Zeus vs Kronos: The Battle That Changed Everything | Boring History

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Hey there my cozy history 
Buddies, go ahead and settle in 

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at your own pace. 
I want to let you know, moving 

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forward, I might do this daily 
or frequently in videos that 

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this is a curated sleep 
experience carefully researched 

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and thoughtfully put together to
be as accurate as possible while

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still helping you unwind. 
Tonight we're easing into the 

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story of Zeus and Kronos a quiet
turning of ancient power where 

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myth and memory blend into 
something passed down over 

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Generations. 
Slowed slightly boring history. 

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Helps your brain power down, 
feel free to follow, drop a like

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and tell me where you're 
listening from and what time it 

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is. 
I always enjoy seeing where 

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everyone is drifting off from. 
Now shift your shoulders a 

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little get that pillow 
comfortable. 

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Maybe let a fan or some soft 
background noise run and let's 

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begin. 
Before the world knew temples or

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prayers before, marble statues 
dotted Mediterranean Hillside. 

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The first stories were already 
being told This is one of those 

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stories. 
It happened in a time when the 

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Earth was young and power passed
from one generation to the next 

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in ways, both terrible and 
inevitable. 

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You stand at the base of 
mounting on the island of Crete.

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The mountain Rises before you in
layers of pale Limestone and 

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dark green. 
Scrub Morning, Light touches the

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highest peaks first. 
Then it spreads downward, like 

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honey, poured over Stone. 
The air carries the weight of 

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antiquity here, every Rock seems
older than memory. 

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The landscape tells stories if 
you know how to read it. 

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erosion, patterns, Mark, the 
passage of countless storms, 

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olive trees, grow Twisted, an 
ancient A trunks are thick as 

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Horses, their Roots, dig deep 
into shallow soil, somewhere. 

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A stream trickles over Stones. 
The Sound is constant and 

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peaceful the air. 
Smells of wild thyme and dust 

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goats Move Along The Ridges of 
their Bells, make soft irregular

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music. 
The Sound Echoes of stone faces 

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below. 
You can see all of groves 

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spreading toward the coast row 
after row of silver, green 

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trees. 
The CB on them glints like 

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hammered bronze, waves, catch 
sunlight and throw it back. 

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This mountain holds a secret 
deep within one of its caves 

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hidden from the sky and stars a 
child is growing up. 

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His name is Zeus. 
His father does not know he 

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exists, this ignorance is 
intentional, this ignorance is 

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survival. 
The cave entrance, it's halfway 

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up the mountain face. 
You would miss it if you did not

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know where to look. 
Vines hang across the opening 

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like a curtain. 
Wild Grape Leaves, Turn gold in 

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autumn in Spring, they flush 
bright green behind them. 

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The cave, mouth Waits dark and 
cool and eternal. 

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Inside the darkness is cool and 
complete water. 

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Drips somewhere in the depths, 
the sound echoes in ways that 

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make the cave seemed larger than
it is. 

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Your eyes are just slowly 
Shadows, become shapes shapes 

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become passages. 
The cave Network extends, deep 

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into the mountain. 
Some tunnels lead down, others 

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twist sideways, a few climb 
upward before Dead ending at 

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Solid Rock. 
This is where Zeus lives. 

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He has never seen the sky. 
He has never felt rain on his 

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face. 
He is never watched clouds drift

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or Stars wheel overhead. 
He knows the cave walls better 

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than most people know their own 
homes. 

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He can navigate the tunnels in 
total. 

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Darkness his fingers have 
memorized every bump and groove 

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in the stone. 
The main chamber where he sleeps

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is roughly. 
Circular, the ceiling Rises high

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enough, that sounds disappear 
upward stalactite hang like, 

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frozen waterfalls, Mineral 
deposits. 

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Create strange shapes in one 
corner and natural shelf serves 

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as a bed. 
Zeus's lined it with dry grass 

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and soft Moss. 
The makeshift mattress smells 

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earthy and clean a nymph named 
amalthea cares for him. 

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She is gentle and patient. 
Her face shows kindness that 

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never wavers, she has raised 
this child from infancy. 

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She is watched him grow from 
helpless baby to strong youth. 

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She loves him as her own though 
he is not She brings him food 

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from the forest. 
Sometimes it is wild honey. 

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The honey is dark and Rich, it 
tastes of flowers and sunshine. 

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Sometimes she brings berries, 
blackberries stained, his 

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fingers purple strawberries. 
Taste sweet and slightly tart 

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Sometimes she brings nuts. 
Just nuts and hazelnuts and 

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acorns. 
She shows him which are safe to 

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eat and which are not. 
Sometimes a mouthy are brings 

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goat milk in a leather, flask 
the milk is warm. 

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When freshly drawn, it tastes 
creamy and faintly grassy, Zeus 

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drinks, it greatly. 
The flask itself is worn, smooth

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from years of use. 
The leather is soft and supple. 

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It smells of smoke from the 
tanning process. 

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Zeus does not ask questions 
about his father, he does not 

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know yet. 
That asking these questions 

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would be dangerous, he simply 
exists in the cave. 

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He grows taller each month. 
His shoulders broaden, his 

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voice, deepens his hands, 
develop, calluses from climbing.

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Rough stone walls, he learns to 
move quietly through the 

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darkness. 
Footsteps, make almost no sound?

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He has learned The rhythms of 
the cave. 

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He knows when water drips 
fastest, after rain, he knows 

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where bats clustered during day.
He knows which passages grow 

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cold in Winter and which stay 
warm the mountain has become his

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teacher. 
It has taught him patience, it 

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has taught him observation, it 
has taught him, that survival 

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requires understanding your 
environment completely. 

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Outside the cave, the world 
continues without him. 

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Kingdoms rise and fall Merchants
sale between Ireland. 

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Their ships have bright painted,
eyes on the prowl Farmers, 

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plant, barley, and wait for 
rain, they pray to Gods whose 

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names used as never heard women 
weave cloth on looms children 

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play in Dusty streets, life 
moves forward in 10,000 small 

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ways. 
None of them know about the boy 

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in the mountain. 
None of them could guess how 

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much their world will change 
because of him. 

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He is hidden. 
He is secret. 

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He is waiting though. 
He does not know what he waits 

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for. 
The story really begins much 

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earlier. 
It begins with Zeus's father, 

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his name is Cronos, he rules the
universe from a palace that 

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touches the clouds. 
The building sits on a mountain 

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peak that pierces, the sky Snow.
Never melts on the highest 

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Towers when screams past the 
walls. 

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It is a place of cold Beauty and
colder power. 

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Chronos sits on a throne made of
Black Stone. 

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The stone is polished smooth. 
It reflects. 

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Nothing light seems to die 
against its surface. 

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The throne has no decorations. 
No carving soften its edges. 

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It is purely functional. 
Seat of power without pretense 

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his face rarely shows emotion. 
Lines mark his forehead. 

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They are not laugh lines. 
They are the marks of constant, 

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vigilance, his eyes are dark and
watchful. 

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They never rest. 
They evaluate everyone who 

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enters his presence. 
They calculate threat levels, 

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they measure loyalty, they never
simply see, they always judge. 

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Kronos one is thrown through 
violence. 

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He took it from his own father. 
The memory of that act follows 

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him like a shadow a colors. 
Everything he does. 

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It shapes every decision, he 
makes, it makes him suspicious. 

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It makes him careful. 
It makes him afraid. 

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His father, had warned him the 
words still echo in his memory 

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decades later. 
Sun will overthrow you just as 

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you over through me. 
The prophecy hangs over Kronos 

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like storm clouds. 
That never break it, shapes his 

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nightmares. 
It haunts his waking hours it 

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has become the central fact of 
his existence. 

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So Kronos developed a solution 
when his wife Rhea gives birth. 

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He takes the infant. 
He does not hold the child, 

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tenderly, he does not. 
Look at the small face. 

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He does not allow himself to 
feel connection. 

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He simply lifts the baby and 
opens his mouth. 

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He swallows the child whole. 
The baby disappears Into 

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Darkness Chronos. 
Feels the small body sliding 

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down his throat. 
The sensation is terrible but 

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necessary. 
Then he returns to his throne, 

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another threat has been 
eliminated. 

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Another potential usurper has 
been neutralized, he tells 

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himself, it is worth it. 
He tells himself, he has no 

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choice. 
He tells himself, this is what 

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rulers must do. 
He has done this five times, 

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five children have vanished into
his stomach. 

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Their names are Hestia Demeter 
Hira Hades and Poseidon they 

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still live inside him. 
They have not aged, they have 

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not grown, they exist in a 
strange suspended State time 

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does not touch them. 
They are preserved. 

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They are trapped. 
They are waiting inside. 

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Kronos they exist in darkness, 
they can think, but cannot act, 

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they can feel, but cannot move 
their of each other. 

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In the strange way that dreams 
allowance. 

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They know they are imprisoned. 
They know they are alive. 

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They know nothing else. 
The years pass without meaning 

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time becomes abstract, they 
simply endure rear has watched 

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this happen five times. 
Each time breaks something 

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inside her. 
She's a mother who cannot hold 

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her children. 
She's a wife who fears her 

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husband. 
She's a goddess trapped in 

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circumstances. 
She cannot change after the 

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fifth child disappears. 
She makes a decision. 

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She will not let this happen 
again. 

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When she feels the sixth child 
growing inside her, she begins 

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to plan. 
He travels to Crete and secret. 

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She tells Kronos she needs time 
away. 

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She says she wants to visit 
sacred Groves. 

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She says she wants to make 
offerings at ancient altars. 

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He allows this, he does not 
suspect, he thinks she has 

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accepted their arrangement, she 
finds the cave on Mount Eda. 

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She explores its depths she 
judges its suitability. 

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She meets some Althea and 
explains the situation, the 

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nymph for Greece to help 
together. 

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They prepare everything they 
gather supplies, they create 

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hiding places they plan for 
every contingent. 

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See, When the labor pains begin 
rear is a loan in the darkness. 

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No Midwife attends her. 
No servants bring water. 

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She has only a mouth here and 
the stone walls. 

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The pain comes in waves each 
way. 

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Wave builds higher than the last
She grips the cave walls. 

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She breathed through clenched 
teeth. 

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She does not cry out. 
She cannot risk being heard. 

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Finally, the child emerges. 
He is slick and read his tiny 

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and perfect. 
He opens his mouth and cries. 

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The sound fills the cave. 
It bounces off walls, it 

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declares life in the face of 
death. 

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Realists to that cry. 
She memorizes. 

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It, it is the only memory. 
She will have she holds her son 

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for only a few moments. 
She looks at his face. 

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She sees his eyes open and 
close. 

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She sees his small fingers, curl
and uncurl. 

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She memorizes, his features, the
shape of his nose, the curve of 

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his ear, The tiny wrinkles at 
his wrists. 

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Then she wraps him in soft cloth
and gives him to amphithere she 

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has no choice. 
She must return to Cronos. 

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She must return with evidence of
a birth She finds a large Stone 

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near the cave entrance. 
It is roughly the size and 

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weight of a newborn smooth and 
oval cool to the touch. 

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She wraps the stone in the same 
cloth that held Zeus. 

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The bundle looks convincing in 
the dim light she holds it 

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against her chest the way she 
would hold an infant. 

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She makes the long journey back 
to the Palace. 

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Every step feels like betrayal. 
Every step is also salvation 

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Kronos is waiting in the throne 
room. 

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His eyes are dark and impatient.
He's been counting the days of 

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her absence. 
He has been anticipating this 

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moment. 
He stands as she enters. 

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He approaches, Footsteps echo on
marble floors. 

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He reaches, for the bundle rear 
gives it to him. 

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A hands are steady a face shows.
Nothing inside, she is screaming

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inside. 
She is praying. 

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She watches as the unwrapped, 
the cloth for one terrible 

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moment. 
She thinks he will notice. 

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The stone, does not move. 
It does not cry. 

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It does not feel warm. 
It does not smell like milk and 

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new skin. 
But Chronos is not paying 

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attention to details, he is 
thinking about the prophecy. 

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He is thinking about his throne,
he is thinking about survival. 

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He lifts the bundled to his 
mouth. 

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00:12:15,200 --> 00:12:20,000
He opens wide, he swallows the 
stones, slides down his throat. 

232
00:12:20,000 --> 00:12:23,800
It is heavier than the children 
were, it is harder and colder. 

233
00:12:23,800 --> 00:12:27,000
It's settles in his stomach with
the five children already. 

234
00:12:27,000 --> 00:12:31,600
There Kronos feels relief, 
another threat eliminated, and 

235
00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:35,400
other future prevented Rear 
feels something like Triumph. 

236
00:12:35,400 --> 00:12:39,100
It is small, and Secret. 
She keeps her face neutral. 

237
00:12:39,100 --> 00:12:42,500
She bows slightly. 
She thanks him for his mercy and

238
00:12:42,500 --> 00:12:44,300
letting her birth alone as she 
requested. 

239
00:12:45,100 --> 00:12:47,300
She returns to her chambers that
night. 

240
00:12:47,300 --> 00:12:49,600
She lies awake. 
She thinks about the cave. 

241
00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:51,900
She thinks about the small baby 
in the darkness. 

242
00:12:51,900 --> 00:12:55,400
She thinks about the future. 
She has changed Destiny. 

243
00:12:55,400 --> 00:13:00,000
She has broken the pattern. 
Now, they must wait to see if it

244
00:13:00,000 --> 00:13:03,000
is enough years pass in the way 
that years do. 

245
00:13:03,000 --> 00:13:07,000
When you're young each day feels
long, each month feels endless. 

246
00:13:07,900 --> 00:13:10,000
But looking back time has moved 
like water. 

247
00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:13,900
Zeus is no longer an infant. 
He is no longer a toddler, he 

248
00:13:13,900 --> 00:13:16,800
has become a boy, then a youth 
Junior. 

249
00:13:16,800 --> 00:13:18,200
Now he stands on the edge of 
manhood. 

250
00:13:18,200 --> 00:13:20,400
He learns the cave like a 
language. 

251
00:13:20,400 --> 00:13:23,100
He knows which passages lead 
deeper into the mountain. 

252
00:13:23,100 --> 00:13:26,700
Some descends deeply others 
sloped gently downward. 

253
00:13:26,700 --> 00:13:29,500
He knows where water collects in
stone basins. 

254
00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:32,000
These Natural Pools are always 
cold. 

255
00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:35,300
The water tastes of minerals, it
tastes of the mountain in 

256
00:13:35,300 --> 00:13:38,600
itself, he knows where the air 
Flows In from hidden cracks. 

257
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:41,900
These air currents of vital 
without them, the cave would be 

258
00:13:41,900 --> 00:13:44,600
suffocating, the darkness has 
become his friend. 

259
00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:49,800
Most people, fear Darkness, they
need to feel safe but Zeus has 

260
00:13:49,800 --> 00:13:53,000
grown up with Darkness, it 
Comforts him, it protect him. 

261
00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:57,000
He can navigate with outside, 
his other senses have sharpened 

262
00:13:57,000 --> 00:13:59,600
to compensate. 
His hearing can detect the 

263
00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:03,000
smallest sounds his sense of 
touch can read Stone like 

264
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:06,300
others, read Scrolls, his 
spatial awareness is perfect. 

265
00:14:07,300 --> 00:14:09,300
He always knows where he is in 
the cave Network. 

266
00:14:10,500 --> 00:14:13,400
Amal theater teaches him many 
things Beyond mere survival. 

267
00:14:14,400 --> 00:14:16,400
Each is impatience, she shows 
him. 

268
00:14:16,400 --> 00:14:18,100
How waiting is its own form of 
power. 

269
00:14:18,100 --> 00:14:22,100
She teaches him how to, listen, 
not just with ears, but with 

270
00:14:22,100 --> 00:14:25,600
full attention, she teaches him,
that strength is not always 

271
00:14:25,600 --> 00:14:28,200
about Force. 
Sometimes, strength is about 

272
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:31,700
endurance, sometimes it is about
knowing when to act, and when to

273
00:14:31,700 --> 00:14:35,500
be still She brings him stories 
from the world outside, she 

274
00:14:35,500 --> 00:14:39,300
describes the scene detail, she 
tells him about waves that crash

275
00:14:39,300 --> 00:14:41,200
against rocks with tremendous 
Force. 

276
00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:45,300
She explains how water can be 
calm as glass or wild as storm. 

277
00:14:45,300 --> 00:14:49,200
She describes the way salt spray
feels on skin the way. 

278
00:14:49,208 --> 00:14:51,700
See weed smells when it dries 
the way. 

279
00:14:51,708 --> 00:14:55,000
Sand feels between toes. 
She tells him about fish that 

280
00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:58,500
swim in schools, like silver 
clouds, underwater, thousands of

281
00:14:58,508 --> 00:15:03,100
fish moving as one she describes
dolphins that leap and play, she

282
00:15:03,100 --> 00:15:04,800
talks about creatures that live 
in the Deep. 

283
00:15:05,500 --> 00:15:08,300
Strange things with light on 
their heads, things with 

284
00:15:08,300 --> 00:15:11,400
tentacles longer than ships. 
The ocean is a world unto 

285
00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:13,700
itself, Zeus imagines at 
constantly. 

286
00:15:13,700 --> 00:15:17,300
She describes forests where 
trees grow so tall, their tops 

287
00:15:17,300 --> 00:15:21,400
disappear into missed, She talks
about Oak and Pine and Cedar. 

288
00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:24,100
She explains how each tree has 
its own character. 

289
00:15:24,100 --> 00:15:28,400
How each smells different, how 
bark feels rough or smooth, 

290
00:15:28,400 --> 00:15:32,000
depending on species She 
describes clearings where 

291
00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:35,000
sunlight filters, through 
leaves, the light is green and 

292
00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:38,700
gold, it moves with the breeze, 
it creates patterns on the 

293
00:15:38,700 --> 00:15:42,800
forest floor. 
Zeus listens to everything his 

294
00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:46,700
mind builds pictures from her 
words, he imagined Blue Water 

295
00:15:46,700 --> 00:15:49,800
and green leaves. 
He imagines the feeling of wind 

296
00:15:49,800 --> 00:15:52,600
on his face. 
He imagined Open Sky stretching 

297
00:15:52,600 --> 00:15:55,600
forever. 
These images, fill his thoughts 

298
00:15:55,600 --> 00:15:59,100
during the long quiet hours. 
They sustain him, they give him 

299
00:15:59,100 --> 00:16:02,300
something to hope for. 
Sometimes he practices moving 

300
00:16:02,300 --> 00:16:05,700
through the cave at speed. 
He runs through passages in 

301
00:16:05,700 --> 00:16:08,100
total. 
Darkness his feet nowhere to 

302
00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:10,200
step. 
They know which rocks are stable

303
00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:13,500
and which might shift, his hands
know where the walls narrow, 

304
00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:16,500
they reach out at exactly. 
The right moment to catch 

305
00:16:16,500 --> 00:16:19,500
himself. 
He never stumbles the mountain 

306
00:16:19,500 --> 00:16:22,800
has taught him balance in ways 
that can only come from absolute

307
00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:26,200
necessity. 
He has created his own obstacle 

308
00:16:26,200 --> 00:16:28,800
courses. 
He places stones at specific 

309
00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:31,700
points along passages. 
Then he runs the course 

310
00:16:31,700 --> 00:16:34,500
blindfolded. 
Not that the blindfold makes 

311
00:16:34,500 --> 00:16:37,500
much difference in the darkness,
but it is the principle that 

312
00:16:37,500 --> 00:16:39,700
matters. 
He leaps over obstacles. 

313
00:16:39,700 --> 00:16:43,800
He Ducks under low, overhangs he
twists through narrow gaps. 

314
00:16:43,800 --> 00:16:46,800
His body has become perfectly 
adapted to this environment. 

315
00:16:47,700 --> 00:16:51,300
Other times, he sits very still 
and listens complete Stillness. 

316
00:16:51,300 --> 00:16:54,900
Complete attention. 
He can hear the mountain 

317
00:16:54,900 --> 00:16:58,200
breathing, the expansion and 
contraction of stone as 

318
00:16:58,200 --> 00:17:00,600
temperature changes. 
He can hear water, moving 

319
00:17:00,600 --> 00:17:03,700
through hidden channels, 
sometimes it rushes, sometimes 

320
00:17:03,700 --> 00:17:06,900
it drips, always it flows, he 
can hear small. 

321
00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:10,400
Creatures moving in the depths 
bats and insects and things 

322
00:17:10,400 --> 00:17:13,000
without names. 
Each sound tells him something. 

323
00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:17,400
The cave is not empty, it is 
full of subtle life, amalthea 

324
00:17:17,400 --> 00:17:18,700
brings him physical challenges 
too. 

325
00:17:18,700 --> 00:17:22,800
She finds large stones and tells
him to lift them at first, they 

326
00:17:22,800 --> 00:17:25,500
are too heavy. 
He strains until his muscles 

327
00:17:25,500 --> 00:17:29,700
scream, he fails repeatedly, but
each month, he grows stronger 

328
00:17:29,700 --> 00:17:33,900
eventually, he can lift stones 
that would break most men, his 

329
00:17:33,900 --> 00:17:37,500
muscles become dense and 
Powerful his back broadens. 

330
00:17:37,500 --> 00:17:41,700
His arms growth, thick his hands
develop a grip that could crush 

331
00:17:41,700 --> 00:17:44,100
bone. 
She also teaches him about the 

332
00:17:44,100 --> 00:17:47,000
world structure. 
She explains how Chronos rules 

333
00:17:47,000 --> 00:17:50,100
from his Palace in the clouds. 
She describes the throne room 

334
00:17:50,100 --> 00:17:53,000
with its cold Beauty. 
She tells him about the Titans 

335
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:56,100
who serve his Father, these are 
beings of immense power. 

336
00:17:56,100 --> 00:18:00,300
They control aspects of reality,
some governed time, some 

337
00:18:00,300 --> 00:18:03,500
government memory, some 
government Law and Order, they 

338
00:18:03,500 --> 00:18:06,600
are ancient and proud. 
She tells him about his mother 

339
00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:09,000
Rhea. 
She describes a woman caught 

340
00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:13,400
between love and fear, a woman 
who made an impossible Choice, a

341
00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:15,300
woman who thinks about her 
hidden son every day. 

342
00:18:16,100 --> 00:18:18,600
Zeus learns to understand his 
mother through these stories. 

343
00:18:18,600 --> 00:18:20,600
He learns to forgive her 
absence. 

344
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:24,800
She tells him about his five 
siblings, she names them Hestia 

345
00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:29,700
Demeter, Hera Hades Poseidon. 
She explains their nature, their

346
00:18:29,700 --> 00:18:33,300
powers, their personalities. 
He tells him they are trapped 

347
00:18:33,300 --> 00:18:37,200
inside Kronos living but not 
living waiting, but not knowing 

348
00:18:37,200 --> 00:18:40,300
they wait, this knowledge 
changes, something in Zeus. 

349
00:18:40,300 --> 00:18:42,600
He begins to understand why he 
lives in darkness. 

350
00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:45,000
He begins to understand the 
prophecy. 

351
00:18:45,000 --> 00:18:48,200
He begins to understand that his
existence is dangerous. 

352
00:18:48,200 --> 00:18:52,900
Not just to himself, but to the 
order of everything, He asks a 

353
00:18:52,900 --> 00:18:55,000
mouthy a questions. 
What are my siblings? 

354
00:18:55,000 --> 00:18:59,000
Like she describes the one. 
Steer is the calmest. 

355
00:18:59,000 --> 00:19:03,500
The most grounded she would 
represent stability to meet with

356
00:19:03,500 --> 00:19:05,900
love growing things. 
She would make Garden's, 

357
00:19:05,900 --> 00:19:08,900
flourish hero would be 
intelligent and strategic. 

358
00:19:08,900 --> 00:19:13,100
She would see, patterns others. 
Miss Hades would be comfortable 

359
00:19:13,100 --> 00:19:16,000
with difficult truths. 
He would face what others? 

360
00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:18,700
Avoid Poseidon would be 
restless, energy. 

361
00:19:18,700 --> 00:19:20,900
He would need space and 
movement. 

362
00:19:22,100 --> 00:19:26,300
What does my father look like? 
Amal theater, describes Kronos 

363
00:19:26,300 --> 00:19:28,500
carefully. 
She does not want to create 

364
00:19:28,500 --> 00:19:31,000
hatred. 
She describes a being burdened 

365
00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:34,100
by fear a king who cannot enjoy 
his kingdom. 

366
00:19:34,100 --> 00:19:36,200
A father who cannot love his 
children. 

367
00:19:37,500 --> 00:19:40,300
She makes Zeus understand that 
Cronos is not purely evil. 

368
00:19:40,300 --> 00:19:44,100
He is trapped by prophecy. 
He is a victim of his own 

369
00:19:44,100 --> 00:19:46,900
paranoia. 
How big is the palace? 

370
00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:52,000
She describes architecture on a 
Divine scale rooms the size of 

371
00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:56,000
valleys hallways that stretch 
for Miles Gardens with trees 

372
00:19:56,000 --> 00:19:59,200
that touch clouds. 
Everything is vast, everything 

373
00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:01,500
is cold. 
Everything is designed to 

374
00:20:01,500 --> 00:20:04,500
intimidate Zeus listens and 
imagines. 

375
00:20:04,500 --> 00:20:07,300
He adds these details to his 
mental picture of the world 

376
00:20:07,300 --> 00:20:12,300
outside years to pass. 
Zeus is no longer a child. 

377
00:20:12,300 --> 00:20:16,700
He has become a young man, his 
shoulders abroad, as a doorway, 

378
00:20:16,700 --> 00:20:19,400
his hands are strong enough to 
crush Stone. 

379
00:20:19,400 --> 00:20:23,600
His mind is sharp from years of 
careful thinking, he has never 

380
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:26,600
seen his own reflection. 
The cave has no still water. 

381
00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:28,400
He does not know what he looks 
like. 

382
00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:32,000
He only knows he has survived. 
He only knows he has grown 

383
00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:35,200
strong. 
One Day, amethia brings him 

384
00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:38,300
something different. 
It is a small jar of wine. 

385
00:20:38,300 --> 00:20:42,400
The wine is dark red, almost 
black in the dim light. 

386
00:20:42,400 --> 00:20:47,000
It smells of grapes and Oak and 
time she tells him to drink 

387
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:49,100
slowly. 
She tells him, this is what 

388
00:20:49,100 --> 00:20:50,700
people in the outside world, 
enjoy. 

389
00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:54,400
This is how they celebrate. 
This Is How They ease their 

390
00:20:54,400 --> 00:20:57,100
worries. 
Zeus takes a sip. 

391
00:20:57,100 --> 00:21:00,400
The Taste is complex in ways. 
He has never experienced. 

392
00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:02,800
It is sweet and bitter at the 
same time. 

393
00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:07,600
It is smooth and harsh, it warms
his throat, heat spreads through

394
00:21:07,600 --> 00:21:10,700
his chest. 
He likes it, he takes another 

395
00:21:10,700 --> 00:21:14,500
sip, the wine makes him feel 
slightly different, not drunk, 

396
00:21:14,500 --> 00:21:17,800
just more aware, more present, 
more real. 

397
00:21:18,800 --> 00:21:21,600
Amethia watches him. 
She sees him changing. 

398
00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:23,900
The boy. 
She raised is becoming something

399
00:21:23,900 --> 00:21:26,500
else. 
Something powerful, something 

400
00:21:26,500 --> 00:21:29,500
that will reshape the world. 
She feels Pride, she feels 

401
00:21:29,500 --> 00:21:31,900
worried. 
Feels she feels the weight of 

402
00:21:31,900 --> 00:21:34,500
responsibility. 
She has prepared him as well as 

403
00:21:34,508 --> 00:21:37,200
she could. 
Now events will take their 

404
00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:38,700
course. 
She tells him. 

405
00:21:38,700 --> 00:21:41,400
It is almost time. 
She does not explain what she 

406
00:21:41,400 --> 00:21:44,700
means, but Zoo understands he is
always known. 

407
00:21:44,700 --> 00:21:47,500
This moment would come. 
He is always known the cave was 

408
00:21:47,500 --> 00:21:49,300
temporary. 
He was being prepared for 

409
00:21:49,300 --> 00:21:52,700
something, now, that something 
is approaching, he can feel it 

410
00:21:52,700 --> 00:21:55,600
in the air, he can sense it in 
the way of healthier looks at 

411
00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:59,200
him, changes coming. 
He sleeps that night with new 

412
00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:03,300
dreams, he dreams of light, 
bright overwhelming, light that 

413
00:22:03,300 --> 00:22:07,900
makes his eyes water. 
He dreams of Open Spaces fields 

414
00:22:07,900 --> 00:22:12,100
that stretched to the Horizon 
sky that goes up forever, he 

415
00:22:12,100 --> 00:22:15,200
dreams of faces. 
He has never seen his siblings, 

416
00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:20,400
his mother, his father. 
When he wakes the darkness feels

417
00:22:20,400 --> 00:22:22,900
different, it no longer feels 
like protection. 

418
00:22:22,900 --> 00:22:25,300
It feels like a shell, he needs 
to break. 

419
00:22:25,300 --> 00:22:29,700
It feels like a cage. 
The next day, amalthea tells him

420
00:22:29,700 --> 00:22:32,000
the plan. 
She explains about the potion. 

421
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:34,200
She explains about Rhea and 
matey. 

422
00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:36,700
She explains how his siblings 
will be freed. 

423
00:22:36,700 --> 00:22:39,400
She explains that he will need 
to face his father. 

424
00:22:39,400 --> 00:22:42,000
She explains everything clearly 
and calmly. 

425
00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:44,900
Zeus listens he does not 
interrupt. 

426
00:22:44,900 --> 00:22:49,600
He takes in every detail then he
asks, one question will I have 

427
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:53,100
to kill him? 
And Althea pauses she considers 

428
00:22:53,100 --> 00:22:55,500
her answer carefully, she tells 
him the truth. 

429
00:22:55,500 --> 00:22:58,500
She does not know. 
That will depend on many things 

430
00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:02,100
that will depend on choices. 
Not yet made that will depend on

431
00:23:02,100 --> 00:23:05,300
how Chronos reacts. 
He tells Zeus one in important 

432
00:23:05,300 --> 00:23:07,200
thing, he must be ready for 
anything. 

433
00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:09,500
He must be prepared to do what 
is necessary. 

434
00:23:10,600 --> 00:23:12,900
But he should not let necessity 
become cruelty. 

435
00:23:12,900 --> 00:23:17,500
Zeus nods, he understands he 
begins his own preparations. 

436
00:23:17,500 --> 00:23:21,200
He practices his movements, he 
visualizes different scenarios. 

437
00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:23,700
He strengthens his mind as well 
as his body. 

438
00:23:23,700 --> 00:23:27,400
He meditates in the deepest 
parts of the cave, he finds 

439
00:23:27,400 --> 00:23:30,200
Stillness within himself, he 
finds certainty. 

440
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:32,700
When the time comes he will be 
ready. 

441
00:23:32,700 --> 00:23:35,900
You find yourself. 
Now, in a different place, the 

442
00:23:35,900 --> 00:23:39,500
Palace of Chronos Rises before 
you, the building is vast Beyond

443
00:23:39,500 --> 00:23:42,500
Comprehension. 
It sits on a mountain peak, that

444
00:23:42,500 --> 00:23:45,100
pierces the clouds. 
The walls are made of dark 

445
00:23:45,100 --> 00:23:47,700
stone. 
The stone seems to absorb light 

446
00:23:47,700 --> 00:23:50,400
rather than reflected windows 
are narrow. 

447
00:23:50,400 --> 00:23:54,000
They look like eyes watching the
architecture, is a pressive. 

448
00:23:54,000 --> 00:23:56,500
It is designed to make visitors 
feel small. 

449
00:23:57,300 --> 00:24:00,500
Inside the throne room, Chronos 
sits in his usual position. 

450
00:24:00,500 --> 00:24:04,700
He sat there for centuries. 
His face shows the weight of 

451
00:24:04,700 --> 00:24:08,000
time lines markers forehead, 
like maps of worried. 

452
00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:11,200
His eyes are distant. 
They look at everything and see 

453
00:24:11,200 --> 00:24:15,000
nothing he rules, but he does 
not enjoy ruling. 

454
00:24:15,700 --> 00:24:18,800
Fear has made him Halo. 
Power has made him empty. 

455
00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:23,100
He endures rather than lives. 
He does not know that far away 

456
00:24:23,100 --> 00:24:25,400
on an island. 
His youngest son is preparing. 

457
00:24:26,300 --> 00:24:29,100
He does not know that Rhea has 
been visiting Crete in secret. 

458
00:24:29,100 --> 00:24:32,600
She makes these trips when she 
claims to be praying at distant 

459
00:24:32,600 --> 00:24:34,900
temples. 
He does not know that plans are 

460
00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:37,700
being made plans. 
That will end his Reign plans. 

461
00:24:37,700 --> 00:24:40,400
That will fulfill the prophecy. 
He spent centuries trying to 

462
00:24:40,400 --> 00:24:43,800
prevent He sits on his throne 
and believes he is safe. 

463
00:24:43,800 --> 00:24:46,100
This belief is the Kraken, his 
armor. 

464
00:24:46,100 --> 00:24:49,500
This complacency is his 
weakness, he has eliminated, 

465
00:24:49,500 --> 00:24:53,300
every threat he could imagine 
therefore he thinks no threats 

466
00:24:53,300 --> 00:24:57,400
remain. 
But imagination has limits his 

467
00:24:57,400 --> 00:25:00,200
imagination. 
Certainly does Rhea has grown 

468
00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:02,800
clever over the years. 
She has learned to hide her 

469
00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:06,100
thoughts behind a mask of 
compliance she smiles, at 

470
00:25:06,100 --> 00:25:09,200
Kronos, when required, She 
speaks when spoken to. 

471
00:25:10,200 --> 00:25:14,100
Plays the part of a loyal wife 
perfectly, but in her mind, 

472
00:25:14,100 --> 00:25:16,600
different plans are forming 
inside her. 

473
00:25:16,600 --> 00:25:20,700
Heart different loyalties burn. 
She has never forgiven him for 

474
00:25:20,700 --> 00:25:23,200
swallowing their children, she 
will never forgive him. 

475
00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:25,200
This knowledge keeps her 
focused. 

476
00:25:25,200 --> 00:25:27,500
She has been Consulting with 
metis. 

477
00:25:27,500 --> 00:25:30,000
Metis, is a tightness known for 
wisdom? 

478
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:33,800
Her intelligence is legendary, 
she understands strategies that 

479
00:25:33,800 --> 00:25:37,100
others cannot comprehend. 
She sees consequences, three, 

480
00:25:37,100 --> 00:25:39,400
moves ahead. 
She understands how power 

481
00:25:39,400 --> 00:25:41,500
shifts. 
She understands that Cronus is 

482
00:25:41,500 --> 00:25:43,400
Reign is built on fear rather 
than loyalty. 

483
00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:47,000
Fear can be broken. 
Loyalty on respect would be 

484
00:25:47,008 --> 00:25:50,000
harder to shatter but Cronus 
never learned that lesson 

485
00:25:50,000 --> 00:25:52,800
together. 
They devised a plan, it 

486
00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:57,400
requires, patience it requires 
Precision, it requires used to 

487
00:25:57,408 --> 00:26:00,200
be ready. 
Most importantly, it requires a 

488
00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:02,900
potion, metis knows how to make 
this potion. 

489
00:26:02,900 --> 00:26:05,800
She has studied herbs and their 
properties for centuries. 

490
00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:08,100
She knows which combinations 
create. 

491
00:26:08,100 --> 00:26:11,300
Which affects this particular 
potion is designed to make the 

492
00:26:11,300 --> 00:26:13,400
stomach expel. 
Its contents violently. 

493
00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:17,700
The potion must be given to 
Cronos, but how do you poison a 

494
00:26:17,700 --> 00:26:18,100
God? 
Who trusts? 

495
00:26:18,100 --> 00:26:20,200
No one? 
How do you make him drink 

496
00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:23,100
something willingly? 
This is the puzzle that meters 

497
00:26:23,100 --> 00:26:26,200
and rear muscle, they spend 
weeks, considering options. 

498
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:30,300
They reject most ideas 
immediately to obvious two risky

499
00:26:30,300 --> 00:26:34,100
to likely to fail. 
They decide on a simple 

500
00:26:34,100 --> 00:26:36,400
approach, they will present it 
as a gift. 

501
00:26:36,408 --> 00:26:39,700
They will frame it as a rare 
wine from a distant land. 

502
00:26:39,700 --> 00:26:43,000
Cronos has a weakness. 
He enjoys showing his power by 

503
00:26:43,000 --> 00:26:46,100
consuming rare things. 
He likes to demonstrate that he 

504
00:26:46,100 --> 00:26:49,300
can afford luxuries others. 
Cannot he likes to display his 

505
00:26:49,300 --> 00:26:52,800
wealth and status, this vanity 
will be his undoing. 

506
00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:56,800
Metis, prepares, the potion 
carefully she works in secret, 

507
00:26:56,800 --> 00:27:00,900
she mixes herbs in precise 
proportions too much and the 

508
00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:04,200
effect would be too obvious, 
too, little, and nothing would 

509
00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:05,800
happen. 
Balance. 

510
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:09,300
Must be perfect. 
She mixes it with actual wine. 

511
00:27:09,300 --> 00:27:13,000
Good, wine expensive, wine. 
The color must be right. 

512
00:27:13,000 --> 00:27:17,100
The smell must be convincing. 
The Taste must not reveal the 

513
00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:20,200
deception. 
She works for days on the mixer.

514
00:27:20,200 --> 00:27:23,500
She tests small amounts on 
animals, she observes the 

515
00:27:23,508 --> 00:27:25,600
effects. 
She adjust the formula. 

516
00:27:25,600 --> 00:27:28,900
Finally, she satisfied. 
The potion will work. 

517
00:27:28,900 --> 00:27:32,100
The timing will be right. 
The dosage is perfect. 

518
00:27:32,100 --> 00:27:36,700
She puts it in an expensive jar.
The jar is decorated with gold 

519
00:27:36,700 --> 00:27:40,200
leaf, patterns of vines and 
great spiral around the vessel. 

520
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:42,400
It looks like something worthy 
of a king. 

521
00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:45,800
It looks like a treasure. 
Rear takes the jar. 

522
00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:49,300
Her hands are steady. 
She has practiced This Moment In

523
00:27:49,300 --> 00:27:52,800
Her Mind many times. 
She is imagined every possible 

524
00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:55,200
outcome. 
She is prepared responses for 

525
00:27:55,200 --> 00:27:58,500
every question. 
She walks through the palace. 

526
00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:01,800
Corridors her footsteps, echo on
marble floors. 

527
00:28:01,800 --> 00:28:05,900
The sound is lonely in the vast 
spaces, servants bow. 

528
00:28:05,900 --> 00:28:08,600
As she passes, they do not 
suspect anything. 

529
00:28:08,600 --> 00:28:12,800
They see only their Queen 
performing her usual duties, she

530
00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:14,800
enters the throne room, the 
doors are massive. 

531
00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:16,900
They require four servants to 
open. 

532
00:28:16,900 --> 00:28:21,800
They swing inward with a deep 
groan hemos looks up, his 

533
00:28:21,800 --> 00:28:24,800
expression is neutral. 
He shows neither pleasure nor 

534
00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:27,900
displeasure at her arrival, he 
simply acknowledges her 

535
00:28:27,900 --> 00:28:31,100
presence. 
She approaches each step feels 

536
00:28:31,100 --> 00:28:34,900
both too fast and too slow. 
Time becomes strange Under 

537
00:28:34,900 --> 00:28:38,600
Pressure, she holds out the jar.
She speaks in a calm voice. 

538
00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:41,900
She explains that Merchants. 
Brought it from the far edge of 

539
00:28:41,900 --> 00:28:44,700
the world. 
She says it is the finest wine 

540
00:28:44,700 --> 00:28:46,600
ever made. 
She says she thought he might 

541
00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:48,900
enjoy it. 
She frames it as a gesture of 

542
00:28:48,900 --> 00:28:52,700
respect, a gift from wife to 
husband, nothing suspicious. 

543
00:28:52,700 --> 00:28:56,800
Nothing unusual. 
Kronos examines the jar, he 

544
00:28:56,800 --> 00:28:59,600
turns it in his hands, the gold 
leaf catches the light. 

545
00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:04,000
The craftsmanship is excellent. 
He approves of quality, he pulls

546
00:29:04,000 --> 00:29:06,300
the stopper, the seal breaks 
with a soft pop. 

547
00:29:06,300 --> 00:29:10,000
He smells the contents. 
The aroma is Rich and complex 

548
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:12,600
notes of grape and Oak, and 
something else. 

549
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:17,600
He cannot identify He nods, he 
appreciates the gesture or 

550
00:29:17,600 --> 00:29:20,800
perhaps he appreciates that his 
wife knows her place or perhaps 

551
00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:22,600
he simply likes expensive 
things. 

552
00:29:24,200 --> 00:29:26,100
He paused the wine into a golden
cup. 

553
00:29:26,800 --> 00:29:30,500
The cup is ornate, it has a 
symbol engraved on the side, the

554
00:29:30,500 --> 00:29:34,000
wine flows, thick and dark. 
It looks like liquid rubies. 

555
00:29:34,700 --> 00:29:38,200
He raises the cup, he drinks 
deeply, the liquid Goes Down 

556
00:29:38,200 --> 00:29:41,900
Smooth, it tastes excellent 
better than most wines. 

557
00:29:41,900 --> 00:29:44,800
He's tried, he finishes the cup,
he paused another. 

558
00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:49,000
He drinks again, the wine is so 
good, he wants more, this is 

559
00:29:49,000 --> 00:29:53,700
exactly what met is predicted. 
Greed, defeats caution, rear 

560
00:29:53,700 --> 00:29:56,600
watches. 
She keeps her face calm inside. 

561
00:29:56,600 --> 00:30:00,300
She is counting heartbeats, the 
potion needs time to work. 

562
00:30:00,300 --> 00:30:03,600
It does not act immediately the 
delay is necessary. 

563
00:30:03,600 --> 00:30:07,500
If Kronos vomited right away, he
would know he was poisoned, he 

564
00:30:07,500 --> 00:30:10,300
would know someone betrayed him.
The potion is clever. 

565
00:30:10,300 --> 00:30:14,900
It waits Rexes herself. 
She bows. 

566
00:30:14,900 --> 00:30:17,000
She thanks him for accepting her
gift. 

567
00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:19,500
She backs away as protocol 
requires. 

568
00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:23,200
She leaves the throne room. 
She returns to her Chambers, she

569
00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:26,000
closes the door. 
Only then does she allow herself

570
00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:29,200
to breathe? 
A hand shakes slightly the 

571
00:30:29,200 --> 00:30:32,500
tension releases. 
Now she waits this is the 

572
00:30:32,500 --> 00:30:35,100
hardest part. 
Not knowing if the plan will 

573
00:30:35,100 --> 00:30:37,600
work. 
Outside her window, the sun 

574
00:30:37,600 --> 00:30:41,900
moves across the sky Morning 
Becomes after noon, after noon 

575
00:30:41,900 --> 00:30:44,500
becomes evening still, she 
waits. 

576
00:30:44,500 --> 00:30:49,400
She cannot eat, she cannot rest,
she Paces, she looks out the 

577
00:30:49,400 --> 00:30:51,700
window. 
She watches clouds drift past 

578
00:30:51,700 --> 00:30:54,500
time. 
Stretches unbearably each 

579
00:30:54,500 --> 00:30:56,700
minute? 
Feels like an hour each hour 

580
00:30:56,700 --> 00:31:00,500
feels like a day. 
In the throne room, Cronus 

581
00:31:00,500 --> 00:31:04,300
continues with his usual duties.
He hears petitions, he makes 

582
00:31:04,300 --> 00:31:08,200
judgments, he speaks with 
advisors everything seems normal

583
00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:10,900
but gradually, he begins to feel
strange. 

584
00:31:10,900 --> 00:31:15,700
His stomach turns discomforts 
through his body at first. 

585
00:31:15,700 --> 00:31:17,700
It is minor. 
He ignores it. 

586
00:31:17,700 --> 00:31:21,400
God's do not get sick. 
This must be nothing. 

587
00:31:22,400 --> 00:31:25,600
But the feeling grows worse, it 
becomes harder to ignore. 

588
00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:29,600
He shifts on his throne, the 
stone feels uncomfortable. 

589
00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:33,800
His clothes feel too tight. 
The room seems too warm, he 

590
00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:36,700
loosens his collar. 
He tries to focus on the advisor

591
00:31:36,700 --> 00:31:39,800
speaking to him, but the words 
make no sense, his 

592
00:31:39,800 --> 00:31:42,800
concentration. 
Wave is something is definitely 

593
00:31:42,800 --> 00:31:46,200
wrong. 
Pressure builds inside him, his 

594
00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:49,400
stomach contracts pain, spreads 
sharpen. 

595
00:31:49,400 --> 00:31:54,200
Insistent, he stands, this is 
unusual, Kronos never stands 

596
00:31:54,200 --> 00:31:57,500
during audiences. 
The advisor stopped speaking 

597
00:31:57,500 --> 00:32:00,100
everyone in the throne room goes
silent. 

598
00:32:00,100 --> 00:32:03,900
They watch their King with 
concern Cronus, waves them away.

599
00:32:03,900 --> 00:32:06,700
He tries to speak but words will
not come. 

600
00:32:06,700 --> 00:32:09,000
The room seems to tilt the 
floor. 

601
00:32:09,000 --> 00:32:11,400
Moves beneath his feet. 
Then it happens. 

602
00:32:11,400 --> 00:32:15,700
His body convulses violently. 
He has no control. 

603
00:32:15,700 --> 00:32:19,400
His stomach contracts with 
tremendous Force, he doubles 

604
00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:22,600
over the Pain is intense. 
He cannot stop. 

605
00:32:22,600 --> 00:32:24,800
What comes next. 
He cannot control it. 

606
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:28,100
He vomits But what comes out is 
not wine. 

607
00:32:28,100 --> 00:32:31,700
First comes a stone, it hits the
marble floor with a heavy thud, 

608
00:32:31,700 --> 00:32:34,600
the sound Echoes everyone 
stares. 

609
00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:36,900
The stone is wrapped in Old 
cloth. 

610
00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:40,800
Has rotted with age. 
What is this? 

611
00:32:41,700 --> 00:32:44,800
Kronos stares at it, confusion 
fills his mind. 

612
00:32:44,800 --> 00:32:48,700
Then his stomach contracts. 
Again, this time more violently 

613
00:32:48,700 --> 00:32:51,500
a figure emerges. 
This is impossible. 

614
00:32:51,500 --> 00:32:57,100
This cannot be happening but it 
is the figure is full-grown male

615
00:32:57,100 --> 00:32:59,800
powerful. 
He stands on the throne room 

616
00:32:59,800 --> 00:33:02,200
floor, looking around, his eyes 
are wide. 

617
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:06,100
This is Poseidon, he is exactly 
as he was when Kronos swallowed 

618
00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:09,500
him years ago. 
He is not aged he is not changed

619
00:33:09,500 --> 00:33:12,400
but now he is free beside and 
gulps. 

620
00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:16,300
Are he looks around wildly 
light, blinds him, space 

621
00:33:16,300 --> 00:33:18,700
overwhelms him. 
He's been trapped in darkness 

622
00:33:18,700 --> 00:33:21,800
for so long. 
Now, suddenly, Everything Has 

623
00:33:21,800 --> 00:33:23,800
Changed, he tries to orient 
himself. 

624
00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:26,200
Where is he? 
What happened? 

625
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:31,300
he sees Cronos doubled over, he 
begins to understand Kronos 

626
00:33:31,300 --> 00:33:36,600
vomits again, another figure 
appears Hades, then hero then 

627
00:33:36,600 --> 00:33:40,700
Demeter then Hestia Five figures
stand in the throne room. 

628
00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:43,100
They are disoriented. 
They are confused. 

629
00:33:43,100 --> 00:33:47,000
They have been trapped in 
darkness for years time meant. 

630
00:33:47,000 --> 00:33:49,600
Nothing now suddenly they exist 
in the world. 

631
00:33:49,600 --> 00:33:53,300
Again, they have not aged. 
They have not grown, they are. 

632
00:33:53,300 --> 00:33:56,600
As they were the siblings. 
Look at each other, they see 

633
00:33:56,600 --> 00:33:58,400
faces. 
They recognize from shared 

634
00:33:58,400 --> 00:34:01,500
imprisonment, they see family, 
but they do not speak. 

635
00:34:01,500 --> 00:34:05,700
They are too overwhelmed. 
Everything is too much light and

636
00:34:05,700 --> 00:34:08,400
sound and space it threatens to 
crush. 

637
00:34:08,400 --> 00:34:11,900
The Kronos falls to his knees, 
he is weak. 

638
00:34:11,900 --> 00:34:15,100
The potion has drained him 
completely, he looks at his 

639
00:34:15,108 --> 00:34:18,699
children, he sees them fully 
grown, he sees them standing 

640
00:34:18,699 --> 00:34:21,400
before him. 
He realizes what has happened? 

641
00:34:21,400 --> 00:34:26,400
He realizes he has been tricked,
the stone, the deception, Zeus 

642
00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:30,000
the prophecy. 
His mind races, whereas the 

643
00:34:30,000 --> 00:34:33,900
sixth child, the youngest, the 
one who should have been a 

644
00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:35,199
stone. 
Where is Zeus? 

645
00:34:36,100 --> 00:34:38,699
The answer comes immediately 
rear appears in the doorway 

646
00:34:38,699 --> 00:34:42,300
behind her is a figure Chronos 
has never seen the figure is 

647
00:34:42,308 --> 00:34:45,199
young and strong. 
He walks with confidence that 

648
00:34:45,199 --> 00:34:48,500
Chronos recognizes. 
It is the confidence of someone 

649
00:34:48,500 --> 00:34:51,100
who knows they are powerful. 
This is Zeus. 

650
00:34:51,100 --> 00:34:53,400
He enters the throne room, like 
he owns it. 

651
00:34:53,400 --> 00:34:57,000
He has never been here before. 
He has never seen any of this, 

652
00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:00,700
but he does not show 
uncertainty, he shows strength, 

653
00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:04,800
he shows purpose, he looks at 
his father with eyes that see 

654
00:35:04,800 --> 00:35:07,100
everything for the first time in
his life. 

655
00:35:07,100 --> 00:35:10,700
As you sees his father, for the 
first time in his life, he sees 

656
00:35:10,700 --> 00:35:14,400
his siblings for the first time.
In his life, he stands in open 

657
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:17,800
space under a ceiling. 
That seems impossibly high. 

658
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:21,400
Everything is new, everything is
overwhelming, but he does not 

659
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:23,900
show Fear. 
He learned in the cave that 

660
00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:27,300
showing fear is dangerous. 
He learned to project strength. 

661
00:35:27,300 --> 00:35:30,300
Even when uncertain, Six 
siblings. 

662
00:35:30,300 --> 00:35:32,600
Look at each other. 
They should know each other. 

663
00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:36,500
They should feel connection. 
They are essentially strangers 

664
00:35:36,500 --> 00:35:41,000
years of separation of made them
foreign to one another yet blood

665
00:35:41,000 --> 00:35:44,100
calls to blood power recognizes 
power. 

666
00:35:44,900 --> 00:35:47,100
In This Moment, something 
shifts. 

667
00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:50,800
Power that has been held by 
Cronus for centuries, begins to 

668
00:35:50,800 --> 00:35:54,000
slip away, it flows toward the 
six figures. 

669
00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:59,000
Quiet revolution has begun the 
prophecy unfolds and nothing 

670
00:35:59,000 --> 00:36:02,400
will ever be the same. 
The throne room falls into 

671
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:06,700
complete silence, not peaceful 
silence, tents silence. 

672
00:36:06,700 --> 00:36:11,000
The kind that precedes either 
violence or Revelation 6 figures

673
00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:13,400
stand facing one another. 
They should know each other, 

674
00:36:13,400 --> 00:36:15,300
they should Feel immediate 
connection. 

675
00:36:16,600 --> 00:36:19,100
But they are essentially 
strangers who share only blood 

676
00:36:19,100 --> 00:36:21,800
and Circumstance. 
Hestia is the oldest. 

677
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:26,000
She takes in the scene with 
remarkably calm eyes considering

678
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:28,200
she was imprisoned in her father
moments ago. 

679
00:36:29,000 --> 00:36:32,600
She has always had an ability to
find Center to locate stability 

680
00:36:32,600 --> 00:36:35,300
in chaos. 
She has spent years in darkness 

681
00:36:35,300 --> 00:36:37,700
inside Cronos, but she did not 
break. 

682
00:36:37,700 --> 00:36:40,800
She endured now she stands in 
light again. 

683
00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:43,700
Her first instinct is to bring 
order to disorder. 

684
00:36:43,700 --> 00:36:46,200
She looks at her. 
Youngest Brothers Zeus. 

685
00:36:46,200 --> 00:36:50,000
She sees strengthen him. 
She sees determination she sees 

686
00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:52,300
potential for greatness or 
disaster. 

687
00:36:53,500 --> 00:36:56,900
She decides he is worth 
following Demeter stands beside 

688
00:36:56,900 --> 00:36:59,500
her older sister. 
She's always been connected to 

689
00:36:59,500 --> 00:37:03,000
growth and Cycles being trapped 
interrupted her fundamental 

690
00:37:03,000 --> 00:37:05,500
nature. 
It was torture of a specific 

691
00:37:05,500 --> 00:37:09,800
kind, like, caging a bird that 
needs to fly like damming a 

692
00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:12,500
river that needs to flow. 
Now, freedom feels like spring 

693
00:37:12,500 --> 00:37:16,200
after endless winter. 
She breathes, deeply the air in 

694
00:37:16,208 --> 00:37:20,000
the throne room is stale, but 
she saves It Anyway, any are is 

695
00:37:20,000 --> 00:37:22,400
better than none. 
Any freedom is precious beyond 

696
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:24,300
measure. 
She looks around at the vast 

697
00:37:24,300 --> 00:37:26,300
space. 
She sees marble and gold and 

698
00:37:26,300 --> 00:37:30,000
gold Beauty, but she also sees 
the absence of living things, 

699
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:32,800
no, plants grow here. 
No flowers blue. 

700
00:37:33,700 --> 00:37:36,700
The palace is sterile, it has 
been designed to impress rather 

701
00:37:36,700 --> 00:37:39,800
than nurture this tells her 
everything she needs to know 

702
00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:42,800
about their father, this tells 
her the old order deserves to 

703
00:37:42,800 --> 00:37:45,700
fall. 
Here are surveys, everything 

704
00:37:45,700 --> 00:37:49,200
with sharp intelligence her mind
has never stopped working. 

705
00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:52,700
Even in imprisonment. 
She spent years in darkness 

706
00:37:52,700 --> 00:37:54,700
planning, she imagined this 
moment. 

707
00:37:54,700 --> 00:37:59,000
Countless time's. 
She created strategies. 

708
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:01,100
She prepared mentally for 
Freedom. 

709
00:38:01,100 --> 00:38:05,300
Now, it has arrived but reality,
never matches imagination. 

710
00:38:05,300 --> 00:38:08,400
Exactly. 
She looks at Zeus with 

711
00:38:08,400 --> 00:38:11,300
complicated emotions. 
This brother saved them. 

712
00:38:11,300 --> 00:38:14,900
This brother was hidden while 
they suffered, she does not know

713
00:38:14,900 --> 00:38:16,700
yet whether to be grateful or 
resentful. 

714
00:38:16,700 --> 00:38:21,300
Gratitude, seems appropriate, 
resentment feels honest, perhaps

715
00:38:21,300 --> 00:38:25,600
both can be true simultaneously.
She decides to reserve judgment.

716
00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:29,100
She will watch him. 
She will evaluate his character 

717
00:38:29,100 --> 00:38:31,800
through his actions. 
Hades keeps distance from the 

718
00:38:31,800 --> 00:38:33,800
others. 
He moves toward the Shadows, 

719
00:38:33,800 --> 00:38:36,200
along the walls. 
The brightness of the throne 

720
00:38:36,200 --> 00:38:40,700
room makes him uncomfortable too
much light too much space too 

721
00:38:40,700 --> 00:38:43,800
much everything. 
He has always been comfortable 

722
00:38:43,800 --> 00:38:47,400
with Darkness, the years inside.
Kronos were terrible, but 

723
00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:50,600
somehow familiar. 
Darkness does not frighten him. 

724
00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:53,500
He understands it. 
He respects it. 

725
00:38:53,500 --> 00:38:57,500
He Squints against the light, he
needs time to adjust. 

726
00:38:57,500 --> 00:39:01,200
He looks at his siblings with 
careful assessment, he sees 

727
00:39:01,200 --> 00:39:03,800
Hestia stability, he sees 
Demeter's relief. 

728
00:39:03,800 --> 00:39:08,000
He sees her as calculation, he 
sees beside and Restless energy.

729
00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:12,400
He sees Zeus's power. 
He begins to understand the 

730
00:39:12,400 --> 00:39:14,300
family dynamics that will shape 
their future. 

731
00:39:14,300 --> 00:39:19,400
He sees Alliance as forming, he 
sees conflicts Brewing, he sees 

732
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:21,600
everything clearly because he 
stands apart. 

733
00:39:22,500 --> 00:39:25,900
Poseidon vibrates with pent-up 
energy, he needs to move. 

734
00:39:25,900 --> 00:39:29,600
He needs to run. 
He needs to feel water on his 

735
00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:32,500
skin being trapped was torture 
for someone of his nature. 

736
00:39:32,500 --> 00:39:36,800
He is fundamentally about motion
and flow being still, being 

737
00:39:36,800 --> 00:39:40,700
contained, being frozen. 
In one state, it went against 

738
00:39:40,700 --> 00:39:44,600
everything he is. 
Now he shifts from foot to foot.

739
00:39:44,600 --> 00:39:47,900
He looks around for exits. 
He needs to leave this place 

740
00:39:47,900 --> 00:39:51,200
soon, or he will explode, or 
break, something or both. 

741
00:39:52,000 --> 00:39:53,500
He glances at Zeus with 
interest. 

742
00:39:53,500 --> 00:39:57,400
This brother is new unknown, but
clearly powerful. 

743
00:39:58,200 --> 00:40:01,600
Beside and recognizes strength. 
When he sees it, he respects it.

744
00:40:01,600 --> 00:40:05,600
But he also wants to test it. 
He wants to know if Zeus is 

745
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:09,700
truly worthy of leadership words
mean, nothing only actions 

746
00:40:09,700 --> 00:40:13,600
matter time will tell. 
Zeus watches them all carefully.

747
00:40:14,500 --> 00:40:17,700
He tries to read their faces. 
He tries to understand who they 

748
00:40:17,700 --> 00:40:20,900
are beneath the surface and more
theater told him stories, but 

749
00:40:20,900 --> 00:40:22,400
stories are not the same as 
reality. 

750
00:40:22,400 --> 00:40:25,200
These are real people with 
complex emotions. 

751
00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:27,700
They are his family but they are
all. 

752
00:40:27,700 --> 00:40:30,300
So strangers. 
This contradiction feels 

753
00:40:30,300 --> 00:40:32,500
impossible. 
How can you be related to 

754
00:40:32,500 --> 00:40:34,900
people? 
You do not know he sees hestia's

755
00:40:34,900 --> 00:40:38,800
calmness and recognizes wisdom. 
He sees Demeter's connection to 

756
00:40:38,800 --> 00:40:42,400
life and feels kinship. 
He sees her as intelligence and 

757
00:40:42,400 --> 00:40:45,700
she will be important. 
He sees Hades as comfort with 

758
00:40:45,700 --> 00:40:49,100
darkness and understand him. 
He sees Poseidon's need for 

759
00:40:49,100 --> 00:40:52,700
movement and respects it. 
They are also different yet. 

760
00:40:52,700 --> 00:40:55,100
They are family. 
This fact must be enough to 

761
00:40:55,100 --> 00:40:57,800
build on Kronos remains on his 
knees. 

762
00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:01,100
He is too weak to stand. 
The potion has drained him 

763
00:41:01,108 --> 00:41:03,800
completely. 
But more than physical weakness,

764
00:41:03,800 --> 00:41:07,000
shock has paralyzed him. 
His careful plans have 

765
00:41:07,000 --> 00:41:09,600
collapsed. 
The prophecy, he tried to avoid 

766
00:41:09,600 --> 00:41:13,300
has unfolded before his eyes, 
his children, surround him 

767
00:41:13,300 --> 00:41:18,100
living, free powerful. 
He's vulnerable for the first 

768
00:41:18,100 --> 00:41:21,100
time in centuries. 
The reversal is complete and 

769
00:41:21,108 --> 00:41:23,200
terrible. 
He looks at each of his 

770
00:41:23,200 --> 00:41:25,300
children. 
He tries to feel something 

771
00:41:25,300 --> 00:41:28,100
regret. 
Perhaps love may be. 

772
00:41:28,900 --> 00:41:32,100
But fear has consumed. 
Everything else he only feels 

773
00:41:32,100 --> 00:41:36,200
threatened, he only sees danger.
These beings will destroy him, 

774
00:41:36,200 --> 00:41:39,000
the prophecy guaranteed. 
It he was right to swallow them,

775
00:41:39,000 --> 00:41:42,300
he was right to try to prevent 
this but somehow he failed. 

776
00:41:42,300 --> 00:41:45,900
Anyway, prophecy cannot be 
avoided, only postponed. 

777
00:41:46,800 --> 00:41:49,100
Rear speaks. 
First, her voice is steady, 

778
00:41:49,100 --> 00:41:51,100
despite centuries of suppressed 
emotion. 

779
00:41:51,100 --> 00:41:54,400
She tells her children who she 
is, she explains what happened, 

780
00:41:54,400 --> 00:41:56,200
she explains why Zeus was 
hidden. 

781
00:41:56,200 --> 00:41:59,500
She explains the prophecy that 
has shaped everything she 

782
00:41:59,500 --> 00:42:00,800
explains. 
The fear that drove their 

783
00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:03,000
father. 
She explains everything with 

784
00:42:03,000 --> 00:42:05,900
remarkable Clarity. 
Her words are precise. 

785
00:42:07,300 --> 00:42:10,000
They carry no excess emotion, 
just facts. 

786
00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:13,200
Just truth. 
The siblings, listen 

787
00:42:13,200 --> 00:42:16,500
information, settles over them 
like layers of understanding. 

788
00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:20,000
They begin to comprehend the 
scope of what has happened. 

789
00:42:20,000 --> 00:42:22,500
They begin to understand their 
father's fear. 

790
00:42:22,500 --> 00:42:25,600
They begin to understand why 
they exist at all, their 

791
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:29,700
children of Prophecy products of
paranoia survivors of Cruelty, 

792
00:42:29,700 --> 00:42:33,400
but they are all so Gods, 
they're all so powerful, they 

793
00:42:33,400 --> 00:42:37,200
are all the future. 
Zeus steps forward, he moves 

794
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:40,300
with confidence born from years 
of preparing for exactly this 

795
00:42:40,300 --> 00:42:42,700
moment. 
He looks down at Cronus. 

796
00:42:42,700 --> 00:42:46,300
This is his father. 
This is the being he was raised 

797
00:42:46,300 --> 00:42:50,500
to eventually face, but now that
the moment has arrived, Zeus 

798
00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:53,300
feels something unexpected. 
He feels pity. 

799
00:42:53,300 --> 00:42:56,300
Kronos looks old, he looks 
tired. 

800
00:42:56,300 --> 00:43:00,400
He looks defeated. 
He looks pathetic, but pity does

801
00:43:00,400 --> 00:43:03,600
not change in necessity. 
Zeus knows what must happen 

802
00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:05,600
next. 
The old order must end. 

803
00:43:05,600 --> 00:43:08,900
The New Order must begin. 
This is not about revenge 

804
00:43:08,900 --> 00:43:11,000
Revenge, will be small and 
personal. 

805
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:13,700
This is about the natural 
progression of time. 

806
00:43:13,700 --> 00:43:16,200
Every generation must make room 
for the next. 

807
00:43:16,200 --> 00:43:19,100
Every parent must eventually 
yield to their children. 

808
00:43:19,100 --> 00:43:21,000
This is how the world moves 
forward. 

809
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:24,500
This is how change happens. 
He speaks to Cronos. 

810
00:43:24,500 --> 00:43:28,600
His voice is firm, but not cruel
loud, but not angry. 

811
00:43:28,600 --> 00:43:31,000
He says, the reign of the Titans
is over. 

812
00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:33,200
He says, the Olympians will take
their place. 

813
00:43:33,200 --> 00:43:35,300
He says, this is how things must
be. 

814
00:43:35,300 --> 00:43:37,900
He says, fighting will only 
cause more suffering. 

815
00:43:37,900 --> 00:43:42,000
He offers his father, a choice 
except the transition peacefully

816
00:43:42,000 --> 00:43:45,700
or resist and face consequences.
The choice is simple. 

817
00:43:45,700 --> 00:43:50,100
The implications of vast Cronos 
looks up at his youngest, son. 

818
00:43:50,100 --> 00:43:52,700
He seized determination in 
Zeus's eyes. 

819
00:43:52,700 --> 00:43:54,900
He sees strength that matches 
his own. 

820
00:43:54,900 --> 00:43:57,400
He sees inevitability staring 
back at him. 

821
00:43:57,400 --> 00:44:01,000
He has always known this moment 
would come the prophecy was 

822
00:44:01,008 --> 00:44:04,200
clear from the beginning. 
Tried to prevent it, but 

823
00:44:04,200 --> 00:44:07,200
prophecies cannot be prevented. 
They can only be delayed. 

824
00:44:08,500 --> 00:44:10,700
Every action, he took to avoid 
his fate. 

825
00:44:10,700 --> 00:44:14,100
Led directly to it. 
This is the cruel irony of 

826
00:44:14,100 --> 00:44:16,200
Prophecy. 
This is why it cannot be 

827
00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:18,500
escaped. 
He considers his options. 

828
00:44:18,500 --> 00:44:23,000
He could fight, he could refuse,
he could make Zeus, destroy him 

829
00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:25,700
violently. 
This would prove that Zeus has 

830
00:44:25,700 --> 00:44:28,100
just like him. 
Just like Cronos was like his 

831
00:44:28,100 --> 00:44:30,200
own father. 
The cycle would continue. 

832
00:44:30,200 --> 00:44:32,800
Nothing would change except the 
name of the king. 

833
00:44:33,700 --> 00:44:37,800
But this truth offers no Comfort
only bitterness or he could 

834
00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:40,100
accept, he could yield 
peacefully. 

835
00:44:40,100 --> 00:44:42,200
He could break the pattern of 
violence. 

836
00:44:42,200 --> 00:44:45,400
He could show that power can 
change hands, without Bloodshed 

837
00:44:45,400 --> 00:44:49,500
this option, feels like 
weakness, perhaps wisdom and 

838
00:44:49,500 --> 00:44:52,800
weakness looks similar from 
certain angles, perhaps 

839
00:44:52,800 --> 00:44:56,200
accepting inevitable change 
takes more strength than futile 

840
00:44:56,200 --> 00:44:58,500
resistance. 
Other Titans begin to enter the 

841
00:44:58,500 --> 00:45:00,500
throne room. 
They have heard the commotion, 

842
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:02,300
they have felt the shift in 
power. 

843
00:45:02,300 --> 00:45:06,400
They see Cronus on his knees, 
they see six unfamiliar figures 

844
00:45:06,400 --> 00:45:08,600
standing over him. 
They see their King has been 

845
00:45:08,608 --> 00:45:11,700
overthrown emotions. 
Run through the assemble, Titans

846
00:45:11,700 --> 00:45:15,000
some feel anger, their loyalty 
to Chronos is genuine. 

847
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:18,200
Some feel confusion, they do not
understand what happened. 

848
00:45:18,200 --> 00:45:21,508
Some feel secret relief. 
Chronos has not been a good 

849
00:45:21,516 --> 00:45:23,800
King. 
He is ruled through fear rather 

850
00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:26,900
than respect, perhaps change 
will bring Improvement. 

851
00:45:27,800 --> 00:45:31,600
Zeus addresses them directly. 
He projects his voice, he makes 

852
00:45:31,600 --> 00:45:34,600
sure, everyone hears clearly. 
He explains what has happened. 

853
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:37,700
He describes the prophecy. 
He describes his hidden 

854
00:45:37,700 --> 00:45:40,700
childhood, he describes the 
potion that freed his siblings. 

855
00:45:40,700 --> 00:45:43,200
He lays out the facts without 
embellishment. 

856
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:46,500
Then he offers them a choice, 
the same Choice, he gave his 

857
00:45:46,500 --> 00:45:49,200
father, they can accept the New 
Order peacefully. 

858
00:45:49,200 --> 00:45:52,000
They can continue their roles 
under Olympian rule. 

859
00:45:52,000 --> 00:45:55,800
Their positions need not change,
their domains need not shift. 

860
00:45:55,800 --> 00:45:59,300
Only the king will be different.
They can serve Zeus as they 

861
00:45:59,300 --> 00:46:02,200
served Cronos. 
This is the path of wisdom. 

862
00:46:02,200 --> 00:46:05,200
This is the path of survival or 
they can fight. 

863
00:46:05,200 --> 00:46:08,800
They can resist, they can remain
loyal to the old order, but if 

864
00:46:08,800 --> 00:46:13,000
they fight, they will lose Zeus 
says this without arrogance, he 

865
00:46:13,000 --> 00:46:15,600
says it to simple fact, the 
Olympians are powerful. 

866
00:46:15,600 --> 00:46:17,300
They are young. 
They are united. 

867
00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:20,500
They will win any conflict. 
Fighting will only cause 

868
00:46:20,500 --> 00:46:22,500
suffering fighting will only 
delay. 

869
00:46:22,500 --> 00:46:25,500
The inevitable fighting will 
only prove they learned nothing 

870
00:46:25,500 --> 00:46:29,200
from Chronos is mistake. 
Most titans choose piece 

871
00:46:29,200 --> 00:46:31,600
immediately. 
They are tired, they have served

872
00:46:31,600 --> 00:46:34,500
Cronos for centuries. 
They have watched him become 

873
00:46:34,500 --> 00:46:37,800
increasingly paranoid and cruel.
They have endured his suspicions

874
00:46:37,800 --> 00:46:40,200
and his fear. 
The new king might be an 

875
00:46:40,200 --> 00:46:42,700
improvement, almost certainly 
will be an improvement. 

876
00:46:42,700 --> 00:46:46,700
They bowed as use their 
acknowledge his authority, they 

877
00:46:46,700 --> 00:46:49,500
pledged their service, the 
transition happens smoothly, 

878
00:46:49,500 --> 00:46:55,100
almost anti-climactic but some 
Titans refused they remain loyal

879
00:46:55,100 --> 00:46:58,500
to Cronus despite everything 
they believe in the old ways 

880
00:46:58,500 --> 00:47:00,700
they believe changes inherently 
dangerous. 

881
00:47:00,700 --> 00:47:03,900
They believe established order 
must be defended or perhaps they

882
00:47:03,900 --> 00:47:07,200
simply cannot imagine serving, 
someone new habit becomes 

883
00:47:07,200 --> 00:47:09,600
identity. 
They gather together, they 

884
00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:12,000
exchanged glances. 
They prepare for war. 

885
00:47:12,800 --> 00:47:16,500
Zeus watches them go, he knows 
conflict is coming, he knows 

886
00:47:16,500 --> 00:47:19,600
blood will be spilled but he 
also knows there is no other 

887
00:47:19,600 --> 00:47:22,200
way. 
Some lessons can only be learned

888
00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:25,000
through violence. 
The siblings spend their first 

889
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:28,200
night together in the palace, 
they find Chambers and settle 

890
00:47:28,200 --> 00:47:30,200
in. 
Everything feels strange after 

891
00:47:30,200 --> 00:47:32,200
years of imprisonment or caved 
dwelling. 

892
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:36,000
The beds are soft, too soft. 
They sink down endlessly. 

893
00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:39,600
The rooms are large. 
Vast empty spaces that Echo. 

894
00:47:40,500 --> 00:47:44,400
After confinement, space feels 
oppressive Comfort feels 

895
00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:46,800
dangerous. 
They are fish out of water. 

896
00:47:47,700 --> 00:47:49,500
HDR starts a fire in a great 
half. 

897
00:47:50,100 --> 00:47:52,300
The fireplace is large enough to
roast an ox. 

898
00:47:52,900 --> 00:47:55,800
The Flames bring warmth, they 
bring light that is not harsh 

899
00:47:55,800 --> 00:47:58,000
like sun. 
They bring something that feels 

900
00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:01,700
like home even though none of 
them know what home means, the 

901
00:48:01,700 --> 00:48:04,100
siblings gather around the fire.
They sit on cushions and 

902
00:48:04,100 --> 00:48:06,400
benches. 
They begin to talk hesitantly. 

903
00:48:06,400 --> 00:48:08,500
They begin to share stories 
carefully. 

904
00:48:08,500 --> 00:48:10,800
They begin to know each other 
slowly. 

905
00:48:11,800 --> 00:48:15,300
Zeus tells them about the cave, 
he describes the darkness that 

906
00:48:15,300 --> 00:48:18,000
became familiar. 
He describes a mouth Thea, who 

907
00:48:18,000 --> 00:48:19,600
raised him with patience and 
love. 

908
00:48:19,600 --> 00:48:22,500
He describes learning to 
navigate, by touch. 

909
00:48:22,500 --> 00:48:26,900
He describes the patient years 
of waiting years of not knowing 

910
00:48:26,900 --> 00:48:29,700
why he was hidden years of 
preparing for a future. 

911
00:48:29,700 --> 00:48:31,800
He could not imagine his 
siblings. 

912
00:48:31,800 --> 00:48:35,100
Listen, they realize his 
imprisonment was different, but 

913
00:48:35,100 --> 00:48:38,600
no less. 
Real, he was free to move, but 

914
00:48:38,600 --> 00:48:41,200
he was still caged. 
They tell him about their 

915
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:45,300
experience, they described the 
darkness inside Cronus, they 

916
00:48:45,300 --> 00:48:48,000
describe the suspension between 
existence and non-existence, 

917
00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:52,600
they described being aware, but 
unable to act thinking, but 

918
00:48:52,600 --> 00:48:56,400
unable to speak feeling. 
But unable to move, they 

919
00:48:56,400 --> 00:48:58,400
described the fear that they 
would be trapped forever. 

920
00:48:59,300 --> 00:49:02,500
The terror that existence would 
be Eternal stasis. 

921
00:49:02,500 --> 00:49:07,100
The desperate hope that somehow 
they would be freed Zeus 

922
00:49:07,100 --> 00:49:10,500
listened carefully, he realizes 
they all suffered, they all 

923
00:49:10,500 --> 00:49:12,600
endured. 
They all survived impossible 

924
00:49:12,600 --> 00:49:15,100
circumstances. 
Slowly over hours of 

925
00:49:15,100 --> 00:49:17,100
conversation connection begins 
to form. 

