The Quiet Genius of Aristotle: How One Philosopher Shaped the Ancient World | Boring History

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Hey, my little sleepy friends 
tonight. 

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We're going to meet a man who 
fundamentally changed. 

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How human beings, understand 
everything from politics to 

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poetry, from biology to ethics. 
This episode is the story of 

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Aristotle and I promise it's 
more interesting than those 

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philosophy classes. 
You might have dozed through in 

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college. 
So before we begin, as always, 

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please take a moment to like the
video and subscribe, as it helps

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us, and let me know where you're
tuning in from, and what time it

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is for you. 
Now, dim your lights, get 

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comfortable and prepare to drift
off with history. 

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Imagine living in a world where 
nobody really agreed on how to 

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figure out what was true. 
Not just disagreeing about the 

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facts that happens all the time 
but fundamentally disagreeing 

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about the process itself. 
Should you trust your sensei's 

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or are they lying to you? 
Should you rely on logic and 

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Mathematics or should you look 
at the actual world around you? 

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Can you even trust that the 
world around you is real? 

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This was Greece in the 5th 
Century BCE and it was having 

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something like an intellectual 
identity crisis. 

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For most of human history. 
People had explained the world 

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through stories about gods and 
heroes. 

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Thunder wasn't a meteorological 
phenomenon. 

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It was Zeus, having a bad day 
disease, wasn't about germs and 

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immune systems. 
It was divine punishment or 

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maybe a curse from that neighbor
who gave you the evil eye last 

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Tuesday. 
But then something remarkable 

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happened a group of people in 
the Greek world started asking a

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revolutionary question. 
What if we could understand the 

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world without resorting to 
Supernatural explanations? 

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What if there were natural 
causes for natural effects? 

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What If instead of just 
accepting that things happen 

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because the gods will it, we 
could actually figure out how 

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the world works. 
These early thinkers, we call 

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them the presocratics because 
they came before Socrates which 

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is a bit like calling everyone 
who lived before Shakespeare 

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pre-shaped experience, came up 
with wildly different theories. 

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They thought everything was made
of water. 

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Heraclitus believed. 
Everything was constantly 

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changing like a river. 
You can never step in twice 

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permanente's argued the 
opposite. 

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That change was an illusion and 
reality was actually perfectly 

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still and unchanging. 
You can imagine how confusing 

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this must have been for regular 
people trying to live their 

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lives. 
One philosopher tells you 

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everything as water. 
Another says, everything is fire

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and a third insist that motion 
is impossible and you're not 

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really walking to the market. 
You just think you are, it was 

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like having too many fortune 
cookies with contradictory 

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advice. 
Except these philosophers were 

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dead serious, and would debate 
these points for hours. 

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Then came Socrates wandering 
around Athens. 

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Like that Uncle, who asks 
uncomfortable questions at 

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family. 
Dinners, Socrates didn't claim 

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to know anything. 
In fact, his whole thing was 

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admitting he knew nothing which 
somehow made him wiser than 

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everyone else, his method was to
ask questions until people 

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realized, they didn't actually 
understand the things. 

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They thought they understood 
this made him simultaneously the

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most important philosopher in 
Athens and probably the most 

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annoying person at parties. 
Socrates had a brilliant student

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named Plato who took his 
teacher's question asking method

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and built an entire 
philosophical system around it. 

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Plato believed that the world we
see around us is just Shadows on

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a cave. 
Wall imperfect copies of perfect

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forms that exist in some higher 
realm that chair your City on. 

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It's just a flawed imitation of 
the perfect form of chair Nest 

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that exists in the realm of 
forms. 

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Plato's philosophy was 
beautiful, elegant and deeply. 

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Mathematical it appealed to 
people who like their truth, 

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pure abstract and divorced from 
the messy complications of 

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everyday reality. 
The physical world in Plato's 

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view was just a distraction from
true knowledge, which could only

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be found through pure reason and
contemplation, This was the 

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intellectual world into, which 
Aristotle would be born. 

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A world where philosophers 
disagreed about everything, 

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where the relationship between 
thought and reality was unclear.

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And when nobody had quite 
figured out how to 

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systematically study the natural
world, it was like the internet 

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before search engines, are a 
library where all the books were

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filed randomly. 
And nobody could agree on what 

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counts as a book. 
The Greeks had made tremendous 

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progress in mathematics, logic 
and abstract, thinking what they

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needed was someone who could 
take all these brilliant ideas 

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and connect them to the actual 
observable World. 

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They needed someone who could 
bridge the gap between pure 

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philosophy and empirical 
observation between what we can 

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think and what we can see They 
were about to get exactly that 

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person, though. 
He would arrive from an 

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unexpected place, not from 
Athens itself but from the wild 

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Northern Frontier of the Greek 
world In 3804 BC in a small town

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called stagira on the Macedonian
Peninsula. 

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A child was born to a family 
that straddled Two Worlds. 

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His name was Aristotle Aristotle
is in Greek, which means 

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something like the best purpose 
or excellent. 

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End a name that turned out to be
remarkably prophetic even if his

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parents couldn't have known at 
the time. 

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Aristotle's father nicomachus 
was the court physician to the 

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Macedonian King. 
This was no small thing. 

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Imagine being the personal 
doctor to royalty in an era. 

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When medicine was part science 
part, guesswork and part hoping 

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really hard that your treatments
worked before the patient died. 

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Nicomachus. 
Apparently did well at it. 

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Which suggests he had a 
combination of observational 

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skills, empirical knowledge and 
the bedside manner necessary to 

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keep nervous, monarchs calm. 
Growing up in a physician's 

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household. 
Met young Aristotle was exposed 

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to a very different way of 
thinking the most Greek 

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philosophers of his time while 
Plato and his students. 

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In Athens were debating abstract
forms and mathematical 

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Perfection Aristotle was 
probably watching his father, 

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decked fish, examined symptoms, 
and make careful notes about 

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which treatments worked, and 
which ones didn't? 

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This early exposure to 
empirical, observation to the 

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idea that you learn by looking 
touching measuring and recording

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would shape everything 
Aristotle. 

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Would later, do medicine in 
ancient Greece, wasn't about 

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applying perfect theoretical 
principles. 

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It was about noticing patterns 
testing treatments and learning 

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from experience. 
It was messy practical and 

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grounded in the physical world. 
Tragically both of Aristotle's 

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parents died when he was young, 
probably around 10 years old. 

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This must have been devastating 
for the boy, but it also set in 

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motion events that would change 
the course of intellectual 

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history. 
His Guardian, a man named 

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proximus took responsibility for
the orphan child and continued, 

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his education. 
Young Aristotle grew up in 

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Macedonia which was considered 
the Backwoods of the Greek 

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World. 
Athenians looked down on 

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macedonians the way 
sophisticated urbanites of 

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always looked down on Rural 
populations. 

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They saw them as rough 
unsophisticated and not quite 

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civilized. 
The Macedonian accent was 

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apparently a source of mockery 
in Athens. 

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Like speaking with a strong 
Regional accent in a place that 

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Prides itself on its 
sophistication. 

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But being from the provinces 
gave Aristotle. 

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Something. 
Valuable a certain independence 

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from Athenian intellectual 
fashion. 

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He wasn't raised in the Echo 
chamber of elite, Athenian 

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thought He'd seen how people 
lived in different places under 

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different systems he'd been 
exposed to the Practical 

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empirical approach of medicine, 
rather than just the abstract 

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reasoning of philosophy. 
When Aristotle was 17 and age, 

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when most of us were trying to 
figure out who we were, and what

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we wanted to do with our lives, 
his Guardian made a decision, 

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that would alter the course of 
philosophy forever. 

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He sent the young man to Athens 
to study at Plato's Academy, the

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most prestigious philosophical 
School in the Greek world. 

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Imagine being a teenager from a 
small provincial Town arriving 

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in Athens. 
The intellectual and cultural 

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capital of Greece. 
It would be like, moving from a 

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rural town to the most exciting 
City. 

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You can think of except instead 
of worrying about where the good

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coffee shops are you're suddenly
surrounded by the greatest minds

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of the ancient world. 
Debating questions about the 

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nature of reality Athens in the 
360's BCE was extraordinary. 

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It was recovering from the 
devastating Peloponnesian War 

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but still retained. 
Its status as the center of 

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Greek intellectual life. 
The Agora the marketplace wasn't

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just where people bought 
vegetables and sandals. 

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It was where philosophers held 
forth, where politicians debated

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and where ideas collided and 
combined in fascinating ways. 

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Plato's Academy sat just outside
the city walls in a Grove sacred

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to the hero Academia, which is 
where we get the word Academy. 

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It wasn't a school in the way we
think of schools today with 

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classrooms and curricula and 
final exams. 

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It was more like an advanced 
Research Institute crossed with 

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a philosophical Monastery, where
brilliant people gathered to 

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think debate and pursue 
knowledge for his own sake. 

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Young Aristotle, arriving from 
Macedonia with his provincial 

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acts and his physician fathers, 
emphasis on observation must 

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have seemed a bit odd to the 
other students, but he had 

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something they lacked a mind 
that could absorb and 

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synthesizing information. 
Like a sponge absorbing water 

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within a short time. 
It became clear that this young 

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man from the province's was 
something special. 

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You know how in University, some
students just Coast through 

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doing the minimum required to 
get by While others become 

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completely absorbed in their 
studies. 

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To the point where they forget 
to eat or sleep Aristotle. 

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Was definitely the second type 
except more, so he didn't just 

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study at Plato's Academy. 
He became its most brilliant and

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ultimately most 
independent-minded student. 

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Plato apparently called him the 
mind of the school, which is 

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High Praise from someone who 
didn't hand out, compliments 

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lightly, but Plato called him 
the foal or the reader. 

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Nicknames that suggests 
Aristotle was always reading, 

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always learning, always 
consuming knowledge with an 

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appetite that probably worried 
the Academy's Librarians about 

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the survival of their Scrolls 
Aristotle. 

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Spent 20 years at the Academy 
from age, 17 to 37 that's longer

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than many people spend in their 
entire educational career today.

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But ancient philosophical 
educational wasn't like modern 

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University, where you take 
classes, write papers and 

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graduate off to four years. 
It was more like a lifelong 

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apprenticeship in thinking 
itself. 

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During these years Aristotle, 
absorbed everything Plato had to

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teach. 
He learned about the forms about

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the immortality of the soul, and
about mathematics as the key to 

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understanding reality. 
He learned Socrates method of 

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questioning Plato's theory of 
knowledge, and the elaborate 

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philosophical system that Plato 
had built over his lifetime. 

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Something interesting was 
happening as Aristotle learned. 

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He was also beginning to 
disagree not in small ways. 

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But fundamentally while Plato 
looked at a tree and saw an 

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imperfect copy of the form of 
Trina's. 

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Existing in some perfect realm 
Aristotle, looked at a tree and 

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thought This tree right here is 
real and worth studying for 

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itself. 
This might not sound like a 

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revolutionary Insight, but it 
was Plato's philosophy. 

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Essentially said that, the 
physical world was less real 

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less important and less worthy 
of study than the abstract realm

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of forms Aristotle. 
Was starting to think the 

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opposite that you couldn't 
understand anything without 

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careful study of actual physical
things. 

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Imagine being a student whose 
growing convictions directly, 

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contradict your revered, 
teachers fundamental beliefs, it

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must have created considerable 
tension. 

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Plato had built his entire 
philosophical system on the idea

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that true knowledge comes from 
reason alone that the census 

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deceiver and that the physical 
world is just Shadows on a cave 

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wall. 
And here was his best student 

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increasingly convinced that 
observation and empirical study 

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were essential to understanding 
anything. 

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Aristotle began writing during 
this period there. 

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Most of his early works are 
lost. 

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What we do know is that he was 
developing his own philosophical

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positions often in direct 
contradiction to Plato's 

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teaching. 
There's a famous saying, a 

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tributed to Aristotle. 
Plato is dear to me, but dearest

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still is truth. 
Whether he actually said this or

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not, it captures his attitude 
loyalty to his teacher, yes but 

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greater loyalty to following 
arguments wherever they led the 

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academy during these years was 
like an intellectual pressure 

236
00:12:03,400 --> 00:12:05,400
cooker. 
Students and teachers were 

237
00:12:05,400 --> 00:12:09,400
debate for hours testing ideas, 
against each other, looking for 

238
00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:12,500
weaknesses, in arguments, and 
trying to build philosophical 

239
00:12:12,500 --> 00:12:14,400
systems that could withstand 
scrutiny. 

240
00:12:14,400 --> 00:12:17,800
It was mentally exhausting and 
exhilarating an equal measure. 

241
00:12:18,500 --> 00:12:20,500
Aristotle. 
Distinguished himself, not just 

242
00:12:20,500 --> 00:12:24,500
by his intelligence, but by the 
breadth of his interests while 

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00:12:24,500 --> 00:12:26,900
other students might focus 
narrowly on one area of 

244
00:12:26,900 --> 00:12:30,600
philosophy Aristotle, seemed 
interested in everything ethics.

245
00:12:30,600 --> 00:12:33,000
Sure politics. 
Absolutely. 

246
00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:38,200
The natural world. 
Fascinating poetry and drama why

247
00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:40,200
not? 
He was developing into what we 

248
00:12:40,208 --> 00:12:42,200
might call. 
A polymath, someone whose 

249
00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:44,900
curiosity and Compass the 
entirety of human knowledge. 

250
00:12:46,000 --> 00:12:49,200
But there were Social Challenges
too, Aristotle's, provincial 

251
00:12:49,200 --> 00:12:51,700
background and his Macedonian 
connections made him. 

252
00:12:51,700 --> 00:12:55,100
Something of an outsider in 
Athenian Society Athens and 

253
00:12:55,100 --> 00:12:57,200
Macedonia had complicated 
relationships. 

254
00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:01,200
Sometimes allies sometimes 
Rivals, always regarding each 

255
00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:03,200
other with a mixed of respect 
and suspicion. 

256
00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:06,500
Being Macedonian in Athens was 
like being permanently foreign, 

257
00:13:06,500 --> 00:13:09,500
never quite fitting in. 
No matter how long you stayed. 

258
00:13:10,400 --> 00:13:15,100
In 347 BCE, after two decades at
the Academy Plato died. 

259
00:13:15,100 --> 00:13:18,500
He was over 80 years old and had
shaped Western philosophy more 

260
00:13:18,500 --> 00:13:21,600
profoundly than perhaps any 
single person before, or since 

261
00:13:21,600 --> 00:13:25,200
his death left, a vacancy at the
head of the academy and many 

262
00:13:25,200 --> 00:13:29,600
people, probably, including 
Aristotle himself expected that 

263
00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:32,000
the brilliant student would 
succeed his master. 

264
00:13:32,000 --> 00:13:35,700
But that's not what happened. 
The Academy's leadership chose 

265
00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:37,800
Plato's nephew specifics 
instead. 

266
00:13:37,800 --> 00:13:41,900
We can't know exactly why maybe 
Aristotle's disagreements with 

267
00:13:41,908 --> 00:13:44,900
platonic Doctrine were already 
too well known maybe his 

268
00:13:44,900 --> 00:13:47,900
Macedonian background worked 
against him or maybe there were 

269
00:13:47,900 --> 00:13:50,800
personal factors will never 
understand what, whatever the 

270
00:13:50,800 --> 00:13:53,800
reason Aristotle found himself 
passed over for the position. 

271
00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:59,200
He'd spent 20 years preparing 
for So Aristotle did what any 

272
00:13:59,200 --> 00:14:01,900
reasonable person would do when 
faced with professional 

273
00:14:01,900 --> 00:14:04,800
disappointment? 
He left Athens entirely and 

274
00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:07,200
began and entirely new chapter 
of his life. 

275
00:14:07,200 --> 00:14:10,800
He was 37 years old, 
intellectually, mature, and 

276
00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:13,000
ready to chart his own course. 
What? 

277
00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:15,900
He didn't know was that his best
work still lay ahead of him. 

278
00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:19,900
Leaving Athens after 20 years, 
must have felt like leaving home

279
00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:23,500
even if that home had never 
quite accepted you as family 

280
00:14:23,500 --> 00:14:26,800
Aristotle, travel to ASOS A 
small City on the coast of 

281
00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:29,700
what's now turkey, where a 
former fellow student named 

282
00:14:29,700 --> 00:14:33,600
hermia's ruled, as a local 
Tyrant, though, tyrant, in 

283
00:14:33,600 --> 00:14:36,100
Greek, didn't necessarily mean, 
bad ruler. 

284
00:14:36,100 --> 00:14:39,600
Just sold ruler. 
Which shows you how differently 

285
00:14:39,600 --> 00:14:41,200
ancient Greeks? 
Thought about political 

286
00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:43,800
terminology, Asos gave 
Aristotle. 

287
00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:46,900
Something he'd never really had 
before freedom, to pursue his 

288
00:14:46,900 --> 00:14:49,500
own philosophical Vision without
being in Plato Shadow. 

289
00:14:49,500 --> 00:14:52,600
He established a small 
philosophical School, gathered 

290
00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:55,600
students and began to seriously 
work out his own ideas. 

291
00:14:55,600 --> 00:14:58,800
It was like being a musician, 
who'd a printed with a master of

292
00:14:58,808 --> 00:15:01,900
a 20 years, and was finally 
ready to compose their own 

293
00:15:01,900 --> 00:15:04,800
music. 
But Asos also gave Aristotle 

294
00:15:04,800 --> 00:15:08,400
something, unexpected love he 
married pythius. 

295
00:15:08,400 --> 00:15:11,400
Who was either hermia's 
daughter, or niece sources, 

296
00:15:11,400 --> 00:15:14,500
disagree, and ancient family 
trees on a touristy difficult to

297
00:15:14,500 --> 00:15:16,700
untangle. 
What we do know is that 

298
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:19,800
Aristotle seems to have 
genuinely loved her which is 

299
00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:22,500
worth noting in a time when 
philosophical marriages were 

300
00:15:22,500 --> 00:15:24,700
often more about alliances than 
affection. 

301
00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:29,400
The couple had a daughter named 
pythius Aristotle, would later, 

302
00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:32,100
write about marriage and family 
life with the kind of nuanced 

303
00:15:32,100 --> 00:15:35,000
understanding that suggest his 
own experience and formed his 

304
00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:37,100
philosophy. 
He understood that human 

305
00:15:37,100 --> 00:15:40,500
flourishing wasn't just about 
abstract contemplation, it was 

306
00:15:40,500 --> 00:15:44,500
all a about relationships love 
and the texture of daily life. 

307
00:15:45,600 --> 00:15:48,400
During his time in Asos and 
later on the nearby Island of 

308
00:15:48,400 --> 00:15:52,300
Lesbos Aristotle, began the 
biological research that would 

309
00:15:52,300 --> 00:15:55,900
occupy him for much of his life.
The Aegean Coast was perfect for

310
00:15:55,900 --> 00:15:59,900
this tide pools full of sea 
creatures forests with diverse 

311
00:15:59,900 --> 00:16:02,700
plant life and Marine 
environments that changed with 

312
00:16:02,700 --> 00:16:05,700
the seasons. 
It was a living laboratory and 

313
00:16:05,700 --> 00:16:08,700
Aristotle approached it with the
systematic curiosity he'd 

314
00:16:08,700 --> 00:16:10,100
inherited from his physician 
father. 

315
00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:14,900
He would wade into tide pools 
examining starfish, and sea, 

316
00:16:14,900 --> 00:16:18,100
urchins with the focus of a 
modern marine biologist he 

317
00:16:18,100 --> 00:16:21,500
dissected squid, studied, 
dolphins and observed, how 

318
00:16:21,500 --> 00:16:25,800
different fish species spawned. 
He collected plants noted their 

319
00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:28,900
characteristics and tried to 
understand the patterns that 

320
00:16:28,900 --> 00:16:30,500
connected different forms of 
life. 

321
00:16:30,500 --> 00:16:33,700
It was Hands-On empirical work, 
that would have made Plato, 

322
00:16:33,700 --> 00:16:37,100
deeply uncomfortable, all this 
focus on the physical world. 

323
00:16:37,100 --> 00:16:40,500
This belief that truth could be 
found by getting your feet wet 

324
00:16:40,500 --> 00:16:45,000
and your hands dirty. 
Aristotle was developing a 

325
00:16:45,000 --> 00:16:48,000
method that combined observation
with logical analysis. 

326
00:16:48,000 --> 00:16:50,300
You would look at many examples 
of something. 

327
00:16:50,300 --> 00:16:54,200
Say, different types of fish 
notice their similarities and 

328
00:16:54,200 --> 00:16:57,000
differences and then try to work
out the principles. 

329
00:16:57,000 --> 00:17:00,000
That explain these patterns. 
It was the beginning of what we 

330
00:17:00,008 --> 00:17:01,500
now. 
Call the scientific method, 

331
00:17:01,500 --> 00:17:04,599
though, Aristotle would have 
just called it investigating 

332
00:17:04,599 --> 00:17:07,200
nature. 
His biological observations, 

333
00:17:07,200 --> 00:17:10,300
were remarkably accurate, he 
correctly described the 

334
00:17:10,300 --> 00:17:14,200
development of chick embryos 
inside eggs noted, that whales 

335
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:17,599
and dolphins are mammals rather 
than fish and documented 

336
00:17:17,599 --> 00:17:19,400
hundreds of species with 
Precision. 

337
00:17:19,400 --> 00:17:21,099
That wouldn't be matched until 
centuries. 

338
00:17:21,099 --> 00:17:24,300
Later some of his observations 
were so detailed that modern 

339
00:17:24,300 --> 00:17:26,500
biologists who've gone back to 
check have found them 

340
00:17:26,500 --> 00:17:32,000
essentially correct. 
But then in 343 BCE Aristotle, 

341
00:17:32,000 --> 00:17:34,000
received an invitation that 
would change his life. 

342
00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:36,200
Again. 
Philip the second of Macedonia, 

343
00:17:36,200 --> 00:17:38,600
remember that Kingdom in the 
north that sophisticated 

344
00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:42,400
Athenians looked down on had a 
teenage son who needed to tutor.

345
00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:45,900
The son's name was Alexander and
Philip was willing to pay 

346
00:17:45,900 --> 00:17:49,000
handsomely for the best 
education money could buy for 

347
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:51,100
Aristotle. 
This was both an opportunity and

348
00:17:51,100 --> 00:17:53,000
a homecoming. 
He would be returning to 

349
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:56,200
Macedonia, the land of his 
childhood, but now, as a 

350
00:17:56,200 --> 00:17:58,700
distinguished philosopher, 
rather than an orphaned boy, 

351
00:17:58,700 --> 00:18:02,200
more importantly, he would have 
the chance to shape the mind of 

352
00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:05,800
a young prince who might someday
rule, massive dona Neither 

353
00:18:05,800 --> 00:18:08,500
Philip nor Aristotle could have 
imagined that this teenage 

354
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:11,300
student would become Alexander 
the Great conqueror of the 

355
00:18:11,300 --> 00:18:15,000
Persian Empire and creator of an
Empire stretching from Greece to

356
00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:17,500
India. 
But for three years in a quiet 

357
00:18:17,508 --> 00:18:21,000
Grove in Macedonia, one of 
History's Greatest Minds taught 

358
00:18:21,000 --> 00:18:22,700
one of History's greatest 
conquerors. 

359
00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:28,200
Picture this your Aristotle. 
A 40 year old philosopher, who 

360
00:18:28,200 --> 00:18:32,100
spent your entire adult life, 
studying everything from ethics 

361
00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:34,500
to zoology. 
And now you've been hired to 

362
00:18:34,500 --> 00:18:36,900
teach a headstrong. 
Ambitious, 13 year old Prince, 

363
00:18:36,900 --> 00:18:40,500
who's already been training with
weapons and horses, whose grown 

364
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:44,200
up hearing stories of military 
glory and who shows about as 

365
00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:47,500
much interest in philosophical 
contemplation is most teenagers 

366
00:18:47,500 --> 00:18:52,900
show in eating vegetables. 
The tutoring took place at Miser

367
00:18:52,900 --> 00:18:55,800
a village in Macedonia where 
Philip had established. 

368
00:18:55,800 --> 00:18:59,100
Something like a private school 
for Alexander and a few select 

369
00:18:59,100 --> 00:19:01,300
companions. 
It was quieter than the Royal 

370
00:19:01,300 --> 00:19:03,800
Court which was probably 
essential for any serious 

371
00:19:03,800 --> 00:19:07,200
studying and it had the kind of 
natural surroundings that 

372
00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:10,100
Aristotle loved for observing 
and collecting specimens. 

373
00:19:11,100 --> 00:19:13,700
What did Aristotle teach a 
future future World Conqueror? 

374
00:19:13,700 --> 00:19:17,400
We know he introduced Alexander 
to home as Iliad which became 

375
00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:21,000
the prince's favorite book. 
Alexander reportedly slept with 

376
00:19:21,000 --> 00:19:24,300
a copy under his pillow along 
with a dagger, which tells you 

377
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:27,300
something about his priorities. 
The Iliad wasn't just 

378
00:19:27,300 --> 00:19:30,300
entertainment. 
It was a manual on honor glory, 

379
00:19:30,300 --> 00:19:33,700
and what it meant to be a hero 
in the Greek tradition, But 

380
00:19:33,700 --> 00:19:35,400
Aristotle taught more than 
literature. 

381
00:19:35,400 --> 00:19:38,900
He introduced Alexander to 
philosophy science medicine and 

382
00:19:38,900 --> 00:19:41,400
the Greek ideal of Education as 
forming. 

383
00:19:41,400 --> 00:19:44,500
The complete person body, mind 
and character all developed in 

384
00:19:44,508 --> 00:19:46,300
harmony. 
He encouraged the young, 

385
00:19:46,300 --> 00:19:49,500
princess curiosity about the 
natural world, his interest in 

386
00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:52,200
different cultures and his 
appreciation for knowledge of 

387
00:19:52,200 --> 00:19:55,400
all kinds. 
There's a wonderful image of 

388
00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:59,000
Aristotle and his teenage 
students Alexander and his 

389
00:19:59,000 --> 00:20:01,600
companions. 
Walking through the countryside,

390
00:20:01,600 --> 00:20:05,300
discussing philosophy, while 
observing plants and animals, it

391
00:20:05,300 --> 00:20:09,500
combines everything Aristotle, 
loved intellectual conversation,

392
00:20:09,500 --> 00:20:13,700
empirical observation and the 
belief that education happens 

393
00:20:13,700 --> 00:20:16,300
best when you're actively 
engaged with the world rather 

394
00:20:16,300 --> 00:20:19,700
than locked in a classroom. 
Did Aristotle's teaching, 

395
00:20:19,700 --> 00:20:22,500
actually, influence the man? 
Alexander became. 

396
00:20:22,500 --> 00:20:26,800
It's hard to say for certain 
Alexander the Conqueror, who 

397
00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:29,500
swept across. 
Asia wasn't exactly practicing. 

398
00:20:29,500 --> 00:20:32,700
The moderate contemplative life 
that Aristotle advocated in his 

399
00:20:32,700 --> 00:20:35,800
ethics, he was more interested 
in military Glory than 

400
00:20:35,800 --> 00:20:39,100
philosophical wisdom, more 
concerned with conquest and with

401
00:20:39,108 --> 00:20:40,600
the careful observation of 
nature. 

402
00:20:41,800 --> 00:20:44,900
But there are hints of 
Aristotle's influence Alexander,

403
00:20:44,900 --> 00:20:47,300
founded cities throughout his 
Empire, and filled them with 

404
00:20:47,300 --> 00:20:49,900
Greek culture. 
Libraries theaters and schools. 

405
00:20:49,900 --> 00:20:53,400
He collected Botanical and 
Zoological specimens during his 

406
00:20:53,400 --> 00:20:56,900
campaigns and sent them back to 
Aristotle, supporting his, 

407
00:20:56,900 --> 00:20:58,700
former teachers, scientific 
research. 

408
00:20:58,700 --> 00:21:02,400
He showed curiosity about the 
people, he conquered trying to 

409
00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:05,000
understand their customs and 
incorporate them into his Empire

410
00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:08,500
rather than simply destroying 
them. their relationship was 

411
00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:11,600
complicated like many 
relationships between teachers 

412
00:21:11,600 --> 00:21:15,400
and students who've gone in 
different directions later when 

413
00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:18,700
Alexander executed Aristotle's, 
nephew these for alleged 

414
00:21:18,700 --> 00:21:22,100
treason, it created a rift 
between them Aristotle, had 

415
00:21:22,100 --> 00:21:25,700
shown Alexander how to think He 
couldn't control what the young 

416
00:21:25,700 --> 00:21:27,900
man thought about, or what he 
chose to do with his power. 

417
00:21:27,900 --> 00:21:32,500
After three years, when 
Alexander was 16, Philip decided

418
00:21:32,500 --> 00:21:36,000
his son was ready for more 
practical education, namely 

419
00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:37,300
learning to be a warrior and 
leader. 

420
00:21:37,300 --> 00:21:41,300
Aristotle's job was done. 
The tutor in a student would go 

421
00:21:41,300 --> 00:21:44,000
their separate ways one to 
conquer the Known World. 

422
00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:46,900
The other to found a school and 
revolutionize human 

423
00:21:46,900 --> 00:21:52,600
understanding. 
In 335 BCE at age 49 Aristotle 

424
00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:55,800
returned to Athens. 
Alexander was now King Philip 

425
00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:57,300
had been assassinated and 
beginning. 

426
00:21:57,300 --> 00:22:00,700
His conquest of Persia Athens 
was nervous about macedonia's 

427
00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:04,000
growing power, but Aristotle's 
connection to the Macedonian 

428
00:22:04,000 --> 00:22:06,000
Court. 
Actually gave him resources and 

429
00:22:06,000 --> 00:22:10,100
protection that few other 
philosophers enjoyed It was time

430
00:22:10,100 --> 00:22:13,300
for Aristotle to do what he'd 
been preparing for his entire 

431
00:22:13,300 --> 00:22:15,800
adult life. 
Establishes his own School, 

432
00:22:15,800 --> 00:22:19,300
develop his own philosophical 
system, and teach students 

433
00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:22,200
according to his own Vision, 
rather than Plato's the 

434
00:22:22,200 --> 00:22:24,900
intellectual Adventure was about
to enter its most productive 

435
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:27,500
phase. 
When Aristotle returned to 

436
00:22:27,500 --> 00:22:33,200
Athens in 335 BCE, he couldn't 
return to Plato's Academy, it 

437
00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:36,300
had its own leadership and its 
own platonic tradition that 

438
00:22:36,300 --> 00:22:40,000
Aristotle had largely rejected. 
So he did what any philosopher 

439
00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:41,500
with ambition and resources 
would do. 

440
00:22:41,500 --> 00:22:45,600
He founded his own School. 
The lyceum named after the 

441
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:49,400
nearby Temple of Apollo Licious,
became Aristotle's intellectual 

442
00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:52,200
home. 
For the next 12 years located in

443
00:22:52,200 --> 00:22:55,500
a Grove just outside Athens. 
It was similar to the academy in

444
00:22:55,500 --> 00:22:58,100
being a place where philosophers
gathered to study debate and 

445
00:22:58,100 --> 00:23:01,000
pursue knowledge. 
But in crucial ways it was 

446
00:23:01,000 --> 00:23:03,100
completely different for one 
thing. 

447
00:23:03,100 --> 00:23:05,900
The lyceum was far more 
empirically focused. 

448
00:23:05,900 --> 00:23:08,700
Where the academy emphasized 
mathematics and abstract 

449
00:23:08,700 --> 00:23:11,400
reasoning. 
The lyceum collected specimens 

450
00:23:11,400 --> 00:23:15,900
dissected animals, gather data 
and built what was essentially 

451
00:23:15,900 --> 00:23:19,000
the ancient world's first 
research Library Aristotle. 

452
00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:22,100
Wanted his students to study the
actual world not just 

453
00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:24,700
contemplate. 
Perfect forms the school, got 

454
00:23:24,700 --> 00:23:27,800
the nickname peripatetic. 
Which comes from the Greek word 

455
00:23:27,800 --> 00:23:30,600
for walking around. 
This wasn't because they were 

456
00:23:30,600 --> 00:23:32,500
Wanderers, or couldn't sit 
still. 

457
00:23:32,500 --> 00:23:35,800
It was because Aristotle liked 
to teach while strolling through

458
00:23:35,800 --> 00:23:37,800
the covered walkways of the 
lyceum. 

459
00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:41,400
There's something about walking 
that helps thinking as if the 

460
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:44,100
physical movement somehow 
facilitates intellectual 

461
00:23:44,100 --> 00:23:47,900
movement as well. 
Imagine morning, lectures, where

462
00:23:47,900 --> 00:23:50,900
Aristotle and his Advanced 
students would walk slowly 

463
00:23:50,900 --> 00:23:54,600
through the colonnade discussing
complex philosophical questions 

464
00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:57,200
while the less Advanced students
listened and tried to keep up. 

465
00:23:58,000 --> 00:24:00,200
Both physically and 
intellectually in the 

466
00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:02,900
afternoon's Aristotle would give
public lectures on more 

467
00:24:02,900 --> 00:24:05,800
accessible topics. 
Drawing crowds of interested 

468
00:24:05,800 --> 00:24:08,500
Athenians, who wanted to hear 
what This brilliant Macedonian 

469
00:24:08,500 --> 00:24:12,300
philosopher had to say. 
The lyceum became a center for 

470
00:24:12,300 --> 00:24:15,300
what we might call. 
Systematic research Aristotle, 

471
00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:17,100
organized. 
His students to collect and 

472
00:24:17,100 --> 00:24:19,600
organize information on an 
unprecedented scale. 

473
00:24:20,400 --> 00:24:24,000
They gathered Constitution's 
from 158 different, Greek city 

474
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:27,500
states, analyzing how different 
political systems worked. 

475
00:24:27,500 --> 00:24:31,000
They collected by biological 
specimens built up, a library of

476
00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:34,900
books, and Scrolls, and created 
charts, and diagrams to organize

477
00:24:34,900 --> 00:24:38,400
information, this was 
revolutionary before Aristotle. 

478
00:24:38,400 --> 00:24:41,300
Philosophy was largely about 
individual thinkers developing 

479
00:24:41,300 --> 00:24:44,300
their own systems Aristotle, 
turned philosophy into something

480
00:24:44,300 --> 00:24:47,400
more like a research Enterprise 
with multiple people, working 

481
00:24:47,400 --> 00:24:51,100
together to gather data, test 
hypotheses and build cumulative 

482
00:24:51,100 --> 00:24:53,800
knowledge. 
The library at the lyceum was 

483
00:24:53,808 --> 00:24:57,100
apparently extraordinary for its
time, Aristotle collected, not 

484
00:24:57,100 --> 00:25:01,100
just philosophical works, but 
texts on every subject, history 

485
00:25:01,100 --> 00:25:04,500
medicine, drama politics and 
Natural Science. 

486
00:25:05,200 --> 00:25:08,500
He understood that to think, 
clearly about any topic you 

487
00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:11,400
needed to know what others had 
thought before you, it was an 

488
00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:13,800
early version of the research 
Library concept that would 

489
00:25:13,808 --> 00:25:16,200
become essential to University 
centuries, later? 

490
00:25:17,200 --> 00:25:19,900
During his morning sessions 
Aristotle would address. 

491
00:25:19,900 --> 00:25:22,000
The more technical aspects of 
his philosophy. 

492
00:25:22,000 --> 00:25:24,500
These weren't casual 
conversations, they were 

493
00:25:24,500 --> 00:25:27,400
rigorous systematic explorations
of difficult questions. 

494
00:25:27,400 --> 00:25:31,000
How do we gain knowledge? 
What is the nature of reality? 

495
00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:35,100
What makes an action? 
Ethical, how should Society be 

496
00:25:35,100 --> 00:25:37,800
organized? 
Aristotle, approached these 

497
00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:39,600
questions differently than Plato
had. 

498
00:25:39,600 --> 00:25:43,000
Instead of starting with 
abstract principles and deducing

499
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:46,300
conclusions, he would often 
start with observations and work

500
00:25:46,300 --> 00:25:49,000
his way toward print principles.
He believed that philosophy 

501
00:25:49,000 --> 00:25:51,300
should be grounded in how the 
world actually works. 

502
00:25:51,300 --> 00:25:54,700
Not in how we might wish it to 
work in some perfect realm of 

503
00:25:54,700 --> 00:25:57,500
forms. 
His teaching method involved, 

504
00:25:57,500 --> 00:26:01,000
what we might call collaborative
inquiry, he would raise a 

505
00:26:01,000 --> 00:26:04,000
question, examine, what previous
thinkers had said about it, 

506
00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:07,400
like, identify the difficulties 
with their answers and then 

507
00:26:07,400 --> 00:26:10,800
worked toward his own solution, 
always testing his ideas against

508
00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:15,400
observations and Common Sense. 
The atmosphere at the lyceum 

509
00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:18,500
must have been intense, but also
collaborative students weren't 

510
00:26:18,500 --> 00:26:20,600
just passively absorbing 
Aristotle's wisdom. 

511
00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:24,400
They were actively engaged in 
research debate and the 

512
00:26:24,400 --> 00:26:28,200
collective pursuit of knowledge.
Some were dissecting animals and

513
00:26:28,200 --> 00:26:31,200
examining their organs. 
Others were studying plant life,

514
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:33,300
or collecting information about 
different governments. 

515
00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:36,500
Still others were working 
through logical problems or 

516
00:26:36,500 --> 00:26:40,100
ethical questions Aristotle 
himself was incredibly 

517
00:26:40,100 --> 00:26:42,300
productive. 
During these years, he wrote on 

518
00:26:42,300 --> 00:26:46,400
an astonishing range of topics. 
Physics metaphysics, ethics 

519
00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:49,300
politics, Poetics, rhetoric 
biology and psychology. 

520
00:26:50,800 --> 00:26:53,500
His Works weren't written in the
polished literary style of 

521
00:26:53,500 --> 00:26:56,500
Plato's dialogues, they read 
more like lecture notes or 

522
00:26:56,500 --> 00:26:59,300
research papers dense with 
argument and packed with 

523
00:26:59,308 --> 00:27:03,000
observations this wasnt because 
Aristotle could not write well. 

524
00:27:03,000 --> 00:27:06,200
His lost dialogues were 
apparently beautifully written 

525
00:27:06,900 --> 00:27:09,100
It's because what survived were 
his working texts. 

526
00:27:09,700 --> 00:27:12,100
The materials he used for 
teaching and research rather 

527
00:27:12,100 --> 00:27:15,100
than for public consumption. 
It's like the difference between

528
00:27:15,100 --> 00:27:18,400
a professor's polished textbook.
And their lecture notes, the 

529
00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,100
notes are rougher but often 
contain more of the real 

530
00:27:21,100 --> 00:27:25,000
thinking The lyceum attracted 
students from throughout the 

531
00:27:25,000 --> 00:27:28,300
Greek world and Beyond some came
because of Aristotle's 

532
00:27:28,300 --> 00:27:31,400
connection to Alexander who was 
now, Conquering the Persian 

533
00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:33,900
Empire and making Macedonia. 
The dominant power in the 

534
00:27:33,908 --> 00:27:37,100
Mediterranean World. 
Others came because the lyceum 

535
00:27:37,100 --> 00:27:40,200
represented, something new in 
education, not just learning to 

536
00:27:40,200 --> 00:27:42,500
think. 
But learning to observe analyze 

537
00:27:42,500 --> 00:27:44,500
and understand the natural and 
human world. 

538
00:27:45,600 --> 00:27:49,500
For 12 years Aristotle, led the 
lyceum in this systematic 

539
00:27:49,500 --> 00:27:52,800
investigation of reality. 
It was the most productive 

540
00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:56,500
period of his intellectual life.
When he synthesized everything 

541
00:27:56,500 --> 00:27:59,400
he'd learned into comprehensive 
philosophical and scientific 

542
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:02,800
systems, that would influence 
human thought for the next two 

543
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:06,300
millennia. 
But this productive period was 

544
00:28:06,300 --> 00:28:09,000
about to end in a way that must 
have felt painfully familiar to 

545
00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:11,900
Aristotle. 
Once again, political events 

546
00:28:11,900 --> 00:28:15,400
would force him to leave Athens 
once again, demonstrating that 

547
00:28:15,400 --> 00:28:18,100
philosophers. 
However wise cannot escape the 

548
00:28:18,100 --> 00:28:23,600
tumultuous currents of History. 
Before we discuss how 

549
00:28:23,600 --> 00:28:26,900
Aristotle's time in Athens ended
let's explore what made his 

550
00:28:26,900 --> 00:28:29,700
approach to knowledge. 
So revolutionary because this is

551
00:28:29,700 --> 00:28:31,600
really the heart of our souls 
Legacy. 

552
00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:35,300
Not any single Discovery, but a 
whole new way of thinking about 

553
00:28:35,300 --> 00:28:39,000
how we understand the world. 
Settle back into your cushions 

554
00:28:39,000 --> 00:28:42,700
as we dive into philosophy but I
promise to keep it relaxed and 

555
00:28:42,700 --> 00:28:45,600
avoid the kind of dense jargon 
that makes most people's eyes. 

556
00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:49,400
Glaze over Aristotle's ideas at 
their core are actually quite 

557
00:28:49,400 --> 00:28:51,400
practical and grounded in common
sense. 

558
00:28:52,100 --> 00:28:54,700
Remember how Plato believed the 
true knowledge came from 

559
00:28:54,700 --> 00:28:59,200
contemplating perfect Eternal 
forms that exist in some realm 

560
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:01,200
beyond the physical world 
Aristotle. 

561
00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:03,900
Looked at this Theory and 
essentially said that's 

562
00:29:03,900 --> 00:29:07,300
beautiful but it doesn't help us
understand the actual world we 

563
00:29:07,300 --> 00:29:09,900
live in. 
If you want to understand horses

564
00:29:09,900 --> 00:29:13,100
you don't contemplate the 
perfect form of hoarseness, you 

565
00:29:13,100 --> 00:29:16,700
go observe actual horses. 
This might seem obvious to us 

566
00:29:16,700 --> 00:29:19,700
now but it was Radical, then 
Aristotle was saying that the 

567
00:29:19,700 --> 00:29:21,900
physical world isn't just 
imperfect copies of something 

568
00:29:21,900 --> 00:29:24,600
better. 
It's real and worth studying for

569
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:27,000
its own sake. 
That tree outside your window 

570
00:29:27,000 --> 00:29:29,500
isn't a poor imitation of some 
perfect tree form. 

571
00:29:29,500 --> 00:29:32,800
It's an actual tree with its own
nature and you can learn about 

572
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:36,500
trees by examining it. 
Aristotle developed what we call

573
00:29:36,500 --> 00:29:38,300
an empirical approach to 
knowledge. 

574
00:29:38,300 --> 00:29:41,900
Empirical just means based on 
observation and experience. 

575
00:29:42,700 --> 00:29:45,500
He believed that knowledge 
begins with our sense of what we

576
00:29:45,500 --> 00:29:49,800
see. 
Hear touch taste and smell these

577
00:29:49,800 --> 00:29:53,400
Sensations give us a raw data 
about the world which are mines 

578
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:57,600
then process into understanding.
But Aristotle wasn't naive about

579
00:29:57,600 --> 00:29:59,700
this. 
He knew that senses can be 

580
00:29:59,708 --> 00:30:02,400
deceived, and that appearances 
can be misleading. 

581
00:30:02,400 --> 00:30:06,500
His solution was to combine 
observation, with reason to look

582
00:30:06,500 --> 00:30:09,800
carefully at many examples, 
notice patterns and use logic to

583
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:12,200
work out the principles, 
underlying what we observe. 

584
00:30:13,100 --> 00:30:16,700
His biological work shows this 
method perfectly he didn't just 

585
00:30:16,700 --> 00:30:18,700
look at one dolphin and declare 
he understood. 

586
00:30:18,700 --> 00:30:22,100
All dolphins, he examined many 
dolphins, dissected them 

587
00:30:22,108 --> 00:30:26,000
observed, their behavior talk to
fishermen about what they'd seen

588
00:30:26,000 --> 00:30:28,600
in gradually built up a 
comprehensive understanding. 

589
00:30:28,600 --> 00:30:31,300
It was painstaking, systemic 
work. 

590
00:30:31,300 --> 00:30:33,600
That required, patience and 
attention to detail. 

591
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:37,200
Aristotle, organized knowledge. 
In ways that still influence how

592
00:30:37,200 --> 00:30:40,700
we think he Created the first 
system for classifying living 

593
00:30:40,700 --> 00:30:43,800
things grouping organisms by 
their shared characteristics. 

594
00:30:43,800 --> 00:30:48,000
His categories were not always 
perfect by modern standards but 

595
00:30:48,000 --> 00:30:51,000
the underlying method observe 
similarities and differences 

596
00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:54,400
group things accordingly. 
Look for the principles that 

597
00:30:54,400 --> 00:30:58,000
explain the patterns is still 
how biological classification 

598
00:30:58,000 --> 00:31:01,400
works today. 
He applied the same systematic 

599
00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:03,500
approach to other areas in 
ethics. 

600
00:31:03,500 --> 00:31:06,400
He observed how people actually 
live and what seems to make them

601
00:31:06,400 --> 00:31:08,100
happy. 
Then worked out Prince 

602
00:31:08,100 --> 00:31:10,800
principles for good living based
on these observations in 

603
00:31:10,800 --> 00:31:13,200
politics. 
He study 158 different 

604
00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:15,200
governments. 
Noting what worked? 

605
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:18,500
And what didn't Building a 
political science grounded in 

606
00:31:18,500 --> 00:31:21,200
actual experience, rather than 
abstract ideals. 

607
00:31:22,700 --> 00:31:26,200
Aristotle's concept of causation
was particularly influential. 

608
00:31:26,200 --> 00:31:28,700
He argued that a truly 
understand something. 

609
00:31:28,700 --> 00:31:32,500
You need to understand four 
different types of causes take a

610
00:31:32,500 --> 00:31:34,700
bronze statue. 
As an example, the material 

611
00:31:34,700 --> 00:31:38,300
causes the bronze itself. 
What it's made of the formal 

612
00:31:38,300 --> 00:31:42,200
cause is the shape, the design 
of the statue, the efficient 

613
00:31:42,200 --> 00:31:46,100
cause is the sculptor who made 
it and the final cause is its 

614
00:31:46,100 --> 00:31:47,700
purpose. 
Why it was made. 

615
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:51,500
This framework might seem 
complicated at first, but it's 

616
00:31:51,500 --> 00:31:53,800
actually quite intuitive when 
you ask. 

617
00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:58,100
Why is this statue here you 
might mean, what is it made of, 

618
00:31:58,100 --> 00:32:01,500
or who made it, or what's it 
for? 

619
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:05,200
Aristotle recognized these as 
different types of questions, 

620
00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:08,600
that all contribute to complete.
Understanding his emphasis on 

621
00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:12,100
Final cause is on purpose. 
And function, was specially 

622
00:32:12,100 --> 00:32:15,400
important for biology Aristotle,
understood that you can't fully 

623
00:32:15,400 --> 00:32:18,600
understand all organism without 
understanding, what its for. 

624
00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:22,000
The heart makes sense when you 
understand its for pumping blood

625
00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:24,400
eyes, make sense. 
When you understand their 

626
00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:28,400
foreseeing, everything in nature
exists for a reason, serving 

627
00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:32,300
some purpose in the organisms 
life, Now Aristotle sometimes 

628
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:34,500
took this teleological thinking 
too far. 

629
00:32:34,500 --> 00:32:38,000
He assumed that everything has a
purpose assigned by nature which

630
00:32:38,000 --> 00:32:40,600
isn't quite how Evolution 
actually works. 

631
00:32:40,600 --> 00:32:43,300
But his Instinct the function 
and purpose are essential to 

632
00:32:43,308 --> 00:32:46,600
understanding was fundamentally 
sound Modern Biology. 

633
00:32:46,600 --> 00:32:50,200
Still asks, what is this for? 
Even if it answers that 

634
00:32:50,200 --> 00:32:52,500
question, in terms of 
evolutionary Advantage rather 

635
00:32:52,500 --> 00:32:57,300
than inherent purpose, In logic 
Aristotle literally invented 

636
00:32:57,300 --> 00:33:00,700
formal logic as a discipline. 
He developed the syllogism that 

637
00:33:00,700 --> 00:33:02,400
method of reasoning. 
Where you start with two 

638
00:33:02,400 --> 00:33:03,900
premises and derive a 
conclusion? 

639
00:33:04,900 --> 00:33:07,600
All men are mortal. 
Socrates is a man. 

640
00:33:07,608 --> 00:33:12,200
Therefore Socrates is Mortal, it
sounds simple, but Aristotle. 

641
00:33:12,200 --> 00:33:15,200
Systematically worked out all 
the valid and invalid forms of 

642
00:33:15,200 --> 00:33:18,400
this kind of reasoning creating 
a tool for checking whether 

643
00:33:18,400 --> 00:33:22,100
arguments actually make sense. 
For over 2000 years, 

644
00:33:22,100 --> 00:33:24,600
Aristotle's. 
Logic was essentially all of 

645
00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:26,900
logic. 
It wasn't until the 19th century

646
00:33:26,900 --> 00:33:29,800
that mathematicians developed 
forms of logical reasoning that 

647
00:33:29,800 --> 00:33:31,700
went beyond what Aristotle had 
created. 

648
00:33:31,700 --> 00:33:34,200
That's an extraordinary 
intellectual achievement 

649
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:38,500
creating a system so robust that
it remains, fundamentally sound 

650
00:33:38,500 --> 00:33:41,700
for millennia. 
Aristotle's, ethics emphasized 

651
00:33:41,700 --> 00:33:45,300
something, he called eudaimonia 
usually translated as happiness 

652
00:33:45,300 --> 00:33:48,900
or Flourishing. 
But he didn't mean momentary, 

653
00:33:48,900 --> 00:33:51,400
pleasure or simple, contentment.
He meant living. 

654
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:54,700
Well in the fullest sense, 
developing your capacities 

655
00:33:54,700 --> 00:33:59,100
acting virtuously engaging with 
your community and using your 

656
00:33:59,100 --> 00:34:02,500
reason. 
Well, The key to you, demonia 

657
00:34:02,500 --> 00:34:06,600
Aristotle, argued is virtue but 
virtue understood as a kind of 

658
00:34:06,600 --> 00:34:10,000
skill or Excellence that you 
develop through, practice, 

659
00:34:10,000 --> 00:34:12,100
courage, isn't something you're 
born with. 

660
00:34:12,100 --> 00:34:15,500
It's something you cultivate by 
repeatedly facing your fears 

661
00:34:15,500 --> 00:34:18,300
appropriately. 
Generosity is a habit, you 

662
00:34:18,308 --> 00:34:21,900
developed by practicing giving. 
Well, every virtue lies between 

663
00:34:21,900 --> 00:34:25,500
two extremes Courage between 
cowardice and recklessness 

664
00:34:25,500 --> 00:34:29,699
generosity between stinginess 
and wastefulness. 

665
00:34:30,600 --> 00:34:33,800
This is practical, ethics 
grounded in how people actually 

666
00:34:33,800 --> 00:34:38,100
become good rather than abstract
theories about moral perfection 

667
00:34:38,100 --> 00:34:40,199
Aristotle. 
Understood that becoming a good 

668
00:34:40,208 --> 00:34:43,300
person is like learning to play 
an instrument, it requires 

669
00:34:43,300 --> 00:34:46,199
practice, guidance, and the 
formation of good habits over 

670
00:34:46,199 --> 00:34:49,500
time. 
In all these areas, biology 

671
00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:52,199
logic, ethics politics, 
Aristotle's. 

672
00:34:52,199 --> 00:34:54,400
Method was similar. 
Start with careful. 

673
00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:57,500
Observation notice patterns work
out. 

674
00:34:57,500 --> 00:35:01,000
Underlying principles, test 
these printables against further

675
00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:03,800
observations and build systemic 
understanding. 

676
00:35:03,800 --> 00:35:06,900
There was the birth of organized
science and systematic 

677
00:35:06,900 --> 00:35:09,500
philosophy. 
Even though Aristotle wouldn't 

678
00:35:09,500 --> 00:35:11,600
have recognized those as 
separate disciplines. 

679
00:35:12,500 --> 00:35:15,700
What made Aristotle's approach. 
So revolutionary was this 

680
00:35:15,700 --> 00:35:18,600
combination of respect for 
empirical observation with 

681
00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:21,700
confidence and human reason. 
He believed we could understand 

682
00:35:21,700 --> 00:35:25,400
the world not through divine 
revelation, not through pure 

683
00:35:25,400 --> 00:35:26,900
mathematics divorced from 
reality. 

684
00:35:26,900 --> 00:35:30,700
But through the careful 
systematic application of our 

685
00:35:30,700 --> 00:35:34,500
observational and rational 
faculties This was optimistic 

686
00:35:34,500 --> 00:35:38,300
without being naive, empirical 
without being merely fat 

687
00:35:38,300 --> 00:35:40,500
collecting and systematic 
without being rigid. 

688
00:35:40,500 --> 00:35:42,700
It was a vision of human 
knowledge as something. 

689
00:35:42,700 --> 00:35:46,200
We build gradually, collectively
through careful, attention to 

690
00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:48,900
reality and rigorous thinking 
about what we observe. 

691
00:35:48,900 --> 00:35:53,100
And now, with your Taps growing 
cold in your eyelids growing 

692
00:35:53,100 --> 00:35:57,200
heavy, we need to see how 
Aristotle story ends, because 

693
00:35:57,200 --> 00:36:00,400
even the greatest philosophers 
cannot entirely control the 

694
00:36:00,400 --> 00:36:02,300
historical currents that sweep 
them along. 

695
00:36:03,300 --> 00:36:07,500
In 323 BCE news. 
Reached Athens that would change

696
00:36:07,500 --> 00:36:10,300
everything. 
Alexander, the Great had died in

697
00:36:10,300 --> 00:36:13,800
Babylon at the age of 32. 
The Empire, he built with 

698
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:16,800
astonishing speed was already 
fracturing as his generals 

699
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:20,800
fought over the pieces and in 
Athens anti Macedonian sentiment

700
00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:22,000
that had been simmering for 
years. 

701
00:36:22,000 --> 00:36:25,800
Suddenly boiled over Aristotle 
found himself in an impossible 

702
00:36:25,800 --> 00:36:28,600
position. 
He was Macedonian by birth had 

703
00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:31,800
been Alexander's tutor and 
maintained close connections to 

704
00:36:31,800 --> 00:36:36,900
the Macedonian Court. 12 years 
Athens are tolerated his 

705
00:36:36,900 --> 00:36:40,100
presence because macedonia's 
power, made it necessary, but 

706
00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:43,600
with Alexander dead Macedonia. 
Temporarily weakened old, 

707
00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:47,300
resentments surfaced Someone 
brought charges of impiety 

708
00:36:47,300 --> 00:36:50,200
against Aristotle, the same 
charge that had been used 

709
00:36:50,200 --> 00:36:51,900
against Socrates a century 
earlier. 

710
00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:54,900
The specific accusation was 
something about honoring a 

711
00:36:54,900 --> 00:36:57,500
friend in Waze reserved for 
Gods, which sounds technical, 

712
00:36:57,500 --> 00:37:01,100
but was really just a pretext, 
the real issue was politics 

713
00:37:01,100 --> 00:37:04,900
Aristotle represented. 
Macedonia and Athens wanted to 

714
00:37:04,900 --> 00:37:08,500
strike back at Macedonia. 
However it could Aristotle. 

715
00:37:08,500 --> 00:37:12,700
Now, 61 years old and having 
watched Socrates, fate unfold 

716
00:37:12,700 --> 00:37:15,200
from his prison cell, made a 
different Choice. 

717
00:37:15,200 --> 00:37:19,200
He decided not to stay in face 
trial, according to tradition, 

718
00:37:19,200 --> 00:37:23,500
he said he wouldn't let Athens 
sin twice against philosophy, a 

719
00:37:23,500 --> 00:37:27,200
reference to Socrates execution.
So he left it turning over the 

720
00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:30,800
lyceum to a student theophrastus
and retired to Kelsey his 

721
00:37:30,800 --> 00:37:34,900
mother's home town. 
Think about what this meant. 

722
00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:39,700
For 12 years Aristotle, had 
built the Licia into the ancient

723
00:37:39,700 --> 00:37:41,400
world. 
Premier Research institution. 

724
00:37:41,400 --> 00:37:44,700
He had gathered an incredible 
Library trained. 

725
00:37:44,700 --> 00:37:48,100
Brilliant, students and created 
systematic, approaches to nearly

726
00:37:48,100 --> 00:37:51,600
every field of knowledge now, 
because of politics, he couldn't

727
00:37:51,600 --> 00:37:53,500
control. 
He had to walk away from it, all

728
00:37:53,500 --> 00:37:56,600
in Chelsea's Aristotle, lived 
quietly for about a year. 

729
00:37:57,400 --> 00:37:59,600
We don't know much about this 
final period of his life. 

730
00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:03,400
He was likely working on his 
writings, perhaps, revising, and

731
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:05,100
organizing, the vast body of 
work. 

732
00:38:05,100 --> 00:38:08,100
He'd produced over his lifetime,
he may have been suffering from 

733
00:38:08,100 --> 00:38:11,600
some illness ancient sources. 
Mentioned stomach problems, 

734
00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:14,800
which given ancient medicines 
limitations could have meant 

735
00:38:14,800 --> 00:38:19,100
almost anything In threesome and
22 BCE just one year. 

736
00:38:19,100 --> 00:38:23,000
After leaving Athens Aristotle 
died, at the age of 62. 

737
00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:27,200
It wasn't a dramatic death, like
Socrates execution or a 

738
00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:29,200
mysterious one like Alexander's 
early demise. 

739
00:38:29,200 --> 00:38:32,500
It was simply the end of a life 
that had been by any measure 

740
00:38:32,500 --> 00:38:36,200
extraordinarily productive. 
And influential Aristotle left 

741
00:38:36,200 --> 00:38:39,600
behind his daughter, Pythias his
wife of the same name had died 

742
00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:42,300
years earlier and he'd later had
a relationship with a woman 

743
00:38:42,300 --> 00:38:45,200
named her pills with whom. 
He had a son named nicomachus, 

744
00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:48,800
his will, which survived shows 
him was a thoughtful, caring 

745
00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:52,800
person who made Provisions for 
his family, his slaves, who he 

746
00:38:52,800 --> 00:38:55,100
freed and even his concubine's 
future. 

747
00:38:55,108 --> 00:38:58,400
It's a touching document that 
reveals the human side of this 

748
00:38:58,400 --> 00:39:02,500
towering intellect but more 
importantly he left behind an 

749
00:39:02,500 --> 00:39:04,900
intellectual Legacy. 
That would shape human thought 

750
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:09,100
for the next 2000 years. 
His works or rather the lecture 

751
00:39:09,100 --> 00:39:11,800
notes and research texts that 
survived were preserved and 

752
00:39:11,800 --> 00:39:14,000
eventually edited by scholars in
later centuries. 

753
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:17,000
They became the foundation for 
Education throughout the 

754
00:39:17,008 --> 00:39:20,100
Mediterranean world and 
eventually throughout medieval 

755
00:39:20,100 --> 00:39:22,700
Europe. 
Now comes one of the most 

756
00:39:22,708 --> 00:39:25,000
fascinating parts of Aristotle's
story. 

757
00:39:25,008 --> 00:39:28,900
Not what he did during his life,
but what happened to his ideas 

758
00:39:28,900 --> 00:39:32,000
after his death, because unlike 
many philosophers whose 

759
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:34,800
influence Fades with time. 
Aristotle's impact actually, 

760
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:37,800
grew over the centuries. 
Spreading far beyond the Greek 

761
00:39:37,800 --> 00:39:40,400
world. 
He knew After Aristotle's, 

762
00:39:40,400 --> 00:39:43,200
death, his writings were 
preserved by the Lycia, under 

763
00:39:43,200 --> 00:39:46,700
theophrastus is leadership, but 
they weren't immediately famous 

764
00:39:46,700 --> 00:39:48,800
throughout the ancient world. 
For several. 

765
00:39:48,800 --> 00:39:51,700
Centuries Aristotle was known, 
more for his published dialogues

766
00:39:51,700 --> 00:39:54,300
works. 
That haven't survived and for 

767
00:39:54,300 --> 00:39:58,200
the dense technical treatises. 
We now have then came a strange 

768
00:39:58,200 --> 00:40:01,000
period where Aristotle's Works 
apparently disappeared from 

769
00:40:01,000 --> 00:40:03,400
circulation. 
According to tradition, they 

770
00:40:03,400 --> 00:40:06,100
were hidden in a Cellar in Asia 
Minor to protect them from being

771
00:40:06,100 --> 00:40:09,100
seized where they suffered 
damage from moisture and 

772
00:40:09,100 --> 00:40:11,500
insects. 
Whether this story is entirely 

773
00:40:11,500 --> 00:40:15,200
true or partly Legend, we do 
know that Aristotle's Major 

774
00:40:15,200 --> 00:40:17,800
Works were relatively unknown 
for a couple of centuries. 

775
00:40:19,300 --> 00:40:22,900
In the first century BCE a 
scholar named andronicus of 

776
00:40:22,900 --> 00:40:26,400
Rhodes, collected, and edited 
Aristotle's, writings organizing

777
00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:28,800
them into the form. 
We know day, this wasn't just 

778
00:40:28,800 --> 00:40:32,000
filing papers, it was an act of 
reconstruction, and 

779
00:40:32,000 --> 00:40:34,800
interpretation that shaped how 
we read Aristotle, the 

780
00:40:34,800 --> 00:40:38,100
arrangement of his works, the 
way their grouped entitled comes

781
00:40:38,100 --> 00:40:40,700
largely from andronicus is 
editorial decisions. 

782
00:40:40,700 --> 00:40:43,200
As Rome became the 
mediterranean's, dominant power,

783
00:40:43,200 --> 00:40:45,700
Greek, philosophy spread 
throughout the Empire. 

784
00:40:45,700 --> 00:40:48,600
Aristotle's Works became Central
to higher education. 

785
00:40:48,600 --> 00:40:52,100
Young Romans who wanted 
philosophical training studied 

786
00:40:52,100 --> 00:40:54,100
Aristotle, along with Plato and 
the stoics. 

787
00:40:54,100 --> 00:40:57,400
His logic became the standard 
method for teaching reasoning 

788
00:40:57,400 --> 00:41:00,500
and his ethics of framework for 
thinking about the good life. 

789
00:41:01,200 --> 00:41:03,700
But Aristotle's, most 
significant Journey was Yet to 

790
00:41:03,700 --> 00:41:06,900
Come As the Roman Empire 
declined and eventually fell in 

791
00:41:06,900 --> 00:41:09,700
the west much of Greek learning 
was lost in Europe. 

792
00:41:09,700 --> 00:41:13,100
The sophisticated intellectual 
culture that had produced and 

793
00:41:13,100 --> 00:41:15,100
preserved Aristotle's, Works 
crumbled. 

794
00:41:15,100 --> 00:41:18,100
As City. 
Shrank trade declined and 

795
00:41:18,100 --> 00:41:21,000
literacy became increasingly 
rare outside monasteries. 

796
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:24,800
However, Aristotle's Works 
survived in the Eastern Roman 

797
00:41:24,800 --> 00:41:27,100
Empire. 
What we call the Byzantine 

798
00:41:27,100 --> 00:41:30,600
Empire centered on 
Constantinople these Scholars 

799
00:41:30,600 --> 00:41:33,700
continue to read copy and study 
Aristotle in Greek. 

800
00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:36,800
Meanwhile, something 
extraordinary was happening 

801
00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:40,300
further east Islamic scholars in
the expanding Arab world 

802
00:41:40,300 --> 00:41:43,500
encountered Aristotle's works 
and recognized their value 

803
00:41:43,500 --> 00:41:46,000
immediately. 
Beginning in the 8th Century CE,

804
00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:49,300
a massive translation movement 
began in Baghdad and other 

805
00:41:49,300 --> 00:41:51,700
centers of Islamic learning 
Aristotle's. 

806
00:41:51,700 --> 00:41:54,900
Treatises were translated from 
Greek into Arabic Often by 

807
00:41:54,900 --> 00:41:57,000
Christian Scholars, working in 
Muslim courts. 

808
00:41:57,600 --> 00:42:00,800
Islamic philosophers, like 
alfarabi, have a Senna and 

809
00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:03,300
avaros didn't just translate 
Aristotle. 

810
00:42:03,300 --> 00:42:07,600
They engaged with his ideas 
wrote extensive commentaries and

811
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:09,500
integrated. 
His philosophy with Islamic 

812
00:42:09,500 --> 00:42:12,700
Theology and science have been 
particular, became such an 

813
00:42:12,700 --> 00:42:14,900
important interpreter of 
Aristotle that medieval 

814
00:42:14,900 --> 00:42:18,400
Europeans, would later call him 
simply the commentator while 

815
00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:22,200
Aristotle was the philosopher, 
This Islamic engagement with 

816
00:42:22,200 --> 00:42:25,700
Aristotle preserved his works 
and developed his ideas in ways 

817
00:42:25,700 --> 00:42:28,300
that would prove crucial for 
European intellectual history. 

818
00:42:28,300 --> 00:42:31,700
When Europe began to recover 
economically and culturally in 

819
00:42:31,700 --> 00:42:34,700
the 11th and 12th, centuries, 
Scholars, rediscovered 

820
00:42:34,700 --> 00:42:38,600
Aristotle, but often through 
Arabic translation and Islamic 

821
00:42:38,600 --> 00:42:41,600
commentaries rather than 
directly from Greek sources. 

822
00:42:42,700 --> 00:42:45,700
The reintroduction of Aristotle 
to Western Europe was like, 

823
00:42:45,700 --> 00:42:48,200
injecting intellectual 
electricity into a system that 

824
00:42:48,200 --> 00:42:51,200
had been running on minimal 
power suddenly European 

825
00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:54,800
scholars, had access to systemic
treatments of logic Natural 

826
00:42:54,800 --> 00:42:59,100
Science, ethics and metaphysics 
that far exceeded anything of 

827
00:42:59,100 --> 00:43:01,500
available in Latin. 
It was like upgrading from a 

828
00:43:01,500 --> 00:43:03,400
basic toolset to a fully 
equipped Workshop. 

829
00:43:04,400 --> 00:43:07,600
But this created a problem, much
of Aristotle's, philosophy, 

830
00:43:07,600 --> 00:43:10,200
particularly his ideas, about 
the eternity of the world, and 

831
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:13,300
the nature of the Soul seemed to
conflict with Christian theology

832
00:43:13,300 --> 00:43:16,700
Church authorities were unsure 
whether this Pagan Greek 

833
00:43:16,700 --> 00:43:19,400
philosopher from ancient times 
should be taught in Christian 

834
00:43:19,400 --> 00:43:23,300
universities. 
Enter Thomas, Aquinas the 13th 

835
00:43:23,300 --> 00:43:26,800
century Dominican Friar who 
accomplished one of the great 

836
00:43:26,800 --> 00:43:29,200
intellectual syntheses in 
Western history. 

837
00:43:29,200 --> 00:43:32,500
Aquinas carefully, worked 
through Aristotle's philosophy, 

838
00:43:32,500 --> 00:43:35,000
showing how it could be 
reconciled with Christian 

839
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:37,300
doctrine. 
He distinguished between what 

840
00:43:37,300 --> 00:43:40,300
reason could discover 
Aristotle's domain and what 

841
00:43:40,300 --> 00:43:44,000
required, divine revelation, 
theology is domain creating a 

842
00:43:44,000 --> 00:43:45,800
framework where both could 
co-exist. 

843
00:43:46,800 --> 00:43:49,700
Aquinas's achievement meant that
Aristotle, became Central to 

844
00:43:49,700 --> 00:43:54,100
Medieval University education, 
students learned a telian logic 

845
00:43:54,100 --> 00:43:57,300
physics and metaphysics, as the 
foundation for their studies 

846
00:43:57,300 --> 00:44:00,300
University of Paris, Oxford 
Cambridge. 

847
00:44:00,300 --> 00:44:03,300
All the great medieval 
universities made Aristotle, the

848
00:44:03,300 --> 00:44:07,000
core of their curriculum For 
several centuries Aristotle's 

849
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:11,200
Authority was so great that 
Aristotle said so was considered

850
00:44:11,200 --> 00:44:13,700
a sufficient argument to settle 
most questions. 

851
00:44:13,700 --> 00:44:17,600
This led to some of absurdities 
Scholars would debate how many 

852
00:44:17,608 --> 00:44:20,800
teeth a horse has by analyzing 
what Aristotle wrote rather than

853
00:44:20,800 --> 00:44:25,100
you know just counting a horse's
teeth Aristotle himself, who 

854
00:44:25,100 --> 00:44:28,600
emphasized observation would 
have been appalled. the 

855
00:44:28,600 --> 00:44:32,200
Scientific Revolution of the 
16th and 17th centuries involved

856
00:44:32,200 --> 00:44:35,300
in many ways, overthrowing 
Aristotelian, physics and 

857
00:44:35,300 --> 00:44:38,300
cosmology, Galileo's 
experiments, contradicted 

858
00:44:38,300 --> 00:44:41,700
Aristotle's, claims about motion
Harvey's discovery of blood 

859
00:44:41,700 --> 00:44:44,600
circulation, contradicted 
Aristotle and Physiology 

860
00:44:44,600 --> 00:44:48,200
Newton's physics, replaced, 
Aristotelian, explanations of 

861
00:44:48,200 --> 00:44:51,000
how things move. 
But interestingly, even as 

862
00:44:51,000 --> 00:44:54,600
scientists rejected Aristotle 
specific conclusions, they often

863
00:44:54,600 --> 00:44:57,500
kept his method. 
The emphasis on observation, the

864
00:44:57,500 --> 00:45:00,700
search for causes and the 
systematic organization of 

865
00:45:00,708 --> 00:45:03,300
knowledge modern science isn't 
Aristotelian. 

866
00:45:03,300 --> 00:45:06,500
But its arguably descended from 
Aristotle's approach to 

867
00:45:06,500 --> 00:45:10,100
investigating nature. 
Today, you might think Aristotle

868
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:13,600
is just a historical curiosity 
relevant only to Scholars, 

869
00:45:13,600 --> 00:45:16,700
studying ancient philosophy, but
his influence persists in 

870
00:45:16,700 --> 00:45:20,100
surprising ways every time you 
use formal logic, you're using 

871
00:45:20,100 --> 00:45:23,500
tools Aristotle developed when 
you think about, ethics in terms

872
00:45:23,500 --> 00:45:25,800
of character and virtue. 
Rather than just rules. 

873
00:45:25,800 --> 00:45:30,000
You're thinking in Aristotelian 
terms, when scientists classify 

874
00:45:30,000 --> 00:45:33,300
organisms or analyze functions 
their following procedures 

875
00:45:33,300 --> 00:45:37,500
Aristotle, pioneered His 
political science is analysis, 

876
00:45:37,500 --> 00:45:41,100
of poetry and drama his 
psychology and his understanding

877
00:45:41,100 --> 00:45:44,400
of how we form Concepts. 
All of these continued to 

878
00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:48,600
influence how we think often 
with our realizing it Aristotle 

879
00:45:48,600 --> 00:45:50,700
is like the foundation of a 
building you live in. 

880
00:45:50,700 --> 00:45:53,700
You don't usually notice it but 
everything rests on it. 

881
00:45:54,700 --> 00:45:58,100
As your tea grows cold and the 
hour grows late, let's consider 

882
00:45:58,100 --> 00:46:01,500
what Aristotle's, life and work 
mean for us today because this 

883
00:46:01,500 --> 00:46:04,700
isn't just ancient history. 
It's about how we understand the

884
00:46:04,700 --> 00:46:08,000
world and our place in it. 
Aristotle gave us something 

885
00:46:08,000 --> 00:46:11,400
fundamental confidence that the 
world is knowable through 

886
00:46:11,400 --> 00:46:14,100
careful observation and clear 
thinking before him. 

887
00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:16,800
Many people thought true 
knowledge, required mystical 

888
00:46:16,800 --> 00:46:20,700
Insight or divine revelation 
after him, it became possible to

889
00:46:20,700 --> 00:46:24,100
believe that ordinary human 
beings using their senses. 

890
00:46:24,100 --> 00:46:27,200
And their reason could genuinely
understand reality. 

891
00:46:27,200 --> 00:46:29,900
This is such a basic assumption 
for us. 

892
00:46:29,900 --> 00:46:33,000
That we barely notice it when 
you wonder how something works 

893
00:46:33,000 --> 00:46:36,000
and decide to look it up or 
experiment to find out your 

894
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:39,400
operating on our totally and 
principles, the idea that we can

895
00:46:39,400 --> 00:46:42,200
figure things out by observing 
carefully and thinking clearly 

896
00:46:42,200 --> 00:46:46,800
that's Aristotle's Legacy. 
His emphasis on studying actual 

897
00:46:46,800 --> 00:46:49,800
things in the actual World 
rather than abstract Perfections

898
00:46:49,800 --> 00:46:52,100
influence the entire development
of science. 

899
00:46:52,100 --> 00:46:55,500
Yes, scientists have rejected 
many of his specific 

900
00:46:55,500 --> 00:46:59,200
conclusions. 
His physics is astronomy and is 

901
00:46:59,200 --> 00:47:02,400
chemistry were wrong in 
important ways, but his method 

902
00:47:02,400 --> 00:47:06,000
of systematic observation, 
careful classification, and 

903
00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:07,600
looking for underlying 
principles. 

904
00:47:07,600 --> 00:47:11,000
That's still how science Works 
Aristotle's virtue. 

905
00:47:11,000 --> 00:47:13,500
Ethics has seen a remarkable 
Revival in recent decades, 

906
00:47:13,500 --> 00:47:16,300
modern philosophers 
rediscovered, that his approach 

907
00:47:16,300 --> 00:47:20,300
to ethics focusing on character 
habits, and human flourishing 

908
00:47:20,300 --> 00:47:24,100
rather than just rules and 
duties, addresses aspects of 

909
00:47:24,100 --> 00:47:27,900
moral life that other ethical 
theories Miss How do we become 

910
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:30,100
good people? 
What does it mean to live? 

911
00:47:30,100 --> 00:47:33,200
Well, these are astrally in 
questions, feel more relevant to

912
00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:35,900
many people that abstract 
debates about moral principles. 

913
00:47:36,900 --> 00:47:40,000
His political science with its 
careful analysis of different 

914
00:47:40,000 --> 00:47:43,800
forms of government and what 
makes them work or fail, still 

915
00:47:43,800 --> 00:47:47,400
informs political Theory. 
His understanding that politics 

916
00:47:47,400 --> 00:47:51,100
isn't about implementing perfect
systems but about finding a 

917
00:47:51,100 --> 00:47:53,900
rangements that work for actual 
human beings with all their 

918
00:47:53,900 --> 00:47:56,800
flaws. 
That's a lesson every generation

919
00:47:56,800 --> 00:48:02,400
needs to relearn In education, 
Aristotle's model of learning 

920
00:48:02,400 --> 00:48:05,300
through apprenticeship and 
hands-on experience with a 

921
00:48:05,300 --> 00:48:09,200
master teacher influenced, how 
universities developed and still

922
00:48:09,200 --> 00:48:10,900
shapes. 
How we think about Advanced 

923
00:48:10,900 --> 00:48:14,200
education, the idea of gathering
students around a wise teacher 

924
00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:16,700
to pursue knowledge 
collectively, that's the 

925
00:48:16,700 --> 00:48:19,700
lithium's Legacy. 
Still alive in graduate seminars

926
00:48:19,700 --> 00:48:23,700
and research groups. 
But perhaps Aristotle's, most 

927
00:48:23,700 --> 00:48:26,500
important Legacy is something 
less tangible. 

928
00:48:26,500 --> 00:48:30,800
His demonstration that human 
knowledge is cumulative that we 

929
00:48:30,800 --> 00:48:32,800
can build on what previous 
thinkers discovered. 

930
00:48:32,800 --> 00:48:36,600
And that intellectual progress 
is possible before Aristotle 

931
00:48:36,600 --> 00:48:39,500
philosophers tended to create 
their own complete systems, from

932
00:48:39,500 --> 00:48:42,600
scratch Aristotle showed that 
you could start with what others

933
00:48:42,600 --> 00:48:45,900
had learned identify their 
insights and errors and build 

934
00:48:45,900 --> 00:48:48,900
something better. 
This is how knowledge actually 

935
00:48:48,900 --> 00:48:52,200
grows, not through lone Geniuses
inventing, everything 

936
00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:55,500
themselves, but through 
communities of thinkers building

937
00:48:55,500 --> 00:48:58,300
on each other's work. 
Every scientific paper that 

938
00:48:58,300 --> 00:48:59,700
begins with the literature 
review. 

939
00:48:59,700 --> 00:49:03,500
Every philosopher who engages 
with previous Traditions every 

940
00:49:03,500 --> 00:49:06,800
scholar who stands on the 
shoulders of giants, they're all

941
00:49:06,800 --> 00:49:09,600
following the model Aristotle 
established at the lyceum 

942
00:49:09,600 --> 00:49:12,800
Aristotle. 
Also showed us that intellectual

943
00:49:12,800 --> 00:49:15,100
breadth matters. 
In our age of specialization 

944
00:49:15,100 --> 00:49:19,200
when experts know, more and more
about less and less Aristotle. 

945
00:49:19,200 --> 00:49:22,200
Reminds us that understanding. 
Anything fully requires 

946
00:49:22,200 --> 00:49:24,400
understanding its connections to
everything else. 

947
00:49:24,400 --> 00:49:28,200
His interests span from marine 
biology to literary criticism 

948
00:49:28,200 --> 00:49:31,700
and from formal logic to 
political science because he 

949
00:49:31,700 --> 00:49:34,500
understood that reality doesn't 
come neatly divided into 

950
00:49:34,500 --> 00:49:38,700
academic departments. 
There's something profoundly 

951
00:49:38,700 --> 00:49:41,600
human about Aristotle's 
approached to knowledge. 

952
00:49:41,600 --> 00:49:44,900
He wasn't interested in abstract
Perfection divorced from lived 

953
00:49:44,900 --> 00:49:47,000
experience. 
He wanted to understand the 

954
00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:49,100
world. 
We actually inhabit Messi 

955
00:49:49,100 --> 00:49:52,500
complicated, full of purposes 
and functions and constant 

956
00:49:52,500 --> 00:49:54,400
change. 
He believed that ordinary 

957
00:49:54,400 --> 00:49:57,400
things, plants animals, human 
relationships. 

958
00:49:57,400 --> 00:50:01,000
Political systems, were worthy 
of serious systematic study. 

959
00:50:01,000 --> 00:50:05,100
This might sound obvious now but
it was revolutionary then and 

960
00:50:05,100 --> 00:50:07,900
remains important to today. 
How often do we dismiss? 

961
00:50:07,900 --> 00:50:10,800
The everyday is uninteresting 
searching for something more 

962
00:50:10,800 --> 00:50:14,000
exotic or dramatic to hold our 
attention Aristotle. 

963
00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:16,600
Teaches us to look closely at 
what's right in front of us. 

964
00:50:17,400 --> 00:50:20,700
His ordinary reality is actually
extraordinary when you examine 

965
00:50:20,700 --> 00:50:22,600
it carefully. 
His life. 

966
00:50:22,600 --> 00:50:25,500
Also reminds us that 
intellectual work happens in 

967
00:50:25,500 --> 00:50:28,600
communities Aristotle didn't 
develop his ideas in isolation. 

968
00:50:28,600 --> 00:50:32,700
He learned from Plato taught. 
Alexander collaborated with 

969
00:50:32,700 --> 00:50:35,800
students at the lyceum and 
engaged with other philosophers.

970
00:50:35,800 --> 00:50:39,300
Knowledge is social built 
through conversation debate 

971
00:50:39,300 --> 00:50:41,200
teaching and collaborative 
investigation. 

972
00:50:41,200 --> 00:50:45,400
And yet Aristotle story also 
carries a cautionary, note his 

973
00:50:45,400 --> 00:50:49,100
systematic approach sometimes 
became too rigid, his confidence

974
00:50:49,100 --> 00:50:51,300
in human reasons. 
Sometimes led to speculation 

975
00:50:51,300 --> 00:50:54,400
beyond what observation could 
support and his influence 

976
00:50:54,400 --> 00:50:57,500
eventually became so great. 
That it stifled, rather than 

977
00:50:57,500 --> 00:51:01,600
stimulated inquiry Aristotle. 
Said, so became an excuse to 

978
00:51:01,600 --> 00:51:04,000
stop thinking rather than a 
starting point for further 

979
00:51:04,000 --> 00:51:07,600
investigation. 
This tension between respect for

980
00:51:07,600 --> 00:51:11,400
tradition and openness to new 
discovery is something every 

981
00:51:11,400 --> 00:51:12,800
field of knowledge must 
navigate. 

982
00:51:12,800 --> 00:51:15,600
We need to learn from the past 
without being imprisoned. 

983
00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:18,600
By it to respect, previous 
thinkers, without treating their

984
00:51:18,600 --> 00:51:21,600
words as sacred scripture 
Aristotle himself would have 

985
00:51:21,600 --> 00:51:24,400
understood this. 
He honored Plato while departing

986
00:51:24,400 --> 00:51:27,600
from platonic, philosophy and 
learned from his predecessors, 

987
00:51:27,600 --> 00:51:30,900
while correcting their errors. 
As we near the end of our 

988
00:51:30,900 --> 00:51:34,800
journey with Aristotle, imagine 
him in these final months in 

989
00:51:34,800 --> 00:51:36,800
Chelsea looking back on his 62 
years. 

990
00:51:36,800 --> 00:51:39,600
What did he think about when he 
reflected on his life? 

991
00:51:40,500 --> 00:51:44,300
We can't know for certain But we
can imagine, perhaps, he thought

992
00:51:44,300 --> 00:51:46,000
about his childhood in 
Macedonia. 

993
00:51:46,000 --> 00:51:49,200
Watching his father, practice 
medicine with careful, attention

994
00:51:49,200 --> 00:51:52,200
to symptoms, and treatments 
those early lessons in 

995
00:51:52,200 --> 00:51:55,300
observations stayed with him 
throughout his life shaping, his

996
00:51:55,300 --> 00:51:58,700
entire approach to knowledge. 
Perhaps he remembered arriving 

997
00:51:58,700 --> 00:52:00,700
in Athens. 
As a Young Man feeling 

998
00:52:00,700 --> 00:52:03,500
provincial and out of place. 
But discovering at Plato's 

999
00:52:03,500 --> 00:52:06,700
Academy and intellectual home, 
that would shape him for 20 

1000
00:52:06,700 --> 00:52:10,100
years, even as he eventually 
departed from Plato's teachings.

1001
00:52:10,100 --> 00:52:12,000
He never forgot what he learned 
there. 

1002
00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:14,400
The importance of rigorous 
argument. 

1003
00:52:14,400 --> 00:52:17,900
The value of questioning 
assumptions and the pursuit of 

1004
00:52:17,908 --> 00:52:21,500
Truth, wherever it leads. 
He might have smiled. 

1005
00:52:21,500 --> 00:52:25,300
Remembering his time, teaching. 
Young, Alexander, that 

1006
00:52:25,300 --> 00:52:27,400
energetic. 
Ambitious, teenager, who would 

1007
00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:31,100
grow up to conquer the world did
Aristotle feel Pride at his 

1008
00:52:31,100 --> 00:52:34,600
students achievements or dismay 
at how different Alexander's 

1009
00:52:34,600 --> 00:52:37,000
path was from the contemplative 
life Aristotle. 

1010
00:52:37,000 --> 00:52:40,200
Advocated probably both like any
teacher watching. 

1011
00:52:40,200 --> 00:52:41,800
A brilliant student make 
choices. 

1012
00:52:41,800 --> 00:52:43,100
They wouldn't have made 
themselves. 

1013
00:52:43,100 --> 00:52:47,200
Surely, he thought about his 
years at the lyceum, those 

1014
00:52:47,200 --> 00:52:50,300
productive, satisfying years. 
When he'd finally been able to 

1015
00:52:50,300 --> 00:52:53,400
pursue his own vision of what 
philosophy and science should be

1016
00:52:53,400 --> 00:52:56,700
the morning walks with Advanced 
students, discussing complex 

1017
00:52:56,700 --> 00:53:00,300
questions, while strolling 
through shaded Colonnades, The 

1018
00:53:00,300 --> 00:53:02,500
afternoon, public lectures, 
share knowledge, with anyone 

1019
00:53:02,500 --> 00:53:05,400
interested in enough to listen 
the collaborative research. 

1020
00:53:05,400 --> 00:53:07,800
Projects have students 
collecting data on everything 

1021
00:53:07,800 --> 00:53:11,400
from fish to governments. 
He might have felt regret about 

1022
00:53:11,400 --> 00:53:15,000
leaving Athens forced out by 
political circumstances Beyond 

1023
00:53:15,000 --> 00:53:18,000
his control to build something 
significant and then have to 

1024
00:53:18,008 --> 00:53:20,900
abandon, it must have been 
painful, but perhaps he found 

1025
00:53:20,900 --> 00:53:23,300
some comfort in knowing he 
trained capable students. 

