 
Later Persian historians, 

934
00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:05,300
writing decades. 
After the events record death 

935
00:55:05,300 --> 00:55:09,300
tolls, that seemed impossible 
hundreds of thousands or even 

936
00:55:09,300 --> 00:55:11,600
Millions. 
Killed in individual cities. 

937
00:55:12,700 --> 00:55:16,100
Modern historians are skeptical 
of these numbers noting that 

938
00:55:16,100 --> 00:55:18,800
they're often rounded figures 
that probably represent the 

939
00:55:18,800 --> 00:55:22,600
entire Regional population 
rather than actual deaths. 

940
00:55:22,600 --> 00:55:26,200
And that sources had incentive 
to exaggerate Mongol brutality. 

941
00:55:27,300 --> 00:55:30,300
But even accounting for 
exaggeration, the destruction 

942
00:55:30,300 --> 00:55:34,400
was real and substantial. 
Urban culture in Central, Asia 

943
00:55:34,400 --> 00:55:38,500
suffered devastating blows 
irrigation systems that took 

944
00:55:38,500 --> 00:55:40,300
centuries to build were 
destroyed. 

945
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:44,700
Libraries and schools were 
burned Craftsmen were killed or 

946
00:55:44,700 --> 00:55:47,700
relocated. 
Economic networks were 

947
00:55:47,700 --> 00:55:50,700
disrupted. 
The region took generations to 

948
00:55:50,700 --> 00:55:54,300
recover and some areas never 
fully regain their former 

949
00:55:54,300 --> 00:55:58,400
prosperity. 
Meanwhile, Shah Muhammad flees 

950
00:55:58,400 --> 00:56:02,200
Westwood pursued by two of 
Genghis, Khan's best generals 

951
00:56:02,200 --> 00:56:07,100
subutai, and jebe leading, 
perhaps, 20,000 cavalry. 

952
00:56:08,000 --> 00:56:10,800
This Pursuit becomes almost 
absurd in its scope. 

953
00:56:10,800 --> 00:56:14,600
The Mongol armies Chase Sharma 
hammered across Persia through 

954
00:56:14,600 --> 00:56:17,300
the quarks mountains, around the
Caspian Sea. 

955
00:56:17,300 --> 00:56:22,100
And finally, to an island in the
Caspian, where he dies probably 

956
00:56:22,100 --> 00:56:26,900
from distant real pluris, broken
defeated and abandoned even by 

957
00:56:26,900 --> 00:56:30,400
his remaining followers but 
super Thai and JB don't stop. 

958
00:56:30,400 --> 00:56:33,400
They continue Westwood on what 
becomes a reconnaissance 

959
00:56:33,400 --> 00:56:37,000
Expedition Probing territories 
that have never encountered 

960
00:56:37,000 --> 00:56:40,200
Mongol forces they raid through 
Azerbaijan. 

961
00:56:40,200 --> 00:56:44,200
Penetrating to Georgia. 
Cross the Caucasus Mountains in 

962
00:56:44,200 --> 00:56:46,200
to the steps north of the Black 
Sea. 

963
00:56:47,200 --> 00:56:50,300
Defeat a combined force of 
Russian princes, and kipchak 

964
00:56:50,300 --> 00:56:54,700
warriors at the kalka. 
River in 1223, then looped back 

965
00:56:54,708 --> 00:56:57,000
Eastward to rejoin. 
Genghis Khan. 

966
00:56:57,900 --> 00:57:01,000
This Expedition covering paps, 
8,000 miles. 

967
00:57:01,000 --> 00:57:04,600
In three years. 
Demonstrates Mongol capabilities

968
00:57:04,600 --> 00:57:07,800
at their Peak. 
A relatively small Force, 

969
00:57:07,800 --> 00:57:11,900
operates independently deep in 
enemy territory, defeats every 

970
00:57:11,900 --> 00:57:15,600
enemy, it encounters gathers 
intelligence about regions. 

971
00:57:15,600 --> 00:57:19,400
The Mongols might later conquer 
and returns with minimal losses.

972
00:57:20,500 --> 00:57:24,100
It's a preview of campaigns that
will devastate Eastern Europe to

973
00:57:24,100 --> 00:57:28,800
decades later. 
By the early 1220 Genghis, Khan 

974
00:57:28,800 --> 00:57:32,300
controls territory stretching 
from the Pacific Ocean to the 

975
00:57:32,300 --> 00:57:36,800
Caspian Sea from Siberian 
forests to the Persian Gulf 

976
00:57:36,800 --> 00:57:39,800
approaches. 
In this Empire requires 

977
00:57:39,800 --> 00:57:44,200
Innovations and communication, 
trade, and administration that 

978
00:57:44,200 --> 00:57:47,900
equal his military achievements.
Your working in the Imperial 

979
00:57:47,900 --> 00:57:51,600
Administration now helping 
establish and maintain the yam 

980
00:57:51,600 --> 00:57:56,100
system, a postal relay Network. 
That becomes one of the Mongol 

981
00:57:56,100 --> 00:57:59,900
Empires most impressive and 
consequential achievements. 

982
00:58:00,700 --> 00:58:04,000
The system Builds on existing 
relay networks used by previous 

983
00:58:04,000 --> 00:58:07,100
Empires. 
The Persians Chinese and others 

984
00:58:07,100 --> 00:58:11,300
had similar systems but the 
Mongols extend and systematize 

985
00:58:11,300 --> 00:58:15,100
it on an unprecedented scale. 
Stations are built along, all 

986
00:58:15,100 --> 00:58:18,700
major routes spaced, roughly a 
day's hard ride apart. 

987
00:58:18,700 --> 00:58:23,900
Perhaps, 25 to 30 miles each 
station maintains, Fresh Horses,

988
00:58:23,900 --> 00:58:28,300
supplies, food, and Riders, 
ready to carry messages or 

989
00:58:28,300 --> 00:58:31,300
transport officials. 
The stations are stocked. 

990
00:58:31,300 --> 00:58:35,500
Systematically managed by 
appointed officials and subject 

991
00:58:35,500 --> 00:58:38,700
to regular inspection to ensure 
their maintained properly. 

992
00:58:39,500 --> 00:58:42,000
The system operates with 
remarkable efficiency. 

993
00:58:43,000 --> 00:58:45,700
An Urgent Message can travel 
from one end of the Empire to 

994
00:58:45,700 --> 00:58:49,500
the other in, perhaps two, to 
three weeks and astonishing 

995
00:58:49,500 --> 00:58:54,200
speed for the era. by comparison
European kingdoms, might take 

996
00:58:54,200 --> 00:58:57,300
months to coordinate actions 
between distant regions 

997
00:58:58,300 --> 00:59:02,000
Officials carrying the police 
sir, a tablet made of gold, 

998
00:59:02,000 --> 00:59:04,000
silver or wood, depending on 
rank. 

999
00:59:04,000 --> 00:59:08,600
Identifying them as Imperial 
Messengers receive priority 

1000
00:59:08,600 --> 00:59:12,100
treatment at all stations and 
can requisition horses, food 

1001
00:59:12,100 --> 00:59:14,100
shelter and assistance as 
needed. 

1002
00:59:15,200 --> 00:59:18,700
This communication Network makes
Imperial Administration possible

1003
00:59:18,700 --> 00:59:22,900
across vast distances Genghis. 
Khan can send orders to distant 

1004
00:59:22,900 --> 00:59:26,200
Governors and receive compliance
within weeks rather than months.

1005
00:59:27,100 --> 00:59:29,700
He can receive intelligent 
reports about threats or 

1006
00:59:29,700 --> 00:59:32,200
opportunities and responded. 
Before situations, develop 

1007
00:59:32,200 --> 00:59:35,200
beyond control. 
He can coordinate military 

1008
00:59:35,200 --> 00:59:38,300
campaigns across multiple 
fronts, separated by thousands 

1009
00:59:38,300 --> 00:59:42,200
of miles. the amp system 
transforms how Empires can 

1010
00:59:42,200 --> 00:59:45,900
function enabling centralized 
control over territories, that 

1011
00:59:45,900 --> 00:59:49,600
previous rulers could only 
govern loosely The economic 

1012
00:59:49,600 --> 00:59:51,500
implications proved equally 
important. 

1013
00:59:51,500 --> 00:59:55,000
The security Genghis Khan 
provides along trade routes 

1014
00:59:55,000 --> 00:59:58,400
combined with the communication 
infrastructure that supports 

1015
00:59:58,400 --> 01:00:02,000
Commerce encourages trade on an 
unprecedented scale. 

1016
01:00:03,100 --> 01:00:06,100
Silk Road, which had always 
existed in fragments controlled 

1017
01:00:06,100 --> 01:00:09,600
by different powers demanding 
tolls, and offering varying 

1018
01:00:09,600 --> 01:00:13,100
levels of security becomes for 
the first time in history. 

1019
01:00:13,100 --> 01:00:16,500
A relatively unified system 
under single management. 

1020
01:00:16,500 --> 01:00:20,000
You see the results in daily 
life as you help administer 

1021
01:00:20,000 --> 01:00:24,700
trade routes Merchants traveling
from China, to Persia no longer 

1022
01:00:24,700 --> 01:00:27,200
need to negotiate with dozens of
different powers. 

1023
01:00:27,200 --> 01:00:32,000
Pay arbitrary tolls at every 
border, hire armed guards, to 

1024
01:00:32,000 --> 01:00:35,200
protect against Bandits or 
navigate complex and 

1025
01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:40,100
contradictory legal systems. 
They pay standardized taxes to 

1026
01:00:40,100 --> 01:00:43,900
Mongol authorities, receive 
protection under Imperial law, 

1027
01:00:43,900 --> 01:00:47,200
and can conduct business with 
reasonable confidence. 

1028
01:00:47,200 --> 01:00:50,100
That contracts will be enforced.
And property will be protected 

1029
01:00:50,100 --> 01:00:53,800
this creates wealth that flows 
into the Empire's coffers 

1030
01:00:53,800 --> 01:00:57,000
through taxation. 
But more importantly, it creates

1031
01:00:57,000 --> 01:00:59,900
economic integration and 
cultural Exchange. 

1032
01:01:00,700 --> 01:01:04,400
Silk moves, Westwood in vast 
quantities, enriching Chinese 

1033
01:01:04,400 --> 01:01:07,900
producers and Central Asian 
Merchants while providing luxury

1034
01:01:07,900 --> 01:01:11,000
goods to Persian and eventually 
European markets. 

1035
01:01:11,800 --> 01:01:15,500
Silver flows, Eastwood driven by
Chinese demand for precious 

1036
01:01:15,500 --> 01:01:18,400
metals. 
Spices travel from south to 

1037
01:01:18,400 --> 01:01:21,100
North Furs, move from north to 
south. 

1038
01:01:22,100 --> 01:01:25,100
Each trade route becomes a 
conduit not just for goods, but 

1039
01:01:25,100 --> 01:01:28,300
for ideas Technologies and 
cultural practices. 

1040
01:01:29,500 --> 01:01:32,200
The religious tolerance that 
Genghis Khan established becomes

1041
01:01:32,200 --> 01:01:35,400
even more evident in important 
during this era of expanded 

1042
01:01:35,400 --> 01:01:38,600
trade and contact. 
You encounter extraordinary 

1043
01:01:38,600 --> 01:01:41,700
diversity in any major city 
along the trade routes 

1044
01:01:41,700 --> 01:01:45,900
nestorian, Christians from 
Central Asia working alongside 

1045
01:01:45,900 --> 01:01:49,900
Buddhist monks from China 
Muslim, merchants from Persia 

1046
01:01:49,900 --> 01:01:54,500
trading with shamaness Mongols, 
Taoist sages Consulting with 

1047
01:01:54,500 --> 01:01:58,500
mannequin, Scholars and Jewish 
Traders conducting business with

1048
01:01:58,500 --> 01:02:01,400
Hindu Craftsmen. 
And nobody finds this 

1049
01:02:01,400 --> 01:02:04,800
particularly remarkable. 
The Empire's policy is clear and

1050
01:02:04,800 --> 01:02:09,000
consistently, enforced believe 
whatever you want worship. 

1051
01:02:09,000 --> 01:02:12,600
However, you choose follow 
whatever dietary restrictions, 

1052
01:02:12,600 --> 01:02:15,700
your religion requires, and 
observe whatever, holy days. 

1053
01:02:15,700 --> 01:02:19,400
You prefer, As Long as You 
Follow the Civil laws, pay your 

1054
01:02:19,400 --> 01:02:22,200
taxes and contribute to the 
Empire's defense. 

1055
01:02:22,200 --> 01:02:26,300
When required Genghis, Khan 
actively encourages this diverse

1056
01:02:26,300 --> 01:02:30,800
teeth through explicit policy, 
He granted tax exemptions to all

1057
01:02:30,800 --> 01:02:34,100
religious institutions Moss 
churches. 

1058
01:02:34,100 --> 01:02:37,100
Monasteries temples and 
synagogues. 

1059
01:02:38,100 --> 01:02:41,300
He protects places of worship 
from desecration or destruction.

1060
01:02:41,300 --> 01:02:44,800
He prohibits religious 
discrimination in Commerce or 

1061
01:02:44,800 --> 01:02:48,300
Administration. 
He employs talented individuals 

1062
01:02:48,300 --> 01:02:52,100
regardless of their religion, 
Muslim administrators managing 

1063
01:02:52,100 --> 01:02:56,000
taxation systems. 
Christian scribes maintaining 

1064
01:02:56,000 --> 01:03:00,000
records Buddhist advisors 
providing Counsel on governance 

1065
01:03:00,000 --> 01:03:04,200
and Tower sages offering wisdom 
about Health and Longevity. 

1066
01:03:05,600 --> 01:03:08,300
This isn't altruism or 
philosophical commitment to 

1067
01:03:08,300 --> 01:03:11,400
Religious Freedom. 
In any, modern sense, its 

1068
01:03:11,400 --> 01:03:14,700
practical recognition that 
diverse sources of talent and 

1069
01:03:14,700 --> 01:03:16,000
knowledge, make the Empire 
stronger. 

1070
01:03:16,000 --> 01:03:23,100
Why limit yourself to Mongol 
shamanistic expertise of Chinese

1071
01:03:23,100 --> 01:03:26,600
Confucian bureaucrats. 
The commercial networks of 

1072
01:03:26,600 --> 01:03:30,100
Muslim merchants the scholarly 
traditions of Christian 

1073
01:03:30,100 --> 01:03:33,100
monasteries and the scientific 
knowledge of Persian 

1074
01:03:33,100 --> 01:03:36,600
astronomers, the cultural and 
technological exchange 

1075
01:03:36,600 --> 01:03:39,200
facilitated. 
By this integrated Trade Network

1076
01:03:39,200 --> 01:03:42,200
transform Society is across your
Asia. 

1077
01:03:43,300 --> 01:03:47,400
Chinese Technologies, spread 
Westwood gunpowder, which will 

1078
01:03:47,400 --> 01:03:50,100
revolutionize Warfare. 
Printing. 

1079
01:03:50,100 --> 01:03:51,600
Which will democratize 
knowledge. 

1080
01:03:52,600 --> 01:03:56,100
The compass which enables 
navigation and paper currently, 

1081
01:03:56,100 --> 01:04:00,500
which facilitates Commerce. 
Islamic scientific knowledge 

1082
01:04:00,500 --> 01:04:04,400
spreads Eastwood advanced 
mathematics including algebra 

1083
01:04:04,400 --> 01:04:08,000
sophisticated astronomy in 
enabling accurate calendars. 

1084
01:04:08,800 --> 01:04:12,800
Medical knowledge accumulated 
from Greek, Persian an Indian 

1085
01:04:12,800 --> 01:04:16,400
sources and Architectural, 
technique for building large 

1086
01:04:16,400 --> 01:04:21,300
domes and complex structures. 
European goods and ideas. 

1087
01:04:21,300 --> 01:04:24,300
Begin reaching East Asia in 
significant quantities for the 

1088
01:04:24,300 --> 01:04:28,400
first time. 
Mongol rule creates for a brief 

1089
01:04:28,400 --> 01:04:31,500
historical moment. 
Something approaching a unified 

1090
01:04:31,500 --> 01:04:35,500
Eurasian economy enabling 
exchanges that wouldn't occur 

1091
01:04:35,500 --> 01:04:37,800
again at this scale until the 
modern era. 

1092
01:04:38,400 --> 01:04:40,400
You witness some of this 
exchange directly. 

1093
01:04:41,300 --> 01:04:44,100
The Chinese engineer arrives at 
a Mongol military Camp. 

1094
01:04:44,100 --> 01:04:46,200
Bringing designs for improved 
Siege weapons. 

1095
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:50,500
A person astronomer sets up an 
observatory teaching Mongol 

1096
01:04:50,500 --> 01:04:52,200
princes about Celestial 
mechanics. 

1097
01:04:53,500 --> 01:04:56,600
A European Merchants brings 
samples of glass and cloth 

1098
01:04:56,600 --> 01:04:59,000
trading them for silk and 
porcelain. 

1099
01:04:59,700 --> 01:05:03,100
A Buddhist missionary from Tibet
discusses philosophy with a 

1100
01:05:03,100 --> 01:05:06,700
nestorian monk while a Muslim 
scholar observes and comments 

1101
01:05:06,700 --> 01:05:09,900
the intellectual and cultural 
firm in this creates is 

1102
01:05:09,900 --> 01:05:12,300
unprecedented. 
The administrative 

1103
01:05:12,300 --> 01:05:16,000
sophistication continues 
developing the Empire, conducts 

1104
01:05:16,000 --> 01:05:19,200
censuses to better understand 
its population and resources, 

1105
01:05:19,200 --> 01:05:22,700
initially crude counts, but 
gradually becoming more 

1106
01:05:22,700 --> 01:05:26,200
systematic. 
Tax records are maintained with 

1107
01:05:26,200 --> 01:05:30,000
increasing care, using written 
documentation that allows for 

1108
01:05:30,000 --> 01:05:33,500
planning and forecasting rather 
than just ad hoc extraction. 

1109
01:05:34,600 --> 01:05:39,100
Postal records track message. 
Traffic enabling administrators 

1110
01:05:39,100 --> 01:05:42,300
to identify problems in the 
system and optimize routes. 

1111
01:05:43,000 --> 01:05:45,400
Legal Administration becomes 
more formalized. 

1112
01:05:45,400 --> 01:05:49,300
Judges applying the Yasser 
accumulate precedent and 

1113
01:05:49,300 --> 01:05:52,100
interpretations that add Nuance 
to the original principles. 

1114
01:05:53,100 --> 01:05:57,000
The fundamental rules, remain, 
constant equality before, law 

1115
01:05:57,000 --> 01:06:01,100
protection of property. 
Religious tolerance merit-based 

1116
01:06:01,100 --> 01:06:04,100
advancement. 
But the applications become more

1117
01:06:04,100 --> 01:06:07,500
sophisticated as the Empire 
governs increasingly diverse 

1118
01:06:07,500 --> 01:06:12,900
populations with varying customs
and Expectations by 12:26. 

1119
01:06:12,900 --> 01:06:16,900
Genghis, Khan is in his mid-60s.
An impressive age for someone 

1120
01:06:16,900 --> 01:06:21,000
who spent his entire adult life 
in Warfare outdoor living and 

1121
01:06:21,000 --> 01:06:24,300
constant travel. 
His body shows, the accumulated 

1122
01:06:24,300 --> 01:06:29,500
damage of decades Old Wounds, 
that achan cold weather joints 

1123
01:06:29,500 --> 01:06:32,100
stiffened by countless hours on 
Horseback. 

1124
01:06:32,100 --> 01:06:37,100
And the general erosion that 
active, life brings But his mind

1125
01:06:37,100 --> 01:06:41,500
remained sharp, his strategic 
thinking under diminished and 

1126
01:06:41,500 --> 01:06:46,300
his determination unwanted. the 
Western sheer, which he first 

1127
01:06:46,300 --> 01:06:49,500
campaigned against years early 
and which had submitted to 

1128
01:06:49,500 --> 01:06:53,400
Mongols are anti Has refused to 
provide military support for 

1129
01:06:53,400 --> 01:06:55,600
campaigns against the quadrants 
Empire. 

1130
01:06:57,000 --> 01:07:00,700
The refusal comes with insulting
language suggesting that. 

1131
01:07:00,700 --> 01:07:03,100
If Genghis, Khan cannot fight 
his own battles. 

1132
01:07:03,100 --> 01:07:07,100
He shouldn't be Khan. 
This combination of Disobedience

1133
01:07:07,100 --> 01:07:11,000
and insult is intolerable. 
Despite his age and declining 

1134
01:07:11,000 --> 01:07:14,600
Health Genghis, Khan personally 
leads, one final campaign 

1135
01:07:14,600 --> 01:07:17,900
against Western Sia. 
Your part of this Expedition 

1136
01:07:17,900 --> 01:07:21,600
now, an older officer yourself, 
and it's clear that Genghis, 

1137
01:07:21,600 --> 01:07:24,400
Khan is driving himself Beyond 
his physical limits. 

1138
01:07:25,300 --> 01:07:29,100
He's determined to complete this
campaign to punish the Tango's 

1139
01:07:29,100 --> 01:07:32,900
for their Disobedience and to 
establish definitively that 

1140
01:07:32,900 --> 01:07:36,600
submission to Mongol Authority 
must be complete and permanent. 

1141
01:07:37,900 --> 01:07:41,300
During the campaign Genghis, 
Khan suffers an accident while 

1142
01:07:41,300 --> 01:07:44,600
hunting. 
Either a fall from his horse or 

1143
01:07:44,600 --> 01:07:46,900
possibly being thrown when his 
horses startled. 

1144
01:07:47,700 --> 01:07:51,000
He is injured, possibly 
internally and never fully 

1145
01:07:51,000 --> 01:07:54,000
recovers. 
He develops fever and weakness, 

1146
01:07:54,000 --> 01:07:56,300
but refuses to abandon the 
campaign. 

1147
01:07:57,300 --> 01:08:00,200
The Mongol Army continues, its 
systematic destruction of 

1148
01:08:00,200 --> 01:08:04,300
Western shears capacity for 
resistance besieging cities, 

1149
01:08:04,300 --> 01:08:07,500
accepting surrenders and 
gradually crushing all 

1150
01:08:07,500 --> 01:08:12,300
opposition. 
In August of 1227 Genghis, Khan 

1151
01:08:12,300 --> 01:08:15,400
dies. 
The exact circumstances remain 

1152
01:08:15,400 --> 01:08:17,899
unclear. 
Some sources suggest 

1153
01:08:17,899 --> 01:08:19,800
complications from his hunting 
injury. 

1154
01:08:19,800 --> 01:08:23,800
Others mentioned illness 
possibly typhoid or dysentery 

1155
01:08:23,800 --> 01:08:26,800
and still others. 
Hint violence, though, this 

1156
01:08:26,800 --> 01:08:29,800
seems less likely given the 
sources and circumstances. 

1157
01:08:31,200 --> 01:08:34,500
What certain is that he dies 
during the Western Sierra 

1158
01:08:34,500 --> 01:08:38,399
campaign and according to some 
accounts, his final orders 

1159
01:08:38,399 --> 01:08:41,600
demand that the Western sheer 
ruling family, be exterminated 

1160
01:08:41,600 --> 01:08:44,600
as punishment for causing him to
campaign in his final years. 

1161
01:08:45,700 --> 01:08:47,600
His death is kept secret 
initially. 

1162
01:08:47,600 --> 01:08:51,600
The Mongol Army is deep in enemy
territory and announcing the 

1163
01:08:51,600 --> 01:08:55,300
Khan's, death might encourage 
resistance or enable enemies to 

1164
01:08:55,300 --> 01:08:57,700
attack during the vulnerable 
transition period. 

1165
01:08:58,600 --> 01:09:01,700
The body is transported back to 
Mongolia in secrecy. 

1166
01:09:02,500 --> 01:09:04,700
According to tradition, 
everyone. 

1167
01:09:04,700 --> 01:09:08,300
The funeral Cortes in counter is
killed to preserve the secret of

1168
01:09:08,300 --> 01:09:11,600
his burial location and to 
provide the deceased Khan with 

1169
01:09:11,600 --> 01:09:15,399
servants in the afterlife The 
exact burial site remains 

1170
01:09:15,399 --> 01:09:19,000
unknown to this day. 
Tradition holds that he's buried

1171
01:09:19,000 --> 01:09:23,000
somewhere in the sacred, berhan 
kaldon, mountain region where he

1172
01:09:23,000 --> 01:09:25,700
had hidden and prayed during 
desperate times in his youth. 

1173
01:09:26,600 --> 01:09:30,200
The site is deliberately left 
unmarked protected by 

1174
01:09:30,200 --> 01:09:33,899
prohibitions against disturbing,
the area and lost to history. 

1175
01:09:35,100 --> 01:09:38,399
Modern attempts to locate the 
tomb using various Technologies 

1176
01:09:38,399 --> 01:09:41,800
of so far failed. 
But Genghis Khan had planned for

1177
01:09:41,808 --> 01:09:45,200
succession understanding that 
his death, shouldn't plung. 

1178
01:09:45,200 --> 01:09:49,899
The empire into chaos, he 
designated his third son ogeday.

1179
01:09:49,899 --> 01:09:53,800
As his principal heir, Not his 
eldest son, Yoshi. 

1180
01:09:53,800 --> 01:09:57,800
Who's paternity had always been 
questioned and who had died 

1181
01:09:57,800 --> 01:10:02,000
early anyway, not his second 
son, chagatai, who was too 

1182
01:10:02,000 --> 01:10:03,700
quarrelsome and rigid in his 
thinking. 

1183
01:10:04,800 --> 01:10:08,400
Not his youngest son, tolui, who
was talented, but perhaps too 

1184
01:10:08,400 --> 01:10:10,600
young. 
And who held the traditional 

1185
01:10:10,600 --> 01:10:14,800
role of inheriting, the father's
herds and Homeland, Ugadi 

1186
01:10:14,800 --> 01:10:18,600
competent, and diplomatic 
capable of building consensus 

1187
01:10:18,600 --> 01:10:21,200
and managing the competing 
interests of relatives. 

1188
01:10:21,200 --> 01:10:23,800
And Generals would continue his 
father's work. 

1189
01:10:24,600 --> 01:10:28,600
This succession proceeds, 
remarkably smoothly a testament 

1190
01:10:28,600 --> 01:10:33,200
to the institutional structures.
Genghis, Khan built a coral is 

1191
01:10:33,200 --> 01:10:37,800
held in 1229 and ogre day is 
formally proclaimed as great 

1192
01:10:37,800 --> 01:10:41,100
Khan. 
The Empire doesn't fragment into

1193
01:10:41,100 --> 01:10:44,500
warring factions, the 
administrative systems, continue

1194
01:10:44,500 --> 01:10:48,900
functioning the postal Network 
keeps operating the laws remain 

1195
01:10:48,900 --> 01:10:52,800
enforce, the military maintains 
its organization and discipline,

1196
01:10:52,800 --> 01:10:56,400
the transition demonstrates that
the empires become larger than 

1197
01:10:56,400 --> 01:11:01,800
any individual even its founder.
Your older now working in civil 

1198
01:11:01,800 --> 01:11:04,500
Administration rather than 
fighting and you witness the 

1199
01:11:04,500 --> 01:11:07,200
empires continued expansion 
under Yuga days. 

1200
01:11:07,200 --> 01:11:11,400
Rule In many ways he could die 
proves an ideal successor. 

1201
01:11:11,400 --> 01:11:16,400
He lacks his father's Charisma 
and strategic genius, but 

1202
01:11:16,400 --> 01:11:19,900
possesses strong administrative 
skills and the political wisdom 

1203
01:11:19,900 --> 01:11:23,300
to work effectively with the 
powerful generals and princes 

1204
01:11:23,300 --> 01:11:26,900
inherited. 
Okkadai completes the conquest 

1205
01:11:26,900 --> 01:11:29,100
of the jinny that his father 
began. 

1206
01:11:30,000 --> 01:11:34,700
The final Jean Emperor dies in 
1234 ending a dynasty that had 

1207
01:11:34,700 --> 01:11:36,700
ruled Northern China for over a 
century. 

1208
01:11:38,100 --> 01:11:40,800
The conquered territories are 
incorporated into the Mongol 

1209
01:11:40,800 --> 01:11:43,200
Empire though. 
Administration remains 

1210
01:11:43,200 --> 01:11:46,500
challenging governing settled. 
Agricultural, populations 

1211
01:11:46,500 --> 01:11:50,400
requires different skills than 
ruling nomadic tribes, and the 

1212
01:11:50,408 --> 01:11:53,500
Mongols are still learning. 
Ogre day. 

1213
01:11:53,500 --> 01:11:55,300
Also continues expansion 
Westward. 

1214
01:11:56,000 --> 01:11:58,500
He sends armies into Eastern 
Europe under the command of 

1215
01:11:58,508 --> 01:12:01,100
Batu. 
Khan Genghis, Khan's grandson 

1216
01:12:01,100 --> 01:12:06,300
through jochi and the brilliant 
General subutai. from 12:37 

1217
01:12:06,300 --> 01:12:11,200
through 12:41 Mongol, forces, 
sweep through Russia, Poland and

1218
01:12:11,200 --> 01:12:14,700
Hungary Defeating every Army 
that opposes them. 

1219
01:12:15,600 --> 01:12:18,100
The European campaigns 
demonstrate Mongol, military 

1220
01:12:18,100 --> 01:12:21,600
capabilities at their Peak. 
At the Battle of League. 

1221
01:12:21,600 --> 01:12:26,000
Knits in 1241 Mongol, forces 
defeat a combined polish, German

1222
01:12:26,000 --> 01:12:30,500
Army using sophisticated 
tactics, including feigned, 

1223
01:12:30,500 --> 01:12:33,600
Retreats and coordinated charges
from multiple directions. 

1224
01:12:34,900 --> 01:12:39,200
At the Battle of mohi in 
Hungary, the same year, they 

1225
01:12:39,200 --> 01:12:42,200
annihilate, a large Hungarian 
Army through Superior, 

1226
01:12:42,200 --> 01:12:45,400
reconnaissance coordination, and
tactical flexibility. 

1227
01:12:46,800 --> 01:12:50,800
European Christian is terrified.
The Mongol seemed Invincible 

1228
01:12:50,800 --> 01:12:54,700
appearing and disappearing with 
Supernatural, speed defeating, 

1229
01:12:54,700 --> 01:12:57,900
every Force sent against them, 
and using tactics and 

1230
01:12:57,900 --> 01:13:01,300
coordination, that European 
commanders can't counter. 

1231
01:13:02,400 --> 01:13:05,400
Chroniclers described them as 
God's punishment for Christian 

1232
01:13:05,400 --> 01:13:08,500
sins, or as demonic forces 
prestiging. 

1233
01:13:08,500 --> 01:13:11,700
The Apocalypse. 
The rapid Mongol Advanced seems 

1234
01:13:11,700 --> 01:13:15,300
Unstoppable. 
But then abruptly, the Mongols 

1235
01:13:15,300 --> 01:13:19,100
withdraw. 
Olga de Diez in December 1241 

1236
01:13:19,100 --> 01:13:22,800
possibly, from alcoholism, 
possibly from other causes and 

1237
01:13:22,800 --> 01:13:25,800
the Mongol commanders in Europe,
receive word and return for the 

1238
01:13:25,800 --> 01:13:29,700
succession curiel tie. 
The invasion of Western Europe, 

1239
01:13:29,700 --> 01:13:32,700
never resumes though. 
The reasons are debated by 

1240
01:13:32,700 --> 01:13:35,600
historians. 
The immediate cause is ogre 

1241
01:13:35,600 --> 01:13:38,100
day's death. 
The deeper factors include the 

1242
01:13:38,100 --> 01:13:41,100
marginal value of European 
territories compared to 

1243
01:13:41,100 --> 01:13:44,600
Richlands in the Middle Eastern,
China, and the logistical 

1244
01:13:44,600 --> 01:13:47,900
difficulties of campaigning so 
far from the Mongol Heartland. 

1245
01:13:48,700 --> 01:13:51,400
But what's really developing 
during this period, is the full 

1246
01:13:51,400 --> 01:13:55,000
flowering of the systems. 
Genghis, Khan created, the 

1247
01:13:55,000 --> 01:13:57,400
Empire isn't just a collection 
of conquered territories. 

1248
01:13:57,400 --> 01:14:01,400
It's becoming an integrated 
political economic, and cultural

1249
01:14:01,400 --> 01:14:04,700
entity with sophisticated 
institutions. 

1250
01:14:05,600 --> 01:14:08,900
The legal system continues 
evolving maintaining corporate 

1251
01:14:08,900 --> 01:14:12,200
principles while developing 
nuanced and precedent. the 

1252
01:14:12,200 --> 01:14:15,700
Yasser Remains the fundamental 
law, but judges accumulate 

1253
01:14:15,700 --> 01:14:19,700
experience in applying it to 
diverse situations mixed 

1254
01:14:19,700 --> 01:14:22,000
tribunals sometimes include 
judges from different 

1255
01:14:22,000 --> 01:14:25,500
backgrounds, to ensure fairness 
when disputes cross-cultural 

1256
01:14:25,500 --> 01:14:29,500
lines Legal decisions are 
increasingly documented, 

1257
01:14:29,500 --> 01:14:33,300
creating a body of case, law 
that guides future judgments. 

1258
01:14:34,100 --> 01:14:37,700
The economic integration 
accelerates dramatically the 

1259
01:14:37,700 --> 01:14:41,900
Silk Road reaches its historical
Zenith under Mongol protection. 

1260
01:14:42,800 --> 01:14:45,600
Merchants can travel from Korea 
to Hungary under single 

1261
01:14:45,600 --> 01:14:49,600
management, protected by Mongol 
law using standardized 

1262
01:14:49,600 --> 01:14:51,800
currencies and weights, 
confident. 

1263
01:14:51,800 --> 01:14:54,600
Their contracts will be enforced
and their goods protected. 

1264
01:14:54,600 --> 01:14:58,300
This creates Prosperity, that 
benefits the Empire through 

1265
01:14:58,300 --> 01:15:02,400
taxation and participating 
regions through increased trade.

1266
01:15:03,200 --> 01:15:06,200
You help manage segments of this
Trade Network and witness its 

1267
01:15:06,200 --> 01:15:10,200
sophistication. 
Caravan saris fortified rest, 

1268
01:15:10,200 --> 01:15:13,800
stops a built along trade 
routes, providing secure 

1269
01:15:13,800 --> 01:15:17,000
lodging, fresh animals, supplies
and banking services. 

1270
01:15:17,000 --> 01:15:21,100
Merchants can deposit money in 
one city and withdraw it in 

1271
01:15:21,100 --> 01:15:24,100
another through sophisticated 
bills of Exchange. 

1272
01:15:25,100 --> 01:15:28,000
Avoiding the risk of carrying 
large amounts of coin or 

1273
01:15:28,000 --> 01:15:31,100
precious metals. 
Commercial contracts are 

1274
01:15:31,100 --> 01:15:35,000
enforced by Imperial courts, 
that understand Trade Practices 

1275
01:15:35,000 --> 01:15:37,100
and can adjudicate disputes of 
efficiently. 

1276
01:15:38,100 --> 01:15:40,800
The cultural exchange becomes 
truly remarkable. 

1277
01:15:40,800 --> 01:15:44,400
You attend gatherings in the 
imperial capital where Scholars 

1278
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:46,200
from across the Empire exchange 
knowledge. 

1279
01:15:46,900 --> 01:15:51,200
Chinese Engineers, demonstrate 
new, Siege Technologies, Persian

1280
01:15:51,200 --> 01:15:53,300
astronomers, share observations 
and calculations. 

1281
01:15:54,400 --> 01:15:58,000
Indian mathematicians explain 
Advanced numerical systems 

1282
01:15:58,000 --> 01:16:03,100
including the concept of zero. 
European Merchants describe 

1283
01:16:03,100 --> 01:16:05,300
their trade networks and 
political systems. 

1284
01:16:05,300 --> 01:16:09,000
The Mongol Court becomes 
genuinely Cosmopolitan, 

1285
01:16:09,000 --> 01:16:12,300
employing administrators and 
advisors from dozens of 

1286
01:16:12,300 --> 01:16:15,500
different backgrounds. 
Religious debates occur where 

1287
01:16:15,500 --> 01:16:19,300
Buddhist Christian Muslim and 
Towers representatives are argue

1288
01:16:19,300 --> 01:16:21,400
their positions before the Khan 
and his court. 

1289
01:16:22,200 --> 01:16:24,200
Not to determine which religion 
is correct. 

1290
01:16:24,200 --> 01:16:28,200
The Empire maintains its policy 
of Tolerance but as an 

1291
01:16:28,200 --> 01:16:31,600
intellectual exercise and 
entertainment, This cultural 

1292
01:16:31,600 --> 01:16:34,200
mixing creates Innovation and 
synthesis. 

1293
01:16:35,000 --> 01:16:38,300
Chinese medicine incorporates 
ideas from Persian and Indian 

1294
01:16:38,300 --> 01:16:41,400
traditions. 
Islamic astronomy benefits from 

1295
01:16:41,400 --> 01:16:45,000
Chinese observations. 
Mongol military tactics 

1296
01:16:45,000 --> 01:16:49,400
integrate Siege Technologies 
from multiple sources, Artistic 

1297
01:16:49,400 --> 01:16:52,900
Styles. 
Blend creating hybrid forms that

1298
01:16:52,900 --> 01:16:56,000
draw from multiple Traditions. 
The administrative 

1299
01:16:56,000 --> 01:16:59,900
sophistication increases 
steadily census-taking becomes 

1300
01:16:59,900 --> 01:17:03,100
more systematic and regular 
providing details information 

1301
01:17:03,100 --> 01:17:07,500
about population distribution, 
economic resources and Military 

1302
01:17:07,500 --> 01:17:10,500
capacity. 
Tax collection becomes more 

1303
01:17:10,500 --> 01:17:15,400
rationalized with rates based on
productivity and ability to pay 

1304
01:17:15,400 --> 01:17:17,400
rather than arbitrary 
extraction. 

1305
01:17:18,400 --> 01:17:21,800
The bureaucracy, grows, more 
professional with specialized 

1306
01:17:21,800 --> 01:17:24,200
departments handling different 
aspects of governance. 

1307
01:17:24,200 --> 01:17:28,200
The Empire establishes a postal 
system that handles not just 

1308
01:17:28,200 --> 01:17:31,300
official messages, but also 
begins enabling private 

1309
01:17:31,300 --> 01:17:33,400
correspondence and Commercial 
Communications. 

1310
01:17:34,600 --> 01:17:37,600
The yam stations originally 
built for military and 

1311
01:17:37,600 --> 01:17:40,800
administrative purposes. 
Become nodes in a broader 

1312
01:17:40,800 --> 01:17:43,300
communication Network, that 
facilitates Commerce and 

1313
01:17:43,300 --> 01:17:48,400
cultural exchange looking back 
from the 1240s and 1250s, you 

1314
01:17:48,400 --> 01:17:51,100
can assess what Genghis Khan and
his immediate successors, 

1315
01:17:51,100 --> 01:17:55,000
actually accomplished. 
The territorial Conquest is 

1316
01:17:55,000 --> 01:17:59,100
obvious and unprecedented. 
The Mongol Empire at its height,

1317
01:17:59,100 --> 01:18:02,900
controls more territory than any
Empire in history stretching 

1318
01:18:02,900 --> 01:18:06,700
from Korea to Hungary from 
Siberia to the Persian Gulf. 

1319
01:18:07,700 --> 01:18:10,500
But the conquest alone doesn't 
explain why the Empire 

1320
01:18:10,500 --> 01:18:14,000
functioned as effectively as it 
did or why its influence 

1321
01:18:14,000 --> 01:18:16,900
persisted long after its 
political Unity dissolved. 

1322
01:18:17,700 --> 01:18:20,400
The real achievements were 
organizational, institutional, 

1323
01:18:20,400 --> 01:18:24,400
and cultural. 
The Pax mongolica, the Mongol, 

1324
01:18:24,400 --> 01:18:27,600
peace, enables trade and travel 
across Eurasia on an 

1325
01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:31,600
unprecedented scale. 
For perhaps a century, Merchants

1326
01:18:31,600 --> 01:18:35,500
can travel from China to Europe 
with reasonable security, paying

1327
01:18:35,500 --> 01:18:39,200
standardized tolls operating 
under consistently legal 

1328
01:18:39,200 --> 01:18:41,900
systems, and moving goods and 
quantities. 

1329
01:18:41,900 --> 01:18:44,800
That would have been impossible 
during periods of fragmentation 

1330
01:18:44,800 --> 01:18:48,900
and chronic Warfare. 
This economic integration 

1331
01:18:48,900 --> 01:18:52,700
creates wealth and facilitates 
exchanges that wouldn't occur. 

1332
01:18:52,700 --> 01:18:55,600
Otherwise. 
Technologies and ideas that 

1333
01:18:55,600 --> 01:18:58,600
might have remained localized, 
Fred rapidly across the Empire, 

1334
01:18:58,600 --> 01:19:03,700
Chinese invention, reach Europe,
Islamic science reaches China 

1335
01:19:03,700 --> 01:19:08,500
and European Goods, reach East, 
Asia, The Mongol Empire 

1336
01:19:08,500 --> 01:19:12,200
functions as a massive Network 
for exchanging, not just 

1337
01:19:12,200 --> 01:19:16,600
Commodities, but also knowledge 
techniques and cultural 

1338
01:19:16,600 --> 01:19:19,900
practices. 
The meritocratic principles 

1339
01:19:19,900 --> 01:19:23,000
Genghis, Khan established, 
however, imperfectly realized 

1340
01:19:23,000 --> 01:19:26,400
demonstrate that Talent can be 
recognized and rewarded 

1341
01:19:26,400 --> 01:19:30,600
regardless of birth. 
This isn't democracy or equality

1342
01:19:30,600 --> 01:19:33,600
in any modern sense. 
The Empire remains higher 

1343
01:19:33,600 --> 01:19:37,300
archaeal and often brutal, but 
it represents movement towards 

1344
01:19:37,300 --> 01:19:39,400
systems. 
That value contribution over 

1345
01:19:39,400 --> 01:19:43,700
inherited status. 
Talented administrator from a 

1346
01:19:43,700 --> 01:19:46,000
conquered. 
People can reach positions of 

1347
01:19:46,000 --> 01:19:48,800
real Authority. 
A brave Warrior from a minor 

1348
01:19:48,800 --> 01:19:53,500
Clan can become a general Birth 
still matters but competence 

1349
01:19:53,500 --> 01:19:57,200
matters more than it had before.
The religious tolerance in 

1350
01:19:57,200 --> 01:20:00,900
Ablaze governance of diverse 
populations without the constant

1351
01:20:00,900 --> 01:20:03,900
sectarian conflicts that played,
many other Empires. 

1352
01:20:05,100 --> 01:20:08,000
People of different faiths 
coexist and cooperate, under 

1353
01:20:08,000 --> 01:20:11,700
common civil law. 
This creates a model, however, 

1354
01:20:11,700 --> 01:20:15,700
temporarily sustained for how 
multi-religious societies might 

1355
01:20:15,700 --> 01:20:18,500
function. 
The principal that people can 

1356
01:20:18,500 --> 01:20:21,500
worship differently. 
While cooperating politically 

1357
01:20:21,500 --> 01:20:25,000
and economically influences. 
How late is society is think 

1358
01:20:25,000 --> 01:20:29,400
about religious diversity The 
legal system, emphasizing 

1359
01:20:29,400 --> 01:20:32,800
consistent application, 
regardless of social status 

1360
01:20:32,800 --> 01:20:37,300
creates a sense of fairness that
generates loyalty and enables 

1361
01:20:37,300 --> 01:20:40,900
economic activity. 
When people know rules will be 

1362
01:20:40,908 --> 01:20:45,400
applied, predictably, they can 
plan invest and engage in 

1363
01:20:45,400 --> 01:20:47,600
long-term projects with greater 
confidence. 

1364
01:20:48,600 --> 01:20:52,500
The Yasser isn't perfect. 
No human legal system ever is, 

1365
01:20:52,500 --> 01:20:55,800
but it's remarkably functional 
for its time and scale. 

1366
01:20:57,200 --> 01:20:59,700
The communication and 
transportation infrastructure 

1367
01:20:59,700 --> 01:21:02,800
enables Administration and 
commerce across unprecedented 

1368
01:21:02,800 --> 01:21:06,700
distances, the yam system allows
information to flow rapidly, 

1369
01:21:06,700 --> 01:21:09,300
enabling coordination and 
control. 

1370
01:21:09,300 --> 01:21:10,400
That would otherwise be 
impossible. 

1371
01:21:10,400 --> 01:21:14,000
The protected trade routes, 
create economic benefits that 

1372
01:21:14,000 --> 01:21:16,200
make the Empire. 
Wealthy beyond what Conquest 

1373
01:21:16,200 --> 01:21:19,700
alone could achieve. 
The systematic incorporation of 

1374
01:21:19,700 --> 01:21:23,400
Concord Elites and populations 
rather than they Universal 

1375
01:21:23,400 --> 01:21:26,500
extermination preserves talent 
and knowledge. 

1376
01:21:27,400 --> 01:21:31,200
Chinese Engineers Persian 
administrators Turkish 

1377
01:21:31,200 --> 01:21:35,900
Craftsman, Russian artists and 
European Merchants all 

1378
01:21:35,900 --> 01:21:38,800
contribute their skills to the 
Empire instead of being 

1379
01:21:38,800 --> 01:21:42,100
destroyed by it. 
This isn't Mercy in any 

1380
01:21:42,100 --> 01:21:45,300
emotional sense, but practical 
recognition that killing 

1381
01:21:45,300 --> 01:21:48,700
talented people is wasteful. 
And that governing conquered 

1382
01:21:48,700 --> 01:21:51,400
territories, requires 
understanding, local conditions 

1383
01:21:51,400 --> 01:21:56,100
and customs. the Mongol Empire 
eventually fragments as all 

1384
01:21:56,100 --> 01:21:59,900
Empires do A good day, successes
quarrel over succession. 

1385
01:22:00,700 --> 01:22:03,500
The Empire splits into separate 
Canada as that gradually 

1386
01:22:03,500 --> 01:22:07,500
develop, independent identities,
the golden horde in Russia, and 

1387
01:22:07,500 --> 01:22:10,400
Eastern Europe. 
The ilkan in Persia and the 

1388
01:22:10,408 --> 01:22:13,300
Middle East. 
The chagatai kanae in Central, 

1389
01:22:13,300 --> 01:22:15,800
Asia, and the Yuan dynasty in 
China. 

1390
01:22:17,200 --> 01:22:20,300
The successor States, maintain 
varying degrees of coordination 

1391
01:22:20,300 --> 01:22:23,900
and shared identity but the 
unified empire that Genghis. 

1392
01:22:23,900 --> 01:22:27,800
Khan created an ogre day 
maintained, doesn't survive into

1393
01:22:27,800 --> 01:22:30,600
the late 13th century as a 
single political entity. 

1394
01:22:31,600 --> 01:22:37,100
The unity in China is overthrown
in 1368 by the Ming dinghy. the 

1395
01:22:37,100 --> 01:22:40,500
other can a is gradually 
weakened, a conquered by Rising 

1396
01:22:40,500 --> 01:22:44,900
powers or transform into 
different political entities, by

1397
01:22:44,900 --> 01:22:48,400
the 15th century, the unified 
Mongol Empire exists only in 

1398
01:22:48,400 --> 01:22:52,400
memory Yet Genghis, Khan's 
Legacy, persists and ways that 

1399
01:22:52,400 --> 01:22:55,400
transcend political boundaries, 
and Outlast specific 

1400
01:22:55,400 --> 01:23:00,000
institutions the systems. 
He created the principles, he 

1401
01:23:00,000 --> 01:23:03,600
established and the connections.
He forged between East and West 

1402
01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:08,200
had permanent effects on human 
civilization. the trade 

1403
01:23:08,200 --> 01:23:11,800
networks, Genghis, Khan 
protected and expanded created 

1404
01:23:11,800 --> 01:23:15,300
economic and cultural 
integration that persisted long 

1405
01:23:15,300 --> 01:23:20,200
after Mongol, political control 
ended The Silk Road having 

1406
01:23:20,200 --> 01:23:24,000
reached its peak under Mongol 
protection continued functioning

1407
01:23:24,000 --> 01:23:28,800
even as the Empire fragmented. 
A commercial practices banking 

1408
01:23:28,800 --> 01:23:32,200
methods and trade routes 
established during the Mongol 

1409
01:23:32,200 --> 01:23:35,800
period influenced how later 
Empires and eventually modern 

1410
01:23:35,800 --> 01:23:39,100
Global Commerce developed. 
The religious tolerance 

1411
01:23:39,100 --> 01:23:42,200
demonstrated that diverse 
faiths, could co-exist under 

1412
01:23:42,200 --> 01:23:45,500
common political Authority. 
This wasn't perfectly 

1413
01:23:45,500 --> 01:23:50,300
maintained, human institutions 
rarely achieve Perfection, but 

1414
01:23:50,300 --> 01:23:53,300
the principal was established 
and demonstrated at a massive 

1415
01:23:53,300 --> 01:23:56,600
scale later rule as facing 
religious diversity. 

1416
01:23:56,600 --> 01:23:59,800
Could look to the Mongols 
example and see that tolerance 

1417
01:23:59,800 --> 01:24:03,800
was possible and often 
advantageous The administrative 

1418
01:24:03,800 --> 01:24:07,100
Innovations, postal systems 
census, taking systematic, 

1419
01:24:07,100 --> 01:24:11,200
Taxation, and professional 
bureaucracy provided models that

1420
01:24:11,200 --> 01:24:13,100
later. 
Empire studied and adapted. 

1421
01:24:14,100 --> 01:24:17,400
The Ming Dynasty, which 
overthrew the Mongols in China. 

1422
01:24:17,400 --> 01:24:20,800
Nevertheless maintained many 
Mongol administrative practices 

1423
01:24:20,800 --> 01:24:25,600
because they worked The Ottoman 
safavid and Mughal empires all 

1424
01:24:25,600 --> 01:24:29,100
studied Mongol governance, 
methods and Incorporated, useful

1425
01:24:29,100 --> 01:24:31,700
elements. 
The military innovations 

1426
01:24:31,700 --> 01:24:35,200
influence Warfare for centuries.
The emphasis on Mobility 

1427
01:24:35,200 --> 01:24:39,400
coordination intelligence 
gathering Logistics and 

1428
01:24:39,400 --> 01:24:42,700
adaptability became standard 
elements of military thinking. 

1429
01:24:43,700 --> 01:24:45,800
The Mongol armies. 
Effectiveness came not from 

1430
01:24:45,800 --> 01:24:49,300
Superior technology or 
overwhelming numbers but from 

1431
01:24:49,300 --> 01:24:53,000
Superior organization, 
discipline and systematic 

1432
01:24:53,000 --> 01:24:55,600
planning. 
Lessons that military 

1433
01:24:55,600 --> 01:24:57,400
strategists can continue 
studying. 

1434
01:24:58,300 --> 01:25:00,400
The concept of meritocratic 
advancement. 

1435
01:25:00,400 --> 01:25:04,600
However, imperfectly realized 
entered political Consciousness 

1436
01:25:04,600 --> 01:25:06,900
and influence how late is 
society. 

1437
01:25:06,900 --> 01:25:09,100
Thought about social mobility 
and opportunity. 

1438
01:25:10,600 --> 01:25:14,300
The idea that Talent deserves 
recognition regardless of birth,

1439
01:25:14,300 --> 01:25:18,200
that competent people should be 
promoted based on capability 

1440
01:25:18,200 --> 01:25:21,500
rather than connections. 
And that system should reward 

1441
01:25:21,500 --> 01:25:24,500
contribution rather than 
inherited status. 

1442
01:25:25,400 --> 01:25:29,400
These principles demonstrated at
scale in the Mongol Empire 

1443
01:25:29,400 --> 01:25:32,500
became part of how humans think 
about organizing Society. 

1444
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:37,300
Returning to Genghis. 
Khan himself, what kind of 

1445
01:25:37,300 --> 01:25:40,500
person emerges from the 
historical sources despite their

1446
01:25:40,500 --> 01:25:44,500
biases and limitations? 
The sources are problematic. 

1447
01:25:45,300 --> 01:25:49,300
Written by people with various 
agendas often Generations after 

1448
01:25:49,300 --> 01:25:51,700
the events. 
Filtered through cultural 

1449
01:25:51,700 --> 01:25:55,700
assumptions and political needs,
but some patterns emerge 

1450
01:25:55,700 --> 01:25:59,100
consistently. 
He was clearly intelligent and 

1451
01:25:59,100 --> 01:26:03,600
capable of learning continuously
he started as a skilled tribal 

1452
01:26:03,600 --> 01:26:07,300
leader and evolved into an 
imperial administrator learning 

1453
01:26:07,300 --> 01:26:10,600
from every campaign, 
incorporating ideas from 

1454
01:26:10,600 --> 01:26:14,500
defeated enemies, and adapting 
methods based on results, rather

1455
01:26:14,500 --> 01:26:18,600
than rigid, adherence to 
tradition He recognized talent 

1456
01:26:18,600 --> 01:26:21,200
in others and promoted it, 
regardless of background. 

1457
01:26:21,200 --> 01:26:25,700
Suggesting both confidence in 
his own position and pragmatic. 

1458
01:26:25,700 --> 01:26:27,800
Understanding that capable 
subordinates. 

1459
01:26:27,800 --> 01:26:31,700
Make organizations function 
better He was ruthless when he 

1460
01:26:31,708 --> 01:26:36,000
judged ruthlessness necessary, 
but not gratuitously cruel, the 

1461
01:26:36,000 --> 01:26:38,300
distinction matters, 
historically, and morally 

1462
01:26:38,300 --> 01:26:40,500
cities. 
That surrendered were generally,

1463
01:26:40,500 --> 01:26:44,100
spared major violence cities 
that resisted were punished 

1464
01:26:44,100 --> 01:26:47,100
severely. 
Enemies who demonstrated loyalty

1465
01:26:47,100 --> 01:26:51,100
after defeat were Incorporated 
and sometimes promoted those who

1466
01:26:51,100 --> 01:26:53,200
continue to resisting were 
eliminated. 

1467
01:26:54,600 --> 01:26:59,200
This was calculated brutality in
service of strategic goals, 

1468
01:26:59,200 --> 01:27:03,300
encouraging future, surrenders 
eliminating potential 

1469
01:27:03,300 --> 01:27:07,000
rebellions, rather than sadism 
for its own sake. 

1470
01:27:07,900 --> 01:27:11,800
He valued loyalty, intensely 
probably reflecting his early 

1471
01:27:11,800 --> 01:27:13,800
experiences of betrayal and 
abandonment. 

1472
01:27:14,900 --> 01:27:19,100
People who proved their loyalty 
received rewards protection and 

1473
01:27:19,100 --> 01:27:23,400
advancement, people who betrayed
his trust faced severe 

1474
01:27:23,400 --> 01:27:27,700
consequences. 
The Asus codified, this loyalty 

1475
01:27:27,700 --> 01:27:30,100
to the Khan and the empire was 
the highest obligation 

1476
01:27:30,100 --> 01:27:33,700
superseding Clan ties or 
personal relationships. 

1477
01:27:35,300 --> 01:27:38,200
He showed remarkable flexibility
and adopting, useful, 

1478
01:27:38,200 --> 01:27:40,200
Innovations, regardless of their
saws. 

1479
01:27:41,000 --> 01:27:44,600
He learned Siege Warfare from 
Chinese Engineers adopted 

1480
01:27:44,600 --> 01:27:47,400
literacy from yoga scribed 
employed. 

1481
01:27:47,400 --> 01:27:51,500
Persian administrators recruited
religious advisors from multiple

1482
01:27:51,500 --> 01:27:55,200
traditions and Incorporated 
military tactics from defeated 

1483
01:27:55,200 --> 01:27:57,800
enemies. 
He wasn't constrained by 

1484
01:27:57,808 --> 01:28:01,200
cultural chauvinism or 
assumptions that Mongol ways 

1485
01:28:01,200 --> 01:28:03,000
were inherently Superior to all 
others. 

1486
01:28:03,000 --> 01:28:07,300
He demonstrated long-term 
strategic, thinking unusual for 

1487
01:28:07,300 --> 01:28:10,800
his era. 
The postal system legal code 

1488
01:28:10,800 --> 01:28:14,600
administrative structures and 
religious tolerance policies. 

1489
01:28:14,600 --> 01:28:18,400
These weren't necessary for 
immediate Conquest but were 

1490
01:28:18,400 --> 01:28:19,600
essential for long-term 
governance. 

1491
01:28:20,500 --> 01:28:23,800
He was building sustainable 
institutions not just 

1492
01:28:23,800 --> 01:28:26,000
accumulating territory through 
raids. 

1493
01:28:26,000 --> 01:28:29,700
He maintained personal 
discipline and expected it from 

1494
01:28:29,700 --> 01:28:33,300
his followers, the Yasser 
included regulations about 

1495
01:28:33,300 --> 01:28:37,400
military, conduct personal 
behavior, and ethical standards.

1496
01:28:38,200 --> 01:28:41,100
Whether he always lived up to 
the standards himself is 

1497
01:28:41,100 --> 01:28:44,300
debatable, but he at least 
acknowledged that rulers should 

1498
01:28:44,308 --> 01:28:48,000
be bound by law. 
An unusual admission, in an age 

1499
01:28:48,000 --> 01:28:51,000
of arbitrary autography, Your 
very old. 

1500
01:28:51,000 --> 01:28:53,000
Now approaching the end of your 
life. 

1501
01:28:53,000 --> 01:28:55,700
Having witnessed the 
transformation of the Mongol 

1502
01:28:55,700 --> 01:28:59,700
people from fragmented tribes to
rule as of histories largest 

1503
01:28:59,700 --> 01:29:04,000
contiguous Empire. 
In before we became Genghis 

1504
01:29:04,000 --> 01:29:07,900
Khan, you served him during his 
rise, you watched him build an 

1505
01:29:07,908 --> 01:29:10,100
Empire. 
And you've seen that Empire 

1506
01:29:10,100 --> 01:29:12,200
continued of evolving after his 
death? 

1507
01:29:12,900 --> 01:29:16,900
What did it all mean? 
The question demands on this 

1508
01:29:16,900 --> 01:29:20,600
Reckoning with both achievement 
and cost, the conquest caused 

1509
01:29:20,600 --> 01:29:25,400
tremendous suffering cities. 
Destroyed populations killed or 

1510
01:29:25,400 --> 01:29:30,200
displaced cultures disrupted 
irrigation systems demolished 

1511
01:29:30,200 --> 01:29:34,700
libraries burned and centuries 
of accumulated knowledge lost 

1512
01:29:35,500 --> 01:29:38,400
The death toll from Mongol 
conquest, probably numbered in 

1513
01:29:38,408 --> 01:29:42,900
the millions exact figures are 
impossible to determine, but the

1514
01:29:42,908 --> 01:29:45,100
scale of Destruction was 
enormous. 

1515
01:29:46,000 --> 01:29:49,100
This suffering was real and 
shouldn't be minimized or 

1516
01:29:49,100 --> 01:29:51,300
excused. 
By pointing to later benefits. 

1517
01:29:51,300 --> 01:29:55,000
The terror campaigns were 
deliberate stories of mass 

1518
01:29:55,000 --> 01:29:59,300
execution, wholesale, Slaughter 
and cities reduced to Rubble 

1519
01:29:59,300 --> 01:30:02,300
many were exaggerated but many 
were true. 

1520
01:30:03,100 --> 01:30:06,100
The psychological warfare was 
calculated to encourage 

1521
01:30:06,100 --> 01:30:09,700
surrender, but it created 
genuine trauma that persisted 

1522
01:30:09,700 --> 01:30:13,100
for Generations. 
Persian sources describe the 

1523
01:30:13,100 --> 01:30:17,600
Mongol invasions as apocalyptic 
catastrophes that destroyed an 

1524
01:30:17,600 --> 01:30:20,900
entire civilization The 
environmental damage was 

1525
01:30:20,900 --> 01:30:24,200
substantial in some regions 
irrigation systems. 

1526
01:30:24,200 --> 01:30:27,100
Destroyed in Central Asia, in 
the Middle East took generations

1527
01:30:27,100 --> 01:30:32,100
to rebuild some were never fully
restored agricultural land that 

1528
01:30:32,100 --> 01:30:35,300
had been productive for 
centuries was abandoned the 

1529
01:30:35,300 --> 01:30:38,400
disruption to settled life in 
many regions set back. 

1530
01:30:38,400 --> 01:30:42,700
Development for decades yet, the
conquests also created 

1531
01:30:42,700 --> 01:30:46,800
unprecedented connections. 
The Silk Road reached its 

1532
01:30:46,800 --> 01:30:50,700
historical Peak knowledge flowed
between east and west and 

1533
01:30:50,700 --> 01:30:54,700
volumes and not seen again until
the modern era Technologies and 

1534
01:30:54,700 --> 01:30:56,000
ideas. 
That might have remained 

1535
01:30:56,000 --> 01:31:00,000
localized spread rapidly. 
Chinese inventions reached 

1536
01:31:00,000 --> 01:31:04,600
Europe, Islamic science reached 
China and Commercial practices 

1537
01:31:04,600 --> 01:31:08,000
developed in one region 
influenced practices everywhere.

1538
01:31:09,000 --> 01:31:12,300
The Empire demonstrated that 
diverse peoples could coexist 

1539
01:31:12,300 --> 01:31:15,800
under common governance. 
Religious tolerance, legal 

1540
01:31:15,800 --> 01:31:20,500
consistency and meritocratic 
advancement these principles. 

1541
01:31:20,500 --> 01:31:24,500
However, imperfectly implemented
showed possibilities for 

1542
01:31:24,500 --> 01:31:27,600
organizing multi-ethnic 
multi-religious. 

1543
01:31:27,600 --> 01:31:31,700
Societies the model wasn't 
perfect, but it worked better 

1544
01:31:31,700 --> 01:31:35,500
than many Alternatives. 
The administrative Innovations 

1545
01:31:35,500 --> 01:31:39,800
created templates for later 
Empires, postal systems enabling

1546
01:31:39,800 --> 01:31:42,800
rapid communication, 
professional bureaucracies 

1547
01:31:42,800 --> 01:31:46,900
managing complex, territories, 
systematic, taxation, supporting

1548
01:31:46,900 --> 01:31:51,100
State functions and Census Data.
Informing policy, these 

1549
01:31:51,100 --> 01:31:54,200
Mongolian Innovations influenced
governance for centuries. 

1550
01:31:55,200 --> 01:31:58,300
The economic integration created
prosperity and opportunity. 

1551
01:31:59,200 --> 01:32:02,000
Protected trade routes enabled, 
Commerce on an unprecedented, 

1552
01:32:02,000 --> 01:32:06,100
scale standardized laws and 
currencies reduced transaction 

1553
01:32:06,100 --> 01:32:09,000
costs. 
Security from banditry and 

1554
01:32:09,008 --> 01:32:12,900
arbitrary tolls encouraged 
long-distance trade merchants 

1555
01:32:12,900 --> 01:32:16,000
and Craftsmen found markets for 
their goods across Eurasia. 

1556
01:32:16,800 --> 01:32:20,600
Genghis Khan himself transformed
from an abandoned child digging 

1557
01:32:20,600 --> 01:32:24,800
roots for survival into a ruler.
Who United, the Mongol tribes 

1558
01:32:24,800 --> 01:32:28,800
conquered much of Eurasia and 
established systems that 

1559
01:32:28,800 --> 01:32:32,600
outlasted him by centuries. 
His personal Journey from 

1560
01:32:32,600 --> 01:32:36,000
poverty to power, demonstrated 
possibilities that inspired 

1561
01:32:36,000 --> 01:32:37,800
others across cultures and 
generations. 

1562
01:32:37,800 --> 01:32:42,100
His emphasis on Merit over birth
created opportunities for 

1563
01:32:42,100 --> 01:32:45,000
talented individuals, regardless
of their Origins. 

1564
01:32:46,000 --> 01:32:48,800
Skilled Warrior from a minor 
Clan could become a general. 

1565
01:32:49,700 --> 01:32:51,900
Capable administrator from a 
conquered. 

1566
01:32:51,900 --> 01:32:55,500
People could reach high office. 
an intelligent advisor, 

1567
01:32:55,500 --> 01:33:00,200
regardless of religion could 
influence polisi, the principal 

1568
01:33:00,200 --> 01:33:03,200
that Talent deserves recognition
and became embedded in the 

1569
01:33:03,200 --> 01:33:07,300
Empire's functioning His 
religious tolerance, pragmatic 

1570
01:33:07,300 --> 01:33:09,500
rather than philosophical 
enabled. 

1571
01:33:09,500 --> 01:33:12,300
Governance of diverse 
populations without constant, 

1572
01:33:12,300 --> 01:33:16,500
sectarian Warfare. 
Muslims Christians Buddhists 

1573
01:33:16,500 --> 01:33:21,700
towers shamaness and others, 
coexisted and cooperated under 

1574
01:33:21,700 --> 01:33:25,400
common civil law. 
The model demonstrated that 

1575
01:33:25,400 --> 01:33:28,700
religious diversity, didn't mean
Perpetual conflict. 

1576
01:33:29,600 --> 01:33:32,200
His systematic approach to 
organizations, show that 

1577
01:33:32,200 --> 01:33:35,100
structure and administration 
matter as much as military 

1578
01:33:35,100 --> 01:33:37,800
force. 
The decimal military system, 

1579
01:33:37,800 --> 01:33:42,100
postal Network, legal code, and 
administrative procedures. 

1580
01:33:42,100 --> 01:33:46,200
These enabled governance at an 
unprecedented scale and 

1581
01:33:46,200 --> 01:33:48,800
influenced how later Empires 
organized themselves. 

1582
01:33:49,700 --> 01:33:53,400
The legacy is genuinely mixed 
enormous destruction. 

1583
01:33:53,400 --> 01:33:57,300
Alongside significant 
achievement, Brutal Conquest, 

1584
01:33:57,300 --> 01:34:01,600
alongside Innovative governance,
Mass death, alongside economic 

1585
01:34:01,600 --> 01:34:05,700
Prosperity, religious tolerance,
alongside cultural disruption. 

1586
01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:09,700
The historical judgment must 
acknowledge both the costs, and 

1587
01:34:09,700 --> 01:34:13,200
the benefits, the suffering, and
the achievements, and the 

1588
01:34:13,208 --> 01:34:18,100
brutality, and the brilliance. 
Genghis Khan's name of Oaks 

1589
01:34:18,100 --> 01:34:20,900
different responses across 
cultures in Mongolia. 

1590
01:34:20,900 --> 01:34:24,100
He's the founder of the nation, 
the greatest leader in history 

1591
01:34:24,100 --> 01:34:29,000
and a source of immense Pride. 
In China, the evaluation is 

1592
01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:32,500
complex, respect for his 
achievements, mixed with bitter 

1593
01:34:32,500 --> 01:34:36,000
memories of Conquest. 
In the Middle East and Central 

1594
01:34:36,000 --> 01:34:38,400
Asia. 
He is often remembered primarily

1595
01:34:38,400 --> 01:34:42,000
as a destroyer. 
Catastrophe that devastated 

1596
01:34:42,000 --> 01:34:45,000
Islamic civilization. 
In Russia. 

1597
01:34:45,000 --> 01:34:47,700
He's the founder of centuries of
Mongol domination. 

1598
01:34:48,700 --> 01:34:51,800
In Europe, he barely registers 
despite coming close to 

1599
01:34:51,808 --> 01:34:55,100
conquering it. 
But assessed by impact, rather 

1600
01:34:55,100 --> 01:34:57,500
than, by any single cultural 
perspective. 

1601
01:34:58,200 --> 01:35:01,100
Genghis, Khan ranks among 
history's, most consequential 

1602
01:35:01,100 --> 01:35:04,500
individuals. 
He unified the Mongol tribes 

1603
01:35:04,500 --> 01:35:07,100
through a combination of 
military, skill and 

1604
01:35:07,100 --> 01:35:11,300
organizational, genius. 
Created an Empire larger than 

1605
01:35:11,300 --> 01:35:13,800
any before or since in 
contiguous territory. 

1606
01:35:14,600 --> 01:35:17,100
He established systems of 
governance that functioned 

1607
01:35:17,100 --> 01:35:20,300
across unprecedented distances 
and diverse populations. 

1608
01:35:20,300 --> 01:35:24,800
He facilitated economic and 
cultural exchange that connected

1609
01:35:24,800 --> 01:35:28,200
Eurasia in ways not seen again 
for centuries. 

1610
01:35:28,200 --> 01:35:32,700
He demonstrated that Merit could
matter more than birth, that 

1611
01:35:32,700 --> 01:35:36,200
religious diversity, can be 
managed through tolerance that 

1612
01:35:36,200 --> 01:35:38,600
legal systems. 
Could apply consistently 

1613
01:35:38,600 --> 01:35:42,600
regardless of status and the 
communication and administration

1614
01:35:42,600 --> 01:35:44,700
enabled governance at a vast 
scale. 

1615
01:35:45,600 --> 01:35:49,100
These demonstrations influenced.
How late is society is organized

1616
01:35:49,100 --> 01:35:52,300
themselves? 
Providing both positive examples

1617
01:35:52,300 --> 01:35:55,700
to emulate and cautionary tales 
about the costs of Conquest. 