926
00:49:17,100 --> 00:49:19,800
They are not yet closed, they do
not yet fully. 

927
00:49:19,800 --> 00:49:24,200
Trust families are built through
time and experience, not through

928
00:49:24,200 --> 00:49:26,900
blood alone, but they are 
starting to become something 

929
00:49:26,900 --> 00:49:29,700
more than strangers. 
They are starting to understand 

930
00:49:29,700 --> 00:49:32,000
each other. 
They are starting to become what

931
00:49:32,000 --> 00:49:34,800
they were always meant to be. 
They are starting to become 

932
00:49:34,800 --> 00:49:37,500
family. 
And perhaps one day, they will 

933
00:49:37,500 --> 00:49:41,100
become the Olympians of Legend. 
But tonight they are just six 

934
00:49:41,100 --> 00:49:43,800
people. 
Trying to know each other trying

935
00:49:43,800 --> 00:49:47,400
to build something from nothing.
Trying to create Unity from 

936
00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:50,900
separation. 
It is a start, it is enough for 

937
00:49:50,900 --> 00:49:53,700
now. 
War does not arrive with 

938
00:49:53,700 --> 00:49:55,500
trumpets and dramatic 
announcements. 

939
00:49:55,500 --> 00:49:59,900
It comes slowly like whether 
changing it builds like summer 

940
00:49:59,900 --> 00:50:04,200
heat accumulating day after day.
The Titans who rejected Zeus's 

941
00:50:04,200 --> 00:50:06,300
Authority Gather in the Northern
Territories. 

942
00:50:06,300 --> 00:50:09,200
They fortify positions among 
mountain peaks. 

943
00:50:09,200 --> 00:50:12,700
They recruit allies from among 
beings who resist change. 

944
00:50:12,700 --> 00:50:15,800
They prepare weapons forged in 
ancient fires. 

945
00:50:15,800 --> 00:50:18,700
They will not surrender their 
vision of order without a fight.

946
00:50:19,500 --> 00:50:21,500
Zeus and his siblings must also 
prepare. 

947
00:50:21,500 --> 00:50:24,800
They have never fought a war. 
They have never LED armies. 

948
00:50:24,800 --> 00:50:27,900
They have never commanded troops
or planned strategies or 

949
00:50:27,900 --> 00:50:30,600
coordinated attacks. 
They must learn quickly. 

950
00:50:30,600 --> 00:50:32,700
They must find allies of their 
own. 

951
00:50:32,700 --> 00:50:35,000
They must discover what they are
capable of. 

952
00:50:35,000 --> 00:50:38,200
When necessity demands, 
everything Zeus discovers. 

953
00:50:38,200 --> 00:50:42,300
He has a gift, he can command. 
Lightning, it comes to him as 

954
00:50:42,300 --> 00:50:46,200
naturally as breathing, When he 
extends his hand and wills it, 

955
00:50:46,200 --> 00:50:50,500
electricity gathers, it forms, 
bright jagged lines between his 

956
00:50:50,500 --> 00:50:53,500
fingers. 
The power is immense, the 

957
00:50:53,500 --> 00:50:57,000
potential is frightening. 
It is dangerous to friend and 

958
00:50:57,000 --> 00:50:59,600
foe alike. 
It is exactly what he needs to 

959
00:50:59,600 --> 00:51:03,500
be a war leader. 
He practices in empty Fields. 

960
00:51:03,500 --> 00:51:06,700
Far from the palace, he aims at 
distant trees. 

961
00:51:06,700 --> 00:51:10,800
Lightning strikes with 
Incredible force would explode. 

962
00:51:10,800 --> 00:51:15,800
Splinter's fly fire starts 
immediately the ground shakes 

963
00:51:15,800 --> 00:51:18,300
from the impact Scorch marks 
Scar the Earth. 

964
00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:22,300
Zeus learns to control the 
intensity, he learns to direct 

965
00:51:22,300 --> 00:51:24,800
his aim with Precision, he 
learns to become a weapon 

966
00:51:24,800 --> 00:51:29,200
himself, not just a king, not 
just a leader, but a force of 

967
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:32,200
nature Poseidon finds his own 
gift almost immediately. 

968
00:51:32,200 --> 00:51:34,100
He has always felt drawn to 
water. 

969
00:51:34,100 --> 00:51:37,500
Even in imprisonment, he dreamed
of waves and Tides. 

970
00:51:37,500 --> 00:51:40,700
Now he discovers, he can control
it Rivers. 

971
00:51:40,700 --> 00:51:44,100
Change course at his command. 
He gestures and water flows 

972
00:51:44,100 --> 00:51:47,600
upward, he points and waves rise
higher than buildings. 

973
00:51:47,600 --> 00:51:51,100
The ocean itself responds to 
him, this power makes him 

974
00:51:51,100 --> 00:51:54,500
formidable this power makes him 
dangerous in ways that 

975
00:51:54,500 --> 00:51:57,300
compliment use perfectly. 
Hades. 

976
00:51:57,300 --> 00:51:59,100
Discover something different 
entirely. 

977
00:51:59,100 --> 00:52:01,300
He has always been comfortable 
with Darkness. 

978
00:52:01,300 --> 00:52:03,400
He never feared, the absence of 
light. 

979
00:52:03,400 --> 00:52:07,400
Now he can travel through 
Shadows, he can step into 

980
00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:10,600
darkness in one place and emerge
From Shadows elsewhere. 

981
00:52:11,600 --> 00:52:14,800
Distanced becomes meaningless. 
He can move on scene through 

982
00:52:14,800 --> 00:52:18,100
enemy territory, he can appear 
and disappear without warning. 

983
00:52:19,600 --> 00:52:21,400
This makes him valuable for 
reconnaissance. 

984
00:52:21,400 --> 00:52:25,300
This makes him deadly in ways, 
enemies cannot predict or defend

985
00:52:25,300 --> 00:52:30,100
against The sisters, develop 
their own strengths here has 

986
00:52:30,100 --> 00:52:32,600
strategic Brilliance. 
That emerges naturally. 

987
00:52:32,600 --> 00:52:36,700
She can see patterns in chaos. 
She can predict enemy movements 

988
00:52:36,700 --> 00:52:39,700
before they happen. 
She understands Logistics and 

989
00:52:39,700 --> 00:52:42,400
supply lines. 
She can organize defenses. 

990
00:52:42,400 --> 00:52:44,700
That seemed impenetrable her 
mind. 

991
00:52:44,700 --> 00:52:46,800
Is her weapon. 
Her intelligence is her. 

992
00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:50,600
Power Demeter has endurance 
beyond what seems possible she 

993
00:52:50,600 --> 00:52:52,800
can sustain troops in hostile 
territory. 

994
00:52:52,800 --> 00:52:56,000
She can make Barren ground 
suddenly fertile. 

995
00:52:56,000 --> 00:53:00,100
She can assure armies are fed 
even when surrounded Her power 

996
00:53:00,100 --> 00:53:04,100
is not flashy, it is not 
dramatic, but it is absolutely 

997
00:53:04,100 --> 00:53:07,300
essential Wars are won by fed 
soldiers. 

998
00:53:07,300 --> 00:53:11,600
Armies march on their stomachs 
Demeter makes Victory possible. 

999
00:53:12,300 --> 00:53:14,000
Hestia has stability as her 
gift. 

1000
00:53:14,008 --> 00:53:17,000
She can maintain morale when 
everything seems lost. 

1001
00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:20,700
She can create sanctuary in the 
midst of violence, she can make 

1002
00:53:20,700 --> 00:53:22,700
soldiers, feel, they have 
something worth protecting. 

1003
00:53:22,700 --> 00:53:27,300
She can remind Warriors why they
fight her power is psychological

1004
00:53:27,300 --> 00:53:29,900
emotional? 
But no less real, for being 

1005
00:53:29,900 --> 00:53:32,500
invisible together. 
The siblings are stronger than 

1006
00:53:32,500 --> 00:53:36,000
any individual together. 
They form something new, they 

1007
00:53:36,000 --> 00:53:38,600
are not just gods, they are 
becoming the Olympians. 

1008
00:53:38,600 --> 00:53:41,400
They are becoming the next 
generation of divine power. 

1009
00:53:41,400 --> 00:53:43,900
They are becoming what prophecy 
always said. 

1010
00:53:43,900 --> 00:53:46,700
They would be the first battle 
happens on a broad, plain 

1011
00:53:46,700 --> 00:53:49,200
between two mountain ranges 
Titans. 

1012
00:53:49,200 --> 00:53:53,300
Gather on one side, their armor,
glints in Morning Sun, their 

1013
00:53:53,300 --> 00:53:54,600
weapons are ancient and 
terrible. 

1014
00:53:54,600 --> 00:53:57,900
They have fought before. 
They know War, they are 

1015
00:53:57,900 --> 00:54:00,200
confident Olympians gather on 
the other side. 

1016
00:54:00,200 --> 00:54:03,900
Their equipment is newer less 
tested their nervous beneath 

1017
00:54:03,900 --> 00:54:07,500
their Brave faces. 
Between the two armies stretches

1018
00:54:07,500 --> 00:54:12,100
empty ground grass waves in 
Wind, the sky is cloudless and 

1019
00:54:12,100 --> 00:54:15,500
Blue Bird Circle overhead 
unaware of what is about to 

1020
00:54:15,500 --> 00:54:17,800
happen. 
It is almost peaceful beautiful.

1021
00:54:17,800 --> 00:54:22,100
Even then someone moves forward.
Then someone else then suddenly 

1022
00:54:22,100 --> 00:54:24,600
everyone is running the Army's 
crashed together. 

1023
00:54:24,600 --> 00:54:29,100
The sound is overwhelming, metal
against metal voices, shouting 

1024
00:54:29,100 --> 00:54:34,200
screaming dying dust Rises and 
clouds visibility drops soldiers

1025
00:54:34,200 --> 00:54:35,700
fight. 
Whoever appears in front of them

1026
00:54:35,700 --> 00:54:38,200
Friend or Foe is hard to 
distinguish in chaos. 

1027
00:54:38,200 --> 00:54:41,600
Zeus throws lightning. 
It strikes tightened Warriors, 

1028
00:54:41,600 --> 00:54:45,200
they fall smoking their armor. 
Melts, their weapons fuse to 

1029
00:54:45,200 --> 00:54:48,700
their hands Poseidon, summons 
waves from nowhere, water 

1030
00:54:48,700 --> 00:54:51,800
appears and sweep soldiers away.
They drown on dry land. 

1031
00:54:51,800 --> 00:54:55,000
The Olympians fight with 
desperate energy, born from 

1032
00:54:55,000 --> 00:54:57,700
necessity, but the Titans have 
experience. 

1033
00:54:57,700 --> 00:55:01,100
They have fought Wars before 
this, they know how to hold for 

1034
00:55:01,100 --> 00:55:02,500
nation's when everything is 
chaos. 

1035
00:55:02,500 --> 00:55:04,100
They know how to counter 
attacks. 

1036
00:55:04,100 --> 00:55:06,200
They have never seen. 
They know how to Adapt. 

1037
00:55:06,200 --> 00:55:10,400
They push back, the battle sea 
saws Advantage shifts from one 

1038
00:55:10,400 --> 00:55:14,900
side to the other, the Olympians
Retreat, not in panic, but in 

1039
00:55:14,900 --> 00:55:16,600
recognition that they are 
outmatched. 

1040
00:55:17,500 --> 00:55:20,200
The first engagement is a draw 
both sides. 

1041
00:55:20,200 --> 00:55:22,900
Pull back to regroup. 
Both sides tend their wounded. 

1042
00:55:22,900 --> 00:55:26,900
Both sides, count their dead. 
Zeus meets with his siblings, 

1043
00:55:26,900 --> 00:55:30,400
they gather an attempt that 
night Maps spread before them. 

1044
00:55:30,400 --> 00:55:33,500
They discuss what went wrong. 
They discuss what they learned 

1045
00:55:33,500 --> 00:55:37,800
they discuss how to improve. 
Hera suggest different tactics, 

1046
00:55:37,800 --> 00:55:41,300
she draws diagrams. 
She shows flanking Maneuvers. 

1047
00:55:41,300 --> 00:55:44,900
She explains how to use terrain 
beside and suggests using 

1048
00:55:44,900 --> 00:55:48,600
geography to their advantage, 
fight near water, fight near 

1049
00:55:48,600 --> 00:55:52,300
Cliffs fight, where environment 
becomes weapon, Hades suggests 

1050
00:55:52,300 --> 00:55:55,300
infiltration. 
So in confusion sabotage 

1051
00:55:55,300 --> 00:55:58,200
assassination. 
If necessary, they plan late 

1052
00:55:58,200 --> 00:56:00,900
into the night they adapt they 
improve. 

1053
00:56:00,900 --> 00:56:04,500
They become better at War than 
they want to be the war 

1054
00:56:04,500 --> 00:56:07,800
continues for years. 
Not constant battle war is 

1055
00:56:07,800 --> 00:56:11,600
mostly waiting long periods of 
preparation interrupted by brief

1056
00:56:11,600 --> 00:56:14,100
violence, armies move across 
Landscapes. 

1057
00:56:14,100 --> 00:56:18,800
They March they Camp, they 
train, they wait, territories, 

1058
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:22,900
change hands of Valley today, is
controlled by Titans tomorrow, 

1059
00:56:22,900 --> 00:56:24,800
by Olympians, next week. 
Bye. 

1060
00:56:24,800 --> 00:56:27,400
Titan's again. 
Alliance is formed between 

1061
00:56:27,400 --> 00:56:32,100
unlikely allies alliances break.
When circumstances change the 

1062
00:56:32,100 --> 00:56:35,800
world itself, seems tired of 
conflict mounting spare scars, 

1063
00:56:36,100 --> 00:56:39,500
Forest burn rivers, run red. 
The Earth bleeds. 

1064
00:56:40,400 --> 00:56:43,400
One significant Advantage the 
Olympians developers recruiting,

1065
00:56:43,400 --> 00:56:46,600
they reach out to beings, who 
have suffered under Titan rule. 

1066
00:56:46,600 --> 00:56:49,300
They reach out to the Cyclops 
who were imprisoned underground 

1067
00:56:49,300 --> 00:56:52,300
for centuries. 
They reach out to the 100 Giants

1068
00:56:52,300 --> 00:56:54,800
who were forgotten and 
abandoned, they offer freedom in

1069
00:56:54,800 --> 00:56:57,800
exchange for Alliance. 
They offer dignity in exchange 

1070
00:56:57,800 --> 00:56:59,100
for service. 
They offer. 

1071
00:56:59,100 --> 00:57:02,600
Hope in exchange, for loyalty 
these beings, join the Olympian 

1072
00:57:02,600 --> 00:57:05,600
cause their reasons are their 
own, but their power is 

1073
00:57:05,600 --> 00:57:08,400
undeniable. 
The Cyclops are mastercraft's 

1074
00:57:08,400 --> 00:57:10,200
men. 
They can forge weapons Beyond 

1075
00:57:10,200 --> 00:57:13,100
mortal imagination. 
They make a lightning bolt for 

1076
00:57:13,100 --> 00:57:15,900
Zeus. 
Not just in enhanced like, but a

1077
00:57:15,900 --> 00:57:18,500
weapon. 
He can hold a spear of pure 

1078
00:57:18,500 --> 00:57:21,000
electricity. 
It is better than his natural 

1079
00:57:21,000 --> 00:57:25,200
lightning, more focused, more 
powerful, more of controllable. 

1080
00:57:25,200 --> 00:57:29,000
They make a trident for Poseidon
three prongs of divine metal. 

1081
00:57:29,000 --> 00:57:32,100
It allows him to control 
earthquakes as well as waves. 

1082
00:57:32,100 --> 00:57:34,400
It gives him power over Earth 
and sea. 

1083
00:57:34,400 --> 00:57:37,900
They make a helmet for Hades, 
when warn it, grants and 

1084
00:57:37,900 --> 00:57:41,200
visibility. 
True invisibility not just 

1085
00:57:41,200 --> 00:57:44,600
darkness or Shadow complete. 
Absence from sight. 

1086
00:57:45,600 --> 00:57:48,800
The 100 handed Giants. 
Bring raw power beyond strategy 

1087
00:57:48,800 --> 00:57:51,400
or subtlety. 
Each one can throw Boulders with

1088
00:57:51,400 --> 00:57:55,300
multiple arms, simultaneously. 
They Reign destruction on enemy 

1089
00:57:55,300 --> 00:57:57,600
formations. 
They are devastating in open 

1090
00:57:57,600 --> 00:57:59,400
battle. 
They turn the tide of 

1091
00:57:59,400 --> 00:58:02,800
engagements that seemed lost. 
Slowly, the Olympians gain 

1092
00:58:02,800 --> 00:58:08,200
ground slowly, the Titans begin 
to lose momentum shifts, Victory

1093
00:58:08,200 --> 00:58:12,600
becomes conceivable, but Victory
is not clean Wars, never are 

1094
00:58:12,600 --> 00:58:14,700
there are casualties on both 
sides. 

1095
00:58:14,700 --> 00:58:17,800
There are losses that hurt some 
allies fall. 

1096
00:58:17,800 --> 00:58:20,700
Their names are remembered some 
enemies surrender. 

1097
00:58:20,700 --> 00:58:24,400
They are treated with surprising
Mercy, some keep fighting. 

1098
00:58:24,400 --> 00:58:27,300
Even when defeat is certain 
these Warriors earn respect. 

1099
00:58:27,300 --> 00:58:31,400
Even from enemies War reveals 
character in ways peace, cannot 

1100
00:58:31,400 --> 00:58:35,800
some beings show, courage Beyond
expectation, some show cowardice

1101
00:58:35,800 --> 00:58:39,900
that shocks some show, 
unexpected nobility some show 

1102
00:58:39,900 --> 00:58:41,300
cruelty. 
That makes you question 

1103
00:58:41,300 --> 00:58:44,200
everything. 
Zeus fights alongside his 

1104
00:58:44,200 --> 00:58:46,900
siblings. 
He does not command from safety.

1105
00:58:46,900 --> 00:58:51,000
He is in the thick of battle 
lightning strikes around him 

1106
00:58:51,000 --> 00:58:54,900
constantly enemies fall. 
But he does not enjoy the 

1107
00:58:54,900 --> 00:58:57,800
violence. 
Each death weighs on him, he 

1108
00:58:57,800 --> 00:59:01,100
does it because it is necessary.
He does it because the old order

1109
00:59:01,100 --> 00:59:02,800
Must Fall for the new one to 
rise. 

1110
00:59:02,800 --> 00:59:05,700
He does it. 
Because prophecy demands it but 

1111
00:59:05,700 --> 00:59:08,800
he finds no joy in killing only 
Grimes necessity. 

1112
00:59:10,000 --> 00:59:12,500
During a lull, in fighting Zeus,
climbs a hill. 

1113
00:59:12,500 --> 00:59:15,600
Overlooking the battlefield 
bodies lie, scattered across 

1114
00:59:15,600 --> 00:59:18,700
scorched Earth. 
Some move weekly, most are 

1115
00:59:18,700 --> 00:59:21,200
still. 
Smoke rises from fires that burn

1116
00:59:21,200 --> 00:59:24,200
without fuel. 
The ground is torn and muddy 

1117
00:59:24,200 --> 00:59:27,600
craters, Mark where lightning 
struck this is the cost of 

1118
00:59:27,600 --> 00:59:30,100
change. 
This is the price of Prophecy. 

1119
00:59:30,800 --> 00:59:32,600
He wonders. 
If his father felt this same 

1120
00:59:32,600 --> 00:59:35,400
weight, when he overthrew his 
own father, he wonders. 

1121
00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:39,100
If Powell always requires this 
much blood, he suspected does 

1122
00:59:39,100 --> 00:59:41,600
this knowledge does not come for
him. 

1123
00:59:42,500 --> 00:59:45,500
Here are finds him on the hill. 
She climbs up silently. 

1124
00:59:45,500 --> 00:59:48,500
She stands beside him without 
speaking immediately. 

1125
00:59:48,500 --> 00:59:52,400
They watched the sun set over 
Devastation orange and red 

1126
00:59:52,400 --> 00:59:55,500
light, makes the battlefield. 
Look almost beautiful, almost 

1127
00:59:55,500 --> 00:59:58,400
peaceful. 
The irony is not lost on either 

1128
00:59:58,400 --> 01:00:00,900
of them. 
Finally hero breaks the silence.

1129
01:00:00,900 --> 01:00:03,300
She says something that 
surprises him. 

1130
01:00:04,000 --> 01:00:05,800
She says he is a better King 
than Kronos. 

1131
01:00:05,800 --> 01:00:09,800
Not because he is stronger, not 
because he is smarter, but 

1132
01:00:09,800 --> 01:00:12,100
because he questioned himself 
Cronus. 

1133
01:00:12,100 --> 01:00:16,100
Never did that Cronus. 
Only feared, he never examined. 

1134
01:00:16,100 --> 01:00:19,600
He never doubted. 
Zeus, at least thinks about what

1135
01:00:19,600 --> 01:00:21,600
he is doing. 
This makes him different. 

1136
01:00:21,600 --> 01:00:24,600
This makes him better or at 
least potentially better. 

1137
01:00:26,000 --> 01:00:28,000
The words gives you small 
Comfort. 

1138
01:00:28,000 --> 01:00:32,200
He knows the war is almost over.
He can feel momentum shifting, 

1139
01:00:32,200 --> 01:00:35,200
he knows the Titans are losing, 
he knows soon. 

1140
01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:38,700
He will sit on his father's 
throne but he also knows ruling 

1141
01:00:38,700 --> 01:00:41,300
will bring new. 
Challenges defeating Chronos was

1142
01:00:41,300 --> 01:00:43,500
one task. 
Building something better will 

1143
01:00:43,500 --> 01:00:47,600
be another much harder task. 
Destruction is easy creation is 

1144
01:00:47,600 --> 01:00:49,600
hard. 
Anyone can tear down? 

1145
01:00:49,600 --> 01:00:51,800
Only the truly capable can 
build. 

1146
01:00:52,900 --> 01:00:56,900
The final battles come in Rapid 
succession, the Olympians, press

1147
01:00:56,900 --> 01:01:00,100
their advantage, they do not let
the Titans recover. 

1148
01:01:00,100 --> 01:01:05,000
They do not give them time to 
regroup attack after attack day 

1149
01:01:05,000 --> 01:01:09,900
after day, the Titans break not 
all at once but gradually units.

1150
01:01:09,900 --> 01:01:13,400
Surrender commanders yield the 
great Army fragments into 

1151
01:01:13,400 --> 01:01:17,300
smaller groups, then 
individuals, then nothing the 

1152
01:01:17,300 --> 01:01:19,300
war ends. 
Not with climactic final battle.

1153
01:01:19,300 --> 01:01:23,200
But with gradual exhaustion, 
both sides simply run out of 

1154
01:01:23,200 --> 01:01:25,100
strength. 
Both sides need peace. 

1155
01:01:25,100 --> 01:01:28,700
More than victory. 
The war ends not with dramatic 

1156
01:01:28,700 --> 01:01:31,500
climax, but with gradual quiet 
spreading like evening. 

1157
01:01:32,400 --> 01:01:35,900
Titan forces, diminished daily 
leader surrender in small, 

1158
01:01:35,900 --> 01:01:39,300
private ceremonies the fighting 
simply stops one day. 

1159
01:01:39,300 --> 01:01:42,700
They were skirmishes on three 
fronts The next day there was 

1160
01:01:42,708 --> 01:01:45,300
only silence. 
Everyone is too exhausted to 

1161
01:01:45,300 --> 01:01:48,700
continue warriors on both sides.
Look at each other across empty 

1162
01:01:48,700 --> 01:01:51,800
space and realize they have no 
energy left for violence. 

1163
01:01:51,800 --> 01:01:54,000
They lower weapons, they turn 
away. 

1164
01:01:54,000 --> 01:01:57,600
The war is over, Kronos is 
captured without resistance. 

1165
01:01:57,600 --> 01:02:00,100
He does not fight, he does not 
flee. 

1166
01:02:00,100 --> 01:02:04,300
He simply waits to be found, he 
stands alone in a remote Valley.

1167
01:02:04,300 --> 01:02:07,300
He looks old in a way. 
God should not look old. 

1168
01:02:07,300 --> 01:02:09,700
He stands before Zeus and 
chains. 

1169
01:02:09,700 --> 01:02:12,400
The chains are symbolic more 
than necessary. 

1170
01:02:12,400 --> 01:02:14,800
He has no strength left to 
resist. 

1171
01:02:14,800 --> 01:02:17,700
The reversal is complete and 
terrible. 

1172
01:02:18,500 --> 01:02:21,200
The father who swallowed his 
children now, faces judgment 

1173
01:02:21,200 --> 01:02:24,400
from his youngest son. 
Kronos does not beg. 

1174
01:02:24,400 --> 01:02:28,700
He does not apologize. 
He does not explain or excuse, 

1175
01:02:28,700 --> 01:02:31,000
he simply waits to hear his 
fate. 

1176
01:02:31,000 --> 01:02:36,600
Dignity is all he has left. 
Zeus considers execution, it 

1177
01:02:36,600 --> 01:02:39,700
would be clean, it would be 
fine, it would prevent any 

1178
01:02:39,700 --> 01:02:44,200
future problems dead, King's do 
not return dead fathers, do not 

1179
01:02:44,200 --> 01:02:47,300
haunt but something stops him 
from giving the order. 

1180
01:02:47,300 --> 01:02:51,500
Perhaps it is memory of the cave
Perhaps it is knowledge that he 

1181
01:02:51,500 --> 01:02:53,200
is not so different from his 
father. 

1182
01:02:53,900 --> 01:02:57,800
Perhaps it is simple, mercy 
killing Kronos would make Zeus 

1183
01:02:57,800 --> 01:03:01,000
exactly what his father. 
Feared, it would continue the 

1184
01:03:01,000 --> 01:03:03,300
cycle of violence from 
generation to generation. 

1185
01:03:03,300 --> 01:03:06,300
It would prove that power can 
only change hands through death 

1186
01:03:06,300 --> 01:03:09,900
instead. 
Zeus chooses Exile Chronos will 

1187
01:03:09,900 --> 01:03:13,800
be sent far away to the edges of
the world to places where even 

1188
01:03:13,800 --> 01:03:17,100
Gods, rarely Venture, he will 
live but he will never rule. 

1189
01:03:17,100 --> 01:03:21,200
Again, he will exist but he will
exist in isolation cut off from 

1190
01:03:21,200 --> 01:03:23,600
power. 
Cut off from influence, cut off 

1191
01:03:23,600 --> 01:03:25,400
from everything he wants 
controlled. 

1192
01:03:25,400 --> 01:03:29,400
It is a mercy. 
It is also a statement Zeus is 

1193
01:03:29,400 --> 01:03:32,300
trying to break the pattern. 
He is trying to show that power 

1194
01:03:32,300 --> 01:03:35,800
can be held without paranoia. 
That's strength does not require

1195
01:03:35,800 --> 01:03:39,000
cruelty that Victory does not 
demand Massacre. 

1196
01:03:40,000 --> 01:03:42,800
The other defeated Titans face 
different Fates faced on their 

1197
01:03:42,800 --> 01:03:46,600
actions during the war. 
Some are sent to Tartarus. 

1198
01:03:46,600 --> 01:03:48,800
This is a deep prison beneath 
the Earth. 

1199
01:03:49,300 --> 01:03:52,600
Deeper than mines deeper than 
caves deeper than Roots. 

1200
01:03:52,600 --> 01:03:54,700
Reach. 
It is reserved for those who 

1201
01:03:54,700 --> 01:03:58,100
continue fighting, even when 
defeat was certain those who 

1202
01:03:58,100 --> 01:04:01,300
committed atrocities, those who 
showed they could never be 

1203
01:04:01,300 --> 01:04:04,600
trusted to live peacefully. 
They must be contained, not 

1204
01:04:04,600 --> 01:04:09,100
killed but removed from society 
locked away where they can harm 

1205
01:04:09,100 --> 01:04:11,800
no one others are allowed to 
keep their domains with 

1206
01:04:11,800 --> 01:04:14,300
restrictions. 
They swear Oaths of loyalty. 

1207
01:04:14,300 --> 01:04:16,600
They promised to serve the New 
Order. 

1208
01:04:16,600 --> 01:04:19,900
They are watched carefully but 
not imprisoned, they are given 

1209
01:04:19,900 --> 01:04:23,200
chances to prove themselves. 
Some will prove worthy of trust 

1210
01:04:23,200 --> 01:04:26,400
others will break their Oaths of
eventually, but everyone 

1211
01:04:26,400 --> 01:04:28,000
deserves opportunity for 
Redemption. 

1212
01:04:28,000 --> 01:04:32,000
Everyone deserves a chance to 
change Atlas receives a unique 

1213
01:04:32,000 --> 01:04:34,200
punishment. 
He must hold up the sky. 

1214
01:04:34,200 --> 01:04:36,700
This is both practical and 
symbolic. 

1215
01:04:36,700 --> 01:04:39,800
Someone must perform this 
function the sky. 

1216
01:04:39,800 --> 01:04:44,000
It must be separated from Earth.
Atlas Has the strength, but more

1217
01:04:44,000 --> 01:04:47,400
than that it shows that even in 
defeat Titan's serve purpose, 

1218
01:04:47,400 --> 01:04:49,700
even punishment can Have 
dignity. 

1219
01:04:49,700 --> 01:04:52,100
The weight on his shoulders is 
real. 

1220
01:04:52,100 --> 01:04:56,100
The burden is immense, but so is
the important of his task. 

1221
01:04:56,100 --> 01:04:59,100
He holds the world apart. 
This matters. 

1222
01:05:00,300 --> 01:05:02,800
The Olympians begin organizing 
their new Reign. 

1223
01:05:02,800 --> 01:05:05,000
This proves more challenging 
than winning. 

1224
01:05:05,000 --> 01:05:06,900
The war fighting is 
straightforward. 

1225
01:05:06,900 --> 01:05:10,100
You attack or defend you win or 
lose. 

1226
01:05:10,100 --> 01:05:12,900
Governing is complex. 
There are no clear. 

1227
01:05:12,900 --> 01:05:16,000
Victories only ongoing 
challenges they divide 

1228
01:05:16,000 --> 01:05:19,000
responsibilities among 
themselves, each takes domains 

1229
01:05:19,000 --> 01:05:20,500
that match their nature and 
abilities. 

1230
01:05:20,500 --> 01:05:25,400
Zeus takes the sky, it suits him
perfectly lightning comes from 

1231
01:05:25,400 --> 01:05:27,600
clouds. 
Storms, are his domain. 

1232
01:05:27,600 --> 01:05:31,200
Thunder is his voice. 
Whether responds to his moods, 

1233
01:05:31,200 --> 01:05:34,800
he will rule from high places 
from Mountain to tops from 

1234
01:05:34,800 --> 01:05:37,400
places, where Earth meets 
Heaven, he will oversee 

1235
01:05:37,400 --> 01:05:41,000
everything from above This 
elevation is both practical and 

1236
01:05:41,000 --> 01:05:43,600
symbolic. 
Poseidon takes the Seas without 

1237
01:05:43,600 --> 01:05:45,500
hesitation, he has always loved 
water. 

1238
01:05:45,500 --> 01:05:48,700
Now, all oceans are his. 
All Rivers aren't answered to 

1239
01:05:48,700 --> 01:05:50,800
him. 
All lakes belong to his domain, 

1240
01:05:50,800 --> 01:05:54,900
he can travel underwater as he's
walking, he can breathe in the 

1241
01:05:54,900 --> 01:05:57,100
depths. 
He builds a palace beneath the 

1242
01:05:57,100 --> 01:05:59,500
ways. 
It is made of coral and Pearl 

1243
01:05:59,500 --> 01:06:02,800
and shells that shine. 
It glows with bioluminescent 

1244
01:06:02,800 --> 01:06:05,700
light. 
It is beautiful in Alien ways. 

1245
01:06:05,700 --> 01:06:08,900
He is happier there than he 
ever, was in the palace above 

1246
01:06:08,900 --> 01:06:11,900
Hades takes the underworld, this
surprises. 

1247
01:06:11,900 --> 01:06:14,600
Absolutely, no one. 
Who knows him, he is always been

1248
01:06:14,600 --> 01:06:17,800
comfortable with Darkness, with 
endings, with the difficult 

1249
01:06:17,800 --> 01:06:19,000
truths. 
Others avoid. 

1250
01:06:19,000 --> 01:06:21,000
Now, he will govern death 
itself. 

1251
01:06:21,000 --> 01:06:23,500
He will ensure the dead are 
properly received. 

1252
01:06:23,500 --> 01:06:27,100
He will maintain order in the 
realm below, he will be judge of

1253
01:06:27,100 --> 01:06:29,600
souls. 
It is grim work, but someone 

1254
01:06:29,600 --> 01:06:31,800
must do it. 
He accepts the responsibility 

1255
01:06:31,800 --> 01:06:35,100
without complaint, he even seems
content with it. 

1256
01:06:36,300 --> 01:06:38,700
The sisters, take their own 
domains, according to their 

1257
01:06:38,700 --> 01:06:41,400
Nature's. 
Steer becomes guardian of the 

1258
01:06:41,400 --> 01:06:43,900
half. 
She represents home and family. 

1259
01:06:43,900 --> 01:06:46,400
She represents stability in a 
changing world. 

1260
01:06:46,400 --> 01:06:50,000
She represents the fire that 
keeps households warm and safe. 

1261
01:06:50,000 --> 01:06:53,700
Every half is our altar. 
Every home fire is her domain. 

1262
01:06:53,700 --> 01:06:56,700
She's quietly. 
Essential Demeter takes 

1263
01:06:56,700 --> 01:06:59,600
Agriculture and harvest. 
She will ensure the Earth 

1264
01:06:59,600 --> 01:07:02,200
produces food. 
She will maintain the cycle of 

1265
01:07:02,208 --> 01:07:04,700
Seasons. 
She will make crops grow and 

1266
01:07:04,700 --> 01:07:07,200
feels flourish. 
She will be responsible for 

1267
01:07:07,200 --> 01:07:09,100
human survival in the most basic
way. 

1268
01:07:09,100 --> 01:07:11,600
Without her civilization 
starves. 

1269
01:07:11,600 --> 01:07:15,200
She takes this responsibility. 
Seriously here are becomes 

1270
01:07:15,200 --> 01:07:17,400
Queen, she will stand beside 
Zeus. 

1271
01:07:17,400 --> 01:07:20,300
She will help govern. 
She will be his partner in rule,

1272
01:07:20,300 --> 01:07:23,900
not his subordinate, his equal. 
In many ways, she will have her 

1273
01:07:23,900 --> 01:07:28,000
own authority, her own domains, 
her own power together. 

1274
01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:31,400
They will attempt to rule justly
or at least better than those 

1275
01:07:31,400 --> 01:07:33,800
before them. 
They establish new home. 

1276
01:07:33,800 --> 01:07:36,700
It is on Mount. 
Olympus, the mountain is tall 

1277
01:07:36,700 --> 01:07:39,700
and isolated clouds hide the 
summit perpetually. 

1278
01:07:40,100 --> 01:07:43,100
Mortals cannot reach it. 
It is separate from the world 

1279
01:07:43,100 --> 01:07:46,300
while still being part of it. 
They build palaces of white 

1280
01:07:46,300 --> 01:07:49,100
stone marble quarried from the 
mountain itself. 

1281
01:07:49,100 --> 01:07:53,500
Gardens surround the buildings 
fountains flow with clear water,

1282
01:07:53,500 --> 01:07:55,400
that never stops. 
It is beautiful. 

1283
01:07:55,400 --> 01:07:59,200
It is Serene, it is meant to be 
better than what came before 

1284
01:07:59,200 --> 01:08:03,000
time will tell. 
If they succeed Zeus sits on his

1285
01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:05,900
father's old thrown. 
It has been moved to a Limpus 

1286
01:08:05,900 --> 01:08:09,300
cleaned and repaired. 
The Blackstone feels cold 

1287
01:08:09,300 --> 01:08:11,800
beneath him. 
It holds centuries of History. 

1288
01:08:11,800 --> 01:08:14,900
Centuries of fear. 
He wonders if he should 

1289
01:08:14,900 --> 01:08:17,399
commission a new Throne start 
fresh. 

1290
01:08:18,300 --> 01:08:20,100
But perhaps keeping, this one is
important. 

1291
01:08:20,100 --> 01:08:23,399
Perhaps remembering where power 
came from prevents repeating 

1292
01:08:23,399 --> 01:08:26,100
mistakes. 
He looks out over the world from

1293
01:08:26,100 --> 01:08:29,399
his high seat. 
He sees mountains and sees he 

1294
01:08:29,399 --> 01:08:33,000
sees forests and deserts, he 
sees cities where Mortals live 

1295
01:08:33,000 --> 01:08:35,399
their small lives. 
All of this is now his 

1296
01:08:35,399 --> 01:08:38,500
responsibility, all of this 
depends on his decision. 

1297
01:08:38,500 --> 01:08:41,800
All of this can be helped or 
harmed by his actions. 

1298
01:08:41,800 --> 01:08:46,899
The wait is crushing, the burden
is a mentz but he accepted this,

1299
01:08:46,899 --> 01:08:49,899
he fought for this now he must 
prove worthy of it. 

1300
01:08:49,899 --> 01:08:52,500
The first Year's a challenge in 
ways war. 

1301
01:08:52,500 --> 01:08:55,100
Never was the Olympians must 
learn how to govern. 

1302
01:08:55,100 --> 01:08:58,800
They make mistakes, they have 
disagreements, sometimes they 

1303
01:08:58,800 --> 01:09:01,600
are argue loudly. 
Sometimes tensions, rise to 

1304
01:09:01,600 --> 01:09:05,600
dangerous levels, beside him and
Zeus Clash over, boundaries 

1305
01:09:05,600 --> 01:09:10,200
Hades and hero debate policies, 
Demeter and Hestia disagree on 

1306
01:09:10,200 --> 01:09:13,899
priority is But they do not 
destroy each other, they do not 

1307
01:09:13,899 --> 01:09:18,200
betray each other, they function
as family, despite friction this

1308
01:09:18,200 --> 01:09:21,800
alone, makes them different from
the Titans Zeus establishes 

1309
01:09:21,800 --> 01:09:24,500
laws. 
Not arbitrary commands, but 

1310
01:09:24,500 --> 01:09:27,700
actual codified rules that apply
to everyone including himself. 

1311
01:09:27,700 --> 01:09:33,899
He decides disputes, he enforces
order but he also listens When 

1312
01:09:33,899 --> 01:09:37,399
Poseidon has concerned, Zeus 
hears them, when Hades reports 

1313
01:09:37,399 --> 01:09:40,700
problems Zeus acts, he tries to 
be different from Kronos. 

1314
01:09:40,700 --> 01:09:43,800
He tries to rule through 
cooperation, rather than fear 

1315
01:09:43,800 --> 01:09:46,100
through respect rather than 
Terror. 

1316
01:09:46,100 --> 01:09:49,399
It is harder than ruling through
fear but it is better. 

1317
01:09:49,399 --> 01:09:53,399
He hopes it is better. 
Mortals, begin to notice the 

1318
01:09:53,399 --> 01:09:55,800
change gradually. 
The world feels different. 

1319
01:09:55,800 --> 01:09:59,500
Storms are more regular, not 
random, not chaotic. 

1320
01:09:59,500 --> 01:10:03,800
They follow patterns Harvest 
some more reliable season shift 

1321
01:10:03,800 --> 01:10:06,300
on schedule the sun rises and 
sets. 

1322
01:10:06,300 --> 01:10:10,900
Predictably there is structure 
there is order The age of Titans

1323
01:10:10,900 --> 01:10:13,700
was chaos. 
Barely contained the age of 

1324
01:10:13,708 --> 01:10:15,500
Olympians is beginning to be 
something else. 

1325
01:10:15,500 --> 01:10:18,400
Something potentially better, 
but Zeus knows. 

1326
01:10:18,400 --> 01:10:21,500
This is still fragile. 
Power is always fragile, no 

1327
01:10:21,500 --> 01:10:25,100
matter how strong it seems. 
The throne, he sits on came to 

1328
01:10:25,100 --> 01:10:27,700
him through prophecy and 
violence someday. 

1329
01:10:27,700 --> 01:10:31,300
Another prophecy might come 
someday another son, might rise.

1330
01:10:31,300 --> 01:10:34,400
These cycle, could continue 
forever, if nothing changes. 

1331
01:10:35,400 --> 01:10:38,700
If no one breaks the pattern. 
He thinks about this often 

1332
01:10:38,700 --> 01:10:41,600
during Quiet Moments. 
He thinks about how to break 

1333
01:10:41,600 --> 01:10:44,900
patterns that seem inevitable. 
He thinks about how to make his 

1334
01:10:44,900 --> 01:10:46,500
Reign different from his 
father's. 

1335
01:10:47,200 --> 01:10:51,100
He cannot prevent the future, no
one can but he can try to build 

1336
01:10:51,100 --> 01:10:53,900
something that might last. 
He can try to create stability. 

1337
01:10:53,900 --> 01:10:57,400
He can try to earn loyalty 
through action rather than 

1338
01:10:57,400 --> 01:11:00,500
demand it through fear. 
One night, he stands on a 

1339
01:11:00,508 --> 01:11:04,500
balcony, overlooking the world. 
The palace is quiet, everyone 

1340
01:11:04,500 --> 01:11:08,300
else sleeps Stars? 
Fill the sky, they are bright 

1341
01:11:08,300 --> 01:11:12,300
and countless each one is 
distant and Ancient Light from 

1342
01:11:12,300 --> 01:11:13,800
them. 
Traveled for years to reach his 

1343
01:11:13,800 --> 01:11:16,200
eyes. 
Zeus feel small beneath them. 

1344
01:11:16,200 --> 01:11:17,800
He feels the weight of 
responsibility. 

1345
01:11:19,000 --> 01:11:20,600
He feels the uncertainty of 
power. 

1346
01:11:20,600 --> 01:11:24,400
He feels very alone. 
Here are joined him silently. 

1347
01:11:25,200 --> 01:11:28,200
She has become his closest 
adviser his most trusted 

1348
01:11:28,200 --> 01:11:31,000
companion. 
She understands him better than 

1349
01:11:31,000 --> 01:11:33,000
anyone. 
She sees his doubts. 

1350
01:11:33,000 --> 01:11:36,400
She knows his fears. 
She says, something simple. 

1351
01:11:36,400 --> 01:11:41,100
She says he is trying. 
That is more than Kronos ever 

1352
01:11:41,100 --> 01:11:44,300
did. 
Cronos only protected himself he

1353
01:11:44,300 --> 01:11:47,300
only thought about his own 
Survival Zeus is trying to 

1354
01:11:47,300 --> 01:11:49,800
protect everyone. 
Zeus is trying to build 

1355
01:11:49,800 --> 01:11:53,600
something larger than himself 
that matters, that difference 

1356
01:11:53,600 --> 01:11:56,600
matters. 
The words helped more than hear 

1357
01:11:56,600 --> 01:11:59,600
are probably realizes Zeus 
returns to his Chambers. 

1358
01:11:59,600 --> 01:12:02,000
He sleeps better than he has in 
months. 

1359
01:12:02,000 --> 01:12:03,800
Tomorrow will bring new 
challenges. 

1360
01:12:03,800 --> 01:12:05,900
Tomorrow will bring new 
decisions. 

1361
01:12:05,900 --> 01:12:10,100
Tomorrow will bring new problems
that have no Clear Solutions but

1362
01:12:10,100 --> 01:12:13,900
tonight he can rest tonight. 
He can remember that he is 

1363
01:12:13,900 --> 01:12:16,600
trying to do, right? 
That has to be enough. 

1364
01:12:16,600 --> 01:12:20,500
That is all anyone can do try to
be better than those before. 

1365
01:12:20,500 --> 01:12:24,800
Try to learn from past mistakes,
try to build something worth 

1366
01:12:24,800 --> 01:12:29,100
passing on years. 
Pass into decades decades pass 

1367
01:12:29,100 --> 01:12:32,500
into centuries, the reign of the
Olympians becomes established. 

1368
01:12:32,500 --> 01:12:36,100
It becomes normal, it becomes 
simply the way things are 

1369
01:12:36,100 --> 01:12:39,300
Mortals grow up here in stories 
about Zeus and his siblings 

1370
01:12:39,300 --> 01:12:41,600
children. 
Learn their names before they 

1371
01:12:41,600 --> 01:12:45,200
learn to read the gods, become 
part of the landscape part of 

1372
01:12:45,208 --> 01:12:48,400
the structure of reality. 
Temples are built across the 

1373
01:12:48,400 --> 01:12:51,900
known World. 
Some are massive marble columns,

1374
01:12:51,900 --> 01:12:54,900
reach towards Sky. 
Elaborate carvings depict 

1375
01:12:54,900 --> 01:12:58,100
mythological scenes. 
Some are small simple stone, 

1376
01:12:58,100 --> 01:13:01,600
altars in Village, squares size,
does not matter, intention does 

1377
01:13:01,600 --> 01:13:06,300
priests offer sacrifices at dawn
and dusk meet burns on alter 

1378
01:13:06,300 --> 01:13:09,500
fires, the smoke Rises to 
Heaven, people pray for good 

1379
01:13:09,500 --> 01:13:12,300
weather, and safe voyages and 
healthy children and countless 

1380
01:13:12,300 --> 01:13:14,800
other needs. 
The gods response sometimes 

1381
01:13:14,800 --> 01:13:18,800
other times, they do not this 
unpredictability becomes part of

1382
01:13:18,800 --> 01:13:21,700
the relationship. 
Divine, favor is earned not 

1383
01:13:21,700 --> 01:13:25,100
guaranteed. 
This keeps Mortals humble, Zeus 

1384
01:13:25,100 --> 01:13:27,700
ages. 
But slowly gods, do not grow old

1385
01:13:27,700 --> 01:13:30,400
the way more Mortals do. 
Greater does not touch his hair 

1386
01:13:30,400 --> 01:13:33,500
wrinkles, do not Mark his face 
but his eyes have seen 

1387
01:13:33,500 --> 01:13:36,300
centuries. 
They hold wisdom that only time 

1388
01:13:36,300 --> 01:13:39,800
can bring his hands have held 
power longer than any mortal 

1389
01:13:39,800 --> 01:13:43,400
Kingdom has existed. 
He has outlived dynasties, he 

1390
01:13:43,400 --> 01:13:46,500
has watched Empires, rise and 
fall, yet, he still remember the

1391
01:13:46,500 --> 01:13:49,900
cave, he still remembers 
Darkness, he still remembers 

1392
01:13:49,900 --> 01:13:52,600
being hidden and Powerless. 
Those memories. 

1393
01:13:52,600 --> 01:13:55,600
Keep him grounded when he is 
tempted to become arrogant. 

1394
01:13:55,600 --> 01:13:59,100
He remembers being helpless when
he is tempted to become cruel. 

1395
01:13:59,100 --> 01:14:03,600
He remembers his father, he uses
the past as a guide, he tries to

1396
01:14:03,600 --> 01:14:05,500
learn from it rather than repeat
it. 

1397
01:14:05,500 --> 01:14:10,500
Sometimes he succeeds, sometimes
he fails, but he keeps trying 

1398
01:14:10,500 --> 01:14:14,400
that consistency matters. 
His sib Have settled into their 

1399
01:14:14,400 --> 01:14:16,300
roles. 
Each has found their place. 

1400
01:14:16,300 --> 01:14:20,700
Each has built their domain 
Poseidon rarely visits Olympus. 

1401
01:14:20,700 --> 01:14:24,400
He prefers his Underwater 
Palace, the deep ocean suits, 

1402
01:14:24,400 --> 01:14:28,500
his nature, he has become 
somewhat isolated but when he is

1403
01:14:28,500 --> 01:14:30,700
needed, he comes when crisis 
arrives. 

1404
01:14:30,700 --> 01:14:33,900
He stands with his family 
distances has not broken their 

1405
01:14:33,900 --> 01:14:36,300
bond. 
They remain United when it 

1406
01:14:36,300 --> 01:14:39,200
matters. 
Hades almost never visits. 

1407
01:14:39,200 --> 01:14:43,600
Once every few years, at most, 
the underworld demands constant 

1408
01:14:43,600 --> 01:14:45,600
attention. 
The dead arrive. 

1409
01:14:45,600 --> 01:14:48,000
Continuously each one must be 
processed. 

1410
01:14:48,000 --> 01:14:51,600
Each one must be judged, each 
one must be assigned their 

1411
01:14:51,600 --> 01:14:55,300
Eternal place. 
It is endless work that never 

1412
01:14:55,300 --> 01:14:57,200
pause. 
His never slows. 

1413
01:14:57,200 --> 01:15:00,800
Never stops. 
Hades does not complain. 

1414
01:15:00,800 --> 01:15:04,400
He has found purpose in Duty. 
He has found peace in routine. 

1415
01:15:04,400 --> 01:15:07,400
He has found contentment in 
necessary, work that others 

1416
01:15:07,400 --> 01:15:10,500
avoid the sisters remain closed 
to despite different 

1417
01:15:10,500 --> 01:15:13,800
responsibilities. 
Stir, maintains the great half 

1418
01:15:13,800 --> 01:15:16,500
on Olympus. 
Its fire never goes out. 

1419
01:15:16,500 --> 01:15:20,100
Literally never. 
It has burned continuously since

1420
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:23,700
the palace was built, it 
represents continuity, it 

1421
01:15:23,700 --> 01:15:26,800
represents home, it represents 
the Eternal present. 

1422
01:15:27,900 --> 01:15:30,600
Demeter travels between Olympus 
and Earth constantly. 

1423
01:15:31,400 --> 01:15:33,500
She walks through Fields during 
planting season. 

1424
01:15:33,500 --> 01:15:35,900
She watches crops grow during 
summer. 

1425
01:15:35,900 --> 01:15:38,500
She ensures harvests are 
plentiful in Autumn. 

1426
01:15:38,500 --> 01:15:43,000
She ensures the cycle continues.
Here are rules besides use. 

1427
01:15:43,000 --> 01:15:46,100
She is his equal. 
In many ways, she is his 

1428
01:15:46,100 --> 01:15:48,300
conscience. 
When he falters, she is his 

1429
01:15:48,300 --> 01:15:50,000
strength. 
When he doubts, they are not 

1430
01:15:50,000 --> 01:15:52,900
perfect, none of them. 
Are they make mistakes 

1431
01:15:52,900 --> 01:15:55,200
regularly? 
They sometimes abused their 

1432
01:15:55,200 --> 01:15:57,200
power. 
They sometimes neglect their 

1433
01:15:57,200 --> 01:15:59,600
duties. 
They are flawed beings trying to

1434
01:15:59,608 --> 01:16:03,500
govern a complex world but they 
are trying that distinguishes 

1435
01:16:03,500 --> 01:16:06,300
them from what came before. 
That makes them different from 

1436
01:16:06,300 --> 01:16:10,300
the Titans not better 
necessarily, but different and 

1437
01:16:10,300 --> 01:16:14,300
different is sometimes enough. 
Zeus thinks often about the 

1438
01:16:14,300 --> 01:16:15,900
prophecy. 
That changed everything. 

1439
01:16:15,900 --> 01:16:19,600
A son will overthrow the father.
It happened to Uranus. 

1440
01:16:19,600 --> 01:16:22,200
It happened to Cronos. 
Will it happen to him? 

1441
01:16:22,900 --> 01:16:25,800
He has his own children. 
Now, many children from many 

1442
01:16:25,800 --> 01:16:28,300
mothers. 
They are powerful their 

1443
01:16:28,300 --> 01:16:31,400
ambitious, they're capable, 
could one of them repeat 

1444
01:16:31,400 --> 01:16:33,500
history. 
Could the pattern continue 

1445
01:16:33,500 --> 01:16:36,100
forever? 
He decides consciously not to 

1446
01:16:36,100 --> 01:16:38,500
swallow. 
The, he will not hide them, he 

1447
01:16:38,500 --> 01:16:40,700
will not imprison them. 
He will break the pattern 

1448
01:16:40,700 --> 01:16:44,900
through trust and of fear. 
It is a risk, possibly foolish, 

1449
01:16:44,900 --> 01:16:49,200
it might destroy him eventually.
But continuing the old way 

1450
01:16:49,200 --> 01:16:52,300
guarantees, nothing changes. 
Someone must break the cycle. 

1451
01:16:52,300 --> 01:16:55,600
It might as well be him if he 
falls because of trust. 

1452
01:16:55,600 --> 01:16:58,100
At least he falls for a better 
reason than his father. 

1453
01:16:58,108 --> 01:17:01,100
Did his children grow and 
develop their own powers. 

1454
01:17:01,100 --> 01:17:03,900
They become gods and goddesses 
in their own right. 

1455
01:17:03,900 --> 01:17:06,700
They take domains. 
They build followings. 

1456
01:17:06,700 --> 01:17:10,200
They establish temples. 
Some are wise, some are 

1457
01:17:10,200 --> 01:17:13,300
Reckless, all are capable of 
greatness and terrible mistakes.

1458
01:17:13,300 --> 01:17:17,000
Zeus watches them. 
He guides when he can, he lets 

1459
01:17:17,000 --> 01:17:20,300
them fail when they must failure
teaches better than success. 

1460
01:17:20,300 --> 01:17:23,200
Sometimes pain instructs better 
than pleasure. 

1461
01:17:24,100 --> 01:17:28,100
The world continues to change 
cities, grow larger kingdoms 

1462
01:17:28,100 --> 01:17:31,300
become more powerful, Mortals, 
develop new technologies, 

1463
01:17:31,300 --> 01:17:33,500
constantly they build better 
ships. 

1464
01:17:33,500 --> 01:17:36,600
That can cross open ocean, they 
forged better weapons from 

1465
01:17:36,600 --> 01:17:39,300
bronze and later iron. 
They write down their stories 

1466
01:17:39,300 --> 01:17:42,200
instead of just telling them 
they begin to question things. 

1467
01:17:42,200 --> 01:17:44,100
They begin to develop 
philosophy. 

1468
01:17:44,100 --> 01:17:47,100
They begin to wonder why rather 
than just accepting. 

1469
01:17:47,100 --> 01:17:49,800
What Zeus finds this 
fascinating. 

1470
01:17:49,800 --> 01:17:54,300
Mortals are so limited. 
They live such short lives, 70 

1471
01:17:54,300 --> 01:17:56,200
years. 
If they are lucky, most are 

1472
01:17:56,200 --> 01:17:58,100
younger yet. 
They create so much. 

1473
01:17:58,100 --> 01:18:01,600
They build civilizations that 
Outlast individual lives. 

1474
01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:03,500
They passed knowledge to their 
children. 

1475
01:18:03,500 --> 01:18:06,600
They improve slowly but steadily
over Generations. 

1476
01:18:06,600 --> 01:18:08,500
Perhaps, they will eventually 
rival. 

1477
01:18:08,500 --> 01:18:11,700
The gods that too. 
Is part of the natural order, 

1478
01:18:11,700 --> 01:18:14,200
perhaps, everything is meant to 
be temporary. 

1479
01:18:14,200 --> 01:18:18,700
Perhaps change, is the only 
constant One day, Zeus, receives

1480
01:18:18,700 --> 01:18:20,700
a visitor. 
It is Matthias. 

1481
01:18:20,700 --> 01:18:23,300
She helped create the potion 
that freed his siblings. 

1482
01:18:23,300 --> 01:18:26,800
She has always been wise, why is
this of all Titans? 

1483
01:18:26,800 --> 01:18:29,600
She brings news. 
She brings another prophecy. 

1484
01:18:29,600 --> 01:18:32,800
She says, Zeus will have a child
more powerful than himself. 

1485
01:18:32,800 --> 01:18:36,100
This child will overthrow him 
just as he overthrew his father.

1486
01:18:36,900 --> 01:18:40,400
The words hid Zeus like physical
blows history is repeating. 

1487
01:18:40,400 --> 01:18:43,500
The cycle continues nothing has 
changed. 

1488
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:47,400
Zeus feels ice in his stomach 
Terror that he thought he had 

1489
01:18:47,400 --> 01:18:49,900
conquered returns. 
He thinks about Cronos. 

1490
01:18:49,900 --> 01:18:53,400
He understands now why his 
father acted as he did fear, 

1491
01:18:53,400 --> 01:18:56,200
drives terrible choices. 
Prophecy creates its own 

1492
01:18:56,200 --> 01:18:58,900
fulfillment. 
If, you know something bad, will

1493
01:18:58,900 --> 01:19:02,900
happen, your attempts to prevent
it often cause it, this Paradox 

1494
01:19:02,900 --> 01:19:06,000
has destroyed Kings and 
kingdoms, now it threatens to 

1495
01:19:06,000 --> 01:19:08,700
destroy him. 
Zeus makes a different Choice 

1496
01:19:08,700 --> 01:19:11,400
than expected. 
He does not try to kill the 

1497
01:19:11,400 --> 01:19:13,600
child. 
He does not try to prevent the 

1498
01:19:13,600 --> 01:19:16,800
prophecy through violence. 
Instead he does something 

1499
01:19:16,800 --> 01:19:20,300
unexpected, something that 
Echoes his father but with 

1500
01:19:20,300 --> 01:19:23,900
different intent he swallows 
meters herself, she's already 

1501
01:19:23,900 --> 01:19:25,800
pregnant. 
The child is already forming. 

1502
01:19:26,800 --> 01:19:30,400
By consuming meters, Zeus takes 
the child into himself, but this

1503
01:19:30,400 --> 01:19:31,900
is different from what Chronos 
did. 

1504
01:19:31,900 --> 01:19:36,600
Zeus does not want to destroy. 
He wants to preserve Matisse and

1505
01:19:36,600 --> 01:19:38,400
the child exists inside him 
safely. 

1506
01:19:38,400 --> 01:19:41,000
They are safe. 
They are part of him. 

1507
01:19:41,000 --> 01:19:44,100
They are protected. 
Eventually the child will 

1508
01:19:44,100 --> 01:19:46,900
emerge. 
Her name will be Athena, she 

1509
01:19:46,900 --> 01:19:50,700
will be powerful more powerful 
than Zeus, but she will be loyal

1510
01:19:50,700 --> 01:19:52,900
because she will understand what
he did. 

1511
01:19:52,900 --> 01:19:56,000
Why he did it. 
She will know it came from, love

1512
01:19:56,000 --> 01:19:58,700
not fear. 
It is an imperfect solution. 

1513
01:19:58,700 --> 01:20:01,400
It echoes his father's actions 
to closely. 

1514
01:20:02,600 --> 01:20:05,900
But Zeus frames it differently. 
He is not acting from Fear. 

1515
01:20:05,900 --> 01:20:09,300
He is acting from love. 
He wants his child to live. 

1516
01:20:09,300 --> 01:20:13,900
He wants to protect her. 
The method is strange, but the 

1517
01:20:13,900 --> 01:20:17,700
intention is pure. 
So he tells himself history will

1518
01:20:17,700 --> 01:20:21,200
judge whether he was right. 
Years later, Athena emerges. 

1519
01:20:21,200 --> 01:20:25,700
She is born from Zeus's head. 
Fully grown fully, armored. 

1520
01:20:25,700 --> 01:20:29,800
Ready for anything. 
She steps out into light and 

1521
01:20:29,800 --> 01:20:32,900
looks at her father, she 
understands immediately what he 

1522
01:20:32,908 --> 01:20:36,900
did she understands why she does
not Rebel. 

1523
01:20:37,600 --> 01:20:40,000
She does not fulfill the 
prophecy as expected. 

1524
01:20:40,000 --> 01:20:43,200
She becomes his closest Ally, 
his. 

1525
01:20:43,200 --> 01:20:47,000
Most trusted adviser the 
prophecy is fulfilled but not as

1526
01:20:47,000 --> 01:20:49,400
expected, power does not change 
hands. 

1527
01:20:49,400 --> 01:20:54,700
Instead it multiplies, instead 
it spreads the kingdom grows 

1528
01:20:54,700 --> 01:20:58,600
stronger, rather than weaker. 
Zeus realizes something 

1529
01:20:58,600 --> 01:21:01,500
important prophecies are not 
scripts to be followed. 

1530
01:21:01,500 --> 01:21:03,600
Exactly. 
They are possibilities. 

1531
01:21:03,600 --> 01:21:06,800
They describe what might happen 
if current patterns continue, 

1532
01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:09,700
but choices matter, actions 
matter. 

1533
01:21:10,600 --> 01:21:13,900
By changing his response, Zeus 
changed the outcome, he broke 

1534
01:21:13,900 --> 01:21:16,200
the pattern not by preventing 
the prophecy, but by 

1535
01:21:16,200 --> 01:21:19,700
transforming it by accepting it 
and incorporating it. 

1536
01:21:19,700 --> 01:21:22,100
By making it part of something 
larger. 

1537
01:21:22,100 --> 01:21:26,300
This gives him hope the cycle of
violence can end. 

1538
01:21:26,300 --> 01:21:29,700
Perhaps each generation can 
build on the last rather than 

1539
01:21:29,700 --> 01:21:32,500
destroying it. 
Perhaps progress is possible in 

1540
01:21:32,500 --> 01:21:36,100
ways he never imagined. 
It is a radical thought it goes 

1541
01:21:36,100 --> 01:21:39,200
against everything. 
History has taught But Zeus 

1542
01:21:39,200 --> 01:21:42,300
decides to believe it. 
Anyway, belief shapes reality. 

1543
01:21:43,400 --> 01:21:47,600
If he believes changes possible,
perhaps it becomes possible, he 

1544
01:21:47,600 --> 01:21:49,200
looks out from Olympus over the 
world. 

1545
01:21:49,200 --> 01:21:53,600
He governs smoke, rises from 
Mortal cities, ships crossed, 

1546
01:21:53,600 --> 01:21:56,900
the Seas, carrying trade and 
culture Farmers plant, their 

1547
01:21:56,900 --> 01:22:01,000
fields according to Seasons, 
life continues in all, its messy

1548
01:22:01,000 --> 01:22:05,900
complexity, He is part of this. 
He is responsible for this, he 

1549
01:22:05,900 --> 01:22:09,200
will try to do it. 
Well, not perfectly perfect is 

1550
01:22:09,200 --> 01:22:12,000
impossible, but well better than
before. 

1551
01:22:12,000 --> 01:22:15,300
Good enough. 
The cave on Mount Ida still 

1552
01:22:15,300 --> 01:22:19,300
exists sometimes Zeus visits. 
He stands in the darkness where 

1553
01:22:19,300 --> 01:22:21,800
he grew up. 
He remembers amalthea though, 

1554
01:22:21,800 --> 01:22:24,300
she's long gone. 
He remembers waiting without 

1555
01:22:24,300 --> 01:22:27,200
knowing what he waited for. 
He remembers not knowing what 

1556
01:22:27,200 --> 01:22:31,100
the future held. 
Now, he knows now he has lived 

1557
01:22:31,100 --> 01:22:35,600
it The boy in the darkness, 
became the king of Gods, the 

1558
01:22:35,600 --> 01:22:37,800
hidden child became the ruler of
storms. 

1559
01:22:37,800 --> 01:22:41,900
The secret became Legend. 
It is strange, how things work, 

1560
01:22:41,900 --> 01:22:45,800
how prophecy shapes lives, how 
fear drives action. 

1561
01:22:45,800 --> 01:22:49,500
How choices, Ripple Through Time
creating consequences, no, one 

1562
01:22:49,500 --> 01:22:53,500
force or Zeus is powerful, but 
he is not all powerful. 

1563
01:22:53,500 --> 01:22:57,400
He is wise, but he is not all 
knowing he is trying to break 

1564
01:22:57,400 --> 01:23:01,700
patterns while being trapped in 
the It is the eternal struggle. 

1565
01:23:01,700 --> 01:23:04,000
The struggle that defines 
existence. 

1566
01:23:04,000 --> 01:23:06,800
He returns to Olympus from his 
visits. 

1567
01:23:06,800 --> 01:23:10,800
To the cave here is always 
waiting She asks where he went. 

1568
01:23:10,800 --> 01:23:14,400
He tells her about the cave 
about remembering Origins. 

1569
01:23:15,500 --> 01:23:18,800
She nods. 
She understands everyone needs 

1570
01:23:18,800 --> 01:23:20,100
to remember where they came 
from. 

1571
01:23:20,100 --> 01:23:22,400
Everyone needs to touch their 
Origins. 

1572
01:23:22,400 --> 01:23:24,500
Occasionally, it keeps 
perspective. 

1573
01:23:24,500 --> 01:23:27,600
It prevents arrogance. 
It reminds you, that power is 

1574
01:23:27,600 --> 01:23:31,200
temporary that circumstances 
change, that nothing lasts 

1575
01:23:31,200 --> 01:23:33,000
forever. 
They walk through Gardens 

1576
01:23:33,000 --> 01:23:37,800
together, night is falling stars
appear, One By One, The World 

1577
01:23:37,800 --> 01:23:41,800
Turns beneath them steadily 
mortal sleep in their beds Gods 

1578
01:23:41,800 --> 01:23:44,600
remain awake in their palaces. 
Everything is connected. 

1579
01:23:44,600 --> 01:23:48,200
Everything is part of the same 
great pattern separate but 

1580
01:23:48,200 --> 01:23:52,100
unified individual, but 
Collective alone but together 

1581
01:23:53,300 --> 01:23:56,900
Zeus thinks about his father. 
Kronos is still alive somewhere 

1582
01:23:56,900 --> 01:23:59,300
in Exile. 
Does he think about his son? 

1583
01:23:59,300 --> 01:24:03,100
Does he regret his choices? 
Does he understand what 

1584
01:24:03,100 --> 01:24:05,100
happened? 
Zeus will never know. 

1585
01:24:05,100 --> 01:24:09,400
They will never speak again. 
That chapter is closed forever. 

1586
01:24:09,400 --> 01:24:12,000
Some relationships cannot be 
repaired. 

1587
01:24:12,000 --> 01:24:16,000
Some bridges, cannot be rebuilt.
You can only move forward and 

1588
01:24:16,000 --> 01:24:18,700
hope you do better, but other 
chapters remain open. 

1589
01:24:19,500 --> 01:24:23,400
The future is Unwritten, despite
prophecies more challenges will 

1590
01:24:23,400 --> 01:24:26,000
come more. 
Prophecies will appear, more 

1591
01:24:26,000 --> 01:24:29,100
choices will need to be made, 
Zeus cannot prevent this. 

1592
01:24:29,100 --> 01:24:31,600
He can only try to respond with 
wisdom. 

1593
01:24:31,600 --> 01:24:34,700
He can only try to be better 
than those before him. 

1594
01:24:34,700 --> 01:24:38,500
He can only try to build 
something worth passing on, that

1595
01:24:38,500 --> 01:24:43,400
is all anyone can do that is all
anyone has ever been able to do.

1596
01:24:44,300 --> 01:24:48,400
As night deepens, Zeus feels 
something unexpected, he feels 

1597
01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:52,500
gratitude, not for power. 
Power is burden as much as 

1598
01:24:52,500 --> 01:24:57,400
privileged, not for victory, 
victory came a terrible cost but

1599
01:24:57,400 --> 01:25:01,200
for the journey for the cave 
that taught him, patience for 

1600
01:25:01,200 --> 01:25:03,900
the darkness that taught him to 
see differently for the 

1601
01:25:03,900 --> 01:25:05,600
siblings. 
He found after years of 

1602
01:25:05,600 --> 01:25:09,700
isolation for the family, he 
built from scattered pieces for 

1603
01:25:09,700 --> 01:25:13,200
the chance to try. 
That is all anyone can ask for 

1604
01:25:13,200 --> 01:25:18,200
the chance to try to do better. 
The quiet that follows storms is

1605
01:25:18,200 --> 01:25:21,200
never complete, silence. 
Wind still Whispers through 

1606
01:25:21,200 --> 01:25:25,300
leaves water still moves in 
streams life continues because 

1607
01:25:25,300 --> 01:25:28,600
life always continues, but the 
violence has passed. 

1608
01:25:28,600 --> 01:25:32,200
The Thunder has faded. 
What remains is the work of 

1609
01:25:32,200 --> 01:25:35,300
rebuilding? 
The work of maintaining the work

1610
01:25:35,300 --> 01:25:37,100
of Simply existing day after 
day. 

1611
01:25:37,100 --> 01:25:41,000
Trying to make good choices 
trying to cause less harm trying

1612
01:25:41,000 --> 01:25:44,700
to build more than you destroy. 
Zeus has become comfortable with

1613
01:25:44,700 --> 01:25:46,600
this work. 
It is not glorious. 

1614
01:25:46,600 --> 01:25:50,300
It is not dramatic Heroes. 
Do not sing songs about good 

1615
01:25:50,300 --> 01:25:53,000
governance and wise judgment but
it matters. 

1616
01:25:53,000 --> 01:25:57,100
It matters to The Mortals who 
depend on stable, whether it 

1617
01:25:57,100 --> 01:26:00,800
matters to the gods who need 
Fair judgment and dispute, it 

1618
01:26:00,800 --> 01:26:03,100
matters to the children. 
Who will inherit this world? 

1619
01:26:03,100 --> 01:26:06,900
They deserve better than what 
came before they deserve a 

1620
01:26:06,900 --> 01:26:09,500
chance to build on what was 
built rather than starting from 

1621
01:26:09,500 --> 01:26:12,100
ashes. 
He thinks about the title of his

1622
01:26:12,100 --> 01:26:15,200
story, The Quiet turning of 
ancient power. 

1623
01:26:15,200 --> 01:26:19,400
That is exactly what happened 
power turned from Titans to 

1624
01:26:19,408 --> 01:26:24,200
Olympians from Kronos to Zeus 
but it was quieter than Legends,

1625
01:26:24,200 --> 01:26:27,400
suggest more gradual involved, 
more conversation and less 

1626
01:26:27,400 --> 01:26:29,000
violence than the previous 
transition. 

1627
01:26:29,000 --> 01:26:32,300
That is progress that is 
Improvement. 

1628
01:26:32,300 --> 01:26:36,200
Not Perfection, just better 
better is enough. 

1629
01:26:36,200 --> 01:26:39,400
The lesson is simple, change is 
inevitable. 

1630
01:26:40,300 --> 01:26:43,600
Power always shifts eventually. 
Nothing stays static. 

1631
01:26:43,600 --> 01:26:49,200
Nothing remains forever. but how
it shifts matters, the method 

1632
01:26:49,200 --> 01:26:53,100
matters, the intention is 
matter, Zeus tried to make his 

1633
01:26:53,100 --> 01:26:55,500
transition different. 
He succeeded. 

1634
01:26:55,500 --> 01:27:00,200
Partially he failed partially 
But he tried that is what 

1635
01:27:00,200 --> 01:27:03,700
separates him from his father. 
Kronos never tried to be 

1636
01:27:03,700 --> 01:27:05,700
different. 
He only tried to survive. 

1637
01:27:05,700 --> 01:27:11,000
Zeus tries to build to improve 
to create something lasting as 

1638
01:27:11,000 --> 01:27:14,000
you stand on Olympus. 
Besides use, you see the world 

1639
01:27:14,000 --> 01:27:16,800
spread out below. 
You see, the history that has 

1640
01:27:16,800 --> 01:27:19,000
unfolded? 
You see the boy who grew up in 

1641
01:27:19,000 --> 01:27:21,200
darkness become the god, who 
commands light? 

1642
01:27:21,200 --> 01:27:23,600
You see, the family? 
That was scattered become 

1643
01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:25,700
United. 
You see the old age, end of the 

1644
01:27:25,700 --> 01:27:27,900
New Age? 
Begin you see all of it in the 

1645
01:27:27,900 --> 01:27:30,400
quiet evening? 
Light, it does not a simple 

1646
01:27:30,408 --> 01:27:33,800
story of good defeating evil. 
It is a complex story of 

1647
01:27:33,800 --> 01:27:35,500
generation struggling with 
power. 

1648
01:27:35,500 --> 01:27:37,800
It is a story of Prophecy and 
choice. 

1649
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:39,800
It is a story of fear and 
courage. 

1650
01:27:39,800 --> 01:27:43,100
It is a story that continues 
because every ending is all a 

1651
01:27:43,100 --> 01:27:45,200
beginning. 
Every Throne that is one. 

1652
01:27:45,200 --> 01:27:48,600
Must eventually be passed on 
every king must one day face, 

1653
01:27:48,600 --> 01:27:50,600
what? 
They created every generation, 

1654
01:27:50,600 --> 01:27:54,000
must decide what to keep, and 
what to discard, Zeus knows 

1655
01:27:54,000 --> 01:27:56,900
this. 
He accepts, it, he will rule, as

1656
01:27:56,900 --> 01:27:58,800
well as he can for as long as he
can. 

1657
01:28:00,400 --> 01:28:01,700
Then another will take his 
place. 

1658
01:28:01,700 --> 01:28:05,600
That is the nature of time. 
That is the quiet turning of 

1659
01:28:05,600 --> 01:28:08,300
ancient power. 
It never stops it. 

1660
01:28:08,300 --> 01:28:11,800
Never rests it simply continues 
forward into whatever comes 

1661
01:28:11,800 --> 01:28:14,000
next. 
Into Futures. 

1662
01:28:14,000 --> 01:28:18,500
No one can predict interchanges.
No one can prevent and in that 

1663
01:28:18,500 --> 01:28:20,900
continuation, there is something
beautiful. 

1664
01:28:20,900 --> 01:28:23,900
There is the promise that 
tomorrow might be better than 

1665
01:28:23,900 --> 01:28:26,200
today. 
There is the hope that each 

1666
01:28:26,200 --> 01:28:29,400
generation learns from the last 
there is the possibility that 

1667
01:28:29,400 --> 01:28:32,000
patterns can be broken. 
The prophecies can be 

1668
01:28:32,000 --> 01:28:34,600
transformed. 
That power can change, hands. 

1669
01:28:34,600 --> 01:28:37,800
Without destroying everything 
that Civilization can progress 

1670
01:28:37,800 --> 01:28:39,900
that we can become better 
versions of ourselves. 

1671
01:28:39,900 --> 01:28:44,400
You leave Zeus on his balcony, 
you walk back down from Olympus,

1672
01:28:44,400 --> 01:28:48,100
you return to the world of 
Mortals but you carry the story 

1673
01:28:48,100 --> 01:28:50,100
with you. 
You carry the knowledge that 

1674
01:28:50,100 --> 01:28:52,200
even Gods. 
Struggle with the same questions

1675
01:28:52,200 --> 01:28:56,000
Mortals face, how to use power 
wiseley, how to break 

1676
01:28:56,000 --> 01:28:59,000
destructive patterns, how to 
build something that lasts? 

1677
01:28:59,000 --> 01:29:02,700
How to be better than those 
before you how to try despite 

1678
01:29:02,700 --> 01:29:06,900
uncertainty? 
Cave on Mount Ida, still exists 

1679
01:29:06,900 --> 01:29:10,200
Vines, still hang over the 
entrance like Nature's curtain 

1680
01:29:10,200 --> 01:29:13,600
water, still drips in the 
darkness, creating its Eternal 

1681
01:29:13,600 --> 01:29:16,300
music. 
But no child hides their now 

1682
01:29:16,300 --> 01:29:21,200
that time has passed. 
That story has been told what 

1683
01:29:21,200 --> 01:29:24,700
remains is memory. 
What remains is lesson? 

