Inside The Daily Life Of A Chef In Victorian England | Boring History

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Hello my brochachos. 
That's right. 

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A different hilarious name 
today. 

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Tonight, we step into a world of
copper pots and coal-fired 

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ranges, where steam rises in the
darkness and your hands. 

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Learn the weight of a kitchen 
that never truly sleeps. 

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Victorian England's. 
Great houses ran on invisible 

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labor and nowhere. 
Was this more true than in the 

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vast kitchens below? 
The elegant dining rooms above? 

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You guys have been requesting 
more Daily Life episodes 

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especially this atmosphere So, 
before we begin to our new 

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viewers, if this content changes
your life, feel free to follow 

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us, let your friends and family 
know, and be sure to give us a 5

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out of five review, as it helps 
us, keep producing content for 

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everyone. 
Now, dim those lights, grab your

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blanket. 
And be sure to let me know how 

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you're doing, down below in the 
comments before you pass out. 

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You're a chef in Victorian 
England, in the year 1872 and 

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your world exists almost 
entirely Underground. 

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The kitchen where you work, 
occupies a Warren of rooms 

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beneath a grand London, 
townhouse connected by narrow 

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corridors, that smell 
perpetually of rendered fat and 

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carbolic soap. 
Your day begins before the 

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household stirs and ends long. 
After the last dinner plate has 

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been cleared away. 
The first sound you hear is 

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always the same. 
Hand rattles the door of your 

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small room on the third floor 
and a voice calls your name 

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once. no, second warning comes 
you swing your legs from the 

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narrow iron bedstead and your 
feet, meet cold floorboards that

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have never known a carpet for 45
in the morning. 

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The house of you sleeps in 
expensive, silence. 

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You dress in yesterday's clothes
because your Sunday White's hang

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drying in the skullery. 
The starch never quite softened 

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in the damp basement. 
Are your fingers, know the 

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buttons by touch a wool, vest a 
cotton shirt that bears faint 

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brown stains. 
No amount of scrubbing, removed 

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heavy, trousers that bag at the 
knee, The white neckerchief 

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comes last noted quickly in a 
way that would horrify your 

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mother if she could see you. 
Now, the stairs descend in to 

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increase in darkness, your hand 
Trails the wall because the 

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single candle you carry 
illuminates, only the step 

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directly Beneath Your Feet other
servants pass, you going up. 

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The under house maid who empties
chamber pots nods without 

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speaking. 
The hall boy, carries a coal 

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scuttle that scrapes against the
narrow walls. 

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Everyone moves in the same half 
awake Shuffle The kitchen door 

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stands open, you smell it before
you see it coal smoke and 

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yesterday's roasted meat and the
sour Tang of the stone sink 

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where hundreds of dishes met 
their fate. 

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The massive room stretches 30 
feet in each Direction with a 

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ceiling. 
So high, the Shadows, never 

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quite leave the corners, 
Windows. 

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Sit at street level their lower 
panes below. 

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Ground letting in only the gray 
pre-dawn light that manages to 

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filter down. 
The range dominates everything 8

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feet of Black cast, iron squats 
against the far wall, like some 

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patient Beast. 
It's multiple ovens and cooking.

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Surfaces will consume 200 pounds
of coal before the day ends. 

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Right now it radiates only 
residual warmth from last 

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night's banking. 
The dampers were closed at 

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midnight to preserve the coals 
and your first task involves 

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coaxing. 
Those Embers back to functional 

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heat. 
You Neil before the primary 

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Firebox and open the heavy door.
The metal handle Burns even 

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through your Callis Palm because
the iron remembers yesterday's 

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temperatures inside a bed of 
orange, coals pulses, beneath a 

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layer of fine. 
Ash You take up the poker and 

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Disturb This sleeping fire 
gently to aggressive. 

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And you smothering it to timid 
and the fresh coal, Smothers it.

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Anyway, The cola arrives in a 
brass Scuttle that the whole 

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boy, filled during the night, 
you select pieces, the size of 

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your fist and placed them with 
the same care. 

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A jeweler might use a precious 
stones, the coals hiss at the 

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intrusion small Flames. 
Lick upward, you blow gently 

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across the surface and the fire 
answers with a rush of heat that

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readons your face. 
Three more fireboxes require the

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same attention, the process 
takes, 20 minutes your knees, 

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ache from kneeling, on the stone
floor, black dust coats your 

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hands and streaks your forearms 
where you wiped sweat away. 

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The neckerchief. 
You tied? 

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So carefully upstairs. 
Now, hangs a skew. 

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The undercook arrives while you 
work on the fourth Firebox. 

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Mrs. Bramwell moves through the 
kitchen with the Assurance of 

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someone who is navigated these 
spaces for 30 years. 

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She wears black from neck to 
ankle a gray hair pulls. 

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So tight beneath her cap that 
it's seems to stretch her face 

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into a permanent expression of 
mild. 

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Displeasure, she does not greet 
you. 

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She surveys the range with 
narrowed eyes and gives a single

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nod. 
That means you have performed 

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adequately water comes next. 
The kitchen possesses no running

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Taps. 
Every drop arrives by Bucket 

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from the pump. 
In the scullery yard. 

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He makes six trips before the 
massive copper system beside the

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range reaches the fill line. 
Mrs. Bramwell considers 

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adequate, the system holds 40, 
gal by Days end, it will be 

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empty and you will refill it 
twice more. 

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The water begins its slow heat 
coils. 

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Inside the system, run alongside
the Firebox and transfer warmth 

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through convection. 
The head cook once explained 

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using words, you did not fully 
understand. 

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You understand, only that cold 
water goes in and eventually hot

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water comes out and this 
constitutes a miracle of modern 

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engineering like grows in the 
high Windows London wakes above 

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you in layers, first the sweeps 
and dust men, then the delivery 

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carts, eventually, the residents
of the grand houses who will 

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never set foot in the space 
where their food originates, you

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can track the cities, Awakening 
by sound alone, the rattle of 

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iron Wheels on cobblestones The 
Cry Of The Muffin, Man, The clop

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of a horses, pulling handsome 
toward unknown destinations, 

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This is Bram will set you to 
prepare the breakfast room fire.

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While she begins inventory. 
The breakfast room sits at the 

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far. 
End of the kitchen complex 

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connected by a corridor lined 
with shelves, holding every size

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of serving dish. 
The room exists solely for 

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warming and plating the morning 
meal before it makes the journey

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up stairs on wooden trays 
carried by footman. 

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Whose uniforms cost more, the 
newer in half a year. 

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The breakfast room, fire 
requires different coal, smaller

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pieces that burn hotter and 
faster because the morning 

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service moves quickly. 
You build this fire with the 

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same methodical care knowing 
that a smoking. 

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Great means delayed breakfast 
means the Masters displeasure 

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means Mrs, Brown Wales 
particular brand of Silent Fury.

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The kitchen gradually fills with
bodies and purpose. 

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Gallery made arrives. 
And immediately begins pumping 

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water for the washing up. 
That will continue in waves 

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throughout the day. 
The pastry cook appears from 

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some private room. 
You've never seen and takes 

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possession of the marble slab 
where she works her mysterious 

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Alchemy with flour and butter. 
Two KitchenAid arrived together 

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and begin. 
The endless task of peeling, 

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vegetables for meals, that will 
not be served for hours yet. 

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No one speaks unnecessarily. 
The kitchen operates on a 

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hierarchy as rigid as the 
military ranks. 

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Mrs, Brown's late husband, once 
held You are a chef to party. 

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Responsible for your section of 
the meal service. 

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Below you sit the commish chefs 
and kitchen made above you stand

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the sous, chef and the chef de 
cuisine though in a household. 

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Like this, the roles blur and 
shift. 

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According to who has the most 
experience with the dish 

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currently under preparation. 
Mr. Aldrich the head. 

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Chef, make his entrance at 6:00 
precisely, he descends the same 

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stairs you navigated in darkness
but somehow he arrives looking 

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as though he is just stepped 
from a painting His white jacket

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bears, not a single crease. 
His tool chef's hat sits at an 

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angle, that suggests both 
Authority and a certain 

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Continental Flair. 
He cultivated during five years.

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In a Paris restaurant, he 
mentions approximately twice per

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week. 
He surveys the kitchen with the 

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expression of a general 
inspecting, possibly mutinous 

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troops. 
His gaze lingers on the Range. 

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On the vegetable preparation 
station on you still bearing 

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cold dust despite your attempts 
to wipe it away. 

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He gives Mrs. Brown while a 
slight bow, that contains just 

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enough iron to annoy her. 
Then he claps his hands once and

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the day truly begins. 
The Victorian kitchen operates 

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on rules as old as feudalism 
itself. 

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Everyone knows their place with 
the certainty of planets, 

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understanding their orbits. 
You learned this truth during 

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your first week when you made 
the mistake of reaching for a 

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copper saucepan. 
The sushi chef had Reserve Force

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preparation. 
The rebuke arrived, swiftly, and

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publicly. 
You have not made that 

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particular era again. 
Mr. Aldrich occupies. 

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The Pinnacle of this small 
universe. 

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He answers only to the butler 
who answers only to the master 

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who likely could not locate the 
kitchen without a detailed map, 

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an explicit directions. 
The head, chef determines menus.

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He negotiates with suppliers, he
hires and dismisses staff with 

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the wave of one flour. 
Dusted hand. 

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His salary exceeds, what some 
clerks earn in respectable 

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offices, and he dresses, for his
off-hours, like a man who 

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intends to be mistaken for 
someone considerably more 

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prosperous. 
Below him stands Mrs. Brownwell 

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the undercook though. 
Her title understates her actual

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power. 
She manages the daily 

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operations. 
That Mr. Aldrich considers 

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beneath his Continental dignity.
She ordered the coal, she 

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supervises the cleaning. she 
maintains the inventory books 

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with entry so precise, they 
could satisfy a bank order to 

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When Mr. Aldrich departs? 
Receive evening constitutional. 

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Mrs. Brownwell runs the kitchen 
with an efficiently that makes 

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his elaborate management style 
look like performance theater. 

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The sous chef position. 
Currently sits empty after the 

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previous holder. 
Departed, for a post in the 

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Yorkshire State. 
This means you and two other 

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chefs to party competing, an 
unofficial rivalry that everyone

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pretends not to notice. 
Mr. Aldrich watches. 

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This competition with the 
satisfaction of someone who 

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believes tension improves 
performance. 

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You suspect. 
He deliberately delays hiring a 

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replacement because he enjoys 
watching three competent Cooks 

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attempt to outdo each other in 
increasingly creative ways. 

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Your specific domain covers. 
Meat, preparation and roasting 

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Thomas handles, fish and 
seafood, Margaret overseas, 

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vegetables and starches. 
This division seems simple and 

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you attempt to prepare an actual
meal at which point, it becomes 

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apparent that nearly every dish 
requires negotiation across 

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territories. 
A roasted chicken needs a 

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compliments. 
He poached salmon requires saws,

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everything demands timing. 
So precise that a two-minute 

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delay can render an entire 
course on serviceable. 

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The kitchen made's occupied 
peculiar position. 

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In this hierarchy, they 
performed the heaviest labor but

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possessed the least Authority. 
They hold the coal, you burn, 

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they pumped, the water. 
You use, they scrub the pots. 

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You soil yet Mr. Aldrich treats 
them as invisible. 

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Unless something goes wrong at 
which point they become 

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extremely visible targets for 
his theatrical displeasure. 

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Young Emma arrived, six months 
ago from a Shropshire Farm. 

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A hand still bear. 
The rough texture of someone, 

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who spent childhood years. 
Pulling turnips from Frozen 

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Ground. 
She moves through the kitchen 

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with the uncertain, gate of a 
person who expects punishment 

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for crimes. 
She cannot name. 

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Yesterday, you showed her the 
correct way to sharpen knives on

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the Whetstone and she looked at 
you as though you had revealed 

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Secrets known only to ancient 
mystery cults. 

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Gallery, made lives in a world 
apart. 

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She works in a separate room 
connected to the main kitchen by

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a doorway that seems designed to
remind everyone of boundaries. 

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Heard domain consists of three 
deep Stone sinks. 

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00:12:13,900 --> 00:12:18,500
Countless scrubbing brushes and 
a seemingly infinite supply of 

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dirty cookware. 
Bridget has held this position 

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00:12:21,900 --> 00:12:25,200
for eight years. 
Her hands carry scars from 

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00:12:25,200 --> 00:12:27,100
broken Crockery, and schooling 
water. 

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00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:32,200
Chris rarely but possesses in 
cyclopedic knowledge about which

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pots belong to which cook and 
which serving dishes the 

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Mistress of the house 
particularly values. 

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The pastry cooking exists in a 
separate hierarchy altogether. 

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00:12:42,300 --> 00:12:44,200
Madame Laurent. 
Came from France with 

232
00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:47,300
reference's, Mr. Aldrich. 
Examined as though they were 

233
00:12:47,300 --> 00:12:50,500
wholly Texans. 
She works at Her. 

234
00:12:50,500 --> 00:12:53,200
Marble Slab with tools. 
You do not touch an ingredient, 

235
00:12:53,200 --> 00:12:56,800
she stores in locked. 
Cupboards Her domain produces, 

236
00:12:56,800 --> 00:12:59,700
the elaborate desserts and 
breakfast pastries that travel 

237
00:12:59,700 --> 00:13:04,000
upstairs on special platters. 
She answers to Mr. Aldrich in 

238
00:13:04,000 --> 00:13:06,900
theory, but operates in practice
as an independent nation. 

239
00:13:06,900 --> 00:13:12,000
Maintaining diplomatic relations
Morning staff meeting occurs at 

240
00:13:12,000 --> 00:13:15,300
6:30? 
Is to Aldrich stands at the head

241
00:13:15,300 --> 00:13:18,600
of the great kitchen table and 
announces the days menu as 

242
00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:20,100
though, revealing Divine 
prophecy. 

243
00:13:21,000 --> 00:13:22,800
Breakfast will feature the usual
offerings? 

244
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:26,600
Luncheon requires roasted mutton
with Caper sauce. 

245
00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:30,100
Did a demand his attention 
because the master plans to 

246
00:13:30,100 --> 00:13:33,000
entertain business associates 
with the kind of meal at 

247
00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:35,200
demonstrates Prosperity, without
vulgar. 

248
00:13:35,200 --> 00:13:39,400
Austin while mentally 
calculating the preparation 

249
00:13:39,400 --> 00:13:43,000
timeline for your portion of 
this ambitious meal, the mutton 

250
00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:45,100
needs to come out of cold 
storage within the hour. 

251
00:13:45,100 --> 00:13:48,500
The Roasting will require three 
hours at carefully, managed 

252
00:13:48,500 --> 00:13:52,200
temperature, the timing must 
account for resting the meat 

253
00:13:52,200 --> 00:13:56,000
before carving. meanwhile the 
dinner service demands, two 

254
00:13:56,000 --> 00:13:59,600
separate courses, which means 
dividing your attention between 

255
00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:03,100
simultaneous processes that each
require a constant monitoring 

256
00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:07,800
Mr. Aldrich finishes his 
pronouncements and departs to a 

257
00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:12,500
small office where he maintains 
menus accounts and a private 

258
00:14:12,500 --> 00:14:15,200
store of cooking Brandi. 
He believes no one knows about 

259
00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:19,800
Mrs. Bramwell immediately 
begins, issuing the Practical 

260
00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:22,700
instructions. 
That will transform his Grand 

261
00:14:22,700 --> 00:14:27,100
Vision into actual food. 
She assigns tasks with the 

262
00:14:27,100 --> 00:14:28,800
efficiency of a battlefield 
Commander. 

263
00:14:29,700 --> 00:14:32,700
Emma will prepare vegetables, 
Thomas will tackle. 

264
00:14:32,700 --> 00:14:35,800
The fish course you will handle 
both mutton and beef. 

265
00:14:37,500 --> 00:14:41,000
The kitchen settles into its 
working Rhythm conversation, 

266
00:14:41,000 --> 00:14:43,500
drops away except for necessary 
coordination. 

267
00:14:44,400 --> 00:14:45,900
What's the temperature in the 
main oven? 

268
00:14:45,900 --> 00:14:49,500
Have you seen the Whisk mind 
your hands that pot is hot? 

269
00:14:50,300 --> 00:14:53,800
The Sounds become a kind of 
music you no longer consciously 

270
00:14:53,800 --> 00:14:56,800
hear the scrape of knife on 
cutting board. 

271
00:14:56,800 --> 00:14:59,400
The hiss of water heating hot 
iron. 

272
00:15:00,300 --> 00:15:03,000
The soft of dope being worked on
marble. 

273
00:15:03,800 --> 00:15:06,700
He retrieved the mutton from the
cold room that sits partially 

274
00:15:06,700 --> 00:15:10,200
underground where Winter ice 
packed in sawdust keeps things 

275
00:15:10,200 --> 00:15:11,900
at temperatures. 
That would Delight modern 

276
00:15:11,900 --> 00:15:15,600
refrigeration engineers. 
The Joint weighs 12 pounds and 

277
00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:18,900
carries the slightly gamey smell
of sheep, that ate Upland grass.

278
00:15:20,100 --> 00:15:22,000
You bring it to your station and
begin. 

279
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,400
The process of preparing it for 
the roasting pan. 

280
00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:29,400
First comes trimming, The outer 
membrane needs removal excess. 

281
00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:33,400
Fat gets carved away, but not 
discarded because Mrs. Bramwell 

282
00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:36,900
maintained strict accounting of 
kitchen materials, and that fat 

283
00:15:36,900 --> 00:15:39,500
will eventually render into 
dripping that has both culinary 

284
00:15:39,500 --> 00:15:43,000
and economic value. 
You work with a boning knife 

285
00:15:43,000 --> 00:15:45,200
that fits your hand like a 
natural extension. 

286
00:15:46,200 --> 00:15:48,700
The blade moves in short 
controlled Strokes. 

287
00:15:48,700 --> 00:15:52,000
That leave meat exposed in 
clean, smooth surfaces. 

288
00:15:53,100 --> 00:15:55,800
Margaret watches from her 
station while a stentley, 

289
00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:59,100
focusing on turnips. 
Everyone monitors everyone 

290
00:15:59,100 --> 00:16:02,000
else's work while pretending 
total absorption in their own 

291
00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:05,200
tasks. 
The kitchen breeds this constant

292
00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:09,100
low-level surveillance, you 
learn techniques by observation,

293
00:16:09,100 --> 00:16:11,600
you identify potential 
disasters. 

294
00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:14,900
Before they fully develop you 
gather intelligent. 

295
00:16:14,900 --> 00:16:17,800
That might prove useful when the
next sous chef position. 

296
00:16:17,800 --> 00:16:21,300
Opens the Morning, Light 
strength, and the high windows, 

297
00:16:21,300 --> 00:16:23,600
but never achieves, what anyone 
would call brightness. 

298
00:16:24,600 --> 00:16:27,700
The kitchen exists in Perpetual 
State between Dawn and dusk. 

299
00:16:27,700 --> 00:16:32,100
Gaslamp supplement, the natural 
light, their Jets producing a 

300
00:16:32,100 --> 00:16:35,100
steady hiss that adds to the 
kitchen's background Symphony. 

301
00:16:35,900 --> 00:16:40,100
The heat from the range begins 
its daily escalation by noon. 

302
00:16:40,100 --> 00:16:42,200
The temperature in this 
underground, room will exceed 

303
00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:44,200
anything. 
A reasonable person would 

304
00:16:44,200 --> 00:16:47,400
consider comfortable. 
You season the mutton with salt 

305
00:16:47,400 --> 00:16:50,000
and pepper. 
Fresh Rosemary from the herb 

306
00:16:50,000 --> 00:16:52,000
garden gets tucked into small 
slits. 

307
00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:55,600
Cut into the flesh. 
Garlic cloves, follow the same 

308
00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:59,100
treatment. 
The preparation seems simple but

309
00:16:59,100 --> 00:17:02,400
requires judgment developed over
years of watching Meet transform

310
00:17:02,400 --> 00:17:05,099
under Heat. 
Too much seasoning and you 

311
00:17:05,099 --> 00:17:09,400
master the fundamental quality 
of the ingredient too little and

312
00:17:09,400 --> 00:17:14,000
the dish tastes like an apology.
The roasting pan Waits You 

313
00:17:14,000 --> 00:17:16,900
settle the mutton onto a rack 
that elevates it, above the 

314
00:17:16,900 --> 00:17:21,300
bottom surface, this allows heat
to circulate and fat to drip 

315
00:17:21,300 --> 00:17:24,500
away, rather than letting the 
joint stew in its own rendering.

316
00:17:25,900 --> 00:17:29,300
Pan goes into the other misses 
brownwell as deserted for this 

317
00:17:29,300 --> 00:17:32,500
purpose. 
The door clang shot with a sound

318
00:17:32,500 --> 00:17:36,100
like a bank vault closing. 
Now, Begins the waiting that 

319
00:17:36,100 --> 00:17:40,000
constitutes the majority of your
work day, the mutton will roast 

320
00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:42,900
for three hours. 
During that time, you will open 

321
00:17:42,900 --> 00:17:46,200
the oven door, every 20 minutes 
to check progress, and base the 

322
00:17:46,200 --> 00:17:48,400
surface with the accumulated pan
juices. 

323
00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:53,300
This Rhythm becomes meditation, 
the repetitive action, freeze 

324
00:17:53,300 --> 00:17:56,500
your mind to wander through 
territories, having nothing to 

325
00:17:56,500 --> 00:18:00,800
do with meat or heat or service.
The Victorian kitchen contains 

326
00:18:00,800 --> 00:18:02,700
tools. 
That would puzzle, modern cooks 

327
00:18:02,700 --> 00:18:06,100
and Delight Museum. 
Curators you work with equipment

328
00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:09,500
that represents decades or even 
centuries of incremental 

329
00:18:09,500 --> 00:18:11,400
Improvement. 
Nothing here. 

330
00:18:11,400 --> 00:18:15,000
Merged fully formed from some 
inventors imagination. 

331
00:18:16,100 --> 00:18:18,900
Tool evolved through. 
Countless small modifications, 

332
00:18:18,900 --> 00:18:22,100
made by Cooks, who needed, 
better ways to accomplish 

333
00:18:22,100 --> 00:18:25,800
ancient tasks. 
The knives deserve first 

334
00:18:25,800 --> 00:18:29,100
consideration. 
You own three personally 

335
00:18:29,100 --> 00:18:32,100
purchased with wages saved over 
a month. 

336
00:18:33,700 --> 00:18:36,100
It's knife with a 10 inch blade 
for General work. 

337
00:18:36,800 --> 00:18:40,800
A boning knife for detail tasks,
a small pairing knife of 

338
00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:44,200
vegetables and fruit. 
Each blade requires daily 

339
00:18:44,200 --> 00:18:46,900
sharpening on the wet stone. 
That lives in the corner, near 

340
00:18:46,900 --> 00:18:49,900
the scholarly door. 
Steele must hold an edge but 

341
00:18:49,900 --> 00:18:52,700
also possessed enough Flex to 
work around bones and through 

342
00:18:52,700 --> 00:18:55,900
cartilage. 
Mr. Aldrich owns a collection. 

343
00:18:55,900 --> 00:19:00,000
That numbers. 15 knives each 
with specific purpose. 

344
00:19:01,000 --> 00:19:03,200
He guards these implements as 
though they were family 

345
00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:06,600
heirlooms which they essentially
a given that several came from 

346
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:10,000
his time in Paris. 
He once spent 20 minutes 

347
00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:13,500
explaining the proper angle for 
sharpening knife, while you 

348
00:19:13,500 --> 00:19:16,400
nodded and try to absorb 
information delivered in a 

349
00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:20,800
mixture of English and French 
technical terms The copper pots 

350
00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:22,900
arranged on shelves. 
Above the range represents 

351
00:19:22,900 --> 00:19:26,600
serious investment. 
Copper conducts heat with nearly

352
00:19:26,600 --> 00:19:30,600
perfect efficiency allowing 
precise, temperature control 

353
00:19:30,600 --> 00:19:32,800
that lesser materials cannot 
match. 

354
00:19:33,600 --> 00:19:35,800
But copper also requires 
constant maintenance. 

355
00:19:37,200 --> 00:19:40,700
The Interiors get lined with tin
that must be stripped and 

356
00:19:40,700 --> 00:19:44,300
replaced when it wears thin. 
The exteriors need polishing to 

357
00:19:44,300 --> 00:19:47,100
prevent the green oxidation. 
That makes them look like 

358
00:19:47,100 --> 00:19:49,400
artifacts from archaeological 
sites. 

359
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,600
Mrs. Bramwell maintains a 
rotation schedule for copper pot

360
00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:57,300
maintenance every week. 
Two vessels, go to the Tinker in

361
00:19:57,300 --> 00:19:59,800
Clark and well who specializes 
in kitchen work. 

362
00:20:00,700 --> 00:20:03,300
Every evening, someone must 
polish, at least three pots 

363
00:20:03,300 --> 00:20:05,900
using a mixture of salt, vinegar
and elbow grease. 

364
00:20:05,900 --> 00:20:09,500
That leaves your arms aching. 
The hierarchy determined to 

365
00:20:09,500 --> 00:20:12,800
performs this task and you have 
risen just high enough to 

366
00:20:12,800 --> 00:20:16,300
delegate it to KitchenAid while 
pretending this represents their

367
00:20:16,300 --> 00:20:20,400
educational benefit. 
The ranger itself constitutes, 

368
00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:22,700
the kitchen's largest and most 
complex tool. 

369
00:20:23,900 --> 00:20:27,300
Understanding its moods and 
capabilities requires knowledge 

370
00:20:27,300 --> 00:20:29,000
that comes only through 
experience. 

371
00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:32,600
Each oven maintains slightly 
different temperature 

372
00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,700
characteristics. 
The left side runs hotter than 

373
00:20:35,700 --> 00:20:37,800
the right by approximately 20 
degrees. 

374
00:20:39,000 --> 00:20:42,500
The top Front Burner provides 
the most intense direct heat. 

375
00:20:43,300 --> 00:20:46,200
The warming ovens tucked into 
the upper section work. 

376
00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:49,100
Best for dishes that need gentle
finishing rather than 

377
00:20:49,100 --> 00:20:51,800
aggressive. 
Cooking, temperature control 

378
00:20:51,800 --> 00:20:54,200
happens through damper 
adjustment and coal Management, 

379
00:20:54,200 --> 00:20:57,800
Open the dampers and air flow 
increases bringing higher heat, 

380
00:20:57,800 --> 00:21:01,800
closed them and the fire 
subsides to a sullen glow. 

381
00:21:02,900 --> 00:21:06,400
Add fresh coal and temperatures 
Spike before, settling? 

382
00:21:07,200 --> 00:21:10,200
Remove spent coals and heat 
gradually diminishes. 

383
00:21:11,000 --> 00:21:13,600
You have learned to read the 
Rangers Behavior through sound 

384
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:16,800
as much as sight. 
The particular raw, that means 

385
00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:20,200
the fire burns, too. 
Hot, the quiet, ticking that 

386
00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:21,900
suggests insufficient 
combustion. 

387
00:21:21,900 --> 00:21:25,400
The collection of specialized 
equipment, occupies the shelves 

388
00:21:25,400 --> 00:21:27,200
and cupboards around the 
kitchen's perimeter. 

389
00:21:28,100 --> 00:21:30,500
The Copper Fish Kettle. 
Long enough to accommodate Hull 

390
00:21:30,500 --> 00:21:32,800
salmon. 
The battery of graduated 

391
00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:36,800
saucepans from Tiny half, pint 
vessels to enormous multi gallon

392
00:21:36,800 --> 00:21:40,100
Giants. 
Charlotte molds and jelly molds,

393
00:21:40,100 --> 00:21:43,600
and putting basements in sizes. 
Ranging from individual servings

394
00:21:43,600 --> 00:21:45,800
to Productions. 
Capable of feeding. 

395
00:21:45,800 --> 00:21:48,800
A dozen people. 
The mechanical tools. 

396
00:21:48,800 --> 00:21:50,700
Represent. 
Victorian ingenuity. 

397
00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:54,900
Clockwork, spit turns meat 
before the fire without 

398
00:21:54,900 --> 00:21:56,800
requiring constant human 
attention. 

399
00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:02,100
A rotary whisk allows egg whites
to achieve foam in minutes 

400
00:22:02,100 --> 00:22:06,200
rather than the hours required 
with bundle Birch twigs. 

401
00:22:07,000 --> 00:22:08,700
Tin opener. 
That looks like a medieval 

402
00:22:08,700 --> 00:22:12,500
weapon makes canned goods 
accessible without requiring 

403
00:22:12,500 --> 00:22:15,900
hammer and chisel. 
Madame Laurel maintains her own 

404
00:22:15,900 --> 00:22:19,900
specialized Arsenal pastry 
Cutters in geometric shapes 

405
00:22:19,900 --> 00:22:22,600
rolling pins of different 
weights and lengths. 

406
00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:25,800
A marble slab that cost more 
than you earn in three months 

407
00:22:25,800 --> 00:22:28,800
and maintains the cool 
temperature essential for 

408
00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:33,400
working butter into dough. 
She possesses measuring cups and

409
00:22:33,400 --> 00:22:37,300
spoons calibrated to Precision 
that would satisfy a chemist 

410
00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:39,900
though? 
She rarely uses them working 

411
00:22:39,900 --> 00:22:44,000
instead from practice instinct. 
The mortar and pestle 

412
00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:48,500
combination gets daily, use 
grinding spices, fresh produces 

413
00:22:48,500 --> 00:22:50,500
flavors. 
That pre-ground powders cannot 

414
00:22:50,500 --> 00:22:53,300
match. 
You have spent hours reducing 

415
00:22:53,300 --> 00:22:57,500
peppercorns to powder, crushing 
cardamom pods pulverizing 

416
00:22:57,500 --> 00:23:00,900
cinnamon bark. 
The repetitive motion becomes 

417
00:23:00,900 --> 00:23:04,700
meditative after the first 
hundred Strokes, the scents 

418
00:23:04,700 --> 00:23:07,100
Bloom and fill your nostrils 
with intensity. 

419
00:23:07,100 --> 00:23:09,300
That makes your eyes water. 
Kitchen. 

420
00:23:09,300 --> 00:23:12,000
Thermometers represent 
relatively recent innovation. 

421
00:23:12,900 --> 00:23:16,600
Mr. Aldrich owns two. 
Both purchased from a scientific

422
00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:20,300
instrument making Birmingham. 
Treats them as objects of near 

423
00:23:20,300 --> 00:23:24,500
mystical significance capable of
revealing truths, that mere 

424
00:23:24,500 --> 00:23:28,100
human judgment might miss. 
You have learned to gauge 

425
00:23:28,100 --> 00:23:31,200
temperature by holding your hand
specific distances from heat 

426
00:23:31,200 --> 00:23:35,100
sources a technique Mr. Aldrich 
considers primitive but which 

427
00:23:35,100 --> 00:23:37,500
works reliably when thermometers
live in locked. 

428
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:41,400
Cupboards The ice cream churn 
sits unused 11 months of the 

429
00:23:41,400 --> 00:23:45,000
year and Springs to life during 
summer when frozen desserts 

430
00:23:45,000 --> 00:23:48,200
become practical. 
The machine requires someone to 

431
00:23:48,200 --> 00:23:52,000
crank its handle for 45 minutes 
while ice and rock salt. 

432
00:23:52,000 --> 00:23:55,100
Create temperatures that seem to
violate natural law. 

433
00:23:56,500 --> 00:24:00,200
Last August you earned this Duty
and developed our muscles. 

434
00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:02,400
That impressed the upstairs 
footman, who occasionally 

435
00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:06,800
Ventures into kitchen territory.
Strainers and sieves exist in 

436
00:24:06,800 --> 00:24:09,300
bewildering variety. 
Fine. 

437
00:24:09,300 --> 00:24:13,300
Mesh for delicate sources, 
coarse screens for vegetable, 

438
00:24:13,300 --> 00:24:17,400
stocks, the shein Noir with its 
conical shape and superfine 

439
00:24:17,400 --> 00:24:21,300
weave, that produces clarified 
consume of crystalline purity. 

440
00:24:22,100 --> 00:24:26,200
Each strainer has its designated
storage location and using the 

441
00:24:26,200 --> 00:24:30,300
wrong one for oh particular task
invites correction from Mrs. 

442
00:24:30,300 --> 00:24:35,100
Bramble or outright scorn from 
Mr. Aldridge The Roasting racks 

443
00:24:35,100 --> 00:24:38,400
and trivets allow meet to cook 
suspended above pan, bottoms 

444
00:24:38,400 --> 00:24:42,800
ensuring even heat distribution 
and preventing bottom surfaces 

445
00:24:42,800 --> 00:24:46,600
from steaming rather than 
roasting you own intimate, 

446
00:24:46,600 --> 00:24:49,600
knowledge of which racks fit 
which pans, and which trivets 

447
00:24:49,600 --> 00:24:53,300
stand stable under various 
weights This seems like trivial 

448
00:24:53,300 --> 00:24:56,600
information until your juggling 
three different roasts for a 

449
00:24:56,600 --> 00:24:58,900
dinner service and need to make 
Split Second equipment. 

450
00:24:58,900 --> 00:25:02,200
Decisions based in spoons and 
ladles coming. 

451
00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:06,200
Graduated sizes, the massive 
Ladle that holds a full Pint for

452
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:09,100
serving suits. 
The delicate version, barely 

453
00:25:09,100 --> 00:25:11,100
large than a tablespoon Force 
work. 

454
00:25:11,100 --> 00:25:14,600
The basting spoons with their 
long handles that protect your 

455
00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:18,200
hands from other heat while 
allowing precise, application of

456
00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:22,100
pan drippings to roasting meat 
The carving knives represent 

457
00:25:22,100 --> 00:25:24,900
their own category. 
Long, flexible blades for 

458
00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:28,700
slicing beef. 
Shorter stiffer version for pork

459
00:25:28,700 --> 00:25:33,200
and lamb the wickedly curved 
blade specifically designed for 

460
00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:37,800
separating paltry from Bones. 
Mr. Aldrich performs most 

461
00:25:37,800 --> 00:25:40,800
carving, personally treating it 
as performance art. 

462
00:25:40,800 --> 00:25:42,700
That demonstrates, his Superior 
technique. 

463
00:25:43,500 --> 00:25:47,000
You have observed enough to 
develop your own skill practice 

464
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:49,800
during family meal when no one 
cares about presentation. 

465
00:25:50,900 --> 00:25:53,000
Kitchen, scales range from 
delicate. 

466
00:25:53,000 --> 00:25:56,100
Balance beam devices for 
measuring oz to massive 

467
00:25:56,100 --> 00:25:59,700
platform, scales capable of 
weighing 50 pounds sacks of 

468
00:25:59,708 --> 00:26:03,100
flour. 
Accuracy matters more in pastry 

469
00:26:03,100 --> 00:26:07,000
work than in cooking but Mrs. 
Brownwell insists on weighing 

470
00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:09,100
everything that enters or leaves
inventory. 

471
00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:13,000
Her record books. 
Contain precise figures, that 

472
00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:15,400
would allow her to calculate 
food costs to the penny. 

473
00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:18,900
If anyone asked the pot, crane 
swing swings out from the 

474
00:26:18,900 --> 00:26:21,900
fireplace that once served as 
the kitchen's main heat Source 

475
00:26:21,900 --> 00:26:25,600
before the range arrived. 
Now it functions primarily as 

476
00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:29,200
backup during periods when the 
range undergoes maintenance or 

477
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:31,500
during particularly ambitious, 
meal services. 

478
00:26:31,500 --> 00:26:34,800
That require more cooking 
surfaces than 8, burners can 

479
00:26:34,800 --> 00:26:39,300
provide The crane allows pots to
hang over open fire at 

480
00:26:39,300 --> 00:26:42,200
adjustable Heights. 
A system that predates your 

481
00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:45,300
grandmother and will likely 
persist long after your gone. 

482
00:26:46,100 --> 00:26:49,800
You check the mutton again? 
The surface has begun to Brown 

483
00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:53,700
fat renders from the outer layer
and pools in the roasting pan 

484
00:26:53,700 --> 00:26:57,300
below. 
The smell combines rendered lamb

485
00:26:57,300 --> 00:27:00,900
fat with rosemary and garlic in 
proportions that make your 

486
00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:02,700
stomach. 
Remind you that breakfast 

487
00:27:02,700 --> 00:27:06,500
remains hours away. 
You baste the joint with 

488
00:27:06,500 --> 00:27:09,100
accumulated drippings and close 
the oven door. 

489
00:27:10,100 --> 00:27:13,800
Breakfast in a household of this
size and Status follows patterns

490
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:17,300
as reliable as tides. 
The family does not eat 

491
00:27:17,300 --> 00:27:19,600
together. 
The master takes his meal in the

492
00:27:19,600 --> 00:27:23,100
study at 7:30, the mistress 
prefers, her roommate. 

493
00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:26,800
The adult children maintain 
schedules, that place them at 

494
00:27:26,800 --> 00:27:30,500
The Breakfast Table, anywhere 
between 7 and 9 depending on 

495
00:27:30,500 --> 00:27:32,500
social engagements from the 
previous evening. 

496
00:27:33,700 --> 00:27:36,800
The breakfast menu never varies 
except on Sundays when kippers 

497
00:27:36,800 --> 00:27:39,300
make an appearance every morning
requires. 

498
00:27:39,300 --> 00:27:44,200
Aegs bacon sausages toast 
insufficient quantity to build 

499
00:27:44,200 --> 00:27:48,600
small fortifications porridge 
during cold months, fresh fruit.

500
00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:52,200
To rained art on the sideboard 
coffee, in the silver pot, that 

501
00:27:52,200 --> 00:27:56,100
requires polishing twice, weekly
tea in the second best service 

502
00:27:56,100 --> 00:27:59,400
because the best remains locked 
in the butler's Pantry for 

503
00:27:59,400 --> 00:28:01,100
occasions when its appearance 
matters. 

504
00:28:02,100 --> 00:28:05,400
Take preparation Falls to you 
this morning because Thomas has 

505
00:28:05,400 --> 00:28:07,900
devoted himself entirely to 
Preparing the fish course for 

506
00:28:07,900 --> 00:28:10,900
luncheon. 
You crack two, dozen eggs into a

507
00:28:10,900 --> 00:28:13,800
massive bowl and whisk them into
the scramble consistency. 

508
00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:17,400
The family. 
Prefers The technique requires 

509
00:28:17,400 --> 00:28:19,300
constant motion over moderate 
Heat. 

510
00:28:19,900 --> 00:28:22,800
Too hot and the eggs turn 
rubbery too cool. 

511
00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:25,900
And they remain snotty, which 
provokes complaints from 

512
00:28:25,900 --> 00:28:28,500
upstairs, that filtered down 
through the butler to Mr. 

513
00:28:28,500 --> 00:28:33,300
Aldrich to, you increasingly 
pointed language The eggs cook 

514
00:28:33,300 --> 00:28:35,800
in a copper pan that responds 
instantly to temperature 

515
00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:38,500
changes. 
You keep the moving with a 

516
00:28:38,500 --> 00:28:42,600
wooden spatula, scraping bottom 
and side and continuous motion 

517
00:28:42,600 --> 00:28:46,600
that prevent any portion from 
setting for the rest reaches 

518
00:28:46,600 --> 00:28:50,000
appropriate doneness. 
The mixture transforms from 

519
00:28:50,000 --> 00:28:53,000
liquid to soft curds in 
approximately four minutes. 

520
00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:56,600
You remove the pan from heat. 
While the eggs retained slight 

521
00:28:56,600 --> 00:28:59,500
wetness, because they will 
continue cooking in their own 

522
00:28:59,500 --> 00:29:03,000
residual warmth. 
Bacon comes from a side hanging 

523
00:29:03,000 --> 00:29:06,400
in the cold room, you slice it 
yourself because the previous 

524
00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:10,000
Chef who left these preparations
to KitchenAid, learn that 

525
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:13,500
varying thickness, produces 
varying cooking times, which 

526
00:29:13,500 --> 00:29:16,700
creates chaos during service, 
each rasher measures, 

527
00:29:16,700 --> 00:29:20,400
approximately, 18 inch thick. 
You lay them in a cast iron 

528
00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:23,800
skillet that covers two burners 
and allows cooking the entire 

529
00:29:23,800 --> 00:29:27,500
batch simultaneously. 
The Bacon Fat renders and 

530
00:29:27,500 --> 00:29:31,400
Bubbles the meat sizzles and 
begins its transformation from 

531
00:29:31,400 --> 00:29:35,500
flabby white to Chris Brown. 
You flip each piece individually

532
00:29:35,500 --> 00:29:39,600
using tongs searching for the 
perfect moment when both sides 

533
00:29:39,600 --> 00:29:41,400
achieve crispness without 
burning. 

534
00:29:42,900 --> 00:29:46,200
The smells the kitchen and makes
everyone's mouth water. 

535
00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:50,200
Despite the fact that servants 
breakfast occurred an hour ago, 

536
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:55,300
and consisted of leftover, bread
and tea sausages, rotate slowly 

537
00:29:55,300 --> 00:29:58,800
in a separate pan. 
These are arrived yesterday from

538
00:29:58,800 --> 00:30:01,900
A supplier in Smithfield, who 
makes them according to Mr. 

539
00:30:01,900 --> 00:30:05,800
Aldrich's private recipe, 
involving pork sage and 

540
00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:09,500
proportions. 
He refuses to divulge. they need

541
00:30:09,500 --> 00:30:12,900
careful attention because the 
case in heat comes to 

542
00:30:12,900 --> 00:30:16,900
aggressively You turn them at 
intervals, coaxing them toward 

543
00:30:16,900 --> 00:30:20,400
even Browning while preventing 
the catastrophic rupture that 

544
00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:24,600
would drain flavorful fat into 
the pan bottom where it serves? 

545
00:30:24,600 --> 00:30:28,400
No purpose. 
Toast production represents a 

546
00:30:28,400 --> 00:30:32,100
separate operation entirely. 
Margaret has taken charge of 

547
00:30:32,100 --> 00:30:35,600
this element standing at the 
toasting fork and watching bread

548
00:30:35,600 --> 00:30:38,000
brown over the Rangers open 
burner. 

549
00:30:38,800 --> 00:30:41,800
The bread comes sliced yesterday
evening because fresh bread 

550
00:30:41,800 --> 00:30:44,500
tears. 
When cut and produces ragged 

551
00:30:44,500 --> 00:30:46,600
pieces unsuitable for 
presentation. 

552
00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:51,100
Each slice requires careful 
monitoring too light and the 

553
00:30:51,108 --> 00:30:55,200
bread remains floppy too dark 
and the family complains about 

554
00:30:55,208 --> 00:30:58,400
bitterness. 
But awaits at room temperature 

555
00:30:58,400 --> 00:31:01,900
in a covered dish. 
Marmalade sits in a crystal bowl

556
00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:04,900
that traveled upstairs yesterday
and returns this morning. 

557
00:31:04,900 --> 00:31:09,200
Bearing, the sticky residue of 
previous use Bridget will wash 

558
00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:11,500
it later. 
Adding one more item to Our 

559
00:31:11,500 --> 00:31:14,000
Endless queue of things. 
Requiring hot water and 

560
00:31:14,000 --> 00:31:16,800
scrubbing. 
The porridge has been bubbling 

561
00:31:16,800 --> 00:31:20,400
on the back of the range since 
5:00 ended by the kitchen. 

562
00:31:20,400 --> 00:31:24,000
Maid, who drew early Duty. 
The mixture requires only 

563
00:31:24,000 --> 00:31:26,500
occasional stirring to prevent 
bottom scorching. 

564
00:31:27,600 --> 00:31:31,600
Mrs. Brown World, judges done, 
by consistency, rather than time

565
00:31:31,600 --> 00:31:35,300
looking for the thick texture 
that she describes as resembling

566
00:31:35,300 --> 00:31:38,100
wet plaster. 
Somehow making this sound 

567
00:31:38,100 --> 00:31:42,200
appetizing. 
At 7:15, you begin plating. 

568
00:31:43,100 --> 00:31:46,200
The breakfast room contains 
chafing dishes heated by Spirit 

569
00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:49,300
lamps that keep food warm 
without continuing to cook it. 

570
00:31:49,300 --> 00:31:52,900
You transfer the scrambled eggs 
into the largest vessel. 

571
00:31:52,900 --> 00:31:56,100
The bacon gets arranged on a 
platter in overlapping rows 

572
00:31:56,100 --> 00:32:00,000
sausages occupy their own dish 
because the master dislikes when

573
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:03,500
breakfast items touch each 
other, The toast travels 

574
00:32:03,500 --> 00:32:06,000
upstairs in a covered basket 
lined with linen. 

575
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:09,700
That will theoretically retain 
heat but primarily serves 

576
00:32:09,700 --> 00:32:13,800
aesthetic function. 
The porridge fills a tureen that

577
00:32:13,808 --> 00:32:16,500
looks capable of serving soup to
a small army. 

578
00:32:17,300 --> 00:32:19,800
Everything must reach the 
breakfast room before the 

579
00:32:19,800 --> 00:32:22,800
footman arrives to carry it up, 
stairs, on trays, whose silver 

580
00:32:22,800 --> 00:32:25,800
surfaces require daily polishing
by staff. 

581
00:32:25,800 --> 00:32:29,700
You never see. 
Mr. Aldrich inspects each dish 

582
00:32:29,700 --> 00:32:33,400
before a proving its departure. 
He lifts covers and peers, 

583
00:32:33,400 --> 00:32:36,600
critically at contents. 
His expression suggests. 

584
00:32:36,600 --> 00:32:39,400
Someone detecting subtle flaws 
invisible to lessen. 

585
00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:42,500
Mortals. 
He samples nothing working in 

586
00:32:42,500 --> 00:32:46,300
Stead from visual assessment. 
He once sent back an entire 

587
00:32:46,300 --> 00:32:48,900
batch of eggs because their 
color struck him as 

588
00:32:48,908 --> 00:32:51,700
insufficiently yellow. 
A critique, you could not 

589
00:32:51,700 --> 00:32:55,200
address because chickens produce
eggs in whatever shade their 

590
00:32:55,200 --> 00:32:58,300
biology. 
Dictates This morning, he nods 

591
00:32:58,300 --> 00:33:01,500
acceptance. 
The footman appears precisely on

592
00:33:01,500 --> 00:33:04,100
time because the butler 
maintained standards that would 

593
00:33:04,100 --> 00:33:07,700
shame Military Academy. 
The trees depart upward through 

594
00:33:07,700 --> 00:33:10,600
the servants stare Network that 
connects basement to ground 

595
00:33:10,600 --> 00:33:14,400
floor to Upper stories without 
requiring servants to Traverse 

596
00:33:14,400 --> 00:33:18,900
spaces occupied by family. 
You never see the family eat. 

597
00:33:18,900 --> 00:33:22,400
You never know if they enjoyed 
the meal or merely tolerated it 

598
00:33:23,100 --> 00:33:26,300
Information travels downward 
only, when something goes wrong.

599
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:31,800
Silence equal success. 
Praise never reaches kitchen 

600
00:33:31,800 --> 00:33:35,300
staff because recognizing good 
work might encourage dangerous 

601
00:33:35,300 --> 00:33:38,800
ideas about worth. 
The breakfast dishes return 

602
00:33:38,800 --> 00:33:41,600
within the hour. 
You can read the meals story in 

603
00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:45,000
the remnants, the eggs were 
consumed completely, which 

604
00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:48,900
indicates proper seasoning. 
Most bacon disappeared, but 

605
00:33:48,900 --> 00:33:51,300
three piece is romaine. 
Suggesting someone with 

606
00:33:51,300 --> 00:33:53,800
diminished appetite or 
vegetarian leanings. 

607
00:33:54,700 --> 00:33:58,500
The sausages show tooth marks 
that stopped mid by implying 

608
00:33:58,500 --> 00:34:01,700
adequate flavor. 
But possibly excessive richness 

609
00:34:01,700 --> 00:34:04,900
from morning consumption. 
Bridget receives the dirty 

610
00:34:04,900 --> 00:34:07,400
dishes with the resigned 
expression of someone who was 

611
00:34:07,400 --> 00:34:10,600
accepted that washing up 
constitutes her entire career, 

612
00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:14,699
trajectory She scrapes plates 
into a slop bucket. 

613
00:34:14,699 --> 00:34:17,400
That will eventually feed pigs 
at a farm outside the city. 

614
00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:21,900
Nothing goes to waste in a 
properly run kitchen, even 

615
00:34:21,900 --> 00:34:25,699
vegetable peeling's find used as
animal feed or garden compost. 

616
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:28,800
He clean your station. 
While the breakfast dishes 

617
00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:33,100
circulates through Bridget's 
three sinks system, First sink 

618
00:34:33,100 --> 00:34:37,199
for scraping and initial soak. 
Second sink for hot water and 

619
00:34:37,199 --> 00:34:42,800
soap, third sink for rinsing. 
Everything emerges clean, but 

620
00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:47,199
barring the microscopic scars of
thousands of previous Washings. 

621
00:34:47,900 --> 00:34:52,800
The copper develops patina. 
The China acquires crazing, the 

622
00:34:52,800 --> 00:34:56,300
Silver Plate reveals brass 
beneath in spots, where users 

623
00:34:56,300 --> 00:34:59,000
worn through. 
The morning stretches toward 

624
00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:02,200
midday. 
The light in the high Windows 

625
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:05,400
achieves, its maximum 
brightness, which still leaves 

626
00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:07,500
the kitchen dimmer than any 
Street at noon. 

627
00:35:08,500 --> 00:35:11,800
You check the button again and 
judge it, approximately halfway 

628
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:15,100
to completion. 
The surface is developed deep 

629
00:35:15,100 --> 00:35:20,000
brown color. 
The meat has begun to shrink as 

630
00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:23,100
moisture, evaporates and 
proteins contract. 

631
00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:26,800
Another 90 minutes should bring 
it to the perfect state of 

632
00:35:26,808 --> 00:35:31,400
Dundas that Mr. Aldrich demands.
Family, meal, occurs to Levin. 

633
00:35:31,400 --> 00:35:36,000
This represents the staff's main
eating opportunity and follows 

634
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:38,800
protocols as rigid as any 
upstairs service. 

635
00:35:40,100 --> 00:35:43,000
Everyone sits at the long 
kitchen table in order of rank. 

636
00:35:43,900 --> 00:35:45,700
Mr. Aldrich takes the head 
position. 

637
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:50,700
Mrs. Bramwell sits at the foot. 
You occupy a middle seat that 

638
00:35:50,700 --> 00:35:52,200
reflects your intermediate 
status. 

639
00:35:53,100 --> 00:35:56,400
The food comes from Kitchen, 
Surplus and yesterday's, 

640
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:58,900
leftovers transformed through 
creative preparation. 

641
00:35:59,900 --> 00:36:02,900
Today offers a mutton stew 
created from trim pieces. 

642
00:36:02,900 --> 00:36:06,500
You remove this morning. 
Bread that fail to meet 

643
00:36:06,500 --> 00:36:10,100
presentation standards, but 
tastes identical to the perfect 

644
00:36:10,100 --> 00:36:14,400
loaves that traveled up stairs. 
Cheese purchased in quantities. 

645
00:36:14,400 --> 00:36:16,500
That make individual portions 
nearly free. 

646
00:36:17,500 --> 00:36:20,500
Tea served in thick Earth and 
where mugs rather than the 

647
00:36:20,500 --> 00:36:24,700
Delicate China used above. 
Conversation, flows more freely 

648
00:36:24,700 --> 00:36:26,900
during family meal, and any 
other time? 

649
00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:29,400
People discuss the mornings of 
events. 

650
00:36:30,200 --> 00:36:32,500
Margaret mentioned that she 
heard the mistress might be 

651
00:36:32,500 --> 00:36:34,000
planing a dinner party next 
week. 

652
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:36,600
Thomas describes a new fish 
supply. 

653
00:36:36,600 --> 00:36:39,700
Who claims to receive deliveries
direct from billingsgate each 

654
00:36:39,700 --> 00:36:42,700
morning? 
Emma asks a question about yeast

655
00:36:42,700 --> 00:36:44,600
behavior. 
That reveals she has been paying

656
00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:48,900
more attention than anyone 
realized you eat quickly but not

657
00:36:48,900 --> 00:36:54,300
hastily The stew provides solid 
nourishment, your body requires 

658
00:36:54,300 --> 00:36:57,700
fuel to maintain energy, through
the afternoon service and 

659
00:36:57,700 --> 00:37:01,200
evening preparations. 
You consume enough to satisfy 

660
00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:04,500
hunger without filling yourself 
to the point where working 

661
00:37:04,500 --> 00:37:07,800
becomes uncomfortable. 
This calculation has become 

662
00:37:07,800 --> 00:37:10,500
automatic. 
After years of navigating, the 

663
00:37:10,500 --> 00:37:14,400
balance between adequate 
nutrition, Functional capacity. 

664
00:37:15,800 --> 00:37:19,700
the meal concludes after 20 
minutes, everyone returns to 

665
00:37:19,700 --> 00:37:23,400
their stations without requiring
instruction, the kitchen moves 

666
00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:26,100
into its afternoon, rhythm with 
the smooth transition of 

667
00:37:26,100 --> 00:37:30,000
musicians, changing tempo, 
Preparations for lunch and 

668
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:34,300
intensify plans for dinner, 
begin taking concrete form, the 

669
00:37:34,300 --> 00:37:37,400
daily cycle, continues lunch, 
and represents. 

670
00:37:37,400 --> 00:37:40,800
The midday meal though, in a 
household of this type, the term

671
00:37:40,800 --> 00:37:44,100
suggests formality. 
That breakfast Lacks The family 

672
00:37:44,100 --> 00:37:47,700
gathers at the dining table, 
horses arrive in sequence, 

673
00:37:47,700 --> 00:37:51,300
standards must be maintained 
even if the menu seems simple 

674
00:37:51,300 --> 00:37:55,200
compared to evening service. 
today's mutton with Caper sauce,

675
00:37:55,200 --> 00:37:59,200
demands coordination between 
your meat preparation, and the 

676
00:37:59,208 --> 00:38:02,800
source that Thomas produces The 
collaboration requires 

677
00:38:02,800 --> 00:38:05,700
communication, despite the 
unofficial competition between 

678
00:38:05,700 --> 00:38:08,300
you. 
Professional Standards override 

679
00:38:08,300 --> 00:38:11,400
personal rivalry. 
When service quality hangs in 

680
00:38:11,400 --> 00:38:14,300
the balance. 
The mutton emerges from the oven

681
00:38:14,300 --> 00:38:18,900
at noon, precisely the surface 
gleams with rendered fat. 

682
00:38:19,900 --> 00:38:22,300
The internal temperature, has 
reached the point where pink 

683
00:38:22,300 --> 00:38:25,200
Jews runs from the flesh when 
you test with a skewer. 

684
00:38:25,700 --> 00:38:28,500
You transfer the joint to 
arresting rack and cover it with

685
00:38:28,500 --> 00:38:32,600
foil that will retain heat while
allowing steam to escape rather 

686
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:36,900
than making the crust soggy. 
Resting meat represents one of 

687
00:38:36,900 --> 00:38:40,100
those techniques that seems 
unnecessary Until You observe 

688
00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:42,100
the consequences of skipping 
this step. 

689
00:38:42,900 --> 00:38:46,400
Cut into meat straight from the 
oven and juices, flood out onto 

690
00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:49,600
the cutting board. 
Wait, 15 minutes and those same 

691
00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:53,200
juices redistribute through the 
muscle fibers staying in the 

692
00:38:53,200 --> 00:38:56,900
meat where they belong. 
The science involves protein 

693
00:38:56,900 --> 00:39:00,600
behavior and moisture tension, 
but the Practical result matters

694
00:39:00,600 --> 00:39:04,100
more than theoretical 
understanding, Thomas works at 

695
00:39:04,100 --> 00:39:06,900
his station, preparing papers 
source, that will accompany the 

696
00:39:06,900 --> 00:39:09,600
mutton. 
His technique involves creating 

697
00:39:09,600 --> 00:39:13,200
a Rue from butter and flour. 
Then gradually incorporating 

698
00:39:13,200 --> 00:39:17,800
stock while whisking constantly 
to prevent lumps, The Capers get

699
00:39:17,800 --> 00:39:22,400
added last providing sharp Briny
Counterpoint to Richland flavor.

700
00:39:23,200 --> 00:39:27,000
Tastes repeatedly, adjusting 
seasoning with the confidence of

701
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:30,200
someone who has made this sauce.
Hundreds of times. 

702
00:39:30,200 --> 00:39:33,000
You carve the mutton Into Thin 
slices. 

703
00:39:33,000 --> 00:39:36,900
That curl slightly at the edges.
The knife must be sharp enough 

704
00:39:36,900 --> 00:39:39,500
to cut cleanly without tearing 
meat fibers. 

705
00:39:40,300 --> 00:39:43,000
Each slice should maintain 
uniform thickness because 

706
00:39:43,000 --> 00:39:46,800
variations create uneven 
portions that offend Mr. 

707
00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:50,500
Aldrich's sense of order. 
The slices, get a range on a 

708
00:39:50,500 --> 00:39:53,700
serving plate in overlapping 
rows that demonstrate technique,

709
00:39:53,700 --> 00:39:57,200
while maximizing visual appeal. 
The vegetables that will 

710
00:39:57,200 --> 00:39:59,700
accompany this course of 
occupied Margaret for the past 

711
00:39:59,700 --> 00:40:02,900
hour. 
Potatoes boiled until tender, 

712
00:40:02,900 --> 00:40:05,400
then tossed with butter and 
parsley. 

713
00:40:06,200 --> 00:40:09,500
Carrots, cut into uniform batons
and glazed with a mixed of 

714
00:40:09,500 --> 00:40:12,300
butter and sugar that 
caramelizes slightly during 

715
00:40:12,300 --> 00:40:15,300
cooking. 
Green beans, that she blanched 

716
00:40:15,300 --> 00:40:18,500
in boiling water. 
Shocked in ice water to preserve

717
00:40:18,500 --> 00:40:21,600
color and will reheat in butter 
at the last moment before 

718
00:40:21,600 --> 00:40:23,500
service. 
Timing. 

719
00:40:23,500 --> 00:40:26,000
All these elements to arrive at 
Readiness simultaneously 

720
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:29,000
requires coordination. 
That happens partly through 

721
00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:32,800
explicit communication and 
partly through the shared 

722
00:40:32,800 --> 00:40:36,100
awareness, that developed, among
people who work side by side 

723
00:40:36,100 --> 00:40:38,700
daily. 
You know, without asking when 

724
00:40:38,700 --> 00:40:42,100
Margaret needs the range burner,
you've been occupying, she 

725
00:40:42,100 --> 00:40:44,500
understands without discussion 
that your carving will take 

726
00:40:44,500 --> 00:40:48,700
exactly seven minutes. 
Thomas recognizes that his 

727
00:40:48,700 --> 00:40:51,000
Source must hold at warm 
temperature for the precise 

728
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:53,100
interval between completion and 
service. 

729
00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:56,800
Mr. Aldrich orchestrates. 
The final plating. 

730
00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:01,100
He positions himself at the 
central work table, and directs 

731
00:41:01,100 --> 00:41:03,700
placement with the air of a 
conductor leading musicians 

732
00:41:03,700 --> 00:41:08,200
through a complex Symphony. 
The mutton slices, go here, the 

733
00:41:08,200 --> 00:41:11,500
vegetables are range. 
There, the source, gets spooned 

734
00:41:11,500 --> 00:41:14,200
along this Edge. 
Every element receives his 

735
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:17,300
Critical examination before, he 
allows the plate to proceed. 

736
00:41:18,500 --> 00:41:21,300
The footman appears and Begins 
the systematic transport 

737
00:41:21,300 --> 00:41:24,100
upstairs. 
Three horses travel on 

738
00:41:24,100 --> 00:41:27,500
individual trays. 
The suit that open the meal has 

739
00:41:27,500 --> 00:41:31,300
already been served and 
consumed. now comes the main 

740
00:41:31,300 --> 00:41:35,200
course desert weights in the 
cold room, where Madame Laura is

741
00:41:35,200 --> 00:41:38,900
created something involving 
morang and raspberry Cooley You 

742
00:41:38,900 --> 00:41:41,400
observe the plate, your work 
created departing through. 

743
00:41:41,400 --> 00:41:44,500
The doorway, that separates 
kitchen from the realm Beyond 

744
00:41:45,600 --> 00:41:47,600
For a moment. 
You imagine the family seeing 

745
00:41:47,600 --> 00:41:50,300
this food. 
Cutting into the meat, you 

746
00:41:50,300 --> 00:41:51,800
prepared. 
Tasting. 

747
00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:53,900
The flavors. 
You developed through seasoning 

748
00:41:53,900 --> 00:41:58,500
choices. then the moment passes 
and you return to reality where 

749
00:41:58,500 --> 00:42:03,500
servants remain invisible 
regardless of skill, The 

750
00:42:03,500 --> 00:42:06,900
afternoon, settles into 
preparation mode, dinner service

751
00:42:06,900 --> 00:42:11,500
begins at 7:30 and requires. 
Dishes of complexity that make 

752
00:42:11,500 --> 00:42:13,500
luncheon look like casual 
practice. 

753
00:42:14,400 --> 00:42:18,000
Mr. Aldrich's planned a 
six-course meal designed to 

754
00:42:18,000 --> 00:42:21,300
impress the Masters business 
associates while demonstrating 

755
00:42:21,300 --> 00:42:26,100
the households refined taste. 
The menu, he posted this morning

756
00:42:26,100 --> 00:42:31,900
list, soup, fish meet, Corey, 
desert and savory. 

757
00:42:32,900 --> 00:42:35,000
Each course, demands separate 
preparation. 

758
00:42:35,000 --> 00:42:37,700
Many elements require advanced 
work. 

759
00:42:37,700 --> 00:42:40,300
That must be completed hours 
before service. 

760
00:42:40,300 --> 00:42:43,400
You begin, the mental 
organization that transforms 

761
00:42:43,400 --> 00:42:47,200
written menu into practical 
action plan. the beef for 

762
00:42:47,200 --> 00:42:50,400
tonight's main course, weighs 18
pounds and requires room 

763
00:42:50,400 --> 00:42:54,000
temperature at claymation before
roasting Your retrieve it from 

764
00:42:54,000 --> 00:42:57,500
cold storage and place it on a 
marble slab near the range where

765
00:42:57,500 --> 00:42:59,700
passive warmth will gradually 
raise its temperature. 

766
00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:03,800
Cooking, cold meat produces 
uneven doneness because the 

767
00:43:03,800 --> 00:43:06,800
center remains cool while 
exterior overcooked. 

768
00:43:07,700 --> 00:43:10,900
Mrs. Brown will assigns tasks 
based on her assessment of 

769
00:43:10,900 --> 00:43:13,500
everyone's current workload and 
capability. 

770
00:43:14,400 --> 00:43:17,300
Emma gets directed toward 
vegetable preparation for the 

771
00:43:17,300 --> 00:43:21,100
multiple courses that require 
Garden produce one of the 

772
00:43:21,100 --> 00:43:23,000
kitchen. 
Maids Begins the stocks that 

773
00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:24,700
will become foundation for 
sources. 

774
00:43:24,700 --> 00:43:29,100
The other starts, the laborious 
process of clarifying consumed 

775
00:43:29,100 --> 00:43:32,000
through repeated straining and 
egg, white binding. 

776
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:36,000
The kitchen fills with 
purposeful activity that looks 

777
00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:39,200
chaotic to untrained eyes, but 
follows patterns. 

778
00:43:39,200 --> 00:43:43,400
As regular as textile weaving 
every cook knows their 

779
00:43:43,400 --> 00:43:47,300
responsibilities. 
Every hand, reaches for familiar

780
00:43:47,300 --> 00:43:50,000
tools. 
The workspace has been navigated

781
00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:53,600
so many times that people avoid 
collisions through unconscious 

782
00:43:53,600 --> 00:43:56,600
awareness, rather than explicit 
negotiation. 

783
00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:01,200
You begin preparing the beef 
with the same careful attention.

784
00:44:01,200 --> 00:44:04,600
You gave the mutton This cut 
comes from the rib section and 

785
00:44:04,600 --> 00:44:08,000
features marbling that will 
render during cooking, creating 

786
00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:11,300
the rich flavor and tender 
texture that justify its Premium

787
00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:14,400
cost. 
The preparation involves minimal

788
00:44:14,400 --> 00:44:17,200
intervention because quality 
beef requires little Beyond 

789
00:44:17,200 --> 00:44:19,900
salt, pepper and appropriate 
heat application. 

790
00:44:20,600 --> 00:44:24,100
The herb crust gets prepared 
separately, fresh bread, crumbs 

791
00:44:24,100 --> 00:44:26,800
mixed with chopped parsley, 
Thyme, and rosemary. 

792
00:44:26,800 --> 00:44:30,500
Butter worked into the mixture 
until it achieves paste 

793
00:44:30,500 --> 00:44:33,400
consistency. 
This coating will be applied to 

794
00:44:33,400 --> 00:44:37,200
the beef during the final 30 
minutes of roasting, creating a 

795
00:44:37,208 --> 00:44:40,400
Savory crust that contrasts with
the tender interior. 

796
00:44:41,700 --> 00:44:45,000
Thomas works on the fish course 
which tonight features dover 

797
00:44:45,000 --> 00:44:46,900
sole prepared with brown butter 
and lemon. 

798
00:44:48,000 --> 00:44:50,800
The fish arrived this morning 
packed in ice that has mostly 

799
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:53,800
melted into water requiring 
periodic draining. 

800
00:44:54,900 --> 00:44:57,600
He lays them with Precision that
removed every bone while 

801
00:44:57,600 --> 00:45:01,900
preserving maximum flesh. 
Technique requires knife, skills

802
00:45:01,900 --> 00:45:04,500
developed over years and 
maintained through constant 

803
00:45:04,500 --> 00:45:07,100
practice. 
Margaret assembled components 

804
00:45:07,100 --> 00:45:09,800
for the vegetable horses 
asparagus. 

805
00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:12,400
That will be briefly boiled and 
served with hollandaise. 

806
00:45:13,200 --> 00:45:16,600
Potatoes, that will be formed 
into Croquettes breaded and 

807
00:45:16,600 --> 00:45:21,100
fried to Golden perfection. 
A salad of force, cucumbers, and

808
00:45:21,100 --> 00:45:25,000
hot house to Mateos dressed with
vinegar and oil in proportions 

809
00:45:25,000 --> 00:45:29,200
Mr. Aldrich considers optimal. 
Madame, Lauren works in her 

810
00:45:29,200 --> 00:45:31,800
separate sphere creating the 
desert that will conclude the 

811
00:45:31,800 --> 00:45:34,100
meal. 
You Glimpse her occasionally, 

812
00:45:34,100 --> 00:45:36,400
through the doorway, that 
separates her pastry kitchen 

813
00:45:36,400 --> 00:45:39,700
from the main cooking area. 
She moves with the fluid. 

814
00:45:39,700 --> 00:45:41,800
Certainty of someone engaged. 
In work. 

815
00:45:41,800 --> 00:45:44,200
They have perfected through 
obsessive repetition. 

816
00:45:45,200 --> 00:45:49,700
The desert involves layers of 
genoese pastry cream, and 

817
00:45:49,700 --> 00:45:53,500
candied fruit assembled, into an
architectural creation, that 

818
00:45:53,500 --> 00:45:57,600
seems to elaborate to eat. the 
heat in the kitchen climbs to 

819
00:45:57,600 --> 00:46:01,300
order impressive, the range, 
radiates warmth that combines 

820
00:46:01,300 --> 00:46:05,600
with steam, from multiple pots 
to create atmosphere, resembling

821
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:09,600
a tropical Conservatory 
Everyone's face shined with 

822
00:46:09,600 --> 00:46:12,400
sweat. 
The sweat jackets and apron 

823
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:15,000
showed dark patches, where 
moisture is soaked through. 

824
00:46:15,900 --> 00:46:18,900
You drink water from the cup you
refill, periodically at the 

825
00:46:18,900 --> 00:46:22,400
system knowing that dehydration 
leads to mistake's. 

826
00:46:23,300 --> 00:46:26,200
Time moves and strangeways 
during afternoon preparation 

827
00:46:26,200 --> 00:46:28,600
minutes. 
Crawl when you're waiting for 

828
00:46:28,600 --> 00:46:32,900
water to boil or others to reach
temperature hours vanish. 

829
00:46:32,900 --> 00:46:35,600
When you become absorbed in 
detail, work, that demands 

830
00:46:35,600 --> 00:46:39,400
complete attention. 
You glanced at the clock and 

831
00:46:39,400 --> 00:46:42,400
discover that three hours have 
passed while you were focused on

832
00:46:42,400 --> 00:46:46,300
tasks that felt like they 
required 30 minutes. 

833
00:46:47,300 --> 00:46:51,200
The beef goes into the oven at 
5:00, The Roasting will take two

834
00:46:51,200 --> 00:46:54,400
hours, plus resting time, 
bringing it to Readiness, 

835
00:46:54,400 --> 00:46:58,600
precisely when service begins, 
you set a mental timer based on 

836
00:46:58,600 --> 00:47:01,200
experience rather than 
mechanical devices. 

837
00:47:02,100 --> 00:47:05,000
Your internal clock has learned 
to track cooking intervals with 

838
00:47:05,000 --> 00:47:07,200
accuracy that occasionally 
surprises. 

839
00:47:07,200 --> 00:47:11,000
Even you Evening service 
transforms, the kitchen from 

840
00:47:11,000 --> 00:47:15,200
workspace into theater. 
The Casual efficiency of daytime

841
00:47:15,200 --> 00:47:17,300
operations. 
Gives way to heightened tension 

842
00:47:17,300 --> 00:47:19,600
where every action carries 
weight. 

843
00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:25,200
Stakes during breakfast might 
provoke mild irritation errors, 

844
00:47:25,200 --> 00:47:27,800
during dinner service. 
Before important guests, create 

845
00:47:27,800 --> 00:47:31,200
consequences that Ripple through
the entire household hierarchy. 