1618
01:35:56,500 --> 01:36:00,100
You drift off to sleep for, 
perhaps the final time thinking 

1619
01:36:00,100 --> 01:36:03,700
about that boy, born with blood 
in his fists, who survived 

1620
01:36:03,700 --> 01:36:07,100
abandonment to unite. 
The step who learned from every 

1621
01:36:07,100 --> 01:36:11,900
enemy, he defeated who built 
systems that outlasted him whose

1622
01:36:11,900 --> 01:36:14,100
name became synonymous, with 
both destruction and 

1623
01:36:14,100 --> 01:36:18,200
organization and whose Legacy 
includes tremendous suffering 

1624
01:36:18,200 --> 01:36:23,200
and remarkable achievement. 
This step wins still blow across

1625
01:36:23,200 --> 01:36:25,800
the grasslands, where he was 
born, where he learned to 

1626
01:36:25,800 --> 01:36:28,000
survive and where he built his 
Empire. 

1627
01:36:28,900 --> 01:36:32,200
Those winds carry stories about 
the man who was to move in and 

1628
01:36:32,200 --> 01:36:34,700
became Genghis. 
Khan the man who changed the 

1629
01:36:34,700 --> 01:36:38,000
world through conquest and 
organization, through brutality 

1630
01:36:38,000 --> 01:36:41,700
and systemic governance and 
through destroying the old order

1631
01:36:41,700 --> 01:36:46,400
and building something new His 
life was a fully human life. 

1632
01:36:46,400 --> 01:36:50,900
Limited flawed shaped by 
circumstances and choices, 

1633
01:36:50,900 --> 01:36:54,800
containing both cruelty and 
vision, both violence and 

1634
01:36:54,800 --> 01:36:58,000
innovation. 
His legacy is a human Legacy. 

1635
01:36:58,000 --> 01:37:01,900
Contested interpreted 
differently across, cultures 

1636
01:37:01,900 --> 01:37:04,700
containing darkness and 
achievement inseparably mixed 

1637
01:37:05,600 --> 01:37:07,400
But it was undeniably 
significant. 

1638
01:37:07,400 --> 01:37:11,000
The boy with blood in his fist, 
grew into a man who shaped the 

1639
01:37:11,000 --> 01:37:13,600
course of history and ways that 
Echo to our present day. 

1640
01:37:14,500 --> 01:37:19,000
The Grass, Grows the horses 
graze and somewhere in an 

1641
01:37:19,000 --> 01:37:20,700
unmarked. 
Grave in the sacred mountains, 

1642
01:37:20,700 --> 01:37:24,700
the greatest, Khan sleeps, his 
Empire dissolved, but his 

1643
01:37:24,700 --> 01:37:28,000
influence, persistent his name 
remembered differently across 

1644
01:37:28,000 --> 01:37:31,000
cultures. 
But universally recognized as 

1645
01:37:31,000 --> 01:37:33,900
someone who mattered, who 
changed the world, who 

1646
01:37:33,900 --> 01:37:37,100
demonstrated human capability 
for both extraordinary, 

1647
01:37:37,100 --> 01:37:40,700
destruction and extraordinary 
organizational achievement. 

1648
01:37:41,700 --> 01:37:49,000
Sweet dreams. 
Picture yourself standing in a 

1649
01:37:49,000 --> 01:37:52,500
field somewhere in northern 
France around the year 950 if 

1650
01:37:52,500 --> 01:37:55,200
you'd been there a century 
earlier, you'd be shivering in 

1651
01:37:55,200 --> 01:37:59,700
your Woolen, cloak watching, 
anxiously as late spring, frosts

1652
01:37:59,700 --> 01:38:02,800
threatened the Bali, you'd 
carefully planted the growing 

1653
01:38:02,800 --> 01:38:06,600
season would have been short and
unpredictable a constant gamble 

1654
01:38:06,600 --> 01:38:09,900
against cold and damp that made 
every Harvest feel like a minor 

1655
01:38:09,900 --> 01:38:12,500
miracle. 
But now something has shifted 

1656
01:38:13,600 --> 01:38:17,100
You probably wouldn't notice it 
in any single year, climate 

1657
01:38:17,100 --> 01:38:20,400
doesn't announce itself with 
Fanfare or send advanced notice.

1658
01:38:20,400 --> 01:38:24,900
Instead, you'd gradually realize
that your grandfather's stories 

1659
01:38:24,908 --> 01:38:28,300
about brutal Winters and faild 
crops don't quite match your own

1660
01:38:28,308 --> 01:38:31,500
experience anymore. 
The frost comes later each 

1661
01:38:31,500 --> 01:38:35,500
Autumn, the spring Thor arrives 
a week or two earlier, those 

1662
01:38:35,500 --> 01:38:38,000
precious growing days between 
the last frost. 

1663
01:38:38,000 --> 01:38:40,300
And the first one stretched just
a bit longer. 

1664
01:38:40,300 --> 01:38:44,600
This is how the medieval warm 
period arrived, not with drama, 

1665
01:38:44,600 --> 01:38:48,900
but with the Quiet insistence of
warmer, ocean, currents, and 

1666
01:38:48,900 --> 01:38:52,200
shifting atmospheric patterns 
that nobody in medieval, Europe 

1667
01:38:52,200 --> 01:38:55,400
could explain or even properly 
measure They had no 

1668
01:38:55,400 --> 01:38:59,000
thermometers, no weather 
satellites and no climate 

1669
01:38:59,000 --> 01:39:01,900
Scientists Publishing papers 
about Atlantic oscillation 

1670
01:39:01,900 --> 01:39:05,200
patterns. 
What they had were fields that 

1671
01:39:05,200 --> 01:39:08,900
suddenly seemed more generous 
Vineyards creeping Northwood 

1672
01:39:08,900 --> 01:39:12,900
into territories, where greats 
had never ripened before and a 

1673
01:39:12,900 --> 01:39:15,600
gradual sense that nature had 
shifted into a more forgiving 

1674
01:39:15,600 --> 01:39:18,100
mood. 
The change began roughly around 

1675
01:39:18,100 --> 01:39:22,900
900 CE and would last until 
about 1300 give or take a few 

1676
01:39:22,900 --> 01:39:25,500
decades depending on which part 
of Europe, you called home. 

1677
01:39:26,500 --> 01:39:29,500
scientists now estimate that 
average temperatures during this

1678
01:39:29,500 --> 01:39:33,500
period were perhaps one to two 
degrees Celsius warmer than the 

1679
01:39:33,500 --> 01:39:37,300
centuries before and after One 
or two degrees doesn't sound 

1680
01:39:37,300 --> 01:39:40,500
like much when you're adjusting 
your thermostat, but in 

1681
01:39:40,508 --> 01:39:44,600
agricultural, terms, in an era 
when survival depended directly 

1682
01:39:44,600 --> 01:39:48,000
on what you could coax from the 
soil, those degrees might as 

1683
01:39:48,000 --> 01:39:49,200
well. 
Have been a gift from Heaven. 

1684
01:39:49,200 --> 01:39:53,100
Imagine the Old Farmers of that 
era, men and women who had spent

1685
01:39:53,100 --> 01:39:56,200
their lives working land, that 
yielded just barely enough to 

1686
01:39:56,200 --> 01:39:59,000
survive. 
They must have noticed the 

1687
01:39:59,000 --> 01:40:03,100
patterns Shifting, the wheat, 
grew taller, the oats filled out

1688
01:40:03,108 --> 01:40:06,800
more completely vegetables that 
had always been temperamental 

1689
01:40:06,800 --> 01:40:10,300
suddenly became reliable. 
And most remarkably in regions 

1690
01:40:10,300 --> 01:40:13,700
where farming had always been 
marginal at best communities 

1691
01:40:13,700 --> 01:40:16,900
found themselves with actual 
surpluses For the First Time In 

1692
01:40:16,900 --> 01:40:19,500
Living memory, the warming 
wasn't uniform. 

1693
01:40:19,500 --> 01:40:24,000
Of course, northern Europe felt 
the effects most strongly places

1694
01:40:24,000 --> 01:40:27,800
like England Scandinavia and the
northern reaches of the Holy 

1695
01:40:27,800 --> 01:40:30,600
Roman Empire suddenly found 
their climates becoming 

1696
01:40:30,600 --> 01:40:33,600
surprisingly hospitable. 
The Norse. 

1697
01:40:33,600 --> 01:40:37,000
Those seafaring people were 
usually associate with cold and 

1698
01:40:37,000 --> 01:40:40,400
Ice discovered, they could grow 
barley in Greenland. 

1699
01:40:41,500 --> 01:40:45,800
Think about that for a moment. 
Greenland that massive island of

1700
01:40:45,800 --> 01:40:49,000
ice and rock once had Farms 
producing grain. 

1701
01:40:50,700 --> 01:40:54,300
The name, Greenland wasn't just 
Viking marketing for a few 

1702
01:40:54,300 --> 01:40:56,300
centuries. 
Part of it actually were green 

1703
01:40:56,300 --> 01:40:59,800
meaning while the Mediterranean 
regions experienced their own 

1704
01:40:59,800 --> 01:41:03,000
transformations. 
Tilly and Southern France. 

1705
01:41:03,000 --> 01:41:06,700
Already had favorable climates 
but the warmer period brought 

1706
01:41:06,700 --> 01:41:09,700
longer growing seasons and more 
predictable weather patterns. 

1707
01:41:09,700 --> 01:41:13,300
The olive Groves. 
Flourished wine production, 

1708
01:41:13,300 --> 01:41:17,600
expanded the entire Rhythm Of 
Agricultural life adjusted to 

1709
01:41:17,600 --> 01:41:21,500
this new more generous Tempo. 
But perhaps the most significant

1710
01:41:21,500 --> 01:41:24,600
changes occurred in places that 
had previously been on the edge 

1711
01:41:24,600 --> 01:41:28,800
of viability. 
Scottish Highlands those Misty 

1712
01:41:28,800 --> 01:41:31,400
Mountains were farming had 
always been a hard Scrabble 

1713
01:41:31,400 --> 01:41:35,000
Affair suddenly supported more 
extensive agriculture. 

1714
01:41:36,200 --> 01:41:39,200
Villages appeared in Alpine, 
valleys that had been too cold 

1715
01:41:39,208 --> 01:41:42,600
for permanent settlement. 
The tree line crept, higher up, 

1716
01:41:42,608 --> 01:41:46,000
Mountain sides, and forests 
reclaimed areas that had been 

1717
01:41:46,008 --> 01:41:49,300
Tundra just Generations. 
Before you have to understand 

1718
01:41:49,300 --> 01:41:52,800
medieval people didn't think of 
whether as something variable 

1719
01:41:52,800 --> 01:41:55,300
and cyclical. 
The way we do, they believed 

1720
01:41:55,300 --> 01:41:59,000
climate was essentially fixed 
part of God's unchanging 

1721
01:41:59,000 --> 01:42:03,300
creation. when weather varied, 
they attributed it to Divine 

1722
01:42:03,300 --> 01:42:06,400
will or moral cause is A harsh 
winter. 

1723
01:42:06,400 --> 01:42:09,300
Meant God was angry. 
A good harvest meant. 

1724
01:42:09,300 --> 01:42:13,100
Their prayers had been answered.
The idea that Global temperature

1725
01:42:13,100 --> 01:42:15,600
patterns could shift over 
centuries without any 

1726
01:42:15,600 --> 01:42:19,200
Supernatural cause would have 
been almost incomprehensible to 

1727
01:42:19,200 --> 01:42:21,100
them. 
So when the weather improved 

1728
01:42:21,100 --> 01:42:23,600
medieval Europeans didn't see 
climate change. 

1729
01:42:23,600 --> 01:42:27,400
They saw a blessing, they 
interpreted the warmer 

1730
01:42:27,400 --> 01:42:31,200
temperatures and better harvests
as evidence that God was pleased

1731
01:42:31,200 --> 01:42:35,000
with Christian civilization. 
This wasn't just wishful 

1732
01:42:35,000 --> 01:42:37,800
thinking it was the only 
framework they had for 

1733
01:42:37,800 --> 01:42:40,600
understanding why their world 
was becoming more abundant. 

1734
01:42:41,700 --> 01:42:45,100
Timing of this climatic shift 
coincided with other changes in 

1735
01:42:45,100 --> 01:42:48,500
European Society. 
Chaos of the early medieval 

1736
01:42:48,500 --> 01:42:51,800
period, those centuries after 
Rome's fall when various 

1737
01:42:51,800 --> 01:42:55,700
kingdoms Rose and fell, when 
Viking raids disrupted, Coastal 

1738
01:42:55,700 --> 01:42:59,400
communities, when Central 
Authority was more aspiration 

1739
01:42:59,400 --> 01:43:03,100
than reality was gradually. 
Giving way to more stable 

1740
01:43:03,100 --> 01:43:06,400
political structures, The 
warming climate didn't cause 

1741
01:43:06,400 --> 01:43:09,400
this stabilization, but it 
certainly helped. 

1742
01:43:10,300 --> 01:43:12,800
It's much easier to build a 
civilization when you're not 

1743
01:43:12,808 --> 01:43:14,600
constantly worried about 
starving. 

1744
01:43:14,600 --> 01:43:18,700
As you lie that night, consider 
how differently medieval people 

1745
01:43:18,700 --> 01:43:22,700
experiences compared to us. you 
probably interact with whether 

1746
01:43:22,700 --> 01:43:27,300
primarily as an inconvenience 
traffic delays canceled plans 

1747
01:43:27,300 --> 01:43:31,900
and wardrobe decisions For 
medieval Europeans weather was 

1748
01:43:31,900 --> 01:43:34,400
existential a bad growing 
season. 

1749
01:43:34,400 --> 01:43:36,100
Didn't mean buying more 
groceries? 

1750
01:43:36,100 --> 01:43:38,700
It meant hunger. 
Possibly starvation. 

1751
01:43:39,700 --> 01:43:42,000
A mild winter didn't mean lower 
heating bills. 

1752
01:43:42,000 --> 01:43:46,800
It meant livestock survived fuel
would lasted longer and people 

1753
01:43:46,800 --> 01:43:50,400
made it through to spring when 
temperatures Rose by these one 

1754
01:43:50,400 --> 01:43:54,300
or two degrees when growing 
Seasons extended by a week or 

1755
01:43:54,300 --> 01:43:57,800
two the effects rippled through 
every aspect of life. 

1756
01:43:58,700 --> 01:44:01,800
More food, meant better 
nutrition, which meant healthier

1757
01:44:01,800 --> 01:44:05,500
people which meant more workers,
which meant more land, could be 

1758
01:44:05,508 --> 01:44:08,400
cultivated, which meant even 
more food. 

1759
01:44:09,300 --> 01:44:13,300
It was a virtuous cycle, the 
kind of positive feedback loop 

1760
01:44:13,300 --> 01:44:16,800
that drives historical change in
ways that are only obvious in 

1761
01:44:16,800 --> 01:44:20,300
hindsight, the forests of 
Europe, which had been slowly 

1762
01:44:20,300 --> 01:44:22,000
recovering since the Roman 
period. 

1763
01:44:22,000 --> 01:44:26,100
Now, faced a new pressure, 
Warmer weather meant more people

1764
01:44:26,100 --> 01:44:28,600
and more people needed more 
farmland. 

1765
01:44:29,600 --> 01:44:33,000
The great medieval deforestation
began in Earnest during this 

1766
01:44:33,000 --> 01:44:35,500
period. 
As communities, cleared Woodland

1767
01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:38,200
to create Fields pastures and 
settlements. 

1768
01:44:39,600 --> 01:44:42,400
The Primeval Forest that had 
once covered most of Europe, 

1769
01:44:42,400 --> 01:44:45,100
began their long retreat, into 
the pockets of wilderness that 

1770
01:44:45,100 --> 01:44:48,600
survived today, settled deeper 
into your blankets now and 

1771
01:44:48,600 --> 01:44:51,300
imagine your walking through a 
medieval village during Harvest 

1772
01:44:51,300 --> 01:44:55,500
Time in the year 1150. 
The smell of cut grain, fills 

1773
01:44:55,500 --> 01:44:58,900
the air that Dusty slightly 
sweet scent. 

1774
01:44:58,900 --> 01:45:01,500
That only comes when wheat or 
barley is being gathered. 

1775
01:45:02,300 --> 01:45:05,700
You hear the rhythmic sound of 
scythes, through storks the 

1776
01:45:05,700 --> 01:45:09,500
voices of workers calling to 
each other across the fields and

1777
01:45:09,500 --> 01:45:12,200
somewhere nearby. 
Someone is singing a work song 

1778
01:45:12,200 --> 01:45:15,200
whose Melody has been passed 
down through so many generations

1779
01:45:15,200 --> 01:45:19,300
that nobody remembers who first 
composed it what your witnessing

1780
01:45:19,300 --> 01:45:22,000
is an Agricultural Revolution 
that happened without anyone 

1781
01:45:22,000 --> 01:45:24,800
planning it. 
Without any government program 

1782
01:45:24,800 --> 01:45:28,800
or conscious Innovation, the 
medieval warm period created 

1783
01:45:28,800 --> 01:45:32,400
conditions that allowed medieval
Europeans to finally move Beyond

1784
01:45:32,400 --> 01:45:35,400
subsistence farming, into 
something that resembled actual 

1785
01:45:35,400 --> 01:45:37,800
productivity. 
The key crop in this 

1786
01:45:37,800 --> 01:45:41,800
transformation was wheat, Before
the warming period, much of 

1787
01:45:41,800 --> 01:45:44,400
Northern Europe, relied on 
hardier, but less nutritious 

1788
01:45:44,400 --> 01:45:48,200
grains like rye and oats which 
could survive in poor 

1789
01:45:48,200 --> 01:45:50,900
conditions, but didn't provide 
the same caloric value as wheat.

1790
01:45:52,100 --> 01:45:55,900
Wheat is fussier, it needs more 
warmth, better soil, and more 

1791
01:45:55,900 --> 01:45:58,900
careful timing. 
But when conditions are right, 

1792
01:45:58,900 --> 01:46:03,200
we yields more food per acre 
than almost any other grain crop

1793
01:46:03,200 --> 01:46:06,300
of available to Medieval Farmers
as temperatures Rose. 

1794
01:46:06,300 --> 01:46:10,000
The wheat line moved North 
fields in England that had grown

1795
01:46:10,000 --> 01:46:12,700
Rye for Generations were 
replanted with wheat. 

1796
01:46:13,500 --> 01:46:16,000
French Estates that had 
struggled with Mixed Grain. 

1797
01:46:16,000 --> 01:46:18,800
Crops found they could 
specialize in wheat production. 

1798
01:46:19,800 --> 01:46:21,500
The difference wasn't just 
agricultural. 

1799
01:46:21,500 --> 01:46:24,500
It was nutritional and economic 
wheat. 

1800
01:46:24,500 --> 01:46:28,600
Makes better bread stores longer
and commands higher prices at 

1801
01:46:28,600 --> 01:46:32,100
Market communities, that 
successfully, transitioned to 

1802
01:46:32,100 --> 01:46:35,900
wheat, farming found themselves 
with both better diets and more 

1803
01:46:35,900 --> 01:46:39,100
valuable crops to trade. 
But the real Revolution came 

1804
01:46:39,100 --> 01:46:40,700
from the combination of warmer 
weather. 

1805
01:46:40,700 --> 01:46:43,200
With several farming 
innovations, that happened to 

1806
01:46:43,200 --> 01:46:46,900
emerge around the same time. 
The heavy plow which could turn 

1807
01:46:46,900 --> 01:46:49,600
the dense soils of Northern 
Europe far better than the light

1808
01:46:49,600 --> 01:46:52,800
Roman scratch plows became 
widespread during this period. 

1809
01:46:54,100 --> 01:46:57,400
Three field system of crop 
rotation where you plant one 

1810
01:46:57,400 --> 01:47:01,300
filled, with winter, crops one 
with spring crops and let the 

1811
01:47:01,308 --> 01:47:05,200
third life falode Farmers to 
keep more land productive. 

1812
01:47:05,200 --> 01:47:08,500
Each year, these Innovations 
weren't new inventions during 

1813
01:47:08,500 --> 01:47:11,600
the medieval warm period, but 
they became practical and 

1814
01:47:11,600 --> 01:47:14,100
widespread because the climate 
Now supported them. 

1815
01:47:14,800 --> 01:47:17,700
A heavy plow is only useful if 
your soil is productive enough 

1816
01:47:17,700 --> 01:47:21,800
to justify the investment. 
Three field rotation only makes 

1817
01:47:21,800 --> 01:47:24,700
sense if your growing season is 
long enough for both winter and 

1818
01:47:24,708 --> 01:47:27,700
spring. 
Crops to mature reliably The 

1819
01:47:27,700 --> 01:47:30,400
warming temperatures, turned 
agricultural Theory into 

1820
01:47:30,400 --> 01:47:33,400
practical reality. 
You'd see other changes too. 

1821
01:47:33,400 --> 01:47:36,800
Subtle ones that transformed 
daily life in ways that medieval

1822
01:47:36,800 --> 01:47:40,800
people probably didn't fully 
appreciate. kitchen Gardens 

1823
01:47:40,800 --> 01:47:44,100
became more productive, 
providing vegetables, that added

1824
01:47:44,100 --> 01:47:47,600
variety and nutrition to diets 
that had been monotonously grain

1825
01:47:47,600 --> 01:47:51,300
based Fruit trees that had been 
temperamental now produced 

1826
01:47:51,300 --> 01:47:55,600
reliable crops herbs for 
medicine and flavoring thrived. 

1827
01:47:55,600 --> 01:47:59,800
In the extended growing Seasons 
beekeeping expanded dramatically

1828
01:47:59,800 --> 01:48:03,200
during this period. 
And if you've ever tasted real 

1829
01:48:03,200 --> 01:48:07,800
honey, you'll understand why 
this mattered In an era before 

1830
01:48:07,800 --> 01:48:11,400
sugar was available to anyone. 
But the wealthy honey, was the 

1831
01:48:11,400 --> 01:48:14,000
only sweetener most people would
ever taste. 

1832
01:48:14,800 --> 01:48:18,200
More temperate, weather meant 
longer flowering Seasons, which 

1833
01:48:18,200 --> 01:48:19,800
meant bees could produce more 
honey. 

1834
01:48:20,600 --> 01:48:24,300
Monastery is in particular, 
became centers of beekeeping and

1835
01:48:24,300 --> 01:48:28,200
the demand for beeswax, candles 
in that honey production was 

1836
01:48:28,200 --> 01:48:31,400
both spiritually and 
economically valuable the 

1837
01:48:31,400 --> 01:48:34,300
warming period also made 
livestock farming more feasible 

1838
01:48:34,300 --> 01:48:37,800
in Northern regions. 
Cattle sheep, and pigs could be 

1839
01:48:37,800 --> 01:48:41,000
supported in large numbers 
because winter fodder, lasted 

1840
01:48:41,000 --> 01:48:44,200
longer and animals didn't need 
to burn as many calories, just 

1841
01:48:44,200 --> 01:48:48,800
staying warm This meant more 
meat, milk cheese and wool. 

1842
01:48:48,800 --> 01:48:51,900
All the products that made 
medieval life slightly more 

1843
01:48:51,900 --> 01:48:53,400
comfortable and substantially 
more. 

1844
01:48:53,400 --> 01:48:56,700
Prosperous Dairy production, 
particularly benefitted from the

1845
01:48:56,708 --> 01:49:00,100
climatic changes. 
Medieval people didn't drink 

1846
01:49:00,100 --> 01:49:02,900
much fresh milk. 
It spoiled too quickly without 

1847
01:49:02,900 --> 01:49:06,300
Refrigeration but they were 
masked as of dairy preservation.

1848
01:49:07,300 --> 01:49:10,800
Cheese butter and fermented milk
products provided crucial 

1849
01:49:10,800 --> 01:49:13,800
protein and fat during winter 
months, when fresh food was 

1850
01:49:13,800 --> 01:49:17,400
scarce. better weather meant 
healthier livestock which meant 

1851
01:49:17,400 --> 01:49:20,400
more milk, which meant 
communities could produce larger

1852
01:49:20,400 --> 01:49:24,100
stores of preserved, dairy 
products, the expansion of sheep

1853
01:49:24,100 --> 01:49:27,000
farming in England during this 
period laid the groundwork for 

1854
01:49:27,000 --> 01:49:29,900
the medieval wool trade that 
would eventually make England 

1855
01:49:29,900 --> 01:49:34,400
wealthy Sheep, are remarkably 
Hardy animals, but they do best 

1856
01:49:34,400 --> 01:49:37,300
in moderate climates where they 
can graze year round without 

1857
01:49:37,300 --> 01:49:39,400
exhausting themselves fighting 
cold. 

1858
01:49:40,500 --> 01:49:43,600
The medieval warm period, 
created ideal conditions for 

1859
01:49:43,600 --> 01:49:45,700
large-scale. 
Sheep farming across Northern 

1860
01:49:45,700 --> 01:49:47,400
England, Scotland, and the low 
countries. 

1861
01:49:47,400 --> 01:49:50,500
If you could have spoken with a 
medieval farmer about these 

1862
01:49:50,500 --> 01:49:53,800
changes and if they had the 
conceptual framework to 

1863
01:49:53,800 --> 01:49:57,300
understand your question, they 
probably wouldn't have described

1864
01:49:57,300 --> 01:49:59,000
it as an Agricultural 
Revolution. 

1865
01:50:00,000 --> 01:50:02,300
They would have talked about how
their lord had allowed them to 

1866
01:50:02,300 --> 01:50:05,800
clear more forest for planting 
or how their Village had pulled 

1867
01:50:05,800 --> 01:50:09,800
resources to buy a better plow, 
or how the Harvest had been good

1868
01:50:09,800 --> 01:50:13,600
for several years running. 
The systemic nature of the 

1869
01:50:13,600 --> 01:50:17,100
changes would have been 
invisible to them obscured by 

1870
01:50:17,100 --> 01:50:20,600
the daily work of survival and 
the limited scope of their 

1871
01:50:20,600 --> 01:50:24,700
individual experience. 
Step back, take the longer view 

1872
01:50:24,700 --> 01:50:26,600
that historical distance 
provides. 

1873
01:50:26,600 --> 01:50:31,100
And you see something remarkable
European agricultural production

1874
01:50:31,100 --> 01:50:37,200
probably increased by 50 to 75% 
between 900 and 1300. 

1875
01:50:38,600 --> 01:50:41,600
The same land worked by similar 
methods. 

1876
01:50:41,600 --> 01:50:44,600
Suddenly yielded dramatically 
more food. 

1877
01:50:45,500 --> 01:50:48,600
Some of this came from 
Innovation, some from expansion 

1878
01:50:48,600 --> 01:50:52,600
onto marginal lands but much of 
it came from those one or two 

1879
01:50:52,608 --> 01:50:55,700
degrees of warming that made 
everything just slightly easier.

1880
01:50:55,700 --> 01:50:58,700
This abundance created 
possibilities that hadn't 

1881
01:50:58,700 --> 01:51:01,700
existed before. 
For the first time since the 

1882
01:51:01,700 --> 01:51:04,900
Roman Empire significant numbers
of people could be supported 

1883
01:51:04,900 --> 01:51:06,500
without directly, working the 
land. 

1884
01:51:07,300 --> 01:51:10,800
You needed Farmers to produce 
surplus food, but once you had 

1885
01:51:10,800 --> 01:51:12,800
that Surplus, you could support 
Crafts. 

1886
01:51:12,800 --> 01:51:15,600
People. 
Merchants Builders Scholars and 

1887
01:51:15,600 --> 01:51:19,000
all the other Specialists that 
complex societies require the 

1888
01:51:19,000 --> 01:51:21,800
grain mills that dotted every 
medieval stream and River, 

1889
01:51:21,800 --> 01:51:25,400
worked over time during the 
period protesting the increased 

1890
01:51:25,400 --> 01:51:28,100
Harvest. 
And to flower The technology of 

1891
01:51:28,100 --> 01:51:32,300
watermills was ancient Romans 
had used them extensively but 

1892
01:51:32,300 --> 01:51:35,300
the medieval warm period gave 
medieval Europeans enough. 

1893
01:51:35,300 --> 01:51:38,000
Grain to make Mills economically
viable throughout the 

1894
01:51:38,008 --> 01:51:41,300
countryside. 
The steady splashing grind of 

1895
01:51:41,300 --> 01:51:43,900
milwee Wheels became the 
background music of medieval 

1896
01:51:43,900 --> 01:51:47,800
Rural Life, Vineyards, expanded 
Northwood in one of the periods 

1897
01:51:47,800 --> 01:51:51,600
most Visible Changes. 
Wine production which had 

1898
01:51:51,600 --> 01:51:53,800
retreated Southward after the 
Roman period. 

1899
01:51:53,800 --> 01:51:58,300
Now crept back into central 
France, the Rhineland and even 

1900
01:51:58,300 --> 01:52:02,000
Southern England. 
Medieval people discovering they

1901
01:52:02,000 --> 01:52:04,200
could grow wine. 
Grapes in Yorkshire, must have 

1902
01:52:04,200 --> 01:52:07,200
felt like residents of Alaska 
suddenly finding they could grow

1903
01:52:07,200 --> 01:52:11,000
oranges. 
It was unprecedented remarkable 

1904
01:52:11,000 --> 01:52:14,700
and highly profitable. 
The expansion of viticulture 

1905
01:52:14,700 --> 01:52:17,000
wasn't just about alcohol 
though. 

1906
01:52:17,000 --> 01:52:19,700
Medieval people certainly 
appreciated their wine. 

1907
01:52:19,700 --> 01:52:23,400
Vineyards represented long-term 
agricultural investment. 

1908
01:52:24,400 --> 01:52:27,200
You don't plant grape Vines, if 
you expect the climate to turn 

1909
01:52:27,200 --> 01:52:31,100
harsh in a few years Vines, take
time to mature and require 

1910
01:52:31,100 --> 01:52:34,600
consistent conditions. 
The fact that communities were 

1911
01:52:34,600 --> 01:52:36,900
willing to invest in Vineyards 
across northern Europe. 

1912
01:52:36,900 --> 01:52:40,900
Suggest a wide spread if 
unconscious belief that the good

1913
01:52:40,900 --> 01:52:44,100
weather was going to last as you
nestled deeper into your 

1914
01:52:44,100 --> 01:52:47,400
comfortable spot, let's visit a 
medieval village at the height 

1915
01:52:47,400 --> 01:52:51,000
of the medieval warm period. 
Say, around 1200. 

1916
01:52:52,200 --> 01:52:55,300
This isn't the Grim poverty. 
Stricken settlement that popular

1917
01:52:55,300 --> 01:52:59,000
imagination, often conjures. 
This is a village experience in 

1918
01:52:59,000 --> 01:53:00,800
something. 
Its residents might not have 

1919
01:53:00,800 --> 01:53:02,500
words for, but can certainly 
feel. 

1920
01:53:03,400 --> 01:53:05,800
Prosperity. 
The Village sits in a valley 

1921
01:53:05,808 --> 01:53:08,900
surrounded by fields that 
stretch farther than they did in

1922
01:53:08,900 --> 01:53:12,100
your grandfather's time. 
The forest has been pushed back 

1923
01:53:12,100 --> 01:53:16,700
by cultivated land divided into 
the long strips of the open 

1924
01:53:16,700 --> 01:53:20,700
field system. 
Smoke rises from perhaps 40. 

1925
01:53:25,100 --> 01:53:28,500
Church wants a simple. 
Wooden structure, is being 

1926
01:53:28,500 --> 01:53:31,900
rebuilt in stone. 
Project that has consumed The 

1927
01:53:31,908 --> 01:53:34,900
Villages Surplus wealth for the 
past decade. 

1928
01:53:34,900 --> 01:53:38,300
But will stand as a testament to
their success for centuries to 

1929
01:53:38,300 --> 01:53:40,300
come. 
You notice that people look 

1930
01:53:40,300 --> 01:53:43,700
different than you might expect.
They're not the skeletal 

1931
01:53:43,700 --> 01:53:47,100
malnourished figures of popular 
medieval stereotypes. 

1932
01:53:47,900 --> 01:53:50,600
Better nutrition over several 
Generations, has produced a 

1933
01:53:50,600 --> 01:53:53,900
population that's healthier 
taller and more robust. 

1934
01:53:55,000 --> 01:53:57,700
Children play in the village 
common, and there are many of 

1935
01:53:57,700 --> 01:54:00,100
them. 
The improved diet has reduced 

1936
01:54:00,100 --> 01:54:02,200
infant mortality and increased 
fertility. 

1937
01:54:03,300 --> 01:54:06,200
Population growth during the 
medieval warm period was 

1938
01:54:06,200 --> 01:54:09,800
substantial with Europe's 
population, roughly doubling 

1939
01:54:09,800 --> 01:54:13,500
between of 1000 and 1300 The 
Cottages themselves. 

1940
01:54:13,500 --> 01:54:16,100
Show signs of modest, but real 
Improvement. 

1941
01:54:17,000 --> 01:54:20,100
That Drew's a better maintained 
because there's labor and 

1942
01:54:20,100 --> 01:54:24,100
materials to spare for repairs. 
Some houses have actual chimneys

1943
01:54:24,100 --> 01:54:27,800
and of simple, smoke holes, a 
technological advancement. 

1944
01:54:27,800 --> 01:54:30,500
That might seem trivial until 
you've spent a winter in a 

1945
01:54:30,500 --> 01:54:34,800
smoke-filled room. 
Windows remain small glass is 

1946
01:54:34,800 --> 01:54:38,700
still expensive, but shutters 
are more carefully fitted and 

1947
01:54:38,700 --> 01:54:41,100
somehow households have even 
acquired oil lamps to 

1948
01:54:41,100 --> 01:54:44,600
supplement, their Rush lights, 
and Tallow candles inside these 

1949
01:54:44,600 --> 01:54:46,400
homes. 
You'd find possessions that 

1950
01:54:46,400 --> 01:54:49,300
suggests a level of comfort 
unknown in earlier, centuries 

1951
01:54:49,300 --> 01:54:54,200
iron pots and pans. 
Wooden plates and bowls, ceramic

1952
01:54:54,200 --> 01:54:58,600
jugs for storing ale or cider. 
And perhaps even a few pewter 

1953
01:54:58,600 --> 01:55:02,300
items for special occasions 
These aren't wealthy people by 

1954
01:55:02,300 --> 01:55:05,500
any means, but then no longer 
living at the absolute edge of 

1955
01:55:05,508 --> 01:55:08,700
subsistence, they have small 
margins of safety. 

1956
01:55:08,700 --> 01:55:12,700
Tiny buffers against disaster 
that make life incrementally. 

1957
01:55:12,700 --> 01:55:16,900
More secure, the Village Market 
held, weekly has expanded from a

1958
01:55:16,900 --> 01:55:20,100
simple exchange of local Goods 
to a genuine commercial event 

1959
01:55:21,100 --> 01:55:22,900
Farmers. 
Bring Surplus produce, 

1960
01:55:22,900 --> 01:55:27,700
vegetables. 
Eggs cheese, wool and the 

1961
01:55:27,700 --> 01:55:29,300
products of their land and 
labor. 

1962
01:55:30,300 --> 01:55:32,700
Traveling Merchants offer goods 
from distant, places. 

1963
01:55:32,700 --> 01:55:37,300
Salt from Coastal evaporation 
ponds iron tools from Regional 

1964
01:55:37,300 --> 01:55:41,100
forges cloth from Flemish 
Weavers and pottery from 

1965
01:55:41,100 --> 01:55:45,400
specialized ceramic workshops. 
The fact that these markets can 

1966
01:55:45,400 --> 01:55:49,300
sustain regular trade indicates 
that people have enough Surplus 

1967
01:55:49,300 --> 01:55:51,400
to buy things, they don't 
strictly need for survival 

1968
01:55:51,400 --> 01:55:54,700
money, circulates more freely 
than it did in earlier 

1969
01:55:54,700 --> 01:55:57,100
centuries. 
The feudal economy, hadn't 

1970
01:55:57,100 --> 01:56:00,800
disappeared peasant, still owed 
labor services, to their Lords. 

1971
01:56:00,800 --> 01:56:04,200
And agricultural production was 
still organized around manorial 

1972
01:56:04,200 --> 01:56:06,500
Estates. 
But increasingly these 

1973
01:56:06,500 --> 01:56:09,900
obligations could be paid in 
cash rather than in kind. 

1974
01:56:10,700 --> 01:56:13,500
A peasant might pay a fee in 
state of working three days a 

1975
01:56:13,500 --> 01:56:17,300
week on the Lord's land creating
a primitive but functional labor

1976
01:56:17,300 --> 01:56:20,000
market where people could sell 
their time for money. 

1977
01:56:20,000 --> 01:56:23,600
This monetization of the economy
might sound dry and Technical 

1978
01:56:23,600 --> 01:56:27,700
but it represented a fundamental
shift in how medieval people 

1979
01:56:27,700 --> 01:56:32,300
experience daily life, money 
creates options with cash. 

1980
01:56:32,300 --> 01:56:36,100
You could hire someone to repair
your roof by a piglet to raise 

1981
01:56:36,100 --> 01:56:39,300
for winter meet or save toward a
dowry for your daughter. 

1982
01:56:40,200 --> 01:56:43,700
Without money, you were locked 
into a barter economy where 

1983
01:56:43,700 --> 01:56:47,200
everything you needed had to be 
produced locally or acquired 

1984
01:56:47,200 --> 01:56:49,300
through complex, webs of 
reciprocal. 

1985
01:56:49,300 --> 01:56:52,700
Obligation, the Lord's Manor 
visible on its Hill overlooking.

1986
01:56:52,700 --> 01:56:56,400
The village has also improved 
The old wooden Palisade has been

1987
01:56:56,408 --> 01:56:59,800
replaced with stone walls. 
The Great Hall has been expanded

1988
01:56:59,800 --> 01:57:03,000
and rumor says the Lord's wife 
has ordered glass windows for 

1989
01:57:03,008 --> 01:57:05,500
the solar the private family 
quarters. 

1990
01:57:05,500 --> 01:57:08,200
Where the nobility retreated 
from the public life of the 

1991
01:57:08,200 --> 01:57:10,900
hall. 
These improvements aren't just 

1992
01:57:10,900 --> 01:57:14,000
displays of wealth. 
Their Investments made possible 

1993
01:57:14,000 --> 01:57:17,100
by increasing agricultural 
revenues from lands that now 

1994
01:57:17,100 --> 01:57:20,700
produce reliable surpluses. 
But perhaps the most significant

1995
01:57:20,700 --> 01:57:22,700
change is harder to see 
directly. 

1996
01:57:23,600 --> 01:57:27,200
The slow shift in legal status, 
and social relationships that 

1997
01:57:27,200 --> 01:57:30,600
Surplus wealth enables. 
When everyone is barely 

1998
01:57:30,600 --> 01:57:34,200
surviving social structures 
remain rigid because there's no 

1999
01:57:34,200 --> 01:57:36,300
room for negotiation or 
innovation. 

2000
01:57:37,100 --> 01:57:39,500
When there's a surplus Things 
become fluid. 

2001
01:57:40,300 --> 01:57:43,000
Some peasants are accumulating 
enough wealth to buy their 

2002
01:57:43,000 --> 01:57:46,100
freedom from feudal. 
Obligation others are 

2003
01:57:46,100 --> 01:57:48,100
specializing in particular 
crafts. 

2004
01:57:48,100 --> 01:57:51,400
Becoming the villages 
acknowledged expert in carpentry

2005
01:57:51,400 --> 01:57:54,600
or smithing or leatherwork, a 
few particularly successful 

2006
01:57:54,600 --> 01:57:56,800
peasant, families are even 
beginning to differentiate 

2007
01:57:56,800 --> 01:58:00,300
themselves from their neighbors,
acquiring more land, better 

2008
01:58:00,300 --> 01:58:03,600
tools and the kind of resources 
that Mark, the beginning of 

2009
01:58:03,600 --> 01:58:07,600
auroral middle class. 
The son of one such family has 

2010
01:58:07,600 --> 01:58:11,400
been sent to the monastery to 
learn reading and writing an 

2011
01:58:11,400 --> 01:58:13,700
investment in education. 
That would have been 

2012
01:58:13,700 --> 01:58:16,900
Unthinkable. 
When every Pair of Hands was 

2013
01:58:16,900 --> 01:58:21,000
needed for basic survival, The 
Village priest often, the only 

2014
01:58:21,000 --> 01:58:24,700
literate person in the community
has become more than just a 

2015
01:58:24,700 --> 01:58:28,700
Spiritual Authority, he's an 
administrator, a Record Keeper, 

2016
01:58:28,700 --> 01:58:32,400
and sometimes a teacher for 
promising children whose 

2017
01:58:32,400 --> 01:58:34,500
families can spare them from 
farm work. 

2018
01:58:35,500 --> 01:58:39,100
The church building itself 
serves multiple functions, a 

2019
01:58:39,100 --> 01:58:42,100
place of worship on Sundays. 
A meeting hall for villagers 

2020
01:58:42,100 --> 01:58:45,400
assemblies and a secure storage 
space for important documents 

2021
01:58:45,400 --> 01:58:49,000
and valuable items. 
Market, towns began sprouting 

2022
01:58:49,000 --> 01:58:53,200
across Europe during this period
growing up at Crossroads, River 

2023
01:58:53,200 --> 01:58:57,200
Crossing and other strategic 
locations where trade naturally 

2024
01:58:57,200 --> 01:59:01,100
concentrated these towns 
occupied a space between the 

2025
01:59:01,100 --> 01:59:04,400
rural Villages and the 
established cities serving as 

2026
01:59:04,400 --> 01:59:07,300
commercial hubs, where local 
agricultural Surplus, could be 

2027
01:59:07,308 --> 01:59:11,900
converted into Goods, services 
and opportunities in these 

2028
01:59:11,900 --> 01:59:14,900
Market towns, you'd find the 
beginnings of specialized 

2029
01:59:14,900 --> 01:59:17,900
medieval crafts. 
Blacksmiths who once made 

2030
01:59:17,900 --> 01:59:21,100
everything from horseshoes to 
cooking pots now, focused on 

2031
01:59:21,100 --> 01:59:24,900
specific products, achieving 
levels of skill and efficiency 

2032
01:59:24,900 --> 01:59:29,500
that generalists never could. 
Weavers formed gills to control 

2033
01:59:29,500 --> 01:59:33,400
quality and training. 
Tanners, despite the noxious 

2034
01:59:33,400 --> 01:59:35,900
smell of their work became 
essential suppliers to the 

2035
01:59:35,900 --> 01:59:39,300
leather goods trade. 
Baker's ran ovens large enough 

2036
01:59:39,308 --> 01:59:42,900
to serve dozens of families 
operating on scales that made 

2037
01:59:42,900 --> 01:59:45,700
economic sense. 
Only when populations were large

2038
01:59:45,700 --> 01:59:47,100
and prosperous enough to support
them. 

2039
01:59:47,100 --> 01:59:51,700
The prosperity wasn't evenly. 
Distributed, of course. life in 

2040
01:59:51,700 --> 01:59:56,000
a medieval village, even during 
the best of times was still life

2041
01:59:56,000 --> 01:59:59,800
without modern medicine 
sanitation or personal Liberty, 

2042
01:59:59,800 --> 02:00:03,900
as we understand it, People 
worked long hours at physically 

2043
02:00:03,900 --> 02:00:07,000
demanding labor. 
Disease remained, ever-present 

2044
02:00:07,000 --> 02:00:10,600
women died in childbirth. 
With frightening, regularity, 

2045
02:00:10,600 --> 02:00:15,200
children grew up, expecting to 
follow their parents occupation 

2046
02:00:15,200 --> 02:00:19,200
with little opportunity for 
social Mobility beyond what the 

2047
02:00:19,200 --> 02:00:21,900
church might offer to 
particularly bright or devout 

2048
02:00:21,900 --> 02:00:24,800
individuals, yet compared to the
centuries before. 

2049
02:00:24,800 --> 02:00:28,200
And after the medieval warm 
period, offered something that 

2050
02:00:28,200 --> 02:00:32,400
medieval Europeans had rarely 
experience, Sense, that life was

2051
02:00:32,400 --> 02:00:36,100
getting better than worse. 
That the Next Generation might 

2052
02:00:36,100 --> 02:00:38,900
have it easier than the current 
one and that the world was 

2053
02:00:38,900 --> 02:00:43,300
expanding rather than 
Contracting This optimism born 

2054
02:00:43,300 --> 02:00:45,700
of full granaries and healthy 
livestock. 

2055
02:00:45,700 --> 02:00:49,500
Created a psychological climate 
as important as the physical 

2056
02:00:49,500 --> 02:00:52,600
warming that made it possible. 
Let's drift now from The 

2057
02:00:52,600 --> 02:00:55,700
Villages of Continental Europe, 
to something more adventurous 

2058
02:00:55,700 --> 02:00:58,500
though, don't worry. 
We'll keep things suitably 

2059
02:00:58,500 --> 02:01:02,000
peaceful and contemplative. 
Picture of the coast of Norway 

2060
02:01:02,000 --> 02:01:05,500
around the year 1000 where the 
warming climate was creating 

2061
02:01:05,500 --> 02:01:07,400
opportunities that would have 
been Unthinkable. 

2062
02:01:07,400 --> 02:01:09,900
Just a century earlier the 
Norse. 

2063
02:01:09,900 --> 02:01:13,200
No seafaring people. 
We often call Viking's had 

2064
02:01:13,200 --> 02:01:16,700
always been masked full Sailors 
but the medieval warm period 

2065
02:01:16,700 --> 02:01:18,600
gave them something they'd never
had before. 

2066
02:01:18,600 --> 02:01:21,600
I freeze for longer parts of the
year. 

2067
02:01:23,200 --> 02:01:25,300
The Arctic Ice that normally 
choked, the northern Atlantic 

2068
02:01:25,300 --> 02:01:28,800
retreated, just enough to open 
routes that had been impossible,

2069
02:01:28,800 --> 02:01:32,200
creating Maritime highways to 
territories that had been 

2070
02:01:32,200 --> 02:01:35,700
Legends or rumors. 
Eric the Reds colonization of 

2071
02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:39,300
Greenland around 985 represents.
One of the most remarkable 

2072
02:01:39,300 --> 02:01:41,200
episodes of the medieval warm 
period. 

2073
02:01:42,000 --> 02:01:44,600
Greenland, that massive Island 
that's mostly ice. 

2074
02:01:44,600 --> 02:01:48,500
Even today, had coastal areas 
that became remarkably habitable

2075
02:01:48,500 --> 02:01:52,700
during the warming centuries. 
Eric and his followers family 

2076
02:01:52,700 --> 02:01:56,600
seeking New Opportunities. 
Second Sons with no inheritance 

2077
02:01:56,600 --> 02:02:00,000
people fleeing feuds or seeking 
Fresh Starts. 

2078
02:02:00,800 --> 02:02:03,800
Established settlements that 
would endure for nearly 500 

2079
02:02:03,800 --> 02:02:06,300
years. 
Imagine sailing from Iceland 

2080
02:02:06,300 --> 02:02:08,100
toward Greenland in an open 
boat. 

2081
02:02:08,800 --> 02:02:11,000
Your worldly possessions packed 
around you. 

2082
02:02:11,000 --> 02:02:15,000
Livestock lowing nervously in 
the hull and children huddled 

2083
02:02:15,000 --> 02:02:18,900
against the spray. 
You'd navigate by sun and stars 

2084
02:02:18,900 --> 02:02:22,900
by the flight patterns of birds 
and by the color and temperature

2085
02:02:22,900 --> 02:02:26,700
of the water. 
After days at Sea, he'd finally 

2086
02:02:26,700 --> 02:02:29,800
spot the high mountains of 
Greenland rising from the ocean,

2087
02:02:29,800 --> 02:02:34,200
their peaks white with permanent
snow, but their lower slope. 

2088
02:02:34,200 --> 02:02:37,800
Surprisingly green, the north 
greenlanders settled primarily 

2089
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:41,600
on the South-Western Coast where
fueled cut deep into the island 

2090
02:02:41,600 --> 02:02:45,200
and provided shelter from the 
North Atlantic ferocious storms.

2091
02:02:46,100 --> 02:02:49,800
They built Turf House's. 
Thick walled structures of stone

2092
02:02:49,800 --> 02:02:53,300
and sod that could withstand 
Arctic winds while conserving 

2093
02:02:53,300 --> 02:02:57,100
precious warmth. these weren't 
temporary camps but permanent 

2094
02:02:57,100 --> 02:03:01,800
homesteads complete with barns 
for livestock storage rooms for 

2095
02:03:01,800 --> 02:03:05,200
hay and supplies and all the 
infrastructure of agricultural 

2096
02:03:05,200 --> 02:03:09,900
settlement and they farmed this 
detail, always surprises people 

2097
02:03:09,900 --> 02:03:13,200
who imagine Greenland as an 
eternally Frozen Wasteland. 

2098
02:03:13,900 --> 02:03:17,600
During the medieval warm period,
nor settlers grew, barley, for 

2099
02:03:17,600 --> 02:03:21,000
bread and beer. 
They raced cattle sheep and 

2100
02:03:21,000 --> 02:03:24,100
goats that grazed on 
surprisingly Lush, some of 

2101
02:03:24,108 --> 02:03:28,300
pastures, they hunted seals and 
Caribou for meat and skin skins.

2102
02:03:28,300 --> 02:03:31,900
They cut hay, hay in summer and 
stored it for winter fodder. 

2103
02:03:32,600 --> 02:03:36,200
The even exported walrus Ivory 
and polar bear hides back to 

2104
02:03:36,200 --> 02:03:40,000
Europe luxury goods that 
commanded premium prices in 

2105
02:03:40,000 --> 02:03:43,800
Continental markets life in 
Norse Greenland was never easy 

2106
02:03:43,800 --> 02:03:46,600
even during the best climatic 
conditions. 

2107
02:03:47,400 --> 02:03:51,500
Winter's remained harsh, growing
Seasons, stage short, and the 

2108
02:03:51,508 --> 02:03:54,600
settlers lived at the absolute 
edge of where medieval 

2109
02:03:54,600 --> 02:03:58,400
agriculture could function. 
But for several centuries, it 

2110
02:03:58,408 --> 02:04:02,000
worked archaeological evidence 
shows that the greenlanders 

2111
02:04:02,000 --> 02:04:03,800
maintain trade contacts with 
Europe. 

2112
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:07,800
Imported timber for 
construction, acquired iron, 

2113
02:04:07,800 --> 02:04:11,300
tools, and weapons and 
participated in the broader 

2114
02:04:11,300 --> 02:04:14,000
medieval economy. 
Despite their extreme isolation 

2115
02:04:14,000 --> 02:04:17,900
from Greenland Norse explorers 
pushed even farther west 

2116
02:04:17,900 --> 02:04:22,100
reaching what they called 
Vineland the northeast coast of 

2117
02:04:22,100 --> 02:04:25,400
North America. 
Leif Erickson's Voyage around 

2118
02:04:25,400 --> 02:04:28,900
the year 1000 brought Europeans 
to the Americas five centuries 

2119
02:04:28,900 --> 02:04:31,900
before Columbus though is 
settlement didn't last. 

2120
02:04:32,700 --> 02:04:35,500
The temporary camp at. 
Lonzo Meadows in Newfoundland 

2121
02:04:35,500 --> 02:04:38,200
stands today as evidence of this
remarkable voyage. 

2122
02:04:39,000 --> 02:04:42,000
Proof that medieval Europeans 
briefly touched American soil 

2123
02:04:42,000 --> 02:04:45,500
before retreating back to 
Greenland and Iceland the 

2124
02:04:45,500 --> 02:04:47,200
warming. 
Climate also opened up new 

2125
02:04:47,200 --> 02:04:49,300
possibilities in the North 
Atlantic itself. 

2126
02:04:50,200 --> 02:04:53,800
Iceland which had been settled 
by Norse colonists in the 870s. 

2127
02:04:53,800 --> 02:04:56,600
Flourished during the medieval 
warm period. 

2128
02:04:57,500 --> 02:05:00,500
The islands, livestock 
populations expanded, its 

2129
02:05:00,500 --> 02:05:03,900
fishing grounds became more 
productive and its position as a

2130
02:05:03,900 --> 02:05:06,200
waste Station between 
Scandinavia and Greenland. 

2131
02:05:06,200 --> 02:05:08,900
Made it to crucial Link in 
northern trade networks. 

2132
02:05:08,900 --> 02:05:12,700
But the Norse Atlantic Adventure
wasn't just about exploring 

2133
02:05:12,700 --> 02:05:16,300
Westwood into new territories. 
It was about the quotidian 

2134
02:05:16,300 --> 02:05:19,700
reality of living in these 
remote settlements maintaining 

2135
02:05:19,700 --> 02:05:22,900
connections across vast 
stretches of ocean, and building

2136
02:05:22,900 --> 02:05:26,100
communities, and environments 
that tested human resilience in 

2137
02:05:26,100 --> 02:05:30,000
ways that more temperate regions
never did consider the logistics

2138
02:05:30,000 --> 02:05:33,500
of the Greenland colony. 
Almost everything made of wood 

2139
02:05:33,500 --> 02:05:37,700
Timba for buildings and boats. 
Barrel stays for storage 

2140
02:05:37,700 --> 02:05:42,100
firewood, for warmth had to be 
imported from Iceland or Norway.

2141
02:05:43,000 --> 02:05:44,900
Greenland had virtually. 
No trees. 

2142
02:05:44,900 --> 02:05:48,700
So every plank represented a 
successful trading, voyage 

2143
02:05:48,700 --> 02:05:52,900
across dangerous Seas. 
Iron was equally precious and 

2144
02:05:52,900 --> 02:05:55,600
skilled crafts. 
People who could work metal were

2145
02:05:55,600 --> 02:06:00,400
valued community members Church 
bells, glass windows communion 

2146
02:06:00,400 --> 02:06:04,300
wine and countless other items. 
Required regular trade contact 

2147
02:06:04,300 --> 02:06:07,200
with distant Europe. 
The Greenland ignores maintain 

2148
02:06:07,200 --> 02:06:10,700
their European identity. 
Despite their isolation, they 

2149
02:06:10,700 --> 02:06:14,500
built churches models on 
Scandinavian Designs, buried 

2150
02:06:14,500 --> 02:06:17,400
their dead in Christian 
graveyards and maintained 

2151
02:06:17,400 --> 02:06:20,300
Bishops who reported to 
ecclesiastical authorities in 

2152
02:06:20,300 --> 02:06:23,000
Norway. 
This connection to broader 

2153
02:06:23,000 --> 02:06:24,600
Christiana mattered deeply to 
them. 

2154
02:06:25,300 --> 02:06:28,300
They didn't want to be forgotten
Outpost but recognized members 

2155
02:06:28,300 --> 02:06:31,700
of the European civilization. 
However, remote their location, 

2156
02:06:31,700 --> 02:06:35,300
the warming period also 
affected, Norse activities in 

2157
02:06:35,300 --> 02:06:38,500
more traditional Waters. 
The waters around the fairer 

2158
02:06:38,500 --> 02:06:42,000
Islands, became more productive.
Norwegian fishermen could 

2159
02:06:42,000 --> 02:06:45,800
Venture father North along the 
coast accessing Cod grounds that

2160
02:06:45,800 --> 02:06:49,000
had been too dangerous or ice 
Bound in early centuries. 

2161
02:06:49,900 --> 02:06:53,500
Trade routes across the Baltic 
expanded as ice free periods, 

2162
02:06:53,500 --> 02:06:56,700
length and connecting. 
Scandinavia with the emerging 

2163
02:06:56,700 --> 02:07:00,700
cities of Northern Germany, and 
Poland in a delightfully mundane

2164
02:07:00,700 --> 02:07:03,100
way. 
The medieval warm period made 

2165
02:07:03,100 --> 02:07:05,000
sea travel, less immediately 
terrifying. 

2166
02:07:05,900 --> 02:07:10,600
Medieval ships were remarkably 
seaworthy the Norse naar. 

2167
02:07:10,600 --> 02:07:14,100
The primary cargo vessel of the 
North Atlantic could survive 

2168
02:07:14,100 --> 02:07:17,600
conditions that would sink more 
modern ships but they were also 

2169
02:07:17,600 --> 02:07:20,500
open to the elements 
uncomfortable and dangerous in 

2170
02:07:20,500 --> 02:07:24,200
ways that modern Travelers can 
barely imagine Warmer, Waters 

2171
02:07:24,200 --> 02:07:26,100
meant marginally, less 
hypothermia. 

2172
02:07:26,100 --> 02:07:29,600
Risk for Sailors who inevitably 
got soaked by spray. 

2173
02:07:31,100 --> 02:07:34,300
Longer ice-free Seasons meant 
extended trading windows. 

2174
02:07:35,200 --> 02:07:38,800
Reduced storm, frequency a 
debated effect of the warming. 

2175
02:07:38,800 --> 02:07:42,700
But suggested by some climate 
reconstructions meant fewer 

2176
02:07:42,700 --> 02:07:46,800
shipwrecks and lost Cruise. 
The climatic optimism that 

2177
02:07:46,800 --> 02:07:50,700
allowed the Norse to attempt to 
Greenland colonize a influenced,

2178
02:07:50,700 --> 02:07:54,300
exploration closer to home. 
The development of permanent 

2179
02:07:54,300 --> 02:07:57,700
fishing stations in Iceland, the
expansion of seal hunting 

2180
02:07:57,700 --> 02:08:01,900
operations and the growth of Arc
to trade in Furs and walrus 

2181
02:08:01,900 --> 02:08:05,000
Ivory all reflected confidence 
that the favorable conditions 

2182
02:08:05,000 --> 02:08:07,400
would continue. 
Let's turn now from The 

2183
02:08:07,400 --> 02:08:10,900
Adventures of seafaring North to
something equally ambitious but 

2184
02:08:10,900 --> 02:08:13,600
more stationary, the 
Extraordinary cathedral 

2185
02:08:13,600 --> 02:08:14,300
building. 
Boom. 

2186
02:08:14,300 --> 02:08:17,200
That swept across Europe during 
the medieval warm period. 

2187
02:08:18,100 --> 02:08:20,300
Get comfortable. 
We're going to spend time 

2188
02:08:20,300 --> 02:08:23,400
thinking about Stone faith and 
what it means. 

2189
02:08:23,400 --> 02:08:27,500
When a society has enough 
Surplus wealth to invest in 

2190
02:08:27,500 --> 02:08:30,200
structures, that take 
generations to complete around 

2191
02:08:30,200 --> 02:08:33,100
the year. 1000, something 
remarkable began happening 

2192
02:08:33,100 --> 02:08:36,100
across Europe. 
Communities that had been making

2193
02:08:36,100 --> 02:08:38,700
do with modest. 
Wooden churches decided to 

2194
02:08:38,700 --> 02:08:42,300
rebuild in stone. 
But they didn't just replace one

2195
02:08:42,300 --> 02:08:44,500
building with another of similar
size. 

2196
02:08:44,500 --> 02:08:49,300
They built upward and outward, 
creating structures of 

2197
02:08:49,300 --> 02:08:51,700
unprecedented height and 
ambition. 

2198
02:08:52,900 --> 02:08:56,000
The Romanesque and then Gothic 
Cathedrals that Rose during the 

2199
02:08:56,000 --> 02:08:59,400
medieval warm period, 
represented engineering 

2200
02:08:59,400 --> 02:09:01,700
achievements. 
That rivaled anything since the 

2201
02:09:01,700 --> 02:09:05,500
Roman Empire Cathedral at 
Santiago de Compostela in Spain,

2202
02:09:05,500 --> 02:09:09,200
began in 1075. 
Canterbury cathedral in England 

2203
02:09:09,200 --> 02:09:13,200
rebuilt. 
After a fire in 1174, Shark for 

2204
02:09:13,200 --> 02:09:15,700
cathedral in France with its 
magnificent. 

2205
02:09:15,700 --> 02:09:20,400
Stained glass was largely 
constructed between 1194 and 12 

2206
02:09:20,400 --> 02:09:23,500
and 20. 
Notre Dame de Paris started in 

2207
02:09:23,500 --> 02:09:28,300
11.63 Cologne, Cathedral begun 
in 1248. 

2208
02:09:29,700 --> 02:09:32,700
These buildings and hundreds 
like them represented, not just 

2209
02:09:32,700 --> 02:09:35,700
religious further but economic 
capacity. 

2210
02:09:36,600 --> 02:09:39,500
You don't build Cathedrals when 
you're worried about starving. 

2211
02:09:39,500 --> 02:09:43,600
Imagine the construction site of
a major Gothic cathedral in say 

2212
02:09:43,600 --> 02:09:48,400
1200, The scaffolding Rises 
impossibly High wooden 

2213
02:09:48,400 --> 02:09:51,600
structures that Sway alarmingly 
in the wind, but somehow support

2214
02:09:51,600 --> 02:09:55,000
teams of Masons working at 
Heights, that would make modern 

2215
02:09:55,000 --> 02:09:58,900
safety inspectors faint. 
Stonecutters shape blocks with 

2216
02:09:58,900 --> 02:10:01,300
hammer and chisel producing 
edges. 

2217
02:10:01,300 --> 02:10:04,200
So precise, that mortar becomes 
almost unnecessary. 

2218
02:10:05,200 --> 02:10:08,200
Carpenters, construct the 
complex wooden centering that 

2219
02:10:08,200 --> 02:10:10,600
will support Stone arches and 
the mortar sets. 

2220
02:10:11,600 --> 02:10:15,800
Glassmakers crafted Windows, the
transform sunlight into divine. 

2221
02:10:15,800 --> 02:10:18,500
Revelation, the organization 
required. 

2222
02:10:18,500 --> 02:10:21,500
For these projects was 
staggering quarries, had to be 

2223
02:10:21,500 --> 02:10:26,000
opened or expanded to provide 
suitable Stone Transportation 

2224
02:10:26,000 --> 02:10:28,900
networks were needed to move, 
massive blocks from Quarry to 

2225
02:10:28,908 --> 02:10:32,400
construction site, sometimes 
across dozens of miles. 

2226
02:10:33,400 --> 02:10:37,100
Skilled Craftsmen Mason's 
Carpenters, Glaziers metal 

2227
02:10:37,100 --> 02:10:41,200
workers had to be recruited 
house and paid. 

2228
02:10:42,000 --> 02:10:43,900
Raw materials from across 
Europe. 

2229
02:10:43,900 --> 02:10:47,800
Had to be acquired LED for 
roofing, iron for 

2230
02:10:47,800 --> 02:10:52,000
reinforcements, gold Leifer, 
decoration and precious pigments

2231
02:10:52,000 --> 02:10:54,700
for painting. 
All of this required Surplus 

2232
02:10:54,700 --> 02:10:56,400
wealth. 
On a scale that hadn't existed 

2233
02:10:56,400 --> 02:10:58,200
in Europe since the Roman 
period. 

2234
02:10:59,200 --> 02:11:02,300
The agricultural abundance made 
possible by the medieval warm 

2235
02:11:02,300 --> 02:11:05,000
period. 
Created the economic conditions 

2236
02:11:05,000 --> 02:11:08,700
for Cathedral construction but 
the decision to actually build 

2237
02:11:08,700 --> 02:11:10,800
these massive structures 
reflected, something else. 

2238
02:11:11,800 --> 02:11:14,800
Confidence in the future. 
Think about what it means to 

2239
02:11:14,800 --> 02:11:17,500
start a building project that, 
you know, won't be finished in 

2240
02:11:17,500 --> 02:11:20,600
your lifetime. 
When a community broke ground on

2241
02:11:20,600 --> 02:11:23,600
a cathedral, they understood 
that their grandchildren might 

2242
02:11:23,600 --> 02:11:27,400
see it completed or their great 
grandchildren, or possibly 

2243
02:11:27,400 --> 02:11:30,000
never. 
They were investing resources. 

2244
02:11:30,000 --> 02:11:33,200
That could have been spent on 
immediate needs better housing, 

2245
02:11:33,200 --> 02:11:37,600
more food, stronger defenses in 
favor of a permanent monument. 

2246
02:11:37,600 --> 02:11:39,600
That would serve Generations, 
not yet. 

2247
02:11:39,600 --> 02:11:43,400
Born, this long-term thinking 
was itself a luxury made 

2248
02:11:43,400 --> 02:11:47,800
possible by climatic stability? 
When harvests are unreliable and

2249
02:11:47,800 --> 02:11:51,100
survival uncertain, you focus on
immediate needs. 

2250
02:11:52,000 --> 02:11:55,300
When conditions are favorable 
and predictable, you can afford 

2251
02:11:55,300 --> 02:11:58,200
to think in terms of centuries 
rather than Seasons. 

2252
02:11:58,200 --> 02:12:01,600
The gothic architectural 
Revolution that occurred during 

2253
02:12:01,600 --> 02:12:05,800
this period pointed arches, 
flying buttresses, ribbed volts,

2254
02:12:05,800 --> 02:12:08,400
and all the technical 
innovations that allowed 

2255
02:12:08,400 --> 02:12:12,500
buildings to saw higher and 
admit more light Wasn't just 

2256
02:12:12,500 --> 02:12:16,000
artistic development. 
These Innovations solved, 

2257
02:12:16,000 --> 02:12:19,200
practical problems of building 
tall stone structures, that 

2258
02:12:19,200 --> 02:12:21,000
didn't collapse under their own 
weight. 

2259
02:12:21,900 --> 02:12:24,100
Medieval Masons were 
rediscovering. 

2260
02:12:24,100 --> 02:12:27,400
Structural engineering 
principles, that Romans had 

2261
02:12:27,400 --> 02:12:30,300
known, and that had been largely
forgotten during the early 

2262
02:12:30,300 --> 02:12:33,700
medieval period, but if you 
asked a medieval Master Mason, 

2263
02:12:33,700 --> 02:12:35,700
why his Cathedral needed to be 
so tall. 

2264
02:12:35,700 --> 02:12:38,200
He wouldn't talk about 
engineering principles. 

2265
02:12:38,200 --> 02:12:42,100
He'd talk about reaching toward 
Heaven about creating a physical

2266
02:12:42,100 --> 02:12:45,600
manifestation of divine glory 
and about light streaming 

2267
02:12:45,600 --> 02:12:48,400
through stained glass, as a 
metaphor for divine grace, 

2268
02:12:48,400 --> 02:12:52,900
Illuminating the human soul, the
gothic cathedral was theology 

2269
02:12:52,900 --> 02:12:57,100
rendered in stone and glass. 
Three-dimensional argument about

2270
02:12:57,100 --> 02:12:59,900
the nature of God, and 
Humanity's relationship to the 

2271
02:12:59,900 --> 02:13:03,700
Divine, the stained glass 
windows deserve their own moment

2272
02:13:03,700 --> 02:13:07,300
of contemplation. 
Imagine standing inside short 

2273
02:13:07,300 --> 02:13:11,200
Cathedral as often noon's, son 
streams through the famous blue 

2274
02:13:11,200 --> 02:13:14,800
Windows transforming ordinary 
daylight in to something that 

2275
02:13:14,800 --> 02:13:16,600
seems to come from another 
world. 

2276
02:13:17,600 --> 02:13:20,800
Medieval people believed these 
windows served an educational 

2277
02:13:20,800 --> 02:13:23,800
purpose. 
They told biblical stories to an

2278
02:13:23,800 --> 02:13:27,200
illiterate population, but they 
also created an atmosphere that 

2279
02:13:27,200 --> 02:13:31,600
felt genuinely Transcendent the 
Crosman involved in medieval 

2280
02:13:31,600 --> 02:13:35,300
stained glass was remarkable. 
Glassmakers had to produce 

2281
02:13:35,300 --> 02:13:37,600
colored glass by adding metallic
oxides. 

2282
02:13:37,600 --> 02:13:41,600
During the glassblowing process.
Each window required, thousands 

2283
02:13:41,600 --> 02:13:45,300
of individual pieces, cut to 
precise shapes and fitted into 

2284
02:13:45,300 --> 02:13:49,900
lead caves then assembled into 
enormous compositions, depicting

2285
02:13:49,900 --> 02:13:54,900
everything, from Bible stories 
to Saints, lives to the trades 

2286
02:13:54,900 --> 02:13:58,500
and professions of the town. 
The major Rose Windows. 

2287
02:13:58,500 --> 02:14:02,700
Those enormous circular windows 
at the end of transits contained

2288
02:14:02,700 --> 02:14:05,800
enough, individual glass pieces 
that cataloging them all could 

2289
02:14:05,800 --> 02:14:08,800
take weeks, the social 
organization of Cathedral 

2290
02:14:08,800 --> 02:14:12,800
construction, created its own 
culture Master, Builders the 

2291
02:14:12,800 --> 02:14:15,800
medieval equivalent of 
Architects, move from Project to

2292
02:14:15,800 --> 02:14:19,000
project bringing teams of 
skilled Masons with them. 

2293
02:14:19,000 --> 02:14:23,700
These Master Builders often sign
their work, surviving Cathedral 

2294
02:14:23,700 --> 02:14:27,100
designs show, remarkably 
detailed architectural drawings,

2295
02:14:27,100 --> 02:14:30,500
the demonstrates a sophisticated
understanding of geometry. 

2296
02:14:30,500 --> 02:14:33,700
And structural mechanics, the 
workshops attached to Major 

2297
02:14:33,700 --> 02:14:36,800
Cathedrals became centers of 
craft training were skills, were

2298
02:14:36,800 --> 02:14:38,500
passed from Master to a 
Prentice. 

2299
02:14:39,500 --> 02:14:42,500
A young man hoping to become a 
stone Mason might spend Years, 

2300
02:14:42,500 --> 02:14:46,400
Learning the trade, starting 
with simple tasks like mixing 

2301
02:14:46,400 --> 02:14:49,900
mortar and gradually advancing 
to more complex work. 