1026
00:53:23,300 --> 00:53:25,800
Like they are fast who could 
carry on his work. 

1027
00:53:27,300 --> 00:53:30,300
If Aristotle had known how his 
ideas were travel through time, 

1028
00:53:30,300 --> 00:53:34,200
translated into Arabic preserved
by Islamic scholars, 

1029
00:53:34,200 --> 00:53:37,600
reintroduced to Europe, becoming
the foundation of medieval 

1030
00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:40,900
universities, influencing 
thinkers for 2000 years. 

1031
00:53:40,900 --> 00:53:44,200
What would he have? 
Thought, probably a mixture of 

1032
00:53:44,200 --> 00:53:47,400
satisfaction and bemusement, 
especially at the ways. 

1033
00:53:47,400 --> 00:53:51,300
His ideas would be misunderstood
ossified into dogma and 

1034
00:53:51,300 --> 00:53:55,100
eventually partially overturned.
And he would likely have been 

1035
00:53:55,100 --> 00:53:56,900
pleased that his fundamental 
approach. 

1036
00:53:57,600 --> 00:54:01,200
Careful observation. 
Systematic thinking and the 

1037
00:54:01,200 --> 00:54:04,400
belief that the world is 
knowable continued to influence,

1038
00:54:04,400 --> 00:54:08,000
how humans pursue understanding 
that was his real contribution, 

1039
00:54:08,000 --> 00:54:10,900
not any specific Doctrine, but a
whole way of approaching 

1040
00:54:10,900 --> 00:54:13,600
knowledge Aristotle. 
Understood that knowledge is 

1041
00:54:13,600 --> 00:54:15,900
always provisional. 
Always subject to refinement. 

1042
00:54:15,900 --> 00:54:19,500
As we learn more, his Works 
constantly engaged with previous

1043
00:54:19,500 --> 00:54:22,400
thinkers building on their 
insights and correcting their 

1044
00:54:22,400 --> 00:54:26,600
errors, he would have expected 
probably hoped that future. 

1045
00:54:26,600 --> 00:54:28,300
Thinkers would do the same with 
his work. 

1046
00:54:29,300 --> 00:54:32,800
In his final days, perhaps 
Aristotle found peace in having 

1047
00:54:32,800 --> 00:54:35,900
lived a life devoted to 
understanding he'd started with 

1048
00:54:35,900 --> 00:54:39,200
nothing but curiosity and 
intelligence and he'd use these 

1049
00:54:39,200 --> 00:54:42,400
to investigate nearly every 
aspect of reality accessible to 

1050
00:54:42,400 --> 00:54:45,300
human inquiry. 
He'd been a student, a teacher, 

1051
00:54:45,300 --> 00:54:50,000
a researcher, a founder of 
Institutions and a systematized 

1052
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:54,000
of knowledge. 
He'd loved his wife pythius, his

1053
00:54:54,000 --> 00:54:56,700
companion, her pills and his 
children. 

1054
00:54:56,700 --> 00:55:00,700
He'd formed friendships with 
students and colleagues he'd 

1055
00:55:00,700 --> 00:55:04,200
experienced political success. 
And political Exile, he'd known 

1056
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:07,400
the satisfaction of intellectual
breakthrough and the frustration

1057
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:10,800
of unanswered questions in 
short, he lived a fully human 

1058
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:12,900
life, while also living a life 
of the Mind. 

1059
00:55:12,900 --> 00:55:16,100
The ancient Greeks had a concept
that Aristotle wrote about 

1060
00:55:16,100 --> 00:55:19,900
extensively eudaimonia human 
flourishing Living. 

1061
00:55:19,900 --> 00:55:22,800
Well, by his own account, this 
came from developing your 

1062
00:55:22,800 --> 00:55:26,700
capacities, acting virtuously, 
engaging meaningfully with 

1063
00:55:26,700 --> 00:55:29,800
others and using your reason, 
well, by these measures 

1064
00:55:29,800 --> 00:55:34,800
Aristotle had indeed ammonia 
even if his life ended in Exile 

1065
00:55:34,800 --> 00:55:39,100
rather than Triumph. 
When he died in 322 BCE 

1066
00:55:39,100 --> 00:55:43,200
Aristotle, probably had no idea 
that he was in a sense. 

1067
00:55:43,200 --> 00:55:46,800
Immortal, his body would Decay 
like all physical things. 

1068
00:55:46,800 --> 00:55:49,800
He understood by biology too, 
well to imagine otherwise. 

1069
00:55:49,800 --> 00:55:53,800
But his ideas, his methods and 
his approach to understanding 

1070
00:55:53,800 --> 00:55:56,500
the world. 
These would Outlast Empires and 

1071
00:55:56,500 --> 00:56:00,300
influence civilizations. 
He'd never heard of That's a 

1072
00:56:00,300 --> 00:56:03,800
legacy worth reflecting on as 
you drift towards sleep, a 

1073
00:56:03,800 --> 00:56:06,800
single person through careful 
thought and systematic inquiry 

1074
00:56:06,800 --> 00:56:10,000
can influence how millions of 
future people understand 

1075
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:12,600
reality. 
The question's Aristotle asked 

1076
00:56:12,600 --> 00:56:14,900
the methods he developed and the
knowledge. 

1077
00:56:14,900 --> 00:56:18,500
He systematized, these became 
tools that countless others 

1078
00:56:18,500 --> 00:56:20,200
would use to build their own 
understanding. 

1079
00:56:21,100 --> 00:56:23,900
As you settle into that space 
between waking and sleeping, 

1080
00:56:23,900 --> 00:56:27,100
where thoughts become less 
linear and more dreamlike 

1081
00:56:27,100 --> 00:56:30,900
consider this Aristotle's, 
greatest achievement wasn't any 

1082
00:56:30,900 --> 00:56:33,200
single Discovery. 
But showing that the world is 

1083
00:56:33,200 --> 00:56:36,700
comprehensible before him. 
Many people thought that true 

1084
00:56:36,700 --> 00:56:39,600
understanding required mystical 
Revelation, or abstract 

1085
00:56:39,600 --> 00:56:41,900
mathematics divorced from 
physical reality. 

1086
00:56:41,900 --> 00:56:45,100
After him, it became possible to
believe that Ordinary People 

1087
00:56:45,100 --> 00:56:48,100
could understand the World by 
looking carefully, thinking 

1088
00:56:48,100 --> 00:56:51,800
clearly and building knowledge 
systematically Every time you 

1089
00:56:51,800 --> 00:56:54,900
try to understand something by 
observing it carefully your 

1090
00:56:54,900 --> 00:56:58,500
following Aristotle's path. 
Every time you classify things 

1091
00:56:58,500 --> 00:57:01,100
by their similarities and 
differences, you're using 

1092
00:57:01,100 --> 00:57:04,100
Aristotle's method. 
Every time you ask what is this 

1093
00:57:04,100 --> 00:57:08,000
for or how does this work? 
You're asking a rusty and 

1094
00:57:08,000 --> 00:57:10,100
question questions. 
You might never have studied 

1095
00:57:10,100 --> 00:57:13,100
Aristotle in school. 
You might not be able to name a 

1096
00:57:13,100 --> 00:57:15,900
single one of his books. 
But his influences in the very 

1097
00:57:15,900 --> 00:57:19,500
air, you breathe, intellectually
in how you think about korres is

1098
00:57:19,500 --> 00:57:23,000
and how you understand living 
things and how you reason about 

1099
00:57:23,000 --> 00:57:26,100
ethics and in your assumption 
that the world makes sense and 

1100
00:57:26,100 --> 00:57:30,000
can be understood, this is what 
it means to be a foundational 

1101
00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:32,100
thinker. 
Not that everything you say is 

1102
00:57:32,100 --> 00:57:34,300
correct. 
Aristotle was wrong about many 

1103
00:57:34,300 --> 00:57:37,500
things, but that you change how 
people think about thinking 

1104
00:57:37,500 --> 00:57:41,500
itself, you create tools, that 
others can use methods, that 

1105
00:57:41,500 --> 00:57:44,700
others can follow and Frameworks
that others can build upon. 

1106
00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:47,700
Aristotle showed us that 
knowledge is not something 

1107
00:57:47,700 --> 00:57:50,700
revealed from above, but 
something built from below 

1108
00:57:50,700 --> 00:57:54,400
starting with simple 
observations and building toward

1109
00:57:54,400 --> 00:57:57,800
comprehensive, understanding he 
demonstrated that you don't need

1110
00:57:57,800 --> 00:58:00,200
mystical insights or 
mathematical Perfection to 

1111
00:58:00,200 --> 00:58:03,000
understand reality. 
You need careful, attention, 

1112
00:58:03,000 --> 00:58:06,700
clear thinking and the patience 
to work through problems. 

1113
00:58:06,700 --> 00:58:10,000
Systematically. 
This optimistic view of human 

1114
00:58:10,000 --> 00:58:13,200
knowledge that we can figure 
things out that the world is 

1115
00:58:13,200 --> 00:58:16,300
knowable that reason and 
observation together can lead us

1116
00:58:16,300 --> 00:58:19,200
toward truth remains. 
One of civilizations. 

1117
00:58:19,200 --> 00:58:23,200
Most important to assumptions 
when we doubt it, science stops 

1118
00:58:23,200 --> 00:58:26,700
inquiry ends and we Retreat into
Authority and tradition. 

1119
00:58:27,700 --> 00:58:30,600
Aristotle also reminds us that 
intellectual work is deeply 

1120
00:58:30,600 --> 00:58:33,200
human. 
It happens in communities of 

1121
00:58:33,200 --> 00:58:35,900
teachers and students it 
requires conversation and 

1122
00:58:35,900 --> 00:58:38,000
debate. 
It builds on what others have 

1123
00:58:38,000 --> 00:58:40,400
learned. 
It connects to the Practical 

1124
00:58:40,400 --> 00:58:43,000
concerns of Living. 
Well, knowledge isn't just 

1125
00:58:43,000 --> 00:58:46,300
abstract information. 
It's part of how we flourish as 

1126
00:58:46,300 --> 00:58:49,700
human beings, a sleep approaches
and this story ends. 

1127
00:58:49,700 --> 00:58:53,300
Remember that the quiet 
philosopher from star jira, who 

1128
00:58:53,300 --> 00:58:56,200
spent his life, observing 
thinking and teaching change the

1129
00:58:56,208 --> 00:58:58,200
world. 
More profoundly than many 

1130
00:58:58,200 --> 00:59:00,700
conquerors. 
His student, Alexander's Empire 

1131
00:59:00,700 --> 00:59:02,400
fell apart within years of his 
death. 

1132
00:59:02,400 --> 00:59:06,400
But Aristotle's, intellectual 
Empire, his methods, his 

1133
00:59:06,400 --> 00:59:09,700
insights, his approached to 
understanding has lasted more 

1134
00:59:09,700 --> 00:59:12,500
than two Millennia and shows no 
signs of disappearing. 

1135
00:59:13,700 --> 00:59:16,300
Tomorrow when you wake and 
observe the world around you 

1136
00:59:16,300 --> 00:59:20,800
noticing patterns asking 
questions trying to understand 

1137
00:59:20,800 --> 00:59:24,200
how things work, you'll be 
thinking in ways that Aristotle 

1138
00:59:24,200 --> 00:59:26,900
helped, make possible the 
Morning Light streaming through 

1139
00:59:26,900 --> 00:59:30,000
your window illuminates. 
A world that Aristotle taught us

1140
00:59:30,000 --> 00:59:33,200
could be studied and understood.
Rather than merely feared or 

1141
00:59:33,200 --> 00:59:35,100
worshiped. 
That's his gift to us, 

1142
00:59:35,100 --> 00:59:37,600
confidence. 
That the world makes sense 

1143
00:59:37,600 --> 00:59:41,400
methods for making sense of it, 
and the belief that 

1144
00:59:41,400 --> 00:59:44,800
understanding is worth pursuing 
for its own sake, not for power 

1145
00:59:44,800 --> 00:59:48,400
or wealth, or fame, but simply 
for the joy of knowing the 

1146
00:59:48,400 --> 00:59:51,800
satisfaction of understanding 
and the human fulfillment that 

1147
00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:56,200
comes from using our minds. 
Well, Sleep now with gratitude 

1148
00:59:56,200 --> 00:59:59,800
for this ancient Greek physician
son who devoted his life to 

1149
00:59:59,800 --> 01:00:01,900
helping Humanity. 
Wake up to the intelligibility 

1150
01:00:01,900 --> 01:00:04,200
of the world. 
May your dreams be full of 

1151
01:00:04,200 --> 01:00:06,400
wonder, the patterns that can 
connect all things. 

1152
01:00:06,400 --> 01:00:10,200
The purpose is that animate 
living creatures, and the joy of

1153
01:00:10,200 --> 01:00:12,400
understanding that makes us most
fully human. 

1154
01:00:12,400 --> 01:00:17,500
And when you wait may you see 
the world with fresh eyes not as

1155
01:00:17,500 --> 01:00:23,000
a chaos of random events but as 
Aristotle to see it as a cosmos,

1156
01:00:23,000 --> 01:00:26,200
an ordered hole that our minds 
are capable of comprehending. 

1157
01:00:26,200 --> 01:00:31,000
One careful observation and 
clear thought at a time. sweet 

1158
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:35,200
dreams and may Aristotle Spirit 
of systemic Wonder follow you 

1159
01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:46,000
into sleep and Beyond We think 
of the Great Depression, we see 

1160
01:00:46,000 --> 01:00:49,100
dust storms and bread lines. 
And sepia before, we can 

1161
01:00:49,100 --> 01:00:52,000
appreciate the psychological 
impact of the economic collapse.

1162
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:55,400
We must remember the world that 
was lost a world of 

1163
01:00:55,400 --> 01:00:58,600
extraordinary optimism and 
excessive consumerism that few 

1164
01:00:58,600 --> 01:01:02,900
today can imagine by 1988 
Americans believed in Endless 

1165
01:01:02,900 --> 01:01:06,800
Prosperity, almost religiously. 
The typical manufacturing pay 

1166
01:01:06,800 --> 01:01:10,900
has increased by approximately 
40% since the early 1920s, most 

1167
01:01:10,900 --> 01:01:13,700
newer, urban homes have indoor 
plumbing longer luxury. 

1168
01:01:14,500 --> 01:01:17,300
In less than a decade car 
ownership rows from 8 million to

1169
01:01:17,300 --> 01:01:21,100
23 million. 
Perhaps most telling 40% of 

1170
01:01:21,100 --> 01:01:24,900
American families, not just the 
wealthy, but teachers Clarks and

1171
01:01:24,900 --> 01:01:28,200
Factory workers invested in the 
stock market. 

1172
01:01:29,400 --> 01:01:31,800
We thought we'd discovered 
economic immortality so 

1173
01:01:31,800 --> 01:01:33,900
Philadelphia. 
Radio salesperson, Martin 

1174
01:01:33,900 --> 01:01:36,900
Steinberg. 
My customers bought philco and 

1175
01:01:36,900 --> 01:01:39,800
RCA's on installment plans with 
10% down. 

1176
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:43,500
I set up their new consoles as 
they discuss their Investments 

1177
01:01:43,500 --> 01:01:46,800
Milton gave stock advice. 
Stock tips were given to the 

1178
01:01:46,800 --> 01:01:48,600
shoe shine. 
Boy, those should have been 

1179
01:01:48,600 --> 01:01:51,000
warning signs, but we were drunk
with affluence. 

1180
01:01:51,900 --> 01:01:54,800
Often forgotten is how boom 
times generated a strange 

1181
01:01:54,800 --> 01:01:57,300
isolation. 
Extended families that live 

1182
01:01:57,300 --> 01:02:00,900
together for economic reasons. 
Split into nuclear units, many 

1183
01:02:00,900 --> 01:02:02,900
young couples bought homes in 
new projects. 

1184
01:02:02,900 --> 01:02:05,900
Far from parents and 
grandparents Americans, 

1185
01:02:05,900 --> 01:02:09,100
individualism and materialism 
damaged Community institutions. 

1186
01:02:09,100 --> 01:02:12,600
Sunday became a day for new car 
drives reducing Church, 

1187
01:02:12,600 --> 01:02:15,000
attendance. 
Local, Social Clubs became 

1188
01:02:15,000 --> 01:02:18,500
commercial entertainment, 
establishments, When the crash 

1189
01:02:18,500 --> 01:02:21,400
came we discovered how much we'd
sacrificed for material Goods, 

1190
01:02:21,400 --> 01:02:25,100
remarked late, 1920s, Boston, 
girl, Eleanor Winthrop. 

1191
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:28,900
Had an insurance company. 
My father was well-positioned. 

1192
01:02:28,900 --> 01:02:31,800
We owned a Packard Frigidaire 
and phone. 

1193
01:02:31,800 --> 01:02:35,400
We scarcely knew our neighbors. 
Everyone competed for new 

1194
01:02:35,400 --> 01:02:39,400
gadgets and things we had little
when my father lost his job in 

1195
01:02:39,400 --> 01:02:42,400
1930. 
We had limited resources. 

1196
01:02:43,600 --> 01:02:46,300
They didn't know us, well enough
to help and we were ashamed to 

1197
01:02:46,300 --> 01:02:49,700
ask for assistance. 
American society is atomization 

1198
01:02:49,700 --> 01:02:52,800
would be deadly. 
During the economic crisis, many

1199
01:02:52,800 --> 01:02:55,600
families suffered a loan without
Community safety nets. 

1200
01:02:56,400 --> 01:02:59,100
American Banks were unexpectedly
vulnerable to financial 

1201
01:02:59,100 --> 01:03:02,900
instabilities. 
First tremors in the 1920s bank 

1202
01:03:02,900 --> 01:03:05,900
accounts were uninsured unlike 
today's FDI. 

1203
01:03:05,900 --> 01:03:09,600
Insured deposits. 
Most Americans didn't know their

1204
01:03:09,600 --> 01:03:11,700
deposits. 
Finance speculative Investments.

1205
01:03:12,400 --> 01:03:15,300
people viewed, the collapse of 
rural banks in the late, 19th 

1206
01:03:15,300 --> 01:03:19,000
and early 20th, centuries as a 
local issue, affecting backward,

1207
01:03:19,000 --> 01:03:22,800
rural communities, Continental, 
Illinois Banks teller Harold 

1208
01:03:22,800 --> 01:03:25,800
Jenkins, recalls the denial, 
Management assured us. 

1209
01:03:25,800 --> 01:03:29,600
These rural bank failures in 28,
were isolated cases attributable

1210
01:03:29,600 --> 01:03:32,900
to deteriorating. 
Agricultural prices, The crucial

1211
01:03:32,900 --> 01:03:35,800
connections were missed our 
loan, officers approved 

1212
01:03:35,800 --> 01:03:38,300
mortgages with low down, 
payments, and margin loans, for 

1213
01:03:38,300 --> 01:03:41,500
stock buyers after the crash, 
our leaders claimed a 

1214
01:03:41,500 --> 01:03:45,800
correction, This institutional, 
blindness included government in

1215
01:03:45,800 --> 01:03:49,100
early 1930, treasury secretary 
Andrew Mellon, famously said, 

1216
01:03:49,100 --> 01:03:53,600
gentlemen, liquidate labor 
stocks farms and real estate, we

1217
01:03:53,600 --> 01:03:56,400
will eradicate the rot. 
A virtually medieval 

1218
01:03:56,400 --> 01:04:00,500
understanding of economic mix 
held, that economic hardship was

1219
01:04:00,500 --> 01:04:02,900
necessary to purify and rebuild 
the economy. 

1220
01:04:03,700 --> 01:04:06,600
This approach would delay 
significant involvement until 

1221
01:04:06,600 --> 01:04:10,100
Millions were bankrupt. 
The cyclical modifications 

1222
01:04:10,100 --> 01:04:13,500
forced on everyday. 
Americans were most acute, the 

1223
01:04:13,500 --> 01:04:16,000
1920s influence, consumer 
Behavior, significantly, 

1224
01:04:16,000 --> 01:04:20,200
advertisements pitched products 
as convenience's an identity 

1225
01:04:20,200 --> 01:04:23,000
markers. 
Car or cigarette brand to find 

1226
01:04:23,008 --> 01:04:26,500
one social status. 
Many suffered financial and 

1227
01:04:26,500 --> 01:04:29,300
existential crisis when these 
material indicators disappeared.

1228
01:04:30,200 --> 01:04:33,400
We lost more than our money 
said, Mildred, Hayes a store 

1229
01:04:33,400 --> 01:04:36,200
clerk. 
We forgot who we were the life 

1230
01:04:36,200 --> 01:04:38,300
and future stories, we told us 
crashed. 

1231
01:04:38,300 --> 01:04:40,700
My husband was promoted to floor
manager. 

1232
01:04:40,700 --> 01:04:44,300
We saved for a Suburban house 
down payment, after his job 

1233
01:04:44,300 --> 01:04:45,800
loss. 
We moved in with his parents and

1234
01:04:45,800 --> 01:04:47,700
slept on a fold-out couch, in 
their parlor. 

1235
01:04:47,700 --> 01:04:50,000
How do you explain this 
reversal? 

1236
01:04:51,300 --> 01:04:53,900
For millions of Americans. 
This cognitive dissonance 

1237
01:04:53,900 --> 01:04:55,600
between expectations and 
reality. 

1238
01:04:55,600 --> 01:04:59,200
Defined the early depression, 
The world, they were promised at

1239
01:04:59,200 --> 01:05:02,400
vanished overnight leaving them 
in strange territory without 

1240
01:05:02,400 --> 01:05:05,100
maps. 
All goal guide, the financial 

1241
01:05:05,100 --> 01:05:09,600
collapse of 1929 to 1933 wasn't 
just about stock market losses 

1242
01:05:09,600 --> 01:05:13,300
affecting wealthy investors. 
What truly devastated ordinary 

1243
01:05:13,300 --> 01:05:16,300
Americans was the destruction of
the banking system and with it, 

1244
01:05:16,300 --> 01:05:21,800
their life-saving between 1930 
and 1933 over 9,000 banks 

1245
01:05:21,800 --> 01:05:24,600
failed. 
Nearly 40% of all banks in the 

1246
01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:27,000
United States. 
Each closure, triggered, 

1247
01:05:27,000 --> 01:05:30,000
cascading losses in communities 
where those Banks operated 

1248
01:05:30,000 --> 01:05:33,900
unlike today's news cycle, which
might report bank failures as 

1249
01:05:33,900 --> 01:05:36,900
abstract statistics. 
Those closures were visceral 

1250
01:05:36,900 --> 01:05:40,600
Community, altering events, I 
was walking to school, when I 

1251
01:05:40,600 --> 01:05:43,300
saw the crowd outside First 
National remembered Eunice 

1252
01:05:43,300 --> 01:05:45,800
Templeton, who was 12 years old 
and Galesburg, Illinois. 

1253
01:05:45,800 --> 01:05:48,100
When her Town's largest Bank 
closed. 

1254
01:05:48,900 --> 01:05:51,500
People were pounding on the 
doors, some women were crying 

1255
01:05:51,500 --> 01:05:56,200
Mr. Hall Hobart, who owned the 
hardware store, sat on the curb 

1256
01:05:56,200 --> 01:05:59,900
with his head in his hands my 
father lost 800 dollars his 

1257
01:05:59,900 --> 01:06:03,700
entire savings. 
That night mother cut up an old 

1258
01:06:03,700 --> 01:06:05,200
dress to make me a new one for 
school. 

1259
01:06:05,200 --> 01:06:08,600
We have to be creative. 
Now, she said her voice all 

1260
01:06:08,600 --> 01:06:10,300
tight, like she was holding 
something back. 

1261
01:06:11,500 --> 01:06:13,000
What's rarely discussed in 
depression? 

1262
01:06:13,000 --> 01:06:16,100
History is how the crisis 
transformed attitudes toward 

1263
01:06:16,100 --> 01:06:20,100
money itself. 
Before 1929 cash had been 

1264
01:06:20,100 --> 01:06:22,900
migrating from the mattress to 
the bank account as America's 

1265
01:06:22,900 --> 01:06:26,500
embraced financial institutions.
After the banking collapse, many

1266
01:06:26,500 --> 01:06:28,700
developed, a profound distrust 
of banks, that would last 

1267
01:06:28,700 --> 01:06:31,500
generation's communities 
responded by developing 

1268
01:06:31,500 --> 01:06:34,300
extraordinary alternatives to 
traditional currency. 

1269
01:06:35,100 --> 01:06:38,500
In Minneapolis, the organized 
unemployed created script 

1270
01:06:38,500 --> 01:06:42,100
certificates, tied to hours of 
work in California's Imperial 

1271
01:06:42,100 --> 01:06:46,200
Valley Farmers traded promissory
notes backed by Future crops. 

1272
01:06:47,100 --> 01:06:50,600
In Seattle professionals, formed
exchange networks, where doctors

1273
01:06:50,600 --> 01:06:53,100
and lawyers traded Services 
directly with plumbers and 

1274
01:06:53,100 --> 01:06:56,100
electricians. 
Wayne Thornton plumbing, 

1275
01:06:56,100 --> 01:06:58,500
contractor in Des Moines 
described his experience. 

1276
01:06:59,100 --> 01:07:02,600
Money just disappeared. 
I had customers who needed leaks

1277
01:07:02,600 --> 01:07:06,100
fixed but couldn't pay cash. 
I started taking chickens home. 

1278
01:07:06,100 --> 01:07:09,200
Canned vegetables and even 
Furniture in exchange for work, 

1279
01:07:09,200 --> 01:07:11,800
my secretary kept a ledger of 
who owed. 

1280
01:07:11,800 --> 01:07:15,800
What by 1922, I was only getting
about 30% of my payments in 

1281
01:07:15,800 --> 01:07:18,500
actual currency. 
The rest was barter or promises.

1282
01:07:19,500 --> 01:07:21,800
This collapse of conventional 
currency revealed. 

1283
01:07:21,800 --> 01:07:25,100
Something profound about money 
itself that it exists primarily 

1284
01:07:25,100 --> 01:07:27,800
as a social agreement rather 
than an inherent value. 

1285
01:07:28,600 --> 01:07:31,300
When that agreement faltered 
Community is improvised 

1286
01:07:31,300 --> 01:07:34,000
Alternatives based on trust and 
shared necessity. 

1287
01:07:34,800 --> 01:07:36,500
For children. 
The depression's monetary 

1288
01:07:36,500 --> 01:07:38,100
lessons were particularly 
complex. 

1289
01:07:38,900 --> 01:07:41,900
Kathryn Wagner who grew up in 
San Francisco, recalled. 

1290
01:07:41,900 --> 01:07:45,000
My father had been a successful 
attorney before the crash 

1291
01:07:45,000 --> 01:07:47,300
suddenly. 
He was accepting payment in 

1292
01:07:47,300 --> 01:07:50,000
firewood or fish. 
I remember asking for a nickel 

1293
01:07:50,000 --> 01:07:53,200
for candy and my mother cried, 
not because we didn't have a 

1294
01:07:53,200 --> 01:07:56,500
nickel, we did, but because she 
understood that money now had to

1295
01:07:56,500 --> 01:07:59,300
be hoarded save for absolute 
necessities. 

1296
01:08:00,300 --> 01:08:03,000
The depression's monetary 
transformation was also visible 

1297
01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:05,600
in how physical currency was 
treated bills. 

1298
01:08:05,600 --> 01:08:10,000
Were pressed, flat coins were 
counted repeatedly and cache was

1299
01:08:10,000 --> 01:08:12,200
hidden, increasingly creative 
locations. 

1300
01:08:13,000 --> 01:08:16,200
Laura Hillman, whose father was 
a bank manager in Cincinnati 

1301
01:08:16,200 --> 01:08:19,000
described finding money 
throughout their home after his 

1302
01:08:19,000 --> 01:08:22,300
death in 1940. 
There were silver dollars sown 

1303
01:08:22,300 --> 01:08:25,100
into the hems of curtains bills,
tucked between book, pages, 

1304
01:08:25,100 --> 01:08:28,000
coins and sealed mason jars, 
buried in the garden. 

1305
01:08:28,800 --> 01:08:32,100
Father knew better than anyone, 
how fragile Banks were, and it 

1306
01:08:32,100 --> 01:08:35,399
marked in permanently beyond the
Practical aspects of monies, 

1307
01:08:35,399 --> 01:08:38,200
transformation was a deeper 
philosophical shift. 

1308
01:08:39,000 --> 01:08:42,000
Americans who had embraced 
consumer culture and defined 

1309
01:08:42,000 --> 01:08:44,600
themselves through purchases. 
Now found themselves questioning

1310
01:08:44,600 --> 01:08:48,399
the basis of value itself. 
The arbitrary nature of monetary

1311
01:08:48,399 --> 01:08:50,399
value, became unavoidably 
apparent. 

1312
01:08:50,399 --> 01:08:54,000
When homes with 5,000 mortgages 
sold at auction for 1,000. 

1313
01:08:54,000 --> 01:08:57,700
And when a skilled laborers, 
daily wage fell from four 

1314
01:08:57,700 --> 01:09:00,100
dollars to one dollar. 
If work could be found at all. 

1315
01:09:01,200 --> 01:09:04,200
We realized money was fictional 
explained former Banker Thomas 

1316
01:09:04,200 --> 01:09:07,300
Whitfield. 
Not just paper money, but the 

1317
01:09:07,300 --> 01:09:10,300
whole concept. 
House didn't change physically 

1318
01:09:10,300 --> 01:09:14,300
when its price dropped 80%, but 
suddenly the bank said, it was 

1319
01:09:14,300 --> 01:09:16,399
worth a 5th of what they'd 
claimed last year. 

1320
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:19,399
A man's labor didn't change when
his wage was cut. 

1321
01:09:19,399 --> 01:09:22,500
But now an hour of sweat was 
worth half ordered Bean. 

1322
01:09:23,200 --> 01:09:25,200
This change made people question
everything. 

1323
01:09:25,200 --> 01:09:29,899
This questioning extended to 
Authority itself when presidents

1324
01:09:29,899 --> 01:09:32,000
Hoover and Roosevelt made 
pronouncements about the 

1325
01:09:32,000 --> 01:09:34,200
economy. 
Many Americans had become 

1326
01:09:34,200 --> 01:09:37,500
skeptical of official 
narratives, having watched sound

1327
01:09:37,500 --> 01:09:40,700
Banks collapse and blue chip 
stocks become worthless, they 

1328
01:09:40,700 --> 01:09:43,600
developed a weariness toward 
institutional pronouncements 

1329
01:09:43,600 --> 01:09:45,700
that would influence American 
politics for decades. 

1330
01:09:45,700 --> 01:09:49,100
The depression's monetary chaos.
Also produced, unexpected, 

1331
01:09:49,100 --> 01:09:52,100
social effects as cash became 
scarce. 

1332
01:09:52,100 --> 01:09:55,700
Those who still had it gained. 
Outsized influence, small town 

1333
01:09:55,700 --> 01:09:57,300
Bankers. 
Who had maintained liquidity. 

1334
01:09:57,300 --> 01:10:00,700
Landlords, who owned properties 
outright and business owners? 

1335
01:10:00,700 --> 01:10:03,400
Who had avoided debt found 
themselves with disproportionate

1336
01:10:03,400 --> 01:10:06,700
Community power. 
This shift, created new, social 

1337
01:10:06,700 --> 01:10:10,000
hierarchies, based Less on 
traditional status markers and 

1338
01:10:10,000 --> 01:10:13,500
more on financial Prudence a 
virtue that had been largely 

1339
01:10:13,500 --> 01:10:15,800
dismissed during the exuberant 
1920s. 

1340
01:10:16,600 --> 01:10:20,100
The social order flipped 
observed Harriet, Crawley the 

1341
01:10:20,100 --> 01:10:23,900
school teacher from Virginia. 
The flashy Spenders of the 20s 

1342
01:10:23,900 --> 01:10:27,100
were now destitute while 
cautious, Savers became 

1343
01:10:27,100 --> 01:10:30,100
Community leaders. 
Everyone thought our principal 

1344
01:10:30,100 --> 01:10:33,200
was a Frugal Miser. 
But he was the only one who 

1345
01:10:33,200 --> 01:10:35,700
could provide small loans to 
prevent faculty members from 

1346
01:10:35,700 --> 01:10:39,000
losing their homes. 
His influence grew tremendously,

1347
01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:42,600
the psychological impact of the 
depression created wounds that 

1348
01:10:42,600 --> 01:10:46,400
statistics can't capture 
invisible scars, that shape 

1349
01:10:46,400 --> 01:10:50,000
behaviors relationships and 
World Views for Generations. 

1350
01:10:50,700 --> 01:10:54,200
While historians often focus on 
economic metrics, the True 

1351
01:10:54,200 --> 01:10:56,400
Legacy lived in changed minds 
and hearts. 

1352
01:10:57,200 --> 01:11:00,300
For adults who had established 
identities and expectations 

1353
01:11:00,300 --> 01:11:02,800
before the crash the 
psychological toll was 

1354
01:11:02,800 --> 01:11:06,800
particularly severe Dr. Edwin 
Matthews, who practiced medicine

1355
01:11:06,800 --> 01:11:09,100
in Cleveland throughout the 
1930s observed. 

1356
01:11:09,700 --> 01:11:13,000
I treated physical ailments, 
malnutrition tuberculosis 

1357
01:11:13,000 --> 01:11:16,800
exacerbated by poor housing 
industrial injuries but the most

1358
01:11:16,800 --> 01:11:19,900
common problems were 
psychological insomnia. 

1359
01:11:19,900 --> 01:11:23,500
Played former businessman 
digestive disorders, affected 

1360
01:11:23,500 --> 01:11:26,200
women, trying to feed families 
on inadequate budgets. 

1361
01:11:26,200 --> 01:11:29,700
I observe Tremors in hands that 
had previously been steady. 

1362
01:11:30,600 --> 01:11:33,400
The stress-related ailments 
rarely appear in depression to 

1363
01:11:33,400 --> 01:11:35,400
statistics yet their affected 
Millions. 

1364
01:11:36,400 --> 01:11:37,900
More startling with the 
invisible. 

1365
01:11:37,900 --> 01:11:40,700
Behavioral changes. 
People who had been outgoing 

1366
01:11:40,700 --> 01:11:44,500
became withdrawn decision. 
Making Paralyzed by fear. 

1367
01:11:44,500 --> 01:11:47,800
Marriage is strained, under 
Financial pressure, developed 

1368
01:11:47,800 --> 01:11:50,500
communication patterns centered 
on avoidance, rather than 

1369
01:11:50,500 --> 01:11:53,900
confrontation. 
My mother change completely said

1370
01:11:53,900 --> 01:11:56,400
Richard Neville, who was 10 
years old when his father lost 

1371
01:11:56,400 --> 01:12:00,200
his accounting position in 1931.
A should be in the neighborhood,

1372
01:12:00,200 --> 01:12:02,500
social organizer card, parties, 
Community. 

1373
01:12:02,500 --> 01:12:05,600
Theater Church of events. 
After we lost our home and move 

1374
01:12:05,600 --> 01:12:08,400
to a rental across town, she 
stopped seeing friends entirely,

1375
01:12:08,400 --> 01:12:11,200
she'd say she was too busy, but 
I would find her sitting 

1376
01:12:11,200 --> 01:12:12,700
motionless by the window for 
hours. 

1377
01:12:12,700 --> 01:12:16,000
The woman wants the heart of our
community became nearly mute. 

1378
01:12:17,000 --> 01:12:20,000
This social withdrawal emerged 
as a common coping mechanism. 

1379
01:12:20,800 --> 01:12:23,700
Shame about downward Mobility, 
led many to isolate themselves 

1380
01:12:23,700 --> 01:12:26,100
rather than maintain 
relationships that reminded them

1381
01:12:26,100 --> 01:12:28,400
of their losses. 
This isolation, often 

1382
01:12:28,400 --> 01:12:31,900
compounded, depression, creating
cycles of emotional decline that

1383
01:12:31,900 --> 01:12:34,600
remained unaddressed in an era. 
When Mental Health Care was 

1384
01:12:34,600 --> 01:12:38,400
primitive and stigmatized for 
children, the psychological 

1385
01:12:38,400 --> 01:12:42,200
impacts manifested differently. 
Many developed extreme risk 

1386
01:12:42,200 --> 01:12:44,700
aversion, and preoccupation with
security, that would influence 

1387
01:12:44,700 --> 01:12:48,100
their adult decisions decades 
later School. 

1388
01:12:48,100 --> 01:12:50,900
Teachers reported students 
hoarding lunch, leftovers and 

1389
01:12:50,900 --> 01:12:54,100
school supplies children as 
young as six began asking 

1390
01:12:54,100 --> 01:12:56,100
anxious questions about family 
finances. 

1391
01:12:56,100 --> 01:13:00,800
Clara Mortensen, who taught 
third grade in Omaha noted for 

1392
01:13:00,800 --> 01:13:03,800
the depression children would 
trade Sam which halves or share 

1393
01:13:03,800 --> 01:13:07,900
treats by. 1932 I observed 
students carefully wrapping 

1394
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:11,500
uneaten portions to take home. 
They'd count crayons repeatedly 

1395
01:13:11,500 --> 01:13:14,000
to ensure none were lost. 
These were behaviors. 

1396
01:13:14,000 --> 01:13:15,500
Their parents are directly 
taught them. 

1397
01:13:15,500 --> 01:13:18,200
The children were absorbing the 
anxiety from the atmosphere 

1398
01:13:18,200 --> 01:13:21,300
around them. 
What's particularly striking 

1399
01:13:21,300 --> 01:13:24,300
about depression neuropsychology
was the disproportionate impact 

1400
01:13:24,300 --> 01:13:26,900
on men. 
In a culture that primarily 

1401
01:13:26,900 --> 01:13:29,200
defined masculine Success 
Through provider ship 

1402
01:13:29,200 --> 01:13:32,200
unemployment, profoundly 
impacted the core of male 

1403
01:13:32,200 --> 01:13:35,600
identity. 
Women certainly not immune to 

1404
01:13:35,600 --> 01:13:37,700
depression. 
Trauma often had secondary 

1405
01:13:37,700 --> 01:13:40,300
identities as caregivers and 
home managers. 

1406
01:13:40,300 --> 01:13:43,300
That remained intact despite 
Financial collapse, Henry 

1407
01:13:43,300 --> 01:13:46,300
Gladwell who spent two years, 
riding the rails after losing 

1408
01:13:46,300 --> 01:13:48,800
his Factory job in Akron. 
Described this gender, 

1409
01:13:48,800 --> 01:13:52,800
differential, A man without work
in those days, wasn't a man at 

1410
01:13:52,800 --> 01:13:54,900
all. 
Women could still be mothers and

1411
01:13:54,900 --> 01:13:58,200
wives without paychecks. 
Women faced severe, hardships, 

1412
01:13:58,200 --> 01:14:01,600
but their experiences were 
different from men for us. 

1413
01:14:01,600 --> 01:14:05,000
Men unemployment wasn't just 
economic hardship, it was a 

1414
01:14:05,000 --> 01:14:07,500
masculine. 
Some fellows are new would leave

1415
01:14:07,500 --> 01:14:09,100
home. 
Each morning pretending to seek 

1416
01:14:09,100 --> 01:14:11,500
employment, but would actually 
spend the day in the public 

1417
01:14:11,500 --> 01:14:14,300
library just to maintain the 
fiction that they were still 

1418
01:14:14,300 --> 01:14:17,600
trying. 
This gendered experience created

1419
01:14:17,600 --> 01:14:21,200
lasting imprints on family, 
Dynamics children, who watched 

1420
01:14:21,200 --> 01:14:24,600
father's struggle with identity 
loss, often developed complex 

1421
01:14:24,600 --> 01:14:26,700
relationships with authority and
achievement. 

1422
01:14:27,500 --> 01:14:29,600
Many depression near her 
children, grew up, to become 

1423
01:14:29,600 --> 01:14:32,800
Workaholics driving themselves. 
Relentlessly to avoid the 

1424
01:14:32,800 --> 01:14:35,100
vulnerability. 
They had witnessed in their at 

1425
01:14:35,100 --> 01:14:38,200
parents the cycle. 
Logical impact extended to how 

1426
01:14:38,200 --> 01:14:41,500
people viewed institutions, 
trust in Banks corporations and 

1427
01:14:41,500 --> 01:14:44,200
government suffered damage that 
would never fully heal. 

1428
01:14:44,900 --> 01:14:47,600
For many who believed in 
American capitalism, as an 

1429
01:14:47,600 --> 01:14:50,200
essentially fast system that 
rewarded hard work. 

1430
01:14:50,200 --> 01:14:55,200
The depression destroyed, this 
foundational, assumption my 

1431
01:14:55,200 --> 01:14:58,600
father was a True Believer in 
the American dream explained, 

1432
01:14:58,600 --> 01:15:02,200
Catherine Oaks whose family lost
their Michigan Farm to 

1433
01:15:02,200 --> 01:15:07,000
foreclosure He'd emigrated from 
Poland, worked, 18 hours, a day,

1434
01:15:07,008 --> 01:15:11,800
and saved every penny. 
When the bank took our farm 

1435
01:15:11,800 --> 01:15:16,700
something broke in him, not just
sadness, his entire worldview 

1436
01:15:16,700 --> 01:15:19,600
collapsed. 
He'd believed there was a moral 

1437
01:15:19,600 --> 01:15:23,000
order where virtue was rewarded.
After that, he viewed all 

1438
01:15:23,000 --> 01:15:26,400
institutions with suspicion, he 
wouldn't even trust the Post 

1439
01:15:26,400 --> 01:15:30,200
Office with packages. 
This institutional distrust 

1440
01:15:30,200 --> 01:15:33,200
manifested in behaviors that 
outside as often found in 

1441
01:15:33,200 --> 01:15:36,600
comprehensible people who had 
survived bank failures might 

1442
01:15:36,600 --> 01:15:39,500
divide their modest savings 
between multiple hiding places. 

1443
01:15:39,500 --> 01:15:43,400
In portent documents were kept 
at home rather than in safe 

1444
01:15:43,400 --> 01:15:45,800
deposit boxes government 
assistance. 

1445
01:15:45,800 --> 01:15:48,900
Programs were viewed with 
suspicion even by those who 

1446
01:15:48,900 --> 01:15:53,700
desperately needed help, perhaps
most profoundly The depression 

1447
01:15:53,700 --> 01:15:56,700
altered America's relationship 
with possibility itself. 

1448
01:15:56,700 --> 01:15:59,900
The assumption that tomorrow 
would likely be better than 

1449
01:15:59,900 --> 01:16:02,100
today. 
A quintessentially, American 

1450
01:16:02,100 --> 01:16:05,200
Outlook was replaced for many by
a persistent expectation of 

1451
01:16:05,200 --> 01:16:08,700
calamity. 
This anticipatory anxiety became

1452
01:16:08,700 --> 01:16:11,900
so ingrained that many 
depression survivors maintained 

1453
01:16:11,900 --> 01:16:14,800
emergency preparations 
throughout their lives long 

1454
01:16:14,800 --> 01:16:18,200
after economic recovery. 
Grandmother kept a suitcase 

1455
01:16:18,200 --> 01:16:20,600
packed until the day she died in
1992. 

1456
01:16:20,600 --> 01:16:23,900
Recalled, Tom Whittaker about 
his grandmother who had lived 

1457
01:16:23,900 --> 01:16:28,100
through bank runs in 1931. 
She insisted every family member

1458
01:16:28,100 --> 01:16:30,700
memorized, a meeting location, 
if things fell apart again. 

1459
01:16:31,500 --> 01:16:34,100
She maintained a pantry that 
could feed 20 people for months.

1460
01:16:34,100 --> 01:16:37,300
When we cleaned out her 
apartment, we found gold coins. 

1461
01:16:37,300 --> 01:16:39,200
Sewn into the lining of her 
winter coat. 

1462
01:16:39,200 --> 01:16:42,600
Depression never ended in her 
mind when We examined the 

1463
01:16:42,608 --> 01:16:45,600
depression Beyond economic 
statistics, we discover how 

1464
01:16:45,600 --> 01:16:48,800
profoundly it transformed every 
day routines and practices 

1465
01:16:48,800 --> 01:16:53,300
necessity forced innovation in 
ways that fundamentally reshaped

1466
01:16:53,300 --> 01:16:56,600
American domestic life. 
Perhaps the most remarkable 

1467
01:16:56,600 --> 01:17:00,100
transformation happened in 
kitchens Across America cooking 

1468
01:17:00,100 --> 01:17:03,000
practices that had been trending
toward convenience Foods in the 

1469
01:17:03,000 --> 01:17:05,900
1920s. 
Reverse dramatically women, who 

1470
01:17:05,900 --> 01:17:08,100
had never baked bread found 
themselves studying their 

1471
01:17:08,100 --> 01:17:11,000
grandmother's recipes complex 
systems for food. 

1472
01:17:11,000 --> 01:17:12,800
Preservation. 
Emerged in Urban Apartments, 

1473
01:17:12,800 --> 01:17:14,400
never designed for such 
activities. 

1474
01:17:14,400 --> 01:17:17,700
Evelyn Carothers who managed to 
household in Baltimore 

1475
01:17:17,700 --> 01:17:21,300
described. 
This culinary Revolution, Before

1476
01:17:21,300 --> 01:17:24,500
29, I bought Baker's bread and 
canned vegetables without 

1477
01:17:24,500 --> 01:17:27,800
thinking after my husband's pay 
was cut by 2/3. 

1478
01:17:27,800 --> 01:17:31,500
I had to relearn everything. 
I converted our fire escape into

1479
01:17:31,500 --> 01:17:34,600
a cooling rack for bread. 
I learned to make five different

1480
01:17:34,600 --> 01:17:37,600
meals from a single chicken. 
Nothing was wasted. 

1481
01:17:37,600 --> 01:17:41,300
Potato peels, became soup stock 
and meat bones were boiled 

1482
01:17:41,300 --> 01:17:43,800
repeatedly. 
We strained the bacon, grease 

1483
01:17:43,800 --> 01:17:45,600
and used it for cooking 
throughout the week. 

1484
01:17:45,600 --> 01:17:49,200
This color Andre transformation 
wasn't merely about frugality, 

1485
01:17:49,200 --> 01:17:52,500
it represented a fundamental 
change in how Americans related 

1486
01:17:52,500 --> 01:17:55,600
to their food. 
The direct involvement in food 

1487
01:17:55,600 --> 01:17:58,600
production, created new 
relationships with ingredients 

1488
01:17:58,600 --> 01:18:02,100
and nutritional despite 
financial hardship, many 

1489
01:18:02,100 --> 01:18:05,000
depression survivors reported 
that their diets improved in 

1490
01:18:05,000 --> 01:18:08,500
quality as they replaced 
processed foods with scratch 

1491
01:18:08,500 --> 01:18:10,800
cooking, Home Maintenance 
underwent. 

1492
01:18:10,800 --> 01:18:13,700
Similarly Adventure. 
The service economy that had 

1493
01:18:13,700 --> 01:18:15,800
begun emerging in the 1920s 
collapsed. 

1494
01:18:15,800 --> 01:18:19,100
As families could no longer 
afford repairman cleaners or 

1495
01:18:19,100 --> 01:18:22,600
delivery services. 
This scenario necessitated a 

1496
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:24,400
massive reskilling of the 
American population. 

1497
01:18:24,400 --> 01:18:27,400
Particularly among middle-class 
men who had specialized 

1498
01:18:27,400 --> 01:18:30,100
professionally but now needed to
become generalists. 

1499
01:18:31,200 --> 01:18:34,100
Robert Thornhill who had worked 
as an accountant in Chicago 

1500
01:18:34,100 --> 01:18:37,900
exemplified this transition. 
Before the crash I called 

1501
01:18:37,900 --> 01:18:40,100
Professionals for everything 
electricians. 

1502
01:18:40,100 --> 01:18:43,500
Plumbers Carpenters. 
After losing my position, I 

1503
01:18:43,500 --> 01:18:46,600
couldn't afford 15 cents for A 
Streetcar, fare let alone 

1504
01:18:46,600 --> 01:18:49,200
dollars for repairs. 
I traded accounting. 

1505
01:18:49,200 --> 01:18:51,500
Help to a hardware store, owner 
for tools and manuals. 

1506
01:18:51,500 --> 01:18:56,000
I rewired our lighting fix the 
toilet and rebuilt, our kitchen 

1507
01:18:56,000 --> 01:19:00,000
table, My father had been a 
farmer, who could fix anything? 

1508
01:19:00,800 --> 01:19:02,900
Skills. 
I dismissed as unnecessary and 

1509
01:19:02,900 --> 01:19:06,100
modern times the depression 
brought me back to his world 

1510
01:19:06,100 --> 01:19:09,700
with humility. 
This reskilling extended Beyond 

1511
01:19:09,700 --> 01:19:12,600
maintenance to a complete 
re-imagining of how old objects 

1512
01:19:12,600 --> 01:19:16,300
American's developed in genius 
systems, for repurposing items. 

1513
01:19:16,300 --> 01:19:17,700
That would otherwise be 
discarded. 

1514
01:19:18,600 --> 01:19:21,700
Flour sacks became dresses. 
Car tires became shoe, soles 

1515
01:19:21,700 --> 01:19:24,900
newspapers, became insulation, 
and cardboard was transformed 

1516
01:19:24,900 --> 01:19:28,600
into Furniture reinforcement. 
Martha Simmons, who grew up in 

1517
01:19:28,600 --> 01:19:31,000
Tulsa. 
Recalled her mother's Ingenuity.

1518
01:19:31,000 --> 01:19:34,400
Mum turned old wool coats into 
children's clothing. 

1519
01:19:35,300 --> 01:19:38,500
She unraveled worn out sweaters 
to renit the yarn into socks, 

1520
01:19:38,500 --> 01:19:42,300
but her most extraordinary 
creation was our new living room

1521
01:19:42,300 --> 01:19:45,000
set. 
She couldn't afford upholstery 

1522
01:19:45,000 --> 01:19:48,300
she needed fabric so she 
gathered, burlap coffee sacks 

1523
01:19:48,300 --> 01:19:51,400
from local shops died. 
With walnut, husks to achieve a 

1524
01:19:51,400 --> 01:19:54,800
consistent color, and refinished
our worn out furniture She 

1525
01:19:54,808 --> 01:19:57,800
stuffed the cushions with 
unraveled cotton from worn-out 

1526
01:19:57,800 --> 01:20:01,100
mattresses guests complemented, 
our rustic decor. 

1527
01:20:01,100 --> 01:20:04,500
Never realizing it was born of 
desperation Transportation. 

1528
01:20:04,500 --> 01:20:06,600
Underwent the most visible 
transformation. 

1529
01:20:07,300 --> 01:20:10,500
The automobile, which had become
Central to American identity in 

1530
01:20:10,500 --> 01:20:13,600
the 1920s was now often 
unaffordable to operate. 

1531
01:20:14,400 --> 01:20:17,300
Families who kept their cars 
developed elaborate systems to 

1532
01:20:17,300 --> 01:20:20,900
extend their utility adding 
cargo platforms to carry Goods. 

1533
01:20:20,900 --> 01:20:24,500
Converting sedans in to pick up 
trucks by removing rear sections

1534
01:20:24,500 --> 01:20:28,200
and modifying engines to burn 
lower quality fuels many 

1535
01:20:28,200 --> 01:20:30,400
families returned to pre-order 
motive Transportation. 

1536
01:20:30,400 --> 01:20:35,000
Urban bicycle usage surged. 
Alan Parker who delivered 

1537
01:20:35,000 --> 01:20:39,000
Grocery and Philadelphia noted. 
A 1932 the streets had changed 

1538
01:20:39,000 --> 01:20:41,800
completely, for weeks at a time 
people Park. 

1539
01:20:41,800 --> 01:20:43,600
Their cars up on blocks to 
reduce tire. 

1540
01:20:43,600 --> 01:20:48,500
Wear bicycle's were everywhere. 
Often carrying entire families. 

1541
01:20:48,500 --> 01:20:52,000
I saw a father pedaling with his
wife on the handlebars and two 

1542
01:20:52,000 --> 01:20:55,000
children on the back. 
Fender People rigged, incredible

1543
01:20:55,000 --> 01:20:57,000
trailers to bikes for moving 
larger items. 

1544
01:20:58,000 --> 01:21:01,200
Leisure activities were 
similarly reinvented commercial 

1545
01:21:01,200 --> 01:21:05,000
entertainment movies, nightclubs
and sports events became 

1546
01:21:05,000 --> 01:21:08,600
unaffordable luxuries for many 
in response Americans. 

1547
01:21:08,600 --> 01:21:12,200
Rediscovered, participatory and 
entertainment, Community 

1548
01:21:12,200 --> 01:21:15,400
singing, amateur theatricals and
storytelling circles 

1549
01:21:15,400 --> 01:21:18,600
experienced. 
Unexpected, revivals Ward games,

1550
01:21:18,600 --> 01:21:22,000
enjoyed, unprecedented 
popularity, with families, often

1551
01:21:22,000 --> 01:21:24,000
making their own versions of 
commercial games. 

1552
01:21:24,800 --> 01:21:27,100
The depression forced 
reconsideration of living 

1553
01:21:27,100 --> 01:21:30,000
arrangements. 
Extended families, Consolidated 

1554
01:21:30,000 --> 01:21:33,400
into shared housing creating new
intergenerational Dynamics. 

1555
01:21:33,400 --> 01:21:37,100
In urban areas, apartment 
sharing became common among 

1556
01:21:37,100 --> 01:21:40,900
unrelated adults creating ad hoc
family structures that pulled 

1557
01:21:40,900 --> 01:21:42,900
resources and distributed 
household labor. 

1558
01:21:43,900 --> 01:21:46,500
Margaret Wilson who shared a 
Chicago apartment with five 

1559
01:21:46,500 --> 01:21:48,200
other women. 
Describe these Arrangements. 

1560
01:21:48,200 --> 01:21:52,000
We each contributed, what we 
could Helen worked part-time as 

1561
01:21:52,000 --> 01:21:55,400
a secretary and provided most of
our cashing come with my sewing 

1562
01:21:55,400 --> 01:21:56,700
machine. 
Still in working order. 

1563
01:21:56,700 --> 01:21:59,700
I made clothes for everyone 
Dorothy had trained as a nurse 

1564
01:21:59,700 --> 01:22:02,700
and handled medical needs. 
We developed a system as precise

1565
01:22:02,700 --> 01:22:05,100
as any Factory. 
Scheduled for cooking cleaning 

1566
01:22:05,100 --> 01:22:08,700
and job hunting, we weren't 
relatives but necessity made us 

1567
01:22:08,708 --> 01:22:13,200
closer than many families. 
Perhaps most significant was the

1568
01:22:13,200 --> 01:22:17,400
transformation of time itself. 
The standardized workday which 

1569
01:22:17,400 --> 01:22:21,400
had been increasingly normalized
in the 1920s, disintegrated for 

1570
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:25,400
many Americans work when 
available might come at any 

1571
01:22:25,400 --> 01:22:27,100
hour. 
The unemployed developed 

1572
01:22:27,100 --> 01:22:29,800
elaborate routines to provide 
structure to days, no longer 

1573
01:22:29,800 --> 01:22:33,600
defined by workplace schedules. 
William Harrington laid off from

1574
01:22:33,600 --> 01:22:36,100
Pittsburgh steel, mills 
described, this temporal shift. 

1575
01:22:37,200 --> 01:22:40,200
After three months without work,
I realized time was becoming my 

1576
01:22:40,200 --> 01:22:42,600
enemy, empty hours bred to 
spare. 

1577
01:22:42,600 --> 01:22:47,100
So I created a schedule as rigid
as the Mills up at 5:30 

1578
01:22:47,100 --> 01:22:49,100
breakfast job hunting until 
noon. 

1579
01:22:49,100 --> 01:22:52,900
After noon for repair work or 
gardening, I dedicate my 

1580
01:22:52,900 --> 01:22:56,600
evening's to reading in order to
enhance my skills on Sundays, I 

1581
01:22:56,600 --> 01:22:59,600
dedicate myself to church and 
spending time with my family, it

1582
01:22:59,600 --> 01:23:02,500
wasn't about efficiency. 
It was about maintaining sanity 

1583
01:23:02,500 --> 01:23:04,100
when the clock no longer ruled 
my life. 

1584
01:23:05,200 --> 01:23:07,300
This reinvention of daily 
routines wasn't merely 

1585
01:23:07,300 --> 01:23:09,600
adaptation. 
It represented a profound 

1586
01:23:09,600 --> 01:23:12,600
cultural shift in how Americans 
related to material Goods 

1587
01:23:12,600 --> 01:23:16,500
services and time itself. 
The depression Force to 

1588
01:23:16,500 --> 01:23:20,700
Nationwide reassessment of needs
versus wants your ability versus

1589
01:23:20,700 --> 01:23:24,300
disposability and self-reliance 
for specialization. 

1590
01:23:25,200 --> 01:23:27,800
These values would influence 
consumption, patterns, and 

1591
01:23:27,800 --> 01:23:30,400
domestic practices for decades 
after economic recovery. 

1592
01:23:30,400 --> 01:23:34,100
The depression is famous for 
individual hardships, but it's 

1593
01:23:34,100 --> 01:23:36,700
most impressive story. 
May be how communities devise 

1594
01:23:36,700 --> 01:23:38,900
survival strategies, that 
changed American Social 

1595
01:23:38,900 --> 01:23:41,400
organization. 
Together, these responses 

1596
01:23:41,400 --> 01:23:44,800
provided resilience where 
individual efforts failed Highly

1597
01:23:44,800 --> 01:23:48,400
sophisticated neighborhood, 
support systems arose, informal 

1598
01:23:48,400 --> 01:23:51,100
communication, networks, convey 
information about jobs, 

1599
01:23:51,100 --> 01:23:54,700
assistance, programs and local 
credit providers in metropolitan

1600
01:23:54,700 --> 01:23:57,200
areas. 
These networks spanned ethnic 

1601
01:23:57,200 --> 01:24:00,800
and religious divides by using 
tenement hallways laundry lines 

1602
01:24:00,800 --> 01:24:02,500
and front Stoops to spread 
information. 

1603
01:24:03,700 --> 01:24:05,700
Before the crash. 
The Jewish families in our 

1604
01:24:05,700 --> 01:24:07,300
building. 
Barely spoke to the Italian 

1605
01:24:07,300 --> 01:24:08,500
families. 
Two floors down. 

1606
01:24:08,500 --> 01:24:12,100
So Williamsburg resident, Sarah 
Goldstein, Mrs. Esposito. 

1607
01:24:12,100 --> 01:24:15,300
And my mother ran a Soup pot for
both families in 1931. 

1608
01:24:15,300 --> 01:24:19,000
After learning about the 
warehouse job Mr. Esposito 

1609
01:24:19,000 --> 01:24:21,900
informed. 
My father old boundaries fell 

1610
01:24:21,900 --> 01:24:23,700
because of survival demanded 
cooperation. 

1611
01:24:24,500 --> 01:24:27,400
Mrs. Esposito lit. 
Candles with us on Friday nights

1612
01:24:27,400 --> 01:24:29,800
because we are family, not 
because she was Jewish. 

1613
01:24:31,000 --> 01:24:32,600
Community. 
Cohesion, led to practical 

1614
01:24:32,600 --> 01:24:35,900
assistance systems organic, 
Child Care cooperatives. 

1615
01:24:35,900 --> 01:24:38,500
Let parents switch job. 
Hunting days tool. 

1616
01:24:38,500 --> 01:24:40,900
Libraries let neighbors share 
expensive gear. 

1617
01:24:41,700 --> 01:24:44,500
Urban vacant sites become 
fertile land with communal 

1618
01:24:44,500 --> 01:24:47,400
Gardens. 
The depression also saw formal 

1619
01:24:47,400 --> 01:24:50,800
mutual help organizations grow, 
many histories focus on 

1620
01:24:50,800 --> 01:24:53,700
government relief programs, 
although community-based 

1621
01:24:53,700 --> 01:24:56,500
structures delivered faster and 
more culturally relevant Aid. 

1622
01:24:57,100 --> 01:25:00,400
Religious fraternal and ethnic 
benefit societies extended their

1623
01:25:00,400 --> 01:25:02,300
roles to meet economic 
requirements. 

1624
01:25:03,300 --> 01:25:06,800
The black fraternal group Prince
Hall Masons exhibited this 

1625
01:25:06,800 --> 01:25:09,800
expansion. 
Detroit Lodge officer Thomas 

1626
01:25:09,800 --> 01:25:12,900
Washington said. 
Our organization, traditionally 

1627
01:25:12,900 --> 01:25:15,200
provides burial benefits and 
social connections. 

1628
01:25:15,200 --> 01:25:18,400
We became a job office Food, 
Distribution Center and housing,

1629
01:25:18,400 --> 01:25:21,900
referral agency overnight during
the Depression, every working 

1630
01:25:21,900 --> 01:25:25,200
brother supported the unemployed
when the economy failed our 

1631
01:25:25,200 --> 01:25:29,300
community retained dignity, 
Labor unions, expanded Beyond 

1632
01:25:29,300 --> 01:25:31,500
workplace activism to provide 
overall support. 

1633
01:25:32,400 --> 01:25:34,900
The international ladies garment
Workers Union in New York 

1634
01:25:34,900 --> 01:25:38,700
sponsored Health, Clinic's 
Cooperative, housing, and adult 

1635
01:25:38,700 --> 01:25:42,200
education. 
Michigan United Auto Workers 

1636
01:25:42,200 --> 01:25:44,800
unemployment council's. 
Organized, direct action to 

1637
01:25:44,800 --> 01:25:48,400
avoid eviction later, UAB 
leader, Walter Rutha remembered 

1638
01:25:48,400 --> 01:25:50,000
early, Depression era 
activities. 

1639
01:25:50,800 --> 01:25:54,000
Of workers, block the sheriff. 
When a family received an 

1640
01:25:54,000 --> 01:25:56,900
eviction notice, then, we'd 
negotiate lower rent or payment 

1641
01:25:56,900 --> 01:25:59,300
schedule with the landlord, we'd
return. 

1642
01:25:59,300 --> 01:26:01,400
The family's possession after 
authorities left. 

1643
01:26:01,400 --> 01:26:05,100
If eviction was inevitable, now 
we fought for Community 

1644
01:26:05,100 --> 01:26:09,200
survival, not pay. 
Rural communities established 

1645
01:26:09,200 --> 01:26:13,400
unique mutual help systems. 
Besides advocacy, The Grange 

1646
01:26:13,400 --> 01:26:16,600
coordinated seed exchanges, 
equipment, sharing and labor 

1647
01:26:16,600 --> 01:26:19,300
pooling. 
Farmers formed, communal lending

1648
01:26:19,300 --> 01:26:21,900
circles, based on European and 
African Customs. 

1649
01:26:21,900 --> 01:26:24,800
When bank failures devastated, 
the conventional credit system, 

1650
01:26:25,800 --> 01:26:29,400
Transformations were especially 
profound in churches, religion 

1651
01:26:29,400 --> 01:26:31,800
became a distribution 
employment, and housing 

1652
01:26:31,800 --> 01:26:33,600
coordinators. 
In addition, to spiritual 

1653
01:26:33,600 --> 01:26:36,900
assistance, when public 
education funds, fell Church, 

1654
01:26:36,900 --> 01:26:40,400
basements became schools, 
religious communities, that had 

1655
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:42,400
focused on spirituality. 
Now, addressed material, 

1656
01:26:42,400 --> 01:26:46,900
concerns directly, Before the 
depression, charity was a minor 

1657
01:26:46,900 --> 01:26:48,500
part of our ministry. 
Said data. 

1658
01:26:48,500 --> 01:26:52,300
First Methodist Church Pastor, 
Michael Thompson, We turned our 

1659
01:26:52,300 --> 01:26:55,000
refuge into a nighttime 
dormitory by 1932. 

1660
01:26:55,900 --> 01:26:59,100
Our Sunday School classes became
Healthcare Clinic with volunteer

1661
01:26:59,100 --> 01:27:02,900
nurses, we broadened Christian 
responsibility from Spirits to 

1662
01:27:02,900 --> 01:27:05,400
bodies. 
Theological consequences were 

1663
01:27:05,400 --> 01:27:07,200
huge. 
We couldn't preach about 

1664
01:27:07,200 --> 01:27:09,200
Paradise while neglecting 
Earthly misery. 

1665
01:27:10,600 --> 01:27:13,000
The cross-cutting aspect of 
these Community Systems was 

1666
01:27:13,000 --> 01:27:16,800
significant organizations that 
service ethnic religious or 

1667
01:27:16,800 --> 01:27:19,700
occupational. 
Groups expanded their reach, the

1668
01:27:19,700 --> 01:27:22,300
result opened up Social 
relationships across boundaries 

1669
01:27:22,300 --> 01:27:25,700
intentional, communities plan, 
Cooperative living arrangements 

1670
01:27:25,700 --> 01:27:29,000
that pulled resources to Foster 
security grew during the 

1671
01:27:29,000 --> 01:27:31,900
Depression. 
These included official Ventures

1672
01:27:31,900 --> 01:27:35,100
like West, Virginia's arthurdale
community and spontaneous 

1673
01:27:35,100 --> 01:27:37,600
settlements like unemployed 
workers Cooperative camps 

1674
01:27:37,600 --> 01:27:41,600
outside major towns. 
According to Joseph Collins, who

1675
01:27:41,600 --> 01:27:43,300
founded a Co-operative Camp 
outside? 

1676
01:27:43,300 --> 01:27:47,200
Seattle, 60 families. 
Erected shelters from salvaged 

1677
01:27:47,200 --> 01:27:51,900
materials on vacant ground. 
We had sanitation, education and

1678
01:27:51,900 --> 01:27:53,900
food production committees. 
Like a little town. 

1679
01:27:54,700 --> 01:27:58,300
Everyone contributed skills. 
A fired teacher taught kids 

1680
01:27:58,300 --> 01:28:01,000
restaurant, veterans, ran our 
shared kitchen. 

1681
01:28:01,000 --> 01:28:05,000
We printed labor-backed script. 
It was more than survival. 

1682
01:28:05,000 --> 01:28:07,500
We were developing an 
alternative to the failure. 

1683
01:28:09,200 --> 01:28:11,800
These Villages were social and 
economic Innovation Labs. 

1684
01:28:11,800 --> 01:28:15,000
Many tried Cooperative, 
ownership, labor exchange. 

1685
01:28:15,000 --> 01:28:19,000
A non-monetary economy is to 
replace capitalism. most of 

1686
01:28:19,000 --> 01:28:21,500
these attempts were absorbed 
into mainstream Economic 

1687
01:28:21,500 --> 01:28:24,900
Institutions, but the shape to 
American Community organization,

1688
01:28:25,900 --> 01:28:28,900
Community structures generated 
psychological resilience that 

1689
01:28:28,900 --> 01:28:30,800
individuals couldn't most 
notably. 

1690
01:28:31,700 --> 01:28:35,000
Mutual Aid, participants had 
lower depression and suicide 

1691
01:28:35,000 --> 01:28:36,500
rates than those who struggled 
alone. 

1692
01:28:37,200 --> 01:28:39,700
Community responses, brought 
meaning to suffering that may 

1693
01:28:39,700 --> 01:28:43,500
have seen useless. 
Chicago settlement house. 

1694
01:28:43,500 --> 01:28:47,200
Worker Margaret Wilson, said 
Community connections kept 

1695
01:28:47,200 --> 01:28:50,200
Spirits alive. 
A huge psychological difference,

1696
01:28:50,200 --> 01:28:53,600
existed between unemployed men 
who joined our workers Council 

1697
01:28:53,600 --> 01:28:57,500
and those who stayed alienated 
meaning and perseverance came 

1698
01:28:57,500 --> 01:29:00,200
from shared hardship. 
The council members endured 

1699
01:29:00,200 --> 01:29:03,100
hunger and pain with friends, 
not shamefully alone. 

1700
01:29:04,000 --> 01:29:05,600
These Collective survival 
structures. 

1701
01:29:05,600 --> 01:29:08,400
Challenged American 
individualism greatly, they 

1702
01:29:08,400 --> 01:29:11,600
showed that interdependence not 
self-reliance, determined 

1703
01:29:11,600 --> 01:29:16,300
economic disaster, survivability
Long after the Depression, this 

1704
01:29:16,300 --> 01:29:18,500
lesson shaped social policy and 
Community. 

1705
01:29:18,500 --> 01:29:21,300
Organizing the Great Depression 
affected, almost, all of 

1706
01:29:21,300 --> 01:29:24,900
Americans or some of events are 
forgotten, black Americans 

1707
01:29:24,900 --> 01:29:27,700
suffered greatly during the 
Depression but conventional 

1708
01:29:27,700 --> 01:29:31,400
narratives, rarely mention it 
already discriminated against 

1709
01:29:31,400 --> 01:29:34,700
him, work housing and education.
Black communities saw the 

1710
01:29:34,700 --> 01:29:36,700
depression as a worsening of 
their poverty. 

1711
01:29:37,500 --> 01:29:40,500
Atlanta domestic worker, Lillian
Thompson characterized this 

1712
01:29:40,500 --> 01:29:42,900
continuity. 
White's discussed the 

1713
01:29:42,900 --> 01:29:44,600
depression. 
Like it ended the world. 

1714
01:29:44,600 --> 01:29:48,900
Historically colored people were
economically insecure last 

1715
01:29:48,900 --> 01:29:51,500
hired. 
First dismissed was our Norma we

1716
01:29:51,500 --> 01:29:55,100
lost even our minimal security, 
my spouse, and I saved 400 

1717
01:29:55,100 --> 01:29:57,800
dollars for a house. 
When Citizens Trust Bank fail 

1718
01:29:57,800 --> 01:30:00,500
that money vanished. 
No government officials worried 

1719
01:30:00,500 --> 01:30:02,600
about black Banks, like they did
white ones. 

1720
01:30:03,500 --> 01:30:07,100
Black agricultural workers 
suffered most in rural areas in 

1721
01:30:07,100 --> 01:30:09,700
addition to Chronic debt from 
sharecropping, they faced 

1722
01:30:09,700 --> 01:30:11,900
falling cotton prices and 
agricultural mechanization. 

1723
01:30:12,900 --> 01:30:15,900
Mechanical cotton, Pickers 
eliminated, thousands of jobs in

1724
01:30:15,900 --> 01:30:18,400
the 1930s when Alternatives were
scarce. 

1725
01:30:18,400 --> 01:30:21,800
This agricultural, displacement 
spurred the great migration of 

1726
01:30:21,800 --> 01:30:24,700
black Americans to Northern 
cities where housing 

1727
01:30:24,700 --> 01:30:28,000
discrimination forced them into 
overcrowded, poor dwellings, 

1728
01:30:28,900 --> 01:30:32,100
many New Deal initiatives helped
Americans find housing but 

1729
01:30:32,100 --> 01:30:35,200
redlining excluded black 
neighborhoods indigenous. 

1730
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:37,400
Populations experience the 
depression through her 

1731
01:30:37,400 --> 01:30:41,700
complicated, mix of economic 
breakdown and Colonial policy. 

1732
01:30:41,700 --> 01:30:44,900
The failure of the cash economy 
had less of an impact on 

1733
01:30:44,900 --> 01:30:48,700
traditional subsistence tribes 
than on non-native those forced 

1734
01:30:48,700 --> 01:30:50,700
into wage labor by previous 
government. 

1735
01:30:50,700 --> 01:30:54,900
Legislation were specially, 
vulnerable Joseph Blackhawk, and

1736
01:30:54,900 --> 01:30:57,800
Omaha Tribal member, who worked 
in Nebraska Meatpacking for 

1737
01:30:57,800 --> 01:31:00,200
facilities said, government 
schools and reservation 

1738
01:31:00,200 --> 01:31:03,000
regulations, destroyed our 
grandparents Land Based 

1739
01:31:03,000 --> 01:31:05,800
abilities. 
Any of us relied on wage work, 

1740
01:31:05,800 --> 01:31:08,600
that disappeared during the 
Depression, the transformation 

1741
01:31:08,600 --> 01:31:11,300
of our hunting grounds into 
farms and our plant Gathering 

1742
01:31:11,300 --> 01:31:14,000
sights into paved areas. 
Prevented us from reverting to 

1743
01:31:14,000 --> 01:31:17,000
our ancient Customs, the 
simultaneous failure of both 

1744
01:31:17,000 --> 01:31:21,700
systems, put us Between Worlds. 
The 1934 Indian reorganization 

1745
01:31:21,700 --> 01:31:25,800
Act, despite its promotion as a 
progressive reform, resulted in 

1746
01:31:25,800 --> 01:31:28,200
increased economic dependency 
during the Depression 

1747
01:31:28,200 --> 01:31:31,800
constitutions, that prioritize 
resource exploitation have 

1748
01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:34,800
reformed tribes promoting 
outside interests over 

1749
01:31:34,800 --> 01:31:37,900
indigenous communities. 
Mexican-americans in the 

1750
01:31:37,908 --> 01:31:40,200
south-west had particular, 
depression problems. 

1751
01:31:40,200 --> 01:31:43,100
Large producers slashed wages 
drastically. 

1752
01:31:43,100 --> 01:31:46,100
But still demanded hard work 
when crop prices plummeted 

1753
01:31:46,700 --> 01:31:49,500
Mexican and Mexican-American 
workers faced violence. 

1754
01:31:49,500 --> 01:31:52,700
Oppression and deportation due 
to their organizing efforts. 

1755
01:31:53,500 --> 01:31:55,800
The federal government's 
repatriation plans, demonstrate 

1756
01:31:55,800 --> 01:32:00,100
economic, distress, and racial 
targeting about 60% of the one 

1757
01:32:00,100 --> 01:32:03,300
to two million, Mexican's 
deported or pushed to leave. 

1758
01:32:03,300 --> 01:32:07,500
The US between 1929 and 1936. 
Were US citizens. 

1759
01:32:07,500 --> 01:32:10,700
The result was one of the 
largest forced migration in 

1760
01:32:10,700 --> 01:32:13,800
American history frequently with
without legal procedure. 

1761
01:32:14,800 --> 01:32:18,900
Elena Ramirez whose family was 
deported to Mexico in. 1932 

1762
01:32:18,900 --> 01:32:22,000
said, immigration agents in 
circled, our Los Angeles 

1763
01:32:22,008 --> 01:32:24,200
neighborhood and loaded everyone
onto trucks. 

1764
01:32:24,200 --> 01:32:27,700
The fact that my brother and I 
were born in California and held

1765
01:32:27,700 --> 01:32:29,400
a American citizenship did not 
matter. 

1766
01:32:29,400 --> 01:32:33,800
We only had a few hours to pack.
My father worked at the same 

1767
01:32:33,800 --> 01:32:36,900
Factory for nine years. 
Our church school and Friends 

1768
01:32:36,900 --> 01:32:40,200
vanished overnight. 
We landed in Mexico's strangers.

1769
01:32:40,200 --> 01:32:43,800
20 years after my parents 
departed, we were considered 

1770
01:32:43,800 --> 01:32:47,500
pachos, neither Mexican nor 
American Urban Americans. 

1771
01:32:47,500 --> 01:32:51,000
Rarely saw the hardship of rural
white populations in Appalachia 

1772
01:32:51,000 --> 01:32:54,300
and the Ozarks Economic 
deterioration in these areas 

1773
01:32:54,300 --> 01:32:58,100
began before 1929 owing to 
Resource extraction and changing

1774
01:32:58,100 --> 01:33:01,800
agricultural markets, the 
depression sank economically 

1775
01:33:01,800 --> 01:33:04,900
marginalized groups into deep 
poverty, these regions 

1776
01:33:04,900 --> 01:33:07,800
emphasized, the difference 
between deserving and 

1777
01:33:07,800 --> 01:33:10,300
undeserving poor. 
New Deal. 

1778
01:33:10,300 --> 01:33:12,800
Initiatives favored, recent 
middle class dropouts over 

1779
01:33:12,808 --> 01:33:15,700
multi-generational. 
Poor Such multi-tiered 

1780
01:33:15,700 --> 01:33:18,400
assistance schemes, occasionally
excluded, the most desperate. 

1781
01:33:19,300 --> 01:33:22,400
Disability during depression is 
another underestimated pain 

1782
01:33:22,400 --> 01:33:26,000
Factor family support systems 
and philanthropic institutions 

1783
01:33:26,000 --> 01:33:29,500
crumbled, putting Americans with
Disabilities in unparalleled 

1784
01:33:29,500 --> 01:33:32,300
hardship. 
When demand for disabled 

1785
01:33:32,300 --> 01:33:36,100
American Services, expanded 
Financial Cuts, deteriorated 

1786
01:33:36,100 --> 01:33:38,700
their facilities. 
A Massachusetts state 

1787
01:33:38,700 --> 01:33:40,900
psychiatric hospitals. 
Dr. Margaret Chan. 

1788
01:33:40,900 --> 01:33:44,000
Observed. 
This declining we were under 

1789
01:33:44,000 --> 01:33:48,200
staffed and underfunded before 
the crash after State budgets 

1790
01:33:48,200 --> 01:33:50,000
fell circumstances were 
terrible. 

1791
01:33:50,000 --> 01:33:53,400
Our patient base increased while
staff shrank by a third. 

1792
01:33:54,000 --> 01:33:56,900
Food quality, plummeted 
treatment became confinement. 

1793
01:33:57,800 --> 01:34:00,000
We ran out of resources during 
acute illness. 

1794
01:34:00,000 --> 01:34:02,600
So many individuals who could 
have recovered were 

1795
01:34:02,600 --> 01:34:07,100
institutionalized for life. 
Depression devastated, carefully

1796
01:34:07,100 --> 01:34:09,700
developed support systems for 
physically challenged Americans 

1797
01:34:09,700 --> 01:34:12,900
living freely. 
When informal helpers focused on

1798
01:34:12,900 --> 01:34:15,700
their own Survival. 
Disabled people who had retained

1799
01:34:15,700 --> 01:34:18,100
autonomy through Community 
networks were forced into 

1800
01:34:18,100 --> 01:34:21,200
institutionalization. 
The depression produced, new 

1801
01:34:21,200 --> 01:34:24,700
disability categories, childhood
malnutrition caused lifelong, 

1802
01:34:24,700 --> 01:34:27,500
developmental problems. 
Safety requirements were 

1803
01:34:27,500 --> 01:34:31,100
abandoned to minimize costs, 
increasing workplace accidents, 

1804
01:34:31,100 --> 01:34:33,900
depression related, 
psychological, trauma caused 

1805
01:34:33,900 --> 01:34:37,100
untreated mental health issues. 
However, economic disaster. 

1806
01:34:37,100 --> 01:34:39,800
Affected youth is often 
forgotten in depression accounts

1807
01:34:39,800 --> 01:34:43,000
schools, in various locations, 
cutter academic years or 

1808
01:34:43,000 --> 01:34:46,500
shuttered, due to budget, 
limitations child labor, which 

1809
01:34:46,500 --> 01:34:49,300
had been falling for decades 
rows as families, required cash 

1810
01:34:49,300 --> 01:34:52,800
from everyone malnutrition, at 
Key development had lifelong 

1811
01:34:52,800 --> 01:34:56,700
physical and cognitive damage. 
Helen Morrison aural Kentucky 

1812
01:34:56,700 --> 01:34:59,500
teacher saw. 
These changes planting and 

1813
01:34:59,500 --> 01:35:01,400
harvest attendance was 
intermittent before the 

1814
01:35:01,400 --> 01:35:05,900
catastrophe, many children 
vanished by 1932, I found them 

1815
01:35:05,900 --> 01:35:08,800
working full-time at anything 
they could find when I visited 

1816
01:35:08,800 --> 01:35:11,300
their home's. 
Some families had broken up with

1817
01:35:11,300 --> 01:35:14,000
children, living with relatives 
or neighbors while parents 

1818
01:35:14,000 --> 01:35:16,700
looked for jobs. 
Many of my students lost the 

1819
01:35:16,700 --> 01:35:19,100
idea of infancy as a protected 
period of development. 

1820
01:35:20,300 --> 01:35:22,700
These forgotten depression 
scenes, show how economic 

1821
01:35:22,700 --> 01:35:25,700
disaster deep and social 
divisions, while popular 

1822
01:35:25,700 --> 01:35:28,500
narratives highlight shared pain
that linked Americans, these 

1823
01:35:28,500 --> 01:35:32,800
Forgotten Tales show how crises 
reinforced race region, aptitude

1824
01:35:32,800 --> 01:35:34,900
and age. 
Hierarchies the Great Depression

1825
01:35:34,900 --> 01:35:38,100
created enduring legacies. 
That shaped American Society for

1826
01:35:38,100 --> 01:35:41,500
Generations, in ways, few could 
have predicted these influences 

1827
01:35:41,500 --> 01:35:44,200
transformed behaviors and 
attitudes that would persist 

1828
01:35:44,200 --> 01:35:47,900
long after economic recovery. 
The most visible Legacy was 

1829
01:35:47,900 --> 01:35:50,000
Americans relationship with 
Financial Risk. 

1830
01:35:50,900 --> 01:35:53,700
Depression survivors developed 
what marketers later called, 

1831
01:35:53,700 --> 01:35:57,100
depression syndrome, Financial 
behaviors that prioritize 

1832
01:35:57,100 --> 01:36:00,200
security over opportunity. 
Even when economically 

1833
01:36:00,200 --> 01:36:03,900
irrational, Millionaires who had
survived bank failures 

1834
01:36:03,900 --> 01:36:06,200
maintained multiple modest 
accounts rather than 

1835
01:36:06,200 --> 01:36:10,100
Consolidated once successful 
professionals refused mortgages 

1836
01:36:10,100 --> 01:36:14,000
despite having amping come. 
Families stockpiled Necessities 

1837
01:36:14,000 --> 01:36:18,000
due to concerns about future 
shortages Dorothy, Klein, a 

1838
01:36:18,000 --> 01:36:21,300
consumer researcher in the 1950s
noted that conventional 

1839
01:36:21,300 --> 01:36:24,200
advertising could not persuade 
depression survive as they 

1840
01:36:24,200 --> 01:36:26,600
evaluated purchases through a 
trauma lands. 

1841
01:36:26,600 --> 01:36:30,000
I interviewed a doctor who kept 
25 pounds of coffee in his 

1842
01:36:30,000 --> 01:36:32,300
Pantry. 
When coffee was racked in during

1843
01:36:32,300 --> 01:36:34,100
the war. 
He developed anxiety about 

1844
01:36:34,100 --> 01:36:37,700
shortages, 20 years later, 
despite a bundt supplies. 

1845
01:36:37,700 --> 01:36:40,500
He maintained this buffer 
against a threat that no longer 

1846
01:36:40,500 --> 01:36:44,000
existed. 
This security oriented mindset 

1847
01:36:44,000 --> 01:36:46,900
was passed down to children, 
raised by depression survivors. 

1848
01:36:47,700 --> 01:36:50,600
The silent generation and early 
baby boomers inherited their 

1849
01:36:50,600 --> 01:36:53,200
parents risk. 
Aversion, despite growing up in 

1850
01:36:53,200 --> 01:36:56,900
unprecedented prosperity, This 
generational transmission of 

1851
01:36:56,900 --> 01:36:59,700
financial trauma influenced 
banking, housing and Retail 

1852
01:36:59,700 --> 01:37:02,900
sectors for decades. 
As these sectors are knowingly, 

1853
01:37:02,900 --> 01:37:05,700
catered to customers whose 
decision-making was influenced 

1854
01:37:05,700 --> 01:37:07,400
by psychological patterns 
formed. 

1855
01:37:07,400 --> 01:37:10,500
During the 1930s, The 
depression, fundamentally 

1856
01:37:10,500 --> 01:37:12,300
altered, Americans relationship 
with government. 

1857
01:37:13,500 --> 01:37:17,600
Before 1929 most citizens had 
minimal interaction with federal

1858
01:37:17,600 --> 01:37:20,600
agencies. 
By 1940 government had become an

1859
01:37:20,608 --> 01:37:24,500
everyday present through relief.
Programs employment projects and

1860
01:37:24,500 --> 01:37:28,000
Regulatory Frameworks this 
created expectations that 

1861
01:37:28,000 --> 01:37:30,200
transcended traditional 
political divisions. 

1862
01:37:31,100 --> 01:37:34,600
Frank Holloway who administered 
WPA projects in Tennessee noted.

1863
01:37:35,500 --> 01:37:38,400
Before the depression mentioning
I worked for the federal 

1864
01:37:38,400 --> 01:37:41,300
government, Drew suspicion by 
1936. 

1865
01:37:41,300 --> 01:37:44,500
People welcome to me because I 
represented jobs and assistance 

1866
01:37:44,500 --> 01:37:48,200
people who philosophically 
opposed government interference.