846
00:47:32,300 --> 00:47:35,800
Mr. Aldrich changes in to his 
finest chefs whites for evening 

847
00:47:35,800 --> 00:47:38,600
service. 
The jacket appears freshly 

848
00:47:38,600 --> 00:47:40,700
laundered. 
Despite having seen use earlier 

849
00:47:40,700 --> 00:47:44,400
in the day, his tall chef's hat,
sits, perfectly centered. 

850
00:47:44,400 --> 00:47:48,700
He is transformed from morning 
manager, into evening performer,

851
00:47:48,700 --> 00:47:53,700
and everyone feels the shift in 
atmosphere, The first course, 

852
00:47:53,700 --> 00:47:58,000
begins preparation at 6:00. 
Clear console that Emma has been

853
00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:01,900
working on all afternoon. 
Finally achieves the crystalline

854
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:04,100
Clarity that Mr. Aldrich 
demands. 

855
00:48:04,100 --> 00:48:07,700
The soup gets poured into a 
heated Turin that will maintain 

856
00:48:07,700 --> 00:48:09,600
temperature during its Journey 
upstairs. 

857
00:48:10,600 --> 00:48:13,400
Thin slices of lemon float on 
the surface. 

858
00:48:14,300 --> 00:48:17,600
Fresh chervil provides the 
single garnish that Mr. Aldrich 

859
00:48:17,600 --> 00:48:20,700
considers appropriate. 
You monitor the beef while 

860
00:48:20,700 --> 00:48:23,600
simultaneously preparing the 
vegetables that will accompany 

861
00:48:23,600 --> 00:48:26,000
it. 
The roasting pan can contains 

862
00:48:26,000 --> 00:48:28,900
accumulated drippings that will 
become the base for source. 

863
00:48:29,800 --> 00:48:33,200
You skim fat from the surface 
and stocked to the remaining 

864
00:48:33,200 --> 00:48:36,800
font, scraping bottom to 
incorporate Brown bits. 

865
00:48:36,800 --> 00:48:40,700
That carry concentrated flavor. 
The liquid reduces while you 

866
00:48:40,700 --> 00:48:44,500
work on other tasks transforming
into the glossy source that will

867
00:48:44,500 --> 00:48:47,200
coat serving pieces. 
Thomas plate. 

868
00:48:47,200 --> 00:48:49,900
The Dover sole with movements 
that look effortless, but 

869
00:48:49,900 --> 00:48:53,900
reflect years of practice, the 
Philips, get a range on warm 

870
00:48:53,900 --> 00:48:58,400
plates, brown butter drizzle, 
cross the surface in patterns 

871
00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:02,900
that suggest careful attention 
without fussy over elaboration. 

872
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:08,100
lemon segments provide acid 
Counterpoint Scatter of fresh 

873
00:49:08,100 --> 00:49:12,300
herbs, adds color, contrast the 
footman appears every 15 minutes

874
00:49:12,300 --> 00:49:14,500
to transport completed courses 
upstairs. 

875
00:49:15,400 --> 00:49:18,200
He moves with the smoother 
efficiency of someone who has 

876
00:49:18,200 --> 00:49:22,000
perfected, the choreography of 
formal service. the crazy 

877
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:25,500
carriers contained food that 
represents hours of preparation 

878
00:49:25,500 --> 00:49:29,100
but will be consumed in minutes 
by people who likely take its 

879
00:49:29,100 --> 00:49:33,400
presence for granted Margaret's 
vegetables, reach completion and

880
00:49:33,400 --> 00:49:37,000
carefully timed sequence. 
Your asparagus gets blanched 

881
00:49:37,000 --> 00:49:41,100
until Tender Crisp then shocked 
in ice water before final. 

882
00:49:41,100 --> 00:49:45,600
Reheating and butter. 
Potato Croquettes in merge from 

883
00:49:45,600 --> 00:49:50,000
Hot Oil gold and Chris their 
exteriors providing textural 

884
00:49:50,000 --> 00:49:54,200
contrast to creamy Interiors. 
Everything receives final 

885
00:49:54,200 --> 00:49:58,300
seasoning adjustments before 
plating the beef reaches optimal

886
00:49:58,300 --> 00:50:02,300
internal temperature at 7:20. 
You remove it from the oven and 

887
00:50:02,300 --> 00:50:06,000
transfer it to the resting rack.
The herb crust is formed a 

888
00:50:06,000 --> 00:50:08,500
Savory coating that crackles 
slightly when you test it with 

889
00:50:08,508 --> 00:50:13,300
your finger, Fat pools in the 
roasting pan below evidence of 

890
00:50:13,300 --> 00:50:16,100
the extensive marbling that made
this cut expensive. 

891
00:50:17,000 --> 00:50:19,600
Carving begins after 15 minutes 
of rest. 

892
00:50:19,600 --> 00:50:22,900
The knife slides through meet 
that offers, just enough 

893
00:50:22,900 --> 00:50:26,500
resistance to confirm proper 
doneness while yielding easily 

894
00:50:26,500 --> 00:50:30,000
enough to prove tenderness. 
Each slice reveals the pink 

895
00:50:30,000 --> 00:50:32,400
interior. 
That indicates medium-rare 

896
00:50:32,400 --> 00:50:35,100
preparation. 
You arrange the pieces on a 

897
00:50:35,108 --> 00:50:39,000
heated serving, platter each 
portion calculated to provide 

898
00:50:39,000 --> 00:50:43,000
exactly the amount. 
One gestured receive the source 

899
00:50:43,000 --> 00:50:45,200
gets strained through 
cheesecloth to remove any 

900
00:50:45,200 --> 00:50:47,800
particles that might marry its 
smooth consistency. 

901
00:50:48,700 --> 00:50:50,900
Mrs. Brownwell taste. 
It and nods approval. 

902
00:50:50,900 --> 00:50:54,000
Which represents the highest 
compliment she offers regarding 

903
00:50:54,000 --> 00:50:56,700
anything. 
The Source goes into a silver 

904
00:50:56,700 --> 00:50:58,100
boat. 
That will travel up stairs. 

905
00:50:58,100 --> 00:51:02,000
Alongside the beef. 
Mr. Aldrich inspect the complete

906
00:51:02,000 --> 00:51:05,900
presentation before allowing 
service examined, the meat 

907
00:51:05,900 --> 00:51:09,800
slicing for uniformity stutters,
the vegetable arrangement for 

908
00:51:09,800 --> 00:51:13,200
aesthetic balance. 
Taste the source and makes a 

909
00:51:13,200 --> 00:51:16,500
minor adjustment by adding three
grains of salt, that you doubt 

910
00:51:16,500 --> 00:51:19,500
actually change anything but 
which satisfy his need to 

911
00:51:19,500 --> 00:51:23,300
demonstrate Authority. 
He signals approved with a 

912
00:51:23,300 --> 00:51:26,400
slight bow towards you. 
The acknowledges competent work.

913
00:51:26,400 --> 00:51:30,600
Without excessive praise. 
Poultry course, follows 20 

914
00:51:30,600 --> 00:51:34,200
minutes later roasted duck that 
you prepared while managing the 

915
00:51:34,200 --> 00:51:37,500
beef because apparently you 
possess unlimited capacity for 

916
00:51:37,500 --> 00:51:41,500
simultaneous tasks. 
The duck required different 

917
00:51:41,500 --> 00:51:47,100
treatment than beef or lamb. 
The fat layer needed scoring to 

918
00:51:47,100 --> 00:51:50,100
help it render. 
The cavity got stuffed with 

919
00:51:50,100 --> 00:51:54,300
aromatics that perfume the meat 
from within the roasting 

920
00:51:54,300 --> 00:51:57,100
happened at higher temperature 
to crisp the skin while cooking,

921
00:51:57,100 --> 00:52:00,600
the flesh to doneness that Mr. 
Aldrich describes as precisely 

922
00:52:00,600 --> 00:52:02,200
between underdone and 
overcooked. 

923
00:52:03,100 --> 00:52:05,300
A Target. 
So specific it borders on 

924
00:52:05,300 --> 00:52:07,300
mythical. 
You carved. 

925
00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:09,300
The duck with different 
technique than beef. 

926
00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:11,700
The legs separated at the 
joints. 

927
00:52:11,700 --> 00:52:14,800
The breast meat gets sliced thin
on the bias. 

928
00:52:14,800 --> 00:52:18,200
The wings remain attached to the
carcass because they contain 

929
00:52:18,200 --> 00:52:22,200
minimal meet worth serving. 
Each element gets plated with 

930
00:52:22,200 --> 00:52:24,600
the same attention to 
presentation that governed the 

931
00:52:24,600 --> 00:52:28,600
early courses, orange Source. 
Accompanies the duck created by 

932
00:52:28,600 --> 00:52:31,600
Thomas using techniques. 
He learned from a chef who once 

933
00:52:31,600 --> 00:52:35,000
worked at the Savoy The Source 
involves reduced. 

934
00:52:35,000 --> 00:52:39,500
Orange juice, stock vinegar, and
sugar balanced to create sweet 

935
00:52:39,500 --> 00:52:43,900
acid, Counterpoint to Rich, duck
meat, He's been tending, this 

936
00:52:43,900 --> 00:52:48,000
source for 90 minutes, adjusting
and tasting, until it achieves, 

937
00:52:48,000 --> 00:52:51,800
the precise flavor profile. 
He envisions The kitchen 

938
00:52:51,800 --> 00:52:54,700
operates now. 
Maximum intensity. 

939
00:52:55,500 --> 00:52:58,900
Every surface holds something in
various stages of preparation, 

940
00:52:58,900 --> 00:53:01,900
or cooking. 
Every cook moves with purposeful

941
00:53:01,900 --> 00:53:04,100
haste that stops just short of 
panic. 

942
00:53:05,000 --> 00:53:09,800
The Sounds reach a crescendo of 
sizzling bubbling, clanging that

943
00:53:09,800 --> 00:53:13,100
somehow remains organized rather
than descending into chaos. 

944
00:53:14,600 --> 00:53:16,700
Madame Laurens desert makes its 
appearance. 

945
00:53:16,700 --> 00:53:19,600
During a brief lull between 
courses, the construction, 

946
00:53:19,600 --> 00:53:22,800
Towers 8, inches high, and 
features architectural 

947
00:53:22,800 --> 00:53:27,200
complexity, that seems to defy 
gravity layers of sponge cake 

948
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:30,700
alternate with pastry cream. 
Can candied violets provide 

949
00:53:30,700 --> 00:53:34,300
purple acts and The whole 
creation gets dusted, with 

950
00:53:34,300 --> 00:53:37,600
powdered sugar, that drifts onto
the plate surface, like fresh 

951
00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:41,200
snow. 
The Savory course, arrives last 

952
00:53:41,200 --> 00:53:44,500
before, dessert following 
traditional meal structure, that

953
00:53:44,500 --> 00:53:46,500
modern diners might find 
peculiar. 

954
00:53:47,500 --> 00:53:51,300
Welsh rare bit prepared by 
Margaret using cheese, Beer, 

955
00:53:51,300 --> 00:53:57,300
mustard and bread toasted to 
precise brownness This course, 

956
00:53:57,300 --> 00:54:00,600
serves as palette cleanser and 
bridge between Rich meat courses

957
00:54:00,600 --> 00:54:03,800
and sweet dessert. 
Portions are small because 

958
00:54:03,800 --> 00:54:06,700
guests have already consumed 
substantial quantities of food. 

959
00:54:07,600 --> 00:54:12,700
Service concludes at 9:30. 
The footman makes his final trip

960
00:54:12,700 --> 00:54:16,200
upstairs carrying the coffee 
service, that marks official 

961
00:54:16,200 --> 00:54:19,700
meal completion. 
The kitchen exhales, 

962
00:54:19,700 --> 00:54:23,100
collectively, as tension, 
releases, and everyone realizes 

963
00:54:23,100 --> 00:54:26,300
they survived another dinner 
service without catastrophic 

964
00:54:26,300 --> 00:54:29,500
failure. 
The dirty dishes, begin their 

965
00:54:29,500 --> 00:54:33,300
return Journey, Bridget receives
them with the stoic acceptance 

966
00:54:33,300 --> 00:54:35,800
that characterizes her entire 
approach to work. 

967
00:54:36,900 --> 00:54:40,200
The washing up will continue for
hours, extending her day. 

968
00:54:40,200 --> 00:54:43,200
Well, beyond when everyone else 
has escaped to Rooms up stairs. 

969
00:54:44,000 --> 00:54:47,300
You have offered to help in the 
past but she refuses to 

970
00:54:47,300 --> 00:54:49,200
assistance with a pride that 
suggests. 

971
00:54:49,200 --> 00:54:52,700
She considers the work her 
domain and outside in to fear 

972
00:54:52,700 --> 00:54:56,500
and welcome. 
Kitchen after service feels like

973
00:54:56,500 --> 00:55:00,500
a battlefield after combat. 
Evidence of the evening's work, 

974
00:55:00,500 --> 00:55:05,200
covers every surface pots, awake
cleaning, cutting boards, need 

975
00:55:05,200 --> 00:55:07,800
scrubbing. 
The range must be banked for the

976
00:55:07,800 --> 00:55:10,400
night. 
The floor requires sweeping, and

977
00:55:10,400 --> 00:55:13,500
mopping. 
The list of closing tasks, seems

978
00:55:13,500 --> 00:55:16,300
endless. 
Yet everyone moves through it 

979
00:55:16,300 --> 00:55:19,000
with the mechanical efficiency 
of people who have performed 

980
00:55:19,000 --> 00:55:23,300
these actions countless times. 
You clean your station first. 

981
00:55:24,300 --> 00:55:27,200
The Cutting Board gets scraped 
and washed with hot water and 

982
00:55:27,200 --> 00:55:30,100
soap. 
The knives receive individual 

983
00:55:30,100 --> 00:55:33,200
attention washed and dried 
before returning to their 

984
00:55:33,200 --> 00:55:36,500
storage block. 
The counter surfaces get wiped 

985
00:55:36,500 --> 00:55:39,800
down with a cloth dampened in 
vinegar water that cuts through 

986
00:55:39,800 --> 00:55:43,900
accumulated Greece. 
Mr. Aldrich disappears shortly. 

987
00:55:43,900 --> 00:55:47,800
After service, concludes his 
presence is required for cooking

988
00:55:47,800 --> 00:55:50,800
and plating but clean up exists 
beneath his dignity. 

989
00:55:51,700 --> 00:55:54,000
He departs to his private 
quarters carrying the 

990
00:55:54,000 --> 00:55:57,400
satisfaction of another 
successful service and leaving 

991
00:55:57,400 --> 00:56:01,000
the Practical work to those. 
He considers hired for exactly 

992
00:56:01,000 --> 00:56:05,100
this purpose, Mrs. Bramwell 
supervises, the closing routine 

993
00:56:05,100 --> 00:56:08,300
with the same attention, she 
applies to every other aspect of

994
00:56:08,300 --> 00:56:12,200
kitchen operation. she checks 
that fires, get properly banked 

995
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:16,000
Verifies that cold storage items
returned to appropriate 

996
00:56:16,000 --> 00:56:19,700
locations, ensures that the 
flour bins get sealed against 

997
00:56:19,700 --> 00:56:24,300
mice that constantly seek entry 
despite the kitchen cats best 

998
00:56:24,300 --> 00:56:27,200
efforts. 
The range requires special 

999
00:56:27,200 --> 00:56:31,100
attention before Days end. 
Fires must be damped but not 

1000
00:56:31,100 --> 00:56:34,600
extinguished because rebuilding 
them tomorrow morning would add 

1001
00:56:34,600 --> 00:56:38,500
30 minutes to start up time. 
You shovel out the spent coals 

1002
00:56:38,500 --> 00:56:41,200
from each Firebox and replace 
them with fresh fuel. 

1003
00:56:41,200 --> 00:56:45,300
The dampers get adjusted to 
maintain minimal airflow by 

1004
00:56:45,300 --> 00:56:47,100
mourning. 
The coals will have reduced to 

1005
00:56:47,100 --> 00:56:51,100
beds of Embers ready to accept. 
Fresh fuel, the kitchen staff 

1006
00:56:51,100 --> 00:56:54,100
gradually departs, as individual
tasks, reach, completion, 

1007
00:56:55,000 --> 00:56:58,100
Margaret finishes first because 
her vegetables, required less 

1008
00:56:58,100 --> 00:57:00,000
intensive cleanup than meat or 
fish. 

1009
00:57:00,800 --> 00:57:03,500
Emma follows after completing 
the vegetable prep for 

1010
00:57:03,500 --> 00:57:06,700
tomorrow's breakfast. 
Thomas lingers longest because 

1011
00:57:06,700 --> 00:57:09,600
fish work creates particularly 
cleaning challenges involving 

1012
00:57:09,600 --> 00:57:12,200
smell removal and thorough 
sanitization. 

1013
00:57:13,400 --> 00:57:17,200
You remain after most others of 
gone partly from dedication and 

1014
00:57:17,200 --> 00:57:20,100
partly from reluctant to, 
immediately climb the stairs to 

1015
00:57:20,100 --> 00:57:23,600
your small room where nothing 
awaits, except to narrow bed, 

1016
00:57:23,600 --> 00:57:27,600
and the prospect of six hours 
sleep before the cycle begins 

1017
00:57:27,600 --> 00:57:30,600
again. 
The kitchen holds a different 

1018
00:57:30,600 --> 00:57:32,100
character in These Quiet 
Moments. 

1019
00:57:32,100 --> 00:57:36,700
The cooking sounds of ceased the
heat has begun its slow 

1020
00:57:36,700 --> 00:57:39,400
dissipation. 
The space feels almost peaceful 

1021
00:57:41,200 --> 00:57:44,500
Bridget works at her sinks in 
the scholarly visible, through 

1022
00:57:44,500 --> 00:57:47,600
the connecting doorway, Hands, 
move through water. 

1023
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:51,500
That must be painfully hot. 
Scrubbing at pots that resisted 

1024
00:57:51,500 --> 00:57:55,400
earlier cleaning attempts. 
She shows no indication of hurry

1025
00:57:55,400 --> 00:57:58,700
or frustration. 
The work proceeds at steady 

1026
00:57:58,700 --> 00:58:02,800
Pace, that will continue until 
every item achieves cleanliness 

1027
00:58:02,800 --> 00:58:07,700
that satisfies her standards. 
You join her eventually taking 

1028
00:58:07,700 --> 00:58:10,900
up a scrubbing, brush and 
attacking a roasting pan. 

1029
00:58:10,900 --> 00:58:14,100
That bears, the carbonized 
remains of rendered fat. 

1030
00:58:15,400 --> 00:58:18,500
He glances up briefly not to 
acknowledgment and returns to 

1031
00:58:18,500 --> 00:58:22,000
her own work. 
No conversation passes between 

1032
00:58:22,000 --> 00:58:26,300
you because none is needed. 
The shared labor creates its own

1033
00:58:26,300 --> 00:58:29,600
communication. 
The pain yields to persistent 

1034
00:58:29,600 --> 00:58:33,600
scrubbing. the burned material, 
gradually loosened and washes 

1035
00:58:33,600 --> 00:58:37,700
away, revealing the copper 
beneath Your arms ache from the 

1036
00:58:37,708 --> 00:58:41,100
repetitive motion but you can 
continue until the surface 

1037
00:58:41,100 --> 00:58:43,900
gleams. 
Satisfaction comes from 

1038
00:58:43,900 --> 00:58:47,000
completing tasks thoroughly, 
rather than quickly. 

1039
00:58:48,100 --> 00:58:52,700
The kitchen clock shows, 11:30. 
The workday has extended Beyond 

1040
00:58:52,700 --> 00:58:57,500
15 hours your feet, hurt your 
back, carries the accumulated 

1041
00:58:57,500 --> 00:59:00,000
strain of constant standing and 
bending. 

1042
00:59:00,700 --> 00:59:04,400
Tomorrow will bring identical 
demands the day after that will 

1043
00:59:04,400 --> 00:59:07,200
match tomorrow. 
This represents the reality of 

1044
00:59:07,200 --> 00:59:10,600
kitchen work in a Victorian 
household, where mechanization 

1045
00:59:10,600 --> 00:59:13,200
remains limited and labor 
remains cheap. 

1046
00:59:14,400 --> 00:59:17,400
Bridget finishes the last pot 
and pulls the plug that drains 

1047
00:59:17,400 --> 00:59:20,500
the final sink. 
Water swirls away. 

1048
00:59:20,500 --> 00:59:24,100
Carrying soap suds and food 
particles toward pipes that 

1049
00:59:24,100 --> 00:59:27,600
eventually empty into the Thames
adding kitchen waste to the 

1050
00:59:27,608 --> 00:59:30,500
countless other contributions 
from London's millions of 

1051
00:59:30,500 --> 00:59:33,700
residents. 
She drives her hands on a towel.

1052
00:59:33,700 --> 00:59:35,900
That looks like it might have 
been white several years ago. 

1053
00:59:36,900 --> 00:59:38,700
Climb the stairs together in 
silence. 

1054
00:59:39,800 --> 00:59:43,300
The house of settled in to 
sleep, gas lamps have been 

1055
00:59:43,308 --> 00:59:46,400
extinguished except for a single
light, left burning in the main 

1056
00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:50,200
hall for later Rivals, your 
paths, diverge at the third 

1057
00:59:50,200 --> 00:59:53,100
floor, Landing. 
She continues upward to the 

1058
00:59:53,100 --> 00:59:55,900
attic rooms where female 
servants sleeping dormitory 

1059
00:59:55,900 --> 00:59:59,500
style Arrangements. 
You turn to the narrow Corridor 

1060
00:59:59,500 --> 01:00:01,100
leading to your small private 
room. 

1061
01:00:02,100 --> 01:00:06,500
The room contains a bed, a 
chair, a small table and hooks 

1062
01:00:06,500 --> 01:00:10,600
on the wall for hanging clothes.
A window looks out on the Alley 

1063
01:00:10,600 --> 01:00:12,800
behind the house. 
Where dust bins, wait for 

1064
01:00:12,800 --> 01:00:16,200
tomorrow's collection. 
The space measures, perhaps 

1065
01:00:16,200 --> 01:00:21,500
eight feet by 10 feet. 
It constitutes luxury compared 

1066
01:00:21,500 --> 01:00:23,900
to the shared rooms occupied by 
junior staff. 

1067
01:00:24,700 --> 01:00:27,200
You remove your kitchen clothes,
and hang them on hooks where 

1068
01:00:27,200 --> 01:00:31,000
they will are out overnight. 
The white jacket shows stains 

1069
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:34,500
that no amount of washing will 
remove the trousers carry 

1070
01:00:34,500 --> 01:00:36,900
similar marks of service 
tomorrow. 

1071
01:00:36,900 --> 01:00:40,400
You will wear them again and add
new stains to the existing 

1072
01:00:40,400 --> 01:00:43,400
collection. 
Sleep comes quickly, despite 

1073
01:00:43,400 --> 01:00:46,700
physical discomfort. 
Your body has learned to 

1074
01:00:46,700 --> 01:00:50,200
transition rapidly from activity
to rest, because the 

1075
01:00:50,200 --> 01:00:53,800
opportunities for Sleep remains 
too precious to waste on gradual

1076
01:00:53,800 --> 01:00:56,800
settling. 
Dreams arrived but you will not 

1077
01:00:56,800 --> 01:01:00,900
remember them. 
The unconscious hours pass and 

1078
01:01:00,900 --> 01:01:04,300
morning, comes with its rattling
door and single call of your 

1079
01:01:04,308 --> 01:01:07,800
name. 
The cycle begins again tomorrow,

1080
01:01:07,800 --> 01:01:10,400
you will wake Before Dawn and 
descend into the kitchen 

1081
01:01:10,400 --> 01:01:14,400
Darkness, you will like fires 
and whole water and prepare food

1082
01:01:14,400 --> 01:01:16,200
for people who will never know 
your name. 

1083
01:01:16,200 --> 01:01:20,000
This represents the hidden 
Machinery, that makes Victorian 

1084
01:01:20,000 --> 01:01:22,800
Elegance possible. 
The invisible work. 

1085
01:01:22,800 --> 01:01:26,500
That transforms raw ingredients 
into refined meals. 

1086
01:01:27,200 --> 01:01:30,900
The daily labor that supports a 
system built on Rigid, hierarchy

1087
01:01:30,900 --> 01:01:32,900
and unequal distribution of 
comfort. 

1088
01:01:33,800 --> 01:01:36,800
Your hands have learned skills 
that will sustain you through 

1089
01:01:36,800 --> 01:01:39,800
Decades of service. 
Your mind has absorbed 

1090
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:42,200
knowledge. 
That separates competent Cooks 

1091
01:01:42,200 --> 01:01:46,300
from exceptional ones, you exist
in a world of values you for 

1092
01:01:46,300 --> 01:01:49,100
production. 
Rather than personhood yet you 

1093
01:01:49,100 --> 01:01:52,600
find satisfaction in work done. 
Well, regardless of recognition,

1094
01:01:53,700 --> 01:01:56,500
The kitchen below stairs, 
represents its own small 

1095
01:01:56,500 --> 01:02:00,200
Universe with rules and 
relationships that mirror the 

1096
01:02:00,200 --> 01:02:03,300
larger society while maintaining
distinct character. 

1097
01:02:04,300 --> 01:02:06,600
Here competence matters, more 
than birth. 

1098
01:02:07,200 --> 01:02:10,300
Skill creates advancement 
opportunities that bloodline 

1099
01:02:10,300 --> 01:02:13,600
cannot match. 
The hierarchy remains strict, 

1100
01:02:13,600 --> 01:02:17,200
but allows movement for those 
willing to work as you settle 

1101
01:02:17,200 --> 01:02:20,900
into sleep, my tired potatoes, 
remember that history, consists 

1102
01:02:20,900 --> 01:02:24,200
largely of ordinary people 
performing daily work, that 

1103
01:02:24,200 --> 01:02:28,800
makes civilization possible. 
The Victorian Chef exists as 

1104
01:02:28,800 --> 01:02:32,800
one, small example, among 
Millions who work continues. 

1105
01:02:32,800 --> 01:02:37,200
The cycle persists. 
And somewhere in London tonight.

1106
01:02:37,200 --> 01:02:40,500
Another cook climb stairs toward
a few hours of rest before 

1107
01:02:40,500 --> 01:02:49,400
morning calls again. 
Welcome to the world of a knight

1108
01:02:49,400 --> 01:02:52,700
in medieval Europe somewhere 
between the 11th and 14th 

1109
01:02:52,700 --> 01:02:55,600
centuries. 
You're not charging into battle 

1110
01:02:55,600 --> 01:03:00,500
or seeking Glory, your managing 
land, fulfilling obligations and

1111
01:03:00,500 --> 01:03:03,200
moving through the steady rhythm
of service and responsibility, 

1112
01:03:03,200 --> 01:03:07,100
that Define this life far. 
More than any Legend ever could.

1113
01:03:08,000 --> 01:03:10,100
The days alone the work is 
constant. 

1114
01:03:10,100 --> 01:03:13,600
And the satisfaction comes, not 
from heroism, but from 

1115
01:03:13,600 --> 01:03:17,000
continuity. 
You wake before full light in a 

1116
01:03:17,000 --> 01:03:18,900
manor house built from Stone and
Timber. 

1117
01:03:18,900 --> 01:03:22,800
The room is not large. 
A wooden bed frame holds a 

1118
01:03:22,800 --> 01:03:24,800
mattress stuffed with straw and 
wool. 

1119
01:03:24,800 --> 01:03:27,400
Layered with linen and a heavy 
Woolen blanket. 

1120
01:03:28,200 --> 01:03:31,100
The air is cool, especially in 
the months between Autumn and 

1121
01:03:31,100 --> 01:03:34,700
spring when Frost settles on the
ground outside and your breath 

1122
01:03:34,700 --> 01:03:38,500
Miss faintly in the dim light. 
You can hear movement elsewhere 

1123
01:03:38,500 --> 01:03:42,200
in the house servants already, 
tending to fires, preparing the 

1124
01:03:42,200 --> 01:03:45,200
hall and beginning the work that
sustains the household. 

1125
01:03:46,100 --> 01:03:49,600
Their footsteps are soft on 
packed Earth, floors, their 

1126
01:03:49,600 --> 01:03:52,600
voices, low, and purposeful, you
dress in layers. 

1127
01:03:52,600 --> 01:03:57,100
A Lin shirt first pulled over 
your head. the fabric slightly 

1128
01:03:57,100 --> 01:04:01,600
rough against your skin, but 
softened by many washing Then 

1129
01:04:01,600 --> 01:04:04,300
Woolen hose tied at the waist, 
with Lin in Cordes. 

1130
01:04:04,300 --> 01:04:07,900
The wool thick enough to provide
warmth but not so thick that it 

1131
01:04:07,900 --> 01:04:12,400
restricts movement. 
The tunic follows died, a 

1132
01:04:12,400 --> 01:04:15,900
practical color brown, dark 
green or gray. 

1133
01:04:16,800 --> 01:04:18,500
And belted at the waist with 
leather. 

1134
01:04:19,600 --> 01:04:23,200
The belt holds a small knife in 
a sheath useful for cutting 

1135
01:04:23,200 --> 01:04:27,100
food, or trimming loose threads,
or any of a dozen, small tasks 

1136
01:04:27,100 --> 01:04:32,200
that arise throughout the day. 
Leather shoes, soft soul and 

1137
01:04:32,200 --> 01:04:34,700
worn. 
Smooth from use complete, the 

1138
01:04:34,708 --> 01:04:40,000
basic outfit in Winter you. 
Add another layer a heavier 

1139
01:04:40,000 --> 01:04:44,500
tunic or a cloak lined with fur.
In summer, you might skip the 

1140
01:04:44,500 --> 01:04:47,400
altitude until later in the day 
when you need to appear more 

1141
01:04:47,400 --> 01:04:51,100
formally dressed. 
Clothing is functional made to 

1142
01:04:51,100 --> 01:04:55,000
last and repair when it tears. 
Nothing is discarded lightly. 

1143
01:04:55,700 --> 01:04:59,900
A torn seam is stitched A Worn 
patch is reinforced, the 

1144
01:04:59,900 --> 01:05:03,100
garments accumulate small 
repairs over months and years, 

1145
01:05:03,100 --> 01:05:07,400
each mend a mark of continued, 
use you move through the hall. 

1146
01:05:07,400 --> 01:05:10,400
The ceiling is high enough to 
let smoke from the central half 

1147
01:05:10,400 --> 01:05:14,300
rise to the roof, beams, where 
escaped through gaps, left 

1148
01:05:14,300 --> 01:05:18,008
deliberately for ventilation. 
The walls are stoned at the 

1149
01:05:18,016 --> 01:05:22,300
base, Timber above plastered and
sometimes whitewashed. 

1150
01:05:23,100 --> 01:05:26,300
Tapestries or woven hangings 
cover portions of the walls, 

1151
01:05:26,300 --> 01:05:29,700
providing insulation against 
drafts and adding color to the 

1152
01:05:29,708 --> 01:05:33,100
space. 
Trestle tables have been set up 

1153
01:05:33,100 --> 01:05:36,600
along the side of the hall. 
Their surfaces Guard from years 

1154
01:05:36,600 --> 01:05:39,700
of use benches, wait for the 
morning meal. 

1155
01:05:40,400 --> 01:05:43,700
Servants are already laying out 
bread cheese and Ale moving with

1156
01:05:43,700 --> 01:05:46,900
the Quiet efficiency of people 
who have done these tasks 

1157
01:05:46,900 --> 01:05:50,700
countless times before. 
You take your place at the head 

1158
01:05:50,700 --> 01:05:52,800
of the table. 
Not because you are particularly

1159
01:05:52,800 --> 01:05:54,300
Grand. 
But because this is your 

1160
01:05:54,300 --> 01:05:57,900
household and this is where you 
sit the position comes with the 

1161
01:05:57,908 --> 01:06:02,600
responsibility, your wife, if 
you have one sits beside you or 

1162
01:06:02,600 --> 01:06:05,400
near you, depending on the 
formality of the meal. 

1163
01:06:06,200 --> 01:06:09,000
Children, if they're old enough,
sit further down the table. 

1164
01:06:09,900 --> 01:06:13,200
Servants and members of your 
household, fill the remaining 

1165
01:06:13,200 --> 01:06:15,500
spaces. 
Breakfast is simple. 

1166
01:06:16,300 --> 01:06:19,400
The bread is dense and filling 
made from Rye or barley. 

1167
01:06:19,400 --> 01:06:22,400
Sometimes a mix of grains called
Maslin. 

1168
01:06:23,200 --> 01:06:27,200
The crust is thick and dark. 
The interior is chewy. 

1169
01:06:27,200 --> 01:06:31,200
You tear pieces off with your 
hands dipping them in ale or 

1170
01:06:31,200 --> 01:06:32,900
spreading them with butter. 
If it is available. 

1171
01:06:34,000 --> 01:06:37,800
The cheese is local made from 
the milk of cows or sheep kept 

1172
01:06:37,800 --> 01:06:40,800
on your land. 
It is firm sometimes. 

1173
01:06:40,800 --> 01:06:44,500
Crumbly with a strong flavor 
that varies depending on how 

1174
01:06:44,500 --> 01:06:45,500
long it is. 
Aged. 

1175
01:06:46,200 --> 01:06:50,200
The ale is weak safer to drink 
than water from the well and 

1176
01:06:50,200 --> 01:06:52,300
slightly sweet from The Barley 
used in Brewing. 

1177
01:06:52,300 --> 01:06:56,800
You eat with out hurry. 
The meal is a pause before. 

1178
01:06:56,800 --> 01:06:58,400
The day's work begins in 
earnest. 

1179
01:06:59,300 --> 01:07:03,500
Others, join you members of your
household, perhaps a younger man

1180
01:07:03,500 --> 01:07:05,100
learning service, under your 
roof. 

1181
01:07:06,000 --> 01:07:09,700
A steward who manages portions 
of your land or a clerk if you 

1182
01:07:09,700 --> 01:07:13,100
employ one to keep records? 
Conversation is low and 

1183
01:07:13,100 --> 01:07:16,500
practical, someone mentioned a 
fence that needs repair near the

1184
01:07:16,500 --> 01:07:19,900
eastern boundary, someone else 
notes that the grain stores are 

1185
01:07:19,900 --> 01:07:21,600
holding well after the last half
Harvest. 

1186
01:07:22,600 --> 01:07:25,600
A servant reports that one of 
the horses, seems slightly lame 

1187
01:07:25,600 --> 01:07:29,200
and should be examined. 
You listen, ask questions when 

1188
01:07:29,200 --> 01:07:32,400
needed and make mental notes of 
what requires your attention. 

1189
01:07:33,300 --> 01:07:35,100
After the meal, you step 
outside. 

1190
01:07:36,200 --> 01:07:40,100
The Manor sits within a few 
Acres of enclosed land, Gardens 

1191
01:07:40,100 --> 01:07:43,200
where vegetables and herbs are 
grown a small Orchard, with 

1192
01:07:43,200 --> 01:07:46,600
apple and pear, trees and 
outbuildings for storage and 

1193
01:07:46,600 --> 01:07:49,400
animals. 
The air is cooler outside than 

1194
01:07:49,400 --> 01:07:52,600
in the hall fresh with the 
center of Earth, and vegetation.

1195
01:07:54,000 --> 01:07:57,700
If it is rained recently, the 
ground is soft Under Foot mud, 

1196
01:07:57,700 --> 01:08:01,900
clinging into your shoes. 
If the weather has been dry dust

1197
01:08:01,900 --> 01:08:06,500
Rises faintly with each step. 
Beyond the enclosed area Open 

1198
01:08:06,500 --> 01:08:09,000
Fields stretched towards the 
edge of your holding. 

1199
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:13,700
The landscape varies by season 
in Spring, the fields are being 

1200
01:08:13,708 --> 01:08:19,100
plowed, the dark soil turned in 
Long furrows in summer, grain 

1201
01:08:19,100 --> 01:08:23,100
grows tall, and green. 
In Autumn, the Harvest is 

1202
01:08:23,100 --> 01:08:27,399
underway with sheaves of wheat 
or barley bundled and stacked. 

1203
01:08:28,200 --> 01:08:32,200
In Winter, the fields, life 
fallow, ground and stubbled 

1204
01:08:32,200 --> 01:08:34,700
resting until the cycle begins 
again. 

1205
01:08:35,800 --> 01:08:38,800
Peasants are already at work 
when the sun is barely above the

1206
01:08:38,800 --> 01:08:41,399
horizon. 
They move through the fields 

1207
01:08:41,399 --> 01:08:46,200
with tools. 
Plows, scythes, hose their 

1208
01:08:46,200 --> 01:08:49,600
movement, steady, and practice. 
You do not work the field 

1209
01:08:49,600 --> 01:08:52,700
yourself, but you oversee them. 
You walk the boundaries 

1210
01:08:52,700 --> 01:08:56,100
periodically checking that 
Hedges are maintained that 

1211
01:08:56,100 --> 01:08:59,500
drainage ditches are clear and 
that no one has encroached on 

1212
01:08:59,500 --> 01:09:01,500
your land or moved boundary 
markers. 

1213
01:09:02,200 --> 01:09:05,200
The land is your responsibility 
and manage it. 

1214
01:09:05,200 --> 01:09:07,500
Well, is essential to 
maintaining your position. 

1215
01:09:08,300 --> 01:09:10,700
Your return to the hall or to a 
smaller chamber used for 

1216
01:09:10,700 --> 01:09:14,200
managing household Affairs. 
The chamber is quieter than the 

1217
01:09:14,200 --> 01:09:18,399
hall with a table for writing 
and reviewing documents a chest 

1218
01:09:18,399 --> 01:09:22,100
for storing important papers and
a small half for warmth. 

1219
01:09:22,899 --> 01:09:26,200
There are accounts to review 
lists of rents, owed and 

1220
01:09:26,200 --> 01:09:30,500
collected records of grain, 
stored and distributed and notes

1221
01:09:30,500 --> 01:09:34,300
on livestock counts. 
If you are literate, you review 

1222
01:09:34,300 --> 01:09:38,800
these yourself, if not your 
Clerk or stewards them to you, 

1223
01:09:38,800 --> 01:09:42,399
and you listen, carefully asking
questions to ensure you 

1224
01:09:42,399 --> 01:09:44,000
understand the state of your 
Holdings. 

1225
01:09:45,399 --> 01:09:49,700
Rent arrive in various forms, 
some tenants pay and coin a few 

1226
01:09:49,707 --> 01:09:51,500
silver. 
Pennies handed over at regular 

1227
01:09:51,500 --> 01:09:54,600
intervals. 
Others paying kind bushels of 

1228
01:09:54,600 --> 01:09:57,200
grain chickens eggs and days of 
Labor. 

1229
01:09:58,100 --> 01:10:02,300
You track these contributions 
that everyone fulfills their 

1230
01:10:02,300 --> 01:10:06,600
obligations, the system depends 
on this reciprocal structure. 

1231
01:10:07,500 --> 01:10:10,200
The Peasants work, the land and 
provide you with food and 

1232
01:10:10,200 --> 01:10:16,200
service in return you provide 
protection access to land and a 

1233
01:10:16,200 --> 01:10:19,700
place within the social order. 
Disputes arise regularly and 

1234
01:10:19,700 --> 01:10:23,000
require your attention. 
A tenant farmer arrives with a 

1235
01:10:23,008 --> 01:10:26,200
complaint about another tenants,
pigs wandering into his grain. 

1236
01:10:26,200 --> 01:10:29,600
You listen to both sides and ask
a few questions about whether 

1237
01:10:29,600 --> 01:10:32,700
pigs are kept and whether the 
boundary between the two plots 

1238
01:10:32,700 --> 01:10:36,000
is clearly marked. 
The solution is not dramatic, 

1239
01:10:36,000 --> 01:10:38,500
the pigs will be penned more 
securely. 

1240
01:10:38,500 --> 01:10:41,900
The grain will be compensated 
with a portion of the pig 

1241
01:10:41,900 --> 01:10:44,200
owners, next half Harvest. 
Both men. 

1242
01:10:44,200 --> 01:10:48,000
Leave not entirely satisfied but
accepting the decision because 

1243
01:10:48,000 --> 01:10:51,700
it follows astonished custom. 
You spend a significant portion 

1244
01:10:51,700 --> 01:10:54,500
of your day juggling, small 
tasks, making household 

1245
01:10:54,500 --> 01:10:58,500
decisions and fulfilling your 
obligations, your responsible 

1246
01:10:58,500 --> 01:11:01,700
for the land, for the people who
live and work on it and for the 

1247
01:11:01,700 --> 01:11:03,500
service, you owe to the Lord of 
you. 

1248
01:11:04,200 --> 01:11:06,400
That service might mean 
appearing at his court 

1249
01:11:06,400 --> 01:11:10,400
contributing armed men, when 
required, or simply maintaining 

1250
01:11:10,400 --> 01:11:11,900
your portion of the social 
order. 

1251
01:11:11,900 --> 01:11:16,400
The work is constant unglamorous
and essential. 

1252
01:11:17,300 --> 01:11:20,200
In the afternoon, you might ride
out to inspect another part of 

1253
01:11:20,200 --> 01:11:22,000
your land or visit a neighboring
night. 

1254
01:11:22,600 --> 01:11:24,500
The horse. 
You ride is not a warhorse. 

1255
01:11:24,500 --> 01:11:28,700
It is a poultry bread for steady
travel, rather than combat. 

1256
01:11:28,700 --> 01:11:33,100
Its gate is smooth easier on 
your body over long distances. 

1257
01:11:33,900 --> 01:11:35,900
You carry a light pack with 
Provisions? 

1258
01:11:35,900 --> 01:11:40,500
Bread cheese and a flask of Ale 
in case the journey takes longer

1259
01:11:40,500 --> 01:11:43,300
than expected. 
The roads are uneven. 

1260
01:11:43,300 --> 01:11:47,600
Sometimes muddy. 
Sometimes rutted by cartwheels 

1261
01:11:47,600 --> 01:11:52,200
and dried into hard ridges. 
You pass through Fields where 

1262
01:11:52,200 --> 01:11:54,900
workers pause briefly to 
acknowledge you with a nod or a 

1263
01:11:54,900 --> 01:11:59,600
raise hand, you pass clusters of
cottages, small structures with 

1264
01:11:59,600 --> 01:12:03,600
thatched roofs and walls of 
wattle and dorm smoke rising 

1265
01:12:03,600 --> 01:12:06,900
from Central halves. 
The past through stretches of 

1266
01:12:06,900 --> 01:12:09,200
forest, managed for Timber and 
hunting rights. 

1267
01:12:10,100 --> 01:12:12,800
The trees are thick. 
They canopy filtering, the 

1268
01:12:12,800 --> 01:12:14,900
sunlight into dapple patterns on
the ground. 

1269
01:12:16,100 --> 01:12:20,100
Forest is not wild. 
It is carefully controlled with 

1270
01:12:20,100 --> 01:12:24,400
certain trees marked for cutting
certain areas, reserved for the 

1271
01:12:24,400 --> 01:12:27,800
Lord's, hunting and certain 
paths maintained for travel. 

1272
01:12:28,700 --> 01:12:31,600
You know, these paths. 
Well, having ridden the many 

1273
01:12:31,600 --> 01:12:34,700
times. 
When you return, the hall is 

1274
01:12:34,700 --> 01:12:36,200
being prepared for the evening 
meal. 

1275
01:12:36,800 --> 01:12:38,800
Servants are setting up the 
Trestle tables. 

1276
01:12:38,800 --> 01:12:41,500
Again, sweeping the floor and 
adding wood to the fire. 

1277
01:12:42,300 --> 01:12:45,700
You wash your hands and face in 
a basin, brought by a servant 

1278
01:12:45,700 --> 01:12:49,800
the water, cool and clean 
scented faintly with herbs. 

1279
01:12:50,400 --> 01:12:52,900
You change your outer tunic. 
If the one you wore as 

1280
01:12:52,908 --> 01:12:57,500
collected, too much dust, or mud
hanging the soil and on a peg to

1281
01:12:57,500 --> 01:13:00,200
be cleaned later. 
Take your seat again. 

1282
01:13:00,200 --> 01:13:03,200
The meal is larger than 
breakfast but still modest by 

1283
01:13:03,200 --> 01:13:07,200
the standards of great Feasts. 
Pottage made from peas or beans.

1284
01:13:07,200 --> 01:13:10,500
Thickening is ladled into wooden
bowls. 

1285
01:13:11,500 --> 01:13:15,600
Of roasted foul or salt pork is 
placed on a trencher, a thick 

1286
01:13:15,600 --> 01:13:19,000
slice of stale bread that serves
as both plate and part of the 

1287
01:13:19,000 --> 01:13:21,900
meal. 
More bread cheese and apples 

1288
01:13:21,900 --> 01:13:25,400
from the orchard. 
You eat, you speak with those at

1289
01:13:25,400 --> 01:13:28,400
your table about the days of 
Vents and tomorrow's plans. 

1290
01:13:28,400 --> 01:13:31,900
And then the evening settles in 
with his own slower Rhythm. 

1291
01:13:31,900 --> 01:13:37,100
This is the shape of most days 
there are variations days. 

1292
01:13:37,100 --> 01:13:40,100
When you must travel to attend 
your Lord's Court days when you 

1293
01:13:40,108 --> 01:13:44,000
oversee repairs to a barn or a 
section of wall and days when 

1294
01:13:44,000 --> 01:13:47,000
weather keeps you indoors 
reviewing stored Goods or 

1295
01:13:47,000 --> 01:13:52,100
planning for the next season. 
But the pattern holds your land,

1296
01:13:52,100 --> 01:13:56,300
holder a manager of resources 
and a link in a long chain of 

1297
01:13:56,300 --> 01:14:00,000
obligation. 
The work is steady unglamorous 

1298
01:14:00,000 --> 01:14:04,000
and essential. 
It fills your days with purpose 

1299
01:14:04,000 --> 01:14:08,200
that is quiet, but real. 
Your armor hangs in a storage 

1300
01:14:08,200 --> 01:14:10,500
room or sometimes in a corner of
the hall where it can be. 

1301
01:14:10,500 --> 01:14:15,300
Monitored, the room is cool and 
dry chosen specifically to 

1302
01:14:15,300 --> 01:14:18,000
prevent rust from forming too 
quickly on the metal. 

1303
01:14:18,000 --> 01:14:22,300
The armor is not a full suit of 
plate, depending on the period 

1304
01:14:22,300 --> 01:14:25,000
in your wealth. 
It might be a coat of mail, 

1305
01:14:25,000 --> 01:14:28,900
thousands of small iron Rings 
linked together in a pattern 

1306
01:14:28,900 --> 01:14:33,400
that takes weeks to create heavy
and flexible draping over the 

1307
01:14:33,400 --> 01:14:37,800
body, like a metal fabric. 
Or it might be a combination 

1308
01:14:37,800 --> 01:14:42,100
male with additional plates, 
covering the chest, shoulders 

1309
01:14:42,100 --> 01:14:46,000
and limbs the plates riveted to 
a leather backing and buckled 

1310
01:14:46,000 --> 01:14:49,300
into place. 
The metal is prone to rust. 

1311
01:14:50,200 --> 01:14:53,900
Moisture in the air, sweat from 
the body and even the oils from 

1312
01:14:53,900 --> 01:14:57,700
your skin can cause corrosion. 
The armor must be cleaned 

1313
01:14:57,700 --> 01:15:02,300
regularly oil and inspected for 
broken links or weaken joints. 

1314
01:15:03,200 --> 01:15:04,800
You do not do this work 
yourself. 

1315
01:15:05,900 --> 01:15:09,500
Servant or Squire handles much 
of it, but you check the 

1316
01:15:09,500 --> 01:15:13,200
results, you run your hand along
the mail, to feel for rough 

1317
01:15:13,208 --> 01:15:17,000
spots, where rings of broken or 
where rust is beginning to form.

1318
01:15:17,000 --> 01:15:20,900
You test the buckles and straps,
pulling them to ensure they hold

1319
01:15:20,900 --> 01:15:23,300
securely. 
You ensure that padding 

1320
01:15:23,300 --> 01:15:27,400
underneath a quilted gambeson 
worn, beneath the male is still 

1321
01:15:27,400 --> 01:15:30,700
intact not torn or compressed 
Beyond usefulness. 

1322
01:15:31,500 --> 01:15:35,300
This padding, absorbs impact. 
When a blow lands, the male 

1323
01:15:35,300 --> 01:15:38,800
spreads the force across a wider
area, but without padding 

1324
01:15:38,800 --> 01:15:41,700
underneath the Rings can still 
Brews or break skin. 

1325
01:15:42,800 --> 01:15:46,000
The Emerson is made from layers 
of linen or wool stitched 

1326
01:15:46,000 --> 01:15:48,900
together in patterns that create
thickness without excessive 

1327
01:15:48,900 --> 01:15:51,600
bulk. 
It is surprisingly heavy on its 

1328
01:15:51,600 --> 01:15:53,400
own. 
And when combined, with the 

1329
01:15:53,400 --> 01:15:56,900
male, the full weight is 
considerable Wearing it for 

1330
01:15:56,900 --> 01:16:00,800
hours, requires stamina, your 
weapons, require similar care. 

1331
01:16:00,800 --> 01:16:04,700
A sword, must be kept sharp the 
blade of notches and the grips 

1332
01:16:04,700 --> 01:16:09,500
cure The blade is made of iron 
or steel forged and tempered. 

1333
01:16:09,500 --> 01:16:12,400
By A Smith, who understands how 
to create a balance between 

1334
01:16:12,400 --> 01:16:15,100
hardness and flexibility a 
blade. 

1335
01:16:15,100 --> 01:16:16,700
That is too hard. 
Will shatter. 

1336
01:16:17,600 --> 01:16:19,100
Blade. 
That is too soft. 

1337
01:16:19,100 --> 01:16:21,800
Will bend. 
The edge must be maintained with

1338
01:16:21,800 --> 01:16:24,300
a wet stone. 
The motion steady, and 

1339
01:16:24,300 --> 01:16:27,700
consistent running the length of
the blade at the correct angle. 

1340
01:16:27,700 --> 01:16:32,200
This is not quick work. 
Sharpening a sword properly 

1341
01:16:32,200 --> 01:16:35,200
takes time and attention you 
practice with it. 

1342
01:16:35,200 --> 01:16:39,600
Not in Grand displays, but in 
controlled movements strikes 

1343
01:16:39,600 --> 01:16:43,700
Paris and footwork drills 
performed in a courtyard or open

1344
01:16:43,700 --> 01:16:46,600
field. 
The practice is repetitive. 

1345
01:16:47,200 --> 01:16:51,600
You go through the same motions,
many times building muscle 

1346
01:16:51,600 --> 01:16:54,300
memory and maintaining 
familiarity with the weight and 

1347
01:16:54,300 --> 01:16:58,100
balance of the blade. 
The sword is longer and heavier 

1348
01:16:58,100 --> 01:17:01,800
than most people imagine 
swinging it requires strength. 

1349
01:17:02,400 --> 01:17:05,300
But more importantly, it 
requires control. 

1350
01:17:06,300 --> 01:17:10,300
A wild swing leaves. 
You vulnerable, a controlled 

1351
01:17:10,300 --> 01:17:13,100
strike delivered at the right 
moment is far more effective. 

1352
01:17:14,100 --> 01:17:15,800
You also train with alarms 
though. 

1353
01:17:15,800 --> 01:17:19,300
Jousting is more common in later
periods and often reserved for 

1354
01:17:19,300 --> 01:17:23,200
tournaments or displays, More 
practical is learning to couch, 

1355
01:17:23,200 --> 01:17:26,800
the Lance properly while mounted
to brace it against your body 

1356
01:17:26,800 --> 01:17:31,400
tucked under your arm supported 
by your torso and aim with the 

1357
01:17:31,400 --> 01:17:35,500
momentum of the horse. 
This takes coordination, the 

1358
01:17:35,500 --> 01:17:39,100
Lance is long and unwieldy, when
not in motion, you must 

1359
01:17:39,100 --> 01:17:43,100
anticipate where your opponent 
or Target will be adjust. 

1360
01:17:43,100 --> 01:17:46,600
Your aim, while the horse is 
moving and absorb the shock of 

1361
01:17:46,600 --> 01:17:51,200
impact without losing your seat.
It is not instinctive, it takes 

1362
01:17:51,200 --> 01:17:55,200
practice repeated over many 
sessions until the movements 

1363
01:17:55,200 --> 01:17:58,500
become automatic. 
The horse itself, demands more 

1364
01:17:58,500 --> 01:18:03,100
attention than any piece of 
equipment, a warhorse Astra is 

1365
01:18:03,100 --> 01:18:06,800
expensive, temperamental and 
requires daily care. 

1366
01:18:07,900 --> 01:18:11,000
These horses are bred for 
strength and aggression their 

1367
01:18:11,000 --> 01:18:14,300
trained to bite and kick on 
command to move into combat 

1368
01:18:14,300 --> 01:18:18,300
without shying away from noise 
and chaos. but that training 

1369
01:18:18,300 --> 01:18:22,400
also makes the difficult to 
manage they require experienced,

1370
01:18:22,400 --> 01:18:27,100
handlers careful, feeding 
regular exercise and constant 

1371
01:18:27,100 --> 01:18:31,000
monitoring Feeding a warhorse 
means providing large quantities

1372
01:18:31,000 --> 01:18:34,400
of grain, oats and barley as 
well as hey. 

1373
01:18:35,200 --> 01:18:38,700
The grain gives the horse 
energy, the hay provides bulk 

1374
01:18:38,700 --> 01:18:42,000
and helps with digestion, the 
amounts of carefully, measured 

1375
01:18:42,000 --> 01:18:46,900
two little and the horse loses 
conditioned too much and the 

1376
01:18:46,900 --> 01:18:50,500
horse can become sick. 
You rely on Grooms to manage 

1377
01:18:50,500 --> 01:18:52,600
this, but you check on the 
horses yourself. 

1378
01:18:52,600 --> 01:18:55,700
Running your hand along their 
flanks, to feel their condition,

1379
01:18:55,700 --> 01:18:59,200
looking at their eyes and coats 
for signs of health or illness. 

1380
01:19:00,100 --> 01:19:03,200
Grooming happens. 
Daily brushes and combs remove, 

1381
01:19:03,200 --> 01:19:06,100
dirt and Loose Hair. 
Hooves are picked, clean of 

1382
01:19:06,100 --> 01:19:09,200
stones, and mud and checked, for
cracks or signs of infection. 

1383
01:19:10,400 --> 01:19:12,200
Stone lodged in a hoof. 
Can lame. 

1384
01:19:12,200 --> 01:19:15,100
A horse a crack. 
Can worsen into something more 

1385
01:19:15,100 --> 01:19:18,100
serious? 
The farrier visits regularly to 

1386
01:19:18,100 --> 01:19:22,200
trim Hooves and fit new shoes. 
When needed the shoes are iron 

1387
01:19:22,200 --> 01:19:26,400
shaped to fit the hoof and Nails
into place with flat-headed 

1388
01:19:26,400 --> 01:19:29,100
nails that passed through the 
outer hoof wall without reaching

1389
01:19:29,100 --> 01:19:32,000
the sense of in a tissue. 
Fitting shoes. 

1390
01:19:32,000 --> 01:19:35,400
Require a skill. 
A poorly placed nail can cause 

1391
01:19:35,400 --> 01:19:38,800
pain and lameness. 
You like Leo more than one 

1392
01:19:38,800 --> 01:19:41,500
horse. 
The destrier is used sparingly 

1393
01:19:41,500 --> 01:19:45,700
Reserve actual combat or 
tournaments where it's training 

1394
01:19:45,700 --> 01:19:50,200
and temperament and necessary. 
For daily travel, you use a poll

1395
01:19:50,200 --> 01:19:53,800
free, a horse bred for smooth 
Gates, and steady temperament. 

1396
01:19:54,900 --> 01:19:58,300
Carrying goods a pack horse or 
mule is more practical. 

1397
01:19:58,300 --> 01:20:01,700
Each animal has its own needs 
and its own quirks. 

1398
01:20:01,700 --> 01:20:05,700
You know, them individually 
recognizing their personalities 

1399
01:20:05,700 --> 01:20:10,000
and habits Caring for horses, 
means coordinating with Grooms 

1400
01:20:10,000 --> 01:20:13,600
ensuring adequate fodder is 
stored in dry places where it 

1401
01:20:13,600 --> 01:20:17,200
will not mold and arranging for 
a farrier when shoes need 

1402
01:20:17,200 --> 01:20:19,500
replacing or when Hoovers need 
attention. 

1403
01:20:19,500 --> 01:20:24,400
It means recognizing signs of 
lameness or colic and knowing 

1404
01:20:24,400 --> 01:20:27,300
when to rest an animal and when 
to push through minor 

1405
01:20:27,300 --> 01:20:31,300
discomfort, A lame War Horse, 
can mean failing to meet an 

1406
01:20:31,300 --> 01:20:34,500
obligation, which can mean 
losing standing or favor with 

1407
01:20:34,500 --> 01:20:37,000
your lord. 
The stakes are high enough that 

1408
01:20:37,000 --> 01:20:40,700
you pay close attention, your 
helmet gauntlets Greaves, and 

1409
01:20:40,700 --> 01:20:42,800
other pieces of armor. 
Each have their own maintenance 

1410
01:20:42,800 --> 01:20:46,000
needs. 
Leather straps dry out and 

1411
01:20:46,000 --> 01:20:48,500
crack. 
They need to be treated with oil

1412
01:20:48,500 --> 01:20:52,400
or fat, Tallow or neat's foot 
oil to stay supple. 

1413
01:20:53,300 --> 01:20:55,800
Buckles, corrode from moisture 
and must be cleaned and 

1414
01:20:55,800 --> 01:20:59,200
sometimes replaced. 
Hinges on visored helmets, 

1415
01:20:59,200 --> 01:21:02,100
stiffen and need oil to move 
smoothly. 

1416
01:21:02,800 --> 01:21:07,000
You or more often someone under 
your direction, work through 

1417
01:21:07,000 --> 01:21:11,100
these tasks regularly not in 
response to emergencies but as 

1418
01:21:11,100 --> 01:21:14,800
routine upkeep the work prevents
larger problems from developing.

1419
01:21:15,900 --> 01:21:19,600
Training extends Beyond weapons.
You need to be able to ride for 

1420
01:21:19,600 --> 01:21:21,900
hours without exhausting 
yourself for your horse. 

1421
01:21:21,900 --> 01:21:26,500
You need to understand for 
Nations recognize signals given 

1422
01:21:26,500 --> 01:21:30,300
by Flags or horns and follow 
commands, in the chaos of Group 

1423
01:21:30,300 --> 01:21:33,100
movement. 
Much of this Learning Happens 

1424
01:21:33,100 --> 01:21:36,200
through service. 
You might have started as page 

1425
01:21:36,200 --> 01:21:39,800
in another household, then 
advance to Squire learning by 

1426
01:21:39,800 --> 01:21:44,100
assisting and established night.
By the time you hold land and a 

1427
01:21:44,100 --> 01:21:46,800
title of your own, the skills 
are embedded in your muscle 

1428
01:21:46,800 --> 01:21:50,300
memory and instincts, even after
your established, the training 

1429
01:21:50,300 --> 01:21:53,000
does not stop. 
Skills, degrade, without 

1430
01:21:53,000 --> 01:21:55,900
practice, strength, Fades 
without effort. 

1431
01:21:55,900 --> 01:22:00,300
You continue to drill to ride, 
and to spar with blunted 

1432
01:22:00,300 --> 01:22:03,000
weapons, against other Knights 
or men in your household. 

1433
01:22:03,900 --> 01:22:07,400
The work is not thrilling. 
It is methodical sometimes 

1434
01:22:07,400 --> 01:22:11,900
tedious but necessary. 
A knight who neglects training 

1435
01:22:11,900 --> 01:22:15,300
and becomes in effective and 
effective is the foundation of 

1436
01:22:15,300 --> 01:22:19,800
your Social role, your clothing 
to requires attention tunics and

1437
01:22:19,800 --> 01:22:23,300
hose wear out. 
Seam split from strain or from 

1438
01:22:23,300 --> 01:22:27,200
repeated washing fabric thinned 
at the elbows and knees where it

1439
01:22:27,200 --> 01:22:31,500
bends most often someone in your
household often women or 

1440
01:22:31,500 --> 01:22:34,200
servants skilled in sowing 
men's. 

1441
01:22:34,200 --> 01:22:38,300
These garments Dan's holes, and 
reinforces weak spots. 

1442
01:22:38,300 --> 01:22:40,800
They also produce replacement 
garments. 

1443
01:22:40,800 --> 01:22:44,200
When the old ones can no longer 
be repaired, Bull must be 

1444
01:22:44,200 --> 01:22:47,900
cleaned and stored properly to 
avoid moths, which can destroy 

1445
01:22:47,900 --> 01:22:50,400
an entire chest of clothing if 
left unchecked. 

1446
01:22:51,500 --> 01:22:55,200
Linen must be washed and dried 
without excessive wear which 

1447
01:22:55,200 --> 01:22:59,000
weakens the fibers you're not 
directly involved in this labor 

1448
01:22:59,000 --> 01:23:01,200
but you are responsible for 
ensuring it happens. 

1449
01:23:01,200 --> 01:23:05,600
You provide the raw materials 
wool purchased at Market or 

1450
01:23:05,600 --> 01:23:09,900
sheared from sheep on your land.
Linen woven from flax grown 

1451
01:23:09,900 --> 01:23:12,400
locally. 
You ensure that the household 

1452
01:23:12,400 --> 01:23:14,500
has the tools needed. 
Needles. 

1453
01:23:14,500 --> 01:23:19,500
Thread, scissors and looms. 
If weaving happens on site the 

1454
01:23:19,500 --> 01:23:22,400
results of this labor, keep you 
close to keep your household 

1455
01:23:22,400 --> 01:23:26,200
functioning and keep everyone 
warm and presentable everything.

1456
01:23:26,200 --> 01:23:29,100
You own serves. 
A function, there is little room

1457
01:23:29,100 --> 01:23:32,400
for purely decorative items. 
What decoration exists, 

1458
01:23:32,400 --> 01:23:37,600
embroidery on a tunic, a painted
design on a shield also 

1459
01:23:37,600 --> 01:23:39,700
communicates identity and 
Allegiance. 

1460
01:23:39,700 --> 01:23:43,500
Your Shield might bear a coat of
arms, a symbol that identifies 

1461
01:23:43,500 --> 01:23:46,700
you at a distance and that 
signals your family and your 

1462
01:23:46,700 --> 01:23:50,200
lord. 
These markers are practical, the

1463
01:23:50,200 --> 01:23:54,300
identify you in a crowd signal 
your place in the hierarchy and 

1464
01:23:54,300 --> 01:23:56,800
reinforce the structure that 
holds the system together. 

1465
01:23:57,700 --> 01:24:00,400
Cumulative effect of all this 
care is a life built around 

1466
01:24:00,400 --> 01:24:03,200
maintenance. 
You are constantly preparing 

1467
01:24:03,200 --> 01:24:07,900
repairing and replacing. 
The work is never finished. 

1468
01:24:08,600 --> 01:24:11,600
There is always another task 
waiting another piece of 

1469
01:24:11,608 --> 01:24:14,500
equipment to check and another 
skill to keep Sharp. 

1470
01:24:15,500 --> 01:24:18,900
This is the foundation beneath 
the occasional moments of actual

1471
01:24:18,900 --> 01:24:22,900
service or conflict. 
Without the steady work, nothing

1472
01:24:22,900 --> 01:24:26,000
else would be possible. 
You are a knight because you 

1473
01:24:26,000 --> 01:24:30,700
hold land granted by a Lord that
land is not given freely. 

1474
01:24:30,700 --> 01:24:34,500
It comes with expectations built
into the very structure of the 

1475
01:24:34,500 --> 01:24:37,100
agreement. 
You owe military service, 

1476
01:24:37,100 --> 01:24:41,800
typically 40 days per year 
though, the exact terms vary by 

1477
01:24:41,800 --> 01:24:45,000
region period and the specific 
agreement between you and your 

1478
01:24:45,000 --> 01:24:47,500
lord. 
You are attendance at your 

1479
01:24:47,500 --> 01:24:50,200
Lord's Court where Justice is 
dispensed. 

1480
01:24:51,000 --> 01:24:54,100
Dispute a settled, and The 
Business of governance is 

1481
01:24:54,100 --> 01:24:58,000
conducted. 
Yo Council, when asked offering 

1482
01:24:58,000 --> 01:25:00,900
your opinion on matters that 
affect the Lord's holding or 

1483
01:25:00,900 --> 01:25:03,800
interests? 
Uo financially support on 

1484
01:25:03,800 --> 01:25:07,000
certain occasions such as when 
the Lord's, eldest son is 

1485
01:25:07,000 --> 01:25:09,300
knighted when the Lord's 
daughter marries. 

1486
01:25:09,300 --> 01:25:11,800
Or when the Lord himself must 
pay rats. 

1487
01:25:11,800 --> 01:25:15,000
And if captured these 
obligations are not abstract, 

1488
01:25:15,000 --> 01:25:18,500
they shape your year, your 
planning and your resources. 

1489
01:25:19,500 --> 01:25:22,500
When the summons comes a 
messenger, arriving with a 

1490
01:25:22,500 --> 01:25:26,700
sealed letter or a verbal 
command, you must prepare, you 

1491
01:25:26,700 --> 01:25:29,900
gather your equipment. 
Checking that everything is in 

1492
01:25:29,900 --> 01:25:32,600
good repair. 
You ensure your horses fit 

1493
01:25:32,600 --> 01:25:35,600
examining? 
Its legs and Hooves and testing 

1494
01:25:35,600 --> 01:25:38,500
its responsiveness. 
You arrange for someone to 

1495
01:25:38,500 --> 01:25:42,200
manage your land, in your 
absence, usually your Steward, 

1496
01:25:42,200 --> 01:25:45,700
sometimes your wife, if she has 
experienced an authority in the 

1497
01:25:45,700 --> 01:25:48,600
household. 
You select men to accompany you 

1498
01:25:48,600 --> 01:25:53,000
if required choosing from among 
your own dependents or hiring 

1499
01:25:53,000 --> 01:25:56,900
additional soldiers, if needed. 
You travel to the designated 

1500
01:25:56,900 --> 01:26:00,800
meeting point often, a Castile 
or fortified town that serves as

1501
01:26:00,800 --> 01:26:04,200
the Lord's primary seat. 
The journey might take a day or 

1502
01:26:04,200 --> 01:26:05,900
several days depending on 
distance. 

1503
01:26:06,900 --> 01:26:09,600
You travel with your small 
group, keeping a steady Pace 

1504
01:26:09,600 --> 01:26:13,000
stopping at ins, or accepting 
Hospitality from other 

1505
01:26:13,000 --> 01:26:16,500
landholders along the way. 
The roads are shared with other 

1506
01:26:16,500 --> 01:26:21,000
Travelers, Merchants pilgrims, 
and other nights responding to 

1507
01:26:21,000 --> 01:26:24,200
the same summons. 
There is a sense of collective 

1508
01:26:24,200 --> 01:26:26,800
purpose. 
Everyone moving toward the same 

1509
01:26:26,800 --> 01:26:31,200
destination, you arrive and join
other nights forming a small 

1510
01:26:31,200 --> 01:26:33,100
contingent under the Lord's 
Banner. 

1511
01:26:33,900 --> 01:26:37,700
The banner is a physical symbol.
Piece of fabric painted or 

1512
01:26:37,700 --> 01:26:40,800
embroidered, with the Lord's 
arms carried on a pole. 

1513
01:26:40,800 --> 01:26:44,200
So it can be seen from a 
distance Gathering under that 

1514
01:26:44,200 --> 01:26:46,100
Banner is both literal and 
symbolic. 

1515
01:26:46,100 --> 01:26:50,600
It represents Unity loyalty and 
The Binding Together of 

1516
01:26:50,600 --> 01:26:53,100
individual interests into a 
collective Force. 

1517
01:26:53,900 --> 01:26:57,600
The service you provide might 
involve Garrison duty standing 

1518
01:26:57,600 --> 01:27:01,300
watch on castle, walls 
patrolling the perimeter and 

1519
01:27:01,300 --> 01:27:03,300
maintaining Readiness in case of
attack. 

1520
01:27:04,100 --> 01:27:08,000
This work is routine, repetitive
and often boring. 

1521
01:27:09,300 --> 01:27:11,200
Hours passed with nothing 
happening. 

1522
01:27:12,100 --> 01:27:15,600
You walk the same sections of 
wall, look out over the same 

1523
01:27:15,600 --> 01:27:19,700
landscape and exchanged a few 
words with other guards, the 

1524
01:27:19,700 --> 01:27:22,500
board is punctuated by brief 
moments of alertness. 

1525
01:27:22,500 --> 01:27:24,400
When something moves in the 
distance. 