2302
02:14:50,700 --> 02:14:53,700
The lodge the workshop, building
attached to the construction 

2303
02:14:53,700 --> 02:14:58,500
site developed its own culture 
customs, and even primitive 

2304
02:14:58,500 --> 02:15:02,300
union-like organizations. 
Cathedral construction also 

2305
02:15:02,300 --> 02:15:05,400
created demand for specialized 
trades beyond the core building 

2306
02:15:05,400 --> 02:15:08,700
crafts. 
Sculptors decorated for SARS 

2307
02:15:08,700 --> 02:15:10,800
with Biblical scenes and 
grotesque figures. 

2308
02:15:11,600 --> 02:15:14,900
Painters created enormous 
frescoes on interior walls, 

2309
02:15:14,900 --> 02:15:18,400
metal workers produced 
decorative iron work for doors 

2310
02:15:18,400 --> 02:15:21,700
and windows woodcarvers crafted 
choir stalls. 

2311
02:15:21,700 --> 02:15:26,400
Rude screens and elaborate altar
pieces, Each Cathedral became a 

2312
02:15:26,400 --> 02:15:30,100
focus point, for every artistic 
trade in medieval Europe, the 

2313
02:15:30,100 --> 02:15:32,700
economic impact of a major 
Cathedral project on its 

2314
02:15:32,700 --> 02:15:34,500
surrounding region was 
substantial. 

2315
02:15:34,500 --> 02:15:38,000
Construction, might employ 
hundreds of workers directly 

2316
02:15:38,000 --> 02:15:43,100
while secondary effects, feeding
workers, housing them, providing

2317
02:15:43,100 --> 02:15:48,200
materials, supported hundreds 
more, Towns with major Cathedral

2318
02:15:48,200 --> 02:15:51,600
projects, effectively had a 
permanent job's program that 

2319
02:15:51,600 --> 02:15:54,800
could last for Generations, 
providing employment and 

2320
02:15:54,800 --> 02:15:58,300
circulating money through the 
local economy monasteries and 

2321
02:15:58,300 --> 02:16:00,200
Abby's went through similar 
building booms. 

2322
02:16:00,200 --> 02:16:04,300
During this period the sister 
National order founded in 1098 

2323
02:16:04,300 --> 02:16:07,700
established hundreds of Abby's 
across Europe during the 12th 

2324
02:16:07,700 --> 02:16:11,100
and 13th centuries. 
These monasteries weren't just 

2325
02:16:11,108 --> 02:16:14,200
religious centers, but 
agricultural, innovators, who 

2326
02:16:14,200 --> 02:16:18,300
applied systematic, thinking to 
farming, livestock, breeding, 

2327
02:16:18,300 --> 02:16:22,800
and Land Management. 
Cistercian Abbey's often sat in 

2328
02:16:22,808 --> 02:16:25,100
remote. 
Valleys where the monks had 

2329
02:16:25,100 --> 02:16:27,000
cleared forest and drained 
Wetlands. 

2330
02:16:27,000 --> 02:16:30,600
Creating productive, Farmland, 
through organized, labor and 

2331
02:16:30,600 --> 02:16:32,799
Engineering. 
The architectural style 

2332
02:16:32,799 --> 02:16:37,500
developed by the cistercians, or
steer elegant, emphasizing 

2333
02:16:37,500 --> 02:16:41,900
proportion, and light rather 
than decoration, created some of

2334
02:16:41,900 --> 02:16:43,799
the periods, most beautiful 
buildings. 

2335
02:16:44,600 --> 02:16:48,799
Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire 
Fontana at the end France and 

2336
02:16:48,799 --> 02:16:52,000
probably ABI in Spain. 
These structures combined 

2337
02:16:52,000 --> 02:16:55,400
spiritual Purpose, with 
practical design in ways that 

2338
02:16:55,400 --> 02:16:58,799
still impressed visitors today 
as you drift towards sleep, 

2339
02:16:58,799 --> 02:17:02,600
consider the ambition, it took 
to build the structures medieval

2340
02:17:02,600 --> 02:17:06,400
people lacked, power tools, 
steel reinforcement, modern 

2341
02:17:06,400 --> 02:17:11,700
cranes or computer aided design.
What they had was time, skill 

2342
02:17:11,700 --> 02:17:16,299
faith and the economic surplus 
created by a climate that had 

2343
02:17:16,299 --> 02:17:19,600
decided for a few centuries to 
be unusually Cooperative. 

2344
02:17:19,600 --> 02:17:22,900
Let's spend some time. 
Now in the medieval Countryside,

2345
02:17:22,900 --> 02:17:26,500
during what we might call, its 
golden age, those decades, in 

2346
02:17:26,500 --> 02:17:29,400
the middle of the medieval warm 
period when the benefits were 

2347
02:17:29,400 --> 02:17:33,000
clearest and the eventual 
ending, still felt impossibly 

2348
02:17:33,000 --> 02:17:35,900
distant. 
Find that perfect spot in your 

2349
02:17:35,907 --> 02:17:39,299
blankets, and imagine your 
experience, a full year in 

2350
02:17:39,299 --> 02:17:42,600
rural, Medieval Europe, watching
the seasons. 

2351
02:17:42,600 --> 02:17:45,900
Turn in a world where nature 
seemed more generous than usual,

2352
02:17:45,900 --> 02:17:49,500
spring arrives in early March 
earlier than your grandparents 

2353
02:17:49,500 --> 02:17:52,200
remembered. 
The last snow melts quickly, 

2354
02:17:52,200 --> 02:17:54,900
leaving Fields muddy but ready 
for plowing. 

2355
02:17:55,600 --> 02:17:58,500
You'd see teams of oxen or 
horses, pulling plows, through 

2356
02:17:58,500 --> 02:18:01,700
heavy, soil opening, furrows, 
that will receive this year's 

2357
02:18:01,700 --> 02:18:05,000
crop. 
Plow team is the most valuable 

2358
02:18:05,000 --> 02:18:09,600
asset of Village owns a toxin 
working together Guided by an 

2359
02:18:09,600 --> 02:18:12,600
experienced to Plowman who can 
keep his Furrow straight by 

2360
02:18:12,600 --> 02:18:14,799
eyeballing. 
Landmarks in the distance. 

2361
02:18:14,799 --> 02:18:18,799
The plowing takes weeks and 
everyone has opinions about how 

2362
02:18:18,799 --> 02:18:21,500
it's going. 
Some fields are being opened for

2363
02:18:21,500 --> 02:18:24,600
the first time former Forest, 
that was cleared during the 

2364
02:18:24,600 --> 02:18:27,500
winter and now needs to be 
brought into cultivation. 

2365
02:18:27,500 --> 02:18:31,400
Other fields are returning to 
service after a year line 

2366
02:18:31,400 --> 02:18:35,600
fallow, you can see how the soil
is recovered. thick with 

2367
02:18:35,600 --> 02:18:39,700
earthworms and surprisingly, 
friable despite its clay 

2368
02:18:39,700 --> 02:18:44,900
content, once plowing finishes 
planting begins, Spring wheat or

2369
02:18:44,900 --> 02:18:48,600
barley goes into the ground. 
Each seed pressed into the soil 

2370
02:18:48,600 --> 02:18:53,200
by hand or broadcast the field, 
in that ancient motion that 

2371
02:18:53,200 --> 02:18:55,200
farmers of use since agriculture
was invented. 

2372
02:18:56,700 --> 02:19:00,500
Children follow the sewers using
sticks to cover seeds with soil,

2373
02:19:00,500 --> 02:19:03,700
simultaneously. 
Protecting them from birds and 

2374
02:19:03,700 --> 02:19:05,299
giving them better contact with 
the Earth. 

2375
02:19:06,000 --> 02:19:09,000
It's tedious work and your back 
would ache from the constant 

2376
02:19:09,000 --> 02:19:12,600
bending that their satisfaction.
In seeing the neat rows, taking 

2377
02:19:12,600 --> 02:19:15,799
shape across the field between 
planting and harvest. 

2378
02:19:15,799 --> 02:19:20,200
There's constant work. 
Weeding monitoring for pests 

2379
02:19:20,200 --> 02:19:23,000
repairing fences to keep 
livestock from trampling. 

2380
02:19:23,000 --> 02:19:26,000
The crops and maintaining 
drainage ditches to prevent 

2381
02:19:26,000 --> 02:19:30,000
water logging Medieval farming 
was labor intensive in ways that

2382
02:19:30,000 --> 02:19:32,100
modern agriculture hasn't been 
for centuries. 

2383
02:19:32,900 --> 02:19:36,200
But there are also moments of 
relative Leisure times when the 

2384
02:19:36,200 --> 02:19:39,400
crops simply needs to grow and 
there's nothing to do but wait 

2385
02:19:39,400 --> 02:19:43,000
and hope some are brings the hay
Harvest one of the years. 

2386
02:19:43,000 --> 02:19:46,200
Crucial tasks. 
Hey provides winter, fodder for 

2387
02:19:46,200 --> 02:19:48,700
livestock and the amount you can
store determines. 

2388
02:19:48,700 --> 02:19:50,800
How many animals will survive 
until spring? 

2389
02:19:51,700 --> 02:19:55,000
You'd see entire villages in The
Meadows, cutting grass, with 

2390
02:19:55,000 --> 02:19:59,600
scythes and synchronized Rose, 
turning, the cut hated dry, then

2391
02:19:59,600 --> 02:20:02,600
Gathering it into Haystacks that
Tower over the workers like 

2392
02:20:02,600 --> 02:20:05,500
rustic monuments to agricultural
effort. 

2393
02:20:05,500 --> 02:20:09,500
The rhythm of sighing is almost 
hypnotic the long sweep of the 

2394
02:20:09,500 --> 02:20:12,800
blade through grass, the step 
forward, the next sweep 

2395
02:20:12,800 --> 02:20:17,500
experience, mowers can work for 
hours with barely Applause their

2396
02:20:17,500 --> 02:20:19,000
movement. 
So practiced they seem 

2397
02:20:19,000 --> 02:20:23,700
effortless Behind them, come the
women and children raking the 

2398
02:20:23,700 --> 02:20:26,900
cut grass into windrows, then 
turning it regularly. 

2399
02:20:26,900 --> 02:20:32,100
So all sides dry evenly. 
Drain threatens before, the hay 

2400
02:20:32,100 --> 02:20:35,400
is completely dry. 
There's a frantic scramble to 

2401
02:20:35,400 --> 02:20:38,700
get it undercover because wet, 
hay can mold or even 

2402
02:20:38,700 --> 02:20:42,200
spontaneously combust in the 
stack, the extended growing 

2403
02:20:42,200 --> 02:20:45,100
seasons of the medieval. 
Warm period meant hey, Harvest 

2404
02:20:45,100 --> 02:20:47,200
were more abundant than in 
previous centuries. 

2405
02:20:48,000 --> 02:20:50,600
Meadows, that once yielded one 
cutting per summer. 

2406
02:20:50,600 --> 02:20:54,600
Now produced two, sometimes even
a third late season Harvest. 

2407
02:20:55,700 --> 02:20:59,000
this plus hey meant Villages 
could support larger herds, 

2408
02:20:59,000 --> 02:21:02,100
which meant more milk, more 
meat, and more rocks and for 

2409
02:21:02,100 --> 02:21:06,300
plowing it was another of those 
virtuous Cycles where better 

2410
02:21:06,300 --> 02:21:09,800
conditions created opportunities
that reinforced the benefits 

2411
02:21:09,800 --> 02:21:13,200
High summer, settles over the 
countryside, like a warm blanket

2412
02:21:14,200 --> 02:21:17,500
The grain crops are growing tall
now transforming Fields into 

2413
02:21:17,500 --> 02:21:21,600
Seas of green that Ripple in the
breeze. barley and oats head out

2414
02:21:21,600 --> 02:21:25,400
first, their bearded tops 
catching the sunlight, wheat 

2415
02:21:25,400 --> 02:21:29,000
follows, later, it seed, heads 
heavy with developing grain 

2416
02:21:30,100 --> 02:21:33,000
Walking past these fields you'd 
hear the constant Whisper Of 

2417
02:21:33,008 --> 02:21:37,100
Wind Through storks punctuated 
by Birdsong and the distant 

2418
02:21:37,100 --> 02:21:40,400
sounds of village life. 
This is the season of relative 

2419
02:21:40,400 --> 02:21:43,300
Plenty when gardeners are 
producing vegetables and 

2420
02:21:43,300 --> 02:21:47,800
everyone's diet improves Fresh 
peas and beans appear on tables.

2421
02:21:47,800 --> 02:21:50,100
Onions and garlic are pulled as 
needed. 

2422
02:21:50,100 --> 02:21:54,700
Herbs grow thick in every doyard
garden, sage and Thyme and 

2423
02:21:54,700 --> 02:21:58,000
rosemary, used for both cooking 
and basic medicine. 

2424
02:21:58,600 --> 02:22:01,300
The Village might have a few 
beehives humming with activity 

2425
02:22:01,300 --> 02:22:03,700
as bees work, the wildflowers in
The Meadows. 

2426
02:22:03,700 --> 02:22:07,700
Livestock are out on pasture 
supervised by Shepherds or cow 

2427
02:22:07,700 --> 02:22:10,200
herds who spend long days in the
fields with their charges. 

2428
02:22:11,000 --> 02:22:13,800
Its lonely work but not 
unpleasant during good weather. 

2429
02:22:14,600 --> 02:22:17,500
You might see a young Shepherd 
City on a hillside with his 

2430
02:22:17,500 --> 02:22:19,200
sheep scattered across the 
slope. 

2431
02:22:19,200 --> 02:22:23,000
Practicing his carving on a 
piece of wood or simply watching

2432
02:22:23,000 --> 02:22:25,800
clouds drift across, remarkably 
blue skies. 

2433
02:22:25,800 --> 02:22:29,000
August brings the grain harvest.
The years defining event. 

2434
02:22:29,000 --> 02:22:32,100
This is when everything comes 
down to whether and timing 

2435
02:22:32,100 --> 02:22:36,000
Harvest two early in the grain 
hasn't fully ripened Harvest, 

2436
02:22:36,000 --> 02:22:39,300
too late and a storm might 
flatten the crop or rain might 

2437
02:22:39,300 --> 02:22:43,100
ruin it in the field. 
Medieval Farmers had to judge 

2438
02:22:43,100 --> 02:22:47,600
the perfect moment by experience
and Instinct reading signs in 

2439
02:22:47,600 --> 02:22:50,900
the wheat heads and watching the
sky with the intense of 

2440
02:22:50,900 --> 02:22:54,100
meteorologists who knew their 
lives depended on getting the 

2441
02:22:54,100 --> 02:22:57,400
Four cast, right when the 
Harvest begins, it consumes the 

2442
02:22:57,400 --> 02:23:02,000
entire Community, everyone who 
can work, does men cutting the 

2443
02:23:02,000 --> 02:23:06,500
grain with sickles or sighs 
women binding, the cuts in to 

2444
02:23:06,500 --> 02:23:10,300
sheaves and children Gathering 
the sheaves in to shocks to dry.

2445
02:23:11,200 --> 02:23:15,500
the work continues from dawn to 
dusk and sometimes Beyond when 

2446
02:23:15,500 --> 02:23:19,308
Moonlight allows There's a 
desperate urgency to get the 

2447
02:23:19,316 --> 02:23:23,100
crops safely gathered before 
weather or accident can destroy 

2448
02:23:23,100 --> 02:23:26,800
months of agricultural labor. 
The sound of harvest is 

2449
02:23:26,800 --> 02:23:29,500
distinctive. 
The swish of blades through 

2450
02:23:29,500 --> 02:23:32,500
stalks the rustle of grain being
bound. 

2451
02:23:32,500 --> 02:23:35,900
And the rhythmic thump as 
sheaves are set up right into 

2452
02:23:35,900 --> 02:23:38,600
shocks. 
People call to each other across

2453
02:23:38,600 --> 02:23:42,300
the field coordinating, work 
warning about obstacles and 

2454
02:23:42,300 --> 02:23:45,600
maintaining the social cohesion 
that makes group of possible. 

2455
02:23:46,300 --> 02:23:48,100
Songs. 
Help paste the work and someone 

2456
02:23:48,100 --> 02:23:51,800
usually knows dozens of verses 
about harvesting some ancient 

2457
02:23:51,800 --> 02:23:53,600
and some improvised for the 
occasion. 

2458
02:23:53,600 --> 02:23:56,700
Once the grain is cut and 
shocked, it needs to be 

2459
02:23:56,700 --> 02:24:00,300
transported to the village and 
stored in Barnes until threshing

2460
02:24:00,300 --> 02:24:02,700
can begin. 
This is where you'd see the 

2461
02:24:02,700 --> 02:24:07,200
Harvest carts, sturdy, wooden 
Vehicles, pulled by oxen loaded,

2462
02:24:07,200 --> 02:24:10,000
so heavily with sheaves that 
they seem impossible to move. 

2463
02:24:11,300 --> 02:24:13,700
Trip from field to Barn is slow 
and careful. 

2464
02:24:13,700 --> 02:24:17,100
Because losing a cartload of 
grain to an overturned wagon. 

2465
02:24:17,100 --> 02:24:20,600
Would be a minor disaster 
threshing begins after harvest 

2466
02:24:20,600 --> 02:24:23,700
finishes and it continues 
through Autumn and into winter 

2467
02:24:23,700 --> 02:24:27,200
whenever weather permits. 
Sheaves are spread on a 

2468
02:24:27,200 --> 02:24:30,300
prepared, threshing floor, 
usually just beaten Earth in a 

2469
02:24:30,300 --> 02:24:33,600
barn or Courtyard and beaten 
with flails to separate grain 

2470
02:24:33,600 --> 02:24:37,000
from chaff. 
It's exhausting repetitive work 

2471
02:24:37,000 --> 02:24:40,600
that produces clouds of dust and
leaves everyone coughing. 

2472
02:24:40,600 --> 02:24:44,500
The rhythmic sound of flail 
striking grain provides the 

2473
02:24:44,500 --> 02:24:47,100
soundtrack for autumn in every 
medieval village. 

2474
02:24:47,100 --> 02:24:51,400
After threshing comes winnowing 
where workers toss the threshed 

2475
02:24:51,400 --> 02:24:53,300
grain into the air so wind can 
carry away. 

2476
02:24:53,300 --> 02:24:56,900
The lighter chaff while heavier 
grain, kernels fall back down. 

2477
02:24:56,900 --> 02:25:00,300
It requires a certain act to get
the tossing motion, right? 

2478
02:25:00,300 --> 02:25:03,600
And it only works when there's 
enough Breeze, but not so much 

2479
02:25:03,600 --> 02:25:07,000
that you lose grain. 
Watching skilled winner was at 

2480
02:25:07,000 --> 02:25:10,500
work, has its own aesthetic. 
The graceful Arc of grain 

2481
02:25:10,500 --> 02:25:14,800
through the air, the shower of 
chaff drifting downwind and the 

2482
02:25:14,800 --> 02:25:19,200
steady accumulation of clean 
grain in baskets, Autumn is also

2483
02:25:19,200 --> 02:25:24,200
time for the pig, slaughter, one
of the year's major events Pigs,

2484
02:25:24,200 --> 02:25:26,900
which have spent the summer 
growing fat on food, scraps, and

2485
02:25:26,900 --> 02:25:29,600
forests mastered. 
A killed and butchered in a 

2486
02:25:29,600 --> 02:25:31,400
process. 
That transforms them into the 

2487
02:25:31,400 --> 02:25:34,400
preserved meat that will sustain
families through winter. 

2488
02:25:35,600 --> 02:25:40,100
Everything from a pig is used. 
The meat is salted or smote, the

2489
02:25:40,100 --> 02:25:43,900
fat is rendered into lard. 
The blood is made into sausages,

2490
02:25:43,900 --> 02:25:47,900
the intestines become sausage 
casing and even the head is 

2491
02:25:47,900 --> 02:25:51,100
boiled for Braun, the work of 
butchering and preserving is 

2492
02:25:51,100 --> 02:25:53,500
skilled and communal. 
Families. 

2493
02:25:53,500 --> 02:25:56,000
Help each other knowing their 
turn will come and they'll 

2494
02:25:56,000 --> 02:25:59,700
receive the same assistance. 
Smell of smoking meat, hangs 

2495
02:25:59,700 --> 02:26:02,800
over villages in, Autumn a 
scent, that means security. 

2496
02:26:02,800 --> 02:26:07,100
You have food stored for the 
lean months ahead later, Autumn 

2497
02:26:07,100 --> 02:26:10,100
brings different tasks. 
Root vegetables are harvested 

2498
02:26:10,100 --> 02:26:13,600
and stored in cool Cellars 
apples are picked and pressed 

2499
02:26:13,600 --> 02:26:17,300
for cider or stored in straw 
lined boxes where they might 

2500
02:26:17,300 --> 02:26:21,800
last until spring. 
The last grazing is finished and

2501
02:26:21,800 --> 02:26:25,500
livestock are brought into barns
or closer pastures where they 

2502
02:26:25,500 --> 02:26:29,500
can be monitored during winter. 
Firewood cut during the summer. 

2503
02:26:29,500 --> 02:26:33,600
Needs to be split and stacked 
close to houses where it will. 

2504
02:26:33,600 --> 02:26:37,600
Stay relatively dry winter in 
the medieval warm period, was 

2505
02:26:37,600 --> 02:26:41,000
milder than in centuries before 
or after, but it was still 

2506
02:26:41,000 --> 02:26:43,800
winter. 
You'd see less outdoor work and 

2507
02:26:43,800 --> 02:26:48,000
more indoor tasks, weaving tool,
maintenance food, preparation 

2508
02:26:48,000 --> 02:26:51,700
and craft work. 
This is when the social life of 

2509
02:26:51,700 --> 02:26:55,100
villages turned inward when 
people gathered in the relative,

2510
02:26:55,100 --> 02:26:59,100
warmth of halls or large houses 
and when storytelling and music 

2511
02:26:59,100 --> 02:27:02,600
passed the dark evening's, the 
Christmas season brought its own

2512
02:27:02,600 --> 02:27:05,600
Traditions. 
The Yule Log carefully selected 

2513
02:27:05,600 --> 02:27:07,300
and brought to the half with 
ceremony. 

2514
02:27:08,200 --> 02:27:11,800
Special Foods were saved for the
celebration, perhaps a goose or 

2515
02:27:11,808 --> 02:27:13,700
even beef if the Harvest had 
been good. 

2516
02:27:14,500 --> 02:27:18,200
Evergreen decorations to remind 
people, that life persists, even

2517
02:27:18,200 --> 02:27:22,200
in the darkest, season mystery 
plays performed by Village 

2518
02:27:22,200 --> 02:27:26,100
amateurs retelling biblical 
stories with enthusiasm that 

2519
02:27:26,100 --> 02:27:28,800
compensated for any lack of 
professional polish. 

2520
02:27:28,800 --> 02:27:31,900
Throughout all these Seasons, 
you'd notice the background 

2521
02:27:31,900 --> 02:27:34,900
presence of the church marking 
sacred time alongside 

2522
02:27:34,900 --> 02:27:39,000
agricultural time. 
Saints days, provided regular 

2523
02:27:39,000 --> 02:27:43,300
interruptions to work, creating 
a feast and fasting that 

2524
02:27:43,300 --> 02:27:45,400
structured the year religiously 
and socially. 

2525
02:27:46,400 --> 02:27:49,400
The liturgical calendar told 
medieval people where they stood

2526
02:27:49,400 --> 02:27:53,100
in Salvation history, even as 
the agricultural calendar told 

2527
02:27:53,100 --> 02:27:55,900
him where they stood in the 
annual cycle of planting and 

2528
02:27:55,900 --> 02:27:59,100
harvest, the medieval warm 
period, didn't eliminate the 

2529
02:27:59,100 --> 02:28:02,800
hardships of Rural Life. 
People still worked incredibly 

2530
02:28:02,800 --> 02:28:07,000
hard, still faced dangers from 
disease and accident, and still 

2531
02:28:07,000 --> 02:28:10,900
lived within narrow social and 
economic constraints. but it 

2532
02:28:10,900 --> 02:28:14,400
softened, some of the harshness,
Harvest were more reliable. 

2533
02:28:14,400 --> 02:28:18,600
Winters were less brutal, and 
the margin between sufficiently 

2534
02:28:18,600 --> 02:28:21,500
and starvation wide. 
And just enough to make life 

2535
02:28:21,500 --> 02:28:23,800
feel less desperate in the 
evening's. 

2536
02:28:23,800 --> 02:28:27,300
When work finally finished, you 
might see people sitting outside

2537
02:28:27,300 --> 02:28:29,500
their Cottages during the long 
summer Twilights. 

2538
02:28:29,500 --> 02:28:34,500
Simply enjoying the warmth and 
the relative prosperity Children

2539
02:28:34,500 --> 02:28:37,300
play games that have been passed
down through generations. 

2540
02:28:37,300 --> 02:28:40,300
Adults repair, tools or spin 
thread. 

2541
02:28:40,300 --> 02:28:43,300
The kind of light work that can 
be done while socializing 

2542
02:28:44,100 --> 02:28:47,400
Someone might have a simple 
instrument, a pipe or a small 

2543
02:28:47,400 --> 02:28:50,400
drum and provide music for 
impromptu dancing. 

2544
02:28:50,400 --> 02:28:54,400
These moments of leisure these 
spaces where life was about more

2545
02:28:54,400 --> 02:28:57,900
than mere survival with a real 
gift of the medieval warm 

2546
02:28:57,900 --> 02:29:00,600
period. 
The climate didn't just provide 

2547
02:29:00,600 --> 02:29:04,300
food. 
It provided time, energy, and 

2548
02:29:04,300 --> 02:29:07,500
psychological space for medieval
Europeans to build something 

2549
02:29:07,500 --> 02:29:11,600
Beyond subsistence. 
Theodore's and Market towns and 

2550
02:29:11,600 --> 02:29:14,700
manuscripts, all flowed from 
this fundamental surplus of 

2551
02:29:14,700 --> 02:29:17,200
resources and confidence as you 
settle. 

2552
02:29:17,200 --> 02:29:20,400
Even deeper into Comfort. 
Preparing for the final stage of

2553
02:29:20,400 --> 02:29:22,400
sleep. 
Let's contemplate. 

2554
02:29:22,400 --> 02:29:26,500
Something more melancholic. 
How the medieval warm period 

2555
02:29:26,500 --> 02:29:29,800
ended, and what its fading can 
teach us about climate, 

2556
02:29:29,800 --> 02:29:33,700
resilience and the fragility of 
even seemingly stable 

2557
02:29:33,700 --> 02:29:35,900
conditions, the end of the 
medieval. 

2558
02:29:35,900 --> 02:29:39,900
Warm period wasn't dramatic, or 
sudden there was no catastrophic

2559
02:29:39,900 --> 02:29:42,400
event. 
No, volcanic eruption or meteor 

2560
02:29:42,400 --> 02:29:44,500
impact that clearly marked 
transition. 

2561
02:29:45,300 --> 02:29:50,400
Instead around 1300 temperatures
began to gradually decline. 

2562
02:29:51,100 --> 02:29:55,400
Growing Seasons shortened year 
by year so incrementally that no

2563
02:29:55,400 --> 02:29:58,000
single year. 
Felt definitively different from

2564
02:29:58,000 --> 02:30:00,700
the one before. 
Imagine being a farmer in the 

2565
02:30:00,700 --> 02:30:04,600
year 1310 noticing that the last
frost came a bit earlier this 

2566
02:30:04,600 --> 02:30:08,200
Autumn than usual, then the next
year spring seemed to arrive 

2567
02:30:08,200 --> 02:30:10,500
late. 
Then a summer, that was 

2568
02:30:10,500 --> 02:30:11,400
unusually. 
Cool. 

2569
02:30:11,400 --> 02:30:14,900
And wet with rain at Harvest 
Time that ruined part of the 

2570
02:30:14,900 --> 02:30:16,900
crop. 
Individually. 

2571
02:30:16,900 --> 02:30:19,300
These were just weather 
variations of the sort that 

2572
02:30:19,300 --> 02:30:23,200
every Agricultural Society 
experience is. but they were 

2573
02:30:23,200 --> 02:30:26,400
accumulating into a pattern that
would eventually be recognized 

2574
02:30:26,400 --> 02:30:30,100
as the onset of what historians 
called the little Ice Age, the 

2575
02:30:30,100 --> 02:30:34,400
Norse colonies in Greenland felt
the changes most acutely those 

2576
02:30:34,400 --> 02:30:37,100
settlements that had Thrive for 
three centuries, found their 

2577
02:30:37,100 --> 02:30:40,400
growing Seasons, becoming 
shorter, their pastures less 

2578
02:30:40,400 --> 02:30:43,700
productive and their hunting 
territory shrinking as ice 

2579
02:30:43,700 --> 02:30:47,200
returned The last definite 
record of the Greenland 

2580
02:30:47,200 --> 02:30:51,100
settlements date to the early 
1400s after which they simply 

2581
02:30:51,100 --> 02:30:54,600
vanished from history. 
Whether the inhabitants died 

2582
02:30:54,600 --> 02:30:58,600
were evacuated or a similar to 
the Inuit people who had moved 

2583
02:30:58,600 --> 02:31:02,100
into the territory, remains 
uncertain, the fate of these 

2584
02:31:02,100 --> 02:31:04,500
Greenland colonies offers a 
sobering lesson about the 

2585
02:31:04,508 --> 02:31:06,600
relationship between climate and
settlement. 

2586
02:31:07,300 --> 02:31:10,900
The North greenlanders had built
an entire Society based on 

2587
02:31:10,908 --> 02:31:14,500
conditions that turned out to be
temporary, their Farms, their 

2588
02:31:14,500 --> 02:31:17,800
churches, and their way of life,
all depended on a climatic 

2589
02:31:17,800 --> 02:31:22,100
window that gradually closed. 
When conditions changed, they 

2590
02:31:22,100 --> 02:31:26,000
lack the flexibility to adapt. 
They couldn't transform their 

2591
02:31:26,000 --> 02:31:28,700
agricultural settlements into 
hunting societies, like the 

2592
02:31:28,700 --> 02:31:32,600
Inuit couldn't abandon their 
livestock based economy and 

2593
02:31:32,600 --> 02:31:35,100
couldn't or wouldn't change the 
fundamental patterns. 

2594
02:31:35,100 --> 02:31:38,500
That had worked for Generations 
archaeological evidence from the

2595
02:31:38,508 --> 02:31:40,100
abandoned. 
Greenland settlements is 

2596
02:31:40,100 --> 02:31:43,600
haunting the last inhabitants 
are eaten their dogs and cattle 

2597
02:31:43,600 --> 02:31:47,500
suggesting desperate hunger. 
But they hadn't adopted Inuit 

2598
02:31:47,500 --> 02:31:51,200
hunting techniques or Diet. 
Even as those indigenous people 

2599
02:31:51,200 --> 02:31:55,500
thrived in the same environment,
cultural identity at seams can 

2600
02:31:55,500 --> 02:31:59,100
be both a source of resilience 
and a fatal imitation back in 

2601
02:31:59,100 --> 02:32:01,000
Europe, the cooling climate 
created. 

2602
02:32:01,000 --> 02:32:04,000
Stresses that contributed to 
what historian sometimes called,

2603
02:32:04,000 --> 02:32:08,500
the crisis of the late Middle 
Ages, The Great Famine of 1315, 

2604
02:32:08,500 --> 02:32:13,000
struck a population that had 
grown to level sustainable only 

2605
02:32:13,000 --> 02:32:15,000
during optimal climate 
conditions. 

2606
02:32:15,900 --> 02:32:19,500
Three years of cold wet weather,
ruined Harvest across, northern 

2607
02:32:19,500 --> 02:32:23,900
Europe, and millions died of 
starvation or diseases, that 

2608
02:32:23,900 --> 02:32:27,700
thrive when populations are 
weakened by malnutrition the 

2609
02:32:27,700 --> 02:32:31,700
Black Death arriving. 
In 1347 found a European 

2610
02:32:31,700 --> 02:32:35,900
population already stressed by 
Decades of deteriorating climate

2611
02:32:35,900 --> 02:32:39,500
and periodic food, shortages, 
Where the climate change 

2612
02:32:39,500 --> 02:32:42,900
directly contributed to the 
plague spread remains debated. 

2613
02:32:42,900 --> 02:32:46,500
But there's no question that the
warming periods end had weakened

2614
02:32:46,500 --> 02:32:49,500
medieval Europe's resilience to 
catastrophe yet. 

2615
02:32:49,500 --> 02:32:52,900
The story isn't simply one of 
decline, medieval Europeans 

2616
02:32:52,900 --> 02:32:56,700
proved remarkably adaptive in 
many ways, agricultural 

2617
02:32:56,700 --> 02:32:59,200
practices evolved to suit 
shorter growing Seasons 

2618
02:32:59,200 --> 02:33:02,900
communities. 
Diversify their crops relying 

2619
02:33:02,900 --> 02:33:05,100
Less on wheat, and more on 
Hardy. 

2620
02:33:05,100 --> 02:33:09,300
A grains fishing became more 
important to coastal regions 

2621
02:33:09,300 --> 02:33:13,300
where farming became marginal. 
Trade networks, adjusted to new 

2622
02:33:13,300 --> 02:33:17,400
realities the cathedral building
boom slowed, but didn't entirely

2623
02:33:17,400 --> 02:33:20,400
stopped some projects. 
Were completed even as 

2624
02:33:20,400 --> 02:33:22,000
conditions. 
Deteriorated. 

2625
02:33:23,300 --> 02:33:27,200
Estimate institutional momentum 
and the importance people placed

2626
02:33:27,200 --> 02:33:30,800
on these structures. 
Other Cathedrals remained 

2627
02:33:30,800 --> 02:33:33,700
unfinished for centuries. 
They are in complete Towers 

2628
02:33:33,700 --> 02:33:36,500
standing as monuments to 
interrupted ambition. 

2629
02:33:36,500 --> 02:33:39,900
The end of the medieval, warm 
period reminds us that climate 

2630
02:33:39,900 --> 02:33:43,400
isn't a static backdrop to human
history, but an active force. 

2631
02:33:43,400 --> 02:33:47,700
That shapes what's possible and 
what's difficult Those one or 

2632
02:33:47,700 --> 02:33:50,400
two degrees of warming that 
characterized the medieval warm 

2633
02:33:50,400 --> 02:33:53,900
period had allowed European 
civilization to expand and 

2634
02:33:53,900 --> 02:33:56,300
flourish. 
The return to cooler 

2635
02:33:56,300 --> 02:33:59,600
temperatures constrain that 
expansion and forced adaptation.

2636
02:33:59,600 --> 02:34:03,100
Modern climate science, gives us
tools that medieval people 

2637
02:34:03,100 --> 02:34:05,400
lacked. 
We can measure temperature 

2638
02:34:05,400 --> 02:34:09,500
changes, precisely model, 
climate systems and predict 

2639
02:34:09,500 --> 02:34:11,500
future Trends with reasonable 
accuracy. 

2640
02:34:12,900 --> 02:34:16,200
We know that the medieval warm 
period was primarily a regional 

2641
02:34:16,200 --> 02:34:19,600
phenomenon, it affected Europe 
in the North Atlantic strongly, 

2642
02:34:19,600 --> 02:34:22,600
but other parts of the world 
experience, different patterns. 

2643
02:34:22,600 --> 02:34:27,000
We understand that it was driven
by natural variations in solar 

2644
02:34:27,000 --> 02:34:31,100
output and ocean circulation not
by any human activity. 

2645
02:34:31,100 --> 02:34:35,000
But we all know that our current
warming is different fast 

2646
02:34:35,000 --> 02:34:38,500
faster, more globally, and 
driven by human greenhouse gas 

2647
02:34:38,500 --> 02:34:40,700
emissions, rather than natural 
cycles. 

2648
02:34:41,500 --> 02:34:45,400
The medieval warm period offers 
both hope and warning hope 

2649
02:34:45,400 --> 02:34:48,600
because it shows that societies 
can Thrive during warming 

2650
02:34:48,600 --> 02:34:52,200
periods and adapt to climate 
changes and warning because it 

2651
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:55,700
demonstrates the populations and
economies built for one climate 

2652
02:34:55,700 --> 02:34:57,900
regime can face serious. 
Disruption. 

2653
02:34:57,900 --> 02:35:01,900
When conditions shift the 
medieval experience suggests 

2654
02:35:01,900 --> 02:35:04,900
that climate change creates 
winners and losers and that the 

2655
02:35:04,900 --> 02:35:07,000
impacts are never evenly 
distributed. 

2656
02:35:07,900 --> 02:35:10,800
The Norse benefitted enormously 
from warming. 

2657
02:35:10,800 --> 02:35:14,100
That open the North Atlantic 
while other regions experience 

2658
02:35:14,100 --> 02:35:17,800
different effects. 
When cooling returned those same

2659
02:35:17,800 --> 02:35:20,100
nor settlements that had 
flourished during warm 

2660
02:35:20,100 --> 02:35:23,500
centuries, were among the first 
casualties perhaps, the deepest 

2661
02:35:23,500 --> 02:35:27,100
lesson is about the human 
tendency to assume that current 

2662
02:35:27,100 --> 02:35:28,900
conditions will persist 
indefinitely. 

2663
02:35:30,400 --> 02:35:33,800
Medieval Europeans who planted 
Vineyards in England or 

2664
02:35:33,800 --> 02:35:36,700
established farms and Greenland 
weren't being naive. 

2665
02:35:36,700 --> 02:35:40,500
They were responding rationally 
to conditions that had persisted

2666
02:35:40,500 --> 02:35:43,800
for Generations, but those 
Generations were blinking 

2667
02:35:43,800 --> 02:35:48,300
climatic terms a temporary 
window that felt permanent only 

2668
02:35:48,300 --> 02:35:51,900
because human lifespans are so 
brief as you drift towards 

2669
02:35:51,900 --> 02:35:54,100
sleep. 
Consider how the medieval warm 

2670
02:35:54,100 --> 02:35:57,900
period changed everything for 
medieval Europeans without the 

2671
02:35:57,900 --> 02:35:59,700
fully understanding what was 
happening? 

2672
02:36:00,600 --> 02:36:03,500
The experience, the benefits 
better harvests. 

2673
02:36:04,100 --> 02:36:08,200
Expanding populations, ambitious
building projects without 

2674
02:36:08,200 --> 02:36:10,700
knowing they were living through
a climatic anomaly. 

2675
02:36:11,400 --> 02:36:14,400
They built their world around 
conditions that seemed normal 

2676
02:36:14,400 --> 02:36:18,000
but were actually unusual the 
Cathedral at Tron time. 

2677
02:36:18,000 --> 02:36:22,600
In Norway, begun, intense. 70 
still stands today nearly a 

2678
02:36:22,600 --> 02:36:26,500
thousand years later. the north 
settlement at Beretta lead in 

2679
02:36:26,508 --> 02:36:36,700
Greenland, founded around 9, 8 
5, both were products of the 

2680
02:36:36,700 --> 02:36:40,300
same optimistic era, both by 
people, who believe they were 

2681
02:36:40,300 --> 02:36:44,500
creating permanent institutions 
One survived climate change. 

2682
02:36:44,500 --> 02:36:48,000
The other didn't these outcomes 
weren't inevitable? 

2683
02:36:48,000 --> 02:36:51,100
They resulted from countless, 
individual choices, 

2684
02:36:51,100 --> 02:36:55,100
institutional structures, 
geographical advantages and 

2685
02:36:55,100 --> 02:36:58,900
sheer luck. 
The medieval warm period didn't 

2686
02:36:58,900 --> 02:37:02,300
determine medieval history, but 
it shaped the space within which

2687
02:37:02,300 --> 02:37:05,900
that history unfolded, creating 
opportunities, and imposing, 

2688
02:37:05,900 --> 02:37:09,000
constraints, that influenced 
everything from agriculture to 

2689
02:37:09,000 --> 02:37:13,300
architecture, to exploration, a 
sleep draws closer, and you're 

2690
02:37:13,300 --> 02:37:15,500
breathing settles in to its 
nocturnal rhythm. 

2691
02:37:16,200 --> 02:37:20,000
Let's take one last, quiet 
moment to reflect on what those 

2692
02:37:20,000 --> 02:37:23,400
warm centuries mean. 
For us, viewing them from the 

2693
02:37:23,400 --> 02:37:27,700
comfortable distance of 700 
years, the medieval warm period 

2694
02:37:27,700 --> 02:37:30,800
stands as a reminder, that 
earth's climate is never truly 

2695
02:37:30,800 --> 02:37:34,500
stable that the normal 
conditions we experienced are 

2696
02:37:34,500 --> 02:37:37,700
actually temporary States within
longer patterns of variation 

2697
02:37:38,800 --> 02:37:42,400
Medieval Europeans couldn't have
known this, they lacked the 

2698
02:37:42,400 --> 02:37:45,600
scientific tools and historical 
perspective to see their time in

2699
02:37:45,608 --> 02:37:48,300
context. 
We have no such excuse. 

2700
02:37:48,300 --> 02:37:51,800
We can look back across 
centuries and see how profoundly

2701
02:37:51,800 --> 02:37:54,300
climate shapes human 
possibilities, though? 

2702
02:37:54,300 --> 02:37:56,400
Those medieval farmers who 
brought new land under 

2703
02:37:56,400 --> 02:38:00,300
cultivation, the Norse Sailors 
who colonize Greenland, and the 

2704
02:38:00,308 --> 02:38:02,900
Master Builders who designed 
soaring Cathedrals. 

2705
02:38:02,900 --> 02:38:06,200
They were all responding to 
Opportunities created by 

2706
02:38:06,200 --> 02:38:08,800
climatic conditions. 
They didn't understand and 

2707
02:38:08,800 --> 02:38:12,900
didn't predict their successes 
and failures offer a strange 

2708
02:38:12,900 --> 02:38:15,900
kind of comfort. 
Humans have always lived with 

2709
02:38:15,900 --> 02:38:19,600
climate uncertainty and have 
always built civilization on 

2710
02:38:19,600 --> 02:38:22,200
foundations that turned out to 
be more temporary than they 

2711
02:38:22,200 --> 02:38:24,600
imagined. 
The Surplus wealth that made 

2712
02:38:24,600 --> 02:38:26,400
medieval Cathedral culture 
possible. 

2713
02:38:26,400 --> 02:38:30,700
Came ultimately from soil and 
son from the interaction of 

2714
02:38:30,700 --> 02:38:33,700
human labor, with environmental 
conditions that happen to be 

2715
02:38:33,700 --> 02:38:36,500
favorable. 
When we admire a Gothic 

2716
02:38:36,500 --> 02:38:40,500
Cathedral today, we're looking 
at Frozen climate data evidence 

2717
02:38:40,500 --> 02:38:43,800
of what humans can achieve when 
Nature provides an extra margin 

2718
02:38:43,800 --> 02:38:46,700
of resources and time. 
But we're also looking at 

2719
02:38:46,700 --> 02:38:51,000
ambition, creativity and the 
human desire to create something

2720
02:38:51,000 --> 02:38:53,100
that transcends the immediate 
moment. 

2721
02:38:54,100 --> 02:38:57,100
The medieval Builders knew their
Cathedrals would Outlast them, 

2722
02:38:57,100 --> 02:39:00,800
and they were right. 
Charter and Canterbury and 

2723
02:39:00,800 --> 02:39:03,500
cologne. 
Still stand, still, Inspire and 

2724
02:39:03,500 --> 02:39:06,300
still serve purposes. 
Their creators would recognize 

2725
02:39:07,200 --> 02:39:10,400
climate made these structures 
possible, but Human vision and 

2726
02:39:10,400 --> 02:39:12,600
effort made them real The 
Village. 

2727
02:39:12,600 --> 02:39:16,800
Prosperity of the medieval warm 
period modest by our standards. 

2728
02:39:16,800 --> 02:39:20,500
But real by theirs shows how 
relatively small environmental 

2729
02:39:20,500 --> 02:39:25,100
changes can Cascade through 
Society An extra week of growing

2730
02:39:25,100 --> 02:39:27,400
season. 
Meant more food, which meant 

2731
02:39:27,400 --> 02:39:30,800
healthier children, which meant 
more workers, which meant new 

2732
02:39:30,800 --> 02:39:34,000
land, could be cleared, which 
created opportunities for 

2733
02:39:34,000 --> 02:39:38,400
specialization, which enabled 
Market towns, which facilitated 

2734
02:39:38,400 --> 02:39:43,100
trade, which distributed wealth 
more widely, small cores is 

2735
02:39:43,100 --> 02:39:47,000
larger effects and when 
conditions deteriorated the 

2736
02:39:47,000 --> 02:39:50,900
process reversed, shorter 
growing Seasons, meant smaller 

2737
02:39:50,900 --> 02:39:54,700
harvests, which meant less 
Surplus, which meant reduced 

2738
02:39:54,700 --> 02:39:58,200
trade, which meant economic 
contraction, which meant social 

2739
02:39:58,200 --> 02:40:02,000
stress, the medieval warm 
periods, end didn't destroy 

2740
02:40:02,000 --> 02:40:04,900
European civilization, but it 
certainly tested. 

2741
02:40:04,900 --> 02:40:08,600
It exposing vulnerabilities that
have been masked by favorable 

2742
02:40:08,600 --> 02:40:12,600
conditions tonight as you sleep 
in a climate controlled room 

2743
02:40:12,600 --> 02:40:15,000
your comfort maintained by 
Technologies. 

2744
02:40:15,000 --> 02:40:18,200
Medieval people couldn't have 
imagined the story of the 

2745
02:40:18,200 --> 02:40:20,300
medieval warm period offers 
perspective. 

2746
02:40:21,200 --> 02:40:24,500
We have capabilities, they 
lacked, we can predict whether 

2747
02:40:24,500 --> 02:40:29,400
control indoor, climate 
transport food globally and 

2748
02:40:29,400 --> 02:40:31,900
adapt to environmental changes 
with resources. 

2749
02:40:31,900 --> 02:40:35,600
They never possessed. 
But we also face challenges at 

2750
02:40:35,600 --> 02:40:38,000
Scales. 
They never encountered with 

2751
02:40:38,000 --> 02:40:40,600
climate changing faster than 
natural systems. 

2752
02:40:40,600 --> 02:40:45,000
Can adapt affecting populations 
far larger than Medieval Europe 

2753
02:40:45,000 --> 02:40:47,700
ever supported. 
The optimism of the cathedral 

2754
02:40:47,700 --> 02:40:50,400
Builders believing. 
They were creating permanent 

2755
02:40:50,400 --> 02:40:53,800
monuments for a stable future 
echoes in our own assumptions 

2756
02:40:53,800 --> 02:40:57,300
about tomorrow. 
We build cities on coastlines 

2757
02:40:57,300 --> 02:41:01,100
and in deserts plan for futures 
that assume conditions won't 

2758
02:41:01,100 --> 02:41:04,100
change dramatically and invest 
in infrastructure. 

2759
02:41:04,100 --> 02:41:07,100
Designed for climate patterns 
that may already be shifting. 

2760
02:41:08,000 --> 02:41:11,700
Perhaps medieval experience 
offers a gentle warning assume 

2761
02:41:11,700 --> 02:41:15,300
less permanence build more 
flexibility and remember that 

2762
02:41:15,300 --> 02:41:18,700
favorable conditions don't last 
forever, but there's also 

2763
02:41:18,700 --> 02:41:22,600
inspiration in those medieval 
centuries, humans adapted, 

2764
02:41:22,600 --> 02:41:25,800
survived and occasionally 
thrived through climate changes.

2765
02:41:25,800 --> 02:41:29,800
They couldn't measure or predict
We have better tools but face 

2766
02:41:29,800 --> 02:41:33,300
larger challenges, medieval 
Europeans worked within their 

2767
02:41:33,300 --> 02:41:37,100
constraints and created 
remarkable things we can do the 

2768
02:41:37,100 --> 02:41:39,000
same. 
Hopefully, with more foresight 

2769
02:41:39,000 --> 02:41:42,100
about the foundations were 
building upon fields that 

2770
02:41:42,100 --> 02:41:45,700
medieval Farmers cleared during 
the medieval warm period, still 

2771
02:41:45,700 --> 02:41:48,600
feed us to today. 
Churches they build still 

2772
02:41:48,600 --> 02:41:51,700
shelter congregations the market
towns. 

2773
02:41:51,700 --> 02:41:54,200
They established still service 
centers of Commerce and 

2774
02:41:54,200 --> 02:41:57,400
community. 
What they created during those 

2775
02:41:57,400 --> 02:42:00,500
warm centuries, outlasted the 
climate that made creation 

2776
02:42:00,500 --> 02:42:04,800
easier, proving that human 
achievements carefully designed 

2777
02:42:04,800 --> 02:42:09,500
and solid can endure through 
changing conditions as you drift

2778
02:42:09,500 --> 02:42:12,100
into sleep. 
Let the story of the medieval 

2779
02:42:12,100 --> 02:42:15,600
warm period, settle into your 
thoughts, like snow accumulating

2780
02:42:15,600 --> 02:42:20,500
slowly on a winter field. 
Quiet gentle covering everything

2781
02:42:20,500 --> 02:42:24,600
with a layer of perspective. 
Those medieval farmers and 

2782
02:42:24,600 --> 02:42:26,700
sailors and Builders were people
like you. 

2783
02:42:27,600 --> 02:42:31,000
Cool ambitious trying to make 
the best of conditions. 

2784
02:42:31,000 --> 02:42:34,400
They inherited hoping to leave 
something valuable for those who

2785
02:42:34,400 --> 02:42:37,700
came after they succeeded more 
than they probably imagined. 

2786
02:42:38,500 --> 02:42:42,300
Seventh centuries later, we 
still study their lives, admire 

2787
02:42:42,300 --> 02:42:45,400
their achievements and learn 
from their adaptations and their

2788
02:42:45,400 --> 02:42:48,000
failures. 
The climate that shape their 

2789
02:42:48,000 --> 02:42:53,400
world has changed changed again 
and his changing still But the 

2790
02:42:53,408 --> 02:42:56,900
essential human story of working
with what nature provides 

2791
02:42:56,900 --> 02:43:01,100
adapting, when conditions shift 
and building toward future as we

2792
02:43:01,108 --> 02:43:04,600
hope for, but can't guarantee 
continues sleep. 

2793
02:43:04,600 --> 02:43:08,600
Now, warm and comfortable and 
perhaps dream of those medieval 

2794
02:43:08,600 --> 02:43:10,600
Summers when growing seas and 
stretched. 

2795
02:43:10,600 --> 02:43:14,900
Just a bit longer when harvests 
filled Barnes to overflowing. 

2796
02:43:14,900 --> 02:43:18,200
And when communities looked at 
empty, hillside's and saw 

2797
02:43:18,200 --> 02:43:22,000
opportunities rather than 
challenges, dream of Cathedral 

2798
02:43:22,000 --> 02:43:25,700
Builders measuring Stone by hand
and I creating structures that 

2799
02:43:25,700 --> 02:43:29,100
would Outlast, not just their 
own lives, but the climate that 

2800
02:43:29,100 --> 02:43:32,500
made their work possible. 
The medieval warm period ended 

2801
02:43:32,500 --> 02:43:36,200
but its lessons remain. 
Climate shapes history without 

2802
02:43:36,200 --> 02:43:40,600
determining it. 
Humans adapt, build, create and 

2803
02:43:40,600 --> 02:43:43,300
endure. 
Through changing conditions, the

2804
02:43:43,300 --> 02:43:46,800
margins between success and 
failure can be measured in 

2805
02:43:46,800 --> 02:43:49,100
degrees of temperature and weeks
of growing season. 

2806
02:43:49,100 --> 02:43:52,800
And what we build during 
favourable times must be solid 

2807
02:43:52,800 --> 02:43:56,300
enough to survive when condition
shift because shift, they always

2808
02:43:56,300 --> 02:43:59,500
do tomorrow, you'll wake your 
own climate, your own 

2809
02:43:59,500 --> 02:44:03,700
challenges, and your own 
opportunities. the medieval warm

2810
02:44:03,700 --> 02:44:07,400
period is gone but its story 
connects you to an unbroken 

2811
02:44:07,400 --> 02:44:11,000
chain of humans, who have always
lived with climate uncertainty 

2812
02:44:11,000 --> 02:44:15,300
always built despite it And 
always hoped that what they 

2813
02:44:15,300 --> 02:44:19,200
created would endure and 
sometimes wonderfully, it does. 

2814
02:44:25,600 --> 02:44:27,600
Your standing at the edge of 
something, vast. 

2815
02:44:28,400 --> 02:44:31,600
Before you stretch as an ocean 
of grass, rolling toward 

2816
02:44:31,600 --> 02:44:34,800
mountains, that seem painted 
against the sky in shades of 

2817
02:44:34,808 --> 02:44:39,800
blue and purple. 
The year is 1843 and you've just

2818
02:44:39,800 --> 02:44:44,100
arrived in Oregon territory 
after six months of wagon 

2819
02:44:44,100 --> 02:44:47,500
travel. 
Your hands are calloused from 

2820
02:44:47,500 --> 02:44:51,100
gripping rope and leather. 
Your boots are held together 

2821
02:44:51,100 --> 02:44:55,700
with wire and determination. 
And now for the first time in 

2822
02:44:55,700 --> 02:44:59,100
your life you're looking at 
land, that doesn't have a fence 

2823
02:44:59,100 --> 02:45:02,100
line anywhere in sight. 
The Stillness out here, isn't 

2824
02:45:02,100 --> 02:45:05,100
like the quiet back home in 
Pennsylvania or Ohio. 

2825
02:45:05,100 --> 02:45:09,700
This silent has weight to it. 
When the wind stops moving 

2826
02:45:09,700 --> 02:45:12,700
through the Tall Grass, you can 
hear your own heartbeat. 

2827
02:45:12,700 --> 02:45:15,500
You can hear the creek of Your 
Wagon settling. 

2828
02:45:15,500 --> 02:45:19,200
You can hear. 
Absolutely nothing for miles in 

2829
02:45:19,200 --> 02:45:23,100
every direction and it's both 
terrifying and Strangely 

2830
02:45:23,100 --> 02:45:26,100
Beautiful. 
Back East silence meant 

2831
02:45:26,100 --> 02:45:28,900
something was wrong. 
The Millard stopped the church. 

2832
02:45:28,900 --> 02:45:33,200
Bell, hadn't rung out here 
silences just Tuesday. 

2833
02:45:33,200 --> 02:45:35,600
Your nearest neighbor will be 
three miles away. 

2834
02:45:35,600 --> 02:45:38,100
Assuming anyone else settles 
nearby? 

2835
02:45:39,200 --> 02:45:41,700
The closest town with an actual 
story as a two-day ride. 

2836
02:45:42,400 --> 02:45:45,300
You've got the supplies that fit
in Your Wagon, the knowledge you

2837
02:45:45,300 --> 02:45:48,200
carried in your head and what 
ever you can figure out before 

2838
02:45:48,200 --> 02:45:50,400
winter arrives. 
No pressure. 

2839
02:45:50,400 --> 02:45:53,400
The first thing you learn is 
that the frontier has a 

2840
02:45:53,400 --> 02:45:56,500
particular way of teaching. 
It doesn't hand you a manual. 

2841
02:45:56,500 --> 02:45:59,600
It doesn't offer. 
Second Chance is your other 

2842
02:45:59,600 --> 02:46:02,900
notice the lesson while you 
still have time to apply it or 

2843
02:46:02,900 --> 02:46:05,600
you become a cautionary tale. 
That Travelers mentioned when 

2844
02:46:05,600 --> 02:46:09,300
they pass your empty claim years
later, That's where the 

2845
02:46:09,300 --> 02:46:13,000
Hendersons tried to settle, 
they'll say without elaborating 

2846
02:46:13,000 --> 02:46:16,200
on what went wrong. 
You'd very much prefer not to be

2847
02:46:16,200 --> 02:46:18,500
a Henderson. 
So, you start paying attention 

2848
02:46:18,500 --> 02:46:21,900
to everything the land out here,
speaks a language, you've never 

2849
02:46:21,900 --> 02:46:24,900
heard before, and you're 
learning vocabulary at an urgent

2850
02:46:24,900 --> 02:46:28,100
Pace that depression in the 
meadow, where water pulls after 

2851
02:46:28,100 --> 02:46:31,900
rain, that's not just a low 
spot, that's where you'll dig 

2852
02:46:31,900 --> 02:46:34,800
your well, come spring. 
Because if water shows up their 

2853
02:46:34,800 --> 02:46:38,300
naturally, it's close to the 
surface. those Aspen's growing 

2854
02:46:38,300 --> 02:46:41,400
in a line across the hillside 
their marking an underground 

2855
02:46:41,400 --> 02:46:44,600
stream, their Roots reaching 
toward moisture, you can't see 

2856
02:46:44,600 --> 02:46:49,300
but can definitely use The deer 
trails that can Verge near that 

2857
02:46:49,300 --> 02:46:53,500
stand of Willows animals aren't 
stupid, they've been finding 

2858
02:46:53,500 --> 02:46:56,500
water here for generations. 
And you're the newcomer, who 

2859
02:46:56,500 --> 02:46:59,900
should probably take notes, you 
walk your land every morning for

2860
02:46:59,900 --> 02:47:02,600
the first month. 
Not because you're bored, but 

2861
02:47:02,600 --> 02:47:06,400
because each morning reveals 
something new, The way Frost 

2862
02:47:06,400 --> 02:47:10,000
settles heavier in certain 
Hollows tells you where cold air

2863
02:47:10,000 --> 02:47:14,100
pools at night, the sections 
were Grass, Grows taller and 

2864
02:47:14,100 --> 02:47:19,100
Greener indicate better soil? 
The Rock scattered across one 

2865
02:47:19,100 --> 02:47:21,700
area suggests. 
This field used to be underwater

2866
02:47:21,700 --> 02:47:26,600
a very long time ago which means
the dirt here might be richer 

2867
02:47:26,600 --> 02:47:29,800
than it looks reading the land 
becomes your favorite morning 

2868
02:47:29,800 --> 02:47:33,600
activity even though favorite is
a relative term when every 

2869
02:47:33,600 --> 02:47:36,900
morning also involves hauling 
water splitting wood and 

2870
02:47:36,900 --> 02:47:39,600
preventing your own milk cow 
from wandering, into the next 

2871
02:47:39,600 --> 02:47:43,400
territory. 
You start noticing patterns, the

2872
02:47:43,400 --> 02:47:45,100
elk move up hill in late 
afternoon. 

2873
02:47:46,200 --> 02:47:49,800
The Raven Circle above something
dead or dying, which is useful 

2874
02:47:49,800 --> 02:47:51,400
information if you're tracking 
game. 

2875
02:47:52,200 --> 02:47:55,000
The particular way the grass 
bends tells you which direction,

2876
02:47:55,000 --> 02:47:58,300
the prevailing wind comes from, 
which tells you which side of 

2877
02:47:58,308 --> 02:48:01,000
your cabin will take the worst 
beating during storms. 

2878
02:48:01,000 --> 02:48:04,400
There's a kind of satisfaction 
in learning to read the land 

2879
02:48:04,400 --> 02:48:06,700
that you weren't expecting. 
Back East. 

2880
02:48:06,700 --> 02:48:08,700
You knew whether it would rain 
by checking? 

2881
02:48:08,700 --> 02:48:10,700
If Mrs, Peterson's joints were 
aching. 

2882
02:48:11,500 --> 02:48:14,900
Out here, you watch the ants. 
If they're building their Hills 

2883
02:48:14,900 --> 02:48:16,900
higher than usual ceiling 
entrances. 

2884
02:48:16,900 --> 02:48:20,100
And moving their eggs up from 
the lower Chambers rain is 

2885
02:48:20,100 --> 02:48:22,600
coming, the answer, never lied 
to you. 

2886
02:48:23,500 --> 02:48:27,100
Mrs. Peterson was only write 
about 60% of the time but you'd 

2887
02:48:27,100 --> 02:48:30,400
never tell her that the soil 
itself tells stories if you 

2888
02:48:30,400 --> 02:48:33,800
know, how to listen, you dig 
test holes in different areas of

2889
02:48:33,800 --> 02:48:36,000
your claim examining what comes 
up. 

2890
02:48:36,700 --> 02:48:39,700
Dark crumbly soil. 
That smells rich and earthy. 

2891
02:48:39,700 --> 02:48:43,700
That's good land. 
Full of organic matter. 

2892
02:48:43,700 --> 02:48:48,100
Broken down over centuries. 
Clay, heavy soil, that clumps 

2893
02:48:48,100 --> 02:48:51,100
and holds water that's 
challenging for most crops, but 

2894
02:48:51,100 --> 02:48:54,500
perfect for building. 
Sandy soil that drains to 

2895
02:48:54,500 --> 02:48:57,600
quickly, you'll need to amend 
that with whatever organic 

2896
02:48:57,600 --> 02:49:01,600
matter you can find rocky soil. 
That's more Stone Than Dirt. 

2897
02:49:01,600 --> 02:49:04,400
Well that's where your graze, 
livestock? 

2898
02:49:04,400 --> 02:49:08,000
Instead of planting vegetables, 
you learn to identify plants. 

2899
02:49:08,000 --> 02:49:10,700
You've never seen before 
starting with the ones that 

2900
02:49:10,700 --> 02:49:12,700
might kill you because that 
seems like practical 

2901
02:49:12,700 --> 02:49:16,500
prioritization. 
Poison, hemlock grows near water

2902
02:49:16,500 --> 02:49:20,000
and it looks disturbingly 
similar to Wild carrot until you

2903
02:49:20,000 --> 02:49:24,000
notice the purple spots on the 
stem and the musty smell when 

2904
02:49:24,000 --> 02:49:28,100
you crush the leaves. 
Water, hemlock is even worse and

2905
02:49:28,100 --> 02:49:30,900
you give any plant growing in 
wet areas a very suspicious 

2906
02:49:30,900 --> 02:49:34,200
inspection before deciding 
whether it's edible or deadly, 

2907
02:49:34,200 --> 02:49:37,800
but there are also plants that 
become Staples biscuit. 

2908
02:49:37,800 --> 02:49:40,600
Root has a Taproot that starts 
she and filling when roasted 

2909
02:49:41,400 --> 02:49:43,800
Karma's bulbs. 
If you dig them at the right 

2910
02:49:43,800 --> 02:49:47,000
time taste, sweet and can be 
baked or dried for winter 

2911
02:49:47,000 --> 02:49:50,600
storage. 
Wild Roses produce hips that are

2912
02:49:50,600 --> 02:49:52,300
rich in whatever prevents 
scurvy. 

2913
02:49:53,000 --> 02:49:56,400
You're not sure of the exact 
science but you know Sailors 

2914
02:49:56,400 --> 02:49:57,700
used to die from not eating 
them. 

2915
02:49:57,700 --> 02:50:00,600
So you collect them in Autumn 
and dry them for tea. 

2916
02:50:00,600 --> 02:50:04,700
The trees on your land aren't 
just scenery their resources. 

2917
02:50:04,700 --> 02:50:08,600
Waiting to be understood, you 
learn to identify them by bark 

2918
02:50:08,600 --> 02:50:12,600
by Leaf shape and by the way 
they grow Douglas fir provides 

2919
02:50:12,600 --> 02:50:14,800
strong straight timber for 
building. 

2920
02:50:15,400 --> 02:50:18,200
Cedar resists rot and makes 
excellent shingles. 

2921
02:50:19,000 --> 02:50:22,900
Pine is abundant, but soft 
better for interior walls than 

2922
02:50:22,900 --> 02:50:26,500
structural support. 
All the grows near water and 

2923
02:50:26,500 --> 02:50:29,700
provides wood that burns hot and
clean with minimal smoke. 

2924
02:50:29,700 --> 02:50:32,900
Each tree species has 
particularly uses Beyond 

2925
02:50:32,900 --> 02:50:35,700
Building Material, you collect 
pitch from pine trees. 

2926
02:50:35,700 --> 02:50:38,500
Heating it to make a waterproof 
sealant for cracks. 

2927
02:50:38,500 --> 02:50:42,000
In your cabin, walls, you 
harvest in a bark from certain 

2928
02:50:42,000 --> 02:50:43,900
trees in spring when the sap is 
running. 

2929
02:50:43,900 --> 02:50:47,200
Its edible though, calling it. 
Delicious would be generous. 

2930
02:50:48,100 --> 02:50:51,600
You learn which trees provide 
the best firewood, which one's 

2931
02:50:51,600 --> 02:50:55,200
Harbor edible mushrooms at their
base and which ones attract deer

2932
02:50:55,200 --> 02:50:58,400
during certain Seasons. 
The rhythm of the land, becomes 

2933
02:50:58,400 --> 02:51:01,000
your clock. 
You stop thinking in terms of 

2934
02:51:01,000 --> 02:51:04,000
specific dates and start 
thinking in terms of what's 

2935
02:51:04,000 --> 02:51:07,800
Happening, When the service 
berries Bloom, it's time to 

2936
02:51:07,800 --> 02:51:10,200
plant crops that can handle 
cooled soil. 

2937
02:51:11,300 --> 02:51:14,500
When the balsam root flowers 
carpet, the Hillside and yellow.

2938
02:51:14,500 --> 02:51:17,500
The last frost is probably 
passed. 

2939
02:51:18,300 --> 02:51:22,000
When the choke cherries ripen, 
summer is half over and you'd 

2940
02:51:22,000 --> 02:51:23,500
better start thinking about 
Harvest. 

2941
02:51:24,300 --> 02:51:28,200
When the Tamarack needles turn 
gold, winter is 6 weeks away. 

2942
02:51:28,200 --> 02:51:31,300
And you're either ready or 
you're not water. 

2943
02:51:31,300 --> 02:51:34,700
Becomes your obsession, which 
makes sense, considering your 

2944
02:51:34,700 --> 02:51:38,400
maid of approximately 60% of the
stuff and would prefer to 

2945
02:51:38,400 --> 02:51:42,300
maintain that ratio. 
The creek runs about a quarter 

2946
02:51:42,300 --> 02:51:45,400
mile from your cabin, which is 
close enough to be convenient, 

2947
02:51:45,400 --> 02:51:48,500
but far enough to be annoying. 
When your hauling buckets twice 

2948
02:51:48,500 --> 02:51:51,700
a day. 
In summer, it's a cheerful 

2949
02:51:51,700 --> 02:51:56,200
little stream, clear, and cold, 
and reliable in winter. 

2950
02:51:56,200 --> 02:51:59,700
It's a frozen challenge that 
requires you to hack through ice

2951
02:51:59,700 --> 02:52:04,100
with an axe, which is exactly as
fun as it sounds, you learn to 

2952
02:52:04,100 --> 02:52:07,400
collect rainwater in barrels, 
positioning them under the eaves

2953
02:52:07,400 --> 02:52:10,900
of your cabin to catch run off. 
you dig a root cellar that stays

2954
02:52:10,900 --> 02:52:14,500
cool and damp perfect for 
storing vegetables and keeping 

2955
02:52:14,500 --> 02:52:19,200
milk from spoiling He fashioned 
a simple filter using sand and 

2956
02:52:19,200 --> 02:52:23,100
charcoal because the creek runs 
clear, most of the time, but 

2957
02:52:23,100 --> 02:52:26,000
occasionally gets murky after a 
hard rain upstream. 

2958
02:52:26,000 --> 02:52:28,500
And drinking mud is bad for 
morale. 

2959
02:52:28,500 --> 02:52:32,300
The frontier teaches you to be 
creative about water in ways you

2960
02:52:32,300 --> 02:52:35,100
never imagined. 
You save your washing water to 

2961
02:52:35,100 --> 02:52:38,300
pour on the garden. 
You learn to judge exactly how 

2962
02:52:38,300 --> 02:52:42,100
much you need for cooking for 
cleaning and for drinking and 

2963
02:52:42,100 --> 02:52:45,900
you waste nothing. billing a 
bucket of water becomes 

2964
02:52:45,900 --> 02:52:49,300
genuinely upset setting, not 
because your pressures about it,

2965
02:52:49,300 --> 02:52:52,500
but because that's another trip 
to the creek and you've already 

2966
02:52:52,500 --> 02:52:56,000
made four today and your 
shoulder is starting to file a 

2967
02:52:56,000 --> 02:52:59,200
formal complaint, finding the 
best place to dig a, well, 

2968
02:52:59,200 --> 02:53:02,200
become a spring project that 
occupies weeks of planning and 

2969
02:53:02,200 --> 02:53:06,200
days of Labor, you watch where 
morning due lingers longest on 

2970
02:53:06,208 --> 02:53:09,100
the grass. 
You observe, which areas Stay 

2971
02:53:09,100 --> 02:53:12,800
Green during dry spells. 
You talk to a Trapper who passes

2972
02:53:12,800 --> 02:53:16,400
through and he mentions that 
Willows and cottonwoods always 

2973
02:53:16,400 --> 02:53:19,000
grown near water, which you 
already knew. 

2974
02:53:19,000 --> 02:53:22,600
But he also mentioned that 
certain types of moss preferred 

2975
02:53:22,600 --> 02:53:24,700
damp ground, which you didn't 
know. 

2976
02:53:24,700 --> 02:53:27,900
You find finally chose a spot 
near that line of Aspen's and 

2977
02:53:27,900 --> 02:53:31,500
start digging. 
The first three feet are easy 

2978
02:53:31,500 --> 02:53:35,900
relatively speaking just topsoil
and rocks that you can move with

2979
02:53:35,900 --> 02:53:38,700
shovel. 
The next five feet are harder, 

2980
02:53:38,700 --> 02:53:41,000
the soil becoming dense and 
heavy. 