1867
01:37:48,200 --> 01:37:52,000
Now, expect Government 
Solutions, this Evolution wasn't

1868
01:37:52,000 --> 01:37:54,600
about liberal or conservative 
was at a fundamental 

1869
01:37:54,600 --> 01:37:57,100
recalibration of what government
was for. 

1870
01:37:58,200 --> 01:38:01,600
Cultural expressions, underwent 
profound transformation, the 

1871
01:38:01,600 --> 01:38:04,800
Arts developed dual impulses 
that seem contradictory, but 

1872
01:38:04,800 --> 01:38:06,600
often existed. 
Within the same Works 

1873
01:38:06,600 --> 01:38:10,500
unflinching documentation of 
suffering alongside Escapist 

1874
01:38:10,500 --> 01:38:12,900
entertainment. 
The documentary tradition 

1875
01:38:12,900 --> 01:38:16,300
emerged in photography, Walker 
Evans Dorothea Lange, and 

1876
01:38:16,300 --> 01:38:19,800
literature Steinbeck Wright 
while escapism flourished in 

1877
01:38:19,808 --> 01:38:22,100
Hollywood musicals, and 
superhero comics. 

1878
01:38:22,700 --> 01:38:25,900
Playwright Arthur Miller 
explained this Duality the 

1879
01:38:25,900 --> 01:38:28,000
theater. 
Swung between Agate prop realism

1880
01:38:28,000 --> 01:38:31,100
and Pure Fantasy. 
What endured were works that 

1881
01:38:31,100 --> 01:38:33,800
somehow managed both 
acknowledging suffering, while 

1882
01:38:33,800 --> 01:38:37,200
suggesting Transcendence 
audiences needed, both truth and

1883
01:38:37,200 --> 01:38:40,200
hope reality and possibility. 
The depression created a 

1884
01:38:40,208 --> 01:38:42,300
generation that approached 
community building with 

1885
01:38:42,300 --> 01:38:45,600
deliberate intention, having 
experienced how to economic 

1886
01:38:45,600 --> 01:38:48,700
disaster, could isolate 
individuals, many survivors 

1887
01:38:48,700 --> 01:38:52,300
became what sociologists later 
called, intentional neighbors, 

1888
01:38:52,300 --> 01:38:55,100
deliberately cultivating 
Community connections, as 

1889
01:38:55,100 --> 01:38:58,700
insurance against future 
hardship, the explosion of Civic

1890
01:38:58,700 --> 01:39:02,200
organizations in post 
depression, America, from pta's 

1891
01:39:02,200 --> 01:39:05,200
to Neighborhood association's 
reflected this impulse. 

1892
01:39:06,700 --> 01:39:09,600
While often viewed as expression
of 1950s conformity. 

1893
01:39:10,600 --> 01:39:13,500
These organizations actually 
represented lessons learned from

1894
01:39:13,500 --> 01:39:17,700
1930s, isolation. 
Perhaps most profound was the 

1895
01:39:17,700 --> 01:39:20,200
depression's impact, on 
Americans relationship, with 

1896
01:39:20,200 --> 01:39:24,600
work itself employment became 
more than an economic necessity,

1897
01:39:24,600 --> 01:39:27,000
it became psychological 
validation. 

1898
01:39:27,000 --> 01:39:31,000
The experience of involuntary 
joblessness created lasting 

1899
01:39:31,000 --> 01:39:33,000
associations between work and 
identity. 

1900
01:39:33,000 --> 01:39:35,400
That influenced retirement 
patterns for decades. 

1901
01:39:36,300 --> 01:39:40,000
To Samuel Weinstein who studied 
Aging in the 1970s found 

1902
01:39:40,000 --> 01:39:43,100
Prussian survivors approached 
retirement differently than 

1903
01:39:43,100 --> 01:39:45,700
subsequent Generations. 
They often could not articulate.

1904
01:39:45,700 --> 01:39:47,400
Why continue work fell to 
Central. 

1905
01:39:48,200 --> 01:39:51,100
Once successful businessman told
me, I know, I don't need the 

1906
01:39:51,100 --> 01:39:54,700
money but I need to be needed. 
their concern was wasn't about 

1907
01:39:54,700 --> 01:39:58,100
income, but about avoiding the 
cycle of uselessness, they had 

1908
01:39:58,108 --> 01:40:02,100
experienced during unemployment 
decades earlier Looking back, 

1909
01:40:02,100 --> 01:40:05,400
many aspects of American life, 
we take for granted from Social 

1910
01:40:05,400 --> 01:40:08,700
Security, to bank deposit, 
Insurance emerged directly from 

1911
01:40:08,700 --> 01:40:12,400
depression experience's, these 
institutional responses to 

1912
01:40:12,400 --> 01:40:16,000
catastrophe became so normalized
that their Origins and crisis 

1913
01:40:16,000 --> 01:40:18,600
were forgotten. 
Their existence seemingly 

1914
01:40:18,600 --> 01:40:22,400
natural rather than a response 
to specific historical trauma. 

1915
01:40:23,700 --> 01:40:26,600
What remains most remarkable 
about the depression's legacy is

1916
01:40:26,600 --> 01:40:30,400
how it demonstrated both human 
vulnerability and resilience is 

1917
01:40:30,400 --> 01:40:32,500
simultaneously. 
It revealed how quickly 

1918
01:40:32,500 --> 01:40:35,700
Prosperity could vanish and how 
fragile social structures could 

1919
01:40:35,700 --> 01:40:38,000
prove. 
Yet it also showed how 

1920
01:40:38,000 --> 01:40:40,600
communities could adapt and 
societies could reimagine 

1921
01:40:40,600 --> 01:40:42,400
themselves in response to 
catastrophe. 

1922
01:40:43,300 --> 01:40:45,400
As depression. 
Survivor Eleanor, Winthrop 

1923
01:40:45,400 --> 01:40:47,800
reflected. 
What stayed with me wasn't the 

1924
01:40:47,800 --> 01:40:50,400
hardship itself but the 
discovery of what humans could 

1925
01:40:50,400 --> 01:40:53,800
withstand and create from ruins,
we lost our innocence, about 

1926
01:40:53,800 --> 01:40:57,000
Economic Security, but gained 
wisdom about human connection. 

1927
01:40:58,000 --> 01:41:00,000
The Disappearance of the money 
did not diminish. 

1928
01:41:00,000 --> 01:41:03,200
The value of the ingenious 
adaptations, extraordinary 

1929
01:41:03,200 --> 01:41:06,100
kindnesses, and communities, 
forged and struggle that 

1930
01:41:06,108 --> 01:41:09,100
replaced it. 
The Paradox of catastrophe is 

1931
01:41:09,100 --> 01:41:12,000
that it takes with one hand, but
gives with the other and 

1932
01:41:12,000 --> 01:41:14,200
sometimes the gifts out last, 
the losses. 

1933
01:41:22,300 --> 01:41:27,500
Leonardo da Vinci was born on 
April 15th, 1452 or 1452 by the 

1934
01:41:27,500 --> 01:41:32,600
Florentine calendar, 1452 to 
1453 by modern Reckoning, in the

1935
01:41:32,600 --> 01:41:35,500
Tuscan Hamlet of vanilla near 
the town of Vinci. 

1936
01:41:36,200 --> 01:41:39,900
Came into a world undergoing 
seismic changes Florence was a 

1937
01:41:39,900 --> 01:41:42,900
republic brimming with artistic 
energy and Europe was on the 

1938
01:41:42,900 --> 01:41:46,700
cusp of the renaissance's, full 
flowering, his father, Ser Piero

1939
01:41:46,700 --> 01:41:50,000
Da, Vinci was a notary of 
moderate Renown while his mother

1940
01:41:50,000 --> 01:41:53,300
Katarina is believed to have 
been a local woman of humble 

1941
01:41:53,300 --> 01:41:56,100
background. 
The boys illegitimacy meant he 

1942
01:41:56,100 --> 01:41:59,000
was never part of the upper 
echelons yet, it freed him from 

1943
01:41:59,000 --> 01:42:02,000
certain constraints that might 
have Shackled, a legitimate son 

1944
01:42:02,000 --> 01:42:05,200
to family business. 
Even as a child, Leonardo is 

1945
01:42:05,200 --> 01:42:08,300
said to have displayed an 
intense curiosity, wandering 

1946
01:42:08,300 --> 01:42:12,400
fields and streams sketching. 
Plants small creatures, or 

1947
01:42:12,400 --> 01:42:16,000
swirling Eddies in the water. 
At this time, many children in 

1948
01:42:16,000 --> 01:42:19,700
Tuscany received minimal formal 
education but Leonardo's father 

1949
01:42:19,700 --> 01:42:22,700
recognized the boys precautious,
mind records. 

1950
01:42:22,700 --> 01:42:26,500
Suggest that around a 14 Leone 
began an apprenticeship in 

1951
01:42:26,500 --> 01:42:28,500
Florence with Andrea Del 
verrocchio. 

1952
01:42:28,500 --> 01:42:33,000
A master known for sculpture 
metal work, and painting the 

1953
01:42:33,000 --> 01:42:37,400
workshop bustled with talented 
pupils and assistance, forging a

1954
01:42:37,400 --> 01:42:40,400
collaborative environment. 
Apprentices learned to prepare 

1955
01:42:40,400 --> 01:42:44,200
pigments, crafty details, and 
replicate the Master's Style. 

1956
01:42:45,100 --> 01:42:48,900
Leonardo's innate knack for 
observation set him apart his 

1957
01:42:48,900 --> 01:42:52,600
notebooks from that era, though.
Mostly lost would have contained

1958
01:42:52,600 --> 01:42:56,800
anatomical, sketches mechanical 
Doodles and fleeting notes on 

1959
01:42:56,800 --> 01:42:59,400
Geometry. 
While other students memorized 

1960
01:42:59,400 --> 01:43:02,900
standard forms, Leonardo, probe,
the underlying structures 

1961
01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:06,800
dissecting how limbs attached or
how light refracted on glossy, 

1962
01:43:06,800 --> 01:43:09,100
surfaces an early Turning Point 
arrived. 

1963
01:43:09,100 --> 01:43:13,300
When Vero assigned him to paint 
a small angel in the corner of 

1964
01:43:13,300 --> 01:43:17,700
the baptism of Christ, Legend 
has it that upon seeing 

1965
01:43:17,700 --> 01:43:20,200
Leonardo's contribution for 
Rocky. 

1966
01:43:20,200 --> 01:43:23,700
Felt overshadowed, and vowed, 
never to paint again, though. 

1967
01:43:23,700 --> 01:43:27,000
That story might be apocryphal. 
It underscores how swiftly 

1968
01:43:27,000 --> 01:43:28,700
Leonardo's skilled gained 
recognition? 

1969
01:43:29,600 --> 01:43:31,300
He brought a Fresh Approach to 
shading. 

1970
01:43:31,300 --> 01:43:35,600
Employing what we now call Kiera
to infuse figures with tangible 

1971
01:43:35,600 --> 01:43:38,400
volume. 
While older Masters often use 

1972
01:43:38,400 --> 01:43:42,100
linear outlines, the Leonardo 
Blended tones, so that forms 

1973
01:43:42,100 --> 01:43:46,700
emerged gracefully from Shadow 
despite his promise, Leonardo's 

1974
01:43:46,700 --> 01:43:49,800
early years, in Florence 
carried, frustrations, some 

1975
01:43:49,800 --> 01:43:52,600
commissions fizzled due to 
political upheavals, or Patron, 

1976
01:43:52,600 --> 01:43:54,800
shifts. 
Eager to expand his reach 

1977
01:43:54,800 --> 01:43:59,100
Leonardo sought new Vistas 
around 1482. 

1978
01:43:59,100 --> 01:44:03,000
He journeyed to Milan offering 
his services to ludovico's 

1979
01:44:03,000 --> 01:44:06,600
Foster, the ruling Duke. 
He wrote a letter extolling, his

1980
01:44:06,600 --> 01:44:10,800
engineering prowess listing 
designs for Bridges, cannons and

1981
01:44:10,800 --> 01:44:13,500
war machines. 
Only concluding with a mention 

1982
01:44:13,500 --> 01:44:17,200
that he could paint this detail 
reveals how Leonardo viewed 

1983
01:44:17,200 --> 01:44:19,600
himself. 
Not merely an artist but a 

1984
01:44:19,608 --> 01:44:23,100
multi-faceted engineer who 
happened to paint Sportster 

1985
01:44:23,100 --> 01:44:25,900
intrigued by such potential. 
Welcome to him. 

1986
01:44:25,900 --> 01:44:30,800
In Milan, Leonardo thrived. 
The ducal court was a center of 

1987
01:44:30,800 --> 01:44:34,400
intellectual Pursuits blending 
Politics, the Arts and emerging 

1988
01:44:34,400 --> 01:44:37,100
science's. 
He tackled a massive equestrian 

1989
01:44:37,100 --> 01:44:40,700
statue project for ludovico, 
intending to cast a colossal, 

1990
01:44:40,700 --> 01:44:43,400
bronze horse to honor, the 
Duke's, father for years, 

1991
01:44:43,400 --> 01:44:47,200
Leonardo studied horses, 
musculature sketched them in 

1992
01:44:47,208 --> 01:44:50,600
various Gates and designed 
elaborate Foundry techniques. 

1993
01:44:51,300 --> 01:44:53,800
Ultimately political Strife 
disrupted the project. 

1994
01:44:54,600 --> 01:44:57,200
French armies, invaded and the 
raw bronze. 

1995
01:44:57,200 --> 01:45:00,000
Allocated for the statue was 
repurposed into cannons. 

1996
01:45:00,000 --> 01:45:03,400
The uncompleted clay model 
became a casualty of War 

1997
01:45:03,400 --> 01:45:08,300
shattered as Milan fell, This 
Fiasco, however did not dampen 

1998
01:45:08,300 --> 01:45:10,400
Leonardo's thirst for Grand 
challenges. 

1999
01:45:11,300 --> 01:45:13,800
During his Milanese phase 
Leonardo also produced the 

2000
01:45:13,800 --> 01:45:16,500
virgin of the Rocks. 
A painting that showcased his 

2001
01:45:16,500 --> 01:45:18,200
Mastery of atmospheric 
perspective. 

2002
01:45:18,200 --> 01:45:22,100
He experimented with layered 
glazes and gentle transitions, 

2003
01:45:22,100 --> 01:45:25,200
making the rocky Grotto and 
figures radiate and other 

2004
01:45:25,200 --> 01:45:27,500
worldly. 
Hush simultaneously. 

2005
01:45:27,500 --> 01:45:30,900
He furthered his anatomical 
investigation's dissecting 

2006
01:45:30,900 --> 01:45:32,900
animals to refine his knowledge 
of muscle groups. 

2007
01:45:32,900 --> 01:45:36,300
He documented swirling water 
patterns in the city's, canals 

2008
01:45:36,300 --> 01:45:40,000
studied, the flight of birds and
toyed, with the idea of a flying

2009
01:45:40,000 --> 01:45:43,400
machine Milan's, environment 
gave him the space to Roman 

2010
01:45:43,400 --> 01:45:47,300
intellectually bridging Artistry
with scientific speculation in a

2011
01:45:47,300 --> 01:45:50,900
manner, really seen before. 
Yet these Pursuits coexisted, 

2012
01:45:50,900 --> 01:45:54,400
with real world demands. 
The sport to court needed 

2013
01:45:54,400 --> 01:45:58,100
fortifications, Festival designs
and mechanical Contraptions 

2014
01:45:58,100 --> 01:46:01,400
Leonardo obliged Penning trees 
on Geometry. 

2015
01:46:01,400 --> 01:46:04,300
Building stage sets for pageants
an engineering. 

2016
01:46:04,300 --> 01:46:08,300
A femoral one wonders, some 
found him xtick especially as he

2017
01:46:08,300 --> 01:46:11,800
scribbled notes in Mira writing 
others, recognized him as an 

2018
01:46:11,800 --> 01:46:14,900
inexhaustible thinker who might 
at any moment produced the next 

2019
01:46:14,900 --> 01:46:17,900
stroke of Genius. 
By the late 15th century 

2020
01:46:17,900 --> 01:46:21,000
Leonardo had established himself
as a leading figure of the 

2021
01:46:21,000 --> 01:46:23,800
Renaissance though, his Restless
mind, kept him. 

2022
01:46:23,800 --> 01:46:26,600
Pushing forward, always hungry 
for the next Frontier of 

2023
01:46:26,608 --> 01:46:29,700
knowledge. 
Leonardo's life in Milan was 

2024
01:46:29,708 --> 01:46:32,500
bustling yet. 
Destiny had other terms in store

2025
01:46:32,500 --> 01:46:36,000
in 1499. 
French forces under King Louis, 

2026
01:46:36,000 --> 01:46:39,500
the 12th Concord Milan. 
The once powerful Sports a 

2027
01:46:39,500 --> 01:46:42,000
dynasty collapsed, leaving 
Leonardo and his Patron 

2028
01:46:42,000 --> 01:46:44,700
scrambling. 
With the city's Patron gone, 

2029
01:46:44,700 --> 01:46:48,900
Leonardo lost his secure base. 
He departed Milan, traveling to 

2030
01:46:48,900 --> 01:46:52,800
Venice and briefly to Mantua 
carrying an uneven portfolio of 

2031
01:46:52,800 --> 01:46:55,000
half-finished, commission's and 
a head brimming with 

2032
01:46:55,000 --> 01:46:57,700
experiments. 
The aftermath was a tumultuous 

2033
01:46:57,700 --> 01:47:01,600
period marked by shifting 
alliances across Italy city 

2034
01:47:01,600 --> 01:47:04,300
states. 
In Mantua, the Mariano's, 

2035
01:47:04,300 --> 01:47:07,400
Isabella desky welcome, Tim 
seeking a portrait. 

2036
01:47:08,400 --> 01:47:11,400
She was a formidable Patron but 
Leonardo's restlessness 

2037
01:47:11,400 --> 01:47:14,600
prevailed. 
He quickly moved on, possibly 

2038
01:47:14,600 --> 01:47:17,800
uninterested in the standard 
portrait tasks, by the 

2039
01:47:17,800 --> 01:47:20,200
mid-1500s. 
He found his way back to 

2040
01:47:20,200 --> 01:47:23,800
Florence after two decades away.
The city had changed. 

2041
01:47:23,800 --> 01:47:27,700
It was now under the sway of the
Republican government briefly 

2042
01:47:27,700 --> 01:47:30,200
influenced by the fiery preacher
savonarola. 

2043
01:47:30,800 --> 01:47:34,000
Tension simmered and art 
commissions had a new flavor 

2044
01:47:34,000 --> 01:47:38,600
patriotic or moralistic yet. 
Florence remembered Leonardo's 

2045
01:47:38,600 --> 01:47:42,400
early promise he was invited to 
paint a major Altarpiece though 

2046
01:47:42,400 --> 01:47:45,800
negotiations. 
Stalled instead he seized on a 

2047
01:47:45,800 --> 01:47:49,400
more prestigious assignment a 
mural in the Palazzo, Della 

2048
01:47:49,400 --> 01:47:51,600
signoria the seat of Florence's 
government. 

2049
01:47:52,400 --> 01:47:56,400
This mural project known as the 
Battle of anghiari was meant to 

2050
01:47:56,408 --> 01:47:58,800
commemorate a 1440, Florentine 
victory. 

2051
01:47:59,800 --> 01:48:02,600
Across town, Michelangelo was 
commissioned to do a different 

2052
01:48:02,600 --> 01:48:05,900
battle scene in the same Hall. 
The city braced for a 

2053
01:48:05,900 --> 01:48:10,100
competition between two towering
Geniuses Leonardo approached. 

2054
01:48:10,100 --> 01:48:13,400
The mural, with an experimental 
technique, he planted to use a 

2055
01:48:13,400 --> 01:48:17,500
wax based paint to speed drying.
He built a giant scaffold and 

2056
01:48:17,500 --> 01:48:20,800
devised Advanced heating systems
to help the paint set but the 

2057
01:48:20,808 --> 01:48:24,600
Innovation backfired parts of 
the mural dripped or refused to 

2058
01:48:24,600 --> 01:48:27,500
adhere despite partial success 
in depicting. 

2059
01:48:27,500 --> 01:48:29,900
Dramatic. 
Cavalry Charges the painting 

2060
01:48:29,900 --> 01:48:32,800
never reached its final form 
over time. 

2061
01:48:32,800 --> 01:48:35,600
The incomplete mural decayed or 
was covered by later. 

2062
01:48:35,600 --> 01:48:39,100
Renovations, still the surviving
sketches and copies hint that it

2063
01:48:39,100 --> 01:48:42,200
was a dynamic. 
Swirling composition of men and 

2064
01:48:42,208 --> 01:48:44,500
horses locked in ferocious 
combat. 

2065
01:48:45,300 --> 01:48:48,100
During the same stretch, 
Leonardo painted, the Mona Lisa 

2066
01:48:48,100 --> 01:48:51,900
commissioned by Francesco Del 
giocondo for his wife Lisa, it 

2067
01:48:51,900 --> 01:48:55,200
was initially a private portrait
yet, Leonardo spent years 

2068
01:48:55,200 --> 01:48:58,200
refining, it working and 
reworking, subtle glazes. 

2069
01:48:59,100 --> 01:49:02,400
The faces elusive smile and 
luminous complexion resulted 

2070
01:49:02,400 --> 01:49:06,600
from layering translucent. 
Paint each layer diffused light.

2071
01:49:07,600 --> 01:49:10,600
The paintings mysterious Aura 
also came from Leonardo's habit 

2072
01:49:10,600 --> 01:49:14,000
of constantly altering details, 
while smaller than some Grand 

2073
01:49:14,000 --> 01:49:16,000
frescoes. 
The peace represented, a 

2074
01:49:16,000 --> 01:49:17,800
culmination of his few motto 
technique. 

2075
01:49:18,800 --> 01:49:21,900
The background hazy mountains 
and winding roads, miracle, and 

2076
01:49:21,900 --> 01:49:25,600
I was fascination with geology 
and fluid dynamics over time. 

2077
01:49:25,600 --> 01:49:28,600
He kept the painting with him. 
Never delivering it to the 

2078
01:49:28,608 --> 01:49:31,000
patron. 
Possibly, he saw it as a 

2079
01:49:31,000 --> 01:49:33,300
personal Testament to portraits 
as pinnacle. 

2080
01:49:34,100 --> 01:49:37,500
Parallel to these artistic 
Feats, Leonardo Advanced, his 

2081
01:49:37,500 --> 01:49:41,300
scientific exploration, he 
dissected human kader as in 

2082
01:49:41,300 --> 01:49:44,200
hospitals, outside Florence 
sketching, cross-sections of 

2083
01:49:44,208 --> 01:49:47,500
muscles and bones. 
Though, dissection was sensitive

2084
01:49:47,500 --> 01:49:50,600
certain hospitals allowed it for
educational ends. 

2085
01:49:50,600 --> 01:49:54,200
His anatomical, drawings some 
discovered, centuries later 

2086
01:49:54,200 --> 01:49:57,200
revealed at near modern, 
understanding of the spine. 

2087
01:49:57,200 --> 01:50:00,400
The arrangement of internal 
organs in the skeletons 

2088
01:50:00,400 --> 01:50:03,200
mechanics. 
He planted an extensive treaters

2089
01:50:03,200 --> 01:50:05,500
on Anatomy. 
Combining text with the 

2090
01:50:05,500 --> 01:50:09,100
diagrammatic Precision, 
anticipating the modern concept 

2091
01:50:09,100 --> 01:50:12,600
of Illustrated, medical 
textbooks, however, like many 

2092
01:50:12,600 --> 01:50:15,500
Leonardo projects. 
It was never formally published 

2093
01:50:15,500 --> 01:50:19,300
in his lifetime. 
Politics royalty again, in 1503 

2094
01:50:19,300 --> 01:50:21,600
to 1504 when Pisa threatened 
Florence. 

2095
01:50:22,400 --> 01:50:24,900
Leonardo contributed to 
engineering Solutions 

2096
01:50:24,900 --> 01:50:28,600
brainstorming ways to divert the
Arno River to hamper pisa's 

2097
01:50:28,600 --> 01:50:32,100
supply lines. 
He drafted canals Levy's and 

2098
01:50:32,100 --> 01:50:35,800
even considered flooding tactics
The plan was bold but face 

2099
01:50:35,800 --> 01:50:38,500
practical obstacles and 
Tuscany's terrain though. 

2100
01:50:38,500 --> 01:50:41,400
Partially attempted the scheme 
never fully materialized. 

2101
01:50:41,400 --> 01:50:44,400
The episode's highlight 
Leonardo's willingness to tackle

2102
01:50:44,400 --> 01:50:47,100
large-scale, engineering 
challenges, blending 

2103
01:50:47,100 --> 01:50:49,500
topographical studies with 
strategic Insight. 

2104
01:50:49,500 --> 01:50:52,400
The lessons gleaned would echo 
in his future city. 

2105
01:50:52,400 --> 01:50:54,000
Planning sketches and Water 
Management. 

2106
01:50:54,000 --> 01:50:58,900
Designs by 1586 French rules 
stabilized in Milan opening the 

2107
01:50:58,900 --> 01:51:01,300
city. 
Once more long gone was the 

2108
01:51:01,300 --> 01:51:04,500
first Forte, but the new French 
Governors Beckham and Leonardo 

2109
01:51:04,500 --> 01:51:08,300
eager to revisit uncompleted 
ideas like the giant horse 

2110
01:51:08,300 --> 01:51:09,400
statue. 
He returned. 

2111
01:51:10,300 --> 01:51:13,800
Florence, parted ways with him 
under a cloud of frustration as 

2112
01:51:13,800 --> 01:51:16,200
the Battle of anghiari, lingard 
unfinished. 

2113
01:51:16,700 --> 01:51:19,400
Yet Leonardo's departure 
signaled, that loyalty to a 

2114
01:51:19,400 --> 01:51:20,900
single city. 
Was never his style. 

2115
01:51:20,900 --> 01:51:24,400
He roamed following whichever 
environment, let him Chase 

2116
01:51:24,400 --> 01:51:28,200
multiple intellectual Pursuits, 
in returning to Milan, he sought

2117
01:51:28,200 --> 01:51:31,000
continuity for the scientific 
and artistic projects left 

2118
01:51:31,000 --> 01:51:36,300
behind a decade prior. 
Thus, by the mid-1500s Leonardo 

2119
01:51:36,300 --> 01:51:39,700
had become an artist engineer. 
Bridging city-states forging. 

2120
01:51:39,700 --> 01:51:42,000
A pattern of partial 
achievements and unfinished 

2121
01:51:42,000 --> 01:51:44,200
Marvels. 
Some critics found him 

2122
01:51:44,200 --> 01:51:48,400
unreliable and eternal tinkerer 
yet feuded His Brilliant. 

2123
01:51:49,200 --> 01:51:52,000
He left Florence have, 
revolutionized, portraiture and 

2124
01:51:52,000 --> 01:51:55,400
capturing a femoral visual 
mysteries in the Mona Lisa. 

2125
01:51:56,300 --> 01:51:58,800
While also nearly 
revolutionizing mural painting. 

2126
01:51:59,800 --> 01:52:02,600
The stage was set for further 
Meandering in Milan, and 

2127
01:52:02,600 --> 01:52:05,800
eventually Beyond as Europe, 
recognized him as a truly 

2128
01:52:05,800 --> 01:52:09,400
singular figure, a testament to 
the renaissance's union of Art 

2129
01:52:09,400 --> 01:52:12,300
and Science. 
Leonardo's second stint in Milan

2130
01:52:12,300 --> 01:52:16,200
began around 1506, under the 
patronage of, Charles DMV was 

2131
01:52:16,200 --> 01:52:19,900
the French governor this time. 
The city was controlled by the 

2132
01:52:19,900 --> 01:52:22,300
French Crown, not the sports of 
family. 

2133
01:52:23,100 --> 01:52:26,700
The environment was different 
less personal loyalty, more 

2134
01:52:26,700 --> 01:52:30,600
bureaucratic oversight. 
But Leonardo's Fame had grown. 

2135
01:52:30,600 --> 01:52:33,200
He was recognized as a 
renaissance man. 

2136
01:52:33,200 --> 01:52:37,000
Whose counsel was prized for 
everything from architecture to 

2137
01:52:37,000 --> 01:52:39,300
Geometry. 
Some records indicate. 

2138
01:52:39,300 --> 01:52:42,000
He was granted a Workshop near 
the port of Angelina District 

2139
01:52:42,000 --> 01:52:45,700
where he resumed anatomical 
mechanical and Artistic 

2140
01:52:45,700 --> 01:52:47,300
Endeavors. 
One. 

2141
01:52:47,300 --> 01:52:49,500
Ongoing Obsession was the 
equestrian Monument. 

2142
01:52:49,500 --> 01:52:52,200
He had once planned for 
ludovicus Forza though. 

2143
01:52:52,200 --> 01:52:55,500
The bronze had been lost to war,
Leonardo still dreamed of 

2144
01:52:55,500 --> 01:52:57,500
building the largest horse, 
statue known. 

2145
01:52:57,500 --> 01:53:01,400
He refined the design, adjusting
how a rearing stallion might 

2146
01:53:01,400 --> 01:53:04,800
balance on hind legs, he 
sketched Innovative casting 

2147
01:53:04,800 --> 01:53:07,800
methods, hoping to circumvent 
early meltdown issues. 

2148
01:53:07,800 --> 01:53:11,400
However the politics had shifted
with ludovico. 

2149
01:53:11,400 --> 01:53:14,300
Deposed the impetus for a 
fortune Memorial dissipated. 

2150
01:53:14,300 --> 01:53:17,300
Leonardo might have pitched the 
idea to the French 

2151
01:53:17,300 --> 01:53:19,500
Administration but it never 
crystallized. 

2152
01:53:20,300 --> 01:53:22,000
You remained Resolute in 
exploring? 

2153
01:53:22,000 --> 01:53:25,800
Equine Anatomy. 
Capturing every sinew and tender

2154
01:53:25,800 --> 01:53:29,300
in fresh Skechers during this 
period. 

2155
01:53:29,300 --> 01:53:33,100
Leonardo welcome to youthful. 
Apprentice named Francesco melty

2156
01:53:33,100 --> 01:53:35,900
who would become his most 
devoted disciple and eventually 

2157
01:53:35,900 --> 01:53:41,200
executor of his estate from a 
noble Milanese family, offered 

2158
01:53:41,200 --> 01:53:45,000
loyalty scribing capabilities 
and stable finances. 

2159
01:53:45,000 --> 01:53:49,200
He accompanied Leonardo on trips
helped, organize notes and 

2160
01:53:49,200 --> 01:53:52,700
became the Master's confidant. 
The presence of a stem were 

2161
01:53:52,700 --> 01:53:54,500
respectful. 
Apprentice might have provided 

2162
01:53:54,500 --> 01:53:56,700
Leonardo, the continuity. 
He had long sought. 

2163
01:53:57,700 --> 01:53:59,800
Actually after dealing with 
earlier assistance, who 

2164
01:53:59,800 --> 01:54:03,700
sometimes parted on mixed terms,
meanwhile glimpses of his 

2165
01:54:03,700 --> 01:54:07,400
scientific Mania multiplied. 
He dissected more cadavers, 

2166
01:54:07,400 --> 01:54:11,800
filling notebooks with Nuance 
drawings of hearts muscles, the 

2167
01:54:11,800 --> 01:54:14,700
bronchial system. 
Observing that heart, valves 

2168
01:54:14,700 --> 01:54:17,700
directed blood flow. 
He speculated about circulation 

2169
01:54:17,700 --> 01:54:21,600
decades, before William Harvey's
formal discovery, He studied the

2170
01:54:21,608 --> 01:54:25,200
vitreous humor in an ox's. 
I investigating how images 

2171
01:54:25,200 --> 01:54:28,700
formed While the Catholic church
mostly tolerated such 

2172
01:54:28,700 --> 01:54:32,900
dissections for medical 
progress, certain clergy frowned

2173
01:54:32,900 --> 01:54:36,200
on it so Leonardo often 
performed them discreetly or at 

2174
01:54:36,200 --> 01:54:38,500
night. 
Had he published these findings.

2175
01:54:38,500 --> 01:54:42,100
He might have revolutionized 
medicine, centuries earlier, but

2176
01:54:42,100 --> 01:54:45,600
perfectionism and continuous. 
Revision meant his data State 

2177
01:54:45,600 --> 01:54:49,500
personal locked in cramped 
notebooks and pending a Mira 

2178
01:54:49,500 --> 01:54:53,400
script in parallel Leonardo 
authored treatises on flight. 

2179
01:54:54,200 --> 01:54:55,900
Fascinated by birds Wing 
structures. 

2180
01:54:55,900 --> 01:54:59,900
He dissected Wings to decode the
interplay of feathers, he built 

2181
01:54:59,900 --> 01:55:02,900
mechanical prototypes 
ornithopters aiming to replicate

2182
01:55:02,900 --> 01:55:05,500
flapping flight. 
They never tested on a large 

2183
01:55:05,508 --> 01:55:07,500
scale. 
These Contraptions preceded 

2184
01:55:07,500 --> 01:55:10,900
modern Aviation Concepts. 
He recognized that pure flapping

2185
01:55:10,900 --> 01:55:12,400
wouldn't suffice for human 
flight. 

2186
01:55:12,400 --> 01:55:16,200
He studied gliding surfaces 
suspecting the air currents 

2187
01:55:16,200 --> 01:55:19,800
could keep acrossed Aloft yet 
the technology of the era no 

2188
01:55:19,800 --> 01:55:24,600
engine's or suitable materials 
curb these ambitions Even so the

2189
01:55:24,600 --> 01:55:27,200
sketches reveal an acute 
understanding of aerodynamics. 

2190
01:55:28,500 --> 01:55:33,400
Around 1510 Leonardo's Patron, 
Charles dunbar's died prompting.

2191
01:55:33,400 --> 01:55:36,500
Another shift in Milan's, 
political Circle, Still the 

2192
01:55:36,500 --> 01:55:38,800
French King Louis, the 12th 
value Leonardo. 

2193
01:55:40,100 --> 01:55:41,900
Another momentous figure 
emerged. 

2194
01:55:41,900 --> 01:55:44,300
The newly ascendant Giuliana 
domed. 

2195
01:55:44,300 --> 01:55:48,500
She brother of Pope Leo. 
The 10th invited to return to 

2196
01:55:48,500 --> 01:55:52,200
the Florentine orbit or possibly
move to Rome where the papacy 

2197
01:55:52,200 --> 01:55:54,000
was fueling Grand building 
projects. 

2198
01:55:55,300 --> 01:55:58,400
Leonardo. 
Now in his late 50s, weighed 

2199
01:55:58,400 --> 01:56:01,600
these overtures carefully, The 
Lure of Rome's architectural 

2200
01:56:01,600 --> 01:56:04,500
expansions and advanced 
scientific resources, might 

2201
01:56:04,500 --> 01:56:10,200
prove irresistible eventually 
around. 1513 Leonardo departed 

2202
01:56:10,200 --> 01:56:13,700
Milan for Rome with an Entourage
that included melts, and some 

2203
01:56:13,700 --> 01:56:17,900
assistance in Rome and a Pope 
Leo, the 10th, the artistic 

2204
01:56:17,900 --> 01:56:22,100
scene, sword, Michelangelo and 
Raphael, dominated the city's 

2205
01:56:22,100 --> 01:56:24,800
commission's. 
Sistine Chapel expansions Grand 

2206
01:56:24,800 --> 01:56:28,400
papal, Apartments, Leonardo 
expected, a role in major 

2207
01:56:28,400 --> 01:56:29,900
architectural or hydraulic 
projects. 

2208
01:56:29,900 --> 01:56:33,800
Instead, he found himself 
overshadowed by younger Rivals. 

2209
01:56:33,800 --> 01:56:37,700
Michelangelo known for Moody 
brilliant's had little patience 

2210
01:56:37,700 --> 01:56:41,600
for Leonardo's diversion while 
Raphael's rising star in thrall 

2211
01:56:41,600 --> 01:56:44,500
the papal Court. 
Leonardo was offered small 

2212
01:56:44,500 --> 01:56:47,400
tasks. 
For instance, Pope asked him to 

2213
01:56:47,400 --> 01:56:51,000
devise mechanical amusements or 
stage designs, but no major 

2214
01:56:51,000 --> 01:56:54,100
PayPal commission emerged, 
despite the frustration, 

2215
01:56:54,100 --> 01:56:58,300
Leonardo utilized Rome's, 
library's continuing anatomical 

2216
01:56:58,300 --> 01:57:02,000
dissections, he took advantage 
of more cadava Supply from local

2217
01:57:02,000 --> 01:57:05,300
hospitals. 
Some rumors suggest friction 

2218
01:57:05,300 --> 01:57:08,600
with the Vatican curia. 
Specially after a cardinal 

2219
01:57:08,600 --> 01:57:11,500
supposedly saw dismembered 
bodies in Leonardo's quarters. 

2220
01:57:11,500 --> 01:57:15,800
The environment felt stifling He
wrote letters, implying that the

2221
01:57:15,800 --> 01:57:18,900
papal, Circle, favored, 
spectacle over more profound 

2222
01:57:18,900 --> 01:57:21,200
research. 
With insufficient official 

2223
01:57:21,200 --> 01:57:24,400
support for his large-scale 
experiments, Leonardo grew 

2224
01:57:24,400 --> 01:57:26,800
Restless again. 
Yet, he found fleeting 

2225
01:57:26,800 --> 01:57:30,100
satisfaction exploring the 
Belvedere Gardens measuring 

2226
01:57:30,100 --> 01:57:31,800
ruins of ancient Roman 
structures. 

2227
01:57:31,800 --> 01:57:35,800
He studied geometry with 
Scholars, exchanging ideas about

2228
01:57:35,800 --> 01:57:39,500
perspective and the ptolemaic 
universe Perhaps a, quite a 

2229
01:57:39,500 --> 01:57:41,700
dream to unify art and 
Mathematics kept him going. 

2230
01:57:42,600 --> 01:57:45,500
Still the Unstoppable politics 
of Italy soon. 

2231
01:57:45,500 --> 01:57:49,500
Overshadowed, local tasks. 
Shifting alliance's in 1516 

2232
01:57:49,500 --> 01:57:51,300
catapulted France into 
dominance. 

2233
01:57:51,300 --> 01:57:56,200
Once more France's the first 
became king, Italy hungrily for 

2234
01:57:56,200 --> 01:57:58,800
Leonardo. 
The swirling Intrigue spelled an

2235
01:57:58,800 --> 01:58:02,500
opportunity to Pivot yet again. 
The next invitation from the 

2236
01:58:02,500 --> 01:58:03,900
French Crown would Beckham 
cross. 

2237
01:58:03,900 --> 01:58:06,400
The Alps for what would become 
the final chapter of his life 

2238
01:58:06,400 --> 01:58:10,200
from markable Journey. 
In 1516 King Francis. 

2239
01:58:10,200 --> 01:58:13,400
The first of France, a young 
monk intrigued by Art and 

2240
01:58:13,400 --> 01:58:17,100
Technology extended an 
invitation to Leonardo da Vinci.

2241
01:58:17,700 --> 01:58:20,600
Tired of Roman politics and 
seeing limited scope for big 

2242
01:58:20,600 --> 01:58:24,300
projects there, Leonardo 
accepted, he traveled, north 

2243
01:58:24,300 --> 01:58:27,500
crossing, the Alps at an 
advanced age, bearing, precious 

2244
01:58:27,500 --> 01:58:31,000
paintings and volumes of notes 
among them, the Mona, Lisa and 

2245
01:58:31,000 --> 01:58:34,900
likely Saint, John, the Baptist.
Francis offered him the manor 

2246
01:58:34,900 --> 01:58:37,000
house of Chloe near the Royal 
Chateau. 

2247
01:58:37,000 --> 01:58:40,400
Dom was in the Loire Valley. 
This Arrangement put Leonardo 

2248
01:58:40,400 --> 01:58:44,400
under Royal patronage granting 
him comfort and a platform for 

2249
01:58:44,400 --> 01:58:47,800
his creative urges. 
A closet Leonardo enjoyed 

2250
01:58:47,800 --> 01:58:51,300
relative calm gone with a fierce
rivalries of Florence and the 

2251
01:58:51,300 --> 01:58:54,300
ephemeral commission's of Milan.
Francis. 

2252
01:58:54,300 --> 01:58:58,200
The first often, strolled over 
discussing fortifications Canal 

2253
01:58:58,200 --> 01:59:00,700
systems or mechanical 
contraptions. 

2254
01:59:01,600 --> 01:59:05,100
The king revered Leonardo as a 
living legend, a reservoir of 

2255
01:59:05,100 --> 01:59:08,300
Renaissance Brilliance. 
The older man reciprocated with 

2256
01:59:08,300 --> 01:59:11,800
sketches of improved Weaponry or
designs for a Grand Palace. 

2257
01:59:12,600 --> 01:59:15,500
However, age and ill health, 
limited the impetus for new 

2258
01:59:15,500 --> 01:59:19,000
large-scale Ventures. some 
accounts claim Leonardo tried to

2259
01:59:19,000 --> 01:59:22,300
outline an ideal city for 
France's merging symmetrical, 

2260
01:59:22,300 --> 01:59:25,100
layouts with official waterways 
but no direct implementation 

2261
01:59:25,100 --> 01:59:30,400
followed Emit this peaceful 
setting Leonardo's health issues

2262
01:59:30,400 --> 01:59:32,700
worsened. 
He wrote fewer lines in his 

2263
01:59:32,708 --> 01:59:36,000
notebooks and is once dexterous 
hand might have trembled from 

2264
01:59:36,000 --> 01:59:38,000
possible Strokes or nerve 
troubles. 

2265
01:59:38,000 --> 01:59:40,000
Yet his mind remained 
inquisitive. 

2266
01:59:40,000 --> 01:59:43,500
He refined old anatomical, 
drawings re-examining them. 

2267
01:59:43,500 --> 01:59:45,200
In the quiet orchard near his 
manner. 

2268
01:59:45,200 --> 01:59:49,700
Melty, ever faithful organized. 
The piles of manuscripts and 

2269
01:59:49,700 --> 01:59:53,800
showing references to Geometry. 
Geology Optics, Anatomy didn't 

2270
01:59:53,800 --> 01:59:57,500
vanish into chaos, the older 
assistance Elie, who had begun 

2271
01:59:57,500 --> 01:59:59,400
as a teenage model with a 
mischievous streak. 

2272
01:59:59,400 --> 02:00:01,900
Also lived there. 
Though rumored tensions, 

2273
02:00:01,900 --> 02:00:04,000
occasionally flared between him 
and melty. 

2274
02:00:04,000 --> 02:00:07,700
A highlight of, this period was 
visits by French courtiers who 

2275
02:00:07,700 --> 02:00:11,000
marveled at the Mona Lisa. 
They admired her half smile 

2276
02:00:11,000 --> 02:00:14,200
rumored to be a representation 
of intangible Grace. 

2277
02:00:15,200 --> 02:00:17,800
Francis, the first himself is 
said to have purchased the 

2278
02:00:17,800 --> 02:00:21,600
painting directly from Leonardo 
or inherited it after the artist

2279
02:00:21,600 --> 02:00:25,400
death, eventually placing Us in 
Fontainebleau, then it traveled 

2280
02:00:25,400 --> 02:00:28,200
to the Louvre later. 
Another puzzle. 

2281
02:00:28,900 --> 02:00:31,600
Saint John. 
The Baptist a moody half-lit 

2282
02:00:31,600 --> 02:00:35,200
figure pointing heavenward. 
Also accompanied him to France. 

2283
02:00:35,200 --> 02:00:39,300
It swirling, hair and ambiguous 
expression, invited speculation.

2284
02:00:39,300 --> 02:00:41,800
That it was a deeply personal 
reflection on spiritual 

2285
02:00:41,800 --> 02:00:46,000
transformation. 
Those slowed physically Leonardo

2286
02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:48,500
sometimes, produced ephemeral 
amusements, for the court. 

2287
02:00:49,200 --> 02:00:52,900
Francis might request a 
mechanical lion that roared or a

2288
02:00:52,900 --> 02:00:55,100
winged Contraption to amuse 
guests. 

2289
02:00:56,200 --> 02:00:58,800
These ephemeral wonders were 
reminiscent of his younger days 

2290
02:00:58,800 --> 02:01:02,000
planning festivals for the 
Milanese Dukes in letters. 

2291
02:01:02,000 --> 02:01:04,100
Watchers described him as 
gracious. 

2292
02:01:04,100 --> 02:01:07,500
But occasionally melancholic 
lamenting the ephemeral nature 

2293
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:10,700
of grand projects. 
He never completed. the once 

2294
02:01:10,700 --> 02:01:13,600
Unstoppable polymath was 
contending with the reality that

2295
02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:17,200
time was finite, He also penned 
Reflections on theology, 

2296
02:01:17,200 --> 02:01:20,000
bridging, Catholic doctrines 
with his own scientific 

2297
02:01:20,000 --> 02:01:23,200
viewpoint. 
While devout in belief, he had 

2298
02:01:23,200 --> 02:01:25,000
long championed rational 
inquiry. 

2299
02:01:25,000 --> 02:01:27,700
Sometimes rattling clergy with 
statements about Earth's 

2300
02:01:27,700 --> 02:01:31,000
position all the universal laws 
of nature in France. 

2301
02:01:31,000 --> 02:01:33,900
The monarchy had a slightly more
flexible attitude toward 

2302
02:01:33,900 --> 02:01:37,400
intellectual exploration. 
So long as loyalties to church, 

2303
02:01:37,400 --> 02:01:41,300
Dogma wasn't overtly challenged.
This gave Leonardo space to 

2304
02:01:41,300 --> 02:01:45,300
fuse, spiritual musings with 
scientific Wonder, A few cryptic

2305
02:01:45,300 --> 02:01:48,200
lines in his notebooks hint that
he believed the study of anatomy

2306
02:01:48,200 --> 02:01:50,400
and nature. 
Only deepened, reverence for a 

2307
02:01:50,400 --> 02:01:55,100
Divine creator Socially the 
small circle at Chloe was cozy 

2308
02:01:55,100 --> 02:01:57,800
Francis. 
The first occasionally dined 

2309
02:01:57,800 --> 02:02:01,200
with Leonardo absorbing Tall, 
Tales From Italy's golden 

2310
02:02:01,200 --> 02:02:04,200
cities. 
Melty recorded these dialogues 

2311
02:02:04,200 --> 02:02:06,100
though. 
Few transcripts remain. 

2312
02:02:06,100 --> 02:02:08,700
Meanwhile. 
Rumors circulated about 

2313
02:02:08,700 --> 02:02:10,800
Leonardo's final. 
Unseen manuscripts. 

2314
02:02:10,800 --> 02:02:14,100
Some believed he was petting a 
definitive Treatise on flight or

2315
02:02:14,100 --> 02:02:17,800
universal theory of water? 
Currents in truth, he likely 

2316
02:02:17,800 --> 02:02:20,700
polished segments of older notes
rather than forging a single 

2317
02:02:20,700 --> 02:02:24,500
cohesive magnum opus The 
scattered nature of his archive.

2318
02:02:24,500 --> 02:02:26,400
Meant the future. 
Would discover his Brilliance 

2319
02:02:26,400 --> 02:02:31,700
piecemeal During the winter of 
1518 to the 1519 Leonardo's 

2320
02:02:31,700 --> 02:02:35,100
conditioned, deteriorated 
chronic arm pains possibly from 

2321
02:02:35,100 --> 02:02:37,800
a stroke, forced him to rely 
heavily on melts for every day 

2322
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:41,000
tasks. 
Francis hearing of the declined 

2323
02:02:41,000 --> 02:02:44,800
visited more often hoping for 
final insights from the Master 

2324
02:02:44,800 --> 02:02:48,600
Legend, has it that the King was
at Leonardo's side as he passed 

2325
02:02:48,600 --> 02:02:53,200
on May, the second 1519 while 
romanticized accounts to pick 

2326
02:02:53,200 --> 02:02:56,800
Leonardo dying in France's arms,
the historical veracity is 

2327
02:02:56,800 --> 02:02:59,600
uncertain. 
Still the bond between them was 

2328
02:02:59,600 --> 02:03:02,500
genuine. 
The Deep mutual respect between 

2329
02:03:02,500 --> 02:03:06,100
an aging Renaissance, Titan and 
a monarch hungry for cultural 

2330
02:03:06,100 --> 02:03:09,000
ascendancy. 
Thus ended, Leonardo's mortal 

2331
02:03:09,000 --> 02:03:12,300
Journey far from the Tuscan 
Hills of his birth in a French 

2332
02:03:12,308 --> 02:03:15,900
Manor, brightened by orchard 
blooms, This final French 

2333
02:03:15,900 --> 02:03:19,800
chapter was quieter reflective 
yet, still brimming with Sparks 

2334
02:03:19,800 --> 02:03:22,400
of creativity. 
From building a femoral 

2335
02:03:22,400 --> 02:03:25,400
mechanical Lions to preserving 
the greatest paintings. 

2336
02:03:25,400 --> 02:03:30,200
Humankind had known, Leonardo's 
culminating years embodied, a 

2337
02:03:30,200 --> 02:03:33,800
spirit that refused to go dim. 
he might not have erected a 

2338
02:03:33,800 --> 02:03:36,600
final Monument, but he left 
behind a personal realm of 

2339
02:03:36,600 --> 02:03:41,600
knowledge, bridging art, science
and Imagination, a legacy that 

2340
02:03:41,600 --> 02:03:45,100
would endure for centuries to 
come In the immediate aftermath 

2341
02:03:45,100 --> 02:03:49,300
of Leonardo da Vinci dying. 
The question arose, what would 

2342
02:03:49,300 --> 02:03:51,700
become of his manuscripts and 
personal effects? 

2343
02:03:51,700 --> 02:03:55,900
According to some accounts 
Francesco melts emerged, as the 

2344
02:03:55,900 --> 02:03:59,600
designated are entrusted with 
safeguarding the thousands of 

2345
02:03:59,600 --> 02:04:04,800
pages brimming with sketches 
notes and drafts Sallie, an 

2346
02:04:04,800 --> 02:04:07,700
early companion, received 
certain paintings and minor 

2347
02:04:07,700 --> 02:04:11,400
possessions yet the sheer volume
of Leonardo's papers posed, a 

2348
02:04:11,400 --> 02:04:15,500
challenge melts, dedicated years
trying to organize them hoping 

2349
02:04:15,500 --> 02:04:19,500
to publish coherent treatises 
but the scale was daunting over 

2350
02:04:19,500 --> 02:04:21,400
time. 
Bits of the collection were 

2351
02:04:21,400 --> 02:04:24,700
dispersed sold or gifted by 
Mel's airs across Europe. 

2352
02:04:25,500 --> 02:04:28,700
This fracturing explains why 
Leonardo's notebooks, eventually

2353
02:04:28,700 --> 02:04:32,100
surfaced in places from Spain's 
Royal libraries to British 

2354
02:04:32,100 --> 02:04:35,800
aristocratic collections. 
Each chunk unveiled in a regular

2355
02:04:35,800 --> 02:04:38,400
intervals. 
Europe of the 16th century 

2356
02:04:38,400 --> 02:04:42,000
recognized Leonardo's artistic, 
Brilliance, the Last Supper. 

2357
02:04:42,000 --> 02:04:45,700
In Milan though, deteriorating 
due to his experimental Fresco 

2358
02:04:45,700 --> 02:04:49,100
approach was already hailed as 
an emotional Masterpiece, the 

2359
02:04:49,100 --> 02:04:52,500
Mona Lisa now in French Royal 
possession, attracted courtly 

2360
02:04:52,500 --> 02:04:54,300
admiration for her haunting 
expression. 

2361
02:04:55,300 --> 02:04:57,200
Yet, the fullest scope of his 
genius. 

2362
02:04:57,200 --> 02:05:01,600
Engineering drawing anatomical, 
plates were treatises on 

2363
02:05:01,600 --> 02:05:04,300
Geometry. 
Remained largely hidden the slow

2364
02:05:04,300 --> 02:05:07,000
trickle of discovered. 
Manuscripts fueled centuries of 

2365
02:05:07,000 --> 02:05:09,600
fascination. 
In the 17th century. 

2366
02:05:09,600 --> 02:05:14,100
A few scientists Glimpse, 
certain sketches marveling had 

2367
02:05:14,100 --> 02:05:17,500
advanced concepts of gear 
systems or diving operators, but

2368
02:05:17,500 --> 02:05:18,900
it wasn't until the 19th 
century. 

2369
02:05:18,900 --> 02:05:21,500
That broader scholarships 
systematically studied his 

2370
02:05:21,500 --> 02:05:24,900
codices unveiling a mine. 
Centuries ahead of his era. 

2371
02:05:26,100 --> 02:05:28,500
Leonardo's immediate Legacy and 
art was clearer. 

2372
02:05:28,500 --> 02:05:31,900
His painting style influenced 
degeneration of mannerists, who 

2373
02:05:31,900 --> 02:05:35,800
admired his Smoky transitions 
for motto, an atmospheric depth.

2374
02:05:36,600 --> 02:05:39,400
Milanese artists though 
overshadowed by the city's 

2375
02:05:39,400 --> 02:05:42,500
shifting political fortunes, 
carried forward. 

2376
02:05:42,500 --> 02:05:46,700
Elements of his approach in 
Florence students, who Glimpse 

2377
02:05:46,700 --> 02:05:50,500
the aborted Battle of anghiari 
mural adapted some compositional

2378
02:05:50,500 --> 02:05:53,200
ideas, but the direct lineage 
was complicated. 

2379
02:05:54,000 --> 02:05:56,000
Leonardo left, no formal 
Academy. 

2380
02:05:56,000 --> 02:06:00,200
He taught a few pupils of 
Thoroughly except for melty and 

2381
02:06:00,200 --> 02:06:03,500
a handful of others. 
The intangible Aura of Leonard 

2382
02:06:03,500 --> 02:06:06,900
desk painting permit to the late
Renaissance with its softness of

2383
02:06:06,900 --> 02:06:10,000
edges and subtle. 
Interplay of light over the 

2384
02:06:10,000 --> 02:06:12,500
next. 
Centuries, as Barack flamboyance

2385
02:06:12,500 --> 02:06:15,000
Rose. 
Certain of Leonardo's Works fell

2386
02:06:15,000 --> 02:06:18,000
out of style others, recognized 
them as Timeless. 

2387
02:06:18,000 --> 02:06:21,900
The last supper, for example, 
underwent multiple Restorations 

2388
02:06:21,900 --> 02:06:25,400
each attempt off an introducing 
fresh problems, leading to 

2389
02:06:25,400 --> 02:06:28,500
controversies about how much of 
Leonardo's original brush stroke

2390
02:06:28,500 --> 02:06:32,600
survived, meanwhile in the 19th 
century, romantic and Victorian 

2391
02:06:32,600 --> 02:06:34,400
Scholars. 
Resurrected, The Cult of the 

2392
02:06:34,400 --> 02:06:37,800
Renaissance genius Leonardo 
emerged as a symbol of the 

2393
02:06:37,808 --> 02:06:40,800
solitary Visionary. 
An introspective figure bridging

2394
02:06:40,800 --> 02:06:44,400
reason and art Writers Like 
Walter, Payton wrap, Sonic 

2395
02:06:44,400 --> 02:06:48,200
essays on the Mona Lisa, 
describing her as an enigma 

2396
02:06:48,200 --> 02:06:52,200
embodying centuries of emotion. 
Such a fusions etched, the 

2397
02:06:52,200 --> 02:06:54,800
paintings Fame, deep into 
Western cultural consciousness. 

2398
02:06:55,700 --> 02:06:58,500
Only in the modern age. 
Did the scale of Leonardo's 

2399
02:06:58,500 --> 02:07:02,500
scientific Legacy become widely 
recognized as more codices were 

2400
02:07:02,500 --> 02:07:05,500
catalogued like the Codex 
atlanticus or the Codex Arundel 

2401
02:07:05,500 --> 02:07:08,900
historians realized that he had 
conceptualized flying machines, 

2402
02:07:08,900 --> 02:07:13,500
armored vehicles and tension 
based Mechanical Devices he'd 

2403
02:07:13,500 --> 02:07:17,100
studied wave patterns sketched, 
gear differentials and dissected

2404
02:07:17,100 --> 02:07:19,400
the human body with an 
exactitude unmatched for 

2405
02:07:19,400 --> 02:07:23,000
centuries art historians Marvel,
that how the same man, who 

2406
02:07:23,008 --> 02:07:25,700
painted the lady with an ermine.
Had also measured the 

2407
02:07:25,700 --> 02:07:29,100
mathematical proportions of 
reflection angles, the Synergy 

2408
02:07:29,100 --> 02:07:30,900
of Aesthetics and logic rendered
him. 

2409
02:07:30,900 --> 02:07:34,600
The archetype of the Renaissance
Man, modern Architects gleaned 

2410
02:07:34,600 --> 02:07:37,400
from his City Planning Concepts 
while robotic Engineers. 

2411
02:07:37,400 --> 02:07:39,800
Found Prelude to Modern 
mechanical linkages in his 

2412
02:07:39,800 --> 02:07:43,500
swirling diagrams. 
For a Time many described 

2413
02:07:43,500 --> 02:07:47,100
Leonardo as a man out of time, 
but recent scholarship refines 

2414
02:07:47,100 --> 02:07:50,500
that narrative. 
He was indeed extraordinary, but

2415
02:07:50,500 --> 02:07:54,500
also a product of a vibrant 
milieu Italian city-states, 

2416
02:07:54,500 --> 02:07:58,200
teamed with cross-pollination 
from Greek, Roman, and Islamic 

2417
02:07:58,200 --> 02:08:00,400
knowledge. 
Leonardo built on the 

2418
02:08:00,408 --> 02:08:02,900
achievements of earlier 
polymaths from the classical 

2419
02:08:02,900 --> 02:08:06,300
treatises of our committees to 
the reintroduced works of Al 

2420
02:08:06,300 --> 02:08:09,600
Hazen on Optics. 
Recognizing that Synergy doesn't

2421
02:08:09,600 --> 02:08:12,500
lessen his Brilliance, its 
situates him in the network that

2422
02:08:12,500 --> 02:08:15,800
made such leaps feasible. 
Meanwhile, the Mystique around, 

2423
02:08:15,800 --> 02:08:18,200
Leonardo occasionally 
overshadowed more grounded, 

2424
02:08:18,200 --> 02:08:21,700
truths, Tales of him finishing 
Commissions, in a single burst 

2425
02:08:21,700 --> 02:08:24,500
or Conjuring Bazaar. 
Contraptions for stage Illusions

2426
02:08:24,500 --> 02:08:28,100
became embroidered over time. 
The reality was that he left 

2427
02:08:28,100 --> 02:08:32,500
many tasks in complete struggled
with perfectionism and juggled 

2428
02:08:32,500 --> 02:08:35,900
ephemeral Court demands. 
This tension between the 

2429
02:08:35,900 --> 02:08:39,200
Unstoppable imagination and the 
Practical burden of day-to-day 

2430
02:08:39,200 --> 02:08:42,300
labor, infuses his story with a 
human dimension. 

2431
02:08:43,000 --> 02:08:46,200
He wasn't some aloof superhuman 
but an individual forging 

2432
02:08:46,200 --> 02:08:49,000
through the same complexities 
and distractions, we all face, 

2433
02:08:49,000 --> 02:08:51,400
all be it with an incandescent 
spark. 

2434
02:08:51,400 --> 02:08:55,200
If you could rival thus 
centuries after his passing 

2435
02:08:55,200 --> 02:08:58,600
Leonardo's name, resonates as 
the embodiment of creative 

2436
02:08:58,600 --> 02:09:02,300
ambition, whether in art 
galleries, engineering Labs or 

2437
02:09:02,300 --> 02:09:06,000
philosophical debates references
to his Fusion of the imagination

2438
02:09:06,000 --> 02:09:10,900
and observation abound People 
see in him, the ideal of 

2439
02:09:10,900 --> 02:09:15,100
curiosity, Unshackled Bridging 
the intangible Rifts between 

2440
02:09:15,100 --> 02:09:18,700
Arts science. 
Beauty, and data that intangible

2441
02:09:18,700 --> 02:09:23,000
Legacy more than any single 
painting or device might stand 

2442
02:09:23,000 --> 02:09:24,800
as the core reason. 
We Revere him. 

2443
02:09:25,600 --> 02:09:28,600
He left behind not just objects 
but a testament that the Quest 

2444
02:09:28,600 --> 02:09:32,100
for knowledge and Mastery can in
the right hands rewrite, the 

2445
02:09:32,100 --> 02:09:36,500
boundaries of possibility in 
contemporary times, Leonardo's 

2446
02:09:36,500 --> 02:09:38,100
Legacy. 
Permeates cultural and 

2447
02:09:38,100 --> 02:09:41,500
scientific discourse in ways, 
both lofty and mundane the Mona.

2448
02:09:41,500 --> 02:09:45,000
Lisa has become a pop icon 
reproduced endlessly on posters 

2449
02:09:45,000 --> 02:09:47,700
and Novelty items. 
Its Rye smile, fueling 

2450
02:09:47,700 --> 02:09:51,400
conspiracy theories about hidden
identities or coded messages. 

2451
02:09:52,600 --> 02:09:56,400
Meanwhile, the Last Supper 
continues to Captivate pilgrims 

2452
02:09:56,400 --> 02:09:58,900
and tourists. 
In Milan the advanced ticket 

2453
02:09:58,900 --> 02:10:01,700
reservations are required to see
the heavily conserved mural. 

2454
02:10:02,400 --> 02:10:05,300
Documentary is dissect. 
Each brushstroke offering 

2455
02:10:05,300 --> 02:10:08,300
competing theories about cryptic
symbolism in the arrangement of 

2456
02:10:08,300 --> 02:10:11,400
bread loaves or Apostolic 
gestures Beyond these famous 

2457
02:10:11,400 --> 02:10:15,100
works Leonardo's name adorns 
everything from children's 

2458
02:10:15,100 --> 02:10:19,200
educational kits about invention
to NASA references to lunar 

2459
02:10:19,200 --> 02:10:22,900
craters named in his honor Of 
innovators, sometimes him as a 

2460
02:10:22,900 --> 02:10:25,900
paragon of design, thinking, 
Aesthetics and function. 

2461
02:10:26,800 --> 02:10:30,300
The phrase Leonardo like mine's 
denote someone Unbound by single

2462
02:10:30,300 --> 02:10:32,900
domain. 
Museum stage Blockbuster, 

2463
02:10:32,900 --> 02:10:36,800
exhibitions assembling scattered
folios of his codices Under One 

2464
02:10:36,800 --> 02:10:39,200
Roof. 
Visitors queue for hours to 

2465
02:10:39,200 --> 02:10:42,900
Glimpse the delicate sketches of
a fetus in utero or a swirling 

2466
02:10:42,900 --> 02:10:45,900
aerial screw. 
In such Gatherings, viewers 

2467
02:10:45,900 --> 02:10:48,600
witnessed, the raw lines of a 
man who wrestled with Nature's 

2468
02:10:48,600 --> 02:10:51,000
secrets on scraps of paper 
unknowing. 

2469
02:10:51,000 --> 02:10:52,700
They'd be revered centuries 
later. 

2470
02:10:53,700 --> 02:10:57,400
Yet the question arises, what 
would Leonardo have done with 

2471
02:10:57,400 --> 02:11:01,000
modern resources? 
Some imagine him thriving in an 

2472
02:11:01,000 --> 02:11:04,600
era of 3D printers and digital 
imaging or leading biotech 

2473
02:11:04,600 --> 02:11:06,900
startups. 
Others caution that the 

2474
02:11:06,900 --> 02:11:10,000
intangible Synergy of 
Renaissance, Italy, a World open

2475
02:11:10,000 --> 02:11:13,700
to invention but also Bound by 
Kraft Traditions shape him. 

2476
02:11:14,600 --> 02:11:18,100
A modern environment might 
hamper that slow observational 

2477
02:11:18,100 --> 02:11:20,700
approach. 
He thrived in a realm where 

2478
02:11:20,700 --> 02:11:23,700
forging your pigments and 
decepticon cadavers in candlelit

2479
02:11:23,700 --> 02:11:25,600
Corners built a holistic sense 
of wonder. 

2480
02:11:26,400 --> 02:11:28,500
Today is rapid data flow might 
overshadow. 

2481
02:11:28,500 --> 02:11:32,700
The meticulous wonder that fuel.
His slow Revelation Scholars 

2482
02:11:32,700 --> 02:11:35,400
continue analyzing notebooks for
overlooked. 

2483
02:11:35,400 --> 02:11:38,400
Insights one might find a newly,
deciphered margin note, 

2484
02:11:38,400 --> 02:11:41,200
revealing, how he planned water 
lifting devices for Farmland 

2485
02:11:41,200 --> 02:11:44,100
irrigation? 
Another might unearth a fragment

2486
02:11:44,100 --> 02:11:47,400
referencing a missing treaties 
on mirror, making each fresh 

2487
02:11:47,400 --> 02:11:50,100
Revelation. 
Underscores how incomplete our 

2488
02:11:50,100 --> 02:11:52,300
knowledge remains? 
Because his notebooks were so 

2489
02:11:52,300 --> 02:11:55,200
scattered lines, vanish and 
private collections. 

2490
02:11:55,200 --> 02:11:58,300
Sometimes re-emerging at auction
houses with a million dollar, 

2491
02:11:58,300 --> 02:12:01,900
price tags, Bill Gates, 
famously, purchased the Codex, 

2492
02:12:01,900 --> 02:12:06,000
lesser in 1994 digitizing Pages,
for public curiosity. 

2493
02:12:07,100 --> 02:12:09,600
This interplay of private 
ownership and public thirst. 

2494
02:12:09,600 --> 02:12:12,800
For knowledge, epitomizes 
Leonardo's enduring Mystique. 

2495
02:12:13,600 --> 02:12:16,800
One-dimension of modern interest
focuses on Leonardo's, personal 

2496
02:12:16,800 --> 02:12:19,700
life. 
The few references to Intimate 

2497
02:12:19,700 --> 02:12:21,900
Relationships or sexuality 
remain ambiguous. 

2498
02:12:22,700 --> 02:12:25,900
Some interpret, his heavy focus 
on male assistance as indicative

2499
02:12:25,900 --> 02:12:28,200
of hidden personal aspects 
others. 

2500
02:12:28,200 --> 02:12:30,600
See, no direct evidence of 
romance in his notes. 

2501
02:12:30,600 --> 02:12:34,500
He rarely wrote about personal 
feelings, preferring coded, 

2502
02:12:34,500 --> 02:12:38,100
references, or allegorical 
musings, the aura of secrecy 

2503
02:12:38,100 --> 02:12:39,600
around his private life 
parallels. 

2504
02:12:39,600 --> 02:12:42,900
The guarded manner in which he 
protected his scientific methods

2505
02:12:42,900 --> 02:12:47,200
fueling endless speculation at 
the same time the notion of the 

2506
02:12:47,200 --> 02:12:50,700
incomplete genius, resonates 
with modern anxieties about 

2507
02:12:50,700 --> 02:12:53,600
productivity. 
Leonardo's many half finished 

2508
02:12:53,600 --> 02:12:55,900
paintings, and ephemeral designs
illustrate. 

2509
02:12:55,900 --> 02:12:59,100
The challenge of reconciling 
curiosity with the finality of 

2510
02:12:59,100 --> 02:13:03,000
deadlines in an age, obsessed 
with completion and output. 

2511
02:13:03,000 --> 02:13:07,300
His story hints that the path of
exploration, though, Meandering.

2512
02:13:08,000 --> 02:13:11,700
Can yield intangible but 
profound insights that he never 

2513
02:13:11,700 --> 02:13:14,600
published his anatomical volumes
didn't negate their brilliantes.

2514
02:13:14,600 --> 02:13:18,500
Their positions influence shaped
fields from architecture to 

2515
02:13:18,500 --> 02:13:21,600
fluid dynamics. 
Many contemporary creatives draw

2516
02:13:21,600 --> 02:13:25,000
solace in Leonardo's example, 
creation can be iterative 

2517
02:13:25,000 --> 02:13:28,100
perpetually and flux and still 
crucial to progress. 

2518
02:13:29,100 --> 02:13:32,100
Even so some critics note, that 
praising Leonardo can 

2519
02:13:32,100 --> 02:13:34,900
overshadow, other Renaissance 
figures like Filippo 

2520
02:13:34,900 --> 02:13:38,900
Brunelleschi who concretely, the
Florence Dome or Luca pacioli 

2521
02:13:38,900 --> 02:13:43,200
whose mathematics influence him.
They argue that the Leonardo 

2522
02:13:43,200 --> 02:13:46,600
Legend occasionally 
romanticizes, an Irish Synergy, 

2523
02:13:46,600 --> 02:13:49,600
while that Synergy was real. 
Credit goes to many. 

2524
02:13:50,400 --> 02:13:52,600
Leonardo's singular star 
shouldn't blind us to the 

2525
02:13:52,600 --> 02:13:55,600
collective Genius of the period 
but precisely because he 

2526
02:13:55,600 --> 02:13:59,700
integrated so many fields. 
Art science, engineering and 

2527
02:13:59,700 --> 02:14:02,500
Anatomy. 
He became an enduring symbol for

2528
02:14:02,500 --> 02:14:05,800
the entire Renaissance moment. 
Capturing the further of 

2529
02:14:05,800 --> 02:14:09,700
bridging knowledge, domains. 
Hence, in the 21st century, 

2530
02:14:09,700 --> 02:14:14,700
Leonardo da Vinci remains less a
static, historical figure in a 

2531
02:14:14,700 --> 02:14:18,400
living metaphor for potential. 
Each generation reinterprets him

2532
02:14:18,400 --> 02:14:22,000
plugging his name into the 
contexts as varied as Steam, 

2533
02:14:22,000 --> 02:14:25,600
education, cultural diplomacy or
brand marketing. 

2534
02:14:25,600 --> 02:14:29,500
The friction between the legend 
and the historical details keeps

2535
02:14:29,500 --> 02:14:32,000
him relevant. 
People yearn for the secret of 

2536
02:14:32,000 --> 02:14:36,200
how a single mind could roam. 
So broadly producing both 

2537
02:14:36,200 --> 02:14:39,200
Timeless artistic wonders and 
notebooks brimming with half 

2538
02:14:39,200 --> 02:14:42,500
realized Marvels. 
That tension between the 

2539
02:14:42,500 --> 02:14:45,500
completed and the fragmentary 
May well be Leonardo's. 

2540
02:14:45,500 --> 02:14:47,700
Final gift spurring us to 
question. 

2541
02:14:47,700 --> 02:14:50,700
How far our curiosity might take
us if we refuse to erect 

2542
02:14:50,700 --> 02:14:54,300
barriers between the Arts and 
Sciences the story of Leonardo 

2543
02:14:54,300 --> 02:14:58,600
da Vinci serves as the lens on 
lifelong reinvention, Born in a 

2544
02:14:58,600 --> 02:15:01,800
modest Tuscan setting. 
He navigated uneven patronage 

2545
02:15:01,800 --> 02:15:06,000
system accepted partial 
successes and found resilience 

2546
02:15:06,000 --> 02:15:09,500
In Perpetual learning. 
Each City he lived in Florence. 

2547
02:15:09,500 --> 02:15:13,400
Millen Rome and ultimately 
France, offered fresh Vantage 

2548
02:15:13,400 --> 02:15:16,100
points. 
Reminding us that Mobility can 

2549
02:15:16,100 --> 02:15:18,500
spark renewal at any stage in 
life, though. 

2550
02:15:18,500 --> 02:15:20,800
He occasionally lamented in 
complete tasks. 

2551
02:15:20,800 --> 02:15:23,200
He pressed forward. 
Bridging discipline. 

2552
02:15:23,200 --> 02:15:26,900
After discipline. 
It's worth extracting lessons 

2553
02:15:26,900 --> 02:15:30,700
from his approach. 
He cultivated tell an insatiable

2554
02:15:30,700 --> 02:15:33,600
observational habit 
scrutinizing, swirling water, 

2555
02:15:33,600 --> 02:15:35,900
the geometry of a flower's 
petal. 

2556
02:15:36,700 --> 02:15:40,700
Or the subtle shift of a faces 
muscles even in an era lacking 

2557
02:15:40,700 --> 02:15:44,200
cameras or modern Labs, he 
gleaned Universal patterns by 

2558
02:15:44,200 --> 02:15:48,600
focusing on the details. 
As midlife adults we too can 

2559
02:15:48,600 --> 02:15:51,400
regain that sense of direct 
observation whether it's 

2560
02:15:51,400 --> 02:15:54,800
noticing minor changes in a 
friend's demeanor or analyzing 

2561
02:15:54,800 --> 02:15:58,300
complexities at work. 
Alana desk perspective 

2562
02:15:58,300 --> 02:16:01,700
encourages seeing a new not 
coasting on assumptions. 

2563
02:16:02,600 --> 02:16:05,800
Another facet resonates with 
modern times the Synergy of 

2564
02:16:05,800 --> 02:16:07,800
creative expression and 
methodical research. 

2565
02:16:08,700 --> 02:16:10,700
Leonardo was no Carefree 
Dreamer. 

2566
02:16:11,400 --> 02:16:16,200
He systematically tested ideas, 
building prototypes, dissecting 

2567
02:16:16,200 --> 02:16:20,700
bodies and refining pigments. 
He let imagination drive him but

2568
02:16:20,700 --> 02:16:23,400
insisted on verifying theories 
with experiments. 

2569
02:16:24,300 --> 02:16:28,200
For those in middle, adulthood 
managing teams, families or 

2570
02:16:28,200 --> 02:16:31,700
personal projects balancing 
Vision with practicality. 

2571
02:16:31,700 --> 02:16:36,500
As an art Leonardo's notebooks, 
bristle with micro failures, a 

2572
02:16:36,500 --> 02:16:39,900
water lifting device that jammed
a mural technique that appealed,

2573
02:16:39,900 --> 02:16:43,700
yet each misstep, taught him, 
something this iterative mindset

2574
02:16:43,700 --> 02:16:46,299
Fosters resilience and yields 
deeper expertise. 

2575
02:16:46,299 --> 02:16:49,600
Moreover Leonardo story, under 
schools, the role of 

2576
02:16:49,600 --> 02:16:52,100
collaboration. 
He sawed highest not in 

2577
02:16:52,100 --> 02:16:56,299
isolation but in Synergy with 
Patron's mentors and assistance.

2578
02:16:57,200 --> 02:17:00,100
This folds are in French courts,
gave him resources to dream big.

2579
02:17:00,799 --> 02:17:04,400
Skilled Workshop, members helped
realize or test Concepts even 

2580
02:17:04,400 --> 02:17:07,100
his competition with 
Michelangelo and Raphael will be

2581
02:17:07,108 --> 02:17:11,000
at fraught with tension. 
Catalyzed fresh impetus in 

2582
02:17:11,000 --> 02:17:14,299
present life Synergy across 
skill sets can amplify outcomes.

2583
02:17:14,299 --> 02:17:17,400
We see parallels and 
cross-functional corporate teams

2584
02:17:17,400 --> 02:17:20,299
or community coalitions that 
blend varied talents to achieve 

2585
02:17:20,299 --> 02:17:23,100
breakthroughs. 
However, we also need to address

2586
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:26,400
the negative aspect. 
The Eerie feeling of unrealized 

2587
02:17:26,400 --> 02:17:30,200
potential, many of Leonardo's 
Grand designs such as the 

2588
02:17:30,200 --> 02:17:33,299
sports, a horse or the treaters 
on flight remaining complete. 

2589
02:17:34,200 --> 02:17:36,200
Some might interpret him as a 
cautionary tale about 

2590
02:17:36,200 --> 02:17:39,299
perfectionism. 
Indeed, he sometimes spent years

2591
02:17:39,299 --> 02:17:42,299
later in glazes on a single 
painting or rewriting the same 

2592
02:17:42,299 --> 02:17:45,200
mechanical design. 
For busy modern adults. 

2593
02:17:45,200 --> 02:17:47,200
It can be a nudged to find 
closure. 

2594
02:17:48,000 --> 02:17:51,200
Not every idea, demands 
indefinite polishing finishing 

2595
02:17:51,200 --> 02:17:54,299
and sharing can unlock new 
phases of growth still 

2596
02:17:54,299 --> 02:17:56,400
Leonardo's income complete 
wanders. 

2597
02:17:56,400 --> 02:17:59,900
Remind us that partial efforts 
can spark future revolution's. 

2598
02:17:59,900 --> 02:18:02,700
Even if we are cells, never see 
them fully bloom. 

2599
02:18:03,900 --> 02:18:06,500
His final years in the French 
Quarters, so highlight that one 

2600
02:18:06,500 --> 02:18:09,700
can remain relevant even in 
advanced stage by building a 

2601
02:18:09,700 --> 02:18:11,299
lifelong reputation for 
Innovation. 

2602
02:18:11,299 --> 02:18:14,500
He found fresh patrons who 
treasured his wisdom. 

2603
02:18:15,100 --> 02:18:18,299
He might not have executed large
Public Works, then but he 

2604
02:18:18,299 --> 02:18:21,200
contributed to strategic 
discussions and shaped cultural 

2605
02:18:21,200 --> 02:18:24,100
enrichment of the French Court. 
Similarly, for those 

2606
02:18:24,100 --> 02:18:27,299
transitioning out of intense, 
early career phases, there is a 

2607
02:18:27,299 --> 02:18:30,200
reminder that mentorship idea 
sharing will specializes 

2608
02:18:30,200 --> 02:18:32,299
consultancy, can be equally 
impactful. 

2609
02:18:33,600 --> 02:18:37,000
Leonardo's Twilight wasn't about
retirement in a quiet sense, but

2610
02:18:37,000 --> 02:18:39,900
about integrating Decades of 
experience into a culminating 

2611
02:18:39,900 --> 02:18:42,799
sphere. 
Another essential angle is how 

2612
02:18:42,799 --> 02:18:46,000
Leonardo balanced religious 
sentiments with rational inquiry

2613
02:18:46,000 --> 02:18:48,600
deeply respectful of Christian 
doctrine. 

2614
02:18:49,299 --> 02:18:51,799
He never let Dogma quell. 
His questions about Nature's 

2615
02:18:51,799 --> 02:18:53,900
mechanisms. 
He believed understanding, 

2616
02:18:53,900 --> 02:18:57,900
creation's intricacies on the 
Creator in an era where faith 

2617
02:18:57,900 --> 02:19:01,400
and science sometimes clashed, 
he navigated a personal path 

2618
02:19:01,400 --> 02:19:03,000
from a modern audience 
frequently. 

2619
02:19:03,000 --> 02:19:04,700
Contending with polarized 
debates. 

2620
02:19:04,700 --> 02:19:06,900
Leonardo's Outlook offers a 
model. 

2621
02:19:06,900 --> 02:19:10,500
Rational, exploration can 
coexist with spiritual depth, 

2622
02:19:10,500 --> 02:19:13,000
each fueling gratitude for 
existence of. 

2623
02:19:13,000 --> 02:19:17,200
Marvel's ultimately, the life of
Leonardo da Vinci stands as an 

2624
02:19:17,200 --> 02:19:21,100
emblem of boundless curiosity. 
Bridging disciplines that many 

2625
02:19:21,100 --> 02:19:24,000
treaters separate he embraced 
incremental knowledge. 

2626
02:19:24,000 --> 02:19:27,600
Ignoring that each Discovery 
planted the Seas for further 

2627
02:19:27,600 --> 02:19:30,100
Mysteries. 
His notebook though scattered 

2628
02:19:30,100 --> 02:19:33,400
and partial reveal a mind 
enrolled by the interplay of 

2629
02:19:33,400 --> 02:19:38,299
form motion and Cosmic design. 
Five centuries on we still clean

2630
02:19:38,299 --> 02:19:40,700
from him. 
The power of Wonder the value of

2631
02:19:40,700 --> 02:19:44,400
dogged experimentation and the 
humility to accept that Mastery 

2632
02:19:44,400 --> 02:19:47,400
is a continual Journey. 
Never fully complete. 

2633
02:19:48,200 --> 02:19:50,500
In a world that yearns for 
Innovation and empathy. 

2634
02:19:50,500 --> 02:19:53,900
He remains a shining example of 
what a single human can 

2635
02:19:53,900 --> 02:19:56,800
accomplish when Guided by the 
persistent or at the world's 

2636
02:19:56,800 --> 02:20:02,000
complexities and that perhaps is
Leonardo's Ultimate gift to 

2637
02:20:02,000 --> 02:20:05,400
remind us that even the simplest
observation, like a swirl of 

2638
02:20:05,400 --> 02:20:08,900
water in a basin can unravel 
entire universes of insight. 

2639
02:20:08,900 --> 02:20:19,200
If we only debt to look closely 
enough, Born in 69 BCE 

2640
02:20:19,200 --> 02:20:22,400
Cleopatra. 
The seventh Philippa came from a

2641
02:20:22,408 --> 02:20:25,200
family that had controlled Egypt
for over three centuries. 

2642
02:20:25,200 --> 02:20:28,600
These were the ptolemies who 
were descended from a general 

2643
02:20:28,600 --> 02:20:32,000
under Alexander the Great. 
The ptolemaic empire was a 

2644
02:20:32,000 --> 02:20:34,500
peculiar hybrid. 
By the time Cleopatra was born. 

2645
02:20:34,500 --> 02:20:38,400
The greek-speaking monarchy 
situated, Atop A deeply Egyptian

2646
02:20:38,400 --> 02:20:41,400
Terrain. 
The dynasty itself was plagued 

2647
02:20:41,400 --> 02:20:45,800
by Family feuds political 
assassinations and tense truces 

2648
02:20:45,800 --> 02:20:50,200
with crowing Roman Authority, 
despite the capital Alexandria 

2649
02:20:50,200 --> 02:20:52,700
being a global Center of 
scholarship. 

2650
02:20:53,800 --> 02:20:57,400
Tradition frequently, portrays 
Cleopatra's a captivating, Queen

2651
02:20:57,400 --> 02:21:01,400
who captivated influential men. 
However, that portrayal 

2652
02:21:01,400 --> 02:21:04,200
disregards, her extensive 
education, linguistic, 

2653
02:21:04,200 --> 02:21:06,600
proficiency, and strategic 
savvy. 

2654
02:21:07,200 --> 02:21:10,900
She pursued studies in 
philosophy, astronomy medicine 

2655
02:21:10,900 --> 02:21:14,200
and Mathematics in the renowned 
Library of Alexandria. 

2656
02:21:14,900 --> 02:21:18,300
Cleopatra was raised in society 
that demanded Royals demonstrate

2657
02:21:18,300 --> 02:21:22,300
their abilities. 
As each prospective are faced 

2658
02:21:22,300 --> 02:21:26,700
the risk of being outwitted by 
cunning family members in a 

2659
02:21:26,708 --> 02:21:28,500
quart. 
Notorious for backstabbing 

2660
02:21:28,500 --> 02:21:31,800
mental acuity was just as 
important to survive as 

2661
02:21:31,800 --> 02:21:35,900
Birthright for a large portion 
of his rule, her father Ptolemy 

2662
02:21:35,900 --> 02:21:39,800
the 12th Ali's had to balance, 
local unrest, with Roman favor. 

2663
02:21:40,600 --> 02:21:43,200
Despite the ptolemies claims to 
Divine Heritage. 

2664
02:21:43,200 --> 02:21:47,700
Roman power, actually Loom big 
to gain Roman political support 

2665
02:21:47,700 --> 02:21:52,600
athletes paid Hefty prices, 
which put Egypt's finances in 

2666
02:21:52,600 --> 02:21:55,200
jeopardy. 
As she observed, these 

2667
02:21:55,200 --> 02:21:57,900
discussions clear Patra learned 
early on that money could 

2668
02:21:57,900 --> 02:22:00,500
purchase allies but could never 
ensure true respect. 

2669
02:22:01,400 --> 02:22:03,800
She also saw how quickly a 
monarch may lose their position 

2670
02:22:03,800 --> 02:22:07,300
of authority if they made a 
mistake that alienated those in 

2671
02:22:07,300 --> 02:22:10,000
charge. 
When Cleopatra was a little 

2672
02:22:10,008 --> 02:22:13,300
girl, she traveled to Rome with 
or letties on diplomatic 

2673
02:22:13,300 --> 02:22:16,500
missions and saw civilization on
the verge of enormous growth. 

2674
02:22:17,300 --> 02:22:19,600
She watched the Senate's 
operations there as well as the 

2675
02:22:19,600 --> 02:22:22,400
moves of powerful people like 
Julius, Caesar and Pompey. 

2676
02:22:23,000 --> 02:22:25,900
She had a first-hand Insight 
from these experiences that few 

2677
02:22:25,900 --> 02:22:27,600
Egyptian Royals had ever 
experienced. 

2678
02:22:28,500 --> 02:22:30,000
Cleopatra's route to the 
Egyptian. 