1526
01:27:24,400 --> 01:27:28,500
Usually, just a farmer or a 
traveler occasionally, something

1527
01:27:28,500 --> 01:27:32,800
that requires closer attention. 
The service might involve a 

1528
01:27:32,800 --> 01:27:36,200
schooling, the Lord on a 
journey. you ride alongside him 

1529
01:27:36,200 --> 01:27:39,800
part of a larger group that 
includes other nights, serve 

1530
01:27:39,800 --> 01:27:44,600
events and perhaps Clarks were 
advisors the presents of armed 

1531
01:27:44,600 --> 01:27:49,500
men discourages Bandits or other
threats your role as protective 

1532
01:27:49,500 --> 01:27:53,900
but so Sarah monile Size and 
quality of the Lord's retinue, 

1533
01:27:53,900 --> 01:27:58,000
reflect his status. 
By being part of that retinue, 

1534
01:27:58,000 --> 01:28:01,000
you can tribute to his Prestige 
while also demonstrating your 

1535
01:28:01,000 --> 01:28:04,700
own loyalty and capability. 
Occasionally the service 

1536
01:28:04,700 --> 01:28:08,800
involves actual military action 
participating in a Siege 

1537
01:28:08,800 --> 01:28:13,000
responding to a border raid or 
joining a larger Force raised by

1538
01:28:13,000 --> 01:28:16,600
the king or a higher Lord. 
These events are less common 

1539
01:28:16,600 --> 01:28:20,000
than the story suggests, but 
they do happen is Siege, might 

1540
01:28:20,008 --> 01:28:23,000
mean camping outside a fortified
town for weeks or months, 

1541
01:28:23,000 --> 01:28:26,700
waiting for the Defenders to 
surrender or for an opportunity 

1542
01:28:26,700 --> 01:28:30,600
to breach the walls. 
The waiting is tedious supplies,

1543
01:28:30,600 --> 01:28:35,500
run low disease, spreads through
camps tensions, rise among men 

1544
01:28:35,500 --> 01:28:39,400
can find in close quarters with 
little to do. when action does 

1545
01:28:39,400 --> 01:28:45,200
occur, it is brief chaotic and 
exhausting much of military 

1546
01:28:45,200 --> 01:28:49,500
services waiting you wait for 
all orders supplies and whether 

1547
01:28:49,500 --> 01:28:53,800
to clear on negotiations to 
conclude You waiting camps that 

1548
01:28:53,800 --> 01:28:57,400
are muddy, and Rain, Dusty and 
dry weather, and always 

1549
01:28:57,400 --> 01:29:00,800
uncomfortable. 
You eat simple food, sleep, 

1550
01:29:00,800 --> 01:29:04,100
intents or in the open and pass 
the time as best you can. 

1551
01:29:04,900 --> 01:29:07,300
Talking playing dice and 
maintaining your equipment. 

1552
01:29:08,500 --> 01:29:12,200
While you serve your household 
continues without you your 

1553
01:29:12,200 --> 01:29:15,500
Steward managers, the land 
collecting rents, overseeing 

1554
01:29:15,500 --> 01:29:19,000
work in the fields and making 
decisions about Minor matters. 

1555
01:29:19,000 --> 01:29:22,700
Your wife. 
If you have one overseas the 

1556
01:29:22,700 --> 01:29:26,800
domestic side of the estate 
managing servants, ensuring Food

1557
01:29:26,800 --> 01:29:30,100
Supplies are adequate and 
handling household accounts. 

1558
01:29:31,200 --> 01:29:34,500
Rents are still collected. 
Repairs are still made. 

1559
01:29:34,500 --> 01:29:38,300
The system is designed to 
function even when you're absent

1560
01:29:38,300 --> 01:29:41,100
because absence is built into 
the structure. 

1561
01:29:41,100 --> 01:29:45,200
Everyone knows that Knights must
leave periodically to fulfill 

1562
01:29:45,200 --> 01:29:47,900
their obligations. 
The household adapts. 

1563
01:29:48,600 --> 01:29:52,700
When you return, you resume your
local duties, you attend to 

1564
01:29:52,700 --> 01:29:56,200
dispute that accumulated during 
your absence reviewing, what 

1565
01:29:56,200 --> 01:29:59,000
your Steward decided and 
ensuring those decisions are in 

1566
01:29:59,008 --> 01:30:02,200
forced. 
You oversaw planting or harvest?

1567
01:30:02,200 --> 01:30:04,600
If your service coincided with 
those Seasons. 

1568
01:30:04,600 --> 01:30:10,300
You ensure that your obligations
to the church are met Ties paid 

1569
01:30:10,300 --> 01:30:14,300
from your Harvest repairs to the
local Chapel funded, if it falls

1570
01:30:14,300 --> 01:30:18,700
within your responsibility. 
The church is another layer of 

1571
01:30:18,700 --> 01:30:21,700
obligation. 
Another institution that claims 

1572
01:30:21,700 --> 01:30:24,900
a portion of your resources in 
exchange for Spiritual services 

1573
01:30:24,900 --> 01:30:28,600
and social legitimacy. 
You also maintain relationships 

1574
01:30:28,600 --> 01:30:32,000
with other knights in the area, 
these relationships are 

1575
01:30:32,000 --> 01:30:35,800
practical, not purely social. 
You might need their support in 

1576
01:30:35,800 --> 01:30:39,200
a dispute over land boundaries, 
they might need yours. 

1577
01:30:39,200 --> 01:30:42,000
If they face a legal challenge 
or a threat from a more powerful

1578
01:30:42,000 --> 01:30:44,700
neighbor. 
Alliances are built slowly 

1579
01:30:44,700 --> 01:30:48,500
through shared attendance at 
courts through marriages 

1580
01:30:48,500 --> 01:30:51,500
arranged between families 
through small acts of mutual 

1581
01:30:51,500 --> 01:30:53,800
assistance, helping with a 
harvest. 

1582
01:30:53,800 --> 01:30:57,400
When a neighbor is short-handed 
providing horses when someone's 

1583
01:30:57,400 --> 01:31:01,000
have been stolen or died and 
standing as a witness in legal 

1584
01:31:01,000 --> 01:31:04,400
proceedings. 
Your loyalty to your lord is 

1585
01:31:04,400 --> 01:31:09,100
both personal and institutional,
you swear an oath, a formal 

1586
01:31:09,100 --> 01:31:12,900
Declaration of service, and 
Fidelity often performed in a 

1587
01:31:12,900 --> 01:31:16,700
ceremony where you kneel before 
the Lord Place, Your Hands 

1588
01:31:16,700 --> 01:31:20,600
between his and speak. 
The words that bind you, the 

1589
01:31:20,600 --> 01:31:24,300
oath is taken, seriously. 
Breaking it, carries social, and

1590
01:31:24,300 --> 01:31:28,900
legal consequences loss of land.
Loss of status, sometimes. 

1591
01:31:28,900 --> 01:31:33,200
Exile or imprisonment. 
But loyalty is also reinforced 

1592
01:31:33,200 --> 01:31:36,600
by more mundane ties. 
Your lord is the source of your 

1593
01:31:36,600 --> 01:31:38,800
land. 
He is the one who can protect 

1594
01:31:38,800 --> 01:31:42,500
your claims against challenges 
settled disputes in your favor 

1595
01:31:42,500 --> 01:31:46,200
and provide opportunities for 
advancement additional land 

1596
01:31:46,200 --> 01:31:50,100
marriage to a wealthy heiress 
and positions of responsibility 

1597
01:31:50,100 --> 01:31:54,300
in his administration. 
Maintaining his favor is a 

1598
01:31:54,300 --> 01:31:57,500
practical necessity. 
You attend his court when 

1599
01:31:57,500 --> 01:32:01,900
summoned, you offer gifts on 
appropriate, occasions a fine 

1600
01:32:01,900 --> 01:32:06,100
horse, a piece of crafted metal 
work or game from a successful 

1601
01:32:06,100 --> 01:32:08,800
hunt. 
You support his interest in 

1602
01:32:08,800 --> 01:32:12,600
disputes with other Lords, you 
speak well of him, defend his 

1603
01:32:12,608 --> 01:32:15,800
reputation and contribute to the
collective opinion, that 

1604
01:32:15,800 --> 01:32:19,800
sustained his authority. 
At the same time, you have your 

1605
01:32:19,800 --> 01:32:23,100
own dependence. 
If you hold enough land you 

1606
01:32:23,100 --> 01:32:26,800
might Grant portions of it to 
lessen nights or men at Arms in 

1607
01:32:26,800 --> 01:32:28,600
exchange for their service to 
you. 

1608
01:32:28,600 --> 01:32:32,200
They owe you the same loyalty 
and service that you owe your 

1609
01:32:32,200 --> 01:32:34,200
lord. 
They appear when you summon 

1610
01:32:34,200 --> 01:32:36,000
them. 
They fight under your banner 

1611
01:32:36,000 --> 01:32:38,600
when needed. 
They provide counsel and support

1612
01:32:38,600 --> 01:32:43,100
you become a link in the chain 
both serving and being served. 

1613
01:32:43,100 --> 01:32:46,400
The result is a web of 
obligations extending upward and

1614
01:32:46,400 --> 01:32:48,500
downward. 
Everyone has a place. 

1615
01:32:48,500 --> 01:32:52,500
Everyone has duties. 
The system is rigid, but it is 

1616
01:32:52,500 --> 01:32:55,400
also stable. 
You know what is expected of 

1617
01:32:55,400 --> 01:32:56,400
you. 
You know what? 

1618
01:32:56,400 --> 01:32:59,200
You can expect from others. 
There is little room for 

1619
01:32:59,200 --> 01:33:02,400
individual ambition, out the 
established channels, but there 

1620
01:33:02,400 --> 01:33:04,500
is also little uncertainty about
your role. 

1621
01:33:05,400 --> 01:33:07,300
The predictability is 
comforting. 

1622
01:33:07,300 --> 01:33:12,200
It reduces conflict, clarifies 
dispute and provides a framework

1623
01:33:12,200 --> 01:33:15,200
for resolving problems without 
resorting to chaos. 

1624
01:33:16,500 --> 01:33:19,600
Courts are where much of this 
social structure is reinforced. 

1625
01:33:19,600 --> 01:33:23,000
When you attend your Lord's 
Court, you witnessed Justice 

1626
01:33:23,000 --> 01:33:27,600
being dispensed, criminals 
punished disputes between 10 and

1627
01:33:27,600 --> 01:33:32,300
settled and land, grants 
confirmed or revoked. you see, 

1628
01:33:32,300 --> 01:33:36,100
marriages being arranged 
contracts being sealed and Oaths

1629
01:33:36,100 --> 01:33:40,800
being sworn You watch who is in 
favor and who is not reading the

1630
01:33:40,800 --> 01:33:44,000
subtle signals of the Lord's, 
approval or disapproval. 

1631
01:33:44,900 --> 01:33:48,400
You hear news from other parts 
of the realm, who has died, who 

1632
01:33:48,400 --> 01:33:50,700
was married were, conflict is 
brewing. 

1633
01:33:50,700 --> 01:33:52,800
And where opportunities might 
exist? 

1634
01:33:53,800 --> 01:33:56,600
You participate in ceremonies 
that bind the group together, 

1635
01:33:56,600 --> 01:34:01,000
feasts held after important 
occasions tournaments were 

1636
01:34:01,000 --> 01:34:04,600
Knights display their skills and
religious observances that Mark 

1637
01:34:04,600 --> 01:34:07,600
the calendar. 
These gatherings are not purely 

1638
01:34:07,600 --> 01:34:11,700
social, they serve a function, 
they remind everyone of their 

1639
01:34:11,700 --> 01:34:14,100
place. 
They provide opportunities to 

1640
01:34:14,100 --> 01:34:18,800
negotiate to make alliance's and
to settle old grievances before 

1641
01:34:18,800 --> 01:34:20,800
they escalate into open 
conflict. 

1642
01:34:21,700 --> 01:34:24,600
They also offer a chance to 
display wealth and status 

1643
01:34:24,600 --> 01:34:27,400
through clothing horses and the 
size of your retinue. 

1644
01:34:28,400 --> 01:34:32,400
But even this display is 
governed by expectation. excess 

1645
01:34:32,400 --> 01:34:36,700
is noticed and judged as vulgar 
or threatening, modesty 

1646
01:34:36,700 --> 01:34:39,800
appropriate to rank his valued 
and rewarded with social 

1647
01:34:39,800 --> 01:34:42,600
approval. 
The rhythm of service and 

1648
01:34:42,600 --> 01:34:45,900
obligation structures your life 
as much as the changing seasons.

1649
01:34:45,900 --> 01:34:49,400
You move through the year 
attending to your land for 

1650
01:34:49,400 --> 01:34:51,900
filling your duties and 
maintaining your position. 

1651
01:34:51,900 --> 01:34:56,200
There is satisfaction in meeting
expectations, and being reliable

1652
01:34:56,200 --> 01:34:58,800
and in holding your place within
the order. 

1653
01:34:59,400 --> 01:35:02,700
The work is steady. 
The rewards are incremental 

1654
01:35:02,700 --> 01:35:07,100
respect from peers, continued 
possession of land and the 

1655
01:35:07,100 --> 01:35:10,100
security of knowing your place 
is secure as long as you fulfill

1656
01:35:10,100 --> 01:35:13,400
your role. 
The stability is the point, the 

1657
01:35:13,400 --> 01:35:17,400
system works because everyone 
participates because everyone 

1658
01:35:17,400 --> 01:35:20,400
understands the rules and 
because deviating from 

1659
01:35:20,400 --> 01:35:23,800
expectations carries cost that 
most are unwilling to pay. 

1660
01:35:24,700 --> 01:35:28,500
Rest is built into the structure
of your days woven into the 

1661
01:35:28,500 --> 01:35:32,700
fabric of routine as naturally 
as work itself after the morning

1662
01:35:32,700 --> 01:35:36,300
meal, after the first round of 
tasks, checking on livestock 

1663
01:35:36,300 --> 01:35:40,400
reviewing accounts. 
Speaking with tenants There 

1664
01:35:40,400 --> 01:35:45,000
isn't a pause, the mornings, 
urgency Fades, the next set of 

1665
01:35:45,000 --> 01:35:47,000
obligations, has not yet 
arrived. 

1666
01:35:47,700 --> 01:35:50,800
You might sit in the hall 
reviewing accounts or simply 

1667
01:35:50,800 --> 01:35:54,500
waiting for the next task to 
present itself. you might walk 

1668
01:35:54,500 --> 01:35:57,800
through the orchard checking the
progress of fruit on the trees, 

1669
01:35:57,800 --> 01:36:01,000
not because there is urgent work
to be done but because the 

1670
01:36:01,000 --> 01:36:05,200
rhythm of the day allows for it,
The walk itself is rest. 

1671
01:36:06,100 --> 01:36:09,200
Change of activity, that engages
the body lightly while allowing 

1672
01:36:09,200 --> 01:36:12,200
the mind to settle. 
In The Heat Of Summer, the 

1673
01:36:12,200 --> 01:36:16,600
middle of the day is slow. 
The sun is high and strong work 

1674
01:36:16,600 --> 01:36:19,800
in the fields. 
Pauses hasn't seeks shade under 

1675
01:36:19,800 --> 01:36:22,100
trees or return briefly to their
cottages. 

1676
01:36:22,800 --> 01:36:25,400
Animals are Retreat to Barnes or
sheltered areas. 

1677
01:36:26,300 --> 01:36:30,100
You might Retreat indoors as 
well away from the Sun and spend

1678
01:36:30,100 --> 01:36:33,600
an hour in a cooler room. 
Perhaps the chamber where a 

1679
01:36:33,600 --> 01:36:37,000
counts are kept? 
More room with thick stone 

1680
01:36:37,000 --> 01:36:39,000
walls, that hold the coolness of
mourning. 

1681
01:36:39,000 --> 01:36:43,000
You do not sleep during these 
pauses necessarily, but you rest

1682
01:36:43,900 --> 01:36:47,600
You sit on a bench or a stool, 
you drink water, or we kill. 

1683
01:36:48,300 --> 01:36:51,000
You let the time pass without 
filling it with activity? 

1684
01:36:52,100 --> 01:36:56,100
sometimes you think through 
problems that need solving, A 

1685
01:36:56,100 --> 01:36:59,700
dispute that requires careful 
handling a repair that needs 

1686
01:36:59,700 --> 01:37:02,900
planning a conversation that 
must happen. 

1687
01:37:03,800 --> 01:37:07,000
But often you simply sit feeling
the coolness of the stone 

1688
01:37:07,000 --> 01:37:10,100
against your back, listening to 
the muffled sounds of the 

1689
01:37:10,100 --> 01:37:12,300
household, continuing its work 
elsewhere. 

1690
01:37:13,200 --> 01:37:15,300
Seasonal rhythms or dictate? 
Rest. 

1691
01:37:15,300 --> 01:37:17,900
Winter is a quieter time 
overall. 

1692
01:37:18,600 --> 01:37:21,100
The fields are fallow giving the
soil time to recover. 

1693
01:37:21,900 --> 01:37:24,800
Travel is more difficult with 
shorter days and worse weather. 

1694
01:37:24,800 --> 01:37:30,000
Roads become muddy or frozen. 
Rivers rise with rain and snow 

1695
01:37:30,000 --> 01:37:32,300
melt. 
You spend more time indoors 

1696
01:37:32,300 --> 01:37:35,900
closer to the fire. 
Moving through tasks at a slower

1697
01:37:35,908 --> 01:37:38,500
Pace. 
There are still work maintaining

1698
01:37:38,500 --> 01:37:42,700
equipment planning for spring 
managing indoor tasks like 

1699
01:37:42,700 --> 01:37:46,200
weaving or preserving food but 
the urgency is lower. 

1700
01:37:46,200 --> 01:37:50,500
The days are shorter, the 
evening's a longer you settle 

1701
01:37:50,500 --> 01:37:53,900
into the slower Rhythm without 
resistance, knowing that spring 

1702
01:37:53,900 --> 01:37:55,800
will bring its own increase in 
activity. 

1703
01:37:56,900 --> 01:38:00,500
Feast days, provide structured 
breaks in the routine, religious

1704
01:38:00,500 --> 01:38:03,900
festivals Mark, the calendar 
Christmas Easter, and Saints 

1705
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:06,200
days associated with your 
region, or your family. 

1706
01:38:07,400 --> 01:38:11,600
These days involve obligations 
attendance at church specific 

1707
01:38:11,600 --> 01:38:14,800
prayers and sometimes fasting 
beforehand to prepare 

1708
01:38:14,800 --> 01:38:18,100
spiritually. 
But they also offer a change of 

1709
01:38:18,108 --> 01:38:21,400
pace. 
After the religious observance, 

1710
01:38:21,400 --> 01:38:23,800
there might be a larger meal 
time. 

1711
01:38:23,800 --> 01:38:27,100
Spent with neighbors and 
extended family and a pause from

1712
01:38:27,100 --> 01:38:30,400
ordinary labor. 
The church itself provides a 

1713
01:38:30,400 --> 01:38:33,600
rhythm of rest. 
Some days, a days of less work, 

1714
01:38:33,600 --> 01:38:36,400
dedicated to worship and 
recuperation. 

1715
01:38:37,300 --> 01:38:42,900
Fieldwork, stops markets closed.
You attend Mass, listening to 

1716
01:38:42,900 --> 01:38:47,000
the priest words, participating 
in rituals that connect you to a

1717
01:38:47,000 --> 01:38:48,600
larger community and a longer 
history. 

1718
01:38:50,000 --> 01:38:51,800
Afterward. 
You might linger outside the 

1719
01:38:51,800 --> 01:38:54,400
church. 
He King with other landholders, 

1720
01:38:54,400 --> 01:38:57,800
exchanging news and making 
smaller Arrangements. 

1721
01:38:59,000 --> 01:39:01,100
The day feels different from 
work days. 

1722
01:39:01,100 --> 01:39:04,300
Marked by absence as much as by 
presence. 

1723
01:39:04,300 --> 01:39:08,500
Absent of urgent demands absence
of pressure. 

1724
01:39:09,400 --> 01:39:13,300
Even within a single day, there 
are natural pauses between tasks

1725
01:39:13,300 --> 01:39:16,200
you stop. 
You drink ale or water brought 

1726
01:39:16,200 --> 01:39:19,600
by a servant you speak briefly 
with someone passing through the

1727
01:39:19,600 --> 01:39:22,900
hall asking about their progress
on some task or simply 

1728
01:39:22,900 --> 01:39:25,500
exchanging. 
Greetings, you adjust your 

1729
01:39:25,500 --> 01:39:30,200
clothes in hose that have 
loosened tightening a belt and 

1730
01:39:30,200 --> 01:39:34,200
brushing dust from your tunic. 
These moments are not planned, 

1731
01:39:34,200 --> 01:39:38,100
but they are regular. they break
the day into manageable pieces, 

1732
01:39:38,100 --> 01:39:42,100
creating small intervals of 
transition between one activity 

1733
01:39:42,100 --> 01:39:46,400
and the next Waiting is also a 
form of rest, though. 

1734
01:39:46,400 --> 01:39:48,200
It does not always feel restful 
in the moment. 

1735
01:39:49,400 --> 01:39:52,400
You wait for a messenger to 
return with news from your lord,

1736
01:39:52,400 --> 01:39:56,700
or from a neighboring state? 
You wait for rain to stop before

1737
01:39:56,700 --> 01:39:58,600
inspecting, a roof, that might 
be leaking. 

1738
01:39:59,400 --> 01:40:01,700
You wait for your lord to call 
you to serve this. 

1739
01:40:01,700 --> 01:40:04,900
Not knowing exactly when the 
summons will come, but knowing 

1740
01:40:04,900 --> 01:40:09,600
it will arrive eventually. 
The waiting is not anxious, not 

1741
01:40:09,600 --> 01:40:12,800
filled with Dread. 
It is simply part of the Rhythm.

1742
01:40:12,800 --> 01:40:17,000
You fill it with small tasks, or
with nothing at all, allowing 

1743
01:40:17,000 --> 01:40:21,400
time to pass at his own pace. 
In the evening after the meal, 

1744
01:40:21,400 --> 01:40:23,100
there is a longer stretch of 
rest. 

1745
01:40:23,900 --> 01:40:27,700
The whole remains lit by fire 
light and a few candles people 

1746
01:40:27,700 --> 01:40:30,600
gather, but the energy is lower 
than early in the day. 

1747
01:40:31,400 --> 01:40:35,300
conversation's Fade Into 
murmurs, the topic shifted from 

1748
01:40:35,300 --> 01:40:40,000
work to stories from planning to
reminisants Someone might repair

1749
01:40:40,000 --> 01:40:44,300
a piece of equipment, a torn 
harness, a broken tool but the 

1750
01:40:44,300 --> 01:40:47,700
work is quiet. 
Almost meditative others. 

1751
01:40:47,700 --> 01:40:51,000
Simply sit watching the fire 
letting their thoughts wander. 

1752
01:40:51,800 --> 01:40:54,800
Fire itself invites. 
Rest the Flames. 

1753
01:40:54,800 --> 01:40:57,800
Move constantly. 
Never quite the same from one 

1754
01:40:57,800 --> 01:41:00,800
moment to the next. 
Watching them as calming. 

1755
01:41:00,800 --> 01:41:04,000
The motion and light holding 
your attention without demanding

1756
01:41:04,000 --> 01:41:07,000
anything from you. 
The warmth this soothing, 

1757
01:41:07,000 --> 01:41:10,100
especially after a day spent 
partly Outdoors. 

1758
01:41:10,800 --> 01:41:14,600
You feel it seep into your 
muscles, loosening tension and 

1759
01:41:14,600 --> 01:41:16,200
easing. 
Small aches. 

1760
01:41:16,200 --> 01:41:18,800
You're not required to be 
constantly active. 

1761
01:41:18,800 --> 01:41:21,800
The expectation. 
Is that you fulfill your duties,

1762
01:41:21,800 --> 01:41:24,300
not that you fill every moment 
with labor. 

1763
01:41:25,400 --> 01:41:30,500
Rest is recognized as necessary.
Not indulgent, you rest so that 

1764
01:41:30,500 --> 01:41:34,400
you can continue you rest. 
So that the next day's tasks can

1765
01:41:34,400 --> 01:41:38,300
be met with steady energy rather
than exhaustion the system 

1766
01:41:38,300 --> 01:41:40,700
allows for this and even depends
on it. 

1767
01:41:41,800 --> 01:41:45,000
A land holder who drives himself
to exhaustion cannot manage his 

1768
01:41:45,000 --> 01:41:47,200
land. 
Effectively, a knight who 

1769
01:41:47,200 --> 01:41:51,000
neglects rest cannot perform 
when Services required the 

1770
01:41:51,000 --> 01:41:53,700
rhythm of rest also follows the 
seasons of your life. 

1771
01:41:54,700 --> 01:41:58,600
As a young man, you trained 
harder, traveled more and took 

1772
01:41:58,600 --> 01:42:00,600
on more physically demanding 
tasks. 

1773
01:42:00,600 --> 01:42:04,900
You proved yourself capable 
Bill, your reputation and 

1774
01:42:04,900 --> 01:42:09,100
establish your position. 
As you age the balance, shifts 

1775
01:42:09,100 --> 01:42:13,100
your rely more on those under 
your direction, you delegate 

1776
01:42:13,100 --> 01:42:17,700
more tasks to younger men, 
Squires servants and Sons. 

1777
01:42:17,700 --> 01:42:21,200
If you have them, you spend more
time, overseeing and less time 

1778
01:42:21,200 --> 01:42:23,700
doing, this is not a loss of 
status. 

1779
01:42:23,700 --> 01:42:27,700
It is the natural progression 
expected and accommodated. 

1780
01:42:28,700 --> 01:42:32,000
System values experience and 
judgment as much as physical 

1781
01:42:32,000 --> 01:42:35,900
capability. 
At night before sleep. 

1782
01:42:35,900 --> 01:42:38,300
There is a final, pause the 
household. 

1783
01:42:38,300 --> 01:42:42,800
Settles the fire is banked 
covered with Ash so it will burn

1784
01:42:42,800 --> 01:42:45,200
low through the night without 
going out entirely. 

1785
01:42:46,000 --> 01:42:49,300
Doors are checked and barred 
shutters a closed against the 

1786
01:42:49,300 --> 01:42:51,300
night. 
Are you move through these small

1787
01:42:51,300 --> 01:42:54,500
rituals without haste? 
They Mark the transition from 

1788
01:42:54,500 --> 01:42:57,300
day to night from activity to 
rest. 

1789
01:42:57,300 --> 01:43:01,700
The transition is smooth 
expected and reassuring. 

1790
01:43:01,700 --> 01:43:06,200
There is no abrupt shift, no 
jarring, change the day eases 

1791
01:43:06,200 --> 01:43:10,300
into night as naturally as Dawn 
eases into morning. food is 

1792
01:43:10,300 --> 01:43:13,900
Central to the household, not 
just a sustenance, but as a 

1793
01:43:13,900 --> 01:43:18,300
measure of stability and 
success, Feeding everyone family

1794
01:43:18,300 --> 01:43:21,300
servants. 
Occasional guests is a daily 

1795
01:43:21,300 --> 01:43:23,600
task. 
That requires planning storage 

1796
01:43:23,600 --> 01:43:27,400
and coordinated labor. 
The kitchen is a busy Place. 

1797
01:43:27,400 --> 01:43:32,200
Typically managed by a cook and 
several assistance often located

1798
01:43:32,200 --> 01:43:35,900
in a separate building or an 
attached Wing to reduce the risk

1799
01:43:35,900 --> 01:43:37,800
of fire spreading to the main 
hall. 

1800
01:43:38,800 --> 01:43:42,100
The separation also contains the
Heat and smoke that cooking 

1801
01:43:42,100 --> 01:43:45,300
generates keeping the living 
space is more comfortable. 

1802
01:43:46,100 --> 01:43:48,200
Bread is the foundation of most 
meals. 

1803
01:43:48,200 --> 01:43:52,300
It is baked several times a week
in large batches using a 

1804
01:43:52,300 --> 01:43:55,700
communal oven or an oven built 
into the kitchen structure. 

1805
01:43:55,700 --> 01:43:59,800
The oven is heated by burning 
wood inside it, until the stones

1806
01:43:59,800 --> 01:44:02,300
are hot enough. 
Then the coals are raked out and

1807
01:44:02,300 --> 01:44:04,800
the lows are placed directly on 
the hot Stone's. 

1808
01:44:05,400 --> 01:44:09,100
The bread bakes from the 
residual heat the crust forming 

1809
01:44:09,100 --> 01:44:12,400
thick and dark while the 
interior stays dense and chewy 

1810
01:44:12,400 --> 01:44:15,900
the grain for bread comes from 
your own land or from rent. 

1811
01:44:15,900 --> 01:44:19,700
Paid in kind by tenants. 
After harvest, the grain is 

1812
01:44:19,700 --> 01:44:23,500
stored in a dry building, 
sometimes a dedicated Grainery, 

1813
01:44:23,500 --> 01:44:26,700
sometimes a loft above the 
stable or another outbuilding. 

1814
01:44:27,800 --> 01:44:31,200
The storage must protect against
moisture, which caused his grain

1815
01:44:31,200 --> 01:44:35,500
to mold and against rodents, 
which can consume or contaminate

1816
01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:39,300
large quantities. 
Grain is threshed to separate 

1817
01:44:39,300 --> 01:44:43,000
the kernels from the chaff then 
winnowed to remove the lighter 

1818
01:44:43,000 --> 01:44:44,700
debris. 
Then ground into flour. 

1819
01:44:44,700 --> 01:44:48,400
Using a handle will take into a 
mill powered by water or wind 

1820
01:44:49,200 --> 01:44:53,300
The bread itself varies in 
quality white bread made from 

1821
01:44:53,300 --> 01:44:57,100
finely ground wheat, flour is 
rare and reserved for special 

1822
01:44:57,100 --> 01:44:59,800
occasions or for the highest 
status members of the household.

1823
01:45:01,300 --> 01:45:06,200
Most of what you eat is made 
from Rye barley or maslen, a 

1824
01:45:06,200 --> 01:45:09,200
mixture of wheat and rye, that 
combines the better qualities of

1825
01:45:09,200 --> 01:45:11,800
both. 
The bread is substantial 

1826
01:45:11,800 --> 01:45:15,400
designed to fill the stomach and
provide energy for physical 

1827
01:45:15,400 --> 01:45:18,700
labor. 
Single loaf might waste several 

1828
01:45:18,700 --> 01:45:21,800
pounds. 
It keeps for days becoming 

1829
01:45:21,800 --> 01:45:24,900
harder as its scales. 
At which point it can be soaked 

1830
01:45:24,900 --> 01:45:26,900
in pottage or used as a 
trencher. 

1831
01:45:27,900 --> 01:45:31,600
Pottage appears at nearly every 
meal, it is a thick stew made, 

1832
01:45:31,600 --> 01:45:35,100
from whatever is available, 
dried peas, or beans soaked 

1833
01:45:35,100 --> 01:45:39,200
overnight, and then simmered for
hours, onions and leeks from the

1834
01:45:39,200 --> 01:45:41,700
garden Maps, carrots, or 
turnips. 

1835
01:45:41,700 --> 01:45:45,600
And sometimes bits of meat or 
fish have available the 

1836
01:45:45,600 --> 01:45:48,600
ingredients simmer together. 
In a large pot suspended over 

1837
01:45:48,600 --> 01:45:52,700
the fire absorbing flavors and 
becoming soft and easy to eat. 

1838
01:45:53,500 --> 01:45:56,800
The pottage is hearty filling 
and adaptable. 

1839
01:45:57,800 --> 01:46:01,200
When grain is abundant barley or
oats might be added to thicken 

1840
01:46:01,200 --> 01:46:04,000
it further. 
When herbs are fresh, they add 

1841
01:46:04,000 --> 01:46:08,100
flavor parsley, Thyme and Sage 
grown in the household Garden. 

1842
01:46:09,200 --> 01:46:12,000
Meters eaten regularly but not 
extravagantly. 

1843
01:46:12,800 --> 01:46:16,500
Pork is common preserved through
salting or smoking to last 

1844
01:46:16,500 --> 01:46:20,000
through winter months. 
A pig is slaughtered in Autumn 

1845
01:46:20,000 --> 01:46:23,400
after it is flattened on forage 
and household scraps through the

1846
01:46:23,400 --> 01:46:26,100
summer. 
The Meters butchered carefully 

1847
01:46:26,100 --> 01:46:29,000
with different cuts assigned to 
different purposes. 

1848
01:46:30,300 --> 01:46:32,300
This cuts are eaten fresh or 
lightly. 

1849
01:46:32,300 --> 01:46:36,300
Salted lesser cuts are grounded 
into sausage or heavily salted 

1850
01:46:36,300 --> 01:46:39,600
and packed into barrels. 
Nothing is wasted, organs are 

1851
01:46:39,600 --> 01:46:41,800
cooked immediately, bones are 
boiled for broth. 

1852
01:46:42,500 --> 01:46:46,000
Fat is rendered into lard for 
cooking mutton and beef for 

1853
01:46:46,000 --> 01:46:48,700
Peerless frequently? 
Sheep are more valuable for 

1854
01:46:48,700 --> 01:46:52,100
their wool and cattle and needed
for plowing and pulling carts. 

1855
01:46:52,100 --> 01:46:56,000
Only older animals passed, their
productive years, a typically 

1856
01:46:56,000 --> 01:46:59,200
slaughtered for meat. 
The meat from these old animals 

1857
01:46:59,200 --> 01:47:02,100
is tougher. 
Requiring long, slow cooking to 

1858
01:47:02,100 --> 01:47:06,200
become tender It's often used in
potages or pies rather than 

1859
01:47:06,200 --> 01:47:10,100
roasted. 
Poultry chickens ducks and geese

1860
01:47:10,100 --> 01:47:12,800
erased on the estate and 
slaughtered as needed. 

1861
01:47:13,700 --> 01:47:17,400
Chickens provide eggs as well as
meet making them a valuable 

1862
01:47:17,400 --> 01:47:20,300
resource. 
Hen that stops laying eggs, 

1863
01:47:20,300 --> 01:47:24,100
might be killed and cooked her 
meet tougher than a younger bird

1864
01:47:24,100 --> 01:47:27,500
but still useful. 
Geese a fattened in Autumn and 

1865
01:47:27,500 --> 01:47:31,200
slaughtered before winter, their
meat preserved or eaten during 

1866
01:47:31,200 --> 01:47:34,200
the colder months. 
They're fat is saved for cooking

1867
01:47:34,200 --> 01:47:37,700
and for waterproofing, leather 
game from hunting supplements. 

1868
01:47:37,700 --> 01:47:41,000
The diet, though hunting rights 
are carefully regulated and not 

1869
01:47:41,000 --> 01:47:43,900
available to everyone as a night
with land. 

1870
01:47:43,900 --> 01:47:47,100
You like likely have the right 
to hunt small game, Rabbits 

1871
01:47:47,100 --> 01:47:52,600
hairs Birds within your 
Holdings, larger game Deer bore 

1872
01:47:52,600 --> 01:47:55,600
or often reserved for your lord 
or require his permission. 

1873
01:47:56,600 --> 01:47:59,700
When you do hunt, the meat is a 
welcome addition to the table. 

1874
01:48:00,500 --> 01:48:03,200
Venison is prized rich and 
flavorful. 

1875
01:48:03,200 --> 01:48:06,600
While wild boar is tougher, but 
still valued. 

1876
01:48:06,600 --> 01:48:10,900
The hunter itself is also a 
social activity, a chance to 

1877
01:48:10,900 --> 01:48:15,300
displace skill and to share time
with other nights. fish is 

1878
01:48:15,300 --> 01:48:18,700
important, especially during 
Lent and other fasting periods 

1879
01:48:18,700 --> 01:48:23,500
mandated by the church when meat
is forbidden, If you live near a

1880
01:48:23,500 --> 01:48:26,200
river or the coast, fresh fish 
is accessible. 

1881
01:48:27,000 --> 01:48:30,800
Otherwise salted or dried fish 
is purchased at the market or 

1882
01:48:30,800 --> 01:48:35,100
received as part of rent. 
Herring is common cheap and 

1883
01:48:35,100 --> 01:48:39,400
easily preserved. 
Cod is also popular dried until 

1884
01:48:39,400 --> 01:48:41,500
hard and then soaked before 
cooking. 

1885
01:48:42,500 --> 01:48:44,800
Eel is eaten, both fresh and 
preserved. 

1886
01:48:44,800 --> 01:48:47,900
Its Rich. 
Flesh of its flavor. 

1887
01:48:47,900 --> 01:48:50,600
Dairy products are part of the 
daily routine. 

1888
01:48:50,600 --> 01:48:55,100
Milk is consumed fresh when 
available especially in spring 

1889
01:48:55,100 --> 01:48:57,300
and summer when cows and sheep 
are producing more. 

1890
01:48:57,300 --> 01:49:01,900
But fresh milk spoils quickly. 
So most is turned into cheese or

1891
01:49:01,900 --> 01:49:05,900
butter which keep longer Cheese 
is made regularly using 

1892
01:49:05,900 --> 01:49:08,200
techniques passed down through 
generations. 

1893
01:49:08,200 --> 01:49:12,200
The milk is heated. 
Curdled with rennet pressed to 

1894
01:49:12,200 --> 01:49:16,700
remove way and then aged, Fresh 
cheeses, soft and Miles. 

1895
01:49:16,700 --> 01:49:20,500
Aged cheese is harder, sharper, 
and more flavorful. 

1896
01:49:21,400 --> 01:49:24,100
Large wheels of cheese are 
stored in cool Sellers and 

1897
01:49:24,100 --> 01:49:28,600
brought out as needed. butter is
churned from cream, the process 

1898
01:49:28,600 --> 01:49:32,300
being labor-intensive but 
essential Cream is collected 

1899
01:49:32,300 --> 01:49:36,100
from milk over several days, 
then agitated in a wooden churn 

1900
01:49:36,100 --> 01:49:37,800
until the fat separates from the
liquid. 

1901
01:49:38,800 --> 01:49:42,500
Butter is gathered washed and 
sometimes salted for 

1902
01:49:42,500 --> 01:49:45,800
preservation. 
It is used in cooking spread on 

1903
01:49:45,800 --> 01:49:50,400
bread and added to vegetables. 
In wealthier households butter 

1904
01:49:50,400 --> 01:49:52,400
might be flavored with herbs or 
spices. 

1905
01:49:53,400 --> 01:49:55,700
Vegetables come from the 
household garden and from the 

1906
01:49:55,700 --> 01:49:59,500
fields, onions and leeks, are 
Staples used in nearly every 

1907
01:49:59,500 --> 01:50:02,600
pottage and stew. 
Cabbages are grown and eaten 

1908
01:50:02,600 --> 01:50:06,800
fresh or preserved by pickling. 
Turnips and carrots stall. 

1909
01:50:06,800 --> 01:50:09,800
Well in sellers the routes 
providing food through winter. 

1910
01:50:10,800 --> 01:50:13,000
In Summer Fresh greens are 
available. 

1911
01:50:13,000 --> 01:50:18,300
Lettuce, spinach and chard. 
These are eaten quickly often 

1912
01:50:18,300 --> 01:50:20,300
lightly cooked or added to 
soups. 

1913
01:50:21,300 --> 01:50:25,200
Herbs are grown for both flavor 
and Medicine parsley, thyme, 

1914
01:50:25,200 --> 01:50:28,000
sage and rosemary, all used in 
cooking. 

1915
01:50:29,000 --> 01:50:32,900
Others, like Kamal and mint are 
used for tease or remedies. 

1916
01:50:33,700 --> 01:50:37,400
The garden is tendered by 
servants often women who know 

1917
01:50:37,400 --> 01:50:40,900
which plants need more water, 
which needs, son, and which need

1918
01:50:40,900 --> 01:50:45,300
to be cut back to encourage 
growth. fruit is seasonal and 

1919
01:50:45,300 --> 01:50:49,900
treated as a special edition 
rather than a staple Bulls and 

1920
01:50:49,900 --> 01:50:53,300
pears from the orchard are eaten
fresh and Autumn their crisp 

1921
01:50:53,300 --> 01:50:55,900
flesh. 
Sweet and refreshing after a 

1922
01:50:55,900 --> 01:50:59,600
diet, heavy and Grain, and 
preserved meat, Some are stored 

1923
01:50:59,600 --> 01:51:02,400
in cool dry places where they 
keep for weeks or months. 

1924
01:51:02,400 --> 01:51:07,900
Others are dried sliced thin and
laid out in the sun or hung near

1925
01:51:07,900 --> 01:51:09,900
the fire until they shrink and 
Harden. 

1926
01:51:10,700 --> 01:51:13,700
Dried fruit can be added to 
dishes or eaten As a treat 

1927
01:51:13,700 --> 01:51:16,200
through winter. 
Berries are gathered from 

1928
01:51:16,200 --> 01:51:18,500
hedgerows and Forest edges in 
some summer. 

1929
01:51:19,300 --> 01:51:23,100
Strawberries, raspberries and 
blackberries their eaten fresh. 

1930
01:51:23,100 --> 01:51:27,000
Often by children sent to pick 
them who returned with stained 

1931
01:51:27,000 --> 01:51:29,900
hands and faces. 
Some berries are made in to 

1932
01:51:29,900 --> 01:51:33,500
simple preserves cooked with 
honey and stored in jars. 

1933
01:51:34,300 --> 01:51:36,600
Hell is brewed regularly? 
Tasks. 

1934
01:51:36,600 --> 01:51:38,700
Usually managed by the women of 
the household. 

1935
01:51:39,500 --> 01:51:43,400
The process begins with malted 
barley grain that has been 

1936
01:51:43,400 --> 01:51:47,600
soaked allowed to sprout. 
Then dried to convert starches 

1937
01:51:47,600 --> 01:51:50,800
into sugars. 
The malted barley is ground 

1938
01:51:50,800 --> 01:51:53,600
mixed with hot water and left to
steep. 

1939
01:51:54,400 --> 01:51:58,400
The resulting liquid is strained
flavored sometimes with herbs 

1940
01:51:58,400 --> 01:52:01,900
like yarrow or bog Myrtle and 
then fermented with yeast. 

1941
01:52:03,000 --> 01:52:04,700
The fermentation takes several 
days. 

1942
01:52:04,700 --> 01:52:08,800
The ale is consumed within a 
week or two before it sours. 

1943
01:52:08,800 --> 01:52:13,000
It is weak by modern standards 
safe to drink and mildly, 

1944
01:52:13,000 --> 01:52:15,800
nourishing meant to be consumed 
throughout the day. 

1945
01:52:16,800 --> 01:52:20,500
Wine is more expensive and less 
common this in regions, where 

1946
01:52:20,500 --> 01:52:23,400
grapes do not grow. 
Well, If you drink it, it is 

1947
01:52:23,400 --> 01:52:27,100
likely imported purchased at a 
market or received as part of 

1948
01:52:27,100 --> 01:52:30,900
your obligations to your lord. 
Why is reserved for more formal 

1949
01:52:30,900 --> 01:52:33,200
occasions or shared when guests 
visit? 

1950
01:52:34,000 --> 01:52:37,900
It is often diluted with water, 
both to stretch the supply and 

1951
01:52:37,900 --> 01:52:41,400
to reduce its strength. 
The table itself is set simply 

1952
01:52:41,400 --> 01:52:45,200
wooden or pewter plates of most 
meals with pewter reserved for 

1953
01:52:45,200 --> 01:52:49,700
higher status diners cups are 
made from horn, wood or pottery.

1954
01:52:50,500 --> 01:52:53,900
Knives are used for cutting 
Forks, are not yet common, you 

1955
01:52:53,900 --> 01:52:57,200
eat with your fingers and your 
knife using bread to soak up, 

1956
01:52:57,200 --> 01:53:00,800
sauces or juices. 
Spoons are used for pottage and 

1957
01:53:00,800 --> 01:53:04,000
liquid dishes. 
The tools are practical meant to

1958
01:53:04,000 --> 01:53:07,200
last cleaned after each meal and
stored carefully. 

1959
01:53:08,300 --> 01:53:11,100
The meal is communal. 
Everyone eats together in the 

1960
01:53:11,100 --> 01:53:13,700
hall at the same time from the 
same pots. 

1961
01:53:14,400 --> 01:53:18,400
This reinforces the household as
a unit, there is conversation 

1962
01:53:18,400 --> 01:53:20,000
but it is not loud or 
disruptive. 

1963
01:53:20,000 --> 01:53:24,900
The focus is on eating or 
nourishment, on the simple 

1964
01:53:24,900 --> 01:53:27,200
satisfaction of food after 
Labor. 

1965
01:53:27,200 --> 01:53:31,300
You sit at the head of the 
table, your portions are larger 

1966
01:53:31,300 --> 01:53:34,200
and your bread is finer from 
white bread is available. 

1967
01:53:34,200 --> 01:53:38,800
This is not excess. 
It is a mark of status of 

1968
01:53:38,800 --> 01:53:41,400
visible, reminder of the 
hierarchy within the household. 

1969
01:53:42,300 --> 01:53:44,100
Provisioning. 
The household means managing 

1970
01:53:44,100 --> 01:53:47,500
stores carefully. 
Grain must be kept dry and 

1971
01:53:47,500 --> 01:53:50,400
inspected regularly for signs of
mold or infestation. 

1972
01:53:51,300 --> 01:53:54,200
Salted, meat must be packed in 
barrels, with enough salt to 

1973
01:53:54,200 --> 01:53:56,800
prevent spoilage root 
vegetables. 

1974
01:53:56,800 --> 01:54:00,200
Must be stored in cool, Dark 
Places and checked periodically 

1975
01:54:00,200 --> 01:54:04,000
for Rotel must be consumed 
before it sours. 

1976
01:54:04,700 --> 01:54:08,600
Some one, usually the steward or
the lady of the house tracks, 

1977
01:54:08,600 --> 01:54:12,600
these stores ensures, they are 
used efficiently and plans for 

1978
01:54:12,600 --> 01:54:15,900
replenishment. 
Running out of food before the 

1979
01:54:15,900 --> 01:54:17,800
next Harvest is a serious 
failure. 

1980
01:54:18,600 --> 01:54:21,700
One that reflects poorly on your
management and threatens the 

1981
01:54:21,700 --> 01:54:26,200
stability of the household. 
Waste is minimal scraps from the

1982
01:54:26,200 --> 01:54:29,900
table, go to servants who finish
what those of higher status 

1983
01:54:29,900 --> 01:54:32,900
leave behind. 
What they do, not eat goes to 

1984
01:54:32,900 --> 01:54:35,900
animals, dogs, pigs and 
chickens. 

1985
01:54:36,600 --> 01:54:39,600
Bones are boiled repeatedly 
until they yield no more flavor 

1986
01:54:39,600 --> 01:54:43,200
or nutrients stale. 
Bread, becomes trenches or a 

1987
01:54:43,200 --> 01:54:46,200
soaked and fed to livestock. 
Nothing is discarded. 

1988
01:54:46,200 --> 01:54:50,600
Lightly resources are precious 
using them fully as both 

1989
01:54:50,600 --> 01:54:53,000
practical and virtuous feast 
days. 

1990
01:54:53,000 --> 01:54:56,400
Bring larger meals, but even 
these are modest compared to the

1991
01:54:56,400 --> 01:54:58,400
Grand Banquet of higher 
nobility. 

1992
01:54:59,300 --> 01:55:02,400
You might roast a whole pig or 
serve several kinds of foul. 

1993
01:55:02,400 --> 01:55:05,200
You might offer sweetmeats made 
with honey and spices. 

1994
01:55:05,200 --> 01:55:07,900
A luxury saved for special 
occasions. 

1995
01:55:07,900 --> 01:55:11,200
You might provide white bread 
for all your guests, not just 

1996
01:55:11,200 --> 01:55:14,600
for yourself, but the feast is 
still recognizable as an 

1997
01:55:14,600 --> 01:55:17,600
extension of the every day. 
Not a departure from it. 

1998
01:55:18,400 --> 01:55:22,800
The same Basic Foods appear just
in Greater quantity and variety 

1999
01:55:22,800 --> 01:55:25,800
the rhythm of meals structures. 
The day. 

2000
01:55:26,700 --> 01:55:29,600
Breakfast shortly, after waking 
a simple meal to break the 

2001
01:55:29,600 --> 01:55:32,100
night's fast. 
Dinner in the middle of the day 

2002
01:55:32,100 --> 01:55:34,100
is the main meal and is more 
substantial. 

2003
01:55:35,300 --> 01:55:37,600
Supper in the evening smaller 
than dinner, but still 

2004
01:55:37,600 --> 01:55:40,400
nourishing. 
Each meal is a pause, a 

2005
01:55:40,400 --> 01:55:44,000
gathering, a moment of shared 
routine, the food is simple, but

2006
01:55:44,000 --> 01:55:47,900
it is sufficient it sustains, 
the work, it sustains, the 

2007
01:55:47,900 --> 01:55:51,500
household, it sustains, the 
life, you lead steady and 

2008
01:55:51,500 --> 01:55:54,000
grounded in The rhythms of land 
and season. 

2009
01:55:54,800 --> 01:55:57,400
As the day Fades, the hall 
becomes the center of the 

2010
01:55:57,400 --> 01:56:00,700
household. 
Once again, Fire has been built 

2011
01:56:00,700 --> 01:56:04,300
up for Flames Rising higher. 
Now, that the cooking is done 

2012
01:56:04,300 --> 01:56:06,500
and the focus shifts to warmth 
and Light. 

2013
01:56:07,500 --> 01:56:11,800
Candles a lit though. 
Sparingly Tallow candles are 

2014
01:56:11,800 --> 01:56:15,000
smoking and smell of rendered 
fat, but they provide enough 

2015
01:56:15,000 --> 01:56:20,000
light to see by Wax candles 
cleaner, burning and sweeter, 

2016
01:56:20,000 --> 01:56:23,400
smelling are reserved for the 
church or for rare occasions 

2017
01:56:23,400 --> 01:56:27,400
when they cost can be justified.
You take your seat near the fire

2018
01:56:27,400 --> 01:56:30,500
in a chair. 
If you have one a heavy, wooden 

2019
01:56:30,500 --> 01:56:35,000
piece possibly with a cushioned 
with warlord down or on a bench,

2020
01:56:35,000 --> 01:56:39,800
if the household is simpler. 
Others, gather around members of

2021
01:56:39,800 --> 01:56:41,800
your family. 
Take seat nearby. 

2022
01:56:42,600 --> 01:56:44,800
Servants. 
Finish their tasks and find 

2023
01:56:44,800 --> 01:56:48,300
places along the edges of the 
hall or at the lower tables. 

2024
01:56:49,000 --> 01:56:53,600
If a guest has arrived earlier 
in the day, Traveling night, a 

2025
01:56:53,600 --> 01:56:56,900
merchant a messenger, they are 
seated according to their 

2026
01:56:56,900 --> 01:57:01,200
status, offered food and drink 
and welcomed into the evening's 

2027
01:57:01,200 --> 01:57:05,000
quiet Rhythm. 
The atmosphere is calm the work 

2028
01:57:05,000 --> 01:57:08,300
of the day is done. 
What remains is the quiet 

2029
01:57:08,300 --> 01:57:12,300
transition into night? 
The hall is warmer now, the 

2030
01:57:12,300 --> 01:57:16,100
fire's heat radiating outward, 
the stone walls and floor 

2031
01:57:16,100 --> 01:57:19,900
absorbing and reflecting it. 
The warmth is comforting, after 

2032
01:57:19,900 --> 01:57:23,300
hours, spent partly outdoors 
with the air has cooled as the 

2033
01:57:23,300 --> 01:57:27,700
sun dropped toward the horizon. 
Conversation is low carried on 

2034
01:57:27,700 --> 01:57:30,300
in murmurs and occasional bursts
of quiet laughed. 

2035
01:57:30,300 --> 01:57:34,600
After someone mentioned repairs 
that were completed. section of 

2036
01:57:34,600 --> 01:57:38,700
fence, reinforced a leak in the 
stable roof, patched with fresh 

2037
01:57:38,700 --> 01:57:42,800
that Someone else talks about a 
cow that is due to carve soon 

2038
01:57:42,800 --> 01:57:46,400
speculating on whether the calf 
will be strong and whether it 

2039
01:57:46,400 --> 01:57:50,600
will be kept or sold. 
The topic ordinary grounded in 

2040
01:57:50,600 --> 01:57:53,800
the life of the estate in the 
immediate concerns that fill 

2041
01:57:53,800 --> 01:57:56,000
your days. 
There's no need for Grand 

2042
01:57:56,000 --> 01:57:58,600
stories or entertainment. 
The simple exchange of 

2043
01:57:58,600 --> 01:58:02,000
information, the sharing of 
observations is enough 

2044
01:58:03,200 --> 01:58:05,000
Occasionally, someone might tell
a story. 

2045
01:58:05,800 --> 01:58:09,400
Tale from the Bible, perhaps the
story of David and Goliath or 

2046
01:58:09,400 --> 01:58:12,700
the parable of the Good 
Samaritan, a legend about a 

2047
01:58:12,700 --> 01:58:15,500
local Saint, and how they 
performed Miracles, or suffered 

2048
01:58:15,500 --> 01:58:18,900
martyrdom. 
A piece of family history, a 

2049
01:58:18,900 --> 01:58:22,100
story about your grandfather or 
great-grandfather how they 

2050
01:58:22,108 --> 01:58:25,900
acquired the land, you now hold 
or how they serve their lord, 

2051
01:58:25,900 --> 01:58:29,700
and some notable way. 
Telling a straightforward. 

2052
01:58:29,700 --> 01:58:32,700
Not dramatic. 
The story is familiar. 

2053
01:58:33,600 --> 01:58:36,400
Everyone has heard it before 
perhaps many times. 

2054
01:58:37,400 --> 01:58:41,500
But familiarity is comforting. 
The repetition is part of the 

2055
01:58:41,500 --> 01:58:45,400
ritual a way of reinforcing 
shared identity and continuity. 

2056
01:58:45,400 --> 01:58:50,000
If you are literate and not all 
nights, are you might spend part

2057
01:58:50,000 --> 01:58:53,400
of the evening with a book. 
The book is a valuable object 

2058
01:58:53,400 --> 01:58:57,200
expensive to produce and 
carefully preserved. 

2059
01:58:57,900 --> 01:59:01,600
It might be a religious text 
assaulted, containing the sarms,

2060
01:59:01,600 --> 01:59:05,200
or a book of hours with prayers 
for different times of day. 

2061
01:59:06,100 --> 01:59:08,400
Reading a slow work by 
candlelight. 

2062
01:59:09,100 --> 01:59:12,400
The light flickers making the 
letters dance on the page. 

2063
01:59:13,200 --> 01:59:17,200
You lean closer, squinting 
slightly, reading aloud, or 

2064
01:59:17,200 --> 01:59:19,700
silently, depending on your 
preference and skill. 

2065
01:59:20,500 --> 01:59:23,400
You do not read for long, the 
effort tires, your eyes. 

2066
01:59:23,400 --> 01:59:28,100
But the act itself is a form of 
quiet, focus a way to settle the

2067
01:59:28,100 --> 01:59:31,900
mind, and prepare for sleep. 
Women in the household might so 

2068
01:59:31,900 --> 01:59:35,800
or spin continuing work that is 
filled portions of their day. 

2069
01:59:35,800 --> 01:59:39,600
The sowing might be mending, 
repairing, a torn tunic or 

2070
01:59:39,608 --> 01:59:43,300
darling holes in hose, or it 
might be more elaborate work. 

2071
01:59:43,300 --> 01:59:46,700
Embroidering, a design onto a 
piece of cloth that will become 

2072
01:59:46,700 --> 01:59:49,800
part of an altar cloth for the 
chapel or a decorative hanging 

2073
01:59:49,800 --> 01:59:53,700
for the hall. 
The work is done by feel as much

2074
01:59:53,700 --> 01:59:56,800
as by sight. 
Fingers know, the motion of the 

2075
01:59:56,800 --> 02:00:00,700
needle moving through fabric. 
The tension of thread and the 

2076
02:00:00,700 --> 02:00:04,700
rhythm of stitching. 
The work fills the time without 

2077
02:00:04,700 --> 02:00:08,800
demanding full attention 
allowing the mine to wander or 

2078
02:00:08,800 --> 02:00:10,700
to follow the conversation 
happening nearby. 

2079
02:00:12,300 --> 02:00:16,100
Binning is similarly meditative 
a disturbed holds the mass of 

2080
02:00:16,108 --> 02:00:19,100
War Flags fingers, tease out 
fibers. 

2081
02:00:19,100 --> 02:00:22,400
Twisting them in to thread that 
wine onto a spindle. 

2082
02:00:23,000 --> 02:00:26,800
The spindle drops and Rises 
drops, and Rises the motion 

2083
02:00:26,800 --> 02:00:30,300
steady and hypnotic. 
The thread that results will be 

2084
02:00:30,308 --> 02:00:32,400
woven into cloth or used for 
sewing. 

2085
02:00:32,400 --> 02:00:36,500
The work is essential part of 
the Endless cycle of production 

2086
02:00:36,500 --> 02:00:41,000
that keeps the household clothed
and provisioned. children, if 

2087
02:00:41,000 --> 02:00:44,900
there are any a present but 
quieter in the evening, They sit

2088
02:00:44,900 --> 02:00:47,100
near the fire. 
Perhaps listening to the adults 

2089
02:00:47,100 --> 02:00:50,400
perhaps occupied with some small
tasks or game. 

2090
02:00:50,400 --> 02:00:54,300
A boy Mike whittle, a piece of 
wood shaping it into a simple 

2091
02:00:54,300 --> 02:00:57,900
toy or tool. 
A girl might practice stitches 

2092
02:00:57,900 --> 02:01:01,200
on a scrap of cloth learning 
skills, she will need as she 

2093
02:01:01,208 --> 02:01:03,100
grows. 
They are not sent away. 

2094
02:01:03,100 --> 02:01:07,400
The household is a shared space 
and children learn by being 

2095
02:01:07,400 --> 02:01:11,400
present by watching and by 
gradually taking on small 

2096
02:01:11,400 --> 02:01:14,800
responsibilities. 
Dogs lying near the fire 

2097
02:01:14,800 --> 02:01:17,900
stretched out on their side or 
curled into tight balls. 

2098
02:01:17,900 --> 02:01:21,800
They're working animals hunting 
dogs, guard dogs. 

2099
02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:25,400
But in the evening, they rest. 
They shift position, 

2100
02:01:25,400 --> 02:01:28,500
occasionally sighing, settling 
deeper into sleep. 

2101
02:01:29,400 --> 02:01:32,800
One might wake briefly lift its 
head to look around, then drop 

2102
02:01:32,800 --> 02:01:36,100
back into sleep. their presents 
is part of the background 

2103
02:01:36,100 --> 02:01:39,500
noticed, only when they move, or
when someone reaches down to 

2104
02:01:39,500 --> 02:01:43,100
scratch behind near Fire itself 
is a focal point. 

2105
02:01:43,100 --> 02:01:48,100
You watch the Flames, the way 
they shift and flicker rising 

2106
02:01:48,100 --> 02:01:51,800
and falling as they consume the 
wood, the light is warm and 

2107
02:01:51,800 --> 02:01:55,600
uneven casting Shadows that move
across the walls and ceiling 

2108
02:01:55,600 --> 02:01:58,000
creating patterns that shift 
constantly. 

2109
02:01:59,100 --> 02:02:01,700
The sound of the fire crackling 
popping. 

2110
02:02:01,700 --> 02:02:05,900
The occasional hiss of sap 
Heating and bursting, fills the 

2111
02:02:05,900 --> 02:02:08,900
silence between words. 
Smell of wood. 

2112
02:02:08,900 --> 02:02:13,500
Smoke is familiar ingrained in 
the hall in your clothing and in

2113
02:02:13,500 --> 02:02:17,900
the very fabric of daily life. 
As the evening deepens, people 

2114
02:02:17,900 --> 02:02:21,500
begin to drift away servants 
returned to their quarters, 

2115
02:02:21,500 --> 02:02:24,600
small rooms off the hall or in 
separate buildings. 

2116
02:02:25,300 --> 02:02:28,100
Younger members of the household
head, to their sleeping spaces, 

2117
02:02:28,100 --> 02:02:32,900
pallets in shared rooms alcoves 
curtained off for privacy. 

2118
02:02:33,600 --> 02:02:35,800
The whole empty slowly 
gradually. 

2119
02:02:35,800 --> 02:02:39,300
The number of people dwindling 
with out any formal announcement

2120
02:02:39,300 --> 02:02:43,600
or signal, they leave when they 
are tired, when their tasks are 

2121
02:02:43,600 --> 02:02:46,800
finished or when the pool of 
sleep become stronger than the 

2122
02:02:46,800 --> 02:02:49,900
pool of the fires warmth. 
You remain a bit longer 

2123
02:02:49,900 --> 02:02:52,900
finishing a task or simply 
sitting in the warmth. 

2124
02:02:53,700 --> 02:02:57,300
The hall is quieter now, the 
conversations reduced to a few 

2125
02:02:57,300 --> 02:03:01,700
murmured exchanges. 
Fire Burns, lower, the flame 

2126
02:03:01,700 --> 02:03:05,600
smaller, and the coals glow red 
and orange beneath a thin layer 

2127
02:03:05,600 --> 02:03:08,400
of Ash You feel the weight of 
the day? 

2128
02:03:08,400 --> 02:03:11,500
Settling into your body? 
The pleasant tiredness. 

2129
02:03:11,500 --> 02:03:16,600
That comes from steady work from
obligations met from a day 

2130
02:03:16,600 --> 02:03:19,900
completed. 
There is no set time to end the 

2131
02:03:19,900 --> 02:03:22,800
evening. 
It ends when it ends when the 

2132
02:03:22,800 --> 02:03:25,400
fire has burned down enough, 
that it will be safe to bank. 

2133
02:03:25,400 --> 02:03:29,200
When the candles of gutted low, 
when there is nothing left that 

2134
02:03:29,200 --> 02:03:34,100
needs doing you stand, stretch 
and feel your joints pops, 

2135
02:03:34,100 --> 02:03:37,300
likely in your muscles loosened.
You make your way to your 

2136
02:03:37,300 --> 02:03:39,900
chamber. 
Moving through familiar spaces 

2137
02:03:39,900 --> 02:03:43,900
in dim, light your feet, knowing
the path without conscious 

2138
02:03:43,900 --> 02:03:46,600
thought the hall will be 
prepared against tomorrow. 

2139
02:03:46,600 --> 02:03:50,200
The fire will be relit, fresh 
wood laid on the coals that 

2140
02:03:50,200 --> 02:03:52,800
remain through the night. 
The benches will be set out. 

2141
02:03:52,800 --> 02:03:56,700
The tables will be laid. 
The routine will continue to 

2142
02:03:56,700 --> 02:04:02,800
night it rests, you rest. 
The Rhythm holds steady and 

2143
02:04:02,800 --> 02:04:05,100
reliable. 
Carrying you forward into sleep 

2144
02:04:05,100 --> 02:04:09,600
night is not a time of disorder 
or on certainly, it is a 

2145
02:04:09,600 --> 02:04:12,900
structured as the day, though, 
the structure is quieter and 

2146
02:04:12,900 --> 02:04:17,500
more internal Before you sleep, 
the household is secured. 

2147
02:04:17,500 --> 02:04:20,400
Doors, are barred from the 
inside heavy. 

2148
02:04:20,400 --> 02:04:22,600
Wooden beams dropped into iron 
brackets. 

2149
02:04:23,500 --> 02:04:26,400
Shutters are closed against the 
cold and fastened with simple 

2150
02:04:26,400 --> 02:04:29,200
latches. 
These actions are practical. 

2151
02:04:29,900 --> 02:04:32,700
Protecting against drafts and 
deterring any unlikely 

2152
02:04:32,700 --> 02:04:36,700
Intruders, but they are also 
ritual marking the transition 

2153
02:04:36,700 --> 02:04:40,900
from public to private time from
activity to rest. 

2154
02:04:42,700 --> 02:04:46,800
Fire in the hall is banked. 
Covered with a layer of Ash so 

2155
02:04:46,800 --> 02:04:50,100
that it will burn low through 
the night glowing with barely 

2156
02:04:50,100 --> 02:04:52,800
visible heat, but not go out 
entirely. 

2157
02:04:54,100 --> 02:04:56,600
Keeping a fire alive. 
Overnight, is easier than 

2158
02:04:56,600 --> 02:04:58,000
starting a new one in the 
morning. 

2159
02:04:58,900 --> 02:05:02,300
The coals beneath the Ash will 
smolder slowly and in the 

2160
02:05:02,300 --> 02:05:06,400
morning, a served will remove 
the ash had kindling and Coke 

2161
02:05:06,400 --> 02:05:11,000
the fire back in to Flame. 
The banked fire is a small but 

2162
02:05:11,000 --> 02:05:13,700
important task one that requires
attention to get right. 

2163
02:05:14,700 --> 02:05:18,800
Too much Ash and the fire dies 
to little and it burns Through 

2164
02:05:18,800 --> 02:05:22,900
the Wood to quickly. if you live
in a large household or near a 

2165
02:05:22,900 --> 02:05:26,900
vulnerable location, close to a 
border near a road, frequented 

2166
02:05:26,900 --> 02:05:31,300
by Bandits, there may be a watch
Someone stays awake through 

2167
02:05:31,300 --> 02:05:35,000
parts of the night listening, 
checking the perimeter and 

2168
02:05:35,000 --> 02:05:37,400
ensuring that nothing unexpected
occurs. 

2169
02:05:38,900 --> 02:05:41,200
The watch rotates among the men 
of the household. 

2170
02:05:41,200 --> 02:05:44,600
Each person takes a turn, 
perhaps walking the walls. 

2171
02:05:44,600 --> 02:05:47,800
If there are walls or simply 
sitting in the hole near the 

2172
02:05:47,800 --> 02:05:49,500
door, listening to the sounds of
the night. 

2173
02:05:50,400 --> 02:05:54,200
The duty is not glamorous hours 
passed with nothing happening. 

2174
02:05:54,200 --> 02:05:57,600
The Watcher might fight sleep 
standing occasionally to walk 

2175
02:05:57,600 --> 02:06:01,100
around splashing, cold water on 
his face and chewing something 

2176
02:06:01,100 --> 02:06:04,600
to stay alert. 
The night is long when you are 

2177
02:06:04,600 --> 02:06:08,100
awake during it, each our 
stretching out time moving 

2178
02:06:08,100 --> 02:06:11,300
slowly. 
But the watch is necessary. 

2179
02:06:11,300 --> 02:06:15,300
It reassures everyone else that 
the Knight is managed, and that 

2180
02:06:15,300 --> 02:06:19,100
someone is paying attention. 
When you turn comes, you accept 

2181
02:06:19,100 --> 02:06:22,000
it without complaint, it is part
of the collective 

2182
02:06:22,000 --> 02:06:25,100
responsibility. 
Your sleeping chamber is small 

2183
02:06:25,100 --> 02:06:27,500
proportion to the scale of the 
manor house. 

2184
02:06:28,300 --> 02:06:31,600
The bed is the largest piece of 
furniture dominating the room. 

2185
02:06:32,500 --> 02:06:36,600
Chess it against one wall, its 
lid, carved or painted holding 

2186
02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:41,700
clothing and personal items 
extra tunics, hoes, perhaps a 

2187
02:06:41,700 --> 02:06:44,700
small pouch of coins and 
documents proving your land 

2188
02:06:44,700 --> 02:06:47,900
rights. 
A stool or bench provides a 

2189
02:06:47,900 --> 02:06:52,100
place to sit while dressing. 
Handle rests in a simple holder 

2190
02:06:52,100 --> 02:06:54,000
though. 
You blow it out before sleeping 

2191
02:06:54,000 --> 02:06:57,600
to avoid the risk of Fire. 
The bed itself is layered for 

2192
02:06:57,600 --> 02:07:00,100
warmth and comfort. 
At the base. 

2193
02:07:00,100 --> 02:07:03,000
A wooden frame support to 
lattice of ropes, that provide 

2194
02:07:03,000 --> 02:07:08,000
tension and support on top of 
the ropes, a straw mattress, a 

2195
02:07:08,000 --> 02:07:11,500
large sack stuffed with straw, 
tied at the ends to keep the 

2196
02:07:11,500 --> 02:07:14,500
filling from escaping. 
The straw pokes through the 

2197
02:07:14,500 --> 02:07:18,200
fabric occasionally, scratching 
lightly but it provides a firm 

2198
02:07:18,200 --> 02:07:21,200
surface. 
On top of the straw mattress, a 

2199
02:07:21,200 --> 02:07:24,200
feather mattress, or a palette 
stuffed with wool adds softness.

2200
02:07:24,200 --> 02:07:27,700
The feather mattress is a luxury
indicating status. 

2201
02:07:27,700 --> 02:07:31,800
Wool is more common, still 
comfortable but less expensive. 

2202
02:07:31,800 --> 02:07:34,300
Linen, sheets. 
Cover the mattress. 

2203
02:07:34,300 --> 02:07:37,200
Washed periodically to keep them
clean though. 

2204
02:07:37,200 --> 02:07:39,700
Washing his labor intensive and 
only when necessary. 

2205
02:07:41,000 --> 02:07:44,600
Wool blanket a layered on top, 
the number depending on the 

2206
02:07:44,600 --> 02:07:47,900
season. 
In Winter, you might have three 

2207
02:07:47,900 --> 02:07:51,800
or four heavy blankets plus, 
Furs or additional layers. 

2208
02:07:52,600 --> 02:07:54,400
The waiters comforting pressing 
down. 

2209
02:07:54,400 --> 02:07:58,900
Gently trapping warmth. 
In summer, a single light 

2210
02:07:58,900 --> 02:08:01,500
blanket. 
Might be enough or even just a 

2211
02:08:01,500 --> 02:08:04,800
sheet. 
The bed is enclosed by curtains 

2212
02:08:04,800 --> 02:08:07,600
hung from a wooden frame, built 
around the beds perimeter. 

2213
02:08:08,400 --> 02:08:12,800
The curtains are heavy fabric 
wool or thick linen drawn, 

2214
02:08:12,800 --> 02:08:15,700
closed on three sides and 
partially closed on the fourth 

2215
02:08:15,700 --> 02:08:18,400
leaving an opening for you to 
enter and exit. 

2216
02:08:19,700 --> 02:08:24,400
Curtain serve multiple purposes.
They trap warmth creating a 

2217
02:08:24,400 --> 02:08:26,400
smaller space that your body 
heat can fill. 

2218
02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:30,200
They provide privacy and a 
household where privacy is rare.