2981
02:53:42,200 --> 02:53:46,100
At 8 feet down, you hit clay 
which is encouraging because 

2982
02:53:46,100 --> 02:53:48,100
clay usually means you're 
getting close to the water 

2983
02:53:48,100 --> 02:53:51,600
table. 
At 12 feet your shovel blade 

2984
02:53:51,600 --> 02:53:55,800
breaks through into wet sand and
water begins seeping into the 

2985
02:53:55,800 --> 02:53:58,500
bottom of the hole. 
You've never felt proud of a 

2986
02:53:58,500 --> 02:54:01,000
hole in the ground. 
You reinforce the walls with 

2987
02:54:01,000 --> 02:54:04,300
stones stacking them carefully 
to prevent collapse. 

2988
02:54:05,200 --> 02:54:07,900
You've fashioned a wooden frame 
for the top and a simple 

2989
02:54:07,900 --> 02:54:11,900
windlass with a rope and bucket.
Drawing water from your own well

2990
02:54:11,900 --> 02:54:13,400
and of hauling it from the 
creek. 

2991
02:54:13,400 --> 02:54:16,100
Saves you hours each week and 
provides water. 

2992
02:54:16,100 --> 02:54:18,100
That's consistently clean and 
cold. 

2993
02:54:19,100 --> 02:54:22,300
The well becomes one of your 
most valuable assets right up 

2994
02:54:22,300 --> 02:54:24,900
there with your Axe and your 
rifle and your ability to make 

2995
02:54:24,900 --> 02:54:28,500
fire snow becomes a resource 
rather than an inconvenience. 

2996
02:54:28,500 --> 02:54:32,500
You pack it into barrels to melt
near the fire, which is easier 

2997
02:54:32,500 --> 02:54:35,100
than Breaking Creek. 
Ice and Hauling frozen water 

2998
02:54:35,100 --> 02:54:38,100
uphill. 
You learn that fresh snow melts 

2999
02:54:38,100 --> 02:54:40,300
into more water than old 
compressed snow? 

3000
02:54:41,100 --> 02:54:43,500
You learned to taste the 
difference between snow that's 

3001
02:54:43,500 --> 02:54:46,800
clean and snow that's been 
sitting around collecting dust 

3002
02:54:46,800 --> 02:54:51,300
and pine needles. 
You become Against All Odds, a 

3003
02:54:51,300 --> 02:54:54,600
snow cone of sir. 
If someone had told you back in 

3004
02:54:54,608 --> 02:54:57,400
Philadelphia that you develop 
opinions about snow quality, 

3005
02:54:57,400 --> 02:55:00,300
you'd have assumed they'd been 
drinking medicinal whiskey, 

3006
02:55:00,300 --> 02:55:03,500
without the medicinal part, 
finding food on the frontier is 

3007
02:55:03,500 --> 02:55:06,400
less about hunting, big game and
more about paying attention to 

3008
02:55:06,400 --> 02:55:10,000
what's already around you. 
Yes, you hunt deer and Elk when 

3009
02:55:10,000 --> 02:55:12,900
you can and you're getting 
better with the rifle though. 

3010
02:55:12,900 --> 02:55:16,100
Your aim still suffers from what
you privately, call enthusiasm 

3011
02:55:16,100 --> 02:55:19,400
over accuracy. 
But most of your food comes from

3012
02:55:19,400 --> 02:55:22,500
sources that don't require you 
to shoot anything, which is good

3013
02:55:22,500 --> 02:55:25,500
because ammunition is expensive.
And your success rate is 

3014
02:55:25,500 --> 02:55:27,300
hovering around occasionally 
adequate. 

3015
02:55:27,300 --> 02:55:31,400
The land provides if you know 
where to look Why wild onions 

3016
02:55:31,400 --> 02:55:34,600
grow in The Damp areas near the 
creek and they're stronger than 

3017
02:55:34,600 --> 02:55:37,000
anything. 
You grew in a garden back home. 

3018
02:55:37,000 --> 02:55:40,400
You learn to harvest them in 
Spring before they flower 

3019
02:55:40,400 --> 02:55:42,900
digging up. 
The bulbs and using both the 

3020
02:55:42,900 --> 02:55:46,600
greens and The Roots, they make 
everything taste better, which 

3021
02:55:46,600 --> 02:55:49,700
is important when everything is 
often just beans and potatoes, 

3022
02:55:49,700 --> 02:55:52,900
Cattails are everywhere along 
the creek and every part is 

3023
02:55:52,900 --> 02:55:55,400
useful. 
The Roots can be roasted or 

3024
02:55:55,400 --> 02:55:59,400
pounded into flour that starchy 
and filling the new shoots that 

3025
02:55:59,400 --> 02:56:02,300
emerge in Spring. 
Tastes like cucumber and provide

3026
02:56:02,300 --> 02:56:04,400
fresh vegetables. 
When you're desperate for 

3027
02:56:04,400 --> 02:56:07,600
Anything Green, the immature 
flower heads can be boiled and 

3028
02:56:07,600 --> 02:56:11,500
eaten like corn on the cob, the 
mature seed heads produce fluff 

3029
02:56:11,500 --> 02:56:14,800
that works as insulation or Fire
Starting Tinder. 

3030
02:56:15,600 --> 02:56:18,600
You feel slightly smug about The
Cattails until you mention this 

3031
02:56:18,600 --> 02:56:21,600
to a Nez purse woman at the 
trading post and she politely 

3032
02:56:21,600 --> 02:56:23,700
informs you of six additional 
uses. 

3033
02:56:23,700 --> 02:56:26,400
You have not considered, 
including weaving the leaves 

3034
02:56:26,400 --> 02:56:29,200
into mats and using the pollen 
as a flower extender. 

3035
02:56:29,200 --> 02:56:33,900
You take notes berries, ripen in
ways throughout summer and you 

3036
02:56:33,900 --> 02:56:36,000
learn to follow the progression 
like a calendar. 

3037
02:56:37,100 --> 02:56:40,300
First come the wild, 
strawberries small and intensely

3038
02:56:40,300 --> 02:56:42,800
sweet hiding under the leaves in
the meadow. 

3039
02:56:43,700 --> 02:56:46,500
Their tedious to pick because 
you need about a thousand of 

3040
02:56:46,500 --> 02:56:48,900
them to fill a basket. 
But the flavor is worth the 

3041
02:56:48,900 --> 02:56:51,400
effort. 
Then razors appear along the 

3042
02:56:51,400 --> 02:56:54,800
forest edge, the Kane's 
protected by Thorns that leave 

3043
02:56:54,800 --> 02:56:56,700
your hands, scratched and 
bleeding. 

3044
02:56:57,800 --> 02:57:01,400
Thimble berries, grow in shaded 
areas producing fruit. 

3045
02:57:01,400 --> 02:57:04,400
That's delicate and doesn't 
travel well but tastes wonderful

3046
02:57:04,400 --> 02:57:07,400
when he eaten fresh 
huckleberries ripen in the High 

3047
02:57:07,400 --> 02:57:10,700
Country during late summer and 
picking them requires hiking up 

3048
02:57:10,700 --> 02:57:13,500
the mountain to where they grow 
thick on bushes and clearing and

3049
02:57:13,500 --> 02:57:17,500
burned over areas. 
You make the trip with empty 

3050
02:57:17,500 --> 02:57:21,300
buckets, spending entire days 
picking berries in the thin 

3051
02:57:21,300 --> 02:57:24,400
Mountain. 
Air swatting away mosquitoes and

3052
02:57:24,400 --> 02:57:27,900
watching for Bears who also 
appreciate huckleberries and 

3053
02:57:27,900 --> 02:57:31,400
arrived at these bushes. 
Several million years before you

3054
02:57:31,400 --> 02:57:34,500
did you learned to spot Berry 
patches From a Distance by 

3055
02:57:34,500 --> 02:57:38,300
watching where Birds congregate 
You learn to check for Bears 

3056
02:57:38,300 --> 02:57:42,200
before you start, picking making
noise and scanning the area for 

3057
02:57:42,200 --> 02:57:46,200
fresh scat or overturned logs. 
You learn that the best berries 

3058
02:57:46,200 --> 02:57:49,400
are always on the branch that 
just slightly Out Of Reach which

3059
02:57:49,400 --> 02:57:51,900
seems like deliberate mockery 
from the universe but is 

3060
02:57:51,908 --> 02:57:54,600
probably just confirmation 
buyers service. 

3061
02:57:54,600 --> 02:57:58,400
Berries, choke cherries and 
Oregon greats each have their 

3062
02:57:58,400 --> 02:58:02,900
season and you harvest them all 
processing, berries, until your 

3063
02:58:02,900 --> 02:58:06,200
hands are stained purple and 
you're having dreams about jars 

3064
02:58:06,200 --> 02:58:10,000
and sugar and preservation. 
You drive Barry's in the sun, 

3065
02:58:10,000 --> 02:58:13,100
spreading them on canvas and 
covering them with cheesecloth 

3066
02:58:13,100 --> 02:58:16,500
to keep flies away, you make 
jam, when you have enough sugar,

3067
02:58:16,500 --> 02:58:19,800
which isn't often. 
You pack dried berries into 

3068
02:58:19,800 --> 02:58:22,800
containers for winter, knowing 
they'll provide vitamins and 

3069
02:58:22,800 --> 02:58:26,500
variety when the snow is deep. 
And fresh food is a memory, your

3070
02:58:26,500 --> 02:58:29,700
garden grows vegetables, you 
recognized alongside plants. 

3071
02:58:29,700 --> 02:58:33,000
You're still figuring out The 
seeds you brought from home. 

3072
02:58:33,000 --> 02:58:36,400
Do reasonably well though, the 
short growing season means 

3073
02:58:36,400 --> 02:58:38,700
you're in a constant race 
against the first Frost. 

3074
02:58:39,400 --> 02:58:42,500
You plant the potatoes and every
available space because potatoes

3075
02:58:42,500 --> 02:58:45,000
store. 
Well, fill you up and don't 

3076
02:58:45,000 --> 02:58:47,000
complain about being ignored for
days. 

3077
02:58:47,000 --> 02:58:50,400
While you handle emergencies, 
the potatoes do better than 

3078
02:58:50,400 --> 02:58:53,600
expected, which is fortunate 
because almost everything else 

3079
02:58:53,600 --> 02:58:57,500
does worse than expected. 
Your corn grows tall, but 

3080
02:58:57,500 --> 02:59:01,200
doesn't produce much because the
knights are too cold. your 

3081
02:59:01,200 --> 02:59:04,900
Tomatoes provide exactly seven, 
fruits before Frost kills the 

3082
02:59:04,908 --> 02:59:08,500
plants and you eat those 
Tomatoes, slowly savoring, every

3083
02:59:08,500 --> 02:59:12,800
bite, Your beans do well enough,
and you let some mature fully on

3084
02:59:12,800 --> 02:59:14,900
the vines, so you can save seeds
for next year. 

3085
02:59:14,900 --> 02:59:19,800
Squash becomes a surprise, the 
plants sprawl across, half the 

3086
02:59:19,800 --> 02:59:23,400
garden producing pumpkins, and 
winter squash that store for 

3087
02:59:23,400 --> 02:59:26,500
months in The Root Cellar. 
You learn to appreciate squash 

3088
02:59:26,500 --> 02:59:29,300
in ways. 
You never did back east, roasted

3089
02:59:29,300 --> 02:59:32,500
squash. 
Boiled squash squash soup 

3090
02:59:32,500 --> 02:59:34,900
squash. 
Mixed into bread dough. 

3091
02:59:34,900 --> 02:59:38,700
You develop a dozen recipes and 
you're still tired of squash by 

3092
02:59:38,700 --> 02:59:41,000
February. 
But it keeps you fed when other 

3093
02:59:41,000 --> 02:59:44,700
options are limited the turnips 
Thrive, which is unfortunate 

3094
02:59:44,700 --> 02:59:46,500
because you don't particularly 
like, turnips. 

3095
02:59:46,500 --> 02:59:49,400
But you plant them anyway, 
because their Hardy and 

3096
02:59:49,400 --> 02:59:52,100
productive and stall. 
Well, You eat them roasted 

3097
02:59:52,100 --> 02:59:55,100
mashed added to stews and 
occasionally raw. 

3098
02:59:55,100 --> 02:59:58,400
When you're too hungry to care 
about, preference, you develop 

3099
02:59:58,400 --> 03:00:01,200
several recipes that make 
turnips, almost tolerable, 

3100
03:00:01,200 --> 03:00:05,300
almost you supplement, your diet
with whatever you can catch or 

3101
03:00:05,300 --> 03:00:08,000
trap. 
Rabbits are common and you get 

3102
03:00:08,000 --> 03:00:10,200
better at setting snares along 
their runs. 

3103
03:00:10,200 --> 03:00:15,000
You use thin wire or strong 
cord, positioning the snares at 

3104
03:00:15,000 --> 03:00:18,100
head height, where rabbits 
naturally pass under brush 

3105
03:00:19,000 --> 03:00:22,600
First, doesn't snares. 
Catch nothing but air and one 

3106
03:00:22,600 --> 03:00:26,500
unfortunate branch. 
The next dozen, catch two 

3107
03:00:26,500 --> 03:00:29,000
rabbits, which you can consider 
progress. 

3108
03:00:30,400 --> 03:00:33,800
Eventually, you develop an 
instinct for placement and your 

3109
03:00:33,800 --> 03:00:36,800
success rate, improves to maybe 
one in three snares producing 

3110
03:00:36,800 --> 03:00:39,600
results fish from the creek, 
provide protein. 

3111
03:00:39,600 --> 03:00:42,600
When you have time to sit with a
line, you fashion hooks from 

3112
03:00:42,600 --> 03:00:45,400
Thorns or carved bone when your 
metal hooks run out. 

3113
03:00:46,200 --> 03:00:48,400
You use grasshoppers or grubs 
for bait? 

3114
03:00:49,200 --> 03:00:52,200
you learn which holes in the 
creek, hold larger fish which 

3115
03:00:52,300 --> 03:00:55,500
Times of day are most productive
and which techniques work in 

3116
03:00:55,500 --> 03:00:59,300
different water conditions. 
Wishing becomes more meditation 

3117
03:00:59,300 --> 03:01:01,900
than food acquisition though. 
The food Parts. 

3118
03:01:01,900 --> 03:01:05,700
Certainly helps Grouse and wild 
turkey, require patience and 

3119
03:01:05,700 --> 03:01:08,800
stealth both of which your 
developing out of necessity 

3120
03:01:09,800 --> 03:01:13,200
Grouse have a tendency to freeze
when startled, which makes them 

3121
03:01:13,200 --> 03:01:15,100
easier to approach than you'd 
expect. 

3122
03:01:16,000 --> 03:01:19,800
You learn to walk slowly through
areas where they feed scanning 

3123
03:01:19,800 --> 03:01:22,900
for their mottled Brown plumage 
against fallen leaves. 

3124
03:01:23,700 --> 03:01:26,700
The successful Grouse hunt 
provides enough meat for several

3125
03:01:26,700 --> 03:01:30,100
meals and feels like a. 
Genuine accomplishment turkey is

3126
03:01:30,100 --> 03:01:33,300
more challenging with Keen, eye 
sight and a tendency to flee at 

3127
03:01:33,308 --> 03:01:36,700
the first sign of danger. 
You learn to use turkey calls 

3128
03:01:36,700 --> 03:01:39,600
making sounds that supposedly 
mimic their communication, 

3129
03:01:39,600 --> 03:01:41,500
though. 
You suspect you sound more like 

3130
03:01:41,500 --> 03:01:43,500
a dying cat than an actual 
turkey. 

3131
03:01:44,200 --> 03:01:47,600
Occasionally it works. 
Anyway you manage to harvest a 

3132
03:01:47,600 --> 03:01:49,000
bird that provides meat for a 
week. 

3133
03:01:49,000 --> 03:01:52,100
The real trick to Frontier Food 
isn't finding it. 

3134
03:01:52,100 --> 03:01:56,400
It's preserving it. 
You smoke meat, over green older

3135
03:01:56,400 --> 03:01:59,000
wood until it's dry enough to 
keep without spoiling. 

3136
03:02:00,000 --> 03:02:04,000
Process takes days, maintaining 
a steady smoke without enough 

3137
03:02:04,000 --> 03:02:07,300
heat to cook the meat. 
You build a small Smokehouse 

3138
03:02:07,300 --> 03:02:11,000
from scraps of lumber and canvas
positioning it far enough from 

3139
03:02:11,000 --> 03:02:13,300
the cabin, that smoke doesn't 
fill your living space. 

3140
03:02:14,300 --> 03:02:17,300
The smell of smoking. 
Meat becomes one of the defining

3141
03:02:17,300 --> 03:02:21,000
sense of late summer, you pickle
vegetables, in brine packing 

3142
03:02:21,000 --> 03:02:23,500
them in barrels and hoping you 
made the solution strong enough 

3143
03:02:23,500 --> 03:02:26,800
to prevent fermentation but we 
can off to remain edible. 

3144
03:02:27,500 --> 03:02:31,500
Pickling is part science, part, 
guesswork and part prayer. 

3145
03:02:32,600 --> 03:02:36,000
You lose an entire barrel of 
cucumbers to spoilage the first 

3146
03:02:36,000 --> 03:02:39,200
year which teaches you to be 
more careful about brine 

3147
03:02:39,200 --> 03:02:40,800
concentration and Barrel 
cleanliness. 

3148
03:02:41,700 --> 03:02:45,100
The second year goes better. 
You dry berries in the sun, 

3149
03:02:45,100 --> 03:02:48,200
spreading them on canvas racks 
that you can move undercover, if

3150
03:02:48,200 --> 03:02:51,400
rain threatens. 
The berries shrivel into dark 

3151
03:02:51,400 --> 03:02:54,400
sweet nuggets, that store 
indefinitely and taste like 

3152
03:02:54,408 --> 03:02:58,000
concentrated summer. 
You pack them in cloth, bags? 

3153
03:02:58,000 --> 03:03:00,800
Hanging the bags from the 
ceiling to keep them away from 

3154
03:03:00,800 --> 03:03:02,600
mice? 
Who will appreciate dried 

3155
03:03:02,600 --> 03:03:05,400
berries and have strong opinions
about sharing? 

3156
03:03:05,400 --> 03:03:09,000
You render fat into Tallow for 
cooking and candles. 

3157
03:03:09,000 --> 03:03:13,600
The process is messy and smelly 
involving heating, fat scraps 

3158
03:03:13,600 --> 03:03:17,600
and they liquify straining out, 
the solid bits and pouring the 

3159
03:03:17,600 --> 03:03:19,700
clean towel in to molds or 
containers. 

3160
03:03:20,600 --> 03:03:24,200
The smell of rendering fat is 
not pleasant and it lingers in 

3161
03:03:24,208 --> 03:03:26,100
your clothing for days 
afterward. 

3162
03:03:27,100 --> 03:03:29,800
But tall is too valuable to 
waste it. 

3163
03:03:29,800 --> 03:03:34,300
Provides light cooking fat 
waterproofing for leather and 

3164
03:03:34,300 --> 03:03:35,900
material for soap. 
Making. 

3165
03:03:35,900 --> 03:03:40,000
Speaking of soap, you learned to
make that too using wood, ash 

3166
03:03:40,000 --> 03:03:42,900
live and rendered fat in 
proportions that takes several 

3167
03:03:42,900 --> 03:03:46,600
attempts to get right. 
Your first batch of soap is two 

3168
03:03:46,600 --> 03:03:49,400
core stick and nearly takes the 
skin off your hands. 

3169
03:03:49,400 --> 03:03:53,100
Your second batch doesn't Harden
properly and remains a gooey 

3170
03:03:53,100 --> 03:03:55,700
mess. 
Your third batch actually works 

3171
03:03:55,700 --> 03:03:58,300
producing rough bars, that clean
adequately. 

3172
03:03:58,300 --> 03:04:02,500
If not elegantly you, waste 
nothing, use everything and 

3173
03:04:02,500 --> 03:04:05,200
still, sometimes lie awake at 
night, wondering, if you've 

3174
03:04:05,200 --> 03:04:06,500
stored enough to make it through
winter. 

3175
03:04:07,400 --> 03:04:11,200
You count jars of preserved, 
food, mentally calculating how 

3176
03:04:11,200 --> 03:04:14,500
many meals each represents? 
You check the smoke to meet 

3177
03:04:14,500 --> 03:04:18,400
Supply, the dried beans and the 
root vegetables in the cellar. 

3178
03:04:19,400 --> 03:04:21,400
You do math. 
That never quite adds up to 

3179
03:04:21,400 --> 03:04:25,100
definitely enough, but hopefully
reaches probably adequate 

3180
03:04:25,100 --> 03:04:27,000
shelter. 
Kraft, become less about 

3181
03:04:27,000 --> 03:04:29,400
building, something pretty and 
more about building something 

3182
03:04:29,400 --> 03:04:33,400
that won't kill you. 
Your first cabin is small, rough

3183
03:04:33,400 --> 03:04:36,700
and profoundly ugly. 
The logs don't fit together as 

3184
03:04:36,700 --> 03:04:39,400
tightly as you'd like, leave 
leaving gaps that require 

3185
03:04:39,400 --> 03:04:43,100
chinking with mud and Moss. 
The roof leaks in three places, 

3186
03:04:43,100 --> 03:04:46,600
which you discover during the 
first Reign, and then four 

3187
03:04:46,600 --> 03:04:49,300
places during the second range 
because apparently roofs. 

3188
03:04:49,300 --> 03:04:53,200
Get worse with practice the door
hangs, crooked scraping the 

3189
03:04:53,200 --> 03:04:56,100
floor, when you open it and 
you've learned to warn visitors 

3190
03:04:56,100 --> 03:04:59,300
about the threshold because 
tripping is surprisingly common.

3191
03:05:00,100 --> 03:05:04,000
The windows are small precious 
glass being expensive and 

3192
03:05:04,000 --> 03:05:06,900
fragile letting in light but not
much of it. 

3193
03:05:06,900 --> 03:05:10,900
The floor is packed, Earth 
covered with split logs that 

3194
03:05:10,908 --> 03:05:12,600
you've smoothed as much as 
possible. 

3195
03:05:12,600 --> 03:05:16,000
Those smooth is relative when 
working with hand tools and 

3196
03:05:16,000 --> 03:05:20,600
limited patience but the cabin 
stands, it keeps out most of the

3197
03:05:20,600 --> 03:05:25,500
wind most of the rain and all of
the larger predators fireplace 

3198
03:05:25,500 --> 03:05:28,300
draws properly after you 
extended the chimney though, it 

3199
03:05:28,308 --> 03:05:31,100
took three tries and some 
creative profanity to get the 

3200
03:05:31,100 --> 03:05:34,200
draft, right? 
You've wedged wool fabric into 

3201
03:05:34,200 --> 03:05:37,900
the worst gaps between logs 
which helps with warmth, even if

3202
03:05:37,900 --> 03:05:40,100
it makes the walls. 
Look like they're growing fuzzy 

3203
03:05:40,100 --> 03:05:42,500
patches, the process of building
the cap. 

3204
03:05:42,500 --> 03:05:47,000
In took six weeks of hard labor,
you felled trees, stripped bark 

3205
03:05:47,000 --> 03:05:49,700
and notched end so they'd fit 
together in layers. 

3206
03:05:50,500 --> 03:05:52,700
You discovered that building a 
structure that actually 

3207
03:05:52,700 --> 03:05:54,400
functions requires more 
planning. 

3208
03:05:54,400 --> 03:05:58,000
The new initially invested. 
The walls aren't quite vertical.

3209
03:05:58,000 --> 03:06:00,900
There's a slight lean that you 
tell yourself, AIDS character, 

3210
03:06:00,900 --> 03:06:03,400
the roof Peak isn't quite 
centered. 

3211
03:06:03,400 --> 03:06:06,500
There's an assimilator that 
visitors are too polite to 

3212
03:06:06,500 --> 03:06:08,400
mention. 
You learn, to think about 

3213
03:06:08,400 --> 03:06:11,700
shelter in layers. 
The cabin is your first defense 

3214
03:06:11,700 --> 03:06:14,100
against weather inside the 
cabin. 

3215
03:06:14,100 --> 03:06:17,900
You create smaller zones of 
warmth, A bed built into a 

3216
03:06:17,900 --> 03:06:21,600
corner where heat from the 
fireplace collects curtains made

3217
03:06:21,600 --> 03:06:24,600
from old blankets that section 
off sleeping areas from the 

3218
03:06:24,600 --> 03:06:29,200
drafty main room and rugs woven 
from grass and scrap fabric that

3219
03:06:29,200 --> 03:06:32,200
provide insulation between your 
feet and the Frozen floor. 

3220
03:06:32,200 --> 03:06:35,400
Your bed is a wooden frame 
strong with rope in a grid 

3221
03:06:35,400 --> 03:06:37,900
pattern. 
Supporting a mattress stuffed 

3222
03:06:37,900 --> 03:06:40,800
with dried grass and whatever, 
soft materials you can find. 

3223
03:06:40,800 --> 03:06:44,900
It's not comfortable by 
civilized standards, but it's 

3224
03:06:44,900 --> 03:06:47,600
better than sleeping on the 
ground, and the corner. 

3225
03:06:47,600 --> 03:06:50,200
Location means two walls, help 
contain warmth. 

3226
03:06:51,000 --> 03:06:54,800
You hang a blanket as a curtain,
creating a small sleeping Alcove

3227
03:06:54,800 --> 03:06:56,800
that stays warmer than the rest 
of the cabin. 

3228
03:06:56,800 --> 03:07:00,700
The main room serves as kitchen 
Workshop, dining, area, and 

3229
03:07:00,700 --> 03:07:04,400
living space, all at once. 
Your furniture is minimal and 

3230
03:07:04,400 --> 03:07:07,600
handmade. 
Table built from split logs 

3231
03:07:07,600 --> 03:07:11,600
benches, and stead of chairs and
shells hung on the walls for 

3232
03:07:11,600 --> 03:07:14,300
storage. 
Everything serves multiple 

3233
03:07:14,300 --> 03:07:17,900
purposes because space is 
limited and materials are 

3234
03:07:17,900 --> 03:07:20,900
precious. 
The table doubles as a work 

3235
03:07:20,900 --> 03:07:23,200
surface for food. 
Preparation and repairs. 

3236
03:07:23,200 --> 03:07:25,800
The benches can be pushed 
against the wall. 

3237
03:07:25,800 --> 03:07:29,900
When you need floor space, the 
shells hold food tools and 

3238
03:07:29,900 --> 03:07:33,300
supplies in careful organization
that sometimes actually works. 

3239
03:07:33,300 --> 03:07:36,400
Your roof is made from split 
Cedar Shake's. 

3240
03:07:36,400 --> 03:07:39,800
Each one fitted over the next 
like scales on a fish. 

3241
03:07:40,600 --> 03:07:45,000
In theory, this creates a 
waterproof barrier in practice. 

3242
03:07:45,000 --> 03:07:48,200
This creates a mostly waterproof
barrier that requires 

3243
03:07:48,200 --> 03:07:50,600
maintenance after every major 
storm. 

3244
03:07:51,500 --> 03:07:53,900
You become intimately familiar 
with your roof. 

3245
03:07:54,500 --> 03:07:58,500
Climbing up there to replace 
shakes resale, seams and clear. 

3246
03:07:58,500 --> 03:08:03,200
Debris, you develop opinions 
about Cedar quality You have at 

3247
03:08:03,200 --> 03:08:05,800
least favorite corner of the 
roof, where problems congregate 

3248
03:08:05,800 --> 03:08:08,500
you name it, the Northwest 
Territory and you hate the 

3249
03:08:08,500 --> 03:08:11,200
Northwest Territory. 
The Root Cellar dug into the 

3250
03:08:11,200 --> 03:08:14,600
hillside behind your cabin 
becomes crucial for storage. 

3251
03:08:15,500 --> 03:08:18,900
You excavated during summer 
digging into the slope and 

3252
03:08:18,900 --> 03:08:22,000
creating a space about 8 feet 
deep and six feet wide. 

3253
03:08:23,000 --> 03:08:26,000
The temperature underground 
stays cool in summer, doesn't 

3254
03:08:26,000 --> 03:08:29,800
freeze solid in Winter, hovering
around 40 degrees year-round 

3255
03:08:29,800 --> 03:08:31,700
which is perfect for food 
storage. 

3256
03:08:31,700 --> 03:08:35,900
You line the walls with rocks to
prevent collapse fitting Stones 

3257
03:08:35,900 --> 03:08:38,500
together without mortar in a 
technique, that's more puzzle 

3258
03:08:38,500 --> 03:08:42,000
solving than engineering. 
You build wooden shelves, along 

3259
03:08:42,000 --> 03:08:44,400
the walls. 
Creating storage space for 

3260
03:08:44,400 --> 03:08:47,500
vegetables, preserved foods, and
supplies that need protection 

3261
03:08:47,500 --> 03:08:51,300
from temperature extremes. 
You install a heavy door made 

3262
03:08:51,300 --> 03:08:54,600
from thick planks fitting, it 
tightly to keep animals from 

3263
03:08:54,600 --> 03:08:58,500
investigating your supplies, the
seller smells like Earth and 

3264
03:08:58,500 --> 03:09:01,800
potatoes and the particular 
mustiness of underground spaces,

3265
03:09:01,800 --> 03:09:05,900
but it's a good smell. 
Smell of food that will last 

3266
03:09:05,900 --> 03:09:10,200
until spring of preservation, 
Done, Right of security against 

3267
03:09:10,200 --> 03:09:13,000
hunger. 
You visit the seller regularly 

3268
03:09:13,000 --> 03:09:17,400
checking on supplies rotating 
stock to use older items first 

3269
03:09:17,400 --> 03:09:21,800
and generally reassuring 
yourself that yes, you do have 

3270
03:09:21,800 --> 03:09:25,000
food stored. 
And yes you're probably going to

3271
03:09:25,000 --> 03:09:27,500
survive. 
You'll build a small structure 

3272
03:09:27,500 --> 03:09:30,200
for your milk cow and the few 
chickens you acquired from a 

3273
03:09:30,200 --> 03:09:32,700
passing family who was 
downsizing their livestock. 

3274
03:09:33,600 --> 03:09:36,800
The shelter isn't elaborate 
three walls and a roof. 

3275
03:09:36,808 --> 03:09:38,500
Open on one side for 
ventilation. 

3276
03:09:38,500 --> 03:09:42,000
It provides protection from the 
worst weather without being 

3277
03:09:42,000 --> 03:09:44,900
fancy. 
The cow seems satisfied with the

3278
03:09:44,900 --> 03:09:48,200
arrangement and the chickens 
have yet to file complaints, 

3279
03:09:48,200 --> 03:09:51,800
fire and warmth occupy. 
Your thoughts more than seems 

3280
03:09:51,800 --> 03:09:54,200
reasonable for someone who isn't
actually cold at the moment. 

3281
03:09:54,200 --> 03:09:58,100
But you're learning to think 
ahead to imagine winter while 

3282
03:09:58,100 --> 03:10:01,600
standing In Summer Sunshine. 
And to prepare for problems, 

3283
03:10:01,600 --> 03:10:05,200
that won't arrive for months. 
The frontier rewards planning, 

3284
03:10:05,200 --> 03:10:08,300
and punishes optimism. 
You spend late summer, cutting, 

3285
03:10:08,300 --> 03:10:11,800
firewood, felling, dead, trees 
that are already dry and 

3286
03:10:11,800 --> 03:10:14,100
splitting logs into your arms AK
and your hands. 

3287
03:10:14,100 --> 03:10:17,900
Develop blisters on top of. 
Calluses use a felling axe to 

3288
03:10:17,900 --> 03:10:21,500
drop trees, making angled cuts 
that control the direction of 

3289
03:10:21,508 --> 03:10:23,600
fall. 
You trim branches using a 

3290
03:10:23,600 --> 03:10:27,200
hatchet working your way up each
trunk and creating increasingly 

3291
03:10:27,200 --> 03:10:30,800
large piles of brush that. 
You'll burn later the logs get 

3292
03:10:30,800 --> 03:10:34,300
cut into round using a Crosscut 
saw, which Is easier with two 

3293
03:10:34,300 --> 03:10:36,900
people but possible alone, if 
you're stubborn and determined. 

3294
03:10:37,700 --> 03:10:41,200
You position a log set, the saw 
blade and pull in Long, steady 

3295
03:10:41,200 --> 03:10:43,400
Strokes, that gradually work 
through the wood. 

3296
03:10:43,400 --> 03:10:46,000
Each cut takes several minutes 
and leaves. 

3297
03:10:46,000 --> 03:10:49,900
You breathing hard, he cuts of 
rounds throughout the summer 

3298
03:10:49,900 --> 03:10:53,200
creating piles. 
That gradually transformed into 

3299
03:10:53,200 --> 03:10:56,900
your winter survival supply. 
Splitting the rounds requires an

3300
03:10:56,900 --> 03:11:00,200
axe, a mall and occasionally 
steel wedges for stubborn 

3301
03:11:00,200 --> 03:11:02,600
pieces. 
You position around on your 

3302
03:11:02,600 --> 03:11:06,600
chopping block, study the Grain 
and aim for cracks or weak 

3303
03:11:06,600 --> 03:11:09,100
spots. 
A good swing splits, the wood 

3304
03:11:09,100 --> 03:11:13,300
cleanly, a bad swing results in 
the axe head sticking while the 

3305
03:11:13,300 --> 03:11:17,500
round refuses to separate, 
requiring you to lift the entire

3306
03:11:17,500 --> 03:11:21,500
assembly and slam it down, until
something gives you learn to 

3307
03:11:21,500 --> 03:11:25,200
read would identifying, which 
pieces will split easily and 

3308
03:11:25,200 --> 03:11:28,500
which will fight you. 
Clear, grained rounds split with

3309
03:11:28,500 --> 03:11:32,500
satisfying ease, naughty rounds,
resist with spiteful, 

3310
03:11:32,500 --> 03:11:35,700
determination. 
Rounds cut from where branches 

3311
03:11:35,700 --> 03:11:39,000
joined the trunk and Nightmares 
that sometimes require hours of 

3312
03:11:39,000 --> 03:11:40,800
work and creative wedge 
placement. 

3313
03:11:40,800 --> 03:11:44,500
You stack wood in Cordes against
the cabin wall measuring your 

3314
03:11:44,500 --> 03:11:49,100
progress, not in ours worked, 
but in rows completed, each cord

3315
03:11:49,100 --> 03:11:52,000
represents roughly a week of 
heat during the coldest months. 

3316
03:11:52,900 --> 03:11:55,200
Calculate. 
The you need at least 20 chords 

3317
03:11:55,200 --> 03:11:59,200
to survive comfortably. 
You cut 25 just in case 

3318
03:11:59,208 --> 03:12:02,500
mathematics fails you or winter 
decides to be particularly 

3319
03:12:02,500 --> 03:12:05,700
vindictive. 
The process of cutting splitting

3320
03:12:05,700 --> 03:12:08,300
and stacking. 
Wood becomes meditative after a 

3321
03:12:08,300 --> 03:12:11,100
while swing the axe, split the 
log and stack. 

3322
03:12:11,100 --> 03:12:15,900
The pieces repeat 5,000 times 
your mind wanders while your 

3323
03:12:15,900 --> 03:12:18,900
body works and you think about 
everything and nothing you 

3324
03:12:18,900 --> 03:12:21,500
compose letters you'll never 
send to people back home. 

3325
03:12:21,500 --> 03:12:24,400
You plan, next year's Garden in 
excessive detail. 

3326
03:12:24,400 --> 03:12:27,700
You wonder if anyone back East 
thinks about you and whether 

3327
03:12:27,700 --> 03:12:31,000
they'd recognize the person 
you're becoming out here, fire 

3328
03:12:31,000 --> 03:12:32,900
management turns into a careful 
science. 

3329
03:12:32,900 --> 03:12:36,600
Once winter arrives you learn 
which would burn hottest and 

3330
03:12:36,600 --> 03:12:41,100
longest Oaken Maple when you can
find them, burn hot and leave. 

3331
03:12:41,100 --> 03:12:43,400
Excellent, coals that hold heat.
Overnight. 

3332
03:12:44,300 --> 03:12:48,100
Pine Burns fast and hot but 
doesn't last but making it good 

3333
03:12:48,100 --> 03:12:51,100
for Quick Heat or cooking but 
poor for maintaining steady 

3334
03:12:51,100 --> 03:12:53,600
warmth. 
Fur is somewhere in between 

3335
03:12:53,600 --> 03:12:56,900
reliable. 
If not exceptional, you learn 

3336
03:12:56,900 --> 03:12:59,200
that Greenwood smoke. 
But doesn't provide much heat 

3337
03:12:59,200 --> 03:13:01,900
while seasoned wood that has 
been drawing for at least six 

3338
03:13:01,900 --> 03:13:05,400
months, burned clean and hot. 
You discover that the pitch 

3339
03:13:05,400 --> 03:13:09,700
heavy not from Pine stumps, make
excellent firestarters, burning 

3340
03:13:09,700 --> 03:13:12,000
hot enough to ignite even damp 
kindling. 

3341
03:13:12,000 --> 03:13:15,600
You collect these notes whenever
you find them, storing them, in 

3342
03:13:15,600 --> 03:13:19,500
a dry place near your fireplace.
Your fireplace becomes the heart

3343
03:13:19,500 --> 03:13:22,300
of your home in ways that phrase
never meant back east. 

3344
03:13:23,200 --> 03:13:25,700
It's not just decoration or 
occasional Comfort. 

3345
03:13:25,700 --> 03:13:31,000
It's the center of survival. 
You cook in it, using a cast 

3346
03:13:31,000 --> 03:13:34,700
iron pot suspended from a crane 
arm that swings over the Flames.

3347
03:13:34,700 --> 03:13:37,700
The pot hangs at different 
heights, depending on whether 

3348
03:13:37,700 --> 03:13:40,200
your boiling simmering or just 
keeping food warm. 

3349
03:13:40,200 --> 03:13:43,600
You heat water in the fireplace 
for washing filling a kettle and

3350
03:13:43,600 --> 03:13:48,100
setting it near the coals until 
steam Rises, you dry wet clothes

3351
03:13:48,100 --> 03:13:49,900
near it. 
After trudging through snow 

3352
03:13:49,900 --> 03:13:53,700
draping items over a rack 
positioned at a safe distance 

3353
03:13:53,700 --> 03:13:56,700
from flames. 
You sit beside it on winter 

3354
03:13:56,700 --> 03:14:00,700
evening's reading by fire light 
or mending clothes, or carving 

3355
03:14:00,700 --> 03:14:04,100
wooden implements or simply 
watching Flames Dance in the 

3356
03:14:04,108 --> 03:14:07,200
Dark. 
The fire is companion tool and 

3357
03:14:07,200 --> 03:14:10,400
Lifeline all at once. 
It's the difference between 

3358
03:14:10,400 --> 03:14:14,600
being alive and being cold meat.
You develop a relationship with 

3359
03:14:14,600 --> 03:14:16,600
your fire. 
That would seem strange to 

3360
03:14:16,600 --> 03:14:19,600
explain to anyone who hasn't 
spent a winter on the frontier. 

3361
03:14:20,400 --> 03:14:24,500
You carefully feeding it 
throughout the day, adding logs 

3362
03:14:24,500 --> 03:14:28,000
in the morning, adjusting coals 
in the evening and maintaining 

3363
03:14:28,000 --> 03:14:30,900
steady heat without wasting fuel
banking. 

3364
03:14:30,900 --> 03:14:35,100
The fire at night, becomes a 
careful ritual, you rake Kohl's 

3365
03:14:35,100 --> 03:14:38,500
into a pile position, a large 
log that will burn slowly 

3366
03:14:38,500 --> 03:14:41,800
through the night and cover 
everything with Ash to slow, 

3367
03:14:41,800 --> 03:14:44,100
combustion. 
Done correctly. 

3368
03:14:44,100 --> 03:14:47,400
You wake to glowing, coals. 
That can be encouraged back into

3369
03:14:47,400 --> 03:14:49,500
flame with kindling and gentle 
blowing. 

3370
03:14:50,300 --> 03:14:54,000
Done incorrectly. 
You wake to cold Ash and face 

3371
03:14:54,000 --> 03:14:55,900
the miserable task of Starting 
Over. 

3372
03:14:55,900 --> 03:14:59,500
You Feel genuine anxiety. 
If you wake to find the fire 

3373
03:14:59,500 --> 03:15:02,800
reduced to cold Ash because 
starting over with flint and 

3374
03:15:02,800 --> 03:15:06,600
steel, in a freezing cabin is 
miserable You've done it twice 

3375
03:15:06,600 --> 03:15:10,200
and both times you swore you'd 
never let it happen again. 

3376
03:15:10,200 --> 03:15:13,100
And bow times you were to 
yourself because it will 

3377
03:15:13,108 --> 03:15:16,900
definitely happen again. 
The third time you let the fire 

3378
03:15:16,900 --> 03:15:21,800
die completely, you sit there in
the dark cold striking Flint 

3379
03:15:21,800 --> 03:15:25,900
against steel cursing your 
intention and planning elaborate

3380
03:15:25,900 --> 03:15:27,700
systems to prevent future 
failures. 

3381
03:15:27,700 --> 03:15:31,900
You still let it happen a fourth
time, tools and craftsmanship 

3382
03:15:31,900 --> 03:15:35,000
become Central to survival. 
Because the nearest hardware 

3383
03:15:35,000 --> 03:15:38,800
store is approximately 200 miles
away and probably doesn't exist 

3384
03:15:38,800 --> 03:15:41,500
yet. 
You brought basic tools from 

3385
03:15:41,500 --> 03:15:46,700
back east and acts. 
A saw a hammer chisels and auger

3386
03:15:46,700 --> 03:15:50,700
for drilling holes and a plane 
for smoothing would These tools 

3387
03:15:50,700 --> 03:15:53,500
are precious and irreplaceable 
until you can reach a trading 

3388
03:15:53,500 --> 03:15:57,300
post and subject to constant. 
Use that gradually dulls and 

3389
03:15:57,300 --> 03:15:59,800
damages them. 
Keeping tools sharp and 

3390
03:15:59,800 --> 03:16:02,400
functional becomes a regular 
chore right up there with 

3391
03:16:02,400 --> 03:16:04,100
hauling water and feeding 
livestock. 

3392
03:16:05,000 --> 03:16:08,000
You learn to sharpen your axe 
using a wet stone and water. 

3393
03:16:08,000 --> 03:16:12,100
Maintaining the edge with long, 
patient Strokes, that gradually 

3394
03:16:12,100 --> 03:16:16,400
restore the blade. you learn 
that a sharp axe is safer than a

3395
03:16:16,400 --> 03:16:19,800
dull, one, because it cuts where
you aim instead of glancing off 

3396
03:16:19,800 --> 03:16:23,500
and potentially cutting you You 
learn this lesson before the 

3397
03:16:23,500 --> 03:16:27,800
axe, teaches it to you, the hard
way, which makes you lucky your 

3398
03:16:27,800 --> 03:16:30,800
knife becomes an extension of 
your hand, used for everything 

3399
03:16:30,800 --> 03:16:34,700
from cutting food, to shaving 
kindling to minor carpentry to 

3400
03:16:34,700 --> 03:16:37,800
cleaning game to countless other
tasks, you never anticipated. 

3401
03:16:37,800 --> 03:16:42,400
You wear it on your belt, all 
ways, and you feel genuinely 

3402
03:16:42,400 --> 03:16:44,900
uncomfortable on the rare 
occasions, you don't have it. 

3403
03:16:45,700 --> 03:16:49,600
The knife is a tool weapon and 
security blanket. 

3404
03:16:49,600 --> 03:16:53,400
Rolled into one piece of Steel. 
You may maintain your saw by 

3405
03:16:53,400 --> 03:16:56,100
keeping the blade clean and the 
teeth properly set. 

3406
03:16:56,800 --> 03:17:00,100
You learn to file the teeth when
they become dull, maintaining 

3407
03:17:00,100 --> 03:17:02,600
the alternating angles that 
allow the saw to cut 

3408
03:17:02,600 --> 03:17:05,900
efficiently. 
Its tedious work, that requires 

3409
03:17:05,900 --> 03:17:09,600
patience and precision, but a 
sharp saw makes every task 

3410
03:17:09,600 --> 03:17:12,500
easier. 
So you invest the time but tools

3411
03:17:12,500 --> 03:17:15,200
wear out and break and 
replacement parts don't 

3412
03:17:15,200 --> 03:17:19,900
materialize out of optimism. 
So you learn to make things you 

3413
03:17:19,900 --> 03:17:22,900
carve wooden handles for tools 
when the original split from 

3414
03:17:22,900 --> 03:17:24,800
repeated impact or whether 
damage. 

3415
03:17:25,600 --> 03:17:28,400
You shape replacement handles 
from straight grained, hardwood 

3416
03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:31,600
fitting them carefully, and 
securing them with wedges. 

3417
03:17:31,600 --> 03:17:35,000
You forge simple items in your 
fireplace heating. 

3418
03:17:35,000 --> 03:17:37,500
Metal in, Coals that you 
encouraged to extreme 

3419
03:17:37,500 --> 03:17:41,100
temperature, using a makeshift 
Bellows, a leather bag attached 

3420
03:17:41,100 --> 03:17:44,200
to a wooden nozzle that you 
squeeze rhythmically to force 

3421
03:17:44,200 --> 03:17:47,700
air into the fire. 
You heat metal until it glows, 

3422
03:17:47,700 --> 03:17:50,600
orange red. 
Then shape it on a flat rock 

3423
03:17:50,600 --> 03:17:52,700
that serves as an improvised 
Anvil. 

3424
03:17:52,700 --> 03:17:55,800
Using your Hammer to bend and 
form the hot metal. 

3425
03:17:55,800 --> 03:17:59,100
You're not a blacksmith, but you
can repair a broken. 

3426
03:17:59,100 --> 03:18:02,900
Hinge straighten, a bent nail or
fashion, a simple Hook, when 

3427
03:18:02,900 --> 03:18:06,400
needed you may make nails by 
cutting short, lengths of iron 

3428
03:18:06,400 --> 03:18:10,100
Rod heating them and hammering 
one end in to a point in the 

3429
03:18:10,108 --> 03:18:13,700
other into a flat head. 
Your nails aren't as uniform as 

3430
03:18:13,700 --> 03:18:16,900
manufactured ones, but they hold
boards together which is the 

3431
03:18:16,900 --> 03:18:19,800
only requirement that matters 
leather working becomes 

3432
03:18:19,800 --> 03:18:24,000
necessary for maintaining boots 
harnesses and countless small 

3433
03:18:24,000 --> 03:18:25,900
items that break or wear 
through. 

3434
03:18:26,900 --> 03:18:30,600
Your boots came from Back East 
made by an actual cobbler, but 

3435
03:18:30,600 --> 03:18:33,100
they're wearing out from 
constant use and Frontier 

3436
03:18:33,100 --> 03:18:35,600
conditions. 
You learn to cut Patches from 

3437
03:18:35,600 --> 03:18:38,400
scraps, of leather. 
Stitch them over worn areas, 

3438
03:18:38,400 --> 03:18:42,100
using an all-in wax, thread and 
treat the leather with Tallow to

3439
03:18:42,100 --> 03:18:44,300
keep it Supple. 
You learn to stitch using 

3440
03:18:44,300 --> 03:18:47,100
techniques learned from a 
Trapper who passed through last 

3441
03:18:47,100 --> 03:18:49,600
spring. 
He showed you how to punch holes

3442
03:18:49,600 --> 03:18:52,700
with an awl, how to use two 
needles working from opposite 

3443
03:18:52,700 --> 03:18:55,600
sides for maximum strength and 
how to wax thread. 

3444
03:18:55,600 --> 03:18:59,400
So, it resists rot and slides 
through holes more easily. 

3445
03:19:00,300 --> 03:19:03,800
Your stitches aren't pretty but 
they hold your patches aren't 

3446
03:19:03,800 --> 03:19:06,400
elegant, but they work. 
Function. 

3447
03:19:06,400 --> 03:19:08,700
Trump Aesthetics. 
When your boots are the only 

3448
03:19:08,700 --> 03:19:12,400
pair you owe, you make simple 
harnesses for your cow, cutting 

3449
03:19:12,400 --> 03:19:14,800
and assembling straps and 
patterns you copy from the 

3450
03:19:14,800 --> 03:19:15,500
harness. 
You brought. 

3451
03:19:16,400 --> 03:19:19,900
You fashion bags and pouches 
from leather scraps stitching 

3452
03:19:19,900 --> 03:19:22,000
them together and adding 
drawstring closures. 

3453
03:19:22,800 --> 03:19:25,800
You repair tears and your 
leather gloves, your belts, your

3454
03:19:25,800 --> 03:19:29,400
knife sheath and anything else 
that shows where you make rope 

3455
03:19:29,400 --> 03:19:34,000
from various fibers, metal stems
dog, Bane and cedar bark. 

3456
03:19:34,800 --> 03:19:38,800
The process is time-consuming 
and meditative you strip fibers 

3457
03:19:38,800 --> 03:19:42,300
from Plants, dry them, then 
twist them into cordage while 

3458
03:19:42,300 --> 03:19:43,800
sitting by the fire in the 
evening. 

3459
03:19:44,500 --> 03:19:48,500
You start with thin threads 
twist two together, then twist 

3460
03:19:48,500 --> 03:19:52,000
pairs together to create thicker
rope, each length of rope 

3461
03:19:52,000 --> 03:19:55,900
represents hours of work, your 
fingers, rolling fibers against 

3462
03:19:55,900 --> 03:20:00,400
your thigh, maintaining steady 
tension and adding new fibers to

3463
03:20:00,400 --> 03:20:03,800
extend the length. 
But rope is endlessly, useful 

3464
03:20:03,800 --> 03:20:07,600
for everything from securing, 
loads, to Hanging food, away 

3465
03:20:07,600 --> 03:20:11,700
from animals to making snares to
replacing broken lines on tools.

3466
03:20:12,500 --> 03:20:14,500
Buying it at the Trading Post 
cost money. 

3467
03:20:14,500 --> 03:20:18,100
You'd rather spend on flower and
ammunition baskets, woven from 

3468
03:20:18,100 --> 03:20:20,300
Willow shoots store. 
Everything from vegetables to 

3469
03:20:20,300 --> 03:20:22,900
kindling to collected nuts to 
dried herbs. 

3470
03:20:23,700 --> 03:20:26,400
You learn the patterns from a 
neighbor's wife, who takes pity 

3471
03:20:26,400 --> 03:20:30,200
on your initial clumsy attempts.
She shows you how to prepare 

3472
03:20:30,200 --> 03:20:33,600
Willow shoots by soaking them 
until their pliable, how to form

3473
03:20:33,600 --> 03:20:37,200
the base, how to weave the side,
and how to create a rim? 

3474
03:20:37,200 --> 03:20:39,800
That doesn't unravel your first 
boss get. 

3475
03:20:39,800 --> 03:20:42,500
Looks like a bird's nest 
designed by someone, who's never

3476
03:20:42,500 --> 03:20:46,600
seen a bird? 
The weaving is loose. shape is 

3477
03:20:46,600 --> 03:20:49,200
irregular and it falls apart 
when you try to put anything 

3478
03:20:49,200 --> 03:20:53,800
heavy in it, Your 10th basket is
actually functional holding 

3479
03:20:53,800 --> 03:20:58,000
items without collapsing. 
Your 20th basket is something 

3480
03:20:58,000 --> 03:21:01,900
your quietly proud of though. 
You'd never say that out loud 

3481
03:21:01,900 --> 03:21:05,200
because Pride over basket, 
weaving seems ridiculous until 

3482
03:21:05,200 --> 03:21:07,900
you try to weave a basket. 
You make wooden implements 

3483
03:21:07,900 --> 03:21:11,000
spoons, bowls handles and simple
furniture. 

3484
03:21:11,900 --> 03:21:14,700
You carve them during winter, 
evenings sitting near the fire 

3485
03:21:14,700 --> 03:21:18,500
with a knife and a piece of wood
gradually shaping useful objects

3486
03:21:18,500 --> 03:21:21,700
from raw material. 
The work is slow and requires 

3487
03:21:21,700 --> 03:21:25,400
patience, but it fills empty 
hours and produces items. 

3488
03:21:25,400 --> 03:21:29,000
You'd otherwise need to buy 
whether and Seasons govern your 

3489
03:21:29,000 --> 03:21:31,000
life in ways they never did back
east. 

3490
03:21:31,900 --> 03:21:35,800
In town bad weather meant 
staying inside out here. 

3491
03:21:35,800 --> 03:21:39,200
Bad weather means planning ahead
or suffering consequences. 

3492
03:21:39,200 --> 03:21:43,900
You become obsessed with signs 
and portents, watching animal 

3493
03:21:43,900 --> 03:21:47,000
behavior, studying clouds and 
feeling shifts in air pressure 

3494
03:21:47,000 --> 03:21:50,800
that signal approaching storms. 
You learn to read clouds with 

3495
03:21:50,800 --> 03:21:52,900
the attention. 
Most people reserved for books, 

3496
03:21:52,900 --> 03:21:57,500
High wispy, cirrus clouds often 
precede changing, whether by a 

3497
03:21:57,500 --> 03:22:00,500
day or two building. 
Cumulus clouds in the afternoon,

3498
03:22:00,500 --> 03:22:04,300
might bring evening, 
thunderstorms low, Grace stratus

3499
03:22:04,300 --> 03:22:07,600
clouds means steady rain or snow
is settling in for a while. 

3500
03:22:08,300 --> 03:22:11,300
Dark towering cumulonimbus 
clouds mean. 

3501
03:22:11,300 --> 03:22:14,000
You should probably get inside 
immediately because something 

3502
03:22:14,000 --> 03:22:17,200
violent is about to happen. 
The animals provide weather 

3503
03:22:17,200 --> 03:22:19,400
predictions more reliable than 
any Almanac. 

3504
03:22:20,100 --> 03:22:22,900
Squirrels Gathering extra food 
or building thicker, nests 

3505
03:22:22,900 --> 03:22:24,700
suggest a harsh winter is 
coming. 

3506
03:22:24,700 --> 03:22:27,600
Birds flying. 
Lower than usual means, air 

3507
03:22:27,600 --> 03:22:29,300
pressure is dropping and storms 
are approaching. 

3508
03:22:30,200 --> 03:22:33,200
Your cow becomes restless 
before, major weather changes, 

3509
03:22:33,200 --> 03:22:37,400
pacing and refusing to settle. 
The chickens go into their 

3510
03:22:37,400 --> 03:22:40,500
shelter earlier than usual, when
they sense and coming cold. 

3511
03:22:40,500 --> 03:22:45,000
Even insects provide clues, 
crickets chirp faster in warm 

3512
03:22:45,000 --> 03:22:48,000
weather and slower and cold and 
you can actually estimate 

3513
03:22:48,000 --> 03:22:52,100
temperature by counting chirps. 
Bees return to their hives 

3514
03:22:52,100 --> 03:22:55,100
before storms even when the sky 
looks clear. 

3515
03:22:56,000 --> 03:22:59,400
Spiders become more active. 
Before fair weather, and Retreat

3516
03:22:59,400 --> 03:23:02,600
before rain Autumn arrives with 
shocking speed. 

3517
03:23:03,500 --> 03:23:04,000
Summer. 
Ending. 

3518
03:23:04,000 --> 03:23:07,200
Almost overnight. 
One day or working in 

3519
03:23:07,200 --> 03:23:09,400
shirtsleeves. 
The next day, you're wearing a 

3520
03:23:09,408 --> 03:23:11,600
coat in the morning and 
wondering where those three 

3521
03:23:11,600 --> 03:23:14,900
weeks went. 
The Aspen leaves turn gold all 

3522
03:23:14,900 --> 03:23:17,700
at once. 
Covering hillside's in color. 

3523
03:23:17,700 --> 03:23:19,900
That seems almost aggressive in 
his brightest. 

3524
03:23:20,600 --> 03:23:24,500
The Tamarack needles turn golden
orange, creating splashes of 

3525
03:23:24,500 --> 03:23:27,900
color among the Evergreens 
before dropping completely, then

3526
03:23:27,900 --> 03:23:30,700
the leaves fall and the World 
Turns Brown and gray. 

3527
03:23:30,700 --> 03:23:33,800
And you realize winter is 
coming, whether you're ready or 

3528
03:23:33,800 --> 03:23:36,700
not. 
The air takes on a particular 

3529
03:23:36,700 --> 03:23:40,700
sharpness, the morning Frost 
lingers longer each day and the 

3530
03:23:40,708 --> 03:23:44,900
sun sets earlier every evening. 
You can feel winter approaching 

3531
03:23:44,900 --> 03:23:47,300
like a physical pressure pushing
down from the north. 

3532
03:23:47,300 --> 03:23:50,500
You spend autumn in a controlled
Panic, trying to finish 

3533
03:23:50,500 --> 03:23:54,200
everything that can't be done. 
Once snow arrives, you finish 

3534
03:23:54,200 --> 03:23:57,500
cutting firewood racing to 
complete your supply before the 

3535
03:23:57,500 --> 03:23:59,900
ground. 
Freezes and felling trees become

3536
03:23:59,900 --> 03:24:03,500
dramatically harder. 
You insulate, the cabin walls 

3537
03:24:03,500 --> 03:24:06,500
with additional chinking, 
pressing mud and Moss into every

3538
03:24:06,500 --> 03:24:09,000
crack. 
You can find Your repair the 

3539
03:24:09,000 --> 03:24:11,100
roof sections. 
You've been ignoring all summer,

3540
03:24:11,100 --> 03:24:13,800
climbing up with extra shakes 
and doing work. 

3541
03:24:13,800 --> 03:24:17,500
You should have done months ago,
you harvest the garden pulling 

3542
03:24:17,500 --> 03:24:20,000
up every last potato and carrot 
and turnip. 

3543
03:24:20,000 --> 03:24:23,300
Because once the ground freezes,
you won't get another chance. 

3544
03:24:23,300 --> 03:24:26,200
You dig until your hands are 
cake with dirt. 

3545
03:24:26,200 --> 03:24:30,100
And your back is screaming. 
Protests you sought vegetables, 

3546
03:24:30,100 --> 03:24:33,800
setting aside damaged ones to 
immediately and storing perfect 

3547
03:24:33,800 --> 03:24:37,700
specimens in The Root Cellar. 
You hunt and smoked meat, trying

3548
03:24:37,700 --> 03:24:41,400
to build up protein stores. 
He track deer through the forest

3549
03:24:41,400 --> 03:24:45,800
moving quietly and hoping for a 
clear shot You check your snares

3550
03:24:45,800 --> 03:24:49,500
daily hoping for rabbits. 
You fish the creek aggressively 

3551
03:24:49,500 --> 03:24:52,100
pulling out trout and whatever 
else bites. 

3552
03:24:52,100 --> 03:24:55,500
Every pound of meat preserved is
one less thing to worry about 

3553
03:24:55,500 --> 03:24:58,100
when snow covers. 
Everything you check your 

3554
03:24:58,100 --> 03:25:01,100
supplies obsessively, counting 
flour, sacks and bean bags. 

3555
03:25:01,108 --> 03:25:04,500
And dried fruit doing math, that
never quite adds up to 

3556
03:25:04,500 --> 03:25:07,600
definitely enough. 
You list, everything you have 

3557
03:25:07,600 --> 03:25:11,700
estimate, how long it needs to 
last and calculate daily rations

3558
03:25:11,700 --> 03:25:14,500
that are depressingly. 
Small You worry, that you 

3559
03:25:14,500 --> 03:25:17,900
forgotten something critical. 
You worry that winter will last 

3560
03:25:17,900 --> 03:25:21,100
longer than your supplies. 
You worry that worrying is 

3561
03:25:21,100 --> 03:25:24,600
wasting time you could spend 
preparing more winter. 

3562
03:25:24,600 --> 03:25:28,000
When it finally arrives, comes 
with authority. 

3563
03:25:29,200 --> 03:25:32,200
The first real snowstorm dumps, 
three feet overnight. 

3564
03:25:33,100 --> 03:25:36,800
Transforming the landscape into 
something alien and beautiful 

3565
03:25:36,800 --> 03:25:39,400
and hostile. 
You wake to silent. 

3566
03:25:39,400 --> 03:25:41,800
That is different from any 
silence, you've known. 

3567
03:25:42,700 --> 03:25:47,000
The Deep muffled, quiet of the 
world, buried under snow. 

3568
03:25:47,900 --> 03:25:50,900
You open your door to a wall of 
white that you have to dig 

3569
03:25:50,900 --> 03:25:54,400
through to get outside the world
shrinks to what you can see, 

3570
03:25:54,400 --> 03:25:57,500
from your cabin windows. 
And what you can see is mostly 

3571
03:25:57,500 --> 03:26:01,800
White The mountains disappear 
behind curtains of falling snow.

3572
03:26:02,900 --> 03:26:04,900
Trees are buried to their lower 
branches. 

3573
03:26:05,900 --> 03:26:08,300
The creek is invisible under 
snow and ice. 

3574
03:26:08,300 --> 03:26:12,400
Everything looks the same and 
landmarks you relied on to 

3575
03:26:12,400 --> 03:26:16,300
navigate a gun, the creek 
freezes solid by mid-December, 

3576
03:26:16,300 --> 03:26:20,700
the water going, still and 
Silent under inches of ice You 

3577
03:26:20,700 --> 03:26:24,300
cut holes through the ice to 
reach water, using an axe to 

3578
03:26:24,300 --> 03:26:27,100
chip through layers that get 
thicker as winter deepens. 

3579
03:26:27,100 --> 03:26:31,500
Each trip to the creek requires 
effort, and you start relying 

3580
03:26:31,500 --> 03:26:33,500
more heavily on melting snow 
near the fire. 

3581
03:26:33,500 --> 03:26:36,900
The air itself, seems Frozen. 
So cold. 

3582
03:26:36,900 --> 03:26:41,800
That breathing hurts and expose 
skin goes, numb in minutes on 

3583
03:26:41,800 --> 03:26:46,200
the coldest days temperatures 
drop far below zero and simply 

3584
03:26:46,200 --> 03:26:51,000
existing requires constant 
attention to staying warm You 

3585
03:26:51,000 --> 03:26:54,500
learn what frostbite feels like.
The tingling numbness. 

3586
03:26:54,500 --> 03:26:58,700
The white patches on skin and 
the burning sensation when 

3587
03:26:58,700 --> 03:27:03,900
frozen areas warm up You learn 
to recognize the signs early and

3588
03:27:03,900 --> 03:27:06,400
get inside before damage becomes
permanent. 

3589
03:27:06,400 --> 03:27:10,200
You settle into winter routines,
that revolve around staying warm

3590
03:27:10,200 --> 03:27:12,800
and staying fed. 
You go outside only when 

3591
03:27:12,800 --> 03:27:16,000
necessary to gather firewood 
from the stack to check on 

3592
03:27:16,000 --> 03:27:19,000
Livestock in their shelter to 
break ice on the creek for 

3593
03:27:19,000 --> 03:27:21,900
water. 
Strip outside requires 

3594
03:27:21,900 --> 03:27:26,600
preparation, a heavy coat 
mittens lined with rabbit fur. 

3595
03:27:26,600 --> 03:27:30,400
A scarf wrapped around your face
and a wool hat. 

3596
03:27:30,400 --> 03:27:31,900
Pulled low. 
Over your ears. 

3597
03:27:31,900 --> 03:27:35,200
You move. 
Quickly accomplish your tasks 

3598
03:27:35,200 --> 03:27:39,200
and Retreat to The Cabins, 
warmth outside time is measured 

3599
03:27:39,200 --> 03:27:42,700
in minutes before your fingers 
start going numb You develop 

3600
03:27:42,700 --> 03:27:45,900
efficiency, born of necessity 
planning tasks. 

3601
03:27:45,900 --> 03:27:49,300
So you accomplish multiple 
things in one trip, rather than 

3602
03:27:49,300 --> 03:27:53,100
making repeated Ventures into 
the cold, you combine gathering 

3603
03:27:53,100 --> 03:27:55,800
firewood with checking on the 
cow with fetching water, 

3604
03:27:55,800 --> 03:28:00,000
creating circuits that minimize 
exposure Insight. 

3605
03:28:00,000 --> 03:28:02,800
You stay busy with tasks that 
don't require going anywhere. 

3606
03:28:02,800 --> 03:28:07,500
You can close by firelight 
repairing tears and replacing 

3607
03:28:07,500 --> 03:28:10,600
buttons and reinforcing seams 
that are starting to fail. 

3608
03:28:11,600 --> 03:28:14,600
Your clothing takes constant 
abuse from frontier life. 

3609
03:28:14,600 --> 03:28:18,600
And winter is when you catch up 
on repairs, you read the same 

3610
03:28:18,600 --> 03:28:20,600
three books. 
You own until you've memorized, 

3611
03:28:20,600 --> 03:28:25,100
passages you own a Bible? 
Because everyone owns a Bible a 

3612
03:28:25,100 --> 03:28:27,500
collection of Shakespeare plays 
that you bought on a whim before

3613
03:28:27,500 --> 03:28:31,600
leaving Philadelphia and a 
Farmer's Almanac from 1841 

3614
03:28:31,600 --> 03:28:34,100
that's wildly out of date. 
But still interesting. 

3615
03:28:34,100 --> 03:28:37,900
You read each book multiple 
times finding new details on 

3616
03:28:37,900 --> 03:28:40,400
every pass. 
You carve wouldn't spoons 

3617
03:28:40,400 --> 03:28:43,300
because you need spoons, but 
also because your hands need 

3618
03:28:43,300 --> 03:28:46,500
something to do. 
You sit by the fire with a piece

3619
03:28:46,500 --> 03:28:49,700
of wood and a knife gradually 
shaping implements you'll use 

3620
03:28:49,700 --> 03:28:52,100
for years. 
You practice wrote making 

3621
03:28:52,100 --> 03:28:54,900
rolling fibers. 
You prepared last summer into 

3622
03:28:54,900 --> 03:28:58,700
cordage You plan, next year's 
Garden in excessive detail. 

3623
03:28:58,700 --> 03:29:02,900
Sketching layouts on precious 
paper and reconsidering every 

3624
03:29:02,900 --> 03:29:04,600
decision. 
You think a lot. 

3625
03:29:05,600 --> 03:29:09,400
Sometimes too much. 
The isolation and darkness of 

3626
03:29:09,400 --> 03:29:11,100
winter creates space for 
thoughts. 

3627
03:29:11,100 --> 03:29:13,500
That might stay buried during 
busiest Seasons. 

3628
03:29:13,500 --> 03:29:17,500
You think about the life, you 
left behind about family, you 

3629
03:29:17,500 --> 03:29:20,700
don't see about choices you've 
made and whether they were 

3630
03:29:20,708 --> 03:29:24,100
right, you think about the 
future what your building 

3631
03:29:24,100 --> 03:29:28,200
whether it matters and who it's 
for the hardest part of winter. 

3632
03:29:28,200 --> 03:29:32,300
Isn't the cold or the isolation?
It's the not knowing how long it

3633
03:29:32,300 --> 03:29:35,200
will last. 
Winter could end in March, if 

3634
03:29:35,200 --> 03:29:38,000
you're lucky. 
Releasing its grip and allowing 

3635
03:29:38,000 --> 03:29:41,800
early spring planting. 
It might drag into May if you're

3636
03:29:41,800 --> 03:29:45,100
not keeping the ground Frozen 
and making you eat through 

3637
03:29:45,100 --> 03:29:46,800
supplies that should have been 
adequate. 

3638
03:29:46,800 --> 03:29:50,000
But somehow aren't you? 
Rationed food, conservatively, 

3639
03:29:50,000 --> 03:29:53,400
trying to stretch supplies 
without knowing exactly how long

3640
03:29:53,400 --> 03:29:55,800
they need to last. 
You measure out beans. 

3641
03:29:55,800 --> 03:29:58,200
Carefully counting how many 
meals remain? 

3642
03:29:58,200 --> 03:30:01,400
You slice meat thin making 
portions? 

3643
03:30:01,400 --> 03:30:04,100
That seemed an adequate but 
multiply the number of times you

3644
03:30:04,100 --> 03:30:07,800
can eat You eat less than you'd 
like, maintaining survival 

3645
03:30:07,800 --> 03:30:12,000
rather than comfort, you burn 
firewood steadily, watching the 

3646
03:30:12,000 --> 03:30:15,400
stack, shrink outside your 
window and doing calculations 

3647
03:30:15,400 --> 03:30:19,200
that always include a margin for
what if winter decides to be 

3648
03:30:19,200 --> 03:30:22,200
terrible. 
Each log that goes into the fire

3649
03:30:22,200 --> 03:30:24,500
is one less log. 
Protecting you from cold. 

3650
03:30:24,500 --> 03:30:28,800
You become miserly with heat 
letting the fire burn lower than

3651
03:30:28,800 --> 03:30:31,800
comfortable rather than burning 
through your supply to quickly. 

3652
03:30:31,800 --> 03:30:36,200
There is the worst month, your 
supplies are diminished, your 

3653
03:30:36,200 --> 03:30:40,000
firewood stack is noticeably 
smaller and winter shows. 

3654
03:30:40,000 --> 03:30:44,500
No signs of ending. 
The days are still short, the 

3655
03:30:44,500 --> 03:30:48,100
coldest is still intents and 
your tired of being inside, 

3656
03:30:48,100 --> 03:30:51,900
tired of the same food and tired
of your own company. 