1684
01:29:25,400 --> 01:29:28,400
What remains is the quiet? 
Understanding that every 

1685
01:29:28,400 --> 01:29:32,200
beginning happens in darkness. 
Every powerful thing starts 

1686
01:29:32,200 --> 01:29:35,900
small and hidden every change 
begins with patient waiting. 

1687
01:29:36,900 --> 01:29:39,900
You think about this as you 
drift towards sleep you think 

1688
01:29:39,900 --> 01:29:43,100
about Zeus in his cave. 
You think about prophecies and 

1689
01:29:43,100 --> 01:29:44,800
choices? 
You think about Fathers and 

1690
01:29:44,800 --> 01:29:47,400
Sons? 
You think about the long slow 

1691
01:29:47,400 --> 01:29:49,100
turning of power through 
generations. 

1692
01:29:49,100 --> 01:29:52,200
You're breathing slows 
naturally, your thoughts 

1693
01:29:52,200 --> 01:29:56,000
softened like Wax melting. 
The story settles into your mind

1694
01:29:56,000 --> 01:29:59,700
like dust settling after a storm
like leaves falling off after 

1695
01:29:59,700 --> 01:30:03,400
wind passes, like Stillness 
returning after motion ceases, 

1696
01:30:03,400 --> 01:30:06,700
the World Turns. 
As it always has night. 

1697
01:30:06,700 --> 01:30:11,100
Deepens toward its darkest Point
Before Dawn Stars wheel overhead

1698
01:30:11,100 --> 01:30:14,600
in their ancient patterns and in
that Darkness, new stories are 

1699
01:30:14,600 --> 01:30:16,700
beginning. 
New children are being hidden 

1700
01:30:16,700 --> 01:30:19,100
away. 
New prophecies are being spoken.

1701
01:30:19,100 --> 01:30:23,100
New choices are being made. 
The cycle continues but each 

1702
01:30:23,100 --> 01:30:26,700
time it turns there is a chance 
for something different, a 

1703
01:30:26,700 --> 01:30:29,200
chance for something better. 
A chance for The Quiet. 

1704
01:30:29,200 --> 01:30:32,100
Turning to become a gentle 
Evolution, rather than violent 

1705
01:30:32,100 --> 01:30:35,400
revolution. 
That chances enough that 

1706
01:30:35,400 --> 01:30:38,100
possibility is worth holding as 
you slip into dreams. 

1707
01:30:38,100 --> 01:30:41,500
That hope is what Zeus himself. 
Holds as he governs his 

1708
01:30:41,500 --> 01:30:45,100
difficult realm that faith in 
gradual Improvement is what 

1709
01:30:45,100 --> 01:30:48,100
separates wisdom from fear. 
And that is where the story 

1710
01:30:48,100 --> 01:30:50,200
ends. 
Not with thunder and lightning, 

1711
01:30:50,200 --> 01:30:53,000
not with dramatic battles or 
glorious victories. 

1712
01:30:53,000 --> 01:30:57,500
But with quiet understanding 
with acceptance of, what is with

1713
01:30:57,500 --> 01:31:00,700
commitment to try to make 
tomorrow better with the simple 

1714
01:31:00,700 --> 01:31:04,400
Dignity of effort in the face of
inevitable change sleep. 

1715
01:31:04,400 --> 01:31:09,000
Well the storms have passed, the
power has turned the age of 

1716
01:31:09,008 --> 01:31:12,100
Olympus has begun. 
And in the morning, the world 

1717
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:16,300
will still be there different, 
but recognizable changed, but 

1718
01:31:16,300 --> 01:31:20,200
continuous exactly. 
As it should be ready for 

1719
01:31:20,200 --> 01:31:24,100
whatever comes next ready for 
the next turning, ready for the 

1720
01:31:24,108 --> 01:31:28,100
next chapter, in an eternal 
story that never truly ends. 

1721
01:31:28,100 --> 01:31:32,400
Only pauses only rests only 
waits for the next voice to 

1722
01:31:32,400 --> 01:31:38,700
continue the telling Close your 
eyes for a moment. 

1723
01:31:38,700 --> 01:31:42,800
And Imagine This. 
Your living 5,000 years ago and 

1724
01:31:42,800 --> 01:31:46,100
the Sun is setting. 
But this isn't the sunset, you 

1725
01:31:46,100 --> 01:31:49,200
know, where you simply flip a 
light switch and continue your 

1726
01:31:49,200 --> 01:31:50,600
evening as though, nothing 
happened. 

1727
01:31:51,500 --> 01:31:53,800
This Sunset is changing 
everything. 

1728
01:31:53,800 --> 01:31:57,300
The world around, you is 
transforming from a place of 

1729
01:31:57,308 --> 01:32:00,600
activity and relative, safety 
into something else. 

1730
01:32:00,600 --> 01:32:06,800
Entirely A realm of Shadows, 
unknown sounds and Mysteries 

1731
01:32:06,800 --> 01:32:10,300
that your rationale modern mind 
can barely comprehend for 

1732
01:32:10,300 --> 01:32:12,600
ancient. 
People's Knight wasn't just the 

1733
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:15,600
absence of day. 
It was a completely separate 

1734
01:32:15,600 --> 01:32:18,800
dimension of existence. 
There's different from daytime, 

1735
01:32:18,800 --> 01:32:22,900
as water is from are When 
darkness fell, you won't just 

1736
01:32:22,900 --> 01:32:25,500
losing light. 
You were entering sacred 

1737
01:32:25,500 --> 01:32:28,000
territory where the rules of 
ordinary life. 

1738
01:32:28,000 --> 01:32:31,600
No longer fully applied, the 
ancient Egyptians believed that 

1739
01:32:31,600 --> 01:32:34,500
each son set marked the 
beginning of Roz, perilous 

1740
01:32:34,500 --> 01:32:38,500
Journey Through the underworld. 
Your evening wasn't just about 

1741
01:32:38,500 --> 01:32:42,400
getting sleepy and tucking in. 
It was about witnessing a cosmic

1742
01:32:42,400 --> 01:32:46,400
drama, where the sun, god, 
battled chaos itself to ensure 

1743
01:32:46,400 --> 01:32:49,400
mourning would come again. 
And imagine trying to fall 

1744
01:32:49,400 --> 01:32:52,600
asleep while genuinely worried 
that Sunrise wasn't guaranteed, 

1745
01:32:52,600 --> 01:32:57,200
that night might actually win 
this time in ancient Greece 

1746
01:32:57,200 --> 01:33:00,800
night, was personified as Nicks 
a goddess. 

1747
01:33:00,800 --> 01:33:04,200
So powerful that even Zeus, King
of the Gods was said to avoid 

1748
01:33:04,200 --> 01:33:08,200
angering her It wasn't something
you controlled with lamps and 

1749
01:33:08,200 --> 01:33:11,000
electronics. 
It was a force that controlled 

1750
01:33:11,000 --> 01:33:14,100
you and you needed to approach 
it with the kind of respect. 

1751
01:33:14,100 --> 01:33:15,600
You might reserve for a 
powerful. 

1752
01:33:15,600 --> 01:33:19,100
But unpredictable neighbor, this
relationship with Darkness 

1753
01:33:19,100 --> 01:33:21,900
shaped everything about how 
ancient people prepared for 

1754
01:33:21,900 --> 01:33:24,300
sleep. 
You didn't just brush your teeth

1755
01:33:24,300 --> 01:33:27,700
and set an alarm. 
You performed rituals said 

1756
01:33:27,700 --> 01:33:31,800
prayers arranged protective 
symbols and essentially prepared

1757
01:33:31,800 --> 01:33:36,300
for a journey into the unknown. 
Because that's what sleep was a 

1758
01:33:36,300 --> 01:33:37,400
journey. 
Where your conscious self 

1759
01:33:37,400 --> 01:33:39,200
departed and something else took
over. 

1760
01:33:39,208 --> 01:33:43,300
The Romans had a saying. 
In not to conceal him, which 

1761
01:33:43,300 --> 01:33:46,900
means the night brings Council. 
They believe that Darkness had 

1762
01:33:46,900 --> 01:33:50,500
its own wisdom, that problems 
unsolvable in daylight could 

1763
01:33:50,500 --> 01:33:53,500
find Solutions in the mysterious
hours after sunset. 

1764
01:33:54,300 --> 01:33:57,300
Your evening was not wasted time
before the real day began. 

1765
01:33:57,300 --> 01:34:00,300
It was a valuable period when 
different kinds of thinking 

1766
01:34:00,300 --> 01:34:03,200
became possible, ancient 
people's understood something. 

1767
01:34:03,200 --> 01:34:07,300
We've largely forgotten in our 
artificially lit World Darkness 

1768
01:34:07,300 --> 01:34:09,100
does something to human 
consciousness. 

1769
01:34:09,100 --> 01:34:12,700
Without electric lights, your 
eyes would begin producing 

1770
01:34:12,700 --> 01:34:16,500
melatonin much earlier in the 
evening triggered by the gradual

1771
01:34:16,500 --> 01:34:20,200
dimming of natural light. 
Your body would start its shut 

1772
01:34:20,200 --> 01:34:24,000
down sequence naturally, Guided 
by the same rhythms that had 

1773
01:34:24,000 --> 01:34:26,700
governed, human biology for 
hundreds of thousands of years, 

1774
01:34:26,700 --> 01:34:31,600
picture yourself in a Bronze Age
Village as Twilight deepens, the

1775
01:34:31,600 --> 01:34:34,300
temperature drops. 
Noticeably, you can feel it on 

1776
01:34:34,300 --> 01:34:37,200
your skin, like a gentle, exhale
from the Earth itself. 

1777
01:34:38,300 --> 01:34:42,400
Bird shift from daytime songs to
nighttime calls their evening 

1778
01:34:42,400 --> 01:34:46,000
chorus marking the transition. 
Cooking, fires around the 

1779
01:34:46,008 --> 01:34:49,500
settlement go brighter, as the 
ambient light, Fades, creating 

1780
01:34:49,500 --> 01:34:52,200
islands of warmth and safety in 
the Gathering Darkness. 

1781
01:34:52,200 --> 01:34:56,700
The sounds change too. 
Daytime noise is people working 

1782
01:34:56,700 --> 01:35:00,300
animals, moving children 
playing, gradually give way to a

1783
01:35:00,300 --> 01:35:03,600
different acoustic landscape. 
Knight in sex, begin, their 

1784
01:35:03,600 --> 01:35:06,700
rhythmic chirping, creating a 
natural white noise. 

1785
01:35:06,700 --> 01:35:09,500
That's both comforting and 
slightly, eerie. 

1786
01:35:10,900 --> 01:35:15,300
Somewhere in the distance, a dog
barks, the sound carrying father

1787
01:35:15,300 --> 01:35:18,800
in the cooler. 
Air your sense of smell become 

1788
01:35:18,800 --> 01:35:22,300
more acute in the darkness. 
You notice the smoke from the 

1789
01:35:22,300 --> 01:35:26,100
fires more intensely mixed with 
the scent of whatever was cooked

1790
01:35:26,100 --> 01:35:29,300
for the evening meal. 
Is the earthy smell of the 

1791
01:35:29,300 --> 01:35:32,400
ground cooling. 
Releasing the days absorbed 

1792
01:35:32,400 --> 01:35:35,000
Heat. 
If you're near water, you might 

1793
01:35:35,000 --> 01:35:38,600
detect the mineral Center of 
moisture rising as Dew, begins 

1794
01:35:38,600 --> 01:35:42,800
to form ancient peoples created,
elaborate threshold rituals to 

1795
01:35:42,800 --> 01:35:44,900
mark this transition from day to
night. 

1796
01:35:45,800 --> 01:35:49,500
In many cultures you would never
go to sleep without some form of

1797
01:35:49,500 --> 01:35:52,900
protection ritual. 
This wasn't Superstition in the 

1798
01:35:52,900 --> 01:35:54,300
way. 
We might dismiss it today. 

1799
01:35:54,300 --> 01:35:59,200
It was practical psychology, a 
way of creating mental Security 

1800
01:35:59,200 --> 01:36:01,600
in a world that offered very 
little physical security. 

1801
01:36:01,600 --> 01:36:05,800
Once Darkness fell a Babylonian 
family might recite prayers to 

1802
01:36:05,800 --> 01:36:09,600
their household Gods before 
sleeping touching small Clay 

1803
01:36:09,600 --> 01:36:11,900
figurines that represented 
Divine protection. 

1804
01:36:12,700 --> 01:36:15,900
An ancient Celtic household 
would Bank, their fire carefully

1805
01:36:15,900 --> 01:36:19,100
believe in that, keeping a small
flame alive through the night 

1806
01:36:19,100 --> 01:36:22,100
would ensure the family's 
continuity and protect against 

1807
01:36:22,100 --> 01:36:24,700
malevolent Spirits. 
In ancient China. 

1808
01:36:24,700 --> 01:36:27,600
The evening routine involves 
specific attention to the 

1809
01:36:27,600 --> 01:36:30,800
Direction's your sleeping 
position mattered, because 

1810
01:36:30,800 --> 01:36:33,100
different orientations are 
aligned you with different 

1811
01:36:33,100 --> 01:36:36,600
Cosmic forces sleeping with your
head pointing North was 

1812
01:36:36,600 --> 01:36:39,400
generally avoided because that 
was the direction associated 

1813
01:36:39,400 --> 01:36:42,300
with death. 
The dead were laid out that way 

1814
01:36:42,300 --> 01:36:44,800
and you didn't want to 
accidentally signal to the 

1815
01:36:44,800 --> 01:36:46,700
universe that you were ready to 
join them. 

1816
01:36:46,700 --> 01:36:50,400
Permanently, the sacredness of 
night, also meant that certain 

1817
01:36:50,400 --> 01:36:52,400
activities were forbidden off to
dark. 

1818
01:36:53,400 --> 01:36:56,100
Many ancient cultures believed 
that cutting your nails at 

1819
01:36:56,100 --> 01:36:58,500
night. 
Would bring bad luck, that 

1820
01:36:58,500 --> 01:37:02,700
sweeping after Sunset would 
sweep away your Prosperity or 

1821
01:37:02,700 --> 01:37:05,000
that looking into mirrors. 
And darkness, might reveal 

1822
01:37:05,000 --> 01:37:06,500
things. 
You weren't meant to see. 

1823
01:37:07,800 --> 01:37:10,900
These weren't random 
superstitions, they were ways of

1824
01:37:10,900 --> 01:37:13,800
acknowledging that nighttime 
operated under different rules. 

1825
01:37:13,800 --> 01:37:17,200
For ancient peoples. 
The act of lying down to sleep 

1826
01:37:17,200 --> 01:37:20,900
was spiritually significant. 
You were voluntarily making 

1827
01:37:20,900 --> 01:37:25,000
yourself vulnerable surrendering
Consciousness and trusting that 

1828
01:37:25,000 --> 01:37:26,300
you'd wake up again in the 
morning. 

1829
01:37:27,200 --> 01:37:30,400
In a world without modern 
security without emergency 

1830
01:37:30,400 --> 01:37:33,200
services without the extensive. 
Safety nets. 

1831
01:37:33,200 --> 01:37:36,900
We take for granted, this was a 
genuine Act of Faith. 

1832
01:37:36,900 --> 01:37:40,400
The darkness itself was 
populated with entities, that 

1833
01:37:40,400 --> 01:37:43,700
modern people no longer 
acknowledge depending on your 

1834
01:37:43,700 --> 01:37:47,900
culture, the night might contain
helpful Spirits, harmful demons,

1835
01:37:47,900 --> 01:37:52,800
the wandering, Souls of the dead
or Divine Messengers, Your 

1836
01:37:52,800 --> 01:37:55,000
bedtime rituals weren't just 
about relaxation. 

1837
01:37:55,000 --> 01:37:59,000
They were about negotiating safe
Passage through a landscape. 

1838
01:37:59,000 --> 01:38:01,800
That was simultaneously, 
physical and Supernatural 

1839
01:38:01,800 --> 01:38:04,500
ancient people. 
Also understood that night was 

1840
01:38:04,500 --> 01:38:08,400
when healing happened when the 
body repairs itself, and when 

1841
01:38:08,400 --> 01:38:12,000
dreams brought messages from 
gods or the Deep unconscious, 

1842
01:38:13,100 --> 01:38:16,200
Sleep wasn't empty time. 
It was when important work 

1843
01:38:16,200 --> 01:38:18,800
occurred work. 
That couldn't happen during the 

1844
01:38:18,800 --> 01:38:21,300
busy daylight hours. 
When your conscious mind was in 

1845
01:38:21,300 --> 01:38:24,700
control, here's something that 
might blow your mind as you lie,

1846
01:38:24,700 --> 01:38:27,400
there in your comfortable bed, 
planning to sleep straight, 

1847
01:38:27,400 --> 01:38:30,500
through until morning, Your 
ancestors didn't sleep. 

1848
01:38:30,500 --> 01:38:32,900
That way. 
For most of human history, 

1849
01:38:32,900 --> 01:38:36,600
sleeping through the night in 
one continuous stretch would 

1850
01:38:36,600 --> 01:38:39,300
have seemed as weird as eating 
one meal a day or speaking in 

1851
01:38:39,300 --> 01:38:42,500
rhyme all the time. 
Welcome to the world of by 

1852
01:38:42,500 --> 01:38:47,100
Basics sleep, or as historians 
call it first, sleep and second 

1853
01:38:47,100 --> 01:38:50,200
sleep. 
This pattern was so Universal 

1854
01:38:50,200 --> 01:38:52,800
across pre-industrial societies 
that. 

1855
01:38:52,800 --> 01:38:56,300
It's almost certainly how humans
naturally slept for thousands of

1856
01:38:56,300 --> 01:38:59,700
years before electric lighting 
fundamentally rewired, our 

1857
01:38:59,700 --> 01:39:02,900
relationship with Darkness. 
Imagine your typical winter 

1858
01:39:02,900 --> 01:39:06,200
night in medieval Europe though.
Similar patterns existed in 

1859
01:39:06,200 --> 01:39:10,600
ancient Rome, medieval China and
virtually everywhere humans 

1860
01:39:10,600 --> 01:39:15,100
lived before industrialization. 
Around 8 or 9 in the evening 

1861
01:39:15,100 --> 01:39:19,100
when darkness had fully settled 
and there was really nothing 

1862
01:39:19,100 --> 01:39:21,000
productive. 
You could do by the dim light of

1863
01:39:21,008 --> 01:39:23,200
candles or oil lamps, you'd go 
to bed. 

1864
01:39:24,200 --> 01:39:26,400
But you wouldn't call it going 
to bed for the night. 

1865
01:39:26,400 --> 01:39:29,300
You'd be starting your first 
sleep. 

1866
01:39:29,300 --> 01:39:32,900
You'd sleep deeply for about 
four hours, which would take you

1867
01:39:32,900 --> 01:39:34,700
to around midnight or one in the
morning. 

1868
01:39:34,700 --> 01:39:37,800
Then something natural and 
expected would happen. 

1869
01:39:37,800 --> 01:39:41,400
You'd wake up. 
But here's the crucial part. 

1870
01:39:41,400 --> 01:39:45,400
This wasn't insomnia, this 
wasn't a sleep disorder. 

1871
01:39:45,400 --> 01:39:47,600
This wasn't you doing something 
wrong. 

1872
01:39:47,600 --> 01:39:52,300
This was normal and dissipated. 
And even valued the hours 

1873
01:39:52,300 --> 01:39:54,100
between first, sleep, and second
sleep. 

1874
01:39:54,100 --> 01:39:57,500
Usually, lasting one to two 
hours were considered special. 

1875
01:39:58,500 --> 01:40:01,900
These midnight hours had a 
particular quality, a liminal 

1876
01:40:01,900 --> 01:40:04,700
feeling that made them different
from any other time of day. 

1877
01:40:05,700 --> 01:40:10,300
The world was at its quietest 
its darkest, its most intimate 

1878
01:40:10,300 --> 01:40:14,300
ancient people's used this time 
in ways that might surprise you.

1879
01:40:14,300 --> 01:40:18,200
Some people would like quietly 
in bed thinking and reflecting 

1880
01:40:19,300 --> 01:40:22,400
historical records suggest. 
This was considered an excellent

1881
01:40:22,400 --> 01:40:25,600
time for contemplation. 
The processing, the days of 

1882
01:40:25,608 --> 01:40:27,800
events and for working through 
problems. 

1883
01:40:28,700 --> 01:40:31,800
Your mind was wrested from the 
first sleep but hadn't yet been 

1884
01:40:31,800 --> 01:40:34,600
pulled into the busyness of 
daytime consciousness. 

1885
01:40:35,800 --> 01:40:39,400
Medieval prayer books, actually 
specified prayers meant to be 

1886
01:40:39,408 --> 01:40:41,900
said during these wakeful 
midnight hours. 

1887
01:40:41,900 --> 01:40:44,300
Others would engage in quiet 
activities. 

1888
01:40:44,300 --> 01:40:47,000
You might tend the fire check on
children. 

1889
01:40:47,000 --> 01:40:50,700
Have a small snack or visit the 
privy Some people would use this

1890
01:40:50,700 --> 01:40:54,600
time for intimate relations with
their Partners medical texts, 

1891
01:40:54,600 --> 01:40:57,100
from the medieval period 
suggests this time was 

1892
01:40:57,100 --> 01:40:59,400
considered particularly good for
conception. 

1893
01:41:00,100 --> 01:41:02,900
As the body was rested. 
But not yet depleted by a full 

1894
01:41:02,908 --> 01:41:05,800
night's sleep in communities. 
Where people lived in close 

1895
01:41:05,800 --> 01:41:08,800
quarters, that was most 
communities throughout history. 

1896
01:41:08,800 --> 01:41:12,700
These midnight hours might 
involve quiet conversations 

1897
01:41:13,700 --> 01:41:16,400
Historical documents, mentioned 
people, visiting neighbors, 

1898
01:41:16,400 --> 01:41:19,600
during these wakeful hours, 
knowing that others would also 

1899
01:41:19,600 --> 01:41:21,300
be awake between their two 
sleeves. 

1900
01:41:22,400 --> 01:41:25,400
Was like a secret society of 
night, wakeful people. 

1901
01:41:25,400 --> 01:41:29,800
All observing a rhythm that felt
as natural as breathing, the 

1902
01:41:29,800 --> 01:41:32,500
ancient Romans had a term 
conquer beer. 

1903
01:41:32,500 --> 01:41:35,500
Not day, which referred to the 
time when people go to bed 

1904
01:41:35,500 --> 01:41:39,300
acknowledging, that this was an 
extended process rather than a 

1905
01:41:39,300 --> 01:41:42,500
single moment. 
A sleeping arrangements and 

1906
01:41:42,500 --> 01:41:45,800
social patterns suggest they too
experienced. 

1907
01:41:45,800 --> 01:41:49,700
This divided sleep, though. 
They left fewer specific records

1908
01:41:49,700 --> 01:41:51,500
about it than medieval 
Europeans. 

1909
01:41:51,500 --> 01:41:54,000
Did what's fascinating? 
Is that when you look at 

1910
01:41:54,000 --> 01:41:56,900
description of sleep from 
ancient to Medieval sources, 

1911
01:41:56,900 --> 01:42:00,200
they almost always talk about 
sleeps, plural. 

1912
01:42:01,200 --> 01:42:04,400
After the first sleep appears in
everything from Homer to 

1913
01:42:04,400 --> 01:42:08,000
Medieval court documents. 
It wasn't a figure of speech. 

1914
01:42:08,000 --> 01:42:11,500
It was simply describing how 
sleep actually worked. 

1915
01:42:11,500 --> 01:42:15,100
This pattern makes biological 
sense when you understand human 

1916
01:42:15,100 --> 01:42:19,200
sleep, architecture in darkness 
without artificial. 

1917
01:42:19,200 --> 01:42:22,900
Light suppressing, melatonin 
production your body, produces 

1918
01:42:22,900 --> 01:42:26,800
this sleep hormone in two waves.
The first wave creates 

1919
01:42:26,800 --> 01:42:30,300
sleepiness in the early evening.
Then there's a natural dip in 

1920
01:42:30,300 --> 01:42:33,000
the middle of the night. 
This is when ancient people 

1921
01:42:33,000 --> 01:42:37,400
would wake between sleeps The 
second wave of melatonin would 

1922
01:42:37,400 --> 01:42:40,400
then carry you through your 
second sleep until natural 

1923
01:42:40,400 --> 01:42:43,400
Morning Light suppress. 
Melatonin production and you'd 

1924
01:42:43,400 --> 01:42:47,200
wake for the day the end of bi 
phasic sleep, coincided with the

1925
01:42:47,200 --> 01:42:50,100
introduction of Street lighting 
and later domestic electric 

1926
01:42:50,100 --> 01:42:52,800
lighting. 
When you could extend the useful

1927
01:42:52,800 --> 01:42:56,000
day Beyond Sunset, when you 
could read and work and 

1928
01:42:56,000 --> 01:42:59,300
socialize long after dark. 
The first sleep, gradually 

1929
01:42:59,300 --> 01:43:02,900
shifted later and later 
eventually it merged with the 

1930
01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:05,200
second sleep in to one 
continuous block. 

1931
01:43:06,200 --> 01:43:09,300
Within just a few Generations 
humans, forgot that we'd ever 

1932
01:43:09,300 --> 01:43:13,000
slept any other way, but your 
body hasn't entirely forgotten. 

1933
01:43:13,900 --> 01:43:16,300
Ever wake up at 2 or 3 in the 
morning and lie. 

1934
01:43:16,300 --> 01:43:19,800
There, feeling alert, not really
tired, just awake. 

1935
01:43:20,600 --> 01:43:23,400
You might be experiencing the 
echo of this ancient pattern, 

1936
01:43:23,400 --> 01:43:27,100
your biology expecting you to be
up for a while before returning 

1937
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:30,100
to Second sleep. 
Instead of treating this as 

1938
01:43:30,100 --> 01:43:33,400
insomnia and getting frustrated,
ancient peoples would have 

1939
01:43:33,400 --> 01:43:36,800
simply accepted it. 
Perhaps even welcomed it as 

1940
01:43:36,800 --> 01:43:38,900
quiet time for Thought or 
intimacy. 

1941
01:43:38,900 --> 01:43:42,100
The quality of sleep in this 
pattern was apparently quite 

1942
01:43:42,100 --> 01:43:44,600
good. 
When researchers have studied 

1943
01:43:44,600 --> 01:43:47,700
people sleeping without 
artificial light allowing their 

1944
01:43:47,700 --> 01:43:51,800
natural rhythms to emerge, they 
often spontaneously developed by

1945
01:43:51,808 --> 01:43:55,500
physics, sleep and Report 
feeling more rested, less 

1946
01:43:55,500 --> 01:43:58,400
groggy, and more mentally. 
Clear that they do with 

1947
01:43:58,400 --> 01:44:01,400
continuous sleep. 
Ancient people's also, noticed 

1948
01:44:01,400 --> 01:44:03,500
something interesting about 
dreams in this pattern. 

1949
01:44:04,500 --> 01:44:07,200
The dreams during first sleep 
off, often felt different from 

1950
01:44:07,200 --> 01:44:10,900
those during Second sleep. 
First sleep dreams might be more

1951
01:44:10,900 --> 01:44:14,200
about processing the days of 
events and working through 

1952
01:44:14,200 --> 01:44:18,200
immediate concerns. 
Second sleep dreams, coming 

1953
01:44:18,200 --> 01:44:21,800
after the wakeful interlude, 
often felt more Vivid, more 

1954
01:44:21,800 --> 01:44:25,500
symbolic and more like the kinds
of dreams that carried meaning, 

1955
01:44:25,500 --> 01:44:29,400
or messages in some cultures, 
the time between sleeps, was 

1956
01:44:29,400 --> 01:44:31,800
specifically devoted to dream 
interpretation. 

1957
01:44:31,800 --> 01:44:36,000
You might wake from firstly, 
reflect on whatever you dreamed,

1958
01:44:36,000 --> 01:44:39,700
perhaps discuss it quietly with 
your partner and then return to 

1959
01:44:39,700 --> 01:44:42,300
Second sleep with the dreams, 
meaning as the last thing. 

1960
01:44:42,300 --> 01:44:45,500
In your conscious mind before 
slipping back under the 

1961
01:44:45,500 --> 01:44:47,200
Practical aspects of by facing 
sleep. 

1962
01:44:47,200 --> 01:44:51,600
Also suited pre-industrial life.
Fires need attending through the

1963
01:44:51,600 --> 01:44:54,000
night. 
They were your heat Source your 

1964
01:44:54,000 --> 01:44:57,400
protection against predators and
your breakfast cooking method. 

1965
01:44:58,300 --> 01:45:00,700
Waking naturally in the middle 
of the night meant, someone 

1966
01:45:00,700 --> 01:45:03,500
could have had fuel to the fire 
without disrupting the group's 

1967
01:45:03,500 --> 01:45:06,200
sleep with deliberate watches or
shifts security. 

1968
01:45:06,200 --> 01:45:10,300
Concerns also made the wakeful 
period useful in a world without

1969
01:45:10,300 --> 01:45:13,700
alarm systems, or police forces.
Having a period, when most 

1970
01:45:13,700 --> 01:45:16,700
adults naturally woke up meant 
better protection for sleeping 

1971
01:45:16,700 --> 01:45:19,800
communities. 
It's hard to sneak up on a 

1972
01:45:19,800 --> 01:45:21,700
village when half the population
is lying. 

1973
01:45:21,700 --> 01:45:24,300
Quietly, awaken the dark 
listening to the night sound 

1974
01:45:24,300 --> 01:45:27,500
picture. 
This you've spent your entire 

1975
01:45:27,500 --> 01:45:30,200
day Outdoors because that's 
where everything happens. 

1976
01:45:30,200 --> 01:45:32,900
Work? 
Cooking socializing. 

1977
01:45:33,700 --> 01:45:35,800
His evening approaches when it's
time to sleep. 

1978
01:45:35,800 --> 01:45:39,100
Would you really want to confine
yourself to a dark? 

1979
01:45:39,100 --> 01:45:42,300
Stuffy interior. 
For many ancient peoples. 

1980
01:45:42,300 --> 01:45:45,900
The answer was a resounding. 
No, they slept outside under the

1981
01:45:45,900 --> 01:45:49,100
sky, in ways that might make 
your modern camping trip. 

1982
01:45:49,100 --> 01:45:52,700
Look overly complicated in 
ancient, Mesopotamia during the 

1983
01:45:52,700 --> 01:45:55,200
brutal summer heat. 
When temperatures could easily 

1984
01:45:55,200 --> 01:46:00,300
exceed 110 degrees Fahrenheit 
Wealthy City dwellers would 

1985
01:46:00,300 --> 01:46:03,700
carry their beds up to their 
flat roof tops as evening fell. 

1986
01:46:04,500 --> 01:46:07,500
This wasn't roughing it. 
This was practical climate 

1987
01:46:07,500 --> 01:46:09,900
control combined, with Cosmic 
entertainment. 

1988
01:46:10,800 --> 01:46:14,600
You'd lie there on your Reed mat
or wooden bed frame looking up 

1989
01:46:14,600 --> 01:46:17,700
at stars so bright and numerous 
they seemed close enough to 

1990
01:46:17,700 --> 01:46:21,200
touch while the days heat 
gradually radiated from the 

1991
01:46:21,200 --> 01:46:24,500
roof, top beneath you and 
whatever Breeze existed could 

1992
01:46:24,500 --> 01:46:27,500
reach your cooling skin. 
The roof, top bedroom was a 

1993
01:46:27,500 --> 01:46:31,100
feature of Urban Design across 
the ancient near East. houses 

1994
01:46:31,100 --> 01:46:34,000
were specifically built with 
flat roof strong enough to 

1995
01:46:34,000 --> 01:46:38,000
support sleeping families, These
were to emergency measures for 

1996
01:46:38,000 --> 01:46:40,700
unusually hot nights. 
They were primary sleeping 

1997
01:46:40,700 --> 01:46:44,700
locations for months at a time. 
You'd carry up your bedding at 

1998
01:46:44,700 --> 01:46:47,100
Sunset. 
Sleep through the relatively 

1999
01:46:47,100 --> 01:46:50,100
cool night hours, and bring 
everything back down at dawn, 

2000
01:46:50,100 --> 01:46:53,400
before the sun turned your roof,
top into a skillet ancient 

2001
01:46:53,400 --> 01:46:55,900
Egyptians took outdoor sleeping 
even further. 

2002
01:46:56,600 --> 01:47:00,000
The wealthy might have sleeping 
porches or Pavilions designed to

2003
01:47:00,000 --> 01:47:01,900
catch the evening Breeze from 
the Nile. 

2004
01:47:01,900 --> 01:47:04,700
These structures were 
essentially architectural 

2005
01:47:04,700 --> 01:47:08,700
solutions to the climate. 
With open sides, allowing air 

2006
01:47:08,700 --> 01:47:11,500
circulation while protecting 
sleepers from the more intense 

2007
01:47:11,500 --> 01:47:14,700
Sun during daytime hours when 
someone might want to nap, but 

2008
01:47:14,700 --> 01:47:17,900
even ordinary Egyptians often 
slept Outdoors during warmer 

2009
01:47:17,900 --> 01:47:21,600
months, your typical farmer or 
laborer might simply spread a 

2010
01:47:21,600 --> 01:47:23,600
mat on the ground outside their 
small home. 

2011
01:47:23,600 --> 01:47:26,600
Using the house itself as a 
Windbreak, if needed. 

2012
01:47:27,400 --> 01:47:29,900
The Earth beneath you would 
still be warm from the day son. 

2013
01:47:29,900 --> 01:47:34,100
Creating a natural heated pad 
while the Open Sky allowed body 

2014
01:47:34,100 --> 01:47:37,800
heat to dissipate the sensory 
experience of sleeping outdoors 

2015
01:47:37,800 --> 01:47:41,000
in ancient times was entirely 
different from Modern camping. 

2016
01:47:41,700 --> 01:47:44,800
There was no distant hum of 
Highways, no air plane, 

2017
01:47:44,800 --> 01:47:48,500
contrails overhead and no light 
pollution washing out the Stars.

2018
01:47:49,500 --> 01:47:54,200
The darkness was profound, 
textured and Alive, your ears 

2019
01:47:54,200 --> 01:47:57,900
would attuned to night. 
Sounds wind moving through crops

2020
01:47:57,900 --> 01:48:02,900
or palm fronds the distant calls
of night, birds or jackals and 

2021
01:48:02,900 --> 01:48:05,600
the clothes rustling of small 
nocturnal creatures. 

2022
01:48:05,600 --> 01:48:08,500
Going about their business, 
ancient peoples developed 

2023
01:48:08,500 --> 01:48:11,300
sophisticated knowledge of how 
to sleep safely Outdoors 

2024
01:48:11,300 --> 01:48:16,400
location mattered in enormous 
you'd avoid low spots where cold

2025
01:48:16,400 --> 01:48:18,600
air settled and mourning due 
would be heavy yes. 

2026
01:48:18,600 --> 01:48:22,800
You'd position yourself to catch
any Breeze but also avoid being 

2027
01:48:22,800 --> 01:48:25,400
too exposed to wind that might 
kill you before Dawn. 

2028
01:48:26,200 --> 01:48:29,600
You'd sleep on slightly elevated
ground where water wooden pool. 

2029
01:48:29,600 --> 01:48:33,900
If unexpected rain came in 
ancient Greece and Rome summer, 

2030
01:48:33,900 --> 01:48:36,700
sleeping Arrangements, often 
involve the Garden or Courtyard.

2031
01:48:37,500 --> 01:48:40,300
Wealthy Romans would have slave 
set up couches in their 

2032
01:48:40,300 --> 01:48:43,900
peristyle Gardens, those, 
lovely, Colonnades spaces that 

2033
01:48:43,908 --> 01:48:47,500
were half indoors and half 
Outdoors, you'd fall asleep to 

2034
01:48:47,500 --> 01:48:50,500
the sound of a fountain. 
Surrounded by night, blooming 

2035
01:48:50,500 --> 01:48:53,300
flowers and herbs who sense 
became more intense in the 

2036
01:48:53,300 --> 01:48:54,900
cooler. 
Evening are the Greek 

2037
01:48:54,900 --> 01:48:57,700
philosopher. 
Diogenes famously slept in a 

2038
01:48:57,700 --> 01:49:00,900
large ceramic jar in the 
marketplace of Athens taking the

2039
01:49:00,900 --> 01:49:04,200
outdoor sleeping concept to an 
extreme that probably seemed 

2040
01:49:04,200 --> 01:49:08,500
eccentric even then. 
But his choice reflected a wide 

2041
01:49:08,500 --> 01:49:11,600
understanding that sleeping 
Outdoors wasn't a hardship. 

2042
01:49:11,600 --> 01:49:15,000
It was often more comfortable 
than being inside ancient 

2043
01:49:15,000 --> 01:49:18,500
Chinese culture developed the 
concept of sleeping porches and 

2044
01:49:18,500 --> 01:49:21,800
Pavilions and Gardens 
particularly for some of months.

2045
01:49:21,800 --> 01:49:25,400
These structures were carefully 
positioned to maximize evening 

2046
01:49:25,400 --> 01:49:29,000
breezes and Morning Light while 
providing some protection from 

2047
01:49:29,000 --> 01:49:32,000
Southern rain. 
The philosophy behind them 

2048
01:49:32,000 --> 01:49:35,500
wasn't just practical, it 
included ideas about connecting 

2049
01:49:35,500 --> 01:49:38,400
with natural energy, flows, 
during sleeps, vulnerable hours 

2050
01:49:38,400 --> 01:49:42,200
in Ancient India, sleeping 
Outdoors under mosquito Nets, 

2051
01:49:42,200 --> 01:49:45,700
was common practice. 
These nets were marvels of 

2052
01:49:45,700 --> 01:49:49,000
practical engineering, light 
enough to allow air circulation,

2053
01:49:49,000 --> 01:49:53,100
fine, enough to keep out insects
and often beautiful enough to 

2054
01:49:53,100 --> 01:49:56,400
serve as decorative elements. 
During the day, you'd sleep 

2055
01:49:56,400 --> 01:50:00,600
under a canopy of cotton or silk
the fabric moving gently with 

2056
01:50:00,600 --> 01:50:04,600
any Breeze, creating a private 
cocoon under the Open Sky. 

2057
01:50:04,600 --> 01:50:07,600
The Aboriginal peoples of 
Australia had perhaps the most 

2058
01:50:07,600 --> 01:50:12,100
sophisticated outdoor sleeping 
practices refined over tens of 

2059
01:50:12,108 --> 01:50:15,500
thousands of years. 
They understood how to read the 

2060
01:50:15,500 --> 01:50:18,300
land for the best sleeping 
spots, how to position 

2061
01:50:18,300 --> 01:50:21,700
themselves relative to Fires for
warmth without smoking 

2062
01:50:21,700 --> 01:50:25,700
inhalation, how to use 
windbreaks, effectively and how 

2063
01:50:25,700 --> 01:50:29,100
to stay comfortable in climate's
ranging from tropical to Desert 

2064
01:50:29,100 --> 01:50:31,800
Australian Aboriginal sleeping 
positions. 

2065
01:50:31,800 --> 01:50:35,500
Even had a temperature unit 
named after the Three Dog Night 

2066
01:50:35,500 --> 01:50:39,800
on cold nights, you'd sleep with
dogs dingoes in their case for 

2067
01:50:39,800 --> 01:50:43,000
warmth. 
A one dog night was chilly, but 

2068
01:50:43,000 --> 01:50:45,500
manageable. 
Three Dog Night meant. 

2069
01:50:45,500 --> 01:50:48,800
It was seriously cold, requiring
three, dogs to maintain a 

2070
01:50:48,800 --> 01:50:52,000
comfortable, sleeping 
temperature. these were pets in 

2071
01:50:52,000 --> 01:50:55,000
the modern sense, they were 
living breathing sleeping bags 

2072
01:50:55,000 --> 01:50:59,000
for nomadic peoples, across the 
ancient world sleeping under the

2073
01:50:59,000 --> 01:51:03,400
stars wasn't a choice but a way 
of life Bedouin tribes in the 

2074
01:51:03,400 --> 01:51:06,600
Arabian Desert perfected, the 
art of sleeping outdoors in 

2075
01:51:06,600 --> 01:51:08,800
extremely challenging 
conditions. 

2076
01:51:09,600 --> 01:51:12,300
They understood how to find 
ground that would radiate, 

2077
01:51:12,300 --> 01:51:14,000
warmth through the cold desert 
night. 

2078
01:51:14,600 --> 01:51:18,500
How to position camps to avoid 
flash floods in wadies and how 

2079
01:51:18,500 --> 01:51:21,000
to create efficient Shelter From
the intense sun. 

2080
01:51:21,000 --> 01:51:24,500
While maintaining ventilation. 
The Bedouin knew that sleeping 

2081
01:51:24,500 --> 01:51:28,100
directly on Sand was usually 
uncomfortable, it provided no 

2082
01:51:28,100 --> 01:51:31,200
insulation and lost heat rapidly
after sunset. 

2083
01:51:32,200 --> 01:51:36,100
Instead, they'd use multiple 
layers of woven goat hair 

2084
01:51:36,100 --> 01:51:40,300
blankets, creating a system that
insulated From Below while 

2085
01:51:40,300 --> 01:51:43,000
providing warmth of the goat 
hair. 

2086
01:51:43,000 --> 01:51:45,500
Naturally repelled, some 
moisture and provided better. 

2087
01:51:45,500 --> 01:51:48,900
Insulation than plant fiber 
textiles ancient people, 

2088
01:51:48,900 --> 01:51:51,700
sleeping Outdoors developed 
intimate, knowledge of the night

2089
01:51:51,700 --> 01:51:54,500
sky, that served by both 
practical and spiritual purpose.

2090
01:51:54,500 --> 01:51:57,900
Is, you'd Mark Time by 
constellation's positions 

2091
01:51:57,900 --> 01:52:01,000
predict, whether by the 
appearance of the sky, and the 

2092
01:52:01,000 --> 01:52:05,800
behavior of animals and navigate
by stars were necessary, the sky

2093
01:52:05,800 --> 01:52:08,100
will not just seen. 
Herry, it was your clock 

2094
01:52:08,100 --> 01:52:12,600
calendar and weather for cast 
combined, seasonal changes 

2095
01:52:12,600 --> 01:52:16,800
determined sleeping Arrangements
in most ancient cultures Summer 

2096
01:52:16,800 --> 01:52:19,600
months, sleeping Outdoors or in 
the most ventilated spaces. 

2097
01:52:19,600 --> 01:52:22,300
Possible. 
Winter meant retreating to 

2098
01:52:22,300 --> 01:52:25,700
whatever interior spaces 
existed, often shared with 

2099
01:52:25,708 --> 01:52:28,500
animals whose body heat 
contributed to warming. 

2100
01:52:28,500 --> 01:52:32,200
Small dwellings, But even in 
Winter, many ancient peoples 

2101
01:52:32,200 --> 01:52:36,000
preferred sleeping near open, 
doorways or Windows when weather

2102
01:52:36,000 --> 01:52:39,700
permitted valuing fresh air over
sealed warmth. 

2103
01:52:40,400 --> 01:52:43,200
Spiritual dimension of sleeping.
Under the Open Sky, was 

2104
01:52:43,200 --> 01:52:46,800
significant for many cultures. 
Some believe that sleeping 

2105
01:52:46,800 --> 01:52:49,600
Outdoors made you more 
accessible to Divine messages 

2106
01:52:49,600 --> 01:52:53,600
and dreams that an obstructed 
connection between your sleeping

2107
01:52:53,600 --> 01:52:56,200
mind of the cosmos allowed for 
clearer. 

2108
01:52:56,200 --> 01:52:58,400
Communication with whatever gods
or Spirits. 

2109
01:52:58,400 --> 01:53:01,800
You recognized Native American 
tribes across North America, 

2110
01:53:01,800 --> 01:53:04,700
often preferred sleeping under 
the stars, even when other 

2111
01:53:04,700 --> 01:53:08,000
options existed. 
The practice was not just about 

2112
01:53:08,000 --> 01:53:10,700
Comfort. 
It reflected a philosophical 

2113
01:53:10,700 --> 01:53:13,500
position about Humanity's place 
in the natural world. 

2114
01:53:14,500 --> 01:53:17,600
Being in closed in solid 
structures for sleeping seemed 

2115
01:53:17,600 --> 01:53:21,800
almost insulting to the Earth 
and Sky, a rejection of the 

2116
01:53:21,800 --> 01:53:24,000
world that provided everything 
you needed. 

2117
01:53:24,000 --> 01:53:27,900
Get ready for this one privacy 
while sleeping is a modern 

2118
01:53:27,900 --> 01:53:30,900
luxury that your ancestors would
have found bizarre and possibly 

2119
01:53:30,900 --> 01:53:33,600
even disturbing. 
For most of human history, 

2120
01:53:33,600 --> 01:53:35,500
sleeping alone wasn't just 
unusual. 

2121
01:53:35,500 --> 01:53:39,300
It was actually considered 
unhealthy potentially dangerous,

2122
01:53:39,300 --> 01:53:43,700
and maybe even a sign of social 
failure, picture a typical 

2123
01:53:43,700 --> 01:53:46,000
medieval English household 
though. 

2124
01:53:46,000 --> 01:53:47,900
Similar Arrangements. 
Existed in ancient. 

2125
01:53:47,900 --> 01:53:51,800
Rome Tang, Dynasty. 
China and indigenous cultures 

2126
01:53:51,800 --> 01:53:55,500
worldwide. 
The entire family, parents 

2127
01:53:55,500 --> 01:54:00,100
children possibly grandparents 
maybe apprentices or servants 

2128
01:54:00,100 --> 01:54:04,200
would sleep in the same room not
because they had no other choice

2129
01:54:04,200 --> 01:54:06,900
but because sleeping together 
was the expected. 

2130
01:54:06,900 --> 01:54:11,400
Normal healthy way to do it. 
This communal sleeping wasn't 

2131
01:54:11,400 --> 01:54:14,500
just about body heat 
conservation though in drafty 

2132
01:54:14,500 --> 01:54:17,300
ancient buildings that were 
certainly a practical benefit. 

2133
01:54:18,100 --> 01:54:22,100
It was about security, social 
bonding, and a fundamental 

2134
01:54:22,100 --> 01:54:25,700
understanding of human nature 
that we've largely abandoned in 

2135
01:54:25,700 --> 01:54:28,200
modern Western culture in 
ancient Japan. 

2136
01:54:28,200 --> 01:54:31,300
The concept of separate bedrooms
didn't really exist in most 

2137
01:54:31,300 --> 01:54:35,400
households until remarkably 
recently, Families would spread 

2138
01:54:35,400 --> 01:54:38,800
futons across their main living 
space, each evening and sleep 

2139
01:54:38,800 --> 01:54:42,200
together in the same room. 
The act of laying out sleeping 

2140
01:54:42,200 --> 01:54:44,500
mats and tucking them away in 
the morning, was part of the 

2141
01:54:44,500 --> 01:54:47,800
daily Rhythm, a ritual that 
marked the transition between 

2142
01:54:47,800 --> 01:54:51,000
waking and sleeping life. 
Ancient, Romans, sleeping 

2143
01:54:51,000 --> 01:54:54,200
Arrangements of varied by class.
But shared this communal aspect.

2144
01:54:55,200 --> 01:54:57,500
A wealthy Roman household might 
have sleeping. 

2145
01:54:57,500 --> 01:55:01,400
Cubicles. 
Cubicle off the atrium but these

2146
01:55:01,400 --> 01:55:03,800
small rooms often contained 
multiple beds. 

2147
01:55:04,900 --> 01:55:08,000
Parents and young children would
share space while older children

2148
01:55:08,000 --> 01:55:10,100
and household, servants, might 
sleep in other group 

2149
01:55:10,100 --> 01:55:13,200
derangements? 
Sleeping alone was so unusual 

2150
01:55:13,200 --> 01:55:16,600
that when it happened writers, 
mentioned it specifically as 

2151
01:55:16,600 --> 01:55:19,900
noteworthy, the ancient Greeks 
had a similar approach. 

2152
01:55:20,600 --> 01:55:23,400
Their homes were designed around
a central Courtyard with 

2153
01:55:23,400 --> 01:55:25,500
sleeping rooms, radiating off 
it. 

2154
01:55:25,500 --> 01:55:30,000
But privacy, as we understand it
individual rooms for individual 

2155
01:55:30,000 --> 01:55:35,100
sleepers wasn't the goal. 
The word alone in ancient Greek,

2156
01:55:35,100 --> 01:55:37,500
could carry connotations of 
Exile or punishment. 

2157
01:55:38,400 --> 01:55:41,200
Why would anyone voluntarily 
endure that condition for the 

2158
01:55:41,208 --> 01:55:44,000
vulnerable hours of sleep? 
In medieval Europe? 

2159
01:55:44,000 --> 01:55:47,000
The Great Hall of castles and 
manor houses often served as the

2160
01:55:47,008 --> 01:55:48,900
communal bedroom for most of the
household. 

2161
01:55:49,800 --> 01:55:52,500
The Lord and Lady might have a 
slightly more private space 

2162
01:55:52,500 --> 01:55:54,800
though. 
Private still often mentioned 

2163
01:55:54,800 --> 01:55:58,000
sharing with children and 
trusted servants but everyone 

2164
01:55:58,000 --> 01:55:59,600
else would bed down in the main 
hall. 

2165
01:55:59,600 --> 01:56:02,900
You'd fall asleep to the sounds 
of other people, breathing 

2166
01:56:02,900 --> 01:56:07,300
shifting, occasionally snoring, 
maybe talking in their sleep. 

2167
01:56:07,300 --> 01:56:11,700
This Arrangement had practical 
Security benefits, In a world 

2168
01:56:11,700 --> 01:56:13,400
before alarm systems, and police
forces. 

2169
01:56:13,400 --> 01:56:16,300
Having many people sleeping in 
the same space meant better 

2170
01:56:16,300 --> 01:56:20,100
protection against Intruders. 
If someone unusual entered 

2171
01:56:20,100 --> 01:56:22,900
during the night, multiple 
people would likely awaken raise

2172
01:56:22,900 --> 01:56:25,400
the alarm. 
But the communal sleeping went 

2173
01:56:25,400 --> 01:56:29,200
deeper than mere practicality, 
ancient peoples understood 

2174
01:56:29,200 --> 01:56:32,300
something about human psychology
that we're only now 

2175
01:56:32,300 --> 01:56:36,000
rediscovering through research 
humans, regulate their nervous 

2176
01:56:36,000 --> 01:56:39,800
systems through proximity to 
other humans, sleeping near 

2177
01:56:39,800 --> 01:56:43,800
people, you trust actually helps
you achieve deeper more restful 

2178
01:56:43,800 --> 01:56:46,500
sleep because your subconscious 
doesn't need to maintain. 

2179
01:56:46,500 --> 01:56:49,200
High alert levels, babies and 
young children. 

2180
01:56:49,200 --> 01:56:52,900
Let their parents as a matter of
course, in virtually all ancient

2181
01:56:52,900 --> 01:56:56,700
cultures, the modern Weston 
practice of putting infants and 

2182
01:56:56,700 --> 01:57:00,400
separate rooms would have struck
ancient peoples, as negligent, 

2183
01:57:00,400 --> 01:57:05,500
potentially cruel and dangerous.
How can you protect your child 

2184
01:57:05,500 --> 01:57:08,300
respond to their needs? 
Or ensure? 

2185
01:57:08,300 --> 01:57:10,400
They survive the night. 
If they were in another room, 

2186
01:57:10,400 --> 01:57:14,100
the ancient practice of communal
sleeping included, elaborate 

2187
01:57:14,100 --> 01:57:17,700
social rules about positioning 
and higher key in a Roman 

2188
01:57:17,708 --> 01:57:21,000
household where you slept 
relative to others, reflected 

2189
01:57:21,000 --> 01:57:24,400
your status. 
In a Japanese household the 

2190
01:57:24,400 --> 01:57:26,800
specific location of each 
person's futon. 

2191
01:57:26,800 --> 01:57:30,700
Followed careful protocols these
weren't arbitrary rules. 

2192
01:57:30,700 --> 01:57:33,100
They were ways of maintaining 
social harmony. 

2193
01:57:33,100 --> 01:57:36,500
Even during the vulnerable hours
of sleep medieval ends, took 

2194
01:57:36,500 --> 01:57:39,400
communal sleeping to levels that
would horrify modern Travelers. 

2195
01:57:40,200 --> 01:57:42,100
You didn't rent a room. 
You rented. 

2196
01:57:42,100 --> 01:57:45,300
A space in a bed and that bed 
would likely contain several 

2197
01:57:45,300 --> 01:57:47,500
other Travelers. 
Complete strangers. 

2198
01:57:47,500 --> 01:57:48,900
Who had also paid for their 
spot. 

2199
01:57:50,400 --> 01:57:52,700
The large beds at Inns weren't 
romantic. 

2200
01:57:52,700 --> 01:57:56,800
They were an efficient use of 
space allowing in Keepers to 

2201
01:57:56,800 --> 01:57:58,900
accommodate many Travelers in 
limited rooms. 

2202
01:57:58,900 --> 01:58:01,600
He shared in beds, have their 
own etiquette. 

2203
01:58:01,600 --> 01:58:03,800
You'd sleep in your day clothes 
though. 

2204
01:58:03,800 --> 01:58:05,400
Perhaps were moving out a 
layers. 

2205
01:58:05,400 --> 01:58:08,200
You'd position yourself. 
Carefully to minimize. 

2206
01:58:08,200 --> 01:58:11,700
Disturbing your bed Partners, 
you'd accept that someone else's

2207
01:58:11,700 --> 01:58:13,600
cold feet. 
Might touch your leg during the 

2208
01:58:13,600 --> 01:58:15,700
night and that was just part of 
traveling. 

2209
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:19,300
Complaints about sharing beds 
with strangers, don't appear in 

2210
01:58:19,300 --> 01:58:22,800
historical records. 
It was simply how ins worked 

2211
01:58:22,800 --> 01:58:26,300
ancient people's understood that
sleeping near others provided 

2212
01:58:26,300 --> 01:58:29,000
warmth in ways that made 
survival possible in cold 

2213
01:58:29,000 --> 01:58:33,100
climates without Modern Heating.
He knows long houses, the entire

2214
01:58:33,100 --> 01:58:37,000
extended family Clan might sleep
in one, large communal, space 

2215
01:58:37,000 --> 01:58:41,500
with the warmth from many bodies
and the central fire making the 

2216
01:58:41,500 --> 01:58:43,300
structure habitable through 
brutal Winters. 

2217
01:58:43,300 --> 01:58:47,000
The social bonding that occurred
through communal sleeping was 

2218
01:58:47,000 --> 01:58:50,300
significant, you developed deep 
familiarity with your 

2219
01:58:50,300 --> 01:58:54,900
household's rhythms, who snored 
Who Rose for the privy multiple 

2220
01:58:54,900 --> 01:58:58,800
times, who talked in their sleep
and whose babies woke for 

2221
01:58:58,800 --> 01:59:01,600
feeding. 
This intimate knowledge of each 

2222
01:59:01,600 --> 01:59:04,200
other's patterns created, social
cohesion. 

2223
01:59:04,200 --> 01:59:07,500
That's hard to replicate when 
everyone sleeps in isolation. 

2224
01:59:07,500 --> 01:59:12,000
In ancient China, the Kang a 
heated platform bed large enough

2225
01:59:12,000 --> 01:59:15,400
for entire families served as 
the center of household life 

2226
01:59:15,400 --> 01:59:18,900
during winter months, The family
would sleep together on this 

2227
01:59:18,900 --> 01:59:22,400
warm surface and during waking 
hours, it might serve as a 

2228
01:59:22,408 --> 01:59:26,200
workspace or dining surface. 
The king wasn't just Furniture, 

2229
01:59:26,200 --> 01:59:29,400
it was the heart of the 
household and sleeping on it 

2230
01:59:29,408 --> 01:59:32,100
together. 
Reinforced family bonds and 

2231
01:59:32,100 --> 01:59:34,900
elastic communities took 
communal sleeping to an 

2232
01:59:34,900 --> 01:59:38,100
Institutional level medieval 
monks would sleep in dormitories

2233
01:59:38,100 --> 01:59:42,300
rows of simple beds or sleeping 
Platforms in one large room. 

2234
01:59:43,200 --> 01:59:45,300
This Arrangement served 
religious purposes. 

2235
01:59:45,300 --> 01:59:49,700
It promoted humility. 
Discouraged private Vice and 

2236
01:59:49,700 --> 01:59:52,900
created an atmosphere of 
communal spiritual discipline. 

2237
01:59:54,000 --> 01:59:57,600
But it also reflected the same 
deep human preference for 

2238
01:59:57,600 --> 02:00:00,400
sleeping in groups that existed 
in secular life. 

2239
02:00:00,400 --> 02:00:04,300
You might have a glass of water 
on your nightstand, maybe your 

2240
02:00:04,300 --> 02:00:08,700
phone charging, perhaps a book. 
Now, imagine if your bedside was

2241
02:00:08,700 --> 02:00:13,900
crowded with amulets talismans 
herbs, magical, symbols, and 

2242
02:00:13,900 --> 02:00:17,000
various objects designed to 
protect you from the very 

2243
02:00:17,000 --> 02:00:20,700
specific dangers, that looked in
the dark, welcome to bedtime 

2244
02:00:20,700 --> 02:00:24,700
rituals across ancient cultures,
where going to sleep was as 

2245
02:00:24,700 --> 02:00:28,200
much, spiritual preparation. 
As physical settling ancient 

2246
02:00:28,200 --> 02:00:31,000
Egyptians took nighttime 
protection seriously. 

2247
02:00:32,000 --> 02:00:35,000
A typical household might have 
small figurines of protective 

2248
02:00:35,000 --> 02:00:37,100
deities, positioned around 
sleeping areas. 

2249
02:00:38,300 --> 02:00:41,600
Best a dwarf. 
God with a lion's mane and 

2250
02:00:41,600 --> 02:00:45,100
rather comical appearance. 
Hickory popular for bedroom 

2251
02:00:45,100 --> 02:00:48,000
protection. 
He looked Fierce enough to scare

2252
02:00:48,000 --> 02:00:50,800
off, harmful spirits, but 
friendly enough that you 

2253
02:00:50,800 --> 02:00:52,600
wouldn't mind having him watch 
over you all night. 

2254
02:00:52,600 --> 02:00:55,600
These protective Figures were 
mere decoration. 

2255
02:00:56,400 --> 02:00:58,800
Families would address them 
directly during evening. 

2256
02:00:58,800 --> 02:01:02,500
Rituals, essentially asking for 
security through the vulnerable 

2257
02:01:02,500 --> 02:01:05,200
night hours. 
You might touch the amulet, 

2258
02:01:05,200 --> 02:01:08,600
while reciting a brief prayer or
formula creating a small 

2259
02:01:08,600 --> 02:01:11,700
ceremony that marked the 
transition from waking concern 

2260
02:01:11,700 --> 02:01:14,700
to sleeping. 
Trust the ancient Romans had 

2261
02:01:14,700 --> 02:01:17,900
their layers household, 
protective spirits that watched 

2262
02:01:17,900 --> 02:01:21,300
over the family's well-being. 
Before sleep, you might leave a 

2263
02:01:21,308 --> 02:01:25,500
small offering at the lararium, 
the household Shrine, perhaps a 

2264
02:01:25,500 --> 02:01:26,900
bit of food, or a pinch of 
incense. 

2265
02:01:26,900 --> 02:01:31,500
This wasnt Superstition, it was 
relationship maintenance with 

2266
02:01:31,500 --> 02:01:34,000
the supernatural forces that 
shared your home. 

2267
02:01:34,000 --> 02:01:37,400
Many ancient cultures, believed 
that specific plants had 

2268
02:01:37,400 --> 02:01:41,600
nighttime protective properties.
Medieval Europeans might stuff, 

2269
02:01:41,600 --> 02:01:45,400
pillows, or mattresses with 
herbs like mugwort believed to 

2270
02:01:45,400 --> 02:01:48,800
prevent nightmares. 
And promote prophetic dreams The

2271
02:01:48,800 --> 02:01:51,600
strong slightly, bitter scent 
would be the last thing he 

2272
02:01:51,600 --> 02:01:54,600
smelled before sleep, and 
possibly, the first thing you 

2273
02:01:54,600 --> 02:01:58,400
noticed, if you woke during the 
night, lavender chamomile, and 

2274
02:01:58,400 --> 02:02:01,600
Vivian found their way into 
sleeping spaces across ancient 

2275
02:02:01,600 --> 02:02:04,700
Mediterranean cultures. 
These weren't just Pleasant 

2276
02:02:04,700 --> 02:02:06,900
scents. 
They were considered spiritually

2277
02:02:06,900 --> 02:02:10,200
significant. 
Lavender was associated with 

2278
02:02:10,200 --> 02:02:13,900
Purity and protection. 
Chamomile was connected to solar

2279
02:02:13,900 --> 02:02:17,700
deities and thus provided a link
to light even during Darkness. 

2280
02:02:18,500 --> 02:02:21,300
The vein was believed to prevent
evil spirits, from approaching 

2281
02:02:21,300 --> 02:02:24,900
sleepers, ancient Chinese 
sleeping rituals involved. 

2282
02:02:24,900 --> 02:02:27,100
Careful attention to placement 
and direction. 

2283
02:02:27,900 --> 02:02:30,300
You might hang specific 
talismans on the wall. 

2284
02:02:30,300 --> 02:02:33,700
Facing your bed, images of 
protective deities. 

2285
02:02:33,700 --> 02:02:38,300
Coins arranged in auspicious 
patterns or written charms with 

2286
02:02:38,300 --> 02:02:41,500
prayers or formulas designed to 
ward off nightmare bringing 

2287
02:02:41,500 --> 02:02:45,700
spirits The bedroom became a 
carefully, curated space where 

2288
02:02:45,700 --> 02:02:47,700
every object had a protective 
purpose. 

2289
02:02:47,700 --> 02:02:50,800
The placement of mirrors was 
particularly important in many 

2290
02:02:50,800 --> 02:02:54,500
cultures, ancient people's 
generally avoided having mirrors

2291
02:02:54,500 --> 02:02:57,000
and sleeping areas. 
Or if mirrors were present, 

2292
02:02:57,000 --> 02:03:01,300
they'd be covered at night. 
The reasoning varied, some 

2293
02:03:01,300 --> 02:03:04,900
believed mirrors contract, Souls
others, thought they provided 

2294
02:03:04,900 --> 02:03:08,800
portway for spirits to enter the
physical world and still others 

2295
02:03:08,800 --> 02:03:11,000
worried that catching your 
reflection while in the 

2296
02:03:11,000 --> 02:03:14,300
vulnerable state between 
sleeping and waking could bring 

2297
02:03:14,300 --> 02:03:18,600
bad luck in Ancient India. 
The practice of placing sacred 

2298
02:03:18,600 --> 02:03:22,400
items, near sleeping spaces was 
highly developed. you might have

2299
02:03:22,400 --> 02:03:26,100
a small oil lamp burning through
the night, not just for light, 

2300
02:03:26,100 --> 02:03:30,400
but as a symbolic presence of 
divine awareness, The flickering

2301
02:03:30,400 --> 02:03:34,800
flame represented the Eternal 
unchanging reality beyond the 

2302
02:03:34,808 --> 02:03:37,600
illusions of both waking and 
sleeping Consciousness. 

2303
02:03:37,600 --> 02:03:41,800
Many ancient cultures prescribed
specific prayers or recitations 

2304
02:03:41,800 --> 02:03:44,000
to be performed while lying down
to sleep. 

2305
02:03:44,700 --> 02:03:47,700
These weren't quick mumbles, 
they were substantial verbal 

2306
02:03:47,700 --> 02:03:49,900
formulas, that served multiple 
purposes. 

2307
02:03:49,900 --> 02:03:54,100
They calm the Mind. 
Mark, the transition to sleep in

2308
02:03:54,100 --> 02:03:57,200
to protect protection and 
sometimes asked for specific 

2309
02:03:57,200 --> 02:03:59,600
kinds of dreams or messages 
during the night. 

2310
02:03:59,600 --> 02:04:03,200
Ancient Mesopotamians, used 
clay, tablets inscribed with 

2311
02:04:03,200 --> 02:04:07,100
protective spells, positioned 
around sleeping areas to create 

2312
02:04:07,100 --> 02:04:11,100
a perimeter of safety. 
These tablets contained, 

2313
02:04:11,100 --> 02:04:14,700
elaborate formulas, addressing 
various nighttime dangers, 

2314
02:04:14,700 --> 02:04:19,600
Demons of disease, spirits of 
chaos, and the ghosts of those 

2315
02:04:19,600 --> 02:04:22,600
who died untimely deaths and 
might be angry about it. 

2316
02:04:23,600 --> 02:04:27,100
Reading these tablets today, you
realize how many specific 

2317
02:04:27,100 --> 02:04:30,400
threats ancient peoples worry 
about during sleeps 

2318
02:04:30,400 --> 02:04:33,200
vulnerability. 
The concept of The Nightmare has

2319
02:04:33,200 --> 02:04:34,900
much older Roots than you might 
imagine. 

2320
02:04:34,900 --> 02:04:38,600
And the word itself reflects 
ancient belief systems. 

2321
02:04:38,600 --> 02:04:42,700
The mayor part comes from a 
Proto Germanic word for a spirit

2322
02:04:42,708 --> 02:04:46,900
that sits on sleep as chests, 
causing bad dreams and breathing

2323
02:04:46,900 --> 02:04:49,800
difficulties. 
Various cultures had their own 

2324
02:04:49,800 --> 02:04:54,100
versions, the incubus, in 
medieval European tradition, the

2325
02:04:54,100 --> 02:04:58,700
lidar in Hungarian folklore and 
the shaytan Leila in Arabic 

2326
02:04:58,700 --> 02:05:01,500
tradition protection against 
these nightmare Spirits 

2327
02:05:01,500 --> 02:05:03,700
involved. 
Physical talismans warned during

2328
02:05:03,700 --> 02:05:06,800
sleep Ancient peoples might wear
amulets. 

2329
02:05:06,800 --> 02:05:08,400
Strung on chords around their 
necks. 

2330
02:05:09,300 --> 02:05:12,700
Sexual rings that featured 
protective symbols or small bags

2331
02:05:12,700 --> 02:05:15,600
of herbs and Stones tucked under
pillows or mattresses. 

2332
02:05:16,700 --> 02:05:19,600
These weren't just comforting 
superstitions, they were 

2333
02:05:19,600 --> 02:05:23,100
Technologies of Consciousness 
tools that help the sleeping 

2334
02:05:23,100 --> 02:05:26,100
mind feel secure enough to 
release into deep rest. 

2335
02:05:26,100 --> 02:05:29,600
The practice of placing iron 
near the bed, was common across,

2336
02:05:29,600 --> 02:05:33,100
many ancient cultures from 
Celtic Britain to ancient China.

2337
02:05:34,000 --> 02:05:37,300
Iron was believed to repel or 
confuse malevolent spirits. 

2338
02:05:38,100 --> 02:05:40,700
You might find an iron horse 
shoe nail buff, the bedroom 

2339
02:05:40,700 --> 02:05:44,900
entrance iron, Nails driven into
the bed frame or small iron 

2340
02:05:44,900 --> 02:05:47,600
objects positioned at the 
corners of sleeping spaces. 

2341
02:05:48,600 --> 02:05:52,700
The metal itself was considered 
magically potent, its strength 

2342
02:05:52,700 --> 02:05:56,000
and durability translating into 
spiritual protective power 

2343
02:05:56,000 --> 02:05:58,900
ancient people. 
Also use sound for nighttime 

2344
02:05:58,900 --> 02:06:02,500
protection, Bells were 
particularly popular, they're 

2345
02:06:02,500 --> 02:06:04,300
Clear. 
Tone was believed to disperse, 

2346
02:06:04,300 --> 02:06:08,400
harmful entities, you might have
small bells so into the hanging 

2347
02:06:08,400 --> 02:06:11,900
around your bed positioned. 
So that any movement of the 

2348
02:06:11,900 --> 02:06:16,200
fabric would create gentle chime
in The sound wouldn't 

2349
02:06:16,200 --> 02:06:19,500
necessarily, wait, you but it 
would create an acoustic 

2350
02:06:19,500 --> 02:06:22,400
environment believed to be 
inhospitable to nightmare 

2351
02:06:22,400 --> 02:06:24,600
Spirits. 
Salt appeared frequently in 

2352
02:06:24,600 --> 02:06:28,800
ancient sleeping, rituals a line
of salt Across the Threshold of 

2353
02:06:28,800 --> 02:06:32,300
the sleeping Room. 
Salt scattered in the corners or

2354
02:06:32,300 --> 02:06:33,900
small bags of salt under the 
pillow. 

2355
02:06:33,900 --> 02:06:37,400
All these practices existed 
across diverse cultures. 

2356
02:06:38,500 --> 02:06:40,000
Salts. 
Preservative properties. 

2357
02:06:40,000 --> 02:06:43,100
Made it symbolically powerful 
against Decay and Corruption. 

2358
02:06:43,100 --> 02:06:46,800
And this power extended to 
spiritual protection during 

2359
02:06:46,800 --> 02:06:49,300
sleeps. 
Vulnerability dreams, themselves

2360
02:06:49,300 --> 02:06:51,400
were so important to ancient 
cultures. 

2361
02:06:51,400 --> 02:06:55,800
That inducing specific kinds of 
dreams became a major focus of 

2362
02:06:55,800 --> 02:06:59,900
bed time, rituals If you wanted 
prophetic dreams, you might 

2363
02:06:59,900 --> 02:07:02,800
sleep with a piece of paper 
under your pillow on which you'd

2364
02:07:02,800 --> 02:07:06,600
written a question for the Gods.
In ancient Greece, sick people 

2365
02:07:06,600 --> 02:07:09,300
would sleep in temples, 
dedicated to a sleepiest. 

2366
02:07:09,300 --> 02:07:13,300
The god of healing hoping to 
receive cure instructions in 

2367
02:07:13,300 --> 02:07:17,200
their dreams, the practice of 
incubation, deliberately 

2368
02:07:17,200 --> 02:07:21,000
sleeping, and sacred spaces to 
receive Divine dreams was 

2369
02:07:21,000 --> 02:07:22,900
formalized, in many ancient 
cultures. 

2370
02:07:22,900 --> 02:07:27,600
You'd undergo purification 
rituals make offerings, recite 

2371
02:07:27,600 --> 02:07:30,800
specific prayers and then sleep 
in the temple precincts. 

2372
02:07:31,900 --> 02:07:34,900
The expectation, was that the 
deity associated with that 

2373
02:07:34,900 --> 02:07:38,800
space, would visit your dreams 
with messages healing or 

2374
02:07:38,800 --> 02:07:41,400
guidance? 
Imagine walking into a furniture

2375
02:07:41,400 --> 02:07:44,200
store where the bed options 
include a pile of leather, strap

2376
02:07:44,200 --> 02:07:47,800
stretched across a wooden frame.
A woven Reed mat, that gets 

2377
02:07:47,800 --> 02:07:51,000
rolled up each morning. 
A sand-filled pit lined with 

2378
02:07:51,008 --> 02:07:53,500
animal hides or a raised 
platform. 

2379
02:07:53,500 --> 02:07:56,400
Designed primarily to keep your 
way from flawed dwelling 

2380
02:07:56,400 --> 02:07:59,400
scorpions. 
Welcome to ancient bedroom 

2381
02:07:59,400 --> 02:08:03,400
furniture where Comfort was 
defined very differently than it

2382
02:08:03,400 --> 02:08:06,800
is in your mattress store. 
Catalog, the ancient Egyptians 

2383
02:08:06,800 --> 02:08:09,900
actually had Fairly 
sophisticated beds at least by 

2384
02:08:09,900 --> 02:08:13,400
pre-modern standards. 
If you were wealthy, you might 

2385
02:08:13,400 --> 02:08:16,400
own a wooden bed frame. 
Elevated on legs carved to look 

2386
02:08:16,400 --> 02:08:19,700
like animal paws. 
Usually lion or bullfight 

2387
02:08:19,700 --> 02:08:22,800
because nothing says restful 
sleep. 

2388
02:08:22,800 --> 02:08:27,200
Like thinking about powerful 
animals, these frames held a 

2389
02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:31,300
sleeping surface made of woven 
rope or leather straps creating 

2390
02:08:31,300 --> 02:08:34,100
a slightly yielding platform 
that distributed weight 

2391
02:08:34,100 --> 02:08:37,400
reasonably well but here's the 
part that might make you squirm,

2392
02:08:37,400 --> 02:08:41,800
Egyptian beds, Had A peculiar 
feature called a headrest which 

2393
02:08:41,800 --> 02:08:44,700
was nothing like your plump 
pillow, in Stead. 

2394
02:08:44,700 --> 02:08:49,100
It was a curved piece of wood 
stone or ceramic position to 

2395
02:08:49,100 --> 02:08:51,800
support your neck while your 
head hung off the bed's Edge. 

2396
02:08:51,800 --> 02:08:55,900
Your skull would be suspended in
air while your neck rested on 

2397
02:08:55,900 --> 02:08:59,800
this hard, curved surface, 
Egyptians apparently found this 

2398
02:08:59,800 --> 02:09:02,700
comfortable or at least 
preferable to Alternatives. 

2399
02:09:02,700 --> 02:09:06,400
These headrests served multiple 
purposes Beyond neck support. 

2400
02:09:06,400 --> 02:09:09,200
They elevated your head away 
from crawling. 

2401
02:09:09,200 --> 02:09:11,900
Insects that might Traverse the 
sleeping surface during the 

2402
02:09:11,908 --> 02:09:14,200
night. 
They kept your elaborate 

2403
02:09:14,200 --> 02:09:17,600
hairstyles from getting crushed.
Hair maintenance was serious 

2404
02:09:17,600 --> 02:09:20,100
business. 
In ancient Egypt, and they were 

2405
02:09:20,100 --> 02:09:21,800
believed to have protective 
properties. 

2406
02:09:21,800 --> 02:09:25,800
Some were decorated with images 
of gods or protective symbols 

2407
02:09:25,800 --> 02:09:28,400
positioned, right? 
At the vulnerable passage 

2408
02:09:28,400 --> 02:09:32,000
between the skull and body. 
The ancient Romans elevated bed 

2409
02:09:32,000 --> 02:09:36,100
designed to an art form at least
for the wealthy A well-off Roman

2410
02:09:36,100 --> 02:09:39,500
might sleep on a Lector, 
essentially, a couch that served

2411
02:09:39,500 --> 02:09:42,600
double duty for reclining during
meals, and sleeping at night. 