2219
02:08:30,200 --> 02:08:34,900
They block light and muffled 
sound creating a quieter darker 

2220
02:08:34,900 --> 02:08:37,900
space. 
Conducive to sleep, You undress 

2221
02:08:37,900 --> 02:08:40,800
partially. 
How to garments are removed 

2222
02:08:40,800 --> 02:08:46,800
tunics, belts, shoes, and hung 
on pegs or folded and placed on 

2223
02:08:46,800 --> 02:08:49,700
the chest. 
You keep your linen shirt and 

2224
02:08:49,700 --> 02:08:53,700
sometimes your hose depending on
the season and the coldness of 

2225
02:08:53,700 --> 02:08:57,000
the room. 
The room is cold a specially in 

2226
02:08:57,008 --> 02:08:59,000
winter. 
Fewer layers. 

2227
02:08:59,000 --> 02:09:01,800
You remove the warmer you stay 
in the easier. 

2228
02:09:01,800 --> 02:09:05,100
It is to rise in the morning 
without the shock of cold air on

2229
02:09:05,100 --> 02:09:08,800
bare skin. 
Climb into bed, pulling the 

2230
02:09:08,800 --> 02:09:12,700
curtains closed behind you. 
Space inside, the curtained 

2231
02:09:12,700 --> 02:09:17,300
enclosure is small intimate and 
separated from the larger room. 

2232
02:09:18,100 --> 02:09:22,500
The darkness is almost complete 
broken, only by faint light that

2233
02:09:22,500 --> 02:09:24,600
might seep through gaps in the 
curtains. 

2234
02:09:24,600 --> 02:09:28,100
If the moon is bright, or if a 
candle still Burns elsewhere in 

2235
02:09:28,100 --> 02:09:31,800
the house, you arrange the 
blankets, pulling them up to 

2236
02:09:31,800 --> 02:09:36,300
your chin feeling their weight 
settle over you Sleep comes 

2237
02:09:36,300 --> 02:09:39,600
easily after a full day. 
There is no artificial light to 

2238
02:09:39,600 --> 02:09:42,200
delay it. 
No, mental stimulation to keep 

2239
02:09:42,200 --> 02:09:45,100
your mind, active, the darkness 
and quiet. 

2240
02:09:45,100 --> 02:09:48,300
Invites sleep. 
Your body is tired from the 

2241
02:09:48,300 --> 02:09:53,000
day's work from walking riding 
lifting and standing. 

2242
02:09:54,000 --> 02:09:58,500
Your mind is settled the days to
decisions made and the tasks 

2243
02:09:58,500 --> 02:10:00,500
completed or postponed to 
tomorrow. 

2244
02:10:00,500 --> 02:10:05,100
You close your eyes, your 
breathing slows the transition 

2245
02:10:05,100 --> 02:10:07,500
from waking to sleep is smooth 
and natural. 

2246
02:10:07,500 --> 02:10:11,200
You do not sleep through the 
night without interruption you 

2247
02:10:11,200 --> 02:10:14,800
wake once or twice to adjust 
blanket kits that have shifted 

2248
02:10:14,800 --> 02:10:18,700
to turn onto your other side, or
to relieve yourself in a chamber

2249
02:10:18,700 --> 02:10:21,100
pot kept under the bed or in a 
corner of the room. 

2250
02:10:22,000 --> 02:10:25,900
The chamber pot is simple made 
of pottery or would an empty in 

2251
02:10:25,900 --> 02:10:28,500
the morning by a servant you 
wake. 

2252
02:10:28,500 --> 02:10:31,200
You shift and you settle back 
into sleep. 

2253
02:10:31,200 --> 02:10:35,900
This is normal expected. 
No one sleeps without waking. 

2254
02:10:35,900 --> 02:10:38,400
In this period. 
The night is long. 

2255
02:10:38,400 --> 02:10:42,100
The body's needs arise. 
You accommodate them without 

2256
02:10:42,100 --> 02:10:45,900
anxiety or frustration. 
The rhythm of night is as 

2257
02:10:45,900 --> 02:10:50,100
reliable as the rhythm of day 
dark comes at a predictable time

2258
02:10:50,100 --> 02:10:53,100
varying with the season but 
always following the same 

2259
02:10:53,100 --> 02:10:57,400
pattern the household settles 
following routines that have 

2260
02:10:57,400 --> 02:11:02,400
been established over years you 
sleep Like returns creeping in 

2261
02:11:02,400 --> 02:11:04,900
through gaps. 
In the shutters, gradual and 

2262
02:11:04,900 --> 02:11:08,200
gentle. 
Household wakes, the cycle 

2263
02:11:08,200 --> 02:11:11,100
repeats without variation. 
Without surprised. 

2264
02:11:11,100 --> 02:11:14,200
If you wait and cannot 
immediately returned to sleep, 

2265
02:11:14,200 --> 02:11:18,000
you lice still You listen to The
Quiet, the faint sound of the 

2266
02:11:18,000 --> 02:11:21,700
wind outside, the settling of 
the house as wood and stone 

2267
02:11:21,700 --> 02:11:25,300
shift with changes in 
temperature, perhaps the 

2268
02:11:25,300 --> 02:11:28,500
distance sound of an animal, you
feel the weight of the blanket, 

2269
02:11:28,500 --> 02:11:32,800
the warmth of the enclosed bed 
and the softness of the mattress

2270
02:11:32,800 --> 02:11:36,900
beneath you, there is no. 
Urgency sleep will return when 

2271
02:11:36,900 --> 02:11:39,700
it is ready. 
You wait for it without anxiety 

2272
02:11:39,700 --> 02:11:43,500
knowing that even lying still, 
and resting is valuable. 

2273
02:11:44,300 --> 02:11:48,400
Morning begins before full light
you hear movement in the house 

2274
02:11:48,400 --> 02:11:52,500
servants rekindling fires their 
footsteps soft. 

2275
02:11:52,500 --> 02:11:56,300
But audible the scrape of a 
poker against the Hearth and the

2276
02:11:56,308 --> 02:11:58,600
crackle of kindling catching 
flame. 

2277
02:11:58,600 --> 02:12:01,000
You hear the sounds of the 
household beginning. 

2278
02:12:01,000 --> 02:12:05,700
Again, pulling itself, back into
the rhythm of activity, you rise

2279
02:12:05,700 --> 02:12:08,400
pushing back the curtains and 
sit on the edge of the bed, for 

2280
02:12:08,400 --> 02:12:11,900
a moment to let your body fully.
Wait, You dress following the 

2281
02:12:11,900 --> 02:12:16,100
same sequences yesterday and the
day before linen shirt hose 

2282
02:12:16,100 --> 02:12:20,000
tunic belt and shoes. 
You splash water on your face 

2283
02:12:20,000 --> 02:12:23,100
from a basement, the cold 
shocking you into, Fuller 

2284
02:12:23,100 --> 02:12:25,700
wakefulness. 
You step back into the routine 

2285
02:12:25,700 --> 02:12:28,900
into the day into the work. 
That Waits night is not 

2286
02:12:28,900 --> 02:12:33,100
something to fear or dread. 
It is a known quantity, a 

2287
02:12:33,100 --> 02:12:36,300
structured part of life, it 
holds, no mystery, no threat. 

2288
02:12:36,300 --> 02:12:40,500
It is simply the other half of 
the cycle, the time for rest, 

2289
02:12:40,500 --> 02:12:44,400
for Stillness for the body and 
mind to recover before the work 

2290
02:12:44,400 --> 02:12:49,800
begins again. the order of night
mirrors, the order of day, Both 

2291
02:12:49,800 --> 02:12:52,000
are managed. 
Both are reliable. 

2292
02:12:52,000 --> 02:12:55,400
Both carry you forward. 
In the long Rhythm Of Seasons 

2293
02:12:55,400 --> 02:12:59,500
and years Knighthood is not a 
single generation's achievement 

2294
02:12:59,500 --> 02:13:03,200
or ambition. 
It is passed down maintained and

2295
02:13:03,200 --> 02:13:07,400
sustained across lifetimes. 
You're a knight because your 

2296
02:13:07,400 --> 02:13:10,800
father held land or because you 
earned land through service. 

2297
02:13:10,800 --> 02:13:14,100
But either way, the position is 
meant to continue beyond you 

2298
02:13:14,100 --> 02:13:17,500
your son. 
If you have one will train as 

2299
02:13:17,500 --> 02:13:19,900
you trained, he will learn the 
same skills. 

2300
02:13:19,900 --> 02:13:24,500
Fulfill the same obligations and
hold the same land or at least 

2301
02:13:24,500 --> 02:13:26,800
land of similar character and 
responsibility. 

2302
02:13:27,700 --> 02:13:31,500
System depends on this 
continuity on the predictable 

2303
02:13:31,500 --> 02:13:34,600
transmission of Duty and 
resources from one generation to

2304
02:13:34,600 --> 02:13:37,700
the next. 
This continuity is built into 

2305
02:13:37,700 --> 02:13:42,000
the structure of society itself.
Land is inherited usually by the

2306
02:13:42,000 --> 02:13:44,800
eldest son, the Customs vary by 
region. 

2307
02:13:45,600 --> 02:13:49,800
Titles are inherited. 
The social structure depends on 

2308
02:13:49,800 --> 02:13:52,500
knowing that the chain of 
service and obligation will not 

2309
02:13:52,500 --> 02:13:56,200
break that the network of 
relationships between Lords and 

2310
02:13:56,200 --> 02:13:59,500
vassals will remain intact. 
You're not trying to build 

2311
02:13:59,500 --> 02:14:02,900
something new or revolutionary, 
you're trying to maintain what 

2312
02:14:02,900 --> 02:14:06,500
already exists to hold your 
place and pass it intact to 

2313
02:14:06,500 --> 02:14:09,700
those who come after. 
The training your son, receives 

2314
02:14:09,700 --> 02:14:13,100
is the same training. 
You received passed down through

2315
02:14:13,100 --> 02:14:15,600
generations with only minor 
variations. 

2316
02:14:16,300 --> 02:14:20,100
He begins as a page often in 
another household, rather than 

2317
02:14:20,100 --> 02:14:23,100
your own. 
This separation is intentional. 

2318
02:14:23,100 --> 02:14:27,100
He learns from someone else's 
example, absorbs different 

2319
02:14:27,100 --> 02:14:30,500
perspectives and builds 
relationships outside his 

2320
02:14:30,500 --> 02:14:34,300
immediate family. 
As a page, he learned manners, 

2321
02:14:34,300 --> 02:14:39,800
obedience, and basic skills. 
He serves at table cares for 

2322
02:14:39,800 --> 02:14:43,700
equipment, runs errands, and 
observes the workings of a 

2323
02:14:43,700 --> 02:14:47,400
nightly household. 
He had advances to Squire taking

2324
02:14:47,400 --> 02:14:51,100
on more responsibility. 
He cares for a knight armor and 

2325
02:14:51,100 --> 02:14:55,000
weapons practices with sword, 
and Lance and accompanies. 

2326
02:14:55,000 --> 02:14:58,600
His Lord on Journeys, and 
perhaps, and to service He 

2327
02:14:58,600 --> 02:15:01,600
learns by doing. 
By making mistakes and 

2328
02:15:01,600 --> 02:15:04,600
controlled settings where the 
consequences are not severe. 

2329
02:15:05,600 --> 02:15:07,200
He watches how disputes are 
settled. 

2330
02:15:07,200 --> 02:15:11,400
How accounts are managed and how
relationships between Lord and 

2331
02:15:11,400 --> 02:15:15,600
vassals are maintained. 
The learning is gradual layered 

2332
02:15:15,600 --> 02:15:19,100
and cumulative. 
Eventually he is knighted 

2333
02:15:20,000 --> 02:15:23,600
Formally recognized as capable 
of holding land and fulfilling 

2334
02:15:23,600 --> 02:15:27,100
the duties that come with it. 
The ceremony is significant 

2335
02:15:27,100 --> 02:15:30,800
marking a transition in status 
and responsibility. 

2336
02:15:31,500 --> 02:15:34,100
He kneels before a lord 
receives. 

2337
02:15:34,100 --> 02:15:37,800
The Accolade a light blow to the
shoulder with a flat of a sword.

2338
02:15:37,800 --> 02:15:40,100
And speaks the words of the 
oath. 

2339
02:15:40,100 --> 02:15:44,700
He is given arms and armor often
pieces that have been used by 

2340
02:15:44,700 --> 02:15:47,800
previous generations, maintained
and passed down. 

2341
02:15:48,700 --> 02:15:52,300
He stands now a night ready to 
take his place in the same 

2342
02:15:52,300 --> 02:15:54,400
structure that shaped his father
and grandfather. 

2343
02:15:55,800 --> 02:15:59,500
This process takes years, a 
decade or more from page to 

2344
02:15:59,500 --> 02:16:02,000
night. 
It is deliberate and slow 

2345
02:16:02,000 --> 02:16:06,100
designed to ensure that each 
generation is prepared. 

2346
02:16:06,100 --> 02:16:09,800
Not just in skill, but also in 
temperament and understanding 

2347
02:16:09,800 --> 02:16:14,000
there is no shortcut, no way to 
buy past the training and still 

2348
02:16:14,000 --> 02:16:15,900
be accepted as a legitimate 
night. 

2349
02:16:16,900 --> 02:16:19,600
The system relies on this 
careful, transmission of 

2350
02:16:19,600 --> 02:16:23,400
knowledge and responsibility 
those who try to claim status 

2351
02:16:23,400 --> 02:16:25,900
without the proper preparation 
of viewed with suspicion. 

2352
02:16:25,900 --> 02:16:29,600
There are Authority questioned 
and their place in the hierarchy

2353
02:16:29,600 --> 02:16:34,500
on certain Your own role shifts.
As you age, you move from being 

2354
02:16:34,500 --> 02:16:38,200
the active participant to being 
the one who trains others, you 

2355
02:16:38,200 --> 02:16:41,100
oversee. 
Squires either your own Sons or 

2356
02:16:41,100 --> 02:16:43,100
young men sent to you by other 
families. 

2357
02:16:43,100 --> 02:16:46,799
You teach, by example, 
demonstrating the skills, 

2358
02:16:46,799 --> 02:16:50,500
explaining the obligations and 
modeling the behavior expected 

2359
02:16:50,500 --> 02:16:53,200
of a night. 
You show them how to maintain 

2360
02:16:53,200 --> 02:16:56,799
armor, how to sit a horse 
properly, and how to speak with,

2361
02:16:56,799 --> 02:16:59,900
respect to those above them. 
And with authority to those 

2362
02:16:59,900 --> 02:17:04,900
below this too, is part of the 
duty, ensuring that the next 

2363
02:17:04,900 --> 02:17:08,799
generation is ready. 
The land itself is a form of 

2364
02:17:08,799 --> 02:17:12,000
continuity. 
The same fields are plowed and 

2365
02:17:12,000 --> 02:17:14,700
planted year after year Century 
after century. 

2366
02:17:15,500 --> 02:17:18,900
The soil is the same soil. 
Your grandfather, worked, your 

2367
02:17:18,900 --> 02:17:23,600
father inherited and you now 
manage buildings are maintained 

2368
02:17:23,600 --> 02:17:29,100
repairs and rebuilt as needed. 
A barn that collapses from ages 

2369
02:17:29,100 --> 02:17:32,400
replaced with a new barn, built 
in the same location, serving 

2370
02:17:32,400 --> 02:17:35,900
the same purpose. 
The orchard grows trees, bear 

2371
02:17:35,900 --> 02:17:40,400
fruit age and die and are 
replaced by sapling that will 

2372
02:17:40,400 --> 02:17:43,200
take years to mature but will 
eventually produce as their 

2373
02:17:43,200 --> 02:17:47,500
predecessors did The work is 
never finished but it is always 

2374
02:17:47,500 --> 02:17:50,900
progressing and small increments
a hedge trim. 

2375
02:17:50,900 --> 02:17:54,100
This year will need trimming 
next year a ditch cleared. 

2376
02:17:54,100 --> 02:17:56,400
This Autumn will need clearing 
again, in a few years. 

2377
02:17:56,400 --> 02:18:00,400
The repetition is not futile. 
It is the nature of Maintenance 

2378
02:18:00,400 --> 02:18:03,400
things. 
Decay effort is required to 

2379
02:18:03,400 --> 02:18:06,500
slow, that decay to keep 
everything functional. 

2380
02:18:07,799 --> 02:18:11,200
The work continues across 
Generations, each adding their 

2381
02:18:11,200 --> 02:18:14,900
effort to what came before. 
The household, too continues 

2382
02:18:14,900 --> 02:18:18,299
across time servants, grow old, 
and are replaced by younger 

2383
02:18:18,299 --> 02:18:21,700
workers often their own children
or relatives who have grown up 

2384
02:18:21,700 --> 02:18:24,200
in the household. 
And already know the routines. 

2385
02:18:24,200 --> 02:18:29,100
Children are born grow up and 
take on roles within the estate.

2386
02:18:29,100 --> 02:18:32,700
A boy who began as a stable 
hand, might become the head 

2387
02:18:32,700 --> 02:18:36,700
groom then the stable Master 
managing all the horses and 

2388
02:18:36,700 --> 02:18:40,500
training the next generation of 
workers. a girl who helped in 

2389
02:18:40,500 --> 02:18:43,900
the kitchen, might become the 
cook, eventually overseeing 

2390
02:18:43,900 --> 02:18:47,900
others as she was once overseen,
the faces change but the 

2391
02:18:47,900 --> 02:18:52,400
structure remains The same tasks
are done by different hands, the

2392
02:18:52,400 --> 02:18:55,700
same rhythms are followed. 
The continuity is comforting. 

2393
02:18:55,700 --> 02:18:59,600
It means that knowledge is not 
lost that skills are preserved 

2394
02:18:59,600 --> 02:19:03,299
and that the household can 
function even as individuals age

2395
02:19:03,299 --> 02:19:07,200
and are replaced Marriages are 
arranged with an eye toward 

2396
02:19:07,200 --> 02:19:10,200
continuity. 
A good match brings land 

2397
02:19:10,200 --> 02:19:13,200
connections and stability. 
Two families. 

2398
02:19:13,200 --> 02:19:16,000
Join their interests their 
resources and their Futures. 

2399
02:19:16,000 --> 02:19:20,299
The marriage is not primarily 
about personal affection though 

2400
02:19:20,299 --> 02:19:24,100
affection May grow over time. 
It is about reinforcing 

2401
02:19:24,100 --> 02:19:28,200
alliances securing the future 
and ensuring that, the next 

2402
02:19:28,200 --> 02:19:30,500
generation will have the 
resources and relationships 

2403
02:19:30,500 --> 02:19:32,299
needed to maintain their 
position. 

2404
02:19:33,200 --> 02:19:37,500
Gary's and bride prices are 
negotiated carefully, contracts 

2405
02:19:37,500 --> 02:19:40,799
are drawn up Specifying what 
each party brings to the 

2406
02:19:40,799 --> 02:19:45,000
marriage and what will happen if
circumstances change. the 

2407
02:19:45,000 --> 02:19:48,500
marriage itself once concluded 
becomes part of the fabric of 

2408
02:19:48,500 --> 02:19:52,700
continuity, Children arrays 
within the structure, they learn

2409
02:19:52,700 --> 02:19:57,000
by observation by participation 
and by gradual Assumption of 

2410
02:19:57,000 --> 02:19:59,900
responsibility. 
They see how their parents 

2411
02:19:59,900 --> 02:20:03,600
manage the household, how they 
fulfill obligations, and how 

2412
02:20:03,600 --> 02:20:07,400
they navigate relationships. 
They absorb lessons without 

2413
02:20:07,400 --> 02:20:11,300
formal instruction, learning 
through immersion in the daily 

2414
02:20:11,300 --> 02:20:14,800
life of the estate religious, 
observant is part of this 

2415
02:20:14,800 --> 02:20:17,900
continuity as well. 
The church provides a framework,

2416
02:20:17,900 --> 02:20:22,500
that extends, Beyond individual 
lives beyond single Generations.

2417
02:20:23,300 --> 02:20:25,200
Saints days. 
Feast days. 

2418
02:20:25,200 --> 02:20:27,700
The cycle of the liturgical 
year. 

2419
02:20:28,600 --> 02:20:31,500
All of these Mark time in a way 
that transcends personal 

2420
02:20:31,500 --> 02:20:34,200
experience. 
You participate in the same 

2421
02:20:34,200 --> 02:20:36,500
rituals your grandparents 
participated in. 

2422
02:20:37,100 --> 02:20:40,600
Your children will do the same, 
the prayers of the same, the 

2423
02:20:40,600 --> 02:20:43,400
stories of the same. 
The community gathers in the 

2424
02:20:43,400 --> 02:20:47,000
same building a stone church. 
That has stood for generations 

2425
02:20:47,000 --> 02:20:48,800
and will stand for Generations 
more. 

2426
02:20:49,900 --> 02:20:52,800
The church itself is often built
and maintained through the 

2427
02:20:52,800 --> 02:20:54,900
contributions of multiple 
Generations. 

2428
02:20:54,900 --> 02:20:58,000
Your grandfather might have 
funded the construction of a 

2429
02:20:58,000 --> 02:21:00,900
side Chapel. 
Your father might have donated 

2430
02:21:00,900 --> 02:21:04,300
funds for repairs to the roof. 
You can contribute to 

2431
02:21:04,300 --> 02:21:07,400
maintaining the fabric of the 
building to providing candles 

2432
02:21:07,400 --> 02:21:09,900
and vestments and to supporting 
the priest. 

2433
02:21:10,700 --> 02:21:14,100
Your son will do the same. 
The building accumulates these 

2434
02:21:14,100 --> 02:21:17,100
contributions becoming a 
physical manifestation of 

2435
02:21:17,100 --> 02:21:21,300
continuity, he space where 
passed present and future 

2436
02:21:21,300 --> 02:21:24,400
intersect. 
Even the physical objects 

2437
02:21:24,400 --> 02:21:25,900
around. 
You carry continuity. 

2438
02:21:25,900 --> 02:21:29,100
A sword might be passed down 
through generations. 

2439
02:21:29,100 --> 02:21:33,400
Its blade reforged when it 
breaks its grip replaced when it

2440
02:21:33,408 --> 02:21:38,100
wears out but it's essential 
character maintained The sword 

2441
02:21:38,100 --> 02:21:42,400
becomes more than a tool. 
It becomes a symbol of family of

2442
02:21:42,400 --> 02:21:45,300
lineage of connection to those 
who came before. 

2443
02:21:45,300 --> 02:21:50,100
A piece of land might be held by
the same family for 100 years or

2444
02:21:50,100 --> 02:21:56,000
more its boundaries defended its
productivity maintained and its 

2445
02:21:56,000 --> 02:21:58,000
management passed from father to
son. 

2446
02:21:59,500 --> 02:22:03,400
These objects and places 
accumulate history, become part 

2447
02:22:03,400 --> 02:22:07,100
of the family's identity and 
anchor the present to the Past. 

2448
02:22:07,900 --> 02:22:09,700
The system is designed to be 
stable. 

2449
02:22:09,700 --> 02:22:14,200
Change happens, but slowly new 
techniques for farming or 

2450
02:22:14,200 --> 02:22:17,800
building are adopted gradually 
and tested over years before 

2451
02:22:17,800 --> 02:22:21,100
being widely accepted. 
New laws are introduced 

2452
02:22:21,100 --> 02:22:24,000
carefully with the tension to 
how they will affect existing 

2453
02:22:24,000 --> 02:22:26,900
Arrangements. 
The emphasis is always on 

2454
02:22:26,900 --> 02:22:30,600
preserving what works on 
avoiding disruption and on 

2455
02:22:30,600 --> 02:22:34,000
maintaining order. 
Rapid change is viewed with 

2456
02:22:34,000 --> 02:22:38,700
suspicion seen as dangerous and 
likely to upset the delicate 

2457
02:22:38,700 --> 02:22:41,300
balance of obligations and 
rights that keep Society. 

2458
02:22:41,300 --> 02:22:45,000
Functioning your daily routine 
is not unique to you. 

2459
02:22:45,000 --> 02:22:48,400
It is the same routine, your 
father, followed the same 

2460
02:22:48,400 --> 02:22:50,500
routine, your son will follow 
you. 

2461
02:22:50,500 --> 02:22:53,700
Wait, you work, you eat and you 
rest. 

2462
02:22:54,600 --> 02:22:59,300
The rhythm is ancient tested 
across centuries and refine 

2463
02:22:59,300 --> 02:23:00,700
through. 
Countless repetitions. 

2464
02:23:00,700 --> 02:23:03,100
It does not need to be 
reinvented. 

2465
02:23:03,100 --> 02:23:07,800
It simply needs to be sustained 
practiced and passed on. 

2466
02:23:08,700 --> 02:23:10,400
There is wisdom in this 
repetition. 

2467
02:23:10,400 --> 02:23:14,300
A deep understanding, that some 
patterns work, precisely because

2468
02:23:14,300 --> 02:23:18,100
they have been proven over time,
this continuity is reassuring. 

2469
02:23:18,100 --> 02:23:21,200
You know, your place, you know 
what is expected? 

2470
02:23:21,200 --> 02:23:24,500
You know that the work you do 
today will be continued tomorrow

2471
02:23:24,500 --> 02:23:28,700
and the day after, and for 
generations to come The land, 

2472
02:23:28,700 --> 02:23:30,600
you manage will be managed by 
your son. 

2473
02:23:30,600 --> 02:23:34,200
The obligations you fulfill will
be fulfilled by your grandson 

2474
02:23:34,200 --> 02:23:37,400
the social order. 
You participate in will continue

2475
02:23:37,400 --> 02:23:41,200
adapting slowly to new 
circumstances, but never 

2476
02:23:41,200 --> 02:23:43,400
abandoning, its fundamental 
structure. 

2477
02:23:43,400 --> 02:23:47,300
There is a quiet satisfaction in
being part of something larger 

2478
02:23:47,300 --> 02:23:50,000
than yourself. 
Something that extends beyond 

2479
02:23:50,000 --> 02:23:54,200
your own life, you are not alone
in history, you're a link in a 

2480
02:23:54,200 --> 02:23:56,400
chain stretches, back to 
ancestors. 

2481
02:23:56,400 --> 02:23:59,300
You never knew and forward to 
descendants. 

2482
02:23:59,300 --> 02:24:02,900
You will never meet your work 
matters, not because it is 

2483
02:24:02,900 --> 02:24:06,600
spectacular, but because it 
contributes to this continuity, 

2484
02:24:06,600 --> 02:24:11,400
you hold your place, fulfill 
your duties and pass the 

2485
02:24:11,400 --> 02:24:15,500
responsibility to those who come
off after The evening settles, 

2486
02:24:15,500 --> 02:24:19,300
as it always does, the fire 
burns low in the hall. 

2487
02:24:19,300 --> 02:24:24,300
The last conversations Fade Into
silence. people drift away to 

2488
02:24:24,300 --> 02:24:27,400
their sleeping spaces, you 
remain for a moment, longer 

2489
02:24:27,400 --> 02:24:31,000
watching the coals Globe, 
beneath the ash feeling the 

2490
02:24:31,000 --> 02:24:35,400
warmth and thinking ahead to 
tomorrow, Tomorrow will bring 

2491
02:24:35,400 --> 02:24:38,000
the same tasks. 
The same rhythms and the same 

2492
02:24:38,000 --> 02:24:42,300
steady continuity. 
The work is never finished but 

2493
02:24:42,300 --> 02:24:45,500
it is always enough. 
You're a knight, not because of 

2494
02:24:45,500 --> 02:24:49,400
great Deeds recorded in songs or
stories, but because you hold 

2495
02:24:49,400 --> 02:24:53,300
your place, fulfill your duties.
Maintain, what has been 

2496
02:24:53,308 --> 02:24:57,000
entrusted to you and pass the 
responsibility intact to those 

2497
02:24:57,000 --> 02:25:00,700
who come after. 
The routine continues reliable 

2498
02:25:00,700 --> 02:25:04,600
and unchanging. 
The order holds generation after

2499
02:25:04,600 --> 02:25:08,900
generation and in that steady 
rhythm in that quiet continuity,

2500
02:25:08,900 --> 02:25:11,500
there is a deep and Lasting 
peace. 

2501
02:25:12,300 --> 02:25:17,400
The day ends the night arrives, 
sleep comes tomorrow. 

2502
02:25:17,400 --> 02:25:21,600
The cycle begins again as it 
always has as it always will. 

2503
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:30,200
Welcome to an evening journey 
through the streets and homes of

2504
02:25:30,200 --> 02:25:33,800
1880s America where the gap 
between appearance and reality 

2505
02:25:33,800 --> 02:25:35,600
stretched wider than ever 
before. 

2506
02:25:35,600 --> 02:25:39,400
While newspaper headlines, 
celebrated millionaire mansions 

2507
02:25:39,400 --> 02:25:43,300
and Industrial fortunes, most 
Americans lived in spaces, 

2508
02:25:43,300 --> 02:25:46,800
measured in square feet, rather 
than Acres worked with their 

2509
02:25:46,800 --> 02:25:50,300
hands rather than their bank 
accounts and found richness in 

2510
02:25:50,300 --> 02:25:54,500
Sunday, suppers rather than 
Stockport folios your walk 

2511
02:25:54,500 --> 02:25:56,800
alongside the ordinary people 
who built the Gilded Age with 

2512
02:25:56,800 --> 02:26:01,100
their labor, even as its golden 
gleam reflected off, windows, 

2513
02:26:01,100 --> 02:26:03,600
that they could never afford to 
look through from the inside. 

2514
02:26:03,600 --> 02:26:08,300
You step off the streetcar on a 
Tuesday afternoon in 1887, and 

2515
02:26:08,300 --> 02:26:11,100
the first thing that strikes you
is how the city seems divided 

2516
02:26:11,100 --> 02:26:14,300
into two entirely separate 
worlds occupying. 

2517
02:26:14,300 --> 02:26:18,300
The same geography, Fifth Avenue
stretches Northwood like a 

2518
02:26:18,300 --> 02:26:22,200
canyon carved from Marble and 
Limestone each Mansion trying to

2519
02:26:22,200 --> 02:26:26,400
outdo its neighbor and columns 
turrets and Ornamental Iron Work

2520
02:26:26,400 --> 02:26:29,400
that probably cost more than 
your father earned in his entire

2521
02:26:29,400 --> 02:26:32,500
working life. 
A woman passes in a dress that 

2522
02:26:32,500 --> 02:26:36,200
Russells with layers. 
You can't even count her hat. 

2523
02:26:36,200 --> 02:26:38,000
Adorned with feathers from 
Birds. 

2524
02:26:38,000 --> 02:26:40,600
You've never heard of possibly 
from continents. 

2525
02:26:40,600 --> 02:26:44,000
You couldn't point to on a map. 
But you're not heading towards 

2526
02:26:44,000 --> 02:26:48,000
Fifth Avenue, your feet know the
way home and home lies in a 

2527
02:26:48,000 --> 02:26:51,100
different direction entirely 
where the streets narrow and the

2528
02:26:51,100 --> 02:26:54,100
buildings press closer together 
like people, huddling for 

2529
02:26:54,100 --> 02:26:56,600
warmth. 
The contrast isn't subtle. 

2530
02:26:56,600 --> 02:27:00,100
It's the difference between a 
stage set and the backstage area

2531
02:27:00,100 --> 02:27:03,500
where real life happens in all 
its unglamorous necessity. 

2532
02:27:04,300 --> 02:27:07,400
You've seen the illustrations in
magazines, the ones showing Mrs.

2533
02:27:07,400 --> 02:27:10,500
Vanderbilt's costume ball, where
she dressed as a Venetian 

2534
02:27:10,500 --> 02:27:13,300
princess with the train that 
required two foot men to carry. 

2535
02:27:14,300 --> 02:27:17,300
The newspaper said her, electric
lights, alone cost more than 

2536
02:27:17,300 --> 02:27:20,100
most houses you remember. 
Laughing about it with your 

2537
02:27:20,100 --> 02:27:21,900
neighbor, not because it was 
funny. 

2538
02:27:21,900 --> 02:27:24,100
Exactly. 
But, because what else could you

2539
02:27:24,100 --> 02:27:27,300
do with information? 
That absurd, the thing about the

2540
02:27:27,300 --> 02:27:30,600
Gilded Age that historians would
later emphasized was right there

2541
02:27:30,600 --> 02:27:36,800
in the name, gilded not gold and
Thin layer of precious metal 

2542
02:27:36,800 --> 02:27:40,200
covering something far more 
ordinary underneath, but when 

2543
02:27:40,200 --> 02:27:42,800
you're living in it, you don't 
think about metaphors. 

2544
02:27:42,800 --> 02:27:46,900
You think about the rent, coming
on Friday, and whether the 

2545
02:27:46,900 --> 02:27:49,000
landlord will accept another 
week's delay. 

2546
02:27:49,000 --> 02:27:52,000
You think about your boots that 
are almost worn through at the 

2547
02:27:52,008 --> 02:27:54,700
soul and whether the cobbler 
might patch them. 

2548
02:27:54,700 --> 02:27:57,100
One more time. 
You think about the smell of 

2549
02:27:57,100 --> 02:28:00,100
cabbage drifting up from the 
floor below, which means the 

2550
02:28:00,100 --> 02:28:02,200
call Skee. 
Family is having the same thing 

2551
02:28:02,200 --> 02:28:05,300
for dinner that you are. 
Because cabbage is cheap and 

2552
02:28:05,300 --> 02:28:07,800
filling and doesn't spoil 
quickly in the icebox. 

2553
02:28:07,800 --> 02:28:12,000
You share with two other 
families, the elevated train, 

2554
02:28:12,000 --> 02:28:15,900
rumbles passed overhead and you 
instinctively duck, even though 

2555
02:28:15,900 --> 02:28:18,100
you're nowhere near tall enough 
to be in danger. 

2556
02:28:18,100 --> 02:28:22,800
The noise is tremendous a daily 
earthquake that rattles windows 

2557
02:28:22,800 --> 02:28:25,400
and makes conversation 
impossible for the 30 seconds. 

2558
02:28:25,400 --> 02:28:28,000
It takes to pass. 
Someone told you the people in 

2559
02:28:28,000 --> 02:28:30,600
the big houses complained about 
the noise until the city, 

2560
02:28:30,600 --> 02:28:34,200
rerouted some of the lines, the 
neighborhood got those rerouted 

2561
02:28:34,200 --> 02:28:39,300
lines, of course it did you pass
herschel's dry good store where 

2562
02:28:39,300 --> 02:28:41,800
the owner sits in the window 
doing his bookkeeping by the 

2563
02:28:41,800 --> 02:28:45,700
last of the daylight Hill light 
is lamps soon but kerosene, 

2564
02:28:45,700 --> 02:28:48,000
costs money and natural light is
free. 

2565
02:28:48,000 --> 02:28:51,300
As long as the sun cooperates. 
His daughter is sweeping the 

2566
02:28:51,308 --> 02:28:54,800
front step and she nods at you, 
not quite a greeting, but 

2567
02:28:54,800 --> 02:28:57,700
acknowledgment, that you're both
part of the same world of people

2568
02:28:57,700 --> 02:29:00,600
who sweep their own steps and 
Count Their pennies, and 

2569
02:29:00,600 --> 02:29:02,800
understand that waste is a kind 
of sin. 

2570
02:29:02,800 --> 02:29:06,400
When you're living this close to
the edge, the newspapers called 

2571
02:29:06,400 --> 02:29:09,400
it the age of progress and in 
some ways they were entirely 

2572
02:29:09,400 --> 02:29:12,700
wrong, the Brooklyn Bridge at 
open just a few years earlier 

2573
02:29:12,700 --> 02:29:15,500
and people still talked about it
with genuine Wanda. 

2574
02:29:16,200 --> 02:29:19,600
That much steel and stone and 
Engineering ambition. 

2575
02:29:19,600 --> 02:29:23,000
Spanning what had once seemed an
impossible distance. 

2576
02:29:23,000 --> 02:29:26,600
Alexander Graham Bell's, 
telephone was starting to appear

2577
02:29:26,600 --> 02:29:30,300
in business offices, and Thomas 
Edison's, electric light bulbs 

2578
02:29:30,300 --> 02:29:32,700
were beginning to replace gas 
lamps in the fanciest 

2579
02:29:32,700 --> 02:29:35,500
establishments. 
The world was changing with 

2580
02:29:35,500 --> 02:29:39,100
breathtaking speed, inventing 
itself into something. 

2581
02:29:39,100 --> 02:29:41,900
Unrecognizable from what your 
grandparents had known. 

2582
02:29:41,900 --> 02:29:44,200
But here's what the progress 
looks like from your 

2583
02:29:44,200 --> 02:29:46,500
perspective. 
You could see the electric 

2584
02:29:46,500 --> 02:29:49,800
lights from your window glowing 
and buildings, you would never 

2585
02:29:49,800 --> 02:29:51,500
enter. 
You could read about the 

2586
02:29:51,500 --> 02:29:54,900
telephone in the newspapers even
though the closest one to your 

2587
02:29:54,900 --> 02:29:57,500
apartment was probably three 
miles away in a Banker's office.

2588
02:29:57,500 --> 02:30:01,300
The Brooklyn Bridge was 
magnificent, certainly but the 

2589
02:30:01,300 --> 02:30:04,000
toll to cross it cost a nickel 
offered and couldn't bear. 

2590
02:30:04,900 --> 02:30:09,200
Progress had arrived, brilliant,
and gleaming, and expensive, and

2591
02:30:09,200 --> 02:30:12,200
it mostly seemed to benefit 
people who already had more than

2592
02:30:12,200 --> 02:30:15,400
they needed. 
Your building comes into view a 

2593
02:30:15,400 --> 02:30:20,100
five-story tenement that houses,
70 people maybe 80, depending on

2594
02:30:20,100 --> 02:30:23,600
who's taken in relatives this 
month, it was built quickly and 

2595
02:30:23,600 --> 02:30:26,500
cheaply. 15 years ago designed 
by someone who had apparently, 

2596
02:30:26,500 --> 02:30:29,300
never considered that human 
beings, might actually have to 

2597
02:30:29,300 --> 02:30:32,100
live in it. 
The brick facade shows signs of 

2598
02:30:32,100 --> 02:30:35,600
hasty construction with mortar 
joints, that aren't quite, even 

2599
02:30:35,600 --> 02:30:38,600
and windows that don't sit 
perfectly Square in their 

2600
02:30:38,600 --> 02:30:41,200
frames. 
There's no ornamentation here, 

2601
02:30:41,200 --> 02:30:44,200
no architectural, ambition 
Beyond, keeping the weather out 

2602
02:30:44,200 --> 02:30:46,500
and maximizing the number of 
rental units. 

2603
02:30:46,500 --> 02:30:49,000
That could be crammed into the 
available space. 

2604
02:30:49,000 --> 02:30:53,500
But his home that word carries 
more weight than any mansion 

2605
02:30:53,500 --> 02:30:57,400
ever could, you know, every 
crack in the sidewalk leading to

2606
02:30:57,400 --> 02:31:00,100
the front door. 
Every place where the third step

2607
02:31:00,100 --> 02:31:04,900
creaks loudly enough to wait 
Mrs. Chen's baby and every Trick

2608
02:31:04,908 --> 02:31:07,700
to jiggling the door handle just
right so it opens with without 

2609
02:31:07,700 --> 02:31:11,100
sticking these tiny pieces of 
practical knowledge. 

2610
02:31:11,100 --> 02:31:14,400
Constitute your inheritance in a
way that no trust fund ever. 

2611
02:31:14,400 --> 02:31:16,900
Could the front hall. 
Smells like a mixture of 

2612
02:31:16,900 --> 02:31:18,600
cooking. 
Odors you've learned to identify

2613
02:31:18,600 --> 02:31:22,400
without thinking Boiled beef 
from the Irish family on the 

2614
02:31:22,400 --> 02:31:25,900
second floor, something with 
garlic from the Italians, on the

2615
02:31:25,900 --> 02:31:28,900
fourth, and the sweet, sour 
smell of pickling. 

2616
02:31:28,900 --> 02:31:31,700
That means someone's putting up 
vegetables for winter. 

2617
02:31:31,700 --> 02:31:36,000
It's not pleasant exactly. 
But it's familiar and there's 

2618
02:31:36,000 --> 02:31:38,700
comfort in familiarity when 
everything else about Modern 

2619
02:31:38,700 --> 02:31:41,200
Life seems designed to keep you 
slightly off balance. 

2620
02:31:41,200 --> 02:31:44,700
You climb the stairs slowly 
because there's no rush and 

2621
02:31:44,700 --> 02:31:47,000
because your legs are already 
tired from a long day. 

2622
02:31:47,000 --> 02:31:50,300
Each floor, reveals a slightly 
different cross-section of 

2623
02:31:50,300 --> 02:31:53,400
working life. 
Sound of children, reciting 

2624
02:31:53,400 --> 02:31:57,100
lessons from behind one door, a 
sewing machine's rhythmic 

2625
02:31:57,100 --> 02:32:01,000
clatter from another and someone
practicing scales on what sounds

2626
02:32:01,000 --> 02:32:03,800
like a rented piano. 
That's never been properly 

2627
02:32:03,800 --> 02:32:06,000
tuned. 
These are the sounds of people 

2628
02:32:06,000 --> 02:32:08,800
trying to build something 
better, trying to educate their 

2629
02:32:08,800 --> 02:32:11,800
children or develop skills, that
might lead to slightly better 

2630
02:32:11,800 --> 02:32:15,300
work and trying to maintain 
small dignities in a world. 

2631
02:32:15,300 --> 02:32:18,500
That doesn't particularly care, 
whether they succeed or fail, 

2632
02:32:18,500 --> 02:32:21,100
you're apartment. 
Occupies three rooms on the 

2633
02:32:21,108 --> 02:32:23,700
fourth floor and those three 
rooms contain. 

2634
02:32:23,700 --> 02:32:27,700
Everything that matters to you 
in any material sense, the main 

2635
02:32:27,700 --> 02:32:30,700
room serves as kitchen, dining 
room, living room and during the

2636
02:32:30,700 --> 02:32:34,400
coldest winter nights, bedroom 
for whoever can't bear to sleep 

2637
02:32:34,400 --> 02:32:37,200
in the unheated. 
Backrooms it measures roughly, 

2638
02:32:37,200 --> 02:32:41,300
12 feet by 14 feet. 
You know, this because you want 

2639
02:32:41,300 --> 02:32:44,500
help to neighbor measure his 
identical apartment when he was 

2640
02:32:44,500 --> 02:32:46,300
trying to figure out. 
If the particular piece of 

2641
02:32:46,308 --> 02:32:50,400
furniture would fit, the answer 
had been no as it usually was 

2642
02:32:50,400 --> 02:32:52,900
when people imagined in, 
Improvements to spaces this 

2643
02:32:52,900 --> 02:32:55,700
small. 
One window faces the street, 

2644
02:32:55,700 --> 02:32:58,200
which makes you lucky by 
tenement standards. 

2645
02:32:58,200 --> 02:33:01,000
It means light. 
And air means you can see the 

2646
02:33:01,000 --> 02:33:03,600
weather without going outside. 
And means you're not one of the 

2647
02:33:03,600 --> 02:33:06,800
families living in the interior 
rooms, that never see direct 

2648
02:33:06,800 --> 02:33:08,800
sunlight. 
The window doesn't fit 

2649
02:33:08,800 --> 02:33:11,500
particularly well, you can feel 
draft around it. 

2650
02:33:11,500 --> 02:33:15,108
Even now in September and come 
December, your stuff rags in the

2651
02:33:15,116 --> 02:33:18,100
gaps and hang a blanket over it 
at night to keep the warmth in 

2652
02:33:18,100 --> 02:33:21,700
but for now it's Pleasant to 
stand at it and watch the street

2653
02:33:21,700 --> 02:33:23,800
below. 
The endless procession of push 

2654
02:33:23,800 --> 02:33:27,500
carts and delivery wagons and 
people walking with purpose 

2655
02:33:27,500 --> 02:33:31,400
toward destinations, you can 
only guess at the furniture is a

2656
02:33:31,400 --> 02:33:33,200
collection of peace is acquired 
over years. 

2657
02:33:33,200 --> 02:33:36,400
None of it matching, all of it 
shows, and primarily for 

2658
02:33:36,400 --> 02:33:40,600
function, rather than appearance
a table that seats for if nobody

2659
02:33:40,600 --> 02:33:43,700
Minds being crowned six, if 
you're willing to get creative 

2660
02:33:43,700 --> 02:33:47,800
with seating arrangements, for 
mismatched chairs, one of which 

2661
02:33:47,800 --> 02:33:50,600
wobbles and requires a folded 
piece of cardboard, under one 

2662
02:33:50,600 --> 02:33:53,900
leg, a chest of drawers with 
drawers that don't slide ease. 

2663
02:33:54,100 --> 02:33:56,300
Easily. 
Requiring a particular technique

2664
02:33:56,300 --> 02:33:59,500
of lifting while pulling Shelf 
for dishes. 

2665
02:33:59,500 --> 02:34:03,000
And the few books you own built 
by your father from scrap, 

2666
02:34:03,000 --> 02:34:05,700
Lumber and still sturdy. 
After 12 years. 

2667
02:34:06,500 --> 02:34:10,300
The cooking area, occupies one 
corner, centered around a cast 

2668
02:34:10,300 --> 02:34:14,100
iron stove that serves a dual 
purpose, cooking, in all seasons

2669
02:34:14,100 --> 02:34:17,500
and heating in winter. 
It's not a bad stove. 

2670
02:34:17,500 --> 02:34:21,500
Actually you bought it used from
a family, moving to Chicago and 

2671
02:34:21,500 --> 02:34:24,100
while it required a new great 
and some repairs to the flu. 

2672
02:34:24,100 --> 02:34:27,800
It's proven reliable. 
The culture feeder is expensive,

2673
02:34:27,800 --> 02:34:31,100
but you've learned to manage the
fire, carefully banking it at 

2674
02:34:31,100 --> 02:34:34,100
night, so it doesn't go 
completely out using every bit 

2675
02:34:34,100 --> 02:34:36,700
of heat. 
It produces on winter mornings, 

2676
02:34:36,700 --> 02:34:39,500
that stove becomes the center of
all life in the apartment. 

2677
02:34:40,300 --> 02:34:44,600
The warm heart around which 
everything else ranges itself is

2678
02:34:44,600 --> 02:34:46,100
a few. 
But add a quote. 

2679
02:34:46,800 --> 02:34:49,500
A set of eight plates purchased 
from a going out of business 

2680
02:34:49,500 --> 02:34:51,900
sale. 
Never mind that there are only 

2681
02:34:51,900 --> 02:34:54,200
four of you. 
And you've never once needed, 

2682
02:34:54,200 --> 02:34:57,800
all eight plates at the same 
time, the satisfaction of owning

2683
02:34:57,800 --> 02:35:00,400
a complete set out weighed the 
Practical consideration. 

2684
02:35:01,200 --> 02:35:05,200
Cups in various conditions. 
Some chipped still perfectly 

2685
02:35:05,200 --> 02:35:08,300
functional. 
The good cooking pot, a frying 

2686
02:35:08,300 --> 02:35:10,300
pan, and a kettle for boiling 
water. 

2687
02:35:10,300 --> 02:35:12,900
A set of Cutlery that has been 
sharpened. 

2688
02:35:12,900 --> 02:35:15,900
So many times, the knife blade 
and noticeably narrower than 

2689
02:35:15,900 --> 02:35:20,000
they want were These objects, 
don't represent wealth, but they

2690
02:35:20,000 --> 02:35:21,300
represent. 
Sufficiency. 

2691
02:35:21,300 --> 02:35:24,100
And sufficiency is its own, kind
of achievement. 

2692
02:35:24,100 --> 02:35:27,700
The two smaller rooms. 
Serve as bedrooms though, 

2693
02:35:27,700 --> 02:35:30,800
bedroom is perhaps two grand 
term for spaces. 

2694
02:35:30,800 --> 02:35:32,900
Barely large enough for a bed 
and chair. 

2695
02:35:33,900 --> 02:35:36,800
Your parents occupy one room. 
You share the other. 

2696
02:35:36,800 --> 02:35:40,000
With your younger sister, 
privacy is a luxury for people 

2697
02:35:40,000 --> 02:35:43,200
with more square footage. 
You've learned to change clothes

2698
02:35:43,200 --> 02:35:47,200
quietly to read by candlelight 
without disturbing a sleep, and 

2699
02:35:47,200 --> 02:35:49,900
to have private, thoughts and 
spaces where true privacy, 

2700
02:35:49,900 --> 02:35:53,000
doesn't exist to amazing how 
adaptable humans. 

2701
02:35:53,000 --> 02:35:56,200
Are how you can create invisible
walls, where physical ones don't

2702
02:35:56,200 --> 02:35:59,000
exist. 
And how you can find Solitude 

2703
02:35:59,000 --> 02:36:01,500
inside your own head, when 
there's nowhere else to find it.

2704
02:36:01,500 --> 02:36:05,100
Your sister has decorated her 
side of the room with pictures 

2705
02:36:05,100 --> 02:36:08,500
clipped from magazines. 
Illustrations of places shall 

2706
02:36:08,500 --> 02:36:12,300
probably never. 
See dresses shall never wear and

2707
02:36:12,300 --> 02:36:13,400
lives. 
You'll never live. 

2708
02:36:13,400 --> 02:36:16,300
You don't mention this because 
you understand the need for 

2709
02:36:16,300 --> 02:36:18,500
dreams and the importance of 
imagining something. 

2710
02:36:18,500 --> 02:36:21,200
Beyond the immediate reality of 
these three rooms. 

2711
02:36:21,200 --> 02:36:25,300
Besides you have your own 
version of the same thing, a 

2712
02:36:25,300 --> 02:36:27,900
ticket stub, from a lecture, you
attended at the public library, 

2713
02:36:27,900 --> 02:36:32,100
a pressed flower from a red day,
trip to the countryside and 

2714
02:36:32,100 --> 02:36:35,600
small tokens of moments when the
world felt larger than usual. 

2715
02:36:35,600 --> 02:36:38,700
The walls are thin enough that 
you can hear the Romero family, 

2716
02:36:38,700 --> 02:36:40,300
arguing and Spanish. 
Next door. 

2717
02:36:40,300 --> 02:36:44,700
The O'Brien baby crying up. 
Stairs a Mr. Feldman coughing in

2718
02:36:44,700 --> 02:36:48,200
the apartment below, this lack 
of acoustic privacy bothered you

2719
02:36:48,200 --> 02:36:50,800
when you first moved here, but 
you've grown accustomed to it. 

2720
02:36:50,800 --> 02:36:54,500
Now the sounds are almost 
comforting evidence that you're 

2721
02:36:54,500 --> 02:36:57,200
not alone that these walls 
contain dozens of. 

2722
02:36:57,400 --> 02:36:59,900
Parallel lives all unfolding 
simultaneously. 

2723
02:36:59,900 --> 02:37:03,600
All facing similar struggles and
celebrating similar small 

2724
02:37:03,600 --> 02:37:06,800
victories. 
You know when Mrs. Romero's 

2725
02:37:06,800 --> 02:37:09,500
husband works late because you 
hear her, putting the children 

2726
02:37:09,500 --> 02:37:12,900
to bed alone, You know, when the
O'Briens are happy because you 

2727
02:37:12,900 --> 02:37:17,000
hear them laughing you know 
Mister Feldman's cough is worse 

2728
02:37:17,000 --> 02:37:19,200
this year than last because 
you've been listening to it 

2729
02:37:19,200 --> 02:37:21,800
evolved. 
The building has no bathroom of 

2730
02:37:21,800 --> 02:37:25,100
course, that luxury belongs to a
different class of housing 

2731
02:37:25,100 --> 02:37:28,100
entirely instead. 
There's a privy in the backyard 

2732
02:37:28,100 --> 02:37:30,700
shared by all five, floors and 
Arrangement. 

2733
02:37:30,700 --> 02:37:35,000
That's exactly as unpleasant as 
it sounds particularly in summer

2734
02:37:35,000 --> 02:37:37,700
or during Winter's worst weather
chamber pots. 

2735
02:37:37,700 --> 02:37:41,600
Handle nighttime Necessities 
another aspect of daily life 

2736
02:37:41,600 --> 02:37:44,600
that simply wouldn't appear in 
any gilded, portrait of the era,

2737
02:37:44,600 --> 02:37:48,500
the gap between how the wealthy 
lived and how you lived wasn't 

2738
02:37:48,500 --> 02:37:52,300
just about money. 
It was about basic dignity about

2739
02:37:52,300 --> 02:37:55,300
whether your daily routine 
included, elements that would 

2740
02:37:55,300 --> 02:37:57,200
have been familiar to Medieval 
peasants. 

2741
02:37:57,200 --> 02:38:00,700
The landlord whom you've met 
exactly twice in the three 

2742
02:38:00,700 --> 02:38:02,500
years. 
You've lived here owned six 

2743
02:38:02,500 --> 02:38:05,600
buildings in this neighborhood. 
He lives in a perfectly nice 

2744
02:38:05,600 --> 02:38:09,400
house in a perfectly. 
Nice, part of Brooklyn far 

2745
02:38:09,400 --> 02:38:11,900
enough removed from his 
property, That he never has to 

2746
02:38:11,900 --> 02:38:15,900
smell the overflowing privies or
hear the complaints about rats 

2747
02:38:15,900 --> 02:38:20,000
or witness the way ice forms on 
the inside of Windows in 

2748
02:38:20,000 --> 02:38:22,100
January. 
He's not a cruel man. 

2749
02:38:22,100 --> 02:38:24,200
Exactly. 
He repairs things? 

2750
02:38:24,200 --> 02:38:27,900
When absolutely necessary and 
he's been known to show leniency

2751
02:38:27,900 --> 02:38:31,100
when tenants fall behind on rent
due to illness or injury. 

2752
02:38:31,100 --> 02:38:34,100
But he's also not particularly 
concerned with your comfort 

2753
02:38:34,100 --> 02:38:36,700
beyond the minimum required to 
keep you paying rent. 

2754
02:38:37,600 --> 02:38:41,700
This is business and you're a 
line item in his Ledger, not a 

2755
02:38:41,700 --> 02:38:44,100
person with hopes and struggles 
and a life that matters. 

2756
02:38:44,100 --> 02:38:46,600
Your mother is already preparing
dinner. 

2757
02:38:46,600 --> 02:38:50,000
When you arrive and the smell of
boiling potatoes, fills the 

2758
02:38:50,008 --> 02:38:53,800
apartment with a steam that fogs
the window potatoes form, the 

2759
02:38:53,800 --> 02:38:55,700
foundation of more meals than 
you could count. 

2760
02:38:55,700 --> 02:39:00,600
Boiled fried. 
Mashed baked added to soups, and

2761
02:39:00,608 --> 02:39:04,300
stews, and stretched into 
various forms, to provide bulk 

2762
02:39:04,300 --> 02:39:08,600
and sustenance at minimal cost, 
a pound of potatoes cost about 2

2763
02:39:08,600 --> 02:39:11,500
cents, which meant they offered 
more calories per Penny than 

2764
02:39:11,500 --> 02:39:14,800
almost anything else available. 
People have been known to 

2765
02:39:14,800 --> 02:39:17,700
survive on little elves during 
particularly Hard Times. 

2766
02:39:17,700 --> 02:39:20,300
Tonight's menu includes those 
potatoes. 

2767
02:39:20,300 --> 02:39:24,000
Some cabbage purchased from a 
pushcart vendor for 3 cents and 

2768
02:39:24,000 --> 02:39:26,800
a small piece of salt pork that 
will flavor the Cabbage during 

2769
02:39:26,800 --> 02:39:29,900
cooking and then be carefully 
saved to flavor something else. 

2770
02:39:29,900 --> 02:39:32,500
Tomorrow, this isn't poverty. 
Exactly. 

2771
02:39:32,500 --> 02:39:35,900
Genuine poverty means, not 
knowing if there will be food at

2772
02:39:35,900 --> 02:39:38,000
all. 
This is simply the mathematics 

2773
02:39:38,000 --> 02:39:41,400
of working-class life or a 
typical Factory wage of 10 

2774
02:39:41,400 --> 02:39:44,100
dollars per week. 
Had to cover, not just food, but

2775
02:39:44,100 --> 02:39:48,900
rent fuel clothing and any 
unexpected emergencies that 

2776
02:39:48,900 --> 02:39:52,100
arose after rent, took three 
dollars and Fuel and other 

2777
02:39:52,100 --> 02:39:55,700
dollar that left, six dollars 
for everything else and those 

2778
02:39:55,700 --> 02:39:58,400
six dollars had to be managed 
with the Precision of the 

2779
02:39:58,400 --> 02:40:01,400
military campaign. 
Your mother has become an expert

2780
02:40:01,400 --> 02:40:04,100
in this kind of resource 
management though she would 

2781
02:40:04,108 --> 02:40:07,700
never describe it that way. 
She knows which pushcart Benders

2782
02:40:07,700 --> 02:40:11,200
lower their prices in the final 
hour before closing when they're

2783
02:40:11,200 --> 02:40:12,800
trying to sell everything before
it spoils. 

2784
02:40:12,800 --> 02:40:17,000
She Knows which Baker sells 
dallad bread at half price and 

2785
02:40:17,000 --> 02:40:19,900
how to make that bread palatable
Again by steaming it briefly. 

2786
02:40:19,900 --> 02:40:23,700
She knows how to buy meat by the
ounce from the butcher selecting

2787
02:40:23,700 --> 02:40:28,500
the cheapest cuts and using 
every scrap Bones for broth fat 

2788
02:40:28,500 --> 02:40:31,400
for cooking. 
Nothing wasted because waste is 

2789
02:40:31,400 --> 02:40:34,800
the same as burning money, the 
family's diet follows a rhythm 

2790
02:40:34,800 --> 02:40:38,300
dictated by economics, rather 
than preference Monday often 

2791
02:40:38,300 --> 02:40:41,500
meant leftovers from Sunday's 
slightly, more substantial meal.

2792
02:40:42,100 --> 02:40:45,000
Tuesday and Wednesday were 
typically bean-based dishes. 

2793
02:40:45,000 --> 02:40:48,900
Thursday, might Feature A Modest
amount of fish, if prices were 

2794
02:40:48,900 --> 02:40:51,400
reasonable. 
Friday adhered to Catholic 

2795
02:40:51,400 --> 02:40:55,400
tradition with no meat. 
Saturday was whatever could be 

2796
02:40:55,400 --> 02:40:58,100
assembled from the week's 
remains and Sunday. 

2797
02:40:58,100 --> 02:41:01,200
Sunday was the day you might 
taste something approaching 

2798
02:41:01,200 --> 02:41:05,700
prosperity A chicken if times 
were good, perhaps, or a roast 

2799
02:41:05,700 --> 02:41:08,300
that filled the apartment with 
smells that made the other six 

2800
02:41:08,300 --> 02:41:12,000
days, more bearable, you eat at 
the table together, which is not

2801
02:41:12,000 --> 02:41:15,900
Universal in tenement buildings,
where some families have members

2802
02:41:15,900 --> 02:41:19,000
working, different shifts, who 
never share a meal, your father 

2803
02:41:19,000 --> 02:41:22,400
offers a brief blessing, not 
particularly religious, your 

2804
02:41:22,400 --> 02:41:25,600
family but maintaining certain 
Traditions provide structure to 

2805
02:41:25,600 --> 02:41:27,400
days that might otherwise blur 
together. 

2806
02:41:27,400 --> 02:41:31,600
The food is plain but adequate 
and you've long since stopped 

2807
02:41:31,600 --> 02:41:33,000
expecting it to be anything 
else. 

2808
02:41:33,800 --> 02:41:36,600
Hunger is a sensation. 
You've experienced enough times 

2809
02:41:36,600 --> 02:41:39,900
to appreciate satiation. 
Even if the meal providing, it 

2810
02:41:39,908 --> 02:41:43,500
will never appear in anyone's 
cookbook conversation at dinner 

2811
02:41:43,500 --> 02:41:46,900
tends toward practical matters. 
A father mentions that the 

2812
02:41:46,900 --> 02:41:49,200
factory might be, adding an 
extra shift, which would mean 

2813
02:41:49,200 --> 02:41:52,700
more work but also more money. 
Always a trade worth considering

2814
02:41:52,700 --> 02:41:54,700
your sister talks about a 
position. 

2815
02:41:54,700 --> 02:41:57,300
She heard might be opening at a 
shop that makes artificial 

2816
02:41:57,300 --> 02:42:00,800
flowers indoor work. 
That would be vastly preferable 

2817
02:42:00,800 --> 02:42:03,500
to the laundry where she 
currently spends her days in 

2818
02:42:03,508 --> 02:42:06,300
humidity and heat. 
Your mother notes that the 

2819
02:42:06,300 --> 02:42:08,900
grocer is selling sugar at a 
penny less per pound this week 

2820
02:42:08,900 --> 02:42:12,700
and she's considering buying 
extra of the budget allows these

2821
02:42:12,700 --> 02:42:16,400
discussions lack drama or 
romance, but they represent the 

2822
02:42:16,400 --> 02:42:18,300
actual substance of working 
life. 

2823
02:42:18,300 --> 02:42:22,200
A constant series of small 
calculations about how to 

2824
02:42:22,200 --> 02:42:24,600
squeeze the most value from 
limited resources. 

2825
02:42:24,600 --> 02:42:28,700
There's a skill to it, that goes
unrecognized, because it's not 

2826
02:42:28,700 --> 02:42:31,400
the kind of skill, that can be 
displayed or rewarded with 

2827
02:42:31,400 --> 02:42:34,700
anything except continued 
survival, your mother could 

2828
02:42:34,700 --> 02:42:37,700
probably manage the finances of 
a small business with the 

2829
02:42:37,700 --> 02:42:40,500
accounting Acumen. 
She's developed keeping the 

2830
02:42:40,500 --> 02:42:44,600
family fed and housed but nobody
would ever hire her to do such 

2831
02:42:44,600 --> 02:42:48,000
work because she is a Woman 
without formal education, whose 

2832
02:42:48,000 --> 02:42:52,300
expertise exists entirely in the
Practical realm, after dinner 

2833
02:42:52,300 --> 02:42:54,900
your sister and mother clear the
dishes, while you hold water 

2834
02:42:54,900 --> 02:42:57,500
from the hallway. 
Tap for washing the building has

2835
02:42:57,500 --> 02:43:00,800
running water, which is 
something many older, tenements,

2836
02:43:00,800 --> 02:43:03,200
still required residents to 
fetch water from a courtyard 

2837
02:43:03,200 --> 02:43:07,200
pump or even from a street 
hydrant, but the water is cold, 

2838
02:43:07,200 --> 02:43:10,200
always, which means heating it 
on the stove for any purpose 

2839
02:43:10,200 --> 02:43:13,700
that requires warmth washing 
dishes become a multi-step 

2840
02:43:13,700 --> 02:43:16,700
process. 
Heat water, add soap, that's 

2841
02:43:16,700 --> 02:43:19,500
been carefully. 
Shaved from a bar wash quickly 

2842
02:43:19,500 --> 02:43:23,300
before the water cools. 
Too much rinse in cold water and

2843
02:43:23,300 --> 02:43:25,500
dry with a towel that's been 
washed and reused. 

2844
02:43:25,500 --> 02:43:29,700
So many times, it's achieved a 
state of Perpetual dampness the 

2845
02:43:29,700 --> 02:43:32,600
economics of food extended 
beyond the meal itself to 

2846
02:43:32,600 --> 02:43:35,500
include the labor, required to 
prepare and clean up after it. 

2847
02:43:35,500 --> 02:43:38,700
Your mother's workday doesn't 
end when your father's does. 

2848
02:43:39,500 --> 02:43:43,100
She works from waking until 
sleep in an endless cycle of 

2849
02:43:43,108 --> 02:43:46,400
cooking, cleaning mending. 
And managing, that's never 

2850
02:43:46,400 --> 02:43:50,400
finished, only paused 
temporarily the notion that 

2851
02:43:50,408 --> 02:43:52,900
women didn't work outside. 
The home was a convenient 

2852
02:43:52,900 --> 02:43:56,700
fiction that ignored the reality
that home itself was a full-time

2853
02:43:56,700 --> 02:43:59,200
occupation. 
When you couldn't afford to hire

2854
02:43:59,200 --> 02:44:02,300
any of the labor out evening 
brings mending, which is 

2855
02:44:02,300 --> 02:44:04,100
everyone's least favorite 
activity. 

2856
02:44:04,100 --> 02:44:07,600
But also one of the most 
necessary clothing represents a 

2857
02:44:07,600 --> 02:44:10,800
significant expense, a decent 
pair of work, boots might cost, 

2858
02:44:10,800 --> 02:44:14,500
two dollars a winter coat three 
or four dollars and addressed to

2859
02:44:14,500 --> 02:44:17,400
dollars or more for a family 
with limited income. 

2860
02:44:17,400 --> 02:44:20,200
These prices mean that clothing 
isn't replaced when it wears out

2861
02:44:20,200 --> 02:44:24,500
its repairs until repair becomes
impossible and then the fabric 

2862
02:44:24,500 --> 02:44:26,700
is salvaged and repurposed for 
something else. 

2863
02:44:26,700 --> 02:44:30,200
Nothing goes to waste because 
waste is a luxury for people 

2864
02:44:30,200 --> 02:44:34,000
with money to spare Your 
father's work shirt as torn at 

2865
02:44:34,008 --> 02:44:36,000
the elbow where it rubs against 
Machinery. 

2866
02:44:36,000 --> 02:44:38,900
At the factory. 
Your mother examines the damage 

2867
02:44:38,900 --> 02:44:41,000
with the eye of someone whose 
performed this assessment 

2868
02:44:41,000 --> 02:44:44,600
countless times. 
Is the fabric around the tear 

2869
02:44:44,600 --> 02:44:47,800
strong enough to hold stitches 
or has it weakened to the point 

2870
02:44:47,800 --> 02:44:52,000
where a patch is necessary? 
She decides on a patch cuts a 

2871
02:44:52,000 --> 02:44:54,000
piece from a shirt that's 
already been cannibalized for 

2872
02:44:54,008 --> 02:44:57,400
parts and Begins. 
The careful work of attaching it

2873
02:44:57,400 --> 02:44:59,200
in a way that will hold under 
stress. 

2874
02:44:59,200 --> 02:45:02,600
Your sister is darning stockings
a task. 

2875
02:45:02,600 --> 02:45:05,200
She complains about but performs
with impressive skill. 

2876
02:45:05,200 --> 02:45:08,100
The technique requires 
threading, the yarn in a way 

2877
02:45:08,108 --> 02:45:11,100
that recreates the original 
fabric structure and she's 

2878
02:45:11,100 --> 02:45:13,000
gotten good enough. 
That her repairs nearly 

2879
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:15,300
invisible. 
She'll go through two or three 

2880
02:45:15,300 --> 02:45:18,100
pairs of stockings this year, 
wearing them until they're more 

2881
02:45:18,108 --> 02:45:21,400
repair than original material. 
When they finally become 

2882
02:45:21,400 --> 02:45:25,100
unsalvageable, the fabric will 
become cleaning rags or be 

2883
02:45:25,100 --> 02:45:28,200
incorporated into a quilt. 
You'll sewing buttons on a 

2884
02:45:28,208 --> 02:45:30,700
jacket, which is boring work, 
but straightforward. 

2885
02:45:31,700 --> 02:45:35,000
The buttons themselves have been
saved from other garments and 

2886
02:45:35,000 --> 02:45:38,700
stored in a tin that contains 
dozens of mismatched buttons in 

2887
02:45:38,700 --> 02:45:42,600
various sizes and colors finding
one that approximately matches 

2888
02:45:42,600 --> 02:45:45,600
his part of the challenge, and 
you've selected one that's close

2889
02:45:45,600 --> 02:45:48,300
enough. 
Even, if not perfect, nobody's 

2890
02:45:48,300 --> 02:45:51,300
going to inspect your jacket 
buttons closely enough to notice

2891
02:45:51,300 --> 02:45:54,900
the slight variation in shade 
the clothing you wear doesn't 

2892
02:45:54,900 --> 02:45:57,400
follow fashion, which is 
something that happens to other 

2893
02:45:57,400 --> 02:46:00,400
people. 
Fashion requires disposable 

2894
02:46:00,400 --> 02:46:03,000
income and a lifestyle that 
includes occasions, where 

2895
02:46:03,000 --> 02:46:04,800
appearance matters more than 
function. 

2896
02:46:04,800 --> 02:46:09,500
Your clothes are chosen for 
durability and practicality wolf

2897
02:46:09,500 --> 02:46:13,600
or winter cotton, for summer. 
Dark colors that don't show dirt

2898
02:46:13,600 --> 02:46:16,900
as readily and simple designs. 
Without ornamentation, that 

2899
02:46:16,900 --> 02:46:21,300
might snag or tear your Sunday 
outfit is slightly nicer, kept 

2900
02:46:21,300 --> 02:46:23,600
carefully and worn only for 
church and special occasions. 

2901
02:46:23,600 --> 02:46:27,900
But even that is plain by any 
objective standard the gap 

2902
02:46:27,900 --> 02:46:30,100
between your clothing and what 
you see in, magazine 

2903
02:46:30,100 --> 02:46:33,900
illustrations is so vast. 
It's almost laughable while 

2904
02:46:33,900 --> 02:46:37,200
Society ladies are wearing gowns
with bustles and trains and 

2905
02:46:37,200 --> 02:46:40,200
elaborate trim, requiring 
assistance to dress and 

2906
02:46:40,200 --> 02:46:43,700
essentially, immobilizing the 
wearer, you're wearing a simple 

2907
02:46:43,700 --> 02:46:46,700
cotton dress that you can put on
yourself and move freely in 

2908
02:46:46,700 --> 02:46:50,500
while doing actual work. 
Their clothing is a statement 

2909
02:46:50,500 --> 02:46:53,600
about not having to work. 
While yours is designed for 

2910
02:46:53,600 --> 02:46:57,100
exactly the opposite purpose. 
Even the undergarments differ 

2911
02:46:57,100 --> 02:47:00,300
dramatically while we Women are 
compressing themselves into 

2912
02:47:00,300 --> 02:47:04,000
corsets and multiple layers of 
petticoats, your wearing basic 

2913
02:47:04,000 --> 02:47:06,700
cotton, under clothing, for 
washability, and comfort. 