2679
02:22:30,000 --> 02:22:33,400
Throne was uncertain to maintain
the unity of the bloodline. 

2680
02:22:33,400 --> 02:22:36,700
Ptolemaic law, encouraged 
sibling, marriage Partnerships 

2681
02:22:36,700 --> 02:22:38,500
and her father had other 
children. 

2682
02:22:39,500 --> 02:22:42,400
An ancient Macedonian custom 
that the ptolemies had taken to 

2683
02:22:42,400 --> 02:22:45,400
extremes. 
This Behavior was startling to 

2684
02:22:45,400 --> 02:22:49,500
Modern ears as a result. 
Cleopatra's Destiny was in to 

2685
02:22:49,500 --> 02:22:52,300
twined with her. 
Brother's one of whom would at 

2686
02:22:52,300 --> 02:22:54,300
least in theory, share power 
with her. 

2687
02:22:55,200 --> 02:22:57,700
Everyone knew that a puppet 
sibling could be used to 

2688
02:22:57,700 --> 02:23:00,700
overthrow a more ambitious 
relative and the tension in the 

2689
02:23:00,700 --> 02:23:04,300
royal family was evident. 
History frequently reduces clear

2690
02:23:04,300 --> 02:23:07,200
Patra to an exotic character. 
Who courted Roman rulers? 

2691
02:23:08,000 --> 02:23:10,200
But she was developing her 
diplomatic abilities from an 

2692
02:23:10,200 --> 02:23:12,500
early age. 
She acquired multi-lingual 

2693
02:23:12,500 --> 02:23:14,900
skills. 
In addition to Greek, she 

2694
02:23:14,900 --> 02:23:18,300
reportedly New Era, Mayock 
Ethiopian, and probably Hebrew 

2695
02:23:18,300 --> 02:23:21,900
well, as well as an Egyptian, 
which most of her ptolemaic 

2696
02:23:21,900 --> 02:23:23,600
predecessors never tried to 
master. 

2697
02:23:23,600 --> 02:23:26,700
She was able to avoid having her
comments misinterpreted by 

2698
02:23:26,700 --> 02:23:30,200
interpreters by speaking to 
courtiers Merchants and foreign 

2699
02:23:30,200 --> 02:23:33,600
envoys in their own tongues. 
Her ability to communicate 

2700
02:23:33,600 --> 02:23:37,200
directly became one of her, most
powerful assets enabling her to 

2701
02:23:37,200 --> 02:23:40,400
bridge cultural gaps. 
The domestic politics of Egypt 

2702
02:23:40,400 --> 02:23:43,700
were very complicated as they 
had done for thousands of years.

2703
02:23:43,700 --> 02:23:46,200
Priesthoods held, considerable 
power. 

2704
02:23:46,200 --> 02:23:50,700
Careful supervision was required
of the surrogation system grain 

2705
02:23:50,700 --> 02:23:53,000
shipments, fueled the Kingdom's 
economy, by feeding both 

2706
02:23:53,000 --> 02:23:54,500
Egyptians and international 
markets. 

2707
02:23:55,400 --> 02:23:57,700
Cleopatra was aware of the 
fragility, underlying, the 

2708
02:23:57,700 --> 02:24:00,700
opulence of the Court, 
spectacles in ancient times, 

2709
02:24:00,700 --> 02:24:03,500
grain was valuable and managing 
the Niles. 

2710
02:24:03,500 --> 02:24:07,100
Resources, meant managing the 
money needed to survive to keep 

2711
02:24:07,100 --> 02:24:10,400
the Roman Bankers, happy the 
priest placated and the crops 

2712
02:24:10,400 --> 02:24:12,600
steady a wise ruler was 
required. 

2713
02:24:12,600 --> 02:24:17,600
However, when her father passed 
away in 51, BC Cleopatra was 

2714
02:24:17,600 --> 02:24:20,500
still a young woman, she and her
younger brother, Tommy. 

2715
02:24:20,500 --> 02:24:24,500
The 13th were designated as 
joint rulers in the will This 

2716
02:24:24,500 --> 02:24:27,000
Arrangement was less about true 
balance and more about 

2717
02:24:27,000 --> 02:24:29,600
ceremonial tradition. 
Groups in the court. 

2718
02:24:29,600 --> 02:24:32,000
Tried to influence the young 
boy, King against his sister. 

2719
02:24:32,000 --> 02:24:35,600
Very immediately Cleopatra had 
to decide whether to submit to 

2720
02:24:35,600 --> 02:24:38,900
these power struggles or to 
stand up for herself at the risk

2721
02:24:38,900 --> 02:24:42,800
of starting a civil war. 
Cleopatra's early life prepared,

2722
02:24:42,800 --> 02:24:46,200
her for her eventual, decisive 
actions, even though most people

2723
02:24:46,200 --> 02:24:48,700
only recall her later 
involvements with Mark Antony in

2724
02:24:48,700 --> 02:24:51,900
Julius, Caesar her background 
learning at the library, 

2725
02:24:51,900 --> 02:24:55,500
observing Roman politics and 
negotiating, a contentious Court

2726
02:24:55,500 --> 02:24:58,600
formed the foundation of her 
strategic perspective. 

2727
02:24:59,400 --> 02:25:02,700
She was adamant that ambitious. 
Romans should not use Egypt as a

2728
02:25:02,700 --> 02:25:05,500
prize or a province. 
Although, the road ahead was 

2729
02:25:05,500 --> 02:25:08,400
dangerous Cleopatra. 
Had been well prepared by her 

2730
02:25:08,400 --> 02:25:10,900
upbringing. 
She wasn't a passive character. 

2731
02:25:10,900 --> 02:25:14,000
She was already planning ahead 
and prepared to play a political

2732
02:25:14,000 --> 02:25:16,300
chess game, that would decide 
her Kingdom's destiny. 

2733
02:25:17,500 --> 02:25:21,400
Cleopatra who was 18 at the time
of Ptolemy, the 12th death found

2734
02:25:21,400 --> 02:25:22,900
herself. 
Sharing the kingdom with her 

2735
02:25:22,900 --> 02:25:26,800
brother Ptolemy, the 13th, he 
was only 10 or 11 years old at 

2736
02:25:26,800 --> 02:25:29,100
the time. 
Although they were classified as

2737
02:25:29,100 --> 02:25:32,500
equals in their official titles 
Cleopatra was aware of the 

2738
02:25:32,500 --> 02:25:34,600
covert path structures, and the 
Royal Court. 

2739
02:25:35,400 --> 02:25:38,200
The young kings advisors saw an 
opportunity to marginalize her 

2740
02:25:38,200 --> 02:25:41,200
by portraying her, as an 
intrusive sister, who posed a 

2741
02:25:41,200 --> 02:25:43,100
danger to the boys, legitimate 
Authority. 

2742
02:25:44,100 --> 02:25:47,500
Political scheming by a flurry 
of courtiers, including the 

2743
02:25:47,500 --> 02:25:50,700
powerful Regional athenas, and a
general by the name of a 

2744
02:25:50,700 --> 02:25:53,800
Killer's soon, compelled 
Cleopatra, to leave Alexandria. 

2745
02:25:54,700 --> 02:25:57,600
Cleopatra was sent into Exile 
because she would not concede 

2746
02:25:57,600 --> 02:25:59,900
defeat. 
Instead of Disappearing Into 

2747
02:25:59,900 --> 02:26:03,300
Obscurity, she gathered a small 
troupe and set up camp east of 

2748
02:26:03,300 --> 02:26:06,400
the Nile Delta to wait. 
She made appeals to border 

2749
02:26:06,400 --> 02:26:09,600
troops who were devoted her 
father's Legacy Merchants, who 

2750
02:26:09,600 --> 02:26:12,600
were upset over the Mayhem in 
Alexandria and local allies. 

2751
02:26:13,600 --> 02:26:16,500
Clear, Patrick closely monitored
roams internal conflicts during 

2752
02:26:16,500 --> 02:26:19,200
this period. 
Caesar's previous, Ally, the 

2753
02:26:19,200 --> 02:26:21,900
Roman general. 
Ganias Pompey was now losing a 

2754
02:26:21,908 --> 02:26:25,500
civil war against his urged, 
while comrade the alexandrian 

2755
02:26:25,500 --> 02:26:28,700
court made the tragic choice to 
have Pompey killed when he 

2756
02:26:28,700 --> 02:26:31,300
landed in Egypt in search of 
resources and safety. 

2757
02:26:32,000 --> 02:26:35,000
The Killing was likely done to 
appease Julius Caesar who was 

2758
02:26:35,000 --> 02:26:37,700
pursuing Pompeii. 
However the results of this 

2759
02:26:37,700 --> 02:26:39,800
heinous deed were not what they 
had hoped for. 

2760
02:26:40,700 --> 02:26:43,800
Caesar personally landed in 
Alexandria in the fall of 48 

2761
02:26:43,800 --> 02:26:47,500
BCE. 
Stable monarchy or at least a 

2762
02:26:47,500 --> 02:26:49,800
compliant Administration that 
would pay for his wartime. 

2763
02:26:49,800 --> 02:26:52,000
Expenses was what he hoped to 
discover. 

2764
02:26:52,900 --> 02:26:55,600
Instead, he found himself in a 
country that was embroiled in a 

2765
02:26:55,600 --> 02:26:58,700
fraternal war with Ptolemy. 
The 13th Camp fighting for 

2766
02:26:58,700 --> 02:27:02,400
control of the city in Cleopatra
in Exile Caesar was apparently 

2767
02:27:02,400 --> 02:27:04,900
horrified to learn of pompy's 
assassination since he had 

2768
02:27:04,900 --> 02:27:07,800
planted to capture Pompey, 
rather than have him killed by 

2769
02:27:07,800 --> 02:27:10,600
outside. 
As seeing her chance Cleopatra, 

2770
02:27:10,600 --> 02:27:13,200
came up with a bold scheme to 
meet Caesar in private and make 

2771
02:27:13,200 --> 02:27:16,200
her case. 
According to Legend to get past 

2772
02:27:16,200 --> 02:27:19,400
ptolemies guards Cleopatra 
planned to be smuggled into the 

2773
02:27:19,400 --> 02:27:21,200
palace rolled up in a carpet or 
bag. 

2774
02:27:22,000 --> 02:27:24,000
Although some historians 
disagree with the precise 

2775
02:27:24,000 --> 02:27:27,200
approach, everyone agrees that 
Cleopatra's first-hand meeting 

2776
02:27:27,200 --> 02:27:29,500
with Caesar was a persuasive 
Master stroke. 

2777
02:27:29,500 --> 02:27:32,200
She portrayed herself as a 
legitimate Queen whose brothers 

2778
02:27:32,200 --> 02:27:35,500
caught had turned treacherous 
rather than as a defenseless 

2779
02:27:35,500 --> 02:27:37,300
Exile. 
She knew Latin well enough to 

2780
02:27:37,300 --> 02:27:40,300
communicate directly with Cesar.
He was said to be as fascinated 

2781
02:27:40,300 --> 02:27:43,600
by her intelligence and humor as
he was by her royal demeanor. 

2782
02:27:44,200 --> 02:27:47,000
Caesar a master strategist. 
Believed that Cleopatra was a 

2783
02:27:47,000 --> 02:27:49,700
better Ally than her younger 
brother, in ensuring Egypt's 

2784
02:27:49,700 --> 02:27:51,900
stability. 
The siblings must get back 

2785
02:27:51,900 --> 02:27:54,900
together and ruled together 
again, he said the counselors to

2786
02:27:54,908 --> 02:27:57,800
Ptolemy the 13th refused to obey
because they felt their 

2787
02:27:57,800 --> 02:28:01,400
Authority was in jeopardy. 
As tensions increased the 

2788
02:28:01,400 --> 02:28:05,400
alexandrian war broke out. 
Alexandria's streets and docks 

2789
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:08,200
became battlefields when 
seizures Army engaged in combat 

2790
02:28:08,200 --> 02:28:10,000
with Ptolemy, the 13th 
supporters. 

2791
02:28:11,000 --> 02:28:13,400
Although reports differ on the 
extent and timing of the 

2792
02:28:13,400 --> 02:28:15,800
destruction, the renowned 
Library itself, may have 

2793
02:28:15,808 --> 02:28:17,600
sustained some damage during 
this fight. 

2794
02:28:18,400 --> 02:28:20,500
Cleopatra. 
Remain calm in the face of 

2795
02:28:20,500 --> 02:28:22,900
chaos. 
She collaborated closely with 

2796
02:28:22,900 --> 02:28:25,700
Caesar providing local 
intelligence and resources. 

2797
02:28:25,700 --> 02:28:28,700
She understood that while she 
required Caesars help. 

2798
02:28:28,700 --> 02:28:32,100
She also possess power because 
Caesar wanted a stable monarchy 

2799
02:28:32,100 --> 02:28:36,800
and control over Egypt's grain. 
Supply was vital, to Rome, They 

2800
02:28:36,800 --> 02:28:38,600
eventually routed Ptolemy, the 
13th Army. 

2801
02:28:39,400 --> 02:28:43,000
While attempting to escape, he 
himself perished in the Nile to 

2802
02:28:43,000 --> 02:28:46,100
maintain the illusion of a 
dynastic tradition, Cleopatra's 

2803
02:28:46,100 --> 02:28:49,400
younger brother, Ptolemy the 
14th was appointed as a nominal 

2804
02:28:49,400 --> 02:28:52,100
co-ruler. 
However, Cleopatra held the real

2805
02:28:52,100 --> 02:28:55,600
power, after the Civil War was 
done clear, Patra sided with 

2806
02:28:55,608 --> 02:28:57,900
Caesar. 
And according to many fell in 

2807
02:28:57,908 --> 02:29:00,800
love with him caesarion. 
The child, they would eventually

2808
02:29:00,800 --> 02:29:04,400
have symbolized the marriage of 
Egyptian ancestry with Roman 

2809
02:29:04,400 --> 02:29:07,600
ambition. 
Nevertheless Cleopatra never saw

2810
02:29:07,600 --> 02:29:10,900
herself as a simple consort. 
Her goal was to bring her 

2811
02:29:10,900 --> 02:29:13,400
kingdom back to life. 
While juggling Roman interests 

2812
02:29:13,400 --> 02:29:15,200
and preserving some degree of 
autonomy. 

2813
02:29:16,000 --> 02:29:18,600
She lavished Cesar with 
hospitality throwing lavish 

2814
02:29:18,600 --> 02:29:20,400
Feast. 
That could only be supported by 

2815
02:29:20,400 --> 02:29:23,700
the Niles wealth beneath these 
extravagant outbursts. 

2816
02:29:23,700 --> 02:29:26,900
However, she engaged in 
painstaking negotiations to 

2817
02:29:26,900 --> 02:29:29,700
secure her rules continuation 
after Seasons inevitable 

2818
02:29:29,700 --> 02:29:32,600
departure. 
Alexandria had been returned to 

2819
02:29:32,608 --> 02:29:35,600
Cleopatra at the end of this 
turbulent time, she was no 

2820
02:29:35,600 --> 02:29:39,200
longer the helpless fugitive. 
Instead, she had become Egypt's 

2821
02:29:39,200 --> 02:29:42,600
Undisputed Monarch albeit one 
who was closely associated with 

2822
02:29:42,600 --> 02:29:45,400
Roman Authority. 
She had forged a complicated 

2823
02:29:45,400 --> 02:29:48,000
alliance with the most powerful 
man in the Mediterranean, by 

2824
02:29:48,000 --> 02:29:51,500
navigating war and conspiracies.
There were new obstacles in the 

2825
02:29:51,500 --> 02:29:55,000
way primarily how to balance 
Egypt sovereignty with Rome's 

2826
02:29:55,000 --> 02:29:57,400
demands. 
However, Cleopatra had 

2827
02:29:57,400 --> 02:30:00,200
demonstrated that she was more 
than capable of skillfully 

2828
02:30:00,200 --> 02:30:02,700
navigating through situations 
that would shatter a less 

2829
02:30:02,708 --> 02:30:05,700
powerful ruler. 
Following the Alexandria, in war

2830
02:30:05,700 --> 02:30:08,800
Cleopatra, oversaw a court that 
combined Roman and Hellenistic 

2831
02:30:08,800 --> 02:30:12,700
elements with old Egyptian 
customs, she reclaimed trade 

2832
02:30:12,700 --> 02:30:15,500
routes, vital to Egypt's growth 
and despatched, envoys to 

2833
02:30:15,500 --> 02:30:18,500
negotiate border records to 
regain control over areas, lost 

2834
02:30:18,500 --> 02:30:22,700
during previous crises. 
Beyond politics Cleopatra, 

2835
02:30:22,700 --> 02:30:26,500
prioritized cultural patronage. 
To provided financial support 

2836
02:30:26,500 --> 02:30:29,800
for academic, Pursuits 
sponsored, building projects and

2837
02:30:29,800 --> 02:30:32,900
made sure that Egypt's temples, 
particularly those honoring, the

2838
02:30:32,900 --> 02:30:35,500
Goddess Isis, who she came to 
identifying Chrisley with 

2839
02:30:35,500 --> 02:30:39,500
received Royal backing. 
She and Julius Caesar's 

2840
02:30:39,500 --> 02:30:43,200
relationship kept changing. 
Caesar attracted by Cleopatra's 

2841
02:30:43,200 --> 02:30:46,000
companionship as well as 
political motives stayed in 

2842
02:30:46,000 --> 02:30:47,700
Egypt. 
Longer than many Roman Senators 

2843
02:30:47,700 --> 02:30:50,400
thought was wise. 
They're well known Nile Crews 

2844
02:30:50,400 --> 02:30:53,800
which was later romanticized. 
Served two strategic purposes. 

2845
02:30:54,700 --> 02:30:57,300
Caesar learned about the areas 
resources and fortifications 

2846
02:30:57,300 --> 02:31:00,300
first hand while Cleopatra, 
demonstrated the size of her 

2847
02:31:00,300 --> 02:31:03,000
Dominion. 
Though some alexandrians 

2848
02:31:03,000 --> 02:31:05,800
questioned, the expenditure 
Cleopatra, recognized, the 

2849
02:31:05,800 --> 02:31:09,600
importance of spectacle, and her
Tales of sumptuous feasts, on 

2850
02:31:09,608 --> 02:31:12,300
Royal boats. 
She wanted the Egyptians, and 

2851
02:31:12,300 --> 02:31:15,000
Romans to understand that the 
ptolemaic throne had not lost. 

2852
02:31:15,000 --> 02:31:18,400
Its Majesty in a time when the 
ability to Dazzle was frequently

2853
02:31:18,400 --> 02:31:22,700
used to gauge one's level of 
authority, Caesar and Cleopatra.

2854
02:31:22,700 --> 02:31:25,100
However, were unable to deny 
Rome's wrestler's list. 

2855
02:31:26,000 --> 02:31:28,400
After defeating pompies allies 
sees a solidified. 

2856
02:31:28,400 --> 02:31:32,000
His hold on Power and his status
as dictator was both admirable 

2857
02:31:32,000 --> 02:31:34,900
and vulnerable. 
He brought clear Patra back to 

2858
02:31:34,908 --> 02:31:37,900
Roman 46 BC but not as a simple 
concubine. 

2859
02:31:38,700 --> 02:31:41,400
She successfully positioned 
herself on the Roman stage by 

2860
02:31:41,400 --> 02:31:44,700
arriving, with her retina, which
included the baby cesarean. 

2861
02:31:45,800 --> 02:31:48,900
Conservative Romans, who 
disapproved of her alien status 

2862
02:31:48,900 --> 02:31:52,000
and her alleged aspirations were
scandalized by this. 

2863
02:31:52,900 --> 02:31:56,100
Caesar gave Cleopatra privileged
position that no other foreign 

2864
02:31:56,100 --> 02:31:58,300
ruler had. 
However, by letting her remain 

2865
02:31:58,300 --> 02:32:01,700
at a villa across the Tiber 
Within the city's political 

2866
02:32:01,700 --> 02:32:05,100
circles rumors circulated that 
Caesar May declare himself King 

2867
02:32:05,100 --> 02:32:08,400
and Cleopatra, his Queen. 
A notion that was unappealing to

2868
02:32:08,400 --> 02:32:11,400
Romans who had Vivid memories of
overthrowing monarchs centuries 

2869
02:32:11,400 --> 02:32:14,000
before. 
Both xenophobic animosity and 

2870
02:32:14,000 --> 02:32:17,700
curiosity was stoked by 
Cleopatra's appearance, her 

2871
02:32:17,700 --> 02:32:20,300
attire and her Entourage of 
Egyptian, courtiers. 

2872
02:32:21,200 --> 02:32:24,600
In the meantime, she researched 
the tribunes the Senate and the 

2873
02:32:24,600 --> 02:32:27,500
network of patronage that 
connected aristocratic families 

2874
02:32:27,500 --> 02:32:30,200
in Rome. 
She realized how shaky roams 

2875
02:32:30,200 --> 02:32:33,400
acceptance of her was 
Nevertheless, she engaged in 

2876
02:32:33,400 --> 02:32:36,500
diplomatic Outreach establishing
connections with powerful 

2877
02:32:36,500 --> 02:32:39,700
senators and their spouses 
giving presents and organising. 

2878
02:32:39,700 --> 02:32:43,300
Cultural events that showcase 
Alexandria's refinement But 

2879
02:32:43,300 --> 02:32:46,100
Cleopatra's primary goal was to 
ensure the future of her 

2880
02:32:46,100 --> 02:32:48,600
Dynasty. 
From the Egyptian perspective, 

2881
02:32:48,600 --> 02:32:51,300
she desired cesareans 
recognition as his Heir. 

2882
02:32:51,300 --> 02:32:54,800
Even if it wasn't official. 
Caesar gave cesarean 

2883
02:32:54,800 --> 02:32:57,600
preferential treatment, even 
though he never legally declared

2884
02:32:57,600 --> 02:33:01,300
him, his son under Roman law, 
Ceases continuous success 

2885
02:33:01,300 --> 02:33:02,800
appeared to be the key to the 
Future. 

2886
02:33:03,700 --> 02:33:06,800
However, the tide of Roman 
politics was shifting and many 

2887
02:33:06,800 --> 02:33:09,600
were disturbed by Caesar's 
acquisition of awards and 

2888
02:33:09,600 --> 02:33:12,200
display of monarchical. 
Accoutrements Caesar was 

2889
02:33:12,200 --> 02:33:15,200
assassinated on the Ides of 
March in 44, BCE as a result of 

2890
02:33:15,200 --> 02:33:17,700
a conspiracy. 
Cleopatra. 

2891
02:33:17,700 --> 02:33:19,900
Shocked and exposed was in a 
dangerous situation. 

2892
02:33:19,900 --> 02:33:24,000
In Rome, she swiftly retreated 
amid, the confusion returning to

2893
02:33:24,000 --> 02:33:26,300
Alexandria with cesarean and her
Entourage. 

2894
02:33:27,900 --> 02:33:30,800
According to some accounts, she 
thought about siding with Mark 

2895
02:33:30,800 --> 02:33:32,900
Antony or other groups in the 
ensuing power War. 

2896
02:33:33,400 --> 02:33:35,000
Cleopatra, however, was 
realistic. 

2897
02:33:35,000 --> 02:33:38,500
She understood that Romans would
fight for the Republic once more

2898
02:33:38,500 --> 02:33:41,800
and before making any dangerous 
agreements, she needed to know 

2899
02:33:41,800 --> 02:33:44,900
who would win. 
Securely established in Egypt, 

2900
02:33:44,900 --> 02:33:47,900
she concentrated on bolstering, 
the economy and defense of her 

2901
02:33:47,900 --> 02:33:51,300
realm while she awaited the next
Roman ruler to initiate contact.

2902
02:33:52,300 --> 02:33:54,900
She made a deliberate decision 
to stay out of Rome during this 

2903
02:33:54,900 --> 02:34:01,300
rough time, if she had stayed, 
see your mad one side or the 

2904
02:34:01,308 --> 02:34:04,900
other might have exploited her 
as a pawn, rather, she withdrew 

2905
02:34:04,900 --> 02:34:08,100
to a world in which she was 
truly in charge. she developed 

2906
02:34:08,100 --> 02:34:11,000
an image of herself at home as a
conventional fair, in addition 

2907
02:34:11,000 --> 02:34:14,200
to being a Hellenistic, Queen 
her picture with a diadem 

2908
02:34:14,200 --> 02:34:16,700
occasionally, with subtle 
references to Egyptian 

2909
02:34:16,700 --> 02:34:18,800
iconography was featured on 
coins. 

2910
02:34:18,800 --> 02:34:22,300
Bearing her name To guarantee 
that the priesthood acknowledged

2911
02:34:22,300 --> 02:34:24,300
her sensory. 
And as a prince descended from 

2912
02:34:24,308 --> 02:34:28,600
God, she funded religious 
ceremonies Cleopatra cemented, 

2913
02:34:28,600 --> 02:34:31,600
her position among her subjects 
by fusing traditional Egyptian 

2914
02:34:31,600 --> 02:34:33,500
devotion with classical Greek 
Elegance. 

2915
02:34:34,300 --> 02:34:36,300
Though, she was aware that 
Egypt's Destiny would 

2916
02:34:36,300 --> 02:34:39,600
unavoidably be shaped by the 
next wave of Rome's Civil War. 

2917
02:34:39,600 --> 02:34:43,900
She never cut off, contact with 
Roman politicians, Cleopatra's 

2918
02:34:43,900 --> 02:34:46,400
top objective amid, the chaos 
that followed Caesar's murder, 

2919
02:34:46,400 --> 02:34:49,800
was to maintain her independence
to the greatest extent feasible.

2920
02:34:50,600 --> 02:34:53,500
Although she had already 
navigated the maze, the Roman 

2921
02:34:53,500 --> 02:34:56,400
stage was about to change. 
Again, bringing new performers 

2922
02:34:56,400 --> 02:34:59,300
who were test her wits. 
She would have to carefully 

2923
02:34:59,300 --> 02:35:01,800
consider her options now that 
she could no longer rely on 

2924
02:35:01,808 --> 02:35:05,600
season's favor forming a lion 
says and battling for time in a 

2925
02:35:05,600 --> 02:35:07,800
game where the outcome could 
affect the mediterranean's 

2926
02:35:07,800 --> 02:35:11,800
future after Caesar's death. 
Rome fell into Civil War 

2927
02:35:11,800 --> 02:35:16,200
creating a power vacuum on one 
side with the Assassin's led by 

2928
02:35:16,200 --> 02:35:20,100
Brutus and Cassius adverti for a
return to a republican ideals. 

2929
02:35:20,100 --> 02:35:23,600
The second triumvirate brought 
together three important figures

2930
02:35:23,600 --> 02:35:29,000
Octavian, Caesars adopted son 
and Heir Mark Antony a seasoned 

2931
02:35:29,000 --> 02:35:33,000
General and close all of Caesar 
and lepidus whose influence 

2932
02:35:33,000 --> 02:35:35,700
quickly diminished. 
In the following two years. 

2933
02:35:35,700 --> 02:35:38,600
These factions fought for 
dominance from Alexandria 

2934
02:35:38,600 --> 02:35:41,000
Cleopatra. 
Observed knowing Egypt's. 

2935
02:35:41,000 --> 02:35:42,600
Wealth could become a bargaining
chip again. 

2936
02:35:43,500 --> 02:35:46,200
Mark Antony had previously been 
kind to clear, Patra. 

2937
02:35:46,200 --> 02:35:49,400
He visited Alexandria during 
Caesar's time and enjoyed the 

2938
02:35:49,400 --> 02:35:52,700
courts hospitality. 
As the triumvirate faced Brutus 

2939
02:35:52,700 --> 02:35:56,700
and Cassius Anthony required 
resources grain ships and money 

2940
02:35:56,700 --> 02:36:00,900
to strengthen his position. 
He called Cleopatra to Tarsus 

2941
02:36:00,900 --> 02:36:05,300
Asia Minor to negotiate terms. 
The summons was not just a 

2942
02:36:05,300 --> 02:36:08,000
polite request. 
Ignoring it could provoke Roman 

2943
02:36:08,000 --> 02:36:12,500
anger, Cleopatra recognized an 
opportunity negotiating from a 

2944
02:36:12,500 --> 02:36:15,200
strong position, could help her 
gain recognition for cesarean 

2945
02:36:15,200 --> 02:36:18,800
and assert her autonomy. 
Her arrival in Tarsus turned 

2946
02:36:18,800 --> 02:36:22,200
into a legendary tale rather 
than seeming like a beggar. 

2947
02:36:22,200 --> 02:36:25,700
She glided up the river. 
Sydney on a Nate, barge the 

2948
02:36:25,700 --> 02:36:29,700
donned with luxurious fabrics 
and fragrance sales, musicians 

2949
02:36:29,700 --> 02:36:32,200
played as clear. 
Patra adorned as the goddess, 

2950
02:36:32,200 --> 02:36:36,700
Aphrodite or Isis based on the 
source invited and to witness a 

2951
02:36:36,700 --> 02:36:38,700
display of opulence, akin to a 
royal Festival. 

2952
02:36:39,600 --> 02:36:42,200
Cleopatra recognized the 
significant of spectacle. 

2953
02:36:43,000 --> 02:36:45,500
A dramatic entrance overshadowed
rumors of Egyptian. 

2954
02:36:45,500 --> 02:36:48,700
Subservient Anthony realized he 
was not in charge of a 

2955
02:36:48,700 --> 02:36:51,000
subordinate, but was instead 
welcoming a king in full 

2956
02:36:51,000 --> 02:36:53,700
splendor. 
He was impressed and accepted 

2957
02:36:53,700 --> 02:36:56,600
her invitation to dine on her 
vessel where her wit and 

2958
02:36:56,600 --> 02:36:59,100
cultural sophistication 
captivated him as much as the 

2959
02:36:59,100 --> 02:37:02,500
luxuries. 
An alliance began political and 

2960
02:37:02,500 --> 02:37:05,500
romantic that would shape the 
Eastern mediterranean's fate. 

2961
02:37:06,300 --> 02:37:10,200
Their relationship was complex, 
Antony aimed to gain Cleopatra's

2962
02:37:10,200 --> 02:37:13,000
loyalty, and resources, to 
tackle the ongoing challenges to

2963
02:37:13,000 --> 02:37:15,200
the triumvirate. 
Cleopatra. 

2964
02:37:15,200 --> 02:37:17,600
Demanded, the return of 
Egyptian, territories lost under

2965
02:37:17,600 --> 02:37:21,100
previous ptolemaic rulers. 
She urged for formal, Roman 

2966
02:37:21,100 --> 02:37:24,400
recognition of cesarean 
significance, at least in Egypt.

2967
02:37:25,800 --> 02:37:28,700
What started as a tactical 
partnership evolved in, to a 

2968
02:37:28,700 --> 02:37:31,100
personal Bond. 
And Anthony spent the winter in 

2969
02:37:31,100 --> 02:37:33,900
Alexandria, enjoying the city's 
Lively culture. 

2970
02:37:33,900 --> 02:37:36,500
He took part in festools and 
joyed. 

2971
02:37:36,500 --> 02:37:39,700
Hunts along the Nile and even 
created a drinking Society with 

2972
02:37:39,700 --> 02:37:44,500
Cleopatra, humorously called the
inimitable livers Cleopatra 

2973
02:37:44,500 --> 02:37:46,800
remained focused on her 
political goals, despite the 

2974
02:37:46,800 --> 02:37:50,000
distractions of revelry. 
She maneuvered through Court 

2975
02:37:50,000 --> 02:37:52,500
intrigues. 
Handled the Egyptian bureaucracy

2976
02:37:52,500 --> 02:37:56,000
and protected her throne. 
Despite rumors that Anthony was 

2977
02:37:56,000 --> 02:37:59,500
suing to her spell. 
These rumors extended Beyond me 

2978
02:37:59,500 --> 02:38:03,400
a gossip in Rome, Octavian, IDE 
Antony's actions, wearily 

2979
02:38:03,400 --> 02:38:07,200
Octavian ruled the West while 
Anthony managed the east as 

2980
02:38:07,200 --> 02:38:11,100
co-rulers of the Roman World. 
Anthony's extravagant gestures 

2981
02:38:11,100 --> 02:38:14,200
toward Cleopatra reinforced. 
The idea that he was abandoning 

2982
02:38:14,200 --> 02:38:17,100
Roman values for Eastern excess 
Cleopatra. 

2983
02:38:17,100 --> 02:38:19,300
Understood the gravity of 
octavian's propaganda. 

2984
02:38:19,300 --> 02:38:22,300
She had encountered Roman 
disdain previously. 

2985
02:38:22,300 --> 02:38:26,000
Now, the risks were greater loss
of Anthony's favor. 

2986
02:38:26,000 --> 02:38:28,000
In Rome could jeopardize, clear,
patra's position. 

2987
02:38:28,900 --> 02:38:32,400
And his early campaigns in the 
East, had some success, he 

2988
02:38:32,400 --> 02:38:35,200
reaffirmed Roman Authority and 
rebellious areas and granted 

2989
02:38:35,200 --> 02:38:39,100
Cleopatra, land in Pharr Benicia
Cypress and parts of Crete and 

2990
02:38:39,100 --> 02:38:41,200
Syria. 
These grants, enhance Egypt's 

2991
02:38:41,200 --> 02:38:43,000
power and filled clear patra's 
Treasury. 

2992
02:38:43,900 --> 02:38:47,300
At the same time, the triumvera 
at unraveled leopardus was 

2993
02:38:47,308 --> 02:38:50,300
sidelined intensifying the 
Rivalry between Antony and 

2994
02:38:50,300 --> 02:38:53,800
Octavian Cleopatra and Antony 
had children starting with 

2995
02:38:53,800 --> 02:38:55,800
twins. 
And then another son who Anthony

2996
02:38:55,800 --> 02:38:58,800
acknowledged publicly children 
were given territories 

2997
02:38:58,800 --> 02:39:02,800
culminating in the notable 
donations of Alexandria ceremony

2998
02:39:02,800 --> 02:39:04,600
where Cleopatra and her 
children. 

2999
02:39:04,600 --> 02:39:07,900
Donde, regalia representing 
their rule over vast regions of 

3000
02:39:07,908 --> 02:39:10,700
the near East. 
Roman observers were shocked, 

3001
02:39:10,700 --> 02:39:13,100
the event, resembled the 
establishment of a new 

3002
02:39:13,108 --> 02:39:16,100
Hellenistic Empire at the cost 
of Rome. 

3003
02:39:16,900 --> 02:39:19,700
Cleopatra understood that her 
fate depended on Anthony's 

3004
02:39:19,700 --> 02:39:22,500
military achievements. 
Anthony found himself 

3005
02:39:22,500 --> 02:39:26,200
increasingly conflicted between 
the East where Cleopatra, held 

3006
02:39:26,200 --> 02:39:29,900
Sway and the Roman Heartland 
were Octavian was turning public

3007
02:39:29,900 --> 02:39:32,700
sentiment against him. 
Cleopatra. 

3008
02:39:32,700 --> 02:39:35,500
Employed her diplomatic skills 
to secure, local alliances 

3009
02:39:35,500 --> 02:39:39,400
ensuring that if War arose, she 
could gather sufficient Egyptian

3010
02:39:39,400 --> 02:39:41,900
Manpower and Naval power to be 
taken seriously. 

3011
02:39:43,000 --> 02:39:44,500
She noticed the cracks 
appearing. 

3012
02:39:45,100 --> 02:39:48,100
As Anthony embraced his Eastern 
identity by adopting, Greek, 

3013
02:39:48,100 --> 02:39:51,800
customs and granting Grand 
titles to clear Patra hostility 

3014
02:39:51,800 --> 02:39:54,300
and Roman intensified. 
Octavian. 

3015
02:39:54,300 --> 02:39:57,600
Waited, patiently Gathering 
proof to label Antonia traitor 

3016
02:39:57,600 --> 02:40:01,700
influenced by an oriental Queen.
This delicate balance endured 

3017
02:40:01,700 --> 02:40:05,000
for years, lending Cleopatra's 
Reign, a sense of renewed 

3018
02:40:05,000 --> 02:40:07,300
Grandeur alongside looming storm
clouds. 

3019
02:40:08,200 --> 02:40:10,700
She had journeyed from uncertain
exile to commanding Queen. 

3020
02:40:11,700 --> 02:40:14,400
But the Horizon suggested a 
final confrontation that could 

3021
02:40:14,400 --> 02:40:18,300
overshadow all her previous 
struggles, by the mid-30s BCE 

3022
02:40:18,300 --> 02:40:21,500
tensions between Antony and 
Octavian, nearly insured. 

3023
02:40:21,500 --> 02:40:25,200
Another Roman Civil War to mend 
the Divide Anthony wed octavians

3024
02:40:25,200 --> 02:40:27,800
for her sister. 
Octavia, while still maintaining

3025
02:40:27,800 --> 02:40:31,100
his affair with Cleopatra. 
He attempted to balance these 

3026
02:40:31,100 --> 02:40:34,900
conflicting responsibilities. 
However the political alliances 

3027
02:40:34,900 --> 02:40:39,200
proved too weak and Octavian 
exploited, Antony's ongoing stay

3028
02:40:39,200 --> 02:40:43,700
in Egypt as proof of treachery 
in 32 BCE after Anthony 

3029
02:40:43,700 --> 02:40:46,800
divorced, Octavia. 
Octavian claimed that Anthony 

3030
02:40:46,800 --> 02:40:50,300
had turned into Cleopatra's 
puppet labeling her as the 

3031
02:40:50,300 --> 02:40:54,000
master manipulator. 
Cleopatra, sensing Rome's, 

3032
02:40:54,000 --> 02:40:56,200
growing animosity prepared for 
battle. 

3033
02:40:56,200 --> 02:41:00,400
She strengthened the Egyptian 
Coast gathered grain and grew 

3034
02:41:00,400 --> 02:41:03,300
her Navy. 
Despite the strength of Egyptian

3035
02:41:03,300 --> 02:41:06,800
forces facing Rome's legionary 
machine, was intimidating 

3036
02:41:06,800 --> 02:41:09,500
Cleopatra. 
Thought that Victory relied on 

3037
02:41:09,500 --> 02:41:12,700
Anthony skill in maintaining the
Loyalty of his Legions and 

3038
02:41:12,700 --> 02:41:15,100
uniting Eastern client states 
under his leadership. 

3039
02:41:16,000 --> 02:41:18,600
Has War approached his support 
started to weaken. 

3040
02:41:18,600 --> 02:41:22,600
Several Allied Kings. 
Hesitated, Roman Senators, who 

3041
02:41:22,600 --> 02:41:25,600
want supported Anthony switched 
their allegiance to Octavian 

3042
02:41:25,600 --> 02:41:28,300
driven by fear or political 
strategy. 

3043
02:41:29,000 --> 02:41:33,200
The propaganda, War intensified 
Octavian, depicted Cleopatra, as

3044
02:41:33,200 --> 02:41:37,700
a foreign seductress aiming to 
enslave Rome, stoking xenophobia

3045
02:41:37,700 --> 02:41:42,300
among the Roman people. 
In 31 BCE the decisive, 

3046
02:41:42,300 --> 02:41:45,600
confrontation occurred off 
Greece's western coast near 

3047
02:41:45,600 --> 02:41:48,600
actium. 
Antony and Cleopatra gathered a 

3048
02:41:48,600 --> 02:41:52,700
significant Fleet but a gripper 
octavian's Admiral and 

3049
02:41:52,700 --> 02:41:56,600
supplement rare. 
Outsmarted them historians may 

3050
02:41:56,600 --> 02:42:00,700
argue over specifics, but the 
result is evident and his Navy 

3051
02:42:00,700 --> 02:42:03,600
became desperate, lacking 
supplies and troubled by 

3052
02:42:03,608 --> 02:42:07,100
grippers better, Naval 
strategies the climactic battle 

3053
02:42:07,100 --> 02:42:10,200
Cleopatra leading. 
Her Squadron suddenly broke away

3054
02:42:10,200 --> 02:42:13,100
and fled to Egypt. 
Antony, realizing she was 

3055
02:42:13,100 --> 02:42:16,600
leaving, gave up the fight to 
pursue her the fleet's Fate was 

3056
02:42:16,600 --> 02:42:18,800
sealed. 
Lacking unified leadership. 

3057
02:42:18,800 --> 02:42:22,600
Antony's Naval forces fell 
apart, allowing Octavian to 

3058
02:42:22,600 --> 02:42:26,300
achieve a decisive Victory 
rumors about Cleopatra's Escape 

3059
02:42:26,300 --> 02:42:29,600
circulated. 
Was it Panic strategy or 

3060
02:42:29,600 --> 02:42:33,200
pre-arranged plan? 
If the situation worse and Some 

3061
02:42:33,200 --> 02:42:36,200
accuser of betrayal While others
believe she realized the battle 

3062
02:42:36,200 --> 02:42:40,000
was lost and tried to salvage. 
What she could actium Delta 

3063
02:42:40,000 --> 02:42:43,400
severe blow to Anthony's cause 
afterward Cleopatra. 

3064
02:42:43,400 --> 02:42:45,500
Hurried to strengthen. 
Egypt, hoping to rebuild 

3065
02:42:45,500 --> 02:42:49,000
defenses and negotiate, a 
diplomatic deal Octavian. 

3066
02:42:49,000 --> 02:42:52,700
Had the momentum on his side, he
waited patiently, systematically

3067
02:42:52,700 --> 02:42:56,000
restructuring, his forces, 
rejecting Cleopatra's, 

3068
02:42:56,000 --> 02:42:58,500
negotiation proposals, and 
unless they met his conditions 

3069
02:42:58,500 --> 02:43:01,600
and Tony and Cleopatra's 
relationship once adorned with 

3070
02:43:01,600 --> 02:43:04,200
Splendor faltered under the 
burden of the loss. 

3071
02:43:04,200 --> 02:43:07,500
Antony experience, shame in 
front of his troops, many of 

3072
02:43:07,500 --> 02:43:10,800
whom abandoned him Cleopatra, 
confronted the truth that her 

3073
02:43:10,800 --> 02:43:14,800
meticulously built Eastern 
Empire was falling apart She 

3074
02:43:14,800 --> 02:43:17,600
attempted to negotiate once more
would Octavian. 

3075
02:43:17,600 --> 02:43:20,600
Allow cesarean to rule as 
co-regent, if she surrendered 

3076
02:43:20,600 --> 02:43:24,400
Antony Historical records 
indicate Cleopatra considered 

3077
02:43:24,400 --> 02:43:28,100
various Escape options yet. 
Octavian remained ruthless 

3078
02:43:28,100 --> 02:43:30,700
viewed. 
Clear Patra as a danger and aim 

3079
02:43:30,700 --> 02:43:34,400
to remove her from Power. 
Cesarean being seized as 

3080
02:43:34,400 --> 02:43:38,000
biological, son complicated, his
claim to Rome's Legacy. 

3081
02:43:38,700 --> 02:43:42,300
Removing both mother and child 
would pave the way for octavians

3082
02:43:42,300 --> 02:43:47,500
unchallenged dominance. 
In the summer of 30 BCE Octavian

3083
02:43:47,500 --> 02:43:51,500
launched, an invasion of Egypt. 
Antony's efforts to organize a 

3084
02:43:51,500 --> 02:43:54,300
defense crumbled, due to 
desertions and a superior Roman 

3085
02:43:54,300 --> 02:43:57,000
Force. 
According to Legend upon hearing

3086
02:43:57,000 --> 02:44:00,500
a false report of Cleopatra's 
death, Antony took his own life 

3087
02:44:00,500 --> 02:44:03,300
by stabbing himself mortally 
wounded. 

3088
02:44:03,300 --> 02:44:06,300
He discovered the queen was 
still alive and was brought to 

3089
02:44:06,300 --> 02:44:09,300
her. 
Last meeting marked a sad end to

3090
02:44:09,300 --> 02:44:12,800
a once glamorous partnership. 
Anthony passed away in her 

3091
02:44:12,800 --> 02:44:16,000
Embrace forcing Cleopatra to 
face Octavian by herself. 

3092
02:44:16,700 --> 02:44:20,900
Octavian's victory was certain. 
Cleopatra's final Hope was to 

3093
02:44:20,900 --> 02:44:24,000
maintain a trace of her Dynasty 
or Escape The Shame of being 

3094
02:44:24,000 --> 02:44:27,100
displayed in Rome. 
She locked herself inside a 

3095
02:44:27,100 --> 02:44:30,200
mausoleum, she had constructed 
filled with her treasures and 

3096
02:44:30,200 --> 02:44:34,100
said to hold, concealed toxins 
Octavian aim to capture her 

3097
02:44:34,100 --> 02:44:37,900
alive, likely plan to Showcase 
her in his triumphs, as a trophy

3098
02:44:37,900 --> 02:44:39,800
representing Rome's victory, 
over the east. 

3099
02:44:40,500 --> 02:44:43,600
Understanding the futility of 
resistance Cleopatra. 

3100
02:44:43,600 --> 02:44:46,200
Readied herself for a final act 
that would echo through history,

3101
02:44:46,200 --> 02:44:49,800
various accounts of her death 
exists, but the most well-known 

3102
02:44:49,800 --> 02:44:52,400
is the tale of an asp. 
Sneaked into her Hideout. 

3103
02:44:52,400 --> 02:44:55,300
Biting her arm and bringing a 
quick though. 

3104
02:44:55,300 --> 02:44:58,200
Painful demise some say she took
poison. 

3105
02:44:58,200 --> 02:45:01,400
She made the decision to face 
death on her own terms, rather 

3106
02:45:01,400 --> 02:45:03,300
than accepting it as the living 
Conquest. 

3107
02:45:04,100 --> 02:45:06,700
Cleopatra's death marked, the 
end of the ptolemaic dynasty 

3108
02:45:06,700 --> 02:45:09,300
leading to Egypt becoming a 
Roman province. 

3109
02:45:09,300 --> 02:45:13,000
Cesarean was captured and 
executed on octavian's orders. 

3110
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:16,300
Removing any threat to his rise 
as Rome's first emperor. 

3111
02:45:16,300 --> 02:45:20,400
Augustus. 
Cleopatra's Reign ended, but her

3112
02:45:20,400 --> 02:45:24,000
Legend was just beginning. 
Destined to be recounted in ways

3113
02:45:24,000 --> 02:45:26,300
that often masked the woman 
behind the myth. 

3114
02:45:27,400 --> 02:45:31,000
After Cleopatra's death, Roman 
accounts, depicted her, as a 

3115
02:45:31,008 --> 02:45:34,000
cunning temptress, whose 
Ambitions LED Anthony astray 

3116
02:45:34,000 --> 02:45:37,100
from Roman virtue. 
Poets and historians aligned 

3117
02:45:37,100 --> 02:45:40,600
with Octavian who would become 
Augustus reflected the official 

3118
02:45:40,600 --> 02:45:43,300
narrative that Cleopatra 
represented the corrupt East. 

3119
02:45:44,200 --> 02:45:47,700
A final stand, the Gilded 
Mausoleum and the tail of the 

3120
02:45:47,708 --> 02:45:50,800
ASP became material for 
moralizing treatises and 

3121
02:45:50,800 --> 02:45:54,300
Sensational storytelling. 
Despite the Romans vilification,

3122
02:45:54,300 --> 02:45:56,500
they could not deny her 
importance. 

3123
02:45:56,500 --> 02:46:01,100
She was the final monarch of a 
once Mighty Dynasty and her full

3124
02:46:01,100 --> 02:46:03,500
signified Rome's, clear. 
Dominance in the Mediterranean, 

3125
02:46:03,500 --> 02:46:07,300
Egypt transformed under Roman 
control, Cleopatra's 

3126
02:46:07,300 --> 02:46:10,700
administrative Frameworks, such 
as tax systems, Land Management,

3127
02:46:10,700 --> 02:46:13,800
and Temple, support remained, 
intact with Roman officials. 

3128
02:46:13,800 --> 02:46:17,100
Now at the helm Alexandria 
remained, a significant cultural

3129
02:46:17,100 --> 02:46:19,800
Hub, despite no longer being a 
royal capital. 

3130
02:46:20,900 --> 02:46:23,600
Cleopatra's memory in Egypt, 
became intertwined with the 

3131
02:46:23,600 --> 02:46:27,100
local folklore over time, some 
viewed her as a tragic figure 

3132
02:46:27,100 --> 02:46:29,400
aiming to safeguard the land 
from foreign control. 

3133
02:46:29,400 --> 02:46:33,100
Some swayed by Roman propaganda 
held her responsible for leading

3134
02:46:33,100 --> 02:46:36,100
the nation into war. 
The temples showcased images of 

3135
02:46:36,100 --> 02:46:39,700
ptolemaic rulers and fairy on a 
guitar reflecting the hybrid 

3136
02:46:39,700 --> 02:46:42,900
World, clear Patra. 
Once ruled Rome gained a vast 

3137
02:46:42,900 --> 02:46:45,900
Province and a compelling 
narrative, the victory of a 

3138
02:46:45,900 --> 02:46:48,000
clear Patra. 
Symbolized the Triumph of Roman 

3139
02:46:48,000 --> 02:46:51,900
discipline over Eastern luxury. 
Augustus leveraged, this 

3140
02:46:51,900 --> 02:46:53,700
narrative to consolidate his 
power. 

3141
02:46:53,700 --> 02:46:56,600
He erected monuments to 
commemorate his conquest of 

3142
02:46:56,600 --> 02:47:00,600
Egypt minted coins. 
Declaring peace restored an 

3143
02:47:00,600 --> 02:47:03,500
influence the Roman mindset to 
see clear patra's downfall as 

3144
02:47:03,500 --> 02:47:07,000
unavoidable Behind the 
propaganda was an acknowledgment

3145
02:47:07,000 --> 02:47:09,400
that Cleopatra was an 
extraordinary opponent. 

3146
02:47:10,100 --> 02:47:13,600
She matched Roman Statesman in 
diplomacy commanded resources 

3147
02:47:13,600 --> 02:47:16,000
and nearly forged a new 
political reality. 

3148
02:47:17,200 --> 02:47:19,600
If actium had unfolded 
differently, The Narrative of 

3149
02:47:19,600 --> 02:47:20,900
Rome could have changed 
significantly. 

3150
02:47:22,000 --> 02:47:25,200
Over the centuries Cleopatra's 
reputation changed, numerous 

3151
02:47:25,200 --> 02:47:28,700
times, Roman playwrights 
depicted her, as a witch 

3152
02:47:28,700 --> 02:47:32,700
captivating Antony with his 
potions and spells early 

3153
02:47:32,700 --> 02:47:35,400
Christian writers used her as a 
cautionary, tale about the 

3154
02:47:35,400 --> 02:47:39,400
dangers of lust and power 
emphasizing moral lessons. 

3155
02:47:39,400 --> 02:47:43,800
However, there were also more 
understanding perspectives 

3156
02:47:43,800 --> 02:47:47,700
chroniclers, particularly of 
Greek descent lauded her 

3157
02:47:47,700 --> 02:47:51,000
intelligence, multilingual, 
abilities and cultural 

3158
02:47:51,000 --> 02:47:54,000
refinement. 
Alternative accounts, reveal her

3159
02:47:54,008 --> 02:47:57,700
negotiation with local Elites 
philanthropic gestures to the 

3160
02:47:57,700 --> 02:48:01,000
alexandrian poor and efforts to 
maintain Egyptian, autonomy. 

3161
02:48:02,300 --> 02:48:05,000
These insights provided an 
alternative to the prevailing, 

3162
02:48:05,000 --> 02:48:07,500
Roman story. 
In the medieval period. 

3163
02:48:08,300 --> 02:48:10,700
Much classical literature 
remained in monasteries. 

3164
02:48:12,100 --> 02:48:15,600
Cleopatra appeared occasionally 
in moral Tales or collections of

3165
02:48:15,600 --> 02:48:19,000
notable women frequently 
overshadowed by biblical 

3166
02:48:19,000 --> 02:48:22,100
figures. 
Through an Essence Revival of 

3167
02:48:22,100 --> 02:48:24,900
classical. 
Learning sparked new curiosity. 

3168
02:48:25,700 --> 02:48:29,500
Scholars found Greek and Roman 
texts revealing Cleopatra as a 

3169
02:48:29,508 --> 02:48:32,700
multifaceted figure. 
Artists Drew inspiration from 

3170
02:48:32,700 --> 02:48:36,900
her, dramatic life, creating 
paintings plays and poems 

3171
02:48:36,900 --> 02:48:40,000
Shakespeare's, Antony and 
Cleopatra portrays her with a 

3172
02:48:40,008 --> 02:48:43,200
tragic grandeur. 
Shakespeare partly, followed 

3173
02:48:43,200 --> 02:48:46,900
Roman biases, portraying her as 
theatrical and manipulative yet.

3174
02:48:46,900 --> 02:48:50,200
He also revealed her depth. 
Showcasing the fiery 

3175
02:48:50,200 --> 02:48:53,800
intelligence that fueled her 
earlier. subsequent centuries 

3176
02:48:53,800 --> 02:48:57,100
witnessed a traditional 
re-interpretation month, 

3177
02:48:57,100 --> 02:49:00,300
thinkers debated, if Cleopatra 
was an enlightened ruler or a 

3178
02:49:00,300 --> 02:49:03,300
reckless Tyrant, the Romantic 
saw her as a symbol of 

3179
02:49:03,308 --> 02:49:07,600
passionate Defiance against a 
cold practical Empire, In the 

3180
02:49:07,600 --> 02:49:11,400
19th and early 20th. 
Centuries, European orientalist 

3181
02:49:11,400 --> 02:49:15,500
views transformed Cleopatra into
the symbol of exotically year. 

3182
02:49:16,200 --> 02:49:19,300
Painters depicted her in 
extravagant setting for focusing

3183
02:49:19,300 --> 02:49:22,400
on her beauty and wealth while 
overlooking her administrative 

3184
02:49:22,400 --> 02:49:26,200
skills and political acumen. 
Hollywood Embrace this image 

3185
02:49:26,200 --> 02:49:30,600
creating epic films that 
highlighted spectacle Grand 

3186
02:49:30,600 --> 02:49:34,200
sets, intricate costumes and a 
clear, Patra, who captivated 

3187
02:49:34,200 --> 02:49:36,300
famous Romans with alluring 
glances? 

3188
02:49:36,300 --> 02:49:40,400
However, beneath these 
depictions, historical research,

3189
02:49:40,400 --> 02:49:44,900
dismantled the stereotypes in 
the 20th and 21st, centuries 

3190
02:49:44,900 --> 02:49:47,400
Scholars. 
Refocused on Cleopatra's 

3191
02:49:47,400 --> 02:49:51,200
intelligence Linguistics for 
skills her role as a living 

3192
02:49:51,208 --> 02:49:54,500
goddess in Egyptian tradition 
and her Adept rule during 

3193
02:49:54,500 --> 02:49:58,100
challenging times recent 
archaeological discoveries and 

3194
02:49:58,108 --> 02:50:00,300
fresh interpretations of primary
sources. 

3195
02:50:00,300 --> 02:50:04,000
Portray her not just as a femme 
fatale but as a state's woman 

3196
02:50:04,000 --> 02:50:07,900
facing the mightiest Empire of 
her time This change in 

3197
02:50:07,900 --> 02:50:10,500
Viewpoint, highlighted, the 
conflict between Cleopatra's 

3198
02:50:10,500 --> 02:50:14,800
real governance, managing taxes,
suppressing Uprising directing 

3199
02:50:14,800 --> 02:50:17,400
foreign policy, and the 
narrative crafted by those, who 

3200
02:50:17,400 --> 02:50:21,000
aimed to rationalize, her defeat
Cleopatra's reputation changed 

3201
02:50:21,000 --> 02:50:24,600
with Rosary, IRAs, agendas 
reflecting, cultural fantasies 

3202
02:50:24,600 --> 02:50:28,200
and fears a True Legacy. 
Her efforts to preserve a 

3203
02:50:28,200 --> 02:50:31,600
sovereign Egypt against Rome's 
expansion, endures as a 

3204
02:50:31,600 --> 02:50:33,400
testament to her strategic 
prowess. 

3205
02:50:33,400 --> 02:50:37,000
Even if overshadowed, by the 
highlights of her personals 

3206
02:50:37,000 --> 02:50:41,000
Cleopatra, is a figure that 
urges us to see on stereotypes 

3207
02:50:41,000 --> 02:50:43,900
highlighting that the true 
complexity of history is often 

3208
02:50:43,900 --> 02:50:46,200
lost in the propaganda and 
entertainment of the era. 

3209
02:50:47,000 --> 02:50:49,800
Cleopatra's story still 
captivates in our Modern Age, 

3210
02:50:49,800 --> 02:50:52,500
she has become an icon that 
transcends. 

3211
02:50:52,500 --> 02:50:57,100
Her time, symbolizing, female, 
power, political skill, cultural

3212
02:50:57,100 --> 02:51:00,000
Fusion, and the tragedy of lost 
sovereignty. 

3213
02:51:01,500 --> 02:51:05,300
To truly appreciate Cleopatra. 
One must view her not as an 

3214
02:51:05,300 --> 02:51:08,900
exotic siren or a mere footnote 
in Rome story, but as the 

3215
02:51:08,900 --> 02:51:12,000
Pinnacle of a unique Dynasty, 
navigating a rapidly changing 

3216
02:51:12,000 --> 02:51:14,600
world. 
Her important stems from the 

3217
02:51:14,600 --> 02:51:16,900
careful balance. 
She maintained from the moment 

3218
02:51:16,900 --> 02:51:20,200
she assumed power. 
Cleopatra forged alliances with 

3219
02:51:20,200 --> 02:51:23,500
Caesar and negotiated with Mark 
Antony expanded. 

3220
02:51:23,500 --> 02:51:26,800
Her Kingdom's, territories and 
maintained the reverence of 

3221
02:51:26,800 --> 02:51:29,800
Egypt's priest. 
Hoods orchestrating a precarious

3222
02:51:29,800 --> 02:51:34,100
dance She encountered a Rome 
shifting from Republic tortoise,

3223
02:51:34,100 --> 02:51:37,800
a superpower, in transition, 
uncertain of its future 

3224
02:51:37,800 --> 02:51:40,700
Cleopatra, understood that to 
protect Egypt. 

3225
02:51:40,700 --> 02:51:43,700
She needed to navigate Roman 
politics while embodying. 

3226
02:51:43,700 --> 02:51:47,100
The role of pharaoh, merging 
Greek and Egyptian Traditions, 

3227
02:51:47,100 --> 02:51:48,800
more effectively than her 
predecessors. 

3228
02:51:49,700 --> 02:51:52,500
Cleopatra's intellectual 
interests, deserve greater Focus

3229
02:51:52,500 --> 02:51:55,000
growing up in Alexandria's 
vibrant. 

3230
02:51:55,000 --> 02:51:58,200
Intellectual atmosphere. 
She gained both, scholarly and 

3231
02:51:58,200 --> 02:52:01,100
practical knowledge. 
She authored works on medicine 

3232
02:52:01,100 --> 02:52:03,700
cosmetics and possibly 
Linguistics. 

3233
02:52:03,700 --> 02:52:07,800
But these writings of now 
vanished, You communicated with 

3234
02:52:07,800 --> 02:52:10,400
the subject people's in their 
languages, an ability that 

3235
02:52:10,400 --> 02:52:13,500
granted real legitimacy in the 
eyes of those unfamiliar with 

3236
02:52:13,500 --> 02:52:15,200
greek-speaking, ptolemaic 
rulers. 

3237
02:52:16,000 --> 02:52:19,300
Cleopatra, engages with Roman 
Elites in Greek or Latin and 

3238
02:52:19,300 --> 02:52:22,800
leads Egyptian ceremonies in the
local language, showcasing, her 

3239
02:52:22,800 --> 02:52:26,800
cultural fluency as a political 
asset Story highlights how 

3240
02:52:26,800 --> 02:52:30,900
quickly propaganda can distort a
legacy Roman accounts, depicted 

3241
02:52:30,900 --> 02:52:34,700
Cleopatra's, a seductive foreign
Queen overshadowing her 

3242
02:52:34,700 --> 02:52:36,100
contributions as a state's 
woman. 

3243
02:52:37,100 --> 02:52:40,500
The caricature persisted over 
the centuries influencing art 

3244
02:52:40,500 --> 02:52:42,500
and theater while reducing her 
complexity. 

3245
02:52:43,500 --> 02:52:46,500
By piecing together scattered 
evidence from coins with her 

3246
02:52:46,500 --> 02:52:48,900
profile to Greek historians 
descriptions. 

3247
02:52:48,900 --> 02:52:53,100
We Glimpse the real Cleopatra, a
determined Monarch making 

3248
02:52:53,100 --> 02:52:55,400
Monumental decisions. 
In a time of colliding. 

3249
02:52:55,400 --> 02:52:58,500
Global Powers, there are 
ultimate demise highlights. 

3250
02:52:58,500 --> 02:53:01,500
The weaknesses of a smaller 
State trapped among Roman's 

3251
02:53:01,500 --> 02:53:04,700
Cleopatra's relationship with 
Anthony was both personal and 

3252
02:53:04,700 --> 02:53:07,400
practical yet in the competitive
realm of Roman politics. 

3253
02:53:07,400 --> 02:53:11,300
It served as a tool for 
octavians Ambitions, the Empire 

3254
02:53:11,300 --> 02:53:14,400
needed new conquest to solidify 
its political Transformations 

3255
02:53:14,400 --> 02:53:18,000
and the idea of Cleopatra's 
conspiracy with Anthony gave 

3256
02:53:18,000 --> 02:53:20,100
Octavian. 
The moral pretext to march on 

3257
02:53:20,100 --> 02:53:23,800
Egypt, However, Cleopatra 
managed to outsmart him, 

3258
02:53:23,800 --> 02:53:28,000
engaging in covert negotiations,
until actium, irreversibly 

3259
02:53:28,000 --> 02:53:30,700
shifted. 
The balance even Cleopatra's 

3260
02:53:30,700 --> 02:53:35,100
death often recounted, with 
melodramatic Flair, reflects her

3261
02:53:35,108 --> 02:53:37,600
refusal to be paraded as a 
captive in Rome. 

3262
02:53:38,200 --> 02:53:42,100
By choosing to die on her terms.
She denied Octavian a triumphant

3263
02:53:42,100 --> 02:53:45,000
display. 
Ensure her final image was one 

3264
02:53:45,000 --> 02:53:49,300
of defiance and of submission. 
This act dramatized in art and 

3265
02:53:49,308 --> 02:53:53,500
theater embodies a political 
strategy Cleopatra ensured, she 

3266
02:53:53,508 --> 02:53:55,700
was remembered as a queen, not a
captive. 

3267
02:53:56,500 --> 02:53:59,100
After that final Act Egypt 
turned into Rome's. 

3268
02:53:59,100 --> 02:54:02,200
Bread Basket supporting an 
Empire that would rule Europe, 

3269
02:54:02,200 --> 02:54:06,500
North Africa, and the near East 
for centuries Alexandria 

3270
02:54:06,500 --> 02:54:08,800
continued to be a center of 
scholarship and trade 

3271
02:54:08,800 --> 02:54:12,000
maintaining Greek and Egyptian 
cultural influences. 

3272
02:54:12,000 --> 02:54:14,700
Even during Roman rule, 
Cleopatra's children with 

3273
02:54:14,700 --> 02:54:17,800
Anthony were taken to Rome and 
largely disappeared from 

3274
02:54:17,800 --> 02:54:20,100
history. 
Except for one daughter 

3275
02:54:20,100 --> 02:54:23,200
Cleopatra. 
Selene, who married into another

3276
02:54:23,200 --> 02:54:26,000
African Kingdom and preserved a 
fragment of her mother's Legacy.

3277
02:54:26,000 --> 02:54:30,600
Cesarean of Julius Caesar was 
executed to a radicate, any 

3278
02:54:30,600 --> 02:54:33,500
rival to Rome? 
Thus the direct line of 

3279
02:54:33,508 --> 02:54:36,900
Cleopatra, ended brutally a 
testament to how Roman real 

3280
02:54:36,900 --> 02:54:40,100
politic disdained potential 
threats, however, young or 

3281
02:54:40,100 --> 02:54:43,000
innocent. 
Interesting Cleopatra continues 

3282
02:54:43,000 --> 02:54:46,600
over 2000 years later historians
discuss her strategies 

3283
02:54:46,600 --> 02:54:50,000
archaeologists search, the 
Egyptian Coast for her burial 

3284
02:54:50,000 --> 02:54:53,600
site and filmmakers recreate her
life in Grand Productions. 

3285
02:54:54,400 --> 02:54:57,900
Every retelling reveals as much 
about the Storyteller as it does

3286
02:54:57,900 --> 02:55:01,600
about clear Patra, a character 
reveals, the complexities of 

3287
02:55:01,608 --> 02:55:06,000
power, the Dynamics of gender, 
and politics, and the resilience

3288
02:55:06,000 --> 02:55:10,600
of a dynasty facing extinction. 
She Bridges worlds, Greek and 

3289
02:55:10,600 --> 02:55:14,400
Egyptian, a female leader and 
Roman Ally a scholar and 

3290
02:55:14,400 --> 02:55:17,300
politician. 
Cleopatra emerged as a leader, 

3291
02:55:17,300 --> 02:55:20,100
who would not allow her kingdom 
to be a mere Pawn in Rome 

3292
02:55:20,100 --> 02:55:24,300
strategy, she engaged in high 
stakes gameplay, experience in 

3293
02:55:24,300 --> 02:55:27,000
both spectacular, victories, and
devastating losses. 

3294
02:55:27,900 --> 02:55:30,900
She transcended the character's 
that defined her post-human 

3295
02:55:30,900 --> 02:55:33,900
image. 
The final Queen of the Nile 

3296
02:55:33,900 --> 02:55:36,800
remains an enigma who challenges
us to look deeper than the 

3297
02:55:36,800 --> 02:55:39,300
simple myths. 
Reminding us that history is 

3298
02:55:39,300 --> 02:55:42,600
often shaped by those who wield 
the pain and that a life as 

3299
02:55:42,600 --> 02:55:55,600
momentous as hers deserves 
constant re-examination Aries 

3300
02:55:55,600 --> 02:55:59,000
was never the type of God to sit
neatly in the lore of ancient 

3301
02:55:59,000 --> 02:56:02,300
Greece Scholars, often reduce 
him to a one-dimensional force 

3302
02:56:02,300 --> 02:56:06,100
of bloodlust But his Origins 
stretch into an older tapestry 

3303
02:56:06,100 --> 02:56:09,900
of mortal dread and shifting 
Mythic structures long before he

3304
02:56:09,900 --> 02:56:12,900
stood on an Olympus, War itself 
existed. 

3305
02:56:12,900 --> 02:56:15,200
The roiling turmoil of Bronze 
Age. 

3306
02:56:15,200 --> 02:56:19,200
Conflicts shaped a primal deity 
one who came to embody every 

3307
02:56:19,200 --> 02:56:21,200
surge of aggression in the human
heart. 

3308
02:56:22,200 --> 02:56:23,400
Yet, it wasn't always 
straightforward. 

3309
02:56:24,500 --> 02:56:27,400
A cultured deeply familiar with 
the horrors and necessities of 

3310
02:56:27,400 --> 02:56:30,500
war formed, something Beyond, a 
single note of violence. 

3311
02:56:31,500 --> 02:56:36,300
We picture the pantheon, Zeus 
the king of the queen Athena the

3312
02:56:36,300 --> 02:56:39,200
Strategic Warrior, Apollo the 
golden archer. 

3313
02:56:39,200 --> 02:56:42,000
And So on. 
In that lineup. 

3314
02:56:42,000 --> 02:56:46,200
Aries is typically an outlier 
unpredictable quick to anger 

3315
02:56:46,200 --> 02:56:48,600
sometimes portrayed as a brutish
cousin. 

3316
02:56:48,600 --> 02:56:52,200
No one fully respects. 
But in arcade Traditions, he 

3317
02:56:52,200 --> 02:56:55,700
embodied the rawness of battle 
in a way that only a people who 

3318
02:56:55,700 --> 02:56:58,600
both feared and revered, the 
Bloodshed that either secured or

3319
02:56:58,600 --> 02:57:00,400
destroyed their homes could 
comprehend. 

3320
02:57:00,400 --> 02:57:03,400
No, Harvest could be protected 
without swords. 

3321
02:57:03,400 --> 02:57:07,500
No City walls, stood firm 
without Warriors, and no Spoils 

3322
02:57:07,500 --> 02:57:10,200
of Victory existed, without 
devastating defeats. 

3323
02:57:11,000 --> 02:57:14,800
Aries was the embodiment of that
Paradox, the proud figure who 

3324
02:57:14,800 --> 02:57:17,300
could Inspire men to both 
valiantly defend their families 

3325
02:57:17,300 --> 02:57:19,100
and commit unspeakable 
atrocities. 

3326
02:57:20,000 --> 02:57:23,300
In these early conceptions Aries
was not simply a cartoon of 

3327
02:57:23,300 --> 02:57:26,100
unbridled cruelty. 
There's evidence that some 

3328
02:57:26,100 --> 02:57:29,400
cities states elevated him as a 
symbol of gritty Valor. 

3329
02:57:29,900 --> 02:57:32,600
The Spartans for instance, 
admired. 

3330
02:57:32,600 --> 02:57:35,000
Many aspects of Martial prowess,
though. 

3331
02:57:35,000 --> 02:57:38,000
Athena's strategic cunning often
overshadowed his more direct 

3332
02:57:38,000 --> 02:57:41,800
approach to conflict even. 
So it was Aries who symbolized 

3333
02:57:41,800 --> 02:57:44,400
the adrenaline and Terror that 
overcame a battlefield moments 

3334
02:57:44,400 --> 02:57:46,000
before. 
The first spear was thrown. 

3335
02:57:46,000 --> 02:57:50,000
He embodied the unadulterated 
strength of battle a force as 

3336
02:57:50,000 --> 02:57:53,500
ancient as The Clash of bronze 
weapons against wooden Shields. 

3337
02:57:54,300 --> 02:57:57,800
Homer's epic's cast a particular
light on him, but even within 

3338
02:57:57,800 --> 02:58:00,500
the Iliad, his presence can be 
contradictory. 

3339
02:58:01,300 --> 02:58:04,300
One moment, he is yelping from a
wound inflicted by Athena. 

3340
02:58:04,300 --> 02:58:06,900
The next, he's leveling entire 
Felix's. 

3341
02:58:06,900 --> 02:58:10,500
This spectrum illustrates the 
capricious nature of War itself.

3342
02:58:10,500 --> 02:58:16,000
Ephemeral victories, devastating
losses, and the hollowness that 

3343
02:58:16,000 --> 02:58:18,100
can follow even the most 
triumphant campaign. 

3344
02:58:19,300 --> 02:58:23,200
In many ways, Aries represented 
the chaos that no General's plan

3345
02:58:23,200 --> 02:58:25,700
could fully tame. 
It's important to note that 

3346
02:58:25,700 --> 02:58:28,500
ancient worshipers were not 
naive about the price of War. 

3347
02:58:28,500 --> 02:58:31,500
Bloodshed came at a high cost 
temples. 

3348
02:58:31,500 --> 02:58:35,400
Dedicated to areas were fewer 
compared to athenas indicating a

3349
02:58:35,400 --> 02:58:38,400
cultural ambivalence. 
While Athena's tactical, 

3350
02:58:38,400 --> 02:58:41,600
Brilliance was easier to 
appreciate Aries, demanded 

3351
02:58:41,600 --> 02:58:45,500
acceptance of the darkest 
aspects of war in desperation. 

3352
02:58:45,500 --> 02:58:48,800
People might invoke him pleading
for the strength to defend their

3353
02:58:48,800 --> 02:58:52,400
homes and hearts, Yet, they also
prayed for protection from his 

3354
02:58:52,400 --> 02:58:55,200
Fury aware that uncontrolled 
combat. 

3355
02:58:55,200 --> 02:58:58,600
Risked swallowing both winners 
and losers alike between 

3356
02:58:58,600 --> 02:59:02,000
Regional variants airy's. 
Took on local traits. 

3357
02:59:02,000 --> 02:59:06,200
In some areas, he was worshiped 
as any Alias linked to the ears.

3358
02:59:06,200 --> 02:59:09,300
Pretty battle cries. 
That polluted skirmishes, other 

3359
02:59:09,300 --> 02:59:12,300
localities invoke him in rituals
involving The Binding of Wars 

3360
02:59:12,300 --> 02:59:16,100
Spirits, trying to keep violent 
impulses at Bay these. 

3361
02:59:16,100 --> 02:59:18,700
Complexities reflected, the 
moral Quagmire of mortal 

3362
02:59:18,700 --> 02:59:23,200
conflict, an interplay of 
necessity Pride, survival, and 

3363
02:59:23,200 --> 02:59:27,100
raw fear. 
Over time areas of mass titles 

3364
02:59:27,100 --> 02:59:30,500
that reflected both devotion and
Dread serving as a constant. 

3365
02:59:30,500 --> 02:59:33,100
Reminder that the boundary 
between revered protector and 

3366
02:59:33,100 --> 02:59:36,700
menacing Harbinger is often 
extremely thin. 

3367
02:59:37,400 --> 02:59:40,700
While modern retellings often 
trivialize him archaic hymns and

3368
02:59:40,708 --> 02:59:43,800
fragments reveal a God that 
mirrored, the complicated psyche

3369
02:59:43,800 --> 02:59:47,700
of a society dependent on war 
for expansion and survival. 

3370
02:59:47,700 --> 02:59:51,300
He wasn't a demon lurking at the
edge of campfires nor was he a 

3371
02:59:51,300 --> 02:59:53,400
glorious knight in shining armor
instead. 

3372
02:59:53,400 --> 02:59:57,200
He occupied a realm of gray were
instincts of rage and honor 

3373
02:59:57,200 --> 03:00:00,400
coexisted. 
This realm while brutal was also

3374
03:00:00,400 --> 03:00:03,700
strangely human. 
Conflict was embedded in daily 

3375
03:00:03,700 --> 03:00:07,900
life, raids Clan feuds, 
territorial disputes and Aries 

3376
03:00:07,900 --> 03:00:11,100
was that small. 
Primal voice urging men onward, 

3377
03:00:11,100 --> 03:00:14,600
when reason why would Buy the 
time classical myths, fully 

3378
03:00:14,600 --> 03:00:20,500
evolved that Primal energy was 
fitted into the Regal Halls of 

3379
03:00:20,500 --> 03:00:24,300
Olympus, surrounded by cunning 
gods and goddesses who valued 

3380
03:00:24,300 --> 03:00:26,700
wit he became something of a 
misfit. 

3381
03:00:26,700 --> 03:00:31,100
The most mortal liked deity in 
his raw, passions in adopting 

3382
03:00:31,100 --> 03:00:33,600
him, the Greeks in Shrine and 
War within their Divine family. 

3383
03:00:33,600 --> 03:00:39,500
They recognized that violence 
while a horrendous to how their 

3384
03:00:39,500 --> 03:00:43,200
world spun. 
Aries stood there, as a Living 

3385
03:00:43,200 --> 03:00:45,800
testament, to the fact that 
Civilization is built on the 

3386
03:00:45,800 --> 03:00:49,500
bones of the Concord. 
Those earliest conceptions set a

3387
03:00:49,500 --> 03:00:51,600
tone that would reverberate 
through every subsequent 

3388
03:00:51,600 --> 03:00:54,700
portrayal Aries. 
The Unstoppable engine of 

3389
03:00:54,700 --> 03:00:59,200
conflict simultaneously, revered
feared and occasionally pitted 

3390
03:00:59,200 --> 03:01:03,300
for a destiny bound to endless 
strife. if Aries, embodied the 

3391
03:01:03,300 --> 03:01:06,900
screaming Crescendo of conflict,
They're one might wonder how he 

3392
03:01:06,900 --> 03:01:09,300
behaved among Gods celebrated 
for Wily intelligence. 

3393
03:01:09,300 --> 03:01:14,300
Justice, a cultural refinement. 
The image of the Greek pantheon 

3394
03:01:14,300 --> 03:01:17,300
at Council. 
Zeus presiding Apollo offering 

3395
03:01:17,300 --> 03:01:22,000
measured Insight Athena speaking
with calculated reason clashes 

3396
03:01:22,000 --> 03:01:25,800
with the idea of Aries pacing 
and patiently eager for action. 

3397
03:01:26,600 --> 03:01:30,500
Indeed, many myths, depict him 
as two headstrong for delicate 

3398
03:01:30,500 --> 03:01:33,900
planning to impatient to grasp 
the subtle Arts of negotiation. 

3399
03:01:33,900 --> 03:01:37,700
Yet this portrayal while not 
wholly, inaccurate, might 

3400
03:01:37,700 --> 03:01:40,400
obscured deeper textures to his 
Mythic personality. 

3401
03:01:41,400 --> 03:01:45,300
Consider his kinship Dynamics, 
he was the son of Zeus and Hera 

3402
03:01:45,300 --> 03:01:47,200
both formidable, in their own, 
right? 

3403
03:01:47,200 --> 03:01:50,600
That Heritage alone. 
Should Grant him respect yet, 

3404
03:01:50,600 --> 03:01:53,300
the myths, consistently show an 
air as overshadowed. 

3405
03:01:53,300 --> 03:01:56,700
Specially by Athena, where she 
used logic to conquer. 

3406
03:01:56,700 --> 03:02:00,100
He used shift Force where she 
favored, cunning she favored 

3407
03:02:00,100 --> 03:02:03,100
brute strength, it wasn't just a
clash of personalities. 

3408
03:02:03,100 --> 03:02:06,100
It reflected the Greeks, 
internal tension, between 

3409
03:02:06,100 --> 03:02:10,000
strategy and aggression. 
Athena's popularity soared 

3410
03:02:10,000 --> 03:02:12,200
because her mode of warfare 
aligned with a sense of 

3411
03:02:12,208 --> 03:02:15,600
honorable wisdom. 
Aries, however, reminded the 

3412
03:02:15,600 --> 03:02:19,500
Greeks of Wars uglier truths 
truths that still demanded 

3413
03:02:19,500 --> 03:02:22,800
acknowledgment. 
At times, he sibling 

3414
03:02:22,800 --> 03:02:24,500
confrontations bordered on 
comic. 

3415
03:02:25,100 --> 03:02:27,900
Homer describes areas. 
Bellowing in pain, when struck 

3416
03:02:27,900 --> 03:02:31,500
by Athena's spear his pride 
wounded as much as his flesh. 

3417
03:02:31,500 --> 03:02:35,600
Yet beneath the humor layer 
sobering reality, no matter how 

3418
03:02:35,600 --> 03:02:38,800
often cunning triumphs there 
remains a force that neither 

3419
03:02:38,800 --> 03:02:41,700
wit. 
Nor reason can fully placate In 

3420
03:02:41,700 --> 03:02:44,100
the cosmic scheme. 
Aries, symbolized the 

3421
03:02:44,100 --> 03:02:46,400
Unstoppable wave of violence, 
that a cage. 

3422
03:02:46,400 --> 03:02:49,100
Occasionally crashed through, 
even the most fortified cities, 

3423
03:02:49,100 --> 03:02:52,700
he might lose a battle hero 
there, a conflict itself, never,

3424
03:02:52,700 --> 03:02:56,100
truly, vanished, God's like 
Apollo or Hermes approached him 

3425
03:02:56,100 --> 03:02:58,300
carefully. 
They perceived him as a 

3426
03:02:58,300 --> 03:03:01,800
ferocious storm, both beneficial
and hazardous to provoke. 

3427
03:03:01,800 --> 03:03:05,500
Here are equally temperamental 
maintained, a complicated 

3428
03:03:05,500 --> 03:03:08,900
relationship with her son, 
alternating between chastisement

3429
03:03:08,900 --> 03:03:13,400
and support, depending on her 
shifting alliances, Zeus for all

3430
03:03:13,400 --> 03:03:17,500
his might sometimes expressed 
exasperation with Aries calling 

3431
03:03:17,500 --> 03:03:21,400
him a pariah among the gods, the
thunderer accepted War as part 

3432
03:03:21,400 --> 03:03:24,300
of the cosmic order, even though
it resented Olympus is, 

3433
03:03:24,300 --> 03:03:27,600
civilized Ambitions in some 
accounts, Aries is 

3434
03:03:27,600 --> 03:03:32,000
relationships, extended Beyond 
family feuds his Union with 

3435
03:03:32,000 --> 03:03:34,900
Aphrodite remains, one of the 
more intriguing pairings in 

3436
03:03:34,900 --> 03:03:38,000
mythology. 
The goddess of love entwined 

3437
03:03:38,000 --> 03:03:41,100
with the God of War, often 
appears as a paradox. 

3438
03:03:41,100 --> 03:03:45,300
How can tenderness and 
aggression coexist yet their 

3439
03:03:45,300 --> 03:03:47,600
Mythic a fair Echoes, a 
universal truth. 

3440
03:03:47,600 --> 03:03:50,300
Passion and conflict, can be 
intertwined. 

3441
03:03:50,300 --> 03:03:52,900
Aspects of Human Experience 
Wars. 

3442
03:03:52,900 --> 03:03:56,100
Impulses of possession 
protection and desire. 

3443
03:03:56,100 --> 03:03:59,000
While love, can incite, jealousy
is fierce enough to spark 

3444
03:03:59,000 --> 03:04:02,400
conflict Aphrodite is 
involvement with Aries. 

3445
03:04:02,400 --> 03:04:05,600
Isn't just a sensational rumor 
about the gods personal lives. 

3446
03:04:05,600 --> 03:04:10,900
It symbolizes how Love and War 
seemingly at odds intertwined in

3447
03:04:10,900 --> 03:04:14,200
human affairs. 
Furthermore, areas is Offspring,

3448
03:04:14,200 --> 03:04:16,300
with Aphrodite and other 
partners, reflect different 

3449
03:04:16,300 --> 03:04:19,300
shades of struggle. 
Some myths, speak of Deimos 

3450
03:04:19,300 --> 03:04:23,700
Terror and Phobos fear as his 
children, manifestations of the 

3451
03:04:23,700 --> 03:04:27,900
dread that precedes any battle. 
Others hint at harmonia, Harmony

3452
03:04:27,900 --> 03:04:31,100
a curious byproduct of love and 
warming. 

3453
03:04:31,700 --> 03:04:34,700
This dichotomy reveals that for 
all his destructive Tendencies, 

3454
03:04:34,700 --> 03:04:38,900
Aries participated in generating
forces that could unify people. 

3455
03:04:39,600 --> 03:04:41,900
Only they learned to harness 
conflicts lessons. 

3456
03:04:41,900 --> 03:04:45,500
A battlefield can unite comrades
as powerful as it drives them to

3457
03:04:45,500 --> 03:04:48,600
oppose an enemy. 
Outside these Grand narratives 

3458
03:04:48,600 --> 03:04:52,700
certain cult practices suggest 
that not every devotees or Aries

3459
03:04:52,700 --> 03:04:57,000
as irredeemably, brutish in some
Greek regions more destroyed, 

3460
03:04:57,000 --> 03:04:59,700
were dedicated to him places. 
Where Warriors offered? 

3461
03:04:59,700 --> 03:05:02,400
Thanks for survival will 
supplicated for courage. 

3462
03:05:03,300 --> 03:05:07,200
While his worship, never equaled
Athena's broader claim it served

3463
03:05:07,200 --> 03:05:10,600
a ritual, functioning communal 
life soldiers, recognized that 

3464
03:05:10,600 --> 03:05:14,100
for all the talk of strategy 
once Spears flew and blood 

3465
03:05:14,100 --> 03:05:17,500
spattered the Earth. 
Raw fighting Spirit might decide

3466
03:05:17,500 --> 03:05:20,300
who lived and died. 
They turned to Aries for that 

3467
03:05:20,300 --> 03:05:23,700
final push. 
His Image was not symbol static 

3468
03:05:23,700 --> 03:05:27,100
the city of Thebes. 
Once honored him linking him to 

3469
03:05:27,100 --> 03:05:30,400
its legendary founder. 
Arcadian Villages performed 

3470
03:05:30,400 --> 03:05:33,300
complex rights, blending 
fertility, with battle, lust 

3471
03:05:33,300 --> 03:05:36,400
through these examples. 
We Glimpse how local Traditions 

3472
03:05:36,400 --> 03:05:39,900
interpreted him, not just as a 
Mindless brute, but as a 

3473
03:05:39,900 --> 03:05:43,500
necessary power, War was seldom 
glorified yet. 

3474
03:05:43,500 --> 03:05:46,400
The Greeks knew that ignoring 
its presence was folly. 

3475
03:05:47,000 --> 03:05:49,500
Thus Aries move through their 
myths. 

3476
03:05:49,500 --> 03:05:54,300
Never quite loved never entirely
shunned and essential of 

3477
03:05:54,300 --> 03:05:56,500
uncomfortable or relative at 
Olympus is table. 