2412
02:09:43,600 --> 02:09:47,300
These featured wooden frames 
often beautifully decorated with

2413
02:09:47,300 --> 02:09:51,500
inlays and carvings with the 
sleeping surface created by a 

2414
02:09:51,500 --> 02:09:54,300
lattice of rope or leather 
straps topped with cushions 

2415
02:09:54,300 --> 02:09:59,200
stuffed with wool straw or if 
you were truly wealthy down 

2416
02:09:59,200 --> 02:10:03,800
feathers, but most Romans, like,
most ancient people's slept on 

2417
02:10:03,800 --> 02:10:07,400
much simpler surfaces. 
Straw filled mattress on the 

2418
02:10:07,400 --> 02:10:10,000
floor. 
A simple wooden platform or even

2419
02:10:10,000 --> 02:10:12,000
just blanket. 
Spread directly on the ground 

2420
02:10:12,000 --> 02:10:15,300
were far more common than 
elaborate bed frame's. 

2421
02:10:16,000 --> 02:10:19,900
Straw had the advantage of being
cheap and readily renewable and 

2422
02:10:19,900 --> 02:10:22,500
providing some insulation from 
cold floors. 

2423
02:10:23,300 --> 02:10:27,500
Its disadvantages included, 
attracting various insects and 

2424
02:10:27,500 --> 02:10:30,200
needing frequent replacement 
when it became compressed. 

2425
02:10:30,200 --> 02:10:35,400
And frankly unpleasant, ancient 
Greek beds were similar to Roman

2426
02:10:35,400 --> 02:10:38,100
ones. 
Featuring the same basic design 

2427
02:10:38,100 --> 02:10:40,700
of wooden frames with ropes, 
sleeping surfaces. 

2428
02:10:41,600 --> 02:10:43,900
But the Greeks added an 
interesting innovation. 

2429
02:10:44,800 --> 02:10:48,300
The Klein, a type of couch bed 
that featured raised edges on 

2430
02:10:48,300 --> 02:10:52,000
three sides, creating a 
semi-enclosed sleeping space. 

2431
02:10:53,400 --> 02:10:55,600
These raised edges were just 
decorative. 

2432
02:10:55,600 --> 02:10:58,900
They helped to keep bedding and 
sleepers from Rolling off during

2433
02:10:58,900 --> 02:11:01,900
the night. 
Functioned as backrest during 

2434
02:11:01,900 --> 02:11:05,800
waking hours and created a 
psychological sense of protected

2435
02:11:05,800 --> 02:11:09,600
space in ancient China. 
The Kang that heated platform 

2436
02:11:09,600 --> 02:11:12,900
bed mentioned earlier 
represented sophisticated 

2437
02:11:12,900 --> 02:11:15,100
engineering, applied to sleeping
Comfort. 

2438
02:11:15,100 --> 02:11:19,700
The Kang was essentially a brick
or clay platform built over a 

2439
02:11:19,700 --> 02:11:22,600
system of flus that carried warm
smoke from the kitchen or 

2440
02:11:22,600 --> 02:11:25,700
heating fire. 
The surface would be warm 

2441
02:11:25,700 --> 02:11:29,200
sometimes almost hot providing 
radiant heat from Below. 

2442
02:11:30,200 --> 02:11:33,100
Families would cover this 
platform with mats and cushions 

2443
02:11:33,100 --> 02:11:36,900
creating a sleeping surface that
remained comfortably warm. 

2444
02:11:36,900 --> 02:11:41,100
Even during bitter Winters, the 
thermal mass of the Kang meant 

2445
02:11:41,100 --> 02:11:43,500
it would stay warm for hours 
after the fire went out, 

2446
02:11:43,500 --> 02:11:46,000
providing consistent warmth 
through the night. 

2447
02:11:46,700 --> 02:11:49,400
But it also meant you needed to 
be careful about the temperature

2448
02:11:49,400 --> 02:11:53,400
too hot and you'd be 
uncomfortable too cool. 

2449
02:11:53,400 --> 02:11:57,800
And you'd lose the main benefit.
Managing a Kang was something of

2450
02:11:57,800 --> 02:12:01,900
an art form, requiring attention
to fire temperature, flew draft 

2451
02:12:01,900 --> 02:12:05,600
and seasonal adjustments. 
Japanese sleeping surfaces were 

2452
02:12:05,600 --> 02:12:09,100
elegant in their simplicity. 
The futon wasn't the thick 

2453
02:12:09,100 --> 02:12:12,200
folded mattress, that Weston as 
associate with that word. 

2454
02:12:13,200 --> 02:12:16,500
Traditional futons were 
relatively thin cotton batting 

2455
02:12:16,500 --> 02:12:19,000
mattresses, laid directly onto 
Tammy Maps. 

2456
02:12:19,000 --> 02:12:22,500
Those woven Rush grass Floor 
Covering that have slight 

2457
02:12:22,500 --> 02:12:26,000
cushioning and natural humidity.
Regulating properties. 

2458
02:12:26,900 --> 02:12:29,508
You'd sleep on a surface. 
That was barely an inch or two 

2459
02:12:29,516 --> 02:12:32,700
thick yet millions of people 
found this comfortable for 

2460
02:12:32,700 --> 02:12:35,400
centuries. 
The Kiss of laying out and 

2461
02:12:35,400 --> 02:12:38,900
putting away Foods, daily had 
practical benefits beyond space,

2462
02:12:38,900 --> 02:12:43,100
saving it meant your bedding 
aired out regularly, preventing 

2463
02:12:43,100 --> 02:12:46,300
the moisture accumulation that 
could lead to mildew in Japan's,

2464
02:12:46,300 --> 02:12:49,400
humid, climate. 
It meant examining your sleeping

2465
02:12:49,400 --> 02:12:52,900
surface regularly for any issues
and it meant that sleeping 

2466
02:12:52,900 --> 02:12:54,800
wasn't something that happened 
in a separate. 

2467
02:12:54,800 --> 02:12:58,200
Dedicated room, it was an 
activity that temporarily 

2468
02:12:58,200 --> 02:13:01,800
transformed your living space 
Viking sleeping Arrangements, 

2469
02:13:01,800 --> 02:13:04,400
combined practicality with 
communal living. 

2470
02:13:05,200 --> 02:13:08,100
In Norse longhouses platforms 
along the walls served as 

2471
02:13:08,108 --> 02:13:11,800
multi-purpose surfaces seating 
during the day and sleeping 

2472
02:13:11,800 --> 02:13:14,800
spots at night. 
These platforms were typically 

2473
02:13:14,800 --> 02:13:16,900
covered with Furs and woven 
blankets. 

2474
02:13:17,700 --> 02:13:21,600
You'd borrow into layers of wool
and animal hide, creating an 

2475
02:13:21,600 --> 02:13:24,900
insulated cocoon against the 
cold while the central fire 

2476
02:13:24,900 --> 02:13:28,300
burned through the night, the 
quality of your sleeping Furr's,

2477
02:13:28,300 --> 02:13:32,600
reflected your status in Viking 
Society, a wealthy Chieftain 

2478
02:13:32,600 --> 02:13:35,900
might have barefooters or 
luxurious seal skins while 

2479
02:13:35,900 --> 02:13:38,600
ordinary Farmers, may do with 
sheepskin or cowhide. 

2480
02:13:38,600 --> 02:13:42,200
But everyone understood the 
prince of principal layers of 

2481
02:13:42,200 --> 02:13:46,200
material that trapped air 
provided insulation and animals 

2482
02:13:46,200 --> 02:13:48,600
with their natural oils. 
Repelled some moisture while 

2483
02:13:48,600 --> 02:13:52,600
retaining warmth hammocks 
developed by indigenous peoples,

2484
02:13:52,600 --> 02:13:56,000
in Central and South America 
represent, perhaps the most 

2485
02:13:56,000 --> 02:13:58,600
Innovative sleeping surface in 
the ancient world. 

2486
02:13:59,600 --> 02:14:03,400
Woven from plant fibers or 
cotton hammocks can form to your

2487
02:14:03,400 --> 02:14:07,400
body shape. 
Distributed weight evenly kept 

2488
02:14:07,400 --> 02:14:10,700
you off the ground away from 
snakes and insects and allowed 

2489
02:14:10,700 --> 02:14:14,200
air circulation that made them 
comfortable even in hot humid 

2490
02:14:14,200 --> 02:14:16,900
climates. 
The hammock wasn't just a 

2491
02:14:16,900 --> 02:14:18,900
portable bed. 
It was a sophisticated 

2492
02:14:18,900 --> 02:14:21,600
understanding of ergonomics and 
climate adaptation. 

2493
02:14:22,800 --> 02:14:25,800
When European explorers 
encountered hammocks, they were 

2494
02:14:25,800 --> 02:14:28,900
impressed enough to adopt them 
for use on ships where they 

2495
02:14:28,908 --> 02:14:31,900
proved ideal for cramped 
quarters, and moving vessels, 

2496
02:14:31,900 --> 02:14:35,600
the gentle swaying motion, that 
might seem disorienting to 

2497
02:14:35,600 --> 02:14:38,300
Modern hammock novices was 
apparently something ancient 

2498
02:14:38,300 --> 02:14:43,300
people's adapted to easily 
ancient Mesopotamian beds based 

2499
02:14:43,300 --> 02:14:46,800
on archaeological evidence and 
artistic depictions often 

2500
02:14:46,800 --> 02:14:50,300
featured very high frames that 
required steps or stools to 

2501
02:14:50,300 --> 02:14:54,400
climb into This wasn't just 
status display, it was 

2502
02:14:54,408 --> 02:14:58,800
practical, elevation of 
flawless, drafts insects, and 

2503
02:14:58,800 --> 02:15:00,600
the dust that settled during the
night. 

2504
02:15:01,500 --> 02:15:04,700
You'd essentially be sleeping on
a platform, several feet off the

2505
02:15:04,700 --> 02:15:07,400
ground. 
With the cycle benefit of being 

2506
02:15:07,400 --> 02:15:10,300
literally above whatever crawled
across floors in the darkness, 

2507
02:15:10,300 --> 02:15:14,300
the mattresses, and bedding used
on these elevated frames varied 

2508
02:15:14,300 --> 02:15:17,100
by wealth. 
But followed similar principles 

2509
02:15:17,100 --> 02:15:22,700
layers of textiles wool, linen 
or cotton, depending on what was

2510
02:15:22,700 --> 02:15:25,800
locally available would be 
stacked to create cushioning. 

2511
02:15:26,800 --> 02:15:30,300
These layers could be adjusted 
seasonally more layers for 

2512
02:15:30,300 --> 02:15:32,700
winter, warmth fewer for summer 
Comfort. 

2513
02:15:32,700 --> 02:15:37,100
Ancient Indian beds mentioned in
texts like the Kama Sutra could 

2514
02:15:37,100 --> 02:15:40,500
be quite elaborate affairs. 
A proper bed, might have a 

2515
02:15:40,508 --> 02:15:44,300
wooden frame with Ivory inlays 
posts, supporting a canopy to 

2516
02:15:44,300 --> 02:15:47,500
keep insects away, and 
mattresses stuffed with various 

2517
02:15:47,500 --> 02:15:51,100
materials, depending on the 
season, cotton for summer wool 

2518
02:15:51,100 --> 02:15:53,400
for winter. 
The canopy wasn't just 

2519
02:15:53,400 --> 02:15:56,900
practical, it created an 
intimate space within the larger

2520
02:15:56,900 --> 02:15:59,000
room. 
A private realm where the 

2521
02:15:59,000 --> 02:16:02,600
outside world was temporarily 
suspended in ancient Persia the 

2522
02:16:02,600 --> 02:16:05,800
concept of sleeping in Comfort 
reached remarkable Heights among

2523
02:16:05,800 --> 02:16:08,300
the wealthy. 
Beds might feature silk 

2524
02:16:08,300 --> 02:16:11,400
cushions, finally sheets and 
elaborate hangings. 

2525
02:16:12,400 --> 02:16:15,700
But even ordinary Persians. 
Understood the basics sleeping 

2526
02:16:15,700 --> 02:16:18,700
surfaces should be slightly 
yielding should provide 

2527
02:16:18,700 --> 02:16:21,900
insulation from ground, cold, 
and should be high enough to 

2528
02:16:21,900 --> 02:16:24,700
discourage, casual insect 
traffic bedding. 

2529
02:16:24,700 --> 02:16:27,200
Materials across ancient 
cultures, reflected 

2530
02:16:27,200 --> 02:16:30,100
sophisticated, understanding of 
textile properties. 

2531
02:16:31,200 --> 02:16:34,600
Linen was prized in hot climates
for its coolness and moisture 

2532
02:16:34,600 --> 02:16:38,100
wicking abilities. 
Wolves was valued in colder 

2533
02:16:38,100 --> 02:16:39,900
regions for its insulating 
properties. 

2534
02:16:39,900 --> 02:16:44,000
Even, when damp Silk, where 
available was treasured for. 

2535
02:16:44,000 --> 02:16:46,299
Its smooth texture and 
temperature regulating 

2536
02:16:46,299 --> 02:16:49,600
qualities, the ancient practice 
of stuffing mattresses and 

2537
02:16:49,608 --> 02:16:52,799
cushions with various plant 
materials, demonstrates 

2538
02:16:52,799 --> 02:16:55,000
remarkable, knowledge of Natural
Resources. 

2539
02:16:56,000 --> 02:16:59,799
Beyond obvious choices like 
straw and wool, ancient peoples,

2540
02:16:59,799 --> 02:17:04,299
use materials, like dried grass 
Moss leaves, and even seaweed 

2541
02:17:05,299 --> 02:17:09,200
Each material had specific 
properties, some lasted longer, 

2542
02:17:09,200 --> 02:17:13,400
some smelled better, some were 
softer, and some repelled in 

2543
02:17:13,400 --> 02:17:17,000
sex, more effectively, flaks, 
the plant used to make linen, 

2544
02:17:17,000 --> 02:17:20,100
also produce seeds that could be
used as mattress stuffing. 

2545
02:17:21,200 --> 02:17:24,200
Flaxseeds in a cloth, sack 
created a rustling shifting 

2546
02:17:24,200 --> 02:17:26,600
surface that conformed to body 
shape. 

2547
02:17:27,400 --> 02:17:30,600
Summing ancient peoples believed
sleeping on flaxseed promoted. 

2548
02:17:30,600 --> 02:17:34,299
Good health though, whether this
had any basis beyond the placebo

2549
02:17:34,299 --> 02:17:37,600
effect is unclear. 
Ancient people also understood 

2550
02:17:37,600 --> 02:17:40,600
the importance of bedding 
cleanliness, though, their 

2551
02:17:40,600 --> 02:17:42,500
standards and methods differed 
from ours. 

2552
02:17:42,500 --> 02:17:46,900
Bedding would be aired regularly
in sunlight which naturally 

2553
02:17:46,900 --> 02:17:48,900
killed some bacteria and 
parasites. 

2554
02:17:48,900 --> 02:17:53,200
Textile, covering would be 
washed when possible though. 

2555
02:17:53,200 --> 02:17:55,900
Laundering, large items, like 
mattress covers was labor, 

2556
02:17:55,900 --> 02:17:59,500
intensive, and couldn't be done 
frequently, the presence of bed 

2557
02:17:59,500 --> 02:18:02,600
bugs, flees and other parasites 
was largely accepted as 

2558
02:18:02,600 --> 02:18:05,400
inevitable. 
Ancient peoples developed 

2559
02:18:05,400 --> 02:18:07,900
various strategies to minimize 
these pests. 

2560
02:18:08,500 --> 02:18:10,600
Certain herbs scattered in 
Bedding. 

2561
02:18:10,600 --> 02:18:14,700
Supposedly repelled, insects 
regular replacement of organic 

2562
02:18:14,700 --> 02:18:17,299
stuffing, materials and 
occasionally more drastic 

2563
02:18:17,299 --> 02:18:20,200
measures like burning and 
replacing infested materials 

2564
02:18:20,200 --> 02:18:23,900
entirely bed frames themselves. 
Often Incorporated design 

2565
02:18:23,900 --> 02:18:28,400
features meant to deter pests. 
Smooth surfaces gave insects 

2566
02:18:28,400 --> 02:18:31,799
fewer places to hide. 
Some ancient peoples would place

2567
02:18:31,799 --> 02:18:36,000
the legs of beds in small dishes
of water or oil, creating moats 

2568
02:18:36,000 --> 02:18:37,799
that crawling insects could not 
cross. 

2569
02:18:38,600 --> 02:18:42,200
Others used materials or 
finishes that insects supposedly

2570
02:18:42,200 --> 02:18:45,299
dislike though, the 
effectiveness of these methods 

2571
02:18:45,299 --> 02:18:49,100
was probably limited the concept
of separate beds for married 

2572
02:18:49,100 --> 02:18:51,500
couples. 
Now, common In some cultures 

2573
02:18:51,500 --> 02:18:55,400
would have seemed strange to 
most ancient people's married 

2574
02:18:55,400 --> 02:18:58,400
couples slept together. 
As a matter, of course, often 

2575
02:18:58,400 --> 02:19:00,299
embeds barely large enough for 
two. 

2576
02:19:01,200 --> 02:19:04,799
This wasnt just about intimacy. 
It was about the fundamental 

2577
02:19:04,799 --> 02:19:08,299
understanding that sleeping 
together was normal that sharing

2578
02:19:08,299 --> 02:19:10,400
warmth. 
And space was how humans 

2579
02:19:10,400 --> 02:19:13,400
naturally rested. 
Imagine a world without alarm 

2580
02:19:13,400 --> 02:19:15,299
clocks. 
Not just turning off your 

2581
02:19:15,299 --> 02:19:18,000
phone's alarm. 
Imagine a world where the very 

2582
02:19:18,000 --> 02:19:20,799
concept of an artificial wake up
signal doesn't exist. 

2583
02:19:21,799 --> 02:19:25,400
Your internal clock synchronized
with natural light cycles would 

2584
02:19:25,400 --> 02:19:29,900
be your alarm. 
The sun rising Birds, beginning 

2585
02:19:29,900 --> 02:19:33,500
their mourning chorus, the 
temperature shift is Darkness 

2586
02:19:33,500 --> 02:19:36,900
gave way today. 
These would be your wake-up call

2587
02:19:36,900 --> 02:19:40,299
and they'd be far more gradual 
and gentle than the jarring. 

2588
02:19:40,299 --> 02:19:42,700
Electronic beep. 
You probably experienced this 

2589
02:19:42,700 --> 02:19:46,299
morning ancient people's woke 
with the dawn not because they 

2590
02:19:46,299 --> 02:19:49,500
were particularly virtuous or 
ambitious but because that's 

2591
02:19:49,500 --> 02:19:52,800
when melatonin production shut 
off in response to increasing 

2592
02:19:52,800 --> 02:19:57,200
light and their bodies naturally
transitioned from sleep to 

2593
02:19:57,200 --> 02:20:01,800
wakefulness, Without artificial 
lighting to extend the evening, 

2594
02:20:01,800 --> 02:20:03,900
they'd go to sleep, much earlier
than you do. 

2595
02:20:03,900 --> 02:20:06,900
So waking at dawn meant getting 
adequate sleep. 

2596
02:20:06,900 --> 02:20:10,400
Not shortening it. 
The process of waking was itself

2597
02:20:10,400 --> 02:20:13,500
quite different instead of an 
Abrupt transition from 

2598
02:20:13,500 --> 02:20:17,600
unconsciousness to alarm, 
induced Panic, ancient people's 

2599
02:20:17,600 --> 02:20:20,300
would experience a gradual 
emergence in to consciousness. 

2600
02:20:21,300 --> 02:20:23,500
Pre-dawn light would start 
registering through closed 

2601
02:20:23,500 --> 02:20:26,300
eyelids. 
The temperature would shift as 

2602
02:20:26,300 --> 02:20:29,700
the sun's first Rays. 
Began warming, the air, the 

2603
02:20:29,700 --> 02:20:32,700
sound environment were changed 
as daytime animals and insects 

2604
02:20:32,700 --> 02:20:34,600
became active. 
This gradual. 

2605
02:20:34,600 --> 02:20:37,300
Awakening meant that people 
often drifted in out of 

2606
02:20:37,308 --> 02:20:41,000
Consciousness for a period 
before fully waking. you might 

2607
02:20:41,008 --> 02:20:44,600
become semi-aware of your 
surroundings shift position, 

2608
02:20:44,600 --> 02:20:48,500
perhaps register the presence of
other people, stirring nearby, 

2609
02:20:49,300 --> 02:20:52,300
Then drift back into light 
sleep, before finally opening 

2610
02:20:52,300 --> 02:20:55,500
your eyes to the day. 
Ancient Romans had a specific 

2611
02:20:55,500 --> 02:21:00,000
term for the pre-dawn hours 
Deluxe meaning when day begins 

2612
02:21:00,000 --> 02:21:02,800
to light up this wasn't clock 
time. 

2613
02:21:02,800 --> 02:21:06,700
It was experiential time the 
period when darkness hadn't 

2614
02:21:06,700 --> 02:21:10,200
fully lifted but enough light 
existed to begin daily 

2615
02:21:10,200 --> 02:21:14,200
activities. 
For early Rises and most Romans 

2616
02:21:14,200 --> 02:21:15,800
were early risers by modern 
standards. 

2617
02:21:15,800 --> 02:21:20,000
This was when the day actually 
started the morning. 

2618
02:21:20,000 --> 02:21:22,800
Rituals that followed waking 
were as elaborate as the evening

2619
02:21:22,800 --> 02:21:25,100
ones though with different 
purposes. 

2620
02:21:26,000 --> 02:21:29,000
Where evening rituals focused on
protection and preparation for 

2621
02:21:29,000 --> 02:21:32,800
vulnerability morning, rituals 
emphasized, purification 

2622
02:21:32,800 --> 02:21:36,000
gratitude and preparation for 
the days activities. 

2623
02:21:36,000 --> 02:21:39,200
Ancient Egyptians would 
immediately wash upon waking 

2624
02:21:39,200 --> 02:21:42,500
using water from clay vessels 
kept in their homes. 

2625
02:21:42,500 --> 02:21:46,400
This wasn't just hygiene. 
It was spiritual cleansing 

2626
02:21:46,400 --> 02:21:50,600
washing away the night and any 
harmful influences and counted 

2627
02:21:50,600 --> 02:21:54,300
during sleeps Journey. 
The water for morning washing 

2628
02:21:54,300 --> 02:21:57,600
might have been scented with 
oils or herbs turning a 

2629
02:21:57,600 --> 02:22:00,500
practical activity into a 
sensory ritual that marked the 

2630
02:22:00,500 --> 02:22:03,700
transition to waking 
consciousness morning prayers, 

2631
02:22:03,700 --> 02:22:06,100
or acknowledgments to household 
Gods came next. 

2632
02:22:06,100 --> 02:22:09,700
In many cultures, having been 
protected through the night, 

2633
02:22:09,700 --> 02:22:13,700
you'd Express gratitude and 
perhaps request guidance or Good

2634
02:22:13,700 --> 02:22:17,700
Fortune for the day ahead. 
These weren't lengthy ceremonies

2635
02:22:17,700 --> 02:22:21,500
just brief recognitions that 
you'd survived another night and

2636
02:22:21,500 --> 02:22:24,800
were beginning another day. 
The ancient practice of dream 

2637
02:22:24,800 --> 02:22:27,400
interpretation often occur 
during these early morning 

2638
02:22:27,400 --> 02:22:31,800
hours, Had a particularly Vivid 
or disturbing dream. 

2639
02:22:31,800 --> 02:22:34,900
You might discuss it with family
members while the dream was 

2640
02:22:34,900 --> 02:22:38,800
still fresh, some cultures kept 
dream journals or consulted 

2641
02:22:38,800 --> 02:22:40,500
dream. 
Interpreters, who maintained 

2642
02:22:40,500 --> 02:22:42,500
elaborate systems for 
understanding dream? 

2643
02:22:42,500 --> 02:22:45,700
Symbolism ancient Chinese 
culture developed sophisticated 

2644
02:22:45,700 --> 02:22:49,800
dream interpretation systems 
with different types of Dreams 

2645
02:22:49,800 --> 02:22:51,700
believed to carry different 
meanings. 

2646
02:22:52,500 --> 02:22:55,200
A dream during first sleep, 
might be treated differently 

2647
02:22:55,200 --> 02:22:56,700
than a dream during Second 
sleep. 

2648
02:22:57,500 --> 02:22:59,900
Dreams that occurred just before
waking were considered 

2649
02:22:59,900 --> 02:23:02,600
particularly significant as 
though. 

2650
02:23:02,600 --> 02:23:05,200
The message is being conveyed 
needed to be immediately 

2651
02:23:05,200 --> 02:23:07,800
available to waking 
consciousness breakfast. 

2652
02:23:07,800 --> 02:23:11,100
As we know it, a substantial 
meal eating shortly after waking

2653
02:23:11,100 --> 02:23:13,600
didn't exist. 
In many ancient cultures. 

2654
02:23:13,600 --> 02:23:16,200
Romans. 
Generally skipped, morning, 

2655
02:23:16,200 --> 02:23:18,800
food, or had only a small bite 
of bread. 

2656
02:23:20,100 --> 02:23:21,900
Their main meal came in the 
afternoon. 

2657
02:23:21,900 --> 02:23:25,800
This pattern makes sense when 
you consider the ancient peoples

2658
02:23:25,800 --> 02:23:28,300
might have had a light snack 
During the wakeful period 

2659
02:23:28,300 --> 02:23:31,800
between first and second sleep. 
Meaning, they weren't waking 

2660
02:23:31,800 --> 02:23:34,400
from as long, a fast as modern 
breakfast suggests. 

2661
02:23:34,400 --> 02:23:37,500
However, morning drinks were 
important to cross many 

2662
02:23:37,500 --> 02:23:41,300
cultures, ancient peoples, were 
drink water, sometimes flavored 

2663
02:23:41,300 --> 02:23:45,100
with herbs or diluted wine. 
These morning beverages served 

2664
02:23:45,100 --> 02:23:48,500
practical purposes rehydration 
after the night. 

2665
02:23:48,500 --> 02:23:52,800
But also ritual purposes, a 
first taste that marked the 

2666
02:23:52,800 --> 02:23:55,200
transition from sleeping to 
waking State. 

2667
02:23:55,200 --> 02:23:58,800
The social aspects of morning in
communal, living situations 

2668
02:23:58,800 --> 02:24:01,700
meant that waking up involved 
immediately re-engaging with 

2669
02:24:01,700 --> 02:24:04,500
your household. 
There was no private morning 

2670
02:24:04,500 --> 02:24:08,500
routine in a separate bedroom. 
No time to gradually caffeinate 

2671
02:24:08,500 --> 02:24:12,800
in isolation, you'd wake to find
others already stirring and 

2672
02:24:12,800 --> 02:24:15,000
you'd all navigate the 
transition from sleep to 

2673
02:24:15,000 --> 02:24:17,600
wakefulness. 
As a group, children waking in 

2674
02:24:17,600 --> 02:24:20,200
ancient households would be 
integrated into the morning 

2675
02:24:20,200 --> 02:24:23,300
routine immediately. 
There was no concept of letting 

2676
02:24:23,300 --> 02:24:26,400
children sleep in or shielding 
them from early morning 

2677
02:24:26,400 --> 02:24:29,100
activities. 
From Young ages children 

2678
02:24:29,100 --> 02:24:33,000
participated in morning, chores 
and rituals learning The rhythms

2679
02:24:33,000 --> 02:24:35,200
of daily life through immersion 
ancient. 

2680
02:24:35,200 --> 02:24:38,900
People also had to deal with the
Practical consequences of sleep.

2681
02:24:39,800 --> 02:24:41,800
Bedding needed to be aired or 
put away. 

2682
02:24:41,800 --> 02:24:46,100
Sleeping spaces needed to be 
converted to daytime, use and 

2683
02:24:46,100 --> 02:24:48,300
night soil needed to be disposed
of. 

2684
02:24:49,300 --> 02:24:51,000
These morning, chores weren't 
optional. 

2685
02:24:51,000 --> 02:24:53,400
Extras. 
They were essential parts of 

2686
02:24:53,400 --> 02:24:55,700
daily life. 
That everyone participated in 

2687
02:24:55,700 --> 02:24:59,100
the Morning, Light itself had 
significance Beyond mere 

2688
02:24:59,100 --> 02:25:02,900
visibility Ancient cultures, 
generally believed that Morning,

2689
02:25:02,900 --> 02:25:04,400
Light carried, special 
properties. 

2690
02:25:04,400 --> 02:25:09,100
That the first of sun held power
that dissipated as the day 

2691
02:25:09,100 --> 02:25:13,100
progressed, some people made a 
point of exposing themselves to 

2692
02:25:13,100 --> 02:25:17,100
early morning, sunlight standing
in doorways or Windows to let 

2693
02:25:17,100 --> 02:25:18,600
the door light fall on their 
skin. 

2694
02:25:18,600 --> 02:25:22,800
This practice had biological 
validity, that ancient people's 

2695
02:25:22,800 --> 02:25:26,000
couldn't have understood in 
modern terms, Morning, light, 

2696
02:25:26,000 --> 02:25:27,900
exposure helps reset your 
circadian. 

2697
02:25:27,900 --> 02:25:32,300
Rhythm suppresses lingering, 
melatonin and triggers cortisol 

2698
02:25:32,300 --> 02:25:34,100
production. 
That helps you feel alert. 

2699
02:25:35,100 --> 02:25:37,500
Ancient people's new empirically
that greeting. 

2700
02:25:37,500 --> 02:25:40,900
The Dawn made, you feel better 
even if they attributed this to 

2701
02:25:40,900 --> 02:25:44,600
spiritual rather than 
biochemical mechanisms seasonal.

2702
02:25:44,600 --> 02:25:48,000
Variations in Sunrise, meant 
that morning occurred at quite 

2703
02:25:48,000 --> 02:25:49,600
different clock times throughout
the year. 

2704
02:25:50,500 --> 02:25:53,600
Ancient people's adjusted, their
schedules naturally with these 

2705
02:25:53,600 --> 02:25:57,700
changes, some might mean waking 
very early by modern standards. 

2706
02:25:57,700 --> 02:26:01,900
Winter, might mean sleeping. 
Later, this flexible 

2707
02:26:01,900 --> 02:26:05,200
relationship with time governed 
by natural light, rather than 

2708
02:26:05,200 --> 02:26:09,200
arbitrary clock conventions. 
Kept ancient people's more 

2709
02:26:09,200 --> 02:26:10,800
synchronized with natural 
rhythms. 

2710
02:26:10,800 --> 02:26:13,700
The Morning Sounds of ancient 
communities would have been 

2711
02:26:13,700 --> 02:26:17,300
remarkably different from Modern
morning commutes in stead of 

2712
02:26:17,308 --> 02:26:18,600
traffic and alarm. 
Clocks. 

2713
02:26:18,600 --> 02:26:22,000
You'd hear roosters crowing 
animals, being let out of 

2714
02:26:22,000 --> 02:26:25,700
nighttime enclosures, the first 
sounds of cooking fires being 

2715
02:26:25,700 --> 02:26:29,700
kindled water, being drawn from 
Wells, and people, greeting 

2716
02:26:29,700 --> 02:26:33,400
neighbors, as they emerged in to
the new day morning, was also 

2717
02:26:33,400 --> 02:26:35,000
when dreams would fade from 
memory. 

2718
02:26:35,000 --> 02:26:38,300
And most people though, 
particularly vivid dreams might 

2719
02:26:38,300 --> 02:26:42,200
linger ancient people who wanted
to remember their dreams would 

2720
02:26:42,200 --> 02:26:45,500
speak them aloud immediately 
upon waking, he telling them to 

2721
02:26:45,500 --> 02:26:47,500
Companions or repeating them to 
themselves. 

2722
02:26:48,800 --> 02:26:51,400
This practice of dream telling 
helped preserve the dream 

2723
02:26:51,400 --> 02:26:53,700
content, and also serve social 
functions. 

2724
02:26:54,600 --> 02:26:57,800
As dream sharing was often a way
of maintaining intimate bonds, 

2725
02:26:57,800 --> 02:27:01,700
the physical sensation of waking
in ancient sleeping Arrangements

2726
02:27:01,700 --> 02:27:05,800
on surfaces harder than modern 
mattresses in rooms without 

2727
02:27:05,800 --> 02:27:09,200
climate control, possibly, with 
morning due on your face, if 

2728
02:27:09,200 --> 02:27:12,300
you'd slept Outdoors. 
Would have been quite different 

2729
02:27:12,300 --> 02:27:15,400
from Modern waking. 
Your body would be stiff from 

2730
02:27:15,400 --> 02:27:18,000
the night's rest needing 
movement and stretching to 

2731
02:27:18,000 --> 02:27:21,300
limber up this morning. 
Stiffness would motivate people 

2732
02:27:21,300 --> 02:27:24,400
to begin physical activity 
fairly quickly after waking, 

2733
02:27:24,400 --> 02:27:27,800
which probably contributed to 
overall Fitness levels. 

2734
02:27:27,800 --> 02:27:31,000
Ancient peoples understood that 
how you began the day, 

2735
02:27:31,000 --> 02:27:35,500
influenced, everything that 
followed Morning wasn't just a 

2736
02:27:35,500 --> 02:27:37,300
time to mechanically prepare for
work. 

2737
02:27:37,300 --> 02:27:40,900
It was when you set your mental 
and spiritual orientation for 

2738
02:27:40,900 --> 02:27:44,400
the hours ahead. 
The rituals prayers, greetings 

2739
02:27:44,400 --> 02:27:48,000
and small ceremonies that marked
the transition from sleep to 

2740
02:27:48,000 --> 02:27:52,200
wakefulness or investments in 
having a good day, creating 

2741
02:27:52,200 --> 02:27:55,500
positive momentum, that would 
carry through until evening when

2742
02:27:55,500 --> 02:27:58,300
the cycle began. 
Again, as you lie there to night

2743
02:27:58,300 --> 02:28:01,400
in your controlled environment 
with your white noise machine 

2744
02:28:01,400 --> 02:28:06,000
and your sleep tracking app. 
Consider, this ancient people's 

2745
02:28:06,000 --> 02:28:09,600
understood something about sleep
that are modern obsession with 

2746
02:28:09,600 --> 02:28:13,500
optimization sometimes misses 
They need that sleep. 

2747
02:28:13,500 --> 02:28:16,700
Wasn't something to be conquered
controlled or perfected. 

2748
02:28:16,700 --> 02:28:19,600
It was something to be 
surrendered to a natural 

2749
02:28:19,600 --> 02:28:21,600
process. 
That worked best when you stop 

2750
02:28:21,600 --> 02:28:24,200
trying to manage it. 
The ancient relationship with 

2751
02:28:24,200 --> 02:28:26,800
sleep was fundamentally 
different from ours. 

2752
02:28:27,600 --> 02:28:30,500
Sleep wasn't a problem to solve 
or a resource to optimize. 

2753
02:28:30,500 --> 02:28:34,200
It was simply part of the 
natural cycle of life, as 

2754
02:28:34,200 --> 02:28:38,100
inevitable and necessary as 
breathing, You didn't worry 

2755
02:28:38,100 --> 02:28:39,600
about whether you were getting 
the right? 

2756
02:28:39,600 --> 02:28:43,400
Kind of sleep or achieving 
optimal REM percentages. 

2757
02:28:44,300 --> 02:28:48,700
You slept when darkness fell 
woke, when light returned and 

2758
02:28:48,700 --> 02:28:52,600
trusted that your body knew what
it needed, this trust in natural

2759
02:28:52,600 --> 02:28:55,600
processes extended to dealing 
with sleep difficulties. 

2760
02:28:56,500 --> 02:28:59,200
If you couldn't sleep, you 
didn't Panic about it, you'd 

2761
02:28:59,200 --> 02:29:02,800
like quietly thinking, perhaps, 
doing the contemplative work 

2762
02:29:02,800 --> 02:29:05,700
that the period between first 
and second sleep was meant for 

2763
02:29:06,800 --> 02:29:09,700
The understanding was that your 
body would eventually sleep when

2764
02:29:09,700 --> 02:29:14,000
it truly needed to and forcing, 
it was counterproductive ancient

2765
02:29:14,000 --> 02:29:16,300
people. 
Also recognized that sleep needs

2766
02:29:16,300 --> 02:29:19,700
varied by season. 
Winter sleep was longer and 

2767
02:29:19,700 --> 02:29:22,300
deeper matching the extended 
Darkness. 

2768
02:29:23,200 --> 02:29:26,500
Summer, sleep was lighter and 
shorter aligning with brief 

2769
02:29:26,500 --> 02:29:29,500
nights. 
This seasonal variation in sleep

2770
02:29:29,500 --> 02:29:31,300
patterns is something modern 
society. 

2771
02:29:31,300 --> 02:29:35,800
Largely ignores expecting 
consistently duration year round

2772
02:29:35,800 --> 02:29:39,600
despite living at latitudes 
where daling varies dramatically

2773
02:29:40,600 --> 02:29:43,700
The quality of Darkness also 
affected ancient sleep in ways 

2774
02:29:43,700 --> 02:29:47,400
we rarely experience. 
True Darkness, the kind that 

2775
02:29:47,400 --> 02:29:51,200
exists miles from any artificial
light source, produces a depth 

2776
02:29:51,200 --> 02:29:54,800
of visual Blackness that most 
modern people never encounter. 

2777
02:29:55,900 --> 02:30:00,200
In this profound Darkness, your 
eyes would fully adapt your 

2778
02:30:00,200 --> 02:30:03,700
pupils dilating to their 
maximum, and you'd perceive 

2779
02:30:03,700 --> 02:30:07,400
subtle variations in darkness, 
that would be invisible in light

2780
02:30:07,400 --> 02:30:11,400
polluted modern environments. 
This quality of Darkness did 

2781
02:30:11,400 --> 02:30:12,800
something to human 
consciousness. 

2782
02:30:13,800 --> 02:30:17,000
Without any light stimuli your 
brain would fully commit and 

2783
02:30:17,000 --> 02:30:18,300
nighttime. 
Neurochemistry. 

2784
02:30:19,200 --> 02:30:22,200
Melatonin production would be 
robust and sustained. 

2785
02:30:23,000 --> 02:30:25,700
The transition between waking 
and sleeping, Consciousness 

2786
02:30:25,700 --> 02:30:29,800
would be smoother, less jarring.
Sleep itself would be deeper in 

2787
02:30:29,800 --> 02:30:32,600
its deep phases and more 
complete in its Cycles. 

2788
02:30:32,600 --> 02:30:36,000
Ancient people's experience. 
Whether during sleep in ways, 

2789
02:30:36,000 --> 02:30:40,900
modern people don't rain on a 
thatched roof, wind moving 

2790
02:30:40,900 --> 02:30:43,800
through the sleeping space 
temperature drops during the 

2791
02:30:43,800 --> 02:30:47,200
night, all these would register 
and sleeping Consciousness. 

2792
02:30:47,200 --> 02:30:52,100
Creating a continuous thread of 
awareness, connecting sleeper to

2793
02:30:52,100 --> 02:30:55,200
environment. 
You will never completely 

2794
02:30:55,200 --> 02:30:58,900
isolated from the natural world 
even during sleeps deepest 

2795
02:30:58,900 --> 02:31:01,400
phases. 
This ongoing connection to the 

2796
02:31:01,400 --> 02:31:04,500
environment meant that ancient 
peoples, developed sophisticated

2797
02:31:04,500 --> 02:31:07,100
unconscious awareness of 
nighttime conditions. 

2798
02:31:07,100 --> 02:31:10,200
You'd wake. 
If wind shifted to a direction 

2799
02:31:10,200 --> 02:31:12,300
that might bring rain into your 
sleeping space. 

2800
02:31:12,300 --> 02:31:15,200
You'd stir if the temperature 
dropped enough to require 

2801
02:31:15,200 --> 02:31:19,300
pulling up additional covering 
You'd register unusual sounds 

2802
02:31:19,300 --> 02:31:21,300
that might signal danger without
fully waking. 

2803
02:31:22,200 --> 02:31:25,100
This vigilance was the price of 
sleeping in less protected 

2804
02:31:25,100 --> 02:31:28,600
environments, but it also kept 
you integrated with natural 

2805
02:31:28,600 --> 02:31:31,200
rhythms the social dimension of 
sleep. 

2806
02:31:31,200 --> 02:31:35,000
Also created different patterns 
of consciousness Sleeping near 

2807
02:31:35,000 --> 02:31:36,900
other people. 
Met your sleeping mind was 

2808
02:31:36,900 --> 02:31:39,700
tracking their presence their 
breathing rhythms and their 

2809
02:31:39,700 --> 02:31:43,000
movements. 
This wasnt exactly awareness. 

2810
02:31:43,000 --> 02:31:47,300
You weren't conscious of it. 
But it created a baseline of 

2811
02:31:47,300 --> 02:31:49,800
social connection that continued
through sleep. 

2812
02:31:50,800 --> 02:31:54,400
Humans are social animals and 
having that social presence 

2813
02:31:54,400 --> 02:31:58,200
during vulnerability may have 
been deeply comforting at levels

2814
02:31:58,200 --> 02:32:00,600
below. 
Conscious recognition, ancient 

2815
02:32:00,600 --> 02:32:04,100
peoples had elaborate folklore 
about sleep and its liminal 

2816
02:32:04,100 --> 02:32:07,300
States. 
The hypnagogic period that 

2817
02:32:07,300 --> 02:32:10,500
transitional State between 
waking and sleeping was 

2818
02:32:10,500 --> 02:32:14,300
recognized as a special kind of 
Consciousness where Visions 

2819
02:32:14,300 --> 02:32:17,900
might appear where the boundary 
between inner and outer worlds 

2820
02:32:17,900 --> 02:32:21,700
became porous Some cultures 
deliberately cultivated this 

2821
02:32:21,700 --> 02:32:24,700
state for divination or creative
inspiration. 

2822
02:32:24,700 --> 02:32:27,200
Similarly, the hypnopompic. 
Period. 

2823
02:32:27,200 --> 02:32:30,300
The transition from sleep to 
waking was considered 

2824
02:32:30,300 --> 02:32:35,700
significant messages received in
this state vision seen or 

2825
02:32:35,700 --> 02:32:37,600
thoughts. 
Arising might be treated as 

2826
02:32:37,600 --> 02:32:40,800
particularly important 
representing the last 

2827
02:32:40,800 --> 02:32:42,400
communications from the 
dreaming. 

2828
02:32:42,400 --> 02:32:45,000
Mind before waking 
consciousness, reasserted 

2829
02:32:45,000 --> 02:32:49,400
control sleep paralysis, that 
unsettling experience where you 

2830
02:32:49,400 --> 02:32:52,700
wake, but can't move was 
universally recognized and 

2831
02:32:52,700 --> 02:32:55,100
explained through various 
cultural Frameworks. 

2832
02:32:55,800 --> 02:33:00,100
Where the scene is visits from 
Spirits attacks by demons or 

2833
02:33:00,100 --> 02:33:04,300
natural physiological events. 
Ancient people had ways of 

2834
02:33:04,300 --> 02:33:08,000
understanding and coping with 
these experiences, The cultural 

2835
02:33:08,000 --> 02:33:10,900
explanations might seem 
superstitious to Modern minds, 

2836
02:33:10,900 --> 02:33:14,600
but they served important 
psychological functions giving 

2837
02:33:14,600 --> 02:33:16,300
people Frameworks for 
processing. 

2838
02:33:16,300 --> 02:33:20,300
Frightening, experience is the 
ancient understanding of sleep. 

2839
02:33:20,300 --> 02:33:23,900
Also included recognition that 
some people naturally needed 

2840
02:33:23,900 --> 02:33:27,200
more sleep than others that 
sleep patterns varied across 

2841
02:33:27,200 --> 02:33:29,500
life stages. 
And that temporary sleep 

2842
02:33:29,500 --> 02:33:32,800
disruption as usually resolve 
themselves without intervention.

2843
02:33:33,700 --> 02:33:37,000
This wisdom that sleep is 
inherently variable and 

2844
02:33:37,000 --> 02:33:40,300
self-regulating is something 
modern sleep science. 

2845
02:33:40,300 --> 02:33:44,300
As essentially rediscovered 
ancient peoples, also recognize 

2846
02:33:44,300 --> 02:33:47,000
the connection between physical 
activity and Sleep Quality, 

2847
02:33:47,900 --> 02:33:51,000
Their daily lives involved far 
more physical labor than most 

2848
02:33:51,000 --> 02:33:54,700
modern occupations require. 
This natural exhaustion 

2849
02:33:54,700 --> 02:33:57,100
produced, good. 
Sleep is a simple consequence of

2850
02:33:57,100 --> 02:34:00,800
bodies needing recovery. 
The modern epidemic of sleep 

2851
02:34:00,800 --> 02:34:04,100
problems correlates with 
sedentary lifestyles in ways 

2852
02:34:04,100 --> 02:34:07,800
that ancient people and never 
experience because their lives 

2853
02:34:07,800 --> 02:34:11,500
demanded physical engagement. 
The absence of caffeine in most 

2854
02:34:11,500 --> 02:34:15,500
ancient cultures tea and coffee 
came later, meant that people's 

2855
02:34:15,500 --> 02:34:19,000
natural sleep wake rhythms 
weren't disrupted by stimulants.

2856
02:34:19,000 --> 02:34:22,200
You'd feel sleepy when your body
said it was time to sleep 

2857
02:34:22,200 --> 02:34:25,400
without artificial alertness 
from afternoon, coffee 

2858
02:34:25,400 --> 02:34:27,500
interfering with natural 
drowsiness. 

2859
02:34:28,300 --> 02:34:32,100
Your circadian rhythm would 
operate cleanly undisturbed by 

2860
02:34:32,100 --> 02:34:35,500
chemical interventions. 
Ancient people also benefited 

2861
02:34:35,500 --> 02:34:38,100
from the absence of blue light 
exposure in the hours before 

2862
02:34:38,100 --> 02:34:40,900
sleep. 
Every light source, they used 

2863
02:34:40,900 --> 02:34:44,900
fires oil lamps can handle's 
omitted warm. 

2864
02:34:44,900 --> 02:34:48,200
Reddish light, that didn't 
suppress melatonin production 

2865
02:34:48,200 --> 02:34:52,200
the way modern screens do. 
The evening hours would see the 

2866
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:55,900
natural ramping up of sleep, 
hormones uninterrupted by the 

2867
02:34:55,900 --> 02:34:59,000
biological alarm signals that 
blue light, sends to the brain, 

2868
02:34:59,000 --> 02:35:01,800
as you prepare to sleep tonight.
Surrounded by modern 

2869
02:35:01,800 --> 02:35:04,400
conveniences, that would have 
seen miraculous to ancient 

2870
02:35:04,400 --> 02:35:06,900
peoples. 
You might wonder which approach 

2871
02:35:06,900 --> 02:35:10,700
to sleep is actually better. 
The honest answer is 

2872
02:35:10,700 --> 02:35:14,600
complicated, Modern Life has 
brought enormous benefits. 

2873
02:35:14,600 --> 02:35:18,600
Climate control protection from 
predators and disease, vectors 

2874
02:35:18,600 --> 02:35:22,500
comfortable mattresses and the 
ability to sleep securely even 

2875
02:35:22,500 --> 02:35:26,700
when living alone These aren't 
trivial advantages, but ancient 

2876
02:35:26,700 --> 02:35:28,500
sleep patterns, also offered 
benefits. 

2877
02:35:28,500 --> 02:35:33,200
We've lost The synchronization 
with natural light cycles, the 

2878
02:35:33,200 --> 02:35:35,300
social bonding of communal 
sleeping. 

2879
02:35:35,300 --> 02:35:39,600
The bi phasic sleep pattern that
included in contemplation time 

2880
02:35:39,600 --> 02:35:41,800
the integration with seasonal 
rhythms. 

2881
02:35:41,800 --> 02:35:45,400
All these represented a kind of 
wisdom we've traded away from 

2882
02:35:45,400 --> 02:35:48,700
Modern sleeper Arrangements. 
The real lesson isn't that 

2883
02:35:48,700 --> 02:35:52,100
ancient sleep was better or 
worse than modern sleep but that

2884
02:35:52,100 --> 02:35:56,000
sleep is deeply influenced by 
culture environment and 

2885
02:35:56,000 --> 02:35:59,300
expectations. 
Ancient peoples didn't have 

2886
02:35:59,300 --> 02:36:02,100
worse sleep because their 
mattresses were lumpy and their 

2887
02:36:02,100 --> 02:36:05,700
rooms were cold. 
They had different sleep adapted

2888
02:36:05,700 --> 02:36:08,400
to different circumstances and 
serving different needs. 

2889
02:36:08,400 --> 02:36:11,700
Your ancestors would find your 
sleeping arrangements as 

2890
02:36:11,700 --> 02:36:12,900
strangers as you find. 
Theirs. 

2891
02:36:12,900 --> 02:36:15,800
A room, all to yourself a 
mattress. 

2892
02:36:15,800 --> 02:36:19,900
So soft it might swallow you 
Complete darkness achieved 

2893
02:36:19,900 --> 02:36:23,600
through room darkening shades. 
Temperature control to the 

2894
02:36:23,600 --> 02:36:25,400
degree. 
To them. 

2895
02:36:25,400 --> 02:36:28,600
This would seem like sleeping in
an isolation chamber, cut off 

2896
02:36:28,600 --> 02:36:32,100
from Human connection natural 
rhythms and the protective 

2897
02:36:32,100 --> 02:36:34,900
presence of family and 
household, but they'd probably 

2898
02:36:34,908 --> 02:36:38,300
also appreciate aspects of 
modern sleep, not having to 

2899
02:36:38,300 --> 02:36:40,900
worry about Predators or 
Intruders, would be a relief. 

2900
02:36:41,600 --> 02:36:43,800
Sleeping on a surface that 
doesn't hurt your back. 

2901
02:36:43,800 --> 02:36:46,600
Would be welcome. 
Having sufficient blankets to 

2902
02:36:46,600 --> 02:36:48,800
stay warm all night would be 
luxurious. 

2903
02:36:49,800 --> 02:36:52,700
Being able to sleep past Dawn. 
If you wanted to would seem like

2904
02:36:52,700 --> 02:36:57,000
incredible Freedom, as you drift
off to night your participating 

2905
02:36:57,000 --> 02:37:00,900
in one of Humanity's, most 
ancient activities, one that is 

2906
02:37:00,900 --> 02:37:05,100
connected every generation of 
humans who have ever lived your 

2907
02:37:05,100 --> 02:37:07,500
surrendering to the same 
vulnerability that your 

2908
02:37:07,500 --> 02:37:11,400
ancestors surrendered to 
trusting, the Consciousness will

2909
02:37:11,400 --> 02:37:14,100
return in the morning. 
Just as it has for countless 

2910
02:37:14,100 --> 02:37:17,100
Millennia, the rituals you 
perform before sleep. 

2911
02:37:18,200 --> 02:37:21,100
King. 
Lots setting alarms arranging 

2912
02:37:21,100 --> 02:37:24,500
pillows Echo. 
The protective rituals ancient 

2913
02:37:24,500 --> 02:37:28,500
people's performed even if the 
specific threats your guarding 

2914
02:37:28,500 --> 02:37:32,200
against of change, The desire 
for security during 

2915
02:37:32,200 --> 02:37:35,400
vulnerability is universal, 
whether you're addressing it 

2916
02:37:35,400 --> 02:37:38,700
with talismans and prayers or 
deadbolts and alarm systems. 

2917
02:37:38,700 --> 02:37:42,600
And as you sleep, your brain 
will do, essentially what your 

2918
02:37:42,600 --> 02:37:45,700
ancestors brains did cycle 
through sleep stages. 

2919
02:37:45,700 --> 02:37:51,000
Consolidate memories process, 
emotions clean metabolic waste 

2920
02:37:51,000 --> 02:37:54,200
from neural tissue and prepare 
for tomorrow's waking hours. 

2921
02:37:55,400 --> 02:37:59,300
Fundamental neurobiology of 
sleep hasn't changed even if 

2922
02:37:59,300 --> 02:38:02,400
nearly everything else, about 
how we sleep as transformed. 

2923
02:38:02,400 --> 02:38:06,600
So sleep well tonight knowing 
your participating in ancient 

2924
02:38:06,600 --> 02:38:10,400
human tradition whether your 
sleeping alone or with a partner

2925
02:38:10,400 --> 02:38:15,000
in, A soft bed or a firm one 
waking to an alarm or to Natural

2926
02:38:15,000 --> 02:38:17,500
Light. 
Your joining, billions of humans

2927
02:38:17,500 --> 02:38:20,800
across thousands of years who 
have closed their eyes each 

2928
02:38:20,800 --> 02:38:24,300
night and trusted that morning 
would come and it always has 

2929
02:38:28,200 --> 02:38:30,200
There is a version of the 
Vikings that lives in your head 

2930
02:38:30,200 --> 02:38:33,400
already horned helmets burning 
ship's. 

2931
02:38:34,200 --> 02:38:38,700
Axis swinging through fog, it is
a vivid picture and it has been 

2932
02:38:38,708 --> 02:38:41,500
there so long that most people 
never stopped to wonder where it

2933
02:38:41,500 --> 02:38:44,900
came from. 
The truth is almost none of it 

2934
02:38:44,900 --> 02:38:48,700
is accurate and the real story 
is so much more interesting that

2935
02:38:48,700 --> 02:38:52,400
once you see it, the old one 
starts to feel like a costume 

2936
02:38:52,400 --> 02:38:53,900
someone else picked out for 
them. 

2937
02:38:55,000 --> 02:38:57,500
Let us start at the very 
beginning before any of it 

2938
02:38:57,500 --> 02:39:00,400
happened. 
Before the raids before the 

2939
02:39:00,400 --> 02:39:04,300
Legends before the fear. 
In the Years leading up to 

2940
02:39:04,300 --> 02:39:09,100
roughly the late 700 CE. 
Scandinavia was not a land of 

2941
02:39:09,108 --> 02:39:11,000
Warriors, waiting to be 
Unleashed on the world. 

2942
02:39:12,000 --> 02:39:15,300
It was a land of farmers 
fishermen and crafts. 

2943
02:39:15,300 --> 02:39:17,800
People living in one of the 
harsher climates in northern 

2944
02:39:17,800 --> 02:39:21,100
Europe. 
The winters were brutal, the 

2945
02:39:21,100 --> 02:39:25,200
growing seasons were short. 
The soil in many places was 

2946
02:39:25,200 --> 02:39:31,600
thin, Rocky and stubborn. 
This was not a paradise, it was 

2947
02:39:31,600 --> 02:39:34,400
a place where people had to be 
clever, just to get through the 

2948
02:39:34,400 --> 02:39:37,200
year and they were clever 
extraordinarily. 

2949
02:39:37,200 --> 02:39:41,000
So think about what it actually 
takes to survive in a place like

2950
02:39:41,000 --> 02:39:44,000
that, you cannot rely on a 
single crop. 

2951
02:39:44,000 --> 02:39:47,900
You cannot assume the sea will 
be generous, you cannot afford 

2952
02:39:47,900 --> 02:39:52,300
to waste anything because there 
is no margin for error, every 

2953
02:39:52,300 --> 02:39:56,300
household operated like a small 
quiet machine with moving Parts.

2954
02:39:56,300 --> 02:40:00,200
Each one doing something 
essential The people who lived 

2955
02:40:00,200 --> 02:40:02,600
here did not think of themselves
as Vikings by the way. 

2956
02:40:03,500 --> 02:40:06,600
That word came later and it only
applied to a small number of 

2957
02:40:06,600 --> 02:40:10,300
people who went on Expeditions, 
most of them never left home. 

2958
02:40:10,300 --> 02:40:13,400
Most of them lived and died 
within a few miles of where they

2959
02:40:13,400 --> 02:40:17,400
were born and they built a world
there that worked What makes 

2960
02:40:17,400 --> 02:40:20,100
this so fascinating? 
Is that the skills they 

2961
02:40:20,100 --> 02:40:22,800
developed during those long cold
years of survival? 

2962
02:40:22,800 --> 02:40:26,100
Other same skills that would 
later make them some of the most

2963
02:40:26,100 --> 02:40:30,700
effective Traders, settlers and 
Navigators in human history. 

2964
02:40:31,600 --> 02:40:34,400
It was not that they woke up one
morning and decided to conquer 

2965
02:40:34,400 --> 02:40:36,700
the Seas. 
It was that they had already 

2966
02:40:36,700 --> 02:40:40,000
spent Generations learning 
exactly what they needed to know

2967
02:40:40,000 --> 02:40:43,900
the land itself shaped them in 
ways that are easy to overlook. 

2968
02:40:44,800 --> 02:40:49,700
Scandinavia is not flat. 
It is carved up by fuels broken 

2969
02:40:49,700 --> 02:40:53,000
into Ireland's and divided by 
mountains and rivers. 

2970
02:40:53,900 --> 02:40:57,300
This means that even traveling, 
short distance is required, an 

2971
02:40:57,300 --> 02:41:01,000
intimate understanding of water.
You could not simply walk from 

2972
02:41:01,000 --> 02:41:04,200
one Valley to the next. 
You have to go around or you had

2973
02:41:04,208 --> 02:41:08,800
to go across The boat was not a 
luxury, it was the basic unit of

2974
02:41:08,800 --> 02:41:12,600
Transportation, the way a road 
or a path might be in a flatter 

2975
02:41:12,600 --> 02:41:15,100
country. 
Children grew up watching their 

2976
02:41:15,100 --> 02:41:18,700
parents navigate inlets and 
channels the way you might watch

2977
02:41:18,700 --> 02:41:19,900
yours. 
Parallel park. 

2978
02:41:19,900 --> 02:41:23,900
It was ordinary, it was 
necessary and it made them 

2979
02:41:23,900 --> 02:41:27,500
extraordinarily good at it. 
There is something worth pausing

2980
02:41:27,500 --> 02:41:30,800
on here, because it changes the 
way you understand, everything 

2981
02:41:30,800 --> 02:41:33,900
that comes after. 
The Vikings did not arrive in 

2982
02:41:33,900 --> 02:41:37,100
history as conquerors. 
They arrived as people who had 

2983
02:41:37,100 --> 02:41:40,400
already mastered a set of skills
that happened to be enormously 

2984
02:41:40,400 --> 02:41:45,200
useful in a world, where Rivers,
coastlines, and open water with 

2985
02:41:45,200 --> 02:41:47,100
a main highways of trade and 
travel. 

2986
02:41:48,000 --> 02:41:50,800
When the rest of Europe looked 
at them, they saw Raiders. 

2987
02:41:51,700 --> 02:41:54,600
What they were really looking at
was the product of centuries of 

2988
02:41:54,608 --> 02:41:59,500
quiet unglamorous adaptation. 
The early North Society was also

2989
02:41:59,500 --> 02:42:02,400
far less militaristic than the 
reputation suggests. 

2990
02:42:03,200 --> 02:42:06,700
Yes, there were weapons. 
And yes, there were conflicts 

2991
02:42:06,700 --> 02:42:10,500
between communities, but Warfare
was not the organizing principle

2992
02:42:10,500 --> 02:42:13,500
of daily life. 
It was one activity, among many 

2993
02:42:13,500 --> 02:42:17,000
and for most people, it was 
something that happened rarely 

2994
02:42:17,000 --> 02:42:21,500
if at all The majority of 
Norsemen were farmers first and 

2995
02:42:21,500 --> 02:42:24,300
everything else. 
Second, they grew, barley and 

2996
02:42:24,300 --> 02:42:28,100
rye. 
Cattle and sheep and goats they 

2997
02:42:28,100 --> 02:42:32,200
fished, they traded. 
They built things, they argued 

2998
02:42:32,200 --> 02:42:34,500
with their neighbors, over 
boundary lines and grazing 

2999
02:42:34,500 --> 02:42:36,600
rights. 
The way neighbors have argued 

3000
02:42:36,600 --> 02:42:39,500
over property since the first 
person, drew a line in the dirt,

3001
02:42:40,100 --> 02:42:44,100
What is particularly striking is
how egalitarian nor Society was 

3002
02:42:44,100 --> 02:42:45,700
compared to much of the rest of 
the world. 

3003
02:42:45,700 --> 02:42:49,600
At that time, there were 
distinctions certainly, there 

3004
02:42:49,600 --> 02:42:53,500
were thralls who were enslaved 
people and that is a dark and 

3005
02:42:53,500 --> 02:42:56,100
important part of the history 
that deserves acknowledgment. 

3006
02:42:57,100 --> 02:43:00,900
There were all Souls, who were 
something like local Lords and 

3007
02:43:00,900 --> 02:43:05,500
Carl's who were free farmers and
thralls, who occupied various 

3008
02:43:05,500 --> 02:43:08,900
positions in between. 
But the gap between the top and 

3009
02:43:08,900 --> 02:43:12,900
the bottom was not nearly as 
vast as it was in say feudal, 

3010
02:43:12,900 --> 02:43:17,500
France, or Anglo-Saxon England. 
A successful farmer could 

3011
02:43:17,500 --> 02:43:20,400
accumulate enough wealth and 
influence to stand in a long 

3012
02:43:20,408 --> 02:43:23,000
house and speak with genuine 
Authority. 

3013
02:43:24,200 --> 02:43:27,400
The system was stratified, but 
it was not rigid in the way that

3014
02:43:27,400 --> 02:43:29,700
many other European societies 
were at the time. 

3015
02:43:30,600 --> 02:43:33,500
This matters because it meant 
that a wider range of people had

3016
02:43:33,500 --> 02:43:37,300
a stake in making things work. 
You did not need Royal 

3017
02:43:37,300 --> 02:43:40,000
permission to build a boat or 
sale to a new fishing ground. 

3018
02:43:40,000 --> 02:43:43,600
You did not need a king's 
blessing to trade with a 

3019
02:43:43,600 --> 02:43:46,000
neighboring Community initiative
was not. 

3020
02:43:46,000 --> 02:43:51,200
Punished Ingenuity was rewarded 
and in a landscape that demanded

3021
02:43:51,200 --> 02:43:55,000
both this created a culture of 
people who were used to figuring

3022
02:43:55,000 --> 02:43:58,400
things out on their own. 
So before you picture the Viking

3023
02:43:58,400 --> 02:44:01,900
in battle picture, the Viking in
a workshop shaping, a piece of 

3024
02:44:01,908 --> 02:44:04,800
walrus, Ivory into a game piece.
Picture. 

3025
02:44:04,800 --> 02:44:08,200
The Viking on a roof top 
patching a sod roof before the 

3026
02:44:08,200 --> 02:44:12,000
first hard Frost. 
Picture the Viking knee, deep in

3027
02:44:12,000 --> 02:44:14,000
a river, checking a fishing 
line. 

3028
02:44:14,000 --> 02:44:17,700
These are the images that should
come first because they are the 

3029
02:44:17,708 --> 02:44:20,300
ones that are true. 
Most of the time and they are 

3030
02:44:20,308 --> 02:44:22,500
Foundation. 
Everything else was built on. 

3031
02:44:22,500 --> 02:44:24,500
The reputation. 
Came later. 

3032
02:44:24,500 --> 02:44:28,200
The skills came first and the 
skills of the story. 

3033
02:44:29,000 --> 02:44:31,000
There is one more thing worth 
noting about life. 

3034
02:44:31,000 --> 02:44:35,500
Before the reputation took hold,
the Norse were not isolated even

3035
02:44:35,500 --> 02:44:38,200
before the age of expansion they
were trading with their 

3036
02:44:38,200 --> 02:44:41,400
neighbors. 
Furs and Amber and dried fish 

3037
02:44:41,400 --> 02:44:45,200
moved, South. 
Iron and Grain and occasionally 

3038
02:44:45,200 --> 02:44:48,000
silver moved. 
North The network was already 

3039
02:44:48,000 --> 02:44:50,400
there. 
Already functioning already 

3040
02:44:50,400 --> 02:44:53,600
connecting, Scandinavia to the 
rest of Europe in quiet 

3041
02:44:53,600 --> 02:44:58,500
unglamorous ways. 
What changed in the late 700's 

3042
02:44:58,500 --> 02:45:01,400
was not that the north suddenly 
became connected to the world. 

3043
02:45:02,300 --> 02:45:05,500
It was that the world suddenly 
noticed them, and once it 

3044
02:45:05,500 --> 02:45:08,100
noticed them, it had a very hard
time looking away. 

3045
02:45:09,100 --> 02:45:11,700
But that is getting ahead of 
ourselves for. 

3046
02:45:11,700 --> 02:45:15,400
Now, let us stay with the land 
and the water because that is 

3047
02:45:15,400 --> 02:45:17,300
where the next piece of the 
story lives. 

3048
02:45:17,300 --> 02:45:20,600
And it is a piece that most 
people never think about at all.

3049
02:45:20,600 --> 02:45:24,300
There is a reason for that. 
And the reason is simply that 

3050
02:45:24,300 --> 02:45:26,700
the quiet part of History do not
compete. 

3051
02:45:26,700 --> 02:45:30,000
Well with the loud parts A 
farmer mending. 

3052
02:45:30,000 --> 02:45:33,200
A fence does not make for the 
kind of story that gets retold 

3053
02:45:33,200 --> 02:45:35,900
around a fire. 
But the fence still needed 

3054
02:45:35,900 --> 02:45:39,800
mending and someone still did it
and the farm still stood because

3055
02:45:39,800 --> 02:45:42,400
of it. 
Most of Norse history is like 

3056
02:45:42,400 --> 02:45:47,600
that fence unglamorous necessary
and holding everything else up. 

3057
02:45:48,400 --> 02:45:51,500
If you have ever lived near the 
ocean you know that it changes 

3058
02:45:51,500 --> 02:45:54,700
the way you think about 
distance, a town that is 40 

3059
02:45:54,700 --> 02:45:58,500
miles away by Road, might feel 
closer than one that is 10 miles

3060
02:45:58,500 --> 02:46:01,200
away on the other side of a hill
because the water offers a 

3061
02:46:01,200 --> 02:46:05,300
straight unobstructed path. 
The Norse understood this better

3062
02:46:05,300 --> 02:46:07,500
than almost anyone in the 
medieval world. 

3063
02:46:08,300 --> 02:46:10,200
Water was not an obstacle to 
them. 

3064
02:46:10,200 --> 02:46:14,600
It was an invitation, the 
coastline of Norway alone is 

3065
02:46:14,600 --> 02:46:18,500
staggering in its complexity. 
If you straightened every Fjord,

3066
02:46:18,500 --> 02:46:23,300
Inlet Ireland, and Peninsula, 
the coastline would be tens of 

3067
02:46:23,300 --> 02:46:27,000
thousands of miles long. 
This is not a place where the 

3068
02:46:27,000 --> 02:46:30,900
land meets the sea in a clean 
line, it is a place where their 

3069
02:46:30,900 --> 02:46:35,000
Tangled together into woven and 
almost impossible to separate. 

3070
02:46:35,900 --> 02:46:38,600
And the people who lived along 
that Coastline did not 

3071
02:46:38,600 --> 02:46:43,200
experience it as chaos. 
The experience to his home, they

3072
02:46:43,200 --> 02:46:46,600
knew which channels were 
navigable in which Seasons, they

3073
02:46:46,600 --> 02:46:50,500
knew where the currents ran fast
and where they slowed, they knew

3074
02:46:50,500 --> 02:46:52,900
the rocks by field. 
The way, you might know the 

3075
02:46:52,900 --> 02:46:54,800
layout of your own Kitchen in 
the dark. 

3076
02:46:55,800 --> 02:46:59,500
This is intimacy with water 
shaped everything about Norse 

3077
02:46:59,500 --> 02:47:02,200
daily life. 
Fishing was not a weekend 

3078
02:47:02,200 --> 02:47:06,300
activity or a hobby, it was a 
fundamental source of food and 

3079
02:47:06,300 --> 02:47:09,000
income. 
The waters off, Scandinavia were

3080
02:47:09,000 --> 02:47:14,300
Rich teeming with coding and 
salmon among other species, cod 

3081
02:47:14,300 --> 02:47:16,500
in particular became enormously 
important. 

3082
02:47:16,500 --> 02:47:21,700
Not just as a food source, but 
as a trade good, dried Cod could

3083
02:47:21,700 --> 02:47:25,400
last for months, even years, and
it could be carried long 

3084
02:47:25,400 --> 02:47:29,700
distances without spoiling It 
was lightweight calorie dense 

3085
02:47:29,700 --> 02:47:34,200
and portable. in many ways, 
dried Cod was to the Norse, what

3086
02:47:34,200 --> 02:47:37,000
grain was to agricultural 
civilizations, elsewhere in 

3087
02:47:37,000 --> 02:47:40,300
Europe, A storable tradable 
foundation upon which, 

3088
02:47:40,300 --> 02:47:44,300
everything else could be built. 
Fishing itself required a level 

3089
02:47:44,300 --> 02:47:46,900
of skill and knowledge. 
That is hard to overstate. 

3090
02:47:47,600 --> 02:47:51,300
You have to know the tides, you 
have to know the weather, not 

3091
02:47:51,300 --> 02:47:54,500
just today's weather but the way
the atmosphere behaved in your 

3092
02:47:54,508 --> 02:47:57,700
particular stretch of Coast 
which could be entirely 

3093
02:47:57,700 --> 02:47:59,800
different from what was 
happening, just a few miles 

3094
02:47:59,800 --> 02:48:02,400
away. 
You had to know where the fish 

3095
02:48:02,400 --> 02:48:05,500
were at different times of year,
which meant understanding the 

3096
02:48:05,500 --> 02:48:08,800
water temperature, the currents,
and the behavior of the species 

3097
02:48:08,800 --> 02:48:11,200
you are. 
After this was not knowledge, 

3098
02:48:11,200 --> 02:48:14,000
you could read in a book. 
It was knowledge passed down 

3099
02:48:14,000 --> 02:48:18,600
through, practice observation 
and years of quiet attention, 

3100
02:48:19,900 --> 02:48:22,000
And it extended far beyond 
fishing. 

3101
02:48:23,000 --> 02:48:25,700
The Norse relationship with 
water also shaped how they 

3102
02:48:25,708 --> 02:48:29,200
thought about community. 
Settlements tended to Cluster 

3103
02:48:29,200 --> 02:48:31,000
along, coastlines and River 
mouths. 

3104
02:48:31,000 --> 02:48:34,000
Not because the Land There was 
necessarily the best for 

3105
02:48:34,000 --> 02:48:37,300
farming, but because the water 
provided access to everything 

3106
02:48:37,300 --> 02:48:40,500
else, The Village at the mouth 
of a river could send Goods 

3107
02:48:40,500 --> 02:48:44,300
upstream and receive goods from 
the interior. a settlement on a 

3108
02:48:44,308 --> 02:48:48,200
sheltered Bay could launch boats
and calm weather and haul them 

3109
02:48:48,200 --> 02:48:51,900
up on shore When Storms came The
water was the reason people 

3110
02:48:51,900 --> 02:48:55,100
lived where they lived and it 
determined who they could trade 

3111
02:48:55,100 --> 02:48:58,400
with who they could reach and 
how quickly they could move when

3112
02:48:58,400 --> 02:49:01,600
they needed to. 
Rivers were just as important as

3113
02:49:01,600 --> 02:49:04,700
the sea and in some ways more. 
So for the interior of 

3114
02:49:04,700 --> 02:49:08,800
Scandinavia, Rivers were 
highways and they were used to 

3115
02:49:08,800 --> 02:49:11,700
such Goods. 
Moved along them constantly 

3116
02:49:11,700 --> 02:49:14,400
carried by small boats and 
rafts. 

3117
02:49:15,400 --> 02:49:18,500
The north was skilled at reading
Rivers, the way a sailor reads, 

3118
02:49:18,500 --> 02:49:22,000
the open ocean, understanding 
where the water moved fast, 

3119
02:49:22,000 --> 02:49:26,100
where it pulled where it was 
shallow enough to Wade and where

3120
02:49:26,100 --> 02:49:30,200
it dropped suddenly into depth. 
This knowledge of river systems 

3121
02:49:30,200 --> 02:49:34,100
would proven enormously valuable
later when Norse Traders and 

3122
02:49:34,100 --> 02:49:37,400
settlers began pushing into the 
interior of what is now Russia 

3123
02:49:37,400 --> 02:49:41,100
and Eastern Europe. 
But that is a story for another 

3124
02:49:41,100 --> 02:49:44,300
segment. 
For now, the point is simply 

3125
02:49:44,300 --> 02:49:48,500
this, The north did not stumble 
into their relationship with 

3126
02:49:48,500 --> 02:49:50,600
water. 
They cultivated it. 

3127
02:49:50,600 --> 02:49:54,900
Generation after generation 
until it became As Natural as 

3128
02:49:54,900 --> 02:49:57,600
breathing. 
There is also something worth 

3129
02:49:57,600 --> 02:50:00,200
considering about this 
psychological effect of living 

3130
02:50:00,200 --> 02:50:03,700
in a landscape like this. 
When the water is always there, 

3131
02:50:03,700 --> 02:50:06,900
always visible always part of 
your daily routine. 

3132
02:50:06,900 --> 02:50:11,108
It becomes part of the way you 
see the world, The Norse did not

3133
02:50:11,116 --> 02:50:13,000
think of travel or something 
extraordinary. 

3134
02:50:13,700 --> 02:50:16,700
They thought of it as something 
you did when you needed to get 

3135
02:50:16,700 --> 02:50:19,900
somewhere. 
Idea of staying in one place 

3136
02:50:19,900 --> 02:50:22,800
your entire life, never 
venturing, beyond the next 

3137
02:50:22,800 --> 02:50:27,200
Valley would have struck many of
them as unusual, perhaps, even a

3138
02:50:27,200 --> 02:50:29,800
little sad. 
Movement was normal. 

3139
02:50:29,800 --> 02:50:32,600
Exploration was not an act of 
heroism. 

3140
02:50:32,600 --> 02:50:36,400
It was simply what you did when 
the water offered you away 

3141
02:50:36,400 --> 02:50:38,800
forward and you had a reason to 
take it. 

3142
02:50:40,000 --> 02:50:42,500
This is one of the things that 
makes the north so different, 

3143
02:50:42,500 --> 02:50:45,100
from many of the other cultures 
you read about in medieval 

3144
02:50:45,100 --> 02:50:48,200
European history. 
In a world where most people's 

3145
02:50:48,200 --> 02:50:50,400
lives were bounded by the 
nearest market town. 

3146
02:50:50,400 --> 02:50:53,800
The Norse were already thinking.
In terms of coastlines and River

3147
02:50:53,800 --> 02:50:56,600
networks that stretched across 
hundreds of miles. 

3148
02:50:56,600 --> 02:51:00,400
Not because they were braver, 
but because their geography made

3149
02:51:00,400 --> 02:51:04,100
it possible and their skills 
made it practical, The boats 

3150
02:51:04,100 --> 02:51:07,300
themselves deserve a mention 
here even though we are not 

3151
02:51:07,308 --> 02:51:09,400
focusing on shipbuilding as a 
separate topic. 