2914
02:47:06,700 --> 02:47:10,100
During a long work day. 
The sowing continues in mostly 

2915
02:47:10,100 --> 02:47:13,700
comfortable silence. 
Broken, occasionally by request 

2916
02:47:13,700 --> 02:47:17,600
to pass the scissors or thread. 
This is time, you'll never get 

2917
02:47:17,600 --> 02:47:20,300
back hours. 
Spent maintaining what you 

2918
02:47:20,300 --> 02:47:23,200
already own rather than 
acquiring anything new or 

2919
02:47:23,200 --> 02:47:25,300
interesting. 
But it's also time spent 

2920
02:47:25,308 --> 02:47:28,300
together the family in one room.
With the lamp lit. 

2921
02:47:28,300 --> 02:47:31,600
Each person contributing to the 
collective maintenance that 

2922
02:47:31,600 --> 02:47:34,200
keeps life functioning. 
There's something almost 

2923
02:47:34,200 --> 02:47:38,800
meditative about the repetition,
the needle going in and out and 

2924
02:47:38,800 --> 02:47:41,800
the gradual repair of damage. 
That would otherwise make the 

2925
02:47:41,800 --> 02:47:45,800
Garment unusable the evening 
slides toward bedtime through a 

2926
02:47:45,800 --> 02:47:47,700
ritual that varies little from 
night to night. 

2927
02:47:47,700 --> 02:47:51,500
Your father reads the newspaper 
by Lamplight or at least the 

2928
02:47:51,500 --> 02:47:55,700
sections that interest him 
employment, notices, local news 

2929
02:47:55,700 --> 02:47:58,100
and the occasional human 
interest story. 

2930
02:47:58,100 --> 02:48:02,000
The paper cost two cents, which 
is enough that you don't buy it 

2931
02:48:02,000 --> 02:48:05,300
daily But your father brings 
home copies from the factory 

2932
02:48:05,300 --> 02:48:09,100
sometimes left behind by 
supervisors who finished reading

2933
02:48:09,100 --> 02:48:13,600
them information is cheaper. 
When it's secondhand your sister

2934
02:48:13,600 --> 02:48:17,000
writes, a letter to a cousin who
Moved West to Ohio, trying to 

2935
02:48:17,008 --> 02:48:19,700
make a new start in a place that
supposedly offered more 

2936
02:48:19,700 --> 02:48:22,100
opportunity. 
The letter is cheerful, 

2937
02:48:22,100 --> 02:48:25,100
emphasizing the positive aspects
of life here, while glossing 

2938
02:48:25,100 --> 02:48:28,700
over the difficulties because 
nobody wants to burden relatives

2939
02:48:28,700 --> 02:48:32,000
with complaints, she mentions 
the possible job at The Flower 

2940
02:48:32,000 --> 02:48:35,800
Factory described address. 
She saw in a shop window and 

2941
02:48:35,800 --> 02:48:38,900
asks questions about life in 
Columbus that express interest 

2942
02:48:38,900 --> 02:48:42,500
without seeming nosy the letter 
represents connection across 

2943
02:48:42,500 --> 02:48:45,500
distance, the maintenance of 
family bonds. 

2944
02:48:45,500 --> 02:48:48,800
Even when family members scatter
across a continent in search of 

2945
02:48:48,800 --> 02:48:51,000
better. 
Circumstances your mother 

2946
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:54,500
balances, the household account 
book, a small Ledger, where she 

2947
02:48:54,500 --> 02:48:57,400
records every penny spent and 
Compares it against your 

2948
02:48:57,400 --> 02:49:00,100
father's. 
Weekly wage arithmetic is 

2949
02:49:00,100 --> 02:49:02,900
simple, but crucial income must 
exceed. 

2950
02:49:03,200 --> 02:49:06,200
Expenses or at least match them 
closely enough, that nothing 

2951
02:49:06,200 --> 02:49:09,300
catastrophic happens. 
She's developed a system of 

2952
02:49:09,300 --> 02:49:12,200
small savings putting aside a 
nickel here and there. 

2953
02:49:12,208 --> 02:49:15,000
When possible building a reserve
against the inevitable 

2954
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:19,300
emergencies that derail any 
family's finances, a quarter 

2955
02:49:19,300 --> 02:49:22,900
saved, now might prevent a 
crisis later and might mean the 

2956
02:49:22,900 --> 02:49:26,000
difference between paying the 
rent on time or falling behind 

2957
02:49:26,000 --> 02:49:28,300
and starting a spiral that's 
hard to escape. 

2958
02:49:29,200 --> 02:49:32,600
You read, which is both escape 
and education. 

2959
02:49:32,600 --> 02:49:35,000
The book is borrowed from the 
public library. 

2960
02:49:35,000 --> 02:49:38,900
One of the truly Democratic 
institutions of the era where 

2961
02:49:38,900 --> 02:49:41,900
rich and poor had equal access 
to knowledge and Entertainment 

2962
02:49:41,900 --> 02:49:44,400
Tonight. 
It's a novel by someone you've 

2963
02:49:44,400 --> 02:49:48,000
never heard of story mattering. 
Less than the act of reading 

2964
02:49:48,000 --> 02:49:51,200
itself, the temporary 
transportation to some other 

2965
02:49:51,200 --> 02:49:54,600
life books are windows into 
worlds, you'll never physically 

2966
02:49:54,600 --> 02:49:56,700
visit and you value them 
accordingly. 

2967
02:49:56,700 --> 02:49:59,700
When this one is finished, 
you'll return it carefully and 

2968
02:49:59,700 --> 02:50:03,200
select another maintaining this 
small luxury that costs nothing.

2969
02:50:03,200 --> 02:50:06,700
But the time to walk to the 
library and back the lamp Burns.

2970
02:50:06,700 --> 02:50:10,200
Deadly consuming kerosene at a 
rate you're aware of even while 

2971
02:50:10,200 --> 02:50:13,400
trying not to think about it 
too, much light after dark is 

2972
02:50:13,400 --> 02:50:16,500
one of the Small Miracles. 
You've grown accustomed to the 

2973
02:50:16,500 --> 02:50:20,400
ability, to extend, the day 
beyond sunset's limitations, but

2974
02:50:20,400 --> 02:50:24,300
it's not free and the cost of 
accumulates a cents worth of 

2975
02:50:24,300 --> 02:50:27,900
kerosene here. 
Two cents worth their adding up 

2976
02:50:27,900 --> 02:50:30,700
over weeks and months to a 
significant portion of the 

2977
02:50:30,700 --> 02:50:34,200
budget in winter when darkness 
comes early and stays late 

2978
02:50:34,200 --> 02:50:36,800
kerosene. 
Bill becomes another bird on 

2979
02:50:36,800 --> 02:50:39,600
finance is already stretched 
thin by heating costs. 

2980
02:50:40,800 --> 02:50:43,200
The building settles into its 
evening Rhythm around. 

2981
02:50:43,200 --> 02:50:46,500
You, the sounds of children 
being put to bed filter through 

2982
02:50:46,500 --> 02:50:51,000
walls, parents voices firm but 
affectionate, someone plays a 

2983
02:50:51,000 --> 02:50:54,400
harmonica on a different floor. 
The music barely audible but 

2984
02:50:54,400 --> 02:50:58,400
Pleasant a reminder that people 
still seek Beauty even in 

2985
02:50:58,400 --> 02:51:01,100
circumstances that don't 
naturally produce it. 

2986
02:51:02,200 --> 02:51:07,200
Mrs. Chen's baby, cries briefly,
and then quiet. soothed by 

2987
02:51:07,200 --> 02:51:10,800
methods, you can only imagine 
The elevated train makes its 

2988
02:51:10,800 --> 02:51:14,200
final runs of the night. 
The rumble growing less frequent

2989
02:51:14,200 --> 02:51:17,800
as the our Advanced is Sunday 
afternoon, brings you outside 

2990
02:51:17,800 --> 02:51:20,100
where the neighborhood 
transforms into something 

2991
02:51:20,100 --> 02:51:23,700
resembling a community rather 
than just a collection of people

2992
02:51:23,700 --> 02:51:25,500
who happen to live near each 
other. 

2993
02:51:25,500 --> 02:51:29,800
The street becomes a social 
space with families, claiming 

2994
02:51:29,800 --> 02:51:33,300
sections of sidewalk and front. 
Steps and children running 

2995
02:51:33,300 --> 02:51:36,300
between buildings and games that
require more imagination than 

2996
02:51:36,300 --> 02:51:38,500
equipment. 
The adult settle into 

2997
02:51:38,500 --> 02:51:41,400
conversations that Meander 
through topics personal and 

2998
02:51:41,400 --> 02:51:47,500
political complaints and hopes 
mixing freely, Mr. Wolski holds 

2999
02:51:47,500 --> 02:51:49,200
forth on the situation in 
Poland. 

3000
02:51:49,200 --> 02:51:51,800
Speaking with the passion of 
someone who's connection to 

3001
02:51:51,800 --> 02:51:57,400
another place remains Vivid even
after years of absence Misses 

3002
02:51:57,400 --> 02:52:00,400
O'Brien counters with her own 
stories of Ireland. 

3003
02:52:00,400 --> 02:52:04,600
The Grievances and Injustice, 
that drove her family here and 

3004
02:52:04,600 --> 02:52:07,600
the people left behind to write 
letters full of news that 

3005
02:52:07,600 --> 02:52:11,200
simultaneously foreign and 
familiar these conversations 

3006
02:52:11,200 --> 02:52:14,100
Circle, familiar ground, because
the speakers don't have access 

3007
02:52:14,100 --> 02:52:16,700
to new information. 
There, repeating stories, 

3008
02:52:16,700 --> 02:52:19,700
they've told before because 
those stories constitute their 

3009
02:52:19,700 --> 02:52:23,200
connection to places and people 
they're likely never see again, 

3010
02:52:23,200 --> 02:52:26,400
the children play games, that 
require nothing, but willing, 

3011
02:52:26,400 --> 02:52:31,700
participants tag hide and seek 
and elaborate pretense scenarios

3012
02:52:31,700 --> 02:52:34,400
that transformed the grimy 
Street into what ever. 

3013
02:52:34,400 --> 02:52:37,600
They need it to be their loud 
and energetic in the way 

3014
02:52:37,600 --> 02:52:39,400
children are. 
When they've been cooped up in 

3015
02:52:39,400 --> 02:52:42,400
smaller Apartments, all, week 
burning off energy, that has 

3016
02:52:42,400 --> 02:52:45,600
nowhere else to go, you watch 
your younger Cousins play, 

3017
02:52:45,600 --> 02:52:49,100
remember, being that age and 
unaware of the economic 

3018
02:52:49,100 --> 02:52:52,200
realities, that constrain your 
life and a grateful that 

3019
02:52:52,200 --> 02:52:56,500
children possess that ability to
find joy in circumstances that 

3020
02:52:56,600 --> 02:53:00,700
Would crush an adult who thought
too much about them. 

3021
02:53:00,700 --> 02:53:04,800
Someone is organized a stickball
game in the street using a 

3022
02:53:04,800 --> 02:53:07,600
broomstick and a ball. 
That's been repaired so many 

3023
02:53:07,600 --> 02:53:09,100
times. 
It's unclear what it was 

3024
02:53:09,100 --> 02:53:12,500
originally made of The Game 
Stops periodically for passing 

3025
02:53:12,500 --> 02:53:15,900
wagons, then resumes with good 
natured arguments about whether 

3026
02:53:15,900 --> 02:53:20,000
the last tip was fair or foul. 
Nobody's keeping score exactly 

3027
02:53:20,000 --> 02:53:22,000
but everyone knows who's 
winning. 

3028
02:53:22,000 --> 02:53:25,100
And the competition is fierce, 
even though the stakes are 

3029
02:53:25,100 --> 02:53:28,600
non-existent sports without 
equipment, are sports available 

3030
02:53:28,600 --> 02:53:32,100
to everyone, requiring, nothing 
but space and time and people 

3031
02:53:32,100 --> 02:53:35,200
willing to play. 
The sense of community here is 

3032
02:53:35,200 --> 02:53:39,000
complicated, on one hand. 
There's genuine Mutual support. 

3033
02:53:40,100 --> 02:53:42,400
Neighbors, helping, neighbors, 
sharing food. 

3034
02:53:42,400 --> 02:53:46,200
When someone falls on Hard Times
taking in children, when parents

3035
02:53:46,200 --> 02:53:50,000
need to work late and providing 
the kind of social safety net 

3036
02:53:50,000 --> 02:53:52,900
that doesn't exist. 
In any official Forum. 

3037
02:53:52,900 --> 02:53:56,100
On the other hand, there's 
competition for scarce resources

3038
02:53:56,100 --> 02:54:00,400
and jobs, Petty rivalries, and 
resentments and the tensions 

3039
02:54:00,400 --> 02:54:03,300
that arise when too many people 
are trying to survive on too. 

3040
02:54:03,300 --> 02:54:06,900
Little you've seen both sides 
experience, both the generosity 

3041
02:54:06,900 --> 02:54:09,000
and the selfishness that living 
in close. 

3042
02:54:09,000 --> 02:54:12,300
Quarters produces, the local 
Saloon on the corner is doing 

3043
02:54:12,300 --> 02:54:15,900
good business with men stopping 
by, after church, or avoiding 

3044
02:54:15,900 --> 02:54:19,000
Church entirely in favor of beer
and conversation. 

3045
02:54:19,000 --> 02:54:22,300
Your father isn't among them. 
He's never been much of a 

3046
02:54:22,300 --> 02:54:25,200
drinker and the family budget 
doesn't have room for 

3047
02:54:25,200 --> 02:54:27,000
entertainment that expensive 
anyway. 

3048
02:54:27,000 --> 02:54:30,800
But you understand the appeal, 
the desire for a space, that's 

3049
02:54:30,800 --> 02:54:34,500
neither work nor home where a 
man can pretend for an hour that

3050
02:54:34,500 --> 02:54:36,600
he's more than a cog in an 
industrial machine. 

3051
02:54:36,600 --> 02:54:39,500
The saloon offers Escape as much
as alcohol. 

3052
02:54:40,100 --> 02:54:43,300
A place where status is measured
by your ability to tell a good 

3053
02:54:43,308 --> 02:54:47,100
story or buy a round, rather 
than by your bank balance or the

3054
02:54:47,108 --> 02:54:50,100
cut of your clothes, the church 
across the street finished 

3055
02:54:50,100 --> 02:54:53,400
Services an hour ago, but people
are still lingering outside, not

3056
02:54:53,400 --> 02:54:55,300
quite ready to return to their 
Apartments. 

3057
02:54:55,300 --> 02:54:59,800
Religion plays a complex role 
here, it's simultaneously a 

3058
02:54:59,800 --> 02:55:03,300
source of genuine comfort, and a
social obligation, a place where

3059
02:55:03,300 --> 02:55:05,300
people gather as much for 
Community. 

3060
02:55:05,300 --> 02:55:08,400
As for worship. 
The priest knows everyone knows 

3061
02:55:08,400 --> 02:55:11,100
their struggles and offers 
Council that sometimes 

3062
02:55:11,100 --> 02:55:12,900
spiritual. 
And sometimes, just practical 

3063
02:55:12,900 --> 02:55:16,900
advice about navigating a world 
that seems designed to keep poor

3064
02:55:16,900 --> 02:55:18,700
people. 
Poor, you're not particularly 

3065
02:55:18,700 --> 02:55:22,300
devout but you attend because it
matters to your mother and 

3066
02:55:22,300 --> 02:55:25,300
because the church provides 
structure to the weak and 

3067
02:55:25,300 --> 02:55:29,200
connection to people beyond your
immediate household, your sister

3068
02:55:29,200 --> 02:55:30,700
has been coughing for three 
days. 

3069
02:55:30,700 --> 02:55:34,400
Now your mother watches her with
the kind of concern that comes 

3070
02:55:34,400 --> 02:55:37,200
from knowing how quickly a 
simple cold can become something

3071
02:55:37,200 --> 02:55:41,800
serious Healthcare in 1887. 
And is a luxury as much as a 

3072
02:55:41,800 --> 02:55:43,900
necessity. 
Something you purchase when you 

3073
02:55:43,900 --> 02:55:47,200
can afford it and hope to avoid 
when you can't the nearest 

3074
02:55:47,200 --> 02:55:50,800
doctor charges 50 cents for a 
house call which might not sound

3075
02:55:50,800 --> 02:55:55,300
like much but it represents half
a day's wages and that's before 

3076
02:55:55,300 --> 02:55:58,900
you factor in the cost of any 
medicine he might prescribe so 

3077
02:55:58,900 --> 02:56:02,200
you wait watch and hope the Cog 
resolves itself. 

3078
02:56:02,200 --> 02:56:05,500
The way most coughs do your 
mother makes her home remedies 

3079
02:56:05,500 --> 02:56:09,000
honey and lemon when you have 
them or hot water with a bit of 

3080
02:56:09,000 --> 02:56:12,500
whiskey or Steam, from a pot of 
boiling water to ease the 

3081
02:56:12,500 --> 02:56:15,900
tightness in the chest. 
These treatments are partake, 

3082
02:56:15,900 --> 02:56:19,600
wisdom and part desperation, the
medical knowledge passed down 

3083
02:56:19,600 --> 02:56:22,700
from generation to Generation by
people who couldn't afford 

3084
02:56:22,700 --> 02:56:25,300
doctors and had to figure out 
alternatives. 

3085
02:56:26,000 --> 02:56:30,200
Sometimes they work, sometimes 
they don't and then you face the

3086
02:56:30,200 --> 02:56:32,700
choice of spending money, you 
don't have or living with 

3087
02:56:32,700 --> 02:56:35,000
whatever consequences follow 
from in action. 

3088
02:56:36,100 --> 02:56:38,800
The mathematics of Health in 
working class life were 

3089
02:56:38,800 --> 02:56:41,500
brutally. 
Simple getting sick meant 

3090
02:56:41,500 --> 02:56:44,800
missing work which meant missing
wages which meant falling behind

3091
02:56:44,800 --> 02:56:48,200
on bills which meant stress that
probably made you sicker 

3092
02:56:48,200 --> 02:56:52,400
recovery required rest and good 
nutrition and warmth all things 

3093
02:56:52,400 --> 02:56:55,000
that were in limited Supply when
you're resources were already 

3094
02:56:55,000 --> 02:56:57,500
stretched. 
Thin people worked while sick 

3095
02:56:57,500 --> 02:57:00,400
because they had no choice 
spreading illnesses through 

3096
02:57:00,400 --> 02:57:04,000
factories and tenements creating
Cycle's of infection that 

3097
02:57:04,000 --> 02:57:07,200
affected everyone. 
Public Health efforts were 

3098
02:57:07,200 --> 02:57:10,600
beginning to acknowledge these 
realities, but slowly some 

3099
02:57:10,600 --> 02:57:14,200
cities had started inspecting. 
Tenement conditions posting 

3100
02:57:14,200 --> 02:57:18,000
notices about overcrowding and 
sanitation though enforcement 

3101
02:57:18,000 --> 02:57:21,100
was spotty and landlords often 
ignored violations. 

3102
02:57:21,100 --> 02:57:23,900
Unless someone important, 
complained the connection 

3103
02:57:23,900 --> 02:57:27,000
between poverty and disease was 
becoming clearer to researchers.

3104
02:57:27,000 --> 02:57:30,600
But the solutions required 
resources that nobody seemed 

3105
02:57:30,600 --> 02:57:32,700
willing to allocate to 
neighborhoods like yours. 

3106
02:57:32,700 --> 02:57:35,600
Your father's back has been 
bothering him for months. 

3107
02:57:35,600 --> 02:57:38,800
The result of years, spent 
lifting heavy materials in the 

3108
02:57:38,800 --> 02:57:41,600
factory without any of the 
ergonomic considerations that 

3109
02:57:41,600 --> 02:57:44,900
might have prevented injury. 
He doesn't complain much because

3110
02:57:44,900 --> 02:57:48,200
complaining achieves nothing but
you notice how he moves 

3111
02:57:48,200 --> 02:57:51,400
carefully in the morning 
stretching slowly before his 

3112
02:57:51,400 --> 02:57:54,900
body remembers how to function. 
This is the price of physical 

3113
02:57:54,900 --> 02:57:58,600
labor, the gradual wearing down 
of the body that begins early 

3114
02:57:58,600 --> 02:58:00,800
and continues until either the 
body gives out. 

3115
02:58:00,800 --> 02:58:04,700
Or you find work that's less 
demanding and finding such work 

3116
02:58:04,700 --> 02:58:07,100
requires skill. 
And connections that most people

3117
02:58:07,100 --> 02:58:09,000
in this neighborhood don't 
possess. 

3118
02:58:09,700 --> 02:58:12,500
The factory itself is dangerous 
and ways that would horrify 

3119
02:58:12,500 --> 02:58:15,700
people from a future era where 
safety regulations exist 

3120
02:58:15,700 --> 02:58:19,500
machines without guards. 
Flaws slippery with oil and 

3121
02:58:19,500 --> 02:58:22,300
inadequate ventilation filling 
the air with particles that 

3122
02:58:22,300 --> 02:58:25,600
settle in lungs and stay. 
Their injuries are common enough

3123
02:58:25,600 --> 02:58:29,300
to be unremarkable. 
A crushed finger here, a burn 

3124
02:58:29,300 --> 02:58:32,400
their, the occasional maiming 
that ends someone's ability to 

3125
02:58:32,400 --> 02:58:35,200
work and therefore their ability
to support a family. 

3126
02:58:35,200 --> 02:58:39,900
There's no workers compensation,
no insurance, and no safety, net

3127
02:58:39,900 --> 02:58:42,500
Beyond whatever charity, the 
Injured Workers family, and 

3128
02:58:42,500 --> 02:58:45,800
neighbors can provide, you know,
three people who have died from 

3129
02:58:45,800 --> 02:58:49,400
workplace accidents in the past 
five years, which is a statistic

3130
02:58:49,400 --> 02:58:52,500
that would shock you, if you 
were so accustomed to it, death 

3131
02:58:52,500 --> 02:58:56,100
hovers, close in working class, 
life, less theoretical, and 

3132
02:58:56,100 --> 02:58:58,400
more. 
Immediate a presence, your aware

3133
02:58:58,400 --> 02:59:00,700
of even when you're trying not 
to think about it. 

3134
02:59:00,700 --> 02:59:04,800
Life expectancy for factory 
workers is significantly shorter

3135
02:59:04,800 --> 02:59:07,400
than for people who work in 
offices or live on Fifth Avenue 

3136
02:59:07,408 --> 02:59:09,400
though. 
Nobody bothers to count 

3137
02:59:09,700 --> 02:59:12,500
Calculate the exact numbers 
because the underlying cause is 

3138
02:59:12,500 --> 02:59:15,400
a two complicated and 
uncomfortable to address. 

3139
02:59:15,400 --> 02:59:18,600
Your mother keeps a small box 
hidden behind the chest of 

3140
02:59:18,600 --> 02:59:21,300
drawers and you've known about 
it since you were a child. 

3141
02:59:21,300 --> 02:59:26,800
It contains savings. 
Not much, never very much, but 

3142
02:59:26,800 --> 02:59:30,200
something quarters and dimes 
accumulate slowly. 

3143
02:59:30,200 --> 02:59:34,400
The result of small sacrifices 
and careful management and the 

3144
02:59:34,408 --> 02:59:38,800
Box represents possibility. 
Maybe enough for your sister to 

3145
02:59:38,800 --> 02:59:42,000
take a business course that 
might lead to better work, maybe

3146
02:59:42,000 --> 02:59:44,600
enough to handle an emergency 
without falling into debt. 

3147
02:59:45,300 --> 02:59:47,800
Maybe just enough to prove that 
you're not completely at the 

3148
02:59:47,808 --> 02:59:51,300
mercy of circumstances that, you
have some tiny measure of 

3149
02:59:51,308 --> 02:59:54,800
control over your own fate. 
The dreams people Harbor in this

3150
02:59:54,800 --> 02:59:57,400
neighborhood are simultaneously 
modest and audacious. 

3151
02:59:58,200 --> 03:00:01,100
Mr. Kowalski wants to save 
enough to buy a small plot of 

3152
03:00:01,108 --> 03:00:04,400
land somewhere and become his 
own man, rather than working for

3153
03:00:04,400 --> 03:00:08,100
someone else. 
Misses O'Brien hopes, her son 

3154
03:00:08,100 --> 03:00:10,500
might stay in school. 
Long enough to qualify for work.

3155
03:00:10,500 --> 03:00:13,100
That doesn't destroy his body, 
the Romero. 

3156
03:00:13,100 --> 03:00:16,100
So saving to bring relatives 
from Mexico, slowly 

3157
03:00:16,100 --> 03:00:19,100
accumulating, the money needed 
for tickets and bribes and all 

3158
03:00:19,100 --> 03:00:21,300
the expensive complications of 
immigration. 

3159
03:00:21,300 --> 03:00:23,900
These dreams are about becoming 
wealthy. 

3160
03:00:23,900 --> 03:00:27,300
Nobody here is deluded enough to
imagine that outcome. 

3161
03:00:27,300 --> 03:00:31,300
There about achieving security, 
about moving from precarious 

3162
03:00:31,300 --> 03:00:34,700
survival to something more 
stable and about giving the Next

3163
03:00:34,700 --> 03:00:36,800
Generation options that this 
generation. 

3164
03:00:36,800 --> 03:00:39,600
Never had. 
You have your own hopes though, 

3165
03:00:39,600 --> 03:00:41,800
your careful about voicing them 
to explicitly. 

3166
03:00:42,800 --> 03:00:45,700
The idea of taking night classes
and learning skills that might 

3167
03:00:45,700 --> 03:00:49,500
qualify you for office work. 
Clerical positions, that pay 

3168
03:00:49,500 --> 03:00:51,900
better and don't require 
physical labor. 

3169
03:00:51,900 --> 03:00:55,500
It seems possible if you can 
save enough of the tuition if 

3170
03:00:55,500 --> 03:00:57,800
you can stay awake. 
After a full day of work, and if

3171
03:00:57,808 --> 03:01:01,200
the class is lead to actual 
opportunities, rather than just 

3172
03:01:01,200 --> 03:01:04,600
knowledge without application, 
there are no guarantees but 

3173
03:01:04,600 --> 03:01:07,500
staying exactly where you are, 
guarantees nothing either. 

3174
03:01:07,500 --> 03:01:11,600
So the dream, persists, The 
possibility of homeownership 

3175
03:01:11,600 --> 03:01:14,000
seems distant but not completely
impossible. 

3176
03:01:14,000 --> 03:01:17,400
Housing lots in the outer 
reaches of Brooklyn or Queens 

3177
03:01:17,400 --> 03:01:20,500
are selling for a few hundred 
dollars and if you could save 

3178
03:01:20,500 --> 03:01:23,100
enough for a down payment and 
manage, the monthly mortgage 

3179
03:01:23,100 --> 03:01:27,100
payments, you could own rather 
than rent your own space, your 

3180
03:01:27,100 --> 03:01:30,100
own walls, nobody raising the 
rent or evicting you because 

3181
03:01:30,108 --> 03:01:33,200
they sold the building the 
independence appeals to you on 

3182
03:01:33,208 --> 03:01:36,200
multiple levels, though. 
The reality of how long it would

3183
03:01:36,200 --> 03:01:39,500
take to accumulate the down 
payment, make the dream feel 

3184
03:01:39,500 --> 03:01:42,900
more theoretical than practical.
Your sister started. 

3185
03:01:42,900 --> 03:01:46,100
Putting aside a dollar, a month.
A staggering sum from her 

3186
03:01:46,100 --> 03:01:49,700
perspective toward a hope chest,
the traditional feels 

3187
03:01:49,700 --> 03:01:52,900
old-fashioned, but she is 
practical enough to recognize 

3188
03:01:52,900 --> 03:01:56,700
that marriage will probably be 
part of a future and starting 

3189
03:01:56,700 --> 03:01:59,600
that marriage with some 
resources of her own provides 

3190
03:01:59,600 --> 03:02:03,500
leverage and securities the 
chest slowly fills with items 

3191
03:02:03,500 --> 03:02:08,300
purchased on sale or made by 
hand Linens dishes and small 

3192
03:02:08,300 --> 03:02:12,300
tools for housekeeping. 
It represents preparation for a 

3193
03:02:12,300 --> 03:02:14,500
life. 
She can't yet fully imagine but 

3194
03:02:14,500 --> 03:02:17,900
no she needs to plan for the 
newspaper, occasionally runs 

3195
03:02:17,900 --> 03:02:21,100
stories about people who started
with nothing and made fortunes 

3196
03:02:21,100 --> 03:02:23,700
the self-made. 
Millionaires of the Industrial 

3197
03:02:23,700 --> 03:02:27,600
Age, these stories are meant to 
be inspiring proof. 

3198
03:02:27,600 --> 03:02:30,700
That America is the land of 
opportunity, where hard work and

3199
03:02:30,708 --> 03:02:33,300
determination can overcome any 
obstacle. 

3200
03:02:33,300 --> 03:02:36,700
But you've noticed that these 
success stories always leave out

3201
03:02:36,700 --> 03:02:41,200
crucial details, the loan from a
wealthy relative, the lucky 

3202
03:02:41,200 --> 03:02:45,000
connection that provided 
Capital, the circumstances that 

3203
03:02:45,000 --> 03:02:48,900
were unique and not replicable. 
Hard work is necessary certainly

3204
03:02:48,900 --> 03:02:50,900
but it's not sufficient by 
itself. 

3205
03:02:50,900 --> 03:02:54,400
And everyone in the neighborhood
works hard without becoming 

3206
03:02:54,400 --> 03:02:57,600
millionaires. 
The Gilded ages Central irony 

3207
03:02:57,600 --> 03:03:00,900
was that the same industrial 
system, creating vast fortunes 

3208
03:03:00,900 --> 03:03:04,300
for a few was also creating the 
working class that made those 

3209
03:03:04,300 --> 03:03:07,100
fortunes possible. 
The Mansion on Fifth Avenue 

3210
03:03:07,100 --> 03:03:09,700
existed because of the labor 
performed in factories and 

3211
03:03:10,100 --> 03:03:12,400
Months. 
But that connection was rarely 

3212
03:03:12,400 --> 03:03:15,200
acknowledged the wealthy. 
Praise themselves for their 

3213
03:03:15,200 --> 03:03:17,700
ambition and intelligence, while
treating workers as 

3214
03:03:17,700 --> 03:03:20,600
interchangeable parts. 
In Machinery, designed to enrich

3215
03:03:20,600 --> 03:03:22,800
others, you're aware of this 
Dynamic. 

3216
03:03:22,800 --> 03:03:25,100
Even if you can't articulate it 
precisely. 

3217
03:03:25,100 --> 03:03:28,900
You understand that your labor 
creates value that accumulates 

3218
03:03:28,900 --> 03:03:32,000
somewhere else and someone 
else's bank account, the 

3219
03:03:32,000 --> 03:03:35,300
apartment is quiet now, except 
for the usual background, sounds

3220
03:03:35,300 --> 03:03:38,500
the building settling someone 
moving around upstairs and 

3221
03:03:38,500 --> 03:03:41,600
distant Street noise. 
Your parents have retired to 

3222
03:03:41,600 --> 03:03:44,400
their room. 
Your sister is a sleep and you 

3223
03:03:44,400 --> 03:03:47,000
have the kitchen table to 
yourself for a rare moment of 

3224
03:03:47,000 --> 03:03:50,008
solitude, the lamp Burns lobe, 
because you're trying to 

3225
03:03:50,016 --> 03:03:53,100
conserve careseen, but there's 
enough light to write in the 

3226
03:03:53,108 --> 03:03:55,600
journal. 
You keep sporadically recording,

3227
03:03:55,600 --> 03:03:58,400
thoughts and observations, that 
feel important, even though 

3228
03:03:58,400 --> 03:04:01,800
you're not sure why tonight, you
write about the gap between the 

3229
03:04:01,800 --> 03:04:04,100
world, you inhabit. 
And the world you read about in 

3230
03:04:04,100 --> 03:04:07,200
newspapers and magazines, not 
with anger, exactly. 

3231
03:04:07,200 --> 03:04:10,400
But with a kind of resigned 
awareness that these parallel 

3232
03:04:10,400 --> 03:04:14,400
real, Is exist simultaneously 
that being born into one rather 

3233
03:04:14,400 --> 03:04:18,000
than the other was pure chance. 
You could have been the child of

3234
03:04:18,000 --> 03:04:20,600
a banker or industrialist. 
Just as easily as you were born 

3235
03:04:20,608 --> 03:04:23,900
to a factory worker and a 
housewife and that accident of 

3236
03:04:23,900 --> 03:04:27,200
birth determined almost 
everything that followed the 

3237
03:04:27,200 --> 03:04:28,900
wealthy didn't earn their 
starting position. 

3238
03:04:28,900 --> 03:04:33,200
Any more than you earned yours, 
both were inherited one in the 

3239
03:04:33,208 --> 03:04:35,900
form of money and the other in 
the form of its absence. 

3240
03:04:35,900 --> 03:04:39,300
But he also write about the 
things that seem valuable even 

3241
03:04:39,300 --> 03:04:42,500
without money attached to them. 
The way your mother hums, while 

3242
03:04:42,500 --> 03:04:46,900
cooking finding contentment in 
simple domestic rhythms the way 

3243
03:04:46,900 --> 03:04:50,300
your father can fix almost 
anything with basic tools and 

3244
03:04:50,300 --> 03:04:53,700
Ingenuity solving problems 
through practical intelligence. 

3245
03:04:53,700 --> 03:04:57,400
That no school ever taught him. 
The way your system maintains 

3246
03:04:57,400 --> 03:05:00,900
optimism about the future. 
Despite overwhelming evidence 

3247
03:05:00,900 --> 03:05:03,200
that the future will probably 
look a lot. 

3248
03:05:03,208 --> 03:05:05,300
Like the present these 
qualities. 

3249
03:05:05,300 --> 03:05:08,400
Don't pay the rent, or put food 
on the table, but they make 

3250
03:05:08,400 --> 03:05:11,200
daily life, bearable which might
be more Important. 

3251
03:05:11,200 --> 03:05:14,300
You wonder sometimes what 
happens to all the people like 

3252
03:05:14,300 --> 03:05:17,400
you the ones living in a 
apartment in neighborhoods that 

3253
03:05:17,400 --> 03:05:20,600
tourists never visit. 
Working in factories that 

3254
03:05:20,600 --> 03:05:22,500
produce goods for consumption 
elsewhere. 

3255
03:05:22,500 --> 03:05:24,500
Not individuals. 
Exactly. 

3256
03:05:24,500 --> 03:05:28,800
But collectively What Becomes of
a society, where most people 

3257
03:05:28,800 --> 03:05:32,500
spend their lives, barely 
getting by, while a tiny 

3258
03:05:32,500 --> 03:05:34,200
fraction? 
Accumulates wealth. 

3259
03:05:34,200 --> 03:05:36,200
They couldn't spend in multiple 
lifetimes. 

3260
03:05:36,200 --> 03:05:39,800
The political movements of the 
era suggest you're not alone in 

3261
03:05:39,800 --> 03:05:42,900
asking these questions. 
Labor unions are forming. 

3262
03:05:42,900 --> 03:05:47,200
Despite Fierce opposition from 
employers, socialist ideas are 

3263
03:05:47,200 --> 03:05:50,500
circulating among workers and 
Strikes are becoming more common

3264
03:05:50,500 --> 03:05:53,700
as people collectively decide 
that the current Arrangement 

3265
03:05:53,700 --> 03:05:56,900
isn't acceptable, but you're not
naturally inclined toward 

3266
03:05:56,900 --> 03:06:00,500
politics or activism. 
Your life is too consumed with 

3267
03:06:00,500 --> 03:06:04,300
immediate concerns to spend much
time on abstract, theories about

3268
03:06:04,300 --> 03:06:06,300
how Society should be 
reorganized. 

3269
03:06:06,300 --> 03:06:10,400
You need to work tomorrow and 
the day after that, and the day 

3270
03:06:10,400 --> 03:06:14,300
after that and the necessity of 
earning wages crowds out almost 

3271
03:06:14,300 --> 03:06:17,000
everything else. 
Maybe that's the systems 

3272
03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:20,100
greatest strength. 
It keeps most people too busy 

3273
03:06:20,100 --> 03:06:23,300
surviving to organize any 
effective opposition to how it 

3274
03:06:23,300 --> 03:06:27,400
functions. 
The lamp flickers, you realize 

3275
03:06:27,400 --> 03:06:30,500
the kerosene is almost gone. 
You should have refilled it 

3276
03:06:30,500 --> 03:06:33,300
yesterday, but you forgot. 
And now you're left with 

3277
03:06:33,300 --> 03:06:34,900
whatever remains in the 
reservoir. 

3278
03:06:34,900 --> 03:06:38,200
It's probably enough to last 
until you finish this entry and 

3279
03:06:38,200 --> 03:06:41,000
get ready for bed, but there's 
no margin for error. 

3280
03:06:41,000 --> 03:06:44,700
No extra time for lingering, 
everything operates, on tight 

3281
03:06:44,700 --> 03:06:48,500
margins here, not just money, 
but also time and energy, and 

3282
03:06:48,500 --> 03:06:52,100
resources of all kinds. 
You write one final observation,

3283
03:06:53,200 --> 03:06:56,000
That someday perhaps in some 
distant future. 

3284
03:06:56,000 --> 03:07:00,100
People will look back on this 
era and wonder how anyone lived 

3285
03:07:00,100 --> 03:07:04,300
this way how entire classes of 
people accepted circumstances 

3286
03:07:04,300 --> 03:07:07,700
that future Generations will 
find shocking but you're also 

3287
03:07:07,700 --> 03:07:10,800
aware that every era. 
Probably contains injustices, 

3288
03:07:10,800 --> 03:07:13,500
that seem normal to the people 
living through them and 

3289
03:07:13,500 --> 03:07:15,200
outrageous to those who come 
later. 

3290
03:07:15,200 --> 03:07:19,300
You're too embedded in your own 
time to see it clearly too. 

3291
03:07:19,300 --> 03:07:21,200
Focused on getting through each 
day to analyze. 

3292
03:07:21,200 --> 03:07:25,000
The larger patterns, historians 
will do that analysis eventually

3293
03:07:25,000 --> 03:07:27,500
and will write books about the 
Gilded Age and it's 

3294
03:07:27,500 --> 03:07:30,500
inequalities, but you're too 
busy, living it to study, it, 

3295
03:07:30,500 --> 03:07:35,100
the alarm clock a luxury, you 
saved months to purchase rattles

3296
03:07:35,100 --> 03:07:38,000
to life at 5:30. 
And you wake to Darkness, 

3297
03:07:38,000 --> 03:07:40,800
because autism is advancing and 
The Sun Won't rise for another 

3298
03:07:40,800 --> 03:07:43,900
hour. 
The apartment is cold The fire 

3299
03:07:43,900 --> 03:07:46,500
in the stove, having died 
overnight, despite your mother's

3300
03:07:46,500 --> 03:07:50,000
best efforts to bang it. 
Getting out of bed requires 

3301
03:07:50,000 --> 03:07:52,700
willpower, forcing your body 
into motion. 

3302
03:07:52,700 --> 03:07:56,600
When every Instinct argues for 
staying under the blankets, the 

3303
03:07:56,600 --> 03:07:59,600
morning routine begins like 
every other morning washing in 

3304
03:07:59,600 --> 03:08:02,500
cold water dressing quickly in 
the chill and eating a simple 

3305
03:08:02,508 --> 03:08:05,800
breakfast of bread and coffee. 
Your father leaves first because

3306
03:08:05,800 --> 03:08:09,500
his shift starts at six walking.
The mile to the factory rather 

3307
03:08:09,500 --> 03:08:12,800
than paying streetcar. 
Fare, he can save your sister 

3308
03:08:12,800 --> 03:08:14,900
and mother begin their own 
preparations. 

3309
03:08:14,900 --> 03:08:17,500
Each moving through, 
well-practiced rituals that 

3310
03:08:17,500 --> 03:08:21,300
require no thought the automatic
choreography of people who have 

3311
03:08:21,300 --> 03:08:24,700
performed these actions 
thousands of times you stand at 

3312
03:08:24,700 --> 03:08:26,300
the window. 
Watching the street come to 

3313
03:08:26,308 --> 03:08:29,100
life. 
The Lamplighter is extinguishing

3314
03:08:29,100 --> 03:08:33,000
the gas Street lamps, the glow? 
Fading As Natural Light begins 

3315
03:08:33,000 --> 03:08:37,100
to take over a milk wagon makes 
delivery is the horse knowing 

3316
03:08:37,100 --> 03:08:40,600
the root better than the driver.
Early workers stream toward 

3317
03:08:40,600 --> 03:08:45,000
various destinations heads down.
Moving with the purposeful pace 

3318
03:08:45,000 --> 03:08:46,800
of people who can't afford to be
late. 

3319
03:08:46,800 --> 03:08:49,800
The day is beginning in 
different to whether you're 

3320
03:08:49,800 --> 03:08:53,300
ready for it or not somewhere, 
Uptown in those Mansions along. 

3321
03:08:53,300 --> 03:08:56,400
Fifth Avenue, people are 
probably still asleep or just 

3322
03:08:56,400 --> 03:08:59,400
beginning to stir. 
Attended by servants, who've 

3323
03:08:59,400 --> 03:09:03,000
been up for hours, preparing 
breakfast, laying out clothes, 

3324
03:09:03,000 --> 03:09:06,500
and warming water for baths. 
Those people will wake to 

3325
03:09:06,500 --> 03:09:10,200
comfort and Leisure will eat 
meals prepared by others will 

3326
03:09:10,200 --> 03:09:12,900
make decisions about how to 
spend their Day based on 

3327
03:09:12,900 --> 03:09:14,800
preference, rather than 
necessity. 

3328
03:09:14,800 --> 03:09:17,700
They'll never know what it's 
like to face this morning in 

3329
03:09:17,700 --> 03:09:20,200
this apartment. 
To feel the cold and the 

3330
03:09:20,208 --> 03:09:22,800
tiredness and the knowledge that
this day will be almost 

3331
03:09:22,800 --> 03:09:26,200
identical to yesterday. 
And tomorrow will be almost 

3332
03:09:26,200 --> 03:09:29,900
identical to today, but they 
also won't know the satisfaction

3333
03:09:29,900 --> 03:09:33,300
of making this life work, 
despite all the obstacles, they 

3334
03:09:33,300 --> 03:09:36,300
won't know the pride and 
providing for your family and 

3335
03:09:36,300 --> 03:09:38,700
keeping everyone fed and housed 
and moving forward. 

3336
03:09:38,700 --> 03:09:41,600
Even when the system seems 
designed to push you backward, 

3337
03:09:41,600 --> 03:09:44,300
they won't know the strength. 
It takes to face each day 

3338
03:09:44,300 --> 03:09:48,600
without despair to maintain hope
when hoping seems foolish and to

3339
03:09:48,600 --> 03:09:51,700
find meaning in circumstances 
that don't naturally produce it.

3340
03:09:51,700 --> 03:09:55,800
The Gilded Age gleamed brightly 
for some people but it's gold 

3341
03:09:55,800 --> 03:09:59,000
was decorative rather than 
substantial a thin layer, 

3342
03:09:59,000 --> 03:10:01,900
covering harsh. 
Reality is most people lived 

3343
03:10:01,900 --> 03:10:05,700
lives of hard work and modest 
means finding happiness and 

3344
03:10:05,700 --> 03:10:09,600
small pleasures and maintaining 
dignity in circumstances that 

3345
03:10:09,600 --> 03:10:12,900
offered little external 
validation, the gap between rich

3346
03:10:12,900 --> 03:10:16,100
and poor was enormous. 
But so was the gap between the 

3347
03:10:16,100 --> 03:10:18,000
appearance of prosperity and its
reality. 

3348
03:10:18,900 --> 03:10:22,000
The age was killed it, not 
golden and you lived on the 

3349
03:10:22,000 --> 03:10:25,500
underside of that guilt in the 
spaces, where the shin didn't 

3350
03:10:25,500 --> 03:10:28,600
reach you finish, your coffee, 
collect your things, and head 

3351
03:10:28,600 --> 03:10:31,500
toward the door, another day, 
another dollar. 

3352
03:10:31,500 --> 03:10:35,800
Well, another 70 cents for 8 
hours of work, to be precise, 

3353
03:10:35,800 --> 03:10:38,700
but you'll learn it. 
And tomorrow, you'll do it 

3354
03:10:38,700 --> 03:10:40,800
again. 
And through the accumulation of 

3355
03:10:40,800 --> 03:10:43,700
these ordinary days, you'll 
build a life that matters. 

3356
03:10:43,700 --> 03:10:48,100
Even if nobody ever writes about
it in newspapers or studies it 

3357
03:10:48,100 --> 03:10:50,700
in history books. 
This is what the Gilded Age 

3358
03:10:50,708 --> 03:10:54,300
looked like for most people. 
Not golden, not celebrated, but 

3359
03:10:54,300 --> 03:10:57,600
real and substantial and worthy 
of remembering precisely because

3360
03:10:57,600 --> 03:11:01,200
it was so ordinary the door 
closes behind you and the city 

3361
03:11:01,200 --> 03:11:05,200
swallows you up in to its 
morning crowds, Somewhere in 

3362
03:11:05,200 --> 03:11:07,900
some distant future. 
People will try to understand 

3363
03:11:07,900 --> 03:11:11,100
this era and will debate its 
meaning and significance. 

3364
03:11:11,100 --> 03:11:14,900
But right now, in this moment, 
your two busy, living it to 

3365
03:11:14,900 --> 03:11:18,000
analyze it. 
The worker Waits the day 

3366
03:11:18,000 --> 03:11:20,300
stretches ahead and life 
continues. 

3367
03:11:20,300 --> 03:11:23,500
In all its unglamorous 
difficult, necessary Beauty. 

3368
03:11:30,700 --> 03:11:34,100
Imagine being 18 years old and 
sound asleep in your childhood 

3369
03:11:34,100 --> 03:11:36,700
bedroom. 
The room is familiar the 

3370
03:11:36,700 --> 03:11:38,400
wallpaper. 
You've seen every morning for 

3371
03:11:38,400 --> 03:11:41,100
years. 
The slight Creak of floorboards,

3372
03:11:41,100 --> 03:11:44,200
you know, by heart the way 
mourning light filters through 

3373
03:11:44,200 --> 03:11:46,900
curtains that are framed your 
dreams since you were small. 

3374
03:11:46,900 --> 03:11:50,200
Now, imagine being awakened 
Before, Dawn with news, that 

3375
03:11:50,200 --> 03:11:53,100
will transform every single 
aspect of your existence 

3376
03:11:53,100 --> 03:11:57,200
forever. 
This was Victoria's reality on 

3377
03:11:57,200 --> 03:12:01,100
June 20th, 1837. 
When the Archbishop of 

3378
03:12:01,100 --> 03:12:03,200
Canterbury in the Lord, 
Chamberlain arrived at 

3379
03:12:03,200 --> 03:12:06,500
Kensington Palace with their 
solemn faces and formal Court 

3380
03:12:06,500 --> 03:12:10,000
dress, her uncle King William, 
the fourth had died during the 

3381
03:12:10,000 --> 03:12:13,500
night and she was now Queen of 
the United Kingdom of Great, 

3382
03:12:13,500 --> 03:12:16,100
Britain and Ireland, no training
period. 

3383
03:12:16,100 --> 03:12:19,500
No, gradual transitions, just 
instant, absolute 

3384
03:12:19,500 --> 03:12:23,300
Transformations from protected 
teenager to constitutional 

3385
03:12:23,300 --> 03:12:27,200
monarch Victoria had spent her 
entire childhood in what 

3386
03:12:27,200 --> 03:12:29,300
historians, call the Kensington 
system. 

3387
03:12:30,100 --> 03:12:32,800
A peculiar Arrangement. 
That sounds more like a boarding

3388
03:12:32,800 --> 03:12:34,700
school punishment than a royal 
upbringing. 

3389
03:12:34,700 --> 03:12:38,200
Her mother The Duchess of Kent 
and her mother's adviser Sir, 

3390
03:12:38,200 --> 03:12:43,000
John Conroy at Victoria isolated
from Court life surrounded by 

3391
03:12:43,000 --> 03:12:45,900
rules and restrictions that 
would make a modern helicopter 

3392
03:12:45,900 --> 03:12:49,000
parent look relaxed. 
She wasn't allowed to walk down 

3393
03:12:49,000 --> 03:12:50,800
stairs, without someone holding 
her hand. 

3394
03:12:51,900 --> 03:12:54,600
He slept in her mother's 
bedroom, every night, her 

3395
03:12:54,600 --> 03:12:57,600
companions were carefully, 
selected her reading material 

3396
03:12:57,600 --> 03:13:00,500
monitored and her every 
movement, observed, and 

3397
03:13:00,500 --> 03:13:03,100
controlled. 
The system was designed 

3398
03:13:03,100 --> 03:13:06,000
ostensibly to protect her from 
the corrupting influence of her 

3399
03:13:06,000 --> 03:13:08,400
royal uncles. 
Who were admittedly, not the 

3400
03:13:08,400 --> 03:13:12,600
best Role Models, but it also 
kept a dependent in experience 

3401
03:13:12,600 --> 03:13:15,600
and theoretically easier to 
control once she became Queen 

3402
03:13:15,600 --> 03:13:19,200
what the architects of this 
system fail to anticipate, was 

3403
03:13:19,200 --> 03:13:23,300
that constant restriction, often
breeds Fierce Independence and 

3404
03:13:23,300 --> 03:13:26,900
strong-willed individuals. 
And Victorious will was forged 

3405
03:13:26,900 --> 03:13:31,700
steel wrapped in silk. 
The moment Victoria learned she 

3406
03:13:31,700 --> 03:13:34,900
was Queen something shifted in 
her bearing that everyone 

3407
03:13:34,900 --> 03:13:38,400
present noticed. 
This small, young woman, barely 

3408
03:13:38,400 --> 03:13:41,900
five feet tall with prominent 
blue eyes and a tendency to 

3409
03:13:41,900 --> 03:13:45,900
blush easily suddenly possessed 
an authority that transcended 

3410
03:13:45,900 --> 03:13:49,300
her, physical presence. 
When she held her first privy 

3411
03:13:49,300 --> 03:13:52,300
council meeting just hours after
learning of her accession 

3412
03:13:52,300 --> 03:13:55,900
elderly Statesman, who had 
governed Empires were struck by 

3413
03:13:55,900 --> 03:14:00,800
her composure and dignity. 
To that first council meeting a 

3414
03:14:00,800 --> 03:14:05,300
room full of men in their finest
Formal, Wear powdered wigs, and 

3415
03:14:05,300 --> 03:14:08,200
gold braided coats. 
All expecting to manage this 

3416
03:14:08,200 --> 03:14:11,900
inexperienced girl Queen 
instead, they found someone who 

3417
03:14:11,900 --> 03:14:16,000
read the formal declaration in a
clear, steady Voice who met 

3418
03:14:16,000 --> 03:14:18,000
their eyes directly, and who 
made it. 

3419
03:14:18,000 --> 03:14:20,800
Absolutely plain that she 
understood the weight of her new

3420
03:14:20,800 --> 03:14:23,200
position. 
The Duke of Wellington who had 

3421
03:14:23,200 --> 03:14:26,400
defeated Napoleon and wasn't 
easily impressed later. 

3422
03:14:26,400 --> 03:14:30,300
Remarked on her extraordinary, 
self-possession Victoria's, 

3423
03:14:30,300 --> 03:14:33,100
First Act of Independence was 
deliciously pointed. 

3424
03:14:33,100 --> 03:14:37,400
She moved her bed out of her 
mother's room after 18 years of 

3425
03:14:37,400 --> 03:14:40,800
enforced proximity. 
She Claimed her own space with 

3426
03:14:40,800 --> 03:14:43,800
the kind of determination that 
would characterize her entire 

3427
03:14:43,800 --> 03:14:46,900
reign. 
It was a small domestic gesture 

3428
03:14:46,900 --> 03:14:50,000
that represented a seismic shift
in power dynamics. 

3429
03:14:50,000 --> 03:14:53,200
The Duchess of Kent who had 
planned to rule through her 

3430
03:14:53,200 --> 03:14:56,700
daughter found herself, 
relegated to separate apartments

3431
03:14:56,700 --> 03:14:58,700
and excluded from political 
influence. 

3432
03:14:59,800 --> 03:15:02,500
The young Queen threw herself 
into her new role with an 

3433
03:15:02,500 --> 03:15:04,700
enthusiasm. 
That surprised her advisors. 

3434
03:15:04,700 --> 03:15:08,700
She loved the red dispatch boxes
that arrived daily filled with 

3435
03:15:08,708 --> 03:15:12,300
government papers, requiring her
attention She enjoyed the 

3436
03:15:12,300 --> 03:15:14,100
ceremony and ritual of Court 
life. 

3437
03:15:14,100 --> 03:15:18,400
The formal drawing rooms and the
state dinners, most of all she 

3438
03:15:18,400 --> 03:15:21,500
relished having her own 
household, her own decisions and

3439
03:15:21,500 --> 03:15:23,600
her own life finally, under her 
own control. 

3440
03:15:24,600 --> 03:15:26,700
Lord Melbourne. 
Her first prime minister. 

3441
03:15:27,600 --> 03:15:31,000
Became something of a father 
figure to Victoria the calling 

3442
03:15:31,000 --> 03:15:33,000
him. 
That doesn't quite capture their

3443
03:15:33,000 --> 03:15:35,900
relationship. 
He was a sophisticated worldly, 

3444
03:15:35,900 --> 03:15:39,900
man in his late 50s and she was 
an enthusiastic teenager with 

3445
03:15:39,900 --> 03:15:42,900
opinions about everything. 
He taught her, the intricacies 

3446
03:15:42,900 --> 03:15:45,100
of British politics with patient
Good Humor. 

3447
03:15:45,100 --> 03:15:49,200
Endured her occasional temper 
tantrums with Grace, and 

3448
03:15:49,200 --> 03:15:51,200
genuinely seemed to enjoy her 
company. 

3449
03:15:51,200 --> 03:15:55,400
They would spend hours together 
discussing politics literature 

3450
03:15:55,400 --> 03:15:58,100
and caught gossip forming a 
bond. 

3451
03:15:58,100 --> 03:16:01,900
That was part mentorship part 
friendship and entirely 

3452
03:16:01,900 --> 03:16:05,700
unconventional. 
Victoria's early years as Queen 

3453
03:16:05,700 --> 03:16:07,800
had a quality of exhilaration 
mixed. 

3454
03:16:07,800 --> 03:16:11,500
With bewilderment, she was 
discovering London, Society 

3455
03:16:11,500 --> 03:16:15,900
attending the opera and theater 
dancing at balls until dawn. 

3456
03:16:15,900 --> 03:16:19,200
And generally experiencing the 
youth, she'd been denied during 

3457
03:16:19,200 --> 03:16:22,800
her isolated childhood, she 
adored her New Freedom with the 

3458
03:16:22,800 --> 03:16:25,400
passion of someone who had been 
released from benign captivity, 

3459
03:16:25,400 --> 03:16:29,100
a journals from this period 
bubble with exclamation marks 

3460
03:16:29,100 --> 03:16:32,900
and underlined words capturing 
her Delight in everything from 

3461
03:16:32,900 --> 03:16:37,800
new gowns to political debates. 
Four of those first years was 

3462
03:16:37,800 --> 03:16:41,900
occasionally punctured by harsh 
lessons in Royal vulnerability. 

3463
03:16:41,900 --> 03:16:46,100
The young Queen faced criticism 
in the Press rumors about her 

3464
03:16:46,100 --> 03:16:49,000
relationship with Melbourne, and
even questions about her 

3465
03:16:49,000 --> 03:16:50,900
judgment in various courts 
scanned. 

3466
03:16:50,900 --> 03:16:55,500
She was learning meant that 
every mistake was magnified and 

3467
03:16:55,500 --> 03:16:59,100
every decision scrutinized by 
people who had strong opinions 

3468
03:16:59,100 --> 03:17:02,800
about how monarchy should 
function While Victoria was 

3469
03:17:02,800 --> 03:17:06,100
adjusting to her crown. 
Britain itself was in the midst 

3470
03:17:06,100 --> 03:17:08,900
of a transformational, that 
would have staggered previous 

3471
03:17:08,900 --> 03:17:10,700
generations. 
The country. 

3472
03:17:10,700 --> 03:17:14,200
She inherited was neither the 
rural Agricultural Society of 

3473
03:17:14,200 --> 03:17:17,900
her grandparents time, nor yet 
the industrial Powerhouse, it 

3474
03:17:17,900 --> 03:17:19,800
would become by the end of her 
Reign. 

3475
03:17:19,800 --> 03:17:22,400
It was caught in that 
uncomfortable Space Between 

3476
03:17:22,400 --> 03:17:25,900
Worlds, where steam engine 
shared roads with horse drawn 

3477
03:17:25,900 --> 03:17:29,200
carts and Factory workers. 
Lived alongside traditional 

3478
03:17:29,200 --> 03:17:33,700
Craftsmen. 
The 1830s and 1840s were Decades

3479
03:17:33,700 --> 03:17:38,000
of profound social upheaval. 
The Industrial Revolution though

3480
03:17:38,000 --> 03:17:40,900
historians debate whether 
calling it a revolution captures

3481
03:17:40,900 --> 03:17:45,300
its gradual grinding nature was 
remaking British Society from 

3482
03:17:45,300 --> 03:17:48,600
the ground up, Manchester and 
Birmingham had transformed from 

3483
03:17:48,600 --> 03:17:52,500
Market towns into blackened 
industrial cities where textile 

3484
03:17:52,500 --> 03:17:55,600
mills operated around the clock 
and cold smoke, hung in the air,

3485
03:17:55,600 --> 03:17:58,900
like a permanent fog, the 
Romantic image of pastoral 

3486
03:17:58,900 --> 03:18:01,700
England was giving way to the 
reality of urban sprawl and 

3487
03:18:01,700 --> 03:18:05,000
Factory discipline. 
You have to understand that this

3488
03:18:05,000 --> 03:18:08,000
transformation wasn't some 
distant policy issue for 

3489
03:18:08,000 --> 03:18:10,500
Victoria. 
She could see it when she 

3490
03:18:10,500 --> 03:18:14,300
traveled through her kingdom, 
the railways, which had barely 

3491
03:18:14,300 --> 03:18:17,300
existed at her birth. 
Now, spreading across the 

3492
03:18:17,300 --> 03:18:21,100
countryside, like iron veins, 
connecting cities, and 

3493
03:18:21,100 --> 03:18:22,700
accelerating the pace of 
everything. 

3494
03:18:22,700 --> 03:18:27,800
The first time Victoria traveled
by train in 1842, she was both 

3495
03:18:27,800 --> 03:18:31,700
thrilled and slightly terrified 
by the speed though at barely 40

3496
03:18:31,700 --> 03:18:34,200
miles per hour. 
It would seem comically slow to 

3497
03:18:34,200 --> 03:18:37,100
you today. 
The social implications of 

3498
03:18:37,100 --> 03:18:40,000
industrialization troubled 
Victoria. 

3499
03:18:40,000 --> 03:18:41,800
Even if she didn't always know 
what to do. 

3500
03:18:41,800 --> 03:18:45,300
About them reports reached her 
of working conditions in 

3501
03:18:45,300 --> 03:18:47,200
factories and mines. 
That would shock modern 

3502
03:18:47,200 --> 03:18:51,600
sensibilities, children as young
as five working 12-hour shifts 

3503
03:18:51,600 --> 03:18:55,200
and coal, mines families living 
in single room, tenements 

3504
03:18:55,200 --> 03:18:58,600
without running water, or 
sanitation and work is paid. 

3505
03:18:58,600 --> 03:19:00,500
So little, they could barely 
afford bread. 

3506
03:19:00,500 --> 03:19:04,000
The gap between Britain's 
growing wealth, and the poverty 

3507
03:19:04,000 --> 03:19:07,300
of many of its citizens created 
tensions that occasionally 

3508
03:19:07,300 --> 03:19:11,300
erupted into violence. 
The chartist movement, which 

3509
03:19:11,300 --> 03:19:14,800
demanded Democratic reforms, 
like Universal male suffrage, 

3510
03:19:14,800 --> 03:19:18,700
and secret ballots represented, 
both the promise and threat of 

3511
03:19:18,700 --> 03:19:22,900
this new Industrial Age working.
People were organizing demanding

3512
03:19:22,900 --> 03:19:25,200
rights and challenging the 
assumption. 

3513
03:19:25,200 --> 03:19:27,700
That political power should 
remain concentrated in 

3514
03:19:27,700 --> 03:19:31,800
aristocratic hands Victoria 
viewed chart is with the mixed 

3515
03:19:31,800 --> 03:19:34,300
of sympathy and alarm typical of
her class. 

3516
03:19:35,100 --> 03:19:38,300
She felt compassion for workers 
struggles, but feared 

3517
03:19:38,300 --> 03:19:41,400
revolutionary violence that 
might threaten social stability.

3518
03:19:43,200 --> 03:19:47,200
In 1842, when economic 
depression led to widespread 

3519
03:19:47,200 --> 03:19:51,900
unrest and rumors of chartist, 
uprisings Victoria experienced, 

3520
03:19:51,900 --> 03:19:54,300
first-hand the fragility of 
public order. 

3521
03:19:54,900 --> 03:19:58,800
Reports reached her of riots in 
industrial cities of troops 

3522
03:19:58,800 --> 03:20:03,000
called out to disperse, angry 
crowds of genuine fear among the

3523
03:20:03,000 --> 03:20:05,700
property classes that Britain 
might follow France's 

3524
03:20:05,700 --> 03:20:08,900
revolutionary path, the young 
Queen, still in her early 

3525
03:20:08,900 --> 03:20:12,800
twenties, had to project 
confidence and stability even as

3526
03:20:12,800 --> 03:20:16,700
advisors debated, whether her 
safety could, be guaranteed, but

3527
03:20:16,700 --> 03:20:19,200
Victorious. 
Britain wasn't defined solely by

3528
03:20:19,200 --> 03:20:21,200
industrial strife and social 
tension. 

3529
03:20:21,200 --> 03:20:24,600
This was also an era of 
remarkable creativity and 

3530
03:20:24,600 --> 03:20:28,100
intellectual ferment. 
Charles Dickens was publishing 

3531
03:20:28,100 --> 03:20:31,100
novels that exposed social 
injustice while entertaining, 

3532
03:20:31,100 --> 03:20:34,500
Millions scientists like, 
Charles Darwin were developing 

3533
03:20:34,500 --> 03:20:36,500
theories. 
That would revolutionize human 

3534
03:20:36,500 --> 03:20:39,300
understanding of the natural 
world Engineers. 

3535
03:20:39,300 --> 03:20:41,800
Like his armed Kingdom. 
Brunel were Building Bridges 

3536
03:20:41,800 --> 03:20:44,400
tunnels and ships. 
That pushed the boundaries of 

3537
03:20:44,400 --> 03:20:45,800
what seemed technically 
possible. 

3538
03:20:46,600 --> 03:20:49,700
The great exhibition of 1851 
held in the spectacular. 

3539
03:20:49,700 --> 03:20:53,700
Crystal Palace in Hyde Park 
would come to symbolize British 

3540
03:20:53,700 --> 03:20:56,700
confidence in this era of 
innovation, but we're getting 

3541
03:20:56,708 --> 03:21:00,200
ahead of ourselves that Triumph 
belongs to a later. 

3542
03:21:00,200 --> 03:21:03,400
Chapter after Victoria had 
navigated one of the most 

3543
03:21:03,400 --> 03:21:05,600
significant transitions of her 
life. 

3544
03:21:06,800 --> 03:21:10,400
What's worth understanding about
these early years of Victoria's 

3545
03:21:10,400 --> 03:21:14,800
reign is how much the role of 
monarchy itself was changing 

3546
03:21:14,800 --> 03:21:18,300
previous British monarchs had 
exercised, real political power,

3547
03:21:18,300 --> 03:21:22,600
choosing Prime Ministers and 
influencing policy directly, but

3548
03:21:22,600 --> 03:21:25,700
by Victorious time, the 
constitutional monarchy was 

3549
03:21:25,708 --> 03:21:27,400
evolving into something more 
symbolic. 

3550
03:21:28,200 --> 03:21:32,000
Representing National unity and 
continuity rather than 

3551
03:21:32,000 --> 03:21:35,000
exercising. 
Direct governance Victoria would

3552
03:21:35,000 --> 03:21:37,200
spend her entire Reign 
negotiating. 

3553
03:21:37,200 --> 03:21:40,700
This delicate balance between 
influence and interference 

3554
03:21:41,600 --> 03:21:44,400
between being above politics and
being politically irrelevant. 

3555
03:21:45,700 --> 03:21:48,600
The young Queen was learning 
that modern monarchy required. 

3556
03:21:48,600 --> 03:21:52,000
A different kind of power that 
her ancestors had wheeled. 

3557
03:21:52,000 --> 03:21:56,800
It was the power of example of 
moral authority of representing 

3558
03:21:56,800 --> 03:22:00,700
ideals and values that United 
disparate parts of an 

3559
03:22:00,700 --> 03:22:04,900
increasingly complex society. 
She was becoming less a ruler in

3560
03:22:04,908 --> 03:22:08,100
the medieval sense and more a 
national symbol though she would

3561
03:22:08,100 --> 03:22:10,600
have bristled at being reduced 
to Pure symbolism. 

3562
03:22:11,600 --> 03:22:15,400
Now let's talk about Albert 
because, no story of Victoria 

3563
03:22:15,400 --> 03:22:18,900
can ignore the man who would 
transform both her personal life

3564
03:22:18,900 --> 03:22:20,500
and her understanding of 
monarchy. 

3565
03:22:20,500 --> 03:22:24,000
But first, let's dispel the 
notion that this was some fairy 

3566
03:22:24,000 --> 03:22:27,000
tale romance, from the start 
Victorious path. 

3567
03:22:27,000 --> 03:22:31,200
To marry was complicated by her 
position, her personality and 

3568
03:22:31,200 --> 03:22:33,300
her initial reluctance to share 
the power. 

3569
03:22:33,300 --> 03:22:37,900
She'd so recently acquired When 
Victoria first met her cousin 

3570
03:22:37,900 --> 03:22:43,400
Albert of sax Coburg and gotha 
in 1836 before her accession. 

3571
03:22:43,400 --> 03:22:47,300
She found him Pleasant enough 
but hardly overwhelming he was 

3572
03:22:47,300 --> 03:22:49,100
handsome in a classical German 
Way. 

3573
03:22:49,100 --> 03:22:52,400
Tall well-proportioned with 
carefully, combed hair and 

3574
03:22:52,408 --> 03:22:56,600
serious eyes but he was also 
rather formal got tired earlier 

3575
03:22:56,600 --> 03:22:59,900
at evening parties and had the 
kind of earnest intellectual 

3576
03:22:59,900 --> 03:23:03,100
interests that 18 year old 
Victoria found slightly boring. 

3577
03:23:04,200 --> 03:23:07,900
Their second meeting in 1839 
produced dramatically different 

3578
03:23:07,900 --> 03:23:10,500
results. 
Victoria had been Queen for two 

3579
03:23:10,500 --> 03:23:12,800
years and had grown accustomed 
to her independence. 

3580
03:23:13,500 --> 03:23:16,100
She wasn't particularly eager to
marry and had made it clear to 

3581
03:23:16,100 --> 03:23:19,100
advisors that she would choose 
her own husband in her own time.

3582
03:23:19,100 --> 03:23:22,200
Thank you very much. 
When Albert visited Windsor 

3583
03:23:22,200 --> 03:23:24,800
Castle, at October Victoria took
one. 

3584
03:23:24,800 --> 03:23:28,000
Look at him to his carriage and 
experienced. 

3585
03:23:28,000 --> 03:23:30,800
What she would later describe as
a complete change of heart. 

3586
03:23:32,600 --> 03:23:34,900
Albert had matured in the 
intervening years. 

3587
03:23:34,900 --> 03:23:38,300
He was 20 years old now with a 
bearing that combined 

3588
03:23:38,300 --> 03:23:42,500
Continental sophistication with 
genuine warmth more importantly,

3589
03:23:42,500 --> 03:23:45,000
he possessed qualities. 
That Victoria's isolated 

3590
03:23:45,000 --> 03:23:49,600
upbringing had left her craving,
intellectual depth, artistic 

3591
03:23:49,600 --> 03:23:53,700
sensibility and a seriousness of
purpose, that matched, her own 

3592
03:23:53,700 --> 03:23:57,400
growing sense of Royal 
responsibility within days of 

3593
03:23:57,408 --> 03:23:59,500
his arrival. 
Victorian knew she wanted to 

3594
03:23:59,500 --> 03:24:02,300
marry him. 
Here's where the story gets 

3595
03:24:02,300 --> 03:24:06,800
charmingly complicated, as Queen
Victoria had to propose to 

3596
03:24:06,800 --> 03:24:11,500
Albert, not the other way around
constitutional protocol required

3597
03:24:11,500 --> 03:24:13,300
it. 
And while this might sound like 

3598
03:24:13,300 --> 03:24:17,100
a modern romantic gesture, it 
actually placed Victoria in an 

3599
03:24:17,100 --> 03:24:20,600
awkward position. 
She had to risk, rejection had 

3600
03:24:20,600 --> 03:24:23,900
to articulate her feelings and 
had to make herself vulnerable 

3601
03:24:23,900 --> 03:24:26,300
in a way that Queen's rarely had
to experience. 

3602
03:24:27,800 --> 03:24:33,000
Victoria proposed to Albert on 
October 15th, 1839 in a private 

3603
03:24:33,000 --> 03:24:36,200
moment that she recorded in her 
journal with her characteristic.