3478
03:05:57,300 --> 03:06:00,900
Over time as Greek culture 
embraced philosophies exalting 

3479
03:06:00,900 --> 03:06:04,200
reason and Order. 
Aries is impulsive nature, stood

3480
03:06:04,200 --> 03:06:08,000
out even more. 
Yet he endured unchanged in 

3481
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:10,700
essence, reminding gods and 
Mortals alike. 

3482
03:06:10,700 --> 03:06:13,800
That conflict is sometimes an 
unavoidable part of existence. 

3483
03:06:14,800 --> 03:06:18,100
In a Pantheon full of varied 
personalities, he was the 

3484
03:06:18,100 --> 03:06:22,100
stinging reality, check the raw 
surge of chaos, no, treaty or 

3485
03:06:22,108 --> 03:06:25,400
supplication, could fully tame 
and the rest of the Immortals, 

3486
03:06:25,400 --> 03:06:28,300
though. 
Annoyed amused or appalled, had 

3487
03:06:28,300 --> 03:06:30,000
no choice. 
But to allow him a seat at the 

3488
03:06:30,000 --> 03:06:32,500
feast. 
The Aries belong to the Grand, 

3489
03:06:32,500 --> 03:06:36,400
tapestry of the Greek pantheon, 
his reputation moved Beyond mere

3490
03:06:36,400 --> 03:06:38,500
Mythic banter. 
When Mortals invoked him on 

3491
03:06:38,508 --> 03:06:41,400
actual fields of War. 
One of the most significant 

3492
03:06:41,400 --> 03:06:45,800
stages for such invocations was 
the long grueling conflict of 

3493
03:06:45,800 --> 03:06:48,900
the Trojan War? 
This Monumental Clash blurred, 

3494
03:06:48,900 --> 03:06:52,700
the boundaries between myth and 
history as gods, intervened in 

3495
03:06:52,700 --> 03:06:56,700
and out of mortal Affairs, on 
those planes, Aries found 

3496
03:06:56,700 --> 03:06:59,300
himself embroiled in a drama 
where battles were fought. 

3497
03:06:59,300 --> 03:07:02,900
Not just for territory but for 
the glory of reputations and 

3498
03:07:02,900 --> 03:07:06,500
occasionally at the whims of 
meddling deities, In the Trojan 

3499
03:07:06,500 --> 03:07:09,400
War, narratives Aries was not a 
distant Observer. 

3500
03:07:09,400 --> 03:07:13,000
He appeared directly on the 
battlefield side, in first with 

3501
03:07:13,000 --> 03:07:15,200
one Army. 
Then the other reflecting the 

3502
03:07:15,200 --> 03:07:19,600
chaotic nature of real Warfare. 
Mortals pray for Advantage but 

3503
03:07:19,600 --> 03:07:23,000
where itself can pivot on a 
random Arrow or single emotional

3504
03:07:23,000 --> 03:07:26,300
Outburst, Aries represented that
fickle momentum. 

3505
03:07:27,100 --> 03:07:29,400
One moment, he'd Empower Trojan 
Warrior's. 

3506
03:07:29,400 --> 03:07:32,400
The next. 
He'd be seen clashing fiercely 

3507
03:07:32,400 --> 03:07:34,300
against the myth of the cosmic 
tide shifted. 

3508
03:07:35,100 --> 03:07:38,600
Homer's Iliad, underscores how 
terrifying it was for Mortals to

3509
03:07:38,600 --> 03:07:41,000
witness Aries in his full war. 
God, Fury. 

3510
03:07:41,700 --> 03:07:44,300
Armies might have boasted 
skilled generals and heroic 

3511
03:07:44,300 --> 03:07:48,000
Champions but none could remain.
Truly Fearless before a literal 

3512
03:07:48,000 --> 03:07:50,900
incarnation of bloodshed 
whenever he charged onto the 

3513
03:07:50,908 --> 03:07:52,600
field, the ground seemed to 
tremble. 

3514
03:07:52,600 --> 03:07:55,400
This gesture was more than 
poetic flourish. 

3515
03:07:55,400 --> 03:07:58,900
It symbolized how the mere 
Prospect of Unstoppable, 

3516
03:07:58,900 --> 03:08:02,600
violence could unnerve even 
seasoned veterans yet? 

3517
03:08:02,600 --> 03:08:06,500
Aries was not Invincible. 
The Iliad records moments, were 

3518
03:08:06,500 --> 03:08:08,300
Athena tricked or outmaneuvered 
him. 

3519
03:08:09,100 --> 03:08:12,300
She caused him to take a spear 
to the side, leading him to Howl

3520
03:08:12,300 --> 03:08:13,900
in pain and Retreat to Olympus 
for healing. 

3521
03:08:14,800 --> 03:08:17,100
Such scenes reveal in essential 
dichotomy. 

3522
03:08:17,100 --> 03:08:21,400
War can be overwhelming, but 
cunning can wound Brute Force. 

3523
03:08:22,200 --> 03:08:26,900
and that sense, Aries embodied 
Wars brutality while Athena 

3524
03:08:26,900 --> 03:08:30,300
stood for strategies Triumph, 
The Trojan Wars, shifting 

3525
03:08:30,300 --> 03:08:34,300
alliances, laid bare, the uneasy
truth that raw power alone 

3526
03:08:34,300 --> 03:08:37,500
doesn't guarantee victory. 
The war also highlighted. 

3527
03:08:37,500 --> 03:08:41,700
That Aries was not universally 
beloved even his father Zeus 

3528
03:08:41,700 --> 03:08:43,500
scolded him for reckless 
meddling. 

3529
03:08:44,300 --> 03:08:47,000
Trojans and a like found 
themselves cautious about 

3530
03:08:47,000 --> 03:08:50,000
calling on him. 
Indeed his influence could be 

3531
03:08:50,000 --> 03:08:53,200
significant yet his 
participation carried a cost 

3532
03:08:53,200 --> 03:08:56,300
unbridled violence has no 
favorites. 

3533
03:08:56,300 --> 03:08:58,600
It consumes everything in its 
path. 

3534
03:09:00,000 --> 03:09:03,600
In focusing on the Trojan War, 
we see that Aries is presence on

3535
03:09:03,600 --> 03:09:07,200
the battlefield. 
While potent came with a sense 

3536
03:09:07,200 --> 03:09:11,100
of looming catastrophe. 
Some Trojan War Side Stories, 

3537
03:09:11,100 --> 03:09:14,700
cast Aries, in more personal 
conflicts Legend, says that he 

3538
03:09:14,700 --> 03:09:18,100
intervened when one of his 
mortal Sons joined The Fray or 

3539
03:09:18,100 --> 03:09:21,100
that he shed tears of Rage when 
certain Trojan Champions fell. 

3540
03:09:21,800 --> 03:09:25,000
The smaller Tales highlighter 
surprising capacity for paternal

3541
03:09:25,000 --> 03:09:27,000
grief. 
Though, overshadowed by his 

3542
03:09:27,000 --> 03:09:30,600
broader Persona of carnage. 
They remind us that he was not 

3543
03:09:30,600 --> 03:09:33,600
an indifferent Cosmic machine, 
but a god-shaped by 

3544
03:09:33,600 --> 03:09:36,900
relationships pride and the 
complexities that come from 

3545
03:09:36,900 --> 03:09:39,900
seeing Mortals engage in the art
of killing and art. 

3546
03:09:39,900 --> 03:09:43,900
He himself personified, 
conversely certain Greek Heroes.

3547
03:09:43,900 --> 03:09:47,100
Believed that if they fought 
valiantly enough Aries, would 

3548
03:09:47,100 --> 03:09:51,200
grant them a special ferocity, a
handful of them hopped up on the

3549
03:09:51,200 --> 03:09:54,700
adrenaline of battle claimed to 
feel him surging in their veins.

3550
03:09:55,500 --> 03:09:58,400
Yet in the iliad's, bigger 
picture such touches were 

3551
03:09:58,400 --> 03:10:02,000
fleeting overshadowed by the 
stories of how Athena guided 

3552
03:10:02,000 --> 03:10:07,200
Heroes to more last in Triumph. 
In these Tales Aries remained, a

3553
03:10:07,200 --> 03:10:10,500
paradoxical Force, both 
Unstoppable and vulnerable to 

3554
03:10:10,500 --> 03:10:13,100
setbacks when faced with cunning
or divine retribution. 

3555
03:10:14,000 --> 03:10:17,200
Outside the epic's main 
narrative later poets added 

3556
03:10:17,200 --> 03:10:21,000
layers, some praising areas for 
upholding an aspect of heroic 

3557
03:10:21,000 --> 03:10:24,600
masculinity While others 
condemned him as the root of 

3558
03:10:24,600 --> 03:10:28,600
Humanity's darkest, impulses the
Trojan War, Amplified both those

3559
03:10:28,600 --> 03:10:32,200
perspectives on one hand, it 
needed his presence to stir 

3560
03:10:32,200 --> 03:10:34,800
armies and keep the frenzy alive
on the other. 

3561
03:10:34,800 --> 03:10:38,100
It was a testament to Wars 
destructive nature leaving a 

3562
03:10:38,108 --> 03:10:41,300
trail of burned cities, grieving
widows and shattered. 

3563
03:10:41,300 --> 03:10:45,400
Dynasties in short, the Trojan 
War Stories brought Aries Down 

3564
03:10:45,400 --> 03:10:48,300
from the distant Halls of 
Olympus and thrust him into the 

3565
03:10:48,308 --> 03:10:52,200
grit of mortal existence, his 
involvement Illustrated, the raw

3566
03:10:52,200 --> 03:10:54,100
power. 
That can't be fully contained or

3567
03:10:54,100 --> 03:10:57,700
directed The impetus behind 
every destructive charge. 

3568
03:10:58,500 --> 03:11:00,700
As Watchers. 
And participants ancient 

3569
03:11:00,700 --> 03:11:03,800
audience's saw, that war was not
just a concept but a living 

3570
03:11:03,800 --> 03:11:05,600
presents. 
Aries. 

3571
03:11:05,600 --> 03:11:07,300
As actions offered a cautionary,
Tale. 

3572
03:11:08,200 --> 03:11:10,900
Tapping in to unbridled 
aggression, can be a quick path 

3573
03:11:10,900 --> 03:11:13,600
to fleeting Victory is and 
catastrophic loss. 

3574
03:11:13,600 --> 03:11:18,000
Even among Gods War remains an 
unpredictable companion, and 

3575
03:11:18,000 --> 03:11:20,800
nowhere, was that more apparent 
than on the bloody fields of 

3576
03:11:20,800 --> 03:11:24,200
Troy. 
Outside the Epic swirl of Trojan

3577
03:11:24,200 --> 03:11:26,300
battlefields. 
Aries is narrative, also, 

3578
03:11:26,300 --> 03:11:29,300
intersects with Tales of 
passion, fatherhood and the 

3579
03:11:29,308 --> 03:11:32,800
everyday churn of mortal life. 
His most famous love affair with

3580
03:11:32,800 --> 03:11:37,100
Aphrodite goddess of love, and 
beauty exemplifies, how War can 

3581
03:11:37,108 --> 03:11:40,700
become entwined with desire? 
However, it was more than just a

3582
03:11:40,700 --> 03:11:43,600
tale of romance between 
diametrically opposed forces. 

3583
03:11:43,600 --> 03:11:48,000
The childlike notion that Love 
and War are opposites Mrs. How 

3584
03:11:48,000 --> 03:11:51,500
Deeply they interact Aries and 
Aphrodite is Bond revealed. 

3585
03:11:51,500 --> 03:11:54,000
How conflict and attraction both
simmer under mortal 

3586
03:11:54,000 --> 03:11:56,800
Consciousness, driving 
individuals, toward acts of 

3587
03:11:56,808 --> 03:12:00,100
devotional destruction, their 
liaison, birthed multiple 

3588
03:12:00,100 --> 03:12:03,400
Offspring, each embodying. 
A particular face of Wars, 

3589
03:12:03,400 --> 03:12:07,800
emotional heft Deimos, Tara and 
Phobos fear of the most famous 

3590
03:12:07,800 --> 03:12:11,300
personifying, The Dread that 
grips soldiers before a charge. 

3591
03:12:12,100 --> 03:12:15,300
However, less renowned figures 
also emerge from areas as line 

3592
03:12:15,300 --> 03:12:18,500
Eros in some versions and 
harmonia. 

3593
03:12:18,500 --> 03:12:21,700
Indicating that out of conflict,
could come forms of unity or 

3594
03:12:21,700 --> 03:12:25,800
even love will be at rarely. 
The ancient poets debated these 

3595
03:12:25,800 --> 03:12:29,200
genealogies, but they 
consistently underscored a 

3596
03:12:29,200 --> 03:12:32,100
central idea. 
The energy is fueling War are 

3597
03:12:32,100 --> 03:12:35,100
not wholly, divorced from those 
that spark affection or loyalty,

3598
03:12:35,800 --> 03:12:39,300
Despite that Aries was seldom 
depicted as a doting. 

3599
03:12:39,300 --> 03:12:43,200
Father, epic conflicts and 
divine feuds overshadowed his 

3600
03:12:43,200 --> 03:12:46,000
paternal role. 
Some small myths, however, 

3601
03:12:46,000 --> 03:12:49,500
suggest moments of personal 
attachment one tells of him. 

3602
03:12:49,508 --> 03:12:51,600
Avenging, the death of a 
daughter by slaying her 

3603
03:12:51,608 --> 03:12:55,600
murderer, another accounts him 
raging against a rival who dared

3604
03:12:55,600 --> 03:13:00,000
insult his lineage In these 
glimpses, we see that Wars Fury 

3605
03:13:00,000 --> 03:13:03,100
might also be a twisted 
expression of care, a Readiness,

3606
03:13:03,100 --> 03:13:05,700
to destroy anyone threatening 
those under one's protection. 

3607
03:13:06,600 --> 03:13:10,200
In Mortal eyes, such stories 
played out in real life, 

3608
03:13:10,200 --> 03:13:14,300
soldiers spurred by love for 
family, might descend into 

3609
03:13:14,300 --> 03:13:18,200
Savage violence to defend them, 
Aries is fatherly instincts, 

3610
03:13:18,200 --> 03:13:20,300
mirrored that fundamental human 
contradiction. 

3611
03:13:21,100 --> 03:13:23,100
People killed to protect what 
they cherish. 

3612
03:13:23,800 --> 03:13:27,200
The Savage is that seems it's an
undeniable element of human 

3613
03:13:27,200 --> 03:13:30,500
conflict across centuries. 
In raising his spear for those. 

3614
03:13:30,500 --> 03:13:34,900
He loved Aries exposed to strain
of loyalty overshadowed by more,

3615
03:13:34,900 --> 03:13:37,100
Sensational accounts of his 
ferocity. 

3616
03:13:37,100 --> 03:13:42,000
Meanwhile every day worship of 
Aries remained measured very few

3617
03:13:42,000 --> 03:13:45,800
large, Temple's honored him, but
smaller cultic practices sprang 

3618
03:13:45,800 --> 03:13:48,000
up in City estate's. 
Contending with frequent 

3619
03:13:48,000 --> 03:13:50,300
Warfare. 
Soldiers, might sacrifice 

3620
03:13:50,300 --> 03:13:54,100
animals or lace symbolic weapons
on makeshift altars hoping to 

3621
03:13:54,100 --> 03:13:57,400
appease a God who could lend 
them ferocity will spare them 

3622
03:13:57,400 --> 03:14:00,400
from it. 
While Athens and Sparta revered,

3623
03:14:00,400 --> 03:14:03,500
Athena's, strategic mind, 
individual Warriors. 

3624
03:14:03,500 --> 03:14:06,400
Sometimes felt a more visceral 
connection to Aries as raw 

3625
03:14:06,400 --> 03:14:08,900
impetus. 
He believed that war drums, and 

3626
03:14:08,900 --> 03:14:11,600
conflict. 
Charts, were sacred inspiring a 

3627
03:14:11,600 --> 03:14:15,000
trance-like further in 
combatants, some historians 

3628
03:14:15,000 --> 03:14:18,600
argue that these rituals were 
psychologically vital building 

3629
03:14:18,600 --> 03:14:22,700
Unity before battle in Greek 
culture, rousing Songz, and 

3630
03:14:22,700 --> 03:14:24,800
rhythmic Marchers. 
Might have invoke the presence 

3631
03:14:24,800 --> 03:14:27,700
of Aries galvanizing Hearts 
against fear. 

3632
03:14:28,700 --> 03:14:31,600
This communal invocation was 
less about praising wonton 

3633
03:14:31,600 --> 03:14:34,700
destruction and more about 
anchor encouraged in a Face-Off 

3634
03:14:34,700 --> 03:14:36,300
where hesitation could spell 
defeat. 

3635
03:14:37,000 --> 03:14:40,200
Beyond these rights Travelers, 
Tales claim that some remote 

3636
03:14:40,200 --> 03:14:43,800
villages with festivals 
combining martial contests with 

3637
03:14:43,800 --> 03:14:47,800
solemn remembrance of the Dead. 
rather than glorifying Conquest,

3638
03:14:47,800 --> 03:14:52,700
they recognized the duel face of
War Victory and devastation One 

3639
03:14:52,700 --> 03:14:56,000
tradition described men, wearing
battered helmets as they recited

3640
03:14:56,000 --> 03:14:59,400
the names of Lost Warriors, a 
ritual to keep Wars toll visible

3641
03:14:59,400 --> 03:15:03,600
airy's, as the core deity of 
combat stood. 

3642
03:15:03,600 --> 03:15:06,900
In the midst of the ceremony, a 
reminder that behind each 

3643
03:15:06,900 --> 03:15:09,300
Triumph, the Heartbreak of 
mourning families. 

3644
03:15:10,000 --> 03:15:13,000
Mythic genealogies. 
Also link areas to fearsome 

3645
03:15:13,000 --> 03:15:16,200
beasts reflection of how War 
unleashes Primal instincts, 

3646
03:15:16,200 --> 03:15:20,100
wolves vultures nor the 
Scavengers were said to be under

3647
03:15:20,100 --> 03:15:22,700
his domain. 
Just as they often feasted on 

3648
03:15:22,700 --> 03:15:26,800
battlefields in some stories, 
even assume the form of a 

3649
03:15:26,800 --> 03:15:29,800
monstrous bore, or a phantom 
Huntsman intent on causing 

3650
03:15:29,800 --> 03:15:32,500
chaos. 
These Metamorphoses Illustrated,

3651
03:15:32,500 --> 03:15:35,400
how conflict can reduce Humanity
to a pack of territorial 

3652
03:15:35,400 --> 03:15:39,600
Predators fighting over 
resources and pride thus while 

3653
03:15:39,600 --> 03:15:42,900
popular imagination frames areas
as a brute lusting for Carnage. 

3654
03:15:42,900 --> 03:15:46,700
The Fuller tapestry is more 
nuanced into sex with love 

3655
03:15:46,700 --> 03:15:50,700
stands as a father Fosters 
communal rituals and even 

3656
03:15:50,700 --> 03:15:53,400
emerges as a Punisher of 
Injustice when it aligns with 

3657
03:15:53,400 --> 03:15:56,700
his personal vendettas yet, none
of this fully negates. 

3658
03:15:56,700 --> 03:16:00,400
His Central nature a living 
representation of Wars capacity 

3659
03:16:00,400 --> 03:16:05,200
to enthrall unite to destroy, 
and protect the contradictions 

3660
03:16:05,200 --> 03:16:08,800
Run, Deep reflecting the human 
psyches capacity for both 

3661
03:16:08,800 --> 03:16:11,400
nurturing affection, And 
ruthless violence. 

3662
03:16:11,400 --> 03:16:15,900
Therefore Aries is story not 
only depicts ancient conflicts 

3663
03:16:15,900 --> 03:16:19,600
but also represents every heart 
that has ever been torn between 

3664
03:16:19,600 --> 03:16:22,000
the Embrace of love and the call
of aggression. 

3665
03:16:23,200 --> 03:16:25,600
When Greek culture. 
Eventually interfaced with Rome 

3666
03:16:25,600 --> 03:16:28,800
many gods found themselves 
reinterpreted under new names 

3667
03:16:28,800 --> 03:16:33,300
and contexts Aries became Mars. 
But the Romans gave this war 

3668
03:16:33,300 --> 03:16:35,300
deity. 
A different flavor less of the 

3669
03:16:35,300 --> 03:16:37,600
raw Carnage and more of the 
disciplined Soldier. 

3670
03:16:37,600 --> 03:16:41,600
Despite the transformation 
Echoes of the original Aries, 

3671
03:16:41,600 --> 03:16:45,700
persisted reflecting the ways in
which Mythic figures adapt to 

3672
03:16:45,708 --> 03:16:49,100
the cultural needs of, 
conquering Powers, Mars became a

3673
03:16:49,100 --> 03:16:51,600
city protector for Romans due to
his power and Order. 

3674
03:16:52,400 --> 03:16:55,900
Rome's Legions prided themselves
on strategy, discipline and 

3675
03:16:55,900 --> 03:16:59,500
loyalty to the state. 
This emphasis on structure 

3676
03:16:59,500 --> 03:17:03,200
contrasted with the more chaotic
Greek view of Aries yet behind 

3677
03:17:03,200 --> 03:17:05,700
the Roman veneer of 
organizational, the essence of 

3678
03:17:05,700 --> 03:17:09,300
warfare remained the same sword.
Still drew, blood Conquest 

3679
03:17:09,300 --> 03:17:13,900
stillborn grief, and fear sword 
as armies marched in adopting 

3680
03:17:13,900 --> 03:17:17,000
Mars, Rome validated the 
necessity of war in building an 

3681
03:17:17,000 --> 03:17:19,200
empire. 
Turning it into a civilizing 

3682
03:17:19,200 --> 03:17:22,500
force rather than a purely 
destructive, one. still aspects 

3683
03:17:22,500 --> 03:17:26,300
of Aries bled through Roman 
temples to Mars while more 

3684
03:17:26,300 --> 03:17:29,400
prominent than Greek shrines to 
Aries included, rituals 

3685
03:17:29,400 --> 03:17:33,100
acknowledging the Grim realities
of combat Soldiers, prayed for 

3686
03:17:33,108 --> 03:17:37,200
victory, but also recognized the
sacrifice demanded by War Book. 

3687
03:17:37,200 --> 03:17:40,700
Camp, drills, strict codes of 
behavior, and elaborate triumphs

3688
03:17:40,700 --> 03:17:42,600
for victorious. 
Generals Illustrated at the 

3689
03:17:42,600 --> 03:17:45,200
discipline that roam grafted 
onto the old Greek model of 

3690
03:17:45,200 --> 03:17:47,900
conflict. 
Aries might have found it 

3691
03:17:47,900 --> 03:17:51,500
strange to see War, so rigidly 
choreographed but the underlying

3692
03:17:51,500 --> 03:17:55,800
violence would feel familiar. 
Interestingly Roman myth weaves 

3693
03:17:55,800 --> 03:17:59,700
Mars into the founding of 
Romulus and Remus the city's 

3694
03:17:59,700 --> 03:18:00,800
legendary twin. 
Founders. 

3695
03:18:01,500 --> 03:18:04,500
This paternal link. 
Underscores, how war in 

3696
03:18:04,500 --> 03:18:08,300
romanized could also create 
worlds, not just destroy them. 

3697
03:18:08,300 --> 03:18:11,700
Aries is Greek, narratives 
included fatherhood as well. 

3698
03:18:11,700 --> 03:18:15,000
But the Romans were Bolder and 
presenting Mars as a generative 

3699
03:18:15,000 --> 03:18:18,700
force behind Empire Building. 
The maniacal Edge was toned down

3700
03:18:18,700 --> 03:18:23,400
the further to conquer remained.
Over time, Roman expansion, 

3701
03:18:23,400 --> 03:18:26,300
carried Mars's worship, from the
British Isles to the deserts of 

3702
03:18:26,308 --> 03:18:28,900
Africa. 
Armies marched under his Banner 

3703
03:18:28,900 --> 03:18:32,900
carrying an icon that Blended 
areas, ancient Fury with Roman 

3704
03:18:32,900 --> 03:18:36,900
efficiently in Legion camps 
shrines to Mars often appeared 

3705
03:18:36,900 --> 03:18:39,800
near training grounds 
reinforcing the close bond 

3706
03:18:39,800 --> 03:18:43,700
between the soldiers routine and
the deities domain. it was a 

3707
03:18:43,700 --> 03:18:46,500
stark reminder that, no matter 
how advanced Roman engineering 

3708
03:18:46,500 --> 03:18:50,000
or governance became It still 
relied on the martial Spirit to 

3709
03:18:50,000 --> 03:18:54,100
maintain its vast territory. 
Nevertheless, the more civilized

3710
03:18:54,100 --> 03:18:57,300
Mars while overshadowing Aries 
in official propaganda. 

3711
03:18:58,300 --> 03:19:00,900
Still harbored that kernel of 
merciless aggression. 

3712
03:19:01,800 --> 03:19:05,000
Soldiers, who faced Barbarian 
raids or harsh Frontier Wars. 

3713
03:19:05,000 --> 03:19:08,700
Sometimes abandoned the polished
veneer of discipline Accounts 

3714
03:19:08,700 --> 03:19:10,800
exist of punitive massacres and 
scorched. 

3715
03:19:10,800 --> 03:19:14,100
Earth, tactics revealing that 
beneath the Roman sense of order

3716
03:19:14,100 --> 03:19:16,600
lay the same, Primal savagery 
known to the Greeks. 

3717
03:19:17,600 --> 03:19:20,200
Erasers original 
unpredictability surfaced 

3718
03:19:20,200 --> 03:19:22,700
whenever the Flames of War, 
grew, uncontainable. 

3719
03:19:23,500 --> 03:19:25,900
Cultural shifts during the late 
Empire, period further 

3720
03:19:25,900 --> 03:19:28,300
complicated. 
These distinctions, as 

3721
03:19:28,300 --> 03:19:31,900
Christianity spread official 
reverence, for the old Pantheon 

3722
03:19:31,900 --> 03:19:36,800
waned, Mars is temples fell into
the partial disuse or rebranded,

3723
03:19:36,800 --> 03:19:40,700
and the Empire itself began to 
crack under external pressure's,

3724
03:19:40,700 --> 03:19:44,700
conflicts raged along borders 
revealing that even centuries of

3725
03:19:44,700 --> 03:19:47,800
Martial tradition could not stay
off to climb Wars. 

3726
03:19:47,800 --> 03:19:50,800
That once served expansion 
became desperate acts of Defense

3727
03:19:50,800 --> 03:19:54,600
draining the treasury and 
morale, The figure of Mars 

3728
03:19:54,600 --> 03:19:58,700
receded but the essence of War. 
Endured echoing Aries as 

3729
03:19:58,700 --> 03:20:01,500
Timeless reality. 
That Bloodshed never truly Fades

3730
03:20:01,500 --> 03:20:04,700
from Human affairs. 
Later, historians and scholars 

3731
03:20:04,700 --> 03:20:08,000
drew connections between areas 
and Mars picking apart how the 

3732
03:20:08,000 --> 03:20:11,200
latter was nobler. 
But at heart they remained 

3733
03:20:11,200 --> 03:20:14,800
facets of the same concept 
conflict personified. 

3734
03:20:15,600 --> 03:20:19,700
Roman society placed a practical
gloss on it, but could not mask 

3735
03:20:19,700 --> 03:20:21,800
the brutality embedded in 
Conquest. 

3736
03:20:22,700 --> 03:20:26,300
The War gods, soared high in 
ceremonies while legionaries 

3737
03:20:26,300 --> 03:20:28,100
spilled Blood on the distant 
fields. 

3738
03:20:29,000 --> 03:20:32,900
This Duality ritual, homage and 
raw violence, kept the flame of 

3739
03:20:32,900 --> 03:20:35,400
Aries as Greek. 
Essence alive, beneath Roman 

3740
03:20:35,400 --> 03:20:37,500
Steel. 
In modern scholarship. 

3741
03:20:37,500 --> 03:20:40,900
Some paint Mars as a sanitized 
reflection of Aries. 

3742
03:20:41,700 --> 03:20:44,300
While others insist that the 
difference is cosmetic. 

3743
03:20:45,000 --> 03:20:47,700
Both deities represent a 
fundamental recognition that 

3744
03:20:47,700 --> 03:20:50,200
Order and Chaos Collide, 
whenever armies meet. 

3745
03:20:50,900 --> 03:20:53,400
Both speak to human kinds 
ongoing in Tangled with a 

3746
03:20:53,408 --> 03:20:56,300
Grecian pride and territorial 
ambition. 

3747
03:20:57,300 --> 03:20:58,900
The shift from Greek to Roman 
worship. 

3748
03:20:58,900 --> 03:21:02,200
Might highlight style over 
substance, but Wars nature 

3749
03:21:02,200 --> 03:21:05,700
endures Aries in. 
Whichever name or uniform 

3750
03:21:05,700 --> 03:21:09,000
remains a haunting reminder that
power and discipline cannot 

3751
03:21:09,000 --> 03:21:11,500
fully tame the Beast Within the 
battlefield heart. 

3752
03:21:12,500 --> 03:21:15,700
Long after the Roman Empire, 
fractured the figure of Aries 

3753
03:21:15,700 --> 03:21:18,500
lingered in cultural memory 
carried through, medieval 

3754
03:21:18,500 --> 03:21:21,000
scribes and eventually 
Renaissance, humanists, who 

3755
03:21:21,000 --> 03:21:25,000
rediscovered, classical texts in
each retelling Aries, 

3756
03:21:25,000 --> 03:21:28,000
transformed yet. 
Again, sometimes demonized by 

3757
03:21:28,000 --> 03:21:30,600
Christian writers, who equated 
him with the sins of violence 

3758
03:21:30,600 --> 03:21:34,000
and wrath other times, 
romanticized by revivalists 

3759
03:21:34,000 --> 03:21:36,800
seeking to channel Ancient 
virtues throughout. 

3760
03:21:36,800 --> 03:21:40,600
These shifts Aries, remained a 
cipher for Humanity's conflicted

3761
03:21:40,600 --> 03:21:43,500
relationship with war. 
During the medieval period, 

3762
03:21:43,500 --> 03:21:47,000
chivalric ideals, placed a 
veneer of nobility over combat 

3763
03:21:47,000 --> 03:21:50,500
Knights fought for Honor weaving
in Christian piety. 

3764
03:21:50,500 --> 03:21:54,600
In that environment, Aries found
little direct worship but the 

3765
03:21:54,600 --> 03:21:56,900
ethos of battle still carried 
Echoes of his domain. 

3766
03:21:57,800 --> 03:22:01,100
When Crusaders marched the 
further that gripped them had 

3767
03:22:01,100 --> 03:22:04,900
parallels to his ancient Mania, 
albeit cloaked in religious 

3768
03:22:04,900 --> 03:22:07,700
justification. 
Chronicles might not mention 

3769
03:22:07,700 --> 03:22:10,700
areas by name. 
Yet the spirit of Relentless 

3770
03:22:10,700 --> 03:22:15,600
aggression was alive in CJ's and
Cavalry Charges with the 

3771
03:22:15,600 --> 03:22:18,500
Renaissance came, a Resurgence 
of interest in Greek and Roman 

3772
03:22:18,500 --> 03:22:20,600
law. 
Spurring new discussion on 

3773
03:22:20,600 --> 03:22:23,700
classical deities. 
Aries appeared in treaters. 

3774
03:22:23,700 --> 03:22:27,800
Contrasting him with Mars 
analyzing the moral dimensions 

3775
03:22:27,800 --> 03:22:29,700
of warfare. 
Scholars. 

3776
03:22:29,700 --> 03:22:33,100
Debated did the ancient sea war 
as a necessary evil or an 

3777
03:22:33,100 --> 03:22:36,300
exalted path to Glory? 
Aries, his stories were passed 

3778
03:22:36,300 --> 03:22:37,600
for symbolic. 
Meaning. 

3779
03:22:38,100 --> 03:22:40,500
And his course, passion seem 
jarring against the 

3780
03:22:40,500 --> 03:22:43,600
renaissance's admiration for 
Harmony and proportion. 

3781
03:22:44,800 --> 03:22:48,300
Still war raged across Europe 
and conflicts like the 30s War 

3782
03:22:48,300 --> 03:22:51,700
demonstrating that refined 
philosophies did not necessarily

3783
03:22:51,700 --> 03:22:56,100
curb the reality of Bloodshed 
meanwhile artists and Poets 

3784
03:22:56,100 --> 03:22:59,300
began portraying Aries and 
fresher contexts, painting of 

3785
03:22:59,300 --> 03:23:02,900
areas, and Aphrodite multiplied.
Each capturing the volatile mix 

3786
03:23:02,900 --> 03:23:05,900
of Seduction and violence some 
Brock composers. 

3787
03:23:05,900 --> 03:23:08,800
Wrote pieces referencing the 
Spear of Reese turning 

3788
03:23:08,800 --> 03:23:10,800
destructive force into musical 
allegory. 

3789
03:23:11,600 --> 03:23:13,700
In these works. 
The God of War became an 

3790
03:23:13,700 --> 03:23:15,800
aesthetic symbol rather than a 
religious figure. 

3791
03:23:15,800 --> 03:23:19,400
So to dramatize the tension 
between unrestrained might and 

3792
03:23:19,400 --> 03:23:23,400
cultivated Grace. 
As modernity emerged nationalism

3793
03:23:23,400 --> 03:23:26,300
took hold forging new rationales
for conflict. 

3794
03:23:26,300 --> 03:23:29,600
If he's drifted away from 
religious or even moral 

3795
03:23:29,600 --> 03:23:33,000
interpretation recast as a 
Mythic emblem for militaristic 

3796
03:23:33,000 --> 03:23:36,500
pride, Nations invoked him 
indirectly boasting of 

3797
03:23:36,500 --> 03:23:40,100
Unstoppable, armies political 
cartoons or propaganda. 

3798
03:23:40,100 --> 03:23:42,900
Posters might depict a warlike 
figure reminiscent of Aries 

3799
03:23:42,900 --> 03:23:45,400
brandishing, rifles and of 
Spears. 

3800
03:23:45,400 --> 03:23:49,000
Fueling Mass mobilization 
though, few invoked his name, 

3801
03:23:49,000 --> 03:23:52,400
his Spirit loomed in the grand 
mobilization of the Napoleonic 

3802
03:23:52,400 --> 03:23:57,000
era or the world wars, when 
entire continents caught fire in

3803
03:23:57,000 --> 03:24:00,200
the intellectual sphere, 
critiques of War, found renewed 

3804
03:24:00,200 --> 03:24:03,800
voice philosophers like Kant or 
Rousseau each in their own way. 

3805
03:24:03,800 --> 03:24:06,700
Grappled, with the tension 
between man's capacity, for 

3806
03:24:06,700 --> 03:24:08,900
reason and his pawnshop for 
violence. 

3807
03:24:08,900 --> 03:24:12,900
They might not have cited Aries 
specifically, but his Essence 

3808
03:24:12,900 --> 03:24:16,500
was there the recognition that 
conflict repeatedly shatters 

3809
03:24:16,500 --> 03:24:20,300
idealistic vision of peace? 
Attempts to create lasting 

3810
03:24:20,300 --> 03:24:23,700
treaties, often crumbled under 
National rivalries, echoing 

3811
03:24:23,700 --> 03:24:26,700
homeric narratives, where no 
truce lasted long once ego's 

3812
03:24:26,700 --> 03:24:30,400
Flair and with the rise of 
psychology Aries, gained an 

3813
03:24:30,400 --> 03:24:34,400
unexpected new framework. 
Analysts probe the death drive 

3814
03:24:34,400 --> 03:24:37,000
or the innate aggression. 
They believed resided in human 

3815
03:24:37,000 --> 03:24:40,500
nature. 
In that context areas became a 

3816
03:24:40,500 --> 03:24:44,000
metaphor for Primal impulses 
buried deep within the psyche. 

3817
03:24:44,600 --> 03:24:46,600
Archetypal theorists labeled 
him. 

3818
03:24:46,600 --> 03:24:49,800
An enduring symbol of the 
warrior Within an ancient 

3819
03:24:49,800 --> 03:24:52,700
blueprint for aggression That 
civilization struggles to 

3820
03:24:52,700 --> 03:24:56,900
contain, Writers and therapists 
use this angle to explore 

3821
03:24:56,900 --> 03:25:01,500
personal struggles, like anger 
management or PTSD arguing, that

3822
03:25:01,500 --> 03:25:04,500
ignoring the areas archetype 
could lead to unchecked violence

3823
03:25:04,500 --> 03:25:08,800
or sublimated rage. 
In the late 20th century pop 

3824
03:25:08,800 --> 03:25:11,700
culture. 
Reimagined him yet again films 

3825
03:25:11,700 --> 03:25:15,300
comic books and video games cast
areas as a villain or anti-hero,

3826
03:25:15,300 --> 03:25:18,800
charging onto digital 
battlefields, or cinematic, 

3827
03:25:18,800 --> 03:25:21,600
showdowns. 
These portrayals often relied on

3828
03:25:21,600 --> 03:25:25,700
superficial traits bulging 
muscles booming voices and 

3829
03:25:25,700 --> 03:25:29,000
Unstoppable bloodlust while 
occasionally teasing it deeper 

3830
03:25:29,000 --> 03:25:32,300
complexities even. 
So the essence of the ancient 

3831
03:25:32,300 --> 03:25:35,200
god persisted Bridging 
centuries. 

3832
03:25:36,100 --> 03:25:39,100
Modern narratives remain haunted
by the same questions. 

3833
03:25:39,100 --> 03:25:42,300
The Greeks wrestled with. 
Does conflict Define us? 

3834
03:25:42,300 --> 03:25:45,700
Can it be transcended? 
Or is it inherent to our being? 

3835
03:25:46,600 --> 03:25:49,900
Through all these Evolutions, 
Aries, never fully disappeared. 

3836
03:25:51,400 --> 03:25:54,100
His story threads through every 
Epoch that grapples with 

3837
03:25:54,100 --> 03:25:55,900
violence and the uneasy 
admiration. 

3838
03:25:55,900 --> 03:25:59,500
It can Inspire, where the 
demonized, or glorified, he 

3839
03:25:59,500 --> 03:26:01,800
stands as a collective symbol 
for humanities. 

3840
03:26:01,800 --> 03:26:05,000
Willingness to pick up weapons, 
in pursuit of power, survival or

3841
03:26:05,000 --> 03:26:08,000
ideals, whenever piece falters 
the old War gods. 

3842
03:26:08,000 --> 03:26:10,700
Stirs in the background, a 
reminder that the same Primal 

3843
03:26:10,700 --> 03:26:13,600
force that hammered bronze 
swords Millennia ago. 

3844
03:26:13,600 --> 03:26:16,600
Still courses through the veins 
of modern armies and every day 

3845
03:26:16,600 --> 03:26:20,000
individuals alike. 
In considering areas is full 

3846
03:26:20,000 --> 03:26:23,400
trajectory, when sees that he 
transcends neat categories of 

3847
03:26:23,400 --> 03:26:26,700
good or evil. 
He is rather a reflection of how

3848
03:26:26,700 --> 03:26:29,800
humans conduct the cells when 
pushed to extremes, whether in 

3849
03:26:29,800 --> 03:26:32,900
ancient Greece and Imperial 
Rome, medieval Crusades 

3850
03:26:32,900 --> 03:26:37,000
Renaissance treatises or modern 
conflicts, the Specter of War 

3851
03:26:37,000 --> 03:26:40,300
has consistently hovered. 
Sometimes worshiped, sometimes 

3852
03:26:40,300 --> 03:26:44,900
feared all was consequential 
Aries as an entity clarifies 

3853
03:26:44,900 --> 03:26:47,800
that violence cannot be 
exercised by moral condemnation 

3854
03:26:47,800 --> 03:26:50,000
alone. 
It is woven into the very 

3855
03:26:50,000 --> 03:26:53,800
tapestry of human civilization. 
Modern commentators might 

3856
03:26:53,800 --> 03:26:55,500
describe him as a cautionary 
metaphor. 

3857
03:26:55,500 --> 03:26:58,600
A primal remainder of our 
capacity for both communal 

3858
03:26:58,600 --> 03:27:02,300
defense and Savaged destruction.
Yet the older Greek saw more 

3859
03:27:02,300 --> 03:27:05,000
than mere caution. 
They recognized War as a 

3860
03:27:05,000 --> 03:27:08,500
fundamental element of Fate, 
Unstoppable and often necessary 

3861
03:27:08,500 --> 03:27:11,900
armies marched, not out of love 
for Bloodshed, but because 

3862
03:27:11,900 --> 03:27:15,700
survival or ambition, demanded, 
it Aries, thus appeared, both 

3863
03:27:15,700 --> 03:27:18,800
monstrous and essential and 
uncomfortable contradiction that

3864
03:27:18,808 --> 03:27:21,800
still resonates whenever 
diplomatic efforts fail in the 

3865
03:27:21,808 --> 03:27:25,000
pantheons. 
Grande drama, Aries, never fully

3866
03:27:25,000 --> 03:27:29,300
fits Athena goddess. 
Of calculated tactics earned. 

3867
03:27:29,300 --> 03:27:33,100
Widespread, reverence Apollo 
with his luminous, Artistry 

3868
03:27:33,100 --> 03:27:36,400
commanded spiritual devotion, 
even Dionysus. 

3869
03:27:36,400 --> 03:27:39,800
The wild reveler, offered 
ecstatic release that could be 

3870
03:27:39,800 --> 03:27:45,100
twisted into mania. 
But Aries was warned in 

3871
03:27:45,100 --> 03:27:48,800
immediate brutal, reeking of 
sweat, and Metal. 

3872
03:27:49,800 --> 03:27:53,000
The Ancients lacked Illusions 
about the cost of violence but 

3873
03:27:53,000 --> 03:27:55,700
acknowledged its presence in 
forging Empires and defending 

3874
03:27:55,700 --> 03:27:58,100
homes. 
A temple to Aries might be 

3875
03:27:58,100 --> 03:28:00,600
smaller overshadowed by other 
deities. 

3876
03:28:00,600 --> 03:28:04,900
Yet when swords were drawn 
prayers to him, rose with urgent

3877
03:28:04,900 --> 03:28:09,500
further from a cosmic standpoint
Aries is arguably the most 

3878
03:28:09,500 --> 03:28:11,600
human-like day at subject to 
rage. 

3879
03:28:11,600 --> 03:28:15,500
Prone to heartbreak, swayed by 
familiar attachments, and all 

3880
03:28:15,500 --> 03:28:18,200
too familiar with the 
destructive, impulses that swirl

3881
03:28:18,200 --> 03:28:20,300
in Mortal Hearts. 
He fights. 

3882
03:28:20,300 --> 03:28:25,300
He fails and fights again. 
Myths, like the Trojan War 

3883
03:28:25,300 --> 03:28:28,100
underscore that even divine 
power cannot bring about clean 

3884
03:28:28,100 --> 03:28:30,600
victories. 
War is messy. 

3885
03:28:30,600 --> 03:28:35,600
So, is Aries time after time, he
rushes into conflict battered, 

3886
03:28:35,600 --> 03:28:37,300
by commanding gods or turned 
aside. 

3887
03:28:37,300 --> 03:28:40,100
By Fate. 
Yet, never extinguished, the 

3888
03:28:40,100 --> 03:28:43,900
cycle continues reflecting the 
Unstoppable, continuity of human

3889
03:28:43,900 --> 03:28:47,700
violence across ages yet amid. 
The cruelty traces of 

3890
03:28:47,708 --> 03:28:51,500
compassion, surface myths, 
telling of areas of engineering 

3891
03:28:51,500 --> 03:28:54,500
or protecting someone dear 
reveal a twisted sense of care. 

3892
03:28:55,300 --> 03:28:58,500
Perhaps the moral puzzle lies in
the fact that war and love are 

3893
03:28:58,500 --> 03:29:01,800
not diametrically opposite, but 
rather two extremes of human 

3894
03:29:01,800 --> 03:29:04,400
passion. 
Aries is famously Azan with 

3895
03:29:04,400 --> 03:29:07,400
Aphrodite stands, as a Mythic 
Testament to how destructive 

3896
03:29:07,400 --> 03:29:10,800
impulses can tangle with desires
for Union each. 

3897
03:29:10,800 --> 03:29:14,900
Fueling the other Far from being
a cheap storyline of taboo 

3898
03:29:14,900 --> 03:29:17,800
Romance. 
It exemplifies the contradictory

3899
03:29:17,800 --> 03:29:22,100
ways passion, manifests in our 
world, In examining areas modern

3900
03:29:22,100 --> 03:29:24,000
Legacy. 
One seized that? 

3901
03:29:24,000 --> 03:29:27,300
We still wrestle with the same? 
Archetype soldiers sacrificed 

3902
03:29:27,300 --> 03:29:29,500
themselves. 
Out of fierce loyalty to Country

3903
03:29:29,500 --> 03:29:33,300
tribe or cause leaders might 
vowel piece yet. 

3904
03:29:33,300 --> 03:29:36,500
Mobilize armies. 
When threatened people to cry 

3905
03:29:36,500 --> 03:29:40,400
warfare's Horrors yet remain 
enthralled by her Tales of Valor

3906
03:29:40,400 --> 03:29:43,400
and the adrenaline of conflict 
Some even argue that 

3907
03:29:43,408 --> 03:29:46,100
competition. 
If not outright conflict drives 

3908
03:29:46,100 --> 03:29:50,300
a Ovation and her progress, thus
the war, God remains relevant, 

3909
03:29:50,300 --> 03:29:54,300
not because Society idolizes 
Mayhem, but because it struggles

3910
03:29:54,300 --> 03:29:58,000
to escape it perhaps the true 
lesson areas offers is about 

3911
03:29:58,000 --> 03:30:01,600
grappling with Humanities in a 
contradictions We crave Harmony.

3912
03:30:01,600 --> 03:30:04,700
But prepare for battle, we 
condemn violence yet permit, it 

3913
03:30:04,700 --> 03:30:07,200
under certain rules. 
We honor Heroes who defend the 

3914
03:30:07,200 --> 03:30:11,100
helpless yet question. 
The morality of Conquest Aries 

3915
03:30:11,100 --> 03:30:12,600
doesn't solve these 
contradictions. 

3916
03:30:12,600 --> 03:30:16,800
He illuminates the By stepping 
into his realm, we confront the 

3917
03:30:16,800 --> 03:30:20,700
Unstoppable surge that can erupt
within any of us individually or

3918
03:30:20,700 --> 03:30:23,700
collectively under fear, anger, 
or ambition. 

3919
03:30:23,700 --> 03:30:26,600
And that confrontation is 
neither gentle, nor purely 

3920
03:30:26,600 --> 03:30:28,200
Savage. 
It is human. 

3921
03:30:29,200 --> 03:30:32,100
Peace Advocates might shudder at
the thought of exalting award 

3922
03:30:32,100 --> 03:30:34,600
deity, but ignoring him does 
little good. 

3923
03:30:35,500 --> 03:30:38,400
Recognizing Aries means, 
recognizing that aggression is 

3924
03:30:38,400 --> 03:30:41,700
part of our lineage, only 
through understanding that 

3925
03:30:41,700 --> 03:30:43,300
reality. 
Can we hope to channel it 

3926
03:30:43,308 --> 03:30:47,200
responsibly or mitigate? 
Its worst effects in the end? 

3927
03:30:47,200 --> 03:30:50,900
Aries is not just the sword race
high or the shield clanging in 

3928
03:30:50,900 --> 03:30:54,300
Defiance He's the flicker of 
Rage in the eye of someone 

3929
03:30:54,300 --> 03:30:57,700
cornered, the Tremor of 
adrenaline before a decisive 

3930
03:30:57,700 --> 03:31:01,100
stand, the triumphant. 
Shout that Echoes across a 

3931
03:31:01,100 --> 03:31:05,100
battlefield Wars form changes 
from bronze, Spears to nuclear 

3932
03:31:05,100 --> 03:31:09,100
arsenals, but the core impulse 
remains Aries stands. 

3933
03:31:09,100 --> 03:31:13,200
Eternal no longer needing 
sacrifices in quiet shrines, yet

3934
03:31:13,200 --> 03:31:16,200
thriving, wherever conflict 
looms through him. 

3935
03:31:16,200 --> 03:31:19,700
We witness a facet of ourselves.
That is both awe-inspiring and 

3936
03:31:19,700 --> 03:31:22,300
terrifying. 
Our capacity to wage war. 

3937
03:31:22,300 --> 03:31:24,400
And perhaps one day to master 
it, 

3938
03:31:36,500 --> 03:31:38,800
Picture this, you wake up on a 
sweltering, July Morning. 

3939
03:31:38,800 --> 03:31:41,100
And your first instinct is to 
reach for that blessed 

3940
03:31:41,100 --> 03:31:43,400
thermostat. 
But imagine just for a moment 

3941
03:31:43,400 --> 03:31:46,600
that there's no thermostat to 
reach for no, gentle hum of 

3942
03:31:46,608 --> 03:31:50,100
central are no window unit 
rattling away, like a mechanical

3943
03:31:50,100 --> 03:31:52,700
cricket. 
Welcome to the world, your great

3944
03:31:52,700 --> 03:31:55,800
grandparents knew intimately a 
world where summer meant 

3945
03:31:55,800 --> 03:31:58,700
something entirely different 
than it does for you today. 

3946
03:32:00,200 --> 03:32:04,500
Before 1902, when a young 
engineer named Willis, carrier 

3947
03:32:04,500 --> 03:32:07,100
first figured out how to control
humidity in a Brooklyn printing.

3948
03:32:07,100 --> 03:32:10,100
Plant humans had been dealing 
with heat, the same way for 

3949
03:32:10,100 --> 03:32:13,900
thousands of years, they got 
creative they got resourceful 

3950
03:32:13,900 --> 03:32:15,500
and honestly they got pretty 
good at it. 

3951
03:32:15,500 --> 03:32:19,300
You might think they were just 
sweating it out in misery but 

3952
03:32:19,300 --> 03:32:21,500
you'd be surprised at how 
ingenious people became when 

3953
03:32:21,500 --> 03:32:24,500
Comfort depended on cleverness, 
rather than electricity bills. 

3954
03:32:24,500 --> 03:32:28,400
Your ancestors didn't just 
endure the heat they developed 

3955
03:32:28,400 --> 03:32:31,300
an entire culture around it. 
They understood their 

3956
03:32:31,300 --> 03:32:34,200
environment in ways, we 
forgotten reading the subtle 

3957
03:32:34,200 --> 03:32:37,200
signs of where the changes 
knowing, exactly which Windows 

3958
03:32:37,200 --> 03:32:40,200
to open at what time of day and 
timing, their daily activities 

3959
03:32:40,200 --> 03:32:43,100
around the sun's path across the
sky, like choreographers of 

3960
03:32:43,100 --> 03:32:46,600
comfort. think about your own 
relationship with heat for a 

3961
03:32:46,608 --> 03:32:50,200
moment when it's 85 degrees 
outside, you probably consider 

3962
03:32:50,200 --> 03:32:53,300
that uncomfortably warm your 
great-grandmother would have 

3963
03:32:53,300 --> 03:32:56,100
called that a pleasant day and 
maybe even worn a light sweater 

3964
03:32:56,100 --> 03:32:58,700
in the morning. 
The human body's tolerance for 

3965
03:32:58,700 --> 03:33:00,400
temperature was remarkably 
different. 

3966
03:33:00,400 --> 03:33:04,300
When it was regularly exposed to
Natural variations much like how

3967
03:33:04,300 --> 03:33:06,800
your eyes are just to darkness 
when you're not constantly 

3968
03:33:06,800 --> 03:33:10,500
staring at bright screens. 
The pre-air conditioning World 

3969
03:33:10,500 --> 03:33:13,400
operated on rhythms, that seem 
almost mystical to us now. 

3970
03:33:14,300 --> 03:33:16,900
People rose with the Sun, not 
because they were more virtuous 

3971
03:33:16,900 --> 03:33:20,200
but because the coolest part of 
the day was precious and not to 

3972
03:33:20,200 --> 03:33:22,900
be wasted. 
They took afternoon naps, not 

3973
03:33:22,900 --> 03:33:25,100
out of laziness. 
But because even the most 

3974
03:33:25,100 --> 03:33:28,200
ambitious person recognized that
fighting the peak heat was often

3975
03:33:28,200 --> 03:33:33,000
futile, evening activities began
later and lasted longer creating

3976
03:33:33,000 --> 03:33:36,000
social patterns that persisted 
well into the night when the are

3977
03:33:36,000 --> 03:33:39,800
finally offered some relief. 
Communities were shaped by heat 

3978
03:33:39,800 --> 03:33:42,000
in ways that went far beyond 
personal comfort. 

3979
03:33:42,800 --> 03:33:44,700
Cities. 
Look different, you'll discover 

3980
03:33:44,700 --> 03:33:47,900
more about this soon but the 
social fabric was different too.

3981
03:33:47,900 --> 03:33:51,200
Neighbors, knew each other 
better partly, because everyone 

3982
03:33:51,200 --> 03:33:54,200
spent more time outside on, 
porches and Stoops seeking 

3983
03:33:54,200 --> 03:33:57,000
whatever Breeze might be 
available, The evening 

3984
03:33:57,000 --> 03:33:58,800
constitutional wasn't just 
exercise. 

3985
03:33:58,800 --> 03:34:02,800
It was so social networking new 
sharing and communal heat 

3986
03:34:02,800 --> 03:34:05,600
management all rolled into one 
Pleasant tradition. 

3987
03:34:05,600 --> 03:34:08,500
You've probably noticed how 
quite your neighborhood gets 

3988
03:34:08,500 --> 03:34:11,200
whenever on Retreats indoors to 
their climate controlled, 

3989
03:34:11,200 --> 03:34:15,300
environments in the preac era. 
Neighborhoods came alive during 

3990
03:34:15,300 --> 03:34:18,600
the cooler hours, children 
played in the streets until well

3991
03:34:18,600 --> 03:34:21,600
past dark adults lingered on 
front porches with glasses of 

3992
03:34:21,600 --> 03:34:24,500
sweet tea or lemonade. 
And the boundaries between 

3993
03:34:24,500 --> 03:34:28,300
private and public space blurred
in the most wonderful ways, food

3994
03:34:28,300 --> 03:34:31,400
culture clothing, choices 
architectural decisions, work 

3995
03:34:31,400 --> 03:34:34,200
schedules, social Gatherings, 
and even romance. 

3996
03:34:34,200 --> 03:34:37,300
Everything was influenced by the
simple fact that when it got 

3997
03:34:37,308 --> 03:34:40,100
hot, you had to deal with it 
using nothing but human 

3998
03:34:40,100 --> 03:34:44,400
Ingenuity and natural resources,
your ancestors became masters of

3999
03:34:44,400 --> 03:34:47,200
reading air, currents, 
understanding thermal dynamics, 

4000
03:34:47,200 --> 03:34:49,400
and working with nature rather 
than against it. 

4001
03:34:50,400 --> 03:34:53,300
This isn't a story about how 
tough people used to be, though,

4002
03:34:53,300 --> 03:34:56,200
they certainly were resourceful.
It's about how different life 

4003
03:34:56,200 --> 03:34:59,300
was when humans lived in closer,
harmony with the natural cycles,

4004
03:34:59,300 --> 03:35:01,900
when Comfort was something you 
actively created rather than 

4005
03:35:01,900 --> 03:35:05,300
passively consumed. 
It's about communities that 

4006
03:35:05,300 --> 03:35:08,900
formed around shared challenges 
and clever solutions that often 

4007
03:35:08,900 --> 03:35:11,000
worked better than our modern 
Brute Force. 

4008
03:35:11,000 --> 03:35:14,600
Approach of Simply cranking up 
the AC and hoping the electric 

4009
03:35:14,600 --> 03:35:18,400
grid holds As you settle in for 
this journey through the pre-air

4010
03:35:18,400 --> 03:35:21,300
conditioning World, you'll 
discover that our ancestors 

4011
03:35:21,300 --> 03:35:24,900
weren't just surviving the heat.
It was thriving in it, creating 

4012
03:35:24,900 --> 03:35:28,300
Beauty in comfort, and community
in ways that might surprise you 

4013
03:35:28,300 --> 03:35:31,700
and maybe even inspire you So 
let's step back in time 

4014
03:35:31,700 --> 03:35:34,400
together. 
While when staying cool was an 

4015
03:35:34,400 --> 03:35:37,500
art form, And some are evenings 
were something people actually 

4016
03:35:37,500 --> 03:35:40,800
look forward to your ancestors 
were essentially climate 

4017
03:35:40,800 --> 03:35:42,600
engineers and they didn't even 
know it. 

4018
03:35:43,400 --> 03:35:46,300
Before the Advent of HVAC 
systems Builders were crafting 

4019
03:35:46,300 --> 03:35:49,100
structures that would leave 
modern Energy Efficiency experts

4020
03:35:49,100 --> 03:35:51,300
in all they understood 
something, we've largely 

4021
03:35:51,300 --> 03:35:54,300
forgotten that the right 
building can be a natural air 

4022
03:35:54,300 --> 03:35:57,200
conditioning system working with
physics rather than against it. 

4023
03:35:58,100 --> 03:35:59,700
Walk through any historic 
neighborhood. 

4024
03:35:59,700 --> 03:36:02,600
And you'll notice things that 
might seem decorative, but were 

4025
03:36:02,600 --> 03:36:04,500
actually brilliant. 
Cooling strategies. 

4026
03:36:04,500 --> 03:36:07,800
Those deep wraparound, porches 
weren't just for sitting. 

4027
03:36:07,800 --> 03:36:11,200
They were thermal buffers zones,
creating shade that kept the 

4028
03:36:11,200 --> 03:36:14,400
sun's heat from ever reaching. 
The main walls of the house, the

4029
03:36:14,400 --> 03:36:17,200
wide overhanging Eaves. 
You see on older homes weren't 

4030
03:36:17,200 --> 03:36:19,500
architectural flourishes. 
They were carefully. 

4031
03:36:19,500 --> 03:36:22,000
Calculated to block the high 
summer sun while allowing the 

4032
03:36:22,000 --> 03:36:23,600
lower winter sun to warm the 
interior. 

4033
03:36:24,600 --> 03:36:27,700
Consider the lofty, sealing of 
old houses, which may seem 

4034
03:36:27,700 --> 03:36:30,200
intimidating to those 
accustomed, to Modern 8, foot 

4035
03:36:30,200 --> 03:36:32,800
rooms, your great, grandparents 
built those High ceilings 

4036
03:36:32,800 --> 03:36:36,000
because hot air rises and they 
wanted it to rise as far away 

4037
03:36:36,000 --> 03:36:38,700
from them as possible. 
Those ceiling fans you see in 

4038
03:36:38,700 --> 03:36:41,600
historic homes weren't working 
against the natural convection, 

4039
03:36:41,600 --> 03:36:44,300
they were amplifying it. 
Creating air movement that made 

4040
03:36:44,300 --> 03:36:46,700
85 Degrees feel like a 
comfortable 75. 

4041
03:36:47,900 --> 03:36:51,100
The most ingenious homes, had 
what we now call passive cooling

4042
03:36:51,100 --> 03:36:52,800
systems built right into their 
bones. 

4043
03:36:52,800 --> 03:36:56,900
In the South, you'll find houses
built on tools that allowed air 

4044
03:36:56,900 --> 03:36:58,900
to flow underneath cooling. 
The floors From Below. 

4045
03:36:59,700 --> 03:37:03,200
The famous dog Trot houses with 
an open Breezeway running right 

4046
03:37:03,200 --> 03:37:05,500
through the center. 
Were essentially wind tunnels 

4047
03:37:05,500 --> 03:37:08,100
that captured every available 
Breeze and funneled it through 

4048
03:37:08,100 --> 03:37:10,600
the Living Spaces. 
Your ancestors. 

4049
03:37:10,600 --> 03:37:14,300
Understood cross-ventilation 
like meteorologists a positioned

4050
03:37:14,300 --> 03:37:17,500
Windows, not just for light or 
views, but to create Pathways 

4051
03:37:17,500 --> 03:37:18,800
for air to move through the 
house. 

4052
03:37:19,700 --> 03:37:21,500
They knew that a window on the 
Shaded. 

4053
03:37:21,500 --> 03:37:25,200
North Side, would draw cool air.
In while a window on the sunny 

4054
03:37:25,200 --> 03:37:28,800
South Side would let hot air 
Escape, creating a natural 

4055
03:37:28,800 --> 03:37:31,200
circulation system. 
That worked, as long as there 

4056
03:37:31,200 --> 03:37:33,300
was even the slightest 
temperature difference between 

4057
03:37:33,300 --> 03:37:37,400
inside and outside. 
In hot climates thick walls were

4058
03:37:37,400 --> 03:37:41,100
just for durability. 
They were thermal Mass absorbing

4059
03:37:41,100 --> 03:37:44,000
heat during the day and 
releasing it slowly at night. 

4060
03:37:44,000 --> 03:37:46,400
Essentially, smoothing out 
temperatures swings. 

4061
03:37:47,400 --> 03:37:49,400
Adobe houses in the south west 
could stay. 

4062
03:37:49,400 --> 03:37:52,200
Remarkably cool during blazing 
hot days because those thick 

4063
03:37:52,200 --> 03:37:55,700
walls, acted like natural 
battery is storing and releasing

4064
03:37:55,700 --> 03:37:58,400
heat on a delayed schedule that 
favored human comfort. 

4065
03:37:59,200 --> 03:38:01,800
Color choices weren't just 
aesthetic decisions, either 

4066
03:38:01,800 --> 03:38:05,100
light, colored roofs and walls 
reflected heat rather than 

4067
03:38:05,100 --> 03:38:08,400
absorbing it while strategic use
of vegetation created 

4068
03:38:08,400 --> 03:38:12,100
microclimates around homes. 
Your great-grandmother's rose 

4069
03:38:12,100 --> 03:38:14,700
bushes and climbing vines 
weren't just pretty, they were 

4070
03:38:14,700 --> 03:38:17,400
living insulation shading walls 
and cooling the air through 

4071
03:38:17,400 --> 03:38:20,200
transpiration. 
The Victorian era brought us 

4072
03:38:20,200 --> 03:38:22,800
some of the most sophisticated, 
natural, cooling systems, 

4073
03:38:22,800 --> 03:38:26,500
disguised, as architectural 
details, those cupolas and roof 

4074
03:38:26,500 --> 03:38:28,600
monitors. 
You see on old houses were 

4075
03:38:28,600 --> 03:38:31,500
actually thermal chimneys 
designed to pull hot air up and 

4076
03:38:31,500 --> 03:38:34,700
out of the building. 
The decorative lattice work and 

4077
03:38:34,700 --> 03:38:36,200
fretwork weren't just 
ornamental. 

4078
03:38:36,200 --> 03:38:39,000
They provided shade while 
allowing air to flow through 

4079
03:38:39,000 --> 03:38:41,400
creating natural evaporative 
cooling. 

4080
03:38:42,100 --> 03:38:44,500
Even urban planning was 
influenced by the need to stay 

4081
03:38:44,500 --> 03:38:47,300
cool. 
Cities were laid out with wide 

4082
03:38:47,300 --> 03:38:50,700
streets to allow air circulation
and generous setbacks between 

4083
03:38:50,700 --> 03:38:53,000
buildings prevented them from 
creating heat Islands 

4084
03:38:53,000 --> 03:38:55,500
tree-lined. 
Streets were just beautiful. 

4085
03:38:55,500 --> 03:38:58,800
They were essential 
infrastructure, providing shade 

4086
03:38:58,800 --> 03:39:00,400
and cooling the air through 
evaporation. 

4087
03:39:01,600 --> 03:39:04,200
Your ancestors also understood 
the power of thermal zoning 

4088
03:39:04,200 --> 03:39:07,000
within their homes. 
The kitchen was often separate 

4089
03:39:07,000 --> 03:39:09,600
from the main house or located 
in a basement or outbuilding. 

4090
03:39:09,600 --> 03:39:13,000
Keeping the heat from cooking 
fires away from Living Spaces 

4091
03:39:13,000 --> 03:39:15,400
bedrooms were typically on upper
floors. 

4092
03:39:15,400 --> 03:39:18,900
Where breezes were stronger 
while daily activities happened 

4093
03:39:18,900 --> 03:39:21,000
in the cooler ground floor rooms
during hot weather. 

4094
03:39:22,000 --> 03:39:24,800
They selected the materials 
based on the cooling properties 

4095
03:39:24,800 --> 03:39:27,900
and aesthetic appeal. 
Hardwood, floors stayed cooler 

4096
03:39:27,900 --> 03:39:30,300
than carpets. 
High-quality plaster walls, had 

4097
03:39:30,300 --> 03:39:32,300
better thermal properties than 
thin drywall. 

4098
03:39:32,900 --> 03:39:36,000
And natural materials like stone
and brick had thermal mass that 

4099
03:39:36,008 --> 03:39:37,800
helped regulate temperature 
naturally. 

4100
03:39:38,500 --> 03:39:41,500
These weren't just practical 
decisions, they created homes 

4101
03:39:41,500 --> 03:39:43,500
that were genuinely more 
comfortable than many modern 

4102
03:39:43,500 --> 03:39:46,000
houses. 
The constant air movement, the 

4103
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:49,200
natural temperature regulation, 
and the connection to outdoor 

4104
03:39:49,200 --> 03:39:51,700
breezes and seasonal changes, 
created, living environments. 

4105
03:39:51,700 --> 03:39:54,100
That worked with human 
physiology, rather than trying 

4106
03:39:54,100 --> 03:39:57,800
to override it completely. 
Your great grandparents homes 

4107
03:39:57,800 --> 03:40:01,700
breathed in ways that our sealed
climate control boxes simply 

4108
03:40:01,700 --> 03:40:04,900
don't your great grandparents, 
didn't just check the weather. 

4109
03:40:04,900 --> 03:40:08,700
They lived it breathed, it and 
plan their entire day around it.

4110
03:40:08,700 --> 03:40:11,700
They had an intimate 
relationship with atmospheric 

4111
03:40:11,700 --> 03:40:13,100
conditions. 
That would seem almost 

4112
03:40:13,100 --> 03:40:16,400
Supernatural to you now. 
While you might glance at your 

4113
03:40:16,400 --> 03:40:19,500
phone's weather app and grab an 
umbrella, they could feel a 

4114
03:40:19,500 --> 03:40:22,700
storm coming in their bones and 
predict the next day's Heat, by 

4115
03:40:22,700 --> 03:40:24,600
the way that the evening air 
moves through their hair. 

4116
03:40:24,600 --> 03:40:27,900
The pier conditioning day began 
with what we might call a 

4117
03:40:27,900 --> 03:40:29,100
temperature, reconnaissance 
mission. 

4118
03:40:30,200 --> 03:40:33,000
Before your great-grandmother 
even got out of bed, she was 

4119
03:40:33,000 --> 03:40:36,700
assessing the thermal situation.
Was there still a hint of 

4120
03:40:36,700 --> 03:40:38,900
coolness in the air that could 
be captured and preserved? 

4121
03:40:39,700 --> 03:40:42,000
Were the windows that have been 
opened to the night Breeze, 

4122
03:40:42,000 --> 03:40:43,800
ready to be closed before the 
sun began? 

4123
03:40:43,800 --> 03:40:47,200
Its daily assault. 
This wasn't casual observation, 

4124
03:40:47,200 --> 03:40:50,500
it was a survival strategy 
disguised as a morning routine. 

4125
03:40:51,400 --> 03:40:53,900
You probably think of your daily
schedule as being controlled by 

4126
03:40:53,900 --> 03:40:56,600
work hours, appointments and 
social obligations. 

4127
03:40:56,600 --> 03:40:59,700
Your ancestors, organize their 
days around the sun's path, and 

4128
03:40:59,700 --> 03:41:03,100
the thermometers climb The 
heaviest work laundry cooking 

4129
03:41:03,100 --> 03:41:06,300
and cleaning happened in the 
early morning hours when the air

4130
03:41:06,300 --> 03:41:08,800
was still cool and energy levels
were high. 

4131
03:41:10,300 --> 03:41:13,300
By the time you settled in for 
your second cup of coffee your 

4132
03:41:13,300 --> 03:41:15,700
ancestors had already 
accomplished what might take you

4133
03:41:15,700 --> 03:41:18,500
all morning simply because they 
understood that working with the

4134
03:41:18,500 --> 03:41:22,500
cool was far more official than 
fighting the heat midday brought

4135
03:41:22,500 --> 03:41:24,500
what we might call the ultimate 
hibernation. 

4136
03:41:25,400 --> 03:41:29,200
Between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. when 
the sun was most merciless, 

4137
03:41:29,200 --> 03:41:32,300
sensible, people found Shady 
spots and settled in for 

4138
03:41:32,300 --> 03:41:34,600
activities that required minimal
movement. 

4139
03:41:34,600 --> 03:41:38,300
This wasn't laziness. 
It was physics, your 

4140
03:41:38,300 --> 03:41:40,300
great-grandfather understood 
that his body was a heat, 

4141
03:41:40,300 --> 03:41:43,800
generating machine and adding 
human generated warmth to the 

4142
03:41:43,800 --> 03:41:45,800
days. 
Natural furnace was simply poor 

4143
03:41:45,800 --> 03:41:49,000
engineering. 
The Siesta which we often think 

4144
03:41:49,000 --> 03:41:51,800
of as a quaint foreign Customs 
was actually brilliant thermal 

4145
03:41:51,800 --> 03:41:53,700
management. 
While you might pass through the

4146
03:41:53,708 --> 03:41:55,900
afternoon heat with air 
conditioning and iced coffee. 

4147
03:41:55,908 --> 03:41:59,300
Your ancestors recognized that 
the human body naturally. 

4148
03:41:59,300 --> 03:42:01,800
Wanted to slow down during the 
hottest part of the day. 

4149
03:42:02,500 --> 03:42:04,800
They worked with their biology, 
rather than against it 

4150
03:42:04,800 --> 03:42:07,300
conserving energy for the cooler
evening hours. 

4151
03:42:07,300 --> 03:42:10,700
When productivity could resume. 
But here's where it gets 

4152
03:42:10,700 --> 03:42:14,200
interesting, your ancestors 
didn't just endure these daily 

4153
03:42:14,200 --> 03:42:16,800
heat Cycles. 
They found genuine pleasure in 

4154
03:42:16,800 --> 03:42:18,700
them. 
The evening Awakening, when 

4155
03:42:18,700 --> 03:42:21,000
temperatures finally began to 
drop and life resumed, its 

4156
03:42:21,000 --> 03:42:23,400
normal. 
Pace was a daily celebration. 

4157
03:42:23,400 --> 03:42:27,600
Imagine the relief and joy of 
feeling that first Cool Breeze. 

4158
03:42:27,600 --> 03:42:31,300
After hours of Stillness, the 
way evening are felt like Silk 

4159
03:42:31,300 --> 03:42:33,900
against skin that had been 
warned all day these thermal 

4160
03:42:33,900 --> 03:42:37,500
rhythms also influence the 
schedule of social life dinner 

4161
03:42:37,500 --> 03:42:39,400
parties began to later in the 
air. 

4162
03:42:39,400 --> 03:42:41,800
Had cool enough to make cooking 
and eating Pleasant again 

4163
03:42:41,800 --> 03:42:44,300
evening. 
Visits to neighbors walks around

4164
03:42:44,300 --> 03:42:46,400
the community and outdoor games 
and activities. 

4165
03:42:46,400 --> 03:42:49,700
All of these began when the sun 
started its descent and 

4166
03:42:49,700 --> 03:42:53,200
continued well into the night, 
making the most of every degree 

4167
03:42:53,200 --> 03:42:56,100
of cooling, your 
great-grandmother became a 

4168
03:42:56,108 --> 03:42:58,800
master of microclimate 
management within her own home. 

4169
03:42:58,800 --> 03:43:02,100
She knew which rooms State 
coolest at which times of day, 

4170
03:43:02,100 --> 03:43:05,400
which Windows to open to catch 
the morning Breeze and which 

4171
03:43:05,400 --> 03:43:07,200
ones to close to keep out the 
afternoon Heat. 

4172
03:43:08,300 --> 03:43:10,700
She understood that opening 
Windows on the Shady Side of the

4173
03:43:10,708 --> 03:43:12,500
house. 
While closing those On the Sunny

4174
03:43:12,500 --> 03:43:15,600
Side, created natural air 
conditioning, pulling cool air 

4175
03:43:15,600 --> 03:43:19,100
through while allowing hot air 
to escape The evening ritual of 

4176
03:43:19,108 --> 03:43:22,700
opening up, the house was a 
precise science as temperatures 

4177
03:43:22,700 --> 03:43:26,000
dropped Windows throughout the 
home were strategically opened 

4178
03:43:26,000 --> 03:43:29,200
to capture every available 
Breeze and encourage air 

4179
03:43:29,200 --> 03:43:32,200
circulation. 
Your ancestors could feel the 

4180
03:43:32,200 --> 03:43:35,100
subtle pressure changes that 
indicated when outdoor air was 

4181
03:43:35,100 --> 03:43:38,800
finally cooler than indoor are 
the exact moment when natural 

4182
03:43:38,800 --> 03:43:41,900
ventilation would begin working 
in their favor rather than 

4183
03:43:41,900 --> 03:43:44,900
against it. 
They also understood the art of 

4184
03:43:44,908 --> 03:43:46,700
thermal layering in their daily 
lives. 

4185
03:43:46,700 --> 03:43:50,500
Light loose clothing during the 
day could be supplemented with 

4186
03:43:50,500 --> 03:43:53,000
light shawls or wraps as evening
breezes picked up. 

4187
03:43:53,900 --> 03:43:56,400
During hot Towers, they styled 
their hair up and off the neck. 

4188
03:43:56,400 --> 03:43:59,100
Allowing it to flow freely when 
the coolness returned. 

4189
03:43:59,800 --> 03:44:02,300
Even the choice of where, to 
sit, which chair to choose and 

4190
03:44:02,300 --> 03:44:05,500
which side of the port to favor,
all of these decisions were made

4191
03:44:05,500 --> 03:44:09,000
with thermal comfort in mind, 
whether prediction became a 

4192
03:44:09,000 --> 03:44:11,000
survival. 
Skill, your great-grandfather 

4193
03:44:11,000 --> 03:44:13,900
could read cloud formation wind 
patterns, and atmospheric 

4194
03:44:13,900 --> 03:44:16,300
pressure changes, like you read 
traffic signs. 

4195
03:44:16,300 --> 03:44:20,200
A shift in wind direction, might
mean relief was coming certain 

4196
03:44:20,200 --> 03:44:22,900
Cloud formation's promised 
afternoons thunderstorms that 

4197
03:44:22,900 --> 03:44:26,300
would break the Heat The 
behavior of animals and the feel

4198
03:44:26,300 --> 03:44:29,600
of the are provided advanced 
warning of weather changes that 

4199
03:44:29,600 --> 03:44:31,100
could affect the day's Comfort 
level. 

4200
03:44:32,100 --> 03:44:35,800
This daily dance with whether 
created a life that was deeply 

4201
03:44:35,800 --> 03:44:39,300
connected to natural cycles 
where human activity flowed 

4202
03:44:39,300 --> 03:44:41,700
within environmental conditions,
rather than trying to dominate 

4203
03:44:41,700 --> 03:44:43,600
them. 
He had a way of bringing people 

4204
03:44:43,600 --> 03:44:46,300
together that our climate 
controlled world has largely 

4205
03:44:46,300 --> 03:44:50,000
forgotten When staying cool 
required Community effort and 

4206
03:44:50,000 --> 03:44:53,200
shared wisdom, social bonds, 
formed around the simple, 

4207
03:44:53,200 --> 03:44:56,600
necessity of surviving summer, 
your great-grandparents didn't 

4208
03:44:56,600 --> 03:44:59,900
just endure the heat alone. 
They created entire social 

4209
03:44:59,900 --> 03:45:02,500
systems around managing it 
together turning. 

4210
03:45:02,500 --> 03:45:05,400
What could have been individual 
misery into Collective comfort 

4211
03:45:05,400 --> 03:45:08,500
and even Joy? 
The front porch served as more 

4212
03:45:08,500 --> 03:45:11,700
than just an architectural 
feature it served as the Hub of 

4213
03:45:11,700 --> 03:45:14,800
the community's cooling culture.
While you might spend your 

4214
03:45:14,800 --> 03:45:17,100
evening's inside watching 
television in Ed's condition 

4215
03:45:17,100 --> 03:45:20,300
Comfort, your ancestors, 
gathered on porches, as the sun 

4216
03:45:20,300 --> 03:45:24,100
went down, creating informal 
networks of conversation, shared

4217
03:45:24,100 --> 03:45:26,100
cooling, strategies and mutual 
support. 

4218
03:45:27,200 --> 03:45:29,900
These were plans social events, 
they were spontaneous 

4219
03:45:29,900 --> 03:45:32,700
communities, that formed 
wherever people could catch a 

4220
03:45:32,700 --> 03:45:34,500
breeze and share the relief of 
cooling air. 

4221
03:45:35,400 --> 03:45:37,700
Imagine a summer evening in your
great-grandmother's 

4222
03:45:37,700 --> 03:45:40,700
neighborhood. 
As temperatures, finally began 

4223
03:45:40,700 --> 03:45:43,400
to drop porch lights, would 
flicker on and rocking chairs 

4224
03:45:43,400 --> 03:45:46,400
would Creak into motion 
children, would emerge from 

4225
03:45:46,400 --> 03:45:48,700
houses. 
Like flowers opening to cooler 

4226
03:45:48,700 --> 03:45:51,600
are beginning games of tag and 
hide and seek that could 

4227
03:45:51,600 --> 03:45:53,400
continue safely in the Gathering
dusk. 

4228
03:45:54,400 --> 03:45:56,900
Adults would settle into 
conversations that meandered 

4229
03:45:56,900 --> 03:46:00,000
like the evening Breeze itself, 
unhurried and comfortable. 

4230
03:46:00,800 --> 03:46:03,100
These porch communities shared 
more than just evening. 

4231
03:46:03,100 --> 03:46:06,900
Are they exchanged cooling 
wisdom, like valuable currently.

4232
03:46:07,700 --> 03:46:10,100
You're great aren't like share 
her secret for keeping bed. 

4233
03:46:10,100 --> 03:46:11,300
Sheets. 
Cool Hint. 

4234
03:46:11,300 --> 03:46:13,600
It involves strategic folding 
and placement. 

4235
03:46:13,600 --> 03:46:16,400
While your neighbor would 
demonstrate his technique for 

4236
03:46:16,400 --> 03:46:20,000
creating cross, breezes, using 
strategically placed fans and 

4237
03:46:20,000 --> 03:46:23,200
open windows. 
Cooling knowledge was Community 

4238
03:46:23,200 --> 03:46:26,500
knowledge passed down through 
informal networks of neighbors. 

4239
03:46:26,500 --> 03:46:29,400
Who understood that everyone's 
Comfort depended on shared 

4240
03:46:29,400 --> 03:46:32,600
intelligence. 
The evening constitutional that 

4241
03:46:32,600 --> 03:46:34,100
leisurely walk through the 
neighborhood. 

4242
03:46:34,100 --> 03:46:37,900
That seems so old-fashioned. 
Now was actually sophisticated 

4243
03:46:37,900 --> 03:46:41,800
heat management to socializing 
your great-grandparents 

4244
03:46:41,800 --> 03:46:45,200
understood that moving slowly 
through cooling air was more 

4245
03:46:45,200 --> 03:46:48,300
refreshing than sitting still. 
And that Community, walks 

4246
03:46:48,300 --> 03:46:50,900
created opportunities for air 
circulation around their bodies.

4247
03:46:50,900 --> 03:46:54,500
While maintaining social 
connections, these walks were to

4248
03:46:54,500 --> 03:46:57,400
exercise in the modern sense. 
They were communal cooling 

4249
03:46:57,400 --> 03:47:00,600
therapy churches schools and 
community centers became 

4250
03:47:00,600 --> 03:47:04,200
cooling, sanctuaries. 
During the most brutal Heat Not 

4251
03:47:04,200 --> 03:47:06,100
because they had air 
conditioning, they didn't, but 

4252
03:47:06,100 --> 03:47:09,500
because they were designed with 
high ceilings large windows and 

4253
03:47:09,500 --> 03:47:12,100
Architectural features that 
promoted air circulation. 

4254
03:47:12,900 --> 03:47:15,800
More importantly, they offered 
the psychological comfort of 

4255
03:47:15,800 --> 03:47:18,500
shared experience. 
Suffering through heat alone, 

4256
03:47:18,500 --> 03:47:22,100
felt overwhelming, enduring it 
as part of a community made it 

4257
03:47:22,108 --> 03:47:26,100
manageable and even meaningful. 
Your ancestors created, social 

4258
03:47:26,100 --> 03:47:30,000
rituals around heat relief that 
sound, almost magical now, Ice 

4259
03:47:30,000 --> 03:47:31,700
cream socials weren't just sweet
treats. 

4260
03:47:31,700 --> 03:47:34,300
They were Community cooling 
events where shared cold 

4261
03:47:34,300 --> 03:47:36,500
provided both physical and 
psychological relief. 

4262
03:47:37,400 --> 03:47:40,000
Picnics were carefully planned 
for shady spots near water, 

4263
03:47:40,000 --> 03:47:43,000
where evaporation and tree 
cover, created natural cooling 

4264
03:47:43,000 --> 03:47:45,900
zones. 
Swimming, holes became social 

4265
03:47:45,900 --> 03:47:48,900
centers, not just for 
recreation, but as genuine 

4266
03:47:48,900 --> 03:47:51,100
relief stations were entire 
communities. 

4267
03:47:51,100 --> 03:47:54,500
Could find respite together, the
sharing economy, existed long 

4268
03:47:54,500 --> 03:47:57,300
before we had a name for it, 
especially when it came to 

4269
03:47:57,300 --> 03:48:00,800
pooling resources, families with
ice, which share with neighbors,

4270
03:48:00,800 --> 03:48:04,000
whose ice had melted. 
Those fortunate enough to have 

4271
03:48:04,000 --> 03:48:07,200
deeper wells with cooler water. 
Would fill jugs for families 

4272
03:48:07,200 --> 03:48:10,600
whose Wells ran, warm When 
electric fans became available 

4273
03:48:10,600 --> 03:48:13,900
people borrowed and shared them 
like Precious commodities. 

4274
03:48:15,000 --> 03:48:16,500
Community. 
Ice houses weren't just 

4275
03:48:16,508 --> 03:48:19,200
commercial Enterprise. 
They were essential social 

4276
03:48:19,200 --> 03:48:22,300
infrastructure. 
Evening, entertainment adapted, 

4277
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:24,800
to take advantage of cooling, 
air and Community Gathering. 

4278
03:48:25,500 --> 03:48:27,900
Ban concerts in the park weren't
just cultural events. 

4279
03:48:27,900 --> 03:48:30,900
They were Mass cooling therapy 
sessions where hundreds of 

4280
03:48:30,908 --> 03:48:34,100
people could gather in Open 
Spaces, designed to capture 

4281
03:48:34,100 --> 03:48:37,700
evening, breezes outdoor 
theaters, Garden parties, and 

4282
03:48:37,700 --> 03:48:39,900
Community festivals. 
All took advantage of the 

4283
03:48:39,900 --> 03:48:42,600
natural cooling that happened 
when the sun went down and 

4284
03:48:42,600 --> 03:48:44,300
people came together in Open 
Spaces. 

4285
03:48:45,100 --> 03:48:47,700
Children's play adapted to 
Heaton ways that created their 

4286
03:48:47,700 --> 03:48:52,000
own social cooling systems games
moved to shaded areas during the

4287
03:48:52,000 --> 03:48:54,900
day, and resumed in full energy 
as evening approached. 

4288
03:48:55,600 --> 03:48:58,700
Jump, rope Hopscotch, and tag 
became evening activities when 

4289
03:48:58,700 --> 03:49:01,100
the air was finally coolers 
enough for active play. 

4290
03:49:02,000 --> 03:49:05,000
Swimming wasn't just Recreation.
It was a central cooling that 

4291
03:49:05,000 --> 03:49:07,000
happened in community with 
neighborhood. 

4292
03:49:07,000 --> 03:49:10,000
Swimming holes becoming social 
centers where entire families 

4293
03:49:10,000 --> 03:49:11,800
gathered for Relief and 
fellowship. 

4294
03:49:12,500 --> 03:49:15,300
Your great-grandparents also 
understood that shared meals 

4295
03:49:15,300 --> 03:49:17,800
during hot weather required 
different social Arrangements, 

4296
03:49:17,800 --> 03:49:20,000
early in the morning or late in 
the evening. 

4297
03:49:20,000 --> 03:49:23,100
When temperatures were bearable 
heavy, cooking took place 

4298
03:49:24,000 --> 03:49:27,200
Community Kitchens often outdoor
spaces with good ventilation 

4299
03:49:27,200 --> 03:49:30,600
became gathering places where 
the heat of cooking could be 

4300
03:49:30,600 --> 03:49:34,200
shared and managed collectively 
rather than making individual 

4301
03:49:34,200 --> 03:49:37,700
homes on bearable. 
The social side of staying cool.