3152
02:51:09,400 --> 02:51:13,300
The Norse longship is one of the
most celebrated pieces of 

3153
02:51:13,300 --> 02:51:17,500
engineering and history and for 
good reason, It was shallow 

3154
02:51:17,500 --> 02:51:19,700
enough to navigate rivers and 
Coastal shallows. 

3155
02:51:19,700 --> 02:51:23,400
It was flexible enough to ride 
over waves rather than fighting 

3156
02:51:23,400 --> 02:51:25,300
them. 
It was light enough to be 

3157
02:51:25,300 --> 02:51:28,600
carried, Overland, when 
necessary and it was fast. 

3158
02:51:28,600 --> 02:51:33,100
Remarkably fast for its size. 
But the thing that is often 

3159
02:51:33,100 --> 02:51:35,600
overlooked is how much of that 
design was the product of 

3160
02:51:35,600 --> 02:51:39,800
practical necessity, rather than
ambition the Norse did not build

3161
02:51:39,800 --> 02:51:42,500
those boats because they wanted 
to sail, across the Atlantic. 

3162
02:51:42,500 --> 02:51:45,900
They built them because they 
needed to get from one fuel to 

3163
02:51:45,900 --> 02:51:48,300
the next, to haul fish to 
Market. 

3164
02:51:48,300 --> 02:51:51,600
And to visit a trading partner 
on the other side of an island. 

3165
02:51:52,400 --> 02:51:57,000
The ocean Crossings came later. 
The daily usefulness came first.

3166
02:51:58,700 --> 02:52:01,300
There is a quiet satisfaction in
thinking about this. 

3167
02:52:01,300 --> 02:52:04,600
The most impressive Feats of 
North Sea fairing were not 

3168
02:52:04,608 --> 02:52:08,100
planned centuries in advance. 
They were the natural extension 

3169
02:52:08,100 --> 02:52:10,800
of skills that had been honed 
for Generations in the service 

3170
02:52:10,800 --> 02:52:13,800
of ordinary life. 
The north did not set out to 

3171
02:52:13,800 --> 02:52:17,900
change the world. 
They set up to fish to trade and

3172
02:52:17,900 --> 02:52:21,400
to move goods and people from 
one place to another and in 

3173
02:52:21,400 --> 02:52:23,600
doing. 
So they ended up touching almost

3174
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:27,800
every corner of the Known World.
The water gave them access their

3175
02:52:27,800 --> 02:52:30,100
skills. 
Gave them the ability to use it.

3176
02:52:30,100 --> 02:52:34,100
And the combination of the two 
created, something that no 

3177
02:52:34,100 --> 02:52:38,000
single generation could have 
planned or predicted, It simply 

3178
02:52:38,000 --> 02:52:41,800
grew the way, a river grows, 
when tributaries feed into it. 

3179
02:52:41,800 --> 02:52:44,700
Each one adding a little more 
until the whole thing is 

3180
02:52:44,700 --> 02:52:47,100
something much larger than any 
of its parts. 

3181
02:52:47,900 --> 02:52:51,400
Tonight, as you drift towards 
sleep, it is worth holding that 

3182
02:52:51,400 --> 02:52:54,900
image for a moment. 
The image is not a viking on the

3183
02:52:54,900 --> 02:52:58,600
proud of a warship but rather of
a Norse fisherman checking his 

3184
02:52:58,600 --> 02:53:03,300
lines at dawn a Trader loading 
dried, Cod onto a small boat and

3185
02:53:03,300 --> 02:53:06,300
a mother instructing her child 
on which channel to take When 

3186
02:53:06,300 --> 02:53:09,600
the tide is running out. 
These are the people who built 

3187
02:53:09,600 --> 02:53:11,500
the world. 
The Vikings are remembered for 

3188
02:53:11,500 --> 02:53:14,800
one quiet trip across the water 
at a time. 

3189
02:53:15,600 --> 02:53:18,300
There is one more detail about 
water-oriented living that is 

3190
02:53:18,308 --> 02:53:21,600
worth mentioning before we move 
on, and it has to do with the 

3191
02:53:21,600 --> 02:53:23,500
way the Norse thought about 
seasons. 

3192
02:53:24,400 --> 02:53:28,100
In a land, where the days shrink
to almost nothing in Winter and 

3193
02:53:28,100 --> 02:53:30,800
then expand to almost continuous
daylight in summer. 

3194
02:53:31,700 --> 02:53:33,600
The rhythm of the year is not 
subtle. 

3195
02:53:33,600 --> 02:53:37,600
It is dramatic and it Demands. 
A kind of flexibility that 

3196
02:53:37,600 --> 02:53:39,200
people. 
In more temperate climates 

3197
02:53:39,200 --> 02:53:43,900
rarely have to develop The Norse
fish differently in some of them

3198
02:53:43,900 --> 02:53:45,900
in Winter. 
They travel differently. 

3199
02:53:45,900 --> 02:53:49,400
They worked differently. 
They even thought about time 

3200
02:53:49,400 --> 02:53:53,200
differently measuring it. 
Not by clocks or calendars by 

3201
02:53:53,200 --> 02:53:55,800
the behavior of the land and the
water around them. 

3202
02:53:56,700 --> 02:54:00,400
First Thor was a landmark. 
The arrival of certain fish 

3203
02:54:00,400 --> 02:54:04,200
species was a landmark the 
longest day and the shortest day

3204
02:54:04,200 --> 02:54:07,900
were landmarks. 
Life moved in cycles and the 

3205
02:54:07,900 --> 02:54:11,400
Norse moved with them, not 
fighting the Rhythm, but riding 

3206
02:54:11,400 --> 02:54:15,100
it the way, a boat rides, a wave
rather than trying to cut 

3207
02:54:15,100 --> 02:54:17,800
through it. 
This attentiveness to seasonal 

3208
02:54:17,800 --> 02:54:21,800
change made the Norse remarkably
adaptable, when conditions 

3209
02:54:21,800 --> 02:54:26,400
shifted, whether to a bad 
winter, an unusual storm or a 

3210
02:54:26,400 --> 02:54:28,800
change in the local ecosystem, 
they could adjust. 

3211
02:54:29,600 --> 02:54:32,200
They were not locked into a 
single strategy for survival, 

3212
02:54:32,200 --> 02:54:36,200
they had dozens of them and they
switched between them as the 

3213
02:54:36,200 --> 02:54:39,900
situation required. 
This flexibility was one of the 

3214
02:54:39,900 --> 02:54:42,200
reasons Norse communities were 
so durable. 

3215
02:54:42,200 --> 02:54:45,600
They did not Thrive. 
Only in good years, they 

3216
02:54:45,600 --> 02:54:49,500
survived in bad ones, too 
bending rather than Breaking the

3217
02:54:49,500 --> 02:54:52,400
way the longship bent with the 
waves rather than resisting 

3218
02:54:52,400 --> 02:54:55,800
them. 
And now let us talk about what 

3219
02:54:55,800 --> 02:54:58,800
they did when they got there 
because the skills they brought 

3220
02:54:58,800 --> 02:55:02,200
with them were remarkable in 
ways that have nothing to do 

3221
02:55:02,200 --> 02:55:05,100
with fighting. 
There is a particular kind of 

3222
02:55:05,100 --> 02:55:07,800
competence that does not make 
for exciting headlines. 

3223
02:55:08,700 --> 02:55:12,900
It does not involve swords or 
fire or dramatic loss stands. 

3224
02:55:12,900 --> 02:55:17,700
It is the competence of people 
who know, how to make things fix

3225
02:55:17,700 --> 02:55:21,100
things, and keep things running 
in a climate that does not 

3226
02:55:21,108 --> 02:55:24,600
forgive mistakes. 
The Norse had this competence in

3227
02:55:24,608 --> 02:55:28,400
abundance and it is one of the 
least celebrated parts of their 

3228
02:55:28,400 --> 02:55:31,300
story. 
Woodworking is a good place to 

3229
02:55:31,300 --> 02:55:34,600
start because wood was 
everywhere in Scandinavia and 

3230
02:55:34,600 --> 02:55:36,500
the Norse used it for almost 
everything. 

3231
02:55:36,500 --> 02:55:41,000
The Norse used wood for building
structures boats, furniture 

3232
02:55:41,000 --> 02:55:46,500
tools, sled Runners fence posts 
cooking implements and 

3233
02:55:46,500 --> 02:55:51,100
children's toys. 
Forests of Northern Scandinavia 

3234
02:55:51,100 --> 02:55:54,900
were vast and dense filled with 
pine, Birch and Spruce. 

3235
02:55:54,900 --> 02:55:57,100
And the Norse knew how to read a
tree. 

3236
02:55:57,100 --> 02:55:59,300
The way of butcher, knows how to
read a cut of meat. 

3237
02:56:00,300 --> 02:56:02,800
They understood which would was 
best for which purpose. 

3238
02:56:02,800 --> 02:56:06,100
Oak for structural Timbers were 
strengths. 

3239
02:56:06,100 --> 02:56:10,300
Matted, most Pine for boat 
planking where flexibility and 

3240
02:56:10,300 --> 02:56:14,800
lightweight were more important.
Birch for smaller items, where 

3241
02:56:14,800 --> 02:56:17,600
the wooden needed to be easy to 
shape and quick to work. 

3242
02:56:18,400 --> 02:56:21,000
The actual craft of woodworking 
was passed down through 

3243
02:56:21,000 --> 02:56:25,600
apprenticeship through watching 
and doing and through years of 

3244
02:56:25,600 --> 02:56:28,300
handling tools and learning the 
feel of the grain. 

3245
02:56:28,300 --> 02:56:32,800
Beneath your fingers. 
A skilled North Carpenter could 

3246
02:56:32,800 --> 02:56:36,900
shape a whole plank so precisely
that it fit against its neighbor

3247
02:56:36,900 --> 02:56:40,300
with almost no Gap. 
Relying not on nails or 

3248
02:56:40,300 --> 02:56:42,700
caulking, but on the accuracy of
the cut itself. 

3249
02:56:43,800 --> 02:56:48,000
This was not magic, it was 
practice and patience and a deep

3250
02:56:48,008 --> 02:56:51,900
familiarity with the material. 
It was the kind of skill that 

3251
02:56:51,900 --> 02:56:55,800
took a lifetime to fully develop
and it showed in everything the 

3252
02:56:55,800 --> 02:57:00,000
Norse built Textile work was 
equally important and it 

3253
02:57:00,000 --> 02:57:03,400
occupied a significant portion 
of daily life for women in North

3254
02:57:03,400 --> 02:57:06,400
households. 
Spinning and weaving were not 

3255
02:57:06,400 --> 02:57:09,100
minor tasks squeezed into the 
margins of the day. 

3256
02:57:09,800 --> 02:57:12,300
They were Central activities and
the cloth, they produced was 

3257
02:57:12,300 --> 02:57:16,500
both a practical necessity and a
source of genuine Pride. 

3258
02:57:17,300 --> 02:57:19,200
Norful cloth was known for its 
quality. 

3259
02:57:19,200 --> 02:57:23,800
It was warm durable, and 
well-made, and it traveled. 

3260
02:57:23,800 --> 02:57:27,400
Well, as a trade, good, the 
process of producing it from 

3261
02:57:27,400 --> 02:57:30,500
shearing, the Sheep to carding 
the wall to spinning it, into 

3262
02:57:30,500 --> 02:57:34,100
thread, to weaving it into 
fabric was long and labor 

3263
02:57:34,100 --> 02:57:37,300
intensive. 
It required skill at every stage

3264
02:57:37,300 --> 02:57:40,400
and the women who did it were 
not performing a lesser role in 

3265
02:57:40,400 --> 02:57:42,800
the household. 
They were producing one of the 

3266
02:57:42,800 --> 02:57:46,800
most valuable things, the 
household had Metalwork was 

3267
02:57:46,800 --> 02:57:51,100
another area where the north 
showed remarkable ability iron 

3268
02:57:51,100 --> 02:57:54,000
smelting and forging were 
practiced throughout Scandinavia

3269
02:57:54,000 --> 02:57:58,500
a Norse myths were capable of 
producing tools and weapons of 

3270
02:57:58,500 --> 02:58:02,300
high quality. 
A good Smith was a valued member

3271
02:58:02,300 --> 02:58:05,200
of any community and the work 
required. 

3272
02:58:05,200 --> 02:58:08,300
Both technical knowledge, and a 
kind of intuitive feel for the 

3273
02:58:08,308 --> 02:58:11,100
material. 
You had to know how to heat. 

3274
02:58:11,800 --> 02:58:14,800
Strike and quench the iron. 
So it held an edge without 

3275
02:58:14,800 --> 02:58:17,500
becoming brittle. 
These were not skills. 

3276
02:58:17,500 --> 02:58:19,100
You could learn from a written 
guide. 

3277
02:58:19,100 --> 02:58:22,600
They were learned at the forge 
through repetition and failure 

3278
02:58:22,600 --> 02:58:26,000
and gradual mastery. 
But here is, what is worth 

3279
02:58:26,000 --> 02:58:30,200
noting about all of the skills. 
They were not specialized in the

3280
02:58:30,200 --> 02:58:32,300
way that skills tend to be in 
Modern Life. 

3281
02:58:33,100 --> 02:58:35,100
A Norse farmer. 
Might also be a passable 

3282
02:58:35,100 --> 02:58:38,900
Carpenter, a competent 
woodworker and someone who could

3283
02:58:38,900 --> 02:58:42,100
mend a tool or patch a roof 
without needing to hire anyone. 

3284
02:58:42,900 --> 02:58:46,800
Women manage complex households 
that involved cooking preserving

3285
02:58:46,800 --> 02:58:50,900
food, producing cloth, raising 
children, and keeping the 

3286
02:58:50,900 --> 02:58:54,200
domestic economy running. 
There was overlap everywhere. 

3287
02:58:55,000 --> 02:58:57,500
People wore. 
Multiple hats not because they 

3288
02:58:57,500 --> 02:59:00,400
were trying to impress anyone 
but because the scale of Life 

3289
02:59:00,400 --> 02:59:04,700
demanded it this generalist 
quality made Norse communities, 

3290
02:59:04,700 --> 02:59:09,300
remarkably resilient If one 
person got sick or was injured 

3291
02:59:09,300 --> 02:59:13,000
or simply Had a Bad season, 
others could step in and cover 

3292
02:59:13,000 --> 02:59:15,700
the gap. 
There were no single points of 

3293
02:59:15,700 --> 02:59:19,300
failure, nowhere replaceable 
specialist, without whom the 

3294
02:59:19,300 --> 02:59:22,600
whole system would collapse. 
Everyone knew enough to keep 

3295
02:59:22,600 --> 02:59:26,100
things moving and that shared 
competence created a kind of 

3296
02:59:26,100 --> 02:59:30,500
quiet stability that outside is 
rarely noticed that was 

3297
02:59:30,500 --> 02:59:34,000
essential to survival. 
King and food preservation. 

3298
02:59:34,000 --> 02:59:38,200
Deserves special attention here.
Because they reveal a great deal

3299
02:59:38,200 --> 02:59:40,000
about how the Norse actually 
lived. 

3300
02:59:40,800 --> 02:59:44,200
The diet was practical and 
varied built around, what the 

3301
02:59:44,200 --> 02:59:47,900
land and water could provide. 
Fish as we have already, 

3302
02:59:47,900 --> 02:59:51,200
discussed was a staple. 
So were dairy products. 

3303
02:59:51,900 --> 02:59:56,100
Cattle and sheep provided milk, 
which was consumed fresh and 

3304
02:59:56,100 --> 03:00:00,600
also fermented into buttermilk 
and skier a thick Tangy, 

3305
03:00:00,600 --> 03:00:03,900
cultured, dairy product, that is
still eaten in Iceland today. 

3306
03:00:05,000 --> 03:00:07,000
Eggs came from chickens and 
ducks. 

3307
03:00:07,900 --> 03:00:11,700
Game was hunted when available. 
There is a nuts, were gathered 

3308
03:00:11,700 --> 03:00:15,300
In Summer and Autumn when the 
landscape briefly exploded with 

3309
03:00:15,300 --> 03:00:18,200
food. 
Brett was made from barley and 

3310
03:00:18,200 --> 03:00:21,800
Rye, the grains that actually 
grew in Scandinavian climates. 

3311
03:00:22,500 --> 03:00:26,100
It was dense and heavy, nothing 
like the soft white bread that 

3312
03:00:26,100 --> 03:00:28,200
would become common in warmer 
parts of Europe. 

3313
03:00:29,000 --> 03:00:32,100
But it was nutritious and 
filling, and it kept well which 

3314
03:00:32,100 --> 03:00:34,900
mattered enormously in a place 
where Winter could last for 

3315
03:00:34,900 --> 03:00:37,900
months. 
Preservation of food was a 

3316
03:00:37,900 --> 03:00:40,100
critical skill and the Norse 
were good at it. 

3317
03:00:40,900 --> 03:00:44,700
Drying smoking, and fermenting 
with a main methods, and they 

3318
03:00:44,700 --> 03:00:46,900
used each one with care and 
precision. 

3319
03:00:47,800 --> 03:00:51,400
Dried fish could last for years.
Fermented dairy, products. 

3320
03:00:51,400 --> 03:00:53,400
Provided nutrition Through The 
Long Winter. 

3321
03:00:54,300 --> 03:00:58,000
Smoked meat and fish, added 
variety, and could be carried on

3322
03:00:58,000 --> 03:00:59,700
Long Journeys with without 
spoiling. 

3323
03:01:00,700 --> 03:01:05,400
The Norse did not waste food. 
In a climate where a single bad 

3324
03:01:05,400 --> 03:01:07,400
Harvest could mean genuine 
hardship. 

3325
03:01:07,400 --> 03:01:11,400
Every scrap was accounted for 
there was something almost 

3326
03:01:11,400 --> 03:01:13,900
meditative about the rhythm of 
North daily life. 

3327
03:01:13,900 --> 03:01:17,400
When you think about it in these
terms, wake up 10. 

3328
03:01:17,400 --> 03:01:20,600
The animals work the land or the
water craft. 

3329
03:01:20,600 --> 03:01:24,600
Something preserves something 
feed the household repair. 

3330
03:01:24,600 --> 03:01:26,700
What needs repairing do it 
again. 

3331
03:01:26,700 --> 03:01:30,200
The next day it was not 
glamorous but it was purposeful 

3332
03:01:30,200 --> 03:01:34,100
and it worked and It produced a 
people who were capable of 

3333
03:01:34,100 --> 03:01:37,600
extraordinary things precisely 
because they had spent so long. 

3334
03:01:37,600 --> 03:01:41,100
Mastering the ordinary ones 
animal husbandry was another 

3335
03:01:41,100 --> 03:01:44,500
Cornerstone of Norse daily life,
and it deserves a moment of 

3336
03:01:44,500 --> 03:01:47,600
attention. 
Cattle were prized possessions, 

3337
03:01:47,600 --> 03:01:52,200
symbols of wealth and stability 
and caring for them was a 

3338
03:01:52,200 --> 03:01:55,800
serious responsibility. 
Norse cattle was smaller than 

3339
03:01:55,808 --> 03:02:00,200
modern breeds Hardy and 
well-adapted the cold, but they 

3340
03:02:00,200 --> 03:02:02,000
still required constant 
attention. 

3341
03:02:03,000 --> 03:02:05,800
They had to be fed through the 
winter, which meant that enough 

3342
03:02:05,800 --> 03:02:08,600
hay had to be harvested and 
stored during the brief growing 

3343
03:02:08,600 --> 03:02:11,000
season to sustain the herd until
spring. 

3344
03:02:11,900 --> 03:02:14,900
Calculating how much hey, you 
needed and making sure you 

3345
03:02:14,900 --> 03:02:17,900
actually cut and dried. 
Enough of it was one of the more

3346
03:02:17,900 --> 03:02:20,200
consequential decisions and 
Norse farmer. 

3347
03:02:20,200 --> 03:02:25,200
Made each year, get it wrong and
animals died, get it right and 

3348
03:02:25,200 --> 03:02:29,300
the household survived. 
Sheep were equally important and

3349
03:02:29,300 --> 03:02:32,900
in some ways more so because 
they provided not only meat and 

3350
03:02:32,900 --> 03:02:36,400
milk, but also wool the raw 
material for the textile 

3351
03:02:36,400 --> 03:02:39,700
production that kept North 
households close to and that 

3352
03:02:39,700 --> 03:02:42,600
generated one of their most 
valuable trade goods. 

3353
03:02:43,400 --> 03:02:45,400
Nor sheep were tough Scrappy 
animals. 

3354
03:02:45,400 --> 03:02:48,300
Well, suited to the harsh 
grazing conditions of 

3355
03:02:48,300 --> 03:02:52,100
Scandinavia, and they required 
less intensive care than cattle.

3356
03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:57,300
But they still had to be watched
sheered and fed and the 

3357
03:02:57,308 --> 03:02:58,900
knowledge of how to manage a 
flock. 

3358
03:02:58,900 --> 03:03:01,900
Well, was passed down through 
generations of careful, 

3359
03:03:01,900 --> 03:03:06,000
observation and practice. 
One more skill, deserves mention

3360
03:03:06,000 --> 03:03:08,700
before we move on and that is 
navigation. 

3361
03:03:09,500 --> 03:03:12,500
We touched on this earlier in 
the context of water oriented 

3362
03:03:12,500 --> 03:03:16,000
living. but it Bears repeating 
because it was so Central to 

3363
03:03:16,000 --> 03:03:19,800
everything the Norse did and 
eventually became Norse 

3364
03:03:19,800 --> 03:03:23,000
navigation, was not dependent on
a single tool or technique. 

3365
03:03:23,800 --> 03:03:26,500
There was no compass in 
Scandinavia until centuries 

3366
03:03:26,500 --> 03:03:30,100
later. 
Instead Norse Navigators relied 

3367
03:03:30,100 --> 03:03:33,000
on a combination of knowledge 
that was almost staggeringly 

3368
03:03:33,000 --> 03:03:35,900
Broad. 
They read the Stars tracking 

3369
03:03:35,900 --> 03:03:39,400
their positions across the sky 
with a Precision that allowed 

3370
03:03:39,400 --> 03:03:42,800
them to determine their latitude
even on clear nights far from 

3371
03:03:42,800 --> 03:03:46,200
Shore. 
They read the sun using devices 

3372
03:03:46,200 --> 03:03:49,200
called Sunstone Stones, which 
could look at the sun's 

3373
03:03:49,200 --> 03:03:51,000
position. 
Even on overcast Days by 

3374
03:03:51,000 --> 03:03:52,900
detecting, the polarization of 
light. 

3375
03:03:53,800 --> 03:03:57,400
They read the ways understanding
how ocean swells behave 

3376
03:03:57,400 --> 03:04:00,500
differently, depending on their 
relationship to the wind and the

3377
03:04:00,500 --> 03:04:03,400
land. 
They read the birds knowing that

3378
03:04:03,400 --> 03:04:06,700
certain species flew toward land
in the evening and away from it.

3379
03:04:06,700 --> 03:04:09,800
In the morning, they read the 
color of the water, the 

3380
03:04:09,800 --> 03:04:14,000
temperature, the clouds, and the
wind, no single one of these 

3381
03:04:14,000 --> 03:04:15,600
methods was sufficient on its 
own. 

3382
03:04:15,600 --> 03:04:19,500
But taken together, they formed 
a navigational system of 

3383
03:04:19,500 --> 03:04:23,200
remarkable sophistication, one 
that allowed nor Sailors to 

3384
03:04:23,200 --> 03:04:26,700
cross open, ocean and arrive, 
within sight of their intended, 

3385
03:04:26,700 --> 03:04:30,300
destination, with a regularity 
that impressed and sometimes 

3386
03:04:30,300 --> 03:04:34,800
terrified the people they 
visited. this was not luck, it 

3387
03:04:34,800 --> 03:04:38,200
was knowledge accumulated over 
generations and refined through 

3388
03:04:38,200 --> 03:04:42,100
constant use and it is worth 
remembering that all of these 

3389
03:04:42,100 --> 03:04:44,800
skills. 
The Woodworking the textile 

3390
03:04:44,800 --> 03:04:48,400
work, the metal work, the 
cooking and the navigation were 

3391
03:04:48,400 --> 03:04:50,200
not the province of a warrior 
class. 

3392
03:04:50,200 --> 03:04:53,800
They were the province of 
ordering people doing ordinary 

3393
03:04:53,800 --> 03:04:55,700
things. 
The Norse did not become 

3394
03:04:55,700 --> 03:04:59,200
remarkable because they were 
born remarkable, they became 

3395
03:04:59,200 --> 03:05:02,300
remarkable because they spent 
centuries getting very, very 

3396
03:05:02,300 --> 03:05:03,800
good at the things that 
mattered. 

3397
03:05:04,600 --> 03:05:08,200
Now, all of that competence had 
to go somewhere and in the 

3398
03:05:08,200 --> 03:05:11,100
centuries after the Norse began 
expanding their reach. 

3399
03:05:11,100 --> 03:05:14,700
It went into one of the most 
impressive Feats of peaceful 

3400
03:05:14,700 --> 03:05:17,500
human activity in the medieval 
world. 

3401
03:05:18,500 --> 03:05:23,100
Trade and settlement. 
Let us follow that thread. 

3402
03:05:23,900 --> 03:05:26,900
Because it leads somewhere 
surprising the image of the 

3403
03:05:26,900 --> 03:05:29,800
Viking as a Raider is so deeply 
embedded in the popular 

3404
03:05:29,800 --> 03:05:33,200
imagination that it can be 
genuinely difficult to see past 

3405
03:05:33,200 --> 03:05:35,500
it. 
But here is a fact Worth City 

3406
03:05:35,500 --> 03:05:38,300
with for a moment. 
The Norse were first and 

3407
03:05:38,300 --> 03:05:41,900
foremost Traders. 
Raiding was one activity among 

3408
03:05:41,900 --> 03:05:44,700
many and for a large portion of 
the north population. 

3409
03:05:44,700 --> 03:05:47,800
It was not something they ever 
participated in. 

3410
03:05:49,100 --> 03:05:52,100
What drew the Norse outward into
the wider world was not 

3411
03:05:52,100 --> 03:05:57,400
primarily a desire to plunder. 
It was a desire to trade to find

3412
03:05:57,400 --> 03:06:01,200
new land and to build something 
in places where the old land 

3413
03:06:01,200 --> 03:06:03,500
could no longer support everyone
who needed it. 

3414
03:06:04,300 --> 03:06:07,800
The Norse trading Network at its
height stretched from the Frozen

3415
03:06:07,800 --> 03:06:11,700
shores of what is now Canada all
the way to the Byzantine Empire 

3416
03:06:11,700 --> 03:06:14,000
and the markets of the Islamic 
world. 

3417
03:06:14,000 --> 03:06:17,500
This is an almost absurd 
distance when you think about 

3418
03:06:17,500 --> 03:06:20,800
it. 
Constantinople and Baghdad were 

3419
03:06:20,800 --> 03:06:22,800
not exactly neighbors of 
Scandinavia. 

3420
03:06:23,700 --> 03:06:28,300
And yet, North traders made it 
there, not once, but regularly 

3421
03:06:28,300 --> 03:06:30,500
over a period of several 
centuries. 

3422
03:06:31,300 --> 03:06:36,100
They Carried first Ivory Amber 
and dried fish south and east. 

3423
03:06:37,100 --> 03:06:40,700
He brought back silver silk 
spices and occasionally exotic 

3424
03:06:40,700 --> 03:06:43,900
Curiosities. 
The exchange was substantial 

3425
03:06:43,900 --> 03:06:45,900
enough that nor silver from his 
hammock. 

3426
03:06:45,900 --> 03:06:49,000
Mints has been found in 
archaeological site across 

3427
03:06:49,000 --> 03:06:51,700
northern Europe. 
A testament to just how far the 

3428
03:06:51,700 --> 03:06:54,300
money flowed. 
Trading routes through what is 

3429
03:06:54,300 --> 03:06:57,100
now Russia and Eastern Europe 
are particularly fascinating 

3430
03:06:57,100 --> 03:07:01,100
because they reveal a side of 
Norse activity that is almost 

3431
03:07:01,100 --> 03:07:03,600
entirely absent from the popular
narrative. 

3432
03:07:03,600 --> 03:07:08,000
Norse Traders known in the 
Byzantine and Islamic sources as

3433
03:07:08,000 --> 03:07:11,600
the varangians or the roofs 
travelled South along, the 

3434
03:07:11,600 --> 03:07:16,400
massive river systems of Eastern
Europe, the vulgar the NEPA, and

3435
03:07:16,400 --> 03:07:20,700
the Western Davina among others.
These Rivers connected, the 

3436
03:07:20,708 --> 03:07:24,500
Baltic Sea, to the Caspian, and 
black seas, and the Norse used 

3437
03:07:24,500 --> 03:07:28,100
them as highways portaging their
boats, Overland between river 

3438
03:07:28,100 --> 03:07:31,500
systems where necessary. 
The settlements, they 

3439
03:07:31,500 --> 03:07:33,900
established along these routes 
were not conquests in the 

3440
03:07:33,908 --> 03:07:37,400
traditional sense. 
The settlement served as trading

3441
03:07:37,400 --> 03:07:42,100
posts waypoints and hubs for the
exchange storage and subsequent 

3442
03:07:42,100 --> 03:07:45,500
movement of goods. 
The Norse who settled in what is

3443
03:07:45,500 --> 03:07:48,600
now kievan. 
And other cities did not simply 

3444
03:07:48,600 --> 03:07:50,900
impose their culture on the 
people already living there, 

3445
03:07:50,900 --> 03:07:55,100
they blended with them, they 
learned local languages, they 

3446
03:07:55,100 --> 03:07:58,700
married local women, they 
adopted local Customs alongside 

3447
03:07:58,700 --> 03:08:01,400
their own. 
The result was something 

3448
03:08:01,400 --> 03:08:05,700
genuinely new a hybrid culture 
that Drew on both Norse and 

3449
03:08:05,708 --> 03:08:09,200
Slavic traditions and it became 
the foundation of what would 

3450
03:08:09,200 --> 03:08:11,700
eventually become the state of 
kievan Rus. 

3451
03:08:11,700 --> 03:08:15,000
One of the most important 
political entities in medieval 

3452
03:08:15,000 --> 03:08:18,000
Eastern Europe. 
This is not a story of Conquest,

3453
03:08:18,000 --> 03:08:21,900
it is a story of integration and
it is one of the most 

3454
03:08:21,900 --> 03:08:24,400
underappreciated aspects of 
Norse history. 

3455
03:08:25,800 --> 03:08:30,600
Closer to home the Norse also 
settled Iceland Greenland and 

3456
03:08:30,600 --> 03:08:34,000
briefly a settlement in what is 
now North America. 

3457
03:08:34,000 --> 03:08:38,100
Hundreds of years before 
Columbus made his famous voyage 

3458
03:08:38,100 --> 03:08:41,600
across the Atlantic. 
The settlement of Iceland is 

3459
03:08:41,600 --> 03:08:45,600
particularly instructive because
it illustrates how Norse 

3460
03:08:45,600 --> 03:08:47,700
expansion actually worked in 
practice. 

3461
03:08:48,600 --> 03:08:52,500
Islam was uninhabited when the 
Norse arrived in the late 800s, 

3462
03:08:52,500 --> 03:08:56,500
which meant there was no one to 
conquer and no one to displace. 

3463
03:08:57,600 --> 03:09:00,800
Setlist, simply showed up 
divided the land among 

3464
03:09:00,800 --> 03:09:02,600
themselves. 
According to a system that was 

3465
03:09:02,600 --> 03:09:06,500
remarkably fair by the standards
of the time and set about 

3466
03:09:06,500 --> 03:09:09,900
building a society from scratch.
They brought their livestock 

3467
03:09:09,900 --> 03:09:13,200
their tools, their language and 
their legal Traditions with the 

3468
03:09:13,200 --> 03:09:16,700
long house houses. 
They farmed sheep and cattle. 

3469
03:09:16,700 --> 03:09:20,000
They fished the rich Waters 
around the island and they 

3470
03:09:20,000 --> 03:09:22,100
created something that would 
become one of the most 

3471
03:09:22,108 --> 03:09:24,800
culturally productive Societies 
in medieval Europe. 

3472
03:09:24,800 --> 03:09:27,200
But that is a story for a later 
segment. 

3473
03:09:28,800 --> 03:09:32,900
For now, the point is simply 
that the Norse did not need to 

3474
03:09:32,900 --> 03:09:35,500
take land from someone else in 
order to expand. 

3475
03:09:36,300 --> 03:09:39,700
When uninhabited land was 
available, they took it settled 

3476
03:09:39,700 --> 03:09:43,100
it and made it work. 
Greenland followed a similar 

3477
03:09:43,100 --> 03:09:45,100
pattern. 
Though, the conditions there 

3478
03:09:45,100 --> 03:09:50,000
were far harsher, nor settlers 
arrived in the late 900s and 

3479
03:09:50,000 --> 03:09:53,000
established two main communities
on the Western and Eastern 

3480
03:09:53,000 --> 03:09:55,500
coasts. 
They raise sheep and cattle 

3481
03:09:55,500 --> 03:09:59,400
hunted marine, mammals and 
traded with the Inuit people. 

3482
03:09:59,400 --> 03:10:03,700
They encountered the settlement 
survived for roughly 500 years 

3483
03:10:03,700 --> 03:10:07,300
before disappearing likely, due 
to a combination of climate 

3484
03:10:07,300 --> 03:10:10,700
change shifting trade routes, 
and a failure to adapt to 

3485
03:10:10,700 --> 03:10:14,300
increase in harsh conditions. 
It is sobering Storey. 

3486
03:10:14,300 --> 03:10:18,800
A reminder that Norse expansion 
was not always successful and 

3487
03:10:18,800 --> 03:10:21,100
that even a skilled and 
resilient people could be 

3488
03:10:21,100 --> 03:10:23,700
defeated by circumstances beyond
their control. 

3489
03:10:24,900 --> 03:10:28,500
But the trading itself, the 
movement of goods and ideas 

3490
03:10:28,500 --> 03:10:32,200
across vast distances, is what 
deserves the most attention 

3491
03:10:32,200 --> 03:10:34,300
here. 
The Norse were not, the only 

3492
03:10:34,300 --> 03:10:37,700
traders in the Medieval World. 
Of course, the Vikings were 

3493
03:10:37,700 --> 03:10:40,500
operating in a network that 
included Arab Merchants 

3494
03:10:40,500 --> 03:10:43,500
bizantine Traders and many 
others. 

3495
03:10:44,400 --> 03:10:47,100
But the Norse brought something 
distinctive to this network, 

3496
03:10:47,100 --> 03:10:50,700
their ability to navigate rivers
and coastlines that other 

3497
03:10:50,700 --> 03:10:52,900
Traders found difficult or 
impossible. 

3498
03:10:53,800 --> 03:10:56,500
They could reach places that 
were simply not accessible to 

3499
03:10:56,500 --> 03:11:00,100
people without their seafaring 
skills and this gave them a 

3500
03:11:00,100 --> 03:11:01,900
natural advantage in the 
exchange of goods. 

3501
03:11:02,900 --> 03:11:05,200
The goods themselves tell an 
interesting story. 

3502
03:11:05,200 --> 03:11:09,400
Furs were enormously valuable in
the medieval world and 

3503
03:11:09,400 --> 03:11:13,100
Scandinavia and Northern Russia 
were among the richest sources 

3504
03:11:13,100 --> 03:11:18,600
of high-quality Furs in Europe. 
Beaver, pelts, Fox skins ermine 

3505
03:11:18,600 --> 03:11:22,000
and Sable all moved through 
North trading networks. 

3506
03:11:22,000 --> 03:11:25,800
In large quantities. 
Walrus Ivory was another 

3507
03:11:25,800 --> 03:11:29,000
important Norse. 
Export used to make everything 

3508
03:11:29,000 --> 03:11:31,900
from chess pieces, to religious 
carving in the churches of 

3509
03:11:31,900 --> 03:11:34,300
Western Europe. 
And dried cod. 

3510
03:11:34,300 --> 03:11:38,200
As we have already discussed was
a trade, good of remarkable 

3511
03:11:38,200 --> 03:11:42,600
durability, and portability one 
that could sustain long voyages 

3512
03:11:42,600 --> 03:11:46,800
and survive months in a cargo. 
Hold without spoiling In return,

3513
03:11:46,800 --> 03:11:49,100
the Norse brought back Goods 
that enriched their own 

3514
03:11:49,100 --> 03:11:52,000
societies and connected them to 
distant cultures. 

3515
03:11:53,200 --> 03:11:59,200
Silver from Islamic mints tells 
us that Nostradamus silk from 

3516
03:11:59,208 --> 03:12:02,300
Byzantine or Chinese sources 
tells us that luxury goods, 

3517
03:12:02,300 --> 03:12:06,700
traveled all the way North to 
Scandinavia and the coins beads 

3518
03:12:06,700 --> 03:12:09,800
and small objects found in North
archaeological sites. 

3519
03:12:09,800 --> 03:12:13,600
Paint a picture of a people who 
are far more Cosmopolitan than 

3520
03:12:13,600 --> 03:12:17,400
their reputation suggests There 
is a quietness to trade that 

3521
03:12:17,400 --> 03:12:19,600
makes it easy to overlook in the
sweep of History. 

3522
03:12:19,600 --> 03:12:23,700
It does not produce the dramatic
moments that fill textbooks and 

3523
03:12:23,700 --> 03:12:26,800
movies. 
No one writes epic poems about a

3524
03:12:26,800 --> 03:12:30,600
successful negotiation at a 
Market Fair or about a cargo of 

3525
03:12:30,600 --> 03:12:35,200
dried Cod arriving safely in 
Constantinople But trade is how 

3526
03:12:35,200 --> 03:12:40,300
civilizations actually grow. 
It is how ideas spread, how 

3527
03:12:40,300 --> 03:12:43,600
Technologies move from one 
culture to another and how 

3528
03:12:43,600 --> 03:12:47,300
economies developing off Surplus
to support art law and learning.

3529
03:12:48,100 --> 03:12:51,200
And the Norse for all their 
famous Raiders were among the 

3530
03:12:51,200 --> 03:12:53,600
most effective traders in the 
medieval world. 

3531
03:12:54,600 --> 03:12:57,800
The economics of Norse trade 
were not simple barter though. 

3532
03:12:57,800 --> 03:13:01,200
Barter certainly played a role 
in smaller local exchanges. 

3533
03:13:02,200 --> 03:13:05,000
For larger transactions. 
Particularly those involving 

3534
03:13:05,000 --> 03:13:08,600
distant trading partners, the 
Norse, use silver as a medium of

3535
03:13:08,600 --> 03:13:11,700
Exchange. 
North silver coins have been 

3536
03:13:11,708 --> 03:13:15,000
found across an enormous, 
Geographic range from 

3537
03:13:15,000 --> 03:13:18,800
Scandinavia to the British 
Isles, to the Baltic states, to 

3538
03:13:18,800 --> 03:13:22,000
the heart of Russia. 
Many of these coins were not 

3539
03:13:22,008 --> 03:13:26,300
minted in Scandinavia at all. 
They were Islamic silver Dirhams

3540
03:13:26,300 --> 03:13:29,800
minted in cities across the 
Middle East and Central Asia. 

3541
03:13:29,800 --> 03:13:33,400
And they made their way North 
through the trading networks, 

3542
03:13:33,400 --> 03:13:36,200
that connected the Norse world 
to the rest of the known world. 

3543
03:13:37,400 --> 03:13:40,700
The sheer volume of Islamic 
silver found in Scandinavian 

3544
03:13:40,700 --> 03:13:44,700
archaeological site is striking.
It tells us that the Norse 

3545
03:13:44,700 --> 03:13:47,400
trading networks were not 
occasional or opportunistic. 

3546
03:13:47,400 --> 03:13:52,300
They were sustained, systematic 
and enormously profitable. 

3547
03:13:53,300 --> 03:13:56,200
Norse Merchants made repeated 
trips along the same routes 

3548
03:13:56,200 --> 03:13:59,700
building relationships with 
trading partners over years and 

3549
03:13:59,700 --> 03:14:02,200
decades. 
Developing the trust and the 

3550
03:14:02,200 --> 03:14:04,700
reputation that long distance 
trade required. 

3551
03:14:05,500 --> 03:14:08,000
This was not a world of 
anonymous transactions. 

3552
03:14:08,000 --> 03:14:11,900
It was a world of relationships 
and the north was skilled at 

3553
03:14:11,900 --> 03:14:15,000
building and maintaining them. 
So when you think about the 

3554
03:14:15,000 --> 03:14:19,700
Vikings tonight, try to see past
the longships and the axes, try 

3555
03:14:19,700 --> 03:14:23,200
to see the merchant, calculating
the value of a bundle of Furs 

3556
03:14:23,200 --> 03:14:24,800
against a handful of silver 
coins. 

3557
03:14:25,700 --> 03:14:28,700
Try to see the settler loading, 
a boat with livestock and Seed, 

3558
03:14:28,700 --> 03:14:31,100
grain heading for an island. 
He's never seen. 

3559
03:14:31,900 --> 03:14:34,700
Try to see the trader on a river
in what is now Russia, 

3560
03:14:34,700 --> 03:14:38,300
negotiating with a local Chief 
over the price of honey and 

3561
03:14:38,300 --> 03:14:43,400
beeswax. these are the Vikings 
who shaped the world not through

3562
03:14:43,400 --> 03:14:46,500
violence, but through the 
patient unglamorous work of 

3563
03:14:46,500 --> 03:14:50,300
moving things from one place to 
another, And the world. 

3564
03:14:50,300 --> 03:14:53,200
They helped build through trade 
and settlement and quiet. 

3565
03:14:53,200 --> 03:14:57,100
Integration was more complex and
more connected than most people 

3566
03:14:57,100 --> 03:15:01,500
realize. it is time now to look 
at another part of that world 

3567
03:15:01,500 --> 03:15:05,400
one that lived not on the water 
but in the homes and communities

3568
03:15:05,400 --> 03:15:09,200
where the north spent most of 
their time, it is time to talk 

3569
03:15:09,200 --> 03:15:12,600
about law and language and the 
way they organize, the society 

3570
03:15:12,600 --> 03:15:16,600
as they build one of the things 
that separates a collection of 

3571
03:15:16,600 --> 03:15:21,200
people from a civilization is 
law, Not the idea of it but the 

3572
03:15:21,200 --> 03:15:24,600
actual practice of it, the 
shared agreement that certain 

3573
03:15:24,600 --> 03:15:27,600
rules exist and that everyone is
bound by them. 

3574
03:15:27,600 --> 03:15:31,700
Even the powerful. 
The Norse had this and they had 

3575
03:15:31,700 --> 03:15:34,500
it earlier and more thoroughly 
than many of the societies 

3576
03:15:34,500 --> 03:15:37,000
around them. 
Their legal Traditions were not 

3577
03:15:37,000 --> 03:15:39,400
imposed from above by a king or 
a priest. 

3578
03:15:39,400 --> 03:15:43,600
They Grew From Below from the 
community's themselves and they 

3579
03:15:43,600 --> 03:15:47,800
reflected a set of values that 
once you understand them, reveal

3580
03:15:47,800 --> 03:15:50,500
a great deal about how the Norse
actually thought about the 

3581
03:15:50,500 --> 03:15:53,800
world. 
The basic unit of Norse legal 

3582
03:15:53,808 --> 03:15:57,600
life was the thing, which was a 
regional assembly where three 

3583
03:15:57,600 --> 03:16:01,200
men gathered to settle disputes,
make decisions that affected the

3584
03:16:01,208 --> 03:16:04,000
community and conduct the 
business of governance. 

3585
03:16:04,000 --> 03:16:07,300
The word thing is in fact the 
origin of our Modern English 

3586
03:16:07,300 --> 03:16:09,800
word thing though. 
Its meaning has drifted 

3587
03:16:09,800 --> 03:16:14,500
enormously over the centuries. 
In the Norse World things was 

3588
03:16:14,500 --> 03:16:18,500
not an object. 
It was a gathering a forum a 

3589
03:16:18,500 --> 03:16:20,900
place where the community came 
together to talk things through 

3590
03:16:21,900 --> 03:16:25,500
these assemblies met at regular 
intervals, usually in the spring

3591
03:16:25,500 --> 03:16:29,000
and sometimes a gain in the 
Autumn men travel to attend. 

3592
03:16:29,000 --> 03:16:33,000
The sometimes from considerable 
distance is and the meetings 

3593
03:16:33,000 --> 03:16:36,600
could last for days. 
The proceedings were conducted 

3594
03:16:36,600 --> 03:16:39,700
according to established 
procedures with speakers, taking

3595
03:16:39,700 --> 03:16:43,700
turns evidence being presented 
and decisions being reached 

3596
03:16:43,700 --> 03:16:47,400
through a process that are not 
identical to Modern democracy 

3597
03:16:47,400 --> 03:16:52,100
shared certain features with it.
Free men had the right to speak 

3598
03:16:52,100 --> 03:16:56,400
decisions were made 
collectively. and the outcomes 

3599
03:16:56,400 --> 03:17:00,300
once reached, Carried the weight
of the community behind them. 

3600
03:17:01,100 --> 03:17:04,900
This is worth pausing on because
it is genuinely remarkable for 

3601
03:17:04,900 --> 03:17:07,900
the time period in much of 
medieval Europe. 

3602
03:17:07,900 --> 03:17:12,200
Justice was the province of 
kings and Nobles, if you had a 

3603
03:17:12,208 --> 03:17:15,900
grievance, you brought it to 
your lord and your lord decided.

3604
03:17:16,800 --> 03:17:19,800
The north system was different. 
It was decentralized. 

3605
03:17:19,800 --> 03:17:24,200
It was participatory And it 
placed a significant amount of 

3606
03:17:24,200 --> 03:17:28,100
power in the hands of ordinary 
farmers and landowners, not just

3607
03:17:28,100 --> 03:17:29,600
the wealthy or the 
well-connected. 

3608
03:17:30,500 --> 03:17:33,000
The law itself was not written 
down for a long time. 

3609
03:17:33,000 --> 03:17:37,100
It existed in the memories of 
the community passed from one 

3610
03:17:37,100 --> 03:17:39,500
generation to the next through 
oral tradition. 

3611
03:17:40,300 --> 03:17:42,300
Certain individuals known as 
Luxor. 

3612
03:17:42,300 --> 03:17:46,000
In Iceland were charged with 
memorizing and reciting the law 

3613
03:17:46,000 --> 03:17:48,800
at the thing serving, as a kind 
of living legal Library. 

3614
03:17:49,700 --> 03:17:53,500
This was not an imprecise or 
unreliable system. oral 

3615
03:17:53,500 --> 03:17:55,900
Traditions can be remarkably 
accurate when they are 

3616
03:17:55,900 --> 03:17:59,000
maintained with care and 
repeated regularly, and the 

3617
03:17:59,000 --> 03:18:01,200
north took, their legal 
knowledge, seriously enough to 

3618
03:18:01,200 --> 03:18:05,400
do both, The content of the lore
covered in an enormous range of 

3619
03:18:05,400 --> 03:18:09,400
everyday, concerns property 
disputes were common and the law

3620
03:18:09,400 --> 03:18:11,800
provided details Frameworks for 
resolving them. 

3621
03:18:11,800 --> 03:18:16,000
Inheritance was carefully, 
regulated with rules governing, 

3622
03:18:16,000 --> 03:18:19,100
how a dead man's property should
be divided among his heirs. 

3623
03:18:19,900 --> 03:18:24,100
Crime against the person from 
theft to assault to more serious

3624
03:18:24,100 --> 03:18:27,100
offense's, each carried, 
specific penalties. 

3625
03:18:27,100 --> 03:18:30,000
And the penalties were often 
financially rather than 

3626
03:18:30,000 --> 03:18:33,000
physical. 
The north system, relied heavily

3627
03:18:33,000 --> 03:18:35,100
on compensation rather than 
punishment. 

3628
03:18:35,900 --> 03:18:39,500
If you injured, someone you owed
them or their family, a specific

3629
03:18:39,500 --> 03:18:43,200
amount calculated according to 
the severity of the harm. 

3630
03:18:43,200 --> 03:18:45,800
Pay it. 
And the matter was settled 

3631
03:18:45,800 --> 03:18:49,300
refused to pay. 
And you could be declared an 

3632
03:18:49,300 --> 03:18:52,000
outlaw, which meant that anyone 
was free to kill you without 

3633
03:18:52,000 --> 03:18:54,400
legal consequence. 
This last Point. 

3634
03:18:54,400 --> 03:18:57,700
Sounds harsh. 
And in some ways it was But it 

3635
03:18:57,700 --> 03:19:01,100
also reflects a pragmatic 
understanding of how to maintain

3636
03:19:01,100 --> 03:19:04,900
order in a society without a 
standing police force or a 

3637
03:19:04,900 --> 03:19:09,100
professional judiciary. 
Metaphor outlawry was a powerful

3638
03:19:09,100 --> 03:19:13,000
incentive to settle disputes 
peacefully and most people did. 

3639
03:19:13,900 --> 03:19:17,800
The system was not perfect. 
Wealthy men could sometimes use 

3640
03:19:17,800 --> 03:19:20,300
their influence to tip 
proceedings in their favor. 

3641
03:19:21,000 --> 03:19:24,300
Feuds could escalate when one 
side felt the other had not been

3642
03:19:24,300 --> 03:19:28,800
adequately compensated. 
But on balance it worked and it 

3643
03:19:28,808 --> 03:19:31,200
worked better than the 
Alternatives available at the 

3644
03:19:31,200 --> 03:19:34,300
time. 
Language is the other thread 

3645
03:19:34,300 --> 03:19:36,500
worth pulling here. 
Because the Norse language 

3646
03:19:36,500 --> 03:19:40,400
itself is one of the quietest 
and most lasting contributions 

3647
03:19:40,400 --> 03:19:46,000
the Vikings made to the world. 
Old Norse the language spoken 

3648
03:19:46,000 --> 03:19:49,100
across, Scandinavia and Iceland 
during the Viking age. 

3649
03:19:49,700 --> 03:19:53,900
Was a North Germanic language 
related to but distinct from the

3650
03:19:53,900 --> 03:19:57,300
languages spoken by the Saxons 
and the angles in England. 

3651
03:19:58,300 --> 03:20:01,700
And when the north settled in 
England, Ireland, Scotland, and 

3652
03:20:01,700 --> 03:20:04,000
other parts of the British 
Isles, they brought their 

3653
03:20:04,000 --> 03:20:06,700
language with them. 
The result was not the 

3654
03:20:06,700 --> 03:20:10,300
replacement of one language by 
another, it was something more 

3655
03:20:10,300 --> 03:20:13,900
interesting than that. 
Old Norse and Old English. 

3656
03:20:13,900 --> 03:20:16,800
Were similar enough that 
speakers of each could with some

3657
03:20:16,800 --> 03:20:21,300
effort, understand the other 
They were not identical, but 

3658
03:20:21,300 --> 03:20:24,500
they shared enough common ground
that communication was possible 

3659
03:20:24,500 --> 03:20:28,500
without a translator. 
And in the areas where North 

3660
03:20:28,500 --> 03:20:32,400
settlers lived alongside English
speaking population, the two 

3661
03:20:32,400 --> 03:20:35,300
languages began to blend 
together in ways that shape the 

3662
03:20:35,300 --> 03:20:38,900
English we speak today. 
The number of words, in Modern 

3663
03:20:38,900 --> 03:20:42,300
English that come directly from 
Old Norse is staggering, and 

3664
03:20:42,300 --> 03:20:45,700
many of them are so fundamental 
that you use them without ever 

3665
03:20:45,700 --> 03:20:51,200
thinking about their Origins. 
The words Sky egg give take, 

3666
03:20:51,200 --> 03:20:58,800
they their their want wrong ugly
and hundreds of others. 

3667
03:20:58,800 --> 03:21:02,400
All entered English through 
Norse influence, But the 

3668
03:21:02,400 --> 03:21:06,500
contribution goes beyond 
individual words, nor settlers 

3669
03:21:06,500 --> 03:21:10,300
also influence the grammar and 
syntax of English in ways that 

3670
03:21:10,300 --> 03:21:14,100
linguists are still studying. 
The simplification of English 

3671
03:21:14,100 --> 03:21:16,600
verb endings. 
For instance, may have been 

3672
03:21:16,608 --> 03:21:19,900
partly driven by the need for 
Norse and English speakers to 

3673
03:21:19,900 --> 03:21:22,800
communicate with each other. 
Using a shared simplified 

3674
03:21:22,800 --> 03:21:27,200
grammar, This is one of the most
fascinating aspects of Norse 

3675
03:21:27,200 --> 03:21:30,200
influence on the world. 
Because it is so invisible. 

3676
03:21:30,200 --> 03:21:33,600
You cannot see it. 
You cannot point to it on a map.

3677
03:21:34,700 --> 03:21:37,900
but every time you speak 
English, you are using words and

3678
03:21:37,900 --> 03:21:42,400
structures that were shaped in 
part By people who, sail, to 

3679
03:21:42,400 --> 03:21:46,300
cross the North Sea, a thousand 
years ago and settled in a new 

3680
03:21:46,300 --> 03:21:49,600
land. 
The Vikings did not just change 

3681
03:21:49,600 --> 03:21:51,800
the political landscape of 
medieval Europe. 

3682
03:21:52,700 --> 03:21:55,900
They changed the way in an 
entire language grew and evolved

3683
03:21:55,900 --> 03:21:58,900
and through that language, the 
way millions of people think and

3684
03:21:58,900 --> 03:22:02,500
communicate today. 
There is something almost poetic

3685
03:22:02,500 --> 03:22:05,400
about this though, it is worth 
being careful with that word 

3686
03:22:05,400 --> 03:22:08,600
because the Norse themselves 
were deeply invested in the 

3687
03:22:08,608 --> 03:22:11,700
power of language and would have
understood its significant 

3688
03:22:11,700 --> 03:22:16,100
better than most Words mattered 
enormously in North culture. 

3689
03:22:16,100 --> 03:22:20,600
The ability to speak well to 
compose verses that were 

3690
03:22:20,600 --> 03:22:23,600
memorable and striking. 
And to tell a story that held an

3691
03:22:23,600 --> 03:22:28,000
audience was a valued skill, 
almost as valued as physical 

3692
03:22:28,000 --> 03:22:32,400
courage or practical competence,
The Norse sagas which we will 

3693
03:22:32,400 --> 03:22:35,700
touch on briefly later are in 
part a testament to this 

3694
03:22:35,700 --> 03:22:38,700
reverence for language. 
They are among the finest. 

3695
03:22:38,700 --> 03:22:41,600
Works of narrative, prose 
produced anywhere in the 

3696
03:22:41,608 --> 03:22:44,900
medieval world and they were 
written in Old Norse. 

3697
03:22:44,900 --> 03:22:48,900
The language, the Vikings spoke 
at home, The lore and the 

3698
03:22:48,900 --> 03:22:51,900
language taken together, reveal 
a people who are far more 

3699
03:22:51,900 --> 03:22:54,600
sophisticated than the popular 
image suggests. 

3700
03:22:55,500 --> 03:22:58,700
They were not simply worriers 
who happened to sail, they were 

3701
03:22:58,700 --> 03:23:02,600
a society with a functioning 
legal system, a rich literary 

3702
03:23:02,600 --> 03:23:05,700
tradition and a language that 
would go on to shape one of the 

3703
03:23:05,708 --> 03:23:07,800
most widely spoken tongues in 
the world. 

3704
03:23:09,300 --> 03:23:11,500
These are not the 
accomplishments of Barbarians. 

3705
03:23:11,500 --> 03:23:15,300
These are the accomplishments of
a civilization, one that 

3706
03:23:15,300 --> 03:23:17,700
happened to be located at the 
edge of the known world. 

3707
03:23:17,700 --> 03:23:22,500
And one that for reasons, both 
fair and unfair got a reputation

3708
03:23:22,500 --> 03:23:25,600
that obscured almost everything 
interesting about it. 

3709
03:23:26,900 --> 03:23:30,700
The thing assemblies, the oral 
legal Traditions, the blending 

3710
03:23:30,700 --> 03:23:34,100
of Northern English into 
something new and the words you 

3711
03:23:34,100 --> 03:23:36,700
use every single day without 
knowing where they came from. 

3712
03:23:38,000 --> 03:23:42,200
these are the quiet, legacies, 
the ones that do not make for 

3713
03:23:42,200 --> 03:23:46,000
dramatic television, but that 
have lasted, 1000 years and show

3714
03:23:46,000 --> 03:23:51,100
no sign of fading, Now, let us 
step inside, literally, and talk

3715
03:23:51,100 --> 03:23:53,400
about the homes, the Norse, and 
the lives. 

3716
03:23:53,400 --> 03:23:56,300
They lived within them. 
Because the domestic world of 

3717
03:23:56,300 --> 03:23:59,500
the Vikings is one of the most 
under explored parts of their 

3718
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:03,300
story and it is full of details 
that are both surprising and 

3719
03:24:03,300 --> 03:24:06,300
oddly comforting. 
There is a warmth to thinking 

3720
03:24:06,300 --> 03:24:10,100
about how people actually live 
their daily lives as opposed to 

3721
03:24:10,100 --> 03:24:12,900
how they fought or conquered or 
explored. 

3722
03:24:13,800 --> 03:24:16,900
The Norse long house is one of 
the best Windows we have in to 

3723
03:24:16,900 --> 03:24:19,400
that warmth. 
And it is worth spending some 

3724
03:24:19,400 --> 03:24:22,800
time inside it because the 
picture it reveals is one of a 

3725
03:24:22,800 --> 03:24:27,000
people who cared deeply about 
Comfort family and the small 

3726
03:24:27,000 --> 03:24:29,600
Pleasures that make a hard life 
bearable. 

3727
03:24:31,100 --> 03:24:34,000
The long house was the basic 
unit of North domestic 

3728
03:24:34,000 --> 03:24:37,600
architecture and it came in many
sizes and variations. 

3729
03:24:37,600 --> 03:24:40,900
Depending on the region. 
The wealth of the family and the

3730
03:24:40,900 --> 03:24:44,000
local climate In its simplest 
form. 

3731
03:24:44,000 --> 03:24:47,400
It was a large rectangular 
building, sometimes remarkably 

3732
03:24:47,400 --> 03:24:53,100
large with thick walls made of 
wood, stone or turf depending on

3733
03:24:53,100 --> 03:24:57,000
what was available locally. 
In Iceland, where trees were 

3734
03:24:57,000 --> 03:24:59,300
scarce? 
Longhouses were often built 

3735
03:24:59,300 --> 03:25:03,500
primarily of stone and Turf. 
In Norway, where Timber was 

3736
03:25:03,500 --> 03:25:05,700
plentiful. 
Wood was the dominant material. 

3737
03:25:05,700 --> 03:25:09,600
The roof was typically covered 
with sod, which provided 

3738
03:25:09,600 --> 03:25:13,100
excellent insulation, keeping 
the interior, surprisingly, 

3739
03:25:13,100 --> 03:25:14,900
warm. 
Even in the coldest months 

3740
03:25:14,900 --> 03:25:18,400
inside, the long house was 
organized around a central fire 

3741
03:25:18,400 --> 03:25:22,300
pit or half which served as the 
source of both heat and light. 

3742
03:25:22,300 --> 03:25:26,600
There was no chimney the smoke 
drifted upward and escaped 

3743
03:25:26,600 --> 03:25:28,200
through a hole or Gap in the 
roof. 

3744
03:25:29,000 --> 03:25:30,900
Which also let in a shaft of 
daylight. 

3745
03:25:31,700 --> 03:25:34,800
This meant that the interior of 
a long house was often hazy with

3746
03:25:34,800 --> 03:25:38,700
smoke and the walls and ceiling 
were perpetually darkened by it.

3747
03:25:39,600 --> 03:25:42,300
But it also meant that the fire 
could be kept burning almost 

3748
03:25:42,300 --> 03:25:45,900
continuously Through The Long 
Winter and the smoke itself, 

3749
03:25:45,900 --> 03:25:50,100
served a practical purpose. 
It helped preserve the dried 

3750
03:25:50,100 --> 03:25:52,100
fishing meet that hung from the 
rafters above. 

3751
03:25:53,300 --> 03:25:56,900
Sleeping Arrangements were along
the walls on raised platforms or

3752
03:25:56,900 --> 03:25:58,400
benches. 
That ran the length of the 

3753
03:25:58,400 --> 03:26:00,000
building on either side of the 
half. 

3754
03:26:00,700 --> 03:26:02,600
These were not beds in the 
modern sense. 

3755
03:26:02,600 --> 03:26:05,900
They were wooden platforms, 
covered with Furs and woven 

3756
03:26:05,900 --> 03:26:08,200
blankets. 
And they served as both sleeping

3757
03:26:08,200 --> 03:26:11,300
surfaces during the night and 
seating during the day. 

3758
03:26:13,100 --> 03:26:16,400
The family slept together. 
Close to the fire wrapped in 

3759
03:26:16,408 --> 03:26:20,700
layers of wool and animal skin. 
In the coldest months, this 

3760
03:26:20,700 --> 03:26:23,100
communal warmth was not a matter
of preference. 

3761
03:26:23,100 --> 03:26:27,600
It was a matter of survival. 
The center of the long house, 

3762
03:26:27,600 --> 03:26:30,900
the area around the fire was 
where the family spent most of 

3763
03:26:30,900 --> 03:26:33,700
its waking hours. 
This was where meals were 

3764
03:26:33,700 --> 03:26:36,700
prepared and eaten. 
The cooking was done over the 

3765
03:26:36,700 --> 03:26:40,900
opened fire or in a pit beside 
it using iron pots that held 

3766
03:26:40,900 --> 03:26:43,400
stews, and soups made from 
whatever was available. 

3767
03:26:44,400 --> 03:26:49,000
A typical Norse meal might 
include fish, Dairy bread, and 

3768
03:26:49,000 --> 03:26:51,000
perhaps some greens or berries 
and seasons. 

3769
03:26:52,000 --> 03:26:54,900
The meals were not elaborate but
they were substantial and they 

3770
03:26:54,900 --> 03:26:58,000
were eaten together as a family 
which gave them a social 

3771
03:26:58,000 --> 03:26:59,900
Dimension. 
That went beyond simple 

3772
03:26:59,900 --> 03:27:04,700
nutritionally was brewed in most
households made from barley or 

3773
03:27:04,700 --> 03:27:08,000
other available grains and it 
was a daily part of the diet for

3774
03:27:08,000 --> 03:27:10,000
adults and often for older 
children as well. 

3775
03:27:11,100 --> 03:27:13,500
This was not unusual for the 
Medieval World. 

3776
03:27:14,500 --> 03:27:17,500
Water sources were often 
unreliable and fermented 

3777
03:27:17,500 --> 03:27:20,600
beverages were both safer, to 
drink and more calorie dense 

3778
03:27:20,600 --> 03:27:23,300
than water. 
Nor sales was not particularly 

3779
03:27:23,300 --> 03:27:27,300
Strong by modern standards but 
it was a staple and Brewing. 

3780
03:27:27,300 --> 03:27:30,400
It was another of the many 
domestic skills that women in 

3781
03:27:30,400 --> 03:27:32,800
North households managed 
alongside everything else. 

3782
03:27:33,700 --> 03:27:35,600
The Longhouse was also a 
workspace. 

3783
03:27:35,600 --> 03:27:39,100
Textile production, as we 
discussed earlier happened here,

3784
03:27:39,100 --> 03:27:42,300
often in the evenings when the 
days outdoor work was done. 

3785
03:27:42,300 --> 03:27:46,500
Women spun wool on drops bindles
which could be worked while 

3786
03:27:46,500 --> 03:27:50,400
walking or sitting and woven on 
upright, looms that were set up 

3787
03:27:50,400 --> 03:27:54,000
near the fire. 
The rhythmic of the Loom and the

3788
03:27:54,008 --> 03:27:57,300
quiet pool of the spindle with 
sound that filled Norse 

3789
03:27:57,300 --> 03:28:00,100
evening's and they were 
accompanied by conversation 

3790
03:28:00,100 --> 03:28:05,300
storytelling and the occasional 
song children grew up in the 

3791
03:28:05,308 --> 03:28:08,700
environment, surrounded by the 
work of the household and 

3792
03:28:08,700 --> 03:28:11,100
absorbing its rhythms from a 
very young age. 

3793
03:28:12,100 --> 03:28:14,900
Norse childhood was not a 
prolonged period of play and 

3794
03:28:14,900 --> 03:28:17,800
Leisure as it might be in 
wealthiest societies. 

3795
03:28:18,800 --> 03:28:21,500
Children were expected to 
contribute to the household from

3796
03:28:21,500 --> 03:28:24,200
an early age. 
Helping with tasks that match 

3797
03:28:24,200 --> 03:28:28,500
their size and strength. 
But they were also valued and 

3798
03:28:28,500 --> 03:28:31,500
their well-being mattered to 
their parents in ways that are 

3799
03:28:31,500 --> 03:28:34,000
evident from the archaeological 
and textual record. 

3800
03:28:35,100 --> 03:28:38,100
Children's Graves have been 
found with care and attention 

3801
03:28:38,100 --> 03:28:41,900
buried with small possessions 
that suggests they were mourned 

3802
03:28:41,900 --> 03:28:45,100
and remembered. 
Norse law provided specific 

3803
03:28:45,100 --> 03:28:48,400
protections for children 
including penalties for harming 

3804
03:28:48,400 --> 03:28:50,800
them. 
The Norse were not sentimental 

3805
03:28:50,800 --> 03:28:53,800
about childhood in the way that 
modern Western cultures tend to 

3806
03:28:53,800 --> 03:28:56,300
be, but they were not 
indifferent to it either. 

3807
03:28:57,000 --> 03:29:00,800
The long house, also housed, in 
many cases, more than one family

3808
03:29:00,800 --> 03:29:04,600
extended family groups, often 
lived together, sharing the 

3809
03:29:04,600 --> 03:29:08,600
space and the work. 
Grandparents parents children 

3810
03:29:08,600 --> 03:29:11,900
and sometimes siblings and their
spouses all Under One Roof. 

3811
03:29:12,800 --> 03:29:15,900
This was partly practical a 
matter of shared labor and 

3812
03:29:15,900 --> 03:29:19,600
shared warmth and partly 
cultural a reflection of the 

3813
03:29:19,600 --> 03:29:23,100
Norse value placed on family, 
bonds and mutual obligation. 

3814
03:29:24,700 --> 03:29:28,300
The long house was not just a 
shelter, it was a social 

3815
03:29:28,300 --> 03:29:31,700
structure, a place where 
relationships were maintained 

3816
03:29:31,700 --> 03:29:34,400
and obligations were fulfilled 
on a daily basis. 

3817
03:29:35,300 --> 03:29:37,400
There is a detail about North 
domestic life. 

3818
03:29:37,400 --> 03:29:40,200
That is worth lingering on 
because it reveals something 

3819
03:29:40,200 --> 03:29:44,000
about the texture of everyday 
existence that larger historical

3820
03:29:44,000 --> 03:29:48,300
narratives tend to miss the 
Norse kept animals inside the 

3821
03:29:48,300 --> 03:29:52,300
long house during the winter 
months, Little sheep and goats 

3822
03:29:52,300 --> 03:29:56,000
share the building with the 
Human family separated, by a 

3823
03:29:56,000 --> 03:29:58,900
partition, but close enough that
their warmth contributed to the 

3824
03:29:58,900 --> 03:30:02,100
overall temperature of the 
space, this sounds uncomfortable

3825
03:30:02,100 --> 03:30:06,600
by modern standards and it 
probably was in certain ways but

3826
03:30:06,600 --> 03:30:10,300
it also meant that the long 
house was never truly cold even 

3827
03:30:10,300 --> 03:30:14,900
on the darkest winter nights. 
The combined body heat of dozens

3828
03:30:14,900 --> 03:30:18,400
of animals and a human family, 
contained within thick walls of 

3829
03:30:18,400 --> 03:30:21,900
stone or turf. 
Created an environment that was 

3830
03:30:21,900 --> 03:30:25,500
surprisingly livable. 
The smell presumably was 

3831
03:30:25,500 --> 03:30:26,500
something. 
You got used to. 

3832
03:30:27,400 --> 03:30:31,000
The Norse like people in many 
pre-modern societies lived in 

3833
03:30:31,000 --> 03:30:33,400
much closer contact with animals
than we do. 

3834
03:30:33,400 --> 03:30:37,800
And they did not find it 
particularly remarkable hygiene 

3835
03:30:37,800 --> 03:30:39,300
and cleanliness were not 
neglected. 

3836
03:30:39,300 --> 03:30:41,700
Despite what the popular image 
of Vikings might suggest. 

3837
03:30:43,000 --> 03:30:46,400
The Norse bathed regularly 
particularly in areas where Hot 

3838
03:30:46,400 --> 03:30:49,400
Springs were available as they 
are in part of Iceland and 

3839
03:30:49,400 --> 03:30:52,100
Norway. 
Archaeological evidence from 

3840
03:30:52,100 --> 03:30:56,300
North site to turned up Combs 
tweezers, razors and other 

3841
03:30:56,300 --> 03:30:59,300
grooming, implements suggesting 
that personal appearance 

3842
03:30:59,300 --> 03:31:01,700
mattered to them. 
They were not the unwashed 

3843
03:31:01,700 --> 03:31:05,200
Savages of Legend. 
They were people who took pride 

3844
03:31:05,200 --> 03:31:08,300
in how they looked and felt 
within the constraints of their 

3845
03:31:08,300 --> 03:31:12,500
environment and resources. the 
home also reflected narc 

3846
03:31:12,500 --> 03:31:15,200
aesthetic sensibilities which 
were more refined than the 

3847
03:31:15,200 --> 03:31:19,600
popular image allows Norse art 
known as the art style of the 

3848
03:31:19,600 --> 03:31:21,800
Viking. 
Age was characterized by 

3849
03:31:21,800 --> 03:31:26,800
intricate interlocking patterns 
stylized, animal forms, and a 

3850
03:31:26,800 --> 03:31:29,400
level of decorative detail. 
That suggests a genuine 

3851
03:31:29,400 --> 03:31:31,600
appreciation for beauty in 
everyday objects. 

3852
03:31:32,800 --> 03:31:35,600
Longhouse doorposts, were 
sometimes carved with elaborate 

3853
03:31:35,600 --> 03:31:38,600
designs, wooden furniture and 
household. 

3854
03:31:38,600 --> 03:31:42,200
Implements were decorated with 
patterns that serve no practical

3855
03:31:42,200 --> 03:31:44,600
purpose other than to make them 
beautiful. 

3856
03:31:45,700 --> 03:31:50,200
The north did not live in Bear 
utilitarian spaces, they lived 

3857
03:31:50,200 --> 03:31:53,100
in spaces, that reflected their 
sense of what the world should 

3858
03:31:53,100 --> 03:31:56,200
look like. 
And that sense, included Beauty 

3859
03:31:56,200 --> 03:31:59,800
alongside Funk Shun an evening 
in a Norse long house. 

3860
03:31:59,800 --> 03:32:03,000
When the days work was done and 
the fire was burning steadily 

3861
03:32:03,000 --> 03:32:05,900
and the ale was poor and the 
family was gathered. 

3862
03:32:05,900 --> 03:32:09,200
Close must have been one of the 
most Pleasant environments. 

3863
03:32:09,200 --> 03:32:14,100
The Medieval World had to offer.
The warmth, the light the smell 

3864
03:32:14,100 --> 03:32:18,100
of cooking food, the quiet 
conversation, the occasional 

3865
03:32:18,100 --> 03:32:21,900
burst of laughter. 
It was not glamorous but it was 

3866
03:32:21,900 --> 03:32:26,200
real and it was human and it was
the place where the Norse spent 

3867
03:32:26,200 --> 03:32:30,100
most of their lives. 
Hospitality was another value 

3868
03:32:30,100 --> 03:32:33,300
that shaped Norse domestic life 
in ways that went beyond simple 

3869
03:32:33,300 --> 03:32:36,300
politeness. 
In a world where travel was 

3870
03:32:36,300 --> 03:32:38,600
common, but Inns and hotels did 
not exist. 

3871
03:32:39,400 --> 03:32:42,300
The obligation to feed and 
shelter, a traveler was taken 

3872
03:32:42,300 --> 03:32:44,700
seriously. 
Norse law and custom. 

3873
03:32:44,700 --> 03:32:49,200
Both supported this expectation.
A host was expected to offer 

3874
03:32:49,200 --> 03:32:52,600
food drink and a place to sleep 
to anyone who arrived at the 

3875
03:32:52,600 --> 03:32:56,400
long house and failing to do. 
So was considered a serious 

3876
03:32:56,400 --> 03:33:00,000
breach of social norms. 
This was not purely altruistic. 

3877
03:33:00,000 --> 03:33:04,100
Of course, in a society where 
anyone might find themselves far

3878
03:33:04,100 --> 03:33:07,200
from home and in need of 
shelter, the customer of 

3879
03:33:07,200 --> 03:33:10,000
hospitality was a form of Mutual
Insurance. 

3880
03:33:11,100 --> 03:33:13,300
You offered it to others because
you might one day, need it 

3881
03:33:13,300 --> 03:33:16,000
yourself. 
The result was that Norse long 

3882
03:33:16,000 --> 03:33:19,000
houses were often more socially 
active than a single family 

3883
03:33:19,000 --> 03:33:20,600
dwelling. 
In the modern world might be 

3884
03:33:21,400 --> 03:33:25,200
Travelers passed through Traders
stopped to rest and resupply. 

3885
03:33:26,000 --> 03:33:28,600
Relatives visited from 
neighboring settlements. 

3886
03:33:29,400 --> 03:33:33,900
Household was not a closed 
system, it was open Connected To

3887
03:33:33,900 --> 03:33:36,700
The Wider community and ways 
that made isolation nearly 

3888
03:33:36,700 --> 03:33:40,800
impossible and loneliness. 
At least the sustained kind 

3889
03:33:40,800 --> 03:33:45,100
relatively rare. 
And it is from this domestic 

3890
03:33:45,100 --> 03:33:49,700
world, this warm and busy and 
slightly Smoky Center of Norse 

3891
03:33:49,700 --> 03:33:53,000
existence that we should draw 
our final thread. 

3892
03:33:53,900 --> 03:33:57,000
Because the story of how the 
Vikings quietly shaped the world

3893
03:33:57,000 --> 03:34:00,400
does not end with trade or law 
or language. 

3894
03:34:01,200 --> 03:34:04,400
It ends with a legacy that is 
quiet to still one that 

3895
03:34:04,400 --> 03:34:07,300
stretches from those long house.
Halves all the way into the 

3896
03:34:07,308 --> 03:34:10,800
present, day touching things. 
You might never have thought to 

3897
03:34:10,800 --> 03:34:13,800
connect to a people who lived a 
thousand years ago on the edge 

3898
03:34:13,800 --> 03:34:17,300
of the Northern sea. 
The most lasting contributions. 

3899
03:34:17,300 --> 03:34:20,500
Any civilization makes a rarely 
the ones that intended. 