3604
03:24:36,200 --> 03:24:40,500
Enthusiasm and underlining 
Albert accepted, and Victoria 

3605
03:24:40,500 --> 03:24:43,400
experience to happiness, that 
seemed to surprise her with its 

3606
03:24:43,400 --> 03:24:46,700
intensity for someone who had 
spent years carefully, 

3607
03:24:46,700 --> 03:24:50,400
maintaining Royal dignity and 
emotional control falling in 

3608
03:24:50,400 --> 03:24:53,200
love, was both exhilarating and 
slightly terrifying. 

3609
03:24:54,300 --> 03:24:57,700
Their wedding in February 1840 
was a relatively modest Affair 

3610
03:24:57,700 --> 03:25:02,600
by Royal standards Victoria wore
a white satin dress rather than 

3611
03:25:02,600 --> 03:25:06,600
traditional and velvet robes. 
Inadvertently setting a fashion 

3612
03:25:06,600 --> 03:25:09,400
trend that continues to day the 
ceremony. 

3613
03:25:09,400 --> 03:25:12,900
At the chapel Royal was 
beautiful, but brief Victorious,

3614
03:25:12,900 --> 03:25:15,500
journal entry that evening, 
radiates contentment. 

3615
03:25:15,500 --> 03:25:17,800
That feels both Royal and 
utterly ordinary. 

3616
03:25:18,900 --> 03:25:22,000
The early years of Victoria and 
Albert's marriage represented, a

3617
03:25:22,000 --> 03:25:25,400
profound adjustment. 
For both of them, Victoria had 

3618
03:25:25,400 --> 03:25:29,300
been absolute in her household 
since becoming Queen answerable 

3619
03:25:29,300 --> 03:25:31,700
to no one and accustomed to 
having her way. 

3620
03:25:32,700 --> 03:25:35,500
Now she had to navigate sharing 
her life with someone who had 

3621
03:25:35,500 --> 03:25:40,100
his own opinions priorities and 
vision for monarchy Albert. 

3622
03:25:40,100 --> 03:25:42,500
Meanwhile had to figure out how 
to be consort to the most 

3623
03:25:42,500 --> 03:25:45,800
powerful woman in the world 
without either dominating, her 

3624
03:25:45,800 --> 03:25:49,900
or being reduced to decorative 
irrelevance, the solution. 

3625
03:25:49,900 --> 03:25:52,300
They eventually developed was a 
working partnership. 

3626
03:25:52,300 --> 03:25:56,000
That would define both their 
marriage and Victoria's reign, 

3627
03:25:56,000 --> 03:25:59,200
Albert, became Victorious, 
private secretary, political 

3628
03:25:59,200 --> 03:26:01,000
adviser, and intellectual 
companion. 

3629
03:26:01,000 --> 03:26:05,700
He brought organizational skills
artistic taste and a progressive

3630
03:26:05,700 --> 03:26:09,500
vision of monarchies role in 
modern society that complemented

3631
03:26:09,500 --> 03:26:12,800
Victoria's instinctive, 
conservatism and emotional 

3632
03:26:12,800 --> 03:26:16,900
intensity, they worked together 
on official papers, discussed 

3633
03:26:16,900 --> 03:26:20,300
political issues, and jointly 
shaped the public image of the 

3634
03:26:20,300 --> 03:26:23,500
monarchy, but their partnership 
extended far. 

3635
03:26:23,500 --> 03:26:27,200
Beyond political collaboration, 
Halbert introduced Victoria to 

3636
03:26:27,200 --> 03:26:31,600
Serious art, and music took her 
to exhibitions, and concerts and

3637
03:26:31,600 --> 03:26:33,800
encouraged her. 
Initiation for culture and 

3638
03:26:33,808 --> 03:26:37,900
learning, he designed new 
palaces and Gardens reformed 

3639
03:26:37,900 --> 03:26:41,700
Royal household management and 
brought Germanic efficiency to 

3640
03:26:41,700 --> 03:26:45,100
what had been a somewhat chaotic
English Court under his 

3641
03:26:45,100 --> 03:26:47,700
influence, Windsor Castle and 
Buckingham Palace became 

3642
03:26:47,700 --> 03:26:50,700
Showcases of modern tastes and 
artistic excellence. 

3643
03:26:51,800 --> 03:26:55,300
Their domestic life away from 
State occasions and political 

3644
03:26:55,300 --> 03:26:59,400
duties, reveals the human warmth
beneath the formal portraits. 

3645
03:26:59,400 --> 03:27:03,500
They had nine children over 17 
years, and while Victorian 

3646
03:27:03,500 --> 03:27:05,900
parenting seemed somewhat 
distant by modern standards 

3647
03:27:05,900 --> 03:27:08,700
their letters. 
And journals showed genuine 

3648
03:27:08,700 --> 03:27:10,200
affection for their growing 
family. 

3649
03:27:10,200 --> 03:27:13,600
They bought Osborne house on the
Isle of Wight as a private 

3650
03:27:13,600 --> 03:27:15,900
retreat. 
And Albert designed much of it 

3651
03:27:15,900 --> 03:27:19,500
himself a place where they could
be relatively normal parents 

3652
03:27:19,500 --> 03:27:21,400
rather than Queen and Prince 
consort. 

3653
03:27:22,400 --> 03:27:25,200
Victoria discovered that 
marriage and motherhood didn't 

3654
03:27:25,200 --> 03:27:27,900
diminish her power, but rather 
gave her new dimensions of 

3655
03:27:27,908 --> 03:27:30,900
understanding. 
She could be simultaneously, a 

3656
03:27:30,900 --> 03:27:33,400
constitutional Monarch, managing
complex, political 

3657
03:27:33,400 --> 03:27:36,100
relationships, and a wife, 
dealing with the ordinary 

3658
03:27:36,100 --> 03:27:39,500
frustrations of married life. 
She was learning that strength 

3659
03:27:39,500 --> 03:27:43,100
comes in various forms and that 
allowing herself to depend on 

3660
03:27:43,100 --> 03:27:45,400
Albert actually made her a more 
effective Queen. 

3661
03:27:46,300 --> 03:27:49,600
Albertsons on Victoria was 
profound but gradual. 

3662
03:27:49,600 --> 03:27:53,300
He softened some of her 
impulsiveness, encouraged her 

3663
03:27:53,300 --> 03:27:56,700
intellectual development and 
helped her understand monarchy 

3664
03:27:56,700 --> 03:28:00,200
as a force for moral, and social
progress rather than simply 

3665
03:28:00,200 --> 03:28:03,200
political power. 
Under his guidance Victoria 

3666
03:28:03,200 --> 03:28:06,400
became more thoughtful about her
role in British society, and 

3667
03:28:06,400 --> 03:28:09,500
more conscious of the symbolic, 
importance of Royal behavior, 

3668
03:28:09,500 --> 03:28:16,700
and Royal example, On December 
14th, 1861, Albert died of 

3669
03:28:16,700 --> 03:28:20,600
typhoid fever, at Windsor 
Castle, and Victoria's World 

3670
03:28:20,600 --> 03:28:22,400
collapsed. 
So, completely that she would 

3671
03:28:22,400 --> 03:28:24,900
spend the rest of her life. 
Trying to put the pieces back 

3672
03:28:24,900 --> 03:28:27,200
together, he was only 42 years 
old. 

3673
03:28:27,200 --> 03:28:29,800
They had been married for 21 
years. 

3674
03:28:29,800 --> 03:28:34,000
Victoria was 42 herself. 
Still in what should of been the

3675
03:28:34,000 --> 03:28:37,900
prime of her life suddenly alone
in a way that felt absolutely 

3676
03:28:37,900 --> 03:28:41,400
unbearable? 
The depth of Victoria's grief 

3677
03:28:41,400 --> 03:28:43,000
shocked, even though those who 
knew her. 

3678
03:28:43,000 --> 03:28:46,900
Well this wasn't the dignified 
mourning expected of royalty. 

3679
03:28:46,900 --> 03:28:51,000
It was raw overwhelming 
Devastation that she made no 

3680
03:28:51,000 --> 03:28:54,600
attempt to hide or minimize she 
withdrew from public life, 

3681
03:28:54,600 --> 03:28:58,000
almost completely spending 
months and darkened rooms 

3682
03:28:58,000 --> 03:29:00,000
wearing black that she would 
never stop wearing. 

3683
03:29:00,000 --> 03:29:04,000
She kept Albert's rooms. 
Exactly as they had been with 

3684
03:29:04,000 --> 03:29:06,700
his clothes laid out daily and 
fresh water placed in his 

3685
03:29:06,700 --> 03:29:08,800
bedroom, as if he might return 
at any moment. 

3686
03:29:09,600 --> 03:29:12,300
You need to understand that 
Victoria's morning, wasn't 

3687
03:29:12,300 --> 03:29:16,700
simply personal grief though. 
It was certainly that it was 

3688
03:29:16,700 --> 03:29:19,300
also the loss of the person who 
had helped her, understand her 

3689
03:29:19,300 --> 03:29:22,300
role, who had been her 
intellectual companion and 

3690
03:29:22,300 --> 03:29:25,600
political adviser and who had 
given structure and meaning to 

3691
03:29:25,600 --> 03:29:30,000
her Reign without Albert. 
Victoria felt not just bereaved 

3692
03:29:30,000 --> 03:29:33,600
but fundamentally lost. 
If the map she'd been following 

3693
03:29:33,600 --> 03:29:37,600
had suddenly disappeared. 
The British public initially 

3694
03:29:37,600 --> 03:29:40,000
responded to Victoria's loss 
with genuine. 

3695
03:29:40,000 --> 03:29:43,500
Sympathy Albert had grown 
popular during his lifetime and 

3696
03:29:43,500 --> 03:29:47,300
people understood that the queen
had lost her husband. but as 

3697
03:29:47,300 --> 03:29:50,500
months stretched into years and 
Victoria remained in seclusion, 

3698
03:29:51,400 --> 03:29:55,300
public patients began wearing 
thin people started questioning 

3699
03:29:55,300 --> 03:29:58,100
what they were paying taxes for 
if their Monarch refused to 

3700
03:29:58,108 --> 03:30:02,600
appear in public or fulfill 
ceremonial duty is This was a 

3701
03:30:02,600 --> 03:30:05,800
crucial moment in the Victorian.
Monarchy though, Victoria 

3702
03:30:05,800 --> 03:30:09,200
herself, probably, didn't see it
that way through her grief. 

3703
03:30:09,200 --> 03:30:12,200
A British people were 
increasingly Democratic in their

3704
03:30:12,200 --> 03:30:15,100
expectations. 
They wanted a monarch who was 

3705
03:30:15,100 --> 03:30:19,100
visible who participated in 
National Life and who gave them 

3706
03:30:19,100 --> 03:30:21,900
something tangible in return. 
For the cost of maintaining 

3707
03:30:21,900 --> 03:30:26,300
Royal households Victoria's 
prolonged withdrawal, created a 

3708
03:30:26,300 --> 03:30:29,500
crisis of legitimacy that would 
take years to resolve. 

3709
03:30:30,400 --> 03:30:33,200
Albert's death also revealed 
something about Victorious 

3710
03:30:33,200 --> 03:30:36,700
character that had perhaps been 
obscured by their partnership. 

3711
03:30:36,700 --> 03:30:41,300
Her remarkable capacity for 
endurance fewer people might 

3712
03:30:41,300 --> 03:30:44,400
have abdicated or completely 
collapsed under such profound 

3713
03:30:44,400 --> 03:30:49,600
loss Victoria grieved intensely,
but continued working continued 

3714
03:30:49,600 --> 03:30:52,700
managing government business and
continued being Queen. 

3715
03:30:52,700 --> 03:30:56,500
Even when she felt incapable of 
being anything at all, it was 

3716
03:30:56,508 --> 03:30:59,300
resilience born not of strength 
but of Duty. 

3717
03:31:00,300 --> 03:31:02,500
He kept going because stopping 
wasn't an option. 

3718
03:31:03,600 --> 03:31:07,300
Gradually imperceptibly, 
Victoria began rebuilding 

3719
03:31:07,300 --> 03:31:09,300
herself around the absence of 
her Center. 

3720
03:31:09,300 --> 03:31:12,600
She couldn't replace Albert, 
didn't want to, but she learned 

3721
03:31:12,600 --> 03:31:15,900
to function without him. 
She relied increasingly on her 

3722
03:31:15,900 --> 03:31:19,500
Scottish servant, John Brown, 
whose blunt Highland Manor and 

3723
03:31:19,500 --> 03:31:22,500
lack of courtly. 
Deference, provided a refreshing

3724
03:31:22,500 --> 03:31:25,600
contrast to the careful 
circumspection of most Royal 

3725
03:31:25,600 --> 03:31:27,600
attendance. 
Their friendship would 

3726
03:31:27,600 --> 03:31:31,800
scandalize polite society, and 
fuel rumors, that Victoria 

3727
03:31:31,800 --> 03:31:36,700
herself, found both amusing and 
irritating, Benjamin Disraeli 

3728
03:31:36,700 --> 03:31:38,900
who became prime minister in 
1868. 

3729
03:31:38,900 --> 03:31:43,000
Played a crucial role in drawing
Victoria back into public life. 

3730
03:31:43,000 --> 03:31:46,700
He understood that the queen 
responded to flattery personal 

3731
03:31:46,700 --> 03:31:50,600
attention and appeals to her 
sense of Duty, where others had 

3732
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:53,400
tried to argue Victoria into 
resuming, her responsibilities 

3733
03:31:53,400 --> 03:31:57,800
Disraeli, Charmed her into it 
writing, her flattering letters,

3734
03:31:57,800 --> 03:32:01,700
and treating State business as 
Secrets shared between friends. 

3735
03:32:01,700 --> 03:32:05,400
It was manipulation certainly 
but manipulation in service of 

3736
03:32:05,400 --> 03:32:08,200
both Victorious, well-being, and
the monarchists survival. 

3737
03:32:09,200 --> 03:32:13,000
By the early 1870s. 
Victoria was gradually returning

3738
03:32:13,000 --> 03:32:16,700
to public visibility though, she
never fully resumed the active 

3739
03:32:16,700 --> 03:32:20,900
social life of her early Reign, 
she held courts and levies 

3740
03:32:20,900 --> 03:32:24,700
appeared at State occasions and 
showed herself to her subjects 

3741
03:32:24,700 --> 03:32:28,400
with increasing frequency. 
She also maintained boundaries 

3742
03:32:28,400 --> 03:32:31,800
that would have been Unthinkable
early in her Reign refusing to 

3743
03:32:31,800 --> 03:32:34,600
participate in events. 
She found two demanding or 

3744
03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:38,200
emotionally difficult. 
What emerge from this long 

3745
03:32:38,200 --> 03:32:40,600
period of grief was a different 
kind of monarchy. 

3746
03:32:40,600 --> 03:32:44,600
Then Britain had known before 
Victoria had learned that she 

3747
03:32:44,600 --> 03:32:46,800
could be Queen without being 
constantly visible. 

3748
03:32:46,800 --> 03:32:50,100
That her symbolic importance 
didn't require her physical 

3749
03:32:50,100 --> 03:32:54,000
Presence at every ceremonial 
occasion, she was pioneering a 

3750
03:32:54,000 --> 03:32:56,600
more private model of monarchy 
that would influence. 

3751
03:32:56,600 --> 03:32:59,500
How future British Royals 
balanced public duty with 

3752
03:32:59,500 --> 03:33:03,000
personal life. 
The experience of profound loss 

3753
03:33:03,000 --> 03:33:05,900
also gave Victoria a deeper 
empathy for her subject 

3754
03:33:05,900 --> 03:33:10,200
sufferings when disaster. 
Struck mining accidents, Factory

3755
03:33:10,200 --> 03:33:14,700
fires, shipwrecks Victoria's, 
messages of condolence carried, 

3756
03:33:14,700 --> 03:33:18,200
genuine feeling born from her 
own experience of grief, she 

3757
03:33:18,200 --> 03:33:22,300
understood in a way she perhaps 
hadn't earlier that being Queen 

3758
03:33:22,300 --> 03:33:25,300
meant bearing, witness to both 
the joys and Sorrows of an 

3759
03:33:25,300 --> 03:33:29,000
entire nation. 
Victoria's Black mourning dress 

3760
03:33:29,000 --> 03:33:33,300
became iconic transforming from 
a personal expression of loss in

3761
03:33:33,300 --> 03:33:36,500
to a symbol of Victorian 
propriety and emotional depth. 

3762
03:33:36,500 --> 03:33:40,800
She was demonstrating that grief
deserved, respect and time and 

3763
03:33:40,800 --> 03:33:43,800
that rushing through sorrow or 
hiding it away wasn't necessary 

3764
03:33:43,800 --> 03:33:46,300
or healthy. 
In an era that often demanded 

3765
03:33:46,300 --> 03:33:49,600
emotional restraint, Victoria's 
prolonged morning, gave 

3766
03:33:49,600 --> 03:33:51,200
permission for others to grieve 
openly. 

3767
03:33:51,200 --> 03:33:55,300
And honestly, While Victoria 
mourned and gradually returned 

3768
03:33:55,300 --> 03:33:58,200
to public life. 
The world that bore her name was

3769
03:33:58,200 --> 03:34:01,400
transforming with a seed that 
would have seen miraculous to 

3770
03:34:01,400 --> 03:34:04,800
earlier Generations. 
The Victorian era that period 

3771
03:34:04,800 --> 03:34:09,200
from 1837 to 1901 became 
synonymous with progress 

3772
03:34:09,200 --> 03:34:13,200
Innovation, and the particular 
combination of moral earnestness

3773
03:34:13,200 --> 03:34:16,900
and material ambition that 
characterized 90th Century 

3774
03:34:16,900 --> 03:34:21,900
Britain, let's start with the 
physical transformation of daily

3775
03:34:21,900 --> 03:34:25,000
life because this is where 
Victorian Innovation becomes 

3776
03:34:25,000 --> 03:34:28,400
tangible and real the gas light 
that had been a luxury in 

3777
03:34:28,400 --> 03:34:31,200
Victoria's youth became standard
in middle-class homes by 

3778
03:34:31,200 --> 03:34:34,700
mid-century Telegraph wires 
spread across continents, 

3779
03:34:34,700 --> 03:34:38,400
allowing near instantaneous 
communication over distances 

3780
03:34:38,400 --> 03:34:42,100
that had previously required 
weeks of travel Photography, 

3781
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:45,200
evolved from daguerreotype 
Curiosities to commonplace 

3782
03:34:45,200 --> 03:34:48,800
documentation of ordinary life. 
Each of these changes sounds 

3783
03:34:48,800 --> 03:34:52,400
modest in isolation, but 
together, they revolutionized 

3784
03:34:52,400 --> 03:34:55,100
how people experience times 
space and possibility. 

3785
03:34:56,400 --> 03:35:00,800
The great exhibition of 1851 
that triumphs that Albert had 

3786
03:35:00,800 --> 03:35:04,700
championed and organized. 
Captured Victorian optimism at 

3787
03:35:04,700 --> 03:35:09,100
its Zenith the Crystal Palace 
itself, a massive structure of 

3788
03:35:09,100 --> 03:35:11,700
iron and glass housing exhibits 
from around the world, 

3789
03:35:11,700 --> 03:35:15,100
demonstrated both British 
engineering prowess. 

3790
03:35:15,100 --> 03:35:18,800
And in industrial confidence 
over 6 million people visited 

3791
03:35:18,800 --> 03:35:22,900
during its months of operation 
including Victoria herself who 

3792
03:35:22,900 --> 03:35:26,200
attended numerous times and 
recorded her one in journals 

3793
03:35:26,200 --> 03:35:28,000
that bubble with exclamation 
marks. 

3794
03:35:28,800 --> 03:35:31,900
But the Victorian world was 
never as uniformly Progressive 

3795
03:35:31,900 --> 03:35:35,700
as its Champions claimed beneath
the gleaming Innovations and 

3796
03:35:35,700 --> 03:35:40,000
expanding Empire, a persistent 
poverty, exploitation and 

3797
03:35:40,000 --> 03:35:44,100
inequality that reformers spent 
decades, trying to address the 

3798
03:35:44,100 --> 03:35:46,600
same industrial system that 
created unprecedented. 

3799
03:35:46,600 --> 03:35:50,000
Wealth. 
Also, created Urban slums where 

3800
03:35:50,000 --> 03:35:53,600
children died of preventable 
diseases and workers endured 

3801
03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:55,300
conditions. 
That would be illegal today. 

3802
03:35:55,300 --> 03:35:58,600
Victorian Britain was 
simultaneously the workshop of 

3803
03:35:58,600 --> 03:36:01,900
the world and a society where 
many workers could barely afford

3804
03:36:01,900 --> 03:36:05,300
to feed their families. 
Victorian social reformers 

3805
03:36:05,300 --> 03:36:08,300
attack these problems with 
characteristic energy and moral 

3806
03:36:08,300 --> 03:36:12,100
certainty, the factory acts 
gradually limited child labor 

3807
03:36:12,100 --> 03:36:15,900
and improved working conditions.
Public Health, reforms brought 

3808
03:36:15,900 --> 03:36:19,800
clean water and proper sewage 
systems to cities where cholera 

3809
03:36:19,800 --> 03:36:23,500
had been a regular visitor, 
compulsory education acts ensure

3810
03:36:23,500 --> 03:36:26,100
that children received at least 
basic schooling rather than 

3811
03:36:26,100 --> 03:36:30,400
spending their entire childhoods
in factories or mines progress 

3812
03:36:30,400 --> 03:36:33,800
was real but frustratingly. 
Slow and the Victorian 

3813
03:36:33,800 --> 03:36:37,400
compromise between capitalism 
and compassion never fully 

3814
03:36:37,400 --> 03:36:39,700
resolved its internal 
contradictions. 

3815
03:36:39,700 --> 03:36:43,300
The British Empire expanded 
dramatically during Victoria's 

3816
03:36:43,300 --> 03:36:47,600
reign reaching its greatest 
extent and transforming Britain 

3817
03:36:47,600 --> 03:36:50,800
into the predominant Global 
power in India, became the Crown

3818
03:36:50,800 --> 03:36:54,100
Jewel, after the 1857 or 
rebellion led to direct British 

3819
03:36:54,100 --> 03:36:56,900
rule, and Victoria would 
eventually take the title 

3820
03:36:56,900 --> 03:37:01,400
Empress of India in. 1876 Africa
was carved up in the Scramble 

3821
03:37:01,400 --> 03:37:04,100
for colonies that mixed 
missionary Zeal commercial 

3822
03:37:04,100 --> 03:37:07,600
ambition and strategic 
calculation in roughly equal 

3823
03:37:07,600 --> 03:37:10,500
measure the familiar pink 
colored territories on world 

3824
03:37:10,500 --> 03:37:14,000
maps, expanded until Britain 
controlled roughly a quarter of 

3825
03:37:14,000 --> 03:37:15,700
the Earth. 
Land, surface and population. 

3826
03:37:17,000 --> 03:37:20,200
Victoria's personal relationship
with this Empire was complex and

3827
03:37:20,200 --> 03:37:23,700
somewhat contradictory. 
She took genuine interest in 

3828
03:37:23,700 --> 03:37:26,600
her, Colonial subjects 
corresponded with Indian 

3829
03:37:26,600 --> 03:37:29,600
servants and African Chiefs and 
seemed to believe. 

3830
03:37:29,600 --> 03:37:32,000
Sincerely, in Britain, 
civilizing, Mission. 

3831
03:37:32,000 --> 03:37:35,800
Yet she also supported policies.
That enforced British dominance 

3832
03:37:35,800 --> 03:37:39,500
through military force and 
economic exploitation like many 

3833
03:37:39,500 --> 03:37:41,800
victorians. 
She combined humanitarian 

3834
03:37:41,800 --> 03:37:44,800
sentiment with Imperial 
assumptions, never quite 

3835
03:37:44,800 --> 03:37:47,900
recognizing the contradiction 
between promoting Christian 

3836
03:37:47,900 --> 03:37:50,800
values and maintaining Colonial 
hierarchies. 

3837
03:37:52,000 --> 03:37:55,500
The Victorian approached to 
social issues combined, moral 

3838
03:37:55,500 --> 03:37:58,200
earnestness with practical 
reform, in ways that feel both 

3839
03:37:58,200 --> 03:38:00,900
admirable and frustrating from 
our modern perspective, 

3840
03:38:00,900 --> 03:38:04,900
victorians believed intensely 
and personal responsibility, 

3841
03:38:04,900 --> 03:38:08,900
self-improvement. 
And moral rectitude, which 

3842
03:38:08,900 --> 03:38:12,100
sometimes translated into 
judgmental attitudes toward 

3843
03:38:12,100 --> 03:38:15,300
poverty and suffering, yet, they
also created institutions 

3844
03:38:15,300 --> 03:38:20,300
hospitals, orphanages schools, 
libraries that genuinely 

3845
03:38:20,300 --> 03:38:23,600
improved lives and expanded 
opportunities for millions of 

3846
03:38:23,600 --> 03:38:26,900
people. 
Victorian culture, celebrated 

3847
03:38:26,900 --> 03:38:30,900
domicity and family life with an
intensity that shaped 

3848
03:38:30,900 --> 03:38:35,000
expectations for Generations. 
The ideal Victorian home became 

3849
03:38:35,000 --> 03:38:38,100
a sanctuary from the harsh 
commercial world with the wife 

3850
03:38:38,100 --> 03:38:42,000
mother as its moral Center, and 
the husband, father as provider 

3851
03:38:42,000 --> 03:38:44,800
and protector, Victoria and 
Albert's own family. 

3852
03:38:44,800 --> 03:38:48,300
Life became the model for this 
domestic ideal, their image 

3853
03:38:48,300 --> 03:38:51,100
reproduced in countless prints 
and photographs that brought 

3854
03:38:51,100 --> 03:38:53,800
Royal Domesticity into ordinary 
British homes. 

3855
03:38:53,800 --> 03:38:59,400
But this idealized Domesticity 
obscured complicated realities. 

3856
03:38:59,400 --> 03:39:02,500
Victorian families could be 
sights of genuine warmth and 

3857
03:39:02,500 --> 03:39:05,900
affection, but also of 
patriarchal control and hidden 

3858
03:39:05,900 --> 03:39:08,500
dysfunction. 
The emphasis on propriety in 

3859
03:39:08,508 --> 03:39:11,000
respectability. 
Sometimes meant that problems 

3860
03:39:11,000 --> 03:39:15,700
domestic violence addiction 
mental illness were hidden 

3861
03:39:15,700 --> 03:39:18,500
rather than addressed. 
Victorian home was 

3862
03:39:18,500 --> 03:39:21,500
simultaneously a real source of 
comfort and a performance of 

3863
03:39:21,500 --> 03:39:24,800
values that didn't always match 
lived experience. 

3864
03:39:26,100 --> 03:39:29,100
Victorian literature and art 
captured, both the confidence 

3865
03:39:29,100 --> 03:39:31,400
and anxiety of this transforming
era. 

3866
03:39:31,400 --> 03:39:36,100
Dickens exposed social injustice
while entertaining middle class 

3867
03:39:36,100 --> 03:39:39,300
readers. 
The Bronte sisters explored 

3868
03:39:39,300 --> 03:39:42,300
women's in our lives and 
passionate emotions beneath 

3869
03:39:42,300 --> 03:39:46,400
respectable surfaces. 
Tennyson's poetry combined 

3870
03:39:46,400 --> 03:39:48,900
medieval romance with Victorian 
doubt. 

3871
03:39:48,900 --> 03:39:52,800
The pre-raphaelite painters 
rejected industrial ugliness in 

3872
03:39:52,800 --> 03:39:56,700
favor of medieval inspired 
beauty while inadvertently 

3873
03:39:56,700 --> 03:39:59,200
creating some of the era's. 
Most iconic images. 

3874
03:40:00,300 --> 03:40:04,800
Science and religion engaged in 
increasingly fraught dialogue as

3875
03:40:04,800 --> 03:40:08,900
discoveries challenge. 
Traditional beliefs, Darwin's 

3876
03:40:08,900 --> 03:40:12,700
theory of evolution, published 
in 1859 forced victorians to 

3877
03:40:12,700 --> 03:40:16,500
reconsider Humanity's place in 
nature and relationship to the 

3878
03:40:16,500 --> 03:40:19,700
divine. 
Geological discoveries revealed 

3879
03:40:19,700 --> 03:40:21,800
an earth, far older than 
biblical chronology. 

3880
03:40:21,800 --> 03:40:25,100
Suggested Victoria herself 
remained conventionally 

3881
03:40:25,100 --> 03:40:28,300
religious, but many of her 
subjects were wrestling with 

3882
03:40:28,300 --> 03:40:31,400
faith in ways that earlier 
Generations, hadn't confronted. 

3883
03:40:32,400 --> 03:40:35,300
As Victoria aged in her 70s and 
80s. 

3884
03:40:35,300 --> 03:40:39,000
She transformed from the Widow 
of Windsor, in to something, 

3885
03:40:39,000 --> 03:40:42,300
approaching a living Monument, 
the Jubilee celebrating her 

3886
03:40:42,300 --> 03:40:47,000
Reign, the golden jubilee in 
1887 marking, 50 years and the 

3887
03:40:47,008 --> 03:40:52,500
Diamond Jubilee in 1897 marking,
60 years became occasions for 

3888
03:40:52,500 --> 03:40:55,200
national celebration that 
transcended simple. 

3889
03:40:55,200 --> 03:40:58,800
Royal pageantry people who had 
never known any other Monarch 

3890
03:40:58,800 --> 03:41:02,100
lines streets to Glimpse. 
This small Stout elderly woman 

3891
03:41:02,100 --> 03:41:05,600
who would somehow become 
synonymous with their entire era

3892
03:41:06,700 --> 03:41:10,200
The golden jubilee in 1887 
revealed the complexity of 

3893
03:41:10,208 --> 03:41:12,700
Victoria's relationship with her
subjects. 

3894
03:41:12,700 --> 03:41:15,600
She was genuinely moved by the 
outpouring of affection 

3895
03:41:15,600 --> 03:41:18,700
surprised that people still 
cared after her long years of 

3896
03:41:18,700 --> 03:41:22,300
semi seclusion, the procession 
through London streets, showed 

3897
03:41:22,300 --> 03:41:26,100
her an Empire at its height 
representatives from India 

3898
03:41:26,100 --> 03:41:30,200
Africa, the Caribbean and all 
the pink territories on the map 

3899
03:41:30,200 --> 03:41:34,000
Gathering to honor their Queen. 
Victoria recorded her emotions 

3900
03:41:34,000 --> 03:41:36,900
in journals that capture both 
pride in Britain's achievements 

3901
03:41:36,900 --> 03:41:40,800
and a certain weary awareness 
that time was passing and she 

3902
03:41:40,800 --> 03:41:43,800
was part of History rather than 
simply living it. 

3903
03:41:44,900 --> 03:41:49,400
By this point, Victoria served 
as Queen for five decades longer

3904
03:41:49,400 --> 03:41:51,500
than most of her subjects entire
lifetime. 

3905
03:41:51,500 --> 03:41:55,000
She had outlived. 
Most of her contemporaries seen 

3906
03:41:55,000 --> 03:41:57,600
Technologies. 
Transformed from Curiosity to 

3907
03:41:57,600 --> 03:42:00,900
commonplace and witness, social 
changes that would have 

3908
03:42:00,900 --> 03:42:04,800
astonished her 18 year old cell.
She was the last living link to 

3909
03:42:04,800 --> 03:42:06,900
a Britain that had been 
predominantly Rural 

3910
03:42:06,900 --> 03:42:09,600
pre-industrial and more 
socially. 

3911
03:42:09,600 --> 03:42:13,300
Stratified to the rapidly 
modernizing country of the 1880s

3912
03:42:13,300 --> 03:42:17,700
and 1890s. 
Victoria's political influence 

3913
03:42:17,700 --> 03:42:20,700
in these later years operated 
through personal relationships 

3914
03:42:20,700 --> 03:42:23,100
rather than constitutional 
Authority. 

3915
03:42:23,100 --> 03:42:26,100
She had become an expert at 
managing Prime, Ministers 

3916
03:42:26,100 --> 03:42:28,200
through a combination of 
personal charm. 

3917
03:42:28,200 --> 03:42:31,500
Emotional appeal and occasional 
outright manipulation. 

3918
03:42:31,500 --> 03:42:35,000
She knew she couldn't directly 
control policy anymore. 

3919
03:42:35,000 --> 03:42:38,000
Constitutional monarchy had 
evolved beyond that. 

3920
03:42:38,900 --> 03:42:42,700
She could influence suggest and 
sometimes obstruct through the 

3921
03:42:42,700 --> 03:42:45,800
careful application of Royal 
prerogative and personal 

3922
03:42:45,800 --> 03:42:49,300
persuasion, her relationships 
with her prime ministers, 

3923
03:42:49,300 --> 03:42:51,400
revealed different facets of her
character. 

3924
03:42:51,400 --> 03:42:55,700
Gladstone, the great liberal 
statement irritated her 

3925
03:42:55,700 --> 03:42:59,200
intensely with his Earnest 
moralizing and tendency to treat

3926
03:42:59,200 --> 03:43:02,500
a public meeting rather than a 
person Disraeli. 

3927
03:43:02,500 --> 03:43:06,500
Meanwhile, had discovered the 
key to managing Victoria treat 

3928
03:43:06,500 --> 03:43:10,500
her as a woman Furst and a queen
second flatter her shamelessly 

3929
03:43:10,500 --> 03:43:13,700
and make governance seem like an
intimate collaboration. 

3930
03:43:13,700 --> 03:43:16,900
The contrast between these 
relationships showed how much 

3931
03:43:16,900 --> 03:43:20,200
Victoria valued personal 
attention and emotional 

3932
03:43:20,200 --> 03:43:22,800
connection alongside political 
competence. 

3933
03:43:23,700 --> 03:43:25,600
The family Victoria and Albert 
had created. 

3934
03:43:25,600 --> 03:43:29,500
Now sprawled across European 
royalty, her children and 

3935
03:43:29,500 --> 03:43:32,600
grandchildren had married into 
virtually every Royal House on 

3936
03:43:32,600 --> 03:43:36,100
the continent earning Victoria 
the nickname grandmother of 

3937
03:43:36,100 --> 03:43:39,300
Europe. 
This dynastic Network gave her 

3938
03:43:39,300 --> 03:43:43,100
personal stakes in European 
politics and created Family 

3939
03:43:43,100 --> 03:43:45,700
connections. 
That would be tested tragically 

3940
03:43:45,700 --> 03:43:49,500
in the wars of the early 20th 
century when Victoria gathered 

3941
03:43:49,500 --> 03:43:51,900
her extended family for her 
Diamond Jubilee. 

3942
03:43:52,600 --> 03:43:55,600
The photographs captured a 
moment of European royalty that 

3943
03:43:55,600 --> 03:43:59,000
would never come again. 
Many of these relatives would be

3944
03:43:59,008 --> 03:44:02,200
fighting each other within two 
decades Victorious. 

3945
03:44:02,200 --> 03:44:06,000
Later Years also saw her 
becoming increasingly concerned 

3946
03:44:06,000 --> 03:44:08,700
with her Legacy and how history 
would remember her. 

3947
03:44:09,400 --> 03:44:12,400
He commissioned official 
biographies carefully, edited 

3948
03:44:12,400 --> 03:44:15,700
her journals for eventual, 
publication and tried to shape 

3949
03:44:15,700 --> 03:44:19,100
The Narrative of her Reign. 
She wanted to be remembered not 

3950
03:44:19,100 --> 03:44:23,000
just as the queen who presided 
over British expansion, but as 

3951
03:44:23,000 --> 03:44:25,800
someone who had tried to rule, 
conscientiously and care for her

3952
03:44:25,800 --> 03:44:26,800
subjects. 
Welfare. 

3953
03:44:26,800 --> 03:44:29,200
Where the history would Grant 
this Legacy. 

3954
03:44:29,200 --> 03:44:32,000
Remained uncertain. 
Even if she worked to secure it,

3955
03:44:33,800 --> 03:44:37,700
The Diamond Jubilee in 1897 was 
even more spectacular than the 

3956
03:44:37,700 --> 03:44:41,100
golden jubilee. 
A global celebration of Empire 

3957
03:44:41,100 --> 03:44:44,200
and monarchy that brought 
representatives from across the 

3958
03:44:44,200 --> 03:44:46,500
world to honor the Aging, Queen 
Victoria. 

3959
03:44:46,500 --> 03:44:49,900
Now unable to walk easily and 
suffering from various ailments 

3960
03:44:49,900 --> 03:44:53,300
participated in the festivities 
with characteristic 

3961
03:44:53,300 --> 03:44:57,100
determination, she appeared in 
an open Carriage acknowledging 

3962
03:44:57,100 --> 03:44:58,700
cheering crowds with the Regal 
bearing. 

3963
03:44:58,700 --> 03:45:01,300
She had cultivated over six 
Decades of practice. 

3964
03:45:02,300 --> 03:45:04,300
But beneath the pageantry and 
celebration. 

3965
03:45:04,300 --> 03:45:08,200
Careful, observers could see 
signs of an era ending the 

3966
03:45:08,200 --> 03:45:11,700
Victorian certainties faith in 
progress confidence. 

3967
03:45:11,700 --> 03:45:16,000
In Empire, belief in British 
Supremacy were beginning to fray

3968
03:45:16,000 --> 03:45:18,200
at the edges. 
The bore War at the end of the 

3969
03:45:18,200 --> 03:45:21,000
1890s revealed, military 
weaknesses and moral 

3970
03:45:21,000 --> 03:45:23,900
complications that challenge 
assumptions about British 

3971
03:45:23,900 --> 03:45:27,900
righteousness, social movements 
were demanding changes women 

3972
03:45:27,900 --> 03:45:32,000
suffrage, workers rights, Irish 
home, rule that threatened 

3973
03:45:32,000 --> 03:45:35,400
established hierarchies, the 
world was shifting beneath 

3974
03:45:35,400 --> 03:45:38,200
Victorious. 
Feet, moving toward a 20th 

3975
03:45:38,200 --> 03:45:39,900
century. 
That would look very different 

3976
03:45:39,900 --> 03:45:43,800
from the Victorian age. 
Victoria's Health declined 

3977
03:45:43,800 --> 03:45:46,500
gradually through the final 
years of the 1890s. 

3978
03:45:46,500 --> 03:45:50,300
She suffered from rheumatism, a 
difficulty, with their eyesight 

3979
03:45:50,300 --> 03:45:53,700
and tired easily, but she 
continued working continued 

3980
03:45:53,700 --> 03:45:56,000
managing her household and 
following political developments

3981
03:45:56,000 --> 03:45:59,300
and continued being Queen, 
because that's what she had done

3982
03:45:59,300 --> 03:46:02,300
for most of her conscious life. 
The role had become so 

3983
03:46:02,300 --> 03:46:05,700
fundamental to her identity that
separating Victoria. 

3984
03:46:05,700 --> 03:46:08,300
The person from Victoria the 
queen was essentially 

3985
03:46:08,300 --> 03:46:12,300
impossible. 
Victoria died on January 22nd, 

3986
03:46:12,300 --> 03:46:16,500
1901 at Osborne house, 
surrounded by her children and 

3987
03:46:16,500 --> 03:46:19,200
grandchildren. 
She was 81 years old, and had 

3988
03:46:19,200 --> 03:46:23,300
been Queen for 63 years longer 
than any British monarch before 

3989
03:46:23,300 --> 03:46:25,800
her and longer than most would 
have thought possible. 

3990
03:46:25,800 --> 03:46:29,600
When she ascended at 18, her 
passing marked, the end not just

3991
03:46:29,600 --> 03:46:33,200
of a Reign but of the entire 
19th century as if history 

3992
03:46:33,200 --> 03:46:36,100
itself had been waiting for her 
to finish before moving forward.

3993
03:46:37,300 --> 03:46:40,400
the funeral procession through 
London streets, Drew enormous 

3994
03:46:40,400 --> 03:46:44,100
crowds of people who had never 
known any other Monarch Victoria

3995
03:46:44,100 --> 03:46:47,200
had been Queen when their 
grandparents were young and had 

3996
03:46:47,200 --> 03:46:49,900
been a constant presence through
all the transformation of the 

3997
03:46:49,900 --> 03:46:53,900
Victorian age, her death felt 
like the closing of an era and 

3998
03:46:53,900 --> 03:46:57,400
in many ways it was the 
Edwardian period that followed 

3999
03:46:57,400 --> 03:47:00,700
would have a different 
character, a lighter tone, and a

4000
03:47:00,708 --> 03:47:04,000
sense of living in the Calm 
before a storm that would arrive

4001
03:47:04,000 --> 03:47:07,300
with World War one. 
But what exactly was Victoria's 

4002
03:47:07,300 --> 03:47:09,600
Legacy? 
This question has occupied 

4003
03:47:09,600 --> 03:47:13,100
historians ever since and the 
answers are as complex as 

4004
03:47:13,100 --> 03:47:16,500
Victoria herself. 
She didn't create the Victorian 

4005
03:47:16,500 --> 03:47:19,200
age. 
It was named after her not by 

4006
03:47:19,200 --> 03:47:23,200
her, but she helped shape its 
character and came to embody its

4007
03:47:23,200 --> 03:47:26,100
values. 
Her influence operated less 

4008
03:47:26,100 --> 03:47:28,600
through direct political action 
than through. 

4009
03:47:28,600 --> 03:47:31,600
Moral example, and symbolic, 
representation of what 

4010
03:47:31,600 --> 03:47:35,800
victorians believed about Duty, 
family, and National purpose. 

4011
03:47:36,900 --> 03:47:39,500
Victoria's model of 
constitutional monarchy 

4012
03:47:39,500 --> 03:47:43,200
influenced how future British 
Royals would understand their 

4013
03:47:43,200 --> 03:47:45,900
role. 
She demonstrated that monarchs 

4014
03:47:45,900 --> 03:47:48,100
could remain politically 
relevant without directly 

4015
03:47:48,100 --> 03:47:52,000
exercising political power. 
And that symbolic importance 

4016
03:47:52,000 --> 03:47:55,500
could be a significant as 
constitutional Authority, the 

4017
03:47:55,500 --> 03:47:57,600
modern British Monarchy with its
carefully. 

4018
03:47:57,600 --> 03:48:01,400
Calibrated balance between 
tradition and adaptation public 

4019
03:48:01,400 --> 03:48:03,900
visibility and private life 
owes. 

4020
03:48:03,900 --> 03:48:06,800
Much to patterns Victoria 
established during her long 

4021
03:48:06,800 --> 03:48:09,800
Reign. 
A commitment to duty even 

4022
03:48:09,800 --> 03:48:14,100
through profound personal loss. 
Set a standard that subsequent 

4023
03:48:14,100 --> 03:48:17,600
monox of tried to emulate. 
Victorious, showed that royalty 

4024
03:48:17,600 --> 03:48:21,000
meant service rather than simply
privilege that being Queen 

4025
03:48:21,000 --> 03:48:24,900
required personal sacrifice, and
consistent, dedication to 

4026
03:48:24,900 --> 03:48:28,300
responsibilities, that couldn't 
be delegated or escaped. 

4027
03:48:28,300 --> 03:48:32,000
When Elizabeth the second would 
later speak about dedicating her

4028
03:48:32,000 --> 03:48:35,100
life to Royal Service. 
She was echoing patterns. 

4029
03:48:35,100 --> 03:48:37,700
Victoria had established more 
than a century earlier. 

4030
03:48:38,700 --> 03:48:42,100
The Victorian emphasis on 
Domesticity and family values 

4031
03:48:42,100 --> 03:48:44,800
which Victoria and Albert had 
modeled. 

4032
03:48:44,800 --> 03:48:48,600
So publicly influenced British 
Society for Generations, the 

4033
03:48:48,600 --> 03:48:52,600
ideal of the respectable middle 
class family, morally upright, 

4034
03:48:52,600 --> 03:48:56,400
hardworking devoted to 
self-improvement Became a 

4035
03:48:56,400 --> 03:48:59,100
cultural Touchstone that 
persisted well into the 20th 

4036
03:48:59,100 --> 03:49:02,500
century whether this influence 
was entirely positive is 

4037
03:49:02,500 --> 03:49:06,100
debatable, but its reality is 
undeniable. 

4038
03:49:07,000 --> 03:49:09,300
Victoria's relationship with 
Empire remains. 

4039
03:49:09,300 --> 03:49:12,300
Perhaps the most complicated 
aspect of her Legacy. 

4040
03:49:12,300 --> 03:49:16,200
The British Empire reached its 
greatest extent during her Reign

4041
03:49:16,200 --> 03:49:18,700
and she took the title Empress 
of India. 

4042
03:49:18,700 --> 03:49:22,200
Napier, when European 
imperialism was intensifying 

4043
03:49:22,200 --> 03:49:26,100
Modern perspectives, recognize 
the exploitation and violence 

4044
03:49:26,100 --> 03:49:29,900
inherent in Imperial expansion. 
In ways that victorians 

4045
03:49:29,900 --> 03:49:32,900
generally didn't. 
Creating a legacy that can't be 

4046
03:49:32,908 --> 03:49:35,500
celebrated on critically 
Victoria's. 

4047
03:49:35,500 --> 03:49:38,800
Genuine interest in colonial 
subjects, doesn't erase the 

4048
03:49:38,800 --> 03:49:41,900
structural inequalities of the 
system she represented. 

4049
03:49:43,000 --> 03:49:46,800
The Victorian ages emphasis on 
progress and Improvement while 

4050
03:49:46,800 --> 03:49:50,300
sometimes producing 
self-righteous hypocrisy, also 

4051
03:49:50,300 --> 03:49:54,100
drove genuine reforms that 
expanded opportunities and 

4052
03:49:54,100 --> 03:49:56,700
improved lives. 
The factory acts Public Health 

4053
03:49:56,700 --> 03:50:00,400
reforms and education expansion.
These weren't simply top down in

4054
03:50:00,400 --> 03:50:03,300
positions but reflected 
Victorian beliefs about social 

4055
03:50:03,300 --> 03:50:06,100
responsibility and the 
possibility of making things 

4056
03:50:06,100 --> 03:50:08,400
better. 
Victoria support for these 

4057
03:50:08,400 --> 03:50:11,900
reforms. 
However, inconsistent aligned 

4058
03:50:11,900 --> 03:50:15,000
monarchy with Progressive calls,
is in ways that enhanced Royal 

4059
03:50:15,000 --> 03:50:18,500
legitimacy. 
Perhaps Victoria's, most 

4060
03:50:18,508 --> 03:50:22,800
enduring personal Legacy is 
simply how long and consistently

4061
03:50:22,800 --> 03:50:27,500
she performed the role of Queen 
63 years of dutiful service 

4062
03:50:27,500 --> 03:50:29,900
created, a sense of continuity 
and stability. 

4063
03:50:29,900 --> 03:50:33,500
That helped Britain navigate the
massive social and economic 

4064
03:50:33,500 --> 03:50:35,400
transformations of the 19th 
century. 

4065
03:50:35,400 --> 03:50:39,000
People might disagree about 
policies or disapprove of Royal 

4066
03:50:39,000 --> 03:50:42,200
Behavior, but they knew Victoria
would still be Queen tomorrow. 

4067
03:50:42,200 --> 03:50:44,900
Providing a fixed point in a 
changing world. 

4068
03:50:45,900 --> 03:50:49,400
The Victorian world that carried
her name with its particular 

4069
03:50:49,400 --> 03:50:52,900
combination of moral earnestness
and material ambition. 

4070
03:50:52,900 --> 03:50:57,600
It's in progress and anxiety 
about change its genuine 

4071
03:50:57,600 --> 03:51:01,300
humanitarian, impulses, and 
persistent social inequalities 

4072
03:51:01,300 --> 03:51:05,300
reflected, broader forces than 
any single person could create. 

4073
03:51:05,300 --> 03:51:08,400
But for Victoria's long 
presence, helped the give this 

4074
03:51:08,400 --> 03:51:12,500
era of coherence and identity 
that it might not otherwise have

4075
03:51:12,500 --> 03:51:16,200
possessed. 
In the end Victoria's Legacy is 

4076
03:51:16,200 --> 03:51:20,200
less about specific policies or 
political decisions than about 

4077
03:51:20,200 --> 03:51:23,900
demonstrating, how monarchy 
could adapt to Modern conditions

4078
03:51:23,900 --> 03:51:25,800
without losing its Central 
character. 

4079
03:51:25,800 --> 03:51:29,700
She showed that royalty could be
simultaneously, ordinary and 

4080
03:51:29,700 --> 03:51:31,900
exceptional. 
The Queen's could be wives and 

4081
03:51:31,900 --> 03:51:34,600
mothers without diminishing 
their Authority, and that 

4082
03:51:34,608 --> 03:51:37,500
monarchy could survive by 
evolving rather than by 

4083
03:51:37,500 --> 03:51:41,200
insisting on unchanging 
tradition as you prepare for 

4084
03:51:41,200 --> 03:51:44,000
sleep tonight. 
Perhaps, the most valuable thing

4085
03:51:44,000 --> 03:51:47,300
to understand about Victoria is 
how thoroughly human she 

4086
03:51:47,300 --> 03:51:50,300
remained, despite spending most 
of her life in positions that 

4087
03:51:50,300 --> 03:51:52,500
discourage normal human 
feelings. 

4088
03:51:52,500 --> 03:51:56,400
She was someone who laughed 
easily cried openly loved deeply

4089
03:51:56,400 --> 03:52:00,200
and grieved without reservation.
The qualities that made her an 

4090
03:52:00,200 --> 03:52:02,400
effective Monarch, a sense of 
Duty. 

4091
03:52:02,400 --> 03:52:06,200
Her emotional honesty, the 
capacity for both firmness and 

4092
03:52:06,208 --> 03:52:10,400
compassion weren't Royal 
attributes but human ones just 

4093
03:52:10,400 --> 03:52:14,500
applied on a larger stage. 
Victoria's journals, which she 

4094
03:52:14,500 --> 03:52:18,000
kept throughout her adult life. 
Reveal a woman of genuine 

4095
03:52:18,000 --> 03:52:21,000
feeling and complexity. 
She could be Petty and 

4096
03:52:21,000 --> 03:52:24,800
vindictive generous and 
warm-hearted intellectually. 

4097
03:52:24,800 --> 03:52:28,900
Curious, and frustratingly. 
Stubborn often all on the same 

4098
03:52:28,900 --> 03:52:31,700
day, she experienced. 
The ordinary struggles of 

4099
03:52:31,708 --> 03:52:35,200
marriage and parent, Hood the 
universal Sorrows of loss and 

4100
03:52:35,200 --> 03:52:39,100
aging and the common human needs
for love purpose and 

4101
03:52:39,100 --> 03:52:41,600
recognition. 
The difference was that she 

4102
03:52:41,600 --> 03:52:45,000
experienced these things while 
being Queen, which complicated 

4103
03:52:45,000 --> 03:52:48,500
everything without changing the 
fundamental emotional truths. 

4104
03:52:49,400 --> 03:52:53,500
Think about young Victoria, 18 
years old and suddenly Queen 

4105
03:52:53,500 --> 03:52:57,400
navigating responsibility. 
She hadn't been prepared for 

4106
03:52:57,400 --> 03:52:59,700
with nothing but her own 
intelligence and determination 

4107
03:52:59,700 --> 03:53:04,300
to guide her think about 
Victoria in love, discovering 

4108
03:53:04,300 --> 03:53:06,200
that being queened, didn't 
protect her from the 

4109
03:53:06,200 --> 03:53:08,300
vulnerability and joy of 
romantic attachment. 

4110
03:53:09,500 --> 03:53:14,000
Think about Victoria grieving 
demonstrating that profound lost

4111
03:53:14,000 --> 03:53:17,500
doesn't respect rank or 
position, think about elderly. 

4112
03:53:17,500 --> 03:53:21,500
Victoria looking back on six 
Decades of service and wondering

4113
03:53:21,500 --> 03:53:25,200
if she'd done enough made the 
right choices and fulfilled her 

4114
03:53:25,200 --> 03:53:28,200
purposes. 
What made Victoria remarkable 

4115
03:53:28,200 --> 03:53:31,500
wasn't that she transcended 
human limitations but that she 

4116
03:53:31,500 --> 03:53:34,700
worked within them while 
carrying responsibilities, that 

4117
03:53:34,700 --> 03:53:37,700
would have overwhelmed, many 
people, she was often wrong. 

4118
03:53:37,700 --> 03:53:41,000
Sometimes, Petty and 
occasionally, stubborn Beyond 

4119
03:53:41,000 --> 03:53:43,800
Reason. 
She held views on Empire and 

4120
03:53:43,800 --> 03:53:47,500
social hierarchy that we now 
recognize as profoundly flawed, 

4121
03:53:47,500 --> 03:53:51,200
but she also showed up did the 
work and kept going through 

4122
03:53:51,200 --> 03:53:54,300
personal tragedies that might 
have Justified giving up 

4123
03:53:54,300 --> 03:53:57,700
entirely? 
The Victorian age ended 

4124
03:53:57,700 --> 03:54:01,300
officially with Victoria's death
in 1901 but its influence 

4125
03:54:01,300 --> 03:54:04,900
continued shaping British 
society and culture for decades.

4126
03:54:04,900 --> 03:54:10,600
Afterward the values Victoria 
represented Duty family, moral 

4127
03:54:10,600 --> 03:54:14,600
earnestness, faith in progress. 
Continued informing British 

4128
03:54:14,600 --> 03:54:18,700
identity even as the 20th 
century Challenge and sometimes 

4129
03:54:18,700 --> 03:54:21,000
overturned them. 
When people speak about 

4130
03:54:21,000 --> 03:54:24,400
Victorian values, there are 
often referring to historical 

4131
03:54:24,400 --> 03:54:28,500
reality then to an idealized 
image, that Victoria herself 

4132
03:54:28,500 --> 03:54:31,900
helped create through the 
example of her life and reign. 

4133
03:54:33,000 --> 03:54:36,900
Your own life probably contains 
more Victorian influence, the 

4134
03:54:36,908 --> 03:54:40,300
new realize the expectation that
work should be meaningful and 

4135
03:54:40,300 --> 03:54:42,300
contribute to something larger 
than yourself. 

4136
03:54:42,300 --> 03:54:45,900
That's partly Victorian. 
The ideal that families should 

4137
03:54:45,900 --> 03:54:48,700
provide emotional warmth 
alongside practical support 

4138
03:54:48,700 --> 03:54:53,400
Victoria and Albert helped 
popularize that model The belief

4139
03:54:53,400 --> 03:54:55,800
that individuals can improve 
themselves through education, 

4140
03:54:55,800 --> 03:54:59,900
and effort thoroughly, Victorian
even your assumptions about 

4141
03:54:59,900 --> 03:55:03,700
privacy Domesticity and the 
separation between public and 

4142
03:55:03,700 --> 03:55:07,100
private life owes, something to 
patterns established during the 

4143
03:55:07,100 --> 03:55:10,900
Victorious era. 
The photographs of Victoria that

4144
03:55:10,900 --> 03:55:15,000
survived, and she was one of the
most photographed people of the 

4145
03:55:15,000 --> 03:55:16,800
19th century, show a 
progression. 

4146
03:55:16,800 --> 03:55:20,100
That captures both personal 
aging and historical change 

4147
03:55:20,100 --> 03:55:23,200
early photographs, show a young 
woman with soft features and 

4148
03:55:23,200 --> 03:55:27,100
elaborate hairstyles, still 
recognizably the girl who became

4149
03:55:27,100 --> 03:55:30,200
Queen. 
Middle age, photographs capture 

4150
03:55:30,200 --> 03:55:33,900
someone more substantial 
confident in her position and 

4151
03:55:33,900 --> 03:55:37,400
comfortable with authority late,
photographs show an elderly 

4152
03:55:37,400 --> 03:55:39,900
woman in black Stern face and 
dignified. 

4153
03:55:39,900 --> 03:55:43,500
Looking like everyone's 
formidable, grandmother, who 

4154
03:55:43,500 --> 03:55:46,400
nonetheless might surprise you 
with unexpected humor or 

4155
03:55:46,400 --> 03:55:49,500
tenderness. 
But photographs can't capture 

4156
03:55:49,500 --> 03:55:52,200
everything. 
They don't show Victorious laugh

4157
03:55:52,200 --> 03:55:56,100
which contemporaries described 
as full and genuine, they don't 

4158
03:55:56,100 --> 03:55:59,700
reveal her speaking voice, which
was apparently Musical and 

4159
03:55:59,700 --> 03:56:02,700
pleasant, they don't capture her
handwriting in journals and 

4160
03:56:02,700 --> 03:56:05,000
letters. 
Where her personality comes 

4161
03:56:05,000 --> 03:56:09,400
through an exclamation marks 
underlined words and passages 

4162
03:56:09,400 --> 03:56:13,200
that radiates emotion, the 
Victoria photographs is frozen 

4163
03:56:13,200 --> 03:56:18,200
formal and preserved. 
The real Victoria was animated 

4164
03:56:18,200 --> 03:56:21,900
by feelings thoughts and 
experiences that no image could 

4165
03:56:21,900 --> 03:56:25,500
fully contain Victoria's 
relationship with their own 

4166
03:56:25,500 --> 03:56:29,200
legacy was complicated by her 
awareness that she was becoming 

4167
03:56:29,200 --> 03:56:31,000
a historical figure while still 
living. 

4168
03:56:31,000 --> 03:56:34,200
She knew that historians would 
analyze her Reign. 

4169
03:56:34,200 --> 03:56:37,900
That her journals would be read 
by people who never knew her and

4170
03:56:37,900 --> 03:56:40,500
that her life would become 
material for interpretation and 

4171
03:56:40,500 --> 03:56:42,600
judgment. 
This awareness made a 

4172
03:56:42,600 --> 03:56:45,100
self-conscious in ways that 
earlier, monks, hadn't been 

4173
03:56:45,100 --> 03:56:48,300
trying to shape, how she would 
be remembered even as a 

4174
03:56:48,308 --> 03:56:53,000
servant's continued to unfold. 
Victorian era's combination of 

4175
03:56:53,000 --> 03:56:56,000
progress and limitation of 
expanding possibilities 

4176
03:56:56,000 --> 03:57:00,800
alongside persistent 
inequalities reflects tensions 

4177
03:57:00,800 --> 03:57:03,300
that remain unresolved in modern
societies. 

4178
03:57:03,300 --> 03:57:07,000
He still wrestle with questions 
about how to balance individual 

4179
03:57:07,000 --> 03:57:09,200
Freedom, with social 
responsibility. 

4180
03:57:09,200 --> 03:57:13,200
How to pursue economic growth 
while protecting human welfare 

4181
03:57:13,200 --> 03:57:16,800
and how to honor tradition while
embracing necessary change. 

4182
03:57:16,800 --> 03:57:20,600
These aren't uniquely Victorian 
dilemmas, but victorians 

4183
03:57:20,600 --> 03:57:22,800
confronted them with a 
directness and moral 

4184
03:57:22,800 --> 03:57:25,800
seriousness, that makes their 
struggles feel relevant to 

4185
03:57:25,800 --> 03:57:30,500
contemporary concerns. 
Victoria's influence on the 

4186
03:57:30,500 --> 03:57:34,100
British Monarchy specifically 
created patterns. 

4187
03:57:34,100 --> 03:57:37,300
That persisted today, the 
emphasis on family values and 

4188
03:57:37,300 --> 03:57:40,800
moral example, the careful 
balance between visibility and 

4189
03:57:40,800 --> 03:57:44,400
privacy and the sense that 
royalty represents National 

4190
03:57:44,400 --> 03:57:50,200
continuity and shared values all
of these reflect victorians when

4191
03:57:50,200 --> 03:57:53,400
modern Royals engage in 
charitable work, support social 

4192
03:57:53,400 --> 03:57:56,800
causes or present themselves as 
devoted family members. 

4193
03:57:56,800 --> 03:58:01,200
Their following a template that 
Victoria helped establish But 

4194
03:58:01,200 --> 03:58:04,700
perhaps, the most remarkable 
thing about Victoria is simply 

4195
03:58:04,700 --> 03:58:08,500
that she remained recognizably 
herself throughout her long 

4196
03:58:08,500 --> 03:58:11,500
Reign, she didn't become a 
different person when she became

4197
03:58:11,500 --> 03:58:14,400
Queen, and she didn't lose her 
essential character. 

4198
03:58:14,400 --> 03:58:17,000
Through six Decades, of 
performing, a role that might 

4199
03:58:17,000 --> 03:58:18,700
have consumed a week of earth 
personality. 

4200
03:58:18,700 --> 03:58:22,400
The woman who died at 81 
retained fundamental qualities 

4201
03:58:22,400 --> 03:58:24,200
of the girl who became Queen at 
18. 

4202
03:58:25,300 --> 03:58:28,600
The emotional intensity, the 
strong opinions, the capacity 

4203
03:58:28,600 --> 03:58:32,400
for deep feeling and the sense 
of Duty combined with genuine 

4204
03:58:32,400 --> 03:58:36,300
Humanity. 
As you drift towards sleep 

4205
03:58:36,300 --> 03:58:39,600
tonight. 
Consider this Victoria live 

4206
03:58:39,600 --> 03:58:42,400
through a period of change, more
profound than most humans 

4207
03:58:42,400 --> 03:58:46,000
experience in their life times. 
She was born in a world of horse

4208
03:58:46,000 --> 03:58:48,700
drawn, carriages, and 
Candlelight, and died. 

4209
03:58:48,700 --> 03:58:51,300
In a world of automobiles and 
electric lights. 

4210
03:58:51,300 --> 03:58:54,700
She witnessed the transformation
of Britain from an Agricultural 

4211
03:58:54,700 --> 03:58:58,500
Society to an industrial 
Powerhouse, Source science, 

4212
03:58:58,500 --> 03:59:01,500
challenge, religious, 
certainties and watched as 

4213
03:59:01,500 --> 03:59:05,900
Democratic movements reshaped, 
political expectations, through 

4214
03:59:05,900 --> 03:59:09,000
all these changes, she provided 
a sense of continuity and 

4215
03:59:09,000 --> 03:59:11,600
stability. 
That helped people navigate on 

4216
03:59:11,600 --> 03:59:14,900
certainly. 
The small bedroom at Osborne 

4217
03:59:14,900 --> 03:59:18,100
house, where Victoria spent her 
final hours has been preserved, 

4218
03:59:18,100 --> 03:59:21,300
much as it was. 
You can visit it today and see 

4219
03:59:21,300 --> 03:59:24,700
the simple iron bed where she 
died the viewer crossed to the 

4220
03:59:24,708 --> 03:59:27,100
Isle of Wight that she loved and
the domestic. 

4221
03:59:27,100 --> 03:59:31,000
Simplicity, she preferred in her
private spaces, it's a reminder 

4222
03:59:31,000 --> 03:59:34,900
that even Queens die in ordinary
rooms that the trappings of 

4223
03:59:34,900 --> 03:59:38,300
monarchy fall away at the end. 
The leaving only the human 

4224
03:59:38,300 --> 03:59:42,400
person facing the universal 
Human Experience of mortality. 

4225
03:59:45,000 --> 03:59:47,800
Victoria's children and 
grandchildren, gathered around 

4226
03:59:47,800 --> 03:59:51,700
her deathbed, creating a scene 
that mixed Royal protocol with 

4227
03:59:51,700 --> 03:59:55,300
genuine family grief. 
Her son, who would become Edward

4228
03:59:55,300 --> 03:59:59,300
with the seventh held one hand 
while her grandson, the future 

4229
03:59:59,300 --> 04:00:03,100
German Kaiser, Wilhelm the 
second supported, her other arm,

4230
04:00:03,100 --> 04:00:06,100
it was a moment when the 
personal and the political the 

4231
04:00:06,100 --> 04:00:08,900
maternal, and the monarchical, 
and the intimate, and the 

4232
04:00:08,900 --> 04:00:12,600
historical all converged into a 
single experience that was 

4233
04:00:12,600 --> 04:00:14,700
simultaneously, unique and 
Universal. 

4234
04:00:17,200 --> 04:00:21,100
In her final months. 
Victoria reportedly said that 

4235
04:00:21,100 --> 04:00:23,900
she didn't want to die. 
She felt she still had work to 

4236
04:00:23,900 --> 04:00:27,600
do responsibilities to fulfill 
and purposes to serve it. 

4237
04:00:27,800 --> 04:00:30,000
The sentiment that captures 
something essential about her 

4238
04:00:30,000 --> 04:00:34,100
character, the sense that life 
meant service that having 

4239
04:00:34,100 --> 04:00:37,100
privileges required giving 
something back and that being 

4240
04:00:37,108 --> 04:00:41,100
Queen was ultimately about Duty,
rather than power, whether you 

4241
04:00:41,100 --> 04:00:44,000
agree with her vision of 
monarchy or not, there's 

4242
04:00:44,000 --> 04:00:46,700
something admirable about 
someone who remained committed 

4243
04:00:46,700 --> 04:00:50,100
to their responsibilities, 
literally until their final 

4244
04:00:50,100 --> 04:00:53,900
breath. 
The world victoria left behind 

4245
04:00:53,900 --> 04:00:58,200
in 1901 was vastly different 
from the one she'd inherited in 

4246
04:00:58,200 --> 04:01:01,800
1837 Britain had become the 
world's dominant in industrial 

4247
04:01:01,800 --> 04:01:05,800
and Imperial power Science, and 
Technology are transformed daily

4248
04:01:05,800 --> 04:01:08,300
life in ways that would have 
seen like magic to early 

4249
04:01:08,300 --> 04:01:11,900
Generations, social reforms and 
expanded rights and 

4250
04:01:11,900 --> 04:01:15,700
opportunities for millions of 
people, the Victorian age with 

4251
04:01:15,700 --> 04:01:18,500
all, its achievements and 
limitations its progress and 

4252
04:01:18,500 --> 04:01:21,100
problems. 
It's genuine humanitarian, 

4253
04:01:21,100 --> 04:01:25,000
impulses and persistent in 
Justice's had reshaped. 

4254
04:01:25,000 --> 04:01:26,900
Not just Britain, but much of 
the world. 

4255
04:01:28,000 --> 04:01:31,700
But Victoria's, most personal 
Legacy might be the example, she

4256
04:01:31,700 --> 04:01:35,100
provided of resilient in the 
face of loss, her determination 

4257
04:01:35,100 --> 04:01:38,900
to continue being Queen after 
Albert's death to find meaning 

4258
04:01:38,900 --> 04:01:43,400
and purpose despite overwhelming
grief and to serve others, even 

4259
04:01:43,400 --> 04:01:47,100
while mourning privately. 
This demonstration of human 

4260
04:01:47,100 --> 04:01:50,900
strength in the face of 
Devastation has resonated with 

4261
04:01:50,900 --> 04:01:54,000
people for Generations. 
Victoria showed that you can be 

4262
04:01:54,000 --> 04:01:57,300
profoundly damaged by loss 
without being destroyed by it. 

4263
04:01:57,300 --> 04:02:02,100
The grief and Duty can coexist 
and that broken hearts can 

4264
04:02:02,100 --> 04:02:06,400
continue beating as the last 
words of this story settle 

4265
04:02:06,400 --> 04:02:10,100
around you like a soft blanket. 
Think about what Victoria's life

4266
04:02:10,100 --> 04:02:12,200
represents beyond the historical
facts. 

4267
04:02:12,200 --> 04:02:15,300
And Royal pageantry here was 
someone who spent most of her 

4268
04:02:15,300 --> 04:02:17,900
life performing a role that 
demanded constant public 

4269
04:02:17,900 --> 04:02:21,200
presence while trying to 
maintain some private sense of 

4270
04:02:21,200 --> 04:02:24,000
self. 
She had to be simultaneously, a 

4271
04:02:24,000 --> 04:02:27,600
symbol and a person both 
ordinary and exceptional human 

4272
04:02:27,600 --> 04:02:31,500
and institutional. 
Victoria's story reminds us that

4273
04:02:31,500 --> 04:02:36,100
leadership whether of Nations or
simply of our own lives requires

4274
04:02:36,100 --> 04:02:39,700
showing up consistently even 
when we don't feel capable 

4275
04:02:39,700 --> 04:02:43,500
continuing to work. 
Even when motivation Fades and 

4276
04:02:43,500 --> 04:02:47,300
finding ways to serve purposes 
larger than ourselves, even as 

4277
04:02:47,300 --> 04:02:49,400
we attend to personal needs and 
desires. 

4278
04:02:49,400 --> 04:02:51,700
These aren't uniquely Royal 
Challengers. 

4279
04:02:51,700 --> 04:02:55,600
But Universal human ones just 
played out on a particularly 

4280
04:02:55,600 --> 04:02:59,500
visible stage. 
The Victorian age that bore her 

4281
04:02:59,500 --> 04:03:03,000
name was ultimately about people
trying to navigate rapid change,

4282
04:03:03,000 --> 04:03:06,400
while holding onto values. 
They believed important, that 

4283
04:03:06,400 --> 04:03:09,700
challenge hasn't disappeared. 
If anything, it's more intense 

4284
04:03:09,700 --> 04:03:12,600
in our contemporary world of 
even faster, technological and 

4285
04:03:12,600 --> 04:03:15,900
social transformation Victoria's
example, suggests that 

4286
04:03:15,900 --> 04:03:18,600
maintaining core commitments 
while adapting to new 

4287
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:22,700
circumstances, isn't a 
contradiction, but a necessity 

4288
04:03:22,700 --> 04:03:26,100
that change and continuity can 
coexist. 

4289
04:03:26,100 --> 04:03:29,400
And that progress doesn't 
require abandoning everything 

4290
04:03:29,400 --> 04:03:33,300
that came before when you wake 
tomorrow morning and go about 

4291
04:03:33,300 --> 04:03:36,400
your daily life, you'll be 
participating in a world that 

4292
04:03:36,400 --> 04:03:38,700
Victoria helped shape the 
calendar. 