4302
03:49:37,700 --> 03:49:41,500
Created bonds that extended far 
beyond summer heat neighbors, 

4303
03:49:41,500 --> 03:49:44,700
who shared cooling strategies 
families, who gathered for 

4304
03:49:44,700 --> 03:49:47,800
evening porch, conversations 
communities that came together 

4305
03:49:47,800 --> 03:49:50,700
in cooling spaces. 
These relationships, persisted 

4306
03:49:50,700 --> 03:49:54,000
year-round creating social 
fabric that was strengthened by 

4307
03:49:54,000 --> 03:49:56,400
the shared challenge of managing
summer heat together. 

4308
03:49:56,400 --> 03:50:00,400
Your great-grandfather's work 
day was unlike yours with heat 

4309
03:50:00,400 --> 03:50:02,800
acting as an invisible 
choreographer, guiding every 

4310
03:50:02,800 --> 03:50:06,100
step while you might complain 
about a slightly, warm office or

4311
03:50:06,100 --> 03:50:07,900
adjust the thermostat, a degree 
or two. 

4312
03:50:07,900 --> 03:50:11,000
He organized his entire 
professional life, around the 

4313
03:50:11,000 --> 03:50:14,100
reality that work had to happen 
and whatever temperature 

4314
03:50:14,100 --> 03:50:17,800
provided Managing temperature 
wasn't just about personal 

4315
03:50:17,800 --> 03:50:19,900
Comfort. 
It was about survival 

4316
03:50:19,900 --> 03:50:23,500
productivity in creating 
sustainable rhythms that could 

4317
03:50:23,500 --> 03:50:27,100
last a lifetime. the 
agricultural world where most of

4318
03:50:27,100 --> 03:50:30,500
your ancestors, likely spent 
their working lives operated on 

4319
03:50:30,500 --> 03:50:34,500
what we might call thermal 
scheduling Farmers weren't early

4320
03:50:34,500 --> 03:50:36,700
risers because they were more 
virtuous than you. 

4321
03:50:36,700 --> 03:50:40,800
It was the thermal strategists 
The period between 4 a.m. and 10

4322
03:50:40,800 --> 03:50:43,500
a.m. represented precious hours 
when both are temperature and 

4323
03:50:43,500 --> 03:50:45,200
energy levels, favored, 
productive work. 

4324
03:50:46,200 --> 03:50:48,600
Your great-grandfather could 
accomplish more in those cool 

4325
03:50:48,600 --> 03:50:51,300
morning hours than in twice as 
much time during the heat of 

4326
03:50:51,308 --> 03:50:53,700
midday. 
Harvest Time reveals the 

4327
03:50:53,700 --> 03:50:55,800
sophisticated heat management 
strategies. 

4328
03:50:55,800 --> 03:50:59,400
Your ancestors developed grain 
cutting haymaking and fruit 

4329
03:50:59,400 --> 03:51:02,400
picking weren't scheduled by 
calendar convenience, but by the

4330
03:51:02,400 --> 03:51:06,400
intersection of crop Readiness, 
and thermal reality, Work Crews 

4331
03:51:06,400 --> 03:51:09,100
would start Before Dawn race 
against the climbing sun and 

4332
03:51:09,100 --> 03:51:11,400
take extended midday breaks that
weren't laziness. 

4333
03:51:11,400 --> 03:51:14,600
But practical physics, the 
afternoon shift would resume 

4334
03:51:14,600 --> 03:51:18,400
only when Shadows grew long and 
are began to cool indoor work 

4335
03:51:18,400 --> 03:51:20,200
adapted to heat with equal 
sophistication. 

4336
03:51:21,300 --> 03:51:24,100
Your great-grandmother's kitchen
operated on thermal logic, that 

4337
03:51:24,100 --> 03:51:27,300
would impress modern efficiency.
Experts bread, baking happened. 

4338
03:51:27,300 --> 03:51:29,900
In the early morning using 
retained heat for multiple 

4339
03:51:29,900 --> 03:51:31,700
batches before the day became 
unbearable. 

4340
03:51:32,500 --> 03:51:35,200
Canning and preserving a central
work that unfortunately 

4341
03:51:35,200 --> 03:51:38,100
generated lots of heat, the 
scheduled for the coolest days 

4342
03:51:38,100 --> 03:51:40,900
of available or done in outdoor 
kitchens that kept the heat away

4343
03:51:40,900 --> 03:51:43,700
from Living Spaces. 
Launching day was perhaps the 

4344
03:51:43,700 --> 03:51:47,100
most thermally challenging work.
Your ancestors faced heating 

4345
03:51:47,100 --> 03:51:51,200
water, boiling, clothes, or 
clothes, and using Hot Irons 

4346
03:51:51,200 --> 03:51:52,700
could turn a house into a 
furnace. 

4347
03:51:53,600 --> 03:51:56,100
Smart housekeepers, develop 
strategies, that sound almost 

4348
03:51:56,100 --> 03:51:59,100
military in their Precision 
Heating water Outdoors. 

4349
03:51:59,100 --> 03:52:01,900
When possible doing washing, in 
early morning, or late evening, 

4350
03:52:01,900 --> 03:52:05,700
and saving ironing for the 
coolest days, some families even

4351
03:52:05,700 --> 03:52:09,600
had separate wash houses, small 
buildings dedicated to heat 

4352
03:52:09,600 --> 03:52:11,900
generating work that kept the 
main house comfortable. 

4353
03:52:12,600 --> 03:52:15,800
Professional work adapted to 
heat and ways that shaped entire

4354
03:52:15,800 --> 03:52:18,600
Industries. 
Blacksmiths and metal workers 

4355
03:52:18,600 --> 03:52:22,700
who dealt with extreme heat as 
part of their craft developed 

4356
03:52:22,700 --> 03:52:25,600
techniques for managing both the
heat of their forges and the 

4357
03:52:25,600 --> 03:52:28,900
ambient heat of Summer. 
They worked shorter shifts 

4358
03:52:28,900 --> 03:52:31,800
during hot weather started 
earlier and took longer breaks 

4359
03:52:31,800 --> 03:52:35,000
their shops were designed with 
sophisticated ventilation 

4360
03:52:35,000 --> 03:52:37,400
systems, that would impress, 
modern industrial engineers. 

4361
03:52:38,200 --> 03:52:41,000
The concept of the workday 
itself was more flexible into 

4362
03:52:41,000 --> 03:52:44,400
the pre-air conditioning era. 
During the hottest weeks of 

4363
03:52:44,400 --> 03:52:47,800
Summer, many businesses would 
close during midday hours and 

4364
03:52:47,800 --> 03:52:50,500
reopen in the evening. 
Staying open later to take 

4365
03:52:50,500 --> 03:52:54,100
advantage of cooler air. 
Such Behavior wasn't vacation. 

4366
03:52:54,100 --> 03:52:57,600
It was thermal adaptation that 
actually increased productivity 

4367
03:52:57,600 --> 03:53:00,300
by working with natural cycles, 
rather than against them. 

4368
03:53:00,300 --> 03:53:02,300
Your ancestors. 
Understood something. 

4369
03:53:02,300 --> 03:53:05,500
We've largely forgotten, the 
human performance varies 

4370
03:53:05,500 --> 03:53:08,800
dramatically with temperature 
and fighting this reality as 

4371
03:53:08,800 --> 03:53:10,600
less efficient than adapting to 
it. 

4372
03:53:11,400 --> 03:53:14,300
Thermal Comfort significantly 
affects cognitive function, 

4373
03:53:14,300 --> 03:53:18,500
physical endurance, and even 
mood as modern research confirms

4374
03:53:18,500 --> 03:53:22,200
their intuitive understanding. 
The scheduled demanding mental, 

4375
03:53:22,200 --> 03:53:25,300
work for cool hours and saved 
routine tasks for times when 

4376
03:53:25,300 --> 03:53:28,400
heat May concentration. 
Difficult rest wasn't just the 

4377
03:53:28,400 --> 03:53:32,300
absence of work, it was active 
heat management, the afternoon 

4378
03:53:32,300 --> 03:53:36,200
Siesta which we often dismiss. 
As laziness was actually a 

4379
03:53:36,200 --> 03:53:39,500
sophisticated recovery strategy,
your great-grandparents 

4380
03:53:39,500 --> 03:53:42,500
understood that forcing the body
to maintain High activity 

4381
03:53:42,500 --> 03:53:45,600
levels, during the peak heat, 
created fatigue, that would 

4382
03:53:45,600 --> 03:53:48,300
affect productivity for the rest
of the day by resting. 

4383
03:53:48,300 --> 03:53:51,100
During the hottest hours, they 
preserved energy for evening 

4384
03:53:51,100 --> 03:53:53,600
work. 
When conditions improved, Sleep 

4385
03:53:53,600 --> 03:53:56,800
itself, required thermal 
strategy, your great-grandmother

4386
03:53:56,800 --> 03:53:59,200
didn't. 
Just go to bed, she prepared for

4387
03:53:59,200 --> 03:54:00,900
sleep with the same attention to
cooling. 

4388
03:54:00,900 --> 03:54:03,900
That you might give to adjusting
your thermostat beds, were 

4389
03:54:03,900 --> 03:54:07,000
positioned to catch evening. 
Breezes bedrooms were open to 

4390
03:54:07,000 --> 03:54:09,600
night air and even sleep. 
Schedule shifted with the 

4391
03:54:09,600 --> 03:54:11,900
seasons, some of their times 
were later. 

4392
03:54:11,900 --> 03:54:14,700
Taking advantage of cooler 
evening hours while. 

4393
03:54:14,700 --> 03:54:18,200
Wait times were early to capture
the cool of dawn, the social 

4394
03:54:18,200 --> 03:54:20,000
aspects of work all to adapted 
to heat. 

4395
03:54:20,800 --> 03:54:23,600
Quilting bees barn-raising and 
Community work. 

4396
03:54:23,600 --> 03:54:26,700
Projects were scheduled for 
cooler weather when possible or 

4397
03:54:26,700 --> 03:54:29,400
organized to take advantage of 
shared cooling strategies. 

4398
03:54:30,200 --> 03:54:33,500
Group work meant shared cooling,
wisdom summer, always knew which

4399
03:54:33,500 --> 03:54:36,500
areas stayed coolist. 
When breezes were strongest or 

4400
03:54:36,500 --> 03:54:39,000
how to organize tasks to 
minimize heat generation. 

4401
03:54:40,000 --> 03:54:42,500
Your ancestors developed, what 
we might call thermal 

4402
03:54:42,500 --> 03:54:44,200
efficiency. 
The ability to accomplish 

4403
03:54:44,200 --> 03:54:47,200
necessary work while generating 
an absorbing the least possible,

4404
03:54:47,200 --> 03:54:50,700
Heat, Such efficiency wasn't 
just about personal Comfort. 

4405
03:54:50,700 --> 03:54:52,900
It was about sustainable 
productivity. 

4406
03:54:52,900 --> 03:54:55,400
That could be maintained 
throughout long hot summers 

4407
03:54:55,400 --> 03:54:58,500
without exhaustion or heat 
related illness your 

4408
03:54:58,500 --> 03:55:00,400
great-grandmother's wardrobe. 
Wasn't just about looking 

4409
03:55:00,400 --> 03:55:02,500
proper. 
It was an engineering Marvel 

4410
03:55:02,500 --> 03:55:04,900
designed to make some heat 
bearable while maintaining 

4411
03:55:04,900 --> 03:55:08,500
social respectability, every 
fabric Choice, every style 

4412
03:55:08,500 --> 03:55:12,000
decision, and every accessory, 
served a dual purpose, keeping 

4413
03:55:12,000 --> 03:55:15,500
cool, and looking appropriate. 
While you might throw on shorts 

4414
03:55:15,500 --> 03:55:18,100
and a t-shirt for hot weather, 
she had to work within social 

4415
03:55:18,100 --> 03:55:19,800
expectations. 
That required, much more 

4416
03:55:19,800 --> 03:55:22,600
coverage, making her cooling 
strategies far more 

4417
03:55:22,600 --> 03:55:26,200
sophisticated than yours. 
The Fabrics, your ancestors 

4418
03:55:26,200 --> 03:55:28,900
chose reveal their profound 
understanding of thermal 

4419
03:55:28,900 --> 03:55:31,900
properties, linen cotton and 
other natural. 

4420
03:55:31,900 --> 03:55:35,100
Fibers weren't selected, just 
because synthetic materials 

4421
03:55:35,100 --> 03:55:37,300
didn't exist. 
They were chosen because they 

4422
03:55:37,300 --> 03:55:41,400
breathed absorbed moisture and 
allowed air circulation in ways 

4423
03:55:41,400 --> 03:55:44,400
that kept the body cooler. 
Your great-grandmother that 

4424
03:55:44,400 --> 03:55:47,700
loose we Fabrics created, tiny 
air pockets that insulated 

4425
03:55:47,700 --> 03:55:50,600
against Heat. 
While tight weaves trapped hot 

4426
03:55:50,600 --> 03:55:54,300
air against the skin color 
science played a crucial role in

4427
03:55:54,300 --> 03:55:57,600
pre-air conditioning. 
Light colors weren't just 

4428
03:55:57,600 --> 03:56:00,200
fashionable in summer. 
They were essential technology 

4429
03:56:00,200 --> 03:56:02,500
reflecting heat rather than 
absorbing it. 

4430
03:56:03,400 --> 03:56:06,300
Your great-grandmother's white 
cotton dresses, light colored 

4431
03:56:06,300 --> 03:56:09,000
parasols and pale, summer hats 
were essentially, wearable, 

4432
03:56:09,000 --> 03:56:10,800
cooling systems. 
That modern researchers 

4433
03:56:10,800 --> 03:56:13,200
confirmed as remarkably 
effective heat management. 

4434
03:56:14,200 --> 03:56:17,200
The layering strategies, your 
ancestors developed would 

4435
03:56:17,200 --> 03:56:20,200
impress modern outdoor gear 
designers, they understood that 

4436
03:56:20,200 --> 03:56:22,900
multiple light layers, could be 
adjusted throughout the day as 

4437
03:56:22,900 --> 03:56:26,300
temperatures changed allowing 
for fine-tuned thermal control. 

4438
03:56:27,100 --> 03:56:30,400
A light chamise followed by a 
cotton dress topped with a 

4439
03:56:30,400 --> 03:56:32,700
removable shawl or jacket 
created. 

4440
03:56:32,700 --> 03:56:34,800
A flexible system that could 
adapt to morning. 

4441
03:56:34,800 --> 03:56:36,400
Coolness midday heat and 
evening. 

4442
03:56:36,400 --> 03:56:39,700
Breezes your great grandfather's
summer work, clothes, tell their

4443
03:56:39,700 --> 03:56:42,700
own cooling story. 
Those loose overalls were just 

4444
03:56:42,700 --> 03:56:45,400
practical for farm work. 
They allowed air circulation 

4445
03:56:45,400 --> 03:56:48,800
around the body while protecting
skin from the Sun, the wide 

4446
03:56:48,800 --> 03:56:51,300
brimmed hats. 
That seem purely functional were

4447
03:56:51,300 --> 03:56:53,100
actually sophisticated cooling 
devices. 

4448
03:56:53,100 --> 03:56:56,700
Creating portable shade while 
allowing heat to escape from the

4449
03:56:56,700 --> 03:56:59,100
head. 
Even suspenders served, a 

4450
03:56:59,100 --> 03:57:01,300
cooling purpose, holding the 
pants away from the body to 

4451
03:57:01,300 --> 03:57:04,500
allow air circulation 
hairstyling in the pre-air. 

4452
03:57:04,500 --> 03:57:06,600
Conditioning era was as much 
about temperature management. 

4453
03:57:06,600 --> 03:57:10,300
As it was about fashion, your 
great-grandmother's, elaborate 

4454
03:57:10,300 --> 03:57:13,500
updos weren't just decorative. 
They lifted hair off the neck 

4455
03:57:13,500 --> 03:57:15,700
and allowed air to circulate 
around one of the body's most 

4456
03:57:15,700 --> 03:57:19,500
effective cooling Zone's. 
Those intricate braids and buns.

4457
03:57:19,500 --> 03:57:22,300
That looks so complicated in Old
photographs were actually 

4458
03:57:22,308 --> 03:57:25,500
practical cooling technology 
disguised, as Beauty routines 

4459
03:57:25,500 --> 03:57:29,400
undergarments of the era reveal,
the sophisticated, understanding

4460
03:57:29,400 --> 03:57:33,300
your ancestors, had of thermal 
regulation, While the idea of 

4461
03:57:33,300 --> 03:57:36,600
corsets and multiple, petticoats
might seem stifling to you. 

4462
03:57:36,600 --> 03:57:40,200
These garments were designed to 
create air pockets and allow 

4463
03:57:40,200 --> 03:57:43,300
circulation while maintaining 
the silhouette that social 

4464
03:57:43,300 --> 03:57:46,500
expectations demanded. 
Some are undergarments, were 

4465
03:57:46,500 --> 03:57:49,900
made from the lightest possible 
materials and designed to Wick 

4466
03:57:49,900 --> 03:57:53,000
moisture away from the body 
thermal reality completely 

4467
03:57:53,000 --> 03:57:56,300
shaped food culture in the 
pre-air, conditioning era, your 

4468
03:57:56,300 --> 03:57:59,300
great-grandmother didn't avoid 
using the oven in summer because

4469
03:57:59,300 --> 03:58:01,800
she was trying to save energy. 
She avoided it because heating 

4470
03:58:01,800 --> 03:58:04,100
the kitchen could make the 
entire house on bearable for 

4471
03:58:04,100 --> 03:58:06,500
days. 
Summer menus were essentially 

4472
03:58:06,500 --> 03:58:10,900
cooling strategies to Skies as 
meals, cold soups fresh salads 

4473
03:58:10,900 --> 03:58:12,900
and uncooked Foods weren't just 
refreshing. 

4474
03:58:12,900 --> 03:58:16,700
They were thermal management. 
Her ancestors understood that 

4475
03:58:16,700 --> 03:58:19,100
digestion itself, generates body
heat. 

4476
03:58:19,100 --> 03:58:23,500
So summer, meals were lighter 
easier to digest and required 

4477
03:58:23,500 --> 03:58:26,100
less internal energy to process 
those. 

4478
03:58:26,100 --> 03:58:28,800
Elaborate cold salads and 
chilled soups that seem. 

4479
03:58:28,800 --> 03:58:32,700
So elegant in all cookbooks were
actually sophisticated cooling 

4480
03:58:32,700 --> 03:58:36,400
technology preservation methods 
adapted to heat in ingenious 

4481
03:58:36,400 --> 03:58:38,900
ways. 
Route Sellers springhills and 

4482
03:58:38,900 --> 03:58:40,600
Ice houses were just food 
storage. 

4483
03:58:40,600 --> 03:58:42,700
They were Community cooling 
infrastructure. 

4484
03:58:43,800 --> 03:58:46,600
Your great-grandmother might 
plan her weekly menu around what

4485
03:58:46,600 --> 03:58:48,400
could be stored without 
generating heat. 

4486
03:58:48,400 --> 03:58:51,100
What could be prepared without 
cooking and what would actually 

4487
03:58:51,100 --> 03:58:52,900
help cool the body from the 
inside? 

4488
03:58:54,200 --> 03:58:56,900
Beverages became medicine in the
pre-air conditioning World. 

4489
03:58:56,900 --> 03:59:00,200
Sweet tea, lemonade, and other 
cooling drinks weren't just 

4490
03:59:00,208 --> 03:59:02,300
Refreshments. 
They were thermal therapy. 

4491
03:59:03,300 --> 03:59:05,700
Your ancestors understood that 
certain ingredients could 

4492
03:59:05,700 --> 03:59:08,500
actually help the body cool 
itself While others would make 

4493
03:59:08,500 --> 03:59:11,800
heat worse. 
Mint cucumber, and citrus serve,

4494
03:59:11,800 --> 03:59:15,300
not only as flavoring but also 
as internal cooling agents, even

4495
03:59:15,300 --> 03:59:17,200
social dining adapted to heat 
management. 

4496
03:59:18,100 --> 03:59:20,800
Some are entertaining moved 
Outdoors, not just for Ambience 

4497
03:59:20,800 --> 03:59:24,500
but for thermal practicality 
Garden parties picnic and 

4498
03:59:24,500 --> 03:59:27,500
outdoor dining took advantage of
breezes and shade while keeping 

4499
03:59:27,500 --> 03:59:30,000
heat generating cooking 
activities away. 

4500
03:59:30,000 --> 03:59:33,000
From Living Spaces, your great 
grandmother's summer dinner 

4501
03:59:33,000 --> 03:59:35,400
party is were carefully 
choreographed to minimize heat 

4502
03:59:35,400 --> 03:59:37,800
generation while maximizing 
cooling opportunities. 

4503
03:59:38,500 --> 03:59:41,900
The timing of meals shifted with
thermal reality breakfast. 

4504
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:45,000
Might be substantial taking 
advantage of cool morning air 

4505
03:59:45,000 --> 03:59:47,800
for cooking and eating. 
Lunch became lighter and 

4506
03:59:47,800 --> 03:59:49,700
simpler. 
While dinner was often delayed 

4507
03:59:49,700 --> 03:59:53,000
until evening when both cooking 
and eating could happen in more 

4508
03:59:53,000 --> 03:59:56,100
comfortable temperatures. 
Your ancestors didn't eat by the

4509
03:59:56,100 --> 03:59:58,100
clock. 
They ate by the thermometer. 

4510
03:59:58,800 --> 04:00:01,200
These weren't just survival 
strategies, they created a 

4511
04:00:01,208 --> 04:00:03,700
culture of Elegance and 
sophistication, that worked 

4512
04:00:03,700 --> 04:00:06,200
within natural limits, rather 
than trying to overcome them. 

4513
04:00:06,800 --> 04:00:08,900
Your great-grandmother managed 
to stay cool. 

4514
04:00:08,908 --> 04:00:12,500
Look, beautiful and maintain 
social standards without ever 

4515
04:00:12,500 --> 04:00:14,900
touching a thermostat. 
Creating a lifestyle that was 

4516
04:00:14,900 --> 04:00:16,900
both practical and genuinely 
stylish. 

4517
04:00:16,900 --> 04:00:19,700
As you settle into your climate 
controlled bedroom tonight, 

4518
04:00:19,700 --> 04:00:22,900
consider how different your 
great grandparents relationship 

4519
04:00:22,900 --> 04:00:26,500
with sleep was during the 
sweltering summer months night 

4520
04:00:26,500 --> 04:00:29,600
wasn't just a time for rest. 
It was the daily reward for 

4521
04:00:29,600 --> 04:00:33,300
surviving another day of heat. 
precious opportunity to cool 

4522
04:00:33,300 --> 04:00:37,100
down recharge and prepare for 
whatever thermal challenge is 

4523
04:00:37,100 --> 04:00:40,500
tomorrow, might bring The 
evening hours, held a special 

4524
04:00:40,500 --> 04:00:43,400
magic that are artificially 
called world has largely 

4525
04:00:43,400 --> 04:00:46,700
forgotten the transition from 
day, to night was something your

4526
04:00:46,700 --> 04:00:51,200
ancestors saved like wine. 
As the Sun finally began, its 

4527
04:00:51,200 --> 04:00:54,600
descent the entire household 
would shift into evening mode 

4528
04:00:54,600 --> 04:00:56,900
with the Precision of a well 
rehearsed Orchestra. 

4529
04:00:57,600 --> 04:01:00,000
Windows that had been 
strategically closed during the 

4530
04:01:00,000 --> 04:01:02,500
heat of the day would begin 
opening and careful sequence. 

4531
04:01:02,500 --> 04:01:06,000
Each one position to catch the 
first hint of cooling air and 

4532
04:01:06,000 --> 04:01:07,500
encourage it to flow through the
house. 

4533
04:01:08,500 --> 04:01:10,900
Your great-grandmother had an 
intimate knowledge of her home's

4534
04:01:10,900 --> 04:01:13,700
thermal personality. 
She knew which Windows to open 

4535
04:01:13,700 --> 04:01:16,400
first to create the gentle 
suction, that would pull hot air

4536
04:01:16,400 --> 04:01:20,200
out while drawing cooler area. 
She understood the exact moment 

4537
04:01:20,200 --> 04:01:22,600
when the outdoor temperature 
dropped below the indoor 

4538
04:01:22,600 --> 04:01:24,600
temperature. 
The magical threshold when 

4539
04:01:24,600 --> 04:01:28,500
natural ventilation changed from
liability to blessing. this 

4540
04:01:28,500 --> 04:01:32,100
wasn't guesswork, it was science
learned through years of paying 

4541
04:01:32,100 --> 04:01:34,900
attention to the Sea, subtle 
signals that told her when 

4542
04:01:34,900 --> 04:01:38,200
relief was finally available The
bedroom preparation. 

4543
04:01:38,200 --> 04:01:40,800
Rituals of the pre-air 
conditioning era would seem 

4544
04:01:40,800 --> 04:01:43,300
elaborate to you now, but they 
were essential technology for 

4545
04:01:43,300 --> 04:01:46,600
achieving comfortable sleep. 
Beds were positioned, not just 

4546
04:01:46,600 --> 04:01:49,300
for convenience but to catch 
every available Breeze. 

4547
04:01:49,300 --> 04:01:52,500
Your great-grandfather might 
move the entire bed closer to 

4548
04:01:52,500 --> 04:01:55,500
Windows during Heatwave 
transforming the bedroom layout 

4549
04:01:55,500 --> 04:01:57,000
to take advantage of nightmare 
movement. 

4550
04:01:57,900 --> 04:02:00,300
Bedding became a crucial element
in thermal management. 

4551
04:02:00,300 --> 04:02:03,700
Heavy quilts and comforters were
stored away for the summer, 

4552
04:02:03,700 --> 04:02:06,600
replace by lightweight cotton 
sheets that could breathe with 

4553
04:02:06,600 --> 04:02:09,300
the sleeper. 
Some families had special summer

4554
04:02:09,300 --> 04:02:11,000
sheets made from linen or 
cotton. 

4555
04:02:11,000 --> 04:02:13,600
So fine is. 
So it was almost like sleeping 

4556
04:02:13,600 --> 04:02:17,500
under woven are Pillows were 
swapped for thinner version and 

4557
04:02:17,500 --> 04:02:19,500
even mattresses might be 
replaced with lighter 

4558
04:02:19,500 --> 04:02:22,100
Alternatives that didn't trap 
and hold body heat throughout 

4559
04:02:22,100 --> 04:02:24,800
the night. 
The evening cooling routine, 

4560
04:02:24,800 --> 04:02:28,100
extended Beyond just opening 
Windows, your great-grandmother 

4561
04:02:28,100 --> 04:02:30,900
might take a cool bath or Splash
cold water on her wrists. 

4562
04:02:30,900 --> 04:02:33,700
And neck areas where blood 
vessels are close to the surface

4563
04:02:33,700 --> 04:02:35,400
and cooling. 
Them could affect the entire 

4564
04:02:35,400 --> 04:02:38,400
body's temperature. 
Hair that had been pinned up all

4565
04:02:38,400 --> 04:02:41,600
day would be, brushed out in a 
Range to allow maximum air 

4566
04:02:41,600 --> 04:02:43,500
circulation around the neck and 
head during sleep. 

4567
04:02:44,500 --> 04:02:47,500
Children's bedtime routines, 
were specially adapted to heat 

4568
04:02:47,500 --> 04:02:50,600
management lightweight, cotton 
nightgowns replaced heavier, 

4569
04:02:50,600 --> 04:02:53,600
sleepwear, and children, might 
sleep with damp wash clothes on 

4570
04:02:53,600 --> 04:02:56,900
their foreheads or arms, some 
parents, would lightly, dampen 

4571
04:02:56,900 --> 04:03:00,000
sheets with cool water, creating
evaporative cooling. 

4572
04:03:00,000 --> 04:03:02,500
That could make the difference 
between restful sleep and a 

4573
04:03:02,500 --> 04:03:05,200
knight of tossing and turning 
for families fortunate enough to

4574
04:03:05,200 --> 04:03:08,000
have multiple sleeping spaces. 
Some are brought strategic 

4575
04:03:08,000 --> 04:03:11,400
relocations sleeping, porches 
screened areas that were 

4576
04:03:11,400 --> 04:03:14,200
essentially outdoor bedrooms 
became Haven's during the 

4577
04:03:14,200 --> 04:03:17,500
hottest weeks upper floors, 
which were stifling during the 

4578
04:03:17,500 --> 04:03:20,500
day, like become comfortable at 
night, when breezes were 

4579
04:03:20,500 --> 04:03:23,600
stronger at higher elevations. 
Some families would move 

4580
04:03:23,600 --> 04:03:26,300
mattresses to the coolest rooms 
in the house, or even Outdoors 

4581
04:03:26,300 --> 04:03:28,800
under mosquito netting, when 
heat became truly unbearable, 

4582
04:03:29,700 --> 04:03:32,100
The sounds of Summer Nights were
different in the pre-air 

4583
04:03:32,100 --> 04:03:34,700
conditioning era. 
Instead of the constant hum of 

4584
04:03:34,708 --> 04:03:37,700
climate control systems, your 
great grandparents, fell asleep 

4585
04:03:37,700 --> 04:03:40,600
to the Natural Symphony of 
cooling are the whisper of 

4586
04:03:40,608 --> 04:03:44,000
breezes through window screens. 
The Gentle Creek of settling 

4587
04:03:44,000 --> 04:03:47,100
House's as temperatures dropped 
and the distant conversations of

4588
04:03:47,100 --> 04:03:48,800
neighbors. 
Also seeking relief on their 

4589
04:03:48,800 --> 04:03:52,400
porches and in their yards Night
work took on special 

4590
04:03:52,400 --> 04:03:56,000
significance, during hot spells 
tasks that generated heat. 

4591
04:03:56,000 --> 04:03:58,100
During the day could be 
accomplished in the Blessed, 

4592
04:03:58,100 --> 04:03:59,900
coolness of evening and early 
morning hours. 

4593
04:04:00,700 --> 04:04:04,400
Your great-grandmother might do 
her ironing by Lamplight, taking

4594
04:04:04,400 --> 04:04:06,500
advantage of temperatures that 
made the additional heat 

4595
04:04:06,500 --> 04:04:09,000
bearable baking. 
For the next day, could happen 

4596
04:04:09,000 --> 04:04:11,500
in the pre-dawn hours when ovens
wouldn't turn kitchens into 

4597
04:04:11,500 --> 04:04:14,200
furnaces. 
The social aspects of cooling 

4598
04:04:14,200 --> 04:04:17,600
extended into the night as well.
Neighbors might visit each 

4599
04:04:17,600 --> 04:04:20,900
other's cooling spots one family
had a better cross Breeze while 

4600
04:04:20,900 --> 04:04:23,500
another had a deeper. 
Well with cooler water for late 

4601
04:04:23,500 --> 04:04:26,200
evening refreshment. 
These evening, Gatherings were 

4602
04:04:26,200 --> 04:04:28,900
not formal, social events, but 
spontaneous communities of 

4603
04:04:28,900 --> 04:04:31,900
relief where shared cooling 
strategies and mutual support, 

4604
04:04:31,900 --> 04:04:33,700
made the heat more bearable for 
everyone. 

4605
04:04:34,600 --> 04:04:36,900
Dawn brought its rituals in the 
pre-air conditioning world. 

4606
04:04:37,700 --> 04:04:40,400
Your great-grandfather would 
rise early not just to get work 

4607
04:04:40,400 --> 04:04:43,600
done before the heat returned, 
but to save those precious hours

4608
04:04:43,600 --> 04:04:47,300
when the air was actually cool. 
The morning routine, included, 

4609
04:04:47,300 --> 04:04:49,300
assessing the days thermal 
prospects. 

4610
04:04:49,300 --> 04:04:52,500
Checking cloud, cover feeling 
the air for humidity and making 

4611
04:04:52,500 --> 04:04:55,200
strategic decisions about how to
capture and preserve the 

4612
04:04:55,200 --> 04:04:56,500
coolness for as long as 
possible. 

4613
04:04:57,500 --> 04:05:00,400
The cycle would begin again, 
windows that have been opened to

4614
04:05:00,400 --> 04:05:03,600
night are would be strategically
closed as temperatures began to 

4615
04:05:03,600 --> 04:05:06,100
rise. 
Curtains would be drawn to block

4616
04:05:06,100 --> 04:05:08,600
the sun's Heat and the daily 
dance with temperature would 

4617
04:05:08,600 --> 04:05:11,500
resume. 
But those hours of relief that 

4618
04:05:11,500 --> 04:05:14,900
nightly promise of cooling air 
and comfortable sleep, made it 

4619
04:05:14,900 --> 04:05:18,700
all bearable and even beautiful.
Your ancestors didn't just 

4620
04:05:18,700 --> 04:05:21,900
survive the heat. 
They created lives of Grace and 

4621
04:05:21,900 --> 04:05:24,300
comfort within natural limits. 
That required wisdom. 

4622
04:05:24,300 --> 04:05:27,800
Patience and Community. 
They understood something. 

4623
04:05:27,800 --> 04:05:30,600
We're still learning that 
working with natural cycles 

4624
04:05:30,600 --> 04:05:32,500
rather than against them. 
Can create not just 

4625
04:05:32,500 --> 04:05:37,300
sustainability but genuine 
contentment As you drift off to 

4626
04:05:37,300 --> 04:05:39,300
sleep tonight, in your climate 
controlled comfort. 

4627
04:05:39,300 --> 04:05:41,600
You might just dream of summary 
evening's. 

4628
04:05:41,600 --> 04:05:45,000
When cool air was a gift to be 
savored and relief was something

4629
04:05:45,000 --> 04:05:47,000
earned through the simple 
passage of time. 

4630
04:05:47,000 --> 04:05:49,900
And the reliable promise that 
every hot day of eventually, 

4631
04:05:49,900 --> 04:05:51,800
surrenders to the cooling mercy 
of night. 

4632
04:06:01,900 --> 04:06:05,400
Now shut your eyes and visualize
yourself floating slowly through

4633
04:06:05,400 --> 04:06:08,800
centuries of History, until you 
gently land in, what is now 

4634
04:06:08,800 --> 04:06:12,300
erect Circa 2000. 
BC ee. 

4635
04:06:12,300 --> 04:06:16,600
The smell is what hits you 
first, not the site, baking 

4636
04:06:16,600 --> 04:06:19,900
bread river water and yes, a lot
of livestock. 

4637
04:06:20,900 --> 04:06:23,500
Welcome to the first real 
neighborhood in Civilization 

4638
04:06:23,500 --> 04:06:26,300
where people made the decision 
to settle down and stop 

4639
04:06:26,300 --> 04:06:28,800
aimlessly wandering around like 
lost tourists. 

4640
04:06:29,400 --> 04:06:32,600
Tigris and Euphrates are two 
rivers, that would make any real

4641
04:06:32,600 --> 04:06:36,400
estate agent cry with delight. 
These rivers are not just any 

4642
04:06:36,400 --> 04:06:38,400
rivers. 
They are the ancient worlds 

4643
04:06:38,400 --> 04:06:40,800
version of having fresh 
groceries, delivered to your 

4644
04:06:40,808 --> 04:06:44,400
door and Amazon delivery. 
This area was known to the 

4645
04:06:44,400 --> 04:06:47,800
Mesopotamians as the land 
between Rivers, which sounds far

4646
04:06:47,800 --> 04:06:49,500
more poetic in their language 
than it does. 

4647
04:06:49,500 --> 04:06:52,600
When you're trying to explain it
to a dinner party guests, you 

4648
04:06:52,600 --> 04:06:55,000
may be asking yourself. 
Why anyone would decide to live 

4649
04:06:55,000 --> 04:06:56,400
in? 
What is effectively a massive 

4650
04:06:56,400 --> 04:06:59,200
flood plain? 
Imagine having soil, that is so 

4651
04:06:59,208 --> 04:07:01,400
dark and Rich that with a little
encouragement. 

4652
04:07:01,400 --> 04:07:05,400
You could probably grow tomatoes
every year when these Rivers 

4653
04:07:05,400 --> 04:07:08,700
flood, they leave behind a thick
layer of the most Fertile Mud on

4654
04:07:08,700 --> 04:07:11,100
the planet. 
It took the rest of us, 

4655
04:07:11,100 --> 04:07:13,200
Millennia, to realize what the 
locals are discovered. 

4656
04:07:13,200 --> 04:07:16,700
Sometimes the greatest things in
life, have a small mess 

4657
04:07:16,700 --> 04:07:19,400
associated with them. 
You wouldn't recognize the 

4658
04:07:19,400 --> 04:07:21,900
cities that arising all around 
you from contemporary urban 

4659
04:07:21,900 --> 04:07:24,700
planning. 
This place lacks tidy Suburban 

4660
04:07:24,700 --> 04:07:29,100
grids and straight lines, rather
visualize organic growth. 

4661
04:07:29,100 --> 04:07:33,900
Akin to a coral reef composed of
human ambition and mud bricks 

4662
04:07:33,900 --> 04:07:37,700
narrow streets, wind between 
houses like old hiking trails 

4663
04:07:37,700 --> 04:07:40,200
and houses clustered together as
if they are having a 

4664
04:07:40,208 --> 04:07:41,900
never-ending neighborhood. 
Conversation. 

4665
04:07:41,900 --> 04:07:45,200
Another thing that strikes you 
as being very Antiquated, is the

4666
04:07:45,200 --> 04:07:48,900
lack of electrical hums, the 
quiet of engines and the absence

4667
04:07:48,900 --> 04:07:50,500
of any traffic that resembles 
Russia. 

4668
04:07:51,300 --> 04:07:54,800
Rather there's the soft splatter
of irrigation channels, the 

4669
04:07:54,800 --> 04:07:58,200
steady Thunder of grain being 
ground and the sporadic snarling

4670
04:07:58,200 --> 04:08:00,000
of a donkey. 
That's obviously upset about 

4671
04:08:00,000 --> 04:08:03,100
something. 
Modern people spend a lot of 

4672
04:08:03,100 --> 04:08:05,700
money to experience this type of
Tranquility at wellness 

4673
04:08:05,700 --> 04:08:09,400
retreats, however, this quiet 
does not imply an activity. 

4674
04:08:10,300 --> 04:08:13,200
First large-scale, urban living 
experiment in history as what 

4675
04:08:13,200 --> 04:08:16,400
you're seeing in essence, these 
individuals are inventing. 

4676
04:08:16,400 --> 04:08:19,100
As they go along resolving 
issues that have never been 

4677
04:08:19,100 --> 04:08:22,400
encountered By Any Human. 
How do you manage thousands of 

4678
04:08:22,400 --> 04:08:25,400
people in one location? 
How do you ensure that everyone 

4679
04:08:25,400 --> 04:08:28,800
eats When your neighbor's goat 
keeps eating your Bali? 

4680
04:08:28,800 --> 04:08:30,400
How do you keep things from 
going? 

4681
04:08:30,400 --> 04:08:33,700
Completely out of control? 
As you will see, the answer 

4682
04:08:33,700 --> 04:08:37,000
combines are remarkable amount 
of Ingenuity practicality and 

4683
04:08:37,000 --> 04:08:39,800
what can only be called the 
first bureaucracy in history? 

4684
04:08:39,800 --> 04:08:44,000
Yes, paperwork was a part of 
paradise as you become more 

4685
04:08:44,000 --> 04:08:45,500
accustomed to this ancient 
world. 

4686
04:08:45,500 --> 04:08:48,300
You start to notice something 
that would cause any 

4687
04:08:48,300 --> 04:08:51,100
contemporary city. 
Planner to either run screaming 

4688
04:08:51,100 --> 04:08:54,000
back to their zoning Maps or cry
with Envy. 

4689
04:08:54,700 --> 04:08:57,300
These Mesopotamians have 
produced a system of ordered 

4690
04:08:57,300 --> 04:09:00,900
chaos that somehow manages to 
keep everyone fed house and 

4691
04:09:00,900 --> 04:09:03,800
comparatively content even 
though it shouldn't work. 

4692
04:09:03,800 --> 04:09:07,500
Let's begin with the irrigation 
system which is the most amazing

4693
04:09:07,500 --> 04:09:10,300
engineering achievement, you 
will ever witness that does not 

4694
04:09:10,300 --> 04:09:13,900
require electricity. 
Imagine a vast system of canals,

4695
04:09:13,900 --> 04:09:17,800
connecting every Field Garden 
and drinking well Nature's 

4696
04:09:17,800 --> 04:09:20,400
equivalent of the internet. 
You know what? 

4697
04:09:21,200 --> 04:09:23,900
Instead of just accepting this 
water, when you feel like giving

4698
04:09:23,900 --> 04:09:26,400
it to us, we're going to 
convince you to share it on our 

4699
04:09:26,400 --> 04:09:29,000
schedule. 
The Mesopotamian said glancing 

4700
04:09:29,000 --> 04:09:31,800
at their rushing Rivers. 
The end effect is a network of 

4701
04:09:31,800 --> 04:09:34,400
watery highways that would make 
the roads of ancient Rome 

4702
04:09:34,400 --> 04:09:37,700
appear, straight forward. 
Individual fields are directly 

4703
04:09:37,700 --> 04:09:40,800
irrigated by water flowing. 
From the main rivers into 

4704
04:09:40,800 --> 04:09:44,400
primary canals secondary 
channels and smaller ditches. 

4705
04:09:44,400 --> 04:09:47,500
It's similar to having running 
water, but it goes to your 

4706
04:09:47,500 --> 04:09:49,500
barley patch rather than your 
kitchen sink. 

4707
04:09:50,200 --> 04:09:53,000
In addition unlike your 
contemporary Plumbing, if this 

4708
04:09:53,000 --> 04:09:56,500
system fails, the city as a 
whole loses lunch, in addition 

4709
04:09:56,500 --> 04:09:59,200
to water pressure, massive 
collaboration is needed to 

4710
04:09:59,200 --> 04:10:02,500
manage this liquid Lifeline, 
which has never been done before

4711
04:10:02,500 --> 04:10:05,600
in human history. 
One farmer cannot choose to use 

4712
04:10:05,600 --> 04:10:08,600
more water for his Fields. 
While his neighbors crops are 

4713
04:10:08,600 --> 04:10:10,600
dying. 
It is impossible for someone 

4714
04:10:10,600 --> 04:10:13,300
Upstream to construct a dam with
without taking Downstream 

4715
04:10:13,300 --> 04:10:16,200
residents into account. 
People must look beyond their 

4716
04:10:16,200 --> 04:10:18,700
immediate needs, their tribe, 
and their family. 

4717
04:10:18,700 --> 04:10:20,300
For the first time in human 
history. 

4718
04:10:20,300 --> 04:10:22,600
Things start to get interesting 
at this point. 

4719
04:10:22,600 --> 04:10:26,100
The water schedule, must be 
overseen by someone who gets 

4720
04:10:26,100 --> 04:10:30,000
what, and when must be decided 
by someone When farmer B 

4721
04:10:30,000 --> 04:10:33,100
insists, his irrigation ditch 
was there first and farmer. 

4722
04:10:33,100 --> 04:10:35,200
A accuses farmer. 
B of stealing water. 

4723
04:10:35,200 --> 04:10:38,000
Someone has to resolve. 
The inevitable conflicts 

4724
04:10:38,000 --> 04:10:41,300
presenting, the first middle 
management in history since 

4725
04:10:41,300 --> 04:10:43,700
clipboards, won't be invented 
for several thousand years. 

4726
04:10:43,700 --> 04:10:46,700
These water managers are more 
than just bureaucrats with 

4727
04:10:46,700 --> 04:10:49,900
clipboards they combine elements
of weather, forecasting, 

4728
04:10:49,900 --> 04:10:53,600
engineering diplomacy and 
refereeing they must comprehend.

4729
04:10:53,600 --> 04:10:57,100
Not only the flow of water but 
also human thought crop growth 

4730
04:10:57,100 --> 04:11:00,700
and how to stop Neighbors from 
igniting generation long feuds. 

4731
04:11:00,700 --> 04:11:04,400
The good news is that it does 
work, your witnessing thousands 

4732
04:11:04,400 --> 04:11:07,000
of people successfully, 
arranging their daily schedules 

4733
04:11:07,000 --> 04:11:11,300
around common resources, every 
year, the Harvest arrives, the 

4734
04:11:11,300 --> 04:11:14,200
fields, turn green at the 
appropriate time and the 

4735
04:11:14,200 --> 04:11:17,200
irrigation ditches run. 
According to plan, when the 

4736
04:11:17,208 --> 04:11:20,100
irrigation schedule becomes 
complicated, everyone is 

4737
04:11:20,100 --> 04:11:23,500
contributing labor water rights 
and a willingness to not 

4738
04:11:23,500 --> 04:11:27,000
strangle their neighbors, this 
like watching a Antiquated 

4739
04:11:27,000 --> 04:11:28,600
version of a neighborhood 
potluck. 

4740
04:11:29,200 --> 04:11:32,300
Instead of bringing casseroles, 
this system's success has a 

4741
04:11:32,300 --> 04:11:34,300
significant impact on human 
society. 

4742
04:11:34,300 --> 04:11:37,400
Some people are able to quit 
farming when they can 

4743
04:11:37,400 --> 04:11:40,100
consistently produce more food 
than they require for survival, 

4744
04:11:40,900 --> 04:11:43,700
Additionally, some people can 
start doing other things, once 

4745
04:11:43,700 --> 04:11:45,900
they are able to stop 
cultivating food full-time, 

4746
04:11:45,900 --> 04:11:49,100
interesting things revolutionary
actions. 

4747
04:11:49,100 --> 04:11:52,900
This is how your first devoted 
priests your first full-time 

4748
04:11:52,900 --> 04:11:56,300
Artisans, and your first 
qualified administrators come to

4749
04:11:56,300 --> 04:11:59,300
be It's how you get people who 
don't have to worry about 

4750
04:11:59,300 --> 04:12:01,900
whether there will be enough 
grain for the next Harvest to 

4751
04:12:01,900 --> 04:12:05,600
spend their days thinking about 
astronomy mathematics, or how to

4752
04:12:05,608 --> 04:12:08,000
make better beer. 
You'll seeing the emergence of 

4753
04:12:08,000 --> 04:12:11,100
expertise along with 
specialization people, can now 

4754
04:12:11,100 --> 04:12:13,900
become exceptionally skilled at 
one thing for the first time in 

4755
04:12:13,900 --> 04:12:16,300
human history. 
As they are no longer forced to 

4756
04:12:16,300 --> 04:12:19,400
be mediocre at everything. 
In order to survive, you might 

4757
04:12:19,400 --> 04:12:21,800
be surprised to learn that. 
These Mesopotamians are born 

4758
04:12:21,808 --> 04:12:23,900
business people as you can 
continue your leisurely 

4759
04:12:23,900 --> 04:12:25,400
exploration of this ancient 
world. 

4760
04:12:26,500 --> 04:12:28,600
They have established. 
What may be the first startup 

4761
04:12:28,600 --> 04:12:32,800
culture in history, complete 
with competition creativity and 

4762
04:12:32,800 --> 04:12:35,200
the occasional spectacular 
failure from which everyone 

4763
04:12:35,200 --> 04:12:38,300
gains knowledge, for example, 
metalworking. 

4764
04:12:38,300 --> 04:12:41,000
You see people who have 
discovered that they can create 

4765
04:12:41,000 --> 04:12:44,400
bronze more durable and 
practical metal than anything 

4766
04:12:44,400 --> 04:12:48,100
they've ever, used by heating, 
specific rocks to the ideal 

4767
04:12:48,100 --> 04:12:50,700
temperature and combining them 
with other rocks. 

4768
04:12:50,700 --> 04:12:54,500
This is the beginning of the 
technology industry, not just a 

4769
04:12:54,500 --> 04:12:57,400
development in technology, there
is collaboration among the 

4770
04:12:57,400 --> 04:12:59,900
bronze makers. 
They require traders who can 

4771
04:12:59,900 --> 04:13:03,200
transport tin and copper, from 
hundreds of miles away, because 

4772
04:13:03,200 --> 04:13:06,100
they are necessary. 
They require individuals who 

4773
04:13:06,100 --> 04:13:09,100
specialize in the production of 
charcoal because they require 

4774
04:13:09,100 --> 04:13:12,700
fuel for their furnaces. 
They require a market that is 

4775
04:13:12,700 --> 04:13:15,800
sophisticated enough to discern 
between a mediocre bronze tool 

4776
04:13:15,800 --> 04:13:19,200
and a truly exceptional one in 
order to attract clients who 

4777
04:13:19,200 --> 04:13:22,300
value quality metal work. 
Before you know, it Supply 

4778
04:13:22,300 --> 04:13:25,700
chains are in place. 
You have quality control yes the

4779
04:13:25,700 --> 04:13:27,600
best metal. 
Workers build reputations. 

4780
04:13:27,600 --> 04:13:30,400
And people begin to request 
tools made by particular 

4781
04:13:30,400 --> 04:13:32,600
artists. 
So you have brand recognition, 

4782
04:13:32,600 --> 04:13:36,000
it's the Antiquated version of 
Yelp, reviews. 

4783
04:13:36,000 --> 04:13:38,000
Accepting of posting them 
online. 

4784
04:13:38,000 --> 04:13:40,600
People tell their neighbors, 
which blacksmith produces 

4785
04:13:40,600 --> 04:13:42,300
harvest season tools. 
That don't break. 

4786
04:13:42,300 --> 04:13:46,200
However, the true Innovation 
taking place here is economic 

4787
04:13:46,200 --> 04:13:49,800
rather than technological. 
The modern concept of Commerce 

4788
04:13:49,800 --> 04:13:51,300
is being created by these 
individuals. 

4789
04:13:51,300 --> 04:13:55,000
They are determining how to 
fairly trade goods and services 

4790
04:13:55,000 --> 04:13:56,800
between people who have 
different needs. 

4791
04:13:56,800 --> 04:13:59,700
How to plan for future needs 
while managing current 

4792
04:13:59,700 --> 04:14:03,200
resources, and how to assign 
value to goods and services. 

4793
04:14:03,200 --> 04:14:06,700
Think about the difficulties, 
you need a new plow because you 

4794
04:14:06,700 --> 04:14:10,300
grow barley, The toolmaker needs
copper for his next project, not

4795
04:14:10,300 --> 04:14:14,500
barley, but he wants payment in 
order to trade up north, the 

4796
04:14:14,500 --> 04:14:16,600
copper Trader needs wool. 
Not barley. 

4797
04:14:16,600 --> 04:14:19,200
The shepherd needs barley, but 
he has wool. 

4798
04:14:19,200 --> 04:14:22,400
How can this be made to work? 
Their solution is sophisticated 

4799
04:14:22,400 --> 04:14:24,800
in. 
Its intricacy, like water 

4800
04:14:24,800 --> 04:14:27,700
through their irrigation 
channels, they established a 

4801
04:14:27,700 --> 04:14:30,400
system of credit and debt that 
enables value to move throughout

4802
04:14:30,400 --> 04:14:33,500
the community. 
In exchange, for your promise, 

4803
04:14:33,500 --> 04:14:36,100
to pay him with barley after the
Harvest, which he can, then 

4804
04:14:36,100 --> 04:14:38,700
exchange for supplies for his 
next project with the copper 

4805
04:14:38,700 --> 04:14:41,200
Trader. 
Toolmaker agrees to make your 

4806
04:14:41,200 --> 04:14:44,400
plow right away. 
It's credit without credit cards

4807
04:14:44,400 --> 04:14:47,400
and banking without banks. 
And it all depends on reputation

4808
04:14:47,400 --> 04:14:50,800
and Trust writing is a seemingly
straightforward, but 

4809
04:14:50,800 --> 04:14:54,100
revolutionary requirement for 
this system, not just any 

4810
04:14:54,100 --> 04:14:56,500
writing. 
But every day, useful, writing 

4811
04:14:56,500 --> 04:14:59,400
that can document who is 
responsible for what when 

4812
04:14:59,400 --> 04:15:02,700
payment is due and what happens 
when someone fails to fulfill 

4813
04:15:02,700 --> 04:15:05,700
their end of the agreement, your
witnessing the creation of 

4814
04:15:05,700 --> 04:15:09,100
business records receipts and 
contracts in addition to being 

4815
04:15:09,100 --> 04:15:12,200
works of ancient literature. 
The cuneiform tablets found 

4816
04:15:12,200 --> 04:15:14,900
throughout the cities of the 
earliest business documents ever

4817
04:15:14,900 --> 04:15:19,300
created purchase orders. 
Tax records, loan agreements, 

4818
04:15:19,300 --> 04:15:23,400
employment contracts, and 
inventory lists All of it is 

4819
04:15:23,400 --> 04:15:26,700
here compressed into clay, with 
marks in the shape of wedges 

4820
04:15:26,700 --> 04:15:30,300
that symbolize the beginning of 
bureaucracy, indeed, you are so 

4821
04:15:30,300 --> 04:15:32,000
witnessing the development of 
accounting. 

4822
04:15:33,000 --> 04:15:35,500
All of these promises 
transactions and credits and 

4823
04:15:35,500 --> 04:15:38,700
debts, moving through the 
community must be monitored by 

4824
04:15:38,700 --> 04:15:42,200
someone even though the early 
accountants worked by Lamplight 

4825
04:15:42,200 --> 04:15:46,000
with clay, tablets and Reed 
styluses rather than in 

4826
04:15:46,000 --> 04:15:49,000
contemporary offices with 
computers, they were addressing 

4827
04:15:49,000 --> 04:15:51,000
the same issues that accountants
do today. 

4828
04:15:51,000 --> 04:15:55,100
The inventiveness of these 
Solutions is astounding They're 

4829
04:15:55,100 --> 04:15:58,000
creating economic systems from 
the ground up and learning by 

4830
04:15:58,000 --> 04:16:00,300
trial and error. 
How to make complex societies 

4831
04:16:00,300 --> 04:16:03,800
run smoothly, rather than simply
replicating, what worked 

4832
04:16:03,800 --> 04:16:06,300
elsewhere, you're going to see 
something that will make you 

4833
04:16:06,300 --> 04:16:08,000
appreciate human ambition, even 
more. 

4834
04:16:08,000 --> 04:16:10,700
As you can continue your cozy, 
exploration of this ancient 

4835
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:14,200
world, these Mesopotamians 
aren't satisfied. 

4836
04:16:14,200 --> 04:16:17,400
With merely resolving pragmatic 
issues like trade and irrigation

4837
04:16:17,400 --> 04:16:20,700
their, aiming for something 
greater something that appeals 

4838
04:16:20,700 --> 04:16:23,300
to the basic human need to build
monuments to their own 

4839
04:16:23,300 --> 04:16:27,300
creativity, your witnessing, the
construction of ziggurats which 

4840
04:16:27,300 --> 04:16:30,000
are enormous stepped pyramids 
that resemble old-fashioned 

4841
04:16:30,000 --> 04:16:32,900
skyscrapers and rise out of the 
level Terrain. 

4842
04:16:33,800 --> 04:16:36,600
However, referring to them as 
buildings is an understatement. 

4843
04:16:36,600 --> 04:16:40,600
These are assertion 
proclamations and Architectural 

4844
04:16:40,600 --> 04:16:42,200
justifications for human 
potential. 

4845
04:16:43,200 --> 04:16:46,500
People say, we can move 
mountains of Earth and we can do

4846
04:16:46,500 --> 04:16:49,100
it one basket at a time. 
When you watch one being 

4847
04:16:49,100 --> 04:16:51,900
constructed, the logistics alone
are astounding. 

4848
04:16:51,900 --> 04:16:55,100
Millions of mud bricks. 
Must be made dried and 

4849
04:16:55,100 --> 04:16:58,500
transported to the construction 
site for a large ziggurat, no 

4850
04:16:58,500 --> 04:17:01,200
trucks. 
Cranes or mechanized equipment 

4851
04:17:01,200 --> 04:17:03,500
to present. 
Everything is propelled by 

4852
04:17:03,500 --> 04:17:07,000
animal strength, human muscle 
power, a complex network of 

4853
04:17:07,000 --> 04:17:11,300
ramps and levers, and unwavering
willpower, Planning however is 

4854
04:17:11,300 --> 04:17:15,000
what really sets it apart to 
prevent the entire project from 

4855
04:17:15,000 --> 04:17:17,000
collapsing into a heap of costly
debris. 

4856
04:17:17,000 --> 04:17:20,300
Someone must determine how many 
bricks they will need where to 

4857
04:17:20,300 --> 04:17:23,600
obtain the raw materials, how 
many workers are needed, how to 

4858
04:17:23,608 --> 04:17:26,600
feed all of those workers where 
they will sleep and how to 

4859
04:17:26,608 --> 04:17:29,600
coordinate their efforts, your 
witnessing a level of project 

4860
04:17:29,600 --> 04:17:32,000
management that won't be seen. 
Again until the building of 

4861
04:17:32,000 --> 04:17:35,800
medieval Cathedrals, with 
hundreds of workers, dozens of 

4862
04:17:35,800 --> 04:17:39,500
specialized trades and Supply. 
Chains spanning the entire Known

4863
04:17:39,500 --> 04:17:43,200
World, the ziggurat Builders are
effectively managing the biggest

4864
04:17:43,200 --> 04:17:46,300
construction company in the 
ancient world, contrary to what 

4865
04:17:46,300 --> 04:17:49,000
Hollywood may have taught you, 
the workers themselves are not 

4866
04:17:49,008 --> 04:17:52,400
slaves, considerate, the most 
complex community service 

4867
04:17:52,400 --> 04:17:55,400
project in the world, they are 
citizens carrying out. 

4868
04:17:55,400 --> 04:17:59,000
Their civic duties seasonal 
workers and skilled artists. 

4869
04:17:59,000 --> 04:18:02,300
People don't donate their time 
to building projects that 

4870
04:18:02,300 --> 04:18:05,300
benefit everyone during the 
agricultural offseason when the 

4871
04:18:05,300 --> 04:18:08,300
fields don't need to be tended. 
This desire to create something 

4872
04:18:08,300 --> 04:18:11,700
greater than anyone person could
On their own, has a very human 

4873
04:18:11,700 --> 04:18:14,500
quality. 
In addition to their utilitarian

4874
04:18:14,500 --> 04:18:17,700
functions as temples. 
Administrative hubs and grain 

4875
04:18:17,700 --> 04:18:20,800
storage facilities, the 
ziggurats are all, so symbolic 

4876
04:18:21,500 --> 04:18:23,200
Look what we can do when we work
together. 

4877
04:18:23,200 --> 04:18:27,100
Look how high we can reach. 
They say, surprisingly, complex 

4878
04:18:27,100 --> 04:18:29,900
engineering is needed, the 
builders must comprehend. 

4879
04:18:29,900 --> 04:18:33,500
The structural Integrity weight 
distribution, and composition of

4880
04:18:33,500 --> 04:18:37,000
the soil, they create methods 
for building sturdy foundations.

4881
04:18:37,000 --> 04:18:40,800
In muddy, ground avoiding water 
damage and guaranteeing that the

4882
04:18:40,800 --> 04:18:42,800
structure will endure for many 
generations. 

4883
04:18:42,800 --> 04:18:45,700
These are not archaic 
individuals, fumbling through 

4884
04:18:45,700 --> 04:18:48,600
building projects rather they 
are demonstrating. 

4885
04:18:48,600 --> 04:18:52,200
Extraordinary Ingenuity in 
resolving intricate engineering 

4886
04:18:52,200 --> 04:18:54,400
problems. 
Consider the challenge of 

4887
04:18:54,400 --> 04:18:56,400
producing millions of identical 
bricks. 

4888
04:18:57,000 --> 04:18:59,700
To guarantee uniformity 
throughout large production runs

4889
04:18:59,700 --> 04:19:03,500
they create standardized molds, 
quality assurance, protocols, 

4890
04:19:03,500 --> 04:19:07,100
and drying methods. 
They determine the ideal brick 

4891
04:19:07,100 --> 04:19:08,800
size. 
Is that strike a balance between

4892
04:19:08,800 --> 04:19:10,700
handling ease and structural 
strength? 

4893
04:19:11,400 --> 04:19:13,700
They develop production 
techniques for assembly lines. 

4894
04:19:13,700 --> 04:19:16,100
That will not be used again 
until the Industrial Revolution.

4895
04:19:16,100 --> 04:19:19,300
Even more impressive than the 
engineering is the coordination.

4896
04:19:19,300 --> 04:19:22,300
That is needed. 
Consider overseeing a project in

4897
04:19:22,300 --> 04:19:24,100
which some employees are 
producing bricks. 

4898
04:19:24,100 --> 04:19:26,000
Others are moving them and 
still. 

4899
04:19:26,000 --> 04:19:27,800
Others are arranging them in 
progressively. 

4900
04:19:27,800 --> 04:19:31,100
Intricate designs as the 
building Rises, everyone needs 

4901
04:19:31,100 --> 04:19:34,900
to be motivated, supervised 
supplied and in sync, it's 

4902
04:19:34,900 --> 04:19:37,600
similar to conducting an 
orchestra except that hundreds 

4903
04:19:37,600 --> 04:19:40,500
of construction workers are used
in place of musicians and 

4904
04:19:40,500 --> 04:19:43,300
architecture that will Outlast 
Empires is used in place of 

4905
04:19:43,308 --> 04:19:45,200
music. 
You come across something that 

4906
04:19:45,200 --> 04:19:48,200
may appear less dramatic than 
enormous construction projects, 

4907
04:19:48,200 --> 04:19:51,300
but is actually far more 
revolutionary as you can 

4908
04:19:51,300 --> 04:19:53,800
continue your peaceful journey 
through this amazing 

4909
04:19:53,800 --> 04:19:56,300
civilization. 
You're seeing the beginning of 

4910
04:19:56,300 --> 04:20:00,200
formal educational mathematics 
and what we might call science 

4911
04:20:00,200 --> 04:20:03,200
the point at which humans 
started to think methodically 

4912
04:20:03,200 --> 04:20:06,000
about thinking itself. 
Something extraordinary is 

4913
04:20:06,000 --> 04:20:09,800
taking place in tiny buildings 
dotted across the city's young 

4914
04:20:09,800 --> 04:20:11,400
adults and children are 
congregating. 

4915
04:20:11,500 --> 04:20:15,300
To learn rather than to labor in
workshops or Fields the lessons,

4916
04:20:15,300 --> 04:20:17,500
they are learning at the first 
schools in history will have a 

4917
04:20:17,508 --> 04:20:19,400
lasting impact on human 
civilization. 

4918
04:20:19,400 --> 04:20:22,400
These are not informal teachings
that parents in part to their 

4919
04:20:22,400 --> 04:20:24,800
children. 
This is formal educational, 

4920
04:20:24,800 --> 04:20:27,600
complete with learning 
objectives standardized, 

4921
04:20:27,600 --> 04:20:29,200
curricula and qualified 
teachers. 

4922
04:20:30,100 --> 04:20:32,300
In addition to learning 
mathematics, astronomy 

4923
04:20:32,300 --> 04:20:35,600
literature and law. 
Students, also practice writing 

4924
04:20:35,600 --> 04:20:37,600
by copying out traditional 
texts. 

4925
04:20:38,100 --> 04:20:40,700
They are becoming literate in 
the art of knowledge acquisition

4926
04:20:40,700 --> 04:20:42,700
as well as in their native 
tongue. 

4927
04:20:42,700 --> 04:20:46,000
Your high school algebra teacher
would be ecstatic about the 

4928
04:20:46,000 --> 04:20:47,400
mathematics being developed 
here. 

4929
04:20:48,200 --> 04:20:50,700
These individuals are dealing 
with ideas that appear to be 

4930
04:20:50,708 --> 04:20:54,500
nearly contemporary, geometric 
principles, place value, 

4931
04:20:54,500 --> 04:20:57,500
notation and mathematical 
relationships that are still 

4932
04:20:57,508 --> 04:21:00,700
utilized by architects today, 
their finding abstract 

4933
04:21:00,700 --> 04:21:03,500
mathematical truths that exist 
apart from any real world 

4934
04:21:03,500 --> 04:21:05,900
applications, not just counting 
things. 

4935
04:21:05,900 --> 04:21:09,500
What's amazing though is that 
they're using a number system 

4936
04:21:09,500 --> 04:21:14,200
based on 60 rather than 10 
They're thinking in Basics 60 

4937
04:21:14,200 --> 04:21:16,500
while you're counting on your 
fingers and working with powers 

4938
04:21:16,500 --> 04:21:19,300
of 10. 
This sounds really strange and 

4939
04:21:19,300 --> 04:21:22,700
you realize that 60 is more 
divisible by numbers than 10 is 

4940
04:21:22,700 --> 04:21:24,800
for many mathematical 
operations. 

4941
04:21:24,800 --> 04:21:26,800
Their system is actually more 
adaptable. 

4942
04:21:26,800 --> 04:21:29,600
It's similar to learning that a 
better wheel was created. 

4943
04:21:29,600 --> 04:21:33,000
But thousands of years later 
were still using the subpar one.

4944
04:21:33,000 --> 04:21:35,900
There is more to this. 
Mathematical sophistication than

4945
04:21:35,900 --> 04:21:39,200
meets the eye, the same 
individuals who divided circles 

4946
04:21:39,200 --> 04:21:42,700
into 360 Degrees. 
Yes, that's where that 

4947
04:21:42,700 --> 04:21:45,200
originates are. 
Also conducting astronomical 

4948
04:21:45,200 --> 04:21:47,600
observations which called for 
exact measurement and 

4949
04:21:47,600 --> 04:21:50,500
documentation. 
They're making calendars that 

4950
04:21:50,500 --> 04:21:53,200
line agricultural activities 
with astronomical events, 

4951
04:21:53,200 --> 04:21:56,200
tracking the Motions of planets 
and forecasting. 

4952
04:21:56,200 --> 04:21:59,900
Eclipses, it is truly astounding
how much astronomical knowledge 

4953
04:21:59,900 --> 04:22:02,900
is being amassed here. 
These observers have discovered 

4954
04:22:02,900 --> 04:22:05,300
that there are recurring 
patterns in the movements of the

4955
04:22:05,300 --> 04:22:08,900
planets, they can predict, when 
Venus will show up as An Evening

4956
04:22:08,900 --> 04:22:12,500
Star, as a Morning Star, they 
have developed mathematical 

4957
04:22:12,500 --> 04:22:16,700
models to forecast, astronomical
events, an identified as a diele

4958
04:22:16,700 --> 04:22:19,500
constellations. 
Most impressive though, is the 

4959
04:22:19,500 --> 04:22:22,400
way their tackling these issues.
They are searching for 

4960
04:22:22,400 --> 04:22:25,700
underlying patterns, formulating
hypotheses and testing 

4961
04:22:25,700 --> 04:22:28,300
predictions in addition to 
merely Gathering observations. 

4962
04:22:29,300 --> 04:22:32,000
For another few thousand years, 
they would not refer to what 

4963
04:22:32,000 --> 04:22:35,000
they are doing as science. 
But they are this methodical 

4964
04:22:35,000 --> 04:22:37,500
approach to knowledge is not 
limited to astronomy and 

4965
04:22:37,508 --> 04:22:40,000
Mathematics. 
Students are learning how to 

4966
04:22:40,000 --> 04:22:43,700
evaluate court cases write 
poetry in accordance with formal

4967
04:22:43,700 --> 04:22:46,900
guide, lines and comprehend 
historical precedents. 

4968
04:22:46,900 --> 04:22:49,400
In the classroom, they are 
discovering that knowledge 

4969
04:22:49,400 --> 04:22:52,500
itself can be methodically 
arranged classified and passed 

4970
04:22:52,500 --> 04:22:54,200
down from one generation to the 
next. 

4971
04:22:54,200 --> 04:22:57,800
Your witnessing, the creation of
intellectual Life as we know it 

4972
04:22:57,800 --> 04:23:00,300
today. 
For the first time in history, 

4973
04:23:00,300 --> 04:23:03,600
some people are able to devote 
their lives to comprehending the

4974
04:23:03,600 --> 04:23:07,000
fundamentals of the world's 
functioning rather than just 

4975
04:23:07,000 --> 04:23:09,400
finding solutions to pressing 
practical issues. 

4976
04:23:10,300 --> 04:23:13,300
What are numbers really? 
Why do the planets move the way 

4977
04:23:13,300 --> 04:23:15,700
they do? 
And what makes a good law 

4978
04:23:15,700 --> 04:23:18,400
different from a bad one? 
Or some of the questions they 

4979
04:23:18,400 --> 04:23:21,300
can pose, the ramifications are 
astounding. 

4980
04:23:22,200 --> 04:23:24,900
People whose job it is to think 
about abstract problems, begin 

4981
04:23:24,900 --> 04:23:27,500
to draw connections between 
various fields of knowledge. 

4982
04:23:28,300 --> 04:23:31,200
The mathematician understands 
that architecture is governed by

4983
04:23:31,200 --> 04:23:34,600
geometric principles, the 
astronomer learns that natural 

4984
04:23:34,600 --> 04:23:37,000
events can be predicted by 
mathematical models. 

4985
04:23:37,000 --> 04:23:40,100
The legal scholar is aware that 
using reason to settle 

4986
04:23:40,100 --> 04:23:42,600
disagreements. 
Is a more Equitable approach 

4987
04:23:42,600 --> 04:23:46,000
than merely adhering to custom. 
Let's take a break from our 

4988
04:23:46,000 --> 04:23:49,100
travels and become accustomed to
the mild routine of this amazing

4989
04:23:49,100 --> 04:23:51,600
Society. 
You're about to learn that 

4990
04:23:51,600 --> 04:23:53,500
Revolution. 
Can sometimes be whispered 

4991
04:23:53,500 --> 04:23:56,600
through the everyday moments 
that comprise human existence, 

4992
04:23:56,600 --> 04:24:00,400
rather than always being 
announced with great Fanfare, a 

4993
04:24:00,400 --> 04:24:03,300
typical Mesopotamian, family 
wakes up as the small Highway 

4994
04:24:03,300 --> 04:24:06,100
Windows of their house, letting 
the first of the day. 

4995
04:24:06,100 --> 04:24:09,700
The first thing that strikes you
is how different their everyday 

4996
04:24:09,700 --> 04:24:12,100
worries are from yours yet. 
They feel surprisingly. 

4997
04:24:13,400 --> 04:24:16,000
The mother is organizing meals 
that will stretch resources 

4998
04:24:16,000 --> 04:24:18,200
throughout the week and keeping 
an eye on the household's grain 

4999
04:24:18,200 --> 04:24:20,600
supplies. 
The father is going over his 

5000
04:24:20,600 --> 04:24:23,500
to-do list, in his head, 
including, which irrigation 

5001
04:24:23,500 --> 04:24:27,100
channels require upkeep, which 
tools require repair and which 

5002
04:24:27,100 --> 04:24:29,800
neighbors he needs to work with,
in preparation for the Harvest, 

5003
04:24:29,800 --> 04:24:33,300
their kids are getting ready for
school and yes, they probably 

5004
04:24:33,300 --> 04:24:34,900
whine about it as much as kids 
do. 

5005
04:24:35,700 --> 04:24:37,600
Young and little claims. 
He already knows enough 

5006
04:24:37,600 --> 04:24:40,400
mathematics to assist with the 
family business and little 

5007
04:24:40,400 --> 04:24:43,600
shamate refuses to practice her 
knee form writing exercises. 

5008
04:24:44,600 --> 04:24:47,500
It appears that certain aspects 
of human nature never go out of 

5009
04:24:47,500 --> 04:24:49,700
style. 
However, these everyday 

5010
04:24:49,700 --> 04:24:52,800
occurrences contain innovations 
that continue to shape Our Lives

5011
04:24:52,800 --> 04:24:55,600
to this day. 
In order to trade, fairly with 

5012
04:24:55,600 --> 04:24:58,400
her neighbors, the mother uses 
standardized weights and 

5013
04:24:58,408 --> 04:25:00,400
measures when she measures out 
grain for breakfast. 

5014
04:25:01,400 --> 04:25:04,700
The father uses a filing system 
that arranges data in ways that 

5015
04:25:04,700 --> 04:25:07,300
any contemporary office worker 
would recognize when he looks 

5016
04:25:07,300 --> 04:25:09,300
through his business. 
Records, from the previous day, 

5017
04:25:09,300 --> 04:25:12,300
the breakfast itself 
demonstrates, the sophistication

5018
04:25:12,300 --> 04:25:16,500
of Technology, yeast cultures a 
biological technology, that 

5019
04:25:16,500 --> 04:25:19,300
turns simple grain into 
sustenance that can support 

5020
04:25:19,300 --> 04:25:21,700
complex. 
Societies have been preserved 

5021
04:25:21,700 --> 04:25:24,300
and passed down through the 
generations to make the bread 

5022
04:25:24,300 --> 04:25:26,800
the beer. 
Yes, they have beer for 

5023
04:25:26,800 --> 04:25:29,200
breakfast, which makes sense, 
given the dubious quality of 

5024
04:25:29,200 --> 04:25:32,100
ancient Water Supplies. 
Represents fermentation 

5025
04:25:32,100 --> 04:25:35,100
processes that call for exact 
timing and temperature control 

5026
04:25:35,100 --> 04:25:37,000
your watching. 
The infrastructure of 

5027
04:25:37,000 --> 04:25:40,200
civilization in action as the 
family go about their morning. 

5028
04:25:40,200 --> 04:25:43,900
Routines, thousands of people 
are served by the distribution 

5029
04:25:43,900 --> 04:25:46,100
system that provides them with 
the water they use. 

5030
04:25:46,100 --> 04:25:49,300
Sewage disposal stops disease 
outbreaks. 

5031
04:25:49,300 --> 04:25:51,900
That would otherwise render big 
cities, uninhabitable. 

5032
04:25:52,600 --> 04:25:56,100
Agricultural systems that can 
sustain populations much larger 

5033
04:25:56,100 --> 04:25:58,908
than the actual workers in the 
fields are the source of the 

5034
04:25:58,916 --> 04:26:01,000
food. 
Your witnessing the beginning of

5035
04:26:01,008 --> 04:26:03,800
expert craftsmanship, when the 
father leaves for his Workshop, 

5036
04:26:03,800 --> 04:26:07,600
he's not just producing. 
He's also upholding standards 

5037
04:26:07,600 --> 04:26:10,900
creating methods and 
establishing a reputation for 

5038
04:26:10,900 --> 04:26:13,000
excellence. 
That goes well beyond his local 

5039
04:26:13,000 --> 04:26:16,500
area, his Goods will be traded 
over great distances, spreading 

5040
04:26:16,500 --> 04:26:18,300
the fame of his City to 
locations. 

5041
04:26:18,300 --> 04:26:21,300
He will never be able to visit 
Mother's Day is equally 

5042
04:26:21,300 --> 04:26:23,600
noteworthy. 
She's in charge of a household 

5043
04:26:23,600 --> 04:26:26,000
that serves as both a place of 
residence and a business. 

5044
04:26:26,900 --> 04:26:30,700
She's handling family, finances,
preserving social ties that are 

5045
04:26:30,700 --> 04:26:33,700
the foundation of community, 
life and processing food for 

5046
04:26:33,700 --> 04:26:36,200
preservation. 
She is teaching kids, not only 

5047
04:26:36,200 --> 04:26:39,800
useful skills, but also social 
norms cultural values and the 

5048
04:26:39,800 --> 04:26:42,600
information, they will need to 
navigate a complex society as 

5049
04:26:42,600 --> 04:26:44,500
adults. 
You'll seeing something, that 

5050
04:26:44,500 --> 04:26:47,200
would be entirely familiar to 
any Modern Family, when the 

5051
04:26:47,200 --> 04:26:50,000
evening rolls around and they 
all sit down to their main meal.

5052
04:26:51,000 --> 04:26:53,400
But it's also utterly 
revolutionary for its time. 

5053
04:26:53,400 --> 04:26:57,500
They are sharing food that has 
been prepared preserved and 

5054
04:26:57,500 --> 04:27:01,000
processed in ways that enable 
them to eat healthily even in 

5055
04:27:01,000 --> 04:27:02,300
the absence of fresh 
ingredients. 

5056
04:27:03,600 --> 04:27:06,100
They're talking about the day's 
activities in a way that helps 

5057
04:27:06,100 --> 04:27:09,000
kids comprehend, how they fit 
into the larger Community. 

5058
04:27:09,000 --> 04:27:12,100
Most astonishingly though 
they're at ease, they are not 

5059
04:27:12,108 --> 04:27:15,100
fighting for basic survival even
though they live in what we 

5060
04:27:15,100 --> 04:27:16,800
might consider primitive 
conditions. 

5061
04:27:16,800 --> 04:27:21,300
People can now enjoy their lives
plan for the future and pursue 

5062
04:27:21,300 --> 04:27:22,800
interests beyond their immediate
needs. 

5063
04:27:22,800 --> 04:27:25,400
Thanks to advancements in 
agriculture, Commerce, and 

5064
04:27:25,400 --> 04:27:29,900
social organization, there may 
be games storytelling or music 

5065
04:27:29,900 --> 04:27:32,900
after supper. 
Another revolutionary idea is 

5066
04:27:32,900 --> 04:27:36,700
that people have Leisure Time. 
Human culture can thrive in 

5067
04:27:36,700 --> 04:27:39,300
previously, Unthinkable ways. 
When survival is safe enough for

5068
04:27:39,300 --> 04:27:42,700
people to devote their time to 
Pursuits that have no immediate 

5069
04:27:42,700 --> 04:27:45,300
practical value. 
In addition, to sleeping off the

5070
04:27:45,300 --> 04:27:47,400
day's labor. 
The family is refueling for 

5071
04:27:47,400 --> 04:27:50,200
tomorrow's involvement, in 
Humanity's first complex Urban 

5072
04:27:50,200 --> 04:27:53,300
living experiment. 
They will awaken to Morrow. 

5073
04:27:53,300 --> 04:27:56,100
And once more play a part in 
preserving the systems that 

5074
04:27:56,100 --> 04:28:00,200
enable thousands of people to 
coexist in harmony prosperity 

5075
04:28:00,200 --> 04:28:03,500
and productivity, One of the 
most remarkable accomplishments 

5076
04:28:03,500 --> 04:28:07,100
of Mesopotamian civilization is 
revealed as you delve deeper 

5077
04:28:07,100 --> 04:28:10,700
into this ancient world, they 
managed to manage sizeable 

5078
04:28:10,700 --> 04:28:12,600
diverse populations without 
everything. 

5079
04:28:12,600 --> 04:28:14,400
Collapsing in Anarchy and 
conflict. 

5080
04:28:15,400 --> 04:28:18,100
And they accomplished this by 
combining religious Authority, 

5081
04:28:18,100 --> 04:28:20,900
common sense and what can only 
be called the first 

5082
04:28:20,900 --> 04:28:22,900
all-encompassing legal system in
history. 

5083
04:28:22,900 --> 04:28:26,200
Imagine the difficulties. 
These people encountered, there 

5084
04:28:26,200 --> 04:28:29,500
are thousands of people each 
with their own goals, passions, 

5085
04:28:29,500 --> 04:28:32,300
and unavoidable conflicts, with 
their neighbors, you have 

5086
04:28:32,308 --> 04:28:36,400
competing religious Traditions, 
diverse ethnic groups, economic 

5087
04:28:36,400 --> 04:28:39,900
classes and the inherent human 
propensity for short-sightedness

5088
04:28:39,900 --> 04:28:43,300
and selfishness. 
How do you design a system that 

5089
04:28:43,300 --> 04:28:45,900
accomplishes goals while 
maintaining a reasonable level 

5090
04:28:45,900 --> 04:28:48,400
of satisfaction? 
For all the complexity of the 

5091
04:28:48,408 --> 04:28:51,900
Mesopotamian solution, is 
elegant at the, top is a king 

5092
04:28:51,900 --> 04:28:54,100
who represents both religion and
politics. 

5093
04:28:54,100 --> 04:28:57,900
His authority has a weight that 
purely political power could not

5094
04:28:57,900 --> 04:29:01,800
match because he is not only 
making executive decisions, but 

5095
04:29:01,800 --> 04:29:03,900
his channeling, the will of the 
Gods. 

5096
04:29:03,900 --> 04:29:07,400
The king is expressing Divine 
will when he issues a lawn, not 

5097
04:29:07,400 --> 04:29:10,800
just his own preferences. 
However, this is not a tyrants 

5098
04:29:10,800 --> 04:29:13,400
capricious rule. 
The king's Authority is limited 

5099
04:29:13,400 --> 04:29:17,500
by custom religious law and the 
pragmatic requirement to retain 

5100
04:29:17,500 --> 04:29:20,200
the backing of the different 
factions that sustained Society.

5101
04:29:21,200 --> 04:29:24,600
Priests Merchants artists and 
farmers, who truly govern, the 

5102
04:29:24,608 --> 04:29:27,900
society will find a way to 
replace a king who continuously 

5103
04:29:27,900 --> 04:29:30,500
makes poor choices. 
So he won't hold the position 

5104
04:29:30,500 --> 04:29:32,200
for long. 
You have an advanced 

5105
04:29:32,200 --> 04:29:35,100
administrative structure beneath
the king that would Astound any 

5106
04:29:35,100 --> 04:29:38,700
contemporary bureaucrat. 
Tax collection, irrigation 

5107
04:29:38,700 --> 04:29:43,200
management, trade regulation, 
military organization, and legal

5108
04:29:43,200 --> 04:29:45,000
disputes are all handled by 
officials. 

5109
04:29:45,900 --> 04:29:48,400
Every administrative level has 
cleared duties and 

5110
04:29:48,400 --> 04:29:51,000
accountability to both Superior 
and subordinate authorities. 

5111
04:29:51,000 --> 04:29:54,400
Perhaps their most remarkable 
governmental Innovation is the 

5112
04:29:54,400 --> 04:29:57,000
legal system. 
They create these individuals 

5113
04:29:57,000 --> 04:30:00,200
draft thorough, legal codes that
aim to cover every potential 

5114
04:30:00,200 --> 04:30:03,300
conflict or offense, nearly 300 
laws. 

5115
04:30:03,300 --> 04:30:06,400
Ranging from business disputes 
to marriage contracts to 

5116
04:30:06,400 --> 04:30:09,800
property rights are included in 
the publicly visible Code of 

5117
04:30:09,800 --> 04:30:12,300
Hammurabi. 
However, the sophistication of 

5118
04:30:12,308 --> 04:30:14,300
these laws is even more 
impressive than their 

5119
04:30:14,300 --> 04:30:17,300
comprehensiveness. 
They distinguish between various

5120
04:30:17,300 --> 04:30:19,000
property types and social 
classes. 

5121
04:30:19,000 --> 04:30:22,600
They make a distinction between 
acts and deliberate crimes. 

5122
04:30:22,600 --> 04:30:26,100
Instead of just exacting 
retribution, they offer 

5123
04:30:26,100 --> 04:30:28,500
proportionate penalties meant to
bring the world back into 

5124
04:30:28,500 --> 04:30:30,700
balance. 
To a degree that would be 

5125
04:30:30,700 --> 04:30:34,000
Progressive in many societies. 
Thousands of years later, they 

5126
04:30:34,000 --> 04:30:37,200
defend the rights of women 
children and even slaves. 

5127
04:30:37,200 --> 04:30:40,900
Unprecedentedly a professional 
judicial system is needed to 

5128
04:30:40,900 --> 04:30:44,400
enforce these laws records. 
That keep track of court rulings

5129
04:30:44,400 --> 04:30:47,600
judges who are knowledgeable 
about the law and court 

5130
04:30:47,600 --> 04:30:49,200
procedures that guarantee Fair 
Hearings. 

5131
04:30:49,200 --> 04:30:53,000
Your witnessing, the emergence 
of jurisprudence the belief that

5132
04:30:53,000 --> 04:30:56,600
disagreements can be settled by 
Logic and facts rather than 

5133
04:30:56,600 --> 04:30:59,700
solely by the person with the 
most military might or political

5134
04:30:59,700 --> 04:31:01,800
clout. 
Most significantly, though, this

5135
04:31:01,800 --> 04:31:04,900
legal system is open to the 
public the laws of visible to 

5136
04:31:04,900 --> 04:31:07,100
everyone, because they are 
engraved in stone. 

5137
04:31:07,100 --> 04:31:09,600
This indicates that people are 
aware of their rights, 

5138
04:31:10,600 --> 04:31:12,800
Expectations and the 
repercussions of different 

5139
04:31:12,800 --> 04:31:15,900
behaviors law ceases to be 
arbitrary and become 

5140
04:31:15,900 --> 04:31:17,600
predictable. 
For the first time in human 

5141
04:31:17,600 --> 04:31:20,600
history, this government is 
backed by an equally Advanced 

5142
04:31:20,600 --> 04:31:23,400
Tax system. 
There are set rates collection 

5143
04:31:23,400 --> 04:31:27,000
processes and even Provisions 
for tax relief during hard times

5144
04:31:27,000 --> 04:31:29,700
as a posed to just taking 
whatever the king wants. 