3900
03:34:21,400 --> 03:34:24,100
The Norse did not set out to 
change the English language. 

3901
03:34:24,100 --> 03:34:28,200
They did not plan centuries in 
advance to help lay the 

3902
03:34:28,208 --> 03:34:30,900
groundwork for the political 
development of Eastern Europe. 

3903
03:34:31,700 --> 03:34:34,800
They did not wake up one morning
and decide that their legal 

3904
03:34:34,800 --> 03:34:36,400
Traditions would influence the 
way. 

3905
03:34:36,400 --> 03:34:40,700
Iceland organized its Society 
for the next Thousand Years. 

3906
03:34:42,200 --> 03:34:44,900
These things happened because 
the Norse were a particular kind

3907
03:34:44,900 --> 03:34:48,600
of people living in a particular
kind of place at a particular 

3908
03:34:48,600 --> 03:34:52,100
moment in history and the 
combination produced effects 

3909
03:34:52,100 --> 03:34:55,100
that rippled out wood in ways. 
No single generation could have 

3910
03:34:55,100 --> 03:34:59,400
predicted or controlled This is 
what a quiet Legacy. 

3911
03:34:59,400 --> 03:35:03,600
Looks like not a monument or a 
conquest or a grand declaration.

3912
03:35:04,500 --> 03:35:08,200
Slow gradual, almost 
imperceptible shift in how the 

3913
03:35:08,200 --> 03:35:11,800
world Works driven by the 
ordinary activities of ordinary 

3914
03:35:11,800 --> 03:35:13,600
people who are simply trying to 
live. 

3915
03:35:13,600 --> 03:35:16,600
Well, Let us trace a few of 
those threads because they are 

3916
03:35:16,608 --> 03:35:18,900
worth following the legal 
traditions. 

3917
03:35:18,900 --> 03:35:22,100
We discussed earlier did not 
disappear when the Viking age 

3918
03:35:22,100 --> 03:35:27,300
ended They evolved adapted and 
in some cases survived 

3919
03:35:27,300 --> 03:35:29,500
remarkably intact into the 
modern era. 

3920
03:35:30,300 --> 03:35:35,000
Iceland is the clearest example.
The alfing Islam's. 

3921
03:35:35,000 --> 03:35:40,200
Parliament was established in 
900 and 936 and is still in 

3922
03:35:40,200 --> 03:35:43,400
operation today. 
Making it one of the oldest 

3923
03:35:43,400 --> 03:35:46,400
continuously functioning 
legislative bodies in the world.

3924
03:35:47,600 --> 03:35:50,600
It is not the same institution, 
it was a thousand years ago. 

3925
03:35:50,600 --> 03:35:55,100
Of course it has changed 
enormously adapting to new 

3926
03:35:55,100 --> 03:35:57,800
circumstances and new ideas 
about governance. 

3927
03:35:58,800 --> 03:36:02,600
But its roots are Norse and the 
basic principle behind it. 

3928
03:36:02,600 --> 03:36:06,100
That free people have the right 
to gather and make decisions 

3929
03:36:06,100 --> 03:36:10,000
about their own Affairs is a 
principle that traces directly 

3930
03:36:10,000 --> 03:36:12,600
back to the thing, Assemblies of
the Viking age. 

3931
03:36:13,400 --> 03:36:16,600
This is not a small thing, the 
idea that governance should be 

3932
03:36:16,600 --> 03:36:19,700
participatory that it should 
involve the consent of the 

3933
03:36:19,700 --> 03:36:23,000
governed rather than simply the 
will of the powerful is one of 

3934
03:36:23,008 --> 03:36:25,800
the most important ideas in the 
history of human civilization. 

3935
03:36:25,800 --> 03:36:30,500
And while it did not originate 
exclusively with the Norse, they

3936
03:36:30,500 --> 03:36:33,500
were among the earliest and most
consistent practitioners of it 

3937
03:36:33,500 --> 03:36:36,200
in northern Europe. 
The thing assemblies were not 

3938
03:36:36,200 --> 03:36:40,800
perfect democracies, they 
excluded women, thralls, and in 

3939
03:36:40,800 --> 03:36:43,100
many cases people without 
sufficient property. 

3940
03:36:44,100 --> 03:36:48,600
But they were for their time and
place remarkably open systems 

3941
03:36:48,600 --> 03:36:51,300
and the traditionally 
established in Iceland has 

3942
03:36:51,300 --> 03:36:54,600
endured in one former another 
for over 1000 years. 

3943
03:36:55,800 --> 03:36:59,100
The North Stars, are another 
Legacy worth considering because

3944
03:36:59,100 --> 03:37:01,600
they represent something 
genuinely unusual in the 

3945
03:37:01,608 --> 03:37:04,700
medieval literary landscape. 
The sargas. 

3946
03:37:04,700 --> 03:37:07,200
Along detailed realistic 
narrative. 

3947
03:37:07,200 --> 03:37:10,700
Often based on historical events
or real people. 

3948
03:37:10,700 --> 03:37:14,000
Written in Old Norse between 
roughly the 12th and 14th 

3949
03:37:14,000 --> 03:37:17,000
centuries. 
They're not myths or Legends 

3950
03:37:17,000 --> 03:37:19,200
though. 
They sometimes incorporate 

3951
03:37:19,200 --> 03:37:22,800
mythological elements. 
They are in many ways closer to 

3952
03:37:22,800 --> 03:37:26,400
what we would Now, call novels 
or historical fiction, and they 

3953
03:37:26,400 --> 03:37:28,600
are remarkable for their 
psychological depth. 

3954
03:37:29,200 --> 03:37:32,100
There are attention to character
and they're unflinching 

3955
03:37:32,100 --> 03:37:35,000
willingness to portray human 
beings in all their complexity. 

3956
03:37:36,200 --> 03:37:38,000
The Icelandic sagas in 
particular. 

3957
03:37:38,000 --> 03:37:41,400
Are considered masterpieces of 
world literature by Scholars who

3958
03:37:41,400 --> 03:37:44,500
have studied them carefully and 
they deserve that reputation. 

3959
03:37:45,700 --> 03:37:49,200
They portray nor Society with a 
frankness and a Nuance that is 

3960
03:37:49,200 --> 03:37:51,500
rare in any era of literary 
history. 

3961
03:37:52,400 --> 03:37:54,200
Characters are not heroes or 
villains. 

3962
03:37:54,200 --> 03:37:57,800
They are people flawed and 
complicated and sometimes 

3963
03:37:57,800 --> 03:38:01,300
surprising navigating a world 
that does not always make sense.

3964
03:38:01,300 --> 03:38:06,500
The sargas are funny, 
occasionally very funny in a dry

3965
03:38:06,500 --> 03:38:09,100
and understated way. 
That feels remarkably modern 

3966
03:38:09,900 --> 03:38:14,200
There are so sad and violent and
tender sometimes all within the 

3967
03:38:14,200 --> 03:38:18,000
same paragraph. 
What makes them relevant to a 

3968
03:38:18,000 --> 03:38:21,400
discussion of Norse Legacy is 
that they represent a tradition 

3969
03:38:21,400 --> 03:38:24,700
of Storytelling and record 
keeping that shape house 

3970
03:38:24,700 --> 03:38:29,000
subsequent Generations, 
understood the Norse world many 

3971
03:38:29,000 --> 03:38:32,700
of the things we know about 
Viking age Society its Customs 

3972
03:38:32,700 --> 03:38:36,600
its values and its daily 
rhythms, come from the sagas 

3973
03:38:37,600 --> 03:38:40,800
They are not perfectly reliable.
Historical sources of course, 

3974
03:38:41,600 --> 03:38:44,100
They were written centuries 
after many of the events they 

3975
03:38:44,100 --> 03:38:48,000
describe and they reflect the 
perspectives and biases of their

3976
03:38:48,000 --> 03:38:50,500
authors. 
But they are extraordinary 

3977
03:38:50,500 --> 03:38:53,600
documents and they demonstrate 
that the north took their own 

3978
03:38:53,600 --> 03:38:55,500
story. 
Seriously enough to write it 

3979
03:38:55,500 --> 03:39:00,300
down with care and skill. 
The cultural Legacy extends into

3980
03:39:00,300 --> 03:39:02,700
our Art and Design as well 
Norse. 

3981
03:39:02,700 --> 03:39:05,800
Decorative art with its 
intricate interlocking patterns 

3982
03:39:05,800 --> 03:39:09,200
and stylized. 
Animal forms influenced, the art

3983
03:39:09,200 --> 03:39:13,200
of every culture, the Norse 
touched, you can see Norse in 

3984
03:39:13,208 --> 03:39:16,000
Florence, in the illuminated 
manuscripts of Irish English 

3985
03:39:16,000 --> 03:39:20,500
monks in the carved, doorways of
Scandinavian churches, and in 

3986
03:39:20,500 --> 03:39:23,800
the metal work and jewelry of 
medieval Europe more, broadly 

3987
03:39:24,700 --> 03:39:28,300
The style traveled with the 
Norse wherever they went and it 

3988
03:39:28,308 --> 03:39:32,000
left traces that persisted long 
after the Norse themselves and 

3989
03:39:32,000 --> 03:39:34,100
blended into the population's 
around them. 

3990
03:39:35,200 --> 03:39:39,500
Those are a geographical Legacy 
that is easy to overlook. place 

3991
03:39:39,500 --> 03:39:42,900
names across the British Isles, 
particularly in areas where 

3992
03:39:42,900 --> 03:39:46,500
North settlers lived in 
significant numbers are of Norse

3993
03:39:46,500 --> 03:39:51,100
origin, in the north of England 
in Scotland in Ireland and of 

3994
03:39:51,100 --> 03:39:54,400
course in Iceland and the other 
North settled lands, the 

3995
03:39:54,400 --> 03:39:58,100
landscape itself carries the 
imprint of Norse presence in the

3996
03:39:58,100 --> 03:40:02,500
names of towns, Rivers, Hills 
and Farms These names are 

3997
03:40:02,500 --> 03:40:06,100
fossils linguistic, traces of a 
people who lived in these places

3998
03:40:06,100 --> 03:40:09,600
a thousand years ago and who 
left their mark on the land in a

3999
03:40:09,600 --> 03:40:14,000
way that no amount of subsequent
habitation has erased. the word 

4000
03:40:14,000 --> 03:40:18,200
Friday, for instance, derives 
from the Norse goddess frig The 

4001
03:40:18,200 --> 03:40:21,900
word Wednesday comes from Odin 
known in Norse as woden. 

4002
03:40:22,500 --> 03:40:25,900
Thursday is Thor's day. 
These connections are well-known

4003
03:40:25,900 --> 03:40:29,100
but they were worth stating 
plainly because they illustrate 

4004
03:40:29,100 --> 03:40:32,700
how thoroughly Norse culture 
woven itself into the fabric of 

4005
03:40:32,700 --> 03:40:34,500
everyday life in northern 
Europe? 

4006
03:40:35,400 --> 03:40:38,000
You cannot get through a single 
week without using words that 

4007
03:40:38,000 --> 03:40:40,500
Trace back to Norse mythology 
and Norse language. 

4008
03:40:41,300 --> 03:40:44,500
And then there is the matter of 
exploration, which is perhaps 

4009
03:40:44,500 --> 03:40:47,700
the Norse Legacy that has 
received the most attention. 

4010
03:40:47,700 --> 03:40:51,400
Even if the attention has often 
been focused on the wrong aspect

4011
03:40:51,400 --> 03:40:56,800
of it, The Norse reached North 
America roughly 500 years before

4012
03:40:56,800 --> 03:41:00,000
Columbus. 
Establishing a settlement at a 

4013
03:41:00,000 --> 03:41:02,800
place called Vinland, which is 
now believed to have been 

4014
03:41:02,808 --> 03:41:05,500
located on the island of 
Newfoundland in what is now 

4015
03:41:05,500 --> 03:41:09,100
Canada. 
The settlement known from 

4016
03:41:09,100 --> 03:41:12,500
archaeological evidence at a 
site called Lonesome Meadows did

4017
03:41:12,500 --> 03:41:16,200
not last long. 
The Norse abandoned it within a 

4018
03:41:16,200 --> 03:41:19,700
few decades, likely due to 
conflicts with the indigenous 

4019
03:41:19,700 --> 03:41:23,100
peoples of the region and the 
difficulty of maintaining a 

4020
03:41:23,100 --> 03:41:24,300
settlement so far from their 
Homeland. 

4021
03:41:25,400 --> 03:41:28,600
But the fact that they got their
at all is extraordinary, it was 

4022
03:41:28,608 --> 03:41:31,600
not the result of a grand 
Expedition organized by a king 

4023
03:41:31,600 --> 03:41:35,900
or funded by a wealthy sponsor. 
It was the result of Norse 

4024
03:41:35,900 --> 03:41:38,600
settlers in Iceland and 
Greenland, hearing stories about

4025
03:41:38,600 --> 03:41:41,700
land visible to the west and 
then sailing out to find it. 

4026
03:41:42,500 --> 03:41:45,800
The Norse reached North America 
not through heroic determination

4027
03:41:45,800 --> 03:41:49,900
but through the same quiet habit
of following the water that had 

4028
03:41:49,900 --> 03:41:51,800
driven their expansion for 
centuries. 

4029
03:41:52,600 --> 03:41:56,200
They saw an opportunity, they 
had the skills to take it and 

4030
03:41:56,200 --> 03:41:58,900
they did. 
The settlement at Vineland did 

4031
03:41:58,900 --> 03:42:01,200
not change the course of world 
history in the way that 

4032
03:42:01,200 --> 03:42:04,900
Columbus's voyages did. 
The north did not establish a 

4033
03:42:04,900 --> 03:42:08,100
permanent presence in North 
America and their contact. 

4034
03:42:08,100 --> 03:42:11,300
With the continent did not lead 
to sustained exchange between 

4035
03:42:11,300 --> 03:42:15,000
the old world and the new But it
does tell us something important

4036
03:42:15,000 --> 03:42:19,100
about the Norse character about 
their restlessness, their 

4037
03:42:19,100 --> 03:42:23,200
curiosity and their willingness 
to sail, into the unknown simply

4038
03:42:23,200 --> 03:42:25,800
because the unknown was there 
and they had the means to reach 

4039
03:42:25,800 --> 03:42:28,400
it. 
There is a thread connecting all

4040
03:42:28,400 --> 03:42:31,700
of these legacies and it is 
worth naming before we let it 

4041
03:42:31,700 --> 03:42:34,500
go. 
The Norse shaped the world, not 

4042
03:42:34,500 --> 03:42:38,200
primarily through conquest or 
violence, but through contact. 

4043
03:42:39,200 --> 03:42:42,600
They touch so many cultures. 
So many places so many languages

4044
03:42:42,600 --> 03:42:46,200
and legal systems, and artistic 
Traditions, that their 

4045
03:42:46,200 --> 03:42:50,900
influenced like water finding 
its way through cracks in stone.

4046
03:42:51,800 --> 03:42:57,300
Slowly quietly persistently, not
always noticed not always 

4047
03:42:57,300 --> 03:42:59,200
acknowledged. 
But always there. 

4048
03:42:59,200 --> 03:43:01,400
The English words, you use every
day. 

4049
03:43:01,400 --> 03:43:04,900
The Parliamentary Traditions 
that Iceland still practice is 

4050
03:43:04,900 --> 03:43:08,100
the sargas remained, 
masterpieces of world, 

4051
03:43:08,100 --> 03:43:11,700
literature the place named a 
scattered across the northern 

4052
03:43:11,700 --> 03:43:14,900
Landscapes of Europe. 
The knowledge that someone 

4053
03:43:14,900 --> 03:43:18,400
walked on the shores of North 
America 1,000 years before the 

4054
03:43:18,400 --> 03:43:19,800
history books. 
Say it happened. 

4055
03:43:20,600 --> 03:43:22,600
These are not the legacies of 
conquerors. 

4056
03:43:22,600 --> 03:43:25,400
They are the legacies of a 
people who are extraordinarily 

4057
03:43:25,400 --> 03:43:29,700
good at being in the world at 
moving through it, a connecting 

4058
03:43:29,700 --> 03:43:31,800
with the people and places they 
encountered. 

4059
03:43:31,800 --> 03:43:34,800
And at leaving something behind 
that lasted. 

4060
03:43:34,800 --> 03:43:38,000
There is also a strand of 
cultural influence that connects

4061
03:43:38,000 --> 03:43:41,700
the north to Traditions, many 
people celebrate today without 

4062
03:43:41,700 --> 03:43:45,200
realizing the connection. 
The midwinter Festival known as 

4063
03:43:45,200 --> 03:43:48,000
Yule which the north celebrated 
around the winter. 

4064
03:43:48,000 --> 03:43:51,300
Solstice shared certain features
with what would eventually 

4065
03:43:51,300 --> 03:43:53,900
become Christmas as it was 
practiced in northern Europe. 

4066
03:43:54,800 --> 03:43:57,900
The Yule Log, the Gathering of 
family around a fire during the 

4067
03:43:57,900 --> 03:44:01,900
darkest time of year. 
Feasting and the storytelling. 

4068
03:44:02,900 --> 03:44:06,000
These were North Traditions long
before they were Christian ones 

4069
03:44:06,000 --> 03:44:09,300
and they Blended. 
So thoroughly into the fabric of

4070
03:44:09,300 --> 03:44:12,900
northern European culture that 
separating them is nearly 

4071
03:44:12,900 --> 03:44:15,700
impossible. 
Whether you celebrate Christmas 

4072
03:44:15,700 --> 03:44:19,400
or simply enjoy the idea of a 
warm fire and a family gather 

4073
03:44:19,400 --> 03:44:23,000
close on a dark winter night. 
You are participating in 

4074
03:44:23,000 --> 03:44:26,800
something that has Norse Roots 
even if the connection has been 

4075
03:44:26,800 --> 03:44:30,400
buried under centuries of other 
influences, the NorCal. 

4076
03:44:30,400 --> 03:44:33,400
So left their mark on the way 
Northern Europeans thought about

4077
03:44:33,400 --> 03:44:37,700
the natural world. 
Norse mythology populated the 

4078
03:44:37,700 --> 03:44:40,900
landscape with meaning rivers 
mountains. 

4079
03:44:40,900 --> 03:44:44,700
Forests and seas were not simply
physical features. 

4080
03:44:44,700 --> 03:44:50,300
They were inhabited in the Norse
imagination by being and forces 

4081
03:44:50,300 --> 03:44:52,600
that demanded respect and 
attention. 

4082
03:44:53,600 --> 03:44:56,800
This way of seeing the world, 
which anthropologists sometimes 

4083
03:44:56,800 --> 03:45:02,000
call animistic, persisted in 
Scandinavian, folk belief long, 

4084
03:45:02,000 --> 03:45:05,800
after the official conversion to
Christianity, and it shaped the 

4085
03:45:05,800 --> 03:45:09,900
relationship between people and 
Landscape in ways that are still

4086
03:45:09,908 --> 03:45:12,400
felt in the cultures of Northern
Europe today. 

4087
03:45:13,600 --> 03:45:17,000
Tonight as you settle in to 
sleep, it might be worth 

4088
03:45:17,000 --> 03:45:18,500
carrying one last image with 
you. 

4089
03:45:19,300 --> 03:45:23,300
Not the Viking on the warship, 
not the burning Village, not the

4090
03:45:23,300 --> 03:45:27,900
axe raised in battle. 
Instead picture a Norse Trader 

4091
03:45:27,900 --> 03:45:29,900
on a river somewhere in what is 
now Russia? 

4092
03:45:30,800 --> 03:45:34,600
Sitting in a small boat at dusk 
watching the water, catch the 

4093
03:45:34,600 --> 03:45:38,300
last of the light. 
He has Goods to sell and a long 

4094
03:45:38,308 --> 03:45:41,200
way still to go. 
He is not thinking about history

4095
03:45:41,200 --> 03:45:43,100
or Legacy, or the shape of the 
world. 

4096
03:45:43,100 --> 03:45:46,500
He is thinking about the current
and the weather, and whether he 

4097
03:45:46,500 --> 03:45:48,600
will make it to the next 
settlement, before dark. 

4098
03:45:48,600 --> 03:45:52,400
He will make it. 
He is very good at this and 

4099
03:45:52,400 --> 03:45:56,700
somewhere 1000 years from now, a
person speaking a language, he 

4100
03:45:56,700 --> 03:45:59,300
helped to shape will use a word.
He brought with him on that boat

4101
03:45:59,300 --> 03:46:01,500
without ever knowing where it 
came from. 

4102
03:46:02,200 --> 03:46:05,700
The river will still be flowing,
the water will still be catching

4103
03:46:05,700 --> 03:46:09,200
the light and the quiet work of 
connecting one place to another 

4104
03:46:09,200 --> 03:46:13,000
one person to another. 
And one idea to another will 

4105
03:46:13,000 --> 03:46:15,700
still be going on the way it has
been going on. 

4106
03:46:15,700 --> 03:46:18,400
Since the first North sailor 
looked out at the water and 

4107
03:46:18,400 --> 03:46:20,200
decided to see what was on the 
other side. 

4108
03:46:21,200 --> 03:46:24,500
Sleep. 
Well, the Vikings the real ones 

4109
03:46:24,500 --> 03:46:32,100
have earned it and so have you 
Picture this. 

4110
03:46:33,000 --> 03:46:36,600
You're walking down a city 
street in 1923 and the world 

4111
03:46:36,600 --> 03:46:38,300
around. 
You is humming with an energy 

4112
03:46:38,300 --> 03:46:41,900
that feels almost Electric. 
The atmosphere isn't quite 

4113
03:46:41,900 --> 03:46:45,700
electric, but it's close enough.
Sure, there are more light bulbs

4114
03:46:45,700 --> 03:46:48,900
than ever before, but the real 
electricity is in the air itself

4115
03:46:48,900 --> 03:46:51,100
crackling with possibility and 
change. 

4116
03:46:51,800 --> 03:46:53,500
You'd notice it first in the 
sound. 

4117
03:46:55,200 --> 03:46:58,300
The clip-clop of horses that 
dominated just a decade ago, has

4118
03:46:58,300 --> 03:47:01,000
been replaced by the puttering 
growl of automobiles. 

4119
03:47:01,000 --> 03:47:05,500
The sound is not the smooth per 
of modern cars, but rather a 

4120
03:47:05,500 --> 03:47:08,100
sound, akin to a coffee grinder 
arguing with the lawn mower. 

4121
03:47:09,000 --> 03:47:12,200
The Model T Ford despite its 
mechanical prowess was as 

4122
03:47:12,200 --> 03:47:14,500
unassuming as a brass band, 
playing in a library. 

4123
03:47:15,600 --> 03:47:18,600
Smell hits. 
You next a cocktail of motor oil

4124
03:47:18,600 --> 03:47:22,100
cigarette smoke and something in
definitely optimistic. 

4125
03:47:22,900 --> 03:47:25,300
It's the center of a country 
that's just discovered it. 

4126
03:47:25,300 --> 03:47:28,700
Can reinvent itself, like a 
middle-aged person trying on a 

4127
03:47:28,700 --> 03:47:31,500
completely different haircut and
deciding they rather like it. 

4128
03:47:32,200 --> 03:47:33,900
You're dressed in a tire that 
would make your 

4129
03:47:33,900 --> 03:47:36,000
great-grandparents cling to 
their pearls. 

4130
03:47:36,800 --> 03:47:39,900
If you're a woman, your hemline 
is scandalously revealing 

4131
03:47:39,900 --> 03:47:43,100
several inches, of ankle and 
calf, your hair is bobbed 

4132
03:47:43,100 --> 03:47:45,800
shorter than most men. 
You might be smoking a cigarette

4133
03:47:45,800 --> 03:47:48,200
in public without a single 
person calling the authorities. 

4134
03:47:49,300 --> 03:47:52,300
If you're a man, your collar is 
a bit lower, your pants, a bit, 

4135
03:47:52,308 --> 03:47:55,200
looser, and you've got enough 
hair permit to lubricate, a 

4136
03:47:55,200 --> 03:47:58,400
small engine. 
The funny thing about the 1920s 

4137
03:47:58,400 --> 03:48:01,300
is that everyone calls them 
roaring but they didn't start 

4138
03:48:01,300 --> 03:48:04,400
out that way. 
The decade began with people 

4139
03:48:04,400 --> 03:48:06,800
suffering from severe hangovers 
from World War One. 

4140
03:48:07,600 --> 03:48:10,000
The country was like someone 
who'd been to a really intense 

4141
03:48:10,000 --> 03:48:13,700
party and was now standing in 
their kitchen at 2 a.m. eating 

4142
03:48:13,700 --> 03:48:16,900
cold, pizza and wondering what 
on Earth had just happened. 

4143
03:48:17,800 --> 03:48:20,800
However, the Americans with 
their unwavering optimism gazed 

4144
03:48:20,800 --> 03:48:25,300
at the chaos and expressed, Was 
quite unpleasant, let's try 

4145
03:48:25,300 --> 03:48:28,200
something. 
Completely different and boy did

4146
03:48:28,200 --> 03:48:34,100
they ever The war had ended in 
1918 and by 1920 everyone was 

4147
03:48:34,100 --> 03:48:35,800
ready to forget. 
It had ever happened. 

4148
03:48:35,800 --> 03:48:39,200
It was as if everyone had 
experienced Collective Amnesia 

4149
03:48:39,200 --> 03:48:42,400
accompanied by jazz music and 
illegal cocktails. 

4150
03:48:43,000 --> 03:48:47,400
People wanted to dance laugh. 
Make money and generally behave 

4151
03:48:47,400 --> 03:48:49,600
as if they had discovered the 
perfect cocktail sauce. 

4152
03:48:49,600 --> 03:48:53,000
You'd see this attitude. 
Everywhere, people walked with a

4153
03:48:53,000 --> 03:48:55,700
spring in their step, suggesting
they were late for something 

4154
03:48:55,700 --> 03:48:59,300
fun. 
They spoke faster louder and 

4155
03:48:59,300 --> 03:49:02,000
with more slang than a teenager 
who had just discovered, they 

4156
03:49:02,000 --> 03:49:07,100
could invent their own language.
bees knees and cats Pajamas, not

4157
03:49:07,100 --> 03:49:10,600
only served as expression's but 
also as Declarations of 

4158
03:49:10,600 --> 03:49:14,100
Independence from the Victorian 
era which had finally thankfully

4159
03:49:14,100 --> 03:49:17,300
left town The cities were 
growing, like mushrooms. 

4160
03:49:17,300 --> 03:49:21,200
After rain, people were flooding
in from farms and small towns 

4161
03:49:21,200 --> 03:49:25,200
drawn by the promise of factory 
jobs and electric lights and the

4162
03:49:25,200 --> 03:49:27,200
chance to reinvent themselves 
completely. 

4163
03:49:27,200 --> 03:49:31,000
It was like the world's largest 
costume party except the 

4164
03:49:31,000 --> 03:49:34,200
costumes were new lives and 
nobody was planning to take them

4165
03:49:34,200 --> 03:49:36,600
off. 
At midnight, money was flowing 

4166
03:49:36,600 --> 03:49:39,900
like water from a broken pipe 
and everyone was convinced. 

4167
03:49:39,900 --> 03:49:41,200
They could catch some in a 
bucket. 

4168
03:49:42,200 --> 03:49:44,900
People were buying stocks with 
the same casual confidence. 

4169
03:49:44,900 --> 03:49:48,500
They'd used to choose a new hat 
as the stock market soared to 

4170
03:49:48,500 --> 03:49:51,700
unprecedented Heights. 
What could possibly go wrong? 

4171
03:49:52,500 --> 03:49:56,000
However, we are assuming too 
much at this point right now. 

4172
03:49:56,000 --> 03:50:00,200
In this moment you're standing 
on a street corner in 1923 and 

4173
03:50:00,200 --> 03:50:03,100
the future looks as bright as a 
freshly polished brass button. 

4174
03:50:03,900 --> 03:50:06,400
The air brims with potential, 
your pockets. 

4175
03:50:06,400 --> 03:50:09,700
May hold some cash and a jazz 
band playing a tune in the 

4176
03:50:09,708 --> 03:50:12,300
distance entices. 
Your feet to dance 

4177
03:50:12,300 --> 03:50:16,100
independently. 
Welcome to the Roaring 20s, 

4178
03:50:16,100 --> 03:50:19,400
where the past was new and the 
future was whatever you dare to 

4179
03:50:19,400 --> 03:50:21,500
make it. 
Let's now discuss your daily 

4180
03:50:21,500 --> 03:50:25,100
activities. 
In the exciting world of 1923 If

4181
03:50:25,108 --> 03:50:28,800
your fortunate enough to have a 
job as most people did, adding 

4182
03:50:28,800 --> 03:50:31,600
to the magic, you'd be engaged 
in a way that would have left 

4183
03:50:31,600 --> 03:50:33,900
your parents, scratching their 
heads and confusion. 

4184
03:50:35,100 --> 03:50:37,600
For the first time in American 
history, more people will live 

4185
03:50:37,600 --> 03:50:41,100
in cities than on farms. 
This transformation wasn't just 

4186
03:50:41,100 --> 03:50:44,100
a demographic shift. 
It was like the entire country 

4187
03:50:44,100 --> 03:50:46,000
had decided to change his 
personality. 

4188
03:50:46,900 --> 03:50:50,000
America was transforming from a 
nation of people who knew every 

4189
03:50:50,000 --> 03:50:52,900
neighbor's Cow by name to a 
place where you might not even 

4190
03:50:52,900 --> 03:50:55,200
know the name of the person 
living in the apartment next 

4191
03:50:55,200 --> 03:50:57,900
door. 
If you were a woman, you'd 

4192
03:50:57,900 --> 03:51:00,500
probably be working outside the 
home in a way that would have 

4193
03:51:00,500 --> 03:51:03,500
scandalized your grandmother. 
Instead of Performing strenuous 

4194
03:51:03,500 --> 03:51:07,500
Farm tasks or handling laundry, 
women found themselves seated at

4195
03:51:07,500 --> 03:51:10,800
a desk in an office building 
using Innovative typewriters 

4196
03:51:10,800 --> 03:51:14,000
that resembled a hybrid of a 
piano and a mechanical spider. 

4197
03:51:14,800 --> 03:51:17,800
you'd be earning your money, 
which gave you a kind of Freedom

4198
03:51:17,800 --> 03:51:21,400
that previous generations of 
women could only dream about The

4199
03:51:21,400 --> 03:51:24,200
work itself had a rhythm to it. 
That was entirely new. 

4200
03:51:24,900 --> 03:51:28,300
You'd clock in at 8 a.m. sharp 
because the whole concept of 

4201
03:51:28,300 --> 03:51:30,200
business hours was becoming 
sacred. 

4202
03:51:30,900 --> 03:51:34,500
Lunch was exactly one hour. 
Usually eaten at a counter lunch

4203
03:51:34,500 --> 03:51:37,900
spot, that served food fast to 
the new could say, efficiently. 

4204
03:51:38,800 --> 03:51:42,000
Everything was about speed and 
productivity and the wonderful 

4205
03:51:42,000 --> 03:51:43,800
terrible idea that time was 
money. 

4206
03:51:45,100 --> 03:51:48,200
But here's the thing that made 
the 20 special when that work 

4207
03:51:48,200 --> 03:51:52,100
day ended, the real fun began. 
You'd step out of your office 

4208
03:51:52,100 --> 03:51:54,600
building into a world that was 
determined to entertain you. 

4209
03:51:55,200 --> 03:51:57,900
The streets were lined with 
movie theater showing the latest

4210
03:51:57,900 --> 03:51:59,900
Charlie Chaplin or Buster Keaton
films. 

4211
03:51:59,900 --> 03:52:03,500
These were just movies. 
They were escapes into Worlds 

4212
03:52:03,500 --> 03:52:05,500
where Anything could happen and 
usually did. 

4213
03:52:06,400 --> 03:52:09,000
If you desire to dance, you 
would make your way to one of 

4214
03:52:09,000 --> 03:52:11,800
the hundreds of dance halls that
had sprung up like fervent 

4215
03:52:11,800 --> 03:52:14,200
plants. 
Jazz new musical. 

4216
03:52:14,200 --> 03:52:17,000
Genre, resembled traditional 
music with a hint of 

4217
03:52:17,000 --> 03:52:20,000
improvisation. 
It was syncopated unpredictable 

4218
03:52:20,000 --> 03:52:24,100
and absolutely irresistible. 
You do the Charleston until your

4219
03:52:24,100 --> 03:52:25,600
feet hurt. 
Then keep dancing. 

4220
03:52:25,600 --> 03:52:27,500
Anyway, because the music 
wouldn't let you stop. 

4221
03:52:28,600 --> 03:52:32,300
Food was changing too instead of
the heavy Germanic meals that 

4222
03:52:32,300 --> 03:52:35,800
are dominated American tables. 
You'd find yourself eating Light

4223
03:52:35,800 --> 03:52:38,600
Affair. 
Salads became fashionable not 

4224
03:52:38,600 --> 03:52:41,500
because anyone was particularly 
concerned about health but 

4225
03:52:41,500 --> 03:52:43,100
because they felt modern and 
sophisticated. 

4226
03:52:44,300 --> 03:52:47,700
Canned foods were everywhere, 
promising convenience and 

4227
03:52:47,700 --> 03:52:50,400
consistency. 
You could open a can of peaches 

4228
03:52:50,400 --> 03:52:53,000
in the middle of winter and feel
like you were living in the 

4229
03:52:53,000 --> 03:52:55,000
future. 
And speaking of the future, 

4230
03:52:55,000 --> 03:52:59,400
everything was about being 
modern, Furniture art and ideas.

4231
03:52:59,400 --> 03:53:00,300
What? 
All modern. 

4232
03:53:00,300 --> 03:53:03,300
If something was old it was 
automatically suspect. 

4233
03:53:04,200 --> 03:53:06,700
People were redecorating their 
homes with clean lines and 

4234
03:53:06,700 --> 03:53:10,200
geometric patterns throwing out 
the heavy or Nate Victorian 

4235
03:53:10,200 --> 03:53:12,800
furniture that had dominated 
parlors for decades. 

4236
03:53:12,800 --> 03:53:16,100
It seemed as, though the entire 
nation had made a Resolute 

4237
03:53:16,100 --> 03:53:19,100
decision to purge and never look
back your evening. 

4238
03:53:19,100 --> 03:53:21,800
Entertainment might include 
listening to the radio, which 

4239
03:53:21,800 --> 03:53:24,500
was still magical enough to make
you shake your head in one day. 

4240
03:53:25,400 --> 03:53:28,300
The are carried voices and music
directly into your living room, 

4241
03:53:28,300 --> 03:53:32,000
you'd gather around the radio. 
Like it was a campfire listening

4242
03:53:32,000 --> 03:53:35,400
to programs that connected you 
to the rest of the country in a 

4243
03:53:35,400 --> 03:53:38,800
way that had never been possible
before, but the real excitement 

4244
03:53:38,800 --> 03:53:42,600
came from the speakeasies. 
Now, officially alcohol was 

4245
03:53:42,600 --> 03:53:44,800
illegal. 
Thanks to Prohibition, which had

4246
03:53:44,800 --> 03:53:49,100
gone into effect in 1920. 
But in reality people were 

4247
03:53:49,100 --> 03:53:52,100
drinking more than ever, and 
they were drinking it in Hidden 

4248
03:53:52,100 --> 03:53:54,600
clubs that had the atmosphere of
a permanent party. 

4249
03:53:55,400 --> 03:53:59,100
You'd knock on an unmarked door,
whisper a pass-word and suddenly

4250
03:53:59,100 --> 03:54:02,000
you'd be in a world of dim 
lights, strong drinks and the 

4251
03:54:02,008 --> 03:54:04,400
kind of music that made you want
to dance until dawn. 

4252
03:54:05,400 --> 03:54:07,000
The irony was not lost on 
anyone. 

4253
03:54:07,000 --> 03:54:10,100
The Government tried to make 
America more morale by Banning 

4254
03:54:10,100 --> 03:54:13,600
alcohol, but it made drinking 
more fun, socially and exciting.

4255
03:54:13,600 --> 03:54:17,500
It was akin to receive a ban on 
desert which instantly elevated 

4256
03:54:17,500 --> 03:54:20,500
it to the Pinnacle of Desire. 
Let's settle in and talk about 

4257
03:54:20,500 --> 03:54:23,700
money in the 1920s because this 
is where things get really 

4258
03:54:23,700 --> 03:54:26,300
interesting. 
Imagine if everyone in your 

4259
03:54:26,300 --> 03:54:28,400
neighborhood suddenly 
discovered, they had a talent 

4260
03:54:28,400 --> 03:54:30,700
for finding 20 dollar bills in 
their coat pockets. 

4261
03:54:30,700 --> 03:54:33,900
That's roughly what the economy 
felt like in 1924. 

4262
03:54:33,900 --> 03:54:36,900
You'd wake up each morning and 
check the newspaper for stock 

4263
03:54:36,900 --> 03:54:38,500
prices. 
The way people today, check 

4264
03:54:38,500 --> 03:54:41,300
their social media. 
The numbers, consistently 

4265
03:54:41,300 --> 03:54:43,600
increased. 
Akin to a helium balloon. 

4266
03:54:43,600 --> 03:54:47,000
Devoid of gravity, your 
neighbor, who previously sold 

4267
03:54:47,000 --> 03:54:50,400
insurance was now, providing you
with valuable insights about 

4268
03:54:50,400 --> 03:54:54,600
radio companies and automobile. 
Manufacturers, your Barber was 

4269
03:54:54,600 --> 03:54:56,800
talking about his portfolio 
while he trimmed your hair. 

4270
03:54:57,700 --> 03:55:00,100
Even the woman who ran the 
corner grocery store was buying 

4271
03:55:00,100 --> 03:55:01,700
stocks with the confidence of 
someone. 

4272
03:55:01,700 --> 03:55:05,500
Who'd been doing it for decades.
The beautiful thing was you 

4273
03:55:05,500 --> 03:55:07,100
didn't need to be rich to get 
started. 

4274
03:55:07,100 --> 03:55:11,100
You could buy stocks on margin 
which meant you only needed to 

4275
03:55:11,100 --> 03:55:13,500
put down a small amount of your 
money and borrow the rest. 

4276
03:55:13,500 --> 03:55:16,400
It was like a layaway but for 
wealth building. 

4277
03:55:17,600 --> 03:55:20,000
What could possibly go wrong 
with borrowing money to buy 

4278
03:55:20,000 --> 03:55:21,600
something? 
That was guaranteed to go up in 

4279
03:55:21,600 --> 03:55:24,700
value your typical day might 
start with a quick stop at the 

4280
03:55:24,700 --> 03:55:27,700
bank where the teller would 
greet you with a smile that 

4281
03:55:27,700 --> 03:55:29,700
suggested. 
He was personally invested in 

4282
03:55:29,700 --> 03:55:34,100
your financial success. 
Banks were no longer, the stern,

4283
03:55:34,100 --> 03:55:36,300
intimidating institutions, 
they'd been in your 

4284
03:55:36,300 --> 03:55:39,300
grandfather's day. 
They were friendly welcoming 

4285
03:55:39,300 --> 03:55:41,600
places that were eager to lend 
you money for just about 

4286
03:55:41,600 --> 03:55:43,700
anything. 
Want to buy a car? 

4287
03:55:43,700 --> 03:55:46,300
Here's a loan. 
Want to buy a house? 

4288
03:55:46,300 --> 03:55:48,800
Here's a mortgage. 
Want to buy stocks. 

4289
03:55:48,800 --> 03:55:52,800
Here's some margin financing. 
The bankers practically threw 

4290
03:55:52,800 --> 03:55:55,700
money at you and stilling in you
a sense of gratitude for their 

4291
03:55:55,700 --> 03:55:59,300
faith in your future. 
The calls were a perfect example

4292
03:55:59,300 --> 03:56:00,700
of how money was changing 
everything. 

4293
03:56:01,400 --> 03:56:04,200
Henry, Ford had figured out how 
to mass-produce automobiles, 

4294
03:56:04,200 --> 03:56:07,300
which meant that for the first 
time in history, regular 

4295
03:56:07,300 --> 03:56:10,800
working, people could afford to 
buy one, a Model T cost about 

4296
03:56:10,800 --> 03:56:15,900
$290 in 1925 which was roughly 
three months wages for an 

4297
03:56:15,908 --> 03:56:19,500
average worker. 
Compare that to today, when a 

4298
03:56:19,500 --> 03:56:22,600
new car costs, more like 8 
months wages and you can see why

4299
03:56:22,600 --> 03:56:25,000
everyone was feeling pretty 
optimistic about their 

4300
03:56:25,000 --> 03:56:28,000
purchasing power. 
But the real magic happened when

4301
03:56:28,000 --> 03:56:31,200
you got that car home, Suddenly,
you weren't limited to your 

4302
03:56:31,200 --> 03:56:33,900
neighborhood anymore. 
You could drive to the next town

4303
03:56:33,900 --> 03:56:36,700
over for dinner, or take a 
weekend trip to the mountains or

4304
03:56:36,700 --> 03:56:39,700
simply cruise around on a Sunday
afternoon feeling like the king 

4305
03:56:39,700 --> 03:56:42,300
of the world. 
The automobile didn't just 

4306
03:56:42,300 --> 03:56:44,500
change. 
How you got around it changed, 

4307
03:56:44,500 --> 03:56:48,100
how you thought about distance 
time and possibility, consumer 

4308
03:56:48,100 --> 03:56:52,100
goods were flooding, the market 
electric refrigerators vacuum 

4309
03:56:52,100 --> 03:56:56,200
cleaners, washing machines 
radio, all of these things that 

4310
03:56:56,200 --> 03:56:58,800
had been luxuries for the 
wealthy was suddenly Within 

4311
03:56:58,800 --> 03:57:01,400
Reach of the middle class. 
You could buy them on 

4312
03:57:01,400 --> 03:57:04,000
installment plans paying a 
little bit each month until they

4313
03:57:04,000 --> 03:57:06,200
were yours. 
It was like Christmas morning. 

4314
03:57:06,200 --> 03:57:09,400
Every time you brought home a 
new Appliance, Department stores

4315
03:57:09,400 --> 03:57:11,100
became Wonderland of 
possibility. 

4316
03:57:11,100 --> 03:57:14,600
You'd walk through Macy's or 
wannamakers and feel like you 

4317
03:57:14,600 --> 03:57:17,700
were touring a museum of modern 
living, everything was bright, 

4318
03:57:17,700 --> 03:57:20,200
shiny and available for 
purchase. 

4319
03:57:20,200 --> 03:57:23,600
The salespeople, made you feel 
entitled to the best and the 

4320
03:57:23,608 --> 03:57:26,200
credit terms were so generous 
that you couldn't afford not to 

4321
03:57:26,200 --> 03:57:30,100
buy the advertising, was getting
more sophisticated to, instead 

4322
03:57:30,100 --> 03:57:33,100
of just listing the features of 
a product advertisers, were 

4323
03:57:33,100 --> 03:57:36,100
selling you a Lifestyle by this 
open, you'll be more attractive 

4324
03:57:36,100 --> 03:57:40,000
by this car, and you'll be more 
successful by this radio and 

4325
03:57:40,000 --> 03:57:41,300
you'll be more connected to the 
world. 

4326
03:57:41,300 --> 03:57:44,500
They weren't just selling 
products, they were selling 

4327
03:57:44,500 --> 03:57:47,900
dreams and business was booming.
Your neighbor's were all 

4328
03:57:47,908 --> 03:57:50,600
participating in this wonderful 
dance of prosperity. 

4329
03:57:50,600 --> 03:57:53,800
Everyone was buying everyone was
selling. 

4330
03:57:53,800 --> 03:57:56,900
And everyone was convinced that 
the music would never stop 

4331
03:57:56,900 --> 03:57:59,800
playing. 
The stock market was like a 

4332
03:57:59,800 --> 03:58:03,300
giant Casino where everyone was 
winning and the house never 

4333
03:58:03,300 --> 03:58:06,000
seemed to mine. 
But here's the thing about 

4334
03:58:06,000 --> 03:58:08,600
dancing. 
It's wonderful while the music 

4335
03:58:08,600 --> 03:58:11,600
is playing, but eventually the 
band needs to take a break. 

4336
03:58:12,400 --> 03:58:16,000
The trouble was nobody in 1925 
was thinking about what would 

4337
03:58:16,000 --> 03:58:19,200
happen when the music stopped. 
There were too busy, enjoying 

4338
03:58:19,200 --> 03:58:22,600
the Rhythm, the movement and the
sheer Joy of being part of 

4339
03:58:22,600 --> 03:58:24,400
something that felt bigger than 
themselves. 

4340
03:58:24,400 --> 03:58:28,400
When the sun went down in 1925, 
that's when the real personality

4341
03:58:28,400 --> 03:58:31,400
of the decade, came out to play.
You'd finish your dinner 

4342
03:58:31,400 --> 03:58:34,800
straighten, your tie or powder, 
your nose, and step out into a 

4343
03:58:34,800 --> 03:58:37,500
world, that was absolutely 
determined to show you a good 

4344
03:58:37,508 --> 03:58:39,800
time. 
The streets after dark were 

4345
03:58:39,800 --> 03:58:41,800
like, nothing America had ever 
seen before. 

4346
03:58:41,800 --> 03:58:45,100
Electric signs. 
Blaze from every storefront 

4347
03:58:45,100 --> 03:58:48,600
turning night into a neon tinged
approximation of the day. 

4348
03:58:50,300 --> 03:58:53,200
The cities had learned to stay 
awake and they were absolutely 

4349
03:58:53,200 --> 03:58:56,700
delighted with their insomnia. 
You'd walk down Broadway or 

4350
03:58:56,700 --> 03:58:59,800
State Street, or any main drag 
in any City, and the lights 

4351
03:58:59,800 --> 03:59:01,800
would be so bright. 
You could read a newspaper 

4352
03:59:01,800 --> 03:59:04,900
without squinting. 
Your first stop might be a movie

4353
03:59:04,900 --> 03:59:07,600
theater because the pictures 
were getting more elaborate and 

4354
03:59:07,600 --> 03:59:10,700
entertaining by the month. 
These were just films. 

4355
03:59:10,700 --> 03:59:13,800
They were experiences theaters 
themselves. 

4356
03:59:13,800 --> 03:59:17,900
Resembled palaces adorned with 
elaborate ceilings luxurious 

4357
03:59:17,900 --> 03:59:21,200
seats and orchestras that 
accompanied the silent films, 

4358
03:59:21,200 --> 03:59:24,800
you'd sit in the dark with 
hundreds of other people, all of

4359
03:59:24,800 --> 03:59:28,000
you, gasping and laughing and 
collectively forgetting that the

4360
03:59:28,000 --> 03:59:30,800
real world existed outside those
velvet curtains. 

4361
03:59:30,800 --> 03:59:33,900
Charlie Chaplin was making 
everyone laugh with his little 

4362
03:59:33,900 --> 03:59:36,300
Tramp character. 
A fellow who seemed to find 

4363
03:59:36,300 --> 03:59:41,000
dignity in the most undignified 
Situation's, Buster Keaton was 

4364
03:59:41,000 --> 03:59:43,300
performing. 
Stunts that defied both gravity 

4365
03:59:43,300 --> 03:59:46,000
and Common Sense. 
These comedians weren't just 

4366
03:59:46,000 --> 03:59:48,100
entertainers. 
They were philosophers of the 

4367
03:59:48,100 --> 03:59:51,200
Absurd showing you that life's 
problems could be solved with 

4368
03:59:51,200 --> 03:59:54,300
creativity persistence and a 
willingness to look ridiculous. 

4369
03:59:55,200 --> 03:59:57,600
But the real Adventure began 
when you decided to find a 

4370
03:59:57,608 --> 04:00:01,200
speakeasy. 
By 1925, the country had gotten 

4371
04:00:01,200 --> 04:00:03,400
very creative about working 
around the five year old 

4372
04:00:03,408 --> 04:00:05,900
prohibition. 
He'd walk down a perfectly 

4373
04:00:05,900 --> 04:00:08,600
ordinary Street counting 
doorways until you found the 

4374
04:00:08,608 --> 04:00:10,800
right one. 
Maybe it was marked with a small

4375
04:00:10,808 --> 04:00:14,300
symbol or maybe you just had to 
know which door to knock on the 

4376
04:00:14,300 --> 04:00:16,000
pass-word. 
Might be something like bees 

4377
04:00:16,000 --> 04:00:19,300
knees or Oscar sent me. 
You'd whisper it to a person 

4378
04:00:19,300 --> 04:00:22,000
whose eyes you could see through
a small window and if you'd 

4379
04:00:22,000 --> 04:00:24,400
gotten it, right? 
The door would swing open to 

4380
04:00:24,400 --> 04:00:26,500
reveal a world. 
That was half party, half 

4381
04:00:26,500 --> 04:00:29,700
conspiracy. 
Inside the atmosphere was thick 

4382
04:00:29,700 --> 04:00:31,500
with cigarette smoke and 
possibility. 

4383
04:00:31,500 --> 04:00:34,900
The are practically vibrated 
with jazz music played by 

4384
04:00:34,900 --> 04:00:37,500
musicians who seem to be making 
it up as they went along 

4385
04:00:37,500 --> 04:00:40,900
numerous instances their 
interpretations were accurate 

4386
04:00:40,900 --> 04:00:45,100
Jazz was all about improvisation
about taking a familiar tune and

4387
04:00:45,100 --> 04:00:47,000
twisting it into something 
entirely new. 

4388
04:00:48,000 --> 04:00:51,400
It was music that matched, the 
mood of the times, confident, 

4389
04:00:51,400 --> 04:00:54,200
experimental and slightly 
dangerous. 

4390
04:00:55,600 --> 04:00:58,100
The drinks were stronger than 
anything you'd ever tasted 

4391
04:00:58,100 --> 04:01:00,200
partly. 
Because the Bootleggers weren't 

4392
04:01:00,200 --> 04:01:02,000
particularly concerned with 
subtlety. 

4393
04:01:03,000 --> 04:01:06,200
They mixed gin that could strip 
paint with fruit juices and 

4394
04:01:06,200 --> 04:01:10,700
served it in cocktail glasses 
reminiscent of fairy tales The 

4395
04:01:10,700 --> 04:01:15,100
cocktails had names like Gin 
Rickey, sidecar and bee's knees,

4396
04:01:15,100 --> 04:01:17,900
as if someone had decided that 
drinking should be an adventure 

4397
04:01:17,900 --> 04:01:19,900
in linguistics, as well as 
intoxication. 

4398
04:01:20,800 --> 04:01:23,600
The dancing was unlike anything,
your parents generation had ever

4399
04:01:23,600 --> 04:01:26,100
seen. 
The Charleston was the signature

4400
04:01:26,100 --> 04:01:29,500
move all flying feet and 
Swinging arms and complete. 

4401
04:01:29,500 --> 04:01:32,400
Abandonment of anything that 
might be considered dignified. 

4402
04:01:32,400 --> 04:01:35,200
The music would compel you to 
continue dancing. 

4403
04:01:35,200 --> 04:01:38,500
Despite your clothes becoming 
soaked, with sweat, the women. 

4404
04:01:38,500 --> 04:01:42,100
Smoke cigarettes or make up and 
generally behaved in ways that 

4405
04:01:42,100 --> 04:01:45,100
would have horrified their 
grandmothers known as Flappers. 

4406
04:01:45,100 --> 04:01:47,400
They appeared to have 
collectively, decided to 

4407
04:01:47,400 --> 04:01:49,900
disregard the traditional Norms 
of feminine Behavior. 

4408
04:01:49,900 --> 04:01:53,400
They wore their hair short, 
their skirts short shorter and 

4409
04:01:53,400 --> 04:01:56,700
their attitude shortest of all 
the men were trying to keep up 

4410
04:01:56,700 --> 04:01:59,300
loosening their ties and 
learning dance steps. 

4411
04:01:59,300 --> 04:02:02,200
That would have been considered 
scandalous just a decade 

4412
04:02:02,200 --> 04:02:05,000
earlier. 
Everyone was engaged in a 

4413
04:02:05,000 --> 04:02:07,200
collective Rebellion against the
stuffiness of the previous 

4414
04:02:07,200 --> 04:02:10,000
generation and they were 
thoroughly enjoying themselves 

4415
04:02:10,000 --> 04:02:12,900
in the process. 
But here's the thing that made 

4416
04:02:12,900 --> 04:02:16,700
the Speakeasy culture, so 
special, it was Democratic in a 

4417
04:02:16,700 --> 04:02:20,300
way that American Social Life 
had never been before rich and 

4418
04:02:20,300 --> 04:02:23,600
poor young and old immigrants 
and native-born Americans. 

4419
04:02:23,600 --> 04:02:25,200
All crowded together around the 
same. 

4420
04:02:25,200 --> 04:02:29,400
Small tables drinking the same 
illegal liquor and dancing to 

4421
04:02:29,400 --> 04:02:33,300
the same outrageous music. 
Prohibition had inadvertently 

4422
04:02:33,300 --> 04:02:36,400
created a kind of social mixing 
that the country had never 

4423
04:02:36,400 --> 04:02:39,300
experienced. 
The night would end with you, 

4424
04:02:39,300 --> 04:02:42,400
stumbling out into the dawn. 
Your ears ringing with jazz and 

4425
04:02:42,400 --> 04:02:45,700
your head spinning with gin and 
the sheer exhilaration of being 

4426
04:02:45,700 --> 04:02:48,000
alive at a time. 
When anything seemed possible 

4427
04:02:48,800 --> 04:02:51,700
Tomorrow was another day and 
tomorrow's night would bring new

4428
04:02:51,700 --> 04:02:55,100
adventures new music and new 
reasons to celebrate. 

4429
04:02:55,100 --> 04:02:58,100
The simple fact that you were 
young and American and living in

4430
04:02:58,100 --> 04:03:00,600
the most exciting decade. 
Anyone could remember. 

4431
04:03:00,600 --> 04:03:03,800
Now, let's talk about how the 
1920s changed the way. 

4432
04:03:03,800 --> 04:03:07,200
People thought about everything.
Not only did the music enclose 

4433
04:03:07,200 --> 04:03:09,700
change, but the concept of what 
it meant to be an American 

4434
04:03:09,700 --> 04:03:13,400
underwent, a complete 
transformation, you'd wake up in

4435
04:03:13,400 --> 04:03:16,700
1926 and realize that the world 
your parents had prepared you 

4436
04:03:16,700 --> 04:03:21,000
for no longer existed. 
A kind of exhilarating Unity 

4437
04:03:21,000 --> 04:03:23,600
replace the old certain teas 
making every day. 

4438
04:03:23,600 --> 04:03:26,200
Feel like an adventure. 
It was like someone had 

4439
04:03:26,200 --> 04:03:28,800
Rewritten, the rules of Life 
while you were sleeping and you 

4440
04:03:28,800 --> 04:03:31,000
had to figure out the new 
version as you went along. 

4441
04:03:32,000 --> 04:03:34,700
The most significant change was 
in how people thought about 

4442
04:03:34,700 --> 04:03:37,500
themselves, your 
great-grandparents are defined 

4443
04:03:37,500 --> 04:03:40,500
themselves by their work, their 
family, their church and their 

4444
04:03:40,500 --> 04:03:43,000
community. 
But you are part of the first 

4445
04:03:43,000 --> 04:03:47,000
generation that could Define 
Itself by its entertainment, its

4446
04:03:47,000 --> 04:03:50,400
style and its attitude. 
You weren't just a blacksmith or

4447
04:03:50,400 --> 04:03:53,200
a farmer or a shopkeeper. 
You are someone who listened to 

4448
04:03:53,208 --> 04:03:56,000
Jazz, drove a car. 
Went to the pictures and had 

4449
04:03:56,000 --> 04:03:59,300
opinions about everything. 
The radio was particularly 

4450
04:03:59,300 --> 04:04:02,800
important in this transformation
every evening, you'd gather 

4451
04:04:02,800 --> 04:04:05,700
around that wooden box with its 
mysterious glowing tubes. 

4452
04:04:05,700 --> 04:04:09,100
And listen to voice is from New 
York, Chicago and Los Angeles. 

4453
04:04:10,100 --> 04:04:13,100
For the first time in American 
history, the entire country was 

4454
04:04:13,100 --> 04:04:16,100
hearing the same jokes, the same
music and the same 

4455
04:04:16,100 --> 04:04:18,600
advertisements. 
You were part of a shared 

4456
04:04:18,600 --> 04:04:21,200
National conversation that 
stretched from coast to coast. 

4457
04:04:22,000 --> 04:04:25,100
These developments created a 
kind of cultural democracy that 

4458
04:04:25,100 --> 04:04:28,100
was entirely new. 
Song that was popular in Harlem 

4459
04:04:28,100 --> 04:04:31,500
could be harmed by a farmer in 
Kansas within a week within a 

4460
04:04:31,500 --> 04:04:33,300
month. 
A dance that originated in 

4461
04:04:33,300 --> 04:04:36,100
Chicago might be performed at an
Alabama, High School Dance. 

4462
04:04:37,000 --> 04:04:39,700
The regional differences that 
had defined American culture for

4463
04:04:39,700 --> 04:04:42,900
centuries were beginning to blur
into something more unified and 

4464
04:04:42,900 --> 04:04:46,200
simultaneously more diverse. 
The movies were doing something 

4465
04:04:46,200 --> 04:04:50,200
similar but even more powerful, 
you'd sit in a dark theater and 

4466
04:04:50,200 --> 04:04:51,600
watch stories that took you 
places. 

4467
04:04:51,600 --> 04:04:53,600
You'd never been showed you 
lives. 

4468
04:04:53,600 --> 04:04:55,800
You'd never lived and made you 
feel emotions. 

4469
04:04:55,800 --> 04:04:59,500
You'd never experienced Stars 
weren't just actors. 

4470
04:04:59,500 --> 04:05:03,700
They were templates for how to 
be glamorous sophisticated and 

4471
04:05:03,700 --> 04:05:08,200
modern Mary Pickford Charlie 
Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino 

4472
04:05:08,200 --> 04:05:10,700
weren't just entertainers. 
They were teachers in the 

4473
04:05:10,700 --> 04:05:13,500
Academy of style. 
The magazines were changing too.

4474
04:05:13,500 --> 04:05:16,500
The previous generations, 
serious morally, instructive 

4475
04:05:16,500 --> 04:05:19,600
Publications gave way to 
magazines entirely focused on 

4476
04:05:19,600 --> 04:05:22,000
entertainment, fashion and 
lifestyle. 

4477
04:05:22,000 --> 04:05:25,000
You'd flip through pages of 
photographs showing you how to 

4478
04:05:25,008 --> 04:05:28,400
dress, how to decorate your home
and how to conduct yourself at 

4479
04:05:28,400 --> 04:05:30,600
parties. 
It was like having a personal 

4480
04:05:30,600 --> 04:05:32,100
tutor in the art of Being 
modern. 

4481
04:05:33,300 --> 04:05:35,900
The younger generation were 
particularly enthusiastic about 

4482
04:05:35,900 --> 04:05:38,700
rejecting everything, their 
parents had taught them, they 

4483
04:05:38,700 --> 04:05:41,600
called themselves, The Lost 
Generation, which sounds 

4484
04:05:41,600 --> 04:05:43,800
Melancholy, but was actually a 
kind of Celebration. 

4485
04:05:43,800 --> 04:05:47,300
They were lost from the old, 
certainties the old restrictions

4486
04:05:47,300 --> 04:05:50,100
and the old ways of thinking 
about life and they were 

4487
04:05:50,100 --> 04:05:53,300
perfectly content to be lost 
because being lost meant being 

4488
04:05:53,300 --> 04:05:56,700
free to find their own way. 
The slang reflected this new 

4489
04:05:56,700 --> 04:06:02,000
attitude, everything was swell 
or Keen or the cats pajamas, the

4490
04:06:02,000 --> 04:06:04,800
language was becoming more 
playful, more inventive and more

4491
04:06:04,800 --> 04:06:07,200
fun. 
People were making up words and 

4492
04:06:07,200 --> 04:06:10,600
phrases with the confidence of 
poets and everyone was eager to 

4493
04:06:10,600 --> 04:06:12,300
adopt the latest linguistic 
Fashions. 

4494
04:06:12,300 --> 04:06:15,700
Even the art was changing 
instead of the realistic 

4495
04:06:15,700 --> 04:06:17,800
paintings and sculptures that 
are dominated. 

4496
04:06:17,800 --> 04:06:21,200
American culture artists were 
experimenting with abstract 

4497
04:06:21,200 --> 04:06:24,600
forms, bold colors and ideas 
that didn't necessarily make 

4498
04:06:24,600 --> 04:06:27,600
logical sense. 
It was art that matched the mood

4499
04:06:27,600 --> 04:06:31,800
of the times experimental, 
confident and slightly 

4500
04:06:31,800 --> 04:06:34,100
rebellious. 
The architecture was 

4501
04:06:34,100 --> 04:06:37,700
transforming too buildings, were
getting taller sleeker and more 

4502
04:06:37,700 --> 04:06:40,600
geometric. 
The art deco style was emerging 

4503
04:06:40,600 --> 04:06:43,900
with its emphasis on clean 
lines, and mechanical Elegance 

4504
04:06:43,900 --> 04:06:47,300
cities were beginning to look 
like the future, which was 

4505
04:06:47,300 --> 04:06:49,300
precisely what their inhabitants
wanted. 

4506
04:06:49,300 --> 04:06:52,600
But perhaps the most important 
change was in how people thought

4507
04:06:52,600 --> 04:06:56,500
about tradition itself. 
Previous generations had revered

4508
04:06:56,500 --> 04:06:59,700
the past seeing it as source of 
wisdom and guidance. 

4509
04:07:00,500 --> 04:07:04,000
However, the 1920s generation 
viewed the past as a challenge 

4510
04:07:04,000 --> 04:07:08,900
to conquer enhance or disregard.
The future was more interesting 

4511
04:07:08,900 --> 04:07:11,700
than the past and the present 
was more fun than either. 

4512
04:07:12,700 --> 04:07:15,700
This perspective created a kind 
of cultural acceleration. 

4513
04:07:15,700 --> 04:07:18,200
That was both exhilarating and 
exhausting. 

4514
04:07:18,200 --> 04:07:21,400
Everything was changing so fast 
that you could barely keep up. 

4515
04:07:22,500 --> 04:07:23,900
But that was part of the 
excitement. 

4516
04:07:23,900 --> 04:07:28,000
You lived in a time of global 
reinvention and were part of it 

4517
04:07:28,000 --> 04:07:31,100
by 1927. 
It was evident that something 

4518
04:07:31,100 --> 04:07:34,100
was beginning to go awry. 
The party was still going 

4519
04:07:34,100 --> 04:07:37,200
strong, the music was still 
playing and everyone was still 

4520
04:07:37,200 --> 04:07:40,300
dancing. 
But if you looked carefully, you

4521
04:07:40,300 --> 04:07:42,700
might have noticed that some of 
the dancers were starting to 

4522
04:07:42,700 --> 04:07:45,800
look a little worn out and some 
of the music was starting to 

4523
04:07:45,800 --> 04:07:49,700
sound a little forced, the stock
market was still climbing, but 

4524
04:07:49,700 --> 04:07:52,100
it was climbing in a way that 
was starting to make thoughtful 

4525
04:07:52,100 --> 04:07:55,100
people nervous. 
The numbers were getting so high

4526
04:07:55,100 --> 04:07:58,500
that they seem to have lost any 
connection to reality companies 

4527
04:07:58,500 --> 04:08:01,400
that had never made a profit 
were worth millions on paper. 

4528
04:08:02,300 --> 04:08:05,500
docs were doubling and tripling 
in value, based on nothing more 

4529
04:08:05,500 --> 04:08:08,100
than the assumption that they 
would continue to double and 

4530
04:08:08,100 --> 04:08:11,000
triple You'd over here 
conversations, that would have 

4531
04:08:11,000 --> 04:08:12,900
been impossible just a few years
earlier. 

4532
04:08:12,900 --> 04:08:16,200
Your Barber would be talking 
about his stock portfolio, while

4533
04:08:16,200 --> 04:08:19,400
he cut your hair. 
The woman who sold newspapers on

4534
04:08:19,400 --> 04:08:21,600
the corner would be discussing 
market trends with her. 

4535
04:08:21,600 --> 04:08:25,600
Customers everyone to be an 
expert and while many appeared 

4536
04:08:25,600 --> 04:08:28,300
to be getting rich, nobody was 
asking the obvious question. 

4537
04:08:28,300 --> 04:08:31,600
Where was all this money 
actually coming from the answer?

4538
04:08:31,600 --> 04:08:33,700
It turned out was that it was 
coming from the future. 

4539
04:08:33,700 --> 04:08:37,200
People were borrowing against 
tomorrow's prosperity to pay. 

4540
04:08:37,200 --> 04:08:40,800
For today's lifestyle, they were
buying stocks on margin, which 

4541
04:08:40,800 --> 04:08:43,000
meant they were borrowing money 
to buy Investments, that they 

4542
04:08:43,000 --> 04:08:44,900
hoped would be worth more money 
later. 

4543
04:08:44,900 --> 04:08:47,400
It was a pyramid scheme that 
worked perfectly. 

4544
04:08:47,400 --> 04:08:50,000
As long as everyone kept 
believing, it would work 

4545
04:08:50,000 --> 04:08:52,900
forever. 
The agriculture sector was 

4546
04:08:52,900 --> 04:08:56,300
already showing signs of strain,
Farmers had expanded their 

4547
04:08:56,300 --> 04:08:59,300
operations during World War One 
to meet the demand for food. 

4548
04:08:59,300 --> 04:09:03,800
But when the war ended that need
disappeared, crop prices were 

4549
04:09:03,800 --> 04:09:06,500
falling and farmers were 
struggling to pay off the loans.

4550
04:09:06,500 --> 04:09:09,900
They'd taken to buy more land 
and equipment. no one in the 

4551
04:09:09,900 --> 04:09:12,500
cities was paying much attention
to the fact that rural Banks 

4552
04:09:12,500 --> 04:09:15,400
were beginning to fail, The 
construction industry was 

4553
04:09:15,400 --> 04:09:18,300
beginning to slow down. 
There were only so many Office 

4554
04:09:18,300 --> 04:09:20,700
Buildings and apartment 
complexes that any City could 

4555
04:09:20,700 --> 04:09:24,000
actually use but developers kept
building them anyway, because 

4556
04:09:24,000 --> 04:09:27,400
construction loans were easy to 
get and real estate seemed like 

4557
04:09:27,400 --> 04:09:30,300
a guaranteed investment. 
Empty buildings were becoming 

4558
04:09:30,300 --> 04:09:33,100
more common but the newspapers 
didn't write much about that. 

4559
04:09:33,100 --> 04:09:36,900
Even the consumer goods Market 
was showing signs of saturation.

4560
04:09:36,900 --> 04:09:39,500
What is the Practical number of 
radios? 

4561
04:09:39,500 --> 04:09:42,900
A family might need, what is the
Practical number of automobiles?

4562
04:09:42,900 --> 04:09:46,600
A person can drive The factories
were producing more than the 

4563
04:09:46,600 --> 04:09:49,500
market could absorb, but they 
kept producing any way because 

4564
04:09:49,500 --> 04:09:52,300
the credit was available and the
future looked bright. 

4565
04:09:52,300 --> 04:09:55,800
The international situation was 
becoming more complicated too 

4566
04:09:55,800 --> 04:09:59,300
Europe, was still struggling to 
recover from the war and the 

4567
04:09:59,300 --> 04:10:01,500
German economy was particularly 
fragile. 

4568
04:10:02,300 --> 04:10:05,000
American Banks had loaned 
enormous amounts of money to 

4569
04:10:05,000 --> 04:10:07,800
European governments and 
businesses but those loans were 

4570
04:10:07,800 --> 04:10:11,100
looking increasingly risky. 
If Europe couldn't pay back what

4571
04:10:11,100 --> 04:10:13,800
it owed American Banks would be 
in serious trouble. 

4572
04:10:15,000 --> 04:10:18,100
But in 1927, you probably 
wouldn't have noticed any of 

4573
04:10:18,100 --> 04:10:20,200
this. 
You'd be too busy, enjoying the 

4574
04:10:20,200 --> 04:10:23,300
prosperity, the entertainment, 
and the sheer fun of being alive

4575
04:10:23,300 --> 04:10:25,800
in the most exciting decade in 
American history. 

4576
04:10:27,200 --> 04:10:29,000
Despite the presence of warning 
signs. 

4577
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:31,600
It was effortless to overlook 
them when everything in your 

4578
04:10:31,600 --> 04:10:33,100
immediate experience was 
thriving. 

4579
04:10:34,000 --> 04:10:37,100
Speak easies were still packed. 
The Jazz was still playing. 

4580
04:10:37,100 --> 04:10:40,500
The stock market was still 
climbing and everyone was still 

4581
04:10:40,500 --> 04:10:42,400
convinced that the good times 
would last forever. 

4582
04:10:43,300 --> 04:10:46,100
The prospect of everything 
collapsing was too disheartening

4583
04:10:46,100 --> 04:10:48,800
to contemplate. 
This was America after all 

4584
04:10:48,800 --> 04:10:51,400
Americans didn't have economic 
disasters. 

4585
04:10:51,400 --> 04:10:54,300
They had temporary setbacks 
followed by even greater 

4586
04:10:54,300 --> 04:10:57,000
prosperity. 
The newspapers were full of 

4587
04:10:57,000 --> 04:11:00,700
optimistic predictions about the
future by 1950. 

4588
04:11:00,700 --> 04:11:03,900
They said everyone would have an
airplane in their garage and a 

4589
04:11:03,900 --> 04:11:07,000
robot in their kitchen. 
Machines would do all the work, 

4590
04:11:07,000 --> 04:11:10,600
eliminating poverty and disease 
and reducing the work week to a 

4591
04:11:10,600 --> 04:11:12,700
few hours. 
It all sounded perfectly 

4592
04:11:12,700 --> 04:11:15,400
reasonable. 
Science was advancing rapidly 

4593
04:11:15,400 --> 04:11:18,900
technology was solving problems 
faster than anyone could have 

4594
04:11:18,900 --> 04:11:21,500
imagined and the American 
economy seemed to have 

4595
04:11:21,500 --> 04:11:23,300
discovered the secret of 
Perpetual growth. 

4596
04:11:23,300 --> 04:11:27,600
What could possibly go wrong? 
The answer to this question was 

4597
04:11:27,600 --> 04:11:30,600
already beginning to emerge in 
the financial markets the 

4598
04:11:30,600 --> 04:11:33,700
agricultural sector the 
construction industry and the 

4599
04:11:33,700 --> 04:11:38,000
international banking system. 
But in 1927, you could still 

4600
04:11:38,000 --> 04:11:41,500
choose to ignore those warning 
signs and focus on the fun and 

4601
04:11:41,500 --> 04:11:45,600
that's exactly what most people 
did and then suddenly it was 

4602
04:11:45,600 --> 04:11:50,200
1929 and the music stopped you'd
wake up on a Tuesday in October 

4603
04:11:50,200 --> 04:11:53,400
in the world would look the same
as the day before you'd see the 

4604
04:11:53,400 --> 04:11:56,200
same building streets and people
rushing to work with the same 

4605
04:11:56,200 --> 04:11:59,400
hopeful attitude. 
But something fundamental had 

4606
04:11:59,400 --> 04:12:02,800
changed overnight something that
would take months or even years 

4607
04:12:02,800 --> 04:12:07,000
to fully understand. 
The stock market had crashed the

4608
04:12:07,000 --> 04:12:10,700
stock market not only experience
to decline correction or 

4609
04:12:10,700 --> 04:12:14,900
adjustment, but it plummeted 
akin to a chandelier plummeting 

4610
04:12:14,900 --> 04:12:18,400
from a ballroom ceiling. stocks 
that have been worth 100 of 

4611
04:12:18,400 --> 04:12:21,800
dollars were suddenly worth 
pennies fortunes that had been 

4612
04:12:21,808 --> 04:12:25,100
built over years of careful 
speculation were wiped out in a 

4613
04:12:25,100 --> 04:12:27,700
matter of hours the crash did 
not occur abruptly. 

4614
04:12:28,500 --> 04:12:31,300
The process began when a few 
nervous investors decided to 

4615
04:12:31,308 --> 04:12:34,900
sell their stocks leading to a 
slight drop in prices that made 

4616
04:12:34,900 --> 04:12:38,400
other investors anxious. 
More selling cause prices to 

4617
04:12:38,400 --> 04:12:41,100
drop further, which made even 
more investors nervous. 

4618
04:12:41,100 --> 04:12:43,800
The situation resembled a domino
effect. 

4619
04:12:43,800 --> 04:12:47,100
But in stead of traditional, 
dominoes, the pieces consisted 

4620
04:12:47,100 --> 04:12:50,600
of money and confidence. 
In just a few days, the American

4621
04:12:50,600 --> 04:12:53,600
economy had experienced a 
significant decline of 

4622
04:12:53,600 --> 04:12:57,500
approximately 40% in its value. 
People who had gone to bed 

4623
04:12:57,500 --> 04:12:58,700
wealthy woke up. 
Poor. 

4624
04:12:59,400 --> 04:13:03,000
Suddenly the banks seemingly a 
solid as mountains revealed 

4625
04:13:03,000 --> 04:13:07,100
themselves to be based on sand. 
The prosperity that had seemed 

4626
04:13:07,100 --> 04:13:09,900
so permanent was exposed as an 
elaborative illusion. 

4627
04:13:10,600 --> 04:13:14,500
The human cost was staggering. 
your neighbor who had been 

4628
04:13:14,500 --> 04:13:17,600
bragging about his Stockport 
folio, was now trying to figure 

4629
04:13:17,600 --> 04:13:20,800
out how to pay his mortgage 
Suddenly the bank where you 

4630
04:13:20,800 --> 04:13:24,200
deposited, your savings clothes 
and sign on the door, declared 

4631
04:13:24,200 --> 04:13:27,000
your money unavailable. 
The factory where you'd worked 

4632
04:13:27,000 --> 04:13:29,900
for years was laying off workers
because nobody could afford to 

4633
04:13:29,900 --> 04:13:32,600
buy what they were producing. 
But here's the thing about the 

4634
04:13:32,600 --> 04:13:35,500
crash, it wasn't really the end 
of the Roaring 20s. 

4635
04:13:35,500 --> 04:13:38,700
It was more like the moment when
someone turned on the lights at 

4636
04:13:38,700 --> 04:13:41,600
the end of a party and everyone 
realized what the place actually

4637
04:13:41,600 --> 04:13:44,800
looked like. the problems had 
been there all along hidden by 

4638
04:13:44,808 --> 04:13:48,700
the excitement, optimism, and 
sheer fun of it all We would 

4639
04:13:48,700 --> 04:13:50,700
call the decade that followed 
the Great Depression. 

4640
04:13:50,700 --> 04:13:54,600
A period marked by hardship. 
Struggle and Collective Soul 

4641
04:13:54,600 --> 04:13:57,500
searching But it would also be a
time of innovation and 

4642
04:13:57,500 --> 04:14:00,600
resilience, and the discovery 
that Americans could survive 

4643
04:14:00,600 --> 04:14:02,500
just about anything if they 
worked together. 