4293
04:03:38,700 --> 04:03:42,100
You check has remnants of 
Victorian time, keeping reforms 

4294
04:03:42,100 --> 04:03:46,000
the institutions you interact 
with schools hospitals, 

4295
04:03:46,000 --> 04:03:50,200
libraries many were established 
or transformed during her era. 

4296
04:03:50,200 --> 04:03:55,100
The assumptions you carry about 
family work, privacy and public 

4297
04:03:55,100 --> 04:03:57,200
life, all bear traces of 
Victorian. 

4298
04:03:57,200 --> 04:04:03,000
INF Ended. 
It's a continuous stream that 

4299
04:04:03,000 --> 04:04:06,100
flows through the present, 
connecting us to people, we 

4300
04:04:06,100 --> 04:04:09,200
never knew but whose choices 
still affect our lives. 

4301
04:04:11,700 --> 04:04:16,600
Victoria would probably be both 
amazed and somewhat bewildered 

4302
04:04:16,600 --> 04:04:20,200
by the 21st century world. 
The technology would astonish 

4303
04:04:20,200 --> 04:04:22,300
her. 
The social changes were 

4304
04:04:22,300 --> 04:04:24,600
challenged. 
Many of her assumptions and the 

4305
04:04:24,600 --> 04:04:27,900
transformed role of monarchy 
would likely confuse someone who

4306
04:04:27,900 --> 04:04:31,500
understood Royal Authority very 
differently, but she might also 

4307
04:04:31,500 --> 04:04:35,000
recognize continuity, people 
still fall in love. 

4308
04:04:35,000 --> 04:04:37,500
Still grieve losses. 
Still struggle, with balancing 

4309
04:04:37,500 --> 04:04:39,900
personal desires and public 
responsibilities. 

4310
04:04:40,700 --> 04:04:43,800
And still wonder if their lives 
matter and what they'll leave 

4311
04:04:43,808 --> 04:04:47,900
behind. 
Queen, who wants was a young 

4312
04:04:47,900 --> 04:04:51,200
girl waking up to learn. 
She ruled an Empire who fell in 

4313
04:04:51,200 --> 04:04:54,000
love and raise children and 
grieved, unbearably and kept 

4314
04:04:54,000 --> 04:04:56,100
working? 
Anyway, who grew old watching 

4315
04:04:56,100 --> 04:04:57,600
the world transformed around 
her. 

4316
04:04:57,600 --> 04:05:01,500
She's been gone for over a 
century now but something of her

4317
04:05:01,500 --> 04:05:05,800
persists In institution, she 
influenced in patterns, she 

4318
04:05:05,800 --> 04:05:08,800
established. 
And in the example, she provided

4319
04:05:08,800 --> 04:05:11,900
of someone trying to live 
honorably within the constraints

4320
04:05:11,900 --> 04:05:15,900
of their circumstances. 
Tonight as you settle in to 

4321
04:05:15,900 --> 04:05:20,000
sleep your participating in a 
ritual as old as Humanity. 

4322
04:05:20,900 --> 04:05:23,400
The telling of stories about 
people who came before us, 

4323
04:05:23,400 --> 04:05:26,900
trying to understand what their 
lives mean and what we can learn

4324
04:05:26,900 --> 04:05:29,400
from them. 
Victorious story is ultimately 

4325
04:05:29,400 --> 04:05:32,600
about an ordinary person, given 
extraordinary responsibilities 

4326
04:05:32,600 --> 04:05:36,300
and finding within herself. 
The resources to meet them in 

4327
04:05:36,300 --> 04:05:38,700
perfectly. 
But persistently, it's a story 

4328
04:05:38,708 --> 04:05:42,200
about love and loss Duty and 
resilience the weight of 

4329
04:05:42,208 --> 04:05:45,600
expectations and the relief of 
finally laying them down. 

4330
04:05:46,900 --> 04:05:49,300
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that the challenge

4331
04:05:49,300 --> 04:05:52,900
is Victoria faced how to Live 
authentically, While meeting 

4332
04:05:52,900 --> 04:05:56,600
others, expectations, how to 
maintain purpose through 

4333
04:05:56,600 --> 04:06:00,100
changing circumstances, how to 
balance personal needs with 

4334
04:06:00,100 --> 04:06:03,600
public responsibilities, how to 
keep going when lost makes 

4335
04:06:03,600 --> 04:06:07,200
continuing seemed impossible. 
these challenges can connect you

4336
04:06:07,200 --> 04:06:10,700
across the centuries, to a small
woman in black who was once 

4337
04:06:10,700 --> 04:06:14,700
queen of half the world and who 
despite everything remained 

4338
04:06:14,700 --> 04:06:18,800
fundamentally human and until 
the end, the Victorian age is 

4339
04:06:18,800 --> 04:06:22,900
gone but Victoria herself 
remains present in memory in 

4340
04:06:22,900 --> 04:06:26,600
influence and in the example of 
a life lived with determination 

4341
04:06:26,600 --> 04:06:31,700
feeling and an unshakeable sense
that Duty matters, love matters 

4342
04:06:31,700 --> 04:06:34,500
and showing up every day even 
when it's hard matters. 

4343
04:06:34,500 --> 04:06:38,600
Most of all Rest, easy. 
And may your dreams be gentle? 

4344
04:06:46,400 --> 04:06:49,000
Imagine that you're in a warm 
bed with an electric blanket 

4345
04:06:49,000 --> 04:06:52,200
that is quietly humming. 
The temperature in your home is 

4346
04:06:52,200 --> 04:06:55,600
a perfect 72 degrees. 
Now picture taking away, 

4347
04:06:55,600 --> 04:06:59,400
everything like the temperature,
the warm air circulating through

4348
04:06:59,400 --> 04:07:01,700
the vents and any electrical 
parts. 

4349
04:07:01,700 --> 04:07:05,300
Welcome to a Victorian winter 
night, where the challenge of 

4350
04:07:05,300 --> 04:07:07,500
staying alive. 
Until morning was not so much 

4351
04:07:07,500 --> 04:07:11,000
about being cozy, as it was 
about avoiding becoming a human 

4352
04:07:11,000 --> 04:07:13,500
icicle. 
Some might say that, Victorian 

4353
04:07:13,500 --> 04:07:14,900
families, were tougher than 
ours. 

4354
04:07:14,900 --> 04:07:18,400
And there were times when they 
were However, they were not 

4355
04:07:18,400 --> 04:07:21,200
superhuman. 
They just found creative ways to

4356
04:07:21,200 --> 04:07:23,000
stay warm. 
That would make current safety 

4357
04:07:23,000 --> 04:07:26,900
inspectors faint. 
Over the course of the 1800s. 

4358
04:07:26,900 --> 04:07:29,300
Jack frosted more than just nip 
at noses. 

4359
04:07:29,300 --> 04:07:33,000
He made himself at home for the 
winter in the 1800s. 

4360
04:07:33,000 --> 04:07:35,900
The average Victorian home used 
about as little energy as a 

4361
04:07:35,900 --> 04:07:39,300
submarine screen door. 
That kind of big room with high 

4362
04:07:39,300 --> 04:07:41,300
ceilings that look so classy and
period. 

4363
04:07:41,300 --> 04:07:45,500
Dramas They were Monster's the 
eight heat, it would get warm up

4364
04:07:45,500 --> 04:07:47,400
to those fancy carvings and stay
there. 

4365
04:07:47,408 --> 04:07:50,600
Making everyone below Shiva like
a bunch of chihuahuas in the 

4366
04:07:50,600 --> 04:07:53,500
snow. 
A single pane of glass could 

4367
04:07:53,500 --> 04:07:56,000
have been made of paper, because
it kept out so much cold. 

4368
04:07:56,900 --> 04:07:59,600
But this is where Victorian 
creativity came in handy. 

4369
04:08:00,200 --> 04:08:01,900
These families didn't just put 
up with it. 

4370
04:08:01,900 --> 04:08:05,200
They came up with a huge number 
of ways to stay warm that would 

4371
04:08:05,200 --> 04:08:06,900
make current survivalists look 
weak. 

4372
04:08:07,600 --> 04:08:10,500
In our climate controlled World,
they understood that merely 

4373
04:08:10,500 --> 04:08:12,600
turning up. 
The heat isn't the only way to 

4374
04:08:12,600 --> 04:08:14,900
stay warm. 
You also need to utilize 

4375
04:08:14,900 --> 04:08:17,000
available resources and think 
creatively. 

4376
04:08:18,000 --> 04:08:20,800
In Victorian times, most family 
started getting ready for 

4377
04:08:20,800 --> 04:08:24,300
winter, like they were getting 
ready for battle in October, 

4378
04:08:24,300 --> 04:08:27,600
they would start the great move 
but not to warmer places. 

4379
04:08:27,600 --> 04:08:32,100
Instead they would go to warmer 
rooms in their own homes, in the

4380
04:08:32,100 --> 04:08:33,600
summer. 
The lobby would be empty. 

4381
04:08:33,600 --> 04:08:36,800
Like a ghost town and everyone 
would cram into the room with 

4382
04:08:36,800 --> 04:08:40,400
the best fireplace or stove. 
The kitchen turned into mission 

4383
04:08:40,400 --> 04:08:43,800
control for staying alive in the
winter, not only because that's 

4384
04:08:43,800 --> 04:08:46,600
where the food was made, but 
also because the cast, iron 

4385
04:08:46,600 --> 04:08:50,900
range was basically a small fire
that cooked food, In Victorian 

4386
04:08:50,900 --> 04:08:53,700
times smart mums would bake 
during the coolest parts of the 

4387
04:08:53,700 --> 04:08:56,100
day so that the bread would heat
the whole family. 

4388
04:08:57,000 --> 04:08:59,600
For hours, the oven would stay 
on warming, the room and making 

4389
04:08:59,600 --> 04:09:01,100
something beneficial at the same
time. 

4390
04:09:02,100 --> 04:09:04,900
In terms of being useful, 
nothing was thrown away when it 

4391
04:09:04,900 --> 04:09:08,100
was used for making Heat. 
Instead of going down the drain 

4392
04:09:08,100 --> 04:09:10,300
the hot water used to wash 
dishes would sit in tubs around 

4393
04:09:10,300 --> 04:09:14,100
the room and slowly warm the 
air, even the family dog made 

4394
04:09:14,100 --> 04:09:15,900
money as a living breathing foot
warmer. 

4395
04:09:16,900 --> 04:09:19,000
By December. 
He was everyone's best friend. 

4396
04:09:19,000 --> 04:09:22,000
Families would sit around the 
kitchen table for everything. 

4397
04:09:22,000 --> 04:09:24,600
Not just meals, they would do 
their chores. 

4398
04:09:24,600 --> 04:09:28,300
So read and even do their 
Dentistry if Uncle Herbert had 

4399
04:09:28,300 --> 04:09:29,700
been putting off that toothache 
again. 

4400
04:09:31,100 --> 04:09:33,500
The kitchen table turned into 
the family's main meeting. 

4401
04:09:33,500 --> 04:09:37,000
Place a place where people could
hang out and a safe place to be 

4402
04:09:37,000 --> 04:09:41,200
the real test, though came at 
night, when the sun went down 

4403
04:09:41,200 --> 04:09:45,000
and the temperature dropped even
more, That's when Victoria 

4404
04:09:45,000 --> 04:09:47,700
families had to make a choice. 
Do they try to heat the 

4405
04:09:47,708 --> 04:09:49,400
bedrooms? 
Or just accept that going to 

4406
04:09:49,408 --> 04:09:51,300
sleep as like going on an Arctic
hike? 

4407
04:09:52,200 --> 04:09:55,200
Most chose the second option 
resulting in inventive 

4408
04:09:55,200 --> 04:09:57,900
solutions, that would make your 
great grandmother proud and your

4409
04:09:57,900 --> 04:10:01,700
heating bill envious. 
In a Victorian home, the evening

4410
04:10:01,700 --> 04:10:04,100
routine, began hours before 
anyone went to sleep. 

4411
04:10:04,100 --> 04:10:07,500
It was kind of like getting 
ready for a sea but with a lot 

4412
04:10:07,500 --> 04:10:11,000
more flannel and a lot fewer 
guns from the youngest child to 

4413
04:10:11,000 --> 04:10:12,800
the family. 
Father, everyone had a part to 

4414
04:10:12,800 --> 04:10:15,000
play in the big project of 
keeping warm every night. 

4415
04:10:15,000 --> 04:10:17,100
One could presume that Victorian
families. 

4416
04:10:17,100 --> 04:10:19,800
Endured the cold in their 
separate bedrooms each member 

4417
04:10:19,800 --> 04:10:23,100
confronting the chill in 
isolation, like thermal Martyrs,

4418
04:10:23,100 --> 04:10:26,800
but you'd be wrong and that's a 
good thing as that would have 

4419
04:10:26,800 --> 04:10:29,600
been a recipe for disaster, that
even Charles, Dickens wouldn't 

4420
04:10:29,600 --> 04:10:33,900
wish on his worst characters. 
Victorian households innovated, 

4421
04:10:33,900 --> 04:10:36,400
what could be termed? 
Strategic bedroom, 

4422
04:10:36,400 --> 04:10:39,600
consolidation. 
Consider it the antithesis of 

4423
04:10:39,600 --> 04:10:43,600
social isolation aimed at 
survival rather than indulging 

4424
04:10:43,600 --> 04:10:47,000
in Netflix consumption. 
When temperatures fell below 

4425
04:10:47,000 --> 04:10:50,200
tolerable levels, the family 
would forsake their dispersed 

4426
04:10:50,200 --> 04:10:53,000
summer, sleeping arrangements 
and convene for a substantial 

4427
04:10:53,000 --> 04:10:56,500
slumber party in the room that 
retained heat most effectively. 

4428
04:10:57,200 --> 04:10:59,700
The master bedroom, typically 
the most spacious and therefore 

4429
04:10:59,700 --> 04:11:03,000
the warmest transformed into a 
shelter for family members 

4430
04:11:03,000 --> 04:11:05,900
Escaping The Frigid conditions 
of their individual quarters. 

4431
04:11:07,000 --> 04:11:10,200
Parents often shared not only 
their bed but also their entire 

4432
04:11:10,200 --> 04:11:13,100
bedroom with children. 
Grandparents and occasionally, 

4433
04:11:13,100 --> 04:11:16,300
the family cat, which has an 
extraordinary talent for 

4434
04:11:16,300 --> 04:11:19,200
occupying the hottest Spot, 
while maximizing Airy usage, 

4435
04:11:19,200 --> 04:11:23,300
this practice extended Beyond 
mere body heat, although that 

4436
04:11:23,300 --> 04:11:27,000
was certainly advantageous. 
The focus was on concentrating, 

4437
04:11:27,000 --> 04:11:30,400
all heating efforts in a single 
area rather than attempting to 

4438
04:11:30,400 --> 04:11:33,500
warm the entire house. 
Consider it in to endure 

4439
04:11:33,500 --> 04:11:35,900
camping, albeit with grated 
decorum and fast. 

4440
04:11:35,900 --> 04:11:38,900
Superior bedding. 
The evening migration would 

4441
04:11:38,900 --> 04:11:42,200
commence around dinner time. 
Initially the warming pans would

4442
04:11:42,200 --> 04:11:45,200
be retrieved these clever copper
or brass devices. 

4443
04:11:45,200 --> 04:11:48,500
Resembling a frying pan with a 
cover and an extended handle. 

4444
04:11:49,400 --> 04:11:52,500
One would load them with hot 
coals or heated Stones, then 

4445
04:11:52,500 --> 04:11:55,200
insert them between the sheets 
to mitigate The Frigid of the 

4446
04:11:55,208 --> 04:11:57,600
bedding. 
It resembled a rudimentary 

4447
04:11:57,600 --> 04:12:00,300
heating pad but it could 
potentially ignite your 

4448
04:12:00,300 --> 04:12:02,100
residence if not handled with 
caution. 

4449
04:12:02,800 --> 04:12:05,500
Children, alternated in 
transporting these warming pans 

4450
04:12:05,500 --> 04:12:09,000
from bed to bed, a task that 
encompassed elements of Duty 

4451
04:12:09,000 --> 04:12:12,400
Adventure and the challenge of 
preventing a fire hazard. 

4452
04:12:12,400 --> 04:12:15,600
In the household, the warming 
pan procession was a matter of 

4453
04:12:15,600 --> 04:12:19,300
great importance, failed to 
synchronize properly, and an 

4454
04:12:19,300 --> 04:12:21,500
individual would discover 
themselves in a bed that was 

4455
04:12:21,500 --> 04:12:24,900
either still frigate or bore 
actual burn marks on the Linens.

4456
04:12:25,900 --> 04:12:28,300
The warming pans were only the 
initial step in the process. 

4457
04:12:28,300 --> 04:12:31,700
The true protagonist of 
Victorian bed time, warmth with 

4458
04:12:31,700 --> 04:12:34,500
the hot water bottles, all 
though, referring to their, as 

4459
04:12:34,500 --> 04:12:37,300
bottles is charitable. 
These were often composed of 

4460
04:12:37,308 --> 04:12:41,100
stones ceramic or subsequently 
Rubber and they retained heat to

4461
04:12:41,100 --> 04:12:44,600
little thermal batteries. 
Families would operate several 

4462
04:12:44,600 --> 04:12:47,700
bottles, simultaneously, 
creating a continuous production

4463
04:12:47,700 --> 04:12:51,200
line of warm comfort that 
necessitated Precision like that

4464
04:12:51,200 --> 04:12:54,500
of a Swiss, timepiece one would 
heat water on the stove. 

4465
04:12:54,500 --> 04:12:56,800
Meticulously fill. 
The bottles with without 

4466
04:12:56,800 --> 04:13:00,700
inflicting Burns in case the in 
flannel to avert schooling and 

4467
04:13:00,700 --> 04:13:03,400
subsequently distribute. 
The cross the bed as comforting 

4468
04:13:03,400 --> 04:13:05,400
warmers, you would have won for 
your feet. 

4469
04:13:05,400 --> 04:13:09,000
One for your torso and one to 
embrace, if you felt especially 

4470
04:13:09,000 --> 04:13:11,500
cold. 
It felt like sleeping with a 

4471
04:13:11,508 --> 04:13:15,300
small army of a warm companions 
each gradually releasing heat 

4472
04:13:15,300 --> 04:13:18,500
throughout the night. 
The astute families would Heat 

4473
04:13:18,500 --> 04:13:20,200
their hot water bottles in 
succession. 

4474
04:13:20,900 --> 04:13:25,000
Boil water to achieve optimal 
initial heat thereafter as the 

4475
04:13:25,000 --> 04:13:27,200
first bottle cools. 
Prepare a second one for 

4476
04:13:27,200 --> 04:13:30,700
immediate use. 
By morning, you may find three 

4477
04:13:30,700 --> 04:13:33,500
or four tepid bottles strewn 
around the bed like thermal 

4478
04:13:33,500 --> 04:13:36,400
casualties yet, you would have 
remained warm throughout the 

4479
04:13:36,400 --> 04:13:39,100
night. 
Subsequently there came the 

4480
04:13:39,100 --> 04:13:41,600
bricks. 
Yes, they were real bricks. 

4481
04:13:42,500 --> 04:13:45,200
Victorian families would heat 
standard construction bricks in 

4482
04:13:45,208 --> 04:13:49,200
the oven or by the fire in case 
them in towels or flannel and 

4483
04:13:49,200 --> 04:13:52,500
utilize them as bed. 
Warmers, These items retained 

4484
04:13:52,500 --> 04:13:55,400
heat, exceptionally well, and 
could maintain warmth for your 

4485
04:13:55,408 --> 04:13:58,400
feet for hours. 
What are the drawbacks? 

4486
04:13:59,400 --> 04:14:01,600
if you shifted in properly 
during sleep, you may awaken 

4487
04:14:01,600 --> 04:14:05,700
with confusion resembling bricks
on your shins, however at least 

4488
04:14:05,700 --> 04:14:09,500
they would be warm confusion The
bed sharing Arrangements became 

4489
04:14:09,500 --> 04:14:12,400
rather Innovative as well. 
Children would be organized by 

4490
04:14:12,400 --> 04:14:16,200
size and thermal output. 
The warmest positioned centrally

4491
04:14:16,200 --> 04:14:19,800
with the tiniest nestled between
their siblings filling in a 

4492
04:14:19,800 --> 04:14:23,700
human heat sound, which Parents 
would act as external barriers 

4493
04:14:23,700 --> 04:14:26,400
preventing the children from 
rolling out and providing the 

4494
04:14:26,400 --> 04:14:28,000
initial defense against the 
Chile. 

4495
04:14:28,000 --> 04:14:31,600
Are that invariably infiltrated?
Even the thickest blankets, if 

4496
04:14:31,600 --> 04:14:34,600
you've wondered why your 
grandmother loved flannel you're

4497
04:14:34,600 --> 04:14:36,700
about to learn Victorian, 
textile strategy. 

4498
04:14:37,400 --> 04:14:40,600
These families built sleep 
systems for heat retention with 

4499
04:14:40,600 --> 04:14:45,400
flannel as their secret weapon. 
Discuss flannel first this was 

4500
04:14:45,400 --> 04:14:48,000
not the mall style flannel, that
looks like fluffy paper. 

4501
04:14:48,000 --> 04:14:52,000
Victorian flannel was strong and
durable like medieval armor. 

4502
04:14:52,900 --> 04:14:55,700
Wearing a vintage flannel. 
Nightgown was thermal Warfare. 

4503
04:14:55,700 --> 04:14:59,900
Not just a bed time routine. 
Modern outdoor enthusiasts would

4504
04:14:59,900 --> 04:15:03,100
envy the layering system. 
Start with the flannel, shemes 

4505
04:15:03,100 --> 04:15:06,200
are under shirt then a nightgown
and possibly addressing robe. 

4506
04:15:06,200 --> 04:15:08,800
You looked like a mobile textile
experiment. 

4507
04:15:08,800 --> 04:15:12,000
Once you addressed for bed, the 
main goal was to be a warm 

4508
04:15:12,000 --> 04:15:16,600
movable textile experiment, 
which he achieved Women's 

4509
04:15:16,600 --> 04:15:18,500
nightgowns were technical 
Marvels. 

4510
04:15:18,500 --> 04:15:22,400
These gowns had more fabric than
modern bridal gowns with long 

4511
04:15:22,400 --> 04:15:25,600
sleeves that could cover the 
hands high necklines that reach 

4512
04:15:25,600 --> 04:15:29,600
the chin and a large skirt, that
could fit a small family One of 

4513
04:15:29,608 --> 04:15:32,100
these flannel fortresses wraps, 
you like a toasty tent. 

4514
04:15:32,100 --> 04:15:35,600
When you lie down, however, 
creating the bed was the real 

4515
04:15:35,600 --> 04:15:39,100
highlight Victorian beds were 
thermal systems designed to 

4516
04:15:39,100 --> 04:15:42,100
retain heat. 
The base was usually a rope bed 

4517
04:15:42,100 --> 04:15:45,000
or metal Springs with a straw or
horsehair mattress to insulate, 

4518
04:15:45,000 --> 04:15:47,900
the cold floor. 
Featherbeds arrived, next. 

4519
04:15:48,700 --> 04:15:52,900
Phrase, featherbed, conjures, up
visions of something Airy and 

4520
04:15:52,900 --> 04:15:55,600
delicate yet. 
Victorian featherbeds were like 

4521
04:15:55,600 --> 04:15:58,800
sleeping on a down mattress. 
These items may be six inches, 

4522
04:15:58,800 --> 04:16:02,100
thick and weigh a small person. 
Who sank into the Featherbed 

4523
04:16:02,100 --> 04:16:03,600
like a warm. 
Lovely cloud. 

4524
04:16:03,600 --> 04:16:06,300
When you went to bed. 
The fundamentals behind 

4525
04:16:06,300 --> 04:16:10,500
featherbed warming, a brilliant.
Feathers and down created tiny 

4526
04:16:10,500 --> 04:16:12,600
airspaces. 
That kept your body heat close, 

4527
04:16:12,600 --> 04:16:16,700
it was like sleeping in soft, 
comfy insulation, not harsh and 

4528
04:16:16,700 --> 04:16:19,100
pink. 
Once comfortable, the feather 

4529
04:16:19,100 --> 04:16:22,100
beds, weight kept one 
motionless, which was beneficial

4530
04:16:22,100 --> 04:16:25,100
for heat retention but 
detrimental if one needed to get

4531
04:16:25,100 --> 04:16:28,900
up throughout the night. 
Sheets made of non-cotton were 

4532
04:16:28,900 --> 04:16:31,900
laid on the Featherbed. 
Winter bedding was usually made 

4533
04:16:31,900 --> 04:16:34,600
of flannel or linen that had 
been carefully brushed to retain

4534
04:16:34,600 --> 04:16:37,400
heat. 
Some households used wool winter

4535
04:16:37,400 --> 04:16:39,500
bedding which was harsh yet. 
Comfortable. 

4536
04:16:39,500 --> 04:16:42,500
After a climatisation, the 
blankets were the real 

4537
04:16:42,500 --> 04:16:44,900
highlights. 
Victorian families arranged 

4538
04:16:44,900 --> 04:16:46,700
their blankets to resemble a 
winter shelter. 

4539
04:16:47,500 --> 04:16:49,000
Start with a lightweight wool 
blanket. 

4540
04:16:49,000 --> 04:16:52,200
Then a larger one, a quilt, 
another wool blanket. 

4541
04:16:52,200 --> 04:16:55,400
And finally a large coverlet 
with several sewn layers. 

4542
04:16:56,200 --> 04:16:58,600
Some blanket systems weigh over 
20 pounds. 

4543
04:16:59,400 --> 04:17:01,900
Stepping into the bed was, akin 
to receiving, a warm embrace, 

4544
04:17:01,900 --> 04:17:05,200
from a friendly elephant. 
The layers made Mobility, a 

4545
04:17:05,200 --> 04:17:07,300
theoretical concept rather than 
a practical one. 

4546
04:17:07,300 --> 04:17:10,200
You chose your position 
carefully because changing it 

4547
04:17:10,200 --> 04:17:11,700
would require major building 
work. 

4548
04:17:12,300 --> 04:17:14,300
The weight was useful, not 
decorative. 

4549
04:17:15,000 --> 04:17:18,300
The thick blankets cause deep 
pressure stimulation which is 

4550
04:17:18,300 --> 04:17:21,000
why weighted blankets are used 
for anxiety and insomnia. 

4551
04:17:22,700 --> 04:17:26,000
Victorian families, accidentally
discovered, the Sleep promoting 

4552
04:17:26,000 --> 04:17:29,100
benefits of many pounds of wool 
and cotton in their mattresses. 

4553
04:17:29,900 --> 04:17:34,500
if all else failed bed, curtains
were provided Four poster, beds,

4554
04:17:34,500 --> 04:17:36,400
managed temperature, and were 
status symbols. 

4555
04:17:37,100 --> 04:17:39,900
Thick draperies around the bed, 
created a separate sleeping 

4556
04:17:39,900 --> 04:17:43,100
chamber to retain body heat. 
One can create a separate 

4557
04:17:43,100 --> 04:17:45,900
warming chamber, several degrees
warmer than the room by closing 

4558
04:17:45,900 --> 04:17:48,200
the Drake's. 
Victorian households last 

4559
04:17:48,200 --> 04:17:49,700
defense, against the cold, was 
the bedroom. 

4560
04:17:49,700 --> 04:17:52,100
Whereas the kitchen was their 
proactive Hub. 

4561
04:17:52,100 --> 04:17:55,600
These homes were Beyond meal 
preparation, to strategically 

4562
04:17:55,600 --> 04:17:59,400
use every Cal flame and unit of 
heat from feeding a household. 

4563
04:18:00,400 --> 04:18:03,100
Your Victorian kitchen, 
resembling a thermal power plant

4564
04:18:03,100 --> 04:18:05,500
regarded dinner as a secondary 
concern. 

4565
04:18:06,600 --> 04:18:09,600
The home's heating system relied
on the cast iron range, which 

4566
04:18:09,600 --> 04:18:13,000
burned, wood or cold to heat the
air while baking bread, roasting

4567
04:18:13,000 --> 04:18:16,300
meat and heating water. 
Military tactics were used to 

4568
04:18:16,300 --> 04:18:20,000
schedule meals breakfast fed 
everyone before they left and 

4569
04:18:20,000 --> 04:18:22,400
they started the stove early to 
heat the home as people got 

4570
04:18:22,400 --> 04:18:25,100
ready. 
Morning porridge was nutritious 

4571
04:18:25,100 --> 04:18:27,800
and filled the cooktop for an 
hour warming. 

4572
04:18:27,800 --> 04:18:30,100
The kitchen as the family 
gathered around the table like 

4573
04:18:30,100 --> 04:18:33,700
moths to a welcoming Flame. 
The real magic happened at 

4574
04:18:33,700 --> 04:18:36,600
dinner. 
Victorian mums transformed meals

4575
04:18:36,600 --> 04:18:40,100
into a decorative heat Source. 
The Sunday roast was practical, 

4576
04:18:40,100 --> 04:18:43,000
not routine. 
The kitchen became cozy and 

4577
04:18:43,000 --> 04:18:45,000
provided enough food for 
multiple meals. 

4578
04:18:45,000 --> 04:18:48,700
While a large piece of beef was 
baking in the oven, The leftover

4579
04:18:48,700 --> 04:18:52,400
heat from roasting would be used
to make bread heat water, or 

4580
04:18:52,400 --> 04:18:56,200
warm the kitchen at night. 
When each lip burner signified 

4581
04:18:56,200 --> 04:18:58,600
warmth, batch cooking took on 
new meaning. 

4582
04:18:59,200 --> 04:19:01,800
Families May cook multiple 
dishes at once for convenience 

4583
04:19:01,800 --> 04:19:05,100
and to justify. 
Bernie use One burner would 

4584
04:19:05,100 --> 04:19:09,000
boil, soup, the oven would bake.
Bread water would heat for 

4585
04:19:09,000 --> 04:19:12,000
washing and he might be brewing 
for beneficial measure. 

4586
04:19:12,900 --> 04:19:15,100
Well the rest of the house 
looked like a walk-in freezer, 

4587
04:19:15,100 --> 04:19:18,700
the kitchen was busy and warm, 
this soup was the classic. 

4588
04:19:18,700 --> 04:19:22,800
Victorian comfort food for more 
than taste A big pot of soup. 

4589
04:19:22,800 --> 04:19:26,200
Can simmer for hours, filling, 
the kitchen with warm, humid, 

4590
04:19:26,200 --> 04:19:28,800
air, and warming you. 
The soups Vapor injected 

4591
04:19:28,800 --> 04:19:32,400
dampness into the dry winter, 
air warming, the space, despite 

4592
04:19:32,400 --> 04:19:35,800
an unaltered temperature. 
It looked like a tasty drinkable

4593
04:19:35,800 --> 04:19:39,400
humidifier astute, families 
coordinated, their cooking and 

4594
04:19:39,400 --> 04:19:40,700
heating needs throughout the 
day. 

4595
04:19:41,600 --> 04:19:43,900
Morning baking heated the 
kitchen for breakfast and 

4596
04:19:43,900 --> 04:19:46,800
dressing. 
Midday cooking, warms lunch and 

4597
04:19:46,800 --> 04:19:49,600
preps for afternoon activities 
dinner time. 

4598
04:19:49,600 --> 04:19:51,500
Preparation would warm the 
family gathering. 

4599
04:19:52,200 --> 04:19:55,200
The food plan looked like a 
heating time, table hot 

4600
04:19:55,200 --> 04:19:58,000
beverages became internal 
heaters instead of Refreshers. 

4601
04:19:58,800 --> 04:20:02,900
Tea was a social drink, a way to
warm one self and a soothing 

4602
04:20:02,900 --> 04:20:06,400
object to hold. 
Victorian families, warmed Cups 

4603
04:20:06,400 --> 04:20:10,000
of Tea coffee or hot chocolate 
by wrapping their fingers around

4604
04:20:10,000 --> 04:20:13,300
them and breathing the steam 
families prepared, Hots by 

4605
04:20:13,308 --> 04:20:16,600
cider, or wine for Jose. 
A survival ritual. 

4606
04:20:16,600 --> 04:20:20,700
The alcohol and spices like 
cinnamon cloves, and ginger gave

4607
04:20:20,700 --> 04:20:24,600
these drinks, internal warmth. 
Victorian Medics called it 

4608
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:28,000
internal warmth. 
A pot was kept warm on the stove

4609
04:20:28,000 --> 04:20:30,700
for hours to make for sale 
boosting the kitchen's heat 

4610
04:20:30,708 --> 04:20:34,700
output baking became wintry 
bread-making, which requires 

4611
04:20:34,700 --> 04:20:37,400
several hours in the oven was 
conducted during the coldest 

4612
04:20:37,400 --> 04:20:40,200
hours. 
Needing generates heat through 

4613
04:20:40,200 --> 04:20:43,300
physical strain, Rising dough 
demands, a heated atmosphere 

4614
04:20:43,300 --> 04:20:46,800
conveniently supplied by the 
kitchen and baking heats the 

4615
04:20:46,800 --> 04:20:49,800
space for hours. 
Many families baked multiple 

4616
04:20:49,800 --> 04:20:53,100
loaves at once to justify 
keeping the oven hot. some 

4617
04:20:53,100 --> 04:20:56,300
families even invented thermal 
cooking cooking conditions that 

4618
04:20:56,300 --> 04:20:58,700
keep cooking and produce heat 
after being removed from the 

4619
04:20:58,700 --> 04:21:02,200
stove, pot roast or stew would 
start on the fire and then 

4620
04:21:02,200 --> 04:21:06,100
simmer in a warm kitchen area, 
releasing Heat It evolved into a

4621
04:21:06,100 --> 04:21:09,300
supper from a portable warmer, 
the kitchen became the family's 

4622
04:21:09,300 --> 04:21:13,000
unofficial winter living space. 
The warmth inevitably prompted 

4623
04:21:13,000 --> 04:21:16,200
socializing Beyond cooking 
Children did their homework at 

4624
04:21:16,200 --> 04:21:19,400
the kitchen table, Elders, red 
and mended, and the family 

4625
04:21:19,400 --> 04:21:22,900
talked in the evening. 
The stove's constant Heat and 

4626
04:21:22,900 --> 04:21:24,900
the warmth of family. 
Gatherings made the kitchen 

4627
04:21:24,900 --> 04:21:27,000
table, the center of winter 
Family Life. 

4628
04:21:27,000 --> 04:21:30,700
Victorian families were 
Geniuses, they turned themselves

4629
04:21:30,700 --> 04:21:33,400
into human heating systems 
without comprehending the 

4630
04:21:33,400 --> 04:21:36,100
science. 
These people used medieval 

4631
04:21:36,100 --> 04:21:38,300
knowledge but got findings, that
would impress modern 

4632
04:21:38,300 --> 04:21:42,200
thermodynamic specialists? 
The Victorian approach to body 

4633
04:21:42,200 --> 04:21:44,600
heat management was simple, heat
yourself. 

4634
04:21:44,600 --> 04:21:48,200
If you can't heat the air. 
This led to brilliant and 

4635
04:21:48,200 --> 04:21:52,200
dangerous answers frequently 
within the same home exercise. 

4636
04:21:52,200 --> 04:21:54,700
Became about internal 
combustion, rather than Fitness.

4637
04:21:54,700 --> 04:21:58,400
Victorian households engaged in 
warming activities before 

4638
04:21:58,400 --> 04:22:01,900
bedtime, which were practical 
exercises, that stimulated blood

4639
04:22:01,900 --> 04:22:05,100
circulation, rather than jumping
jacks or yoga poses. 

4640
04:22:06,000 --> 04:22:08,200
Women May brush their hair 
harder males. 

4641
04:22:08,200 --> 04:22:11,000
May chop, more firewood and 
youngsters may play more active 

4642
04:22:11,000 --> 04:22:13,900
games indoors. 
The idea wasn't to sweat, but to

4643
04:22:13,900 --> 04:22:17,400
heat your internal furnace for 
the night, Victorian thermal 

4644
04:22:17,400 --> 04:22:21,300
science excelled in garments. 
Modern outdoor lovers would envy

4645
04:22:21,300 --> 04:22:24,600
this family's layering skills. 
They understood loose layers 

4646
04:22:24,600 --> 04:22:28,200
held more warm air than tight 
ones, natural Fabrics like wool 

4647
04:22:28,200 --> 04:22:31,500
and cotton breathed better than 
synthetic materials those. 

4648
04:22:31,500 --> 04:22:34,400
They didn't know why and 
covering your extremities was 

4649
04:22:34,400 --> 04:22:37,800
essential for Core Body warmth. 
It was an advanced undergarment 

4650
04:22:37,800 --> 04:22:39,900
game. 
Long underwear was the warming 

4651
04:22:39,900 --> 04:22:42,100
systems base, not merely for 
sure. 

4652
04:22:43,300 --> 04:22:46,200
Victoria long johns were 
constructed of wool or cotton 

4653
04:22:46,200 --> 04:22:49,900
flannel to trap, warm air 
adjacent to your skin and Wick 

4654
04:22:49,900 --> 04:22:50,200
away. 
Moisture. 

4655
04:22:51,400 --> 04:22:53,900
Women's chamisa's and men's 
undershirts created a 

4656
04:22:53,900 --> 04:22:57,900
microclimate undergarments. 
True invention was strategic 

4657
04:22:57,900 --> 04:23:00,500
warming. 
Victorian households discovered 

4658
04:23:00,500 --> 04:23:03,200
that heating certain body 
sections was more effective than

4659
04:23:03,200 --> 04:23:06,400
warming up everywhere. 
Warm feet made you feel warm, 

4660
04:23:06,400 --> 04:23:08,200
even if the rest of your body 
was cold. 

4661
04:23:08,200 --> 04:23:10,100
So they learned to keep your 
feet warm. 

4662
04:23:10,900 --> 04:23:14,500
Creative Footwear warming 
Solutions resulted families warm

4663
04:23:14,500 --> 04:23:17,800
their feet before bed using 
heated bricks hot water bottles 

4664
04:23:17,800 --> 04:23:20,600
or stones in addition to thick 
wool, socks and slippers. 

4665
04:23:21,500 --> 04:23:24,400
Some folks soaked their feet in 
warm water before bed to boost 

4666
04:23:24,400 --> 04:23:28,200
circulation for hours hand 
warming was crucial and 

4667
04:23:28,200 --> 04:23:31,700
Victorian families invented. 
Many methods hand moths were 

4668
04:23:31,700 --> 04:23:34,500
handheld heaters that held 
heated stones or little metal 

4669
04:23:34,500 --> 04:23:38,400
warmers with hot Embers, Many 
individuals carried little metal

4670
04:23:38,400 --> 04:23:41,800
hand, warmers heated by the 
fire, which they slipped into 

4671
04:23:41,800 --> 04:23:45,500
their gloves or Pockets. 
Victorian households intuitively

4672
04:23:45,500 --> 04:23:48,300
grasped thermal Mass. 
Even without the scientific 

4673
04:23:48,300 --> 04:23:51,900
name, they recognized that some 
materials retained heat longer. 

4674
04:23:51,900 --> 04:23:54,900
And that pre-warming objects may
keep them warm overnight. 

4675
04:23:55,700 --> 04:23:59,400
Thus clothes were warmed by the 
fire before wearing pillowcases 

4676
04:23:59,400 --> 04:24:01,600
before bed. 
And even the chamber pot, which 

4677
04:24:01,600 --> 04:24:04,200
was practical breathing 
techniques were discovered 

4678
04:24:04,200 --> 04:24:07,200
accidentally. 
Victorian households discovered 

4679
04:24:07,200 --> 04:24:10,200
that breathing into their hands 
blankets scarves and mufflers 

4680
04:24:10,200 --> 04:24:12,800
created warm air pockets that 
heated, their surroundings. 

4681
04:24:13,800 --> 04:24:17,000
Kids learn to breathe slowly and
deeply when cold, not for the 

4682
04:24:17,008 --> 04:24:20,200
physiology, but because it 
worked the Buddy method was 

4683
04:24:20,200 --> 04:24:22,600
probably the best body heat 
management strategy. 

4684
04:24:22,600 --> 04:24:27,300
Warmth was shared for survival, 
not romance or family, A couple 

4685
04:24:27,308 --> 04:24:30,200
under the same blankets can keep
their sleeping space warmer than

4686
04:24:30,208 --> 04:24:32,900
a part. 
Non-related guests, sometimes 

4687
04:24:32,900 --> 04:24:35,400
shared beds for thermal 
efficiency because body heat, 

4688
04:24:35,400 --> 04:24:38,100
sharing was so common. 
Victorian households or 

4689
04:24:38,100 --> 04:24:41,500
discovered thermal bridging that
heat follows lines of least 

4690
04:24:41,500 --> 04:24:45,200
resistance. in stead of metal 
bed frames, they used rugs and 

4691
04:24:45,200 --> 04:24:48,600
carpets to limit heat loss to 
cold floors and moved away from 

4692
04:24:48,600 --> 04:24:51,500
Windows and exterior walls, 
where heat loss was highest 

4693
04:24:52,300 --> 04:24:56,200
Timing for warming was important
Victoria's realized that 

4694
04:24:56,200 --> 04:24:59,200
creating heat before you needed.
It was better than trying to 

4695
04:24:59,200 --> 04:25:03,100
warm up after being cold. 
Warming Hands by the fire feet 

4696
04:25:03,100 --> 04:25:06,600
with warm water and bed garments
at night was smart preparation 

4697
04:25:06,600 --> 04:25:09,800
for preserving body heat without
external heat sources. 

4698
04:25:09,800 --> 04:25:12,900
Victorian families, quickly 
realized that winter required 

4699
04:25:12,900 --> 04:25:16,800
community resource sharing and 
even creative reinterpretations 

4700
04:25:16,800 --> 04:25:19,700
of social boundaries. 
As temperatures dropped 

4701
04:25:19,700 --> 04:25:23,000
etiquette gave way to necessity,
creating unique social 

4702
04:25:23,000 --> 04:25:25,400
Arrangements that modern 
families, may find endearing, 

4703
04:25:25,400 --> 04:25:28,100
and challenging winter gave 
calling hours. 

4704
04:25:28,100 --> 04:25:31,500
A new meaning families visited, 
neighbors, for social and 

4705
04:25:31,500 --> 04:25:34,000
thermal reasons. 
You might want to stay longer if

4706
04:25:34,000 --> 04:25:35,600
the Johnsons had a better 
heating system. 

4707
04:25:35,600 --> 04:25:38,800
If your family had heated the 
kitchen for baking day, you 

4708
04:25:38,800 --> 04:25:40,700
would naturally ask the 
neighbors to assist with the 

4709
04:25:40,700 --> 04:25:44,000
bread which kept everyone warm 
and allowed socialization. 

4710
04:25:45,300 --> 04:25:48,300
House Parties, pretended to be 
social events but were survival 

4711
04:25:48,300 --> 04:25:50,700
techniques. 
A crowded room was heated 

4712
04:25:50,700 --> 04:25:54,100
entirely by Body Heat. long 
evening assemblies with many 

4713
04:25:54,100 --> 04:25:57,300
families in one room were of 
Victorian social ritual that all

4714
04:25:57,300 --> 04:26:01,100
can served Heat 15 people in one
room can be warm without 

4715
04:26:01,100 --> 04:26:02,100
heating. 
Yet. 

4716
04:26:02,100 --> 04:26:04,200
The same 15 people in different 
homes. 

4717
04:26:04,200 --> 04:26:07,100
Would feel cold. 
Church attendance often 

4718
04:26:07,100 --> 04:26:09,900
increase, during the coldest 
months, not always due to 

4719
04:26:09,900 --> 04:26:12,200
spiritual rebirth. 
Churches were often. 

4720
04:26:12,200 --> 04:26:15,900
The community's largest heated 
venues providing hours of warmth

4721
04:26:15,900 --> 04:26:19,600
and socializing with neighbor's 
facing similar thermal issues in

4722
04:26:19,600 --> 04:26:23,600
Winter extended sermons kept the
congregation War as well as 

4723
04:26:23,600 --> 04:26:25,400
demonstrating The Minister's 
dedication. 

4724
04:26:26,300 --> 04:26:29,600
Community baking became social 
families, coordinated 

4725
04:26:29,600 --> 04:26:33,300
bread-making, and baking sharing
oven space and fuel costs in 

4726
04:26:33,300 --> 04:26:34,800
Winter. 
People gathered around the 

4727
04:26:34,800 --> 04:26:36,900
bakeries ovens long after their 
purchases. 

4728
04:26:36,900 --> 04:26:40,100
It was socially acceptable, to 
await your bread longer than 

4729
04:26:40,108 --> 04:26:42,500
baking time. 
Victorian boarding houses, 

4730
04:26:42,500 --> 04:26:44,700
pulled heating costs and offered
affordable rooms. 

4731
04:26:45,500 --> 04:26:48,600
The home with paying guests 
provided warmth shared fuel 

4732
04:26:48,600 --> 04:26:51,200
expenditures and social 
involvement to combat. 

4733
04:26:51,200 --> 04:26:53,900
The Long Cold. 
Evenings boarding house, parlors

4734
04:26:53,900 --> 04:26:56,600
were often the warmest and most 
social places in a community 

4735
04:26:56,600 --> 04:27:00,800
during winter quilting, bees and
sewing circles, provided thermal

4736
04:27:00,800 --> 04:27:03,300
endurance, support and 
needlework as women. 

4737
04:27:03,300 --> 04:27:05,800
Collaborated body heat, would 
provide Comfort while 

4738
04:27:05,800 --> 04:27:09,100
manufacturing comforters 
blankets and warm clothing. 

4739
04:27:10,000 --> 04:27:13,100
Co-operative quilting provided 
blankets for cold locations and 

4740
04:27:13,100 --> 04:27:14,900
fostered Camera artery among 
makers. 

4741
04:27:14,900 --> 04:27:18,200
Barn-raising, and other 
community work, often took place

4742
04:27:18,200 --> 04:27:21,500
on the harshest winter days, due
to the cold since physical 

4743
04:27:21,500 --> 04:27:24,300
exertion required intimacy. 
It would warm everyone. 

4744
04:27:24,300 --> 04:27:28,200
The social dynamics also allowed
many families to gather in one 

4745
04:27:28,200 --> 04:27:31,500
region reducing heating costs 
and strengthening Community 

4746
04:27:31,500 --> 04:27:34,900
relationships. 
Winter made sitting up with sick

4747
04:27:34,900 --> 04:27:37,900
neighbors more important, 
accompanying someone during an 

4748
04:27:37,900 --> 04:27:40,400
illness, went beyond Medical Aid
to include giving warmth and 

4749
04:27:40,400 --> 04:27:42,300
reducing heating costs during 
recovery. 

4750
04:27:43,000 --> 04:27:45,800
Neighbors, alternated helping 
and warming during these vigils 

4751
04:27:45,800 --> 04:27:48,100
which often became Community 
gatherings. 

4752
04:27:48,900 --> 04:27:51,700
Many children's winter, 
activities promoted Community 

4753
04:27:51,700 --> 04:27:53,700
warming. 
Groups of children playing 

4754
04:27:53,700 --> 04:27:56,100
indoor sports together stayed, 
warm due to their physical 

4755
04:27:56,100 --> 04:27:58,800
exertion and the heat generated 
by their bodies. 

4756
04:27:59,600 --> 04:28:02,500
Storytelling by the fire United 
people in the coziest part of 

4757
04:28:02,508 --> 04:28:05,800
the home, and provided midnight 
entertainment without lighting 

4758
04:28:05,800 --> 04:28:08,500
or Heating. 
Reading clubs and literary 

4759
04:28:08,500 --> 04:28:11,300
groups thrived in Winter because
they Justified long stays in 

4760
04:28:11,300 --> 04:28:15,000
warm places. 
During Long Winter evenings body

4761
04:28:15,000 --> 04:28:18,100
heat to house full of people 
discussing the latest novel warm

4762
04:28:18,100 --> 04:28:22,900
providing cerebral stimulation. 
Heat altered courtship behaviors

4763
04:28:22,900 --> 04:28:24,700
young. 
Couple spent more time in 

4764
04:28:24,708 --> 04:28:28,100
family, parlors with relatives, 
not just because of chaperone in

4765
04:28:28,100 --> 04:28:32,400
customs, large families, coal 
stoves and proximity induced, 

4766
04:28:32,400 --> 04:28:35,600
social friction, exacerbated 
many, Victorian romance's, 

4767
04:28:36,500 --> 04:28:38,700
Visiting relatives or 
acquaintances during the winter 

4768
04:28:38,700 --> 04:28:41,100
for their better heating became 
a social Norm. 

4769
04:28:42,200 --> 04:28:45,600
If a relative had a functioning 
fireplace, it was fine to stay 

4770
04:28:45,600 --> 04:28:47,900
there for weeks or help extended
family. 

4771
04:28:47,900 --> 04:28:50,900
With heating costs, the visits 
were social, but everyone 

4772
04:28:50,900 --> 04:28:53,300
understood thermal math. 
Winter survive. 

4773
04:28:53,300 --> 04:28:57,200
In Victorian times, wasn't only 
about sleeping What occurred? 

4774
04:28:57,200 --> 04:28:59,900
As you left, your comfortable 
blanket cocoon to confront a 

4775
04:28:59,900 --> 04:29:02,900
frigid winter morning. 
This everyday activity required 

4776
04:29:02,900 --> 04:29:06,000
ritual, performance art and 
extreme athletic methods. 

4777
04:29:06,900 --> 04:29:09,700
Imagine being covered in 20 
pounds of wool blankets and hot 

4778
04:29:09,700 --> 04:29:12,400
water bottles. 
We spent all night, creating the

4779
04:29:12,400 --> 04:29:15,900
perfect warm air pocket. 
Then you hear the church bells 

4780
04:29:15,900 --> 04:29:17,700
or your neighbor's rooster 
signaling morning. 

4781
04:29:17,700 --> 04:29:21,800
You must rise and face the world
where your breath will fog and 

4782
04:29:21,800 --> 04:29:25,200
your feet will go numb. 
Morning prep in the 1800s was 

4783
04:29:25,200 --> 04:29:27,700
like a plan to dance while 
freezing first. 

4784
04:29:27,700 --> 04:29:31,400
Rule, never stand up at once. 
You could just as well leap into

4785
04:29:31,400 --> 04:29:34,700
a cold lake, it would jolt the 
system and erase all your warm 

4786
04:29:34,700 --> 04:29:37,500
work overnight. 
Instead, you'd slowly 

4787
04:29:37,500 --> 04:29:40,600
transformed from a warm 
horizontal to a functional 

4788
04:29:40,600 --> 04:29:45,100
upright. 
While you slept it started move 

4789
04:29:45,100 --> 04:29:47,500
your arms and legs under your 
Sheetz to get blood flowing. 

4790
04:29:47,500 --> 04:29:50,000
It resembled horizontal 
exercises. 

4791
04:29:50,000 --> 04:29:53,200
Instead of just warming up you 
have to switch on your heater's 

4792
04:29:53,200 --> 04:29:56,600
inside before letting the cold 
air in even though Victorian 

4793
04:29:56,600 --> 04:29:59,600
families didn't understand 
metabolism and circulation they 

4794
04:29:59,600 --> 04:30:02,700
understood that movement warmed 
things, a plan closed 

4795
04:30:02,700 --> 04:30:06,700
Arrangement, followed victorians
were sophisticated, some put 

4796
04:30:06,700 --> 04:30:09,600
clothing beneath the covers and 
in a precise order adjacent to 

4797
04:30:09,600 --> 04:30:12,200
the bed the night before to warm
it up with their body heat. 

4798
04:30:13,100 --> 04:30:15,000
Dressing became a military 
operation. 

4799
04:30:15,000 --> 04:30:16,900
They put on their underwear 
first. 

4800
04:30:16,900 --> 04:30:20,200
They often slept beneath the 
sheets and added layers quickly 

4801
04:30:20,200 --> 04:30:24,100
to avoid becoming cold. 
Smart families invented a relay 

4802
04:30:24,100 --> 04:30:25,400
system to stay warm in the 
morning. 

4803
04:30:26,400 --> 04:30:28,700
The first family member up and 
best able to endure. 

4804
04:30:28,700 --> 04:30:32,200
The cold would start the fires, 
heat the water and warm the 

4805
04:30:32,200 --> 04:30:35,300
shared areas. 
The family's thermal Advanced 

4806
04:30:35,300 --> 04:30:38,200
Scout ensured that everyone 
could get out of bed and into a 

4807
04:30:38,200 --> 04:30:41,000
safer world. 
Breakfast became about staying 

4808
04:30:41,000 --> 04:30:43,700
warm, rather than eating, the 
morning meal was designed to 

4809
04:30:43,700 --> 04:30:47,200
warm you internally. 
Hot milk cereal tea or coffee 

4810
04:30:47,200 --> 04:30:51,200
was almost too hot to drink. 
Due to the necessity, to feed 

4811
04:30:51,200 --> 04:30:54,500
your internal fire all day. 
Victorian breakfast dishes were 

4812
04:30:54,500 --> 04:30:56,000
high in calories and kept you 
warm. 

4813
04:30:57,000 --> 04:31:00,300
Doing laundry in the morning, 
was Brave, heating enough water 

4814
04:31:00,300 --> 04:31:03,000
for cleaning required for 
thought and fuels, since there 

4815
04:31:03,000 --> 04:31:06,300
was no hot water. 
Many families used strategic 

4816
04:31:06,300 --> 04:31:09,100
hygiene by washing the most 
critical areas with warm water 

4817
04:31:09,100 --> 04:31:11,900
and saving the remainder for 
warmer weather or special 

4818
04:31:11,900 --> 04:31:14,500
events. 
Chamber pot etiquette became 

4819
04:31:14,500 --> 04:31:16,000
more complicated in the cold 
morning. 

4820
04:31:16,000 --> 04:31:19,600
In addition, to convenience this
thermal Survival equipment, kept

4821
04:31:19,600 --> 04:31:22,700
you from leaving the warm house 
to use the restroom victorians, 

4822
04:31:22,700 --> 04:31:24,700
covered chamber pots for more 
than Aesthetics. 

4823
04:31:24,700 --> 04:31:27,700
They kept the contents heated at
night to prevent freezing. 

4824
04:31:27,700 --> 04:31:32,300
Kids needed, rewards, excitement
and warmth to wake up on frigate

4825
04:31:32,300 --> 04:31:34,900
mornings. 
Children's garments were warmed 

4826
04:31:34,900 --> 04:31:38,200
by the fire before going to bed,
dressing became a game where 

4827
04:31:38,200 --> 04:31:41,600
each item was a warm treat. 
Some families created morning, 

4828
04:31:41,600 --> 04:31:44,400
Rhymes or songs to keep kids 
moving and warm while getting 

4829
04:31:44,400 --> 04:31:47,400
dressed in the morning, the 
kitchen was the hub for cooking 

4830
04:31:47,400 --> 04:31:50,600
and finishing the heat before 
leaving families would gather 

4831
04:31:50,600 --> 04:31:53,700
around the stove for last 
minute, warm-ups outfit changes,

4832
04:31:53,700 --> 04:31:57,000
and mental preparation before 
opening the door and venturing 

4833
04:31:57,000 --> 04:31:59,700
out into the frigid winter 
weather, that could cause eyes 

4834
04:31:59,700 --> 04:32:03,400
to water and lungs to burn the 
most interesting thing about 

4835
04:32:03,400 --> 04:32:06,700
Victorian winter mornings, may 
have been the sense of success. 

4836
04:32:06,700 --> 04:32:09,900
They offered individuals not 
living in a heated home or 

4837
04:32:09,900 --> 04:32:12,200
taking hot showers. 
Today, makes getting out of bed,

4838
04:32:12,200 --> 04:32:14,800
dressing feeding and getting 
ready for the day. 

4839
04:32:14,800 --> 04:32:18,300
A daily win hard to conceive. 
People were proud of their 

4840
04:32:18,300 --> 04:32:21,700
frigid morning survival skills 
in your climate control home. 

4841
04:32:21,700 --> 04:32:25,300
You may dial down the thermostat
to save electricity, but think 

4842
04:32:25,300 --> 04:32:28,000
about the Victorian family who 
survived the cold with 

4843
04:32:28,000 --> 04:32:31,300
imagination teamwork and a big 
collection of flannel. 

4844
04:32:32,000 --> 04:32:34,600
They survived Winters that would
send Modern families to the 

4845
04:32:34,600 --> 04:32:37,800
nearest hotel, they did it 
gracefully with laughter. 

4846
04:32:37,800 --> 04:32:40,000
And with a tenderness we rarely 
remember. 

4847
04:32:41,100 --> 04:32:44,500
They plan for winter, warmth, 
family and neighborhood, bonds 

4848
04:32:44,500 --> 04:32:46,600
and personal fortitude, that 
would last. 

4849
04:32:48,200 --> 04:32:50,900
Victorian families discovered 
that taking care of each other 

4850
04:32:50,900 --> 04:32:54,100
in cold weather provides warmth 
that contemporary central 

4851
04:32:54,100 --> 04:32:57,400
heating cannot. 
Consider the Victorian family 

4852
04:32:57,400 --> 04:32:59,600
that made winter and art while 
you switch on your electric 

4853
04:32:59,600 --> 04:33:01,200
blanket and smart heater 
tonight. 

4854
04:33:01,200 --> 04:33:04,800
They proved that family love. 
And creativity can overcome the 

4855
04:33:04,800 --> 04:33:13,700
harshest nights. 
Now if you will, please settle 

4856
04:33:13,700 --> 04:33:17,000
into night as we journey back to
a time when the world existed 

4857
04:33:17,000 --> 04:33:21,400
without Melody without Rhythm. 
And without any sound shape by 

4858
04:33:21,400 --> 04:33:25,599
human intention, we're traveling
to an Era roughly 40,000 years 

4859
04:33:25,599 --> 04:33:29,500
ago, when our ancestors moved 
through Landscapes of Silence 

4860
04:33:29,500 --> 04:33:34,000
broken, only by wind water and 
the calls of creatures. 

4861
04:33:34,000 --> 04:33:37,900
A world where music hadn't yet 
awakened, in the human mind 

4862
04:33:37,900 --> 04:33:41,700
tonight, you'll discover how 
close we came to never creating 

4863
04:33:41,700 --> 04:33:44,800
music at all. 
Your standing on a hillside in 

4864
04:33:44,800 --> 04:33:46,800
what will someday be called, 
southern France. 

4865
04:33:46,800 --> 04:33:50,599
But right now, it has no name. 
The year is approximately 

4866
04:33:50,599 --> 04:33:54,800
38,000, BC, e and you've just 
realized something peculiar 

4867
04:33:55,599 --> 04:33:59,200
You've never heard a song, this 
isn't because you're deaf or 

4868
04:33:59,200 --> 04:34:01,800
isolated. 
You're a healthy member of a 

4869
04:34:01,800 --> 04:34:05,000
small band of humans. 
Perhaps, 30 individuals who 

4870
04:34:05,000 --> 04:34:07,599
travel together through river 
valleys and across planes. 

4871
04:34:08,400 --> 04:34:11,800
You communicate with words quite
sophisticated ones. 

4872
04:34:11,800 --> 04:34:14,900
Actually, you can describe the 
movement of prey animals. 

4873
04:34:14,900 --> 04:34:19,400
Warn about dangerous weather. 
Tell stories about ancestors and

4874
04:34:19,400 --> 04:34:22,400
even crack jokes that make your 
companions laugh. 

4875
04:34:23,099 --> 04:34:26,800
But the laugh itself is just an 
expression of emotion. it 

4876
04:34:26,800 --> 04:34:31,000
doesn't have a Melody, nothing 
does The wind moves through the 

4877
04:34:31,000 --> 04:34:34,200
long grasses around you, 
creating a rushing sound, that 

4878
04:34:34,200 --> 04:34:38,200
rises and Falls, Water tumbles 
over rocks in the Stream below. 

4879
04:34:38,200 --> 04:34:42,200
Generating, a constant murmur 
punctuated by irregular 

4880
04:34:42,200 --> 04:34:44,599
splashes, a hawk circle's 
overhead. 

4881
04:34:44,599 --> 04:34:47,000
Occasionally releasing a sharp 
cry. 

4882
04:34:47,800 --> 04:34:51,500
These sounds exist certainly but
they exist the way colors exist 

4883
04:34:51,500 --> 04:34:54,500
as environmental facts. 
Not as anything. 

4884
04:34:54,500 --> 04:34:57,900
You might intentionally create 
or replicate your people make 

4885
04:34:57,900 --> 04:35:01,599
plenty of noise during the day. 
There's the rhythmic scraping 

4886
04:35:01,599 --> 04:35:05,200
sound as someone Works, a hide 
with a stone tool, the crack of 

4887
04:35:05,200 --> 04:35:08,900
wood being broken for a fire and
the shuffle of feet through Dry 

4888
04:35:08,900 --> 04:35:11,300
leaves. 
When the group moves together as

4889
04:35:11,300 --> 04:35:14,900
a complex layering of footfalls 
breathing and the rustle of 

4890
04:35:14,900 --> 04:35:17,800
carried materials but none of 
this is organized. 

4891
04:35:17,800 --> 04:35:21,200
No one synchronizes their 
footsteps matches their 

4892
04:35:21,200 --> 04:35:25,400
breathing or times their work 
sounds to create patterns the 

4893
04:35:25,400 --> 04:35:30,200
idea simply doesn't exist. 
At night lying on your bed of 

4894
04:35:30,200 --> 04:35:33,800
gathered, grasses and Furs, you 
listen to, the sounds of sleep. 

4895
04:35:33,800 --> 04:35:36,700
Someone snores in an irregular 
pattern. 

4896
04:35:37,500 --> 04:35:41,000
Another person shifts position 
creating brief, scratching 

4897
04:35:41,000 --> 04:35:45,599
sounds against the ground. 
A baby, not yours but one you 

4898
04:35:45,599 --> 04:35:49,200
help care for occasionally 
whimpers or make small sleeping 

4899
04:35:49,200 --> 04:35:52,000
sounds. 
These noises happen, but they 

4900
04:35:52,000 --> 04:35:54,099
don't form anything. 
You'd call Rhythm, or Melody. 

4901
04:35:55,000 --> 04:35:57,400
What's fascinating? 
Is that you have every physical 

4902
04:35:57,400 --> 04:36:01,700
capability for making music. 
Your vocal chords can produce an

4903
04:36:01,700 --> 04:36:04,800
astonishing range of sounds. 
Your ears can distinguish. 

4904
04:36:04,800 --> 04:36:09,200
Manute variations in pitch and 
timing your brain can recognize 

4905
04:36:09,200 --> 04:36:13,500
patterns and predict sequence is
your basically a sophisticated 

4906
04:36:13,500 --> 04:36:17,500
music making machine, except 
nobody has thought to use any of

4907
04:36:17,500 --> 04:36:20,700
these abilities for anything 
beyond communication and 

4908
04:36:20,700 --> 04:36:24,099
environmental awareness. 
When you need to call across a 

4909
04:36:24,108 --> 04:36:27,200
distance to someone in your 
group, you shout the shout 

4910
04:36:27,200 --> 04:36:29,599
serves a purpose, it carries 
information. 

4911
04:36:29,599 --> 04:36:33,400
You might stretch out of vowel 
sound to make it travel farther,

4912
04:36:33,400 --> 04:36:37,599
but this is pure functionality. 
You're not exploring the 

4913
04:36:37,599 --> 04:36:41,300
aesthetic qualities of sustained
tones, you're just trying to be 

4914
04:36:41,300 --> 04:36:44,300
heard over the wind, there are 
moments when your voice 

4915
04:36:44,300 --> 04:36:47,000
naturally Rises and falls in 
pictures, you speak. 

4916
04:36:47,700 --> 04:36:50,400
Following the emotional content 
of what you're saying, 

4917
04:36:50,400 --> 04:36:53,099
excitement raises your pitch 
slightly. 

4918
04:36:54,000 --> 04:36:57,300
Sadness might lower it, but 
these variations happen 

4919
04:36:57,300 --> 04:37:00,900
automatically driven by feeling 
rather than intention. 

4920
04:37:01,400 --> 04:37:04,099
You're not consciously choosing,
to create pleasing sound 

4921
04:37:04,099 --> 04:37:08,099
patterns, the very concept of 
pleasing sound patterns exist, 

4922
04:37:08,099 --> 04:37:11,300
nowhere in your mind, your 
people clap their hands. 

4923
04:37:11,300 --> 04:37:13,900
Sometimes. 
Usually as part of emphasis 

4924
04:37:13,900 --> 04:37:17,800
during communication or to brush
off dirt and moisture, the 

4925
04:37:17,800 --> 04:37:20,800
Clapping makes a sharp 
percussive sound, but it doesn't

4926
04:37:20,800 --> 04:37:23,500
occur to anyone to clap in 
Rhythm or to clap together in 

4927
04:37:23,500 --> 04:37:27,000
synchronize patterns. 
Each clap is an independent 

4928
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:31,200
action related to an immediate 
physical need or communicative 

4929
04:37:31,200 --> 04:37:34,800
purpose children in your group 
plays dense of their players 

4930
04:37:34,800 --> 04:37:39,400
noisy, they chase each other 
shrieking with excitement, they 

4931
04:37:39,400 --> 04:37:42,700
Splash in water, creating Wilder
regular sounds. 

4932
04:37:42,700 --> 04:37:46,200
They Bank Stones together while 
mimicking, the tool-making. 

4933
04:37:46,200 --> 04:37:50,500
They've watched adults before. 
All of this generates sound but 

4934
04:37:50,500 --> 04:37:52,800
none of it. 
Generates music, the children 

4935
04:37:52,800 --> 04:37:55,700
don't invent clapping games or 
chanting songs because these 

4936
04:37:55,700 --> 04:37:58,099
ideas belong to a future that 
hasn't arrived. 

4937
04:37:58,099 --> 04:38:02,500
Yet some times your group works 
together on large tasks dragging

4938
04:38:02,500 --> 04:38:06,099
a Fallen Tree moving. 
Heavy Stones processing a large 

4939
04:38:06,108 --> 04:38:09,200
animal after a successful hunt 
these collaborative efforts 

4940
04:38:09,200 --> 04:38:13,500
involve considerable noise, 
grunting breathing hard and the 

4941
04:38:13,500 --> 04:38:17,300
sounds of strain and effort. 
But everyone works at their own 

4942
04:38:17,300 --> 04:38:20,500
pace breathing and grunting 
according to their individual 

4943
04:38:20,500 --> 04:38:22,900
Rhythm. 
There's no heave-ho 

4944
04:38:22,900 --> 04:38:25,900
coordination, no work songs to 
synchronize effort. 

4945
04:38:25,900 --> 04:38:29,400
It simply doesn't occur to 
anyone that matching rhythms 

4946
04:38:29,400 --> 04:38:31,700
might make the work easier. 
The world. 

4947
04:38:31,700 --> 04:38:34,099
You inhabit is extraordinarily 
quiet. 

4948
04:38:34,099 --> 04:38:38,000
Compared to the Future. 
There are no Motors no engines 

4949
04:38:38,000 --> 04:38:41,599
and no electrical hums. 
Human settlements are tiny and 

4950
04:38:41,608 --> 04:38:44,900
widely scattered. 
On many days, the only sounds 

4951
04:38:44,900 --> 04:38:49,300
you hear are natural ones. 
Whether water animals, and the 

4952
04:38:49,300 --> 04:38:52,700
immediate noises of your small 
group in this landscape of 

4953
04:38:52,700 --> 04:38:55,000
Ambience sound, the silence of 
intentional. 

4954
04:38:55,000 --> 04:38:59,700
Music is so complete, that you 
don't notice it a silent It's 

4955
04:38:59,700 --> 04:39:03,000
just the normal state of 
existence, your standing near 

4956
04:39:03,000 --> 04:39:07,000
that same stream, several years 
later and something has changed.

4957
04:39:07,000 --> 04:39:11,200
Not in the landscape, the water 
still runs over the same rocks 

4958
04:39:11,200 --> 04:39:13,500
and the grass is still Russell 
in the Wind. 

4959
04:39:14,599 --> 04:39:18,099
What's changed is that you've 
begun to notice sound as a tool.

4960
04:39:19,000 --> 04:39:22,599
It started with something 
embarrassingly simple, scaring 

4961
04:39:22,599 --> 04:39:26,200
animals your group discovered 
that certain sounds make certain

4962
04:39:26,200 --> 04:39:30,000
creatures run away. 
Shouting works well but some 

4963
04:39:30,000 --> 04:39:32,300
animals are becoming accustomed 
to human voices. 

4964
04:39:32,300 --> 04:39:36,099
They've learned that voices. 
Don't always mean danger but 

4965
04:39:36,099 --> 04:39:39,800
unfamiliar sounds sharp cracks 
loud, crashes strange. 

4966
04:39:39,800 --> 04:39:43,300
Rhythmic noises still provoke 
reliable fear responses. 

4967
04:39:44,200 --> 04:39:47,300
So now when your group wants to 
drive game animals toward a 

4968
04:39:47,300 --> 04:39:51,300
particular location, someone 
stays behind making noise, not 

4969
04:39:51,300 --> 04:39:54,500
just any noise though through 
trial and error, you've learned 

4970
04:39:54,500 --> 04:39:57,900
that sustained repeated sounds 
work better than random ones. 

4971
04:39:57,900 --> 04:40:02,000
A person with striking a stick 
against a hollow log creates, a 

4972
04:40:02,000 --> 04:40:05,400
sound that travels far and keeps
animals moving in the desired 

4973
04:40:05,400 --> 04:40:07,200
Direction. 
It's the beginning of 

4974
04:40:07,200 --> 04:40:09,700
intentional. 
Rhythm though, you're using it. 

4975
04:40:09,700 --> 04:40:13,100
The way you might use a Sharp's 
stick as a tool, not as art. 

4976
04:40:14,600 --> 04:40:17,300
The hollow log makes a 
particularly resonant sound. 