3657
03:30:52,800 --> 03:30:55,800
You understand why? 
Some settlers don't make it not 

3658
03:30:55,800 --> 03:30:58,200
because they starved or froze. 
Exactly. 

3659
03:30:59,000 --> 03:31:02,000
But because winter grinds them 
down until they stop trying. 

3660
03:31:02,000 --> 03:31:06,500
You keep trying, you maintain 
your routines, tend your fire 

3661
03:31:06,500 --> 03:31:09,500
ration your food and wait for 
spring with determination. 

3662
03:31:09,500 --> 03:31:13,000
That's part stubbornness and 
parts, spiked winter will not 

3663
03:31:13,000 --> 03:31:15,000
win. 
You will Outlast it. 

3664
03:31:15,000 --> 03:31:19,300
You will survive to see grass 
again spring arrives tentatively

3665
03:31:19,300 --> 03:31:21,900
as if testing where the winter 
is really gone. 

3666
03:31:22,800 --> 03:31:25,900
Snow melts in patches revealing 
mud and dead grass and the 

3667
03:31:25,900 --> 03:31:27,800
general mess that winter has 
been hiding. 

3668
03:31:29,100 --> 03:31:33,200
The process is gradual, a warm 
day, followed by a cold night, 

3669
03:31:33,200 --> 03:31:36,200
two steps forward and one step 
back. 

3670
03:31:37,000 --> 03:31:40,900
The land slowly waking from 
months of Frozen sleep, the 

3671
03:31:40,900 --> 03:31:43,800
creek thaws starting as a 
trickle under the ice that 

3672
03:31:43,800 --> 03:31:47,000
gradually expands until the ice 
breaks up and flows Downstream 

3673
03:31:47,000 --> 03:31:50,400
in chunks. 
Sound of running water after 

3674
03:31:50,400 --> 03:31:52,900
months of silence is startling 
and wonderful. 

3675
03:31:53,600 --> 03:31:57,600
He stand by the creek listening 
to it flowing the noise wash 

3676
03:31:57,600 --> 03:31:59,300
over. 
You like a physical sensation. 

3677
03:31:59,300 --> 03:32:03,100
You step outside without a coat 
and feel sunshine on your face 

3678
03:32:03,100 --> 03:32:05,000
and realize you survived another
winter. 

3679
03:32:06,200 --> 03:32:09,700
The feeling of spring warmth. 
After months of cold is better 

3680
03:32:09,700 --> 03:32:11,900
than any luxury, you knew back 
east. 

3681
03:32:12,800 --> 03:32:14,900
You stand in the sun with your 
eyes closed. 

3682
03:32:14,900 --> 03:32:19,400
Letting it soak into your skin 
feeling life returned to a body.

3683
03:32:19,400 --> 03:32:22,900
That's been merely surviving. 
The first green shoots appear in

3684
03:32:22,900 --> 03:32:28,100
the meadow small and tentative. 
But undeniably alive, Birds 

3685
03:32:28,100 --> 03:32:31,100
returned from wherever they 
spent the winter filling the air

3686
03:32:31,100 --> 03:32:33,200
with songs. 
You haven't heard in months. 

3687
03:32:34,200 --> 03:32:36,900
The chickens emerge from their 
shelter and actually seemed 

3688
03:32:36,900 --> 03:32:39,800
happy for once. 
Scratching in the mud and making

3689
03:32:39,800 --> 03:32:43,400
satisfied noises, you inventory 
your remaining supplies 

3690
03:32:43,400 --> 03:32:46,700
counting, what's left? 
And what you used your 

3691
03:32:46,700 --> 03:32:50,000
calculations were pessimistic 
enough that you have a surplus, 

3692
03:32:50,000 --> 03:32:54,800
not much but some You'll have 
flour until the trading post 

3693
03:32:54,800 --> 03:32:58,100
trip, you'll have enough smoke 
to meet to supplement spring 

3694
03:32:58,100 --> 03:33:01,100
foraging. 
You didn't starve, didn't freeze

3695
03:33:01,100 --> 03:33:03,000
and didn't fail. 
That's Victory enough. 

3696
03:33:03,000 --> 03:33:06,200
Community on the frontier is 
sparse, but crucial. 

3697
03:33:07,000 --> 03:33:08,900
Your nearest neighbors of the 
thoughts. 

3698
03:33:08,900 --> 03:33:12,300
Three miles south. 
The Andersons are five miles 

3699
03:33:12,300 --> 03:33:14,900
west, the blackwoods are six 
miles east. 

3700
03:33:15,800 --> 03:33:17,900
These distant dances would be 
nothing back home. 

3701
03:33:17,900 --> 03:33:21,900
A pleasant walk, maybe 20 
minutes on a horse out here. 

3702
03:33:21,900 --> 03:33:24,200
This significant enough that you
don't make the trip without 

3703
03:33:24,200 --> 03:33:26,400
purpose. 
You see these people, perhaps 

3704
03:33:26,400 --> 03:33:29,600
once a month during good weather
less often in winter. 

3705
03:33:30,700 --> 03:33:34,000
But when you need help, when 
something breaks or someone gets

3706
03:33:34,000 --> 03:33:37,600
hurt or a tree falls on your 
cabin, these distant neighbors 

3707
03:33:37,600 --> 03:33:40,800
become lifelines. 
The frontier creates a 

3708
03:33:40,800 --> 03:33:44,000
particular kind of community. 
Not intimate. 

3709
03:33:44,000 --> 03:33:47,000
Exactly. 
But reliable you help others, 

3710
03:33:47,000 --> 03:33:48,600
because you'll need help 
eventually. 

3711
03:33:49,500 --> 03:33:53,200
Mutual assistance isn't charity,
its investment in your own 

3712
03:33:53,200 --> 03:33:56,800
Survival, you help raise the 
thoughts bar in exchange for 

3713
03:33:56,800 --> 03:33:58,800
their help. 
Preparing Your Wagon Wheel at 

3714
03:33:58,800 --> 03:34:01,700
cracked on a rock. 
You didn't see a dozen neighbors

3715
03:34:01,700 --> 03:34:04,400
gather for a barn-raising 
working together to lift heavy 

3716
03:34:04,400 --> 03:34:08,200
Timbers, and secure the frame. 
The work goes fast with multiple

3717
03:34:08,200 --> 03:34:11,400
people and there's something 
satisfying about collaborative, 

3718
03:34:11,400 --> 03:34:14,900
labor toward a shared goal. 
You assist the Anderson's during

3719
03:34:14,900 --> 03:34:17,700
Harvest because they're 
short-handed after Mr. Anderson 

3720
03:34:17,700 --> 03:34:19,400
broke his arm falling off his 
roof. 

3721
03:34:19,400 --> 03:34:23,100
While doing repairs, he should 
have asked for help with You 

3722
03:34:23,100 --> 03:34:26,200
spend three days working their 
fields, and they'll remember 

3723
03:34:26,200 --> 03:34:29,600
when you need similar help, you 
share surplus food. 

3724
03:34:29,600 --> 03:34:32,100
When you have it, knowing others
will share. 

3725
03:34:32,100 --> 03:34:35,800
When you're the one running 
short last spring, the thoughts 

3726
03:34:35,800 --> 03:34:38,300
gave you two chickens. 
When your own flock was reduced 

3727
03:34:38,300 --> 03:34:42,700
to one surviving hen this Autumn
you gave them a bag of dried 

3728
03:34:42,700 --> 03:34:46,400
berries and some smoked venison.
The accounting is informal. 

3729
03:34:46,400 --> 03:34:51,100
The trade unequal but everyone 
understands the system Community

3730
03:34:51,100 --> 03:34:52,900
out here. 
Isn't about friendship exactly 

3731
03:34:52,900 --> 03:34:56,000
though. 
Friendships do develop It's 

3732
03:34:56,000 --> 03:34:57,600
about survival through 
cooperation. 

3733
03:34:58,500 --> 03:35:01,200
You might not particularly like 
your neighbors and might not 

3734
03:35:01,208 --> 03:35:04,400
choose to spend time with them 
if you had other options, but 

3735
03:35:04,400 --> 03:35:08,100
you respect their competence, 
trust their reliability and 

3736
03:35:08,100 --> 03:35:11,400
value their existence. 
In this empty landscape, The 

3737
03:35:11,400 --> 03:35:14,000
Trading Post, 60 miles away, 
becomes your connection to 

3738
03:35:14,000 --> 03:35:16,500
civilization and supplies. 
You can't make yourself. 

3739
03:35:17,300 --> 03:35:21,300
You make the trip twice a year 
spring and fall spending four 

3740
03:35:21,300 --> 03:35:24,500
days riding there and back. 
The journey is long enough to 

3741
03:35:24,500 --> 03:35:28,200
require planning and short 
enough to be worthwhile you 

3742
03:35:28,200 --> 03:35:32,000
travel with a pack horse loaded 
with items to trade Furs, if 

3743
03:35:32,008 --> 03:35:36,800
you've trapped smoke to meet 
leather goods, baskets, whatever

3744
03:35:36,800 --> 03:35:38,300
you've made, that might have 
value. 

3745
03:35:39,300 --> 03:35:42,300
The trail is rough Crossing 
streams and climbing ridges 

3746
03:35:42,300 --> 03:35:45,800
following paths that are barely 
marked and sometimes disappear 

3747
03:35:45,800 --> 03:35:48,300
entirely. 
The post is run by a man named 

3748
03:35:48,300 --> 03:35:52,800
Fitzgerald who stalks everything
from flower to fabric to 

3749
03:35:52,800 --> 03:35:57,100
ammunition to farming tools. 
His prices are high because he 

3750
03:35:57,100 --> 03:36:01,000
knows you have no Alternatives, 
a bag of flour, cost twice, what

3751
03:36:01,000 --> 03:36:04,200
it would back east. 
Ammunition is expensive enough 

3752
03:36:04,200 --> 03:36:06,100
that you calculate the value of 
each shot. 

3753
03:36:06,800 --> 03:36:09,400
Tools are precious because 
breaking one means months 

3754
03:36:09,400 --> 03:36:12,200
without replacement, you pay 
anyway because you need what 

3755
03:36:12,200 --> 03:36:15,400
he's selling you. 
Restock flour, sugar, salt 

3756
03:36:15,400 --> 03:36:19,500
coffee ammunition and whatever 
else your supplies lack, you buy

3757
03:36:19,500 --> 03:36:22,700
needles and thread, you purchase
a new file for sharpening. 

3758
03:36:22,700 --> 03:36:26,500
Your saw, you can consider 
buying a second axis backup, but

3759
03:36:26,500 --> 03:36:28,200
decide the cost isn't Justified 
yet. 

3760
03:36:28,200 --> 03:36:31,500
Trading Post visits become 
social events despite the 

3761
03:36:31,500 --> 03:36:35,500
commercial nature you see people
from other claims exchange news 

3762
03:36:35,500 --> 03:36:39,400
and gossip and here about who's 
arrived and who's left, You 

3763
03:36:39,400 --> 03:36:42,000
learn that the Hendersons 
abandoned their claim after two 

3764
03:36:42,000 --> 03:36:45,800
Winters that the Mitchells lost 
their oldest child to fever and 

3765
03:36:45,800 --> 03:36:49,200
let a new family is settling 
near the blackwoods you hear 

3766
03:36:49,200 --> 03:36:52,800
about developments in Oregon 
City about ships arriving with 

3767
03:36:52,800 --> 03:36:55,900
supplies and immigrants and 
about political discussions 

3768
03:36:55,900 --> 03:37:00,000
regarding territorial status. 
You absorb information, like a 

3769
03:37:00,008 --> 03:37:04,600
sponge because news is rare and 
valuable everything from where 

3770
03:37:04,600 --> 03:37:07,500
the predictions to crop 
recommendations to rumors about 

3771
03:37:07,500 --> 03:37:11,500
Indian tensions, gets discussed 
and debated, you will so trade 

3772
03:37:11,500 --> 03:37:14,500
at the post bartering items 
you've made for supplies. 

3773
03:37:14,500 --> 03:37:17,700
You need Your woven baskets, 
fetch a decent price. 

3774
03:37:17,700 --> 03:37:21,300
Your smoked meat is popular, 
among Trappers preparing for 

3775
03:37:21,300 --> 03:37:23,600
expeditions. 
The leather items. 

3776
03:37:23,600 --> 03:37:26,400
You've learned to craft have 
value because quality leather 

3777
03:37:26,400 --> 03:37:29,000
work is rare out here. 
Money is scarce. 

3778
03:37:29,000 --> 03:37:31,000
So trade becomes the primary 
economy. 

3779
03:37:31,700 --> 03:37:35,000
You calculate value in terms of 
usefulness, rather than currency

3780
03:37:35,000 --> 03:37:37,600
a good knife is worth a month of
flour. 

3781
03:37:37,600 --> 03:37:41,400
A waterproof tarp is worth more 
than money because it solves 

3782
03:37:41,400 --> 03:37:45,600
problems money can't fix. 
You negotiate trades carefully. 

3783
03:37:45,600 --> 03:37:49,100
Valuing items based on how much 
they'll improve your survival 

3784
03:37:49,100 --> 03:37:51,700
prospects. 
Fitzgerald keeps a ledger 

3785
03:37:51,700 --> 03:37:54,300
tracking trades and debts with 
careful notation. 

3786
03:37:55,400 --> 03:37:58,400
You can buy on credit if 
necessary though the interest he

3787
03:37:58,400 --> 03:38:00,400
charges makes that option 
unappealing. 

3788
03:38:01,200 --> 03:38:04,400
You prefer to trade directly 
settling accounts immediately 

3789
03:38:04,400 --> 03:38:07,000
rather than carrying debt 
through Seasons, that might 

3790
03:38:07,000 --> 03:38:10,000
prevent repayment. 
You spend one night at the post 

3791
03:38:10,000 --> 03:38:13,600
sleeping in a rough shell to 
that passes for lodging before, 

3792
03:38:13,600 --> 03:38:17,000
starting the two-day journey 
home, you travel carefully, 

3793
03:38:17,000 --> 03:38:20,100
protecting your newly acquired 
supplies from weather and 

3794
03:38:20,100 --> 03:38:22,700
accident. 
The flour sacks are precious 

3795
03:38:22,700 --> 03:38:25,400
cargo, the ammunition needs to 
stay dry. 

3796
03:38:25,400 --> 03:38:27,800
The fabric, must arrive 
undamaged. 

3797
03:38:27,800 --> 03:38:31,100
The journey home always feels 
longer than the journey there 

3798
03:38:31,100 --> 03:38:34,900
may be because you're holding 
more weight or may be because 

3799
03:38:34,900 --> 03:38:36,600
you're eager to return to your 
claim. 

3800
03:38:37,400 --> 03:38:40,400
You think about all the work 
waiting at home, all the 

3801
03:38:40,408 --> 03:38:43,700
projects, you left unfinished 
and all the tasks that 

3802
03:38:43,700 --> 03:38:47,200
accumulated during your absence?
The frontier doesn't make you 

3803
03:38:47,200 --> 03:38:50,500
religious if you weren't before 
but it does make you think about

3804
03:38:50,500 --> 03:38:53,600
larger questions. 
You spend a lot of time alone 

3805
03:38:53,600 --> 03:38:56,700
with your thoughts and those 
thoughts wander into territory. 

3806
03:38:56,700 --> 03:39:00,300
They never explored back east. 
You think about why you came 

3807
03:39:00,300 --> 03:39:04,000
here, what you're building and 
whether this life is better or 

3808
03:39:04,000 --> 03:39:07,400
just different, you think about 
the indigenous people who lived 

3809
03:39:07,400 --> 03:39:11,000
here for Generations before you 
arrived who these land 

3810
03:39:11,000 --> 03:39:14,100
intimately and were forced out 
to make room for settlers like 

3811
03:39:14,100 --> 03:39:18,000
you, The Trading Post owner 
mentioned treaties and 

3812
03:39:18,000 --> 03:39:20,000
relocations without much 
reflection. 

3813
03:39:21,400 --> 03:39:24,100
You can't help wondering what it
costs, those communities to lose

3814
03:39:24,100 --> 03:39:27,000
access to the land. 
You now claim you've seen 

3815
03:39:27,000 --> 03:39:30,800
artifacts occasionally stone 
tools pictographs on Rock faces 

3816
03:39:30,800 --> 03:39:33,600
and the remains of structures. 
You don't fully understand 

3817
03:39:35,300 --> 03:39:38,000
Discovery reminds you that this 
land has history or not. 

3818
03:39:38,008 --> 03:39:40,400
Part of stories, you'll never 
know. 

3819
03:39:41,300 --> 03:39:44,000
You wonder about the people who 
made those tools what their 

3820
03:39:44,000 --> 03:39:47,400
lives were like, and what they 
thought about the same mountains

3821
03:39:47,400 --> 03:39:50,900
and Creeks, ethical weight of 
settlement sits on comfortably. 

3822
03:39:50,900 --> 03:39:55,200
Sometimes you didn't personally 
Force anyone from this land, but

3823
03:39:55,200 --> 03:39:57,300
your benefiting from systems 
that did. 

3824
03:39:58,300 --> 03:40:01,300
You claim ownership of land that
nobody owned in the same way 

3825
03:40:01,300 --> 03:40:04,700
before settlers arrived with 
concepts of property and 

3826
03:40:04,700 --> 03:40:07,100
boundaries. 
The frontier offers 

3827
03:40:07,100 --> 03:40:10,000
opportunities you couldn't find 
back East but those 

3828
03:40:10,000 --> 03:40:12,200
opportunities came at someone 
else's cost. 

3829
03:40:12,200 --> 03:40:16,100
You wonder about Legacy what 
you're building and who it's for

3830
03:40:16,900 --> 03:40:20,100
Some settlers have children, 
raising families in a remote 

3831
03:40:20,108 --> 03:40:23,400
cabins, creating the next 
generation of Frontier people. 

3832
03:40:23,400 --> 03:40:26,800
You watch those children grow up
knowing no other life 

3833
03:40:26,800 --> 03:40:30,700
comfortable with isolation and 
hard work in ways that seem 

3834
03:40:30,700 --> 03:40:34,100
almost alarming. 
They'll never understand City 

3835
03:40:34,100 --> 03:40:36,300
life. 
The way you do have been born 

3836
03:40:36,300 --> 03:40:39,800
into this vast. 
Empty challenge place other 

3837
03:40:39,800 --> 03:40:43,000
settlers are building in Hope of
profit planning to improve their

3838
03:40:43,000 --> 03:40:45,800
claims, and eventually sell to 
newcomers willing to pay for 

3839
03:40:45,800 --> 03:40:49,100
established Farms. 
The frontier is investment as 

3840
03:40:49,100 --> 03:40:52,100
much as home for them. 
They calculate their efforts and

3841
03:40:52,100 --> 03:40:55,500
terms of future value working 
toward the day, they can leave 

3842
03:40:55,500 --> 03:40:59,600
with money in their pockets and 
some settlers if you're honest a

3843
03:40:59,600 --> 03:41:04,600
simply hide in Running from 
debts, from family, from past, 

3844
03:41:04,600 --> 03:41:07,100
mistakes from lives. 
That didn't work out. 

3845
03:41:08,100 --> 03:41:10,000
The frontier doesn't ask many 
questions. 

3846
03:41:10,000 --> 03:41:14,000
It provides distant and 
anonymity and the chance to 

3847
03:41:14,000 --> 03:41:18,000
become someone new. you've met 
men who won't discuss their past

3848
03:41:18,000 --> 03:41:21,500
and women who've clearly left 
something painful behind You 

3849
03:41:21,500 --> 03:41:24,500
don't press for details because 
you appreciate that the frontier

3850
03:41:24,500 --> 03:41:28,100
allows reinvention your own 
reasons for being here are 

3851
03:41:28,100 --> 03:41:30,400
complicated, you wanted land. 
Yes. 

3852
03:41:30,400 --> 03:41:33,200
You wanted opportunity and 
Independence. 

3853
03:41:33,200 --> 03:41:36,900
You wanted to build something 
that was entirely yours shaped 

3854
03:41:36,900 --> 03:41:38,500
by your own decisions and 
efforts. 

3855
03:41:39,700 --> 03:41:42,300
But you also wanted distance 
from the life, you left behind 

3856
03:41:42,300 --> 03:41:46,300
from expectations that didn't 
fit from a future that felt 

3857
03:41:46,300 --> 03:41:48,800
predetermined. 
And from the sense that you were

3858
03:41:48,800 --> 03:41:51,100
living, someone else's plan out 
here. 

3859
03:41:51,100 --> 03:41:54,900
Every decision is yours. 
Every success is yours. 

3860
03:41:54,900 --> 03:41:59,600
Every failure is definitely, 
undeniably yours, it's 

3861
03:41:59,600 --> 03:42:01,900
terrifying and liberating in 
equal measure. 

3862
03:42:02,600 --> 03:42:06,100
You can't blame circumstances or
other people or bad luck when 

3863
03:42:06,100 --> 03:42:09,200
things go wrong, but you also 
can't share credit when things 

3864
03:42:09,200 --> 03:42:12,200
go, right? 
The responsibility is absolute 

3865
03:42:12,200 --> 03:42:14,500
the skills. 
You've learned over these years 

3866
03:42:14,500 --> 03:42:18,500
of changed you in fundamental 
ways your harder than you were 

3867
03:42:18,500 --> 03:42:22,500
not emotionally, but physically.
your hands are permanently 

3868
03:42:22,500 --> 03:42:26,400
calloused, your muscles adapted 
to constantly labor and your 

3869
03:42:26,400 --> 03:42:30,700
body accustomed to whether 
extreme You can work all day in 

3870
03:42:30,700 --> 03:42:31,800
conditions that would have 
defeated. 

3871
03:42:31,800 --> 03:42:34,600
You years ago, you've developed 
endurance. 

3872
03:42:34,600 --> 03:42:37,700
You didn't know was possible. 
You're also more patient and 

3873
03:42:37,700 --> 03:42:41,100
more impatient simultaneously 
patient with processes that 

3874
03:42:41,100 --> 03:42:44,400
can't be rushed. 
Crops growing would seasoning 

3875
03:42:44,400 --> 03:42:49,100
Winter, Passing impatient with 
inefficiency with wasted effort 

3876
03:42:49,100 --> 03:42:52,700
with anything, that doesn't 
serve a clear purpose, you've 

3877
03:42:52,700 --> 03:42:56,200
learned to identify what matters
and ignore, what doesn't the 

3878
03:42:56,200 --> 03:42:59,500
frontier strips away pretense 
leaving only function. 

3879
03:42:59,500 --> 03:43:02,900
You've become comfortable with 
discomfort which sounds 

3880
03:43:02,900 --> 03:43:06,800
contradictory but isn't You're 
not happy about cold hands or 

3881
03:43:06,800 --> 03:43:10,900
sore muscles or monotonous food.
But you accept these as normal 

3882
03:43:10,900 --> 03:43:13,200
rather than problems are 
requiring Solutions. 

3883
03:43:14,200 --> 03:43:16,300
Discomfort is just part of the 
deal. 

3884
03:43:16,300 --> 03:43:20,600
You work through it live with it
and stop wasting energy 

3885
03:43:20,600 --> 03:43:22,600
complaining about things. 
You can't change. 

3886
03:43:22,600 --> 03:43:26,200
Most surprisingly, you've 
learned to find satisfaction in 

3887
03:43:26,200 --> 03:43:28,400
smaller, accomplishments a 
cabin. 

3888
03:43:28,408 --> 03:43:32,500
That doesn't leak a garden. 
That produces food a winter 

3889
03:43:32,500 --> 03:43:35,200
survived. 
A cow, that doesn't die. 

3890
03:43:36,100 --> 03:43:38,600
These aren't achievements. 
Anyone would celebrate back East

3891
03:43:38,600 --> 03:43:41,100
but out here they represent 
genuine success. 

3892
03:43:42,000 --> 03:43:45,200
You've learned to measure 
progress in Practical terms to 

3893
03:43:45,200 --> 03:43:49,100
take pride in function over form
and to appreciate competence 

3894
03:43:49,100 --> 03:43:51,900
more than Elegance. 
The frontier doesn't make you a 

3895
03:43:51,900 --> 03:43:55,100
better person necessarily, but 
it makes you a more capable one.

3896
03:43:55,100 --> 03:43:58,200
You can do things now that you 
couldn't do before. 

3897
03:43:58,200 --> 03:44:03,500
Build shelter, find food, create
tools, and survive Seasons, that

3898
03:44:03,500 --> 03:44:05,300
would have killed you without 
preparation. 

3899
03:44:05,300 --> 03:44:07,900
These skills won't help you in a
city. 

3900
03:44:07,900 --> 03:44:11,700
They won't impress anyone, a 
dinner party, but they'll keep 

3901
03:44:11,700 --> 03:44:15,600
you alive out here and sometimes
that's the only measure that 

3902
03:44:15,608 --> 03:44:17,700
matters. 
You think about the generations 

3903
03:44:17,700 --> 03:44:20,700
that will follow assuming people
keep coming West. 

3904
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:23,900
Will they remember how hard the 
early years were? 

3905
03:44:24,600 --> 03:44:27,400
Will they appreciate the skills 
that made survival possible? 

3906
03:44:28,200 --> 03:44:32,400
Or will those skills Fade Into 
history by easier methods better

3907
03:44:32,400 --> 03:44:35,800
tools and systems that eliminate
the need for self-sufficiency. 

3908
03:44:35,800 --> 03:44:39,200
You like to imagine your great 
grandchildren, visiting this 

3909
03:44:39,200 --> 03:44:43,400
land someday standing where your
cabins stood trying to pick 

3910
03:44:43,400 --> 03:44:46,200
picture what life was like, when
everything had to be built from 

3911
03:44:46,200 --> 03:44:48,600
nothing. 
You hope they'll understand the 

3912
03:44:48,600 --> 03:44:51,200
work, it took. 
You hope they'll appreciate the 

3913
03:44:51,200 --> 03:44:52,700
knowledge. 
That was earned through cold 

3914
03:44:52,700 --> 03:44:55,700
Winter's, and Hungry Springs and
mistakes that taught harsh 

3915
03:44:55,700 --> 03:44:58,800
lessons, but mostly you hope 
they'll never need these skills.

3916
03:44:58,800 --> 03:45:02,700
You hope the frontier becomes 
settled, civilized and easier. 

3917
03:45:03,400 --> 03:45:06,200
You hope they'll have stores and
Roads and neighbors close enough

3918
03:45:06,200 --> 03:45:08,300
to talk to without planning a 
half-day trip. 

3919
03:45:09,000 --> 03:45:12,300
You hope they'll take hot water 
and warm houses and reliable 

3920
03:45:12,300 --> 03:45:15,600
food for granted never knowing 
what it's like to wonder. 

3921
03:45:15,600 --> 03:45:18,800
If you've cut enough firewood or
stored enough potatoes or 

3922
03:45:18,800 --> 03:45:21,800
prepared adequately for the 
season ahead, because that's 

3923
03:45:21,800 --> 03:45:25,300
what you're building out here. 
Really not just a cabin or a 

3924
03:45:25,300 --> 03:45:28,000
clay or a farm. 
You're building a foundation for

3925
03:45:28,000 --> 03:45:30,400
a future that's less harsh than 
your present. 

3926
03:45:30,400 --> 03:45:34,700
You're doing the hard work so 
that someday, maybe Generations 

3927
03:45:34,700 --> 03:45:37,700
from now, someone can live on 
this land without needing to 

3928
03:45:37,700 --> 03:45:41,000
know which trees Mark 
underground streams or how to 

3929
03:45:41,000 --> 03:45:43,700
weave a basket or what. 
It feels like to go hungry and 

3930
03:45:43,700 --> 03:45:45,700
March because winter lasted too 
long. 

3931
03:45:45,700 --> 03:45:48,600
The Sun is setting. 
Now dropping behind the 

3932
03:45:48,600 --> 03:45:51,000
mountains in that dramatic way 
it does out here. 

3933
03:45:51,900 --> 03:45:54,500
Painting the sky and colors that
still surprised. 

3934
03:45:54,500 --> 03:45:57,600
You even after all this time, 
you stand outside. 

3935
03:45:57,600 --> 03:46:00,700
Your cabin looking across the 
land, you've claimed and worked 

3936
03:46:00,700 --> 03:46:03,000
and learned to read the evening 
areas. 

3937
03:46:03,000 --> 03:46:06,800
Cool, but not Cold Spring is 
firmly established summer as 

3938
03:46:06,800 --> 03:46:09,000
coming and you've got seeds to 
plant tomorrow. 

3939
03:46:09,000 --> 03:46:11,400
Inside the cabin, the fire 
burns. 

3940
03:46:11,400 --> 03:46:13,900
Deadly. 
Smoke rising from the chimney 

3941
03:46:13,900 --> 03:46:17,900
into the purple sky. 
Your wood stack is rebuilt after

3942
03:46:17,900 --> 03:46:20,600
Winter's depletion standing 
ready for next. 

3943
03:46:20,600 --> 03:46:24,500
Year's cold, your garden is 
plowed and ready for planting 

3944
03:46:24,500 --> 03:46:27,600
the soil turned and waiting for 
seeds. 

3945
03:46:27,600 --> 03:46:31,800
Your tools are sharp and 
maintained hanging on their 

3946
03:46:31,800 --> 03:46:35,600
designated hooks. 
You're prepared or as prepared 

3947
03:46:35,600 --> 03:46:39,300
as anyone can be for whatever 
comes next, the frontier is 

3948
03:46:39,300 --> 03:46:42,000
still vast and challenging and 
occasionally hostile. 

3949
03:46:42,700 --> 03:46:45,000
But it's also home. 
Now in ways you couldn't have 

3950
03:46:45,000 --> 03:46:46,700
predicted when you first 
arrived. 

3951
03:46:47,300 --> 03:46:50,100
You've learned its language 
earned your place in its 

3952
03:46:50,100 --> 03:46:52,300
landscape and survived its 
tests. 

3953
03:46:53,300 --> 03:46:55,700
Skills you've developed aren't 
just techniques for Staying 

3954
03:46:55,700 --> 03:46:57,700
Alive. 
There are way of seeing the 

3955
03:46:57,700 --> 03:47:01,600
world of finding Solutions of 
building something meaningful, 

3956
03:47:01,600 --> 03:47:05,200
from raw materials and 
determination you head inside, 

3957
03:47:05,200 --> 03:47:08,400
as Darkness settles over the 
land secure in the knowledge 

3958
03:47:08,400 --> 03:47:10,400
that you're ready for another 
cycle of Seasons. 

3959
03:47:10,400 --> 03:47:13,700
Tomorrow will bring work as 
every day. 

3960
03:47:13,700 --> 03:47:19,400
Does But tonight your warm and 
fed and adequately supplied your

3961
03:47:19,400 --> 03:47:23,900
cabins stand solid around you, 
each log and Shake representing 

3962
03:47:23,900 --> 03:47:25,800
work you completed with your own
hands. 

3963
03:47:25,800 --> 03:47:28,700
Your fire burns bright in the 
half. 

3964
03:47:28,700 --> 03:47:31,000
Casting warm light across 
floors. 

3965
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:36,500
You've walked 10,000 times. 
And somewhere in the distance, a

3966
03:47:36,500 --> 03:47:40,700
coyote calls into the night, its
voice carrying across miles of 

3967
03:47:40,700 --> 03:47:45,200
open country that just slowly 
carefully learning to call your 

3968
03:47:45,200 --> 03:47:49,200
own, the quiet Frontiers taught 
you, well, and you're finally 

3969
03:47:49,200 --> 03:47:55,500
learning to listen. 
You're stepping back into the 

3970
03:47:55,500 --> 03:47:58,500
late 1700s. 
When Kentucky was still a raw 

3971
03:47:58,500 --> 03:48:01,800
Frontier carved from Wilderness 
and the people who settle their 

3972
03:48:01,800 --> 03:48:04,800
brought with them, the knowledge
of grain and fire passed down 

3973
03:48:04,800 --> 03:48:08,300
through generations. 
This is the story of how bourbon

3974
03:48:08,300 --> 03:48:11,000
came to be not through Grand 
invention. 

3975
03:48:11,000 --> 03:48:14,700
But through patient, hands, 
copper Stills glowing in the 

3976
03:48:14,700 --> 03:48:18,200
darkness and the kind of 
accidental discovery that only 

3977
03:48:18,200 --> 03:48:22,200
time and charred Oak could 
reveal now picture this Your 

3978
03:48:22,200 --> 03:48:24,700
standing on a porch that groans 
beneath your boots. 

3979
03:48:24,700 --> 03:48:28,600
Watching the sun sink behind a 
ridge of trees so dense, they 

3980
03:48:28,600 --> 03:48:32,100
look like a single dark wave 
Frozen against the Copper Sky. 

3981
03:48:32,100 --> 03:48:35,700
Yeah, here in Kentucky carries a
thickness you can almost chew 

3982
03:48:35,700 --> 03:48:39,100
humidity that clings to your 
shirt and makes every breath 

3983
03:48:39,100 --> 03:48:40,900
feel like drinking something 
substantial. 

3984
03:48:40,900 --> 03:48:45,100
This is 1792 and the land around
you is young in the way that 

3985
03:48:45,100 --> 03:48:47,300
only recently tamed Wilderness 
can be. 

3986
03:48:48,200 --> 03:48:51,500
Still holding the memory of what
it was before axes and plows 

3987
03:48:51,500 --> 03:48:54,800
arrived to reshape it. 
The Distillery sits in a 

3988
03:48:54,800 --> 03:48:58,100
clearing hack from the forest 
surrounded by stumps that will 

3989
03:48:58,100 --> 03:49:02,300
take another decade to rot away.
Completely your hands smell of 

3990
03:49:02,300 --> 03:49:05,600
corn and would smoke a 
combination that's become so 

3991
03:49:05,600 --> 03:49:07,600
familiar. 
You barely notice it anymore. 

3992
03:49:07,600 --> 03:49:11,200
Except in moments like this when
the workers paused and you have 

3993
03:49:11,208 --> 03:49:15,400
time to Simply stand and notice 
things behind you through the 

3994
03:49:15,400 --> 03:49:18,100
open door of the Stillhouse, you
can hear the gentle tick and 

3995
03:49:18,100 --> 03:49:21,100
drip of cooling metal. 
The building settling into 

3996
03:49:21,100 --> 03:49:25,200
evening like an old dog finding 
its spot by the fire the nearest

3997
03:49:25,200 --> 03:49:27,800
neighbor lives three miles 
through Woods where Panthers 

3998
03:49:27,800 --> 03:49:31,200
still scream at night. 
Their cries, so human sounding 

3999
03:49:31,200 --> 03:49:32,900
that newcomers. 
Sometimes, go running with 

4000
03:49:32,900 --> 03:49:36,100
rifles thinking, someone's being
murdered in the dark. 

4001
03:49:36,100 --> 03:49:38,300
You've learned to ignore those 
sounds. 

4002
03:49:38,300 --> 03:49:41,300
The way you've learned to ignore
the walls that howl from The 

4003
03:49:41,300 --> 03:49:44,300
Ridges, when the moon is full, 
what matters is the work? 

4004
03:49:45,200 --> 03:49:48,600
The corn, you've grown, the 
water from the Limestone spring 

4005
03:49:48,600 --> 03:49:52,200
that bubbles up cold. 
And pure 100 yards from here and

4006
03:49:52,200 --> 03:49:55,000
the still that Waits inside the 
building behind you like a 

4007
03:49:55,000 --> 03:49:57,900
patient bronze, animal. 
Your father taught you 

4008
03:49:57,900 --> 03:50:01,100
distilling back in Pennsylvania,
where the family had a small 

4009
03:50:01,100 --> 03:50:04,200
operation making rye whiskey 
that was decent enough. 

4010
03:50:04,200 --> 03:50:07,700
But nothing special, he'd 
learned it from his father who 

4011
03:50:07,700 --> 03:50:10,000
brought the knowledge from 
Scotland, where apparently 

4012
03:50:10,000 --> 03:50:14,000
everyone knew how to turn grain 
into something that burned going

4013
03:50:14,000 --> 03:50:16,000
down and warmed you from the 
inside out. 

4014
03:50:16,800 --> 03:50:19,000
The process seemed almost 
magical when you were young. 

4015
03:50:20,000 --> 03:50:24,300
Putting in corn and water and 
yeast applying heat and time and

4016
03:50:24,300 --> 03:50:27,600
getting out a clear liquid that 
could preserve meat, clean 

4017
03:50:27,600 --> 03:50:30,900
wounds trade for goods and make 
a hard day. 

4018
03:50:30,900 --> 03:50:34,600
Feel slightly less hard when you
took a careful sip before bed, 

4019
03:50:34,600 --> 03:50:36,800
but Kentucky isn't penciled 
Rainier. 

4020
03:50:37,700 --> 03:50:41,300
The corn grows differently here,
taller and sweeter in the thick 

4021
03:50:41,300 --> 03:50:45,000
River, Bottom soil, the water 
tastes different, filtered 

4022
03:50:45,000 --> 03:50:47,100
through Limestone that, makes it
soft in a way. 

4023
03:50:47,108 --> 03:50:50,100
That's hard to describe, but 
easy to notice once you've tried

4024
03:50:50,100 --> 03:50:53,300
making whiskey with it, even the
air feels different in the 

4025
03:50:53,300 --> 03:50:57,000
Stillhouse heavy and full in 
summer crisp and crackling in 

4026
03:50:57,000 --> 03:50:59,600
Winter. 
You found yourself adjusting the

4027
03:50:59,600 --> 03:51:02,600
old recipes changing 
proportions, almost without 

4028
03:51:02,600 --> 03:51:06,000
thinking about it and responding
to what this new place seems to 

4029
03:51:06,000 --> 03:51:08,600
want from you. 
The evening sounds are building 

4030
03:51:08,600 --> 03:51:11,400
around you now. 
Cicadas, starting their electric

4031
03:51:11,400 --> 03:51:15,200
chorus, a Wood Thrush singing. 
It's spiraling song from 

4032
03:51:15,200 --> 03:51:18,700
somewhere in the darkening trees
and the distant sound of your 

4033
03:51:18,708 --> 03:51:21,700
neighbor's. 
Cow, lowering to be milked, your

4034
03:51:21,700 --> 03:51:23,600
wife is in the cabin preparing 
supper. 

4035
03:51:23,600 --> 03:51:26,100
And you can smell onions, frying
and bear Grease. 

4036
03:51:26,900 --> 03:51:28,400
Smell. 
That would have seemed strange 

4037
03:51:28,400 --> 03:51:31,600
two years ago. 
But now just smells like home in

4038
03:51:31,600 --> 03:51:32,900
a few minutes. 
You'll go inside. 

4039
03:51:32,900 --> 03:51:36,400
Eat whatever she's cooked. 
Maybe read a few verses from the

4040
03:51:36,400 --> 03:51:39,000
Bible by candlelight. 
If your eyes aren't too tired 

4041
03:51:39,000 --> 03:51:42,400
and then sleep, the heavy sleep 
of someone who's been on his 

4042
03:51:42,400 --> 03:51:44,800
feet since Dawn. 
But first you want to check the 

4043
03:51:44,800 --> 03:51:46,300
barrels. 
It's become a habit. 

4044
03:51:46,300 --> 03:51:48,800
This evening, walk through the 
Aging shed though. 

4045
03:51:48,800 --> 03:51:51,600
You're not entirely sure what 
you're checking for the 

4046
03:51:51,600 --> 03:51:54,400
Whiskey's in their sealed up. 
Tight in the charcoal 

4047
03:51:54,400 --> 03:51:56,100
containers. 
You made last month when the 

4048
03:51:56,100 --> 03:51:58,600
Cooper from Lexington came 
through and showed you his 

4049
03:51:58,600 --> 03:52:01,800
technique, he said the charring 
would filter out impurities and 

4050
03:52:01,800 --> 03:52:03,400
make the whiskey clearer and 
cleaner. 

4051
03:52:03,400 --> 03:52:06,200
You'd believed him because you 
had no reason not to. 

4052
03:52:06,200 --> 03:52:09,400
And because trying new things is
what you do out here on the 

4053
03:52:09,408 --> 03:52:12,400
frontier, where the old ways 
don't always fit the new 

4054
03:52:12,400 --> 03:52:17,200
circumstances, the Aging shared 
is nothing fancy, just four 

4055
03:52:17,200 --> 03:52:20,100
walls and a roof. 
To keep the rain off with gaps 

4056
03:52:20,100 --> 03:52:23,100
between the boards wide enough 
that you can see slivers of Sky 

4057
03:52:23,100 --> 03:52:26,200
through them, when you're in 
side, the barrel sit on wooden 

4058
03:52:26,200 --> 03:52:30,100
racks you Yourself each one 
holding about 50 gallons of the 

4059
03:52:30,100 --> 03:52:33,900
clear, whiskey distilled two 
months ago right after the Corn 

4060
03:52:33,900 --> 03:52:36,500
Harvest in Pennsylvania, you 
would have bottled it 

4061
03:52:36,500 --> 03:52:38,700
immediately. 
Maybe letting it sit a few weeks

4062
03:52:38,700 --> 03:52:40,500
at most before selling or 
drinking it. 

4063
03:52:40,500 --> 03:52:44,100
But here with no immediate 
buyers and no urgent need for 

4064
03:52:44,100 --> 03:52:46,800
the revenue. 
You decided to just let it rest 

4065
03:52:46,800 --> 03:52:50,300
a while and see what happened. 
You push open the shed door and 

4066
03:52:50,300 --> 03:52:53,000
step into the dimness. 
The smell hits. 

4067
03:52:53,000 --> 03:52:57,000
You immediately a rich sweet? 
Woody scent. 

4068
03:52:57,000 --> 03:52:58,700
That's nothing like the sharp. 
Alcohol. 

4069
03:52:58,700 --> 03:53:04,000
Smell of fresh whiskey. 
Freeze, inhaling deeply trying 

4070
03:53:04,000 --> 03:53:05,100
to place. 
What is different? 

4071
03:53:05,100 --> 03:53:08,800
It's like walking into a bakery 
or a cabinet Maker's shop, or 

4072
03:53:08,800 --> 03:53:11,000
maybe a combination of both with
something else. 

4073
03:53:11,000 --> 03:53:13,800
Underneath that you can't quite 
named vanilla. 

4074
03:53:13,800 --> 03:53:17,600
Possibly caramel the charred. 
Wood is doing something to the 

4075
03:53:17,600 --> 03:53:20,300
whiskey that you didn't expect 
and can't quite understand. 

4076
03:53:20,300 --> 03:53:23,000
Moving closer to the nearest 
Barrel. 

4077
03:53:23,000 --> 03:53:26,100
You tap it gently with your 
knuckles listening to the Halo 

4078
03:53:26,100 --> 03:53:29,200
thunk that tells you it's still 
full nothing's leaked. 

4079
03:53:29,900 --> 03:53:33,700
The Woodfield feels warm to your
touch holding the days heat even

4080
03:53:33,700 --> 03:53:36,500
as the evening cools around. 
It you know you shouldn't open 

4081
03:53:36,500 --> 03:53:38,400
it yet. 
The whole point of Aging is to 

4082
03:53:38,408 --> 03:53:42,000
let sit on Disturbed, but 
curiosity is snoring at you with

4083
03:53:42,000 --> 03:53:45,700
small persistent teeth. 
What's caused causing that smell

4084
03:53:45,700 --> 03:53:49,300
as the whiskey gone bad somehow,
or something else happens. 

4085
03:53:49,300 --> 03:53:53,100
Something you didn't plan for 
and can't predict Tomorrow, you 

4086
03:53:53,100 --> 03:53:56,200
decide tomorrow, you'll tap, one
of the barrels and see what's 

4087
03:53:56,200 --> 03:53:59,300
actually happening inside that 
chart Oak tonight. 

4088
03:53:59,300 --> 03:54:01,900
You'll just stand here a moment.
Longer breathing in this 

4089
03:54:01,900 --> 03:54:05,800
unexpected sweetness feeling the
days exhaustion, settle into 

4090
03:54:05,800 --> 03:54:08,800
your bones like sediment 
drifting to the bottom of a 

4091
03:54:08,800 --> 03:54:11,100
Still Pond. 
The work will be there in the 

4092
03:54:11,100 --> 03:54:13,800
morning. 
It always is you wake to 

4093
03:54:13,800 --> 03:54:15,500
Darkness. 
So complete, it feels like a 

4094
03:54:15,508 --> 03:54:17,700
physical presence pressing 
against your eyes. 

4095
03:54:17,700 --> 03:54:21,000
The rooster hasn't cried yet, 
which means it's probably around

4096
03:54:21,000 --> 03:54:24,200
four in the morning that dead 
our when even the insect seemed 

4097
03:54:24,200 --> 03:54:27,200
to be sleeping, your wife is a 
warm presence beside. 

4098
03:54:27,200 --> 03:54:30,700
You her breathing deep and 
steady and for a moment you can 

4099
03:54:30,700 --> 03:54:33,500
consider just lying here until 
proper Dawn arrives. 

4100
03:54:34,400 --> 03:54:38,000
But your bladder has other ideas
and besides, once you're awake, 

4101
03:54:38,000 --> 03:54:41,100
you're awake. 
There's no point in fighting it.

4102
03:54:41,900 --> 03:54:44,900
The cabin floor is cold against 
your bare feet as you fumble for

4103
03:54:44,900 --> 03:54:46,900
your boots. 
Pulling them on, without 

4104
03:54:46,900 --> 03:54:50,400
bothering to lace them properly.
Outside the privy weights in the

4105
03:54:50,408 --> 03:54:52,400
darkness, and you navigate to 
it. 

4106
03:54:52,400 --> 03:54:56,100
More by memory than sight. 
Your eyes gradually adjusting 

4107
03:54:56,100 --> 03:54:58,500
until you can make out the 
shapes of trees against the 

4108
03:54:58,500 --> 03:55:01,400
slightly lighter Sky. 
A whipper will calls from 

4109
03:55:01,400 --> 03:55:04,700
somewhere close by it's three 
notes on clear and insistent 

4110
03:55:04,700 --> 03:55:07,300
when you were a child your 
grandmother told you that 

4111
03:55:07,300 --> 03:55:10,400
hearing a whipper will meant 
someone was going to die but 

4112
03:55:10,400 --> 03:55:13,300
you've heard them almost every 
night since moving to Kentucky 

4113
03:55:13,300 --> 03:55:15,700
and everyone you know, is still 
alive. 

4114
03:55:15,700 --> 03:55:20,000
So you've stopped believing that
particular Superstition by the 

4115
03:55:20,000 --> 03:55:23,100
time you finish your business 
and returned to the cabin, the 

4116
03:55:23,100 --> 03:55:26,300
Eastern sky is begun. 
Its slow brightening That 

4117
03:55:26,300 --> 03:55:29,600
gradual shift from black to deep
blue that happens. 

4118
03:55:29,600 --> 03:55:33,500
So subtly you can never catch 
the exact moment of change. 

4119
03:55:33,500 --> 03:55:37,600
You don't go back to bed instead
you lied a candle from The 

4120
03:55:37,600 --> 03:55:39,300
Embers still glowing in the 
fireplace. 

4121
03:55:39,300 --> 03:55:43,400
Put coffee on to boil and begin 
the process of waking up 

4122
03:55:43,400 --> 03:55:45,400
properly. 
Your wife will sleep another 

4123
03:55:45,400 --> 03:55:47,400
hour Rising when the real light 
comes. 

4124
03:55:48,300 --> 03:55:51,400
You've always been someone who 
needs this quiet time before the

4125
03:55:51,400 --> 03:55:55,200
day, begins these minutes. 
When the world belongs only to 

4126
03:55:55,200 --> 03:55:58,700
you and whatever thoughts. 
You want to think the coffee is 

4127
03:55:58,700 --> 03:56:00,800
bitter and strong made from 
Beans. 

4128
03:56:00,800 --> 03:56:04,300
You've roasted perhaps a bit too
dark, but it does its job 

4129
03:56:04,300 --> 03:56:06,800
sending warmth and alert a 
spreading through your chest. 

4130
03:56:07,700 --> 03:56:09,300
You drink it standing at the 
window. 

4131
03:56:09,300 --> 03:56:11,100
Watching the world emerge from 
Darkness. 

4132
03:56:11,100 --> 03:56:13,600
The Distillery building takes 
shape. 

4133
03:56:13,600 --> 03:56:18,000
First, then the Aging shed, then
the corn crib and the small barn

4134
03:56:18,000 --> 03:56:19,800
where you keep the mule in the 
milk cow. 

4135
03:56:19,800 --> 03:56:23,800
Everything is painted in Shades 
of Grey at first colorless and 

4136
03:56:23,800 --> 03:56:27,600
flat, but gradually the 
dimension Returns, the red of 

4137
03:56:27,600 --> 03:56:30,600
the Barn Door, the green of the 
grass and the brown of the 

4138
03:56:30,600 --> 03:56:33,500
beaten Earth path. 
Connecting the buildings, you'll

4139
03:56:33,500 --> 03:56:36,700
check that Barrel today. 
The decision feels solid and 

4140
03:56:36,700 --> 03:56:39,400
write something you've actually 
been putting off too long 

4141
03:56:39,400 --> 03:56:42,300
already. 
But first the morning routine, 

4142
03:56:42,300 --> 03:56:46,200
feeding the animals, milking the
cow and checking the mash that's

4143
03:56:46,200 --> 03:56:48,500
been fermenting in the large, 
wooden Vats behind the 

4144
03:56:48,500 --> 03:56:51,800
Stillhouse. 
Distilling whiskey isn't just 

4145
03:56:51,800 --> 03:56:54,800
about the dramatic moments of 
fire and copper and steam. 

4146
03:56:54,800 --> 03:56:58,200
It's about these daily tasks, 
the maintenance and monitoring 

4147
03:56:58,200 --> 03:56:59,900
that makes the dramatic moments 
possible. 

4148
03:57:00,700 --> 03:57:03,400
The mash fats your first stop 
after finishing your coffee, 

4149
03:57:03,400 --> 03:57:07,300
they sit under a lean to shelter
protected from direct sun and 

4150
03:57:07,300 --> 03:57:11,800
Rain each one containing a 
mixture of ground corn water and

4151
03:57:11,800 --> 03:57:13,900
yeast. 
That's been bubbling and working

4152
03:57:13,900 --> 03:57:17,000
for the past three days. 
You lift the wooden lid off the 

4153
03:57:17,000 --> 03:57:21,200
first fat and lean in inhaling. 
The sour yeasty smell of 

4154
03:57:21,208 --> 03:57:24,200
fermentation. 
The surface is covered with 

4155
03:57:24,200 --> 03:57:27,900
foam, a good sign that the yeast
is doing its job eating, the 

4156
03:57:27,900 --> 03:57:30,800
sugars from the corn and 
producing alcohol as waste. 

4157
03:57:30,800 --> 03:57:33,900
It's a process that seems almost
too simple to work. 

4158
03:57:33,900 --> 03:57:37,700
You're essentially making a kind
of beer from corn, then 

4159
03:57:37,700 --> 03:57:41,800
concentrating that beer through 
heat and distillation until what

4160
03:57:41,800 --> 03:57:45,300
remains is strong enough to 
preserve and potent enough to 

4161
03:57:45,300 --> 03:57:47,700
trade. 
You taste, it dipping a finger 

4162
03:57:47,700 --> 03:57:49,600
into the foam and touching it to
your tongue. 

4163
03:57:49,600 --> 03:57:53,700
It's sour and sweet at the same 
time with an alcohol content. 

4164
03:57:53,700 --> 03:57:56,900
That's probably around eight or 
nine percent nowhere near strong

4165
03:57:56,900 --> 03:58:00,000
enough, to be whiskey, but 
definitely on its way another 

4166
03:58:00,000 --> 03:58:04,000
day maybe two and it'll be ready
to run through the still, you 

4167
03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:06,500
replace the lid carefully. 
Then move to the next vat. 

4168
03:58:06,500 --> 03:58:09,800
Then the next checking each one.
With the same careful attention 

4169
03:58:09,800 --> 03:58:13,000
this part of the work is boring 
and the best possible way. 

4170
03:58:13,000 --> 03:58:17,400
Repetitive predictable, 
requiring Focus but not much 

4171
03:58:17,400 --> 03:58:20,800
thought letting your mind 
wander, while your hands do, 

4172
03:58:20,800 --> 03:58:24,100
what they know how to do the 
Itself Waits inside The 

4173
03:58:24,100 --> 03:58:27,600
Distillery building, a copper 
construction that cost you more 

4174
03:58:27,600 --> 03:58:30,600
money than you've ever spent on 
anything except land. 

4175
03:58:30,600 --> 03:58:34,500
It's beautiful in its way. 
All curves and Joints salted, 

4176
03:58:34,500 --> 03:58:37,900
smooth with a long tapered neck 
that rises towards the ceiling 

4177
03:58:37,900 --> 03:58:40,100
before curving away into the 
condensing coil. 

4178
03:58:40,100 --> 03:58:43,400
When you first set it up you 
spent hours just looking at it. 

4179
03:58:43,400 --> 03:58:46,400
Trying to understand how 
something made by human hands. 

4180
03:58:46,400 --> 03:58:50,100
Could be so elegant the copper 
gleams even in low light 

4181
03:58:50,100 --> 03:58:53,400
catching and throwing back any 
available brightness. 

4182
03:58:53,400 --> 03:58:58,200
And when it's working, when fire
is roaring beneath it, and steam

4183
03:58:58,200 --> 03:59:01,400
is rising through its neck and 
liquid is dripping from its 

4184
03:59:01,400 --> 03:59:06,300
spout, it seems almost alive. 
But today isn't a distilling 

4185
03:59:06,300 --> 03:59:07,900
day. 
You've learned through 

4186
03:59:07,900 --> 03:59:11,600
experience that you can't rush 
this process, you can't force it

4187
03:59:11,600 --> 03:59:14,600
to happen on your schedule. 
The mash has to be ready. 

4188
03:59:14,600 --> 03:59:17,500
Properly fermented. 
But not gone sour. 

4189
03:59:17,500 --> 03:59:20,300
You have to have enough 
firewood, split and stacked 

4190
03:59:20,300 --> 03:59:23,200
enough clean containers waiting 
to catch the Distillate. 

4191
03:59:23,200 --> 03:59:26,500
You have to be rested and alert 
because distilling requires 

4192
03:59:26,500 --> 03:59:31,100
attention watching temperatures.
Adjusting the fire and tasting. 

4193
03:59:31,100 --> 03:59:33,500
The output to know when you're 
getting the good Middle, Run 

4194
03:59:33,500 --> 03:59:36,700
versus the harsh heads or the 
weak tales. 

4195
03:59:36,700 --> 03:59:40,400
That you'll either throw away or
red distilled later today is for

4196
03:59:40,400 --> 03:59:43,700
maintenance in Stead. 
Check the still for any signs of

4197
03:59:43,708 --> 03:59:47,000
damage or wear running your 
hands along the copper seams 

4198
03:59:47,000 --> 03:59:50,100
looking for the green stains 
that would indicate a leak, 

4199
03:59:50,108 --> 03:59:53,900
everything seems solid. 
You check the Firebox beneath 

4200
03:59:53,900 --> 03:59:57,800
the still scraping out old. 
Ash making sure the draft holes 

4201
03:59:57,800 --> 04:00:00,600
aren't clogged. 
You check the condensing coil 

4202
04:00:00,600 --> 04:00:02,800
which sits in a barrel of cold 
water. 

4203
04:00:02,800 --> 04:00:05,800
That has to be refreshed 
regularly to keep the steam 

4204
04:00:05,800 --> 04:00:09,100
condensing properly. 
All of this is familiar work. 

4205
04:00:09,100 --> 04:00:12,400
The kind that lets your thoughts
drift while your hands stay 

4206
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:14,700
busy. 
And your thoughts, keep drifting

4207
04:00:14,700 --> 04:00:16,800
back to that smell from last 
night. 

4208
04:00:17,700 --> 04:00:20,400
That unexpected, sweetness is 
coming from the barrels. 

4209
04:00:20,400 --> 04:00:23,900
You've been making whiskey for 
almost 20 years now, first 

4210
04:00:23,900 --> 04:00:26,500
helping your father and then on 
your own and you've never 

4211
04:00:26,500 --> 04:00:28,300
encountered anything quite like 
it. 

4212
04:00:28,300 --> 04:00:32,300
Whiskey is supposed to be harsh,
clear and functional. 

4213
04:00:32,300 --> 04:00:36,500
It's medicine and currency and 
social lubricant, not something 

4214
04:00:36,500 --> 04:00:39,200
you described as sweet or smooth
or Pleasant. 

4215
04:00:40,200 --> 04:00:42,200
But that smell suggested 
something different. 

4216
04:00:42,200 --> 04:00:46,100
Something you don't have words 
for yet by mid-morning. 

4217
04:00:46,100 --> 04:00:48,800
You finish the maintenance work 
and run out of excuses. 

4218
04:00:48,800 --> 04:00:52,600
The barrel is waiting. 
You walk to the Aging shed with 

4219
04:00:52,600 --> 04:00:55,400
a hammer and a wooden spigot 
tools for tapping. 

4220
04:00:55,400 --> 04:00:58,500
A barrel without having to 
remove the whole bung and risk 

4221
04:00:58,500 --> 04:01:00,500
exposing the entire contents to 
wear. 

4222
04:01:00,500 --> 04:01:03,200
Your hands are steady of the new
expected. 

4223
04:01:03,200 --> 04:01:06,200
As you position the spigot 
against the barrel head finding 

4224
04:01:06,200 --> 04:01:08,100
the right spot between the 
staves. 

4225
04:01:08,800 --> 04:01:12,700
One sharp tap with the hammer 
and the spigot is in seal tight 

4226
04:01:12,700 --> 04:01:14,300
by the pressure of the wood 
around it. 

4227
04:01:14,300 --> 04:01:18,200
Nothing comes out at first. 
You have to open the small valve

4228
04:01:18,200 --> 04:01:20,900
on the spigot and even then 
there's a moment of resistance 

4229
04:01:20,900 --> 04:01:22,800
before the whiskey begins to 
flow. 

4230
04:01:22,800 --> 04:01:26,500
You've positioned a clay cup 
beneath the spigot and you watch

4231
04:01:26,500 --> 04:01:29,000
as it fills with liquid. 
That's nothing like what you put

4232
04:01:29,000 --> 04:01:31,800
into this Barrel two months ago 
instead of clear. 

4233
04:01:31,800 --> 04:01:35,900
It's the color of Honey or maybe
Amber or maybe sunlight 

4234
04:01:35,900 --> 04:01:39,200
filtering through old church, 
Windows, it flows thick and 

4235
04:01:39,200 --> 04:01:41,500
slow. 
And the smell that rises from 

4236
04:01:41,500 --> 04:01:43,700
the cup. 
Is that same complex, sweetness 

4237
04:01:43,700 --> 04:01:48,800
you notice last night but 
stronger, now more defined You 

4238
04:01:48,800 --> 04:01:51,900
lift the cut to your lips and 
take the smallest possible sip. 

4239
04:01:51,900 --> 04:01:55,700
Barely weting your tongue. 
The Taste explodes across your 

4240
04:01:55,700 --> 04:01:59,900
mouth, sweet and spicy, and Oaky
and complex in ways that make 

4241
04:01:59,900 --> 04:02:04,600
your eyes widen involuntarily. 
This isn't whiskey or rather. 

4242
04:02:04,600 --> 04:02:08,300
It is whiskey. 
That's become something else. 

4243
04:02:08,300 --> 04:02:13,300
Something more the harshness is 
gone replace by layers of flavor

4244
04:02:13,300 --> 04:02:16,300
that you can't quite separate 
into individual components. 

4245
04:02:16,300 --> 04:02:21,900
The Nilla is there definitely. 
Caramel too, something that 

4246
04:02:21,900 --> 04:02:25,100
might be cinnamon or might just 
be the Char from the barrel and 

4247
04:02:25,100 --> 04:02:28,700
Underneath It All still present,
but transformed, the corn 

4248
04:02:28,700 --> 04:02:31,300
sweetness that was there in the 
original distillate. 

4249
04:02:32,100 --> 04:02:35,800
You take another sip larger this
time, letting it roll around 

4250
04:02:35,800 --> 04:02:38,800
your mouth before. 
Swallowing the warmth, spreads 

4251
04:02:38,800 --> 04:02:41,700
through your chest, like the 
coffee did this morning but 

4252
04:02:41,700 --> 04:02:46,400
gentler smoother without any of 
the sharp edges that raw whiskey

4253
04:02:46,400 --> 04:02:50,100
has You feel your shoulders, 
relax and feel some tension. 

4254
04:02:50,100 --> 04:02:52,000
You didn't know, you were 
carrying drain away. 

4255
04:02:52,000 --> 04:02:55,600
This is something special. 
You don't know the exact 

4256
04:02:55,600 --> 04:02:58,700
mechanisms that created it. 
You don't understand the 

4257
04:02:58,700 --> 04:03:01,300
chemistry of what happened in 
that Charter Oak Barrel. 

4258
04:03:01,300 --> 04:03:04,400
But you understand enough to 
know that you've stumbled onto 

4259
04:03:04,400 --> 04:03:07,200
something valuable. 
You're setting on a stump 

4260
04:03:07,200 --> 04:03:09,600
outside. 
The Aging shed, the clay cups 

4261
04:03:09,600 --> 04:03:12,300
still in your hands. 
Trying to understand what you've

4262
04:03:12,300 --> 04:03:15,300
just tasted the sun has climbed 
higher enough that your 

4263
04:03:15,300 --> 04:03:18,300
sweating, despite the relative 
cool of the September morning 

4264
04:03:18,300 --> 04:03:21,000
and somewhere nearby. 
A crow is calling with that 

4265
04:03:21,000 --> 04:03:23,200
harsh. 
Insistent voice that makes you 

4266
04:03:23,200 --> 04:03:26,500
think it's complaining about 
something your mind is working 

4267
04:03:26,500 --> 04:03:30,600
in circles, trying to puzzle 
out, cause and effect, trying to

4268
04:03:30,608 --> 04:03:33,200
figure out what you did 
differently that resulted in 

4269
04:03:33,200 --> 04:03:37,300
this unexpected transformation. 
The charring is obviously 

4270
04:03:37,300 --> 04:03:39,800
important. 
You've stored whiskey and 

4271
04:03:39,800 --> 04:03:41,900
regular barrels before back in 
Pennsylvania. 

4272
04:03:41,900 --> 04:03:45,000
And while it picked up some 
color and maybe a bit of wood 

4273
04:03:45,000 --> 04:03:48,100
taste, it never developed this 
kind of complexity. 

4274
04:03:48,100 --> 04:03:51,200
The Cooper from Lexington had 
made charring the barrels. 

4275
04:03:51,200 --> 04:03:54,500
Seem like a simple practical 
matter burn the inside to 

4276
04:03:54,500 --> 04:03:56,600
sterilize it and help filter the
whiskey. 

4277
04:03:56,600 --> 04:03:59,300
But clearly something more is 
happening. 

4278
04:03:59,300 --> 04:04:03,200
The chart is interacting with 
the whiskey somehow pulling out 

4279
04:04:03,200 --> 04:04:06,100
harsh elements and adding a new 
flavors though. 

4280
04:04:06,100 --> 04:04:08,000
You couldn't explain the 
chemistry of it to save your 

4281
04:04:08,000 --> 04:04:11,400
life. 
Time matters too obviously you'd

4282
04:04:11,400 --> 04:04:15,100
plan to age the whiskey may be a
month, six weeks at most just 

4283
04:04:15,100 --> 04:04:16,800
long enough to let it settle and
clear. 

4284
04:04:18,000 --> 04:04:21,300
But this Barrel has been sitting
for almost eight weeks now and 

4285
04:04:21,300 --> 04:04:23,600
the extra time has clearly made 
a difference. 

4286
04:04:23,600 --> 04:04:25,500
You wonder how much longer you 
could? 

4287
04:04:25,500 --> 04:04:29,100
Let it sit three months, six 
months a year. 

4288
04:04:30,000 --> 04:04:32,100
What point would it? 
Stop improving and start going 

4289
04:04:32,100 --> 04:04:34,100
bad. 
These are questions that would 

4290
04:04:34,100 --> 04:04:37,800
require systematic testing to 
answer and you're just one man 

4291
04:04:37,800 --> 04:04:39,600
with a small operation and bills
to pay. 

4292
04:04:40,400 --> 04:04:42,300
The temperature might be playing
a role as well. 

4293
04:04:42,300 --> 04:04:46,700
Kentucky summers are brutal, the
kind of heat that makes work 

4294
04:04:46,700 --> 04:04:50,600
feel like punishment and turns 
the Stillhouse into an oven. 

4295
04:04:50,600 --> 04:04:54,200
Even when the fire isn't lit, 
the barrels have been sitting in

4296
04:04:54,208 --> 04:04:56,400
that shed through some of the 
hottest whether you've ever 

4297
04:04:56,408 --> 04:05:00,500
experienced the wood expanding 
and Contracting with the daily 

4298
04:05:00,500 --> 04:05:04,200
temperature swings, the whiskey 
moving in and out of the charred

4299
04:05:04,200 --> 04:05:07,400
Oak, like breathe in 
Pennsylvania, you stored barrels

4300
04:05:07,400 --> 04:05:10,500
and a cool cell where the 
temperature barely changed here.

4301
04:05:10,500 --> 04:05:13,100
There is no seller. 
Just this shed with its gaps 

4302
04:05:13,100 --> 04:05:16,000
between the boards. 
And maybe that constant Heating 

4303
04:05:16,000 --> 04:05:19,200
and Cooling is part of what's 
creating these new flavors, you 

4304
04:05:19,200 --> 04:05:21,200
take another sip from the cup 
trying to taste. 

4305
04:05:21,200 --> 04:05:25,000
It analytically now to break 
down, what your experience in to

4306
04:05:25,000 --> 04:05:27,500
components, you can understand, 
and potentially replicate, 

4307
04:05:27,500 --> 04:05:31,100
there's definitely sweetness but
it's not simple sugar. 

4308
04:05:31,100 --> 04:05:36,300
Sweetness is more complex, 
almost burnt but not quite like 

4309
04:05:36,300 --> 04:05:39,200
the sugar that crystallizes on 
the edge of a pie when it's been

4310
04:05:39,200 --> 04:05:42,500
baked just a little too long 
yolk is present but not 

4311
04:05:42,500 --> 04:05:46,200
overwhelming adding structure 
and depth rather than making the

4312
04:05:46,200 --> 04:05:49,400
whole thing taste like chewing 
on wood and there's something 

4313
04:05:49,400 --> 04:05:53,100
spicy happening A tingle on your
tongue that might be from the 

4314
04:05:53,100 --> 04:05:56,400
corn or might be from the barrel
or might be from the interaction

4315
04:05:56,400 --> 04:06:00,200
between the two Your wife 
appears at the cabin, door 

4316
04:06:00,200 --> 04:06:03,500
shading, her eyes with one hand.
Are you planning to do any 

4317
04:06:03,500 --> 04:06:06,300
actual work today? 
Or are you just gonna sit there 

4318
04:06:06,300 --> 04:06:09,600
drinking in the morning? 
You laugh standing up and 

4319
04:06:09,600 --> 04:06:12,400
stretching muscles that have 
gotten stiff from sitting too 

4320
04:06:12,400 --> 04:06:14,300
long in one position. 
Come taste. 

4321
04:06:14,300 --> 04:06:16,000
This you call her holding up the
cup. 

4322
04:06:16,000 --> 04:06:20,000
Tell me if I'm imagining things.
She crosses the yard with that 

4323
04:06:20,000 --> 04:06:22,800
efficient walk. 
She has not hurrying, but not 

4324
04:06:22,800 --> 04:06:25,700
wasting time either and takes 
the cup from your hands. 

4325
04:06:25,700 --> 04:06:30,400
You watch her face as she sips 
seeing the exact same expression

4326
04:06:30,400 --> 04:06:34,700
of surprise that you must have 
had eyes, widening eyebrows, 

4327
04:06:34,700 --> 04:06:37,900
going up and mouth opening 
slightly in an involuntary 

4328
04:06:37,900 --> 04:06:40,000
response to unexpected. 
Pleasure. 

4329
04:06:40,000 --> 04:06:43,000
What did you do to it? 
She asks taking another sip 

4330
04:06:43,000 --> 04:06:46,000
before you can answer. 
I don't know you admit. 

4331
04:06:46,700 --> 04:06:49,200
I put regular whiskey in a 
charred barrel and left it there

4332
04:06:49,200 --> 04:06:51,300
for two months. 
This is what came out. 

4333
04:06:52,300 --> 04:06:54,000
She hands the cup back to you 
though. 

4334
04:06:54,000 --> 04:06:55,800
You Can Tell She's reluctant to 
Let It Go. 

4335
04:06:56,700 --> 04:07:00,500
Well, she says, practical as 
always, I suppose you'd better 

4336
04:07:00,500 --> 04:07:03,400
figure out how to do it again 
then because if you can make 

4337
04:07:03,400 --> 04:07:06,000
whiskey, that tastes like that 
people will pay good money for 

4338
04:07:06,000 --> 04:07:07,400
it. 
She's right. 

4339
04:07:07,400 --> 04:07:10,600
Of course, you've been treating 
this as an interesting accident,

4340
04:07:10,600 --> 04:07:12,900
something to puzzle over and 
Marvel at. 

4341
04:07:12,900 --> 04:07:15,600
But there's a commercial 
Dimension here that you haven't 

4342
04:07:15,600 --> 04:07:18,500
fully considered the whiskey 
you've been making and selling 

4343
04:07:18,500 --> 04:07:20,900
is adequate. 
It does what whiskey supposed to

4344
04:07:20,908 --> 04:07:23,100
do which is burn and warm and 
Preserve. 