5145
04:31:30,700 --> 04:31:33,200
People are aware of their 
obligations when they are due 

5146
04:31:33,200 --> 04:31:36,400
and what they get in return 
including Public Works, projects

5147
04:31:36,400 --> 04:31:39,400
military protection, 
infrastructure, upkeep, and 

5148
04:31:39,400 --> 04:31:42,200
judicial Services. 
The result is something that can

5149
04:31:42,200 --> 04:31:44,000
be identified as the rule of 
law. 

5150
04:31:44,000 --> 04:31:46,900
A system that treats people 
fairly and accordance with 

5151
04:31:46,900 --> 04:31:49,900
established standards offers 
procedures for settling 

5152
04:31:49,900 --> 04:31:53,000
conflicts. 
Amicably and fosters incentives 

5153
04:31:53,000 --> 04:31:55,900
for collaboration rather than 
conflict is probably more 

5154
04:31:55,900 --> 04:31:59,300
desirable than perfect Justice, 
which is probably unachievable 

5155
04:31:59,300 --> 04:32:03,200
stability, is the outcome due to
their reasonable confidence in 

5156
04:32:03,200 --> 04:32:05,300
the stability of the legal and 
social framework. 

5157
04:32:05,300 --> 04:32:08,800
People are able to make 
long-term plans because they 

5158
04:32:08,800 --> 04:32:11,100
believe they will be able to 
reach the rewards when those 

5159
04:32:11,100 --> 04:32:14,000
projects mature, they are 
willing to put time and effort 

5160
04:32:14,000 --> 04:32:16,200
into Endeavors that won't yield 
results, right away. 

5161
04:32:16,200 --> 04:32:20,100
The intricate irrigation systems
intricate trade networks, 

5162
04:32:20,100 --> 04:32:23,800
educational institutions and 
Architectural projects, that 

5163
04:32:23,800 --> 04:32:27,100
take generations to complete are
all made possible by this 

5164
04:32:27,100 --> 04:32:30,400
stability which in turns lays 
the groundwork for everything 

5165
04:32:30,400 --> 04:32:31,700
else. 
We've been investigating. 

5166
04:32:32,700 --> 04:32:35,700
Without governmental structures 
that can uphold continuity and 

5167
04:32:35,700 --> 04:32:38,100
Order over decades or even 
centuries. 

5168
04:32:38,100 --> 04:32:41,100
None of these would be feasible.
As you continue, your 

5169
04:32:41,100 --> 04:32:42,700
exploration of ancient 
Mesopotamia. 

5170
04:32:42,700 --> 04:32:46,400
You may be surprised to learn 
that these pragmatic engineering

5171
04:32:46,400 --> 04:32:50,100
minded, individuals are 
profoundly spiritual but not in 

5172
04:32:50,100 --> 04:32:52,500
a way that separates the sacred 
from the secular. 

5173
04:32:52,500 --> 04:32:54,900
They don't practice their 
religion during special 

5174
04:32:54,900 --> 04:32:58,600
ceremonies or on the weekends. 
It permeates every part of their

5175
04:32:58,600 --> 04:33:02,000
lives from how they plan their 
cities, to how they go about 

5176
04:33:02,000 --> 04:33:06,000
their jobs. 
However, this is a sanctifies 

5177
04:33:06,000 --> 04:33:10,500
practical activity and finds the
Divine in human achievement, not

5178
04:33:10,500 --> 04:33:13,200
the kind of spirituality that 
demands people, reject the 

5179
04:33:13,200 --> 04:33:16,900
material, world Mesopotamian 
gods are strikingly human-like 

5180
04:33:16,900 --> 04:33:20,400
but in the most positive sense, 
they are individuals with 

5181
04:33:20,400 --> 04:33:24,099
preferences knowledge and 
continuous engagement in worldly

5182
04:33:24,099 --> 04:33:27,400
matters rather than impersonal 
abstract ideals. 

5183
04:33:28,200 --> 04:33:31,200
Enlil is in charge of the wind 
and storms, which bring 

5184
04:33:31,200 --> 04:33:32,800
fertility as well as 
destruction. 

5185
04:33:34,300 --> 04:33:37,000
For those who civilization 
relies on both intelligence and 

5186
04:33:37,000 --> 04:33:41,200
irrigation rule over freshwater 
and wisdom makes perfect sense. 

5187
04:33:41,200 --> 04:33:44,599
Since passion and conflict are 
essential components of The 

5188
04:33:44,599 --> 04:33:48,400
Human Experience, enormous 
stands for both Love and War. 

5189
04:33:48,400 --> 04:33:51,599
The most fascinating thing. 
About these Gods though is how 

5190
04:33:51,599 --> 04:33:54,200
they serve as examples of the 
kind of collaboration that 

5191
04:33:54,200 --> 04:33:57,800
enables civilized life. 
The myths, describe God's 

5192
04:33:57,800 --> 04:34:01,200
cooperating, on Cosmic building 
projects, exchanging resources 

5193
04:34:01,200 --> 04:34:04,700
and expertise, and reaching 
mutually beneficial agreements. 

5194
04:34:05,700 --> 04:34:08,099
People who take part in 
religious rituals are not only 

5195
04:34:08,099 --> 04:34:10,400
worshiping. 
They are also honing the social 

5196
04:34:10,400 --> 04:34:13,500
skills necessary to maintain the
smooth operation of their own 

5197
04:34:13,500 --> 04:34:16,000
communities. 
Each city is dominated by 

5198
04:34:16,000 --> 04:34:17,700
temples. 
That are much more than just 

5199
04:34:17,700 --> 04:34:20,400
places of worship. 
There are combination of social 

5200
04:34:20,400 --> 04:34:24,700
service agencies educational 
institutions and economic hubs. 

5201
04:34:25,400 --> 04:34:28,400
In addition, to carrying out 
rituals the priests who work in 

5202
04:34:28,408 --> 04:34:30,900
these temples. 
Also, oversee agricultural, 

5203
04:34:30,900 --> 04:34:34,800
Estates run, educational 
institutions, care for libraries

5204
04:34:34,800 --> 04:34:37,900
and offer welfare assistance to 
members of the community who are

5205
04:34:37,900 --> 04:34:41,300
struggling a society where 
religious life supports rather 

5206
04:34:41,300 --> 04:34:43,200
than contradicts the value's 
required. 

5207
04:34:43,200 --> 04:34:46,300
For successful, Urban living is 
the result of this remarkable 

5208
04:34:46,300 --> 04:34:48,599
Fusion of spiritual and 
practical functions. 

5209
04:34:49,700 --> 04:34:52,200
A good worshiper. 
Possesses the same qualities as 

5210
04:34:52,200 --> 04:34:55,099
a good neighbor. 
Such as honesty, dependability 

5211
04:34:55,099 --> 04:34:57,900
and a willingness to help out 
with Community projects. 

5212
04:34:58,700 --> 04:35:01,300
There is no conflict between 
serving the community, and the 

5213
04:35:01,300 --> 04:35:05,200
gods between being Pious and 
succeeding in business, the 

5214
04:35:05,200 --> 04:35:08,099
religious calendar, organizes 
daily life in ways that promote 

5215
04:35:08,099 --> 04:35:12,400
economic activity, rather than 
interfere with it. religious 

5216
04:35:12,400 --> 04:35:15,700
celebrations, take place during 
agricultural Seasons, offering 

5217
04:35:15,700 --> 04:35:18,900
opportunities for communal, 
Gatherings, when people have the

5218
04:35:18,900 --> 04:35:22,500
means and Leisure to take part, 
In addition to providing funds 

5219
04:35:22,500 --> 04:35:25,300
for Public Works projects. 
The religious mandate to 

5220
04:35:25,300 --> 04:35:28,000
support. 
Temple operations, establishes a

5221
04:35:28,000 --> 04:35:29,900
social safety. 
Net that supports people during 

5222
04:35:29,900 --> 04:35:33,400
trying times, most 
significantly, this religious 

5223
04:35:33,400 --> 04:35:36,599
system offers purpose and 
meaning that transcends Personal

5224
04:35:36,599 --> 04:35:40,300
Achievement or failure, 
Contributors to the construction

5225
04:35:40,300 --> 04:35:43,000
of a ziggurat and not merely 
taking part in a building 

5226
04:35:43,000 --> 04:35:45,300
project. 
There are also helping to 

5227
04:35:45,300 --> 04:35:48,300
construct a monument that will 
benefit their Community for many

5228
04:35:48,300 --> 04:35:50,900
generations and a place of 
worship for the Gods. 

5229
04:35:51,700 --> 04:35:54,200
Maintaining the irrigation 
channels is more than just 

5230
04:35:54,200 --> 04:35:56,900
routine maintenance. 
It's a way to contribute to the 

5231
04:35:56,900 --> 04:36:00,800
divine order that sustains life 
ordinary labor becomes sacred. 

5232
04:36:00,800 --> 04:36:03,300
When it has this sense of 
purpose, the merchant 

5233
04:36:03,300 --> 04:36:06,599
facilitating trade between 
distant cities, the farmer 

5234
04:36:06,599 --> 04:36:09,500
producing food, that feeds the 
community, and the Craftsman. 

5235
04:36:09,500 --> 04:36:12,500
Crafting, beautiful objects are 
all part of the divine plan, 

5236
04:36:12,500 --> 04:36:15,800
that creates civilization out of
wilderness, abundance out of 

5237
04:36:15,800 --> 04:36:20,099
scarcity and order out of chaos.
However, this spirituality is 

5238
04:36:20,099 --> 04:36:23,300
also incredibly useful. 
Though, the methods of 

5239
04:36:23,300 --> 04:36:27,099
consultation reading Omens 
interpreting dreams and 

5240
04:36:27,099 --> 04:36:30,400
examining the patterns of oil on
water require careful 

5241
04:36:30,400 --> 04:36:32,000
observation and logical 
analysis. 

5242
04:36:32,000 --> 04:36:35,000
The gods are consulted on 
everything from military 

5243
04:36:35,000 --> 04:36:38,200
campaigns to business, Endeavors
to marriage decisions. 

5244
04:36:39,099 --> 04:36:41,700
Practical intelligence and 
religious wisdom complement 

5245
04:36:41,700 --> 04:36:45,099
rather than contradict one. 
Another, the end result is a 

5246
04:36:45,099 --> 04:36:47,200
society in which individuals 
accept personal responsibility 

5247
04:36:47,200 --> 04:36:50,900
for their contributions to the 
welfare of the community while 

5248
04:36:50,900 --> 04:36:53,300
feeling supported by forces 
greater than themselves. 

5249
04:36:54,599 --> 04:36:57,400
Despite staying rooted in the 
pragmatic demands of everyday 

5250
04:36:57,400 --> 04:36:58,900
life. 
They feel that their work has 

5251
04:36:58,900 --> 04:37:02,300
Cosmic significance. 
Spirituality is not an escape 

5252
04:37:02,300 --> 04:37:05,599
from Human achievement, but 
rather an enhancement of it, you

5253
04:37:05,599 --> 04:37:08,599
start to understand how all of 
these inventions work together 

5254
04:37:08,599 --> 04:37:12,000
to form something far greater 
than the sum of their individual

5255
04:37:12,000 --> 04:37:13,900
Parts. 
As you carry on your cozy, 

5256
04:37:13,900 --> 04:37:15,800
exploration of this amazing 
civilization. 

5257
04:37:16,900 --> 04:37:20,300
You're seeing the emergence of 
networking effects, which are 

5258
04:37:20,300 --> 04:37:23,300
the processes by, which various 
developments reinforce one 

5259
04:37:23,300 --> 04:37:26,200
another to cause a sharp 
acceleration of human progress. 

5260
04:37:26,200 --> 04:37:30,000
Think about how Mesopotamian 
Society is changed by writing in

5261
04:37:30,000 --> 04:37:33,400
every other way because 
Engineers can document effective

5262
04:37:33,400 --> 04:37:36,900
techniques and learn from past 
mistakes, the irrigation system 

5263
04:37:36,900 --> 04:37:39,800
becomes much more sophisticated,
once information can be 

5264
04:37:39,800 --> 04:37:42,700
permanently recorded. 
Because precedence can be 

5265
04:37:42,700 --> 04:37:46,300
documented and consulted legal 
systems become more Equitable 

5266
04:37:46,300 --> 04:37:50,300
and consistent because contracts
can specify precise terms and 

5267
04:37:50,300 --> 04:37:52,599
conditions trade becomes more 
complicated. 

5268
04:37:53,599 --> 04:37:56,000
Because knowledge can be 
systematically transmitted and 

5269
04:37:56,000 --> 04:38:00,700
preserved education becomes more
effective however writing all so

5270
04:38:00,700 --> 04:38:03,400
opens up new possibilities that 
no one had foreseen. 

5271
04:38:03,400 --> 04:38:06,599
You can learn mathematics. 
Once you can record numbers, 

5272
04:38:06,599 --> 04:38:10,099
astronomical science can be 
produced when observations can 

5273
04:38:10,099 --> 04:38:13,099
be preserved, chemistry and 
medicine can be developed. 

5274
04:38:13,099 --> 04:38:16,800
Once experiments are documented,
every advancement, creates 

5275
04:38:16,800 --> 04:38:19,599
opportunities for even more 
advancements in unpredictable 

5276
04:38:19,599 --> 04:38:22,099
ways. 
In the realm of Economics, the 

5277
04:38:22,099 --> 04:38:25,700
networking effect is the same. 
Once food production is stable, 

5278
04:38:25,700 --> 04:38:29,400
some people can focus on crafts,
you can create better tools and 

5279
04:38:29,400 --> 04:38:31,099
methods. 
Once you have talented artists 

5280
04:38:31,099 --> 04:38:34,599
with improved tools, 
agricultural productivity can be

5281
04:38:34,599 --> 04:38:37,800
increased freeing up, even more 
workers for specialized labor. 

5282
04:38:38,599 --> 04:38:41,500
Every Improvement increases the 
likelihood and ease of the 

5283
04:38:41,500 --> 04:38:44,500
subsequent Improvement the 
social Innovations, have an 

5284
04:38:44,500 --> 04:38:47,700
equally strong Network. 
You can start projects that need

5285
04:38:47,700 --> 04:38:49,400
long-term planning and 
coordination. 

5286
04:38:49,400 --> 04:38:53,099
Once you have an efficient 
governance system, People gain 

5287
04:38:53,099 --> 04:38:56,500
confidence in group action, 
after large-scale, projects are 

5288
04:38:56,500 --> 04:38:59,500
completed successfully, people 
are willing to invest in, even 

5289
04:38:59,500 --> 04:39:02,200
more ambitious projects, once 
they have faith in group efforts

5290
04:39:02,200 --> 04:39:07,400
in ways that exponentially speed
up progress, success, breeds 

5291
04:39:07,400 --> 04:39:09,400
success. 
The Mesopotamians are 

5292
04:39:09,400 --> 04:39:11,800
experiencing the fascinating 
discovery that human 

5293
04:39:11,800 --> 04:39:14,200
communities. 
Can generate value that far, 

5294
04:39:14,200 --> 04:39:16,599
surpasses, what individuals 
could produce working alone. 

5295
04:39:17,300 --> 04:39:19,700
Your witnessing, what? 
Contemporary economists, refer 

5296
04:39:19,700 --> 04:39:21,500
to as increasing returns to 
scale. 

5297
04:39:22,300 --> 04:39:24,700
Every new member of society 
increases the productivity 

5298
04:39:24,700 --> 04:39:27,700
security, and ability of 
everyone else to accomplish 

5299
04:39:27,700 --> 04:39:30,800
their objectives, the networking
of technology is equally 

5300
04:39:30,800 --> 04:39:33,400
impressive. 
Mining transportation and trade 

5301
04:39:33,400 --> 04:39:35,800
networks, are all necessary for 
the production of bronze. 

5302
04:39:35,800 --> 04:39:39,200
In addition, to metallurgy The 
effectiveness of the entire 

5303
04:39:39,200 --> 04:39:41,800
system increases with each 
advancement in any of these 

5304
04:39:41,800 --> 04:39:44,700
areas mining is more productive 
with better tools. 

5305
04:39:44,700 --> 04:39:47,000
Raw materials are less 
expensive. 

5306
04:39:47,000 --> 04:39:50,200
When transportation is more 
efficient access to better 

5307
04:39:50,200 --> 04:39:53,300
quality inputs, is made possible
by expanded trade networks. 

5308
04:39:53,300 --> 04:39:56,700
However, the cultural networking
effect may be the most 

5309
04:39:56,700 --> 04:39:59,800
significant, People start to 
have bigger dreams after 

5310
04:39:59,800 --> 04:40:03,200
realizing that prosperity and 
security can be achieved through

5311
04:40:03,200 --> 04:40:06,000
human effort. 
They're more inclined, to trust 

5312
04:40:06,000 --> 04:40:08,500
strangers, and engage in larger 
communities. 

5313
04:40:08,500 --> 04:40:10,600
Once they realize that 
collaboration can produce 

5314
04:40:10,600 --> 04:40:13,500
outcomes that are impossible for
individuals to accomplish alone.

5315
04:40:14,200 --> 04:40:16,800
They are more inclined to rely 
on others for products and 

5316
04:40:16,800 --> 04:40:18,900
services that they could 
potentially produce themselves. 

5317
04:40:18,900 --> 04:40:21,200
Once they have seen the 
advantages of specialization, 

5318
04:40:21,200 --> 04:40:24,300
this is a revolutionary change 
in culture. 

5319
04:40:25,100 --> 04:40:27,400
People are choosing to become 
interdependent instead of 

5320
04:40:27,408 --> 04:40:29,900
self-sufficient for the first 
time in human history. 

5321
04:40:29,900 --> 04:40:33,300
They're coming to the conclusion
that working together is more 

5322
04:40:33,300 --> 04:40:35,200
advantageous than relying on 
other people. 

5323
04:40:35,200 --> 04:40:39,800
Their Human Society can be more 
than short-term convenience 

5324
04:40:39,800 --> 04:40:42,400
alliances. 
You're seeing networking effects

5325
04:40:42,400 --> 04:40:44,800
that extend beyond the borders 
of specific cities or 

5326
04:40:44,800 --> 04:40:47,600
geographical areas. 
Mesopotamia. 

5327
04:40:47,600 --> 04:40:50,900
Innovations in Florence events 
throughout the ancient world, by

5328
04:40:50,900 --> 04:40:54,600
way of trade routes, diplomatic 
contacts and migration patterns.

5329
04:40:55,600 --> 04:40:58,500
Greek philosophy is shaped by 
the mathematical ideas created 

5330
04:40:58,500 --> 04:41:01,300
in Babylon. 
Roman law is in Florence by the 

5331
04:41:01,300 --> 04:41:05,200
legal precepts developed in her.
From Egypt to India, population 

5332
04:41:05,200 --> 04:41:07,900
growth is made possible by 
Mesopotamian agricultural, 

5333
04:41:07,900 --> 04:41:10,800
Innovations, your witnessing. 
The emergence of what 

5334
04:41:10,800 --> 04:41:14,800
contemporary academics refer to 
as World Systems networks of 

5335
04:41:14,800 --> 04:41:18,600
influence and interaction that 
link far-flung society and 

5336
04:41:18,600 --> 04:41:21,200
enable Innovations to 
proliferate well beyond their 

5337
04:41:21,200 --> 04:41:25,300
original locations. 
For the first time, human 

5338
04:41:25,300 --> 04:41:27,700
advancement turns into a 
Cooperative Endeavor in which 

5339
04:41:27,700 --> 04:41:31,800
several civilizations, cooperate
often, unknowingly to address 

5340
04:41:31,800 --> 04:41:34,900
shared problems, you are left 
with a deep respect for the 

5341
04:41:34,900 --> 04:41:37,800
accomplishments of these 
extraordinary people, as our 

5342
04:41:37,800 --> 04:41:39,600
leisurely tour of Ancient 
Mesopotamia. 

5343
04:41:39,600 --> 04:41:43,200
Comes to an end You return to 
the Comforts of the present with

5344
04:41:43,200 --> 04:41:46,500
a fresh perspective on how much 
we owe these pioneers of the 

5345
04:41:46,500 --> 04:41:49,400
past, the Golden Age of 
witnessed was golden. 

5346
04:41:49,400 --> 04:41:52,700
Not because it was Flawless, but
because it was the first time 

5347
04:41:52,700 --> 04:41:55,800
that Humanity had successfully 
attempted to build sophisticated

5348
04:41:55,800 --> 04:42:00,000
societies that boosted rather 
than depleted human potential. 

5349
04:42:00,800 --> 04:42:04,300
With creativity teamwork and an 
incredible belief in human 

5350
04:42:04,300 --> 04:42:06,500
potential. 
These individuals overcame 

5351
04:42:06,500 --> 04:42:08,800
obstacles that. 
No other generation had ever 

5352
04:42:08,800 --> 04:42:12,700
faced their Solutions were not 
coincidental or short-term fixes

5353
04:42:12,700 --> 04:42:16,200
thousands of years later, we are
still using modified version of 

5354
04:42:16,200 --> 04:42:19,200
the institutions systems and 
ways of thinking they 

5355
04:42:19,200 --> 04:42:20,800
established because they were so
successful. 

5356
04:42:20,800 --> 04:42:23,800
You are building on the 
foundation's established by 

5357
04:42:23,808 --> 04:42:27,900
these ancient Pioneers each time
you use mathematics reader 

5358
04:42:27,900 --> 04:42:31,600
written contract engage in 
Democratic governance or profit 

5359
04:42:31,600 --> 04:42:34,900
from specialization and trade, 
perhaps most significantly. 

5360
04:42:34,900 --> 04:42:37,700
However, they Illustrated a 
feature of human nature that 

5361
04:42:37,700 --> 04:42:41,200
still holds true today When 
people are confident enough to 

5362
04:42:41,200 --> 04:42:43,800
look beyond their immediate 
survival, when they have 

5363
04:42:43,800 --> 04:42:46,200
incentives to work together, 
rather than engage in 

5364
04:42:46,208 --> 04:42:48,900
destructive competition. 
And when they have faith, that 

5365
04:42:48,900 --> 04:42:51,400
their efforts will be fairly 
rewarded, they collaborate to 

5366
04:42:51,400 --> 04:42:55,000
create amazing things, the 
Golden Age of Mesopotamia serves

5367
04:42:55,000 --> 04:42:58,200
as a reminder that the greatest 
human civilization is about 

5368
04:42:58,200 --> 04:43:00,900
fostering an environment in 
which each person can use their 

5369
04:43:00,900 --> 04:43:04,200
special gifts to promote the 
well-being of the group. 

5370
04:43:04,200 --> 04:43:07,300
Not about controlling nature or 
outperforming Rivals. 

5371
04:43:07,300 --> 04:43:10,800
It involves creating systems 
that are both robust enough to 

5372
04:43:10,800 --> 04:43:14,100
offer security and adaptable 
enough to Foster creativity. 

5373
04:43:14,100 --> 04:43:18,000
It involves figuring out how to 
respect both individual success 

5374
04:43:18,000 --> 04:43:21,200
and the well-being of the 
community as you fall asleep, 

5375
04:43:21,200 --> 04:43:24,700
consider how human advancement 
is still fueled by the same 

5376
04:43:24,700 --> 04:43:28,600
Cooperative impulses, that 
created ziggurats and cuneiform 

5377
04:43:28,600 --> 04:43:31,100
writing. 
The spirit of ancient 

5378
04:43:31,100 --> 04:43:34,200
Mesopotamia endures every time 
individuals decide to work 

5379
04:43:34,208 --> 04:43:37,700
together, rather than fight 
every time someone lends their 

5380
04:43:37,708 --> 04:43:39,800
expertise to projects bigger 
than themselves. 

5381
04:43:39,800 --> 04:43:43,100
And every time communities make 
investments in infrastructure 

5382
04:43:43,100 --> 04:43:46,100
that will benefit coming 
Generations, even though the 

5383
04:43:46,100 --> 04:43:48,900
cities are now covered in desert
sand and the irrigation channels

5384
04:43:48,900 --> 04:43:52,000
are dry, the human ability to 
bring order out of chaos, 

5385
04:43:52,000 --> 04:43:55,700
abundance out of scarcity and 
meaning out of life's. 

5386
04:43:55,700 --> 04:43:58,400
Basic materials, still flows 
like those ancient Rivers 

5387
04:43:58,400 --> 04:44:01,400
between the Tigris and 
Euphrates, rest, easy knowing 

5388
04:44:01,400 --> 04:44:03,700
that you're a part of a story 
that started with the first 

5389
04:44:03,700 --> 04:44:07,900
cities and goes on with every 
technological advancement, Every

5390
04:44:07,900 --> 04:44:11,500
Act of human cooperation and 
every instance in which people 

5391
04:44:11,500 --> 04:44:15,500
decide to build rather than 
destroy mesopotamia's Golden Age

5392
04:44:15,500 --> 04:44:17,000
serves. 
As a reminder that our best 

5393
04:44:17,000 --> 04:44:19,300
times are never truly over. 
Rather. 

5394
04:44:19,300 --> 04:44:22,500
They are always just getting 
started and are waiting to be 

5395
04:44:22,500 --> 04:44:25,700
shaped by the next generation of
people who prepared to cooperate

5396
04:44:25,700 --> 04:44:29,000
in order to achieve common 
goals, the same mathematical 

5397
04:44:29,000 --> 04:44:31,800
patterns that the ancient 
astronomers found still govern 

5398
04:44:31,800 --> 04:44:33,500
the way the Stars wheel 
overhead. 

5399
04:44:34,500 --> 04:44:38,000
The human urge to create 
collaborate and strive for 

5400
04:44:38,000 --> 04:44:41,400
something bigger than personal 
survival is still a strong as 

5401
04:44:41,400 --> 04:44:45,500
the fires in those old bronze 
workshops and tomorrow we carry 

5402
04:44:45,500 --> 04:44:46,700
on the work. 
They started. 

5403
04:44:46,700 --> 04:44:49,600
The never-ending optimistic 
Endeavor of creating 

5404
04:44:49,600 --> 04:44:53,700
civilizations deserving of human
potential in both minor and 

5405
04:44:53,700 --> 04:44:56,300
major ways. 
Sweet dreams fellow time 

5406
04:44:56,300 --> 04:44:59,000
traveler take comfort. 
In the fact that you are a part 

5407
04:44:59,008 --> 04:45:02,100
of the greatest success story in
human history, one that is still

5408
04:45:02,100 --> 04:45:06,000
being written one day at a time 
by people who recognize that the

5409
04:45:06,000 --> 04:45:09,500
greatest monuments we can erect.
Are those that enable others to 

5410
04:45:09,500 --> 04:45:11,700
rise just a little bit of their 
own potential. 

5411
04:45:11,700 --> 04:45:15,200
Imagine those old voices carried
on the Wind during The Quiet 

5412
04:45:15,200 --> 04:45:17,400
Moments before sleep really sets
in. 

5413
04:45:18,300 --> 04:45:20,700
Farmers in Mesopotamia 
discovered that a flood plain 

5414
04:45:20,700 --> 04:45:22,700
could become a paradise if they 
banded together. 

5415
04:45:23,600 --> 04:45:26,500
The artists who realized that 
specialized work, could Elevate,

5416
04:45:26,500 --> 04:45:28,400
simple, survival to creative 
success. 

5417
04:45:28,400 --> 04:45:33,200
The administrators demonstrated 
that at its best bureaucracy is 

5418
04:45:33,200 --> 04:45:35,500
just structured to serve the 
interests of the community. 

5419
04:45:35,500 --> 04:45:38,900
Even though there's zigurat as 
Fallen apart, their wisdom can 

5420
04:45:38,900 --> 04:45:40,900
still be heard in every Public 
Library. 

5421
04:45:40,900 --> 04:45:44,300
Contemporary Hospital, an 
infrastructure project, that 

5422
04:45:44,300 --> 04:45:47,500
enhances the lives of people, 
the Builders of never met. 

5423
04:45:48,300 --> 04:45:51,800
Even though their cuneiform 
tablets are now Museum artifacts

5424
04:45:51,800 --> 04:45:54,800
their belief that knowledge 
should be shared and preserved 

5425
04:45:54,800 --> 04:45:58,200
endures in every book website 
and classroom where new 

5426
04:45:58,200 --> 04:46:01,300
information is learned their 
understanding that abundance 

5427
04:46:01,300 --> 04:46:04,700
comes from cooperation, rather 
than competition is evident in 

5428
04:46:04,700 --> 04:46:08,900
every successful Business, 
Partnership community garden and

5429
04:46:08,900 --> 04:46:12,100
instance where neighbors choose 
to support one another rather 

5430
04:46:12,100 --> 04:46:15,700
than compete. 
The irrigation channels they dug

5431
04:46:15,700 --> 04:46:19,100
of long since filled with sand 
above all, they introduced us to

5432
04:46:19,100 --> 04:46:21,900
the radical notion that people 
can build societies that are 

5433
04:46:21,900 --> 04:46:23,700
superior to the sum of their 
parts. 

5434
04:46:23,700 --> 04:46:27,400
That chaos conflict and scarcity
are not necessary for human 

5435
04:46:27,400 --> 04:46:31,100
existence that we can create 
worlds where everyone has enough

5436
04:46:31,100 --> 04:46:34,900
enough food, and enough, 
security enough, purpose, enough

5437
04:46:34,900 --> 04:46:39,400
Beauty to make life worth while 
if we are patient creative and 

5438
04:46:39,400 --> 04:46:42,400
willing to trust one another, 
therefore, as you drift off to 

5439
04:46:42,400 --> 04:46:44,900
sleep, remember not only the 
accomplishments of these ancient

5440
04:46:44,900 --> 04:46:49,200
people, but also the quiet 
assurance that Same inventive 

5441
04:46:49,200 --> 04:46:52,400
collaborative spirit, that 
created the first cities is 

5442
04:46:52,400 --> 04:46:55,900
still creating a better world 
today, every tiny deed of 

5443
04:46:55,900 --> 04:46:58,500
compassion. 
Every instant of putting empathy

5444
04:46:58,500 --> 04:47:01,700
ahead of judgment and every 
contribution to a cause greater 

5445
04:47:01,700 --> 04:47:03,500
than yourself keeps the good 
work going. 

5446
04:47:03,500 --> 04:47:06,800
Mesopotamia's, golden age was a 
beginning rather than a 

5447
04:47:06,800 --> 04:47:08,700
destination. 
Stories. 

5448
04:47:08,700 --> 04:47:12,500
Mostly aspect is that it isn't 
yet over it, persists, in every 

5449
04:47:12,500 --> 04:47:16,700
heart, that selects cooperation 
over rivalry, hope over fear and

5450
04:47:16,700 --> 04:47:19,100
building over destruction, rest 
easy. 

5451
04:47:19,100 --> 04:47:22,300
Knowing that you are both the 
inheritor of their wisdom and a 

5452
04:47:22,300 --> 04:47:23,600
part of its continuous 
development. 

5453
04:47:23,600 --> 04:47:27,300
Maybe you will hear the soft 
splatter of old irrigation 

5454
04:47:27,300 --> 04:47:30,400
channels in your dreams, 
delivering vital water to 

5455
04:47:30,400 --> 04:47:32,800
Gardens. 
That will reopen tomorrow, good 

5456
04:47:32,800 --> 04:47:35,100
night, civilisation Builder, 
good night. 

5457
04:47:35,100 --> 04:47:38,500
Ancient dream are Good night 
participant in the world's 

5458
04:47:38,500 --> 04:47:42,200
greatest ongoing Endeavor. 
The patient optimistic Endeavor 

5459
04:47:42,200 --> 04:47:45,500
to build a world that lives up 
to our highest hopes as a 

5460
04:47:45,500 --> 04:47:48,900
reminder, that some things 
beauty truth and the human 

5461
04:47:48,900 --> 04:47:51,400
capacity for Wonder really are 
Eternal. 

5462
04:47:51,400 --> 04:47:55,000
The stars that led, those early 
astronomers continue to shine 

5463
04:47:55,000 --> 04:47:57,700
down on you in the same Timeless
patterns. 

5464
04:47:57,700 --> 04:48:00,900
They found get enough. 
Sleep, have a lovely dream. 

5465
04:48:02,000 --> 04:48:04,900
Wake up tomorrow, prepared to 
carry on The NeverEnding, joyful

5466
04:48:04,900 --> 04:48:07,600
task of bringing the world 
closer to the paradise. 

5467
04:48:07,600 --> 04:48:10,100
They saw between two rivers so 
long ago. 

5468
04:48:21,600 --> 04:48:24,000
It is quite intriguing to 
consider that you are likely 

5469
04:48:24,000 --> 04:48:27,300
resting on a meticulously 
designed mattress, composed of 

5470
04:48:27,308 --> 04:48:31,400
foam and spring while listening 
to a narrative about how your 

5471
04:48:31,400 --> 04:48:33,900
ancestors, slept on much less 
comfortable surfaces. 

5472
04:48:34,800 --> 04:48:36,800
Well, not literally on rocks 
though. 

5473
04:48:36,800 --> 04:48:38,300
We will address that aspect 
shortly. 

5474
04:48:38,300 --> 04:48:41,400
This evening, we will Journey 
back in time to explore the 

5475
04:48:41,400 --> 04:48:44,100
sleeping Arrangements of those 
who lived before the Innovative 

5476
04:48:44,100 --> 04:48:48,400
concept of filling a fabric sack
with soft materials, to create a

5477
04:48:48,400 --> 04:48:51,600
mattress was conceived. 
Well, they didn't actually sleep

5478
04:48:51,600 --> 04:48:53,800
on rocks. 
There will discuss that part 

5479
04:48:53,800 --> 04:48:55,300
soon. 
Enough tonight. 

5480
04:48:55,300 --> 04:48:58,300
We're going back in time to 
discover what people did before.

5481
04:48:58,300 --> 04:49:02,200
Someone had the brilliant idea 
to stuff a fabric sack with soft

5482
04:49:02,200 --> 04:49:05,000
things and call it a mattress. 
Picture this. 

5483
04:49:05,000 --> 04:49:08,800
It's 200,000 years ago and your 
great, great. 

5484
04:49:08,800 --> 04:49:11,600
Great, great times about 10,000,
grandmother is getting ready for

5485
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:13,500
bed. 
She is not scrolling through her

5486
04:49:13,500 --> 04:49:15,500
phone or adjusting her memory 
foam pillow. 

5487
04:49:16,300 --> 04:49:18,800
She's not even wearing pajamas 
because pajamas have not been 

5488
04:49:18,800 --> 04:49:21,900
invented yet, neither has the 
bed, she's about to Sleep Inn. 

5489
04:49:21,900 --> 04:49:26,200
In fact, the idea of having a 
specific sleeping area rather 

5490
04:49:26,200 --> 04:49:29,200
than just collapsing, wherever 
exhaustion takes, you has not 

5491
04:49:29,200 --> 04:49:32,100
been developed either. 
The earliest humans were 

5492
04:49:32,100 --> 04:49:33,900
remarkably practical about 
sleep. 

5493
04:49:33,900 --> 04:49:36,000
They found a spot that wasn't 
too Rocky. 

5494
04:49:36,000 --> 04:49:39,300
Hopefully not too muddy and 
definitely not occupied by 

5495
04:49:39,300 --> 04:49:40,900
something with more teeth than 
they had. 

5496
04:49:41,900 --> 04:49:43,500
Then they curled up and hoped 
for the best. 

5497
04:49:43,500 --> 04:49:46,800
You might think this scenario 
sounds uncomfortable, but 

5498
04:49:46,800 --> 04:49:49,900
remember these people had never 
experienced to Tempur Pedic 

5499
04:49:49,900 --> 04:49:52,500
mattress, so they had no idea 
what they were missing. 

5500
04:49:52,500 --> 04:49:58,000
Ignorance was Bliss, literally 
However, as is typical of 

5501
04:49:58,008 --> 04:50:00,300
humans, they quickly began to 
get creative. 

5502
04:50:01,200 --> 04:50:04,800
Archaeological evidence shows 
that around 77000 years ago. 

5503
04:50:04,800 --> 04:50:08,100
People in South Africa were 
making the world's first beds 

5504
04:50:08,100 --> 04:50:10,000
out of sedge grass and aromatic 
leaves. 

5505
04:50:10,000 --> 04:50:13,500
They'd layer these materials in 
caves creating what was 

5506
04:50:13,500 --> 04:50:16,000
essentially nature's. 
First mattress, prototype. 

5507
04:50:16,900 --> 04:50:20,300
The aromatic leaves weren't just
for Comfort, they helped repel 

5508
04:50:20,300 --> 04:50:22,300
insects. 
So technically these ancient 

5509
04:50:22,300 --> 04:50:24,500
beds were also the world's first
bug zappers. 

5510
04:50:24,500 --> 04:50:26,600
You have to admire their 
Ingenuity. 

5511
04:50:26,600 --> 04:50:28,900
They figured out that certain 
plants. 

5512
04:50:28,900 --> 04:50:32,600
When dried and layered created a
relatively soft surface, that 

5513
04:50:32,600 --> 04:50:35,000
was infinitely better than bare 
rock or dirt. 

5514
04:50:35,800 --> 04:50:39,200
They even discovered that some 
leave when crushed released 

5515
04:50:39,200 --> 04:50:42,900
natural insect repellents. 
Your ancestors were basically 

5516
04:50:42,900 --> 04:50:46,200
running a prehistoric bed and 
bath store complete with a Roma 

5517
04:50:46,200 --> 04:50:48,500
therapy. 
The Intriguing thing about these

5518
04:50:48,500 --> 04:50:51,800
early beds is that they weren't 
permanent fixtures when the 

5519
04:50:51,808 --> 04:50:55,400
tribe moved the bed. 
Stayed behind this meant that 

5520
04:50:55,400 --> 04:50:58,100
every night someone had to 
gather fresh materials and 

5521
04:50:58,100 --> 04:51:01,600
essentially build a new bed. 
Imagine if you had to 

5522
04:51:01,600 --> 04:51:04,900
reconstruct your entire sleeping
Arrangement every single day. 

5523
04:51:05,700 --> 04:51:08,400
You'd probably develop some 
serious appreciation for your 

5524
04:51:08,400 --> 04:51:12,300
current setup pretty quickly. 
These grass beds weren't just 

5525
04:51:12,300 --> 04:51:14,700
about Comfort, though. 
They represented, one of 

5526
04:51:14,700 --> 04:51:17,900
Humanity's first attempts to 
control their environment rather

5527
04:51:17,900 --> 04:51:22,000
than simply adapt to it. 
People began to reject the idea 

5528
04:51:22,000 --> 04:51:24,700
that sleep had to mean lying on,
whatever surface was available 

5529
04:51:24,700 --> 04:51:27,400
saying, you know what? 
I think I can do better than 

5530
04:51:27,400 --> 04:51:30,600
this and that drive to improve 
their sleeping situation. 

5531
04:51:30,600 --> 04:51:32,100
Would continue for thousands of 
years. 

5532
04:51:32,100 --> 04:51:35,400
The construction of these early 
beds was surprisingly 

5533
04:51:35,400 --> 04:51:38,800
sophisticated people would 
gather fresh grass, and leaves 

5534
04:51:38,800 --> 04:51:42,100
carefully, layer them for 
maximum softness, and insulation

5535
04:51:42,100 --> 04:51:45,300
and arrange them in shape that 
followed the natural curves of 

5536
04:51:45,308 --> 04:51:48,100
the human body. 
They understood Concepts like, 

5537
04:51:48,100 --> 04:51:50,900
moisture management and 
temperature regulation long 

5538
04:51:50,900 --> 04:51:53,300
before anyone gave those ideas 
fancy names. 

5539
04:51:54,100 --> 04:51:57,200
What's particularly fascinating 
is that these beds were often 

5540
04:51:57,200 --> 04:52:00,300
communal projects everyone? 
In the group would help gather 

5541
04:52:00,300 --> 04:52:02,800
materials and the beds were 
usually large enough for 

5542
04:52:02,800 --> 04:52:06,100
multiple people to share. 
Privacy, as we know, it didn't 

5543
04:52:06,100 --> 04:52:08,200
exist yet. 
So sleeping Arrangements were 

5544
04:52:08,200 --> 04:52:10,700
more about survival and warmth 
and personal space 

5545
04:52:10,700 --> 04:52:14,300
archaeological site. 
Containing these beds provide 

5546
04:52:14,300 --> 04:52:18,100
evidence of consistent, upkeep 
and rejuvenation. people would 

5547
04:52:18,100 --> 04:52:21,500
periodically burn old bedding, 
materials possibly to eliminate 

5548
04:52:21,500 --> 04:52:25,600
pests and parasites before 
starting a new Such Behavior 

5549
04:52:25,600 --> 04:52:28,000
makes them possibly the first 
people in history to actually 

5550
04:52:28,000 --> 04:52:31,500
change their sheets regularly. 
Something that would make your 

5551
04:52:31,500 --> 04:52:34,300
mother proud. 
As you settle into your bed 

5552
04:52:34,300 --> 04:52:37,200
tonight, take a moment to 
appreciate the long journey that

5553
04:52:37,200 --> 04:52:40,100
brought us from those first 
grass beds to whatever you're 

5554
04:52:40,100 --> 04:52:43,100
lying on now. 
Those ancient people sleeping on

5555
04:52:43,100 --> 04:52:45,500
their carefully. 
Constructed piles of aromatic 

5556
04:52:45,500 --> 04:52:48,300
leaves had no idea. 
They were starting a tradition 

5557
04:52:48,300 --> 04:52:51,700
that would eventually lead to 
Memory Foam, adjustable bases, 

5558
04:52:51,700 --> 04:52:54,400
and heated blankets. 
We want to sleep, well, just 

5559
04:52:54,400 --> 04:52:58,600
like they did Fast Forward about
70,000 years and suddenly we're 

5560
04:52:58,600 --> 04:53:01,400
in ancient Egypt where people 
had figured out some pretty 

5561
04:53:01,400 --> 04:53:03,400
impressive tricks for getting 
comfortable at night. 

5562
04:53:04,200 --> 04:53:06,500
You might think the Egyptians 
were all about pyramids and 

5563
04:53:06,500 --> 04:53:09,200
mummies but they were all so 
surprisingly good at sleeping. 

5564
04:53:09,200 --> 04:53:12,900
In fact, they basically invented
the concept of having a real bed

5565
04:53:12,900 --> 04:53:16,300
that you could use more than 
once the Egyptians thought, this

5566
04:53:16,300 --> 04:53:18,300
is nice. 
But what if we could make 

5567
04:53:18,300 --> 04:53:20,400
something that didn't need to be
rebuilt every night? 

5568
04:53:21,200 --> 04:53:24,600
So they started making bed 
frames out of wood usually Palm 

5569
04:53:24,600 --> 04:53:26,700
Sycamore or Cedar, if they could
afford it. 

5570
04:53:27,500 --> 04:53:29,200
These were just simple platforms
either. 

5571
04:53:29,200 --> 04:53:32,600
The Egyptian beds were often 
elaborate affairs with carved 

5572
04:53:32,600 --> 04:53:34,200
legs. 
That looked like animal feet 

5573
04:53:34,200 --> 04:53:37,400
decorative, headboards and even 
built-in storage. 

5574
04:53:38,400 --> 04:53:41,700
Now here's where it gets 
intriguing, the Egyptians didn't

5575
04:53:41,700 --> 04:53:45,600
put mattresses on these beds 
instead, they used a system of 

5576
04:53:45,600 --> 04:53:49,000
woven Reed mats or leather strip
stretched across the wooden 

5577
04:53:49,000 --> 04:53:51,700
frame. 
Imagine it as the world's first 

5578
04:53:51,700 --> 04:53:55,500
box spring with reeds or leather
taking on the role of Springs. 

5579
04:53:55,500 --> 04:53:58,600
The wealthy would add layers of 
linen, sheets and pillows 

5580
04:53:58,600 --> 04:54:02,200
stuffed with feathers or straw, 
but the basic sleeping surface 

5581
04:54:02,200 --> 04:54:05,800
was still pretty much a fancy 
hammock. the Egyptian 

5582
04:54:05,800 --> 04:54:09,000
approached, a pillows was 
particularly creative and by 

5583
04:54:09,000 --> 04:54:13,500
creative I mean potentially 
painful the Egyptians used 

5584
04:54:13,500 --> 04:54:18,000
headrests made of wood stove or 
Ivory instead of the soft fluffy

5585
04:54:18,000 --> 04:54:21,500
pillows your accustomed to These
were pillows at all, really? 

5586
04:54:21,500 --> 04:54:24,300
They were more like Nexus 
supports that kept your head 

5587
04:54:24,300 --> 04:54:26,200
elevated while you slept on your
side. 

5588
04:54:26,200 --> 04:54:29,800
The idea was to protect your 
elaborate hairstyles and keep 

5589
04:54:29,800 --> 04:54:31,300
your head cool in the desert 
heat. 

5590
04:54:31,300 --> 04:54:35,000
Your probably thinking the idea 
sounds incredibly uncomfortable 

5591
04:54:35,000 --> 04:54:38,300
and you'd be right. 
But the Egyptians had their 

5592
04:54:38,300 --> 04:54:41,500
reasons, those wooden headrests 
were just practical. 

5593
04:54:41,500 --> 04:54:45,000
They were also spiritual. 
They believed that elevating the

5594
04:54:45,000 --> 04:54:48,200
head helped, protect the sleeper
from evil spirits and allowed 

5595
04:54:48,200 --> 04:54:50,200
the soul to travel more freely 
during dreams. 

5596
04:54:50,200 --> 04:54:54,000
So, while you might wake up with
a stiff neck, at least your soul

5597
04:54:54,000 --> 04:54:56,500
was well traveled. 
Truly affluent. 

5598
04:54:56,500 --> 04:54:59,200
Egyptians achieved remarkable 
levels of bed Comfort. 

5599
04:54:59,200 --> 04:55:02,400
They had servants, whose job was
to Fan them while they slept 

5600
04:55:02,400 --> 04:55:04,900
ensuring a cool breeze 
throughout the night. 

5601
04:55:04,900 --> 04:55:08,600
Some beds, even had built-in 
mosquito Nets, made a fine 

5602
04:55:08,600 --> 04:55:11,600
linen, which was probably the 
most practical Innovation since 

5603
04:55:11,600 --> 04:55:14,900
the aromatic leaves. 
Nothing ruins, a good night's. 

5604
04:55:14,900 --> 04:55:17,700
Sleep like mosquitoes. 
Whether you're in ancient Egypt,

5605
04:55:17,700 --> 04:55:21,100
or modern Florida. 
Egyptian beds were also status 

5606
04:55:21,100 --> 04:55:23,100
symbols the more elaborate your 
bed. 

5607
04:55:23,100 --> 04:55:26,600
The more important you were 
Pharaohs had beds made with gold

5608
04:55:26,600 --> 04:55:30,300
inlays, precious stones, and 
intricate carvings, these beds 

5609
04:55:30,300 --> 04:55:32,600
are often so ornate that they 
were probably more comfortable 

5610
04:55:32,600 --> 04:55:36,100
to look at than to sleep on. 
But when you're a fairer, 

5611
04:55:36,800 --> 04:55:39,000
Comfort is sometimes less 
important than making sure 

5612
04:55:39,000 --> 04:55:42,100
everyone knows your fair. 
Oh, The construction of these 

5613
04:55:42,100 --> 04:55:45,800
beds was remarkably 
sophisticated Egyptian Craftsmen

5614
04:55:45,800 --> 04:55:48,400
understood Concepts like weight 
distribution and Joint 

5615
04:55:48,400 --> 04:55:50,900
flexibility. 
They created beds that could 

5616
04:55:50,900 --> 04:55:54,200
support significant weight while
still providing some give and 

5617
04:55:54,200 --> 04:55:57,900
flexibility the leather or read 
sleeping, surfaces were 

5618
04:55:57,900 --> 04:56:01,100
carefully, tensioned to provide 
optimal support and the bed 

5619
04:56:01,100 --> 04:56:02,800
frames were designed to last for
decades. 

5620
04:56:04,000 --> 04:56:06,800
One, particularly ingenious 
feature of Egyptian beds, was 

5621
04:56:06,800 --> 04:56:09,100
their height. 
They were typically quite tall. 

5622
04:56:09,100 --> 04:56:12,300
Sometimes, requiring a small 
step or stool to climb into, 

5623
04:56:12,300 --> 04:56:16,300
this wasn't just for show it 
helped protect sleepers from 

5624
04:56:16,300 --> 04:56:19,900
scorpions snakes and other 
ground dwelling creatures, that 

5625
04:56:19,900 --> 04:56:23,400
might want to share the bed. 
It also improved air circulation

5626
04:56:23,400 --> 04:56:27,400
which was crucial in Egypt, hot 
climate, the Egyptians also 

5627
04:56:27,400 --> 04:56:28,900
developed, some of the first 
bed. 

5628
04:56:28,900 --> 04:56:31,900
Linens, they made sheets from 
linen, which was cooler than 

5629
04:56:31,908 --> 04:56:34,200
wool and softer than the Reed 
mats. 

5630
04:56:34,900 --> 04:56:38,300
Wealthy Egyptians would have 
multiple sets of Lin sheets and 

5631
04:56:38,300 --> 04:56:40,600
they were often buried with 
their favorite bedding to ensure

5632
04:56:40,600 --> 04:56:43,800
comfort in the afterlife. 
This gives a whole new meaning 

5633
04:56:43,800 --> 04:56:48,300
to the phrase, Eternal rest. 
What's particularly amusing is 

5634
04:56:48,300 --> 04:56:51,600
that Egyptian beds often had a 
slight incline with the head, 

5635
04:56:51,600 --> 04:56:55,300
end higher than the foot end. 
This feature was supposed to a 

5636
04:56:55,300 --> 04:56:57,100
digestion and improves 
circulation. 

5637
04:56:57,100 --> 04:57:01,000
So basically, the Egyptians 
invented the adjustable bed 

5638
04:57:01,000 --> 04:57:04,900
about 4,000 years before anyone 
thought to add Motors and remote

5639
04:57:04,900 --> 04:57:08,400
controls. 
The legacy of Egyptian bedding. 

5640
04:57:08,400 --> 04:57:10,200
Extended far beyond Egypt 
itself. 

5641
04:57:11,200 --> 04:57:13,800
The technique and designs in 
Florence bedding throughout the 

5642
04:57:13,800 --> 04:57:17,400
Mediterranean world and many of 
their Innovations like elevated 

5643
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:20,400
beds and Lynn sheets became 
standard for features that we 

5644
04:57:20,400 --> 04:57:23,400
still use today. 
When you adjust your pillows to 

5645
04:57:23,400 --> 04:57:26,600
night your participating in a 
tradition that started with 

5646
04:57:26,600 --> 04:57:28,400
those wooden. 
Headrests along the Nile. 

5647
04:57:28,400 --> 04:57:31,500
The Greeks and Romans embraced 
the Egyptian bed concept. 

5648
04:57:32,300 --> 04:57:35,000
The characteristic of cultures 
adapted, elevating others, good 

5649
04:57:35,000 --> 04:57:38,600
ideas to a higher level. 
By the time we reach classical 

5650
04:57:38,600 --> 04:57:42,600
Antiquity bed to devolve into a 
serious business, complete with 

5651
04:57:42,608 --> 04:57:46,300
social etiquette philosophical 
implications, and a level of 

5652
04:57:46,300 --> 04:57:48,500
luxury, that would make a modern
Hotel jealous. 

5653
04:57:49,300 --> 04:57:52,400
Greek beds were called Clines 
and they weren't just for 

5654
04:57:52,400 --> 04:57:54,900
sleeping. 
These were multipurpose pieces 

5655
04:57:54,900 --> 04:57:58,400
of furniture used for sleeping 
eating and lounging around 

5656
04:57:58,400 --> 04:58:01,500
looking philosophical. 
The Greeks basically invented, 

5657
04:58:01,500 --> 04:58:05,000
the concept of the couch, except
their version was also your bed,

5658
04:58:05,000 --> 04:58:07,600
your dining table and your 
thinking spot. 

5659
04:58:08,500 --> 04:58:10,400
Talk about efficient use of 
space. 

5660
04:58:11,200 --> 04:58:13,500
The construction of a Greek 
climb was quite sophisticated. 

5661
04:58:13,500 --> 04:58:18,200
The frame was typically made of 
wood often decorated with inlays

5662
04:58:18,200 --> 04:58:20,200
of ivory silver or precious 
metals. 

5663
04:58:21,100 --> 04:58:24,100
The sleeping surface, consisted 
of a network of chords or 

5664
04:58:24,108 --> 04:58:27,100
leather straps stretched across 
the frame, like the Egyptian 

5665
04:58:27,100 --> 04:58:29,900
system, but with much more 
attention to comfort and 

5666
04:58:29,900 --> 04:58:34,000
Aesthetics on top of this they'd
pile layers of Woolen blankets, 

5667
04:58:34,000 --> 04:58:39,000
linen sheets and stuffed. 
Cushions now the Greeks had some

5668
04:58:39,000 --> 04:58:42,300
intriguing ideas about pillows, 
instead of just one pillow for 

5669
04:58:42,300 --> 04:58:45,400
your head, they use multiple 
cushions of different sizes and 

5670
04:58:45,400 --> 04:58:48,100
firmness levels. 
You'd have firm cushions for 

5671
04:58:48,100 --> 04:58:51,400
support and soft ones for 
Comfort arranged in various 

5672
04:58:51,400 --> 04:58:53,000
combinations. 
Depending on whether you were 

5673
04:58:53,008 --> 04:58:56,300
sleeping eating or just lounging
around contemplating, the nature

5674
04:58:56,300 --> 04:58:58,900
of existence. 
It was basically the ancient 

5675
04:58:58,900 --> 04:59:02,400
equivalent of those people who 
have 17 pillows on their bed and

5676
04:59:02,400 --> 04:59:04,300
spent 10 minutes, arranging them
every night. 

5677
04:59:05,200 --> 04:59:08,900
Not to be outdone the Romans 
took Greek bed, technology and 

5678
04:59:08,900 --> 04:59:10,400
added their own Flair for 
excess. 

5679
04:59:11,400 --> 04:59:14,900
Roman beds or Lecter massive 
Affairs. 

5680
04:59:14,900 --> 04:59:16,400
That could accommodate multiple 
people. 

5681
04:59:16,400 --> 04:59:19,200
This wasn't necessarily for 
romantic reasons. 

5682
04:59:19,200 --> 04:59:22,600
Roman dining culture involved, 
reclining on beds, while eating 

5683
04:59:22,600 --> 04:59:25,800
So a family meal might involve 
several people sharing the same 

5684
04:59:25,800 --> 04:59:29,300
sleeping surface while consuming
elaborate multi-course dinners. 

5685
04:59:30,100 --> 04:59:33,300
Roman beds were also the first 
to feature anything resembling a

5686
04:59:33,300 --> 04:59:36,600
real mattress. 
They stuffed large fabric sacs 

5687
04:59:36,600 --> 04:59:40,200
with wool feathers or even rose 
petals for the extremely 

5688
04:59:40,200 --> 04:59:42,300
wealthy. 
These weren't quite the 

5689
04:59:42,300 --> 04:59:45,700
mattresses we know today, but 
they were definitely a step up 

5690
04:59:45,700 --> 04:59:49,500
from stretched leather and 
wooden headrests the Romans had 

5691
04:59:49,500 --> 04:59:51,300
discovered that. 
If you stuff enough, soft things

5692
04:59:51,300 --> 04:59:54,000
into a bag, it becomes 
surprisingly comfortable to 

5693
04:59:54,000 --> 04:59:57,000
sleep on the Romans were 
particularly proud of their bed 

5694
04:59:57,000 --> 04:59:59,400
linens. 
They imported fine silks from 

5695
04:59:59,400 --> 05:00:03,000
China and cotton from India 
creating sheets that were softer

5696
05:00:03,000 --> 05:00:05,300
and more luxurious than anything
that had come before. 

5697
05:00:05,300 --> 05:00:08,700
Roman beds often featured, 
elaborate bedding sets with 

5698
05:00:08,700 --> 05:00:10,600
matching, pillows, blankets, and
curtains. 

5699
05:00:11,600 --> 05:00:14,300
They basically invented the 
concept of bedroom decor 

5700
05:00:14,300 --> 05:00:17,700
complete with color coordination
and seasonal changes. 

5701
05:00:18,800 --> 05:00:20,600
One. 
Particularly Roman Innovation 

5702
05:00:20,600 --> 05:00:23,300
was the canopy bed. 
They discovered that hanging 

5703
05:00:23,300 --> 05:00:26,700
curtains around the bed, 
created, privacy blocked, drafts

5704
05:00:26,700 --> 05:00:28,100
and helped. 
Keep insects at Bay. 

5705
05:00:28,800 --> 05:00:32,100
These bed curtains were often 
made of expensive fabrics and 

5706
05:00:32,100 --> 05:00:34,800
were as much about showing off 
well, as they were about 

5707
05:00:34,800 --> 05:00:38,200
practical comfort. 
If you've ever wondered why 

5708
05:00:38,200 --> 05:00:41,500
canopy bed seem so fancy, you 
can thank the Romans for 

5709
05:00:41,500 --> 05:00:45,100
establishing that tradition. 
The Romans also developed heated

5710
05:00:45,100 --> 05:00:47,800
Beds, which is pretty 
impressive, considering they 

5711
05:00:47,800 --> 05:00:50,900
didn't have electricity, they 
used a system called hyper 

5712
05:00:50,900 --> 05:00:52,700
course. 
That circulated warm air from 

5713
05:00:52,700 --> 05:00:55,400
furnaces through Hollow spaces 
in the walls and Floors. 

5714
05:00:55,400 --> 05:00:58,400
Some wealthy Romans had heated 
sleeping chambers that 

5715
05:00:58,400 --> 05:01:00,200
maintained comfortable 
temperatures throughout the 

5716
05:01:00,200 --> 05:01:02,500
night. 
This method was probably the 

5717
05:01:02,500 --> 05:01:05,500
ancient equivalent of those 
heated mattress pads that make 

5718
05:01:05,500 --> 05:01:07,700
getting out of bed, even more 
difficult than it already. 

5719
05:01:07,700 --> 05:01:12,200
Is Roman beds, often featured, 
adjustable elements, they had 

5720
05:01:12,200 --> 05:01:14,800
mechanisms for raising or 
lowering different parts of the 

5721
05:01:14,800 --> 05:01:17,600
bed allowing sleepers to find 
their optimal position. 

5722
05:01:18,500 --> 05:01:20,900
Some Roman beds could be 
converted from sleeping 

5723
05:01:20,900 --> 05:01:24,100
configuration to dining 
configuration with a few simple 

5724
05:01:24,100 --> 05:01:27,200
adjustments. 
This flexibility was regarded as

5725
05:01:27,200 --> 05:01:29,200
the Pinnacle of luxury and 
practicality. 

5726
05:01:29,200 --> 05:01:32,700
The social aspect of Roman 
bedding were complex and 

5727
05:01:32,700 --> 05:01:35,000
fascinating. 
There were strict rules about 

5728
05:01:35,000 --> 05:01:38,000
who could sleep where, what type
of bedding was appropriate for 

5729
05:01:38,008 --> 05:01:40,600
different, social classes and 
how bad should be arranged in 

5730
05:01:40,600 --> 05:01:44,800
different rooms. 
Master bedroom or cubicle was 

5731
05:01:44,800 --> 05:01:47,900
considered a semi-public space 
where important guests might be 

5732
05:01:47,900 --> 05:01:50,300
received. 
So the bed had to be impressive 

5733
05:01:50,300 --> 05:01:52,000
enough to reflect the owners 
status. 

5734
05:01:53,100 --> 05:01:55,700
The Romans developed the first 
real understanding of sleep 

5735
05:01:55,700 --> 05:01:57,900
hygiene, which is particularly 
interesting. 

5736
05:01:58,600 --> 05:02:01,000
They thought that the quality of
your bedding, affected your 

5737
05:02:01,008 --> 05:02:02,900
sleep, which affected your 
health. 

5738
05:02:03,700 --> 05:02:06,900
This belief led to Innovations 
in mattress materials bed, 

5739
05:02:06,900 --> 05:02:09,800
positioning, and even the 
orientation of sleeping Chambers

5740
05:02:09,800 --> 05:02:13,400
to catch optimal, breezes. 
The decline of the Roman Empire 

5741
05:02:13,400 --> 05:02:16,500
marked, the end of this golden 
age of bed luxury, but many 

5742
05:02:16,500 --> 05:02:18,800
Roman Innovation, survived and 
influenced bedding. 

5743
05:02:18,800 --> 05:02:22,900
For centuries to come the idea 
of stuffed mattresses, elaborate

5744
05:02:22,900 --> 05:02:26,400
bed, linens, and beds as status,
symbols all traces, back to 

5745
05:02:26,400 --> 05:02:29,600
Roman innovations, that were far
ahead of their time after the 

5746
05:02:29,600 --> 05:02:31,900
fall of Rome. 
Bed technology took a bit of a 

5747
05:02:31,900 --> 05:02:34,600
nose dive, which is probably 
what you'd expect during a 

5748
05:02:34,600 --> 05:02:38,200
period called the Dark Ages. 
Medieval Europeans basically 

5749
05:02:38,200 --> 05:02:40,600
forgot most of what the Romans 
had figured out about 

5750
05:02:40,600 --> 05:02:43,300
comfortable sleeping and went 
back to much simpler 

5751
05:02:43,300 --> 05:02:46,200
Arrangements. 
But don't worry, they made up 

5752
05:02:46,200 --> 05:02:49,400
for it with creativity, communal
sleeping, and some pretty 

5753
05:02:49,400 --> 05:02:51,900
intriguing solutions to the 
problem of staying warm in 

5754
05:02:51,900 --> 05:02:55,800
drafty to Stone Castle's. 
Medieval peasants who made up 

5755
05:02:55,800 --> 05:02:59,400
about 90% of the population 
slept on what were essentially, 

5756
05:02:59,400 --> 05:03:02,000
piles of straw covered with 
rough and blankets. 

5757
05:03:02,800 --> 05:03:05,600
Their beds were usually just 
wooden platforms or even 

5758
05:03:05,600 --> 05:03:08,200
hollowed out sections of the 
floor, filled with straw, or 

5759
05:03:08,200 --> 05:03:10,900
hay. 
Straw served as both mattress 

5760
05:03:10,900 --> 05:03:13,800
and pillow and it was changed 
when it got too smelly or bug 

5761
05:03:13,800 --> 05:03:16,800
infested tolerate. 
This scenario happened more 

5762
05:03:16,800 --> 05:03:19,500
often than you might think 
because medieval hygiene 

5763
05:03:19,500 --> 05:03:21,300
standards were. 
Shall we say relaxed? 

5764
05:03:22,000 --> 05:03:24,000
The really interesting part 
about medieval sleeping 

5765
05:03:24,000 --> 05:03:26,400
Arrangements is that almost 
nobody slept alone. 

5766
05:03:27,200 --> 05:03:31,100
Families would pile into one big
bed often with parents children 

5767
05:03:31,100 --> 05:03:34,600
and sometimes even servants all 
sharing the same sleeping space.

5768
05:03:34,600 --> 05:03:36,800
This wasn't just about saving 
space. 

5769
05:03:36,800 --> 05:03:41,100
It was about staying warm 
Medieval houses were cold drafty

5770
05:03:41,100 --> 05:03:44,200
places and body heat was often 
the only reliable source of 

5771
05:03:44,200 --> 05:03:47,200
warmth of available during 
winter months, even wealthy, 

5772
05:03:47,200 --> 05:03:49,600
medieval Nobles didn't have 
private bedrooms as we 

5773
05:03:49,600 --> 05:03:52,800
understand them today. 
The enormous Hall of a castle or

5774
05:03:52,800 --> 05:03:54,300
manor house would be filled with
beds. 

5775
05:03:54,300 --> 05:03:57,100
And everyone from the Lord's 
family to visiting guests to 

5776
05:03:57,100 --> 05:03:59,000
household, servants would sleep 
in the same room. 

5777
05:04:00,100 --> 05:04:02,500
Privacy was a luxury that simply
didn't exist. 

5778
05:04:02,500 --> 05:04:05,600
You learned to sleep through 
other people's snoring, talking 

5779
05:04:05,600 --> 05:04:08,800
and various nocturnal activities
or you didn't sleep at all. 

5780
05:04:09,800 --> 05:04:12,500
The wealthy did have some better
sleeping Arrangements. 

5781
05:04:12,500 --> 05:04:16,300
Of course, Noble beds were often
large elaborate affairs with 

5782
05:04:16,300 --> 05:04:19,400
carved, wooden frames and thick 
curtains, that could be drawn 

5783
05:04:19,400 --> 05:04:22,800
for privacy and warmth. 
These bed curtains were crucial 

5784
05:04:22,800 --> 05:04:25,600
because they created a 
microclimate around the sleeper 

5785
05:04:25,600 --> 05:04:28,200
trapping body heat and blocking 
drafts. 

5786
05:04:28,900 --> 05:04:32,500
Medieval beds were essentially 
small portable rooms within the 

5787
05:04:32,500 --> 05:04:36,800
larger sleeping space and evil 
mattresses when they existed at 

5788
05:04:36,800 --> 05:04:40,500
all were usually large fabric 
Sac stuffed with straw feathers 

5789
05:04:40,500 --> 05:04:43,400
or wool. 
The wealthy often possessed 

5790
05:04:43,400 --> 05:04:46,700
mattresses for filled with down 
feathers regarded as the epitome

5791
05:04:46,700 --> 05:04:49,900
of luxury. 
Wills and inheritance documents 

5792
05:04:49,900 --> 05:04:52,700
often specifically mentioned, 
these feather mattresses due to 

5793
05:04:52,708 --> 05:04:56,000
their high value. 
Imagine being so excited about 

5794
05:04:56,000 --> 05:04:58,200
your mattress that you want to 
ensure it goes to the right 

5795
05:04:58,200 --> 05:05:01,900
person after you die. 
Medieval people also develop 

5796
05:05:01,900 --> 05:05:04,100
some Creative, Solutions to 
common sleeping problems. 

5797
05:05:04,100 --> 05:05:07,800
They discovered that certain 
herbs when mixed with straw 

5798
05:05:07,800 --> 05:05:10,700
helped repel insects and 
provided Pleasant scents. 

5799
05:05:11,600 --> 05:05:14,200
Lavender, mint and rosemary, 
were popular choices. 

5800
05:05:14,200 --> 05:05:16,900
So, medieval beds were 
essentially aromatherapy 

5801
05:05:16,900 --> 05:05:18,700
stations long before anyone 
called the. 

5802
05:05:18,700 --> 05:05:21,900
That one important medieval 
Innovation was the trundle bed. 

5803
05:05:21,900 --> 05:05:25,000
These were low beds that could 
be rolled under larger beds 

5804
05:05:25,000 --> 05:05:26,500
during the day and pulled out at
night. 

5805
05:05:27,300 --> 05:05:30,000
Servants children or guests 
would sleep on trundle beds 

5806
05:05:30,000 --> 05:05:33,300
which saved space and allowed 
for flexible sleeping 

5807
05:05:33,300 --> 05:05:35,800
Arrangements. 
It was basically the medieval 

5808
05:05:35,800 --> 05:05:39,200
equivalent of a pullout couch 
accept much less comfortable. 

5809
05:05:40,100 --> 05:05:43,000
The concept of changing sheets 
was pretty foreign to Medieval 

5810
05:05:43,000 --> 05:05:45,400
people. 
Bed linens when they existed 

5811
05:05:45,400 --> 05:05:47,600
were expensive and difficult to 
clean. 

5812
05:05:48,400 --> 05:05:51,300
Most people slept directly on 
their mattresses or under rough 

5813
05:05:51,300 --> 05:05:54,200
Woolen blankets that were washed
in frequently if at all. 

5814
05:05:55,200 --> 05:05:57,800
The wealthy might have linen 
sheets, but even these were 

5815
05:05:57,800 --> 05:06:00,900
changed only occasionally. 
Medieval people had a much 

5816
05:06:00,908 --> 05:06:03,500
higher tolerance for what we 
would consider unsanitary 

5817
05:06:03,500 --> 05:06:06,500
conditions, medieval beds were 
also surprisingly. 

5818
05:06:06,500 --> 05:06:10,000
Portable wealthy Nobles, 
traveled frequently, and they 

5819
05:06:10,000 --> 05:06:13,300
often took their beds with them.
Proper medieval bed. 

5820
05:06:13,300 --> 05:06:17,100
Could be disassembled packed 
onto wagons and reassembled at 

5821
05:06:17,100 --> 05:06:18,700
the next Castle. 
Manor House. 

5822
05:06:19,500 --> 05:06:22,000
This meant that your bed was 
literally your most important 

5823
05:06:22,000 --> 05:06:24,500
piece of furniture because it 
went everywhere. 

5824
05:06:24,500 --> 05:06:28,000
You did the height of medieval 
bed luxury, was the state bed 

5825
05:06:28,000 --> 05:06:30,000
used by royalty and the highest 
nobility. 

5826
05:06:30,900 --> 05:06:34,300
These beds were enormous. 
Elaborate constructions that 

5827
05:06:34,300 --> 05:06:36,400
resembled architecture, more 
than furniture. 

5828
05:06:37,300 --> 05:06:40,500
They'd carved posts embroidered,
curtains and sometimes even 

5829
05:06:40,500 --> 05:06:43,400
small Chambers built into the 
headboard for storing valuable 

5830
05:06:43,400 --> 05:06:46,200
items. 
These beds were so impressive 

5831
05:06:46,200 --> 05:06:48,900
that they were often considered 
works of art in their own right.

5832
05:06:49,800 --> 05:06:52,300
What's particularly fascinating 
about medieval sleeping 

5833
05:06:52,300 --> 05:06:55,200
Arrangements is how they 
reflected social hierarchy. 

5834
05:06:55,200 --> 05:06:59,000
The closer you slept to the lord
of the castle, the higher your 

5835
05:06:59,000 --> 05:07:02,900
social status The most important
guests would sleep in the same 

5836
05:07:02,900 --> 05:07:06,400
room as the Lord while servants 
and lesser Nobles would sleep in

5837
05:07:06,400 --> 05:07:08,300
progressively more distant 
locations. 

5838
05:07:09,100 --> 05:07:11,800
Your sleeping spot was a direct 
reflection of your place. 

5839
05:07:11,800 --> 05:07:15,500
In society, medieval people also
had some intriguing beliefs 

5840
05:07:15,500 --> 05:07:18,300
about sleep and dreams. 
They thought that sleeping with 

5841
05:07:18,300 --> 05:07:21,100
your head pointing East was 
healthiest and that certain 

5842
05:07:21,100 --> 05:07:23,600
materials in your mattress could
influence your dreams. 

5843
05:07:24,400 --> 05:07:26,900
They believed that sleeping on a
mattress stuffed with particular

5844
05:07:26,900 --> 05:07:30,400
herbs, could promote prophetic 
dreams or ward off nightmares? 

5845
05:07:30,400 --> 05:07:33,100
Whether or not this approach 
actually worked. 

5846
05:07:33,100 --> 05:07:35,500
It certainly made bedtime more 
interesting. 

5847
05:07:35,500 --> 05:07:38,400
The Renaissance brought a 
revolution in sleeping comfort. 

5848
05:07:38,400 --> 05:07:40,800
That would have made medieval 
peasants, weep With Envy. 

5849
05:07:41,500 --> 05:07:45,000
Suddenly people rediscovered, 
the Roman love of luxury and 

5850
05:07:45,000 --> 05:07:49,000
comfort, but with medieval 
practicality and some genuinely 

5851
05:07:49,000 --> 05:07:51,700
new Innovations. 
This was the period when 

5852
05:07:51,700 --> 05:07:55,600
sleeping went from being a basic
survival necessity to something,

5853
05:07:55,600 --> 05:07:57,300
that could actually be 
enjoyable. 

5854
05:07:58,300 --> 05:08:00,800
Renaissance Italians were 
particularly obsessed with 

5855
05:08:00,800 --> 05:08:03,900
comfortable sleeping. 
They developed the first real 

5856
05:08:03,900 --> 05:08:06,400
mattresses, that would be 
recognizable to Modern sleepers,

5857
05:08:06,400 --> 05:08:10,800
large fabric cases stuffed with 
combination of wool cotton and 

5858
05:08:10,800 --> 05:08:13,300
Feathers. 
So in to sections to prevent the

5859
05:08:13,300 --> 05:08:16,900
stuffing from clumping, These 
mattresses were placed on top of

5860
05:08:16,900 --> 05:08:19,800
rope or wooden slat. 
Bed frames, creating a sleeping 

5861
05:08:19,800 --> 05:08:21,900
surface that was both supportive
and comfortable. 

5862
05:08:23,000 --> 05:08:25,300
The Rope bed frame was a 
Renaissance Innovation, that 

5863
05:08:25,300 --> 05:08:28,500
deserves special mention, 
instead of the solid wooden 

5864
05:08:28,500 --> 05:08:32,400
platforms of medieval times 
Renaissance beds, used networks 

5865
05:08:32,400 --> 05:08:34,700
of ropes threaded through holes 
in the bed frame. 

5866
05:08:35,300 --> 05:08:37,800
These ropes could be tightened 
or loosened to adjust the 

5867
05:08:37,800 --> 05:08:39,400
firmness of the sleeping 
surface. 

5868
05:08:40,100 --> 05:08:42,900
This is where the phrase sleep 
tight comes from. 

5869
05:08:42,900 --> 05:08:46,200
It literally meant to tighten 
the ropes on your bed to ensure 

5870
05:08:46,200 --> 05:08:51,200
a comfortable sleeping surface. 
Renaissance beds were also the 

5871
05:08:51,200 --> 05:08:53,200
first to feature multiple layers
of bedding. 

5872
05:08:53,200 --> 05:08:56,500
Instead of just throwing a 
blanket over a straw mattress, 

5873
05:08:56,500 --> 05:09:00,500
people began using systems of 
sheets blankets, and coverlets 

5874
05:09:00,500 --> 05:09:02,900
that could be added or removed, 
depending on the weather and 

5875
05:09:02,900 --> 05:09:05,800
personal preference. 
This layered approach allowed 

5876
05:09:05,800 --> 05:09:08,200
for much more precise, 
temperature control and comfort,

5877
05:09:08,200 --> 05:09:11,100
customization. 
The Renaissance also saw the 

5878
05:09:11,100 --> 05:09:13,500
development of the first real 
pillows as we know them today. 

5879
05:09:14,300 --> 05:09:16,500
Instead of wooden headrests or 
simple cloth. 

5880
05:09:16,500 --> 05:09:19,300
Bundles Renaissance, pillows 
were carefully, constructed 

5881
05:09:19,300 --> 05:09:22,900
fabric cases, stuffed with down 
feathers or fine wool. 

5882
05:09:23,600 --> 05:09:26,000
These pillows were designed 
specifically for comfort and 

5883
05:09:26,000 --> 05:09:28,300
support. 
And Wealthy households, would 

5884
05:09:28,300 --> 05:09:30,900
have multiple pillows of 
different sizes and firmness 

5885
05:09:30,900 --> 05:09:34,500
levels for different sleeping 
positions, privacy became 

5886
05:09:34,500 --> 05:09:37,600
increasingly important during 
the Renaissance and this led to 

5887
05:09:37,600 --> 05:09:41,500
Innovations in bed, curtains, 
and canopies Renaissance bed 

5888
05:09:41,500 --> 05:09:44,600
curtains were often made of 
expensive Fabrics like Silk or 

5889
05:09:44,600 --> 05:09:48,000
velvet and they were designed to
create a private intimate space 

5890
05:09:48,000 --> 05:09:51,500
within the larger bedroom. 
These curtains served practical 

5891
05:09:51,500 --> 05:09:54,500
purposes too. 
They blocked drafts provided 

5892
05:09:54,500 --> 05:09:57,600
insulation and helped to keep 
out insects and Light. 

5893
05:09:58,600 --> 05:10:01,400
The Renaissance bed was also 
when furniture makers began 

5894
05:10:01,400 --> 05:10:03,900
treating beds as serious pieces 
of craftsmanship. 

5895
05:10:04,600 --> 05:10:08,400
Renaissance beds featured, 
elaborate carvings inlays and 

5896
05:10:08,400 --> 05:10:11,000
decorative elements that made 
them works of art, as well as 

5897
05:10:11,000 --> 05:10:14,300
functional furniture. 
These beds were often family. 

5898
05:10:14,300 --> 05:10:17,100
Heirlooms passed down through 
generations and becoming more 

5899
05:10:17,100 --> 05:10:19,800
valuable over time. 
Once specific Renaissance 

5900
05:10:19,800 --> 05:10:22,600
Innovation was the development 
of specialized bedding for 

5901
05:10:22,600 --> 05:10:25,500
different seasons. 
Wealthy households would have 

5902
05:10:25,500 --> 05:10:28,500
lightweight in bedding for 
summer and heavy Woolen bedding 

5903
05:10:28,500 --> 05:10:30,900
for winter. 
They also developed the first 

5904
05:10:30,900 --> 05:10:34,100
washable bed, linens, which 
represented a significant 

5905
05:10:34,100 --> 05:10:35,600
advance in high Gene and 
comfort. 

5906
05:10:36,500 --> 05:10:39,200
The ability to regularly clean, 
your bedding was a luxury that 

5907
05:10:39,200 --> 05:10:40,900
previous generations couldn't 
imagine. 

5908
05:10:41,700 --> 05:10:44,400
Renaissance beds also became 
much larger than their medieval 

5909
05:10:44,400 --> 05:10:47,300
predecessors. 
The great bed became a status 

5910
05:10:47,300 --> 05:10:50,200
symbol among the wealthy with 
some beds, measuring 8 feet 

5911
05:10:50,200 --> 05:10:53,200
square, or larger. 
These enormous beds were just 

5912
05:10:53,200 --> 05:10:55,100
for sleeping. 
They were used for conducting 

5913
05:10:55,100 --> 05:10:58,800
business, receiving guests, and 
displaying wealth and status. 

5914
05:10:59,900 --> 05:11:02,800
The bed became the centerpiece 
of the bedroom, which itself 

5915
05:11:02,800 --> 05:11:04,100
became an important room in the 
house. 

5916
05:11:04,100 --> 05:11:07,300
The Renaissance period also saw 
the development of the first 

5917
05:11:07,300 --> 05:11:10,500
adjustable beds. 
Some Renaissance beds featured 

5918
05:11:10,500 --> 05:11:13,300
mechanisms that allowed sleepers
to raise or lower their heads 

5919
05:11:13,300 --> 05:11:15,500
and feet. 
Providing comfort for people 

5920
05:11:15,500 --> 05:11:17,800
with medical conditions or 
simply allowing, for more 

5921
05:11:17,800 --> 05:11:19,500
comfortable reading or dining in
bed. 

5922
05:11:20,200 --> 05:11:21,900
These adjustable beds were 
complex. 

5923
05:11:21,900 --> 05:11:24,400
Mechanical devices, that 
demonstrated the periods 

5924
05:11:24,400 --> 05:11:26,700
growing, understanding of 
engineering and comfort. 

5925
05:11:27,800 --> 05:11:29,300
Renaissance sleeping 
Arrangements. 

5926
05:11:29,300 --> 05:11:31,300
Also reflected changing social 
attitudes. 

5927
05:11:32,200 --> 05:11:33,600
While many evil people saw 
nothing. 

5928
05:11:33,600 --> 05:11:36,500
Wrong with communal, sleeping, 
rennison sensibilities, 

5929
05:11:36,500 --> 05:11:39,100
increasingly valued, privacy and
individual comfort. 

5930
05:11:39,900 --> 05:11:42,900
Married couples began sleeping 
in their rooms, and children 

5931
05:11:42,900 --> 05:11:45,600
were given their beds rather 
than sharing with parents or 

5932
05:11:45,600 --> 05:11:48,300
siblings. 
This shift toward individual 

5933
05:11:48,300 --> 05:11:51,200
sleeping spaces was a 
significant cultural change that

5934
05:11:51,200 --> 05:11:52,700
would continue into the modern 
era. 

5935
05:11:53,800 --> 05:11:56,200
The Renaissance also saw the 
development of the first 

5936
05:11:56,200 --> 05:11:59,600
specialized children's beds, 
instead of just making smaller 

5937
05:11:59,600 --> 05:12:02,400
versions of adult beds 
ferniture, makers began, 

5938
05:12:02,400 --> 05:12:05,100
creating beds specifically 
designed for children children's

5939
05:12:05,100 --> 05:12:07,400
needs. 
These beds will lower to the 

5940
05:12:07,400 --> 05:12:10,800
ground, had protective railings 
and were designed to be safe and

5941
05:12:10,800 --> 05:12:14,200
comfortable for young sleepers. 
The idea that children might 

5942
05:12:14,200 --> 05:12:16,900
have different sleeping needs 
than adults was revolutionary. 

5943
05:12:17,800 --> 05:12:20,500
Renaissance beds were also the 
first to feature Storage 

5944
05:12:20,500 --> 05:12:24,500
Solutions, many Renaissance beds
had built-in chests or drawers 

5945
05:12:24,500 --> 05:12:27,900
underneath the sleeping surface.
Providing storage for bed, 

5946
05:12:27,900 --> 05:12:29,400
linens, clothing, and personal 
items. 

5947
05:12:30,300 --> 05:12:33,300
This Innovation held significant
importance during a period when 

5948
05:12:33,300 --> 05:12:36,600
closets were scarce and storage 
space was highly valued. 

5949
05:12:37,500 --> 05:12:39,800
The Renaissance period 
established, many of the basic 

5950
05:12:39,800 --> 05:12:42,100
principles of comfortable 
sleeping that we still use 

5951
05:12:42,100 --> 05:12:44,600
today. 
The idea of layered bedding. 

5952
05:12:44,600 --> 05:12:47,400
Supportive, mattresses 
comfortable, pillows and private

5953
05:12:47,400 --> 05:12:49,600
sleeping spaces. 
All, Trace back to Renaissance 

5954
05:12:49,600 --> 05:12:52,400
Innovations. 
During this period the 

5955
05:12:52,400 --> 05:12:55,100
essentially figured out what 
makes a good bed despite the 

5956
05:12:55,100 --> 05:12:56,900
dramatic improvements in 
technology. 

5957
05:12:56,900 --> 05:13:00,100
The Industrial Revolution 
fundamentally transformed the 

5958
05:13:00,100 --> 05:13:03,000
way people slept with most of 
the changes occurring more 

5959
05:13:03,000 --> 05:13:06,600
quickly than you could say. 
Factory made mattress, suddenly 

5960
05:13:06,600 --> 05:13:10,100
beds that had been luxury items 
for the wealthy became available

5961
05:13:10,100 --> 05:13:12,300
to Ordinary People and 
innovations. 

5962
05:13:12,300 --> 05:13:15,000
That had taken centuries to 
develop were being improved upon

5963
05:13:15,000 --> 05:13:19,300
every few years. 
The 1850s saw the development of

5964
05:13:19,300 --> 05:13:21,400
the coil spring mattress 
marking. 

5965
05:13:21,400 --> 05:13:24,800
The first major change this 
breakthrough was revolutionary 

5966
05:13:24,800 --> 05:13:26,800
because it provided support and 
comfort. 

5967
05:13:26,800 --> 05:13:29,500
That was far superior to 
anything that had come before 

5968
05:13:29,500 --> 05:13:33,100
and stead of sleeping on stuffed
fabric sacks that gradually 

5969
05:13:33,100 --> 05:13:36,200
compressed and lost their shape.
People could now sleep on 

5970
05:13:36,200 --> 05:13:39,300
mattresses that maintain their 
support and bounce back night 

5971
05:13:39,300 --> 05:13:42,000
after night. 
The coil spring mattress, 

5972
05:13:42,000 --> 05:13:45,300
quickly established itself as 
the standard with variations 

5973
05:13:45,300 --> 05:13:48,300
still in use today. 
Mass production meant that 

5974
05:13:48,300 --> 05:13:51,400
mattresses could be made 
consistently and affordably in 

5975
05:13:51,400 --> 05:13:53,800
having to commission. 
A custom mattress from a local 

5976
05:13:53,800 --> 05:13:56,100
crafts person. 
People could buy ready-made 

5977
05:13:56,100 --> 05:14:00,300
mattresses from stores, This 
democratization of comfort meant

5978
05:14:00,300 --> 05:14:02,700
that working-class families 
could have sleeping Arrangements

5979
05:14:02,700 --> 05:14:05,700
that were comparable to what 
only the wealthy had enjoyed in 

5980
05:14:05,700 --> 05:14:08,800
previous centuries. 
The Industrial Age also brought 

5981
05:14:08,800 --> 05:14:10,300
significant improvements in 
Bedding. 

5982
05:14:10,300 --> 05:14:13,300
Materials, the development of 
cotton Mills made cotton sheets 

5983
05:14:13,300 --> 05:14:15,600
and pillowcases widely available
and affordable. 

5984
05:14:16,400 --> 05:14:19,400
Cotton was softer more 
breathable an easier to clean 

5985
05:14:19,400 --> 05:14:21,200
than the rough linen or wool 
bedding. 