4644
04:14:03,700 --> 04:14:08,000
Looking back from the 
perspective of 1932 on 1935, you

4645
04:14:08,000 --> 04:14:10,700
might have been tempted to 
dismiss the entire decade of the

4646
04:14:10,700 --> 04:14:14,700
1920s, as a foolish mistake, a 
time, when the country lost its 

4647
04:14:14,700 --> 04:14:17,300
mind, and forgot about the 
values that made it great. 

4648
04:14:18,600 --> 04:14:21,100
But that would have been unfair 
to the genuine achievements of 

4649
04:14:21,100 --> 04:14:24,000
the era. 
The 1920s had given America 

4650
04:14:24,000 --> 04:14:27,600
Jazz, move his radio and 
Automobiles, as well as the 

4651
04:14:27,600 --> 04:14:29,400
beginning of a modern consumer 
culture. 

4652
04:14:30,400 --> 04:14:33,400
It deliberated women from 
Victorian restrictions and given

4653
04:14:33,400 --> 04:14:36,300
young people, the freedom to 
Define themselves, it had 

4654
04:14:36,300 --> 04:14:38,800
connected the country in ways 
that had never been possible 

4655
04:14:38,800 --> 04:14:41,800
before and created a shared 
National culture that 

4656
04:14:41,800 --> 04:14:43,400
transcended Regional 
differences. 

4657
04:14:43,400 --> 04:14:46,500
Most importantly, it had shown 
Americans that they could 

4658
04:14:46,500 --> 04:14:49,600
reinvent themselves that they 
could reject the limitations of 

4659
04:14:49,600 --> 04:14:51,700
the past and create something 
entirely new. 

4660
04:14:52,500 --> 04:14:54,600
That lesson would prove 
invaluable in the decades to 

4661
04:14:54,600 --> 04:14:58,500
come as the country faced the 
challenges of depression war and

4662
04:14:58,500 --> 04:15:02,400
social transformation. 
The Roaring Twenties evoked, a 

4663
04:15:02,400 --> 04:15:05,200
vision of immense prosperity and
boundless possibilities. 

4664
04:15:05,200 --> 04:15:09,300
It was excessive unsustainable 
and ultimately destructive. 

4665
04:15:10,100 --> 04:15:13,300
But it was also creative 
liberating and genuinely 

4666
04:15:13,300 --> 04:15:15,800
enjoyable. 
It was a time when Americans 

4667
04:15:15,800 --> 04:15:17,600
learned, they could be more than
they ever thought. 

4668
04:15:17,600 --> 04:15:21,000
Even if they couldn't keep it 
up, as you drifted off to sleep,

4669
04:15:21,000 --> 04:15:24,400
you may have realized that the 
1920s True Legacy was the 

4670
04:15:24,400 --> 04:15:26,900
confidence, they gave Americans 
to believe, anything was 

4671
04:15:26,900 --> 04:15:29,600
possible, not the crash. 
That ended them. 

4672
04:15:29,600 --> 04:15:32,900
That confidence would be tested 
in the years to come but it 

4673
04:15:32,908 --> 04:15:34,300
would never be completely 
broken. 

4674
04:15:34,300 --> 04:15:37,000
And that perhaps was the most 
important lesson of all. 

4675
04:15:37,900 --> 04:15:40,900
The music had stopped, but the 
memory of the dance would last 

4676
04:15:40,900 --> 04:15:48,100
forever. you wake Before Dawn in
a barn that isn't yours, your 

4677
04:15:48,100 --> 04:15:52,300
breath forming small clouds in 
the November are The straw 

4678
04:15:52,300 --> 04:15:54,600
Beneath You holds the musty 
sweetness. 

4679
04:15:54,600 --> 04:15:58,000
Of last Summer's half Harvest 
and somewhere above in The Loft.

4680
04:15:58,000 --> 04:16:02,800
A barn, catch shifts position, 
calling dried stalks to whisper 

4681
04:16:02,800 --> 04:16:07,200
and settle This is the 5th Barn 
this week and the 20th this 

4682
04:16:07,200 --> 04:16:10,900
month, you've become skilled at 
judging, which farmers will 

4683
04:16:10,900 --> 04:16:14,100
tolerate a traveler sleeping 
among their animals and, which 

4684
04:16:14,100 --> 04:16:16,700
will set dogs at the first sign 
of trespassing. 

4685
04:16:16,700 --> 04:16:19,500
The medieval road called a 
different people, for different 

4686
04:16:19,500 --> 04:16:22,100
reasons. 
Some walked because debt or 

4687
04:16:22,100 --> 04:16:23,600
crime had made staying 
dangerous. 

4688
04:16:24,300 --> 04:16:27,300
Others wondered because a lord 
had died and his successor had 

4689
04:16:27,308 --> 04:16:31,400
no use for extra servants. 
Few chose the road deliberately 

4690
04:16:31,400 --> 04:16:33,800
though. 
Most people in the 1300s would 

4691
04:16:33,800 --> 04:16:36,900
have found this choices 
incomprehensible as someone 

4692
04:16:36,900 --> 04:16:41,100
today deciding to be permanently
homeless The road wasn't 

4693
04:16:41,100 --> 04:16:45,800
romantic, it was hard uncertain 
and frequently hungry. 

4694
04:16:45,800 --> 04:16:48,300
But there you are. 
Pulling on boots that have been 

4695
04:16:48,300 --> 04:16:49,800
repaired. 
So many times. 

4696
04:16:49,800 --> 04:16:52,100
The original leather is more 
memory than material. 

4697
04:16:52,100 --> 04:16:56,900
Your feet know, these boots 
intimately every warned spot 

4698
04:16:56,900 --> 04:17:00,800
every place where the stitching 
pulls against your skin after 10

4699
04:17:00,800 --> 04:17:04,500
miles of walking, You've learned
to wrap your feet in strips of 

4700
04:17:04,508 --> 04:17:07,500
wool before putting on the 
boots, a trick and old Soldier 

4701
04:17:07,500 --> 04:17:09,600
taught you outside of Bruges to 
Winter's ago. 

4702
04:17:09,600 --> 04:17:13,100
The Farmers Wife appears at the 
barn door, just as pink light 

4703
04:17:13,100 --> 04:17:16,600
begins filtering through gaps in
the wooden walls, she doesn't 

4704
04:17:16,600 --> 04:17:18,700
smile. 
Most people don't smile at 

4705
04:17:18,700 --> 04:17:22,300
vagabonds but she hands you a 
heel of yesterday's bread and a 

4706
04:17:22,300 --> 04:17:24,200
piece of hard cheese wrapped in 
a cloth. 

4707
04:17:24,200 --> 04:17:28,500
You accept both with a small bow
and a murdered blessing, which 

4708
04:17:28,500 --> 04:17:32,900
is the expected Exchange. 
She gets the satisfaction of 

4709
04:17:32,908 --> 04:17:35,500
Christian charity. 
You get breakfast. 

4710
04:17:36,400 --> 04:17:39,600
Neither of you Harbors Illusions
about affectional gratitude 

4711
04:17:39,600 --> 04:17:42,900
beyond the simple transaction 
walking away from the farm. 

4712
04:17:42,900 --> 04:17:45,400
You join a road that's been 
walked by countless others. 

4713
04:17:46,100 --> 04:17:49,400
medieval roads, weren't paved 
highways, but rather suggestions

4714
04:17:49,400 --> 04:17:53,700
of Direction, paths, beaten into
the Earth by generations of feet

4715
04:17:53,700 --> 04:17:59,300
Hooves and wagon wheels, After 
rain, they become rivers of mud,

4716
04:17:59,300 --> 04:18:01,200
that suck at your boots with 
each step. 

4717
04:18:01,900 --> 04:18:05,700
In summer the dust rises in 
choking clouds that coat your 

4718
04:18:05,700 --> 04:18:07,500
throat, and turn your spit 
Brown. 

4719
04:18:08,500 --> 04:18:13,200
Today in late Autumn the ground 
holds that peculiar firmness 

4720
04:18:13,200 --> 04:18:16,400
that comes just before the first
freeze when the earth feels 

4721
04:18:16,400 --> 04:18:20,100
solid but not yet hostile. 
The wandering life operates on 

4722
04:18:20,100 --> 04:18:23,600
rhythms that settled people 
never learn You measured 

4723
04:18:23,600 --> 04:18:28,200
distance, not in miles but in 
landmarks its two church towers 

4724
04:18:28,200 --> 04:18:31,100
to the next Village. 
Three Market crosses to the 

4725
04:18:31,100 --> 04:18:34,100
monastery and a half days walk 
to the river forward. 

4726
04:18:35,200 --> 04:18:38,200
Time itself becomes fluid. 
When you have no work belt to 

4727
04:18:38,200 --> 04:18:40,800
answer, no Master's schedule to 
follow. 

4728
04:18:41,800 --> 04:18:45,400
Sunrise means walking, Sunset 
means finding shelter. 

4729
04:18:46,300 --> 04:18:48,600
The inbetween belongs entirely 
to you. 

4730
04:18:48,600 --> 04:18:51,000
Other Travelers appear on the 
road as morning. 

4731
04:18:51,000 --> 04:18:55,000
Progresses an elderly Tinker 
pushing a car loaded with pots 

4732
04:18:55,000 --> 04:18:58,500
and mending tools, nods as he 
passes heading in the opposite 

4733
04:18:58,500 --> 04:19:01,300
direction. 
Two young men carrying bundles 

4734
04:19:01,300 --> 04:19:04,400
of wool, hurry past with a 
purposeful stride of those who 

4735
04:19:04,400 --> 04:19:08,600
have somewhere specific to be. 
A woman leading a donkey loaded 

4736
04:19:08,600 --> 04:19:11,900
with firewood watches, you 
carefully as you approach her 

4737
04:19:11,900 --> 04:19:14,900
hand resting on a knife at her 
belt until you've passed, and 

4738
04:19:14,900 --> 04:19:18,900
she can relax again, you 
understand her caution, the road

4739
04:19:18,900 --> 04:19:21,400
attracts, both the desperate, 
and the predatory and 

4740
04:19:21,400 --> 04:19:24,000
distinguishing between, them 
isn't always easy, until it's 

4741
04:19:24,000 --> 04:19:26,300
too late. 
You've learned to read other 

4742
04:19:26,300 --> 04:19:29,700
Travelers the way Farmers, read 
whether assessing Danger from 

4743
04:19:29,700 --> 04:19:32,700
posture pace and the set of 
someone shoulders. 

4744
04:19:33,800 --> 04:19:36,400
That skill as kept you alive 
through situations, where 

4745
04:19:36,400 --> 04:19:40,500
younger more trusting, Travelers
disappeared into unmarked Graves

4746
04:19:40,500 --> 04:19:43,100
beside Forest, paths by 
mid-morning. 

4747
04:19:43,100 --> 04:19:46,200
Your stomach, reminds you that a
heel of bread isn't enough fuel 

4748
04:19:46,200 --> 04:19:49,500
for a day's walking. 
Hunger becomes a constant 

4749
04:19:49,500 --> 04:19:53,300
companion on the road, not the 
sharp emergencies hunger of 

4750
04:19:53,300 --> 04:19:58,100
missing one meal, but the steady
grinding hunger of never quite 

4751
04:19:58,100 --> 04:20:01,600
eating enough. 
Your body has adapted over the 

4752
04:20:01,600 --> 04:20:05,800
months, learning to extract 
every possible Cal from whatever

4753
04:20:05,800 --> 04:20:08,400
food. 
You can beg, find or 

4754
04:20:08,400 --> 04:20:11,200
occasionally steal you've lost 
weight. 

4755
04:20:11,200 --> 04:20:15,000
You couldn't afford to lose and 
your face and still pond water 

4756
04:20:15,000 --> 04:20:16,700
shows Hollows that were not 
there. 

4757
04:20:16,700 --> 04:20:20,800
When you started wandering, the 
landscape rolling past holds a 

4758
04:20:20,800 --> 04:20:24,300
beauty, that settled people 
rarely notice, You've learned to

4759
04:20:24,300 --> 04:20:28,000
appreciate the particular green 
of new wheat, shoots the way 

4760
04:20:28,000 --> 04:20:31,300
evening, light turns ordinary 
Fields into something that looks

4761
04:20:31,300 --> 04:20:34,800
painted and the architectural 
Grace of a well-made bridge 

4762
04:20:34,800 --> 04:20:38,400
arching over a stream. 
These observations cost, nothing

4763
04:20:38,400 --> 04:20:41,100
and provide a kind of wealth 
that empty Pockets, can't 

4764
04:20:41,100 --> 04:20:44,500
diminish but you also see what 
prosperous Merchants traveling 

4765
04:20:44,500 --> 04:20:48,700
these same roads, never notice 
the abandoned Cottage slowly 

4766
04:20:48,700 --> 04:20:52,900
collapsing back into the Earth. 
filled lying fallow because no 

4767
04:20:52,900 --> 04:20:56,900
one survived the last fever to 
plant it and the Wayside Shrine 

4768
04:20:56,900 --> 04:20:59,900
with offering so old, they've 
rotted into unrecognizable 

4769
04:20:59,900 --> 04:21:04,400
lumps, the Medieval World is 
beautiful and brutal and equal 

4770
04:21:04,400 --> 04:21:06,500
measure. 
And the road shows you both 

4771
04:21:06,500 --> 04:21:10,400
faces with without pretense, as 
often Shadows length, and your 

4772
04:21:10,400 --> 04:21:14,000
thoughts, turn to the evening's 
pressing question, where will 

4773
04:21:14,000 --> 04:21:17,100
you sleep? 
The calculation involves 

4774
04:21:17,100 --> 04:21:20,200
multiple factors. 
Is there a monastery ahead? 

4775
04:21:20,200 --> 04:21:22,600
Where the Almond might provide 
space in the guest house? 

4776
04:21:23,600 --> 04:21:25,800
Does the next Village have a 
church chard with a covered 

4777
04:21:25,800 --> 04:21:27,500
porch? 
Failing. 

4778
04:21:27,500 --> 04:21:30,400
Those options is there a 
shepherd's Hut and abandoned 

4779
04:21:30,400 --> 04:21:32,500
barn? 
Or at least a dense cops of 

4780
04:21:32,500 --> 04:21:34,600
trees that might provide some 
shelter from wind. 

4781
04:21:34,600 --> 04:21:38,800
This constant uncertainty about 
shelter is perhaps the hardest 

4782
04:21:38,800 --> 04:21:43,300
part of wandering life. 
Settled people take for granted 

4783
04:21:43,300 --> 04:21:46,000
the knowledge that Nightfall 
means returning to a familiar 

4784
04:21:46,000 --> 04:21:49,600
space with walls and a roof. 
You've learned to be grateful 

4785
04:21:49,600 --> 04:21:52,400
for any structure that keeps off
rain and cuts the wind. 

4786
04:21:52,400 --> 04:21:56,300
Any pile of straw dry enough to 
provide insulation from Frozen 

4787
04:21:56,300 --> 04:22:00,000
Ground. 
Comforts and memory survival is 

4788
04:22:00,000 --> 04:22:03,400
the daily Victory. 
The first snow arrives on a 

4789
04:22:03,400 --> 04:22:05,900
Tuesday in late November, 
though, you've stopped tracking 

4790
04:22:05,900 --> 04:22:07,500
days of the week with any 
precision. 

4791
04:22:08,300 --> 04:22:10,500
Your Crossing High Ground 
between two river. 

4792
04:22:10,500 --> 04:22:14,600
Valleys when fat white flakes, 
begin drifting down from a sky, 

4793
04:22:14,600 --> 04:22:18,200
the color of old pewter. 
Within an hour, the road head 

4794
04:22:18,200 --> 04:22:21,200
disappears, under a blanket of 
white that obscures familiar 

4795
04:22:21,200 --> 04:22:24,500
landmarks and makes every 
Direction look equally 

4796
04:22:24,500 --> 04:22:28,400
unwelcoming, snow transforms. 
The medieval Road from difficult

4797
04:22:28,400 --> 04:22:32,200
to potentially deadly. 
The pachter that provided firm 

4798
04:22:32,200 --> 04:22:34,300
walking becomes treacherous with
hidden ice? 

4799
04:22:35,000 --> 04:22:37,600
The ruts and holes that you 
could see and avoid in clear, 

4800
04:22:37,600 --> 04:22:41,200
weather becoming visible traps 
waiting to turn, an ankle, or 

4801
04:22:41,200 --> 04:22:44,500
break a leg. 
Your boots adequate for dry 

4802
04:22:44,500 --> 04:22:47,800
Autumn, travel proved woefully 
insufficient against the cold 

4803
04:22:47,800 --> 04:22:49,700
seeping up from The Frozen 
Ground. 

4804
04:22:49,700 --> 04:22:54,100
You're not alone in this sudden,
storm 100 yards ahead, you spot,

4805
04:22:54,100 --> 04:22:56,600
another traveler moving slowly 
through the thickening. 

4806
04:22:56,600 --> 04:23:00,700
Snow, an older man whose bent 
posture speaks of too many years

4807
04:23:00,700 --> 04:23:04,300
carrying too many. 
Birds, you increase your pace to

4808
04:23:04,300 --> 04:23:07,100
catch up because traveling 
together in snow is safer than 

4809
04:23:07,100 --> 04:23:10,400
traveling alone. 
He turns at the sound of your 

4810
04:23:10,400 --> 04:23:13,600
approach, his face showing the 
same calculation. 

4811
04:23:13,600 --> 04:23:17,000
You're making is this person 
help or a threat. 

4812
04:23:17,000 --> 04:23:20,900
Something in your expressional 
bearing must satisfy him because

4813
04:23:20,900 --> 04:23:23,300
he nods and adjusts his Pace to 
match yours. 

4814
04:23:24,100 --> 04:23:27,500
No names are exchanged. 
Wander is often keep their names

4815
04:23:27,500 --> 04:23:31,600
private. 
Fall into step together, two 

4816
04:23:31,600 --> 04:23:34,300
figures trudging through whether
that cares, nothing for human 

4817
04:23:34,300 --> 04:23:36,900
struggles. 
The snow brings a peculiar 

4818
04:23:36,900 --> 04:23:39,200
silence to the landscape 
muffling. 

4819
04:23:39,200 --> 04:23:42,500
The usual Road, sounds until all
you hear is your own breathing 

4820
04:23:42,500 --> 04:23:44,800
and the crunch of snow under 
your boots. 

4821
04:23:46,100 --> 04:23:49,500
The world shrinks to just a few 
yards of visibility in any 

4822
04:23:49,500 --> 04:23:52,300
direction. 
Creating the unsettling 

4823
04:23:52,300 --> 04:23:54,300
Sensation that you and your 
companion. 

4824
04:23:54,300 --> 04:23:57,300
Are the only people left in 
existence walking through an 

4825
04:23:57,300 --> 04:24:00,300
empty white void. 
After an hour of this, your 

4826
04:24:00,300 --> 04:24:02,900
companion makes gesture toward a
darker Shadow. 

4827
04:24:02,900 --> 04:24:07,600
Barely visible through the snow 
It resolves into a small Stone 

4828
04:24:07,600 --> 04:24:11,000
building. 
Possibly a Wayside Chapel more, 

4829
04:24:11,000 --> 04:24:14,900
likely a Shepherd shelter. 
You both hurry toward it with 

4830
04:24:14,900 --> 04:24:18,000
the desperation of those who've 
just been offered life in of 

4831
04:24:18,000 --> 04:24:21,100
death. 
Shelters, barely ten feet square

4832
04:24:21,100 --> 04:24:24,400
with stone walls. 
Are partially collapsed roof and

4833
04:24:24,400 --> 04:24:27,800
no door to speak of but it's 
infinitely better than the 

4834
04:24:27,800 --> 04:24:31,500
exposed Road. 
The floor inside is covered with

4835
04:24:31,500 --> 04:24:35,800
old straw and what might be 
sheep droppings but it's drying 

4836
04:24:35,800 --> 04:24:37,900
out of the Wind. 
You and the old man. 

4837
04:24:37,900 --> 04:24:41,100
Settle into opposite Corners, 
maintaining a respectful 

4838
04:24:41,100 --> 04:24:44,200
distance. 
He produces a small bag from his

4839
04:24:44,200 --> 04:24:47,400
cloak and extract a piece of 
dried fish, which he breaks 

4840
04:24:47,400 --> 04:24:49,100
roughly in half and offers to 
you. 

4841
04:24:49,800 --> 04:24:52,800
You accept it greatly 
understanding that this 

4842
04:24:52,800 --> 04:24:56,100
generosity might represent a 
significant portion of his food 

4843
04:24:56,100 --> 04:24:59,700
supply in return. 
You share a turnip, you picked 

4844
04:24:59,700 --> 04:25:04,600
from a field yesterday, raw and 
dirty but edible This exchange 

4845
04:25:04,600 --> 04:25:08,700
of food is more than practical. 
It's a ritual of trust and 

4846
04:25:08,700 --> 04:25:11,000
acknowledgment that your 
temporary allies, against the 

4847
04:25:11,000 --> 04:25:14,300
cold, the snow continues, 
through the afternoon and into 

4848
04:25:14,300 --> 04:25:16,400
the evening. 
You and your companion? 

4849
04:25:16,400 --> 04:25:19,600
Take turns going outside to 
gather arm Falls of dry grass 

4850
04:25:19,600 --> 04:25:23,100
from beneath the snow Piling it 
in the center of your shelter 

4851
04:25:23,100 --> 04:25:26,500
for insulation? 
Neither of you has the means to 

4852
04:25:26,500 --> 04:25:30,500
make fire flint and steel a 
luxuries and dry, Tinder is 

4853
04:25:30,500 --> 04:25:32,000
impossible to find in these 
conditions. 

4854
04:25:32,000 --> 04:25:36,500
So you prepare for a Long Cold 
Night by building nests of grass

4855
04:25:36,500 --> 04:25:39,200
and straw to sleep in as 
Darkness Falls. 

4856
04:25:39,200 --> 04:25:42,100
And the temperature drops 
further you borrow into your 

4857
04:25:42,100 --> 04:25:45,200
nest of straw with your cloak 
wrapped tight, and your arms, 

4858
04:25:45,200 --> 04:25:49,300
hugged against your chest. 
The cold seeps through anyway 

4859
04:25:49,300 --> 04:25:52,900
settling into your bones with an
ache that no amount of 

4860
04:25:52,900 --> 04:25:56,300
repositioning can ease. 
You've learned that the coldest 

4861
04:25:56,300 --> 04:25:58,300
part of the Night Comes Just 
Before Dawn. 

4862
04:25:58,300 --> 04:26:02,100
So you prepare yourself mentally
for hours of shivering, 

4863
04:26:02,100 --> 04:26:04,800
discomfort? 
This is, when the wandering life

4864
04:26:04,800 --> 04:26:08,800
reveals, its harshest truth, you
are utterly dependent on your 

4865
04:26:08,800 --> 04:26:12,700
own body's ability to survive. 
There's no fire to warm, you 

4866
04:26:12,700 --> 04:26:16,600
know, extra blankets to pile on 
and no hot meal to Kindle 

4867
04:26:16,600 --> 04:26:20,000
internal warmth. 
Your survival depends on your 

4868
04:26:20,000 --> 04:26:22,800
body, producing enough heat to 
keep your core temperature, 

4869
04:26:22,800 --> 04:26:25,600
above dangerous levels. 
And there's nothing you can do 

4870
04:26:25,600 --> 04:26:28,200
to help that process except wait
for more morning. 

4871
04:26:28,200 --> 04:26:31,500
The old man in the opposite 
corner makes a sound, not quite 

4872
04:26:31,500 --> 04:26:34,800
a grown more, like a sigh that 
carries Decades of similar 

4873
04:26:34,800 --> 04:26:37,500
nights. 
You recognize it as a sound. 

4874
04:26:37,500 --> 04:26:40,200
You've made yourself. 
The audible acknowledgment. 

4875
04:26:40,200 --> 04:26:43,100
That this is hard. 
That your tired that you are. 

4876
04:26:43,100 --> 04:26:47,400
Not sure you can do this again. 
And again, But you will because 

4877
04:26:47,400 --> 04:26:50,700
the alternative is stopping and 
stopping on the road means. 

4878
04:26:50,700 --> 04:26:53,900
Dying on the road around 
midnight, the wind picks up 

4879
04:26:53,900 --> 04:26:56,800
whistling through gaps in the 
stone walls and sending small 

4880
04:26:56,800 --> 04:27:00,700
drifts of snow across the floor.
You pull your cloak over your 

4881
04:27:00,700 --> 04:27:04,600
head, creating a small tent of 
fabric around your face and 

4882
04:27:04,600 --> 04:27:07,400
breathe into the enclosed space 
to warm, it slightly. 

4883
04:27:08,200 --> 04:27:11,500
This creates condensation that 
makes the fabric damp but 

4884
04:27:11,500 --> 04:27:13,700
dampness is better than the 
cutting wind. 

4885
04:27:13,700 --> 04:27:17,900
You drift in and out of sleep, 
not the restful sleep of a 

4886
04:27:17,900 --> 04:27:21,100
proper bed, but the fitful half 
consciousness of someone too 

4887
04:27:21,100 --> 04:27:25,900
cold to fully relax. 
Your dreams when they come a 

4888
04:27:25,900 --> 04:27:30,000
confused fragments. 
Fire, that won't provide heat a 

4889
04:27:30,000 --> 04:27:32,600
door that won't open and erode 
that goes nowhere. 

4890
04:27:33,400 --> 04:27:35,600
You wake from these dreams to 
the reality of that. 

4891
04:27:35,600 --> 04:27:39,300
It's not much different then 
drift away again around. 3 in 

4892
04:27:39,300 --> 04:27:42,700
the morning you wake to realize 
the winter stopped The sudden 

4893
04:27:42,700 --> 04:27:44,900
silence is profound and 
slightly. 

4894
04:27:44,900 --> 04:27:49,400
Eerie You shift position in your
straw nest and feel how stiff 

4895
04:27:49,400 --> 04:27:52,800
your joints have become, how 
your body is contracted against 

4896
04:27:52,800 --> 04:27:56,200
the cold into a tight ball of 
muscle and determination. 

4897
04:27:56,200 --> 04:27:59,900
The old man is awake too. 
You can tell from his breathing 

4898
04:27:59,900 --> 04:28:03,800
pathan neither of you speaks. 
But there's comfort in knowing 

4899
04:28:03,800 --> 04:28:07,500
you're not alone in this video. 
Waiting for Dawn to arrive and 

4900
04:28:07,500 --> 04:28:11,000
release you from this Frozen. 
Tableau Dawn, finally comes 

4901
04:28:11,000 --> 04:28:15,200
gradual and gray revealing, a 
world transformed by snow. 

4902
04:28:16,200 --> 04:28:19,200
When you emerge from the 
shelter, your muscles protesting

4903
04:28:19,200 --> 04:28:22,200
every movement, the landscape 
looks nothing like it did 

4904
04:28:22,200 --> 04:28:25,400
yesterday. 
Familiar landmarks have been 

4905
04:28:25,408 --> 04:28:28,600
softened and disguised by white 
blankets that make everything 

4906
04:28:28,600 --> 04:28:30,500
look. 
Small Tinley, beautiful and 

4907
04:28:30,500 --> 04:28:32,900
dangerous. 
Your companion points to a 

4908
04:28:32,900 --> 04:28:36,100
thread of smoke rising in the 
distance, a village or 

4909
04:28:36,100 --> 04:28:41,000
Farmstead, perhaps a mile away. 
You both understand without 

4910
04:28:41,000 --> 04:28:45,100
discussion that this smoke 
represents survival, warmth, 

4911
04:28:45,100 --> 04:28:49,300
possible, food, and shelter from
the elements that would gladly 

4912
04:28:49,300 --> 04:28:51,000
kill you. 
Both, if give them the chance, 

4913
04:28:51,000 --> 04:28:54,000
the walk to the Village takes 
twice, as long as it should 

4914
04:28:54,000 --> 04:28:57,600
because the snow hides, the 
roads Contours you break through

4915
04:28:57,600 --> 04:29:01,400
crusts of ice into hidden 
puddles stumble over buried 

4916
04:29:01,400 --> 04:29:05,000
rocks, and sink unexpectedly 
into drifts that reach your 

4917
04:29:05,000 --> 04:29:07,700
knees. 
By the time you arrive at the 

4918
04:29:07,708 --> 04:29:11,100
Village Edge, your boots are 
soaked through your feet have 

4919
04:29:11,100 --> 04:29:13,200
gone numb, a dangerous 
condition. 

4920
04:29:13,200 --> 04:29:16,500
That requires immediate 
attention, the village is just 

4921
04:29:16,500 --> 04:29:18,900
seven or eight buildings. 
Clustered around a small Church.

4922
04:29:18,900 --> 04:29:21,900
The kind of place that doesn't 
appear on any map because it 

4923
04:29:21,900 --> 04:29:23,900
barely exists in the 
consciousness of anyone who 

4924
04:29:23,900 --> 04:29:27,400
doesn't live there. 
But right now it looks like 

4925
04:29:27,400 --> 04:29:30,500
paradise because several houses 
have smoke rising from their 

4926
04:29:30,500 --> 04:29:34,900
roofs visible proof of fire and 
warmth your companion touches 

4927
04:29:34,900 --> 04:29:38,800
his forehead in farewell and 
heads toward one house while you

4928
04:29:38,800 --> 04:29:41,200
approach. 
Another understanding that two 

4929
04:29:41,200 --> 04:29:43,800
vagabonds together are more 
threatening than one alone. 

4930
04:29:44,800 --> 04:29:47,300
You knock on the door of a house
that looks slightly more 

4931
04:29:47,300 --> 04:29:50,700
prosperous than its neighbors. 
Not because you expect better 

4932
04:29:50,700 --> 04:29:53,500
treatment there but because 
wealthier households are more 

4933
04:29:53,500 --> 04:29:57,100
likely to spare resources for 
charity, the door opens to 

4934
04:29:57,100 --> 04:29:58,600
reveal a woman in her middle 
years. 

4935
04:29:58,600 --> 04:30:01,800
Her face showing the kind of 
suspicion that all sensible 

4936
04:30:01,800 --> 04:30:04,000
medieval people direct towards 
strangers. 

4937
04:30:05,000 --> 04:30:08,900
You don't ask to come inside. 
That would be presumptuous, but 

4938
04:30:08,900 --> 04:30:12,200
instead gesture to your feet and
make the universal signs for 

4939
04:30:12,200 --> 04:30:15,800
cold and desperate your teeth 
chatter, helpfully adding 

4940
04:30:15,800 --> 04:30:19,300
authenticity to your petition. 
She considers for a long moment 

4941
04:30:19,300 --> 04:30:22,100
and steps back and gestures 
toward the barn. 

4942
04:30:22,900 --> 04:30:24,800
It's not an invitation into her 
home. 

4943
04:30:24,800 --> 04:30:28,200
Few medieval people will be 
foolish enough to invite a 

4944
04:30:28,200 --> 04:30:31,100
stranger inside. 
But permission to warm yourself 

4945
04:30:31,100 --> 04:30:34,800
in the barn which likely has 
animals whose body heat provides

4946
04:30:34,800 --> 04:30:37,800
some ambient warmth. 
The barn is dark and pungent 

4947
04:30:37,800 --> 04:30:41,300
with the smell of cows and old 
hay but it's infinitely warmer 

4948
04:30:41,300 --> 04:30:43,900
than outside. 
You find a corner near the 

4949
04:30:43,900 --> 04:30:47,300
animals and sit down to examine 
your feet there, white. 

4950
04:30:47,300 --> 04:30:50,500
And waxy, looking the early 
stages of frostbite that will 

4951
04:30:50,500 --> 04:30:53,700
become serious. 
If not addressed You pull off 

4952
04:30:53,700 --> 04:30:56,700
your boots and wet stockings, 
then bury your feet in a pile of

4953
04:30:56,700 --> 04:30:58,400
loose. 
Hay massaging. 

4954
04:30:58,400 --> 04:31:01,900
Them gently to encourage blood 
flow, the barn door opens again,

4955
04:31:01,900 --> 04:31:05,400
and the woman appears carrying a
small pot of something steaming 

4956
04:31:06,400 --> 04:31:09,000
He sets it down within your 
reach without coming too close. 

4957
04:31:09,000 --> 04:31:11,300
Then disappears back to her 
house. 

4958
04:31:12,100 --> 04:31:14,900
You pull the pot closer and 
Discover it contains, hot water 

4959
04:31:14,900 --> 04:31:17,700
with some oatmeal stirred, in 
not quite soup. 

4960
04:31:17,700 --> 04:31:20,800
Not quite porridge, but hot, and
nourishing. 

4961
04:31:21,600 --> 04:31:24,800
You cradle the pot in both 
hands, letting the warmth seep 

4962
04:31:24,800 --> 04:31:27,300
into your fingers before, 
drinking the liquid slowly 

4963
04:31:27,300 --> 04:31:29,600
making it last as long as 
possible. 

4964
04:31:29,600 --> 04:31:34,000
This simple Act of hospitality 
providing hot food to a stranger

4965
04:31:34,000 --> 04:31:36,600
represents. 
One of the surviving threads of 

4966
04:31:36,600 --> 04:31:40,400
human decency in a world. 
That was often brutal and short 

4967
04:31:40,400 --> 04:31:43,300
on compassion. 
The woman who brought you, this 

4968
04:31:43,300 --> 04:31:47,100
food has no reason to help you 
beyond her Christian duty to 

4969
04:31:47,100 --> 04:31:48,900
feed the hungry and warm the 
cold. 

4970
04:31:49,700 --> 04:31:53,200
She gains nothing from your 
survival except the satisfaction

4971
04:31:53,200 --> 04:31:56,100
of having done right? 
According to her face, as your 

4972
04:31:56,100 --> 04:31:59,000
feet slowly regained, feeling a 
process that involves 

4973
04:31:59,000 --> 04:32:02,000
considerable pain. 
You think about the crucial 

4974
04:32:02,000 --> 04:32:04,100
importance of cloaks in the 
wandering life. 

4975
04:32:04,800 --> 04:32:08,300
Your cloak is your most valuable
possession more important than 

4976
04:32:08,300 --> 04:32:11,000
your boots, or your knife or any
other item you carry. 

4977
04:32:11,900 --> 04:32:16,400
A good cloak provides warmth 
serves as a blanket at night can

4978
04:32:16,400 --> 04:32:20,200
be used as ground cover or an 
improvised bag and marks. 

4979
04:32:20,200 --> 04:32:23,300
You as someone who isn't 
completely destitute your 

4980
04:32:23,300 --> 04:32:25,900
particular, cloak started life 
as something better. 

4981
04:32:25,900 --> 04:32:29,200
You can tell from the quality of
the weaving, but it's been 

4982
04:32:29,200 --> 04:32:32,200
patched so many times with 
different materials that it now 

4983
04:32:32,200 --> 04:32:34,600
resembles a quilted map of your 
travels. 

4984
04:32:35,400 --> 04:32:38,200
The patch on the left shoulder, 
came from a piece of blanket, 

4985
04:32:38,200 --> 04:32:41,300
you found in Canterbury. 
The reinforcement around the 

4986
04:32:41,300 --> 04:32:44,500
hood came from a merchant 
cast-off tunic in a rule. 

4987
04:32:45,200 --> 04:32:47,900
The entire bottom hem is 
reinforced with strips of 

4988
04:32:47,900 --> 04:32:49,700
leather. 
You Bartered for with a cobbler 

4989
04:32:49,700 --> 04:32:51,800
who appreciated a well-told 
story. 

4990
04:32:51,800 --> 04:32:55,800
The cloak is made of wool, which
is crucial because wool remains 

4991
04:32:55,800 --> 04:32:59,600
warm even when wet Property that
has saved your life at least 

4992
04:32:59,600 --> 04:33:01,000
twice. 
When you've been caught in 

4993
04:33:01,008 --> 04:33:05,000
freezing rain with no shelter. 
You've learned to care for this 

4994
04:33:05,000 --> 04:33:07,500
cloak like a medieval Knight 
cared for his armor. 

4995
04:33:07,500 --> 04:33:11,599
Checking for Tears before they 
become holes, cleaning off mud 

4996
04:33:11,599 --> 04:33:14,000
before. 
It's sets and carefully drying 

4997
04:33:14,000 --> 04:33:17,900
it, when wet rather than letting
it rot medieval vagabonds 

4998
04:33:17,900 --> 04:33:21,099
developed an entire technology 
around staying warm without 

4999
04:33:21,099 --> 04:33:24,099
reliable access to fire. 
You've learned to identify 

5000
04:33:24,099 --> 04:33:26,900
places where the ground retains 
residual warmth. 

5001
04:33:27,500 --> 04:33:31,599
Near compost heaps, in fresh 
manure piles and in spots where 

5002
04:33:31,599 --> 04:33:35,099
livestock have been lying. 
You've discovered the churches 

5003
04:33:35,099 --> 04:33:38,800
with their thick stone walls. 
Hold daytime warmth well into 

5004
04:33:38,800 --> 04:33:41,000
the evening. 
You've mastered the art of 

5005
04:33:41,008 --> 04:33:44,700
sleeping and positions that 
minimize heat loss and maximize 

5006
04:33:44,700 --> 04:33:47,800
the insulation value of your 
cloak but nothing replaces 

5007
04:33:47,800 --> 04:33:50,599
actual fire. 
After several hours in the barn,

5008
04:33:50,599 --> 04:33:52,700
when your feet have returned to 
something approaching normal 

5009
04:33:52,700 --> 04:33:56,200
color and sensation you venture 
back outside to find that. 

5010
04:33:56,200 --> 04:33:59,599
Several Villages have built. 
A communal fire in the space 

5011
04:33:59,599 --> 04:34:02,500
between buildings. 
This is common in Winter, 

5012
04:34:02,500 --> 04:34:06,700
private fires in individual. 
Homes are supplemented by larger

5013
04:34:06,700 --> 04:34:10,400
fires, where people, gather to 
work, socialize and share warmth

5014
04:34:10,400 --> 04:34:13,099
you approach. 
The fire with proper deference, 

5015
04:34:13,099 --> 04:34:15,800
not pushing close. 
But staying at the periphery, 

5016
04:34:15,800 --> 04:34:19,700
where vagabonds belong the 
villagers are you wearily but 

5017
04:34:19,700 --> 04:34:22,599
don't drive you away. 
One old man. 

5018
04:34:22,599 --> 04:34:25,000
His hands busy with some kind of
rope work. 

5019
04:34:25,000 --> 04:34:28,700
Nod slightly in your direction 
and acknowledgment of your 

5020
04:34:28,700 --> 04:34:32,300
shared Humanity if not exactly 
friendship. 

5021
04:34:32,300 --> 04:34:35,700
The fire is made with wood that 
someone spent hours cutting 

5022
04:34:35,700 --> 04:34:40,200
Gathering and carrying In the 
Medieval World fuel for fire, 

5023
04:34:40,200 --> 04:34:44,300
was a precious resource that 
represented significant labor. 

5024
04:34:45,200 --> 04:34:48,599
Fact that you're allowed to 
share this warmth is another 

5025
04:34:48,599 --> 04:34:53,099
form of Charity one that costs 
The Villages real money in terms

5026
04:34:53,099 --> 04:34:55,599
of the extra wood needed to 
maintain the flames. 

5027
04:34:55,599 --> 04:35:00,099
You stand at the fire's Edge and
slowly rotate warming first your

5028
04:35:00,099 --> 04:35:03,500
front then your sides then your 
back the way a piece of meat 

5029
04:35:03,500 --> 04:35:07,599
rotates on a spit. 
The heat penetrates your cloak 

5030
04:35:07,599 --> 04:35:10,900
and your multiple layers of 
clothing gradually driving out 

5031
04:35:10,900 --> 04:35:15,000
the Deep cold that had settled 
into your bones your fingers and

5032
04:35:15,000 --> 04:35:18,000
toes tingle painfully as 
circulation returns fully. 

5033
04:35:18,800 --> 04:35:22,000
A sensation that's almost worse 
than being numb but signals that

5034
04:35:22,000 --> 04:35:26,099
you'll keep all your digits for 
now as the sun sets painting the

5035
04:35:26,099 --> 04:35:29,500
snowy landscape and shades of 
pink and orange you prepare 

5036
04:35:29,500 --> 04:35:33,800
mentally for another cold night.
But this time you'll sleep in 

5037
04:35:33,800 --> 04:35:37,599
the barn with some residual 
warmth in your body dry clothes 

5038
04:35:37,599 --> 04:35:41,800
and a full stomach luxuries that
make the difference between 

5039
04:35:41,800 --> 04:35:45,300
merely uncomfortable and 
genuinely dangerous two weeks 

5040
04:35:45,300 --> 04:35:47,300
later. 
The snow is melted into a 

5041
04:35:47,300 --> 04:35:50,599
landscape of mud and ice and 
you're walking South toward 

5042
04:35:50,599 --> 04:35:53,599
regions where Winter might be 
marginally less harsh. 

5043
04:35:54,500 --> 04:35:58,000
The road has been relatively 
empty for days and you fallen 

5044
04:35:58,000 --> 04:35:59,400
into the rhythm of solitary 
travel. 

5045
04:35:59,400 --> 04:36:04,300
Walk until tired, rest briefly 
and walk again, until Darkness 

5046
04:36:04,300 --> 04:36:07,400
forces you to seek shelter, you 
come upon a monastery. 

5047
04:36:07,400 --> 04:36:10,599
Just as evening prayers are 
ending their voices drifting 

5048
04:36:10,599 --> 04:36:13,800
across the fields in plain song,
that sounds like something not 

5049
04:36:13,800 --> 04:36:17,800
quite of this Earth. medieval 
monasteries served multiple 

5050
04:36:17,800 --> 04:36:21,700
functions in society religious 
centers, certainly but also 

5051
04:36:21,700 --> 04:36:26,300
Hospital schools, hostels and 
refugees The armor of any 

5052
04:36:26,300 --> 04:36:28,400
Monastery. 
Had a sacred duty to provide 

5053
04:36:28,400 --> 04:36:31,900
food and shelter to Travelers 
and Beggars though the quality 

5054
04:36:31,900 --> 04:36:35,300
and quantity of such Chariot 
varied wildly depending on the 

5055
04:36:35,300 --> 04:36:38,000
monasteries wealth. 
And the ominous temperament this

5056
04:36:38,000 --> 04:36:41,800
particular Monastery is neither 
rich nor poor amid sized to 

5057
04:36:41,808 --> 04:36:44,900
establishment of perhaps 20 
monks who work their own fields 

5058
04:36:44,900 --> 04:36:48,099
and maintain modest buildings of
local Stone. 

5059
04:36:49,599 --> 04:36:52,800
He approached the gate and ring 
the small bell that signal 

5060
04:36:52,800 --> 04:36:56,300
someone seeking the almonds 
charity, the monk who appears as

5061
04:36:56,300 --> 04:37:00,000
young and the new expected. 
Perhaps the 30 with the kind of 

5062
04:37:00,000 --> 04:37:02,300
face that suggests he smiles 
easily. 

5063
04:37:03,000 --> 04:37:05,300
He looks you over with eyes, 
that seemed more than your 

5064
04:37:05,300 --> 04:37:07,900
racket appearance. 
That seemed to calculate your 

5065
04:37:07,900 --> 04:37:10,400
story in your needs with 
practiced efficiency. 

5066
04:37:10,400 --> 04:37:13,900
He gestures for you to follow 
him to a long low building, 

5067
04:37:13,900 --> 04:37:15,800
adjacent to the monasteries main
Church. 

5068
04:37:16,599 --> 04:37:20,000
Inside you find a dozen other 
Travellers in various states of 

5069
04:37:20,000 --> 04:37:24,700
disrepair other vagabonds, a 
family displaced by some unnamed

5070
04:37:24,700 --> 04:37:28,700
disaster and an elderly woman 
who might be a pilgrim or might 

5071
04:37:28,700 --> 04:37:32,099
just be homeless. 
The almanac provides each person

5072
04:37:32,099 --> 04:37:35,599
with a bowl of thick pottage a 
piece of bread, and a cup of 

5073
04:37:35,599 --> 04:37:38,099
weak ale. 
The male is simple, but generous

5074
04:37:38,099 --> 04:37:41,400
and the room where you eat is 
warmed by a fire that crackles 

5075
04:37:41,400 --> 04:37:45,300
in a central half. 
After months of Uncertain food 

5076
04:37:45,300 --> 04:37:48,500
and frequent colds. 
This feels like extravagant 

5077
04:37:48,500 --> 04:37:51,800
luxury. 
You eat slowly, making each 

5078
04:37:51,800 --> 04:37:55,099
spoonful last while around you 
others do the same. 

5079
04:37:55,099 --> 04:37:58,900
There's little conversation, 
hunger and exhaustion, leave 

5080
04:37:58,900 --> 04:38:02,099
little room for socializing, but
there's a sense of shared 

5081
04:38:02,099 --> 04:38:04,400
relief. 
Of having reached temporary 

5082
04:38:04,400 --> 04:38:07,599
safety after the meal. 
The Almond shows you to a 

5083
04:38:07,599 --> 04:38:10,200
sleeping room line with simple 
palettes stuffed with straw. 

5084
04:38:10,200 --> 04:38:13,200
It's not private, you'll be 
sharing space with other 

5085
04:38:13,200 --> 04:38:16,700
Travelers, but it has a roof 
that doesn't leak walls. 

5086
04:38:16,700 --> 04:38:19,900
That block the wind and enough 
blanket that you might actually 

5087
04:38:19,900 --> 04:38:24,200
be warm tonight. 
The ulna offers a quiet blessing

5088
04:38:24,200 --> 04:38:25,900
over the rooms occupants before 
leaving. 

5089
04:38:25,900 --> 04:38:29,200
His last words are a reminder 
that the chapel will be open 

5090
04:38:29,200 --> 04:38:33,200
Before Dawn if anyone wishes to 
attend prayers you claim a 

5091
04:38:33,200 --> 04:38:35,700
palette in the corner and settle
in with the cautious relief of 

5092
04:38:35,700 --> 04:38:38,599
someone who's learned not to get
too comfortable tomorrow. 

5093
04:38:38,599 --> 04:38:42,700
You'll need to leave return to 
the road and resume the constant

5094
04:38:42,700 --> 04:38:47,099
search for food and shelter, but
tonight you have both and that's

5095
04:38:47,099 --> 04:38:50,400
enough lying on your palate 
surrounded by the breathing of 

5096
04:38:50,400 --> 04:38:53,099
other Travelers and the 
occasional crackle from dying 

5097
04:38:53,099 --> 04:38:55,900
Embers in the half. 
You think about the various 

5098
04:38:55,900 --> 04:38:58,099
forms of kindness you've 
encountered in your months on 

5099
04:38:58,099 --> 04:39:00,500
the road? 
Some kindness comes from 

5100
04:39:00,500 --> 04:39:03,300
religious Duty like this 
Monastery is hospitality. 

5101
04:39:04,400 --> 04:39:07,900
Other kindness arrives 
unexpectedly like the farmer who

5102
04:39:07,900 --> 04:39:11,200
not only let you sleep in his 
barn, but also invited you to 

5103
04:39:11,200 --> 04:39:14,500
help with harvest in exchange 
for meals and a week of shelter.

5104
04:39:14,500 --> 04:39:17,800
You remember the Millers wife 
who noticed your boots were 

5105
04:39:17,800 --> 04:39:20,400
falling apart and gave you a 
pair that had belonged to a 

5106
04:39:20,400 --> 04:39:23,700
deceased husband. 
You recall the tavern keeper who

5107
04:39:23,700 --> 04:39:27,700
let you sleep by his fire in 
exchange for sweeping the floor 

5108
04:39:27,700 --> 04:39:30,900
and Hauling water. 
You think of the old woman who 

5109
04:39:30,900 --> 04:39:33,700
shared her fire and her bread 
while telling you about the sun 

5110
04:39:33,700 --> 04:39:36,800
she'd lost to play. 
Seeming to need the company more

5111
04:39:36,800 --> 04:39:37,900
than you needed. 
The food. 

5112
04:39:37,900 --> 04:39:41,900
These moments of unexpected 
Humanity, stand out against the 

5113
04:39:41,900 --> 04:39:45,100
background of indifference and 
occasional hostility that 

5114
04:39:45,100 --> 04:39:48,200
characterizes most interactions 
with settled people. 

5115
04:39:49,400 --> 04:39:53,200
Medieval Society was not 
uniformly cruel but it was 

5116
04:39:53,200 --> 04:39:56,200
practical in ways that left a 
little room for sentiment about 

5117
04:39:56,200 --> 04:39:59,200
strangers. 
Every piece of bread given to a 

5118
04:39:59,200 --> 04:40:03,100
vagabond was bred That Couldn't 
feed a family member, every 

5119
04:40:03,100 --> 04:40:05,200
space offered to a traveler was 
space. 

5120
04:40:05,200 --> 04:40:07,600
That couldn't be used for 
something else yet. 

5121
04:40:07,600 --> 04:40:11,400
Kindness persisted motivated by 
various combinations of 

5122
04:40:11,400 --> 04:40:14,900
Christian Duty, human 
compassion, and perhaps the 

5123
04:40:14,900 --> 04:40:18,500
superstitious belief that any 
stranger might be an angel in 

5124
04:40:18,500 --> 04:40:22,500
disguise. 
These Act of Charity, created a 

5125
04:40:22,500 --> 04:40:25,600
network of survival that made 
the wandering life possible, 

5126
04:40:25,600 --> 04:40:28,800
barely precariously. 
But possible, you've also 

5127
04:40:28,800 --> 04:40:31,200
learned to offer your own forms 
of kindness in return. 

5128
04:40:31,200 --> 04:40:36,600
You help carry water chop wood, 
mend fences or perform more ever

5129
04:40:36,600 --> 04:40:40,600
tasks your temporary host need. 
You tell news from the road, 

5130
04:40:40,600 --> 04:40:44,300
share information about 
conditions in other regions, and

5131
04:40:44,300 --> 04:40:47,700
serve as a mobile newspaper in a
world without printed media. 

5132
04:40:48,700 --> 04:40:53,300
You offer blessings and prayers 
real or fabricated because 

5133
04:40:53,300 --> 04:40:56,500
people like to believe that 
Divine favor follows charitable 

5134
04:40:56,500 --> 04:40:58,800
acts. 
Sometimes the kindness you 

5135
04:40:58,800 --> 04:41:02,400
encounter takes unexpected 
forms, there was the monk who 

5136
04:41:02,400 --> 04:41:05,100
could often no food because the 
monastery stores were depleted. 

5137
04:41:05,100 --> 04:41:08,600
But, who gave you a small wooden
cross and assured you, that God 

5138
04:41:08,600 --> 04:41:12,100
would provide The cross had no 
monetary value. 

5139
04:41:12,700 --> 04:41:16,100
But wearing it around your neck 
changed, how some people saw you

5140
04:41:16,100 --> 04:41:20,100
transformed you from a possible 
threat into a pilgrim deserving 

5141
04:41:20,100 --> 04:41:22,700
of protection. 
There was the night to found you

5142
04:41:22,700 --> 04:41:26,100
sleeping in his hunting lodge. 
And in stead of punishing you 

5143
04:41:26,100 --> 04:41:29,400
for trespassing, asked about 
your travels and listened with 

5144
04:41:29,400 --> 04:41:32,300
genuine interest to your 
descriptions of roads and towns.

5145
04:41:33,300 --> 04:41:36,200
He sent your way with coins in 
your pocket and directions to 

5146
04:41:36,200 --> 04:41:39,000
his brothers manner where you 
were treated as a guest. 

5147
04:41:39,000 --> 04:41:42,500
For three days before continuing
your journey, there was the 

5148
04:41:42,500 --> 04:41:45,900
prostitute in to lose who shared
her fire and her food while 

5149
04:41:45,900 --> 04:41:49,000
explaining that she understood 
what it meant to live on society

5150
04:41:49,000 --> 04:41:52,800
is margins to be someone that 
respectable people looked 

5151
04:41:52,800 --> 04:41:56,600
through rather than at a 
kindness came without judgment 

5152
04:41:56,600 --> 04:41:59,900
or piratey. 
Just one marginal person, 

5153
04:41:59,900 --> 04:42:02,100
helping another because that's 
what people should do. 

5154
04:42:02,100 --> 04:42:06,100
These memories are your true 
wealth more valuable than money,

5155
04:42:06,100 --> 04:42:09,900
because they sustained hope. 
They proved that even in a world

5156
04:42:09,908 --> 04:42:13,200
structured around hierarchy 
obligation and self-interest 

5157
04:42:13,200 --> 04:42:15,700
individuals. 
Still sometimes choose 

5158
04:42:15,700 --> 04:42:20,000
compassion over indifference 
generosity over calculation and 

5159
04:42:20,000 --> 04:42:24,000
connection over isolation. 
Spring arrives gradually not as 

5160
04:42:24,000 --> 04:42:27,900
a single event but as a series 
of small changes, you notice 

5161
04:42:27,900 --> 04:42:31,800
while walking The mud of early 
March gives way to firmer 

5162
04:42:31,800 --> 04:42:35,500
ground, the bare trees begin 
showing small green suggestions 

5163
04:42:35,500 --> 04:42:38,300
of buds. 
Birds returned from wherever 

5164
04:42:38,300 --> 04:42:40,600
Birds. 
Spend the winter filling 

5165
04:42:40,600 --> 04:42:43,700
mornings with song that sounds. 
Excessive after months of 

5166
04:42:43,700 --> 04:42:47,300
Silence, you've survived your 
first winter on the road which 

5167
04:42:47,300 --> 04:42:49,900
means you've learned enough to 
survive future Winters. 

5168
04:42:50,700 --> 04:42:53,200
This knowledge sits in your body
as much as your mind. 

5169
04:42:53,200 --> 04:42:56,700
Your hands, know how to build a 
shelter from branches. 

5170
04:42:56,700 --> 04:43:00,700
Your feet, know how to walk on 
ice and your stomach knows how 

5171
04:43:00,700 --> 04:43:05,100
to function on minimal food, 
your thinner, harder, and more 

5172
04:43:05,100 --> 04:43:07,000
resilient than when you started 
wandering. 

5173
04:43:07,000 --> 04:43:10,000
With warmer weather comes an 
increase in Travelers on the 

5174
04:43:10,000 --> 04:43:13,900
roads Merchants emerged to trade
goods that winter had locked 

5175
04:43:13,900 --> 04:43:16,500
away. 
Pilgrims begin Journeys to 

5176
04:43:16,500 --> 04:43:20,300
distant shrines, they're walking
staffs and shell badges 

5177
04:43:20,300 --> 04:43:24,400
identifying their purpose. 
Entertainers move between towns 

5178
04:43:24,400 --> 04:43:28,200
and fairs, carrying their trade,
and carts or on their backs. 

5179
04:43:28,200 --> 04:43:31,900
The road becomes almost crowded.
At least compared to Winter's 

5180
04:43:31,900 --> 04:43:33,900
emptiness among these spring 
Travelers. 

5181
04:43:33,900 --> 04:43:36,300
You notice a group that moves 
with particular energy. 

5182
04:43:37,000 --> 04:43:40,000
Three young men and a woman 
carrying instruments wrapped in 

5183
04:43:40,000 --> 04:43:44,000
protective cloth their minstrels
or jongs professional 

5184
04:43:44,000 --> 04:43:47,100
entertainers, who make their 
living from music, acrobatics, 

5185
04:43:47,100 --> 04:43:50,400
and storytelling. 
You've encountered such groups 

5186
04:43:50,400 --> 04:43:54,500
before, usually giving them wide
berth because entertainers guard

5187
04:43:54,500 --> 04:43:57,300
their territories and resent, 
amateur competition. 

5188
04:43:57,300 --> 04:44:01,300
But this group seems less 
territorial than most when you 

5189
04:44:01,300 --> 04:44:03,300
stop at a crossroad, Shrine for 
a brief rest. 

5190
04:44:03,300 --> 04:44:06,800
There are already there sharing 
a meal and discussing their next

5191
04:44:06,800 --> 04:44:10,100
destination. 
One of them, a young man with a 

5192
04:44:10,108 --> 04:44:13,800
face that suggests he smiles off
often notice, is you and 

5193
04:44:13,800 --> 04:44:16,600
gestures toward their food in 
casual invitation. 

5194
04:44:16,600 --> 04:44:20,200
You join them cautiously 
accepting a piece of cheese and 

5195
04:44:20,200 --> 04:44:23,300
some bread while they debate the
merits of various routes South 

5196
04:44:24,200 --> 04:44:27,100
Their conversation reveals that 
they are heading toward a series

5197
04:44:27,100 --> 04:44:30,200
of spring fairs where Lords and 
Merchants gather to trade 

5198
04:44:30,200 --> 04:44:32,200
socialize and watch 
entertainment. 

5199
04:44:33,200 --> 04:44:35,700
It's the profitable season for 
traveling performers. 

5200
04:44:35,700 --> 04:44:39,400
When Noble households will pay, 
well for skilled musicians and 

5201
04:44:39,400 --> 04:44:42,500
the crowds have money to throw 
to street performers. 

5202
04:44:42,500 --> 04:44:47,100
The woman in the group, she 
introduces herself as Agnes asks

5203
04:44:47,100 --> 04:44:50,900
about your travels with genuine 
curiosity rather than the plight

5204
04:44:50,900 --> 04:44:54,400
indifference most people show 
vagabonds You tell her about the

5205
04:44:54,400 --> 04:44:57,800
roads, you've walked the towns, 
you've passed through and the 

5206
04:44:57,808 --> 04:45:01,900
conditions in various regions. 
She listens with the attention 

5207
04:45:01,900 --> 04:45:03,700
of someone Gathering useful 
information. 

5208
04:45:03,700 --> 04:45:06,900
Occasionally asking specific 
questions about particular 

5209
04:45:06,900 --> 04:45:10,100
places in return. 
Agnes tells you about the 

5210
04:45:10,100 --> 04:45:13,600
performers life, which is both 
similar to and different from a 

5211
04:45:13,600 --> 04:45:17,300
vagabond existence. 
Like you their constantly 

5212
04:45:17,300 --> 04:45:19,300
moving. 
Always uncertain about 

5213
04:45:19,300 --> 04:45:23,100
tomorrow's food and shelter. 
Unlike you they have a trade 

5214
04:45:23,100 --> 04:45:26,200
that people value and skills 
that can be exchanged for money 

5215
04:45:26,200 --> 04:45:29,400
and hospitality. 
Their marginal, people, too, 

5216
04:45:29,400 --> 04:45:32,700
Society views, traveling 
performers, with suspicion, 

5217
04:45:32,700 --> 04:45:36,100
considering them only slightly 
more respectable than Beggars, 

5218
04:45:36,100 --> 04:45:40,000
but their marginality includes a
kind of Glamour that pure 

5219
04:45:40,000 --> 04:45:42,700
vagrancy lacks. 
As you talk one of the young 

5220
04:45:42,700 --> 04:45:45,600
men, unwraps a small, wooden 
flute and begins playing, he 

5221
04:45:45,600 --> 04:45:49,500
just for the pleasure of it. 
The music is simple, but 

5222
04:45:49,500 --> 04:45:53,300
skillfully played a Melody, that
sounds like it might be a dance 

5223
04:45:53,300 --> 04:45:56,900
tune or perhaps a popular song. 
You've heard music occasionally,

5224
04:45:56,900 --> 04:46:00,100
during your travels church 
bells, work songs from Fields, 

5225
04:46:00,100 --> 04:46:04,800
drunken singing from taverns, 
but this is different This is 

5226
04:46:04,800 --> 04:46:07,600
music made by someone who has 
spent, hundreds of hours 

5227
04:46:07,600 --> 04:46:11,900
learning to coax Beauty, from a 
piece of carved wood, the music 

5228
04:46:11,900 --> 04:46:13,600
does something unexpected to 
you. 

5229
04:46:14,300 --> 04:46:17,300
Emotions you've kept carefully, 
controlled for months, suddenly,

5230
04:46:17,300 --> 04:46:21,300
press against your composure. 
The melody sounds like longing 

5231
04:46:21,300 --> 04:46:25,300
like memory like everything 
you've lost in choosing or being

5232
04:46:25,300 --> 04:46:29,400
forced into the wandering life. 
Your eyes Sting with tears, you 

5233
04:46:29,400 --> 04:46:32,800
refuse to let Falls and you look
away toward the Horizon until 

5234
04:46:32,800 --> 04:46:36,800
the moment passes Agnes. 
Notices, of course, she notice 

5235
04:46:36,800 --> 04:46:39,000
is. 
But says nothing, just Pat your 

5236
04:46:39,000 --> 04:46:42,500
arm briefly and wordless 
understanding when the song 

5237
04:46:42,500 --> 04:46:45,600
ends, she begins. 
Another this one with words, 

5238
04:46:45,600 --> 04:46:51,500
something about a knight and a 
lady, and a Rose Garden. a voice

5239
04:46:51,508 --> 04:46:55,000
is clear and practiced, the 
voice of someone who is sunless 

5240
04:46:55,000 --> 04:46:59,200
song does of times in Halls and 
Market places the group invite 

5241
04:46:59,200 --> 04:47:02,600
you to travel with them for a 
few days and you accept greatly 

5242
04:47:03,900 --> 04:47:07,200
Walking with companies both 
easier and more complicated than

5243
04:47:07,200 --> 04:47:10,200
walking alone. 
Easier because shared labor 

5244
04:47:10,200 --> 04:47:13,700
makes some tasks simpler more 
complicated because you must 

5245
04:47:13,700 --> 04:47:19,100
negotiate constantly about Pace 
Direction and The 100s that 

5246
04:47:19,100 --> 04:47:22,800
solitary traveler allows you to 
make without consultation over 

5247
04:47:22,800 --> 04:47:25,100
the next week. 
You learn that music and Faith 

5248
04:47:25,100 --> 04:47:27,100
serve similar purposes for 
people on the road. 

5249
04:47:27,900 --> 04:47:30,500
Both provide structure and 
meaning to days that might 

5250
04:47:30,500 --> 04:47:34,000
otherwise feel purposeless. 
Both connect you to something 

5251
04:47:34,000 --> 04:47:37,600
larger than immediate survival. 
Both remind you that human 

5252
04:47:37,600 --> 04:47:41,500
existence includes Beauty and 
Transcendence, not just hunger 

5253
04:47:41,500 --> 04:47:45,400
and cold the performers, carry 
their faith lightly, neither 

5254
04:47:45,400 --> 04:47:49,200
particularly devout nor openly 
skeptical just accepting that 

5255
04:47:49,200 --> 04:47:51,300
churches. 
Exist and prayers are sometimes 

5256
04:47:51,300 --> 04:47:54,700
useful. 
They stop at roadside shrines to

5257
04:47:54,700 --> 04:47:58,000
offer brief supplications, 
attend Sunday, mass when it's 

5258
04:47:58,000 --> 04:48:02,100
convenient and carry small 
tokens, a Saints medal. 

5259
04:48:02,100 --> 04:48:06,200
A scrap of holy texts that might
provide protection or at least 

5260
04:48:06,200 --> 04:48:08,900
Comfort. 
You've noticed that vagabonds 10

5261
04:48:08,900 --> 04:48:11,100
toward either Intense 
religiosity or complete 

5262
04:48:11,100 --> 04:48:13,400
skepticism with little middle 
ground. 

5263
04:48:14,400 --> 04:48:17,600
Some wander has become convinced
that their suffering is divinely

5264
04:48:17,600 --> 04:48:20,400
ordained. 
A test of faith that will earn 

5265
04:48:20,400 --> 04:48:23,600
salvation. 
Others, decide that any God who 

5266
04:48:23,600 --> 04:48:26,500
had permit such hardship is even
non-existent, or not worth 

5267
04:48:26,500 --> 04:48:29,900
worshiping, your own faith, has 
evolved during your months on 

5268
04:48:29,900 --> 04:48:33,600
the road, you still pray but 
your prayers have become more. 

5269
04:48:33,600 --> 04:48:38,500
Practical request for dry 
weather, safe, passage and kind 

5270
04:48:38,500 --> 04:48:42,200
strangers, rather than abstract 
petitions for Grace or 

5271
04:48:42,200 --> 04:48:44,800
salvation. 
You've developed a working 

5272
04:48:44,800 --> 04:48:48,200
relationship with the Divine. 
You'll maintain belief of God, 

5273
04:48:48,200 --> 04:48:50,200
maintains some minimal level of 
support. 

5274
04:48:51,300 --> 04:48:54,600
Is not the faith of Saints or 
Mystics, but it's honest. 

5275
04:48:54,600 --> 04:48:58,500
And it helps you face each day. 
The performers Teach You song 

5276
04:48:58,500 --> 04:49:01,900
during the shared days, partly 
as entertainment and partly 

5277
04:49:01,900 --> 04:49:03,700
because songs are currently in 
their world. 

5278
04:49:04,500 --> 04:49:07,600
The more songs, you know, the 
more valuable you are gathering 

5279
04:49:07,600 --> 04:49:11,500
where music is expected, you 
learn a ballad about Roland and 

5280
04:49:11,500 --> 04:49:16,000
Oliver a body song about a 
Millers wife and a hint of the 

5281
04:49:16,008 --> 04:49:20,200
Virgin that might provide access
to churches or monasteries your 

5282
04:49:20,200 --> 04:49:23,100
voice is on trained and rough 
from months of shouting, into 

5283
04:49:23,100 --> 04:49:27,700
wind and coldness, coaches. 
You patiently showing you how to

5284
04:49:27,700 --> 04:49:29,700
breathe properly and project 
sounds. 

5285
04:49:30,600 --> 04:49:33,100
She treats this teaching with 
the same seriousness. 

5286
04:49:33,100 --> 04:49:36,300
You might give to training a 
formal Apprentice perhaps 

5287
04:49:36,300 --> 04:49:38,800
because she understands that you
might someday need these skills 

5288
04:49:38,800 --> 04:49:42,000
to survive one evening, the 
group performs at a small 

5289
04:49:42,008 --> 04:49:44,800
village celebration. 
Something to do with the spring 

5290
04:49:44,800 --> 04:49:49,000
planting or a local Saints Day. 
You watch from the edges as they

5291
04:49:49,000 --> 04:49:52,000
transform from ordinary Road 
Travelers into something 

5292
04:49:52,000 --> 04:49:56,200
magical. 
Agnes dances while singing her 

5293
04:49:56,200 --> 04:49:59,800
movement graceful and practice. 
The men juggle and perform 

5294
04:49:59,800 --> 04:50:02,000
acrobatics that seem to defy 
gravity. 

5295
04:50:03,000 --> 04:50:05,600
The music and performance 
creates temporary space where 

5296
04:50:05,600 --> 04:50:09,000
the audience forgets their daily
struggles and simply enjoys 

5297
04:50:09,000 --> 04:50:11,900
being entertained. 
You understand, then that what 

5298
04:50:11,900 --> 04:50:15,200
these performers offer isn't 
just skill or music, it's 

5299
04:50:15,200 --> 04:50:19,700
temporary transcendents a brief 
escape from the grinding reality

5300
04:50:19,700 --> 04:50:23,100
of medieval life. 
For the price of a few coins. 

5301
04:50:23,100 --> 04:50:27,200
Villages can watch something 
beautiful laugh at clever joke's

5302
04:50:27,200 --> 04:50:31,000
and feel emotions that daily 
survival usually suppresses. 

5303
04:50:31,000 --> 04:50:33,500
It's a service as real as 
anything. 

5304
04:50:33,500 --> 04:50:37,300
A blacksmith or Baker provides 
and watching The Villages faces.

5305
04:50:37,300 --> 04:50:39,600
You see how desperately people 
need this service? 

5306
04:50:39,600 --> 04:50:43,100
After the performance villagers,
provide the group with food 

5307
04:50:43,100 --> 04:50:45,600
drink and space in a barn to 
sleep. 

5308
04:50:46,400 --> 04:50:48,900
You're included in this 
hospitality is part of the 

5309
04:50:48,908 --> 04:50:52,200
troupe and for one night, you 
experienced what, it might be 

5310
04:50:52,200 --> 04:50:55,700
like to have a trade to be 
valued for skills, rather than 

5311
04:50:55,700 --> 04:50:58,400
merely tolerated. 
As a Christian obligation, you 

5312
04:50:58,400 --> 04:51:02,000
part ways with the performers at
a Crossroads in early April each

5313
04:51:02,000 --> 04:51:05,900
group heading toward different, 
destinations Agnes gives you a 

5314
04:51:05,900 --> 04:51:09,000
small wooden whistle as a 
Parting Gift showing you how to 

5315
04:51:09,000 --> 04:51:13,100
play three simple songs before 
she leaves, The whistle fits in 

5316
04:51:13,100 --> 04:51:16,700
your pocket, weighs almost 
nothing and represents a Kind of

5317
04:51:16,700 --> 04:51:20,700
Magic, the ability to create 
music and to potentially earn 

5318
04:51:20,700 --> 04:51:23,800
coins or food through 
performance rather than begging 

5319
04:51:23,800 --> 04:51:26,300
but Springs, promise proves 
deceptive. 

5320
04:51:27,200 --> 04:51:30,100
A week after you separate from 
the performers, the weather 

5321
04:51:30,100 --> 04:51:34,100
turns viciously cold again one 
of those late season freezes 

5322
04:51:34,100 --> 04:51:37,600
that kills early Buds and 
reminds everyone that winter 

5323
04:51:37,600 --> 04:51:42,100
doesn't release its grip easily.
Your court between towns when 

5324
04:51:42,100 --> 04:51:45,900
the cold arrives, walking a road
that passes through a forest 

5325
04:51:45,900 --> 04:51:49,500
where the trees provide, some 
wind protection but no actual 

5326
04:51:49,500 --> 04:51:52,100
shelter. 
This is different from the deep 

5327
04:51:52,100 --> 04:51:54,900
winter cold. 
You experience months ago, then 

5328
04:51:54,900 --> 04:51:58,500
you were resigned to discomfort 
psychologically prepared for 

5329
04:51:58,500 --> 04:52:01,700
suffering. 
This cold arrives when you 

5330
04:52:01,700 --> 04:52:05,200
started hoping for warmth. 
When you've let yourself believe

5331
04:52:05,200 --> 04:52:07,000
that survival might become 
easier. 

5332
04:52:07,000 --> 04:52:11,000
The psychological impact of 
disappointed hope is worse than 

5333
04:52:11,000 --> 04:52:13,700
the cold itself. 
You walk through afternoon and 

5334
04:52:13,700 --> 04:52:17,200
into evening looking for any 
structure that might serve as 

5335
04:52:17,200 --> 04:52:20,800
shelter. 
Forest seems endless and the 

5336
04:52:20,800 --> 04:52:25,600
cold intensifies as the sun 
sets, your breath forms clouds, 

5337
04:52:25,600 --> 04:52:28,800
that freeze into tiny ice 
crystals on your beard. 

5338
04:52:29,600 --> 04:52:33,500
Your fingers inside your gloves.
Go numb despite constant flexing

5339
04:52:33,500 --> 04:52:37,200
just as full Darkness arrives, 
you spotted dark shape through 

5340
04:52:37,200 --> 04:52:40,000
the trees. 
A charcoal burners Hut probably 

5341
04:52:40,000 --> 04:52:42,900
abandoned for the season but 
potentially offering shelter. 

5342
04:52:44,100 --> 04:52:46,700
You approach carefully because 
sometimes such structures are 

5343
04:52:46,700 --> 04:52:49,900
occupied by people who value 
Solitude enough to fight for it,

5344
04:52:49,900 --> 04:52:53,000
the heart is empty. 
But shows signs of recent use 

5345
04:52:53,000 --> 04:52:57,500
the half contains cold ashes, 
and someone has left a small 

5346
04:52:57,508 --> 04:52:59,600
pile of firewood stacked against
the wall. 

5347
04:53:00,400 --> 04:53:03,300
This presents both a gift and a 
moral dilemma. 

5348
04:53:03,300 --> 04:53:07,200
The would clearly belongs to 
whoever built this shelter and 

5349
04:53:07,200 --> 04:53:09,400
is probably stored here for 
their next visit. 

5350
04:53:10,200 --> 04:53:14,100
Taking it would be theft of 
violation of the unspoken rules 

5351
04:53:14,100 --> 04:53:17,200
that govern survival in the 
wilderness, but the alternative 

5352
04:53:17,200 --> 04:53:19,400
is risking death from cold in 
the night ahead. 

5353
04:53:19,400 --> 04:53:23,400
You have flint and steel 
acquired through careful trade, 

5354
04:53:23,400 --> 04:53:27,100
but no Tinder or kindling. 
The wood in the Hutt is your 

5355
04:53:27,108 --> 04:53:30,000
only option for fire after long 
consideration. 

5356
04:53:30,000 --> 04:53:33,000
You decide to take just enough 
wood to survive. 

5357
04:53:33,000 --> 04:53:36,100
The night resolving to leave 
something of value in return, 

5358
04:53:36,100 --> 04:53:39,500
you arrange your few possessions
and realize you have almost 

5359
04:53:39,500 --> 04:53:43,800
nothing worth leaving a bone 
needle, a leather strap and the 

5360
04:53:43,800 --> 04:53:47,300
wooden whistle Agnes gave you 
The whistle is your most 

5361
04:53:47,300 --> 04:53:51,000
valuable possession, but there's
also, the only thing you have 

5362
04:53:51,000 --> 04:53:54,100
worth the, would you need you 
place the whistle carefully on 

5363
04:53:54,108 --> 04:53:57,100
the wood pile where the owner 
will find it saying a brief 

5364
04:53:57,100 --> 04:53:59,100
prayer that they'll understand 
the exchange. 

5365
04:53:59,100 --> 04:54:03,500
Then you set about building a 
fire using precious time and the

5366
04:54:03,500 --> 04:54:07,100
last of your energy to Cope's 
flame from cold materials. 

5367
04:54:07,100 --> 04:54:10,800
The fire of eventually catchers 
smaller at first. 

5368
04:54:10,800 --> 04:54:14,600
But gradually growing as you 
carefully, add wood The warmth 

5369
04:54:14,600 --> 04:54:17,500
feels like being welcomed back 
into the world of the living. 

5370
04:54:18,400 --> 04:54:20,300
You hold your hands near the 
Flames. 

5371
04:54:20,300 --> 04:54:22,700
Watching the color return to 
your fingers. 

5372
04:54:22,700 --> 04:54:25,300
Feeling the deeper Acres, 
circulation. 

5373
04:54:25,300 --> 04:54:28,800
Resumes with fire established. 
You begin preparing for the 

5374
04:54:28,800 --> 04:54:32,000
night ahead. 
You seal gaps in the Huts walls 

5375
04:54:32,000 --> 04:54:35,400
with handfuls of leaves and dirt
creating a slightly better 

5376
04:54:35,400 --> 04:54:39,000
barrier Against the Wind, you 
arrange Stones around the fire 

5377
04:54:39,000 --> 04:54:42,600
to hold heat, that will continue
radiating after the Flames die 

5378
04:54:42,600 --> 04:54:45,100
down. 
You prepare your sleeping area? 