4345
04:07:23,800 --> 04:07:27,000
But it's not special. 
Nobody seeks it out. 

4346
04:07:27,000 --> 04:07:30,300
Specifically, they buy it 
because it's available and the 

4347
04:07:30,300 --> 04:07:33,600
price is fair, not because it's 
notably better than anyone 

4348
04:07:33,600 --> 04:07:37,100
else's product but this This is 
different. 

4349
04:07:37,100 --> 04:07:40,000
This is the kind of thing. 
People might actually prefer 

4350
04:07:40,000 --> 04:07:45,400
might request by name and my 
even travel to obtain The 

4351
04:07:45,400 --> 04:07:47,400
question is, whether you can 
replicate it. 

4352
04:07:47,400 --> 04:07:49,800
You have a dozen other barrels 
in the shed. 

4353
04:07:49,800 --> 04:07:53,500
All filled at roughly the same 
time, all made by the same 

4354
04:07:53,500 --> 04:07:55,800
Cooper, using the same charring 
technique. 

4355
04:07:55,800 --> 04:07:59,100
If the transformation you've 
discovered is real and reliable,

4356
04:07:59,100 --> 04:08:01,800
those other barrels should 
contain whiskey, that's 

4357
04:08:01,800 --> 04:08:04,700
undergone the same change. 
But if what happened was a 

4358
04:08:04,700 --> 04:08:08,300
fluke, some Quirk of this 
particular Barrel, well, this 

4359
04:08:08,300 --> 04:08:11,400
particular batch of whiskey or 
some variable you have to 

4360
04:08:11,400 --> 04:08:14,800
identified Then the other 
barrels, might still contain the

4361
04:08:14,800 --> 04:08:17,400
same harsh, clear liquid. 
You put into them. 

4362
04:08:17,400 --> 04:08:20,900
There's only one way to find 
out. you take the hammer and 

4363
04:08:20,900 --> 04:08:24,000
another speaker and move to the 
second Barrel taping it with the

4364
04:08:24,000 --> 04:08:27,600
same careful Precision you used 
on the first the whiskey that 

4365
04:08:27,608 --> 04:08:31,300
flows out is the same beautiful 
amber color and when you taste 

4366
04:08:31,300 --> 04:08:34,700
it, Flavors are similar enough 
to confirm your hope. 

4367
04:08:34,700 --> 04:08:38,900
This is replicable, whatever 
you've done, you've done it to 

4368
04:08:38,900 --> 04:08:41,800
all the barrels. 
The transformation isn't a quirk

4369
04:08:41,800 --> 04:08:44,100
of one container, but a 
predictable result of the 

4370
04:08:44,100 --> 04:08:47,400
process you've accidentally 
created by the time, you've 

4371
04:08:47,400 --> 04:08:50,300
sampled from all 12 barrels, 
you're feeling pleasantly, warm,

4372
04:08:50,300 --> 04:08:53,700
and slightly muzzy-headed and 
your wife is giving you amused. 

4373
04:08:53,700 --> 04:08:55,500
Looks from a cross. 
The yard where she's hanging 

4374
04:08:55,500 --> 04:08:58,200
laundry to dry. 
The whiskey is definitely 

4375
04:08:58,200 --> 04:09:00,600
affecting you but not in the 
harsh aggressive way. 

4376
04:09:00,600 --> 04:09:04,800
That raw distillate does. 
This is gentler more of a glow 

4377
04:09:04,800 --> 04:09:08,200
than a burn and you realize that
part of what makes this aged 

4378
04:09:08,200 --> 04:09:11,900
whiskey special is that you 
could actually sip it slowly and

4379
04:09:11,900 --> 04:09:14,700
enjoy it for the taste rather 
than just throwing it back 

4380
04:09:14,700 --> 04:09:17,900
quickly to get the medicine 
down, you couple the barrels 

4381
04:09:17,900 --> 04:09:20,300
carefully. 
Making sure the spigots are 

4382
04:09:20,300 --> 04:09:23,700
sealed tight and won't leak 
these containers represents of 

4383
04:09:23,708 --> 04:09:27,000
hours of work. 
Growing the corn harvesting it, 

4384
04:09:27,000 --> 04:09:30,500
grinding it fermenting, it 
distilling it. 

4385
04:09:30,500 --> 04:09:34,800
And now they represent Something
more a potential future where 

4386
04:09:34,800 --> 04:09:38,900
you're known for Quality rather 
than just quantity where people 

4387
04:09:38,900 --> 04:09:41,700
seek out your whiskey 
specifically rather than just 

4388
04:09:41,700 --> 04:09:44,900
buying whatever's available, the
rest of the day passes in a 

4389
04:09:44,900 --> 04:09:46,900
pleasant blur of normal farm 
work. 

4390
04:09:47,500 --> 04:09:50,400
You repair a section of fence 
that the cow has been leaning 

4391
04:09:50,400 --> 04:09:52,700
against. 
The split firewood for next. 

4392
04:09:52,700 --> 04:09:55,600
Week's distilling run. 
You read the kitchen garden and 

4393
04:09:55,608 --> 04:09:57,500
help your wife carry water from 
the spring. 

4394
04:09:58,200 --> 04:10:01,700
But your mind keeps returning to
those barrels to the question of

4395
04:10:01,700 --> 04:10:04,800
what to do next. 
Do you sell this batch as it is 

4396
04:10:04,800 --> 04:10:08,500
age two months or do you wait 
longer to see if more aging? 

4397
04:10:08,500 --> 04:10:11,400
Improves it further? 
Do you tell people what you've 

4398
04:10:11,400 --> 04:10:13,500
discovered or do? 
You keep it quiet? 

4399
04:10:13,500 --> 04:10:16,300
And let them think you've just 
gotten better at making whiskey.

4400
04:10:16,300 --> 04:10:19,800
Do you try to understand the 
science of what's happening or 

4401
04:10:19,800 --> 04:10:21,900
do you just accept the gift and 
move forward? 

4402
04:10:23,100 --> 04:10:26,000
Your lying in bed that night 
listening to your wife's 

4403
04:10:26,000 --> 04:10:28,200
breathing, settle into the 
rhythm of sleep. 

4404
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:30,600
But your own mind won't quiet 
down. 

4405
04:10:30,600 --> 04:10:34,000
The darkness is complete, except
for the faint red. 

4406
04:10:34,000 --> 04:10:37,000
Glow of Embers in the fireplace,
and you can hear mice. 

4407
04:10:37,000 --> 04:10:40,000
Grappling in the walls, busy 
with their own mysterious Mouse 

4408
04:10:40,000 --> 04:10:45,800
business outside a fox barks, 
once sharp and sudden then Falls

4409
04:10:45,800 --> 04:10:48,100
silent. 
These are the usual night. 

4410
04:10:48,100 --> 04:10:50,900
Sounds of Kentucky. 
But tonight they feel different 

4411
04:10:50,900 --> 04:10:54,200
somehow like the world has 
shifted slightly and everything 

4412
04:10:54,200 --> 04:10:57,800
needs to be relearned. 
The question nagging at you is 

4413
04:10:57,800 --> 04:11:01,600
time, two months was produced 
something remarkable but is it 

4414
04:11:01,600 --> 04:11:04,300
finished, why gets better with 
age? 

4415
04:11:04,300 --> 04:11:07,800
You know, that much, the French 
are famous for their ancient 

4416
04:11:07,800 --> 04:11:10,400
sellers where bottle sit for 
years or even decades 

4417
04:11:10,400 --> 04:11:14,700
accumulating value and 
complexity does whiskey work the

4418
04:11:14,700 --> 04:11:17,100
same way. 
Or is there a point where the 

4419
04:11:17,108 --> 04:11:20,400
oak becomes too much? 
Where the barrel overwhelms, the

4420
04:11:20,400 --> 04:11:22,900
spirit and turns everything 
Woody and bitter? 

4421
04:11:22,900 --> 04:11:24,900
You make a decision in the 
darkness. 

4422
04:11:24,900 --> 04:11:28,000
You'll sell half the barrels. 
Now, at two months and leave the

4423
04:11:28,008 --> 04:11:31,900
other after age longer, Six 
months, total, maybe or even a 

4424
04:11:31,900 --> 04:11:35,500
year, it's a compromise between 
the Practical need for income 

4425
04:11:35,500 --> 04:11:38,400
and the experimental desire to 
see what's possible. 

4426
04:11:39,300 --> 04:11:42,900
Your wife will approve of the 
practicality and the part of you

4427
04:11:42,900 --> 04:11:45,600
that's always curious will be 
satisfied by the ongoing 

4428
04:11:45,600 --> 04:11:48,100
experiment. 
Sleep, finally comes. 

4429
04:11:48,100 --> 04:11:51,300
And when you wait, is to full 
daylight and the smell of corn 

4430
04:11:51,300 --> 04:11:54,800
cakes cooking, your wife is 
already up and working as usual 

4431
04:11:54,800 --> 04:11:58,100
and you feel slightly guilty for
oversleeping though. 

4432
04:11:58,100 --> 04:12:01,100
The sun's position suggests its 
only just passed Dawn. 

4433
04:12:01,100 --> 04:12:04,800
The coffee is hot and waiting 
and you drink it standing at the

4434
04:12:04,800 --> 04:12:06,300
door. 
Looking out at your small 

4435
04:12:06,300 --> 04:12:08,800
Kingdom of Distillery and Fields
and Forest. 

4436
04:12:09,800 --> 04:12:12,400
The work of the day begins with 
checking the mash fats. 

4437
04:12:12,400 --> 04:12:15,200
Again, another day of 
fermentation has done its job. 

4438
04:12:16,200 --> 04:12:18,700
Foamers subsided slightly in the
liquid beneath. 

4439
04:12:18,700 --> 04:12:21,000
Has that cloudy? 
Yeasty look, that means it's 

4440
04:12:21,000 --> 04:12:25,000
ready to distill. 
You'll start tomorrow you decide

4441
04:12:25,000 --> 04:12:29,200
today is for Preparation 
gathering, firewood cleaning, 

4442
04:12:29,200 --> 04:12:32,300
the still setting up collection 
vessels and making sure 

4443
04:12:32,300 --> 04:12:34,200
everything's ready for the long.
Hot. 

4444
04:12:34,200 --> 04:12:37,000
Careful work of turning 
fermented Mash into clear 

4445
04:12:37,000 --> 04:12:39,800
Spirit, But first you need to 
deal with those barrels. 

4446
04:12:39,800 --> 04:12:43,200
The six you've decided to sell 
need to be loaded onto your 

4447
04:12:43,200 --> 04:12:46,500
wagon and taken to Lexington, 
where you have a standing 

4448
04:12:46,500 --> 04:12:49,300
arrangement with a merchant, who
sells Goods to the river, 

4449
04:12:49,300 --> 04:12:51,000
Traders heading down to New 
Orleans. 

4450
04:12:51,000 --> 04:12:54,900
It's a full day's trip there and
back but it's worth it for the 

4451
04:12:54,900 --> 04:12:57,600
access to a market bigger than 
the handful of neighbors within 

4452
04:12:57,600 --> 04:13:01,500
walking distance of your farm. 
Loading, the barrels is harder 

4453
04:13:01,500 --> 04:13:05,300
than you'd like to admit each 
one weighs close to 400 pounds 

4454
04:13:05,300 --> 04:13:07,700
when full. 
And while you have a system of 

4455
04:13:07,700 --> 04:13:10,600
ramps and rollers, that makes it
possible to move them alone. 

4456
04:13:10,600 --> 04:13:13,500
It's still brutal. 
Work that leaves you sweating 

4457
04:13:13,500 --> 04:13:15,800
and cursing. 
Despite the relatively cool 

4458
04:13:15,800 --> 04:13:18,900
morning air the muhle watches 
you with its usual expression of

4459
04:13:18,900 --> 04:13:22,400
patient to stain as if wondering
why humans, make everything. 

4460
04:13:22,400 --> 04:13:26,100
So complicated by the time, all 
six barrels are secured in the 

4461
04:13:26,108 --> 04:13:29,000
wagon, you're ready for a rest, 
but there's no time. 

4462
04:13:29,000 --> 04:13:32,900
You need to get to Lexington and
back before full dark and that 

4463
04:13:32,900 --> 04:13:35,600
means leaving. 
Soon your wife packs, you food 

4464
04:13:35,600 --> 04:13:39,800
for the journey cornbread. 
Dried venison a jar of pickles 

4465
04:13:39,800 --> 04:13:43,800
and a clay jug of water. 
She kisses, you goodbye with the

4466
04:13:43,800 --> 04:13:47,100
same matter-of-fact affection. 
She brings to everything and you

4467
04:13:47,100 --> 04:13:50,700
climb up onto the wagon seat, 
taking the reins and clicking 

4468
04:13:50,700 --> 04:13:54,200
your tongue at the mule to get 
it moving the wagon creeks and 

4469
04:13:54,200 --> 04:13:57,800
sways as it hits the ruts in the
road and you settle into the 

4470
04:13:57,800 --> 04:13:59,900
familiar discomfort of a long 
trip. 

4471
04:14:00,100 --> 04:14:03,900
On bad roads. 
The journey to Lexington takes 

4472
04:14:03,900 --> 04:14:06,800
you through forest and farmland 
in roughly equal measure. 

4473
04:14:06,800 --> 04:14:10,600
Kentucky is filling up fast with
new settlers families, from 

4474
04:14:10,608 --> 04:14:15,000
Virginia and Pennsylvania and 
the Carolinas all flooding in to

4475
04:14:15,000 --> 04:14:17,400
claim land and build lives in 
this fertile Valley. 

4476
04:14:18,000 --> 04:14:21,400
You pass cabins that weren't 
there six months ago and See 

4477
04:14:21,400 --> 04:14:23,300
Fields that have been cleared 
from forest. 

4478
04:14:23,300 --> 04:14:26,600
So recently, the stumps are 
still white and raw looking 

4479
04:14:26,600 --> 04:14:31,200
everyone waves, as you pass that
automatic Frontier friendliness 

4480
04:14:31,200 --> 04:14:35,200
that assumes anyone you meet is 
probably a decent person until 

4481
04:14:35,200 --> 04:14:37,900
proven. 
Otherwise Lexington is growing 

4482
04:14:37,900 --> 04:14:40,800
too spreading out from the 
original fort in to something 

4483
04:14:40,800 --> 04:14:43,300
that's starting to resemble an 
actual town. 

4484
04:14:43,300 --> 04:14:47,000
There are stores now and taverns
and a church and streets that 

4485
04:14:47,000 --> 04:14:49,800
have names rather than just 
being the road that goes to the 

4486
04:14:49,800 --> 04:14:52,200
spring or the path by Johnson's 
cabin. 

4487
04:14:53,100 --> 04:14:56,300
You guide, the mules through the
traffic, mostly other wagons, 

4488
04:14:56,300 --> 04:15:00,400
but also people on Horseback, 
and on foot and until you reach 

4489
04:15:00,400 --> 04:15:03,900
the merchant establishment, a 
sturdy log building with a 

4490
04:15:03,908 --> 04:15:07,200
covered porch, where men sit and
smoke and discuss politics and 

4491
04:15:07,200 --> 04:15:09,900
whether and crop prices. 
The merchant himself. 

4492
04:15:09,900 --> 04:15:13,500
A man named Harrison who came 
from Virginia and still dresses.

4493
04:15:13,500 --> 04:15:16,600
Like he's living in a city 
rather than on the frontier. 

4494
04:15:17,400 --> 04:15:19,100
Comes out to inspect your 
delivery. 

4495
04:15:19,100 --> 04:15:22,900
He's bought your whiskey before 
always paying fair prices and 

4496
04:15:22,900 --> 04:15:25,800
never complaining about quality 
but you've never brought him 

4497
04:15:25,800 --> 04:15:27,500
anything. 
Like what's in these barrels? 

4498
04:15:27,500 --> 04:15:31,700
Same as usual, he asks, making 
notes on a piece of paper with a

4499
04:15:31,700 --> 04:15:33,800
pencil that he keeps tucked 
behind his ear when he's not 

4500
04:15:33,800 --> 04:15:36,500
using it. 
To the new usual, you say 

4501
04:15:36,500 --> 04:15:38,600
hopping down from the wagon 
here. 

4502
04:15:38,600 --> 04:15:41,900
Try it. 
You tap one of the barrels right

4503
04:15:41,900 --> 04:15:44,200
there on the street, filling a 
cup with the Amber liquid 

4504
04:15:44,200 --> 04:15:48,700
Harrison takes its skeptically. 
He's tasted hundreds of whiskeys

4505
04:15:48,700 --> 04:15:51,700
in his career as a merchant and 
most of them range from barely 

4506
04:15:51,700 --> 04:15:53,500
drinkable to actively 
unpleasant. 

4507
04:15:54,400 --> 04:15:57,400
But his expression changes as 
soon as the liquid touches is 

4508
04:15:57,400 --> 04:16:01,900
tongue, well, in the name of he 
Trails off taking another sip. 

4509
04:16:01,900 --> 04:16:04,100
How long have you been holding 
out on me? 

4510
04:16:05,000 --> 04:16:08,100
You explain about the barrels, 
the charring and The Accidental 

4511
04:16:08,100 --> 04:16:11,900
aging Harrison's with the 
focused attention of a man who 

4512
04:16:11,900 --> 04:16:15,900
recognizes an opportunity when 
he tastes one, by the time you 

4513
04:16:15,900 --> 04:16:19,000
finish talking, he's made his 
decision, I'll take it all. 

4514
04:16:19,000 --> 04:16:22,500
He says every barrel you've got 
and I'll pay you double the 

4515
04:16:22,500 --> 04:16:26,200
usual rate. 
Triple even if you can guarantee

4516
04:16:26,200 --> 04:16:28,500
me a regular supply of whiskey 
of this quality. 

4517
04:16:29,500 --> 04:16:32,900
You negotiate for another few 
minutes, but your heart isn't in

4518
04:16:32,900 --> 04:16:34,800
it. 
The price is offering is more 

4519
04:16:34,800 --> 04:16:38,100
than fair, probably more than 
you should accept on the first 

4520
04:16:38,100 --> 04:16:40,100
sale. 
The Harrison isn't stupid. 

4521
04:16:40,100 --> 04:16:43,200
He knows that whiskey. 
This good will self even more 

4522
04:16:43,200 --> 04:16:46,100
when he moves it down, river to 
New Orleans where people have 

4523
04:16:46,100 --> 04:16:49,400
money and refined tastes and a 
taste for luxury goods. 

4524
04:16:49,400 --> 04:16:53,100
It's better to lock you in now 
with a generous price than risk 

4525
04:16:53,100 --> 04:16:55,500
you finding another buyer who 
might appreciate the quality. 

4526
04:16:56,200 --> 04:16:59,700
The transaction concluded, you 
help Harrison's workers, roll 

4527
04:16:59,700 --> 04:17:03,200
the barrels into his storage 
building a substantial structure

4528
04:17:03,200 --> 04:17:06,000
with a Cellar, dug deep enough 
that the temperature stays 

4529
04:17:06,000 --> 04:17:10,000
relatively constant year-round, 
he pays you in silver coins that

4530
04:17:10,000 --> 04:17:11,600
clink pleasantly in The Leather 
Pouch. 

4531
04:17:11,600 --> 04:17:15,000
You carry for such purposes more
money than you've seen in one 

4532
04:17:15,000 --> 04:17:16,400
place. 
Since you bought the land for 

4533
04:17:16,400 --> 04:17:20,200
your farm, you're on the road 
back from Lexington, the empty 

4534
04:17:20,200 --> 04:17:22,500
wagon rattling along much faster
than it did. 

4535
04:17:22,500 --> 04:17:26,000
When loaded your pocket heavy 
with coins and your mind heavy 

4536
04:17:26,000 --> 04:17:28,500
with thoughts, the sun is 
passed, its peak. 

4537
04:17:28,500 --> 04:17:31,400
Now slanting in from the west 
and you're making good time. 

4538
04:17:32,200 --> 04:17:34,600
You should be home well, before 
dark, which means you can 

4539
04:17:34,600 --> 04:17:36,200
actually help with evening 
chores. 

4540
04:17:36,200 --> 04:17:38,600
Instead of arriving exhausted 
and useless. 

4541
04:17:38,600 --> 04:17:41,900
The question occupying, your 
thoughts is what to call this 

4542
04:17:41,900 --> 04:17:45,600
new whiskey Harrison had asked 
quite reasonably if it had a 

4543
04:17:45,600 --> 04:17:48,500
name and you had to admit that 
you just been thinking of it as 

4544
04:17:48,500 --> 04:17:52,700
the whiskey, from the charred, 
barrels or the Aged whiskey, 

4545
04:17:52,700 --> 04:17:55,900
neither of which exactly rolls 
off the tongue or sounds 

4546
04:17:55,900 --> 04:17:59,500
particularly marketable. 
He'd suggested you think about 

4547
04:17:59,500 --> 04:18:02,000
it and come up with something 
distinctive that people could 

4548
04:18:02,000 --> 04:18:05,100
ask for by name. 
The problem is that naming 

4549
04:18:05,100 --> 04:18:06,800
things as never been your 
strength. 

4550
04:18:06,800 --> 04:18:10,900
Your mule is named, mule your 
cow is named cow. 

4551
04:18:10,900 --> 04:18:14,600
Your dog back when you had one 
was named dog until he died of 

4552
04:18:14,600 --> 04:18:16,900
old age. 
You never got around to replace 

4553
04:18:16,900 --> 04:18:21,100
him your practical about most 
things, but creativity in naming

4554
04:18:21,100 --> 04:18:22,500
isn't something that comes 
naturally. 

4555
04:18:23,400 --> 04:18:26,600
Bourbon County whiskey may be 
you live in what's technically 

4556
04:18:26,600 --> 04:18:30,300
Bourbon County named after the 
French royal family in gratitude

4557
04:18:30,300 --> 04:18:33,300
for France's help. 
During the Revolution, most of 

4558
04:18:33,300 --> 04:18:35,900
the whiskey being made, in 
Kentucky, comes from the general

4559
04:18:35,900 --> 04:18:37,800
area. 
So it would make sense to 

4560
04:18:37,800 --> 04:18:40,900
associate it with the place but 
that feels almost too. 

4561
04:18:40,900 --> 04:18:43,600
Obvious. 
Two simple surely. 

4562
04:18:43,600 --> 04:18:46,100
Someone else will think of that 
eventually and then where will 

4563
04:18:46,100 --> 04:18:48,600
you be? 
You let your mind wander 

4564
04:18:48,600 --> 04:18:51,900
watching the forest, slide past 
on both sides of the road. 

4565
04:18:52,700 --> 04:18:55,300
The trees. 
Here are magnificent, massive 

4566
04:18:55,300 --> 04:18:58,400
Oaks and hickories and Maples. 
That must be hundreds of years 

4567
04:18:58,400 --> 04:19:01,400
old, their trunks wider than you
are tall. 

4568
04:19:01,400 --> 04:19:03,400
They've stood here since long 
before. 

4569
04:19:03,400 --> 04:19:06,700
European settlers arrived 
witnesses to everything. 

4570
04:19:06,700 --> 04:19:09,600
That's happened in this Valley 
and they'll probably still be 

4571
04:19:09,600 --> 04:19:11,800
standing long after your dead 
and forgotten. 

4572
04:19:11,800 --> 04:19:13,800
There's something humbling about
that. 

4573
04:19:13,800 --> 04:19:17,300
Something that puts your small 
concerns about whiskey names 

4574
04:19:17,300 --> 04:19:21,800
into perspective, Creek, crosses
the road ahead running clear and

4575
04:19:21,800 --> 04:19:25,700
cold over smooth Stones. 
You let the mule stop and drink 

4576
04:19:25,700 --> 04:19:28,500
sitting in the afternoon shade 
and listening to the water 

4577
04:19:28,500 --> 04:19:31,800
chuckle over its Rocky bed. 
This is the kind of moment that 

4578
04:19:31,800 --> 04:19:35,800
makes all the hard work worth 
while These minutes of peace and

4579
04:19:35,800 --> 04:19:39,400
natural beauty, when you're not 
actively struggling against 

4580
04:19:39,400 --> 04:19:43,000
something or rushing to finish 
some tasks, you drink from your 

4581
04:19:43,000 --> 04:19:46,300
own water jug, eating a piece of
the cornbread, your wife packed,

4582
04:19:46,300 --> 04:19:48,700
letting the quietness sink in to
you. 

4583
04:19:48,700 --> 04:19:51,800
The name question, follows you 
home and stays with you through 

4584
04:19:51,800 --> 04:19:55,000
the evening chores and supper 
and the quiet hour before bed, 

4585
04:19:55,000 --> 04:19:57,600
when you and your wife sit by 
the fire and talk about the day,

4586
04:19:57,600 --> 04:20:01,500
she suggests calling it Creek 
Water whiskey after the 

4587
04:20:01,500 --> 04:20:04,000
Limestone spring. 
That provides your water, but 

4588
04:20:04,000 --> 04:20:05,200
that doesn't feel quite right 
either. 

4589
04:20:06,000 --> 04:20:08,500
Too literal somehow and it 
doesn't capture. 

4590
04:20:08,500 --> 04:20:13,100
What makes the whiskey special 
days pass then weeks and still 

4591
04:20:13,100 --> 04:20:16,000
the name? 
Question remains unsolved, you 

4592
04:20:16,000 --> 04:20:18,400
make another batch of whiskey 
filling more. 

4593
04:20:18,400 --> 04:20:22,100
Charred barrels, committed. 
Now to the aging process, even 

4594
04:20:22,100 --> 04:20:24,700
though you still don't fully 
understand, all the variables 

4595
04:20:24,700 --> 04:20:28,400
involved, Harrison sends word 
that the first shipment sold out

4596
04:20:28,400 --> 04:20:31,400
almost immediately in New 
Orleans and he wants more as 

4597
04:20:31,400 --> 04:20:33,800
soon as possible other 
distillers in the area. 

4598
04:20:33,800 --> 04:20:36,700
Starting to notice what you're 
doing and asking questions about

4599
04:20:36,700 --> 04:20:39,500
your techniques. 
And you answer honestly because 

4600
04:20:39,500 --> 04:20:43,700
it's not in your nature to hoard
knowledge, besides competition 

4601
04:20:43,700 --> 04:20:46,800
will be good for everyone. 
He'll push you all to improve to

4602
04:20:46,800 --> 04:20:50,200
experiment and to discover new 
variations on what you've 

4603
04:20:50,200 --> 04:20:54,000
accidentally created. 
The barrel your aging for a full

4604
04:20:54,000 --> 04:20:57,800
year, sit in the shed like a 
patient promise every week or so

4605
04:20:57,800 --> 04:21:01,800
you tap, it just a small taste 
to see how it's developing and 

4606
04:21:01,800 --> 04:21:04,900
the changes are subtle. 
But real, the flavors are 

4607
04:21:04,900 --> 04:21:06,300
deepening becoming more 
integrated. 

4608
04:21:06,300 --> 04:21:09,800
And the sharp edges are smooth 
and away until what remains is 

4609
04:21:09,800 --> 04:21:12,600
almost impossibly Smooth. 
You're not sure. 

4610
04:21:12,600 --> 04:21:15,000
It's actually better than the 
two months aged whiskey. 

4611
04:21:15,000 --> 04:21:17,700
It's different. 
Certainly more refined in some 

4612
04:21:17,700 --> 04:21:21,900
ways, but perhaps less vibrant 
But the experiment is valuable 

4613
04:21:21,900 --> 04:21:26,000
regardless of the outcome. 
One evening in late October, a 

4614
04:21:26,000 --> 04:21:28,300
rider comes up the road, just as
you're finishing the evening 

4615
04:21:28,300 --> 04:21:33,100
chores, he's a young man. 
Probably not yet. 20 dress 

4616
04:21:33,100 --> 04:21:36,300
clothes of someone who works for
a living rather than for show. 

4617
04:21:36,300 --> 04:21:39,900
He introduces himself as a 
representative from a Tavern 

4618
04:21:39,900 --> 04:21:42,200
Keeper in Louisville. 
Whose heard about your whiskey 

4619
04:21:42,200 --> 04:21:45,000
and wants to buy it directly 
rather than going through 

4620
04:21:45,000 --> 04:21:48,200
Harrison's operation in 
Lexington, you invite him 

4621
04:21:48,200 --> 04:21:50,500
inside, pour him. 
A cup of the two-month aged 

4622
04:21:50,500 --> 04:21:54,000
whiskey and watches face light 
up with the same expression. 

4623
04:21:54,000 --> 04:21:57,100
Everyone has, when they taste it
for the first time, he's 

4624
04:21:57,100 --> 04:21:58,600
prepared to make an offer on the
spot. 

4625
04:21:58,600 --> 04:22:01,800
He says, and the price, he 
mentioned is even higher than 

4626
04:22:01,800 --> 04:22:05,200
what Harrison is paying, you 
negotiate in a friendly way. 

4627
04:22:05,200 --> 04:22:09,300
Neither of you trying to take 
advantage and eventually settle 

4628
04:22:09,300 --> 04:22:11,700
on terms that seem fair to both 
parties. 

4629
04:22:12,900 --> 04:22:15,600
What do you call it? 
The young man asks as he's 

4630
04:22:15,600 --> 04:22:19,300
preparing to leave. 
The Tavern keeper will want to 

4631
04:22:19,300 --> 04:22:23,100
know what to put on the sign. 
And suddenly without planning 

4632
04:22:23,100 --> 04:22:24,900
it. 
The answer is there. 

4633
04:22:26,200 --> 04:22:29,000
Bourbon, you say call it 
bourbon. 

4634
04:22:29,900 --> 04:22:33,300
It's not your decision exactly. 
The name has been hovering 

4635
04:22:33,300 --> 04:22:35,600
around the edges of your 
Consciousness for weeks now, 

4636
04:22:35,600 --> 04:22:39,600
inevitable as weather. 
But saying it out loud, makes it

4637
04:22:39,600 --> 04:22:45,400
real bourbon simple direct and 
tied to the place without being 

4638
04:22:45,400 --> 04:22:49,400
awkwardly long. 
The young man nods repeating it 

4639
04:22:49,400 --> 04:22:52,000
to himself, clearly liking the 
sound of it. 

4640
04:22:53,000 --> 04:22:56,100
Bourbon. 
After he leaves your wife looks 

4641
04:22:56,100 --> 04:22:58,700
at you with raised eyebrows. 
Bourbon. 

4642
04:22:58,700 --> 04:23:02,600
That's what we're going with. 
Unless you have a better idea, 

4643
04:23:02,600 --> 04:23:06,000
you say, but you can tell from 
her expression that she approves

4644
04:23:06,000 --> 04:23:08,900
or at least doesn't disapprove 
strongly enough to argue about 

4645
04:23:08,900 --> 04:23:11,300
it. 
And that's how it happens with 

4646
04:23:11,300 --> 04:23:13,900
less ceremony than you might 
expect for something that will 

4647
04:23:13,900 --> 04:23:17,400
eventually become famous. 
No, official declaration. 

4648
04:23:17,400 --> 04:23:21,300
No legal registration. 
Just a practical answer to a 

4649
04:23:21,300 --> 04:23:25,000
practical question. 
The whiskey you make aged in 

4650
04:23:25,000 --> 04:23:28,100
charred Oak barrels, until it 
turns Amber and smooth will be 

4651
04:23:28,108 --> 04:23:30,500
called bourbon. 
Other people are probably 

4652
04:23:30,500 --> 04:23:33,300
calling their whiskey. 
The same thing or will be soon. 

4653
04:23:33,300 --> 04:23:37,600
And over time, the name will 
become standardized associated 

4654
04:23:37,600 --> 04:23:40,800
with Kentucky, and with a 
specific techniques that you and

4655
04:23:40,808 --> 04:23:44,700
others are developing. 
But here now, on this October 

4656
04:23:44,700 --> 04:23:47,200
evening, with the first Frost of
the Season glittering on the 

4657
04:23:47,200 --> 04:23:50,500
grass, outside, bourbon is just 
a word you've chosen because it 

4658
04:23:50,500 --> 04:23:54,300
fits, you're in the Stillhouse 
on a December morning, cold 

4659
04:23:54,300 --> 04:23:57,500
enough that your breath makes 
clouds in the air feeding wood 

4660
04:23:57,500 --> 04:24:00,300
into the Firebox. 
Beneath the Copper Still, the 

4661
04:24:00,300 --> 04:24:03,900
fire is just catching Flames 
licking up around the logs and 

4662
04:24:03,900 --> 04:24:06,600
you can already feel the heat 
beginning to radiate outward. 

4663
04:24:06,600 --> 04:24:08,700
This is good work for a winter 
day. 

4664
04:24:08,700 --> 04:24:10,900
The Stillhouse will be warm 
soon. 

4665
04:24:10,900 --> 04:24:14,100
Almost two warm. 
And the contrast with the 

4666
04:24:14,100 --> 04:24:17,200
freezing air outside makes the 
Heat To feel like a gift rather 

4667
04:24:17,200 --> 04:24:20,000
than a burden. 
There's been talk lately in the 

4668
04:24:20,000 --> 04:24:22,300
taverns and at the church 
meetings and wherever men, 

4669
04:24:22,300 --> 04:24:26,200
gather to discuss business about
a Baptist preacher over in 

4670
04:24:26,200 --> 04:24:29,400
Fayette County named Elijah. 
Craig who's also making whiskey 

4671
04:24:29,400 --> 04:24:31,500
using the charred Barrel 
technique. 

4672
04:24:31,500 --> 04:24:34,700
Some people are saying he 
invented it that he was the 

4673
04:24:34,700 --> 04:24:38,400
first to discover how Aging in 
charcoal transforms, the spirit.

4674
04:24:38,400 --> 04:24:42,700
You've heard these stories with 
mixed feelings, partly amused 

4675
04:24:42,700 --> 04:24:46,400
partly, irritated and partly 
just philosophical about the way

4676
04:24:46,400 --> 04:24:49,900
history gets written the truth, 
as you understand it. 

4677
04:24:49,900 --> 04:24:53,300
Is that several people probably 
discovered the technique around 

4678
04:24:53,300 --> 04:24:56,700
the same time. 
All working independently, all 

4679
04:24:56,700 --> 04:24:58,700
responding to the same 
circumstances. 

4680
04:24:58,700 --> 04:25:01,900
Craig is a preacher and 
therefore more memorable and 

4681
04:25:01,900 --> 04:25:05,200
more likely to be remembered and
talked about You're just a 

4682
04:25:05,200 --> 04:25:08,300
farmer who happens to also make 
whiskey not particularly 

4683
04:25:08,300 --> 04:25:10,400
noteworthy. 
Except for the quality of what 

4684
04:25:10,400 --> 04:25:13,600
you produce, if Craig wants to 
be known as the father of 

4685
04:25:13,600 --> 04:25:17,000
bourbon, you're not going to 
fight him for the title, there's

4686
04:25:17,000 --> 04:25:20,600
enough market for everyone and 
honestly the less attention, you

4687
04:25:20,600 --> 04:25:24,100
attract the better but it does 
make you think about how stories

4688
04:25:24,100 --> 04:25:27,500
become established how one 
version of events becomes the 

4689
04:25:27,500 --> 04:25:29,500
official version While others 
fade away? 

4690
04:25:30,400 --> 04:25:33,400
Craig has charismatic and 
educated and good at promoting 

4691
04:25:33,400 --> 04:25:35,800
himself. 
He gives sermons that people 

4692
04:25:35,800 --> 04:25:40,100
remember makes connections with 
influential men and understands 

4693
04:25:40,100 --> 04:25:43,600
how to shape narratives. 
You just make whiskey in 100 

4694
04:25:43,600 --> 04:25:45,300
years. 
Assuming bourbon is still being 

4695
04:25:45,300 --> 04:25:46,800
made. 
People will probably credit 

4696
04:25:46,800 --> 04:25:49,100
Craig with inventing it and 
that's fine. 

4697
04:25:49,100 --> 04:25:53,300
The invention matters more than 
the inventor really and besides,

4698
04:25:53,300 --> 04:25:56,500
who's to say that Craig didn't 
come up with it, independently 

4699
04:25:56,500 --> 04:26:00,100
maybe even before you did the 
still is heating. 

4700
04:26:00,100 --> 04:26:03,800
Now, the temperature rising 
steadily and you check the 

4701
04:26:03,800 --> 04:26:08,600
thermometer, you've installed in
the side of the pot. 150 degrees

4702
04:26:08,600 --> 04:26:11,700
still well below the boiling 
point of water, but getting 

4703
04:26:11,700 --> 04:26:14,200
warmer you've learned through 
experience. 

4704
04:26:14,200 --> 04:26:16,100
The distillation is all about 
temperature. 

4705
04:26:16,100 --> 04:26:19,900
Control too, cool and nothing 
happens, too hot and you boil 

4706
04:26:19,900 --> 04:26:22,300
off everything including the 
compounds. 

4707
04:26:22,300 --> 04:26:25,000
You don't want The Sweet Spot is
narrow. 

4708
04:26:25,000 --> 04:26:28,900
Requiring constant attention and
adjustment, which is why you 

4709
04:26:28,900 --> 04:26:32,100
can't leave the still unattended
for more than a few minutes at a

4710
04:26:32,100 --> 04:26:35,900
time during a run, your wife 
brings you dinner around noon, a

4711
04:26:35,900 --> 04:26:38,900
bowl of bean soup and some fresh
bread and sits with you while 

4712
04:26:38,900 --> 04:26:41,100
you eat. 
She has been to church recently 

4713
04:26:41,100 --> 04:26:44,900
where Craig gave a guest sermon.
And she reports that he spoke 

4714
04:26:44,900 --> 04:26:48,500
eloquently about the virtue of 
hard work and the importance of 

4715
04:26:48,508 --> 04:26:52,200
using God's gifts wisely, he 
mentioned whiskey making 

4716
04:26:52,200 --> 04:26:55,400
specifically. 
She says, as an example of 

4717
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:58,500
taking the raw materials of 
creation and transforming them 

4718
04:26:58,500 --> 04:27:02,200
into something of greater value.
Did he mention the charred 

4719
04:27:02,200 --> 04:27:04,700
barrels? 
You are more Curious than 

4720
04:27:04,700 --> 04:27:06,100
anything. 
He did. 

4721
04:27:06,100 --> 04:27:10,000
She says he talked about how the
fire purifies how the Char 

4722
04:27:10,000 --> 04:27:12,100
filter out impurities and 
improves the spirit. 

4723
04:27:12,100 --> 04:27:15,000
He made it sound almost 
religious like the whiskey is 

4724
04:27:15,000 --> 04:27:18,200
being baptized or something. 
You laugh at that because it's 

4725
04:27:18,200 --> 04:27:20,000
absurd and also kind of 
brilliant. 

4726
04:27:20,900 --> 04:27:23,600
Leave it to a preacher to find 
religious significance in 

4727
04:27:23,608 --> 04:27:26,200
Bourbon making. 
But there's something to it, 

4728
04:27:26,200 --> 04:27:29,400
too, something about 
transformation and patience. 

4729
04:27:29,400 --> 04:27:32,500
And the way time and specific 
conditions can turn something 

4730
04:27:32,500 --> 04:27:34,600
ordinary into something 
exceptional. 

4731
04:27:34,600 --> 04:27:38,000
If Craig wants to frame it in 
religious terms, that's his 

4732
04:27:38,000 --> 04:27:40,100
prerogative. 
And honestly, it might help 

4733
04:27:40,100 --> 04:27:43,100
bourbon gain acceptance among 
people, who would otherwise be 

4734
04:27:43,100 --> 04:27:46,400
suspicious of alcohol. 
The afternoon passes in the 

4735
04:27:46,400 --> 04:27:50,400
familiar rhythm of distilling, 
feeding the fire watching the 

4736
04:27:50,400 --> 04:27:53,800
temperature collecting the 
output and judging whether it's 

4737
04:27:53,800 --> 04:27:57,800
heads or hearts or tails the 
heads come first, containing the

4738
04:27:57,800 --> 04:28:00,000
volatile compounds that will 
make you go blind. 

4739
04:28:00,000 --> 04:28:03,300
If you drink them. 
These, you discarding them into 

4740
04:28:03,300 --> 04:28:05,900
a bucket that you'll eventually 
use for cleaning metal or 

4741
04:28:05,900 --> 04:28:09,700
starting fires the hearts. 
Come next, the good Middle Run, 

4742
04:28:09,700 --> 04:28:12,500
where the alcohol is clean and 
strong and suitable for aging. 

4743
04:28:12,500 --> 04:28:16,800
The tails come last weaker and 
containing compounds that tastes

4744
04:28:16,800 --> 04:28:20,300
bad or might make you sick 
these, you'll save to reveal 

4745
04:28:20,300 --> 04:28:23,400
with the next batch. 
Extracting what ever useful 

4746
04:28:23,400 --> 04:28:26,500
alcohol they can attain by 
evening you've collected about 

4747
04:28:26,500 --> 04:28:30,200
10 gallons of good Hearts, clear
liquid, that smell sharp and 

4748
04:28:30,200 --> 04:28:32,400
clean and is ready to be 
transformed. 

4749
04:28:32,400 --> 04:28:35,800
By chardin time, you'll let it 
rest overnight. 

4750
04:28:35,800 --> 04:28:39,000
And then tomorrow, you'll fill 
another barrel and add it to the

4751
04:28:39,000 --> 04:28:43,400
Aging shed. 
Cycle continues batch after 

4752
04:28:43,400 --> 04:28:46,700
batch. 
Each one representing a week or 

4753
04:28:46,700 --> 04:28:50,300
two of work and then months or 
years of waiting over the 

4754
04:28:50,300 --> 04:28:53,700
following weeks, the story about
Elijah Craig inventing bourbon 

4755
04:28:53,700 --> 04:28:56,800
becomes more widespread. 
You hear it at the General Store

4756
04:28:56,800 --> 04:29:00,800
at the Mill and at church always
told with slight variations, but

4757
04:29:00,800 --> 04:29:02,800
the basic narrative is 
consistent. 

4758
04:29:02,800 --> 04:29:07,200
Craig, the brilliant preacher 
discovering through divine 

4759
04:29:07,200 --> 04:29:10,700
inspiration, or careful, 
experimentation, or possibly, 

4760
04:29:10,700 --> 04:29:12,800
just accident. 
That charred barrels. 

4761
04:29:12,800 --> 04:29:15,700
Improved whiskey your own role 
to the extent. 

4762
04:29:15,700 --> 04:29:18,600
Its mentioned at all, is as one 
of the early adopters who 

4763
04:29:18,600 --> 04:29:21,500
recognized Craig's genius and 
copied his technique. 

4764
04:29:21,500 --> 04:29:24,300
This bothers you less than you 
thought it would. 

4765
04:29:24,300 --> 04:29:27,400
You've never been someone who 
needs recognition or fame. 

4766
04:29:27,400 --> 04:29:31,000
And honestly, being associated 
with Craig's name, might help 

4767
04:29:31,000 --> 04:29:34,400
your whiskey sale. 
Better people trust preachers or

4768
04:29:34,400 --> 04:29:36,800
at least they trust them more 
than they trust random Farmers. 

4769
04:29:36,800 --> 04:29:40,600
If Craig's endorsement even an 
indirect endorsement through 

4770
04:29:40,900 --> 04:29:44,200
Association helps convince 
people that bourbon as a quality

4771
04:29:44,200 --> 04:29:47,500
product, rather than just 
another harsh, Frontier Spirit, 

4772
04:29:47,500 --> 04:29:49,600
then you're happy to fade into 
the background. 

4773
04:29:49,600 --> 04:29:52,100
What matters? 
More is the work itself. 

4774
04:29:52,100 --> 04:29:55,500
The daily practice of making 
whisky, as well, as you know, 

4775
04:29:55,500 --> 04:29:58,600
how constantly learning and 
adjusting and trying to improve.

4776
04:29:58,600 --> 04:30:02,100
You've started, keeping notes in
a leather bound Journal, where 

4777
04:30:02,100 --> 04:30:04,000
you record details about each 
batch. 

4778
04:30:04,800 --> 04:30:07,900
Corn, variety the fermentation 
temperature. 

4779
04:30:08,600 --> 04:30:11,600
The still temperature during 
different parts of the run, the 

4780
04:30:11,600 --> 04:30:15,700
barrel characteristics, the 
Aging time and the weather 

4781
04:30:15,700 --> 04:30:18,400
conditions. 
It's not systematic scientific 

4782
04:30:18,400 --> 04:30:20,500
research. 
Just one man trying to 

4783
04:30:20,508 --> 04:30:24,200
understand his craft better, but
it's something you're sitting on

4784
04:30:24,208 --> 04:30:27,100
your porch, on a warm spring 
evening, the kind where the 

4785
04:30:27,108 --> 04:30:29,700
temperature is perfect. 
And the air smells like growing 

4786
04:30:29,700 --> 04:30:32,900
things, and you can hear frogs 
syncing from the creek down the 

4787
04:30:32,900 --> 04:30:35,400
hill. 
Your nearest neighbor a man 

4788
04:30:35,400 --> 04:30:37,600
named Thompson. 
Who Farms about three miles to 

4789
04:30:37,600 --> 04:30:40,500
the east has stopped by on his 
way home from Lexington. 

4790
04:30:40,500 --> 04:30:44,200
And you've poured him a couple 
of bourbon, not the Aged stuff, 

4791
04:30:44,200 --> 04:30:46,900
just regular two months whiskey,
that you're comfortable, 

4792
04:30:46,900 --> 04:30:51,500
shareing Thompson Simpson slowly
making a preacher of noises. 

4793
04:30:51,500 --> 04:30:55,600
He's a taciturn man normally not
giving to elaborate compliments 

4794
04:30:55,600 --> 04:30:59,700
but he's on his second cup and 
getting more talkative This is 

4795
04:30:59,700 --> 04:31:04,200
smooth, he says which from 
Thompson is High, Praise smooth.

4796
04:31:04,200 --> 04:31:06,500
This whiskey I've had in 
Kentucky and I've had most of 

4797
04:31:06,500 --> 04:31:09,900
them You accept the compliment 
with the nod not making a big 

4798
04:31:09,900 --> 04:31:12,300
deal of it. 
Thompson isn't here, just to 

4799
04:31:12,300 --> 04:31:14,400
drink. 
He's got something on his mind. 

4800
04:31:14,400 --> 04:31:17,700
You can tell from the way he 
keeps starting to speak and then

4801
04:31:17,700 --> 04:31:20,200
stopping himself. 
You wait, patient. 

4802
04:31:20,200 --> 04:31:23,500
Letting the evening sounds. 
Fill the silence between you, 

4803
04:31:23,500 --> 04:31:25,200
finally. 
He comes out with it. 

4804
04:31:26,200 --> 04:31:29,800
I'm thinking of starting my own 
operation he says distilling I 

4805
04:31:29,800 --> 04:31:33,400
mean there's money in it clearly
and I've got corn I could use 

4806
04:31:33,400 --> 04:31:36,200
instead of selling I was 
wondering if you'd be willing to

4807
04:31:36,200 --> 04:31:39,600
share some of what you know. 
This is a question you've been 

4808
04:31:39,608 --> 04:31:43,800
getting more often lately as 
words spreads about bourbon a 

4809
04:31:43,800 --> 04:31:47,300
more Farmers realize there's 
value in the process, your 

4810
04:31:47,300 --> 04:31:50,500
instinct is to help knowledge. 
Shared is knowledge preserved 

4811
04:31:50,500 --> 04:31:53,800
and besides you don't see 
Thompson as competition so much 

4812
04:31:53,800 --> 04:31:57,600
as a potential ally. the more 
good bourbon being made in 

4813
04:31:57,600 --> 04:32:00,700
Kentucky the better for everyone
so you talk him through it, 

4814
04:32:00,700 --> 04:32:04,700
starting with the basics of 
fermentation and working up 

4815
04:32:04,700 --> 04:32:08,900
through distillation techniques 
and Barrel aging Thompson, 

4816
04:32:08,900 --> 04:32:12,500
listens carefully asking, good 
questions and taking mental 

4817
04:32:12,500 --> 04:32:13,800
notes. 
You can tell. 

4818
04:32:13,800 --> 04:32:16,600
He's serious about this. 
Not just looking for a quick 

4819
04:32:16,608 --> 04:32:20,500
profit but genuinely interested 
in learning the craft, by the 

4820
04:32:20,500 --> 04:32:24,400
time, he leaves well after dark,
you've agreed to let him observe

4821
04:32:24,400 --> 04:32:27,200
your next distilling run and to 
help him Source. 

4822
04:32:27,200 --> 04:32:30,800
Barrels from the same Cooper who
makes yours word gets around 

4823
04:32:30,800 --> 04:32:34,400
within a month, you've had 
visits from a half dozen other 

4824
04:32:34,400 --> 04:32:36,700
Farmers, all interested in 
Bourbon. 

4825
04:32:36,700 --> 04:32:40,500
Making all asking for advice, 
you help where you can share 

4826
04:32:40,500 --> 04:32:41,900
sharing. 
What you've learned though, 

4827
04:32:41,900 --> 04:32:45,100
you're careful not to present 
yourself as an expert, you're 

4828
04:32:45,100 --> 04:32:47,100
just a few years ahead of them 
on the learning curve. 

4829
04:32:47,100 --> 04:32:49,900
That's all and everything. 
You know, has come from trial 

4830
04:32:49,900 --> 04:32:52,000
and error, rather than formal 
education. 

4831
04:32:52,000 --> 04:32:54,600
Some of your visitors. 
Bring their own whiskey to share

4832
04:32:54,600 --> 04:32:57,800
and you taste it critically 
offering suggestions where you 

4833
04:32:57,800 --> 04:33:01,800
see room for improvement. 
This one is too harsh, probably 

4834
04:33:01,800 --> 04:33:04,900
distilled too hot. 
Try lowering the temperature and

4835
04:33:04,900 --> 04:33:06,500
being more selective about what 
you collect. 

4836
04:33:07,300 --> 04:33:10,500
That one is too weak like clean 
diluted too much. 

4837
04:33:10,508 --> 04:33:13,200
Trust the strength, Let It Be 
potent. 

4838
04:33:13,200 --> 04:33:16,900
The Aging will smooth it out. 
This other one has off flavors 

4839
04:33:16,900 --> 04:33:20,200
possibly from Dirty equipment or
contaminated yeast. 

4840
04:33:20,200 --> 04:33:24,400
Clean everything more thoroughly
between batches your building a 

4841
04:33:24,400 --> 04:33:28,300
community Without Really meaning
to a network of bourbon makers 

4842
04:33:28,300 --> 04:33:30,599
who share information and help 
each other improve. 

4843
04:33:31,700 --> 04:33:34,800
It's not organized or formal 
just neighbors, helping 

4844
04:33:34,800 --> 04:33:36,900
neighbors in the traditional 
Frontier way. 

4845
04:33:37,500 --> 04:33:40,800
But it's effective. 
The average quality of Kentucky,

4846
04:33:40,800 --> 04:33:45,000
bourbon is improving, and the 
market is responding, merchants 

4847
04:33:45,000 --> 04:33:48,300
in Louisville, and Lexington, 
are starting to actively seek 

4848
04:33:48,300 --> 04:33:51,400
out Kentucky, whiskey, 
preferring it over Spirits. 

4849
04:33:51,400 --> 04:33:53,900
From other states, the year 
Barrel, which you've been 

4850
04:33:53,900 --> 04:33:56,800
monitoring all this time. 
Finally, reaches its first 

4851
04:33:56,800 --> 04:34:00,400
anniversary in the shed, you tap
it on a morning in late spring 

4852
04:34:00,400 --> 04:34:02,700
with your wife. 
Standing beside you to witness 

4853
04:34:02,700 --> 04:34:04,400
the result of this long 
experiment. 

4854
04:34:04,400 --> 04:34:07,800
The whiskey that flows out is 
darker than the two months, aged

4855
04:34:07,800 --> 04:34:10,500
version, almost the color of 
strong tea. 

4856
04:34:10,500 --> 04:34:15,099
And the smell is intensely 
complex Oak and vanilla and 

4857
04:34:15,099 --> 04:34:18,599
caramel and something else. 
Some subtle note that you can't 

4858
04:34:18,599 --> 04:34:21,599
quite identify. 
But that makes your mouth water 

4859
04:34:21,599 --> 04:34:25,300
in anticipation, you taste, it 
carefully, and it's magnificent.

4860
04:34:26,300 --> 04:34:29,000
Smoother than anything you've 
made before with flavors that 

4861
04:34:29,008 --> 04:34:32,000
seem to evolve and change as you
hold the liquid in your mouth. 

4862
04:34:32,000 --> 04:34:35,599
It's almost too smooth. 
You think there's such a thing 

4863
04:34:35,599 --> 04:34:38,800
as too much refinement with a 
drink loses its character. 

4864
04:34:38,800 --> 04:34:43,300
But it's undeniably impressive. 
You could probably charge even 

4865
04:34:43,300 --> 04:34:46,900
more for this year, aged Bourbon
and find buyers who appreciate 

4866
04:34:46,900 --> 04:34:49,200
the extra complexity and are 
willing to pay for it. 

4867
04:34:49,200 --> 04:34:54,099
There's a practical problem. 
The longer you aged whiskey, the

4868
04:34:54,099 --> 04:34:57,700
more you lose to evaporation and
absorption into the barrel wood.

4869
04:34:57,700 --> 04:35:00,200
What you put into the barrel 12 
months ago? 

4870
04:35:00,200 --> 04:35:05,000
As 50 gallons is probably become
45 gallons or less meaning, 

4871
04:35:05,000 --> 04:35:07,599
you're losing 10% or more of 
your product to time. 

4872
04:35:07,608 --> 04:35:11,099
At two months, the loss is 
minimal maybe two or three 

4873
04:35:11,108 --> 04:35:13,599
percent at a year. 
It becomes significant. 

4874
04:35:13,599 --> 04:35:17,200
The question is whether the 
improved quality justifies the 

4875
04:35:17,200 --> 04:35:20,500
reduced quantity, and that's a 
calculation that involves both 

4876
04:35:20,500 --> 04:35:24,099
math and philosophy, you decide 
to split the difference. 

4877
04:35:24,099 --> 04:35:26,700
Most barrels will age for three 
to four months. 

4878
04:35:26,700 --> 04:35:30,700
A sweet spot where the whiskey 
is developed complexity but the 

4879
04:35:30,707 --> 04:35:34,599
evaporation losses are still 
manageable a few special barrels

4880
04:35:34,599 --> 04:35:37,599
will aged longer. 
Maybe six months to a year to 

4881
04:35:37,599 --> 04:35:41,200
produce, premium bourbon for 
buyers willing to pay extra to 

4882
04:35:41,200 --> 04:35:44,300
compromise, but still in a 
tortue that most of life is 

4883
04:35:44,300 --> 04:35:47,599
compromised. 
Balancing competing priorities 

4884
04:35:47,599 --> 04:35:51,599
making decisions with imperfect 
information and doing the best 

4885
04:35:51,599 --> 04:35:56,000
you can with what you've got 
your 73 years old sitting in the

4886
04:35:56,008 --> 04:35:59,700
same chair where you've sat for 
the past, 40 years, watching the

4887
04:35:59,700 --> 04:36:02,000
sunset over the same Ridge of 
trees. 

4888
04:36:02,000 --> 04:36:04,400
Your hands are twisted with 
arthritis. 

4889
04:36:04,400 --> 04:36:07,700
Now, Knuckles swollen and 
fingers bent in ways. 

4890
04:36:07,700 --> 04:36:10,099
They weren't meant to bend but 
they still work. 

4891
04:36:10,099 --> 04:36:13,599
Well enough for light tasks, the
heavy work of distilling has 

4892
04:36:13,599 --> 04:36:17,000
been taken over by your son and 
Grandson who run the operation 

4893
04:36:17,000 --> 04:36:20,599
with the same careful attention.
You taught them though, they've 

4894
04:36:20,599 --> 04:36:24,200
added innovation of their own 
better, temperature, controls 

4895
04:36:24,200 --> 04:36:28,800
more, systematic record, keeping
and relationships with Buyers 

4896
04:36:28,800 --> 04:36:32,000
across multiple States. 
The bourbon business, has grown 

4897
04:36:32,000 --> 04:36:35,300
beyond anything, you imagined 
during those early experimental 

4898
04:36:35,300 --> 04:36:39,400
years, What you discovered by 
accident has become an industry 

4899
04:36:39,400 --> 04:36:43,500
with dozens of distilleries 
operating across Kentucky and 

4900
04:36:43,500 --> 04:36:47,800
even spreading to other states, 
the name bourbon is now standard

4901
04:36:47,800 --> 04:36:51,599
Associated specifically with 
whiskey made from corn and aged 

4902
04:36:51,599 --> 04:36:55,200
in charred Oak barrels though. 
The exact requirements are still

4903
04:36:55,200 --> 04:36:58,200
being debated and refined some 
people insist. 

4904
04:36:58,200 --> 04:37:01,500
It must be made in Bourbon 
County, specifically While 

4905
04:37:01,500 --> 04:37:04,800
others argue that the technique 
is what matters, not the 

4906
04:37:04,800 --> 04:37:09,500
location. 
Elijah Craig died years ago and 

4907
04:37:09,500 --> 04:37:12,400
his story has indeed become the 
dominant narrative about 

4908
04:37:12,400 --> 04:37:15,900
Bourbons invention. 
You've long since stopped caring

4909
04:37:15,900 --> 04:37:19,500
about credit or recognition. 
What matters is that the 

4910
04:37:19,500 --> 04:37:22,700
tradition continues, that the 
knowledge you and others 

4911
04:37:22,700 --> 04:37:26,500
discovered is being preserved 
and passed down your grandson 

4912
04:37:26,500 --> 04:37:29,700
knows things about fermentation 
chemistry that you never learned

4913
04:37:29,700 --> 04:37:32,800
and understands the science 
behind what you only knew 

4914
04:37:32,800 --> 04:37:34,500
through observation and 
experience. 

4915
04:37:35,200 --> 04:37:37,800
That's progress and your 
grateful for it. 

4916
04:37:37,800 --> 04:37:42,500
The barrels in the Aging shed, a
much larger shed now more like a

4917
04:37:42,508 --> 04:37:47,000
warehouse contain whiskey at 
various stages of aging from 

4918
04:37:47,000 --> 04:37:50,000
fresh distillate to spirits that
have been resting for two or 

4919
04:37:50,000 --> 04:37:52,800
three years. 
The long aging is becoming more 

4920
04:37:52,800 --> 04:37:55,800
popular among buyers who 
appreciate the extra smoothness 

4921
04:37:55,800 --> 04:37:58,700
and complexity. 
Though, this still a market for 

4922
04:37:58,700 --> 04:38:01,800
the younger than 2, different 
styles for different, tastes 

4923
04:38:01,800 --> 04:38:04,700
your son, like to say and you 
agree with the wisdom of that, 

4924
04:38:05,500 --> 04:38:09,200
Your wife died two years ago 
peacefully in her sleep and her 

4925
04:38:09,200 --> 04:38:12,200
absence is a hollow place in 
your daily routine that never 

4926
04:38:12,200 --> 04:38:15,000
quite fills in. 
She lived to see the bourbon 

4927
04:38:15,000 --> 04:38:18,400
business become successful and 
enjoyed the relative Prosperity.

4928
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:21,599
It brought and had even 
developed her own opinions about

4929
04:38:21,599 --> 04:38:24,700
which batches were best. 
She preferred the three-month 

4930
04:38:24,700 --> 04:38:27,099
age bourbon. 
You remember saying it had 

4931
04:38:27,099 --> 04:38:29,500
liveliness that the older stuff 
sometimes lacked. 

4932
04:38:29,500 --> 04:38:32,500
You keep a bottle of three 
months bourbon on the Shelf, in 

4933
04:38:32,500 --> 04:38:35,400
her memory, occasionally 
pouring, a small glass and 

4934
04:38:35,400 --> 04:38:38,700
toasting her absence, the Cooper
who taught you about charring. 

4935
04:38:38,700 --> 04:38:41,900
Barrels is long dead too, 
though, his son's of taking over

4936
04:38:41,900 --> 04:38:45,300
the business and expanded, it 
considerably their supplying 

4937
04:38:45,300 --> 04:38:48,300
barrels to Distillery all of 
Kentucky now, and they've 

4938
04:38:48,300 --> 04:38:51,500
refined the charring process to 
include different levels like 

4939
04:38:51,500 --> 04:38:55,900
Char medium Char, and heavy Char
each producing slightly 

4940
04:38:55,900 --> 04:38:57,700
different flavors in the 
finished whiskey. 

4941
04:38:57,700 --> 04:39:01,300
It's Become an art form, this 
marriage of wood and fire and 

4942
04:39:01,300 --> 04:39:05,200
time, and you're pleased to have
played, even a small role in its

4943
04:39:05,200 --> 04:39:08,599
development Thompson, your old 
neighbor who asked for advice 

4944
04:39:08,599 --> 04:39:12,000
all those years ago, became a 
successful Bourbon maker in his 

4945
04:39:12,008 --> 04:39:14,599
own right? 
He died last winter at the age 

4946
04:39:14,599 --> 04:39:19,000
of 81 and his funeral Drew 
distillers, from a state, all of

4947
04:39:19,000 --> 04:39:21,900
them Gathering to honor a man. 
Who'd contributed to the craft, 

4948
04:39:21,900 --> 04:39:26,099
you went, despite the difficulty
of traveler at your age and you 

4949
04:39:26,099 --> 04:39:28,500
listen to stories about 
Thompson's Innovations and 

4950
04:39:28,500 --> 04:39:32,500
generosity, and stubborn 
insistence on quality, it felt 

4951
04:39:32,500 --> 04:39:35,300
right honoring him. 
That way, recognizing that 

4952
04:39:35,300 --> 04:39:38,600
bourbon is bigger than any 
individual and that everyone who

4953
04:39:38,600 --> 04:39:42,200
makes it well deserves respect. 
Taste of bourbon has become 

4954
04:39:42,200 --> 04:39:44,700
familiar to you to the point 
where you barely notice at any 

4955
04:39:44,708 --> 04:39:47,000
more. 
Though, you still take a small 

4956
04:39:47,000 --> 04:39:50,300
glass, most evening's more out 
of habit than desire. 

4957
04:39:50,300 --> 04:39:54,500
Grandson teases you about this 
saying, your pickled and bourbon

4958
04:39:54,500 --> 04:39:56,500
preserved like fruit and 
alcohol. 

4959
04:39:56,500 --> 04:39:58,500
And you laugh because it's 
probably true. 

4960
04:39:58,500 --> 04:40:01,900
The whiskey has been part of 
your life for so long that you 

4961
04:40:01,900 --> 04:40:03,800
can't imagine an existence 
without it. 

4962
04:40:04,600 --> 04:40:08,500
Smell of fermenting, mash the 
heat of the Stillhouse, the 

4963
04:40:08,500 --> 04:40:12,600
quiet, patience of the Aging 
shed, all of it woven into the 

4964
04:40:12,600 --> 04:40:16,200
fabric of who you are on summer 
evenings when the weather is 

4965
04:40:16,200 --> 04:40:19,300
good, you sometimes have 
visitors younger distillers who 

4966
04:40:19,308 --> 04:40:22,800
want to hear stories about the 
early days historians interested

4967
04:40:22,800 --> 04:40:25,800
in documenting how bourbon 
developed and even the 

4968
04:40:25,800 --> 04:40:29,100
occasional journalist writing 
articles for newspapers in 

4969
04:40:29,100 --> 04:40:31,900
Louisville or Lexington. 
You tell them what you remember 

4970
04:40:31,900 --> 04:40:35,000
though your memory isn't a sharp
as it used to be and you 

4971
04:40:35,000 --> 04:40:38,700
sometimes mix up the sequence of
events or forget important 

4972
04:40:38,700 --> 04:40:41,300
details. 
They write down your words. 

4973
04:40:41,300 --> 04:40:44,400
Anyway, treating them as 
valuable even when you're not 

4974
04:40:44,400 --> 04:40:47,800
sure they are. the question they
always ask is whether you 

4975
04:40:47,800 --> 04:40:51,300
realized back in these early 
days that you were creating 

4976
04:40:51,300 --> 04:40:55,300
something that would last the 
honest answer is, no, you 

4977
04:40:55,300 --> 04:40:57,500
didn't. 
You were just trying to make a 

4978
04:40:57,500 --> 04:41:00,400
living trying to find some value
in the core new grew in the 

4979
04:41:00,408 --> 04:41:03,700
skills, you'd inherited from 
your father, the discovery of 

4980
04:41:03,700 --> 04:41:08,200
aging and charred, barrels was 
pure accident, motivated by 

4981
04:41:08,200 --> 04:41:12,000
nothing more profound than 
convenience and curiosity that 

4982
04:41:12,000 --> 04:41:16,200
it turned into a tradition into 
an industry into something that 

4983
04:41:16,200 --> 04:41:19,100
people associate with Kentucky 
and American craftsmanship. 

4984
04:41:19,100 --> 04:41:21,800
That was never planned. 
Never foreseen. 

4985
04:41:22,700 --> 04:41:25,800
But maybe that's how all 
Traditions start you think not 

4986
04:41:25,800 --> 04:41:29,600
through Grand Design but through
small decisions practical 

4987
04:41:29,600 --> 04:41:32,400
solutions, to immediate problems
and accidents. 

4988
04:41:32,400 --> 04:41:34,000
That turn out to be 
improvements. 

4989
04:41:34,000 --> 04:41:36,600
Someone tries, something 
different, it works. 

4990
04:41:36,600 --> 04:41:39,200
They do it again. 
Other people notice and copy it,

4991
04:41:39,200 --> 04:41:42,600
and gradually, it becomes the 
standard way of doing things. 

4992
04:41:42,600 --> 04:41:46,900
Nobody sits down and declares I 
shall now create a tradition, 

4993
04:41:46,900 --> 04:41:51,000
Traditions, emerge evolve and 
accumulate meaning through 

4994
04:41:51,000 --> 04:41:54,000
repetition and time, the sun is 
set fully. 

4995
04:41:54,000 --> 04:41:58,400
Now, the sky fading from Orange 
to purple to deep blue. 

4996
04:41:58,400 --> 04:42:00,800
Your grandson calls from inside 
the house. 

4997
04:42:00,800 --> 04:42:04,400
Asking, if you want supper and 
you push yourself up from the 

4998
04:42:04,400 --> 04:42:07,300
chair with the deliberate effort
that all movement requires your 

4999
04:42:07,300 --> 04:42:10,700
age, the walk to the house is 
short, but you take it slowly 

5000
04:42:10,700 --> 04:42:14,400
aware of your body's limitations
grateful for what strength 

5001
04:42:14,400 --> 04:42:17,600
remains inside. 
The table is set and the food is

5002
04:42:17,600 --> 04:42:22,400
ready, beans and cornbread and 
bacon simple food, that tastes 

5003
04:42:22,400 --> 04:42:24,100
better. 
Than elaborate meals ever. 

5004
04:42:24,100 --> 04:42:27,500
Did your grandson pulls? 
Your small glass of three months

5005
04:42:27,500 --> 04:42:30,100
aged bourbon from a barrel that 
you helped. 

5006
04:42:30,100 --> 04:42:33,400
Phil, lost spring without asking
and you sip it while the family 

5007
04:42:33,400 --> 04:42:37,000
eats and talks about tomorrow's 
work, the whiskies warm, and 

5008
04:42:37,000 --> 04:42:42,100
smooth, and familiar tasting of 
Oak, and corn and time tasting 

5009
04:42:42,100 --> 04:42:45,300
like home. 
After supper, you sit by the 

5010
04:42:45,300 --> 04:42:49,000
fire a while longer watching the
Flames dance and feeling the 

5011
04:42:49,000 --> 04:42:52,700
Bourbons gentle warmth spreading
through your chest in the 

5012
04:42:52,700 --> 04:42:54,100
morning, there will be work to 
do. 

5013
04:42:54,108 --> 04:42:58,000
There's always work to do but 
tonight there's just this quiet 

5014
04:42:58,000 --> 04:43:02,300
contentment this satisfaction of
having lived, long enough to see

5015
04:43:02,300 --> 04:43:04,300
something, you helped create out
live. 

5016
04:43:04,300 --> 04:43:08,000
You the bourbon will continue 
after your gone made by people 

5017
04:43:08,000 --> 04:43:11,100
who never knew you, drunk by 
people who've never heard your 

5018
04:43:11,100 --> 04:43:13,700
name and that's exactly as it 
should be. 

5019
04:43:13,700 --> 04:43:17,600
You close your eyes, listening 
to your grandson and his wife 

5020
04:43:17,600 --> 04:43:21,300
talking in low voices, in the 
Next Room here in the crack of 

5021
04:43:21,300 --> 04:43:24,700
the fire and the distant sound 
of a whip or will calling from 

5022
04:43:24,700 --> 04:43:28,300
the dark woods somewhere in the 
Aging shed, the barrels are 

5023
04:43:28,300 --> 04:43:32,300
doing their patient work time 
and Oak transforming raw Spirit 

5024
04:43:32,300 --> 04:43:35,800
into something smoother richer 
and more complex. 

5025
04:43:36,800 --> 04:43:38,900
You don't need to be there 
watching it happen. 

5026
04:43:38,900 --> 04:43:43,100
The process continues whether 
your present or not, reliable, 

5027
04:43:43,100 --> 04:43:46,500
as Sunrise, steady, as seasons. 
This is the thing. 