5986
05:14:21,200 --> 05:14:24,300
Most used the ability to have 
soft washable, sheets 

5987
05:14:24,300 --> 05:14:28,100
represented a major advance in 
both comfort and hygiene Iron 

5988
05:14:28,100 --> 05:14:30,500
and Steel bed frames became 
popular during this period. 

5989
05:14:30,500 --> 05:14:32,900
Replacing wooden frames for many
people. 

5990
05:14:33,600 --> 05:14:36,600
These Metal Frames were 
stronger, more durable, and less

5991
05:14:36,600 --> 05:14:39,600
likely to Harbor. 
Insects the wooden frames, they 

5992
05:14:39,600 --> 05:14:42,100
were also much easier to 
mass-produce which made the more

5993
05:14:42,100 --> 05:14:44,900
affordable. 
Classic iron bed frame with its 

5994
05:14:44,900 --> 05:14:48,500
distinctive vertical bars and 
simple design became a symbol of

5995
05:14:48,508 --> 05:14:51,600
the Industrial Age. 
The Industrial Revolution also 

5996
05:14:51,600 --> 05:14:54,000
brought the first real 
understanding of sleep, hygiene 

5997
05:14:54,000 --> 05:14:56,500
and health. 
Medical professionals began 

5998
05:14:56,500 --> 05:14:59,300
studying sleep in its effects on
health leading to 

5999
05:14:59,300 --> 05:15:03,100
recommendations about mattress 
firmness room ventilation and 

6000
05:15:03,100 --> 05:15:06,100
sleeping positions. 
This scientific approach to 

6001
05:15:06,100 --> 05:15:09,200
sleep was a departure from the 
folk wisdom and superstitions 

6002
05:15:09,200 --> 05:15:11,900
that had guided sleeping 
arrangements for centuries. 

6003
05:15:12,700 --> 05:15:15,500
One, particularly important 
innovation was the development 

6004
05:15:15,500 --> 05:15:18,600
of the box spring. 
Instead of placing mattresses 

6005
05:15:18,600 --> 05:15:20,700
directly on rope or wooden slat 
frames. 

6006
05:15:20,700 --> 05:15:24,500
Manufacturers began creating 
specialized Foundation Systems 

6007
05:15:24,500 --> 05:15:28,000
that provided additional support
and extended mattress life. 

6008
05:15:28,900 --> 05:15:32,200
The box spring combined with the
call Spring mattress created a 

6009
05:15:32,200 --> 05:15:34,800
sleeping system that was far, 
superior to anything that had 

6010
05:15:34,800 --> 05:15:38,200
existed before. 
The Industrial Age also saw the 

6011
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:40,500
development of specialized 
bedding for different needs. 

6012
05:15:40,500 --> 05:15:43,800
Manufacturers began producing 
mattresses for children. 

6013
05:15:43,800 --> 05:15:46,300
The people with medical 
conditions and for different 

6014
05:15:46,300 --> 05:15:50,000
climates, This specialization 
represented a recognition, that 

6015
05:15:50,000 --> 05:15:53,300
different people had different 
sleeping needs and that 

6016
05:15:53,300 --> 05:15:55,700
technology could be adapted to 
meet those needs. 

6017
05:15:56,600 --> 05:15:58,500
Department stores, 
revolutionized, how people 

6018
05:15:58,500 --> 05:16:01,400
bought bedding? 
Instead of visiting specialized 

6019
05:16:01,400 --> 05:16:04,600
crafts people or commissioning 
custom work, people could see 

6020
05:16:04,600 --> 05:16:07,900
and compare different mattresses
sheets and pillows in large 

6021
05:16:07,900 --> 05:16:12,100
retail spaces. this gave 
consumers much more choice and 

6022
05:16:12,100 --> 05:16:15,500
helped Drive Innovation as 
manufacturers competed for 

6023
05:16:15,500 --> 05:16:18,600
customers, the development of 
reliable indoor heating or 

6024
05:16:18,600 --> 05:16:22,000
changed, sleeping Arrangement, 
significantly, People no longer 

6025
05:16:22,000 --> 05:16:25,200
needed to share beds for warmth.
And bedrooms could be separate 

6026
05:16:25,200 --> 05:16:28,000
from Living Spaces. 
This led to the development of 

6027
05:16:28,000 --> 05:16:30,800
the modern bedroom, as a private
individual space designed 

6028
05:16:30,800 --> 05:16:34,400
specifically for sleeping. 
The Industrial Age brought the 

6029
05:16:34,400 --> 05:16:36,300
first real advertising for Sleep
Products. 

6030
05:16:36,300 --> 05:16:39,800
Mattress manufacturers began 
making claims about the health 

6031
05:16:39,800 --> 05:16:43,100
benefits of their products, the 
superiority of their materials 

6032
05:16:43,100 --> 05:16:47,100
and the importance of Excellence
sleep, This was the beginning of

6033
05:16:47,100 --> 05:16:49,900
the modern sleeping industry, 
which would eventually become a 

6034
05:16:49,900 --> 05:16:53,400
multi-billion Dollar business. 
Mail, order catalogs, made it 

6035
05:16:53,400 --> 05:16:56,200
possible for people in rural 
areas to buy the same quality 

6036
05:16:56,200 --> 05:16:59,400
bedding as City dwellers. 
Companies, like Sears and 

6037
05:16:59,400 --> 05:17:01,900
Montgomery Ward, offered 
mattresses bed frames and 

6038
05:17:01,900 --> 05:17:04,800
bedding through their catalogs, 
bringing Industrial Age. 

6039
05:17:04,800 --> 05:17:07,400
Comfort people who had 
previously been limited to local

6040
05:17:07,400 --> 05:17:09,600
products, The Industrial 
Revolution. 

6041
05:17:09,600 --> 05:17:12,800
Also led to the initial 
standardization of bed sizes 

6042
05:17:12,800 --> 05:17:16,700
instead of custom-made beds that
varied depending on the crafts 

6043
05:17:16,700 --> 05:17:19,200
person and customer 
manufacturers began producing 

6044
05:17:19,200 --> 05:17:22,200
beds and standard sizes. 
This made it easier to buy 

6045
05:17:22,200 --> 05:17:24,900
bedding and meant that a 
mattress bought in one city 

6046
05:17:24,900 --> 05:17:28,400
would fit a bed frame bolt in 
another working conditions 

6047
05:17:28,400 --> 05:17:31,200
during the Industrial Age. 
Also, highlighted the importance

6048
05:17:31,200 --> 05:17:34,000
of good sleep. 
Factory workers who had to wake 

6049
05:17:34,000 --> 05:17:36,600
up early and work long hours 
needed better sleep than had 

6050
05:17:36,600 --> 05:17:38,800
been necessary and agricultural 
societies. 

6051
05:17:39,600 --> 05:17:42,600
This created demand for more 
comfortable bedding and led to 

6052
05:17:42,600 --> 05:17:45,400
Innovations designed to help 
people fall asleep, faster, and 

6053
05:17:45,400 --> 05:17:48,000
sleep, more soundly. 
The Industrial Age, is 

6054
05:17:48,000 --> 05:17:50,500
established the foundation for 
modern sleep technology. 

6055
05:17:50,500 --> 05:17:53,500
The basic concept of the coil, 
spring mattress. 

6056
05:17:53,500 --> 05:17:57,200
The box spring foundation and 
mass-produced bedding, all 

6057
05:17:57,200 --> 05:18:00,900
originated during this period. 
The Industrial Revolution 

6058
05:18:00,900 --> 05:18:03,700
established, the fundamental 
approach to creating comfortable

6059
05:18:03,700 --> 05:18:07,100
beds, despite dramatic 
improvements in materials and 

6060
05:18:07,100 --> 05:18:10,200
construction techniques. 
And here we are in the modern 

6061
05:18:10,200 --> 05:18:13,400
era where your bed is probably 
more technologically advanced 

6062
05:18:13,400 --> 05:18:17,000
than the computers that sent 
people to the moon, the 20th and

6063
05:18:17,000 --> 05:18:20,800
21st, centuries have brought an 
explosion of innovation in sleep

6064
05:18:20,800 --> 05:18:22,600
technology. 
That would have seemed like 

6065
05:18:22,600 --> 05:18:25,100
science fiction to people just a
few Generations ago. 

6066
05:18:26,300 --> 05:18:28,900
The development of synthetic 
materials, revolutionized 

6067
05:18:28,900 --> 05:18:32,700
mattress Construction. 
Memory foam originally developed

6068
05:18:32,700 --> 05:18:35,300
by NASA to improve crash 
protection for astronauts. 

6069
05:18:35,300 --> 05:18:38,700
Became the foundation for a new 
generation of mattresses that 

6070
05:18:38,700 --> 05:18:42,300
could conform to individual body
shapes and provide personalized 

6071
05:18:42,300 --> 05:18:44,700
support. 
The idea that your mattress 

6072
05:18:44,708 --> 05:18:48,000
could remember your body's 
Contours and adapt accordingly 

6073
05:18:48,000 --> 05:18:50,500
was a concept that previous 
generations could not have 

6074
05:18:50,500 --> 05:18:54,300
imagined latex mattresses 
brought natural, elasticity and 

6075
05:18:54,300 --> 05:18:57,400
durability that surpassed 
traditional coil springs. 

6076
05:18:57,400 --> 05:19:00,600
These mattresses could provide 
Firm support while still 

6077
05:19:00,600 --> 05:19:03,600
conforming to body shapes. 
They lasted much longer than 

6078
05:19:03,600 --> 05:19:06,800
previous mattress types. 
The development of synthetic 

6079
05:19:06,800 --> 05:19:09,800
latex made these benefits of 
available at reasonable prices 

6080
05:19:09,800 --> 05:19:12,600
to democratizing comfort. 
In ways that would have amazed 

6081
05:19:12,600 --> 05:19:15,800
early a generation's the 
introduction of adjustable beds.

6082
05:19:15,800 --> 05:19:18,100
Brought Hospital level Comfort 
to home bedrooms. 

6083
05:19:18,100 --> 05:19:21,700
These beds could be adjusted to 
provide optimal positioning for 

6084
05:19:21,700 --> 05:19:24,500
sleeping reading watching 
television or dealing with 

6085
05:19:24,508 --> 05:19:27,800
medical conditions. 
The ability to adjust your bed's

6086
05:19:27,800 --> 05:19:30,800
position with the touch of a 
button represented, a level of 

6087
05:19:30,800 --> 05:19:34,300
convenience and customization 
that surpassed anything in 

6088
05:19:34,300 --> 05:19:37,800
history. 
Temperature control became a 

6089
05:19:37,800 --> 05:19:41,700
major focus of modern sleep 
technology, gel infused Foams, 

6090
05:19:41,700 --> 05:19:44,800
phase, change materials. 
And even water called mattresses

6091
05:19:44,800 --> 05:19:47,400
were developed to help people 
maintain optimal sleeping 

6092
05:19:47,400 --> 05:19:50,400
temperatures. 
The recognition that temperature

6093
05:19:50,400 --> 05:19:53,500
regulation was crucial for good 
sleep led to innovations that 

6094
05:19:53,500 --> 05:19:56,200
actively managed heat and 
moisture throughout the night. 

6095
05:19:57,200 --> 05:20:00,000
Modern bedding materials have 
achieved levels of softness and 

6096
05:20:00,000 --> 05:20:02,700
performance that would have been
impossible with natural 

6097
05:20:02,700 --> 05:20:06,300
materials alone. 
Microfiber sheets can be softer 

6098
05:20:06,300 --> 05:20:08,700
than silk, while being more 
durable and easier to care for. 

6099
05:20:09,600 --> 05:20:12,200
Moisture wicking Fabrics, help 
regulate temperature and 

6100
05:20:12,200 --> 05:20:15,400
humidity creating optimal 
sleeping conditions regardless 

6101
05:20:15,400 --> 05:20:18,200
of seasonal. 
Climate The development of the 

6102
05:20:18,200 --> 05:20:20,700
Sleep industry is a major 
economic Force as driven. 

6103
05:20:20,700 --> 05:20:23,800
Continuous in Innovation, 
companies spend millions of 

6104
05:20:23,800 --> 05:20:26,900
dollars, researching sleep 
patterns, testing new materials 

6105
05:20:26,900 --> 05:20:29,900
and developing products that 
promise better rest. 

6106
05:20:30,600 --> 05:20:33,300
This competition has led to 
Rapid advances in mattress. 

6107
05:20:33,300 --> 05:20:36,500
Technology bedding, materials 
and sleep accessories. 

6108
05:20:37,300 --> 05:20:40,600
Sleep tracking technology has 
given people unprecedented 

6109
05:20:40,600 --> 05:20:44,000
insight into their sleep 
patterns devices that monitor 

6110
05:20:44,000 --> 05:20:47,100
movement, heart rate and sleep. 
Stages, provide details 

6111
05:20:47,100 --> 05:20:49,100
information about Sleep Quality 
and duration. 

6112
05:20:50,000 --> 05:20:52,800
This data driven approach to 
sleep represents a return to the

6113
05:20:52,800 --> 05:20:55,800
scientific study of sleep that 
began during the Industrial Age.

6114
05:20:55,800 --> 05:20:59,600
But with far more sophisticated 
tools and understanding, the 

6115
05:20:59,600 --> 05:21:02,300
internet has revolutionized, how
people buy mattresses and 

6116
05:21:02,300 --> 05:21:05,200
bedding online retailers, 
offered detailed product 

6117
05:21:05,200 --> 05:21:08,800
information, customer reviews. 
And even sleep trials, that 

6118
05:21:08,800 --> 05:21:11,100
allow people to test mattresses 
in their homes. 

6119
05:21:11,800 --> 05:21:14,300
The internet has made it easier 
for people to find products that

6120
05:21:14,300 --> 05:21:16,300
meet their specific needs and 
preferences. 

6121
05:21:16,300 --> 05:21:19,700
Modern understanding of sleep 
science has led to products 

6122
05:21:19,700 --> 05:21:23,200
designed for specific sleep 
positions, body types and 

6123
05:21:23,200 --> 05:21:26,600
medical conditions. 
Side sleepers can buy mattresses

6124
05:21:26,600 --> 05:21:28,100
optimized for their sleeping 
position. 

6125
05:21:28,100 --> 05:21:31,600
While people with back problems,
can find products specifically 

6126
05:21:31,600 --> 05:21:33,700
designed to provide proper 
spinal alignment. 

6127
05:21:34,700 --> 05:21:37,700
This level of customization 
represents a sophisticated 

6128
05:21:37,700 --> 05:21:40,500
understanding of how different 
people have different sleep 

6129
05:21:40,500 --> 05:21:43,300
needs. 
The development of organic and 

6130
05:21:43,300 --> 05:21:45,300
natural bedding materials, as 
brought together, Modern 

6131
05:21:45,300 --> 05:21:49,300
Performance with traditional 
materials, organic cotton 

6132
05:21:49,300 --> 05:21:52,900
natural latex and wool bedding. 
Provide the benefits of natural 

6133
05:21:52,900 --> 05:21:56,200
materials while meeting modern 
standards for comfort and 

6134
05:21:56,200 --> 05:21:59,300
durability. 
This trend represents a return 

6135
05:21:59,300 --> 05:22:02,000
to Natural materials, but with 
the benefit of modern 

6136
05:22:02,000 --> 05:22:05,600
Manufacturing technique's, smart
beds are at the Forefront of 

6137
05:22:05,600 --> 05:22:08,300
sleep technology. 
These beds can automatically 

6138
05:22:08,300 --> 05:22:11,900
adjust firmness temperature and 
position based on sleep 

6139
05:22:11,900 --> 05:22:15,000
patterns, and preferences. 
Some can even track Sleep 

6140
05:22:15,000 --> 05:22:17,800
Quality, and make 
recommendations for improvement.

6141
05:22:17,800 --> 05:22:20,400
A bed that actively Works to 
improve. 

6142
05:22:20,400 --> 05:22:23,000
Your sleep would have seemed 
like Pure Fantasy to previous 

6143
05:22:23,000 --> 05:22:26,500
generations. 
The modern Sleep Revolution has 

6144
05:22:26,500 --> 05:22:29,500
also brought an understanding of
the importance of sleep for 

6145
05:22:29,500 --> 05:22:32,800
overall health and well-being. 
Research has shown that 

6146
05:22:32,800 --> 05:22:34,800
adequate. 
Sleep is crucial for physical 

6147
05:22:34,800 --> 05:22:38,000
health, mental performance and 
emotional stability. 

6148
05:22:39,000 --> 05:22:41,500
This awareness is led to 
increased investment in sleep 

6149
05:22:41,500 --> 05:22:44,600
technology and a recognition. 
That good bedding is an 

6150
05:22:44,600 --> 05:22:46,900
investment in health, not just 
comfort. 

6151
05:22:47,900 --> 05:22:51,000
As you settle into your modern 
bed tonight, with its carefully 

6152
05:22:51,000 --> 05:22:54,400
engineered support system, 
temperature regulating materials

6153
05:22:54,400 --> 05:22:58,200
and precisely designed Comfort 
layers, your participating in a 

6154
05:22:58,200 --> 05:23:01,100
tradition that stretches back to
these first grass, beds in South

6155
05:23:01,100 --> 05:23:03,700
African caves the drive. 
To create better. 

6156
05:23:03,700 --> 05:23:06,100
Sleeping conditions has been a 
constant throughout human 

6157
05:23:06,100 --> 05:23:08,100
history. 
Leading us from simple. 

6158
05:23:08,100 --> 05:23:11,400
Piles of aromatic leaves to the 
sophisticated sleep systems we 

6159
05:23:11,400 --> 05:23:14,100
have today. 
The journey from sleeping on the

6160
05:23:14,108 --> 05:23:16,700
ground to sleeping on memory 
foam has been long and 

6161
05:23:16,700 --> 05:23:20,900
fascinating filled with 
Innovations setbacks and gradual

6162
05:23:20,900 --> 05:23:23,700
improvements. 
Each generation has built upon 

6163
05:23:23,700 --> 05:23:26,600
the discoveries of the previous 
one creating better and more 

6164
05:23:26,600 --> 05:23:28,500
comfortable ways to get a good 
night's rest. 

6165
05:23:28,500 --> 05:23:31,800
And who knows the bedroom 
sleeping on tonight? 

6166
05:23:31,800 --> 05:23:33,500
Might seem primitive to Future 
Generations. 

6167
05:23:33,500 --> 05:23:36,700
Who will undoubtedly find even 
better ways to achieve the 

6168
05:23:36,700 --> 05:23:41,500
perfect night's sleep. 
Sweet dreams and remember your 

6169
05:23:41,500 --> 05:23:45,800
sleeping better than 99.9% of 
all humans who have ever lived. 

6170
05:23:46,600 --> 05:23:49,200
That's worth appreciating as you
drift off to sleep, on your 

6171
05:23:49,208 --> 05:23:51,500
modern Miracle of comfort and 
engineering. 

6172
05:23:52,600 --> 05:23:55,200
But if that insomnia is still 
kicking, don't worry. 

6173
05:23:55,200 --> 05:23:58,800
I will always have other stories
of mine told here from the past 

6174
05:23:58,800 --> 05:24:02,400
to help you get that rest, no 
matter what it takes sleep. 

6175
05:24:02,400 --> 05:24:05,700
Well, my friends and I will 
catch you later as I always do. 

6176
05:24:13,200 --> 05:24:16,000
Picture this. 
It's a crisp morning in May 16 

6177
05:24:16,000 --> 05:24:18,900
and you're a respectable citizen
of Salem, Massachusetts. 

6178
05:24:19,900 --> 05:24:22,500
Maybe you're a farmer, a 
merchant or a Craftsman. 

6179
05:24:22,500 --> 05:24:25,700
Someone who's managed to stay 
out of trouble and earn a decent

6180
05:24:25,700 --> 05:24:27,100
living. 
In this Puritan Community. 

6181
05:24:27,100 --> 05:24:30,800
You're probably thinking about 
the day ahead, perhaps wondering

6182
05:24:30,800 --> 05:24:33,700
if your crops Will Survive the 
late spring Frost when there's a

6183
05:24:33,700 --> 05:24:36,500
knock at your door. 
Standing on your threshold is 

6184
05:24:36,508 --> 05:24:38,800
the town. 
Constable looking unusually 

6185
05:24:38,800 --> 05:24:40,900
serious. 
He's not here about your 

6186
05:24:40,900 --> 05:24:43,900
neighbor's wandering pig, or a 
dispute over property lines 

6187
05:24:43,900 --> 05:24:46,300
know. 
Today, he's carrying a list of 

6188
05:24:46,308 --> 05:24:49,700
names and unfortunately, for 
you, yours is on it. 

6189
05:24:49,700 --> 05:24:53,200
You've been selected to serve on
a special court jury to hear 

6190
05:24:53,200 --> 05:24:56,000
cases involving witchcraft, 
congratulations. 

6191
05:24:56,000 --> 05:24:59,100
You've just won the colonial 
equivalent of the world's worst 

6192
05:24:59,100 --> 05:25:01,800
Lottery. 
Now, you might think jury duty 

6193
05:25:01,800 --> 05:25:04,600
sounds like a Civic honor a 
chance to serve your community 

6194
05:25:04,600 --> 05:25:07,400
and uphold Justice. 
After all, you're a God-fearing 

6195
05:25:07,400 --> 05:25:09,200
person who believes in doing 
what's right? 

6196
05:25:10,000 --> 05:25:13,000
But as the Constable explains 
your duties and not begins 

6197
05:25:13,000 --> 05:25:16,100
forming in your stomach, this 
isn't going to be like deciding 

6198
05:25:16,100 --> 05:25:19,000
whether someone stole a chicken 
or fail to pay their debts. 

6199
05:25:19,000 --> 05:25:22,300
You're going to be determining 
whether your neighbor's people, 

6200
05:25:22,300 --> 05:25:25,400
you've known for years are in 
League with the Devil Himself. 

6201
05:25:26,800 --> 05:25:29,000
The weight of this 
responsibility, settles on your 

6202
05:25:29,000 --> 05:25:32,400
shoulders, like a heavy, Woolen 
cloak in your Puritan World, 

6203
05:25:32,400 --> 05:25:36,700
which craft isn't just a crime. 
It's the ultimate sin, a 

6204
05:25:36,700 --> 05:25:39,300
betrayal of God that threatens 
the very fabric of your 

6205
05:25:39,300 --> 05:25:43,000
community. 
The Bible is clear, Thou shalt 

6206
05:25:43,000 --> 05:25:46,200
not suffer a witch to live. 
If you find someone guilty, 

6207
05:25:46,200 --> 05:25:48,700
you're essentially signing their
death warrant. 

6208
05:25:49,700 --> 05:25:52,200
You find them innocent when 
they're actually guilty, you 

6209
05:25:52,200 --> 05:25:54,800
might be allowing Satan's 
influence to spread through your

6210
05:25:54,800 --> 05:25:58,100
town, like a plague. 
As you stand there in your 

6211
05:25:58,108 --> 05:26:00,400
doorway. 
Listening to the Constable's 

6212
05:26:00,400 --> 05:26:03,500
words, you realize your peaceful
life is about to become 

6213
05:26:03,500 --> 05:26:06,100
incredibly complicated. 
You can't. 

6214
05:26:06,100 --> 05:26:09,400
Exactly refuse jury services 
mandatory. 

6215
05:26:09,400 --> 05:26:12,600
And besides, what would people 
think if you tried to get out of

6216
05:26:12,600 --> 05:26:16,200
it, would they wonder if you had
something to hide in Salem 

6217
05:26:16,208 --> 05:26:19,400
suspicion, spreads, faster than 
gossip and gossips spreads 

6218
05:26:19,400 --> 05:26:21,800
faster than fire, the Constable 
hands. 

6219
05:26:21,800 --> 05:26:24,900
You a notice with the date and 
time of the first trial, you'll 

6220
05:26:24,900 --> 05:26:27,600
be joining eight other men of 
good standing to form the jury, 

6221
05:26:27,600 --> 05:26:31,700
the trials will be held at the 
Salem townhouse in your expected

6222
05:26:31,700 --> 05:26:35,800
to be there, bright and early. 
As he walks away you can't help 

6223
05:26:35,800 --> 05:26:38,800
but notice how his shoulders 
seem tense, how he avoids, 

6224
05:26:38,800 --> 05:26:41,200
making eye contact with the 
neighbors who peek out from 

6225
05:26:41,200 --> 05:26:44,600
behind their curtains. 
You close the door and lean 

6226
05:26:44,600 --> 05:26:47,300
against it, trying to process. 
What just happened? 

6227
05:26:47,300 --> 05:26:50,800
Your wife looks at you with 
concern and you have to break 

6228
05:26:50,800 --> 05:26:52,600
the news that your summer is 
about to become. 

6229
05:26:52,600 --> 05:26:56,500
Very, very interesting, She 
doesn't say much but you can see

6230
05:26:56,500 --> 05:26:59,600
the worry in her eyes. 
Everyone in Salem knows that 

6231
05:26:59,600 --> 05:27:00,700
strange things have been 
happening. 

6232
05:27:00,700 --> 05:27:04,900
Young girls having fits 
accusations flying arrests being

6233
05:27:04,900 --> 05:27:07,400
made. 
What started, as Whispers has 

6234
05:27:07,400 --> 05:27:10,600
grown into a full blown crisis, 
the irony isn't lost on you. 

6235
05:27:10,600 --> 05:27:13,600
Here, you are chosen to help, 
determine the truth about 

6236
05:27:13,600 --> 05:27:16,100
Witchcraft, and you're not even 
entirely sure what which craft 

6237
05:27:16,100 --> 05:27:18,700
looks like. 
Sure, you've heard the stories 

6238
05:27:18,700 --> 05:27:21,700
people flying through the air 
turning into animals making 

6239
05:27:21,700 --> 05:27:24,500
pacts with the Devil. 
But you've never actually seen 

6240
05:27:24,500 --> 05:27:27,600
any of this yourself. 
Most of what, you know, comes 

6241
05:27:27,600 --> 05:27:31,100
from sermons gossip and the 
occasional pamphlet that makes 

6242
05:27:31,100 --> 05:27:33,100
its way to Salem from Boston or 
Europe. 

6243
05:27:33,900 --> 05:27:36,700
As you prepare for bed that 
night, you can't shake the 

6244
05:27:36,700 --> 05:27:39,700
feeling that your life is just 
taken a turn into Uncharted 

6245
05:27:39,700 --> 05:27:42,800
Territory tomorrow. 
You'll begin a journey that will

6246
05:27:42,800 --> 05:27:46,400
test, not just your judgment, 
but your courage, your faith, 

6247
05:27:46,400 --> 05:27:48,700
and your ability to sleep 
soundly at night. 

6248
05:27:49,500 --> 05:27:51,900
Because, once you've looked into
the eyes of an accused witch and

6249
05:27:51,900 --> 05:27:55,700
decided their fate, there's no 
going back to the simpletons of 

6250
05:27:55,700 --> 05:27:58,100
your old life. 
The morning of your first trial 

6251
05:27:58,100 --> 05:28:00,800
arrives with an unseasonable 
chill, that seems to seep into 

6252
05:28:00,800 --> 05:28:03,900
your bones. 
You've barely slept tossing and 

6253
05:28:03,900 --> 05:28:07,300
turning as you wondered what the
day would bring. as you walked 

6254
05:28:07,300 --> 05:28:10,500
toward the Salem, townhouse, you
notice other jury members making

6255
05:28:10,500 --> 05:28:14,200
their way through the streets, 
some walk with purpose, others 

6256
05:28:14,200 --> 05:28:17,800
seem to drag their feet, 
Everyone looks a bit pale and 

6257
05:28:17,800 --> 05:28:19,600
you wonder if you look as 
nervous as they do. 

6258
05:28:20,800 --> 05:28:23,500
The townhouse is buzzing with 
activity when you arrive. 

6259
05:28:24,200 --> 05:28:26,500
People have gathered from all 
over Salem in the surrounding 

6260
05:28:26,500 --> 05:28:30,700
areas, drawn by a mixture of 
curiosity, fear that peculiar 

6261
05:28:30,700 --> 05:28:33,400
human fascination with 
witnessing someone else's 

6262
05:28:33,400 --> 05:28:36,700
potential downfall. 
The atmosphere is Electric in 

6263
05:28:36,700 --> 05:28:40,700
the worst possible way like the 
air before a thunderstorm heavy 

6264
05:28:40,700 --> 05:28:44,300
with anticipation and Dread. 
You take your place in the jury 

6265
05:28:44,300 --> 05:28:47,800
box and that's when you first 
notice, just how many eyes are 

6266
05:28:47,800 --> 05:28:50,300
on you. 
It's not just the spectators, 

6267
05:28:50,300 --> 05:28:54,800
it's the judges, the ministers, 
the town officials, and most 

6268
05:28:54,800 --> 05:28:56,700
unnerving of all the accusers 
themselves. 

6269
05:28:57,500 --> 05:29:00,200
These are the young women and 
girls who strange Affliction 

6270
05:29:00,200 --> 05:29:03,100
started this whole mess and 
they're watching you with an 

6271
05:29:03,100 --> 05:29:04,600
intensity. 
That makes your skin crawl. 

6272
05:29:05,300 --> 05:29:07,600
The first case is called your 
shocked to see it. 

6273
05:29:07,600 --> 05:29:11,300
Someone you know, Sarah Goode, a
woman you've seen around town 

6274
05:29:11,300 --> 05:29:13,400
for years. 
She has never been popular 

6275
05:29:13,400 --> 05:29:15,000
admittedly. 
She's poor. 

6276
05:29:15,000 --> 05:29:18,000
She begs for food and she has a 
sharp tongue when people refuse 

6277
05:29:18,000 --> 05:29:22,300
her but a witch The accusation 
seems almost surreal as you 

6278
05:29:22,300 --> 05:29:24,500
watch her being led into the 
courtroom in Chains. 

6279
05:29:24,500 --> 05:29:27,800
What strikes you immediately is 
how the whole process feels like

6280
05:29:27,800 --> 05:29:30,100
theater. 
But theater, where the audience 

6281
05:29:30,100 --> 05:29:33,800
participation might get you 
killed The accusers, begin their

6282
05:29:33,800 --> 05:29:36,400
performance and it really does 
feel like a performance. 

6283
05:29:36,400 --> 05:29:41,000
They rise, they scream and they 
claimed to see good Specter 

6284
05:29:41,000 --> 05:29:42,900
tormenting them right there in 
the courtroom. 

6285
05:29:43,600 --> 05:29:47,100
The judge is not Gravely, the 
ministers, quote scripture and 

6286
05:29:47,100 --> 05:29:49,300
the crowd, murmurs were the 
mixture of horror and 

6287
05:29:49,300 --> 05:29:51,900
Fascination. 
You find yourself in an 

6288
05:29:51,900 --> 05:29:55,000
impossible position on one hand,
you're supposed to be an 

6289
05:29:55,000 --> 05:29:58,200
impartial juror, weighing 
evidence and seeking truth. 

6290
05:29:58,200 --> 05:30:01,800
On the other hand, everyone in 
that courtroom seems to have 

6291
05:30:01,800 --> 05:30:05,100
already decided that witchcraft 
is real, that these accusers are

6292
05:30:05,100 --> 05:30:08,000
legitimate victims and that your
job is simply to confirm what 

6293
05:30:08,000 --> 05:30:11,600
everyone already believes. 
Pressure is suffocating the 

6294
05:30:11,600 --> 05:30:14,100
worst part is the way the 
accusers react to your very 

6295
05:30:14,100 --> 05:30:17,000
presence. 
When you shift in your seat or 

6296
05:30:17,000 --> 05:30:20,300
lean forward to hear testimony 
better, they sometimes cry out 

6297
05:30:20,300 --> 05:30:22,900
that you're affecting them. 
Somehow are you in League with 

6298
05:30:22,900 --> 05:30:25,900
the accused? 
Are you a witch yourself the 

6299
05:30:25,900 --> 05:30:29,000
paranoia in the room is so 
thick, you could cut it with a 

6300
05:30:29,000 --> 05:30:32,600
knife and you realize that even 
as a juror you're not safe from 

6301
05:30:32,600 --> 05:30:34,900
suspicion. 
As the day wears on. 

6302
05:30:34,900 --> 05:30:38,000
You begin to understand that 
this isn't really about evidence

6303
05:30:38,000 --> 05:30:41,500
in any conventional sense. 
The main proof being offered is 

6304
05:30:41,500 --> 05:30:45,100
spectral evidence testimony. 
That the accused persons Spirit 

6305
05:30:45,100 --> 05:30:47,500
or Specter was seen committing 
malicious Acts. 

6306
05:30:48,100 --> 05:30:51,600
But here's the problem only the 
accusers can see these specters 

6307
05:30:51,600 --> 05:30:54,900
you're being asked to convict 
someone based on testimony about

6308
05:30:54,900 --> 05:30:57,600
invisible actions, that only 
certain people claimed to 

6309
05:30:57,608 --> 05:31:00,000
witness. 
The judges seemed convinced that

6310
05:31:00,000 --> 05:31:03,800
spectral evidence is valid 
citing Learners treatises and 

6311
05:31:03,800 --> 05:31:07,100
Theological arguments. 
But you can't shake the feeling 

6312
05:31:07,100 --> 05:31:09,500
that something is fundamentally 
wrong with this logic. 

6313
05:31:10,300 --> 05:31:13,300
If only the accusers can see the
evidence, how can you verify it?

6314
05:31:13,300 --> 05:31:15,300
How can you cross-examine a 
ghost? 

6315
05:31:15,300 --> 05:31:18,100
How can you determine if what 
they're seeing is real or 

6316
05:31:18,100 --> 05:31:20,400
imagined? 
Making matters worse. 

6317
05:31:20,400 --> 05:31:23,200
You're beginning to notice 
patterns in the accusations that

6318
05:31:23,200 --> 05:31:26,300
trouble you The accused tend to 
be people who don't fit in. 

6319
05:31:26,300 --> 05:31:29,200
Well, the poor, the 
argumentative, the eccentric, 

6320
05:31:29,900 --> 05:31:32,200
Meanwhile the accusers are 
mostly young women from 

6321
05:31:32,200 --> 05:31:35,200
prominent families and their 
accusations carry enormous 

6322
05:31:35,200 --> 05:31:37,400
weight. 
You start to wonder if there 

6323
05:31:37,400 --> 05:31:39,800
might be social and economic 
factors at play here that have 

6324
05:31:39,800 --> 05:31:41,400
nothing to do with the 
supernatural. 

6325
05:31:42,500 --> 05:31:45,100
But expressing these doubts 
would be incredibly dangerous, 

6326
05:31:45,100 --> 05:31:48,100
the judges ministers and 
Community leaders. 

6327
05:31:48,100 --> 05:31:51,600
All seem United in their belief 
that Salem is under attack by 

6328
05:31:51,600 --> 05:31:54,500
Satan himself. 
To question the proceedings 

6329
05:31:54,500 --> 05:31:58,500
might be seen as questioning 
God's will or worse as evidence 

6330
05:31:58,500 --> 05:32:01,000
that you yourself are influenced
by dark Forces. 

6331
05:32:01,000 --> 05:32:04,900
Your trapped between your 
growing skepticism in your need 

6332
05:32:04,900 --> 05:32:07,700
to appear as a full Orthodox 
member of the community. 

6333
05:32:08,700 --> 05:32:12,000
As the first day ends and you 
walk home through the Twilight. 

6334
05:32:12,000 --> 05:32:14,700
You realize that being on this 
jury isn't just about 

6335
05:32:14,700 --> 05:32:18,300
determining guilt or innocence. 
It's about navigating a social 

6336
05:32:18,300 --> 05:32:21,400
and political mind field, where 
one wrong step could make you 

6337
05:32:21,400 --> 05:32:24,500
the next Target. 
The comfortable certainties of 

6338
05:32:24,500 --> 05:32:27,400
your old life, feel like a 
distant memory, replaced by the 

6339
05:32:27,408 --> 05:32:30,000
constant stress of trying to do 
the right thing, when you're not

6340
05:32:30,008 --> 05:32:33,000
even sure what the right thing 
is anymore, by your third day, 

6341
05:32:33,000 --> 05:32:35,100
in the jury box, you've 
developed what you privately 

6342
05:32:35,100 --> 05:32:38,400
call the Salem. 
Stare that hollow-eyed look of 

6343
05:32:38,400 --> 05:32:40,800
someone who seemed too much and 
slept too little. 

6344
05:32:40,800 --> 05:32:44,700
The accusers of elevated to the 
status of stars in this somber 

6345
05:32:44,700 --> 05:32:46,600
theater. 
Allowing you to witness their 

6346
05:32:46,600 --> 05:32:50,800
increasingly dramatic 
performances up close Today's 

6347
05:32:50,800 --> 05:32:54,300
main accuser is Abigail 
Williams, referend Paris is 11 

6348
05:32:54,300 --> 05:32:58,200
year, old niece, she's small for
her age, with sharp features and

6349
05:32:58,200 --> 05:33:00,200
eyes that seemed to take in 
everything. 

6350
05:33:01,000 --> 05:33:03,700
When Abigail points at the 
accused and screams that she can

6351
05:33:03,700 --> 05:33:05,800
see their Specter pinching and 
choking her. 

6352
05:33:05,800 --> 05:33:08,200
The entire courtroom becomes 
silent. 

6353
05:33:08,200 --> 05:33:12,200
We find yourself studying her 
face trying to determine if her 

6354
05:33:12,200 --> 05:33:15,800
terror is genuine or performed 
and the fact that you can't tell

6355
05:33:15,800 --> 05:33:20,000
makes your stomach churn What's 
particularly unsettling, is how 

6356
05:33:20,000 --> 05:33:22,200
the accusers seem to feed off 
each other's energy. 

6357
05:33:23,000 --> 05:33:26,300
When one girl starts having fits
the others quickly follow suit. 

6358
05:33:26,300 --> 05:33:29,300
As if Supernatural Affliction 
were contagious, they can 

6359
05:33:29,308 --> 05:33:32,400
vaults, they shriek and to see 
yellow birds perched on the 

6360
05:33:32,408 --> 05:33:35,700
accused fingers or black dogs 
lurking in the corners of the 

6361
05:33:35,700 --> 05:33:38,700
courtroom. 
The judges treat each Outburst 

6362
05:33:38,700 --> 05:33:42,000
as crucial evidence. 
Scribbling notes furiously and 

6363
05:33:42,000 --> 05:33:45,000
asking probing questions about 
the exact nature of what the 

6364
05:33:45,000 --> 05:33:48,100
girls are experiencing. 
You notice that the accusers 

6365
05:33:48,100 --> 05:33:51,000
never seem to be afflicted when 
there are outside the courtroom.

6366
05:33:51,000 --> 05:33:54,400
They walk in looking perfectly 
normal chat quietly with their 

6367
05:33:54,400 --> 05:33:58,200
families and even smile 
occasionally But the moment, the

6368
05:33:58,200 --> 05:34:01,500
proceedings begin, they 
transform into tortured victims 

6369
05:34:01,500 --> 05:34:02,900
of Supernatural? 
Assault. 

6370
05:34:02,900 --> 05:34:06,400
It's like watching someone flip 
a switch and you can't help but 

6371
05:34:06,400 --> 05:34:08,300
wonder if that's exactly what's 
happening. 

6372
05:34:09,700 --> 05:34:12,400
The social dynamics in the 
courtroom are becoming clearer 

6373
05:34:12,400 --> 05:34:15,700
to you with each passing day. 
The accusers come from families 

6374
05:34:15,700 --> 05:34:17,700
within Florence and standing in 
the community. 

6375
05:34:18,400 --> 05:34:22,000
When they speak in important 
men, listen when they cry out in

6376
05:34:22,000 --> 05:34:24,600
pain, those same men spring into
action. 

6377
05:34:24,600 --> 05:34:27,600
You're watching young women 
wield, a kind of power that 

6378
05:34:27,600 --> 05:34:31,200
would normally be Unthinkable in
puritan society and they seem to

6379
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:33,000
understand exactly how to use 
it. 

6380
05:34:33,900 --> 05:34:37,300
Meanwhile, the accused almost 
always marginalized individuals,

6381
05:34:37,300 --> 05:34:40,100
the impoverished, the 
argumentative and the 

6382
05:34:40,100 --> 05:34:43,200
unconventional. 
Often after spending weeks in 

6383
05:34:43,200 --> 05:34:46,300
the miserable conditions of 
Salem, jail, they arrive looking

6384
05:34:46,300 --> 05:34:49,500
Haggard and frightened. 
They're given little opportunity

6385
05:34:49,500 --> 05:34:53,200
to defend themselves effectively
when they do speak, their words 

6386
05:34:53,208 --> 05:34:55,000
are often twisted and used 
against them. 

6387
05:34:55,000 --> 05:34:57,800
If they maintained their 
innocence, their accused of 

6388
05:34:57,800 --> 05:35:00,900
lying, if they confess 
authorities, asked them to 

6389
05:35:00,900 --> 05:35:04,100
identify their accomplices, 
you're starting to realize. 

6390
05:35:04,100 --> 05:35:06,900
That confession might actually 
be the safest route for the 

6391
05:35:06,900 --> 05:35:08,500
accused even if they're 
innocent. 

6392
05:35:08,500 --> 05:35:11,300
Those who confess are often 
spared execution. 

6393
05:35:11,300 --> 05:35:14,400
While those who maintained their
innocence are more likely to 

6394
05:35:14,400 --> 05:35:17,000
face the Gallows. 
It's a perverse system that 

6395
05:35:17,000 --> 05:35:19,300
seems to reward false 
confessions while punishing 

6396
05:35:19,300 --> 05:35:21,000
truthful, Declaration of 
Innocence. 

6397
05:35:21,900 --> 05:35:25,600
The pressure on you as a juror 
is intensified after each day's 

6398
05:35:25,600 --> 05:35:27,400
testimony. 
Your expected to discuss the 

6399
05:35:27,400 --> 05:35:30,400
case with your fellow jurors. 
But these conversations feel 

6400
05:35:30,400 --> 05:35:33,300
more like exercise is in group. 
Conformity than genuine, 

6401
05:35:33,300 --> 05:35:37,300
deliberation anyone who 
expresses too much skepticism is

6402
05:35:37,300 --> 05:35:40,000
met with sharp looks and pointed
questions about their own 

6403
05:35:40,000 --> 05:35:43,500
spiritual state. 
The message is clear on us, 

6404
05:35:43,500 --> 05:35:45,800
Christians believe in the 
reality of which craft and The 

6405
05:35:45,808 --> 05:35:48,800
credibility of the accusers. 
What's making you lose? 

6406
05:35:48,800 --> 05:35:50,700
Sleep? 
Is the growing realization that 

6407
05:35:50,700 --> 05:35:53,900
your part of system that seems 
designed to produce guilty 

6408
05:35:53,900 --> 05:35:56,300
verdicts regardless of actual 
guilt or innocence. 

6409
05:35:57,100 --> 05:36:00,500
The Rules of Evidence favor, the
accusers, the judges are clearly

6410
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:03,400
biased and the community 
pressure is enormous. 

6411
05:36:03,400 --> 05:36:07,400
You're supposed to be seeking 
truth and justice but it feels 

6412
05:36:07,400 --> 05:36:09,800
more like your participating in 
a ritual that's already 

6413
05:36:09,800 --> 05:36:12,700
predetermined. 
Its outcome, the worst part is 

6414
05:36:12,700 --> 05:36:15,300
when you catch yourself getting 
caught up in the Hysteria, 

6415
05:36:16,200 --> 05:36:19,500
During particularly dramatic 
testimony, you sometimes find 

6416
05:36:19,500 --> 05:36:22,600
yourself believing or at least 
wanting to believe that, what 

6417
05:36:22,608 --> 05:36:26,000
your witnessing is real 
Supernatural, activity, the 

6418
05:36:26,000 --> 05:36:29,400
alternative that this is all 
elaborate deception or Master 

6419
05:36:29,400 --> 05:36:32,200
delusion is almost too 
disturbing to contemplate. 

6420
05:36:32,200 --> 05:36:34,800
It would mean that your 
community has lost its 

6421
05:36:34,800 --> 05:36:37,800
Collective mind and that you're 
complicit in a series of 

6422
05:36:37,800 --> 05:36:41,500
terrible Injustice as you walk 
home after another day of 

6423
05:36:41,500 --> 05:36:44,700
accusation and Supernatural 
claims, you can't help but 

6424
05:36:44,700 --> 05:36:48,100
notice how the town has changed.
People view each other with 

6425
05:36:48,100 --> 05:36:51,800
suspicion conversations halt 
when strangers approach and 

6426
05:36:51,800 --> 05:36:55,700
everyone appears to be cautious 
The sense of community that once

6427
05:36:55,700 --> 05:36:59,200
held Salem together, is 
dissolving replaced by fear and 

6428
05:36:59,200 --> 05:37:02,400
mistrust. 
And you as a member of the jury 

6429
05:37:02,400 --> 05:37:05,700
a right in the middle of it all 
trying to maintain your sanity 

6430
05:37:05,700 --> 05:37:09,000
and your conscience in a world 
seems to have lost both three 

6431
05:37:09,000 --> 05:37:11,600
weeks into your jury service. 
You've learned to recognize the 

6432
05:37:11,600 --> 05:37:14,000
sound of accusation before they 
are even spoken. 

6433
05:37:14,800 --> 05:37:17,600
There's a particular rustling in
the courtroom a collective 

6434
05:37:17,600 --> 05:37:20,600
intake of breath and then the 
pointed finger that could seal 

6435
05:37:20,600 --> 05:37:24,000
someone's fate. 
Today that finger is pointing at

6436
05:37:24,000 --> 05:37:26,700
someone who makes your blood run
cold Martha. 

6437
05:37:26,700 --> 05:37:29,000
Corey, a woman you've known for 
over a decade. 

6438
05:37:29,000 --> 05:37:31,400
Martha has always been a bit 
outspoken. 

6439
05:37:31,400 --> 05:37:34,200
Questioning, certain aspects of 
the witch trials from the 

6440
05:37:34,200 --> 05:37:36,000
beginning. 
She's made the mistake of 

6441
05:37:36,008 --> 05:37:38,700
suggesting that the accusers 
might not be entirely reliable. 

6442
05:37:38,700 --> 05:37:41,500
That perhaps the community was 
getting carried away with 

6443
05:37:41,500 --> 05:37:44,100
Supernatural explanations. 
For what might have natural 

6444
05:37:44,100 --> 05:37:48,000
causes now, she standing in the 
dock accused of the very 

6445
05:37:48,000 --> 05:37:50,900
witchcraft, she questioned and 
you can see the cruel irony 

6446
05:37:50,900 --> 05:37:54,000
isn't lost on her. 
The accusers are in fine form to

6447
05:37:54,000 --> 05:37:57,300
day riding and screaming as they
claim Martha's Specter as 

6448
05:37:57,308 --> 05:37:59,400
attacking them. 
That you remember Martha from 

6449
05:37:59,400 --> 05:38:02,600
church from Community Gatherings
and from the time she has helped

6450
05:38:02,608 --> 05:38:04,500
neighbors during illness or 
hardship. 

6451
05:38:04,500 --> 05:38:06,200
She sharp tongued. 
Yes. 

6452
05:38:06,200 --> 05:38:10,600
And not always diplomatic but 
evil a servant of Satan, the 

6453
05:38:10,600 --> 05:38:12,900
disconnect between the woman you
know and the monster being 

6454
05:38:12,900 --> 05:38:14,500
described in court is so 
jarring. 

6455
05:38:14,500 --> 05:38:17,200
It makes you dizzy. 
What's particularly disturbing 

6456
05:38:17,200 --> 05:38:20,100
is how the accusers seem to know
exactly which buttons to push. 

6457
05:38:21,000 --> 05:38:23,400
They claim Martha Specter 
appeared to them in clothing. 

6458
05:38:23,400 --> 05:38:26,200
That matches what she's wearing 
in court details. 

6459
05:38:26,200 --> 05:38:28,300
They couldn't possibly have 
known unless they'd seen her 

6460
05:38:28,300 --> 05:38:32,000
that morning, they described her
house, her habits, and her 

6461
05:38:32,000 --> 05:38:35,100
relationships with neighbors. 
You're also noticing how the 

6462
05:38:35,100 --> 05:38:37,500
accusations seem to follow 
patterns of social tension. 

6463
05:38:38,500 --> 05:38:40,100
Martha. 
Corey had disagreements with 

6464
05:38:40,100 --> 05:38:42,400
some of the accuses families 
over Church matters. 

6465
05:38:42,400 --> 05:38:45,800
She'd been critical of Reverend 
Parris questioning, his salary 

6466
05:38:45,800 --> 05:38:48,300
and his methods. 
She'd spoken out against the 

6467
05:38:48,300 --> 05:38:51,200
witch trials themselves. 
Now she's being accused by the 

6468
05:38:51,208 --> 05:38:54,800
very people, she criticized. 
The Coincidence is too 

6469
05:38:54,800 --> 05:38:56,900
convenient to ignore but 
pointing it out, would be 

6470
05:38:56,908 --> 05:39:00,100
incredibly dangerous, the 
evidence against Martha is the 

6471
05:39:00,108 --> 05:39:03,300
same spectral testimony, you've 
been hearing for weeks, but 

6472
05:39:03,300 --> 05:39:05,900
today it feels different. 
Maybe it's because, you know, 

6473
05:39:05,900 --> 05:39:08,500
her personally, or maybe it's 
because you've been watching 

6474
05:39:08,500 --> 05:39:11,600
this process long enough to see 
the patterns, but the whole 

6475
05:39:11,600 --> 05:39:14,200
thing feels like, an elaborate 
performance designed to 

6476
05:39:14,208 --> 05:39:16,100
eliminate someone who has 
becoming convenient. 

6477
05:39:17,500 --> 05:39:20,200
During the lunch break you 
overhear conversations Among The

6478
05:39:20,200 --> 05:39:23,100
Spectators that chili to the 
bone people are discussing 

6479
05:39:23,100 --> 05:39:25,200
Martha's guilt. 
As if it's already been proven 

6480
05:39:25,200 --> 05:39:28,000
debating whether she should be 
hanged or pressed to death. 

6481
05:39:28,700 --> 05:39:31,100
Summer, even wandering allowed 
about her family members 

6482
05:39:31,100 --> 05:39:33,700
suggesting that witchcraft might
run in bloodline. 

6483
05:39:34,600 --> 05:39:38,200
The presumption of Innocents, a 
Cornerstone of Justice seems to 

6484
05:39:38,200 --> 05:39:42,200
have been completely abandoned. 
When Court resumes, you watch 

6485
05:39:42,200 --> 05:39:44,800
Martha attempt to defend herself
and it's heartbreaking. 

6486
05:39:44,800 --> 05:39:47,800
Every word she says is Twisted 
against her. 

6487
05:39:48,500 --> 05:39:50,600
When she maintains her 
innocence, She's accused of 

6488
05:39:50,600 --> 05:39:53,600
lying when she questions The 
accusers, credibility. 

6489
05:39:53,600 --> 05:39:56,400
She's accused of trying to 
undermine God's work. 

6490
05:39:57,100 --> 05:39:59,900
When she grows frustrated with 
the proceedings, her anger is 

6491
05:39:59,900 --> 05:40:02,800
cited as evidence of her evil 
nature, it's like watching 

6492
05:40:02,800 --> 05:40:05,400
someone drown, while being told 
their struggles are proof. 

6493
05:40:05,400 --> 05:40:07,800
They can't swim. 
The other jurors are watching 

6494
05:40:07,800 --> 05:40:10,900
you as much as they're watching 
the proceedings, you can feel 

6495
05:40:10,900 --> 05:40:13,300
their eyes on you during the 
most dramatic moments. 

6496
05:40:14,000 --> 05:40:17,100
Gauging your reactions checking 
to see if your displaying the 

6497
05:40:17,100 --> 05:40:19,000
proper level of horror and 
conviction. 

6498
05:40:20,100 --> 05:40:23,800
The social pressure is enormous 
not just to find defendants 

6499
05:40:23,800 --> 05:40:27,200
guilty, but to be seen as 
someone who finds them guilty 

6500
05:40:27,200 --> 05:40:30,300
for the right reasons with the 
right level of religious fervor.

6501
05:40:30,900 --> 05:40:33,400
Your beginning to understand 
that the witch trials aren't 

6502
05:40:33,400 --> 05:40:36,600
really about witchcraft at all. 
There are about power, social 

6503
05:40:36,600 --> 05:40:38,600
control, and the settling of old
scores. 

6504
05:40:39,500 --> 05:40:42,300
The accusers of stumbled onto a 
method of wielding enormous 

6505
05:40:42,300 --> 05:40:45,400
influence and the community 
leaders are using the crisis to 

6506
05:40:45,400 --> 05:40:48,200
reinforce their Authority and 
eliminate troublemakers. 

6507
05:40:49,100 --> 05:40:51,700
The supernatural elements, 
provide perfect cover for what? 

6508
05:40:51,700 --> 05:40:53,500
To essentially a political 
Purge. 

6509
05:40:54,400 --> 05:40:56,600
As Martha is Led away to a white
sentencing. 

6510
05:40:56,600 --> 05:40:58,500
You catch her eye for just a 
moment. 

6511
05:40:58,500 --> 05:41:02,500
There's no evil there. 
No Malice just confusion and 

6512
05:41:02,500 --> 05:41:05,100
sadness. 
She looks like what she is. 

6513
05:41:05,100 --> 05:41:09,100
A middle-aged woman who spoke 
her mind once too often and now 

6514
05:41:09,100 --> 05:41:12,400
faces death for it. 
The weight of your 

6515
05:41:12,400 --> 05:41:14,500
responsibility as a juror feels 
crushing. 

6516
05:41:15,300 --> 05:41:17,800
You Hold This Woman's life in 
your hands and you're beginning 

6517
05:41:17,800 --> 05:41:20,300
to realize that the system, 
you're part of his design to 

6518
05:41:20,300 --> 05:41:23,700
take that life regardless of her
actual guilt or innocence. 

6519
05:41:24,900 --> 05:41:27,500
Walking home that evening. 
You can't shake the feeling that

6520
05:41:27,500 --> 05:41:30,700
Salem has become a place where 
being different being outspoken 

6521
05:41:30,700 --> 05:41:34,500
or simply being unlucky. 
Can be a death sentence and you 

6522
05:41:34,500 --> 05:41:37,300
whether you like it or not or 
one of the people making those 

6523
05:41:37,300 --> 05:41:39,900
sentences possible fast-forward 
five weeks. 

6524
05:41:39,900 --> 05:41:42,300
In you've now developed and 
nervous habit of checking your 

6525
05:41:42,300 --> 05:41:44,200
own behavior. 
For anything that might be 

6526
05:41:44,200 --> 05:41:47,600
construed a suspicious, do you 
react appropriately when the 

6527
05:41:47,600 --> 05:41:50,600
accusers have their fits a you 
asking the wrong questions? 

6528
05:41:50,600 --> 05:41:53,400
Have you engaged in any 
questionable conversations 

6529
05:41:53,400 --> 05:41:55,800
selems? 
Paranoia is beginning to consume

6530
05:41:55,800 --> 05:41:58,800
you a realization nearly as 
terrifying as the trials 

6531
05:41:58,800 --> 05:42:01,600
themselves. 
Today's case involves a man 

6532
05:42:01,600 --> 05:42:04,900
named John Proctor and his 
situation perfectly illustrates 

6533
05:42:04,900 --> 05:42:07,400
The Impossible logic that's 
taking over your community. 

6534
05:42:08,400 --> 05:42:11,200
Optimate the mistake of publicly
criticizing the accusers, 

6535
05:42:11,200 --> 05:42:14,300
calling them frauds and 
suggesting that they should be 

6536
05:42:14,300 --> 05:42:17,900
whipped for their lives. 
His wife, Elizabeth has already 

6537
05:42:17,900 --> 05:42:21,500
been accused and arrested now. 
John himself is in the dock and 

6538
05:42:21,500 --> 05:42:23,600
the accusers are claiming. 
He's been, tormenting them for 

6539
05:42:23,600 --> 05:42:25,900
months. 
The evidence against Proctor is 

6540
05:42:25,908 --> 05:42:30,100
particularly absurd, even buy 
Salem standards the accusers 

6541
05:42:30,100 --> 05:42:31,400
claim. 
His Specter has been visiting 

6542
05:42:31,400 --> 05:42:34,400
them, forcing them to sign the 
devil's book and torturing them 

6543
05:42:34,408 --> 05:42:36,800
when they refused. 
But here's the thing, that makes

6544
05:42:36,800 --> 05:42:39,500
your head spin Proctor has been 
in jail for weeks. 

6545
05:42:40,300 --> 05:42:43,200
If the accusers are still being 
tormented by his Specter and 

6546
05:42:43,200 --> 05:42:46,200
he's locked in a Cell. 
What exactly is preventing this 

6547
05:42:46,200 --> 05:42:50,300
alleged Supernatural activity. 
The judges seem on troubled by 

6548
05:42:50,300 --> 05:42:53,900
this logical inconsistency but 
it's keeping you awake at night.

6549
05:42:54,600 --> 05:42:57,400
What's worse is watching, how 
Proctor's attempts to defend 

6550
05:42:57,400 --> 05:43:00,000
himself a twisted into evidence 
of his Guild? 

6551
05:43:00,800 --> 05:43:03,000
When he points out the 
contradictions in the accusers, 

6552
05:43:03,000 --> 05:43:06,000
testimony he is accused of 
trying to confuse the court with

6553
05:43:06,000 --> 05:43:08,700
Satan's logic. 
When he maintains his innocent, 

6554
05:43:08,700 --> 05:43:11,900
he's accused of prideful 
stubbornness when he shows 

6555
05:43:11,900 --> 05:43:15,800
anger, the Injustice of the 
proceedings, his anger is cited 

6556
05:43:15,800 --> 05:43:19,500
as evidence of his evil nature. 
It's like watching someone try 

6557
05:43:19,500 --> 05:43:22,100
to prove their not wet while 
being pushed deeper underwater, 

6558
05:43:22,100 --> 05:43:25,500
the accusers, have refined their
performance to an art form. 

6559
05:43:25,500 --> 05:43:29,100
They've learned exactly how to 
time their Outburst from Maximum

6560
05:43:29,100 --> 05:43:31,100
effect. 
How to coordinate their 

6561
05:43:31,100 --> 05:43:34,400
afflictions to support each 
other's claims and how to direct

6562
05:43:34,400 --> 05:43:37,000
their accusations toward the 
most vulnerable targets. 

6563
05:43:37,800 --> 05:43:40,500
Today, they're putting on a 
particularly elaborate show 

6564
05:43:40,500 --> 05:43:43,700
claiming to see Proctor, Specter
right there in the courtroom, 

6565
05:43:43,700 --> 05:43:46,500
mimicking, their movements, and 
mocking their pain. 

6566
05:43:47,200 --> 05:43:50,700
You find yourself studying the 
faces of the other jurors trying

6567
05:43:50,700 --> 05:43:54,300
to read their thoughts. 
Some seem genuinely convinced by

6568
05:43:54,300 --> 05:43:57,400
what they're seeing others. 
Look troubled, but stay silent. 

6569
05:43:58,300 --> 05:44:01,000
Few appear to be going through 
the motions saying what they 

6570
05:44:01,000 --> 05:44:03,300
think they're supposed to say 
while keeping their real 

6571
05:44:03,300 --> 05:44:06,000
thoughts hidden. 
The atmosphere of fear and 

6572
05:44:06,000 --> 05:44:08,400
suspicion has made honest 
communication. 

6573
05:44:08,400 --> 05:44:11,900
Almost impossible, the judges 
continue to treat spectral 

6574
05:44:11,900 --> 05:44:14,800
evidence as if it were as 
reliable as fingerprints or DNA.

6575
05:44:14,800 --> 05:44:17,700
They ask details. 
Questions about the appearance 

6576
05:44:17,700 --> 05:44:20,400
and behavior of, specters that 
only the accusers can see 

6577
05:44:20,400 --> 05:44:23,300
recording their answers as if 
they were documenting 

6578
05:44:23,300 --> 05:44:26,200
observable, facts. 
You keep wanting to ask the 

6579
05:44:26,200 --> 05:44:29,100
obvious question. 
If the devil can create false 

6580
05:44:29,100 --> 05:44:32,200
Spectators to deceive people, 
how do we know these Visions are

6581
05:44:32,200 --> 05:44:34,700
real? 
But asking that question would 

6582
05:44:34,700 --> 05:44:36,900
be tantamount to confessing your
own lack of faith. 

6583
05:44:38,100 --> 05:44:41,400
During a particularly intense 
moment of testimony, one of the 

6584
05:44:41,400 --> 05:44:44,900
accusers suddenly points 
directly at you and screams that

6585
05:44:44,900 --> 05:44:48,700
she can see your Specter 
whispering to the accused, the 

6586
05:44:48,700 --> 05:44:51,300
courtroom Falls silent and you 
feel every eye in the room 

6587
05:44:51,300 --> 05:44:54,800
focusing on you your heart 
pounds so hard your short, 

6588
05:44:54,800 --> 05:44:57,700
everyone can hear it. 
For terrifying moment, you 

6589
05:44:57,700 --> 05:45:00,900
realize you could be next that 
your position as a juror 

6590
05:45:00,900 --> 05:45:04,300
provides, no protection against 
the Machinery of accusation, the

6591
05:45:04,300 --> 05:45:07,500
judge quickly, intervenes 
suggesting that the accuser must

6592
05:45:07,500 --> 05:45:10,100
be mistaken that the devil is 
trying to confuse her by 

6593
05:45:10,100 --> 05:45:13,900
creating false Visions, but the 
moment has shaken you to your 

6594
05:45:13,900 --> 05:45:16,300
core. 
If you are a member of the jury 

6595
05:45:16,300 --> 05:45:19,000
can be accused, then literally 
no one is safe. 

6596
05:45:19,700 --> 05:45:22,200
The realization that you're 
sitting in Judgment of others 

6597
05:45:22,200 --> 05:45:25,500
while being potentially one 
accusation away from the dock 

6598
05:45:25,500 --> 05:45:29,400
yourself is almost too much to 
bear. the worst part is that 

6599
05:45:29,400 --> 05:45:32,000
your starting to understand why 
some people confess to, which 

6600
05:45:32,000 --> 05:45:35,300
craft even when they're in a 
sentient, Pressure is so 

6601
05:45:35,300 --> 05:45:38,600
intense, the logic so twisted 
and the alternative. 

6602
05:45:38,600 --> 05:45:41,800
So terrible that false 
confession, begins to seem like 

6603
05:45:41,800 --> 05:45:44,900
the only rational choice. 
If maintaining your innocence 

6604
05:45:44,900 --> 05:45:48,500
means facing death while 
confessing means survival, what 

6605
05:45:48,500 --> 05:45:50,900
would you choose the question 
haunts you? 

6606
05:45:50,900 --> 05:45:53,800
Because you don't know the 
answer, you glimpses Elizabeth 

6607
05:45:53,800 --> 05:45:56,200
in the gallery as they lead 
Procter away to await his 

6608
05:45:56,208 --> 05:45:58,500
verdict. 
She is pregnant, which is 

6609
05:45:58,500 --> 05:46:01,700
temporarily saved her from 
execution but you can see the 

6610
05:46:01,700 --> 05:46:05,000
desperation in her eyes. 
Her husband is probably going to

6611
05:46:05,000 --> 05:46:07,900
die for the crime of speaking, 
truth to power and there's 

6612
05:46:07,900 --> 05:46:11,700
nothing she can do to save him. 
You're part of the system that's

6613
05:46:11,700 --> 05:46:14,500
destroying this family and that 
knowledge sits in your stomach, 

6614
05:46:14,508 --> 05:46:17,500
like a stone two months, into 
your service, you've stopped 

6615
05:46:17,500 --> 05:46:20,600
counting the number of people 
you've helped condemned the 

6616
05:46:20,600 --> 05:46:22,800
exact number feels less 
important than the weight of 

6617
05:46:22,808 --> 05:46:25,600
their Collective presence, which
seems to follow you everywhere. 

6618
05:46:26,300 --> 05:46:29,100
You see their faces when you 
close your eyes, hear their 

6619
05:46:29,100 --> 05:46:31,100
final words when the house is 
quiet. 

6620
05:46:31,900 --> 05:46:35,400
Feel their absence in the spaces
they used to occupy around town.

6621
05:46:36,600 --> 05:46:41,000
Today brings a particularly 
difficult case, Rebecca nurse a 

6622
05:46:41,000 --> 05:46:42,800
woman. 
So universally respected that 

6623
05:46:42,800 --> 05:46:44,800
her accusation has sent 
shockwaves through the 

6624
05:46:44,800 --> 05:46:49,600
community. 71 years old, deeply 
religious and known for her 

6625
05:46:49,600 --> 05:46:51,300
charitable works and gentle 
nature. 

6626
05:46:52,200 --> 05:46:55,900
If Rebecca nurse can be a witch,
the logic goes then anyone can 

6627
05:46:55,900 --> 05:46:59,100
be The accusation has Force 
Salem to confront the 

6628
05:46:59,100 --> 05:47:02,100
possibility that evil can hide 
behind the most innocent faces, 

6629
05:47:02,100 --> 05:47:04,700
which somehow make everyone 
seemed more dangerous. 

6630
05:47:05,800 --> 05:47:08,500
The accusers seem to understand 
the significance of this case 

6631
05:47:08,500 --> 05:47:12,100
and their pulling out all the 
stops their performance is a 

6632
05:47:12,100 --> 05:47:14,600
more dramatic than usual. 
Their claims more outrageous. 

6633
05:47:14,600 --> 05:47:17,900
They're saying Rebecca's Specter
has been tormenting them for 

6634
05:47:17,900 --> 05:47:21,200
months appearing in their 
bedrooms at night pinching and 

6635
05:47:21,200 --> 05:47:23,600
choking them. 
Trying to force them to sign the

6636
05:47:23,600 --> 05:47:26,700
devil's book. 
Watching this frail elderly 

6637
05:47:26,700 --> 05:47:29,200
woman being accused of such 
energetic, Supernatural, 

6638
05:47:29,200 --> 05:47:32,100
terrorism would be almost 
comical if the consequences 

6639
05:47:32,100 --> 05:47:35,700
weren't so deadly serious. 
What's particularly disturbing 

6640
05:47:35,700 --> 05:47:39,100
is how the community is split. 
Over Rebecca's case her family 

6641
05:47:39,100 --> 05:47:40,700
and close friends. 
Maintained her innocence 

6642
05:47:40,700 --> 05:47:43,500
passionately, While others 
seemed relieved to finally have 

6643
05:47:43,500 --> 05:47:46,200
an explanation for various 
misfortunes, they've attributed 

6644
05:47:46,200 --> 05:47:50,200
to Supernatural causes Old 
grudges and property disputes 

6645
05:47:50,200 --> 05:47:52,900
are being reframed as evidence 
of malevolent witchcraft. 

6646
05:47:52,900 --> 05:47:57,100
You're watching Salem's social 
fabric tear itself, apart one 

6647
05:47:57,100 --> 05:48:00,300
accusation at a time the 
evidence against Rebecca is the 

6648
05:48:00,300 --> 05:48:02,200
same spectral. 
Testimony, you've been hearing 

6649
05:48:02,200 --> 05:48:04,500
for weeks but her case 
highlights. 

6650
05:48:04,500 --> 05:48:06,900
The fundamental absurdity of the
entire system. 

6651
05:48:07,700 --> 05:48:10,900
If this woman who has spent her 
entire life, serving God and 

6652
05:48:10,900 --> 05:48:14,600
helping others can be credibly 
accused of serving Satan, then 

6653
05:48:14,600 --> 05:48:18,000
the accusations have become 
meaningless, either the accusers

6654
05:48:18,000 --> 05:48:21,100
lying while the entire concept 
of judging people by their 

6655
05:48:21,100 --> 05:48:22,800
character and actions is 
worthless. 

6656
05:48:23,700 --> 05:48:26,300
During deliberations, you find 
yourself in the uncomfortable 

6657
05:48:26,300 --> 05:48:29,300
position of being one of the few
jurors who seems troubled by the

6658
05:48:29,300 --> 05:48:32,600
case, the other seem convinced 
that the accusers wouldn't lie 

6659
05:48:32,600 --> 05:48:35,100
about something. 
So serious, that the consistency

6660
05:48:35,100 --> 05:48:37,000
of their testimony proves its 
truth. 

6661
05:48:37,000 --> 05:48:40,000
And that Rebecca's very 
respectability, might be a 

6662
05:48:40,000 --> 05:48:41,500
cunning disguise for her evil 
nature. 

6663
05:48:42,500 --> 05:48:45,500
The logic is so Twisted that it 
makes your head spin, but 

6664
05:48:45,500 --> 05:48:47,500
questioning it to openly would 
be dangerous. 

6665
05:48:47,500 --> 05:48:50,400
You are also dealing with the 
personal cost of your jury 

6666
05:48:50,400 --> 05:48:52,500
service. 
Your family is suffering from 

6667
05:48:52,500 --> 05:48:55,700
your constant stress and 
distraction your wife looks at 

6668
05:48:55,700 --> 05:48:58,700
you with increasing concern. 
Your children seem afraid of 

6669
05:48:58,700 --> 05:49:01,800
your dark moods, and your work 
is suffering from your inability

6670
05:49:01,800 --> 05:49:04,400
to concentrate. 
The Witch Trials aren't just 

6671
05:49:04,400 --> 05:49:07,400
destroying the accused, they're 
taking a toll on everyone 

6672
05:49:07,400 --> 05:49:10,600
involved in the process. 
The worst part is that you're 

6673
05:49:10,600 --> 05:49:12,900
beginning to see how the trials 
have become, self-perpetuating 

6674
05:49:12,900 --> 05:49:17,500
each conviction validates, the 
accusers credibility, making the

6675
05:49:17,500 --> 05:49:21,300
next accusation more likely to 
be believed each execution. 

6676
05:49:21,300 --> 05:49:24,100
Demonstrates the community's 
commitment to fighting Satan, 

6677
05:49:24,100 --> 05:49:27,000
making it harder to admit. 
That mistakes might have been 

6678
05:49:27,000 --> 05:49:29,900
made the system has gained a 
momentum of its own. 

6679
05:49:29,900 --> 05:49:32,800
You're not sure anyone has the 
power to stop it anymore. 

6680
05:49:33,700 --> 05:49:36,600
When the jury finally reaches 
its verdict in Rebecca's case, 

6681
05:49:36,600 --> 05:49:40,000
you feel something inside you 
break, you've just helped 

6682
05:49:40,000 --> 05:49:42,700
condemn a woman whose only crime
was being vulnerable to 

6683
05:49:42,700 --> 05:49:46,300
accusation in a community that 
has lost its moral compass. 

6684
05:49:46,300 --> 05:49:49,300
The weight of that decision will
stay with you for the rest of 

6685
05:49:49,300 --> 05:49:52,400
your life and you know, it 
you've crossed a line that can 

6686
05:49:52,400 --> 05:49:55,300
never be uncrossed and 
participated in an injustice 

6687
05:49:55,300 --> 05:49:59,000
that can never be undone. 
As you watch Rebecca, receive 

6688
05:49:59,000 --> 05:50:01,600
her sentence. 
You see something in her eyes 

6689
05:50:01,600 --> 05:50:06,900
that will haunt you forever. 
Not anger, or fear but pity She 

6690
05:50:06,900 --> 05:50:09,700
gazes at you and the other 
jurors with the same compassion,

6691
05:50:09,700 --> 05:50:12,900
she might show to Lost Children 
and you realize, you know, 

6692
05:50:12,900 --> 05:50:15,200
something you're just starting 
to grasp. 

6693
05:50:16,400 --> 05:50:19,200
The Witch Trials haven't just 
claimed innocent victims. 

6694
05:50:19,200 --> 05:50:21,400
They've corrupted, everyone 
involved in them. 

6695
05:50:21,400 --> 05:50:25,300
You came into this believing you
were serving justice but you've 

6696
05:50:25,300 --> 05:50:26,900
become complicit in its 
opposite. 

6697
05:50:27,900 --> 05:50:31,100
Walking home through the Salem 
streets, you notice how empty 

6698
05:50:31,100 --> 05:50:33,800
they've become people. 
Hurry passed each other without 

6699
05:50:33,800 --> 05:50:36,700
making eye contact. 
Afraid that any interaction 

6700
05:50:36,700 --> 05:50:39,800
might be misinterpreted. 
Any conversation might provide 

6701
05:50:39,800 --> 05:50:41,400
ammunition for future 
accusations. 

6702
05:50:41,400 --> 05:50:44,900
The community that once held you
together has dissolved into a 

6703
05:50:44,900 --> 05:50:46,500
collection of frightened 
individuals. 

6704
05:50:46,500 --> 05:50:49,900
Each trying to avoid becoming 
the next Target and you've 

6705
05:50:49,900 --> 05:50:53,400
helped create this atmosphere of
Terror one verdict at a time. 

6706
05:50:53,408 --> 05:50:55,600
Three months of passed since you
first. 

6707
05:50:55,600 --> 05:50:58,800
Took your seat in the jury box 
and Salem barely resembles. 

6708
05:50:58,800 --> 05:51:02,200
The town you want new. 
Witch Trials have transformed 

6709
05:51:02,200 --> 05:51:06,200
into a mechanism that consumes 
individuals relationships and 

6710
05:51:06,200 --> 05:51:09,900
Sanity with equal efficiency, 
You've lost count of how many 

6711
05:51:09,908 --> 05:51:13,100
verdicts you've delivered, but 
your body keeps score and 

6712
05:51:13,100 --> 05:51:16,300
sleepless nights. 
Stress-induced headaches and a 

6713
05:51:16,300 --> 05:51:18,800
persistent knot in your stomach.
That never seems to loosen. 

6714
05:51:20,200 --> 05:51:23,800
The most recent case, concerns 
Mary easty, the sister of 

6715
05:51:23,808 --> 05:51:27,200
Rebecca nurse who circumstances 
and capsulate all the negative 

6716
05:51:27,200 --> 05:51:30,300
aspects of the trials. 
Mary has maintained her 

6717
05:51:30,300 --> 05:51:33,300
innocence throughout the 
proceedings, but she's also done

6718
05:51:33,300 --> 05:51:35,600
something that shows remarkable 
courage and wisdom. 

6719
05:51:35,600 --> 05:51:37,600
She's written a petition to the 
court. 

6720
05:51:37,600 --> 05:51:40,500
Not asking for her life, but 
pleading for the trials, to be 

6721
05:51:40,500 --> 05:51:42,900
conducted more carefully to 
prevent future. 

6722
05:51:42,900 --> 05:51:46,700
Injustice is a petition Hans you
because it's so reasonable. 

6723
05:51:46,700 --> 05:51:51,000
Measured and obviously correct. 
Mary acknowledges that 

6724
05:51:51,000 --> 05:51:53,500
witchcraft exists, but 
questions, whether the current 

6725
05:51:53,500 --> 05:51:55,300
methods of detecting it are 
reliable. 

6726
05:51:55,300 --> 05:51:58,200
She points out the 
inconsistencies in spectral 

6727
05:51:58,200 --> 05:52:02,000
evidence, the dangers of massive
stereo and the possibility that 

6728
05:52:02,000 --> 05:52:03,700
innocent people are dying for 
crimes. 

6729
05:52:03,700 --> 05:52:06,300
They didn't commit. 
It's everything you've been 

6730
05:52:06,300 --> 05:52:10,100
thinking, but haven't dared to 
say aloud reading her petition. 

6731
05:52:10,100 --> 05:52:12,900
You realize you've been 
witnessing the destruction of 

6732
05:52:12,900 --> 05:52:14,400
everything. 
You want to believed about, 

6733
05:52:14,400 --> 05:52:19,200
Justice, community and Truth. 
The trials have not shielded 

6734
05:52:19,200 --> 05:52:22,400
Salem from Evil instead. 
They finally should a distinct 

6735
05:52:22,400 --> 05:52:24,900
form of evil. 
One, that divides neighbors and 

6736
05:52:24,900 --> 05:52:28,600
uses accusations as a weapon of 
mass Devastation, the very 

6737
05:52:28,600 --> 05:52:30,200
people who are supposed to be 
fighting. 

6738
05:52:30,200 --> 05:52:33,600
Satan have become instruments of
a different kind of Darkness. 

6739
05:52:33,600 --> 05:52:36,200
You're not the only one whose 
beginning to see the truth. 

6740
05:52:37,000 --> 05:52:39,700
Some of the other jurors are 
showing signs of Doubt, though. 

6741
05:52:39,700 --> 05:52:41,300
They're careful. 
Not to express it openly. 

6742
05:52:42,200 --> 05:52:44,400
There are whispered 
conversations about the growing 

6743
05:52:44,400 --> 05:52:47,800
implausibility of the 
accusations, quiet concerns 

6744
05:52:47,800 --> 05:52:51,200
about the accuser's motivations 
and troubled questions about the

6745
05:52:51,200 --> 05:52:53,100
reliability of spectral 
evidence. 

6746
05:52:53,100 --> 05:52:56,700
But by now, you're also deep in 
the system that backing out 

6747
05:52:56,700 --> 05:52:59,500
seems impossible. 
The social cost of changing 

6748
05:52:59,500 --> 05:53:02,500
course, would be enormous 
admitting the trials are wrong. 

6749
05:53:02,508 --> 05:53:05,500
Would mean acknowledging, that 
innocent people have died that 

6750
05:53:05,500 --> 05:53:08,600
the community has been deceived 
and that everyone involved in 

6751
05:53:08,600 --> 05:53:10,900
the proceedings has been 
complicit in a massive 

6752
05:53:10,900 --> 05:53:13,300
Injustice. 
It's easier to keep moving 

6753
05:53:13,300 --> 05:53:16,300
forward to maintain the fiction 
that what you're doing is 

6754
05:53:16,300 --> 05:53:20,100
necessary and right and to 
confront the alternative, But 

6755
05:53:20,100 --> 05:53:22,600
Mary East is petition has forced
you to confront that 

6756
05:53:22,600 --> 05:53:24,600
alternative. 
She is going to die. 

6757
05:53:24,600 --> 05:53:28,400
You can see it in the judges 
faces here in the accusers 

6758
05:53:28,400 --> 05:53:31,000
testimony and feel it in the 
courtrooms atmosphere. 

6759
05:53:31,000 --> 05:53:34,300
But she is using her final 
moments to try to prevent others

6760
05:53:34,300 --> 05:53:37,100
from suffering. 
The same fate, her courage makes

6761
05:53:37,100 --> 05:53:38,900
your complicity feel even more 
shameful. 

6762
05:53:40,200 --> 05:53:43,500
As you deliberate Marys case 
your struck by the realization 

6763
05:53:43,500 --> 05:53:47,200
that you've become part of a 
system that values Conformity 

6764
05:53:47,200 --> 05:53:51,300
over truth, fear over Justice 
and accusation over evidence. 

6765
05:53:52,200 --> 05:53:54,900
You came into this believing, 
you were serving, God and 

6766
05:53:54,900 --> 05:53:57,800
community. 
But you've instead served the 

6767
05:53:57,808 --> 05:54:01,100
darker, impulses of human 
nature, the desire to blame 

6768
05:54:01,100 --> 05:54:04,900
others for our problems to find 
simple explanations for complex 

6769
05:54:04,900 --> 05:54:08,600
issues, and to maintain social 
order through fear rather than 

6770
05:54:08,600 --> 05:54:11,000
Justice. 
The verdict in Mary's case is 

6771
05:54:11,000 --> 05:54:14,500
predetermined, just like all the
others, the jury's role has 

6772
05:54:14,500 --> 05:54:18,200
become purely ceremonial a way 
of legitimizing decisions that 

6773
05:54:18,200 --> 05:54:21,300
have already been made by judges
who believe in the accusers and 

6774
05:54:21,300 --> 05:54:24,800
fallibility and the reality of 
spectral evidence, you're not 

6775
05:54:24,808 --> 05:54:28,500
engaging in a deliberative 
process, instead your merely 

6776
05:54:28,500 --> 05:54:31,300
validating A system that has 
completely disconnected from 

6777
05:54:31,300 --> 05:54:34,300
actual Justice. 
When Mary Easter is finally 

6778
05:54:34,300 --> 05:54:37,500
executed something in Salem's 
Collective, Consciousness seems 

6779
05:54:37,500 --> 05:54:40,700
to shift. 
Her dignity and death, her 

6780
05:54:40,700 --> 05:54:43,600
reasoned petition, and the 
growing implausibility of the 

6781
05:54:43,600 --> 05:54:47,200
accusations begin to create 
cracks in the certainty that has

6782
05:54:47,200 --> 05:54:50,300
driven the trials. 
People start asking questions, 

6783
05:54:50,300 --> 05:54:51,600
they should have asked months 
ago. 

6784
05:54:51,600 --> 05:54:54,500
Noticing inconsistence is they 
should have seen from the 

6785
05:54:54,508 --> 05:54:56,400
beginning. 
However, you come to this 

6786
05:54:56,400 --> 05:54:59,300
realization too late. 
You've already been part of 

6787
05:54:59,300 --> 05:55:02,600
condemning at least 20 people to
death and no amount of later 

6788
05:55:02,600 --> 05:55:05,500
wisdom can undo. 
That fact, you'll spend the rest

6789
05:55:05,500 --> 05:55:08,300
of your life knowing that when 
your community lost its mind, 

6790
05:55:08,300 --> 05:55:12,400
you went along with the madness.
When Justice needed Defenders, 

6791
05:55:12,400 --> 05:55:14,200
you were too frightened to speak
up. 

6792
05:55:14,200 --> 05:55:18,000
When innocent people needed your
courage, you chose your safety. 

6793
05:55:18,000 --> 05:55:22,000
Instead, The Witch Trials will 
eventually end discredited and 

6794
05:55:22,000 --> 05:55:24,600
abandoned by the same people who
once supported them 

6795
05:55:24,600 --> 05:55:29,000
enthusiastically, The accusers 
will recant or be forgotten, the

6796
05:55:29,000 --> 05:55:31,800
judges will quietly distance 
themselves from the proceedings 

6797
05:55:31,800 --> 05:55:34,700
and the community will try to 
move on as if nothing happened. 

6798
05:55:35,400 --> 05:55:37,700
But for you, there will be no 
moving on. 

6799
05:55:37,700 --> 05:55:40,400
You'll carry the weight of those
verdicts forever. 

6800
05:55:40,400 --> 05:55:44,400
A reminder of how easily people 
can become complicit in 

6801
05:55:44,400 --> 05:55:45,700
extraordinary. 
Evil. 

6802
05:55:46,800 --> 05:55:49,400
Years later. 
When historians study the Salem,

6803
05:55:49,400 --> 05:55:53,200
Witch Trials, they'll focus on 
the accusers, the judges and the

6804
05:55:53,200 --> 05:55:55,800
victims. 
But, you know, the real story 

6805
05:55:55,800 --> 05:55:58,500
includes people like you 
ordinary citizens, who were 

6806
05:55:58,508 --> 05:56:01,600
swept up in events beyond their 
control and forced to make 

6807
05:56:01,600 --> 05:56:04,600
impossible choices. 
You were just trying to do your 

6808
05:56:04,600 --> 05:56:07,800
civic duty to serve your 
community and uphold Justice. 

6809
05:56:08,600 --> 05:56:11,500
Instead, you found yourself 
embroiled in one of the most 

6810
05:56:11,500 --> 05:56:15,300
tumultuous periods in American 
history, serving as a stark, 

6811
05:56:15,300 --> 05:56:18,600
reminder of the Good Intentions 
can lead to dire consequences. 

6812
05:56:19,800 --> 05:56:22,600
The trials taught you, that 
courage isn't just about facing 

6813
05:56:22,600 --> 05:56:25,000
physical danger. 
It's about standing up for 

6814
05:56:25,000 --> 05:56:26,600
truth. 
When everyone around you is 

6815
05:56:26,600 --> 05:56:30,100
abandoned, it justice isn't just
about following procedures. 

6816
05:56:30,100 --> 05:56:32,900
It's about questioning those 
procedures when they produce 

6817
05:56:32,900 --> 05:56:35,900
unjust results. 
Community is about protecting 

6818
05:56:35,900 --> 05:56:39,800
the vulnerable, even when it's 
inconvenient or dangerous, you 

6819
05:56:39,800 --> 05:56:42,700
fail those tests and Salem 
failed them too. 

6820
05:56:42,700 --> 05:56:46,400
The witch trials, succeeded in 
their stated goal of rooting out

6821
05:56:46,400 --> 05:56:48,600
evil. 
But the evil they found was in 

6822
05:56:48,600 --> 05:56:51,200
the hearts of the accusers and 
the complicity of people like 

6823
05:56:51,200 --> 05:56:53,100
you. 
That's a lesson worth 

6824
05:56:53,100 --> 05:56:56,100
remembering even if it's one. 
You learned too late to do any 

6825
05:56:56,100 --> 05:56:56,200
good.