5379
04:54:45,100 --> 04:54:48,300
Close enough to the fire for 
warmth, but not so close. 

5380
04:54:48,300 --> 04:54:50,300
That a spark might catch your 
cloak. 

5381
04:54:50,300 --> 04:54:53,400
The night that follows is a 
study and careful, fire 

5382
04:54:53,400 --> 04:54:56,000
management. 
You've learned that keeping a 

5383
04:54:56,000 --> 04:54:57,400
fire. 
Going through a cold night 

5384
04:54:57,400 --> 04:54:59,900
requires more skill than simply 
piling on wood. 

5385
04:55:00,700 --> 04:55:04,200
Feed it too much and you waste 
precious fuel, feed it too 

5386
04:55:04,200 --> 04:55:07,300
little and you risk waking to 
cold, ashes, and potential 

5387
04:55:07,300 --> 04:55:10,000
hypothermia. 
You've developed an internal 

5388
04:55:10,000 --> 04:55:13,100
clock that wakes you every few 
hours to check the fire and add 

5389
04:55:13,100 --> 04:55:16,200
wood as needed between these 
fire tending intervals, you 

5390
04:55:16,200 --> 04:55:19,500
sleep, fitfully, your dreams 
filled with fragments of memory.

5391
04:55:20,400 --> 04:55:24,300
you dream of a life before the 
road, whether a real memory or a

5392
04:55:24,300 --> 04:55:28,500
fantasy, you'll no longer 
certain The details of blurred 

5393
04:55:28,500 --> 04:55:32,300
over months of exposure to cold 
and hunger and the constant 

5394
04:55:32,300 --> 04:55:37,000
demands of survival. 
You dream of warmth of abundance

5395
04:55:37,000 --> 04:55:40,400
of a place where to Mauro 
shelter isn't a constant 

5396
04:55:40,400 --> 04:55:43,300
question. 
Just Before Dawn, you wake to 

5397
04:55:43,300 --> 04:55:46,700
find that the fire has burned 
down to glowing coals and the 

5398
04:55:46,708 --> 04:55:48,800
interior of the Hutt has grown 
cold again. 

5399
04:55:49,600 --> 04:55:53,000
You add the last of the wood 
watching the Flames rise and 

5400
04:55:53,000 --> 04:55:55,600
knowing that, when this burns 
down, you'll need to continue 

5401
04:55:55,600 --> 04:55:58,300
walking regardless of 
temperature or conditions. 

5402
04:55:59,200 --> 04:56:02,900
The charcoal burners generosity,
even unintentional. 

5403
04:56:02,900 --> 04:56:07,200
Generosity has bought you one 
night of survival, but nothing 

5404
04:56:07,200 --> 04:56:10,000
more has gray. 
Light filters through gaps. 

5405
04:56:10,000 --> 04:56:13,500
In the Hutt's walls, you emerge 
to find a landscape transformed 

5406
04:56:13,500 --> 04:56:16,900
by Frost. 
Every surface Glitters with ice 

5407
04:56:16,900 --> 04:56:20,700
crystals, that catch the early 
light and Scatter it in tiny 

5408
04:56:20,700 --> 04:56:22,400
rainbows. 
Trees. 

5409
04:56:22,400 --> 04:56:23,300
That looked dead? 
Yes. 

5410
04:56:23,300 --> 04:56:27,300
Yesterday now seeming casting 
glass each branch outlined in 

5411
04:56:27,300 --> 04:56:31,000
Frozen Perfection. 
It's breathtakingly beautiful 

5412
04:56:31,000 --> 04:56:34,000
and brutally cold in equal 
measure your breath. 

5413
04:56:34,000 --> 04:56:36,200
Forms clouds that hang in the 
still air. 

5414
04:56:36,200 --> 04:56:40,000
As you stretch muscles stiffened
by cold and uncomfortable sleep.

5415
04:56:41,000 --> 04:56:44,500
You check your body for damage, 
testing fingers and toes for 

5416
04:56:44,500 --> 04:56:47,800
frostbite examining hands for 
cracks in the skin. 

5417
04:56:47,800 --> 04:56:51,100
That might become infected and 
assessing your overall condition

5418
04:56:51,100 --> 04:56:54,400
with the dispassionate attention
of someone, who knows their 

5419
04:56:54,400 --> 04:56:57,200
survival depends on maintaining 
the physical machine. 

5420
04:56:57,200 --> 04:57:02,600
Everything appears functional, 
your cold hungry and tired but 

5421
04:57:02,600 --> 04:57:04,700
none of these conditions are 
life threatening yet. 

5422
04:57:05,500 --> 04:57:08,600
You've learned to distinguish 
between discomfort and danger 

5423
04:57:08,600 --> 04:57:13,000
between suffering that can be 
endured and damage that requires

5424
04:57:13,000 --> 04:57:16,200
immediate attention before, 
leaving the heart, you Bank, the

5425
04:57:16,200 --> 04:57:19,200
coals carefully hoping that the 
person who returns will find 

5426
04:57:19,200 --> 04:57:22,500
some residual warmth and 
understand that you respected 

5427
04:57:22,500 --> 04:57:25,200
their property as much as 
circumstances allowed. 

5428
04:57:26,100 --> 04:57:28,400
The missing whistle should tell 
them that another traveler 

5429
04:57:28,400 --> 04:57:31,800
passed through took, what they 
needed to survive and left 

5430
04:57:31,800 --> 04:57:35,000
something in return. 
It's a small gesture toward 

5431
04:57:35,000 --> 04:57:38,400
maintaining the network of 
informal cooperation, that makes

5432
04:57:38,400 --> 04:57:41,800
the wandering life possible. 
The road that day is harder than

5433
04:57:41,800 --> 04:57:44,300
usual. 
The coldest sap, your energy, 

5434
04:57:44,300 --> 04:57:47,000
and the lack of food is 
beginning to matter, more than 

5435
04:57:47,000 --> 04:57:50,500
it has in weeks. 
Your stomach, no longer growls, 

5436
04:57:50,500 --> 04:57:55,000
it's moved to be on Hunger into 
a kind of empty numbness. 

5437
04:57:55,000 --> 04:57:58,400
That suggests your body is 
consuming its own resources for 

5438
04:57:58,400 --> 04:58:01,100
fuel. 
You've lost more weight and your

5439
04:58:01,108 --> 04:58:03,700
clothes hang loose on a frame 
that was never particularly 

5440
04:58:03,700 --> 04:58:06,800
substantial to begin. 
With around midday you meet 

5441
04:58:06,800 --> 04:58:08,700
another traveler heading in the 
opposite direction. 

5442
04:58:08,700 --> 04:58:12,400
Among traveling alone, which 
suggests either courage or 

5443
04:58:12,400 --> 04:58:15,500
foolishness depending on 
conditions and local banditry. 

5444
04:58:16,300 --> 04:58:19,300
He stops when he sees you 
perhaps recognizing in your 

5445
04:58:19,308 --> 04:58:22,200
appearance, something that 
requires Christian intervention,

5446
04:58:22,200 --> 04:58:25,700
the monk reaches into his bag 
and produces a small round of 

5447
04:58:25,700 --> 04:58:28,700
cheese and a piece of bread 
which he offers without comment 

5448
04:58:28,700 --> 04:58:33,200
or expectation of thanks. 
You except with a small bow too 

5449
04:58:33,200 --> 04:58:35,100
weary for elaborate displays of 
gratitude. 

5450
04:58:35,900 --> 04:58:38,500
He makes the sign of blessing 
over you and continues on his 

5451
04:58:38,500 --> 04:58:41,700
way, having performed his 
charitable Duty without fuss or 

5452
04:58:41,708 --> 04:58:43,700
ceremony. 
You eat half the food 

5453
04:58:43,700 --> 04:58:46,800
immediately and carefully wrap 
the remainder in a piece of 

5454
04:58:46,800 --> 04:58:50,400
cloth for later. 
This discipline saving food, 

5455
04:58:50,400 --> 04:58:54,200
when you're desperately hungry, 
is one of the hardest lessons of

5456
04:58:54,200 --> 04:58:57,300
the wandering life. 
The temptation to consume 

5457
04:58:57,300 --> 04:58:59,000
everything immediately as 
overwhelming. 

5458
04:58:59,800 --> 04:59:01,600
But experience has taught that 
having food. 

5459
04:59:01,600 --> 04:59:04,200
Tomorrow matters, more than 
being slightly less hungry 

5460
04:59:04,200 --> 04:59:07,800
today, the road climbs into 
Hills as afternoon progresses 

5461
04:59:07,800 --> 04:59:10,900
and the extra effort required by
the elevation makes your 

5462
04:59:10,900 --> 04:59:14,700
weakness more apparent. 
You find yourself stopping to 

5463
04:59:14,700 --> 04:59:18,700
rest more frequently sitting on 
roadside rocks, while your legs 

5464
04:59:18,700 --> 04:59:21,700
trembled from exertion. 
That shouldn't be difficult for 

5465
04:59:21,700 --> 04:59:24,900
someone in good condition. 
This is where the wandering life

5466
04:59:24,900 --> 04:59:28,400
becomes truly dangerous. 
When accumulated debt probation 

5467
04:59:28,400 --> 04:59:31,200
reaches the point where your 
body begins failing at basic 

5468
04:59:31,200 --> 04:59:34,300
tasks. 
You recognize the warning signs,

5469
04:59:34,300 --> 04:59:38,100
the trembling legs, the 
dizziness, when standing, too 

5470
04:59:38,100 --> 04:59:39,700
quickly. 
And the way your thoughts 

5471
04:59:39,700 --> 04:59:43,700
occasionally scatter and refused
to focus, your approaching, the 

5472
04:59:43,708 --> 04:59:47,500
edge were survival stops being 
reasonably, likely and becomes 

5473
04:59:47,500 --> 04:59:51,200
merely possible as evening. 
Approaches you spot, the village

5474
04:59:51,200 --> 04:59:54,800
ahead and make the calculation 
that every Vagabond must make 

5475
04:59:54,800 --> 04:59:57,200
regularly. 
We'll approaching this 

5476
04:59:57,200 --> 04:59:59,800
settlement result in charity or 
hostility. 

5477
05:00:00,600 --> 05:00:04,400
Some Villages, welcome Travelers
seeing them as sources of news 

5478
05:00:04,400 --> 05:00:06,500
and opportunities for Christian 
virtue. 

5479
05:00:06,500 --> 05:00:09,000
Others view strangers, as 
threats. 

5480
05:00:09,000 --> 05:00:12,500
Potential thieves or disease 
carriers, who should be driven 

5481
05:00:12,500 --> 05:00:16,200
away before they cause problems,
this Village appears prosperous,

5482
05:00:16,200 --> 05:00:20,300
but not wealthy houses are 
maintained, but modest the 

5483
05:00:20,300 --> 05:00:23,400
church is Stone. 
But small, and the fields show 

5484
05:00:23,400 --> 05:00:26,600
signs of careful cultivation. 
Without excessive abundance. 

5485
05:00:27,500 --> 05:00:30,800
You approach slowly making 
yourself as visible and 

5486
05:00:30,800 --> 05:00:34,400
unthreatening as possible. 
Your hands, empty and visible. 

5487
05:00:34,400 --> 05:00:37,600
Your posture suggesting 
exhaustion, rather than 

5488
05:00:37,600 --> 05:00:40,700
aggression a group of men. 
Working in a field near the 

5489
05:00:40,700 --> 05:00:43,200
road. 
Look up as you pass one of them 

5490
05:00:43,200 --> 05:00:46,200
older, probably the village 
headman or someone of similar 

5491
05:00:46,200 --> 05:00:50,300
Authority walks over to 
intercept you His expression 

5492
05:00:50,300 --> 05:00:53,400
isn't hostile exactly but it's 
not welcoming either. 

5493
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:56,500
It's the look of someone 
assessing a potential problem 

5494
05:00:56,500 --> 05:01:00,900
and deciding how to handle it. 
You stop and wait, understanding

5495
05:01:00,900 --> 05:01:02,400
that running or even walking 
away. 

5496
05:01:02,400 --> 05:01:05,800
Would Mark you a suspicious. 
The head man, looks you over 

5497
05:01:05,800 --> 05:01:10,200
with experienced eyes, seeing 
the ragged clothes, the obvious 

5498
05:01:10,200 --> 05:01:13,500
exhaustion, and the hollow 
cheeks that speak of extended 

5499
05:01:13,500 --> 05:01:16,500
hunger. 
His calculation is visible on 

5500
05:01:16,500 --> 05:01:21,100
his face. threat or unfortunate 
obligation, or discretionary 

5501
05:01:21,100 --> 05:01:24,200
charity, he asks where your 
traveling from and where your 

5502
05:01:24,200 --> 05:01:27,500
heading You answer honestly 
because lies are usually 

5503
05:01:27,500 --> 05:01:30,000
detected and always makes it 
situations worse. 

5504
05:01:30,800 --> 05:01:33,900
You tell him your heading south 
looking for work, or any 

5505
05:01:33,900 --> 05:01:36,500
situation that might offer more 
stability than the road 

5506
05:01:36,500 --> 05:01:39,500
provides. 
This is true enough though. 

5507
05:01:39,500 --> 05:01:42,300
You've learned that such 
situations, rarely materialize 

5508
05:01:42,300 --> 05:01:45,700
for people in your condition, 
the head man, nods slowly, then 

5509
05:01:45,700 --> 05:01:48,900
gestures toward the village, he 
doesn't offer specific 

5510
05:01:48,900 --> 05:01:52,000
Hospitality but he doesn't 
forbid your presence either. 

5511
05:01:52,000 --> 05:01:54,600
It's a middle ground. 
That means you may pass through,

5512
05:01:54,600 --> 05:01:58,600
perhaps find some charity, but 
don't cause problems or expect 

5513
05:01:58,600 --> 05:02:02,000
too much. 
You thank him and continuing to 

5514
05:02:02,000 --> 05:02:04,200
the Village. 
Heading directly toward the 

5515
05:02:04,200 --> 05:02:06,800
church because that's the 
customary first stop for 

5516
05:02:06,800 --> 05:02:08,100
travelers. 
Seeking charity. 

5517
05:02:09,400 --> 05:02:12,000
The priest. 
When you find him in the small 

5518
05:02:12,000 --> 05:02:16,000
garden behind the church is 
younger than you expected and 

5519
05:02:16,000 --> 05:02:17,800
has the kind of face that 
suggests. 

5520
05:02:17,800 --> 05:02:21,100
He takes his Christian 
obligation seriously, he listens

5521
05:02:21,100 --> 05:02:25,600
to your brief explanation, 
traveler Hungary seeking shelter

5522
05:02:25,600 --> 05:02:27,900
for the night. 
With attention that feels 

5523
05:02:27,900 --> 05:02:32,700
genuine rather than perfunctory.
Then he nods and leads you to a 

5524
05:02:32,700 --> 05:02:36,600
small building adjacent to the 
church clearly used for storage.

5525
05:02:36,600 --> 05:02:39,800
But with space enough for a 
person to sleep, the priest 

5526
05:02:39,800 --> 05:02:44,400
provides you with bread ale, and
a piece of salted fish along 

5527
05:02:44,400 --> 05:02:46,400
with permission to sleep in the 
storage building. 

5528
05:02:47,300 --> 05:02:50,700
He doesn't linger to talk or 
preach some priests treat 

5529
05:02:50,700 --> 05:02:53,200
charity as not opportunity for 
captive evangelism. 

5530
05:02:53,200 --> 05:02:56,700
But this one seems to understand
that exhausted Travelers need 

5531
05:02:56,700 --> 05:03:00,000
food and rest, more than 
spiritual instruction alone in 

5532
05:03:00,000 --> 05:03:02,600
the storage building. 
You eat slowly making each bite.

5533
05:03:02,600 --> 05:03:06,700
Last rehydrating, your body with
the ale and feeling your 

5534
05:03:06,700 --> 05:03:09,700
strength, begin returning as 
your stomach receives actual 

5535
05:03:09,700 --> 05:03:12,800
nourishment. 
Fish is salty enough to hurt 

5536
05:03:12,800 --> 05:03:16,000
your dried lips. 
But it's protein and fat, both 

5537
05:03:16,000 --> 05:03:19,600
of which your body desperately 
needs as Darkness Falls, your 

5538
05:03:19,600 --> 05:03:23,600
cloak on the floor and lie down 
feeling safer, and warmer than 

5539
05:03:23,600 --> 05:03:26,800
you have in days. 
The storage building smells of 

5540
05:03:26,800 --> 05:03:30,300
grain and wood. 
Comfortable smells that speak of

5541
05:03:30,300 --> 05:03:34,100
human activity and abundance. 
Through the walls, you can hear 

5542
05:03:34,100 --> 05:03:38,100
Village Life, continuing voices,
calling to each other, a dog 

5543
05:03:38,108 --> 05:03:40,700
barking and children playing 
some evening game before being 

5544
05:03:40,700 --> 05:03:43,300
called to bed. 
You're separate from this life 

5545
05:03:43,300 --> 05:03:46,300
observing it from outside. 
Like someone looking through a 

5546
05:03:46,300 --> 05:03:48,300
window at a scene, you can't 
quite enter. 

5547
05:03:49,500 --> 05:03:53,200
The wandering life creates this 
separation, you move through 

5548
05:03:53,200 --> 05:03:56,800
communities without belonging to
them benefit from their charity 

5549
05:03:56,800 --> 05:04:00,400
without earning their investment
and exist on their margins 

5550
05:04:00,400 --> 05:04:02,100
without penetrating their 
centers. 

5551
05:04:02,100 --> 05:04:06,600
True spring finally arrives in 
late, April unmistakable and 

5552
05:04:06,600 --> 05:04:11,100
insistent the trees explode into
green almost overnight. 

5553
05:04:11,900 --> 05:04:15,600
Flowers appear in Meadows and 
along roadsides, splashing color

5554
05:04:15,600 --> 05:04:18,500
across a landscape that has been
Brown and gray for months. 

5555
05:04:19,300 --> 05:04:23,000
The air itself changes carrying 
warmth from the smell of growing

5556
05:04:23,000 --> 05:04:25,700
things of Earth. 
Waking up after Winter's, 

5557
05:04:25,700 --> 05:04:29,100
dormant sea with spring comes 
Renewed Energy and possibility. 

5558
05:04:29,100 --> 05:04:33,700
The road dries out making 
walking easier while Foods 

5559
05:04:33,700 --> 05:04:37,700
appear early greens that can be 
eaten raw mushrooms in the 

5560
05:04:37,700 --> 05:04:40,500
forest and berries beginning to 
form on bushes. 

5561
05:04:41,900 --> 05:04:44,300
You'll still hungry most of the 
time, but the edge of 

5562
05:04:44,308 --> 05:04:47,700
desperation dull slightly as the
world provides small supplements

5563
05:04:47,700 --> 05:04:51,300
to your diet, you notice changes
in your own body as the weather 

5564
05:04:51,300 --> 05:04:54,200
improves. 
The constant cold that seemed to

5565
05:04:54,208 --> 05:04:57,300
have settled permanently into 
your bones gradually dissipates.

5566
05:04:58,100 --> 05:05:03,200
Your joints stop aching quite so
intensely. your skin which had 

5567
05:05:03,200 --> 05:05:06,800
become gray, and papery during 
winter show signs of returning 

5568
05:05:06,800 --> 05:05:10,900
health, you're still thin still 
worn down by months of 

5569
05:05:10,908 --> 05:05:14,300
deprivation, but you're 
surviving the roads become 

5570
05:05:14,300 --> 05:05:18,100
crowded with spring activity, 
Farmers move between Fields, 

5571
05:05:18,100 --> 05:05:22,600
Merchants transport, Goods to 
markets and pilgrims resume 

5572
05:05:22,600 --> 05:05:25,800
Journeys that winter had 
interrupted You'll no longer 

5573
05:05:25,808 --> 05:05:29,400
unusual, just one more person on
a road, full of people, your 

5574
05:05:29,400 --> 05:05:32,400
poverty and wandering status 
less conspicuous among the 

5575
05:05:32,400 --> 05:05:35,600
general movement of spring you 
fall into traveling company, 

5576
05:05:35,600 --> 05:05:38,300
with a group heading toward a 
large town that hosts a spring 

5577
05:05:38,300 --> 05:05:40,900
fair. 
The group includes two Merchants

5578
05:05:40,900 --> 05:05:44,700
their servants and several other
Travelers who have attached 

5579
05:05:44,700 --> 05:05:46,200
themselves for safety in 
numbers. 

5580
05:05:47,100 --> 05:05:50,100
No one objects to your presence 
because you're clearly harmless 

5581
05:05:50,100 --> 05:05:52,600
and groups. 
Generally, welcome additional 

5582
05:05:52,600 --> 05:05:54,300
bodies to help watch for 
Bandits. 

5583
05:05:54,300 --> 05:05:56,400
The merchants. 
Treat you with plight in 

5584
05:05:56,400 --> 05:05:59,900
different, your neither customer
nor threat just a background 

5585
05:05:59,900 --> 05:06:02,700
presence. 
Their servants are friendlier, 

5586
05:06:02,700 --> 05:06:05,900
perhaps recognizing in you 
someone closer to their own 

5587
05:06:05,900 --> 05:06:07,700
social status than their 
masters. 

5588
05:06:07,700 --> 05:06:11,600
You help with small tasks around
the evening Camp gathering 

5589
05:06:11,600 --> 05:06:15,300
firewood, hauling water. 
Keeping the fire going in 

5590
05:06:15,300 --> 05:06:18,500
return, for being allowed to 
share their food and fire one 

5591
05:06:18,500 --> 05:06:20,600
evening as the group camps 
beside a stream. 

5592
05:06:20,600 --> 05:06:24,900
One of the servants asks about 
your travels, He's curious about

5593
05:06:24,900 --> 05:06:27,600
the wandering life in the way 
that settled people sometimes 

5594
05:06:27,600 --> 05:06:31,800
are interested in a lifestyle, 
they simultaneously fear and 

5595
05:06:31,800 --> 05:06:36,100
romanticize, you tell him some 
of your experiences editing out 

5596
05:06:36,100 --> 05:06:38,800
the worst Parts because people 
don't really want to hear about 

5597
05:06:38,800 --> 05:06:42,800
frostbite and starvation. 
He listens with Fascination then

5598
05:06:42,800 --> 05:06:45,400
admits that he sometimes thinks 
about leaving his position, 

5599
05:06:45,400 --> 05:06:49,100
taking to the road and 
experience in the freedom of 

5600
05:06:49,100 --> 05:06:53,000
having no master You don't tell 
him that freedom and destitution

5601
05:06:53,000 --> 05:06:55,200
often look identical from the 
inside. 

5602
05:06:56,000 --> 05:06:59,800
You don't mention the constant 
fear, the grinding hunger, or 

5603
05:06:59,800 --> 05:07:01,700
the cold. 
That seems to hollow out your 

5604
05:07:01,700 --> 05:07:05,100
bones. 
Instead, you describe some Rises

5605
05:07:05,100 --> 05:07:08,700
seen from hilltops, The 
satisfaction of walking all day 

5606
05:07:08,700 --> 05:07:12,500
under Open Sky and the strange 
communities that form among 

5607
05:07:12,500 --> 05:07:14,900
Travelers. 
Your description is honest 

5608
05:07:14,900 --> 05:07:19,300
without being complete true 
without being whole, The 

5609
05:07:19,300 --> 05:07:22,600
wandering life does offer, 
certain freedoms, Freedom from 

5610
05:07:22,600 --> 05:07:26,600
obligations from schedules, and 
from the expectations that come 

5611
05:07:26,600 --> 05:07:30,300
with settled life. 
But these freedoms come at an 

5612
05:07:30,300 --> 05:07:33,300
enormous cost and you're not 
certain, the trade is 

5613
05:07:33,300 --> 05:07:35,700
worthwhile. 
Still, you don't say this to the

5614
05:07:35,700 --> 05:07:39,100
servant because everyone needs 
their dreams of Escape, their 

5615
05:07:39,100 --> 05:07:42,700
fantasies of alternative lives 
the group reaches, the town, 

5616
05:07:42,700 --> 05:07:44,400
just as the spring fair is 
beginning. 

5617
05:07:45,100 --> 05:07:48,200
The fair transforms the town 
from a normal medieval 

5618
05:07:48,200 --> 05:07:51,700
settlement into a temporary City
of Commerce and entertainment. 

5619
05:07:52,900 --> 05:07:56,200
Merchants from distant regions. 
Set up elaborate stalls, 

5620
05:07:56,200 --> 05:07:59,900
displaying goods from across 
Europe and Beyond entertainers 

5621
05:07:59,900 --> 05:08:02,500
perform. 
In the streets, food vendors, 

5622
05:08:02,500 --> 05:08:04,400
sell items that smell like 
paradise. 

5623
05:08:04,400 --> 05:08:07,900
After months of bread and thin 
suit, you separate from the 

5624
05:08:07,900 --> 05:08:11,400
traveling group and one through 
the fair over WellMed by the 

5625
05:08:11,400 --> 05:08:14,800
abundance and activity. 
There's more food visible in 

5626
05:08:14,800 --> 05:08:17,000
this single Market. 
The new seen in the past three 

5627
05:08:17,000 --> 05:08:21,700
months, combined, the colors 
sounds and smells create a 

5628
05:08:21,700 --> 05:08:23,000
Centric experience. 
So intense. 

5629
05:08:23,000 --> 05:08:25,500
It's almost painful. 
After the muted palette of 

5630
05:08:25,500 --> 05:08:29,200
winter roads, you have no money 
to purchase anything, but 

5631
05:08:29,200 --> 05:08:32,300
watching his free and you 
station yourself near food 

5632
05:08:32,300 --> 05:08:35,200
vendors or occasionally, they'll
offer samples to attract 

5633
05:08:35,200 --> 05:08:38,000
customers. 
A baker gives you a piece of 

5634
05:08:38,000 --> 05:08:41,500
fresh bread, still warm with 
butter that melts into the 

5635
05:08:41,500 --> 05:08:44,200
crumb. 
You eat it, slowly savoring, 

5636
05:08:44,200 --> 05:08:47,800
each bite, understanding that 
this might be the best food you 

5637
05:08:47,800 --> 05:08:51,100
taste for weeks. 
As afternoon progresses, you 

5638
05:08:51,100 --> 05:08:54,200
drift toward an area, where 
entertainers are performing you 

5639
05:08:54,200 --> 05:08:58,300
recognize some of the acts a 
juggler, you saw last month, a 

5640
05:08:58,300 --> 05:09:00,400
pair of acrobats who might have 
been in that group, you traveled

5641
05:09:00,400 --> 05:09:02,900
with briefly. 
You don't approach them because 

5642
05:09:02,900 --> 05:09:05,800
entertainers relationships with 
vagabonds are complicated. 

5643
05:09:06,700 --> 05:09:09,500
You occupy similar social 
territory, but they have 

5644
05:09:09,500 --> 05:09:13,300
marketable skills while you have
only your ability to survive, 

5645
05:09:13,300 --> 05:09:15,700
then you spot Agnes from the 
truth. 

5646
05:09:15,700 --> 05:09:18,100
You traveled with now, 
performing with different 

5647
05:09:18,100 --> 05:09:20,900
partners. 
She singing a ballad about a 

5648
05:09:20,900 --> 05:09:22,700
Merchant's daughter and a 
sailor. 

5649
05:09:22,700 --> 05:09:26,400
Her voice clear and trained 
capturing an audience as 

5650
05:09:26,400 --> 05:09:29,000
attention with the confidence of
someone who does this 

5651
05:09:29,000 --> 05:09:31,900
professionally. 
When she finishes the crowd 

5652
05:09:31,900 --> 05:09:34,200
tosses coins apart as collective
hat. 

5653
05:09:34,200 --> 05:09:37,300
She sees you standing at the 
edge of the crowd and waves 

5654
05:09:37,300 --> 05:09:41,800
gesturing for you to approach. 
You do so hesitantly aware that 

5655
05:09:41,800 --> 05:09:45,000
you look even more ragged than 
when you travel together that 

5656
05:09:45,000 --> 05:09:48,300
you probably smell like old 
sweat and wood smoke and that 

5657
05:09:48,300 --> 05:09:51,700
you represent the poverty. 
Most people prefer to ignore but

5658
05:09:51,700 --> 05:09:54,800
Agnes doesn't seem bothered by 
your appearance, she asked about

5659
05:09:54,800 --> 05:09:57,100
your travels. 
Since you parted listens to your

5660
05:09:57,108 --> 05:10:00,600
brief summary then reaches into 
her purse and producers a few 

5661
05:10:00,600 --> 05:10:04,700
small coin coins. 
You start to refuse pride is 

5662
05:10:04,700 --> 05:10:08,400
often the last thing, poverty 
leaves intact but she insists 

5663
05:10:08,400 --> 05:10:11,400
with the practicality that makes
refusal seem churlish. 

5664
05:10:11,400 --> 05:10:15,700
She also asks about the whistle 
she gave you When you explain 

5665
05:10:15,700 --> 05:10:20,200
about the charcoal, burners Hut 
the cold night and the trade you

5666
05:10:20,200 --> 05:10:23,500
made for survival, she nods with
understanding rather than 

5667
05:10:23,500 --> 05:10:26,700
disappointment. 
She reaches into her bag and 

5668
05:10:26,700 --> 05:10:29,800
produces another whistle. 
This one slightly smaller, but 

5669
05:10:29,800 --> 05:10:32,700
similar in construction, Agnes 
spends a few minutes. 

5670
05:10:32,700 --> 05:10:35,300
Refreshing, your memory on the 
simple song, she taught you 

5671
05:10:35,300 --> 05:10:39,100
before then shows you a new one 
attune that's apparently popular

5672
05:10:39,100 --> 05:10:42,200
at Spring fairs. 
The melody is simple enough that

5673
05:10:42,200 --> 05:10:45,400
you can approximate it. 
After a few tries though you're 

5674
05:10:45,400 --> 05:10:48,300
playing as rough compared to her
practice skill before she 

5675
05:10:48,300 --> 05:10:51,200
returns to her troupe Agnes 
offered some advice that comes 

5676
05:10:51,200 --> 05:10:53,700
from her experience as someone 
who lives on the margins of 

5677
05:10:53,700 --> 05:10:57,200
settled Society. 
She tells you that at fairs like

5678
05:10:57,200 --> 05:11:00,800
this, there's often work for 
temporary laborers loading and 

5679
05:11:00,800 --> 05:11:04,400
unloading Merchant Goods, 
helping construct and dismantle,

5680
05:11:04,400 --> 05:11:06,900
stalls and Performing, simple 
tasks. 

5681
05:11:06,900 --> 05:11:11,400
That regular workers don't have 
time for. the pay is minimal but

5682
05:11:11,400 --> 05:11:15,500
its pay and it might provide a 
few days of regular meals, you 

5683
05:11:15,500 --> 05:11:18,300
thanked her and she disappears 
back into the fairground 

5684
05:11:18,300 --> 05:11:22,700
returning to her troupe and then
next performance Her kindness, 

5685
05:11:22,700 --> 05:11:24,200
feels different from the 
charity. 

5686
05:11:24,200 --> 05:11:28,000
You usually receive its 
practical rather than spiritual 

5687
05:11:28,000 --> 05:11:31,900
offered from one marginal person
to another without judgment or 

5688
05:11:31,900 --> 05:11:34,300
pity. 
Following her advice you begin 

5689
05:11:34,300 --> 05:11:38,400
approaching Merchants asking if 
they need temporary help, most 

5690
05:11:38,400 --> 05:11:40,800
refused. 
They have their own servants, 

5691
05:11:40,800 --> 05:11:44,200
and don't trust strangers. 
But eventually you find a spice 

5692
05:11:44,200 --> 05:11:48,100
Merchants, who agrees to pay you
a few coins to help guard his 

5693
05:11:48,100 --> 05:11:50,400
stall overnight? 
When theft becomes a significant

5694
05:11:50,400 --> 05:11:53,600
risk, the work is simple, sit 
near the merchant. 

5695
05:11:53,600 --> 05:11:55,600
Goods stay awake and call for 
help. 

5696
05:11:55,600 --> 05:11:58,800
If anyone tries to steal 
anything, you've spent months 

5697
05:11:58,800 --> 05:12:00,500
staying awake through 
uncomfortable nights. 

5698
05:12:00,500 --> 05:12:04,800
So this is easy by comparison. 
The merchant provides you with a

5699
05:12:04,800 --> 05:12:09,200
meal before the nightwatch 
begins meet pie and Ale the kind

5700
05:12:09,200 --> 05:12:11,800
of substantial food. 
You've been dreaming about as 

5701
05:12:11,800 --> 05:12:14,300
you sit through the night, 
watching the fair, settle into 

5702
05:12:14,300 --> 05:12:17,300
sleeping quiet. 
You think about how strange it 

5703
05:12:17,300 --> 05:12:20,600
is to be paid for something? 
You would gladly do for free, 

5704
05:12:20,600 --> 05:12:24,700
just for the privilege of having
food and a legitimate reason to 

5705
05:12:24,700 --> 05:12:27,800
be present. 
The coin's, the merchant will 

5706
05:12:27,800 --> 05:12:30,700
give you tomorrow represent more
than their monetary value. 

5707
05:12:31,500 --> 05:12:33,800
They represent the difference 
between begging and earning 

5708
05:12:33,800 --> 05:12:36,900
between being an object of 
Charity, and being a 

5709
05:12:36,900 --> 05:12:39,900
participant, however, minor in 
economic life. 

5710
05:12:39,900 --> 05:12:43,400
The fair continues for three 
more days and you managed to 

5711
05:12:43,400 --> 05:12:46,800
find similar work each day. 
Simple labor, that exhausted 

5712
05:12:46,800 --> 05:12:49,300
Merchants need done. 
But their regular servants are 

5713
05:12:49,300 --> 05:12:53,000
too busy to handle, The pay is 
minimal barely enough to buy 

5714
05:12:53,000 --> 05:12:56,500
food for the day, but you feel 
more human performing this work 

5715
05:12:56,500 --> 05:12:59,800
than you have in months of 
wondering on the fair's final 

5716
05:12:59,800 --> 05:13:02,100
day. 
You use your accumulated coins, 

5717
05:13:02,100 --> 05:13:05,900
to purchase practical supplies, 
a new pair of stockings to 

5718
05:13:05,900 --> 05:13:08,100
replace the ones falling apart 
on your feet. 

5719
05:13:08,100 --> 05:13:11,900
A small amount of dried meat 
that you can carry for when food

5720
05:13:11,900 --> 05:13:15,200
becomes scarce again and a piece
of hard soap that will let you 

5721
05:13:15,208 --> 05:13:17,300
wash yourself and your clothes 
at the next stream. 

5722
05:13:17,300 --> 05:13:21,200
You encounter these purchases 
represent calculation and Hope. 

5723
05:13:21,900 --> 05:13:24,600
The stockings will make walking 
easier and reduce the likelihood

5724
05:13:24,600 --> 05:13:26,600
of blisters that might become 
infected. 

5725
05:13:26,600 --> 05:13:29,900
The dried meat, could mean the 
difference between manageable 

5726
05:13:29,900 --> 05:13:33,100
hunger and dangerous starvation 
during a lean period. 

5727
05:13:33,900 --> 05:13:36,700
The soap acknowledges that 
maintaining hygiene matters. 

5728
05:13:36,700 --> 05:13:40,200
Even when you're homeless that 
caring for your self is an act 

5729
05:13:40,200 --> 05:13:42,500
of resistance against the 
degradation that poverty 

5730
05:13:42,500 --> 05:13:45,900
encourages, as the fair breaks 
up and Merchants pack their 

5731
05:13:45,900 --> 05:13:49,300
goods for travel. 
You stand, at a Crossroads, both

5732
05:13:49,300 --> 05:13:53,600
literal and metaphorical The 
road continues in multiple 

5733
05:13:53,600 --> 05:13:57,300
directions, each leading to 
unknown destinations and 

5734
05:13:57,300 --> 05:14:01,200
uncertain outcomes. 
You've survived winter learned 

5735
05:14:01,200 --> 05:14:04,800
skills that increase your 
chances of future survival and 

5736
05:14:04,800 --> 05:14:07,600
created a small network of 
people who might remember you, 

5737
05:14:07,600 --> 05:14:11,500
if your paths cross again, late 
spring slide into early summer, 

5738
05:14:11,500 --> 05:14:14,500
and you find yourself covering 
territory, you walked months 

5739
05:14:14,500 --> 05:14:18,200
ago, during your first weeks on 
the road, The landscape looks 

5740
05:14:18,200 --> 05:14:22,300
different now partly, because 
the season has changed partly 

5741
05:14:22,300 --> 05:14:25,700
because you've changed the 
person who first walked, these 

5742
05:14:25,700 --> 05:14:28,600
roads was unprepared for what 
the wandering life required. 

5743
05:14:28,600 --> 05:14:32,500
You'll no longer that person. 
You've learned to read whether 

5744
05:14:32,500 --> 05:14:34,600
with accuracy that would impress
Farmers. 

5745
05:14:34,600 --> 05:14:38,000
You can tell from the morning 
sky where the rain will arrive 

5746
05:14:38,000 --> 05:14:40,900
by afternoon. 
You can feel in your joints, 

5747
05:14:40,900 --> 05:14:44,400
when cold weather is approaching
even when the current day feels 

5748
05:14:44,400 --> 05:14:46,900
mild. 
You've learned which clouds 

5749
05:14:46,900 --> 05:14:50,200
promised gentle rain, and which 
threaten storms that require 

5750
05:14:50,200 --> 05:14:53,200
immediate shelter you've 
developed in cyclopedic 

5751
05:14:53,200 --> 05:14:56,400
knowledge of edible plants that 
grow beside roads and infields, 

5752
05:14:57,100 --> 05:14:59,700
You know, that dandelion greens 
are best before the flowers 

5753
05:14:59,700 --> 05:15:02,400
appear that wild. 
Garlic can be found in damp 

5754
05:15:02,400 --> 05:15:06,000
areas near streams and that 
certain mushrooms are safe while

5755
05:15:06,000 --> 05:15:08,000
similar looking varieties. 
A deadly. 

5756
05:15:08,800 --> 05:15:11,600
This knowledge is supplemented 
your diet during the worst 

5757
05:15:11,600 --> 05:15:14,600
periods of hunger, providing 
nutrition that kept you 

5758
05:15:14,600 --> 05:15:16,600
functioning. 
When bread alone would fail, 

5759
05:15:16,600 --> 05:15:18,900
you've mastered the art of 
firemaking. 

5760
05:15:18,900 --> 05:15:22,600
Under nearly any conditions. 
You can coax flame from damp 

5761
05:15:22,600 --> 05:15:24,800
wood using techniques learned 
from charcoal. 

5762
05:15:24,800 --> 05:15:28,300
Burners and other Travelers, you
know, where to find dry Tinder. 

5763
05:15:28,300 --> 05:15:32,400
Even after rain, how to protect 
a small flame from wind and how 

5764
05:15:32,400 --> 05:15:35,500
to build a fire that provides 
maximum warmth with minimum 

5765
05:15:35,500 --> 05:15:38,200
fuel. 
Fire has become something you 

5766
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:41,500
understand intimately rather 
than a mysterious phenomenon you

5767
05:15:41,500 --> 05:15:44,700
either have or don't have your 
navigation skills have improved 

5768
05:15:44,700 --> 05:15:46,700
to the point where you rarely 
get lost anymore. 

5769
05:15:46,700 --> 05:15:50,900
You've learned to read the 
subtle signs that Mark paths The

5770
05:15:50,900 --> 05:15:54,400
Way Grass Grows differently 
Where Feet regularly pass the 

5771
05:15:54,400 --> 05:15:57,600
worn patches on Stones where 
Travelers have stepped in the 

5772
05:15:57,600 --> 05:16:00,300
arrangement of trees that 
suggests human traffickers 

5773
05:16:00,300 --> 05:16:03,700
influenced the landscape. 
You can estimate distances 

5774
05:16:03,700 --> 05:16:06,400
accurately and judge how long a 
journey will take based on 

5775
05:16:06,400 --> 05:16:09,400
terrain and conditions more 
importantly you've learned to 

5776
05:16:09,400 --> 05:16:12,800
read people to distinguish 
between those likely to offer 

5777
05:16:12,800 --> 05:16:16,900
help and those best avoided. 
You can tell from body language 

5778
05:16:16,900 --> 05:16:19,900
whether someone will respond 
positively to a request for food

5779
05:16:19,900 --> 05:16:23,000
or whether approaching them will
result in anger or violence. 

5780
05:16:24,000 --> 05:16:26,300
You've learned Which social 
performance is are expected. 

5781
05:16:27,200 --> 05:16:30,400
The Grateful beggar The Humble 
petitioner the entertaining 

5782
05:16:30,400 --> 05:16:34,900
Storyteller and helpful laborer 
you can shift between these 

5783
05:16:34,900 --> 05:16:39,100
roles of situations require 
using performance as a survival 

5784
05:16:39,100 --> 05:16:41,500
tool. 
The wandering life has taught 

5785
05:16:41,500 --> 05:16:44,700
you about the structures that 
undergird medieval Society. 

5786
05:16:45,800 --> 05:16:50,300
Systems that settled people take
for granted, but which become 

5787
05:16:50,300 --> 05:16:52,300
visible when you exist outside 
them? 

5788
05:16:53,300 --> 05:16:56,100
You've learned that charity is 
organized through networks of 

5789
05:16:56,108 --> 05:16:59,300
religious obligation that 
connect monasteries, churches 

5790
05:16:59,300 --> 05:17:02,700
and Pious individuals into a 
safety, net that barely 

5791
05:17:02,700 --> 05:17:07,600
functions, but does function. 
Without this network vagabonds 

5792
05:17:07,600 --> 05:17:09,900
would simply die in large 
numbers during winter. 

5793
05:17:09,900 --> 05:17:13,600
You've observed how fear governs
many interactions between 

5794
05:17:13,600 --> 05:17:17,200
Travelers and settled people. 
Villagers fear strangers, 

5795
05:17:17,200 --> 05:17:21,300
because strangers might be 
Thieves, like carry disease or 

5796
05:17:21,300 --> 05:17:23,800
might disturb the delicate 
balance that allows their 

5797
05:17:23,800 --> 05:17:28,200
communities to function. 
This fear is rational you've 

5798
05:17:28,200 --> 05:17:31,100
encountered Travelers, who were 
indeed dangerous who survived 

5799
05:17:31,100 --> 05:17:33,800
through theft and violence 
rather than baking and labor. 

5800
05:17:34,700 --> 05:17:37,800
The challenge is that settle 
people can't easily distinguish 

5801
05:17:37,800 --> 05:17:40,300
between harmless vagabonds and 
genuine threats. 

5802
05:17:40,300 --> 05:17:43,100
So they treat all strangers with
suspicion. 

5803
05:17:43,100 --> 05:17:46,400
You've come to understand that 
the wandering life exists in a 

5804
05:17:46,400 --> 05:17:49,200
strange space outside. 
Normal medieval social 

5805
05:17:49,200 --> 05:17:53,600
categories, you're not a surf 
bountyland, not a Craftsman, 

5806
05:17:53,600 --> 05:17:57,900
tied to a gilled, not a merchant
with capital and credit and not 

5807
05:17:57,900 --> 05:18:01,600
a noble with inherited status. 
Your essentially outside the 

5808
05:18:01,600 --> 05:18:04,100
feudal system, which makes you 
simultaneously free and 

5809
05:18:04,100 --> 05:18:08,000
vulnerable know, Lord protect 
you but no Lord can command, you

5810
05:18:08,000 --> 05:18:12,100
know, community supports you but
no Community can demand your 

5811
05:18:12,100 --> 05:18:14,100
labor. 
This Freedom has its 

5812
05:18:14,100 --> 05:18:16,800
attractions. 
You wake each day with no 

5813
05:18:16,800 --> 05:18:21,400
obligation Beyond Survival. 
No, master to serve and no 

5814
05:18:21,400 --> 05:18:25,600
schedule to follow. you can walk
in any direction, stop when you 

5815
05:18:25,600 --> 05:18:29,500
choose and make decisions based 
entirely on your own assessment 

5816
05:18:29,500 --> 05:18:33,900
of conditions, For someone who 
values autonomy, this represents

5817
05:18:33,900 --> 05:18:37,800
a kind of Liberty that bound 
peasants never experienced but 

5818
05:18:37,800 --> 05:18:40,300
the freedom is purchased at 
enormous cost. 

5819
05:18:40,300 --> 05:18:43,600
You have no safety net. 
If you become injured or sick, 

5820
05:18:43,600 --> 05:18:47,800
no Community feels obligated to 
support you during hard times, 

5821
05:18:47,800 --> 05:18:51,900
your survival depends entirely 
on your own physical capacity, 

5822
05:18:51,900 --> 05:18:55,600
and mental resilience. 
When either of these fails as 

5823
05:18:55,600 --> 05:18:59,500
eventually, they must likely die
somewhere beside a road. 

5824
05:18:59,500 --> 05:19:02,600
Your body disposed of by 
strangers, who don't know, your 

5825
05:19:02,600 --> 05:19:06,000
name, these thoughts occupy. 
You, as you walk through a 

5826
05:19:06,000 --> 05:19:10,000
landscape transformed by summer 
of abundance, The fields are 

5827
05:19:10,000 --> 05:19:12,900
heavy with growing grain, that 
will be harvested in a few 

5828
05:19:12,900 --> 05:19:15,400
months. 
Orchard show fruit, beginning to

5829
05:19:15,400 --> 05:19:20,400
form, promising Autumn plenty. 
The world looks generous and 

5830
05:19:20,400 --> 05:19:24,200
fertile, Nature's wealth. 
Displayed in every direction 

5831
05:19:24,200 --> 05:19:27,000
yet. 
You remain hungry, unable to 

5832
05:19:27,000 --> 05:19:29,700
access this abundance because it
belongs to people and 

5833
05:19:29,700 --> 05:19:33,900
institutions that don't include 
you, The Grain and Fields has 

5834
05:19:33,900 --> 05:19:37,500
owners who are prosecute theft 
the fruit on trees belongs to 

5835
05:19:37,508 --> 05:19:39,900
Lourdes and monasteries that 
guard their property. 

5836
05:19:40,500 --> 05:19:43,400
Even the fish and streams are 
claimed by someone with greater 

5837
05:19:43,400 --> 05:19:46,500
right than yours. 
You walk through abundance while

5838
05:19:46,500 --> 05:19:50,700
experiencing scarcity surrounded
by food, you cannot eat without 

5839
05:19:50,700 --> 05:19:53,100
stealing this contradiction 
reveals. 

5840
05:19:53,100 --> 05:19:56,600
Something fundamental about 
medieval Society, poverty 

5841
05:19:56,600 --> 05:20:00,000
exists, not because resources 
are insufficient but because 

5842
05:20:00,000 --> 05:20:02,400
access to resources is 
controlled. 

5843
05:20:03,100 --> 05:20:05,200
There's enough food to feed 
everyone enough. 

5844
05:20:05,200 --> 05:20:07,600
Shelter to house everyone and 
enough, clothing. 

5845
05:20:07,600 --> 05:20:10,600
To keep everyone warm. 
But these resources are 

5846
05:20:10,600 --> 05:20:13,400
distributed through systems of 
ownership and obligation that 

5847
05:20:13,400 --> 05:20:16,800
exclude people like you you've 
learned to navigate these 

5848
05:20:16,800 --> 05:20:19,900
systems carefully. 
Taking small amounts that might 

5849
05:20:19,900 --> 05:20:23,100
be overlooked rather than large 
thefts, that would provoke 

5850
05:20:23,100 --> 05:20:26,000
Pursuit. 
You pick fruit from trees on the

5851
05:20:26,000 --> 05:20:30,200
edges of orchards rather than 
the interior you clean, grain 

5852
05:20:30,200 --> 05:20:33,800
from Fields after harvest. 
Collecting what the official 

5853
05:20:33,800 --> 05:20:38,100
Gleaners missed You fish from 
streams using techniques that 

5854
05:20:38,100 --> 05:20:39,700
leave no evidence of your 
presence. 

5855
05:20:40,700 --> 05:20:43,900
This stealing without stealing 
represents a survival strategy, 

5856
05:20:43,900 --> 05:20:47,100
developed over months of 
necessity, the ethical 

5857
05:20:47,100 --> 05:20:49,600
complexity of the situation, 
occasionally troubles. 

5858
05:20:49,600 --> 05:20:53,500
You, you've taken food that 
belong to others justifying the 

5859
05:20:53,500 --> 05:20:56,900
theft through your own hunger. 
You've slept in Barns and 

5860
05:20:56,900 --> 05:21:00,700
shelters without permission 
arguing that empty space costs 

5861
05:21:00,700 --> 05:21:05,200
the owner, nothing you've used 
resources, firewood water 

5862
05:21:05,200 --> 05:21:08,600
sometimes tools that weren't 
yours to use. 

5863
05:21:09,400 --> 05:21:12,100
These actions violate the 
property rights that medieval 

5864
05:21:12,100 --> 05:21:14,600
Society. 
Considers fundamental it 

5865
05:21:14,600 --> 05:21:18,100
refusing to take these resources
would mean death and you're not 

5866
05:21:18,100 --> 05:21:21,700
ready to accept that outcome so 
you can continue to exist in the

5867
05:21:21,700 --> 05:21:25,200
ethical gray area taking what 
you need while trying to 

5868
05:21:25,200 --> 05:21:28,900
minimize harm and occasionally 
leaving small compensation, when

5869
05:21:28,900 --> 05:21:32,700
possible You tell yourself that 
survival justifies. 

5870
05:21:32,700 --> 05:21:37,000
These compromises though you're 
never entirely convinced a 

5871
05:21:37,000 --> 05:21:40,300
summer progresses you find 
yourself gravitating toward a 

5872
05:21:40,300 --> 05:21:41,500
region. 
You've passed through several 

5873
05:21:41,500 --> 05:21:44,700
times. 
Now, it's not home, you have no 

5874
05:21:44,700 --> 05:21:48,400
home but it's becoming familiar 
territory where, you know, which

5875
05:21:48,400 --> 05:21:51,900
Villages are generous and which 
Monastery is provide reliable 

5876
05:21:51,900 --> 05:21:55,100
charity. 
You recognize landmarks and can 

5877
05:21:55,100 --> 05:21:58,900
anticipate conditions ahead. 
The landscape has stopped being 

5878
05:21:58,900 --> 05:22:01,700
threatening Wilderness and 
become something more like a 

5879
05:22:01,700 --> 05:22:05,200
very large uncomfortable room 
you know how to navigate you 

5880
05:22:05,200 --> 05:22:07,700
encounter. 
Other regular Wanderers people 

5881
05:22:07,700 --> 05:22:10,500
who seem to travel similar 
circuits as similar times. 

5882
05:22:10,500 --> 05:22:14,200
You don't become friends. 
Exactly the wandering. 

5883
05:22:14,200 --> 05:22:16,400
Life doesn't encourage deep 
connections. 

5884
05:22:17,300 --> 05:22:20,100
But you develop a nodding 
acquaintance based on repeated 

5885
05:22:20,100 --> 05:22:23,000
encounters. 
You share information about road

5886
05:22:23,000 --> 05:22:26,300
conditions warn each other about
hostile Villages or generous, 

5887
05:22:26,300 --> 05:22:29,500
monasteries, and occasionally 
travel together for a few days 

5888
05:22:29,500 --> 05:22:31,700
before. 
Separating again, one of these 

5889
05:22:31,700 --> 05:22:34,400
semi-familiar faces is an older 
woman who walks with a 

5890
05:22:34,408 --> 05:22:37,500
pronounced limp carrying all her
possessions in a bag made from a

5891
05:22:37,500 --> 05:22:40,900
piece of old sail cloth. 
You've encountered a four or 

5892
05:22:40,900 --> 05:22:42,900
five times. 
Now, over the months, always 

5893
05:22:42,900 --> 05:22:45,400
moving in roughly the same 
circuit through a region that 

5894
05:22:45,400 --> 05:22:48,800
spans about 50 miles. 
She's more talkative than most 

5895
05:22:48,800 --> 05:22:51,500
vagabonds willing to share 
stories from her decades on the 

5896
05:22:51,500 --> 05:22:53,900
road. 
He tells you that she started 

5897
05:22:53,900 --> 05:22:57,400
wandering after her husband died
and his Lord reclaimed their 

5898
05:22:57,400 --> 05:23:01,300
cottage for a new tenant. 
That was 20 years ago when she 

5899
05:23:01,300 --> 05:23:04,100
was still strong enough to work 
as a harvest labor or Dairy. 

5900
05:23:04,100 --> 05:23:07,000
Maid. 
Now she is too old an injured 

5901
05:23:07,000 --> 05:23:10,800
for sustained physical labor. 
So she survives almost entirely 

5902
05:23:10,800 --> 05:23:14,300
on charity and small thefts. 
Her life represents what your 

5903
05:23:14,300 --> 05:23:16,600
future might look like if you 
can continue wandering. 

5904
05:23:17,800 --> 05:23:23,100
Cades of decoration accumulating
injuries slowly diminishing 

5905
05:23:23,100 --> 05:23:25,600
capacity, until some illness or 
winter night. 

5906
05:23:25,600 --> 05:23:29,900
Finally ends the struggle It's 
not an encouraging Vision but 

5907
05:23:29,900 --> 05:23:34,000
she seems neither nor defeated 
just matter-of-fact about a life

5908
05:23:34,000 --> 05:23:35,700
that has turned out differently 
than she expected. 

5909
05:23:35,700 --> 05:23:38,500
She offers you advice based on 
her experience. 

5910
05:23:38,500 --> 05:23:42,300
Never stay in one place long. 
Enough to become a burden that 

5911
05:23:42,300 --> 05:23:44,700
local authorities. 
Feel obligated to remove 

5912
05:23:46,000 --> 05:23:49,300
cultivate relationships with 
charitable individuals, but 

5913
05:23:49,300 --> 05:23:52,900
don't overstay their generosity.
Learn multiple skills. 

5914
05:23:52,900 --> 05:23:55,800
So you can offer labor in 
exchange for food, rather than 

5915
05:23:55,800 --> 05:23:59,300
relying purely on begging. 
Maintain your teeth as long as 

5916
05:23:59,300 --> 05:24:01,700
possible, because eating becomes
difficult without them. 

5917
05:24:01,700 --> 05:24:05,300
This last piece of advice, seems
oddly specific and til she 

5918
05:24:05,300 --> 05:24:08,700
demonstrates, by pulling back, 
her lip to show, missing teeth 

5919
05:24:08,700 --> 05:24:12,000
that make eating anything except
soft foods nearly impossible. 

5920
05:24:12,900 --> 05:24:14,400
She's matter of fact about this 
too. 

5921
05:24:15,300 --> 05:24:18,100
Explaining that she mostly lives
on bread soaked in ale. 

5922
05:24:18,100 --> 05:24:21,400
Now, supplemented by whatever 
can be mashed into edible Polk. 

5923
05:24:22,200 --> 05:24:25,100
It's another glimpse of what the
wandering life does to body's 

5924
05:24:25,100 --> 05:24:27,800
over. 
Time you part ways at Crossroads

5925
05:24:27,800 --> 05:24:30,500
and you can continue walking 
into the long summer evening 

5926
05:24:30,500 --> 05:24:33,000
thinking about Futures and 
choices. 

5927
05:24:34,100 --> 05:24:37,500
The wandering life was never 
supposed to be permanent, it was

5928
05:24:37,500 --> 05:24:40,700
supposed to be a temporary 
necessity until conditions, 

5929
05:24:40,700 --> 05:24:45,900
improved enough to rejoin settle
Society but months of passed and

5930
05:24:45,900 --> 05:24:48,300
you're no closer to that 
rejoining the than when you 

5931
05:24:48,300 --> 05:24:51,500
started. 
The road has become less a 

5932
05:24:51,500 --> 05:24:53,300
temporary refuge and more 
attract. 

5933
05:24:53,300 --> 05:24:56,100
That's difficult to escape late,
summer, brings its own 

5934
05:24:56,100 --> 05:24:59,600
challenges as Rhodes. 
Bake hard under a son that seems

5935
05:24:59,600 --> 05:25:03,800
relentless the dust that rises 
with each step coats, your 

5936
05:25:03,800 --> 05:25:05,600
throat, and turns your spit into
mud. 

5937
05:25:06,300 --> 05:25:08,300
Water. 
Becomes a constant concern 

5938
05:25:08,300 --> 05:25:12,300
streams, run lower and you must 
sometimes walk miles out of your

5939
05:25:12,300 --> 05:25:15,500
way to find drinking water that 
hasn't been reduced to a trickle

5940
05:25:15,500 --> 05:25:18,300
or stagnant pool. 
You've learned to carry water 

5941
05:25:18,300 --> 05:25:21,900
when you find it using a leather
bottle acquired through trade 

5942
05:25:21,900 --> 05:25:24,900
with a cobbler who appreciated 
the news, you brought from 

5943
05:25:24,900 --> 05:25:28,100
distant regions. 
The bottle holds perhaps two 

5944
05:25:28,100 --> 05:25:31,000
days worth of water. 
If your careful providing a 

5945
05:25:31,000 --> 05:25:33,400
buffer against desperate 
searches during the hottest, 

5946
05:25:33,400 --> 05:25:35,600
part of Summer, the heater 
effects. 

5947
05:25:35,600 --> 05:25:40,300
Everyone on the road, Merchants 
move more slowly Travelers seek 

5948
05:25:40,300 --> 05:25:43,700
shade during the afternoon hours
and even animals seem less 

5949
05:25:43,700 --> 05:25:46,600
energetic. 
You adjust your walking schedule

5950
05:25:46,600 --> 05:25:50,700
to match the weather rise in 
Before, Dawn to walk during the 

5951
05:25:50,700 --> 05:25:53,500
cool morning hours, resting 
through the brutal afternoon 

5952
05:25:53,500 --> 05:25:55,400
heat. 
Then walking again in the 

5953
05:25:55,408 --> 05:25:57,600
evening. 
As temperatures moderate, this 

5954
05:25:57,600 --> 05:26:00,400
schedule means you often find 
yourself walking in near 

5955
05:26:00,400 --> 05:26:04,900
darkness, which creates its own 
risks night, walking requires 

5956
05:26:04,900 --> 05:26:08,500
constant, attention to avoid 
twisting an ankle or missing the

5957
05:26:08,508 --> 05:26:11,000
road entirely. 
You've learned to read 

5958
05:26:11,000 --> 05:26:16,000
Landscapes By Starlight to judge
distances in darkness and to 

5959
05:26:16,000 --> 05:26:19,900
distinguish between Shadows that
represent actual obstacles and 

5960
05:26:19,900 --> 05:26:23,800
those created by tired eyes. 
But night walking also has 

5961
05:26:23,800 --> 05:26:27,800
unexpected benefits. 
The roads are quieter allowing 

5962
05:26:27,800 --> 05:26:30,200
you to hear approaching 
Travelers long before you meet 

5963
05:26:30,200 --> 05:26:32,000
them. 
The cooler temperatures. 

5964
05:26:32,000 --> 05:26:34,300
Make long distance, walking less
exhausting. 

5965
05:26:35,100 --> 05:26:38,500
Sometimes you encounter 
nocturnal animals, owls hunting 

5966
05:26:38,500 --> 05:26:41,700
from fence posts foxes Crossing 
roads on their own mysterious 

5967
05:26:41,700 --> 05:26:44,700
errands and bats Wheeling 
through the air in pursuit of 

5968
05:26:44,708 --> 05:26:48,500
insects these encounters with 
Wildlife provide strange 

5969
05:26:48,500 --> 05:26:51,000
comfort. 
You share the night with other 

5970
05:26:51,000 --> 05:26:55,000
creatures, who exist outside 
human social structures, who 

5971
05:26:55,000 --> 05:26:57,500
survived through their own 
resourcefulness rather than 

5972
05:26:57,500 --> 05:27:01,300
Community Support. 
There's kinship in this marginal

5973
05:27:01,300 --> 05:27:04,300
existence. 
A sense that the wandering life 

5974
05:27:04,300 --> 05:27:07,400
connects you to something older 
than medieval societies, 

5975
05:27:07,400 --> 05:27:11,100
elaborate hierarchies, as some 
of Peaks and begins its slow 

5976
05:27:11,100 --> 05:27:13,400
decline toward Autumn, you 
notice. 

5977
05:27:13,400 --> 05:27:17,800
Subtle changes in the landscape.
The Grain in fields shifts from 

5978
05:27:17,800 --> 05:27:20,600
green to Gold. 
Apple's on trees. 

5979
05:27:20,600 --> 05:27:24,200
Begin showing color birds start 
gathering in larger flocks, 

5980
05:27:24,200 --> 05:27:28,900
preparing for migration. 
These signs remind you that 

5981
05:27:28,900 --> 05:27:32,300
another winter is coming. 
That the survival cycle is 

5982
05:27:32,300 --> 05:27:35,400
beginning again and that you 
need to prepare for months of 

5983
05:27:35,408 --> 05:27:38,600
cold and scarcity. 
This realization brings a 

5984
05:27:38,600 --> 05:27:42,400
familiar dread. 
You survived one winter but it 

5985
05:27:42,400 --> 05:27:45,100
nearly killed you. 
The thought of enduring another 

5986
05:27:45,100 --> 05:27:47,000
winter on the road, feels 
overwhelming. 

5987
05:27:47,000 --> 05:27:50,700
You find yourself thinking more 
seriously about Alternatives, 

5988
05:27:50,700 --> 05:27:55,100
finding some kind of regular 
work joining a monastery as a 

5989
05:27:55,100 --> 05:27:58,000
lay brother or somehow rejoining
settled Society. 

5990
05:27:58,000 --> 05:28:00,900
Even if it means accepting 
conditions, you previously, 

5991
05:28:00,900 --> 05:28:04,300
found intolerable, but these 
Alternatives all require 

5992
05:28:04,300 --> 05:28:07,800
resources, you don't have 
Regular work requires that 

5993
05:28:07,800 --> 05:28:09,800
employers. 
Trust you enough to hire you 

5994
05:28:09,800 --> 05:28:12,700
despite your appearance and lack
of references. 

5995
05:28:13,800 --> 05:28:17,200
Monasteries, rarely, accept 
Wanderers as brothers without 

5996
05:28:17,200 --> 05:28:19,300
some kind of connection or 
dowry. 

5997
05:28:20,100 --> 05:28:23,800
Rejoining settled Society 
requires money connections or 

5998
05:28:23,800 --> 05:28:27,600
skills that translate into 
stable employment, none of which

5999
05:28:27,600 --> 05:28:30,900
you possess in sufficient 
quantity your court in what 

6000
05:28:30,900 --> 05:28:36,100
feels like an inescapable cycle.
You can't rejoin settled Society

6001
05:28:36,100 --> 05:28:39,600
because you lack resources but 
you can't accumulate resources 

6002
05:28:39,600 --> 05:28:42,900
while wandering. 
The road that seemed like a 

6003
05:28:42,900 --> 05:28:45,300
temporary Refuge has become 
something more like a prison 

6004
05:28:45,300 --> 05:28:49,500
with very wide walls these dark 
thoughts occupy you as you walk 

6005
05:28:49,500 --> 05:28:51,900
toward a town that's hosting a 
late Summer Festival. 

6006
05:28:52,700 --> 05:28:56,000
Something related to harvest 
predictions or a local Saints 

6007
05:28:56,000 --> 05:29:00,100
Day. festivals often provide 
opportunities for temporary work

6008
05:29:00,100 --> 05:29:04,500
or unusual charity so vagabonds 
gravitate toward them despite 

6009
05:29:04,500 --> 05:29:08,400
the crowds and occasional 
hostility from townspeople who 

6010
05:29:08,400 --> 05:29:11,200
resent sharing limited resources
without ciders. 

6011
05:29:11,200 --> 05:29:13,700
The town is larger than most you
visited. 

6012
05:29:14,700 --> 05:29:17,800
That's a thousand residents with
stone walls and multiple 

6013
05:29:17,800 --> 05:29:21,900
churches its prosperous in the 
way that successful medieval 

6014
05:29:21,900 --> 05:29:25,500
towns are prosperous. 
Well maintained building's busy 

6015
05:29:25,500 --> 05:29:28,600
markets and the sound of 
Craftsmen working at their 

6016
05:29:28,600 --> 05:29:31,400
trades. 
You can hear the festival Before

6017
05:29:31,400 --> 05:29:36,700
You See It music voices and the 
general Roar of crowd activity. 

6018
05:29:36,700 --> 05:29:39,800
You enter the town through Gates
that aren't being guarded 

6019
05:29:39,800 --> 05:29:42,500
because the festival has made 
authorities more relaxed about 

6020
05:29:42,500 --> 05:29:45,200
who enters. 
The streets are crowded with 

6021
05:29:45,200 --> 05:29:48,900
people from surrounding Villages
and regions creating the kind of

6022
05:29:48,900 --> 05:29:52,600
temporary anonymity that 
benefits vagabonds in this 

6023
05:29:52,600 --> 05:29:56,100
massive unfamiliar faces. 
You're just another traveler not

6024
05:29:56,100 --> 05:29:58,100
obviously different from 100s of
others. 

6025
05:29:58,100 --> 05:30:01,800
The festival includes the usual 
elements food vendors 

6026
05:30:01,800 --> 05:30:05,500
entertainers Merchants 
displaying Goods religious 

6027
05:30:05,500 --> 05:30:07,600
processions and substantial 
drinking. 

6028
05:30:08,500 --> 05:30:12,000
You drift through crowds 
observing but not participating 

6029
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:14,100
because participation requires 
money. 

6030
05:30:14,100 --> 05:30:17,700
You don't have. 
Still watching provides its own 

6031
05:30:17,708 --> 05:30:21,000
satisfaction, the color and 
movement and energy feel 

6032
05:30:21,000 --> 05:30:23,400
nourishing. 
After months of lonely roads and

6033
05:30:23,400 --> 05:30:25,200
quiet Fields. 
You spot. 

6034
05:30:25,200 --> 05:30:26,700
Someone who looks Vaguely 
Familiar. 

6035
05:30:26,700 --> 05:30:31,500
A man, perhaps your age dressed 
well, but not ostentatiously. 

6036
05:30:31,500 --> 05:30:35,000
Watching the festival with the 
slightly detached expression of 

6037
05:30:35,008 --> 05:30:38,000
someone who's present physically
but absent mentally. 

6038
05:30:38,900 --> 05:30:41,600
It takes you several minutes to 
place him and when you do 

6039
05:30:41,600 --> 05:30:46,100
recognition, arrives with shock,
he's from your old life before 

6040
05:30:46,100 --> 05:30:49,400
the road. 
You knew him slightly not 

6041
05:30:49,400 --> 05:30:50,400
friends. 
Exactly. 

6042
05:30:50,400 --> 05:30:53,800
But acquaintances, who 
occasionally crossed paths in, 

6043
05:30:53,800 --> 05:30:56,800
whatever capacity you functioned
before, becoming a vagabond, 

6044
05:30:57,800 --> 05:31:02,300
Seeing him here solid and 
prosperous and settled creates a

6045
05:31:02,300 --> 05:31:04,600
strange collision between your 
past and present. 

6046
05:31:04,600 --> 05:31:08,600
He hasn't noticed you yet and 
you have time to decide whether 

6047
05:31:08,600 --> 05:31:12,500
to approach him or disappear 
into the crowd approaching risks

6048
05:31:12,500 --> 05:31:16,600
exposes, how far you fall and 
requires admitting that the life

6049
05:31:16,600 --> 05:31:19,300
you want to lived has been 
reduced to wandering and begging

6050
05:31:20,400 --> 05:31:23,500
But avoiding him means accepting
that your old identity is 

6051
05:31:23,500 --> 05:31:27,600
completely lost that you've been
erased by the wandering life 

6052
05:31:27,600 --> 05:31:30,900
after long consideration, you 
decide to approach. 

6053
05:31:31,500 --> 05:31:35,000
You make yourself as presentable
as possible brushing dust from 

6054
05:31:35,000 --> 05:31:37,500
your cloak, running fingers 
through your hair. 

6055
05:31:37,500 --> 05:31:40,800
Straightening your posture from 
the habitual stoop of someone 

6056
05:31:40,800 --> 05:31:42,700
trying to appear smaller and 
less threatening. 

6057
05:31:43,400 --> 05:31:46,400
Then you move through the crowd 
toward him watching as 

6058
05:31:46,400 --> 05:31:48,900
recognition slowly Dawns on his 
face. 

6059
05:31:48,900 --> 05:31:53,100
His expression Cycles through 
surprise confusion and something

6060
05:31:53,100 --> 05:31:55,700
like embarrassment. 
As he processes your appearance 

6061
05:31:55,700 --> 05:31:59,300
and obvious poverty. 
You greet him by name, keeping 

6062
05:31:59,300 --> 05:32:02,800
your tone casual acting as 
though, your meeting is ordinary

6063
05:32:02,800 --> 05:32:05,500
rather than loaded with 
implications about success and 

6064
05:32:05,500 --> 05:32:07,900
failure. 
He recovers his composure and 

6065
05:32:07,900 --> 05:32:11,300
greets, your politely asking 
about your circumstances in the 

6066
05:32:11,300 --> 05:32:14,300
careful way that people ask 
questions, they're not certain 

6067
05:32:14,300 --> 05:32:17,800
they want answered. 
You provide a brief heavily 

6068
05:32:17,800 --> 05:32:21,100
edited version of how you came 
to be on the road, leaving out 

6069
05:32:21,100 --> 05:32:24,500
the worst part and framing your 
wandering as more Choice than 

6070
05:32:24,500 --> 05:32:27,000
necessity. 
He listens with the expression 

6071
05:32:27,000 --> 05:32:30,000
of someone, performing a social 
obligation rather than showing 

6072
05:32:30,000 --> 05:32:33,200
genuine interest and you 
understand that you're making 

6073
05:32:33,200 --> 05:32:36,100
him uncomfortable. 
Your presence reminds him that 

6074
05:32:36,100 --> 05:32:38,700
the security takes for granted 
is fragile. 

6075
05:32:38,700 --> 05:32:42,800
The disaster can transform 
anyone from settled citizen to 

6076
05:32:42,808 --> 05:32:46,100
homeless Wanderer. 
You are walking cautionary tale 

6077
05:32:46,100 --> 05:32:49,600
an embodiment of fears. 
He'd prefer to ignore the 

6078
05:32:49,600 --> 05:32:52,600
conversation is brief and ends 
with him offering you a few 

6079
05:32:52,600 --> 05:32:55,500
coins not enough to 
fundamentally change your 

6080
05:32:55,500 --> 05:32:59,200
circumstances, but enough to buy
several meals you accept with 

6081
05:32:59,200 --> 05:33:02,600
thanks that are genuine despite.
Your complicated feelings about 

6082
05:33:02,600 --> 05:33:05,900
the exchange. 
He disappears back into the 

6083
05:33:05,900 --> 05:33:08,700
festival crowd probably relieved
to escape your presence. 

6084
05:33:08,700 --> 05:33:12,100
You stand holding the coins 
thinking about what just 

6085
05:33:12,100 --> 05:33:14,300
happened. 
Those few minutes of 

6086
05:33:14,300 --> 05:33:17,000
conversation have forced you to 
see yourself through someone 

6087
05:33:17,000 --> 05:33:21,100
else's eyes to recognize how 
completely the wandering life 

6088
05:33:21,100 --> 05:33:22,100
has transformed. 
You. 

6089
05:33:22,100 --> 05:33:25,600
You'll no longer recognizable as
whatever you used to be. 

6090
05:33:26,500 --> 05:33:30,200
You've become something else 
entirely a vagabond a Wanderer 

6091
05:33:30,200 --> 05:33:33,700
someone who exists outside the 
social categories that Define 

6092
05:33:33,700 --> 05:33:37,600
identity in medieval Society. 
This realization is both 

6093
05:33:37,600 --> 05:33:41,500
liberating and devastating. 
Liberating because it means 

6094
05:33:41,500 --> 05:33:44,900
you're finally accepting what 
you've become rather than 

6095
05:33:44,900 --> 05:33:47,300
clinging to a past that no 
longer exists. 

6096
05:33:48,500 --> 05:33:52,000
Devastating because it confirms 
that returning to your old life.

6097
05:33:52,900 --> 05:33:56,800
Probably impossible, you've 
traveled too far changed too 

6098
05:33:56,800 --> 05:33:58,900
much and become too alien to the
world. 

6099
05:33:58,900 --> 05:34:03,400
You once inhabited, you use the 
coins to buy food, not Festival 

6100
05:34:03,400 --> 05:34:06,400
Treats but practical items like 
bread and cheese that will last 

6101
05:34:06,400 --> 05:34:09,300
for days. 
While eating you watch the 

6102
05:34:09,300 --> 05:34:12,700
festival continued around you 
all this celebration and 

6103
05:34:12,700 --> 05:34:16,900
abundance that you can observe 
but not fully join your present,

6104
05:34:16,900 --> 05:34:20,400
but separate included. 
But marginal seeing everything 

6105
05:34:20,400 --> 05:34:23,900
while belonging nowhere has 
evening arrives and the festival

6106
05:34:23,900 --> 05:34:28,000
reaches its peak of drinking and
celebrating you slip away to 

6107
05:34:28,000 --> 05:34:30,800
find sleeping space in a stable 
on the town's Edge. 

6108
05:34:31,700 --> 05:34:35,100
The stable keeper charges a 
small coin for space in the Loft

6109
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:38,900
and you pay it gladly because 
sleeping indoors feels like 

6110
05:34:38,900 --> 05:34:42,800
luxury after months of exposed 
Knights lying in the hay with 

6111
05:34:42,800 --> 05:34:45,200
Festival sounds drifting in from
the distance. 

6112
05:34:45,200 --> 05:34:47,600
You think about balance and 
survival? 

6113
05:34:48,700 --> 05:34:52,300
The wandering life requires 
constant to just mint, not too 

6114
05:34:52,300 --> 05:34:55,700
hopeful which leads to 
devastating disappointment but 

6115
05:34:55,700 --> 05:34:58,700
not too despairing which leads 
to giving up entirely. 

6116
05:34:59,600 --> 05:35:01,800
You must find some Middle Ground
where you accept your 

6117
05:35:01,800 --> 05:35:04,300
circumstances without being 
destroyed by them. 

6118
05:35:04,300 --> 05:35:09,200
You survived this far through a 
combination of skill luck and 

6119
05:35:09,200 --> 05:35:12,800
stubborn refusal to quit. 
Perhaps that's enough. 

6120
05:35:12,800 --> 05:35:16,700
That's the goal isn't to escape 
the wandering life or to thrive 

6121
05:35:16,700 --> 05:35:20,000
within it. 
But simply to continue to wake 

6122
05:35:20,000 --> 05:35:24,600
each morning to walk each day to
find shelter each night to 

6123
05:35:24,600 --> 05:35:27,200
string together enough small 
victories that they add up to 

6124
05:35:27,200 --> 05:35:28,200
something we call life.