5028
04:43:46,500 --> 04:43:49,400
They don't tell you about 
Traditions, they're not Frozen 

5029
04:43:49,400 --> 04:43:51,800
in Time. 
Preserved like specimens in 

5030
04:43:51,808 --> 04:43:55,100
jars. 
They're Alive changing and 

5031
04:43:55,100 --> 04:43:57,900
adapting to new circumstances 
while maintaining their 

5032
04:43:57,900 --> 04:44:01,100
essential character. 
The bourbon, your grandson makes

5033
04:44:01,100 --> 04:44:04,800
isn't identical to what you 
made. 50 years ago, it's better 

5034
04:44:04,800 --> 04:44:08,600
in some ways different in 
others, but it's recognizably 

5035
04:44:08,600 --> 04:44:12,800
the same thing connected by an 
unbroken thread of practice and 

5036
04:44:12,800 --> 04:44:15,300
knowledge, and care. 
You're nearly asleep in your 

5037
04:44:15,300 --> 04:44:16,900
chair. 
When your grandson gently 

5038
04:44:16,900 --> 04:44:20,000
shakes, your shoulder helping 
you up and guiding you to your 

5039
04:44:20,000 --> 04:44:23,100
bedroom. 
The bed feels good, the blankets

5040
04:44:23,100 --> 04:44:25,400
heavy and warm. 
And you sink into the them with 

5041
04:44:25,408 --> 04:44:28,000
a sigh of relief tomorrow, 
you'll wake. 

5042
04:44:28,000 --> 04:44:31,200
And the cycle will continue 
another day of bourbon making 

5043
04:44:31,200 --> 04:44:34,700
another small contribution to 
the tradition you accidentally 

5044
04:44:34,700 --> 04:44:37,700
helped start. 
But tonight, sleep comes easy, 

5045
04:44:37,700 --> 04:44:41,500
and your dreams are quiet and 
troubled and peaceful as aged 

5046
04:44:41,500 --> 04:44:49,600
bourbon on a warm evening. 
Your early ancestors were 

5047
04:44:49,600 --> 04:44:51,900
performing before Netflix before
Broadway. 

5048
04:44:51,900 --> 04:44:54,500
And before anyone even 
considered charging for 

5049
04:44:54,500 --> 04:44:57,900
entertainment. 
Imagine a cave from 40,000 years

5050
04:44:57,900 --> 04:45:01,700
ago, the fire is crackling. 
Someone begins to tell a story 

5051
04:45:01,700 --> 04:45:04,600
about the day's, Mammoth hunt 
and the dishes are finished. 

5052
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:07,700
Well, there won't dishes, but 
you get the idea. 

5053
04:45:07,700 --> 04:45:11,300
The interesting part though is 
that they did more than merely 

5054
04:45:11,300 --> 04:45:13,900
recount the tale. 
Oh no, that would be too easy. 

5055
04:45:14,700 --> 04:45:17,000
Someone took a mammoth hide and 
began to play the role of the 

5056
04:45:17,008 --> 04:45:19,800
mammoth someone else posed as 
the courageous Hunter. 

5057
04:45:20,500 --> 04:45:22,300
To symbolize the shaman, who 
blessed the hunt. 

5058
04:45:22,300 --> 04:45:25,300
A third person, picked up some 
berries and painted stripes on 

5059
04:45:25,300 --> 04:45:28,200
their face before. 
You know it, you have the first 

5060
04:45:28,200 --> 04:45:31,600
dinner theater in human history.
Complete with method acting 

5061
04:45:31,600 --> 04:45:34,100
reel, costumes, and a small 
intimate setting. 

5062
04:45:34,100 --> 04:45:38,500
Remember these weren't just any 
old Shenanigans directors of 

5063
04:45:38,500 --> 04:45:41,100
contemporary Community. 
Theater would be envious of the 

5064
04:45:41,100 --> 04:45:44,200
practical uses of these early 
Productions, importance of 

5065
04:45:44,208 --> 04:45:46,300
survival knowledge. 
Such as which berries won't kill

5066
04:45:46,300 --> 04:45:49,400
you and how to avoid becoming 
something else is dinner was 

5067
04:45:49,400 --> 04:45:50,800
passed down. 
Thanks to them. 

5068
04:45:50,800 --> 04:45:54,200
They strengthen ties within the 
community because nothing unites

5069
04:45:54,200 --> 04:45:57,200
people like seeing Uncle grok 
perform his encounter with a 

5070
04:45:57,208 --> 04:46:01,100
saber tooth tiger for the 15th 
time, complete with homemade 

5071
04:46:01,100 --> 04:46:03,800
sound effects and increasingly 
complex mind work. 

5072
04:46:03,800 --> 04:46:05,700
The irony is that we were 
already. 

5073
04:46:05,700 --> 04:46:07,800
Formulating, what would 
eventually become the 

5074
04:46:07,800 --> 04:46:09,500
fundamental principle of all 
performance? 

5075
04:46:09,500 --> 04:46:11,800
Is the audience must 
voluntarily? 

5076
04:46:11,800 --> 04:46:15,300
Suspend their disbelief everyone
gathered around that fire was 

5077
04:46:15,300 --> 04:46:17,900
well aware that it wasn't 
actually a mammoth, but rather 

5078
04:46:17,900 --> 04:46:20,200
Bob in a first suit. 
His hands. 

5079
04:46:20,400 --> 04:46:23,700
Upped around his mouth making 
trumpet like noises, however 

5080
04:46:23,700 --> 04:46:27,200
they consented to comply 
allowing themselves to be drawn 

5081
04:46:27,200 --> 04:46:30,100
into the narrative, even though 
the costumes have become much 

5082
04:46:30,100 --> 04:46:32,500
more elaborate and the venues 
are much less likely to be 

5083
04:46:32,500 --> 04:46:36,500
overrun by real wild animals. 
That is the magic contract 

5084
04:46:36,500 --> 04:46:39,400
between the performer and the 
audience that still exists 

5085
04:46:39,400 --> 04:46:41,700
today. 
These early performance is also 

5086
04:46:41,700 --> 04:46:43,400
appear to have been more than 
casual Affairs. 

5087
04:46:43,400 --> 04:46:46,500
According to archaeological 
evidence figures, wearing 

5088
04:46:46,500 --> 04:46:49,000
ornate, headdresses, and 
participating in ritualistic 

5089
04:46:49,000 --> 04:46:52,400
activities, are depicted in 
cave, paintings from lascaux, 

5090
04:46:52,400 --> 04:46:54,800
and other locations. 
In what seemed to be ceremonial.

5091
04:46:54,800 --> 04:46:58,200
Poses, certain cave, formations,
According to some researchers 

5092
04:46:58,200 --> 04:47:01,700
were picked a for their acoustic
qualities, natural 

5093
04:47:01,700 --> 04:47:05,200
amphitheaters, where Tales could
be told and retold with the most

5094
04:47:05,200 --> 04:47:07,700
dramatic effect. 
These early societies 

5095
04:47:07,700 --> 04:47:10,900
performance, Traditions evolved 
along with them coming of age, 

5096
04:47:10,900 --> 04:47:14,100
rituals successful hunts, 
territorial agreements and 

5097
04:47:14,100 --> 04:47:17,700
seasonal celebrations of the 
solstice's all became occasions 

5098
04:47:17,700 --> 04:47:19,600
for Evermore. 
Complicated theatrical 

5099
04:47:19,600 --> 04:47:22,900
performance is The shaman or 
tribal Storyteller developed 

5100
04:47:22,900 --> 04:47:26,100
into something like a director 
directing group activities and 

5101
04:47:26,100 --> 04:47:29,100
maintaining the customs of 
telling some stories, a few 

5102
04:47:29,108 --> 04:47:32,500
thousand years later you're in 
ancient Egypt, where someone had

5103
04:47:32,500 --> 04:47:35,400
the brilliant notion that if 
ordinary stories were good, then

5104
04:47:35,400 --> 04:47:39,300
stories about pharaohs and gods 
must be fantastic with intricate

5105
04:47:39,300 --> 04:47:42,000
costumes makeup techniques that 
would make a contemporary drag 

5106
04:47:42,000 --> 04:47:46,200
queen, weep with admiration and 
scripts, hieroglyphic ones, of 

5107
04:47:46,200 --> 04:47:50,700
course, the Egyptians transform,
the Primal human urge to perform

5108
04:47:50,700 --> 04:47:53,300
into something that approached 
professional theater. 

5109
04:47:53,300 --> 04:47:56,500
In essence Egyptian, religious 
ceremonies were high stakes 

5110
04:47:56,500 --> 04:47:59,600
theatrical Productions. 
If you fumbled your lines, you 

5111
04:47:59,600 --> 04:48:02,700
risked up setting, a god, which 
was far worse than receiving a 

5112
04:48:02,700 --> 04:48:04,300
poor review in the local 
papyrus. 

5113
04:48:05,000 --> 04:48:08,700
Nor were these solemn quiet 
Services, they were Grand events

5114
04:48:08,700 --> 04:48:11,800
with hundreds of participants, 
intricate processions and 

5115
04:48:11,800 --> 04:48:14,900
special effects that must have 
appeared completely magical to 

5116
04:48:14,900 --> 04:48:18,200
viewers who are unaware of their
workings, the story of the Gods 

5117
04:48:18,200 --> 04:48:21,600
death and Resurrection was 
narrated over several days of 

5118
04:48:21,600 --> 04:48:25,100
performances that swept across 
entire cities during the yearly 

5119
04:48:25,100 --> 04:48:28,700
Osiris festivals which were 
especially theatrical parts. 

5120
04:48:28,700 --> 04:48:30,800
Of the story would be assigned 
to different neighborhoods. 

5121
04:48:30,800 --> 04:48:34,200
Resulting in a theatrical 
experience that stretched 

5122
04:48:34,200 --> 04:48:37,500
throughout the entire city and 
made contemporary sites, 

5123
04:48:37,500 --> 04:48:40,200
specific theater appear, 
positively modest. 

5124
04:48:40,200 --> 04:48:43,100
The fact that Egyptian 
performance created numerous 

5125
04:48:43,100 --> 04:48:45,500
Customs. 
That still existed today is what

5126
04:48:45,500 --> 04:48:49,100
makes it so fascinating. 
They created complex methods for

5127
04:48:49,100 --> 04:48:52,900
implying Supernatural happening 
on stage, such as trapdoors for 

5128
04:48:52,900 --> 04:48:56,300
Gods to come and go or Nate 
masses and costumes to turn 

5129
04:48:56,308 --> 04:48:59,800
human actors into gods and 
meticulously planned movements. 

5130
04:48:59,800 --> 04:49:03,300
That gave the appearance of 
Supernatural strength, the idea 

5131
04:49:03,300 --> 04:49:06,200
of a theatrical season linked, 
To Agricultural and religious 

5132
04:49:06,200 --> 04:49:09,900
calendars was also invented by 
the Egyptians, a year-round 

5133
04:49:09,900 --> 04:49:13,000
cycle of theatrical activity 
that kept audiences interested. 

5134
04:49:13,000 --> 04:49:16,700
And performers employed was 
created by the various festivals

5135
04:49:16,700 --> 04:49:19,100
that held various kinds of 
performance is throughout the 

5136
04:49:19,100 --> 04:49:21,000
year. 
They realize something that 

5137
04:49:21,000 --> 04:49:24,100
contemporary theater producers 
are still discovering audience. 

5138
04:49:24,100 --> 04:49:26,400
Loyalty is increased by 
consistent programming. 

5139
04:49:27,300 --> 04:49:29,200
Papiery and Egyptian tomb 
paintings. 

5140
04:49:29,200 --> 04:49:32,100
Also demonstrate that these 
performances weren't stuffy or 

5141
04:49:32,100 --> 04:49:34,200
overly solemn. 
There was a place for comedy 

5142
04:49:34,200 --> 04:49:37,400
frequently in the form of minor 
characters and servants who 

5143
04:49:37,400 --> 04:49:39,800
offered light-hearted relief 
from the more somber Divine 

5144
04:49:39,800 --> 04:49:43,400
drama, the Egyptians recognized 
that audiences needed a few 

5145
04:49:43,400 --> 04:49:45,300
laughs to keep things from 
becoming too serious. 

5146
04:49:45,300 --> 04:49:49,000
Even entails about life, death, 
and eternal judgment. 

5147
04:49:49,000 --> 04:49:52,600
We now travel to ancient Greece,
where someone had the brilliant 

5148
04:49:52,600 --> 04:49:56,600
idea to elevate, storytelling to
a formal activity, complete with

5149
04:49:56,600 --> 04:50:00,100
regulations contests, and the 
kind of critical thinking that 

5150
04:50:00,100 --> 04:50:02,800
would make graduates students. 
Today, feel completely at home, 

5151
04:50:02,800 --> 04:50:06,200
it was impossible for the 
Greeks, blessed them to Simply 

5152
04:50:06,200 --> 04:50:10,500
appreciate a good story, he had 
to classify it evaluate it and 

5153
04:50:10,500 --> 04:50:13,000
then most likely compose a 
philosophical Treatise on 

5154
04:50:13,000 --> 04:50:16,000
whether or not it effectively 
elicited catharsis through fear 

5155
04:50:16,000 --> 04:50:19,200
and pity the Greeks created. 
What is now known as formal 

5156
04:50:19,200 --> 04:50:21,000
drama during religious 
festivals? 

5157
04:50:21,000 --> 04:50:24,100
Celebrating Dionysus? 
The god of wine, which explains 

5158
04:50:24,100 --> 04:50:26,800
a lot about theater's 
relationship with Altered States

5159
04:50:26,800 --> 04:50:31,900
of cons, In the sixth Century, 
BCE picture, the scene throngs 

5160
04:50:31,900 --> 04:50:34,800
of people gathered in massive 
outdoor amphitheaters carved. 

5161
04:50:34,800 --> 04:50:37,900
Into the sides of Hills 
listening to actors in flowing, 

5162
04:50:37,900 --> 04:50:41,100
robes and ornate masks narrate, 
Tales of Heroes gods. 

5163
04:50:41,100 --> 04:50:44,200
And the occasional dysfunctional
family that would make 

5164
04:50:44,200 --> 04:50:46,800
contemporary soap operas appear,
positively, restrained. 

5165
04:50:46,800 --> 04:50:50,100
Let's take a moment to discuss 
those amphitheaters though, as 

5166
04:50:50,100 --> 04:50:52,800
they were engineering Wonders, 
that contemporary Architects, 

5167
04:50:52,800 --> 04:50:56,800
continue to admire about 17,000,
people could fit in Athens 

5168
04:50:56,800 --> 04:51:00,100
theater of Dionysus and the 
Acoustics was so well designed 

5169
04:51:00,100 --> 04:51:02,500
that a whisper from the stage 
could be heard in the back row. 

5170
04:51:02,500 --> 04:51:05,700
Excellent knowledge of sound and
space without the use of 

5171
04:51:05,700 --> 04:51:09,300
microphones or amplification, 
every audience member had an 

5172
04:51:09,300 --> 04:51:11,500
unhindered view of the action, 
thanks to the seating 

5173
04:51:11,500 --> 04:51:14,200
arrangement, which was set up in
a perfect semicircle. 

5174
04:51:14,200 --> 04:51:17,800
By the way, the masks weren't 
merely decorative, the person in

5175
04:51:17,800 --> 04:51:20,200
the back row, who is likely 
squinting in questioning? 

5176
04:51:20,200 --> 04:51:22,600
Whether they should have brought
their Antiquated equivalent of 

5177
04:51:22,600 --> 04:51:26,100
opera glasses, needed something 
to help project emotion in those

5178
04:51:26,100 --> 04:51:29,100
enormous amphitheaters. 
These masks were artistic 

5179
04:51:29,100 --> 04:51:32,700
Creations carved to symbolize 
various character types and 

5180
04:51:32,700 --> 04:51:38,200
emotions, happy sad, angry 
confused, all the emotions you 

5181
04:51:38,200 --> 04:51:40,900
go through on a normal Monday 
morning, but artistically 

5182
04:51:40,900 --> 04:51:43,000
captured in plaster wood and 
linen. 

5183
04:51:43,000 --> 04:51:45,300
That would make contemporary 
designers cry. 

5184
04:51:45,300 --> 04:51:48,300
The Greeks are credited with 
creating the idea of the tragic 

5185
04:51:48,300 --> 04:51:51,300
hero, but they also 
unintentionally created stage 

5186
04:51:51,300 --> 04:51:53,500
fright. 
His name lives on in the word 

5187
04:51:53,500 --> 04:51:55,600
thespian, though. 
I'm sure he never imagined 

5188
04:51:55,600 --> 04:51:58,300
future actors would use it to 
sound more important at dinner 

5189
04:51:58,300 --> 04:52:00,900
parties. 
Imagine poor thespis, who is 

5190
04:52:00,908 --> 04:52:04,600
frequently regarded as the first
actor standing alone on stage 

5191
04:52:04,600 --> 04:52:07,500
for the first time and likely 
thinking, what have I gotten 

5192
04:52:07,500 --> 04:52:11,400
myself in to yesterday, I 
participated in the chorus and 

5193
04:52:11,400 --> 04:52:13,200
now suddenly everyone is staring
at me. 

5194
04:52:13,200 --> 04:52:17,100
Expecting me to be engaging on 
my own Greek tragedy, dealt with

5195
04:52:17,100 --> 04:52:20,800
serious issues, such as Justice 
fate, family, honor, and whether

5196
04:52:20,800 --> 04:52:22,900
or not the gods were amused at 
human expense. 

5197
04:52:22,900 --> 04:52:26,100
Spoiler alert, they usually were
escaloes created. 

5198
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:28,800
What were effectively ancient 
min Areas with greater 

5199
04:52:28,800 --> 04:52:31,200
production values and more 
divine intervention through his 

5200
04:52:31,200 --> 04:52:34,300
trilogies which examined a 
single theme across several 

5201
04:52:34,300 --> 04:52:37,800
plays in order to create that 
delicious tension that keeps you

5202
04:52:37,800 --> 04:52:41,700
wriggling in your seat Sophocles
perfected, the art of dramatic 

5203
04:52:41,700 --> 04:52:44,500
irony in which the audience 
knows something that the 

5204
04:52:44,500 --> 04:52:47,500
characters do not. 
However, the Greeks also 

5205
04:52:47,500 --> 04:52:50,500
provided us with comedy and it 
was Politically Incorrect and 

5206
04:52:50,500 --> 04:52:53,500
delightfully crude in ways that 
would make audiences today. 

5207
04:52:53,500 --> 04:52:57,100
Gasp and then giggle in private 
because Aristophanes plays were 

5208
04:52:57,100 --> 04:53:00,200
full of political satire, 
bathroom humor and the kind of 

5209
04:53:00,200 --> 04:53:03,000
jokes that made respectable 
citizens, clutch, their togas 

5210
04:53:03,000 --> 04:53:05,600
and pretend to be scandalized 
while actually enjoying every 

5211
04:53:05,600 --> 04:53:07,900
minute. 
He would have thrived on social 

5212
04:53:07,900 --> 04:53:10,500
media. 
It is impossible to exaggerate 

5213
04:53:10,500 --> 04:53:14,800
how competitive Greek Theater is
playwrights actors and choruses,

5214
04:53:14,800 --> 04:53:17,800
competed for prizes and public 
recognition during the dramatic 

5215
04:53:17,800 --> 04:53:21,100
festivals, which were more than 
just partys, think of the 

5216
04:53:21,108 --> 04:53:23,200
Olympics for the theater 
complete. 

5217
04:53:23,200 --> 04:53:26,400
With all the political scheming,
artistic competitions and heated

5218
04:53:26,400 --> 04:53:29,000
public arguments. 
So over the Watches while losers

5219
04:53:29,000 --> 04:53:31,200
likely went home and grumbled 
about the judges, not 

5220
04:53:31,200 --> 04:53:34,600
appreciating their artistic 
Vision winners Rose to fame 

5221
04:53:34,600 --> 04:53:37,300
throughout the Greek world. 
The chorus was the center of 

5222
04:53:37,308 --> 04:53:40,800
these Productions, despite being
frequently disregarded in 

5223
04:53:40,800 --> 04:53:42,500
contemporary discussions of 
Greek Theater. 

5224
04:53:42,500 --> 04:53:45,500
They were talented performers 
who represented the voice of the

5225
04:53:45,500 --> 04:53:48,400
community and the play by 
dancing singing and commenting 

5226
04:53:48,400 --> 04:53:51,400
on the action, they weren't 
merely background singers. 

5227
04:53:51,400 --> 04:53:55,300
A production success or failure 
depended on its chorus, and 

5228
04:53:55,300 --> 04:53:57,000
training, one required months of
rigorous. 

5229
04:53:57,000 --> 04:53:59,100
Rehearsal? 
When the Romans saw Greek 

5230
04:53:59,100 --> 04:54:01,300
Theater, they thought this is 
nice. 

5231
04:54:01,300 --> 04:54:04,800
But what if we made it bigger 
more spectacular and through 

5232
04:54:04,800 --> 04:54:07,600
some Gladiators? 
Because if the Romans were good 

5233
04:54:07,600 --> 04:54:10,500
at anything, it was taking 
someone else's brilliant idea 

5234
04:54:10,500 --> 04:54:13,900
and making it much better with 
more marble, more violence and 

5235
04:54:13,900 --> 04:54:15,000
much better. 
Engineering. 

5236
04:54:15,000 --> 04:54:18,100
Roman Theater was entertainment.
On a scale that would make 

5237
04:54:18,100 --> 04:54:21,500
contemporary production company 
shiver with fear and jealousy. 

5238
04:54:21,500 --> 04:54:25,200
They constructed massive 
theater's some of which could 

5239
04:54:25,200 --> 04:54:29,000
accommodate up to 40000 people. 
Can you imagine packing a 

5240
04:54:29,000 --> 04:54:31,300
theater that big today for a 
single dramatic performance 

5241
04:54:31,300 --> 04:54:35,200
rather than a sporting event or 
Rock concert Rome's? 

5242
04:54:35,200 --> 04:54:38,700
20,000 seat theater of Marcellus
was so exquisitely, designed 

5243
04:54:38,700 --> 04:54:42,300
that portions of it still stand 
today and are used as the base 

5244
04:54:42,300 --> 04:54:45,800
for Renaissance palaces that 
were erected on its Remains, the

5245
04:54:45,800 --> 04:54:48,000
Romans changed theatrical 
technology in ways that would 

5246
04:54:48,008 --> 04:54:50,800
not be matched until the modern 
era but they didn't stop at 

5247
04:54:50,800 --> 04:54:53,300
size. 
They featured, elaborate set 

5248
04:54:53,300 --> 04:54:56,000
pieces, that could be changed 
between acts using sophisticated

5249
04:54:56,000 --> 04:54:58,100
Machinery. 
Hidden beneath the stage floor, 

5250
04:54:58,100 --> 04:55:01,800
hoists that could lift actors 
into the air to represent gods 

5251
04:55:01,800 --> 04:55:05,300
or flying creatures, and trapped
doors, that were controlled by 

5252
04:55:05,300 --> 04:55:08,100
intricate mechanical systems, 
special effects. 

5253
04:55:08,100 --> 04:55:10,600
That wouldn't look out of place 
in a contemporary theme park. 

5254
04:55:10,600 --> 04:55:13,500
Roman Theater engineering 
produced, the first retractable 

5255
04:55:13,500 --> 04:55:17,300
awnings to Shield Spectators 
from the Sun and Rain intricate 

5256
04:55:17,300 --> 04:55:20,000
Subterranean spaces beneath the 
stage for the storage of 

5257
04:55:20,008 --> 04:55:23,200
equipment and sets and even 
crude air conditioners that 

5258
04:55:23,200 --> 04:55:26,900
called the air on hot days using
Aqueduct water instead of 

5259
04:55:26,908 --> 04:55:29,300
relying on. 
Ideal whether they made going to

5260
04:55:29,300 --> 04:55:33,100
the theater, a cozy year-round 
activity from a social point of 

5261
04:55:33,100 --> 04:55:35,000
view. 
This is where Roman Theater 

5262
04:55:35,000 --> 04:55:38,300
becomes truly fascinating. 
The Romans viewed theater more 

5263
04:55:38,300 --> 04:55:41,300
like we do television today. 
Popular entertainment for the 

5264
04:55:41,308 --> 04:55:44,300
masses supported by the 
government or wealthy sponsors. 

5265
04:55:44,300 --> 04:55:47,400
And intended to keep the popular
content and distracted. 

5266
04:55:47,400 --> 04:55:51,100
This is in contrast to the 
Greeks who saw theater as both 

5267
04:55:51,100 --> 04:55:53,900
entertainment and a spiritual 
experience connected to 

5268
04:55:53,900 --> 04:55:57,100
religious festivals. 
Free admission was provided by 

5269
04:55:57,100 --> 04:56:00,600
wealthy individuals, seeking 
social status or politicians. 

5270
04:56:00,600 --> 04:56:03,700
Hoping to win over voters. 
The shows had to be suitable for

5271
04:56:03,700 --> 04:56:06,300
everyone from Senators to Doc 
workers. 

5272
04:56:06,300 --> 04:56:08,900
In order to appeal, to the 
widest possible audience. 

5273
04:56:08,900 --> 04:56:12,000
This Democratic approach to 
entertainment, gave rise to 

5274
04:56:12,000 --> 04:56:15,000
storytelling innovations that 
put Mass Appeal ahead of 

5275
04:56:15,000 --> 04:56:17,500
creative. 
Experimentation the clever 

5276
04:56:17,500 --> 04:56:19,300
servant who was always smarter 
than his master. 

5277
04:56:19,300 --> 04:56:21,800
The young lover who was 
attractive but not very 

5278
04:56:21,800 --> 04:56:24,400
intelligent. 
The irascible old man who 

5279
04:56:24,400 --> 04:56:27,700
stinginess caused, most of the 
plot complications and the 

5280
04:56:27,700 --> 04:56:31,500
cunning parasite who flattered 
wealthy patrons in exchange for 

5281
04:56:31,500 --> 04:56:34,200
food and favors were all 
examples of stock characters 

5282
04:56:34,200 --> 04:56:37,300
that audiences would instantly 
recognize in Roman comedies. 

5283
04:56:37,300 --> 04:56:40,600
Does that sound familiar? 
Even today, these character 

5284
04:56:40,600 --> 04:56:43,200
types can be found in sitcoms 
and romantic comedies. 

5285
04:56:43,200 --> 04:56:47,100
The Ensemble comedy model that 
we still use today, 2000 years 

5286
04:56:47,100 --> 04:56:49,600
later was essentially 
established by the Romans. 

5287
04:56:49,600 --> 04:56:53,200
It is impossible to overestimate
the impact of Roman comedy on 

5288
04:56:53,200 --> 04:56:55,900
subsequent theatrical 
Traditions, throughout the 

5289
04:56:55,900 --> 04:56:58,600
Middle Ages and into the 
Renaissance plays by plautus and

5290
04:56:58,600 --> 04:57:01,600
Terence was studied and copied 
Shakespeare directly, 

5291
04:57:01,600 --> 04:57:04,300
appropriated Roman story lines 
and character types. 

5292
04:57:04,300 --> 04:57:07,100
Roman Theater is the source of 
the fundamental framework of 

5293
04:57:07,100 --> 04:57:10,500
romantic comedy, which consists 
of young lovers, kept apart by 

5294
04:57:10,500 --> 04:57:13,200
obstacles. 
Complications involving mistaken

5295
04:57:13,200 --> 04:57:15,300
identities. 
And a resolution in which 

5296
04:57:15,300 --> 04:57:18,700
everyone gets married. 
However, the idea of theater as 

5297
04:57:18,700 --> 04:57:21,300
a spectacle for public, 
Amusement was also invented by 

5298
04:57:21,300 --> 04:57:25,100
the Romans, The successful 
Productions traveled from City 

5299
04:57:25,100 --> 04:57:27,900
to city across the Empire 
establishing the first 

5300
04:57:27,900 --> 04:57:31,100
theatrical touring, circuit to 
bring professional entertainment

5301
04:57:31,100 --> 04:57:33,400
to provincial towns. 
That might never otherwise, see 

5302
04:57:33,400 --> 04:57:36,900
anything more sophisticated than
local festivals picture. 

5303
04:57:36,900 --> 04:57:39,700
The logistics of transporting, 
entire acting companies, 

5304
04:57:39,700 --> 04:57:44,000
elaborate sets and costumes, 
across hundreds of miles of 

5305
04:57:44,000 --> 04:57:46,600
Roman roads. 
Roman audiences were infamously 

5306
04:57:46,600 --> 04:57:48,700
picky and outspoken about what 
they liked. 

5307
04:57:49,300 --> 04:57:52,200
They had no qualms about vocally
and instantly expressing their 

5308
04:57:52,200 --> 04:57:54,000
disapproval. 
If they didn't enjoy a 

5309
04:57:54,000 --> 04:57:56,700
performance, both positive and 
negative effects on the 

5310
04:57:56,700 --> 04:58:00,100
development of theater resulted 
from this as it established a 

5311
04:58:00,100 --> 04:58:02,200
culture in, which popularity and
entertainment. 

5312
04:58:02,200 --> 04:58:06,200
Value were valued more highly 
than artistic ambition the first

5313
04:58:06,200 --> 04:58:08,700
celebrity culture. 
Centered on performers was also 

5314
04:58:08,700 --> 04:58:12,600
created by the Romans actors, 
who achieve success became well 

5315
04:58:12,600 --> 04:58:15,400
known throughout the Empire and 
rumors and conjecture. 

5316
04:58:15,400 --> 04:58:18,600
Surrounded their private lives. 
Does that sound familiar? 

5317
04:58:18,600 --> 04:58:21,800
They invented the idea of a 
touring star, who could attract 

5318
04:58:21,800 --> 04:58:25,200
audiences just by virtue of 
their reputation, going from 

5319
04:58:25,200 --> 04:58:27,700
City to City to play their most 
well-liked Parts. 

5320
04:58:27,700 --> 04:58:31,100
You might assume that theater 
simply put on its masks and went

5321
04:58:31,100 --> 04:58:34,000
home for a few centuries. 
After the fall of Rome, it had 

5322
04:58:34,000 --> 04:58:36,600
to be extremely inventive about 
where it lived and how it 

5323
04:58:36,600 --> 04:58:39,000
survived. 
But not quite the early 

5324
04:58:39,000 --> 04:58:41,700
Christian church had conflicting
opinions about theatrical 

5325
04:58:41,700 --> 04:58:44,100
performance. 
Is on the one hand, they 

5326
04:58:44,100 --> 04:58:47,500
disapproved of Roman Theatres 
connection to violence Pagan 

5327
04:58:47,500 --> 04:58:51,000
festivals and general IMM, 
Reality however they soon 

5328
04:58:51,000 --> 04:58:53,400
discovered that religious 
stories could be effectively 

5329
04:58:53,400 --> 04:58:56,200
taught through performance to 
those who are illiterate which 

5330
04:58:56,200 --> 04:58:58,800
was the majority of the 
population as a result. 

5331
04:58:58,808 --> 04:59:01,500
Theater found a new home in 
churches, beginning with 

5332
04:59:01,500 --> 04:59:04,300
straightforward Bible story 
reenactments during Services. 

5333
04:59:04,300 --> 04:59:07,300
Imagine that during Easter 
morning Services, members of the

5334
04:59:07,308 --> 04:59:09,000
congregation would pretend that 
Christ. 

5335
04:59:09,000 --> 04:59:11,900
Empty tomb had been discovered, 
this would likely involve 

5336
04:59:11,900 --> 04:59:14,200
improvised costumes and a good 
deal of nervous. 

5337
04:59:14,200 --> 04:59:17,100
Laughter from amateur actors who
had never performed on stage 

5338
04:59:17,100 --> 04:59:20,700
before, since Latin the church's
official language was typically 

5339
04:59:20,700 --> 04:59:24,000
used for these early liturgical.
Dramas, the majority of the 

5340
04:59:24,000 --> 04:59:26,900
audience was more interested in 
the spectacle than in fully 

5341
04:59:26,900 --> 04:59:30,100
comprehending, every word, this 
resulted in increasingly 

5342
04:59:30,100 --> 04:59:33,800
complex, visual presentations, 
that you staging costume and 

5343
04:59:33,800 --> 04:59:36,900
action, rather than speech to 
convey narrative and emotion. 

5344
04:59:36,900 --> 04:59:40,500
The Easter story was briefly 
dramatized in the chem Kirito's 

5345
04:59:40,500 --> 04:59:43,700
Trope, which is frequently cited
as the origin of all medieval, 

5346
04:59:43,700 --> 04:59:46,500
drama it began as a 
straightforward call and 

5347
04:59:46,500 --> 04:59:49,000
response between a clergyman who
represented the angel at the 

5348
04:59:49,300 --> 04:59:51,000
tomb. 
And another clergyman who 

5349
04:59:51,000 --> 04:59:53,700
represented the three Mary 
searching for Christ's body. 

5350
04:59:53,708 --> 04:59:57,500
Jesus of Nazareth. 
He is not, here he is risen. 

5351
04:59:57,500 --> 05:00:01,400
Who do you seek? 
This is where medieval theater, 

5352
05:00:01,400 --> 05:00:03,900
becomes wonderfully, human and 
charmingly chaotic. 

5353
05:00:03,900 --> 05:00:07,100
These religious performances 
outgrew, the churches as they 

5354
05:00:07,100 --> 05:00:10,300
became more elaborate and well 
liked entire communities 

5355
05:00:10,300 --> 05:00:13,200
participated in large-scale 
Productions known as morality 

5356
05:00:13,200 --> 05:00:16,500
plays which were essentially 
medieval after school specials 

5357
05:00:16,500 --> 05:00:20,300
with titles like every man and 
the castle of perseverance or 

5358
05:00:20,300 --> 05:00:22,700
mystery plays. 
Which told biblical stories, 

5359
05:00:22,700 --> 05:00:25,600
these local Productions were 
pulled by wagons known as 

5360
05:00:25,608 --> 05:00:29,100
pageant wagons, which would move
around a town, stopping at 

5361
05:00:29,100 --> 05:00:31,700
various stations. 
During the day, the Carpenters 

5362
05:00:31,700 --> 05:00:33,800
would be in charge of Noah's Ark
naturally. 

5363
05:00:33,800 --> 05:00:36,700
The Bakers would be in charge of
the miracle of the Loaves and 

5364
05:00:36,700 --> 05:00:38,700
Fishes. 
The metal workers would likely 

5365
05:00:38,700 --> 05:00:42,100
be stuck with any scene that 
required armor or weapons and 

5366
05:00:42,100 --> 05:00:44,800
the goldsmiths killed would 
usually be in charge of the 

5367
05:00:44,800 --> 05:00:48,300
scenes involving the three wise 
men and their pricey gifts part 

5368
05:00:48,300 --> 05:00:50,500
of what made medieval theater. 
So Charming, was that the 

5369
05:00:50,500 --> 05:00:53,500
outcomes were frequently 
hilariously uneven imagined 

5370
05:00:53,500 --> 05:00:56,100
going to a play where Noah's Ark
was constructed by real 

5371
05:00:56,100 --> 05:01:00,500
carpenters and looked amazing. 
And then right after There's a 

5372
05:01:00,500 --> 05:01:02,900
scene where the angels are 
obviously, just the apprentices 

5373
05:01:02,900 --> 05:01:05,100
of the baker dressed in bed 
sheets. 

5374
05:01:05,100 --> 05:01:08,500
And they're desperately, trying 
not to trip over their makeshift

5375
05:01:08,500 --> 05:01:10,700
wings. 
For one day's performance, The 

5376
05:01:10,700 --> 05:01:13,500
Guild of shipwrights would make 
an ark that could actually float

5377
05:01:13,500 --> 05:01:17,500
The Guild of Weavers might make 
costumes that works of art and 

5378
05:01:17,500 --> 05:01:19,900
the Guild of blacksmiths would 
Forge armor. 

5379
05:01:19,900 --> 05:01:23,100
That was entirely authentic the 
way that medieval performance 

5380
05:01:23,100 --> 05:01:24,800
combined the sacred and the 
ridiculous. 

5381
05:01:24,800 --> 05:01:28,100
Without seeming to care about 
tonal consistency was one of its

5382
05:01:28,100 --> 05:01:31,600
most delightful features comic 
relief, characters would appear 

5383
05:01:31,600 --> 05:01:35,200
everywhere even in the most 
religious Productions in 

5384
05:01:35,200 --> 05:01:37,400
Nativity plays. 
The Shepherds were frequently. 

5385
05:01:37,400 --> 05:01:40,500
Portrayed as foolish country 
people who offered Amusement in 

5386
05:01:40,500 --> 05:01:43,600
between the more somber scenes 
in the midst of a tale about 

5387
05:01:43,600 --> 05:01:47,200
Divine judgment and salvation. 
There is slapstick humor because

5388
05:01:47,200 --> 05:01:50,600
Noah's wife was traditionally, a
shrewish character, who refused 

5389
05:01:50,600 --> 05:01:52,100
to board the ark without a 
fight. 

5390
05:01:52,100 --> 05:01:54,600
One of the most well-known 
medieval dramas. 

5391
05:01:54,600 --> 05:01:57,800
The second Shepherds play as a 
subplot about a sheep Thief who 

5392
05:01:57,800 --> 05:02:00,300
attempts to conceal his stolen 
and sheep by Pausing it to his 

5393
05:02:00,300 --> 05:02:03,300
newborn child. 
With his wife, cradling it, and 

5394
05:02:03,300 --> 05:02:06,100
saying, it only has a peculiar 
complexion. 

5395
05:02:06,100 --> 05:02:09,900
This fast parallels, the 
Nativity Story resulting in a 

5396
05:02:09,900 --> 05:02:12,700
play that serves as both popular
entertainment and religious 

5397
05:02:12,700 --> 05:02:16,000
instruction, we sometimes forget
that medieval audiences 

5398
05:02:16,000 --> 05:02:18,500
recognize that a little humor 
helped to make difficult 

5399
05:02:18,500 --> 05:02:21,400
spiritual subjects easier to 
understand and more memorable. 

5400
05:02:22,200 --> 05:02:24,700
They were being pragmatic, not 
disrespectful. 

5401
05:02:24,700 --> 05:02:27,500
You need to give them something 
to laugh at and something to 

5402
05:02:27,500 --> 05:02:29,800
think about, if you want them to
remember the lessons in your 

5403
05:02:29,808 --> 05:02:33,100
play. 
Medieval drama was staged in a 

5404
05:02:33,100 --> 05:02:34,900
way that was both inventive and 
useful. 

5405
05:02:34,900 --> 05:02:37,700
The majority of performance is 
were held outside in 

5406
05:02:37,700 --> 05:02:41,100
marketplaces or town squares. 
So portable and weatherproof 

5407
05:02:41,100 --> 05:02:42,600
staged. 
Designs were required. 

5408
05:02:42,600 --> 05:02:45,900
The pageant wagon system, made 
it possible for several plays to

5409
05:02:45,900 --> 05:02:49,300
be presented at various venues 
at the same time resulting in a 

5410
05:02:49,300 --> 05:02:51,900
festival like atmosphere that 
persisted for days. 

5411
05:02:52,900 --> 05:02:55,700
Some communities created staging
systems that were even more 

5412
05:02:55,700 --> 05:02:59,100
complex in order to follow the 
entire biblical story from 

5413
05:02:59,100 --> 05:03:02,300
creation to Judgment Day 
audiences moved between the 

5414
05:03:02,300 --> 05:03:05,300
chest of mystery plays, which 
were presented on a number of 

5415
05:03:05,300 --> 05:03:08,500
fixed stages spread out across 
the city in order to create 

5416
05:03:08,500 --> 05:03:11,900
enormous outdoor festivals that 
attracted people from hundreds 

5417
05:03:11,900 --> 05:03:14,500
of miles away. 
Other communities, constructed 

5418
05:03:14,500 --> 05:03:17,100
makeshift amphitheaters in 
fields outside of town, 

5419
05:03:17,100 --> 05:03:20,600
theatrical aspirations, grew in 
tandem with the prosperity of 

5420
05:03:20,600 --> 05:03:23,700
medieval society and the 
societies of urban centers 

5421
05:03:23,700 --> 05:03:27,900
Productions became more complex 
in the 14th and 15th, centuries,

5422
05:03:27,900 --> 05:03:30,600
pushing the limits of what was 
possible with medieval 

5423
05:03:30,600 --> 05:03:34,100
technology, hundreds of actors 
and crew members participated in

5424
05:03:34,100 --> 05:03:36,200
these enormous multi-day, 
passion plays. 

5425
05:03:36,200 --> 05:03:39,500
During this time, period, We can
get a sense of the scale. 

5426
05:03:39,500 --> 05:03:42,700
These Productions could reach 
from the 1634 started 

5427
05:03:42,700 --> 05:03:46,200
oberammergau Passion. 
Play medieval adaptations were 

5428
05:03:46,200 --> 05:03:50,200
frequently even more ornate. 
With casts that included entire 

5429
05:03:50,200 --> 05:03:54,100
communities numerous stages and 
sophisticated special effects 

5430
05:03:54,100 --> 05:03:57,000
equipment. 
The technology used for staging 

5431
05:03:57,000 --> 05:04:00,600
Advanced biblical Miracles were 
cleverly addressed by medieval 

5432
05:04:00,600 --> 05:04:03,000
stage. 
Managers who created intricate 

5433
05:04:03,000 --> 05:04:07,000
mechanisms for parting Seas or 
simulating Divine fire flying 

5434
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:10,500
rigs for Angelica appearances 
and trap doors for Resurrection 

5435
05:04:10,500 --> 05:04:14,100
scenes and evil stage designers 
developed a specialty for 

5436
05:04:14,100 --> 05:04:17,200
depicting the mouth of Hell 
which is frequently a massive 

5437
05:04:17,200 --> 05:04:20,600
dragon head with a movable jaw 
that can swallow the Damned 

5438
05:04:20,600 --> 05:04:23,800
while belching smoke and Flames.
Medieval theater, had a 

5439
05:04:23,800 --> 05:04:27,800
significant economic component, 
investing heavily in costumes 

5440
05:04:27,800 --> 05:04:31,100
materials and specialized craft 
work was necessary for large 

5441
05:04:31,100 --> 05:04:34,500
Productions guilds would train 
for their designated scenes for 

5442
05:04:34,500 --> 05:04:36,800
months. 
And the Rivalry between them to 

5443
05:04:36,800 --> 05:04:39,800
produce the best show became a 
source of artistic Innovation 

5444
05:04:39,800 --> 05:04:43,400
and civic pride. 
According to records from York 

5445
05:04:43,400 --> 05:04:47,600
England, the mystery place in 
the city of 48, different wagons

5446
05:04:47,600 --> 05:04:51,600
and most of the adult population
as organizers crafts, people or 

5447
05:04:51,600 --> 05:04:55,900
performers the plays economic 
impact was so great that they In

5448
05:04:55,900 --> 05:04:58,900
popular tourist, destinations 
bringing in large sums of money 

5449
05:04:58,900 --> 05:05:02,500
for nearby, merchants and 
innkeepers, humanism literacy 

5450
05:05:02,500 --> 05:05:05,900
and the radical notion that 
perhaps just possibly, the 

5451
05:05:05,900 --> 05:05:07,900
average person should have 
access to entertainment. 

5452
05:05:07,900 --> 05:05:11,000
That wasn't solely concerned 
with their internal souls and 

5453
05:05:11,000 --> 05:05:13,100
moral advancement were all 
introduced during the 

5454
05:05:13,100 --> 05:05:15,000
Renaissance professional 
Theater. 

5455
05:05:15,000 --> 05:05:17,800
As We Know It began. 
During this time, with permanent

5456
05:05:17,800 --> 05:05:21,300
companies, specially constructed
theaters, and the groundbreaking

5457
05:05:21,300 --> 05:05:24,000
idea that actors could earn a 
living doing what they did 

5458
05:05:24,000 --> 05:05:27,200
without having to become 
Carpenters or Farmers with stock

5459
05:05:27,200 --> 05:05:30,000
characters that wore 
recognizable masks and costumes 

5460
05:05:30,000 --> 05:05:33,000
that have become so iconic that 
they are still instantly 

5461
05:05:33,000 --> 05:05:35,800
recognizable. 
Today, the comedian de la in 

5462
05:05:35,800 --> 05:05:38,900
Italy was perfecting 
improvisational comedy with 

5463
05:05:38,900 --> 05:05:41,400
exaggerated features that 
allowed actors to project 

5464
05:05:41,400 --> 05:05:43,800
personality. 
Even to audience's seated, close

5465
05:05:43,800 --> 05:05:46,000
enough to see their eyes through
the masks eye-holes. 

5466
05:05:46,000 --> 05:05:49,800
These were not your somber Greek
masks made to project emotion 

5467
05:05:49,800 --> 05:05:53,000
across enormous amphitheaters 
instead, they were made for 

5468
05:05:53,000 --> 05:05:55,700
intimate comedy. 
The fundamental character Types,

5469
05:05:55,700 --> 05:05:59,100
pantalone, the wealthy old 
Merchant who was constantly 

5470
05:05:59,100 --> 05:06:03,000
being conned out of his money. 
He'll Capitano the Blustery 

5471
05:06:03,000 --> 05:06:06,300
soldier who talked endlessly 
about his military exploits, but

5472
05:06:06,300 --> 05:06:09,100
turned out to be a coward when 
faced with real danger. 

5473
05:06:09,100 --> 05:06:12,800
Al Aquino, the cunning servant 
who was always smarter than his 

5474
05:06:12,800 --> 05:06:15,900
supposed betters and the young 
lovers who were typically 

5475
05:06:15,900 --> 05:06:18,400
beautiful, but not particularly 
blessed with common sense, 

5476
05:06:18,400 --> 05:06:21,800
became so popular that they 
spread throughout Europe more 

5477
05:06:21,800 --> 05:06:24,000
quickly than Renaissance passed 
a recipes. 

5478
05:06:24,000 --> 05:06:27,700
Commedia dell'arte is especially
endearing because, although the 

5479
05:06:27,700 --> 05:06:30,400
fundamental story lines, and 
character types were the same 

5480
05:06:30,408 --> 05:06:33,600
for all acting companies. 
A large portion of the dialogue 

5481
05:06:33,600 --> 05:06:36,600
was improvised over the course 
of years, or even decades, 

5482
05:06:36,600 --> 05:06:38,700
actors would hone their 
characters. 

5483
05:06:38,700 --> 05:06:42,800
Coming up with unique, vocal 
patterns, physical gestures and 

5484
05:06:42,800 --> 05:06:45,100
running jokes, that viewers 
would find entertaining. 

5485
05:06:45,100 --> 05:06:48,100
The audience expected, the same 
character to appear in each 

5486
05:06:48,100 --> 05:06:50,500
performance. 
Albeit with slightly different 

5487
05:06:50,500 --> 05:06:54,300
circumstances and complications.
So it was similar to watching a 

5488
05:06:54,300 --> 05:06:56,200
Renaissance. 
Take on improvisational comedy. 

5489
05:06:56,200 --> 05:06:59,700
The basic plot outlines or 
scenarios were handed down from 

5490
05:06:59,700 --> 05:07:03,000
one company to another. 
And grew more complex mistaken, 

5491
05:07:03,000 --> 05:07:05,500
identities. 
Young lovers attempting to 

5492
05:07:05,508 --> 05:07:08,200
outsmart, their parents 
servants, who are 

5493
05:07:08,200 --> 05:07:11,100
simultaneously, assisting and 
impeding their masters and 

5494
05:07:11,100 --> 05:07:14,200
enough physical humor to keep 
audiences laughing, even when 

5495
05:07:14,200 --> 05:07:17,100
they couldn't fully follow. 
The plot complications are all 

5496
05:07:17,100 --> 05:07:20,300
common elements of comedian 
dilate performances with their 

5497
05:07:20,300 --> 05:07:23,800
own costumes props, musical 
instruments, and specialized 

5498
05:07:23,800 --> 05:07:25,000
equipment for outdoor 
performance. 

5499
05:07:25,000 --> 05:07:28,000
Is these traveling companies 
were effectively small 

5500
05:07:28,000 --> 05:07:31,600
businesses, they kept their main
character types and scenarios 

5501
05:07:31,600 --> 05:07:33,900
while traveling from town to 
town throughout Italy and 

5502
05:07:33,908 --> 05:07:37,300
eventually throughout Europe. 
Tailoring their performance to 

5503
05:07:37,300 --> 05:07:40,000
local languages and tastes at 
the same time. 

5504
05:07:40,000 --> 05:07:42,600
Something remarkable was taking 
place in England that would 

5505
05:07:42,600 --> 05:07:44,900
forever alter the field of 
theatrical literature. 

5506
05:07:44,900 --> 05:07:48,500
However, let's face it, 
Elizabethan theater, was not the

5507
05:07:48,500 --> 05:07:51,000
Reverend hushed experience, you 
might expect from something. 

5508
05:07:51,000 --> 05:07:54,300
We now study with such a 
academic seriousness, the 

5509
05:07:54,300 --> 05:07:56,800
Elizabethan era produced, what 
many consider the greatest 

5510
05:07:56,800 --> 05:07:59,100
flowering of dramatic literature
in the English language. 

5511
05:07:59,100 --> 05:08:01,500
Unlike the calm reflect Of 
settings. 

5512
05:08:01,500 --> 05:08:05,300
We now associate with serious 
drama Elizabethan Theatres were 

5513
05:08:05,300 --> 05:08:08,800
noisy, boisterous spaces that 
functioned more like a hybrid of

5514
05:08:08,800 --> 05:08:11,300
a social club and a sporting 
event because they were on 

5515
05:08:11,300 --> 05:08:12,900
ground level. 
The audience known as 

5516
05:08:12,908 --> 05:08:16,200
Groundlings stood in the pit and
felt completely free to applaud 

5517
05:08:16,200 --> 05:08:18,900
Heroes. 
His villains and hurl objects 

5518
05:08:18,900 --> 05:08:21,800
that performers, they didn't 
like in general, they treated 

5519
05:08:21,800 --> 05:08:24,400
the performance as an 
interactive experience, they 

5520
05:08:24,400 --> 05:08:27,400
consumed food, while the show 
was going on vendors, offered 

5521
05:08:27,400 --> 05:08:30,600
beer, apples and nuts. 
They went to the theater to see 

5522
05:08:30,600 --> 05:08:34,300
and be seen in London, Society 
made business deals and flirted 

5523
05:08:34,300 --> 05:08:35,600
with possible. 
Love interests. 

5524
05:08:35,600 --> 05:08:39,100
They told the actors bluntly for
play was dull sometimes to the 

5525
05:08:39,100 --> 05:08:40,600
extent. 
That actors would act out of 

5526
05:08:40,600 --> 05:08:44,100
character to argue with loud 
audience members within the 

5527
05:08:44,100 --> 05:08:46,400
limitations of Elizabethan 
economics and Technology. 

5528
05:08:46,400 --> 05:08:50,100
Theaters themselves were marvels
of practical design. 

5529
05:08:50,900 --> 05:08:52,400
They were open to the sky in the
middle. 

5530
05:08:52,400 --> 05:08:55,700
So performance is relied on 
favorable weather and natural 

5531
05:08:55,700 --> 05:08:57,600
light. 
They were mostly made of wood 

5532
05:08:57,600 --> 05:09:01,500
and had thatched, roofs fire was
a constant worry the Globe 

5533
05:09:01,500 --> 05:09:04,500
Theater burned down in 1613. 
When a Canon affect went wrong 

5534
05:09:04,500 --> 05:09:07,800
during a performance of Henry, 
the 8th, the weather and 

5535
05:09:07,800 --> 05:09:10,800
daylight hours dictated the 
performance schedules winter 

5536
05:09:10,800 --> 05:09:13,000
meant earlier. 
Start times or shorter plays, 

5537
05:09:13,000 --> 05:09:15,800
even though some theaters had 
enough covered seating to 

5538
05:09:15,800 --> 05:09:17,800
continue with smaller audiences 
during light. 

5539
05:09:17,800 --> 05:09:21,500
Precipitation, rain could 
completely cancel performance is

5540
05:09:21,500 --> 05:09:25,500
a straightforward. 
Yet elegant stage design, an 

5541
05:09:25,500 --> 05:09:28,200
intimacy that is hard to attain 
in contemporary proscenium 

5542
05:09:28,200 --> 05:09:30,200
Theatres where the audience is 
Seated. 

5543
05:09:30,200 --> 05:09:33,500
On one side of the action was 
created by the main platform 

5544
05:09:33,500 --> 05:09:35,700
protruding into the audience 
Hamlet. 

5545
05:09:35,700 --> 05:09:38,100
Stood a few feet away from some 
audience members during his 

5546
05:09:38,100 --> 05:09:41,300
soliloquies, allowing him to 
observe their distinct phases, 

5547
05:09:41,300 --> 05:09:43,500
and determine how they responded
to his remarks. 

5548
05:09:43,500 --> 05:09:46,900
Depending on the needs of the 
play, The Gallery above the main

5549
05:09:46,900 --> 05:09:50,100
stage could symbolize Heaven 
castle, walls, or balconies. 

5550
05:09:51,000 --> 05:09:54,000
Trapdoors allowed Supernatural 
characters to emerge from Hell. 

5551
05:09:54,000 --> 05:09:57,600
A space beneath the stage. 
There was a curtain space behind

5552
05:09:57,600 --> 05:10:00,900
the stage that could be used as 
a cave and in a room or anything

5553
05:10:00,900 --> 05:10:02,700
else. 
The script called for these 

5554
05:10:02,700 --> 05:10:05,100
theaters relied on the 
imagination of the audience and 

5555
05:10:05,100 --> 05:10:08,300
the playwrights words to create 
atmosphere and location because 

5556
05:10:08,300 --> 05:10:11,200
they had little scenery and no 
lighting effects. 

5557
05:10:11,900 --> 05:10:15,100
You are aware that we would 
eventually arrive 400 years 

5558
05:10:15,100 --> 05:10:18,100
later, high school students. 
Still complain about having to 

5559
05:10:18,100 --> 05:10:21,200
read William Shakespeare and 
theater professionals are still 

5560
05:10:21,200 --> 05:10:23,900
trying to understand how he was 
able to be so consistently 

5561
05:10:23,900 --> 05:10:27,600
brilliant, while managing a 
theater company and likely 

5562
05:10:27,600 --> 05:10:30,800
worrying about paying the rent. 
Shakespeare was writing popular 

5563
05:10:30,800 --> 05:10:34,000
entertainment for a wide range 
of readers, not literature for 

5564
05:10:34,000 --> 05:10:37,200
future English classes. 
This is the aspect of 

5565
05:10:37,200 --> 05:10:40,000
Shakespeare, that is frequently 
overlooked in all the, scholarly

5566
05:10:40,000 --> 05:10:43,100
analysis and reverent treatment.
He worked as a playwright. 

5567
05:10:43,100 --> 05:10:45,500
In a fiercely, competitive 
commercial theater, setting 

5568
05:10:45,500 --> 05:10:49,000
producing plays on short notice 
for audiences who could not 

5569
05:10:49,000 --> 05:10:52,100
stand pretense and who had 
plenty of other things to do. 

5570
05:10:52,100 --> 05:10:53,900
If his Productions didn't hold 
their attention. 

5571
05:10:53,900 --> 05:10:57,400
Shakespeare's genius, lay in his
ability to work on several 

5572
05:10:57,400 --> 05:11:00,600
levels at once without making 
anyone feel condescending or 

5573
05:11:00,600 --> 05:11:03,800
excluded, sword fights puns and 
obscene jokes. 

5574
05:11:03,800 --> 05:11:06,100
That would make a contemporary 
rating committee blush. 

5575
05:11:06,100 --> 05:11:07,600
We're all part of the 
experience. 

5576
05:11:07,600 --> 05:11:10,000
For the Groundlings who paid a 
penny to stand in the pit 

5577
05:11:10,000 --> 05:11:13,800
sophisticated. 
Word play classical references 

5578
05:11:13,800 --> 05:11:16,400
and intricate psychological 
insights. 

5579
05:11:16,400 --> 05:11:19,300
That unveiled new layers upon. 
Repeated viewing were provided 

5580
05:11:19,300 --> 05:11:22,500
to the educated nobility who 
paid more for seats in the 

5581
05:11:22,500 --> 05:11:24,700
galleries. 
Everyone heard gripping, Tales 

5582
05:11:24,700 --> 05:11:28,200
of betrayal, power struggles, 
love dysfunctional families. 

5583
05:11:28,200 --> 05:11:31,200
And the sporadic appearance of 
ghosts, to add even more 

5584
05:11:31,200 --> 05:11:34,300
difficulty to an already 
challenging circumstance, his 

5585
05:11:34,300 --> 05:11:37,700
comedies, which were full of 
Identifications cross-dressing 

5586
05:11:37,700 --> 05:11:41,300
characters romantic confusion 
that degenerates into delightful

5587
05:11:41,300 --> 05:11:44,700
chaos, and the kind of wordplay 
that makes you laugh and moan at

5588
05:11:44,700 --> 05:11:48,000
the same time, we're truly funny
in ways that are still relevant 

5589
05:11:48,000 --> 05:11:49,900
today. 
With a villain plot that 

5590
05:11:49,900 --> 05:11:52,100
primarily provides the other 
characters with interesting 

5591
05:11:52,100 --> 05:11:55,800
things to react to and enough 
clever dialogue to fuel several 

5592
05:11:55,800 --> 05:11:59,900
contemporary sitcoms Much Ado 
About Nothing is essentially a 

5593
05:11:59,900 --> 05:12:03,000
romantic comedy about two 
couples who approached love from

5594
05:12:03,000 --> 05:12:06,400
entirely different perspectives.
His history is transformed dull 

5595
05:12:06,400 --> 05:12:09,400
political events which the 
majority of his audience only 

5596
05:12:09,400 --> 05:12:12,000
knew in passing into exciting 
Adventures. 

5597
05:12:12,000 --> 05:12:15,200
Full of endearing characters who
seemed more real than the 

5598
05:12:15,200 --> 05:12:17,500
historical figures. 
They purportedly represented 

5599
05:12:17,500 --> 05:12:20,100
through stirring, battle 
speeches and character 

5600
05:12:20,100 --> 05:12:22,800
interactions. 
Henry the 5th turns a medieval 

5601
05:12:22,800 --> 05:12:25,300
military campaign in to a 
reflection on leadership 

5602
05:12:25,300 --> 05:12:28,600
accountability and the price of 
political ambition. 

5603
05:12:28,600 --> 05:12:31,800
This keeps audiences interested 
even if they are not very 

5604
05:12:31,800 --> 05:12:33,600
interested. 
In English, foreign policy in 

5605
05:12:33,600 --> 05:12:38,400
the 14th century and his 
misfortune Yes, they are tragic 

5606
05:12:38,400 --> 05:12:41,900
but in the most fulfilling sense
of the word, they deal with 

5607
05:12:41,900 --> 05:12:46,300
major themes, like fate 
ambition, love and retribution. 

5608
05:12:47,300 --> 05:12:50,900
But they do so by showing flawed
complex characters, making 

5609
05:12:50,900 --> 05:12:54,500
decisions that have terrible 
outcomes in addition to being a 

5610
05:12:54,500 --> 05:12:56,900
play about a prince who must 
exact revenge on his father. 

5611
05:12:56,900 --> 05:13:00,900
Hamlet is also about a person 
attempting to live honorably in 

5612
05:13:00,900 --> 05:13:04,200
a corrupt society and how the 
Quest for perfect Justice can 

5613
05:13:04,200 --> 05:13:06,400
destroy everything, your 
attempting to defend 

5614
05:13:06,400 --> 05:13:09,200
Shakespeare's comprehension of 
human psychology. 

5615
05:13:09,200 --> 05:13:12,300
And all its contradictory 
complexity was what truly made 

5616
05:13:12,300 --> 05:13:15,800
him unique because his 
characters like real people have

5617
05:13:15,800 --> 05:13:19,500
internal contradictions. 
They seem authentic frequently 

5618
05:13:19,500 --> 05:13:22,500
in the same scene, Hamlet 
exhibits, both decisiveness and 

5619
05:13:22,500 --> 05:13:25,800
indecision, bravery and 
cowardice and cruelty. 

5620
05:13:25,800 --> 05:13:29,700
And love Lady, Macbeth is a 
fiercely ambitious and extremely

5621
05:13:29,700 --> 05:13:33,200
vulnerable person who can both 
plan murder and be destroyed by 

5622
05:13:33,200 --> 05:13:35,600
guilt. 
Yoga was incredibly cunning and 

5623
05:13:35,600 --> 05:13:38,700
strangely Petty driven by 
resentments, that don't fully, 

5624
05:13:38,700 --> 05:13:42,400
excuse the complex retaliation. 
He plans, Shakespeare was all so

5625
05:13:42,400 --> 05:13:44,900
more aware of the desire of 
audience's for variety. 

5626
05:13:44,900 --> 05:13:47,700
In a single evening's 
entertainment than most Rights 

5627
05:13:47,700 --> 05:13:51,300
before or since his plays 
combined Court scenes and Tavern

5628
05:13:51,300 --> 05:13:55,300
scenes, hipets, and comedy and 
tragedy. 

5629
05:13:55,300 --> 05:13:58,500
All within single stories that 
managed to remain cohesive. 

5630
05:13:58,500 --> 05:14:03,700
Despite their complex, tones 
drama comedy action, philosophy,

5631
05:14:03,700 --> 05:14:06,600
and poetry are all combined into
one experience that somehow 

5632
05:14:06,600 --> 05:14:09,700
feels cohesive. 
Rather than dispersed making it 

5633
05:14:09,700 --> 05:14:12,900
similar to receiving a full 
entertainment package Hamlet 

5634
05:14:12,900 --> 05:14:15,400
contains a variety of content, 
including a ghost story. 

5635
05:14:15,400 --> 05:14:19,100
A political thriller, a family 
drama, a romantic tragedy, a 

5636
05:14:19,100 --> 05:14:22,100
Revenge plot a play within a 
play sword fights. 

5637
05:14:22,100 --> 05:14:25,200
Philosophical soliloquies Court 
Intrigue. 

5638
05:14:25,200 --> 05:14:28,700
And some of the most hilarious 
Grave Digger scenes and dramatic

5639
05:14:28,700 --> 05:14:30,900
literature. 
Shakespeare managed to make that

5640
05:14:30,900 --> 05:14:33,600
list function as a single 
seamless experience. 

5641
05:14:33,600 --> 05:14:36,700
But any contemporary 
entertainment executive would 

5642
05:14:36,700 --> 05:14:39,800
insist on dividing it into at 
least three distinct products. 

5643
05:14:39,800 --> 05:14:42,900
Shakespeare was essentially 
creating Modern English as he 

5644
05:14:42,900 --> 05:14:45,100
wrote. 
So the language Merit special 

5645
05:14:45,100 --> 05:14:49,100
attention, Shakespeare, Weighted
or first used many of the words 

5646
05:14:49,100 --> 05:14:51,800
and expressions we use on a 
daily basis in his plays. 

5647
05:14:51,800 --> 05:14:55,100
He intuitively saw that language
could be both poetic and 

5648
05:14:55,100 --> 05:14:58,600
conversational elegant and 
approachable and beautiful and 

5649
05:14:58,600 --> 05:15:01,000
useful. 
His characters speech sounds 

5650
05:15:01,000 --> 05:15:03,800
both heightened and natural 
poetic and realistic. 

5651
05:15:03,800 --> 05:15:07,400
Dramatic development was as much
influenced by the actual theater

5652
05:15:07,400 --> 05:15:10,100
locations, as it was by the 
playwrights and performers who 

5653
05:15:10,100 --> 05:15:13,900
performed there, a microcosm of 
Elizabethan society and a device

5654
05:15:13,900 --> 05:15:16,700
built to produce particular 
types of theatrical experiences,

5655
05:15:16,700 --> 05:15:19,900
the Globe Theater was more than 
just a place where many of 

5656
05:15:19,900 --> 05:15:22,100
Shakespeare's plays had their 
world premieres. 

5657
05:15:22,100 --> 05:15:24,900
The globe, social geography 
provides us with a wealth of 

5658
05:15:24,908 --> 05:15:27,900
information about Elizabethan 
views on community entertainment

5659
05:15:27,900 --> 05:15:31,600
and class the Groundlings stood 
in the pit for a penny, which 

5660
05:15:31,600 --> 05:15:33,300
was less expensive than a loaf 
of bread. 

5661
05:15:33,300 --> 05:15:37,200
And the least expensive form of 
entertainment in London, a seat 

5662
05:15:37,200 --> 05:15:39,400
in the galleries where you would
be shielded from the elements 

5663
05:15:39,400 --> 05:15:42,300
and have a better view of the 
action would cost an additional 

5664
05:15:42,300 --> 05:15:44,100
Penny. 
Although they most likely 

5665
05:15:44,100 --> 05:15:47,000
couldn't hear much conversation 
and undoubtedly disrupted the 

5666
05:15:47,100 --> 05:15:50,200
Staging, the most expensive 
seats were actually on the stage

5667
05:15:50,200 --> 05:15:53,900
itself where affluent patrons 
could see and be seen by the 

5668
05:15:53,900 --> 05:15:56,400
rest of the audience. 
It was revolutionary to bring 

5669
05:15:56,400 --> 05:15:58,400
together people from different 
social classes. 

5670
05:15:58,400 --> 05:16:01,100
In one place, where else could a
pickpocket? 

5671
05:16:01,100 --> 05:16:03,800
A nobleman, and a shopkeeper, 
all enjoy the same entertainment

5672
05:16:03,800 --> 05:16:07,400
in the same place at the same 
time, in the strict hierarchical

5673
05:16:07,400 --> 05:16:11,300
Elizabethan Society in London 
theater, emerged as one of the 

5674
05:16:11,308 --> 05:16:14,800
few genuinely Democratic 
establishments where individuals

5675
05:16:14,800 --> 05:16:17,400
from wildly disparate 
backgrounds could share similar 

5676
05:16:17,400 --> 05:16:20,700
experiences and responses. 
It's easy to ignore the ways in 

5677
05:16:20,700 --> 05:16:22,200
which the architecture of these 
theaters. 

5678
05:16:22,200 --> 05:16:25,700
Impacted dramatic writing plays 
had to be performed during the 

5679
05:16:25,700 --> 05:16:27,600
day because there was no 
artificial lighting. 

5680
05:16:27,600 --> 05:16:30,600
So night scene had to be 
completely set up through 

5681
05:16:30,600 --> 05:16:34,100
staging and dialogue, the actors
must use their words and deeds 

5682
05:16:34,100 --> 05:16:37,000
alone to persuade a daytime 
audience that it is night time 

5683
05:16:37,000 --> 05:16:40,600
when Romeo sends to Juliet's, 
balcony as playwrights learn to 

5684
05:16:40,600 --> 05:16:43,200
use words, to create Vivid 
images, rather than lighting 

5685
05:16:43,200 --> 05:16:45,800
effects. 
This limitation produced some of

5686
05:16:45,800 --> 05:16:48,300
the most exquisite Script of 
language in English. 

5687
05:16:48,300 --> 05:16:51,400
Literature with the platform 
extending far into the audience 

5688
05:16:51,400 --> 05:16:53,500
area. 
The thrust stage Arrangement 

5689
05:16:53,500 --> 05:16:55,500
produced an intimacy. 
That is difficult for 

5690
05:16:55,500 --> 05:16:58,800
contemporary theaters to 
replicate every performance felt

5691
05:16:58,800 --> 05:17:01,000
immediate and intimate because 
the actors were literally 

5692
05:17:01,000 --> 05:17:04,300
surrounded by audience members 
on three sides in of being 

5693
05:17:04,300 --> 05:17:07,200
performed to the back wall of 
the theater, or to empty are 

5694
05:17:07,200 --> 05:17:10,600
soliloquies were shared directly
with audience members, who could

5695
05:17:10,600 --> 05:17:14,200
touch them, fostering a sense of
mutual confidence and conspiracy

5696
05:17:14,200 --> 05:17:16,500
between the performer and the 
audience. 

5697
05:17:16,500 --> 05:17:18,800
Shakespeare, and his 
contemporaries had to use 

5698
05:17:18,800 --> 05:17:21,800
dialogue, costumes, and small 
props to create setting and 

5699
05:17:21,800 --> 05:17:25,300
atmosphere, because there was a 
dearth of all, Nate scenery, a 

5700
05:17:25,300 --> 05:17:28,600
bed could turn the stage into a 
bedroom, a throne signified, a 

5701
05:17:28,600 --> 05:17:31,900
palace, and a few branches 
suggested a forest in stead of 

5702
05:17:31,908 --> 05:17:33,700
just showing viewers preset 
images. 

5703
05:17:33,700 --> 05:17:36,500
This economy of means, 
compelled, playwrights to be 

5704
05:17:36,500 --> 05:17:40,300
resourceful and audience is to 
be creative resulting in a 

5705
05:17:40,308 --> 05:17:42,700
collaborative. 
Theatrical experience that 

5706
05:17:42,700 --> 05:17:45,200
stimulated viewers creativity 
actors. 

5707
05:17:45,200 --> 05:17:48,100
Had to be incredibly adaptable. 
Because Elizabethan theater 

5708
05:17:48,100 --> 05:17:51,200
companies used a Repertory 
system in a weak. 

5709
05:17:51,200 --> 05:17:54,700
A single company may present six
different plays, requiring 

5710
05:17:54,700 --> 05:17:58,300
actors to learn and play dozens 
of roles at once with little 

5711
05:17:58,300 --> 05:18:01,600
rehearsal time, the top actor in
a company such as Shakespeare's 

5712
05:18:01,600 --> 05:18:04,200
company. 
The Lord Chamberlain's men would

5713
05:18:04,200 --> 05:18:06,900
have to be ready to play a 
variety of characters and styles

5714
05:18:06,900 --> 05:18:10,700
such as king, leeron Wednesday, 
Benedict in Much Ado About 

5715
05:18:10,700 --> 05:18:13,000
Nothing on Tuesday and Hamlet on
Monday. 

5716
05:18:13,000 --> 05:18:16,300
Additionally because of this 
system plays with particular 

5717
05:18:16,300 --> 05:18:19,500
actors in mind. 
Shakespeare customized roles for

5718
05:18:19,500 --> 05:18:22,600
each member of his company based
on their individual strengths 

5719
05:18:22,600 --> 05:18:27,200
weaknesses and peculiarities 
will kempe and Robert Armin, 

5720
05:18:27,200 --> 05:18:29,500
both of whom had distinct 
comedic philosophies and 

5721
05:18:29,508 --> 05:18:32,800
Specialties were the intended. 
Recipients of the clown Parts. 

5722
05:18:32,800 --> 05:18:35,000
The tragic parts were written 
for Richard. 

5723
05:18:35,000 --> 05:18:38,100
Burbage who apparently had a 
regular ability to bring people 

5724
05:18:38,100 --> 05:18:42,000
to tears English theater started
to undergo minor but important 

5725
05:18:42,000 --> 05:18:46,300
changes in 1603 when James the 
first came to power the 

5726
05:18:46,300 --> 05:18:49,000
emergence of private indoor 
theaters that catered to more 

5727
05:18:49,008 --> 05:18:52,000
affluent audiences coincided 
with the reign of the new king, 

5728
05:18:52,000 --> 05:18:55,300
who was more interested in the 
lavish Court entertainments than

5729
05:18:55,300 --> 05:18:57,900
in public theater Shakespeare's 
company started. 

5730
05:18:57,900 --> 05:19:00,600
Its winter performance is at the
black Friday's Theater, which 

5731
05:19:00,600 --> 05:19:02,800
was a far cry from the public 
amphitheaters. 

5732
05:19:02,800 --> 05:19:06,400
It was more intimate smaller 
artificially candlelit, and 

5733
05:19:06,400 --> 05:19:09,400
admission was much pricier. 
Playwrights were inspired to 

5734
05:19:09,400 --> 05:19:11,700
experiment with more 
psychologically, complex 

5735
05:19:11,700 --> 05:19:15,300
material and advanced theatrical
techniques as a result of the 

5736
05:19:15,300 --> 05:19:17,000
more affluent and educated 
audience. 

5737
05:19:17,000 --> 05:19:20,500
This attracted Themes of 
corruption, insanity and moral 

5738
05:19:20,500 --> 05:19:23,700
ambiguity were explored in 
Darker, more psychologically, 

5739
05:19:23,700 --> 05:19:25,800
complex plays written by 
playwrights. 

5740
05:19:25,800 --> 05:19:29,500
Such as John Webster, Thomas 
Middleton and John Ford with 

5741
05:19:29,500 --> 05:19:31,800
their graphic violence, sexual 
transgression. 

5742
05:19:31,800 --> 05:19:35,400
And moral complexity, The 
Duchess of malfi, the white 

5743
05:19:35,400 --> 05:19:39,100
devil and his pity. 
She's a whore challenged. 

5744
05:19:39,100 --> 05:19:41,500
The conventions of what was 
appropriate for staging, an 

5745
05:19:41,500 --> 05:19:44,500
outdoor Amphitheater during the 
day, more advanced staging 

5746
05:19:44,500 --> 05:19:47,000
methods were also made possible 
by the indoor theaters 

5747
05:19:47,000 --> 05:19:49,400
opportunities for atmospheric 
effects. 

5748
05:19:49,400 --> 05:19:53,100
Abrupt illuminations and the 
type of chiaroscuro lighting 

5749
05:19:53,100 --> 05:19:56,300
that painters of the era were 
employing to produce striking 

5750
05:19:56,300 --> 05:19:59,300
visual effects were made 
possible by candlelight when 

5751
05:19:59,300 --> 05:20:01,500
audience is were unable to see 
all of the mechanical 

5752
05:20:01,500 --> 05:20:04,000
operations. 
Clearly trapdoors and flying 

5753
05:20:04,000 --> 05:20:07,000
Machinery, could be used more 
successful in indoor. 

5754
05:20:07,000 --> 05:20:09,800
Theater's music has grown in 
significant as a means of 

5755
05:20:09,800 --> 05:20:12,700
providing entertainment in 
between acts as well as an 

5756
05:20:12,700 --> 05:20:15,400
accompaniment to the action. 
The development of what would 

5757
05:20:15,400 --> 05:20:18,100
eventually become theatrical 
orchestration as an artist. 

5758
05:20:18,200 --> 05:20:21,100
Discipline and more subdued 
musical effects was made 

5759
05:20:21,100 --> 05:20:24,600
possible by the Acoustics of 
enclosed spaces, English theater

5760
05:20:24,600 --> 05:20:27,900
achieved unprecedented levels of
sophistication and artistic 

5761
05:20:27,900 --> 05:20:31,000
achievement during Charles the 
first Reign, but it also began 

5762
05:20:31,000 --> 05:20:34,800
to temporarily decline Court 
musks evolved into increasingly 

5763
05:20:34,800 --> 05:20:39,600
complex, spectacles that fuse, 
dance music theater and visual 

5764
05:20:39,600 --> 05:20:42,600
arts in Productions that were 
expensive and primarily used to 

5765
05:20:42,600 --> 05:20:45,900
showcase the wealth and power of
the monarchy playwrights such as

5766
05:20:45,900 --> 05:20:50,200
John Ford, Philip messenger, and
James Shirley produced works of 

5767
05:20:50,200 --> 05:20:53,500
significant artistic value and 
public theater flourished. 

5768
05:20:53,500 --> 05:20:57,300
However, a confrontation that 
would temporarily put an end to 

5769
05:20:57,300 --> 05:20:59,500
professional theater in. 
England was being sparked by the

5770
05:20:59,500 --> 05:21:02,700
growing Puritan opposition to 
theater as politically dangerous

5771
05:21:02,700 --> 05:21:06,200
and morally, corrupting one of 
the greatest eras in English. 

5772
05:21:06,200 --> 05:21:10,000
Dramatic literature came to an 
end in 1642 when parliament 

5773
05:21:10,000 --> 05:21:11,900
passed, an ordinance banning all
public. 

5774
05:21:11,900 --> 05:21:15,300
Theater's actors and playwrights
were forced underground or into 

5775
05:21:15,300 --> 05:21:18,100
Exile during England's 18 year 
ban on professional. 

5776
05:21:18,200 --> 05:21:21,000
Theater the theatrical impulse 
and human nature. 

5777
05:21:21,000 --> 05:21:24,100
However, have a wonderful 
quality that makes it impossible

5778
05:21:24,100 --> 05:21:26,300
to eradicate theater through 
legislation. 

5779
05:21:27,400 --> 05:21:30,700
Theatrical activity, persisted 
in disguised, forms throughout 

5780
05:21:30,700 --> 05:21:33,400
the Commonwealth era, the 
theatrical tradition was 

5781
05:21:33,400 --> 05:21:36,100
maintained through private 
performances in aristocratic 

5782
05:21:36,100 --> 05:21:38,300
homes. 
Traveling entertainers, who were

5783
05:21:38,300 --> 05:21:40,000
careful not to identify as 
actors. 

5784
05:21:40,000 --> 05:21:42,500
And even some public 
performances that were passed 

5785
05:21:42,500 --> 05:21:46,300
off as musical concerts or 
instructional demonstrations at 

5786
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:49,500
fairs and markets, drilled 
performances brief comedic, 

5787
05:21:49,500 --> 05:21:53,200
excerpts taken from longer plays
were presented frequently with 

5788
05:21:53,200 --> 05:21:56,300
actors prepared to disperse. 
If officials showed up by 

5789
05:21:56,300 --> 05:21:59,000
offering moral instruction that 
coincidentally involved 

5790
05:21:59,000 --> 05:22:01,000
costumed. 
Actors in acting better stories.

5791
05:22:01,000 --> 05:22:04,300
Some theatrical entrepreneurs 
came up with inventive ways to 

5792
05:22:04,300 --> 05:22:07,200
get around the bands. 
When the monarchy was reinstated

5793
05:22:07,200 --> 05:22:11,400
in 1660 theater made a comeback 
to England, but with some 

5794
05:22:11,400 --> 05:22:14,100
notable modifications, that 
would permanently alter the art 

5795
05:22:14,100 --> 05:22:17,000
form for the first time, women 
were allowed to act on 

5796
05:22:17,000 --> 05:22:20,300
professional stages, which seems
like such an obvious Innovation 

5797
05:22:20,300 --> 05:22:22,600
that you wonder why it took so 
long to occur to anyone. 

5798
05:22:22,600 --> 05:22:26,500
In the past young men were cast 
in all female roles, which 

5799
05:22:26,500 --> 05:22:29,800
created some Trekking theatrical
complications when characters 

5800
05:22:29,800 --> 05:22:31,900
and stories, pretended to be the
opposite gender. 

5801
05:22:31,900 --> 05:22:35,500
The ability to see real women 
portraying women opened up new 

5802
05:22:35,500 --> 05:22:38,500
avenues for dramatic 
characterization, and romantic 

5803
05:22:38,500 --> 05:22:41,100
comedy. 
Additionally, male audience 

5804
05:22:41,100 --> 05:22:43,100
members occasionally showed 
greater interest in the 

5805
05:22:43,100 --> 05:22:46,000
actresses than in the plays. 
They were performing which led 

5806
05:22:46,000 --> 05:22:49,300
to new issues the most well, 
known restoration actress Nell. 

5807
05:22:49,300 --> 05:22:52,100
Gwynn is a prime example of this
shifted advantages and 

5808
05:22:52,100 --> 05:22:55,500
disadvantages this conflict 
between artistic success. 

5809
05:22:55,500 --> 05:22:59,100
And personal Fame would haunt 
actresses for centuries, as they

5810
05:22:59,100 --> 05:23:02,200
benefited from professional 
opportunities, while confronting

5811
05:23:02,200 --> 05:23:04,800
social stigmas that did not 
apply to their male 

5812
05:23:04,800 --> 05:23:07,500
counterparts. 
She was a truly gifted performer

5813
05:23:07,500 --> 05:23:10,000
who could handle comedy and 
tragedy with the equal skill, 

5814
05:23:10,000 --> 05:23:12,400
but she is more famous today, 
for being King. 

5815
05:23:12,400 --> 05:23:15,400
Charles, the second's mistress, 
comedy of manners and other 

5816
05:23:15,400 --> 05:23:18,100
sophisticated plays about the 
social intrigues of the upper 

5817
05:23:18,100 --> 05:23:20,600
classes. 
Also gained popularity during 

5818
05:23:20,600 --> 05:23:23,900
the restoration hero in stead of
being broad physical comedies. 

5819
05:23:23,900 --> 05:23:26,800
These were clever verbal 
entertainments that deftly 

5820
05:23:26,800 --> 05:23:28,900
parody. 
Romantic pretenses and social 

5821
05:23:28,900 --> 05:23:31,900
norms, consider them the 
forerunners of contemporary 

5822
05:23:31,900 --> 05:23:35,700
romantic comedies, albeit with 
tighter corsets, more complex 

5823
05:23:35,700 --> 05:23:39,100
language and a markedly more 
pessimistic outlook on marriage 

5824
05:23:39,100 --> 05:23:41,600
and faithfulness. 
Perhaps the best example of 

5825
05:23:41,600 --> 05:23:44,400
restoration comedy is William 
Congress, The Way of the World, 

5826
05:23:44,400 --> 05:23:47,900
which features characters who 
navigate, romantic and financial

5827
05:23:47,900 --> 05:23:51,400
complexities with well-crafted 
epigrams, that only true 

5828
05:23:51,400 --> 05:23:54,600
intelligence can understand 
there is a lot of wit in the 

5829
05:23:54,600 --> 05:23:58,300
conversation but it is used as a
weapon in complex social Warfare

5830
05:23:58,300 --> 05:24:01,200
where reputation and wealth are 
at stake compared to their 

5831
05:24:01,200 --> 05:24:03,300
Elizabethan forebears 
restoration. 

5832
05:24:03,300 --> 05:24:06,400
Theaters evolved into more 
elegant spaces that increasingly

5833
05:24:06,400 --> 05:24:09,700
catered to affluent Patron's 
prepared to Shell out more cash 

5834
05:24:09,700 --> 05:24:12,100
for cozy. 
Surroundings imported from 

5835
05:24:12,100 --> 05:24:15,300
Italian architecture, the 
procini March theater improved, 

5836
05:24:15,300 --> 05:24:17,500
the audience performer 
relationship by separating, the 

5837
05:24:17,500 --> 05:24:21,100
two in subtle, yet significant 
ways, with painted, backdrops 

5838
05:24:21,100 --> 05:24:22,900
and Wing flats. 
That could be switched between 

5839
05:24:22,900 --> 05:24:24,700
acts to imply different 
locations. 

5840
05:24:24,700 --> 05:24:28,400
The scenery grew increasingly 
ornate, Although, it also meant 

5841
05:24:28,400 --> 05:24:31,500
that plays relied Less on the 
imagination of the audience and 

5842
05:24:31,500 --> 05:24:34,800
more on visual spectacle, this 
marked a shift towards 

5843
05:24:34,800 --> 05:24:38,300
theatrical illusionism that 
would rule stage design for the 

5844
05:24:38,308 --> 05:24:40,700
next two centuries 
sentimentalism. 

5845
05:24:40,700 --> 05:24:43,600
The groundbreaking notion that 
viewers should be emotionally 

5846
05:24:43,600 --> 05:24:46,400
affected by what they saw, 
rather than merely amused or 

5847
05:24:46,408 --> 05:24:49,100
intellectually. 
Stimulated was introduced to 

5848
05:24:49,108 --> 05:24:53,300
theater in the 1700s, domestic 
tragedy and plays about common 

5849
05:24:53,300 --> 05:24:56,600
middle-class, people dealing 
with moral quandaries as opposed

5850
05:24:56,600 --> 05:24:59,300
to Kings and Nobles handling 
state affairs, and divine 

5851
05:24:59,300 --> 05:25:02,700
intervention became more popular
during this time with its 

5852
05:25:02,700 --> 05:25:05,900
emphasis on a Young Apprentice 
whose moral decline is caused by

5853
05:25:05,900 --> 05:25:09,900
common human frailties, rather 
than Fatale Character defects or

5854
05:25:09,908 --> 05:25:13,200
Supernatural intervention. 
George lillo's, the London 

5855
05:25:13,200 --> 05:25:16,800
Merchant was revolutionary by 
establishing the idea that 

5856
05:25:16,800 --> 05:25:19,500
theater could and should 
represent the experience of its 

5857
05:25:19,500 --> 05:25:22,600
audience rather than merely 
offering Escapist entertainment 

5858
05:25:22,600 --> 05:25:25,700
about exotic people in 
extraordinary circumstances, 

5859
05:25:25,700 --> 05:25:30,000
this move toward Emotional 
realism and relatable characters

5860
05:25:30,000 --> 05:25:31,900
set the foundation for modern 
drama. 

5861
05:25:31,900 --> 05:25:35,900
Emotional responsiveness and 
moral sensitivity were given new

5862
05:25:35,900 --> 05:25:38,100
significance by The Cult of 
sensibility. 

5863
05:25:38,100 --> 05:25:41,400
That ruled 18th century Society 
touching scenes were supposed to

5864
05:25:41,408 --> 05:25:44,400
make audiences cry. 
The number of handkerchiefs 

5865
05:25:44,400 --> 05:25:46,900
needed in the theater on any 
given night was frequently used 

5866
05:25:46,900 --> 05:25:49,900
to gauge a place success. 
Although, this may seem too 

5867
05:25:49,900 --> 05:25:52,700
sentimental by today's 
standards, it was a significant 

5868
05:25:52,700 --> 05:25:55,100
acknowledgment that theater 
could be used to explore 

5869
05:25:55,100 --> 05:25:59,100
emotional and moral complexity. 
In addition, to offering obscene

5870
05:25:59,100 --> 05:26:02,500
entertainment by creating a more
naturalistic performance style 

5871
05:26:02,500 --> 05:26:05,700
that prioritize psychological 
realism over exclamatory 

5872
05:26:05,700 --> 05:26:08,900
technique, David Garrick, 
transformed acting during this 

5873
05:26:08,900 --> 05:26:12,300
time, Gary researched human 
behavior and attempted to 

5874
05:26:12,308 --> 05:26:15,100
replicated authentically on 
stage, rather than posing. 

5875
05:26:15,100 --> 05:26:18,600
In giving speeches. 
In a formal oratorical way, his 

5876
05:26:18,600 --> 05:26:21,200
portrayal of Hamlet received 
accolades from not looking like 

5877
05:26:21,200 --> 05:26:22,800
an actor, giving well known 
speeches. 

5878
05:26:22,800 --> 05:26:26,500
But rather like a real person 
dealing with real psychological 

5879
05:26:26,500 --> 05:26:30,000
issues, In addition Garrick 
invented a number of theatrical 

5880
05:26:30,000 --> 05:26:31,700
techniques that are now 
commonplace. 

5881
05:26:31,700 --> 05:26:34,600
He was one of the first to 
demand that hole Productions. 

5882
05:26:34,600 --> 05:26:38,800
Not just individual scenes, 
undergo lengthy, rehearsals he 

5883
05:26:38,800 --> 05:26:41,900
created, cohesive artistic 
Visions for his Productions by 

5884
05:26:41,900 --> 05:26:45,500
coordinating staging costumes 
and scenery in order to create 

5885
05:26:45,500 --> 05:26:48,500
atmospheric illumination that 
increase the emotional impact of

5886
05:26:48,500 --> 05:26:51,400
scenes. 
He even experimented with stage 

5887
05:26:51,400 --> 05:26:54,400
lighting effects, using 
reflective surfaces and hidden 

5888
05:26:54,400 --> 05:26:57,800
lamps with periodicals like The 
Spectator and the Tattler 

5889
05:26:57,800 --> 05:27:01,600
reviewing plays And discussing 
Aesthetics the 18th century also

5890
05:27:01,600 --> 05:27:03,300
witnessed. 
The emergence of what is now 

5891
05:27:03,300 --> 05:27:05,900
known as theater criticism. 
This led to a more 

5892
05:27:05,900 --> 05:27:08,800
self-conscious theatrical 
culture where a more 

5893
05:27:08,800 --> 05:27:11,300
sophisticated audience examined 
and discussed artistic 

5894
05:27:11,300 --> 05:27:14,000
decisions. 
The development of theatrical 

5895
05:27:14,000 --> 05:27:17,100
celebrity culture as we know it 
today began in the late 18th 

5896
05:27:17,100 --> 05:27:20,200
century performers. 
Such as Sarah, siddens Rose to 

5897
05:27:20,200 --> 05:27:22,900
Fame in Britain and Europe. 
Their private lives, the focus 

5898
05:27:22,900 --> 05:27:26,000
of public interest and their 
creative interpretations of 

5899
05:27:26,000 --> 05:27:29,100
important roles discussed with 
the same further that 

5900
05:27:29,100 --> 05:27:32,600
contemporary audiences reserved 
for athletes people, traveled 

5901
05:27:32,600 --> 05:27:35,300
hundreds of miles to see siddens
Lady Macbeth perform. 

5902
05:27:35,300 --> 05:27:38,200
The sleepwalking scene because 
she was so well, known her 

5903
05:27:38,200 --> 05:27:40,900
departure from the stage was 
viewed as a lost to the nation's

5904
05:27:40,900 --> 05:27:43,900
culture and her performance of 
the part, became the Benchmark 

5905
05:27:43,900 --> 05:27:46,200
by which all other actresses 
were judged. 

5906
05:27:46,200 --> 05:27:48,900
She was the first actress to 
receive a statue. 

5907
05:27:48,900 --> 05:27:51,100
In Westminster Abbey, something 
that would have been 

5908
05:27:51,100 --> 05:27:54,900
unimaginable for a performer, 
only a century before the 

5909
05:27:54,900 --> 05:27:57,400
development of the theater was 
impacted by this celebrity 

5910
05:27:57,400 --> 05:28:00,900
culture in both positive and 
negative ways on the plus side. 

5911
05:28:00,900 --> 05:28:03,700
Well, known actors could ensure 
that shows have audience's and 

5912
05:28:03,700 --> 05:28:05,300
draw funding to theater 
businesses. 

5913
05:28:05,300 --> 05:28:08,800
Their notoriety contributed to 
the development of theater as a 

5914
05:28:08,800 --> 05:28:11,500
legitimate art form. 
Deserving of significant 

5915
05:28:11,500 --> 05:28:14,700
cultural consider On the 
downside, the star system 

5916
05:28:14,700 --> 05:28:18,000
started to skew theatrical 
production, with play selected, 

5917
05:28:18,000 --> 05:28:21,000
more for their ability to 
Showcase specific actors than 

5918
05:28:21,000 --> 05:28:22,700
for their inherent artistic 
value. 

5919
05:28:22,700 --> 05:28:26,400
This resulted in a custom of 
star vehicles that prioritized 

5920
05:28:26,400 --> 05:28:29,900
individual skills over balanced,
dramatic construction and 

5921
05:28:29,900 --> 05:28:34,400
Ensemble acting everything 
including theater was altered by

5922
05:28:34,400 --> 05:28:37,900
the Industrial Revolution. 
In ways that continue to shape 

5923
05:28:37,900 --> 05:28:39,700
our perceptions of live 
performances. 

5924
05:28:39,700 --> 05:28:43,200
Theater was transformed from an 
afternoon Amusement to an 

5925
05:28:43,200 --> 05:28:45,900
evening event that could rival 
other nightlife activities. 

5926
05:28:45,900 --> 05:28:49,100
Thanks to advancements in 
lighting, technology that 

5927
05:28:49,100 --> 05:28:52,300
allowed indoor performance is to
last well, into the evening. 

5928
05:28:52,300 --> 05:28:55,900
When gaslighting was first used 
in the early 1800s, it 

5929
05:28:55,900 --> 05:28:58,000
completely changed the 
possibilities for theater. 

5930
05:28:59,000 --> 05:29:02,400
The first time stage lighting 
could be precisely adjusted to 

5931
05:29:02,400 --> 05:29:05,600
be brightened for dramatic 
climaxes, and dimmed for 

5932
05:29:05,600 --> 05:29:08,400
intimate scenes. 
More complex atmospheric effects

5933
05:29:08,400 --> 05:29:11,000
were made possible, and 
filmmakers were equipped with 

5934
05:29:11,000 --> 05:29:14,400
new means of, directing viewers,
attention and evoking strong 

5935
05:29:14,400 --> 05:29:18,500
feelings by putting performers 
in the Limelight, and enabling 

5936
05:29:18,500 --> 05:29:21,000
the type of dramatic 
illumination that could isolate 

5937
05:29:21,000 --> 05:29:24,400
individual characters or produce
amazing visual effects 

5938
05:29:24,400 --> 05:29:28,500
Limelight, which is made by 
heating lime with oxygen and 

5939
05:29:28,500 --> 05:29:33,000
hydrogen Flames was introduced. 
Resulting in the first powerful 

5940
05:29:33,000 --> 05:29:35,300
Spotlight. 
Effects actors would literally 

5941
05:29:35,300 --> 05:29:38,200
position themselves to catch the
most flattering light during 

5942
05:29:38,200 --> 05:29:41,700
this time, which is where the 
well-known expression stealing 

5943
05:29:41,700 --> 05:29:45,200
the spotlight originated. 
As urban populations increased. 

5944
05:29:45,200 --> 05:29:48,000
In the middle class grew 
theater, had to expand to 

5945
05:29:48,000 --> 05:29:50,300
accommodate their Leisure Time 
and entertainment budget. 

5946
05:29:50,300 --> 05:29:53,300
Several thousand people could 
fit in some of the theater's 

5947
05:29:53,300 --> 05:29:56,700
constructed during this time. 
Necessitating Innovative staging

5948
05:29:56,700 --> 05:29:59,600
and performance technique that 
could successfully Project to 

5949
05:29:59,600 --> 05:30:03,700
such sizable crowds melodrama, a
theatrical genre that focused on

5950
05:30:03,700 --> 05:30:07,100
Stark moral contrasts 
breathtaking, special effects 

5951
05:30:07,100 --> 05:30:10,300
and poignant scenarios that were
understandable and enjoyable, 

5952
05:30:10,300 --> 05:30:12,900
even in large theaters was born 
as a result. 

5953
05:30:12,900 --> 05:30:16,400
The plots of melodramas included
enough, physical action and 

5954
05:30:16,400 --> 05:30:19,600
visual spectacle to keep 
audiences interested, even when 

5955
05:30:19,600 --> 05:30:22,700
they couldn't hear every word of
dialogue, while the heroes were 

5956
05:30:22,700 --> 05:30:25,300
entirely good and the villains 
were completely evil 

5957
05:30:25,300 --> 05:30:28,400
melodramatic plots were 
thrilling for audiences of the 

5958
05:30:28,400 --> 05:30:31,900
time, but delightfully absurd, 
by today's standards on Family 

5959
05:30:31,900 --> 05:30:35,600
Farms villains, threatened for 
closure Heroes, swung on ropes, 

5960
05:30:35,600 --> 05:30:38,500
across burning buildings, 
heroines were tied to railroad 

5961
05:30:38,500 --> 05:30:41,000
tracks and evil was always 
severely. 

5962
05:30:41,000 --> 05:30:43,600
Punished, usually in a 
spectacular way. 

5963
05:30:43,600 --> 05:30:45,800
While virtue was always 
rewarded. 

5964
05:30:45,800 --> 05:30:49,600
However, melodrama fulfilled 
significant social roles that 

5965
05:30:49,600 --> 05:30:52,400
went beyond simple Amusement, in
order to help viewers 

5966
05:30:52,400 --> 05:30:56,000
comprehend, the Swift changes, 
taking place in their society, a

5967
05:30:56,000 --> 05:30:58,300
number of melodramas addressed 
modern social issues. 

5968
05:30:58,800 --> 05:31:03,000
Such as urbanization, class 
conflict industrialization and 

5969
05:31:03,000 --> 05:31:06,000
shifting family structures. 
The most well known American 

5970
05:31:06,000 --> 05:31:09,800
play of the 19th century. 
Uncle Tom's Cabin employed 

5971
05:31:09,800 --> 05:31:12,600
melodramatic devices to make 
anti-slavery points to 

5972
05:31:12,600 --> 05:31:14,400
audiences. 
That political speeches and 

5973
05:31:14,400 --> 05:31:16,900
newspaper. 
Editorials might not have been 

5974
05:31:16,900 --> 05:31:19,900
able to reach, additionally, 
touring Productions, that could 

5975
05:31:19,900 --> 05:31:22,800
reach audiences in smaller 
cities and towns gained 

5976
05:31:22,800 --> 05:31:26,400
popularity in the 19th century. 
As railroad networks expanded, 

5977
05:31:26,400 --> 05:31:29,600
it became financially viable to 
transport, entire Productions, 

5978
05:31:29,600 --> 05:31:33,200
complete with sets costumes, and
entire acting companies to 

5979
05:31:33,200 --> 05:31:36,100
locations across the nation. 
This made it possible for 

5980
05:31:36,100 --> 05:31:38,400
audience's. 
In far-flung places to see the 

5981
05:31:38,400 --> 05:31:40,500
same place that were performed 
in large cities. 

5982
05:31:40,500 --> 05:31:45,200
Establishing the first genuinely
National theatrical culture with

5983
05:31:45,200 --> 05:31:48,600
theatrical syndicates planning. 
Tours, reserving venues and 

5984
05:31:48,600 --> 05:31:52,400
standardizing production values 
across several locations theater

5985
05:31:52,400 --> 05:31:54,300
emerged as a significant 
industry. 

5986
05:31:54,300 --> 05:31:57,500
During this time, the majority 
of America's major theater as 

5987
05:31:57,500 --> 05:32:00,300
were under the control of the 
theatrical Syndicate, which was 

5988
05:32:00,300 --> 05:32:04,400
established in 1896. 
They're booking choices have the

5989
05:32:04,400 --> 05:32:08,100
power to make or ruin careers a 
parallel movement that would 

5990
05:32:08,100 --> 05:32:11,400
transform dramatic literature 
and lay the foundation for many 

5991
05:32:11,400 --> 05:32:13,800
of the tenets that still govern 
serious theater. 

5992
05:32:13,800 --> 05:32:17,200
Today was emerging at the same 
time that popular theater was 

5993
05:32:17,200 --> 05:32:20,300
embracing spectacle and wide 
emotional appeal. 

5994
05:32:20,300 --> 05:32:24,500
Henry Gibson, August strindberg 
and Anton Chekhov were among the

5995
05:32:24,508 --> 05:32:27,100
first playwrights to tackle 
contemporary social issues 

5996
05:32:27,100 --> 05:32:30,200
through the experiences of 
likable characters and familiar 

5997
05:32:30,200 --> 05:32:33,200
settings because it addressed 
marriage and women's rights 

5998
05:32:33,200 --> 05:32:36,000
honestly, and in ways that went 
against ingrained social norms, 

5999
05:32:36,000 --> 05:32:40,100
ibsens adult's, house sparked 
scandals, across Europe, some 

6000
05:32:40,100 --> 05:32:43,700
theaters refused to present, the
plays contentious ending in 

6001
05:32:43,700 --> 05:32:46,200
which Nora abandoned her 
husband, and kids to find her 

6002
05:32:46,200 --> 05:32:49,700
own identity without, including 
a more traditional conclusion 

6003
05:32:49,700 --> 05:32:52,600
in, which he resumes her 
responsibilities to her family, 

6004
05:32:52,600 --> 05:32:55,100
but the controversy was 
precisely the point. 

6005
05:32:55,900 --> 05:32:58,800
Absent and his peers, felt that 
theater should provoke viewers 

6006
05:32:58,800 --> 05:33:01,500
to reflect deeply on moral 
issues and societal issues. 

6007
05:33:01,500 --> 05:33:04,900
In addition, to providing 
Amusement, this marked a return 

6008
05:33:04,908 --> 05:33:07,800
to theaters long-standing role 
as a platform for discussing 

6009
05:33:07,800 --> 05:33:11,100
significant topics, but with a 
particularly contemporary 

6010
05:33:11,100 --> 05:33:14,400
emphasis on psychological 
realism and current social 

6011
05:33:14,400 --> 05:33:17,800
issues, check off Master, the 
art of naturalistic drama by 

6012
05:33:17,800 --> 05:33:20,600
crafting plays in which 
characters discuss significant 

6013
05:33:20,600 --> 05:33:23,800
topics without directly 
addressing them in which the 

6014
05:33:23,800 --> 05:33:26,600
most poignant emotional moments 
frequently occur in silence. 

6015
05:33:26,600 --> 05:33:30,100
And in which the overall impact 
relies on Maynooth details, 

6016
05:33:30,100 --> 05:33:33,500
rather than dramatic climaxes. 
Although the Cherry Orchard is 

6017
05:33:33,500 --> 05:33:35,900
supposedly about an aristocratic
family losing. 

6018
05:33:35,900 --> 05:33:39,800
Their estate is really about how
hard it is to adjust to social 

6019
05:33:39,800 --> 05:33:42,700
change and how impossible it is 
to cling to the past. 

6020
05:33:42,700 --> 05:33:45,700
These playwrights developed new 
techniques for creating 

6021
05:33:45,700 --> 05:33:49,000
cycleogical depth and emotional 
authenticity, that would 

6022
05:33:49,000 --> 05:33:51,800
influence theatrical writing for
the next century and beyond 

6023
05:33:51,800 --> 05:33:55,300
their plot, centered on internal
conflicts and slow Revelation 

6024
05:33:55,300 --> 05:33:57,600
rather. 
Other than external action and 

6025
05:33:57,600 --> 05:34:01,500
dramatic confrontations, and 
their characters spoke and acted

6026
05:34:01,500 --> 05:34:05,700
more like real people than 
theatrical archetypes, more 

6027
05:34:05,700 --> 05:34:08,400
changes, to theater occurred in 
the 20th century than in any 

6028
05:34:08,400 --> 05:34:11,700
other because of two World Wars,
the emergence of television and 

6029
05:34:11,700 --> 05:34:15,100
film shifting, social mores and 
new technological advancements. 

6030
05:34:15,100 --> 05:34:18,300
As naturalistic acting 
techniques gained popularity in 

6031
05:34:18,308 --> 05:34:21,200
the early part of the century 
actors attempted to act as 

6032
05:34:21,200 --> 05:34:24,100
naturally as possible on stage. 
The more clamorous 

6033
05:34:24,100 --> 05:34:27,000
presentational style that are 
dominated theater for centuries,

6034
05:34:27,000 --> 05:34:30,000
was drastically different from 
this by using their own 

6035
05:34:30,000 --> 05:34:32,600
emotional experiences and 
creating intricate cycle 

6036
05:34:32,600 --> 05:34:36,900
backstories for their characters
konstantin stanislavski created 

6037
05:34:36,900 --> 05:34:39,900
methodical techniques to assist 
actors in creating believable 

6038
05:34:39,900 --> 05:34:42,600
characters. 
Modern actor training was on the

6039
05:34:42,600 --> 05:34:46,200
interpretation and modification 
of the stanislavski method by 

6040
05:34:46,200 --> 05:34:49,000
American instructors. 
Such as Lee Strasberg, Stella 

6041
05:34:49,000 --> 05:34:53,100
Adler and Sanford, Meisner the 
notion that actors should live 

6042
05:34:53,100 --> 05:34:54,700
truthfully under imaginary 
circumstances. 

6043
05:34:55,800 --> 05:34:58,800
Transformed performance and 
created guidelines that are 

6044
05:34:58,800 --> 05:35:01,100
still studied and used by the 
majority of actors today. 

6045
05:35:01,100 --> 05:35:04,600
Meanwhile experimental theater 
artists were pushing in 

6046
05:35:04,600 --> 05:35:07,500
completely different directions 
rejecting naturalistic 

6047
05:35:07,500 --> 05:35:11,400
representation entirely in favor
of more abstract symbolic or 

6048
05:35:11,400 --> 05:35:14,000
ritualistic forms of performance
in Russia. 

6049
05:35:14,000 --> 05:35:17,600
Vsevolod meyerhold created 
biomechanical acting methods 

6050
05:35:17,600 --> 05:35:20,500
that prioritize stylized 
movement and physical accuracy 

6051
05:35:20,500 --> 05:35:23,200
over cycle realism the theater 
of Cruelty. 

6052
05:35:23,200 --> 05:35:26,900
That Antonin our tour envisioned
would directly affect audience's

6053
05:35:26,900 --> 05:35:29,500
emotions and spirituality. 
While challenging their 

6054
05:35:29,500 --> 05:35:32,600
rationale defenses through 
powerful sensory experience is 

6055
05:35:32,600 --> 05:35:35,700
despite his own Productions 
frequent failures with modern 

6056
05:35:35,700 --> 05:35:37,900
audiences. 
His theory is shaped 

6057
05:35:37,900 --> 05:35:41,300
experimental theater for decades
in order to keep audiences from 

6058
05:35:41,300 --> 05:35:43,600
getting emotionally in ghost in 
Theatrical illusion. 

6059
05:35:43,600 --> 05:35:47,900
Bertolt, brecht created Epic 
Theater technique's in order for

6060
05:35:47,900 --> 05:35:50,200
the audience to critically, 
consider the social and 

6061
05:35:50,200 --> 05:35:52,000
political issues his plays 
addressed. 

6062
05:35:52,000 --> 05:35:54,700
He wanted them to keep a 
critical distance from the 

6063
05:35:54,700 --> 05:35:58,000
action Political theater, all 
across the world was impacted by

6064
05:35:58,000 --> 05:36:01,700
Brett's alienation effects which
included direct address to the 

6065
05:36:01,700 --> 05:36:03,900
audience. 
Songz that made commentary on 

6066
05:36:03,900 --> 05:36:06,800
the action and staging. 
That purposefully exposed 

6067
05:36:06,800 --> 05:36:09,700
theatrical artifice. 
American Theater was creating 

6068
05:36:09,700 --> 05:36:12,300
its own unique traits and 
contributions to the art form 

6069
05:36:12,300 --> 05:36:15,700
while European theater was 
battling, modernist Innovations 

6070
05:36:15,700 --> 05:36:19,100
and political upheavals. 
The rise of uniquely American 

6071
05:36:19,100 --> 05:36:22,300
dramatic voices that wrote about
uniquely American issues and 

6072
05:36:22,300 --> 05:36:24,900
experiences occurred in the 
early 20th century. 

6073
05:36:26,000 --> 05:36:29,200
The first American playwright to
receive widespread Acclaim for 

6074
05:36:29,200 --> 05:36:31,700
his serious, dramatic Works. 
Was Eugene O'Neill. 

6075
05:36:31,700 --> 05:36:34,600
His early plays featured 
working-class characters, and 

6076
05:36:34,600 --> 05:36:36,700
Industrial settings that in 
ways. 

6077
05:36:36,700 --> 05:36:39,200
Never before. 
Seen on stage, reflected the 

6078
05:36:39,200 --> 05:36:42,900
realities of American Life later
pieces, like the Iceman Cometh 

6079
05:36:42,900 --> 05:36:44,700
and Long days journey into 
night. 

6080
05:36:44,700 --> 05:36:48,500
Examine personal, failure, and 
family dysfunction with a 

6081
05:36:48,508 --> 05:36:51,200
psychological depth that was 
comparable to anything being 

6082
05:36:51,200 --> 05:36:53,600
written in Europe. 
Only experimented, with 

6083
05:36:53,600 --> 05:36:55,900
theatrical methods, that went 
beyond what was typically 

6084
05:36:55,900 --> 05:36:58,300
expected of theatrical 
entertainment in the United 

6085
05:36:58,300 --> 05:37:01,900
States in strange interlude. 
There were lengthy aside 

6086
05:37:01,900 --> 05:37:04,100
passages where characters 
expressed their thoughts out. 

6087
05:37:04,100 --> 05:37:07,700
Loud masks were employed by the 
great God, Brown to symbolize 

6088
05:37:07,700 --> 05:37:11,500
various facets of his Persona by
adapting, Greek tragedy to an 

6089
05:37:11,500 --> 05:37:14,400
American setting during the 
Civil War mourning becomes 

6090
05:37:14,400 --> 05:37:17,300
Electra produced a Trilogy that 
used classical dramatic 

6091
05:37:17,300 --> 05:37:19,100
structures to analyze American 
history. 

6092
05:37:19,100 --> 05:37:21,800
The only time in American 
history that the federal 

6093
05:37:21,800 --> 05:37:25,400
government directly subsidized 
theatrical production was during

6094
05:37:25,400 --> 05:37:28,700
the Federal theater project, 
which was a component of the New

6095
05:37:28,700 --> 05:37:30,500
Deal initiatives. 
During the Great Depression, 

6096
05:37:30,500 --> 05:37:33,200
thousands of theater 
professionals were employed by 

6097
05:37:33,200 --> 05:37:38,300
the project between 1935 and 
1939 and 100 of Productions were

6098
05:37:38,300 --> 05:37:41,600
produced Nationwide, including 
the groundbreaking living 

6099
05:37:41,600 --> 05:37:44,600
newspaper Productions, that 
dramatized current events and 

6100
05:37:44,600 --> 05:37:48,100
social concerns, even though the
federal theater project was 

6101
05:37:48,100 --> 05:37:50,900
eventually shut down because of 
political concerns about its 

6102
05:37:50,900 --> 05:37:54,600
left-leaning content. 
Showed that serious socially 

6103
05:37:54,600 --> 05:37:56,800
engaged. 
Theater was in high demand 

6104
05:37:56,800 --> 05:37:59,900
Across the Nation. 
Not just in large cities, the 

6105
05:37:59,900 --> 05:38:02,800
creation of the integrated 
musical, which fused songs 

6106
05:38:02,800 --> 05:38:06,500
dances and dramatic scenes into 
cohesive, artistic experiences, 

6107
05:38:06,500 --> 05:38:08,700
rather, than merely 
entertainment reviews. 

6108
05:38:08,700 --> 05:38:12,000
With well-known performers was 
perhaps American theaters most 

6109
05:38:12,000 --> 05:38:14,400
notable contribution to World 
drama. 

6110
05:38:14,400 --> 05:38:17,400
With songs that developed 
organically from the character 

6111
05:38:17,400 --> 05:38:19,500
and Circumstance. 
Rather than being added as 

6112
05:38:19,500 --> 05:38:24,500
specialty, numbers Showboat, 
1927 is frequently regarded as 

6113
05:38:24,500 --> 05:38:26,700
the first fully integrated 
American Musical. 

6114
05:38:26,700 --> 05:38:30,100
The production addressed weighty
topics like racial Prejudice and

6115
05:38:30,100 --> 05:38:32,900
the passing of time 
demonstrating that musical 

6116
05:38:32,900 --> 05:38:35,400
theater, could tackle important 
issues while still offering 

6117
05:38:35,400 --> 05:38:39,800
mainstream entertainment. 
Alright, 1943 transformed 

6118
05:38:39,800 --> 05:38:42,800
musical theater by introducing 
dance sequences that progressed 

6119
05:38:42,800 --> 05:38:45,900
the plot and revealed character 
rather than melee offering 

6120
05:38:45,900 --> 05:38:47,900
spectacle. 
And by starting with a single 

6121
05:38:47,900 --> 05:38:50,400
character, singing alone on 
stage, instead of a large 

6122
05:38:50,400 --> 05:38:53,500
chorus, Number Richard Rodgers 
and Hammerstein. 

6123
05:38:53,500 --> 05:38:57,000
The second partnership created a
model for musical theater design

6124
05:38:57,000 --> 05:39:00,600
that shaped the genre for many 
years through complex music and 

6125
05:39:00,600 --> 05:39:03,900
choreography that produced 
theatrical experiences unmatched

6126
05:39:03,900 --> 05:39:08,900
in any other medium Westside 
Story, 1957 showed that musical 

6127
05:39:08,900 --> 05:39:12,300
theater could address modern 
social issues, like gang 

6128
05:39:12,300 --> 05:39:16,500
violence racial tension and 
urban poverty, classical jazz 

6129
05:39:16,500 --> 05:39:19,000
and popular music were all 
incorporated into Leonard, 

6130
05:39:19,000 --> 05:39:21,200
Bernstein score and Jerome 
Robbins. 

6131
05:39:21,200 --> 05:39:24,300
Choreography turned dance from a
decorative elements to a crucial

6132
05:39:24,300 --> 05:39:27,800
part of the narrative Broadway 
musicals Heyday, which spanned 

6133
05:39:27,800 --> 05:39:32,100
roughly the 1940s to the 1960s. 
Produced works that shaped 

6134
05:39:32,100 --> 05:39:35,200
American culture songs from the 
shows entered, the popular 

6135
05:39:35,200 --> 05:39:38,100
repertoire and the shows 
themselves established Broadway,

6136
05:39:38,100 --> 05:39:41,000
as a major cultural export that 
influenced musical, theater 

6137
05:39:41,000 --> 05:39:44,200
development, worldwide 
alternative, theaters arose to 

6138
05:39:44,200 --> 05:39:46,800
accommodate more experimental 
work, and give up and coming 

6139
05:39:46,800 --> 05:39:49,600
artists of platform, as 
Broadway, grew more commercial 

6140
05:39:49,600 --> 05:39:53,100
and costly originally 
characterized by their Smaller 

6141
05:39:53,100 --> 05:39:56,300
size and cheaper, ticket costs, 
Off-Broadway Theatres evolved 

6142
05:39:56,300 --> 05:39:59,400
into hubs for theatrical 
Innovation and platforms for 

6143
05:39:59,400 --> 05:40:02,300
works that were unable to find a
home in commercial settings, 

6144
05:40:02,300 --> 05:40:05,700
Julian Beck and Judith Molina 
founded, the living Theater, 

6145
05:40:05,700 --> 05:40:08,700
which pioneered confrontational 
and interactive theater. 

6146
05:40:08,700 --> 05:40:12,100
That dismantled the conventional
divided between audiences and 

6147
05:40:12,100 --> 05:40:14,300
performers. 
In addition to challenging 

6148
05:40:14,300 --> 05:40:16,900
preconceived, notions about 
social norms and Theatrical 

6149
05:40:16,900 --> 05:40:19,000
Behavior, their production of 
paradise. 

6150
05:40:19,000 --> 05:40:21,900
Now, invited audience members to
participate in the performance 

6151
05:40:21,900 --> 05:40:24,900
in stead of adhering to 
Conventional hierarchical 

6152
05:40:24,900 --> 05:40:27,300
structures. 
The open Theater Under the 

6153
05:40:27,300 --> 05:40:30,600
direction of Joseph shaken 
developed on sambal based 

6154
05:40:30,600 --> 05:40:34,100
creation technique in which 
actors directors and writers 

6155
05:40:34,100 --> 05:40:38,000
work together throughout the 
creative process, their work 

6156
05:40:38,000 --> 05:40:40,600
which placed a strong emphasis 
on vocal and physical 

6157
05:40:40,600 --> 05:40:43,600
experimentation produced 
performance styles that have an 

6158
05:40:43,600 --> 05:40:46,500
international impact on 
experimental theater and actor 

6159
05:40:46,500 --> 05:40:49,800
training as a separate field. 
Performance art rejected many of

6160
05:40:49,800 --> 05:40:52,100
the conventions of theater while
drawing in. 

6161
05:40:52,600 --> 05:40:55,100
From it. 
So low performances by artists 

6162
05:40:55,100 --> 05:40:58,500
like Laurie Anderson, Spalding 
Gray, and Karen Finley Blended, 

6163
05:40:58,500 --> 05:41:02,900
storytelling visual art music 
and theater in ways that defied,

6164
05:41:02,900 --> 05:41:06,200
easy, classification, as art, a 
decentralized theatrical culture

6165
05:41:06,200 --> 05:41:09,000
was produced by the founding of 
regional theater companies 

6166
05:41:09,000 --> 05:41:13,500
across the United States in the 
1960s and 1970s which lessened 

6167
05:41:13,500 --> 05:41:16,800
New York's hegemony and offered 
chances for theatrical growth. 

6168
05:41:16,800 --> 05:41:20,700
Outside of conventional, hubs 
organizations. 

6169
05:41:20,700 --> 05:41:23,900
Such as the Arena Stage in 
Washington, DC, the American 

6170
05:41:23,900 --> 05:41:27,000
Conservatory theater in San 
Francisco and the Guthrie 

6171
05:41:27,000 --> 05:41:29,900
Theater in Minneapolis formed 
unique creative personalities 

6172
05:41:29,900 --> 05:41:33,200
while giving back to their 
communities Regional Theaters 

6173
05:41:33,200 --> 05:41:36,400
emerged as crucial, venues for 
creating original works and 

6174
05:41:36,400 --> 05:41:38,800
bringing classic plays back to 
life for modern audiences. 

6175
05:41:38,800 --> 05:41:42,300
In addition to creating 
audiences for serious theater in

6176
05:41:42,300 --> 05:41:45,300
communities Across the Nation, 
they offered jobs to theater 

6177
05:41:45,300 --> 05:41:48,500
professionals, who wish to work 
regularly without vying for the 

6178
05:41:48,500 --> 05:41:51,600
few Broadway, openings, the 
growth of playwright development

6179
05:41:51,600 --> 05:41:54,900
programs, which Supported up and
coming authors through workshops

6180
05:41:54,900 --> 05:41:59,200
readings, and developmental 
Productions was also encouraged 

6181
05:41:59,200 --> 05:42:00,400
by the regional theater 
movement. 

6182
05:42:00,400 --> 05:42:03,800
The Works of many of the most 
significant American playwrights

6183
05:42:03,800 --> 05:42:07,600
of the late 20th century such as
David Mamet, Sam, Shepard and 

6184
05:42:07,600 --> 05:42:10,300
Lanford Wilson were developed in
Regional Theaters. 

6185
05:42:10,300 --> 05:42:14,400
The theater of today is part of 
a complex ecosystem, that also 

6186
05:42:14,400 --> 05:42:18,000
includes social media video 
games, streaming services, 

6187
05:42:18,000 --> 05:42:21,800
television and movies. 
Instead of being supplanted by 

6188
05:42:21,800 --> 05:42:24,900
these more recent entertainment,
mediums theater has managed to 

6189
05:42:24,908 --> 05:42:27,600
integrate their Innovations 
while preserving its fundamental

6190
05:42:27,600 --> 05:42:29,800
qualities as a live social 
event. 

6191
05:42:29,800 --> 05:42:33,000
Diversity is embraced by modern 
theater in ways that were 

6192
05:42:33,000 --> 05:42:36,900
Unthinkable in early times on 
contemporary stages stories from

6193
05:42:36,900 --> 05:42:38,900
various cultures. 
Previously, marginalized 

6194
05:42:38,900 --> 05:42:42,400
viewpoints and experimental, 
forms that defy conventional 

6195
05:42:42,400 --> 05:42:44,900
notion of what theater can be 
co-exist? 

6196
05:42:44,900 --> 05:42:49,400
Playwrights such as Tony Kushner
lin-manuel, Miranda and Susan, 

6197
05:42:49,400 --> 05:42:52,000
Laurie Parks have produced plays
that broaden the theatrical 

6198
05:42:52,000 --> 05:42:53,700
Canon. 
While appealing to new 

6199
05:42:53,700 --> 05:42:56,600
audiences, the fundamental 
components of theatrical 

6200
05:42:56,600 --> 05:42:59,600
performance have been improved 
by technology rather than 

6201
05:42:59,600 --> 05:43:02,800
replaced. 
Nowadays sound design is a 

6202
05:43:02,800 --> 05:43:06,000
highly developed art form, that 
produces oral Landscapes that 

6203
05:43:06,000 --> 05:43:08,100
were not possible in the past 
computer. 

6204
05:43:08,100 --> 05:43:10,800
Controlled systems are used in 
lighting design to produce 

6205
05:43:10,800 --> 05:43:13,300
effects that are only 
constrained by the designers 

6206
05:43:13,300 --> 05:43:17,100
creativity real-time visual 
environments that adapt to live 

6207
05:43:17,100 --> 05:43:19,900
performances are made possible 
by digital effects and video 

6208
05:43:19,900 --> 05:43:22,700
projection. 
However, these technological 

6209
05:43:22,700 --> 05:43:24,700
advancements support, 
conventional theatrical 

6210
05:43:24,700 --> 05:43:28,700
functions, such as narrating, 
stories setting the mood and 

6211
05:43:28,700 --> 05:43:31,800
drawing in viewers, realizing 
that theaters power is in the 

6212
05:43:31,800 --> 05:43:34,000
direct interaction between 
actors and audiences. 

6213
05:43:34,000 --> 05:43:37,700
The most successful, modern 
Productions used technology, to 

6214
05:43:37,700 --> 05:43:40,700
complement live performance, 
rather than to replace it. 

6215
05:43:40,700 --> 05:43:42,600
Some elements of theater of 
State. 

6216
05:43:42,600 --> 05:43:45,900
Remarkably consistent over 
thousands of years, despite all 

6217
05:43:45,900 --> 05:43:49,300
these changes, the fundamental 
bond between an Entertainer and 

6218
05:43:49,300 --> 05:43:52,700
Their audience, the Enchantment 
of live performance is and the 

6219
05:43:52,700 --> 05:43:55,900
potency of group storytelling, 
have withstood all social 

6220
05:43:55,900 --> 05:43:59,100
changes and technological, 
advancements, being in the same 

6221
05:43:59,100 --> 05:44:02,100
room as live performers. 
Experience in the energy of the 

6222
05:44:02,108 --> 05:44:05,600
crowd and realizing that, this 
specific performance will never 

6223
05:44:05,600 --> 05:44:08,200
be precisely. 
Duplicated are still in 

6224
05:44:08,200 --> 05:44:11,800
comparable live performance is 
on predictable and crucial in 

6225
05:44:11,800 --> 05:44:15,200
ways that recorded entertainment
can never match with subtle 

6226
05:44:15,200 --> 05:44:18,500
variations brought about, by the
audience's mood, the performers 

6227
05:44:18,500 --> 05:44:21,700
energy, the weather and 
countless other small factors. 

6228
05:44:21,700 --> 05:44:24,900
Archived dwelling ancestors, 
gathered around their Fires. 

6229
05:44:24,900 --> 05:44:27,600
For many of the same purposes 
that theater still fulfills 

6230
05:44:27,600 --> 05:44:30,100
today. 
It gives difficult feelings and 

6231
05:44:30,100 --> 05:44:32,300
complicated concepts are 
tangible form. 

6232
05:44:32,300 --> 05:44:35,300
And a common context which AIDS 
in their processing. 

6233
05:44:35,300 --> 05:44:39,200
I offering experiences that 
people can talk about debate and

6234
05:44:39,200 --> 05:44:42,300
remember together, it Fosters a 
sense of community. 

6235
05:44:43,100 --> 05:44:45,800
It allows each generation to 
reinterpret stories, and 

6236
05:44:45,800 --> 05:44:47,800
cultural values for their 
current relevance. 

6237
05:44:47,800 --> 05:44:50,600
While preserving them theater, 
gives us the opportunity to 

6238
05:44:50,600 --> 05:44:53,900
investigate various viewpoints 
and options in a secure setting 

6239
05:44:53,900 --> 05:44:56,900
where we can experience 
repercussions without, actually 

6240
05:44:56,900 --> 05:45:00,200
going through them, observe 
other people's decisions and 

6241
05:45:00,200 --> 05:45:03,900
consider, how we might act in 
comparable situations through 

6242
05:45:03,900 --> 05:45:06,900
the experience of characters who
represent various facets of 

6243
05:45:06,900 --> 05:45:09,500
human nature. 
It offers a forum for discussing

6244
05:45:09,500 --> 05:45:13,400
ethical issues, societal issues 
and interpersonal conflicts, 

6245
05:45:13,400 --> 05:45:16,500
indeed theater, serves many 
important, artistic and social 

6246
05:45:16,500 --> 05:45:19,100
purposes, but it's also 
important to remember that. 

6247
05:45:19,100 --> 05:45:23,300
It's just for fun, the small 
Pleasures, the shared gasp of 

6248
05:45:23,300 --> 05:45:26,800
surprise, and unexpected plot 
twists, the laughter that breaks

6249
05:45:26,800 --> 05:45:30,200
out during a well-timed, comedy 
sequence, the shared intake of 

6250
05:45:30,200 --> 05:45:32,000
breath. 
During a moment of transcendent 

6251
05:45:32,000 --> 05:45:37,200
Beauty directly connect to every
audience, as ever assembled to 

6252
05:45:37,208 --> 05:45:40,600
witness other people posing, as 
someone else, theaters humanity 

6253
05:45:40,600 --> 05:45:44,300
is what makes it so appealing. 
In contrast to television or 

6254
05:45:44,300 --> 05:45:46,600
movies which show are still 
photos of actors who played 

6255
05:45:46,600 --> 05:45:50,100
their parts weeks or months ago.
Theater shows us real people 

6256
05:45:50,100 --> 05:45:52,400
performing live right in front 
of us. 

6257
05:45:52,400 --> 05:45:54,700
The tier shared by a theater 
performer. 

6258
05:45:54,700 --> 05:45:59,000
Are genuine when they laugh, 
it's real laughter, they must 

6259
05:45:59,000 --> 05:46:00,000
immediately. 
Correct. 

6260
05:46:00,000 --> 05:46:03,300
Their mistakes in front of the 
audience, no other art form can 

6261
05:46:03,300 --> 05:46:07,100
compare to the sense of danger 
and urgency this evokes during a

6262
05:46:07,100 --> 05:46:10,100
live performance. 
Anything Can Happen an actor may

6263
05:46:10,100 --> 05:46:14,400
forget their lines, a set piece 
may break or a costume May tear 

6264
05:46:14,400 --> 05:46:17,300
at a pivotal point. 
How the actors respond to these 

6265
05:46:17,300 --> 05:46:18,800
situations. 
Becomes part of the 

6266
05:46:18,800 --> 05:46:21,900
entertainment for the evening by
agreeing to overlook small 

6267
05:46:21,900 --> 05:46:25,200
errors and recognizing the skill
needed to produce convinced in 

6268
05:46:25,200 --> 05:46:28,200
characters and gripping 
narrative, under such immediate 

6269
05:46:28,200 --> 05:46:31,000
pressure. 
The audience complicit maintains

6270
05:46:31,000 --> 05:46:34,400
the theatrical illusion with 
theatrical Traditions from all 

6271
05:46:34,400 --> 05:46:36,800
over the world influencing one. 
Another in ways that were not 

6272
05:46:36,800 --> 05:46:40,400
feasible in the past, modern 
theater has a genuinely Global 

6273
05:46:40,400 --> 05:46:43,300
reach. 
Western experimental theaters 

6274
05:46:43,300 --> 05:46:45,800
influenced by Japanese Noh and 
Kabuki techniques. 

6275
05:46:45,800 --> 05:46:48,600
Modern American playwriting is 
influenced by African 

6276
05:46:48,600 --> 05:46:52,500
storytelling Traditions, Asian 
Productions of Western Classics.

6277
05:46:52,500 --> 05:46:55,300
Adopt European directing 
techniques by broadening the 

6278
05:46:55,308 --> 05:46:58,300
scope of methods themes and 
approaches accessible to Modern 

6279
05:46:58,300 --> 05:47:00,400
artists. 
This cross-pollination has 

6280
05:47:00,400 --> 05:47:03,100
enhanced theater. 
As artists strive to respect 

6281
05:47:03,100 --> 05:47:06,000
traditional forms while bringing
them up to date for contemporary

6282
05:47:06,000 --> 05:47:09,300
audiences, as well as negotiate 
issues of cultural appropriation

6283
05:47:09,300 --> 05:47:13,300
and genuine representation, it 
is also brought forth. 

6284
05:47:13,300 --> 05:47:16,300
New difficulties, theater 
Innovations, are now widely 

6285
05:47:16,300 --> 05:47:19,000
disseminated across National and
cultural borders through the 

6286
05:47:19,000 --> 05:47:22,700
Festival circuit festivals in 
Adelaide Edinburgh Avenue and 

6287
05:47:22,700 --> 05:47:25,800
numerous other cities offer 
venues for artists from various 

6288
05:47:25,800 --> 05:47:28,600
Traditions to exchange their 
work and have an impact on one 

6289
05:47:28,600 --> 05:47:31,300
another's growth. 
This International Exchange has 

6290
05:47:31,300 --> 05:47:34,500
been sped up by digital 
communication, which is made it 

6291
05:47:34,500 --> 05:47:36,700
possible for theater 
professionals to collaborate on 

6292
05:47:36,700 --> 05:47:40,500
projects, share techniques and 
reach audiences around the world

6293
05:47:40,500 --> 05:47:43,200
in ways that were Thinkable for 
earlier Generations. 

6294
05:47:43,200 --> 05:47:46,700
Although live streaming of 
theatrical performances has 

6295
05:47:46,700 --> 05:47:48,400
grown in sophistication and 
popularity. 

6296
05:47:48,400 --> 05:47:52,000
It still serves as an addition 
to live theater experiences, 

6297
05:47:52,000 --> 05:47:55,300
rather than as a substitute for 
them, theater keeps changing 

6298
05:47:55,300 --> 05:47:57,400
while retaining its fundamental 
qualities. 

6299
05:47:57,400 --> 05:48:00,000
As we look to the Future, 
although they haven't yet 

6300
05:48:00,000 --> 05:48:02,200
completely altered. 
The fundamental theatrical 

6301
05:48:02,200 --> 05:48:04,900
experience of live performers, 
working with live audiences 

6302
05:48:04,900 --> 05:48:08,300
virtual and augmented reality 
Technologies. 

6303
05:48:08,300 --> 05:48:10,900
Present new opportunities for 
staging and audience. 

6304
05:48:10,900 --> 05:48:13,700
Interaction theater operations 
are being impacted by 

6305
05:48:13,700 --> 05:48:16,300
environmental concerns. 
As many businesses are 

6306
05:48:16,300 --> 05:48:19,900
implementing sustainable, set 
construction, energy, use and 

6307
05:48:19,900 --> 05:48:23,700
touring Logistics practices as 
audience's funding sources and 

6308
05:48:23,700 --> 05:48:25,900
distribution. 
Strategies shift, in response to

6309
05:48:25,900 --> 05:48:28,200
more General, Social and 
technological advancements. 

6310
05:48:28,200 --> 05:48:32,600
Theaters economics, continue to 
change the same urgent subject 

6311
05:48:32,600 --> 05:48:35,300
matter that has always inspired 
the most compelling. 

6312
05:48:35,300 --> 05:48:38,200
Dramatic work is available to 
theater today in the form of 

6313
05:48:38,200 --> 05:48:41,500
climate change, political 
polarization e. 

6314
05:48:41,500 --> 05:48:44,200
Make inequality and 
technological disruption 

6315
05:48:44,200 --> 05:48:47,200
emerging playwrights of today, 
are figuring out how to deal 

6316
05:48:47,200 --> 05:48:49,300
with these issues. 
While respecting theaters 

6317
05:48:49,300 --> 05:48:52,600
historical advantages and 
investigating fresh avenues for 

6318
05:48:52,600 --> 05:48:55,500
artistic expression, tens of 
thousands of years ago. 

6319
05:48:55,500 --> 05:48:59,000
The first storytellers gathered 
around their fires and began a 

6320
05:48:59,000 --> 05:49:02,100
tradition that today's Young 
performers are carrying on their

6321
05:49:02,100 --> 05:49:04,000
learning from teachers, who 
learned from teachers, who can 

6322
05:49:04,000 --> 05:49:06,700
trace their ancestry back 
through centuries of theatrical 

6323
05:49:06,700 --> 05:49:10,200
tradition, an unbroken line of 
knowledge and technique that 

6324
05:49:10,200 --> 05:49:12,500
links actors of today to actors 
of the past. 

6325
05:49:12,500 --> 05:49:15,800
However, there are also 
developing new formats and 

6326
05:49:15,800 --> 05:49:18,400
inventive storytelling 
techniques that appeal to 

6327
05:49:18,400 --> 05:49:21,500
audiences in the modern era who 
are confronted with previously 

6328
05:49:21,500 --> 05:49:23,500
unheard of possibilities and 
challenges. 

6329
05:49:23,500 --> 05:49:26,200
They are performing for 
audiences that include people 

6330
05:49:26,200 --> 05:49:29,500
from all over the world working 
in theater that are equipped 

6331
05:49:29,500 --> 05:49:33,100
with new technology and tackling
artistic and social issues that 

6332
05:49:33,100 --> 05:49:34,600
were Unthinkable for earlier 
Generations. 

6333
05:49:34,600 --> 05:49:39,100
Theater adapts without losing 
its core which is why in Jews 

6334
05:49:39,100 --> 05:49:42,100
and flourishes while embracing 
Technologies. 

6335
05:49:42,100 --> 05:49:45,100
It keeps its emphasis on 
interpersonal connections and 

6336
05:49:45,100 --> 05:49:48,500
in-person communication. 
It explores the Timeless themes.

6337
05:49:48,500 --> 05:49:50,300
That have always fueled dramatic
literature. 

6338
05:49:50,300 --> 05:49:53,900
While incorporating shifting 
social perspectives, In addition

6339
05:49:53,900 --> 05:49:56,100
to developing new narratives 
that represent modern 

6340
05:49:56,100 --> 05:49:58,900
experience. 
It discovers novel ways to tell 

6341
05:49:58,900 --> 05:50:02,800
old Tales the value of theaters 
emphasis on community presence 

6342
05:50:02,800 --> 05:50:06,400
and shared experience increases 
rather than decreases. 

6343
05:50:06,400 --> 05:50:09,700
In our increasingly digital 
remote and fast-paced world. 

6344
05:50:09,700 --> 05:50:12,500
The experience of setting in a 
theater with hundreds of other 

6345
05:50:12,500 --> 05:50:15,400
people, all of whom are focused 
on the same life performance 

6346
05:50:15,400 --> 05:50:18,700
feels more valuable and unique 
as more of our entertainment 

6347
05:50:18,700 --> 05:50:20,700
becomes personalized and 
customizable. 

6348
05:50:20,700 --> 05:50:24,100
Theater serves as a reminder, 
that humans are social beings 

6349
05:50:24,100 --> 05:50:26,900
who require opportunities to 
come together in physical 

6350
05:50:26,900 --> 05:50:31,400
settings, where we can laugh cry
and discuss what it means to be 

6351
05:50:31,400 --> 05:50:33,400
human. 
It offers a break from The 

6352
05:50:33,400 --> 05:50:35,400
NeverEnding stimulation of 
digital media. 

6353
05:50:35,400 --> 05:50:38,600
In favor of the more profound 
rewards of focused attention, 

6354
05:50:38,600 --> 05:50:42,900
emotional, involvement, and 
group contemplation for the next

6355
05:50:42,900 --> 05:50:44,500
few hours. 
You become a part of something 

6356
05:50:44,500 --> 05:50:47,800
bigger than yourself, part of 
the ongoing dialogue between the

6357
05:50:47,800 --> 05:50:51,400
past and present between artists
and audiences and between 

6358
05:50:51,400 --> 05:50:53,100
personal experience and 
Collective. 

6359
05:50:53,400 --> 05:50:56,400
Standing that has been going on 
for as long as people have been 

6360
05:50:56,408 --> 05:50:59,800
Gathering to tell stories, this 
begins when the curtain Rises 

6361
05:50:59,800 --> 05:51:03,100
and the first actor enters the 
spotlight, you take part in one 

6362
05:51:03,100 --> 05:51:06,500
of the oldest and most enduring 
traditions in human history and 

6363
05:51:06,500 --> 05:51:09,800
that dimly lit theater with 
strangers who momentarily become

6364
05:51:09,800 --> 05:51:12,300
your companions. 
As you watch a story unfold 

6365
05:51:12,300 --> 05:51:15,600
together with everyone else 
present, you can set to believe 

6366
05:51:15,600 --> 05:51:19,000
the story being told and allow 
yourself to be moved by the 

6367
05:51:19,000 --> 05:51:22,200
experiences of fictional 
characters who are portrayed by 

6368
05:51:22,200 --> 05:51:25,000
actual people. 
Just a few feet away from you 

6369
05:51:25,000 --> 05:51:28,500
and when the lights come up and 
the Applause subsides, you take 

6370
05:51:28,500 --> 05:51:31,000
a little bit of that experience 
back into your everyday life, 

6371
05:51:31,000 --> 05:51:35,100
memories of things that shocked 
touched or changed. 

6372
05:51:35,100 --> 05:51:37,400
You questions prompted, by the 
story. 

6373
05:51:37,400 --> 05:51:41,200
You've seen connections drawn 
between the experience of the 

6374
05:51:41,200 --> 05:51:44,800
characters and your own life and
the pure joy of spending time 

6375
05:51:44,800 --> 05:51:47,800
with people who have chosen to 
congregate in that specific 

6376
05:51:47,800 --> 05:51:51,700
location at that specific moment
to partake in the age old 

6377
05:51:51,700 --> 05:51:55,000
enchantment of Life performance.
Because it fulfills needs that 

6378
05:51:55,000 --> 05:51:57,800
technology cannot are offers 
experience that no other art 

6379
05:51:57,800 --> 05:51:59,700
form can match. 
Theater has endured. 

6380
05:51:59,700 --> 05:52:03,100
There will always be theaters 
were actors and audiences gather

6381
05:52:03,100 --> 05:52:06,000
to discuss what it means to be 
alive in any given time. 

6382
05:52:06,000 --> 05:52:09,900
And location as long as people 
have a need for stories, a 

6383
05:52:09,900 --> 05:52:12,900
desire for connection, and a 
search for meaning and shared 

6384
05:52:12,900 --> 05:52:15,300
experiences. 
So let's celebrate theater. 

6385
05:52:16,400 --> 05:52:18,500
Third aspirations and deep 
fulfillments. 

6386
05:52:18,500 --> 05:52:22,700
Its age-old wisdom and modern 
inventions and its capacity to 

6387
05:52:22,708 --> 05:52:27,900
make us laugh cry and think 
often all in one evening, cheers

6388
05:52:27,900 --> 05:52:30,200
to the actors who dedicate their
lives to playing different 

6389
05:52:30,200 --> 05:52:32,300
roles. 
The directors who transformed 

6390
05:52:32,300 --> 05:52:34,800
unfinished material into 
meaningful experiences. 

6391
05:52:34,800 --> 05:52:38,700
The designers who build worlds 
out of plywood and Imagination 

6392
05:52:38,700 --> 05:52:42,300
and the audience is who 
consistently turn up night after

6393
05:52:42,300 --> 05:52:45,800
night willing to believe 
whatever Stories being told the 

6394
05:52:45,800 --> 05:52:48,800
custom is upheld. 
The curtain is raised and the 

6395
05:52:48,800 --> 05:52:51,300
never-ending dialogue between 
the performer and the audience, 

6396
05:52:51,300 --> 05:52:54,800
the story, and The Listener, and
the imagination, and the real 

6397
05:52:54,800 --> 05:52:58,700
world continues, may your own 
performance is whether on stage 

6398
05:52:58,700 --> 05:53:01,400
or in the everyday theater of 
Life, the full of the ideal 

6399
05:53:01,400 --> 05:53:05,200
ratio of humor and drama, 
knowledge and all and individual

6400
05:53:05,200 --> 05:53:08,500
expression and group Harmony, 
Sweet dreams.