4977
04:40:17,300 --> 04:40:21,200
You've noticed strike it at one 
end and the sound is deep and 

4978
04:40:21,200 --> 04:40:24,300
carrying strike it near the 
middle and the pitch Rises 

4979
04:40:24,300 --> 04:40:27,000
slightly. 
None of this seems particularly 

4980
04:40:27,000 --> 04:40:30,700
significant yet, you're not 
exploring these variations for 

4981
04:40:30,700 --> 04:40:33,800
their own sake, you're just 
noting them the way, you'd note 

4982
04:40:33,800 --> 04:40:36,000
that certain stones are better 
for cutting than others. 

4983
04:40:36,900 --> 04:40:39,600
Your people of also discovered 
that sound can be used for 

4984
04:40:39,600 --> 04:40:43,500
warning when someone spots 
potential danger, a large 

4985
04:40:43,508 --> 04:40:47,100
Predator, an approaching storm 
or members of an unfamiliar 

4986
04:40:47,100 --> 04:40:49,400
group. 
They need to alert others 

4987
04:40:49,400 --> 04:40:52,100
quickly without shouting 
specific words that might not 

4988
04:40:52,100 --> 04:40:55,100
carry. 
So a system has emerged certain.

4989
04:40:55,100 --> 04:40:58,600
Sounds mean, certain things a 
sharp whistle repeated three 

4990
04:40:58,600 --> 04:41:02,400
times means Danger. 
Too low calls mean gather here. 

4991
04:41:02,400 --> 04:41:07,000
None of this is taught formally 
it spreads through imitation and

4992
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:10,100
proves useful. 
So it persists, there's a woman 

4993
04:41:10,100 --> 04:41:12,300
in your group who has an 
unusually carrying voice. 

4994
04:41:13,100 --> 04:41:15,700
When she calls out the sound 
travels, much farther than 

4995
04:41:15,700 --> 04:41:18,800
anyone else's calls, she's 
become the de facto 

4996
04:41:18,800 --> 04:41:22,100
long-distance communicator. 
And she started experimenting 

4997
04:41:22,100 --> 04:41:24,900
with different sounds to see 
which ones travel best. 

4998
04:41:25,800 --> 04:41:29,500
Long sustained tones, work 
better than short ones, lower 

4999
04:41:29,500 --> 04:41:32,600
pitches, cut through wind more 
effectively than high ones. 

5000
04:41:33,400 --> 04:41:35,800
She's not thinking about music, 
she's solving communication 

5001
04:41:35,800 --> 04:41:39,500
problems, but she is doing 
acoustic, experimentation on the

5002
04:41:39,500 --> 04:41:42,700
less children of picked up on 
some of this and turned it into 

5003
04:41:42,700 --> 04:41:44,600
a game. 
They hide from each other. 

5004
04:41:44,600 --> 04:41:47,700
In the brush and used different 
calls to Signal their locations.

5005
04:41:47,700 --> 04:41:51,900
It's not exactly music, but it's
playing with sound patterns and 

5006
04:41:51,900 --> 04:41:54,400
occasionally the calls overlap 
in ways that creates something 

5007
04:41:54,400 --> 04:41:58,200
almost like Harmony when two 
children, call simultaneously 

5008
04:41:58,200 --> 04:42:02,000
from different locations their 
voices, blend into a new sound 

5009
04:42:02,000 --> 04:42:03,600
that's richer than either voice 
alone. 

5010
04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:07,900
Nobody remarks on this, it's 
just something that happens 

5011
04:42:07,900 --> 04:42:10,400
during play. 
Your people have always used 

5012
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:13,400
vocal sounds to comfort babies 
and small children. 

5013
04:42:14,400 --> 04:42:18,000
A crying infant will sometimes 
calm when an adult makes gentle.

5014
04:42:18,000 --> 04:42:21,700
Sustained sounds near them. 
These sounds don't have words. 

5015
04:42:21,700 --> 04:42:26,100
They're just soft vocalizations 
often with a rising and falling 

5016
04:42:26,100 --> 04:42:28,500
pitch. 
That seems to soothe You might 

5017
04:42:28,508 --> 04:42:31,500
call it Proto singing except 
nobody thinks of it that way. 

5018
04:42:31,500 --> 04:42:35,400
It's just a technique that works
like rocking a baby or patting 

5019
04:42:35,400 --> 04:42:38,300
their back. 
Work has become slightly more 

5020
04:42:38,300 --> 04:42:41,200
coordinated though, not 
intentionally when several 

5021
04:42:41,200 --> 04:42:42,800
people are scraping hides 
together. 

5022
04:42:42,800 --> 04:42:46,000
Sitting in a group, they're 
scraping sounds start to align, 

5023
04:42:46,000 --> 04:42:49,100
not perfectly and not through 
conscious effort. 

5024
04:42:49,100 --> 04:42:52,600
It just happens that when you 
hear someone else's Rhythm your 

5025
04:42:52,600 --> 04:42:54,800
own movements tend to adjust 
lightly to match. 

5026
04:42:54,800 --> 04:42:58,300
It's a quirk of human neurology,
that won't be understood for 

5027
04:42:58,300 --> 04:43:01,800
thousands of years. 
It's there quietly operating 

5028
04:43:01,800 --> 04:43:04,900
making people who work together 
gradually, synchronize their 

5029
04:43:04,900 --> 04:43:08,300
movements, the resonant Hollow 
log has become a semi-permanent 

5030
04:43:08,300 --> 04:43:10,600
fixture near your group's 
favored, camping area. 

5031
04:43:11,400 --> 04:43:13,200
Originally used for driving 
games. 

5032
04:43:13,200 --> 04:43:15,800
People now strike it 
occasionally for other reasons. 

5033
04:43:15,800 --> 04:43:19,400
Someone walking past might hit 
it once or twice just to hear 

5034
04:43:19,408 --> 04:43:23,700
the sound children bang on it. 
Frequently during play an 

5035
04:43:23,700 --> 04:43:25,500
argument between two adults 
ends. 

5036
04:43:25,500 --> 04:43:27,200
When one of them walks over and 
Strikes. 

5037
04:43:27,200 --> 04:43:31,400
The log several times using the 
action and sound as a way to end

5038
04:43:31,400 --> 04:43:34,800
the discussion emphatically, the
log is becoming something more 

5039
04:43:34,800 --> 04:43:37,800
than a hunting tool, though. 
Nobody has words yet, for what? 

5040
04:43:37,800 --> 04:43:41,700
That's something is. you've 
noticed that certain activities 

5041
04:43:41,700 --> 04:43:45,500
naturally generate rhythmic 
sounds grinding grain between 

5042
04:43:45,500 --> 04:43:50,100
Stones creates a steady back and
forth rhythm Walking on a path, 

5043
04:43:50,100 --> 04:43:53,100
one smooth, produces a regular 
pattern of footfalls. 

5044
04:43:53,900 --> 04:43:56,000
Repeated striking during Stone 
tool. 

5045
04:43:56,000 --> 04:43:58,200
Manufacturer creates a rhythm of
impacts. 

5046
04:43:58,200 --> 04:44:01,400
These rhythms are byproducts 
side effects of practical 

5047
04:44:01,400 --> 04:44:05,000
actions, but they're everywhere.
Your daily life is filled with 

5048
04:44:05,000 --> 04:44:09,200
accidental percussion at night, 
lying awake while others sleep. 

5049
04:44:09,200 --> 04:44:11,600
You sometimes, find yourself 
listening to the breathing of 

5050
04:44:11,608 --> 04:44:14,800
your companions in sleep, 
greeting follows, regular 

5051
04:44:14,800 --> 04:44:18,300
patterns, and with many people 
sleeping near each other their 

5052
04:44:18,300 --> 04:44:21,800
breath rhythms, create 
overlapping Cycles sometimes by 

5053
04:44:21,800 --> 04:44:23,300
pure chance. 
Several people. 

5054
04:44:23,300 --> 04:44:27,000
Exhale simultaneously, creating 
combined sale that's different 

5055
04:44:27,000 --> 04:44:31,000
from any individual breath. 
Then the patterns shift and the 

5056
04:44:31,000 --> 04:44:34,400
alignment disappears. 
Sound is becoming something you 

5057
04:44:34,400 --> 04:44:37,100
notice more deliberately, you 
still don't think of it as 

5058
04:44:37,100 --> 04:44:38,400
something. 
You might create for its own 

5059
04:44:38,400 --> 04:44:43,400
sake, but you're aware of it as 
a tool, a signal, a byproduct of

5060
04:44:43,400 --> 04:44:47,000
life that sometimes holds 
interest, you're not yet making 

5061
04:44:47,000 --> 04:44:50,500
music, but you're standing much 
closer to it than you were a few

5062
04:44:50,508 --> 04:44:53,000
years ago. 
You're sitting by yourself in 

5063
04:44:53,000 --> 04:44:56,600
late afternoon, light waiting 
for the Hunting Party to return 

5064
04:44:56,600 --> 04:44:59,900
and you're bored. 
Your hands need something to do 

5065
04:44:59,900 --> 04:45:02,600
so you pick up a stick and start
tapping it against the stone, 

5066
04:45:02,600 --> 04:45:09,200
your City on tap tap, tap tap. 
The regular rhythm is Mindless 

5067
04:45:09,200 --> 04:45:13,100
automatic something to occupy 
your hands while your mind 

5068
04:45:13,100 --> 04:45:16,700
wanders. 
Then you miss the stick glances 

5069
04:45:16,700 --> 04:45:19,100
off the edge of the stone and 
hits a different Stone line 

5070
04:45:19,100 --> 04:45:21,700
beside it. 
The sound is different. 

5071
04:45:22,500 --> 04:45:26,600
Sharper higher. 
Without thinking you repeat the 

5072
04:45:26,600 --> 04:45:29,100
pattern two Taps on the large 
Stone. 

5073
04:45:29,100 --> 04:45:35,500
One tap on the smaller, one 
large large small, large small, 

5074
04:45:35,500 --> 04:45:37,600
the pattern pleases you in a 
way. 

5075
04:45:37,600 --> 04:45:40,300
You can't quite articulate. 
It's not useful. 

5076
04:45:40,300 --> 04:45:43,400
It doesn't communicate 
information, it just feels 

5077
04:45:43,400 --> 04:45:45,200
right. 
So you keep doing it. 

5078
04:45:46,500 --> 04:45:49,200
A child approaches curious about
what you're doing. 

5079
04:45:50,000 --> 04:45:52,700
She picks up another stick and 
starts hitting Stones randomly. 

5080
04:45:53,700 --> 04:45:56,100
Sounds a chaotic clashing with 
your pattern. 

5081
04:45:56,100 --> 04:45:59,700
You're about to tell her to stop
when she accidentally falls into

5082
04:45:59,700 --> 04:46:03,200
rhythm with you for a few 
moments, a random strikes happen

5083
04:46:03,200 --> 04:46:06,200
to align with your pattern and 
the combined sound is 

5084
04:46:06,200 --> 04:46:10,700
unexpectedly, satisfying, then 
she gets distracted and wanders 

5085
04:46:10,700 --> 04:46:12,700
off. 
But something has lodged in your

5086
04:46:12,700 --> 04:46:15,900
mind. 
The memory of two sound patterns

5087
04:46:15,900 --> 04:46:19,200
fitting together. 
Over the following days, you 

5088
04:46:19,200 --> 04:46:22,800
find yourself returning, to this
pointless activity, sitting by 

5089
04:46:22,808 --> 04:46:25,000
the fire at night. 
You tap out patterns on 

5090
04:46:25,000 --> 04:46:29,800
whatever's nearby, logs Stones, 
your own knee, other people 

5091
04:46:29,800 --> 04:46:34,300
notice, but don't comment much, 
it's odd behavior but harmless. 

5092
04:46:35,100 --> 04:46:36,600
You're known for various 
peculiarities. 

5093
04:46:36,600 --> 04:46:39,900
Anyway, this is just another 
one. 

5094
04:46:39,900 --> 04:46:42,500
The patterns, you may make are 
becoming more complex. 

5095
04:46:42,500 --> 04:46:46,000
You discover that silence 
matters as much as sound. 

5096
04:46:46,900 --> 04:46:49,100
A gap between strikes creates 
anticipation. 

5097
04:46:49,100 --> 04:46:53,300
A long pattern of repeated 
sounds becomes boring but 

5098
04:46:53,300 --> 04:46:56,300
breaking the repetition with a 
different sound or a pause 

5099
04:46:56,300 --> 04:46:59,400
brings it back to life. 
You're learning the grammar of 

5100
04:46:59,400 --> 04:47:02,900
Rhythm through pure 
experimentation, with no teacher

5101
04:47:02,900 --> 04:47:07,100
and no tradition to guide you. 
Another person in your group a 

5102
04:47:07,100 --> 04:47:09,600
man who crafts stone tools with 
unusual precision. 

5103
04:47:10,400 --> 04:47:13,300
Becomes interested in what 
you're doing, he doesn't join 

5104
04:47:13,300 --> 04:47:16,600
you but he watches one evening 
while you're tapping your 

5105
04:47:16,600 --> 04:47:20,000
patterns, he starts scraping a 
bone with a stone blade in 

5106
04:47:20,000 --> 04:47:23,000
rhythm with your tapping. 
He's not trying to make music. 

5107
04:47:23,000 --> 04:47:26,500
He's just working and his work 
happens to align with your 

5108
04:47:26,500 --> 04:47:29,800
Rhythm, but the combination of 
tapping and scraping creates 

5109
04:47:29,800 --> 04:47:33,100
something, neither sound alone 
could create texture. 

5110
04:47:33,100 --> 04:47:38,000
Layering and depth, you try 
something new varying the force 

5111
04:47:38,000 --> 04:47:42,000
of your strikes. 
Hit hard, hit soft, hit medium. 

5112
04:47:42,000 --> 04:47:45,400
The same rhythm with different 
Dynamics, creates different 

5113
04:47:45,400 --> 04:47:50,700
feelings, a soft slow, Rhythm 
feels calming allowed fast, 

5114
04:47:50,700 --> 04:47:54,200
Rhythm generates energy and 
excitement, you're not thinking 

5115
04:47:54,200 --> 04:47:56,900
about these effects 
analytically, you're just 

5116
04:47:56,900 --> 04:47:58,900
noticing them. 
The way you might notice, that 

5117
04:47:58,900 --> 04:48:00,800
some foods taste better than 
others. 

5118
04:48:01,500 --> 04:48:04,200
Children always quick to imitate
new behaviors. 

5119
04:48:04,200 --> 04:48:08,300
Start making rhythmic sounds 
more frequently during play. 

5120
04:48:08,300 --> 04:48:10,800
They clap in patterns stamp, 
their feet and repeated 

5121
04:48:10,800 --> 04:48:13,300
sequences and Banks sticks 
against trees. 

5122
04:48:13,300 --> 04:48:17,600
It still play not performance, 
but the player starting to have 

5123
04:48:17,600 --> 04:48:21,100
structure and adult tells two 
boys to stop making so much 

5124
04:48:21,100 --> 04:48:23,800
noise and they comply. 
But they return to their 

5125
04:48:23,800 --> 04:48:28,000
rhythmic games the next day. 
The impulse once awakened 

5126
04:48:28,000 --> 04:48:31,500
doesn't easily go back to sleep.
There's an old woman in your 

5127
04:48:31,500 --> 04:48:34,800
group who can no longer walk 
easily but still contribute in 

5128
04:48:34,800 --> 04:48:37,500
various ways. 
She's taken to sit near the 

5129
04:48:37,500 --> 04:48:40,900
fire, and creating rhythmic 
sounds using whatever's at hand,

5130
04:48:40,900 --> 04:48:45,000
sticks, stones or bone 
fragments, when she does this 

5131
04:48:45,000 --> 04:48:49,500
babies and small children, often
become calm distracted from 

5132
04:48:49,500 --> 04:48:51,300
their crying or fussing by the 
sound. 

5133
04:48:51,300 --> 04:48:55,400
She makes The adults of noticed 
this effect and now sometimes 

5134
04:48:55,400 --> 04:48:57,300
bring up set children to sit 
near her while. 

5135
04:48:57,300 --> 04:49:00,700
She makes her patterns She's 
become an accidental music 

5136
04:49:00,700 --> 04:49:04,600
therapist, though that term 
won't exist for roughly 40,000 

5137
04:49:04,600 --> 04:49:07,300
years. 
You've discovered that certain 

5138
04:49:07,300 --> 04:49:09,200
objects make better sounds than 
others. 

5139
04:49:09,900 --> 04:49:14,700
Halo things produced deeper more
resonant, tones dense, hard 

5140
04:49:14,700 --> 04:49:18,800
materials, create sharper 
clearer sound some items. 

5141
04:49:18,800 --> 04:49:22,500
Ring when struck the sounds 
sustained and gradually fading 

5142
04:49:22,500 --> 04:49:26,900
While others produced brief. 
Thuds, you're not collecting 

5143
04:49:26,900 --> 04:49:29,900
these objects methodically but 
you're starting to prefer 

5144
04:49:29,900 --> 04:49:33,600
certain ones keeping them nearby
because they produce sounds. 

5145
04:49:33,600 --> 04:49:36,900
You enjoy one evening during an 
informal gathering around. 

5146
04:49:36,900 --> 04:49:40,100
The fire, several people happen 
to be making rhythmic sounds 

5147
04:49:40,100 --> 04:49:42,600
simultaneously, you're tapping 
your pattern. 

5148
04:49:42,600 --> 04:49:45,300
The old woman is creating a 
steady beat. 

5149
04:49:45,300 --> 04:49:49,100
Someone is cracking nuts with 
stones and Rhythm and a few 

5150
04:49:49,100 --> 04:49:52,200
children, are clapping, nobody 
planned this coordination. 

5151
04:49:52,200 --> 04:49:56,300
But perhaps, 30 seconds, all 
these separate rhythms aligned 

5152
04:49:56,300 --> 04:49:59,600
into a complex, layered sound, 
that makes everyone stopped and 

5153
04:49:59,600 --> 04:50:02,400
listened then, someone's 
rhythms, speeds up, the 

5154
04:50:02,400 --> 04:50:04,400
alignment falls apart, and 
normal chaos. 

5155
04:50:04,400 --> 04:50:06,700
Returns you remember that 
moment? 

5156
04:50:07,600 --> 04:50:12,400
That brief accidental Harmony. 
Feeling of separate sounds 

5157
04:50:12,400 --> 04:50:15,800
fitting together into something 
larger than any single sound. 

5158
04:50:15,800 --> 04:50:18,400
Could be. 
You're holding a Halo, bird bone

5159
04:50:18,400 --> 04:50:22,300
examining it, for practical uses
his light and strong. 

5160
04:50:22,300 --> 04:50:25,100
It might work as a needle or a 
small tool handle. 

5161
04:50:26,000 --> 04:50:28,600
But there's a crack running 
along one side, making it 

5162
04:50:28,600 --> 04:50:32,300
unsuitable for those purposes. 
You're about to toss it aside, 

5163
04:50:32,300 --> 04:50:36,000
when you notice the crack 
creates a hole, On a whim, you 

5164
04:50:36,000 --> 04:50:39,400
blow across the opening. 
The sound that emerges freezes 

5165
04:50:39,400 --> 04:50:41,500
you in place. 
It's a tone. 

5166
04:50:41,500 --> 04:50:44,600
Unlike anything you've heard 
from a human mouth Pure 

5167
04:50:44,600 --> 04:50:50,200
sustained unwavering not a 
voice, but not exactly not a 

5168
04:50:50,200 --> 04:50:53,300
voice either. 
You blow again, adjusting the 

5169
04:50:53,300 --> 04:50:57,100
angle and force of your breath 
and the sound changes pitch. 

5170
04:50:58,000 --> 04:51:02,800
Softer blowing produces a lower 
tone harder blowing jumps to a 

5171
04:51:02,800 --> 04:51:05,600
higher one. 
You sit down ignoring everything

5172
04:51:05,600 --> 04:51:08,900
else and spend the rest of the 
afternoon, exploring the strange

5173
04:51:08,900 --> 04:51:11,800
object. 
By evening, you've learned to 

5174
04:51:11,800 --> 04:51:15,300
produce several different tones 
by partially covering the crack 

5175
04:51:15,300 --> 04:51:18,800
with your finger and varying 
your breath, The Sounds carry 

5176
04:51:18,800 --> 04:51:21,500
remarkably. 
Well, when you blow the bone 

5177
04:51:21,500 --> 04:51:24,500
while standing on a slight rise 
people at a considerable 

5178
04:51:24,500 --> 04:51:28,100
distance, turn to look startled 
by the unusual sound. 

5179
04:51:28,100 --> 04:51:31,500
You've created the first win 
instrument, though, you don't 

5180
04:51:31,508 --> 04:51:34,700
have a name for what it is. 
The bone flute, though, you 

5181
04:51:34,708 --> 04:51:37,000
don't call it. 
That looks an object of 

5182
04:51:37,000 --> 04:51:41,000
Fascination for your group. 
Everyone wants to try it, most 

5183
04:51:41,000 --> 04:51:44,100
people can produce some kind of 
sound from it, though can 

5184
04:51:44,100 --> 04:51:48,800
control it as well as you do. 
Children predictably blow into 

5185
04:51:48,800 --> 04:51:53,300
it with maximum Force producing 
shrill, almost painful. 

5186
04:51:53,300 --> 04:51:55,900
Sounds that make adults, cover 
their ears and laugh. 

5187
04:51:55,900 --> 04:51:58,200
The toolmaker examined. 
It carefully. 

5188
04:51:58,200 --> 04:52:01,800
Studying the crack and the way 
air moves through it, He asked 

5189
04:52:01,800 --> 04:52:04,200
to borrow it overnight when he 
returns it. 

5190
04:52:04,200 --> 04:52:05,900
The next morning, he's made 
changes. 

5191
04:52:05,900 --> 04:52:08,600
He's carefully. 
Widened the crack into a 

5192
04:52:08,600 --> 04:52:10,400
deliberate opening and added 
two. 

5193
04:52:10,400 --> 04:52:14,400
More small holes, along the 
bones length, Now by covering 

5194
04:52:14,400 --> 04:52:18,100
different combinations of holes 
you can produce many more tones,

5195
04:52:18,100 --> 04:52:22,600
some are low and haunting others
are bright and sharp, you spend 

5196
04:52:22,600 --> 04:52:25,600
the entire day exploring, these 
new possibilities, barely 

5197
04:52:25,600 --> 04:52:28,600
stopping to eat. 
The tones, you can produce have 

5198
04:52:28,600 --> 04:52:32,700
an interesting effect on people.
When you blow long low notes, 

5199
04:52:32,700 --> 04:52:35,900
those nearby seem to become 
quieter and more contemplative. 

5200
04:52:35,900 --> 04:52:40,200
When you play rapid sequences of
high notes, people become more 

5201
04:52:40,200 --> 04:52:43,700
alert and energized. 
This is if the sounds affect 

5202
04:52:43,700 --> 04:52:47,800
mood directly bypassing 
language, and meaning to act on 

5203
04:52:47,800 --> 04:52:51,000
some deeper level of 
consciousness, another member of

5204
04:52:51,000 --> 04:52:54,600
your group makes a discovery 
with a different material animal

5205
04:52:54,600 --> 04:52:59,100
gut stretched and dried gut 
becomes string useful for 

5206
04:52:59,100 --> 04:53:02,100
binding things together. 
But when you attach a dried 

5207
04:53:02,100 --> 04:53:05,500
piece of gut between two points 
with tension, and then pluck it,

5208
04:53:05,500 --> 04:53:07,800
the string vibrates and 
produces. 

5209
04:53:07,800 --> 04:53:11,900
A surprisingly resonant tone. 
The pitch depends on how tightly

5210
04:53:11,900 --> 04:53:16,600
the string is stretched tight 
string, high pitch loose string 

5211
04:53:16,600 --> 04:53:20,900
low pitch, this is harder to 
control than the bone flute but 

5212
04:53:20,900 --> 04:53:23,800
it produces a different quality 
of sound something between 

5213
04:53:23,800 --> 04:53:26,900
plucking and humming with a 
richness that seems to fill 

5214
04:53:26,900 --> 04:53:30,000
space you experiment with 
stringing gut across. 

5215
04:53:30,000 --> 04:53:33,800
A curved piece of wood creating 
tension by bending the wood. 

5216
04:53:34,500 --> 04:53:37,900
Now, you have something like a 
primitive hunting bow, except in

5217
04:53:37,900 --> 04:53:40,800
stead of shooting arrows. 
You pluck the string to make 

5218
04:53:40,800 --> 04:53:44,200
sounds your inventing, the 
musical bow though? 

5219
04:53:44,200 --> 04:53:45,900
The true hunting bow already 
exists. 

5220
04:53:45,900 --> 04:53:49,700
Nobody thinks of this version as
particularly innovative The 

5221
04:53:49,700 --> 04:53:51,800
child watching. 
You play the string sound maker.

5222
04:53:51,800 --> 04:53:54,000
You really need better names for
these things. 

5223
04:53:54,000 --> 04:53:57,200
Asks, if you can make the 
sounds, go up and down, like, 

5224
04:53:57,200 --> 04:54:00,200
when people talk Try it 
plucking. 

5225
04:54:00,200 --> 04:54:02,300
The string, while pressing it 
against the wood at different 

5226
04:54:02,300 --> 04:54:05,000
points, changed the pitch. 
Yes, you can. 

5227
04:54:05,000 --> 04:54:09,200
The sounds do seem to rise and 
fall in patterns that vaguely 

5228
04:54:09,200 --> 04:54:12,600
resemble, speak, Melody. 
Though they're clearer and more 

5229
04:54:12,600 --> 04:54:15,900
controlled than any voice. 
The hollow log your people have 

5230
04:54:15,900 --> 04:54:19,300
been using for years gets a 
significant upgrade someone 

5231
04:54:19,300 --> 04:54:22,000
notices that hitting it in 
different places produces 

5232
04:54:22,000 --> 04:54:24,600
different pictures. 
So they start carving, it 

5233
04:54:24,600 --> 04:54:28,200
deliberately making some areas 
thinner to produce higher tones 

5234
04:54:28,200 --> 04:54:31,200
and leaving other areas thick 
for deeper sounds. 

5235
04:54:31,200 --> 04:54:34,500
What was a simple noise maker 
becomes attuned percussion, 

5236
04:54:34,500 --> 04:54:37,400
instrument though, it takes 
weeks of patient, carving and 

5237
04:54:37,400 --> 04:54:38,900
testing to get the tones to 
work. 

5238
04:54:38,900 --> 04:54:41,600
Well together. 
You now have three distinct ways

5239
04:54:41,600 --> 04:54:45,500
of making deliberate, controlled
sounds blowing through bones, 

5240
04:54:45,500 --> 04:54:49,700
plucking gut strings, and 
striking carved wood, None of 

5241
04:54:49,700 --> 04:54:53,200
these sounds exactly like a 
human voice, which makes them 

5242
04:54:53,200 --> 04:54:56,500
both strange and compelling, 
their sounds from the human 

5243
04:54:56,500 --> 04:54:59,100
world but not quite human 
sounds. 

5244
04:55:00,600 --> 04:55:03,500
On an evening when the weather 
is mild and the work is done. 

5245
04:55:03,500 --> 04:55:06,900
Several people, bring out these 
new sound makers simultaneously.

5246
04:55:07,700 --> 04:55:10,800
Someone plays the bone flute 
with its multiple tone, holes 

5247
04:55:10,800 --> 04:55:13,000
and other person, plucks the gut
string. 

5248
04:55:13,900 --> 04:55:17,800
Strike the carved log in varying
rhythms, The Sounds weave 

5249
04:55:17,800 --> 04:55:20,500
together in ways. 
None of you planned creating 

5250
04:55:20,500 --> 04:55:25,100
moments of surprising Harmony 
and moments of jarring, Discord.

5251
04:55:25,100 --> 04:55:28,100
You're not quite making music 
yet, you're still just making 

5252
04:55:28,100 --> 04:55:31,200
interesting sounds but the 
distance between what you're 

5253
04:55:31,200 --> 04:55:33,700
doing and what will someday be 
called, music is growing 

5254
04:55:33,700 --> 04:55:35,800
smaller. 
You're sitting with a group of 

5255
04:55:35,800 --> 04:55:38,300
children and young adults 
teaching them the names of 

5256
04:55:38,308 --> 04:55:40,800
plants. 
When someone asks you to tell 

5257
04:55:40,800 --> 04:55:43,600
the story of the winter six 
years ago when the river froze 

5258
04:55:43,600 --> 04:55:45,700
solid, you've told the story 
before. 

5259
04:55:45,700 --> 04:55:48,900
But tonight you try something 
different as you speak. 

5260
04:55:48,900 --> 04:55:52,300
You pick up the bone flute and 
play a low sustained tone during

5261
04:55:52,300 --> 04:55:55,500
the description of the cold. 
The Sounds seems to make the 

5262
04:55:55,500 --> 04:55:59,800
cold more present more real, the
listeners lean in more focused 

5263
04:55:59,800 --> 04:56:02,400
than usual. 
When you reach the part where 

5264
04:56:02,400 --> 04:56:04,900
people discovered the ice was 
thick enough to walk on. 

5265
04:56:04,900 --> 04:56:08,600
You play a series of quick light
notes, that somehow sound like 

5266
04:56:08,600 --> 04:56:11,000
footsteps. 
Like careful testing. 

5267
04:56:11,000 --> 04:56:13,800
Nobody has told you. 
That sounds can represent 

5268
04:56:13,800 --> 04:56:16,800
actions this way your 
discovering it, as you do it. 

5269
04:56:17,800 --> 04:56:21,200
The young people are utterly 
silent absorbed in the story in 

5270
04:56:21,200 --> 04:56:23,000
a way. 
They usually aren't at the 

5271
04:56:23,000 --> 04:56:26,600
climax when someone fell through
thinner ice but was rescued, you

5272
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:29,900
drop the flute and strike the 
carve log 3 times sharp and 

5273
04:56:29,900 --> 04:56:32,000
Loud. 
The southern percussion makes 

5274
04:56:32,000 --> 04:56:35,600
everyone jump slightly, their 
bodies responding to the sound 

5275
04:56:35,600 --> 04:56:37,400
before their minds fully 
process. 

5276
04:56:37,400 --> 04:56:41,200
It Then you return to the flute 
for the resolution, playing 

5277
04:56:41,200 --> 04:56:44,900
softer slower notes as the 
injured person recovers, when 

5278
04:56:44,900 --> 04:56:46,800
the story ends, there's a long 
silence. 

5279
04:56:46,800 --> 04:56:50,800
Finally, one of the older 
children says, tell another one 

5280
04:56:50,800 --> 04:56:54,600
with the sounds. 
You've stumbled onto something 

5281
04:56:54,600 --> 04:56:57,900
important. 
Sound makes memory more Vivid 

5282
04:56:57,900 --> 04:57:00,800
and more lasting stories told 
with accompanying. 

5283
04:57:00,800 --> 04:57:02,600
Sounds lodged deeper in the 
mind. 

5284
04:57:03,300 --> 04:57:06,200
Over the following weeks, you 
start adding sounds to all the 

5285
04:57:06,208 --> 04:57:10,700
traditional stories, Tales of 
ancestors, accounts of important

5286
04:57:10,700 --> 04:57:13,400
events, and lessons about the 
natural world. 

5287
04:57:13,400 --> 04:57:17,400
Each story develops, its own 
sound patterns and soon, people 

5288
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:20,500
begin to associate, certain 
musical phrases with certain 

5289
04:57:20,500 --> 04:57:24,100
narratives, the bone flutes, 
lowest tone becomes the sound 

5290
04:57:24,100 --> 04:57:27,700
for danger and winter. 
Its highest brightest, tone 

5291
04:57:27,700 --> 04:57:30,200
means safety and summer. 
The carved. 

5292
04:57:30,200 --> 04:57:33,100
Logs deepest note marks the 
beginning and ending of 

5293
04:57:33,100 --> 04:57:36,800
important stories. 
The gut strings, vibrating tone 

5294
04:57:36,800 --> 04:57:40,300
accompanist, description of the 
spirit world, the realm of 

5295
04:57:40,300 --> 04:57:43,500
dreams, and visions that exists 
alongside the everyday World 

5296
04:57:43,500 --> 04:57:46,700
other storytellers in your 
group, adopt these techniques. 

5297
04:57:47,500 --> 04:57:49,800
Soon. 
Will most no one tells important

5298
04:57:49,800 --> 04:57:51,500
stories without sound 
accompaniment? 

5299
04:57:52,200 --> 04:57:55,500
The sounds aren't decoration. 
They're becoming part of how 

5300
04:57:55,500 --> 04:57:59,300
memory Works children, who hear 
stories with sounds can recall 

5301
04:57:59,300 --> 04:58:02,200
details, more accurately than 
children, who hear words alone? 

5302
04:58:03,200 --> 04:58:05,800
The group's Collective memory is
being encoded, not just in 

5303
04:58:05,800 --> 04:58:10,700
language, but in sound patterns,
you discover that certain sound 

5304
04:58:10,700 --> 04:58:14,100
sequences naturally fall into 
repeating patterns that make 

5305
04:58:14,100 --> 04:58:18,900
them easier to remember. 
Phrase of four beats followed by

5306
04:58:18,900 --> 04:58:22,100
another phrase of four beats 
creates a structure. 

5307
04:58:22,100 --> 04:58:26,200
That the Mind grass, easily, 
irregular patterns are harder to

5308
04:58:26,200 --> 04:58:29,500
remember and harder to teach. 
Through trial and error. 

5309
04:58:29,500 --> 04:58:33,300
Your discovering, the cognitive 
psychology of Music Learning 

5310
04:58:33,300 --> 04:58:36,900
that human brains prefer certain
structural patterns over others.

5311
04:58:36,900 --> 04:58:40,300
The old woman who makes rhythmic
sounds as become a keeper of 

5312
04:58:40,300 --> 04:58:43,100
knowledge. 
She maintains a consistent beat 

5313
04:58:43,100 --> 04:58:46,100
while stories are told her 
Rhythm acting as a kind of 

5314
04:58:46,100 --> 04:58:48,800
temporal framework that holds 
the narrative together. 

5315
04:58:48,800 --> 04:58:53,100
Young people learning, important
information sit beside her the 

5316
04:58:53,100 --> 04:58:55,600
Rhythm helping to structure 
their memory of what they're 

5317
04:58:55,600 --> 04:58:57,700
learning. 
Someone makes a crucial 

5318
04:58:57,700 --> 04:59:00,900
Innovation. 
Using sound patterns to Mark 

5319
04:59:00,900 --> 04:59:03,500
time. 
A certain sequence of notes 

5320
04:59:03,500 --> 04:59:05,800
means morning. 
A different sequence means 

5321
04:59:05,800 --> 04:59:09,200
evening. 
Specific rhythms Mark, seasonal 

5322
04:59:09,200 --> 04:59:13,408
changes the group is creating a 
Sonic calendar, a way of 

5323
04:59:13,416 --> 04:59:17,200
organizing time through 
repeating musical phrases when 

5324
04:59:17,200 --> 04:59:19,900
you hear the spring Melody, you 
know, certain plants will soon 

5325
04:59:19,900 --> 04:59:23,400
be ready to harvest. 
The Autumn Rhythm signals time 

5326
04:59:23,400 --> 04:59:27,100
to prepare for winter, the 
boundary between story and sound

5327
04:59:27,100 --> 04:59:30,400
between speaking and making 
music is becoming increasingly, 

5328
04:59:30,400 --> 04:59:34,100
blurred stories are delivered in
a kind of heightened speech that

5329
04:59:34,100 --> 04:59:35,900
has regular rhythm and Pitch 
patterns. 

5330
04:59:35,900 --> 04:59:39,700
It's not quite singing. 
You're Still primarily conveying

5331
04:59:39,700 --> 04:59:42,700
information through words, but 
it's not ordinary speech. 

5332
04:59:42,700 --> 04:59:46,100
Either your chanting, though? 
You don't have that word yet. 

5333
04:59:46,900 --> 04:59:49,700
Memory becomes a kind of 
performance, the best 

5334
04:59:49,700 --> 04:59:51,300
storytellers are those who can 
most. 

5335
04:59:51,300 --> 04:59:54,100
Effectively blend words sounds 
and rhythms. 

5336
04:59:54,100 --> 04:59:57,600
They're not just recounting 
events, they're recreating them 

5337
04:59:57,600 --> 05:00:00,400
through a combination of 
language and organized sound. 

5338
05:00:01,300 --> 05:00:04,900
the community's history, its 
knowledge base and its cultural 

5339
05:00:04,900 --> 05:00:07,900
identity are all being encoded 
in these memory performance is 

5340
05:00:07,900 --> 05:00:11,400
you realize one night, listening
to a skilled Storyteller 

5341
05:00:11,400 --> 05:00:14,700
accompanied by the bone flute, 
and carved log that your 

5342
05:00:14,700 --> 05:00:18,000
experience in something 
fundamentally new This isn't 

5343
05:00:18,000 --> 05:00:19,700
just communication or 
entertainment. 

5344
05:00:20,600 --> 05:00:23,000
It's the creation of shared 
meaning through structured 

5345
05:00:23,000 --> 05:00:25,100
sound. 
It's the beginning of what will 

5346
05:00:25,100 --> 05:00:28,100
someday be called Art? 
But right now, it's simply the 

5347
05:00:28,108 --> 05:00:31,500
best way your people have found 
to remember what matters The 

5348
05:00:31,500 --> 05:00:34,700
Hunting Party returns in the 
late afternoon, with news of a 

5349
05:00:34,700 --> 05:00:38,300
remarkably successful hunt. 
Tonight, there will be abundant 

5350
05:00:38,300 --> 05:00:41,100
food. 
A reason for celebration as 

5351
05:00:41,100 --> 05:00:43,100
people Gather in the light 
begins to fade. 

5352
05:00:43,100 --> 05:00:46,400
Someone starts tapping a rhythm 
on the carve log, then someone 

5353
05:00:46,400 --> 05:00:50,300
else joins in clapping in time, 
within moments, dozens of people

5354
05:00:50,300 --> 05:00:51,800
are making rhythmic sounds 
together. 

5355
05:00:51,800 --> 05:00:55,800
Clapping stomping striking 
objects and clicking tongues. 

5356
05:00:55,800 --> 05:00:59,300
This has happened before but 
tonight something different 

5357
05:00:59,300 --> 05:01:02,300
occurs. 
Someone begins making sustained,

5358
05:01:02,300 --> 05:01:06,200
vocal sounds not words but pure 
tones, that ride above the 

5359
05:01:06,200 --> 05:01:10,600
Rhythm. another voice joins 
matching the tone and suddenly 

5360
05:01:10,600 --> 05:01:14,400
there are two people making the 
same sound simultaneously, the 

5361
05:01:14,400 --> 05:01:17,200
combined voices allowed other 
than either alone, but this 

5362
05:01:17,200 --> 05:01:21,100
something else too a richness, a
depth that a single voice 

5363
05:01:21,100 --> 05:01:24,600
doesn't have You're not one of 
the initial singers but the 

5364
05:01:24,600 --> 05:01:28,000
sound pulls something from you. 
Your head, your voice to theirs 

5365
05:01:28,000 --> 05:01:30,000
matching their tone as closely 
as you can. 

5366
05:01:31,300 --> 05:01:33,400
The three voice sound is even 
richer. 

5367
05:01:34,400 --> 05:01:36,400
Fourth person joins then a 
fifth. 

5368
05:01:37,000 --> 05:01:40,800
Now, there's a massive sound, a 
vocal texture that seems to 

5369
05:01:40,800 --> 05:01:43,500
vibrate in your chest, in your 
bones. 

5370
05:01:43,500 --> 05:01:47,000
It feels less like making a 
sound and more like being inside

5371
05:01:47,000 --> 05:01:49,100
one. 
The tone shifts. 

5372
05:01:49,100 --> 05:01:52,800
Someone has changed pitch 
sliding to a higher note and the

5373
05:01:52,800 --> 05:01:55,400
group follows. 
Not everyone reaches the new 

5374
05:01:55,400 --> 05:01:58,800
pitch at the same moment 
creating a brief swirl of tones 

5375
05:01:58,800 --> 05:02:03,400
before everyone locks in again. 
It is thrilling, almost dizzying

5376
05:02:03,400 --> 05:02:06,800
your discovering Harmony 
accidentally through the simple 

5377
05:02:06,800 --> 05:02:09,200
Act of many voices, seeking the 
same pitch. 

5378
05:02:10,000 --> 05:02:12,600
Someone breaks away from the 
main tone finding a pitch. 

5379
05:02:12,600 --> 05:02:14,400
That's different. 
But somehow compatible. 

5380
05:02:15,300 --> 05:02:17,600
It's not the same note but it 
fits with it. 

5381
05:02:17,600 --> 05:02:21,300
Creating a relationship between 
the two tones that feel stable 

5382
05:02:21,300 --> 05:02:25,300
and resolved others experiment 
with this and soon there are 

5383
05:02:25,308 --> 05:02:29,000
multiple tones sounding 
simultaneously all related to 

5384
05:02:29,000 --> 05:02:32,200
each other in ways nobody fully 
understands but everyone can 

5385
05:02:32,200 --> 05:02:36,900
feel The Rhythm continues, 
underneath all of this steady 

5386
05:02:36,900 --> 05:02:41,200
and insistent your body moves 
with it automatically. 

5387
05:02:42,200 --> 05:02:45,900
Swaying shifting, weight. 
Tapping one foot. 

5388
05:02:46,800 --> 05:02:50,700
Everyone around, you is moving 
to dozens of bodies responding 

5389
05:02:50,700 --> 05:02:53,200
to the same pulse. 
You're not dancing. 

5390
05:02:53,200 --> 05:02:56,100
Not exactly. 
But you're not still either. 

5391
05:02:56,100 --> 05:03:00,300
The sound is making. 
You move this continues for a 

5392
05:03:00,300 --> 05:03:03,500
remarkably long time. 
Maybe a full hour though, you 

5393
05:03:03,500 --> 05:03:04,700
have? 
No way to measure it. 

5394
05:03:04,700 --> 05:03:07,800
Precisely. 
The sound evolves constantly, 

5395
05:03:07,800 --> 05:03:13,200
sometimes it grows quieter more 
subdued, then someone increases 

5396
05:03:13,200 --> 05:03:16,900
volume and everyone follows the 
sound swelling to something 

5397
05:03:16,900 --> 05:03:20,800
almost overwhelming. 
Pictures shift, gradually upward

5398
05:03:20,800 --> 05:03:25,200
creating Rising tension. 
Then drops suddenly releasing it

5399
05:03:25,200 --> 05:03:29,200
when it finally ends and it's 
not clear who decides this. 

5400
05:03:29,200 --> 05:03:32,700
It just seems to happen 
collectively, there's a profound

5401
05:03:32,700 --> 05:03:35,500
silence. 
People look at each other with 

5402
05:03:35,500 --> 05:03:39,800
Expressions that mix exhaustion 
and exhilaration something 

5403
05:03:39,800 --> 05:03:43,300
significant as occurred though. 
Nobody has words for exactly 

5404
05:03:43,300 --> 05:03:45,900
what. 
Over the following days, people 

5405
05:03:45,900 --> 05:03:48,700
talk about their evening. 
There's a sense that the group 

5406
05:03:48,700 --> 05:03:51,700
experienced something together 
that boundaries between 

5407
05:03:51,700 --> 05:03:54,900
individuals temporarily 
dissolved in to share sound. 

5408
05:03:56,200 --> 05:04:00,100
The event wasn't useful in any 
practical sense, it didn't help 

5409
05:04:00,100 --> 05:04:03,400
anyone survive or solve any 
problems, but it mattered 

5410
05:04:03,400 --> 05:04:07,000
nonetheless in a way that 
matters Beyond utility your 

5411
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:09,200
people begin to create 
opportunities for this kind of 

5412
05:04:09,208 --> 05:04:11,700
shared music making not 
constantly. 

5413
05:04:11,700 --> 05:04:14,900
It takes considerable energy and
seems to require certain 

5414
05:04:14,900 --> 05:04:19,100
circumstances and certain moods.
But regularly, perhaps once 

5415
05:04:19,100 --> 05:04:21,900
every few weeks the group 
gathers and creates these 

5416
05:04:21,900 --> 05:04:25,900
episodes of collective, sound 
each one is different developing

5417
05:04:25,900 --> 05:04:29,900
its own character and its own 
arc of tension and release the 

5418
05:04:29,900 --> 05:04:31,600
bone flute. 
And other instruments are 

5419
05:04:31,600 --> 05:04:33,400
incorporated into these group 
sessions. 

5420
05:04:33,400 --> 05:04:38,200
The flute ads, High clear lines 
above the mass of voices, the 

5421
05:04:38,200 --> 05:04:40,800
gut strings, provided a 
different texture, something 

5422
05:04:40,800 --> 05:04:44,400
between singing and Rhythm the 
percussion instruments, anchor 

5423
05:04:44,400 --> 05:04:47,600
everything with steady pulses. 
Your discovering something 

5424
05:04:47,600 --> 05:04:51,900
profound about human nature. 
People want to make sounds 

5425
05:04:51,900 --> 05:04:54,300
together. 
Not just communicate not just 

5426
05:04:54,300 --> 05:04:57,500
coordinate, but blend their 
voices into something larger 

5427
05:04:57,500 --> 05:04:59,600
than any individual could create
a loan. 

5428
05:04:59,600 --> 05:05:03,400
This impulse seems to be as 
fundamental as the desire for 

5429
05:05:03,400 --> 05:05:08,000
food shelter, or companionship. 
It's been waiting in human 

5430
05:05:08,000 --> 05:05:10,600
nature. 
All along needing only the right

5431
05:05:10,600 --> 05:05:14,700
circumstances to emerge. 
Children, who grow up 

5432
05:05:14,700 --> 05:05:17,500
participating in these group 
music making sessions? 

5433
05:05:17,500 --> 05:05:20,400
Develop, a different 
relationship to sound than their

5434
05:05:20,400 --> 05:05:24,000
parents had for them. 
Organized sound isn't a strange 

5435
05:05:24,000 --> 05:05:28,100
new Behavior, it's normal 
expected, and a regular part of 

5436
05:05:28,100 --> 05:05:30,800
life. 
They invent new ways of singing 

5437
05:05:30,800 --> 05:05:33,200
together, new patterns and 
structures. 

5438
05:05:33,200 --> 05:05:36,500
They're growing up musical in a 
way that previous generations. 

5439
05:05:36,500 --> 05:05:40,100
Weren't the group singing 
creates social bonds that 

5440
05:05:40,100 --> 05:05:43,400
language alone doesn't quite 
achieve when you've stood in a 

5441
05:05:43,400 --> 05:05:46,800
circle of people all making the 
same sounds together. 

5442
05:05:46,800 --> 05:05:50,000
Those people feel clothes are 
off to Wood arguments. 

5443
05:05:50,000 --> 05:05:52,900
That seemed important before a 
music session often seamless 

5444
05:05:52,900 --> 05:05:57,000
significant after the shared 
sound creates a kind of unity. 

5445
05:05:57,000 --> 05:06:00,700
That reduces conflict, your 
witnessing, the birth of Music 

5446
05:06:00,700 --> 05:06:04,100
social function. 
Discovering that it's not just 

5447
05:06:04,100 --> 05:06:06,600
about making interesting sounds 
or preserving memory. 

5448
05:06:06,600 --> 05:06:10,100
It's all about creating 
connection building community 

5449
05:06:10,100 --> 05:06:12,900
and giving a group of 
individuals awaited temporarily 

5450
05:06:12,900 --> 05:06:15,200
become a single organism with 
many voices. 

5451
05:06:15,200 --> 05:06:18,600
Your older. 
Now with gray in your hair and 

5452
05:06:18,600 --> 05:06:22,300
grandchildren, he helped care 
for music that word doesn't 

5453
05:06:22,300 --> 05:06:25,100
exist yet. 
But the thing itself does has 

5454
05:06:25,100 --> 05:06:27,500
become an established part of 
life for your people. 

5455
05:06:27,500 --> 05:06:31,300
Children, grow up, learning 
songs, stories are preserved in 

5456
05:06:31,300 --> 05:06:34,100
chance and group. 
Gatherings include Collective, 

5457
05:06:34,100 --> 05:06:37,100
singing. 
It seems permanent inevitable, 

5458
05:06:37,100 --> 05:06:39,900
but you're about to learn how 
fragile it all is. 

5459
05:06:41,500 --> 05:06:45,300
The trouble starts with weather.
Three consecutive years, bring 

5460
05:06:45,300 --> 05:06:49,100
insufficient rain, the plants 
your people depend on produce 

5461
05:06:49,100 --> 05:06:52,800
less food, animals become 
scarce, moving to areas with 

5462
05:06:52,800 --> 05:06:56,400
better resources. 
Your group which has remained in

5463
05:06:56,400 --> 05:06:59,400
this General region for 
Generations faces a decision 

5464
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:04,200
moved to New Territory or endure
serious hardship, they decide to

5465
05:07:04,208 --> 05:07:07,800
move breaking into smaller bands
that might survive more easily. 

5466
05:07:08,500 --> 05:07:12,600
Your group of 30 becomes three, 
groups of 10, the bone flutes, 

5467
05:07:12,600 --> 05:07:16,300
the carved drums, the gut 
strings, these things are 

5468
05:07:16,300 --> 05:07:18,300
useful, but they're not 
essential. 

5469
05:07:18,300 --> 05:07:21,800
When people must carry only, 
what they absolutely need 

5470
05:07:21,800 --> 05:07:26,100
musical instruments. 
Don't make the cut, Most are 

5471
05:07:26,100 --> 05:07:28,500
left behind in your smaller 
group. 

5472
05:07:28,500 --> 05:07:33,000
Struggling to find adequate food
in unfamiliar territory, music, 

5473
05:07:33,000 --> 05:07:36,300
making becomes rare. 
There's no energy for group 

5474
05:07:36,300 --> 05:07:40,200
singing stories are told quickly
without elaboration or musical 

5475
05:07:40,200 --> 05:07:42,700
accompaniment because everyone 
is exhausted. 

5476
05:07:42,700 --> 05:07:46,200
The complex charms that preserve
important knowledge. 

5477
05:07:46,200 --> 05:07:49,500
Begin to simplify losing their 
melodic elements. 

5478
05:07:49,500 --> 05:07:53,500
Reverting to plain speech 
children in these hardship 

5479
05:07:53,500 --> 05:07:54,900
years. 
Don't learn the songs, you 

5480
05:07:54,900 --> 05:07:57,100
learned. 
They know the stories, but only 

5481
05:07:57,100 --> 05:07:59,700
a spoken words not as musical 
narratives. 

5482
05:08:00,500 --> 05:08:03,700
They can make rhythmic sounds 
when needed but the elaborate 

5483
05:08:03,700 --> 05:08:07,100
patterns developed over years 
are forgotten within a single 

5484
05:08:07,100 --> 05:08:09,800
generation much of what your 
people created. 

5485
05:08:09,800 --> 05:08:13,800
Musically, simply vanishes your 
group reconnects with one of the

5486
05:08:13,800 --> 05:08:17,000
other bands after two years 
they've been through similar 

5487
05:08:17,000 --> 05:08:20,400
hardships and similar losses, 
when someone suggests making 

5488
05:08:20,400 --> 05:08:23,100
music together. 
As you once did, the attempt is 

5489
05:08:23,100 --> 05:08:27,900
awkward, people have forgotten 
how certain songs go Nobody can 

5490
05:08:27,900 --> 05:08:31,100
quite recreate the harmonies 
that once seemed so natural. 

5491
05:08:31,100 --> 05:08:35,300
The carved log one group 
maintained produces sounds, but 

5492
05:08:35,300 --> 05:08:37,100
nobody remembers how to play it 
skillfully. 

5493
05:08:37,900 --> 05:08:41,000
It's heartbreaking in a way. 
You remember the feeling of 

5494
05:08:41,000 --> 05:08:45,800
standing in a circle of voices 
creating sound together, your 

5495
05:08:45,800 --> 05:08:48,600
grandchildren will never have 
that experience and it's not 

5496
05:08:48,608 --> 05:08:52,500
because of Any catastrophe or 
enemy it simply because music it

5497
05:08:52,500 --> 05:08:56,000
turns out requires not just 
invention but transmission not 

5498
05:08:56,000 --> 05:08:59,300
just creation but preservation 
and neither of those things is 

5499
05:08:59,300 --> 05:09:03,200
guaranteed other aspects of your
culture, prove more durable, 

5500
05:09:03,200 --> 05:09:07,500
Stone tool technology persist 
because it's essential and 

5501
05:09:07,500 --> 05:09:11,000
because the tools themselves 
serve as teaching models hunting

5502
05:09:11,000 --> 05:09:13,600
techniques survive because 
they're matters of life and 

5503
05:09:13,600 --> 05:09:18,400
death language continues because
humans can't not speak, but 

5504
05:09:18,400 --> 05:09:23,100
music is different. 
It's valuable but not vital 

5505
05:09:23,100 --> 05:09:27,500
meaningful but not mandatory and
so it nearly dies. 

5506
05:09:27,500 --> 05:09:31,800
You try to teach the old songs 
to children, but without group 

5507
05:09:31,800 --> 05:09:35,300
reinforcement without regular 
practice, the teaching doesn't 

5508
05:09:35,300 --> 05:09:37,900
stick. 
The children, learn fragments 

5509
05:09:37,900 --> 05:09:42,100
corrupted version and simplified
tunes that their little 

5510
05:09:42,100 --> 05:09:45,400
resemblance to The Originals. 
It's like watching something 

5511
05:09:45,400 --> 05:09:50,500
dissolve watching complexity 
reduced to Simplicity watching 

5512
05:09:50,500 --> 05:09:53,700
art, die of neglect. 
Then something unexpected 

5513
05:09:53,700 --> 05:09:56,900
happens. 
A period of abundance returns 

5514
05:09:56,900 --> 05:10:00,600
Reigns come reliably. 
Food becomes plentiful. 

5515
05:10:00,600 --> 05:10:04,500
Your people stopped moving 
constantly establishing a more 

5516
05:10:04,508 --> 05:10:07,200
permanent settlement. 
And in the breathing room, this 

5517
05:10:07,200 --> 05:10:11,900
creates music begins to return. 
It doesn't return all at once or

5518
05:10:11,900 --> 05:10:14,900
in its original form. 
A young woman who vaguely 

5519
05:10:14,900 --> 05:10:18,400
remembers hearing group singing 
as a small child tries to 

5520
05:10:18,408 --> 05:10:21,900
recreate it with a friend's, 
what they produce is simpler 

5521
05:10:21,900 --> 05:10:23,400
than what was lost. 
But it's something. 

5522
05:10:24,300 --> 05:10:26,400
A man finds a hollow bone and 
half. 

5523
05:10:26,400 --> 05:10:28,500
Remembering blows across it to 
make tones. 

5524
05:10:28,500 --> 05:10:32,100
The sounds aren't as refined as 
your old bone flute produced but

5525
05:10:32,100 --> 05:10:36,000
their deliberate intentional and
musical you realize watching 

5526
05:10:36,000 --> 05:10:38,300
this, resurrection that music 
wants to exist. 

5527
05:10:38,300 --> 05:10:41,100
Give an any opportunity, any 
stability. 

5528
05:10:41,100 --> 05:10:43,500
Any moment. 
When survival isn't consuming 

5529
05:10:43,500 --> 05:10:49,000
all attention, humans will make 
music The urge is too strong to 

5530
05:10:49,000 --> 05:10:51,800
deeply embedded in human nature,
to be permanently suppressed. 

5531
05:10:51,800 --> 05:10:55,300
But you also understand now, how
easily it can be interrupted, 

5532
05:10:55,300 --> 05:10:58,300
how close it came to never 
taking hold at all. 

5533
05:10:58,300 --> 05:11:01,900
If the hardship had lasted 
longer, if your people had 

5534
05:11:01,900 --> 05:11:05,500
remained and struggling for 
another generation music, might 

5535
05:11:05,500 --> 05:11:08,000
have disappeared entirely from 
this population. 

5536
05:11:08,000 --> 05:11:11,700
And since it wasn't inevitable, 
since it emerged from particular

5537
05:11:11,700 --> 05:11:15,300
circumstances and particular 
Innovations, its disappearance 

5538
05:11:15,300 --> 05:11:17,200
wouldn't guarantee its 
reinvention. 

5539
05:11:17,200 --> 05:11:20,500
You came terrifyingly, close to 
losing it forever. 

5540
05:11:20,500 --> 05:11:23,900
The music that re-emerges isn't 
the same as what was lost. 

5541
05:11:24,800 --> 05:11:29,100
Simpler in some ways, but it's 
also changed incorporating, new 

5542
05:11:29,100 --> 05:11:32,700
ideas and patterns. 
Music doesn't just Preserve. 

5543
05:11:33,400 --> 05:11:37,900
It evolves and each generation 
adds or removes elements what, 

5544
05:11:37,900 --> 05:11:40,900
your witnessing is, not just the
fragility of tradition but also 

5545
05:11:40,900 --> 05:11:45,800
its flexibility its capacity for
transformation in your final 

5546
05:11:45,800 --> 05:11:49,000
years sitting by the fire and 
watching young people make music

5547
05:11:49,000 --> 05:11:51,300
that sounds both familiar and 
strange to your ears. 

5548
05:11:51,300 --> 05:11:55,100
You understand what you've been 
part of, you've witnessed the 

5549
05:11:55,100 --> 05:11:58,000
birth of something 
extraordinary, seen it nearly 

5550
05:11:58,000 --> 05:12:01,000
die and watched it. 
Resurrect in Altered form. 

5551
05:12:01,000 --> 05:12:04,600
You've learned that music is 
both inevitable and improbable, 

5552
05:12:04,600 --> 05:12:08,700
both fundamental to human nature
and dependent on circumstances. 

5553
05:12:08,700 --> 05:12:11,900
That easily might not have 
occurred your very old. 

5554
05:12:11,900 --> 05:12:14,700
Now wrapped in Furs against the 
cold. 

5555
05:12:14,700 --> 05:12:17,000
Watching your 
great-grandchildren play. 

5556
05:12:17,900 --> 05:12:20,800
They're making music. 
There's no other word for any 

5557
05:12:20,800 --> 05:12:22,700
more. 
Even though your language still 

5558
05:12:22,700 --> 05:12:26,000
doesn't have that word, they're 
singing a song that incorporates

5559
05:12:26,000 --> 05:12:29,000
words, sustained tones Rhythm 
and even movement. 

5560
05:12:30,000 --> 05:12:33,400
It's a game about hunting but 
it's also unmistakably art. 

5561
05:12:34,100 --> 05:12:37,300
The transformation from those 
first accidental rhythms to, 

5562
05:12:37,300 --> 05:12:40,400
this deliberate structured 
musical play his taken. 

5563
05:12:40,400 --> 05:12:44,100
Most of your life time, you've 
seen music develop from random 

5564
05:12:44,100 --> 05:12:46,300
sound making to purposeful 
creation. 

5565
05:12:46,300 --> 05:12:50,500
From Individual, exploration to 
Community Practice and from 

5566
05:12:50,500 --> 05:12:54,700
simple patterns to complex 
compositions The music, these 

5567
05:12:54,700 --> 05:12:58,000
children make is different from 
what you want new, they've 

5568
05:12:58,000 --> 05:13:00,900
developed harmonies, you never 
imagined and Rhythm patterns, 

5569
05:13:00,900 --> 05:13:03,000
more intricate than anything 
from your youth. 

5570
05:13:03,000 --> 05:13:06,400
They've invented new 
instruments, including a 

5571
05:13:06,400 --> 05:13:09,700
remarkable object made by 
stretching animal hide over a 

5572
05:13:09,700 --> 05:13:12,300
hollow log. 
When you strike the hide, it 

5573
05:13:12,300 --> 05:13:15,600
produces a deep resonant. 
Boom, that carries for 

5574
05:13:15,600 --> 05:13:18,500
astonishing. 
Distances music has become 

5575
05:13:18,500 --> 05:13:20,400
specialized in ways you didn't 
anticipate. 

5576
05:13:21,700 --> 05:13:25,200
Certain people have emerged as 
particularly skilled musicians 

5577
05:13:25,200 --> 05:13:27,300
and they spend considerable 
time. 

5578
05:13:27,300 --> 05:13:30,900
Practicing developing abilities 
beyond what most people achieve.

5579
05:13:30,900 --> 05:13:33,900
There's a young man who can make
the bone flute, produce 

5580
05:13:33,900 --> 05:13:36,400
sequences of notes. 
So rapid they seem to blur 

5581
05:13:36,400 --> 05:13:40,500
together creating Melodies, that
Cascade like water over rocks. 

5582
05:13:41,600 --> 05:13:44,500
Storage your people tell are now
Inseparable from music. 

5583
05:13:44,500 --> 05:13:48,300
Nobody would consider telling an
important story without musical 

5584
05:13:48,300 --> 05:13:51,200
accompaniment. 
The music doesn't just enhance 

5585
05:13:51,200 --> 05:13:53,700
the story. 
It is part of the story 

5586
05:13:53,700 --> 05:13:56,300
carrying. 
Meaning that words alone, can't 

5587
05:13:56,300 --> 05:14:00,000
convey the melody associated 
with the winter survival story. 

5588
05:14:00,000 --> 05:14:04,300
You want hold contains the cold,
the danger and the relief within

5589
05:14:04,300 --> 05:14:07,300
its tones Music has developed 
functions. 

5590
05:14:07,300 --> 05:14:10,300
You never imagined. 
There are now songs for almost 

5591
05:14:10,300 --> 05:14:14,100
every activity. 
Songs for grinding grain that 

5592
05:14:14,100 --> 05:14:16,400
seemed to make the tedious work,
pass more quickly. 

5593
05:14:17,200 --> 05:14:19,600
Songs for walking long 
distances, that helped 

5594
05:14:19,600 --> 05:14:23,500
coordinate, the group's pace and
songs for soothing babies. 

5595
05:14:23,500 --> 05:14:26,900
That work far better than any 
non-musical approach. 

5596
05:14:26,900 --> 05:14:31,000
There are even songs people sing
alone to the themselves for 

5597
05:14:31,000 --> 05:14:33,700
reasons that seem to be purely 
about the experience of making 

5598
05:14:33,700 --> 05:14:37,900
sound. the most profound 
development is hardest to 

5599
05:14:37,900 --> 05:14:41,900
describe music has become a way 
of thinking, not just a way of 

5600
05:14:41,900 --> 05:14:45,900
making sounds people whom when 
they're working alone, not to 

5601
05:14:45,900 --> 05:14:48,400
accomplish anything, but just 
because humming while thinking 

5602
05:14:48,400 --> 05:14:52,900
seems natural now, The rhythms 
of Music have infiltrated speech

5603
05:14:52,900 --> 05:14:57,100
patterns making language itself.
More musical, the way people 

5604
05:14:57,100 --> 05:15:00,500
move has changed too. 
There's more than gesture and 

5605
05:15:00,508 --> 05:15:03,300
more consciousness of timing and
pattern in physical action. 

5606
05:15:04,200 --> 05:15:06,500
You've noticed that people who 
grow up with music think 

5607
05:15:06,500 --> 05:15:09,500
differently about time and 
memory, they're better at 

5608
05:15:09,500 --> 05:15:13,400
remembering sequences more aware
of patterns and more comfortable

5609
05:15:13,400 --> 05:15:16,800
with abstraction. 
Music has changed human 

5610
05:15:16,800 --> 05:15:19,300
cognition in subtle, but 
significant ways. 

5611
05:15:19,300 --> 05:15:23,000
The group's cultural identity as
become partly Musical. 

5612
05:15:23,900 --> 05:15:28,200
Songs unique to your people, The
Melodies rhythms and harmonies 

5613
05:15:28,200 --> 05:15:31,400
developed over years. 
Or something that defines the 

5614
05:15:31,400 --> 05:15:34,300
group as much as language or 
appearance or territory. 

5615
05:15:34,300 --> 05:15:37,400
When you encounter people from 
another group, you can tell 

5616
05:15:37,400 --> 05:15:40,300
immediately that their music is 
different, but they have their 

5617
05:15:40,300 --> 05:15:43,000
own musical Traditions that mark
them as distinct. 

5618
05:15:43,000 --> 05:15:46,800
What strikes you most in these 
final years is how close all of 

5619
05:15:46,800 --> 05:15:50,100
this came to never happening. 
Music wasn't waiting in the 

5620
05:15:50,108 --> 05:15:54,600
future inevitable and determined
it emerged from a series of Acts

5621
05:15:54,600 --> 05:15:57,700
Innovations and decisions that 
easily might have gone 

5622
05:15:57,700 --> 05:16:00,500
differently. 
The hollow bone with a crack. 

5623
05:16:00,500 --> 05:16:03,200
Might never have been blown 
across the gut. 

5624
05:16:03,200 --> 05:16:05,700
String might never have been 
plucked experimentally. 

5625
05:16:05,700 --> 05:16:09,600
The hardship years might have 
lasted longer racing everything 

5626
05:16:09,600 --> 05:16:12,800
before it could take root. 
And yet here it is. 

5627
05:16:12,800 --> 05:16:19,600
Music art the creation of beauty
through all organized, sound it 

5628
05:16:19,600 --> 05:16:22,500
exists now woven into human 
life. 

5629
05:16:22,500 --> 05:16:25,400
So thoroughly that future 
Generations will assume it was 

5630
05:16:25,400 --> 05:16:28,100
always there. 
That it's an inherent part of 

5631
05:16:28,108 --> 05:16:31,400
Being Human. 
But, you know, better, you 

5632
05:16:31,400 --> 05:16:34,800
remember the silence on quiet, 
evening's, listening to the 

5633
05:16:34,800 --> 05:16:37,100
complex songs being performed by
the fire? 

5634
05:16:37,900 --> 05:16:40,700
You sometimes think about all 
the potential music that never 

5635
05:16:40,700 --> 05:16:44,200
got made because it was too 
fragile, too dependent on 

5636
05:16:44,208 --> 05:16:46,900
circumstances or too easily 
lost. 

5637
05:16:46,900 --> 05:16:50,200
You think about the alternate 
version of History, where humans

5638
05:16:50,200 --> 05:16:53,700
never quite stumbled onto music 
where life remained functional, 

5639
05:16:53,700 --> 05:16:57,100
but aesthetically Barren. 
But that's not the history that 

5640
05:16:57,100 --> 05:16:59,800
happened. 
This is a history of how humans 

5641
05:16:59,800 --> 05:17:03,500
discovered that sound could be 
shaped that voices, could blend 

5642
05:17:03,500 --> 05:17:07,700
that Rhythm could organize time.
And that, Melody could carry, 

5643
05:17:07,700 --> 05:17:11,500
meaning beyond words, a history,
where music, against all the 

5644
05:17:11,500 --> 05:17:14,400
odds, and fragilities took hold 
in human consciousness and 

5645
05:17:14,400 --> 05:17:17,400
wouldn't let go Your great 
grandchildren are singing. 

5646
05:17:17,400 --> 05:17:21,600
Now their voices Rising into the
darkening Sky, the song There 

5647
05:17:21,600 --> 05:17:24,800
creating will last may be five 
minutes and then it will be 

5648
05:17:24,800 --> 05:17:27,400
gone. 
Surviving only in memory until 

5649
05:17:27,400 --> 05:17:31,200
someone performed it again. 
But even in its impermanence, 

5650
05:17:31,200 --> 05:17:37,600
even in its fragility, it 
exists, music exists, that you 

5651
05:17:37,600 --> 05:17:42,000
think as you listen, is the 
miracle not that music is a turn

5652
05:17:42,000 --> 05:17:45,900
or perfect or protected but 
simply that it exists at all 

5653
05:17:45,900 --> 05:17:49,600
that it emerged from silence and
survived long enough to become 

5654
05:17:49,600 --> 05:17:51,300
part of what it means to be 
human. 

5655
05:17:52,700 --> 05:17:57,200
The song continues, the fire 
burns, the night deepens around 

5656
05:17:57,200 --> 05:18:00,700
you and the sounds. 
Those carefully organized 

5657
05:18:00,700 --> 05:18:03,200
intentionally created 
thoroughly, human sounds. 

5658
05:18:03,900 --> 05:18:08,100
Carry on into the darkness 
already becoming memory, already

5659
05:18:08,100 --> 05:18:18,800
preparing to be reborn into 
tomorrow's voices. you know, 

5660
05:18:18,800 --> 05:18:21,500
that feeling when you wake up 
without an alarm naturally 

5661
05:18:21,500 --> 05:18:24,300
stirring just as the first like 
creeped through your bedroom 

5662
05:18:24,300 --> 05:18:27,400
window, That's actually your 
body remembering something 

5663
05:18:27,400 --> 05:18:30,400
incredibly ancient. 
Your ancestors didn't need 

5664
05:18:30,400 --> 05:18:33,000
smartphones. 
Buzzing at 6:30 a.m. because 

5665
05:18:33,000 --> 05:18:36,400
they had something far more 
reliable, the sun itself and a 

5666
05:18:36,400 --> 05:18:38,400
deep understanding of how the 
world moves around. 

5667
05:18:38,400 --> 05:18:41,300
Them picture yourself living 
5,000 years ago. 

5668
05:18:41,300 --> 05:18:44,400
Imagine a world without clocks 
ticking on walls. 

5669
05:18:44,400 --> 05:18:47,900
Digital displays glowing in the 
dark or scheduling apps. 

5670
05:18:47,900 --> 05:18:51,900
Reminding you about meeting's 
instead, you would awaken to the

5671
05:18:51,900 --> 05:18:55,300
sound of the roosters crow, a 
reminder that people actually 

5672
05:18:55,300 --> 05:18:58,000
kept roosters as their own 
personal alarm clocks. 

5673
05:18:58,800 --> 05:19:01,800
The internal Timing System of 
these, birds is so precise that 

5674
05:19:01,800 --> 05:19:04,900
they would Crow at nearly the 
same time every morning within a

5675
05:19:04,900 --> 05:19:07,600
few minutes variation. 
But here's where it gets 

5676
05:19:07,608 --> 05:19:09,100
interesting. 
You wouldn't think? 

5677
05:19:09,100 --> 05:19:13,600
Oh, it's 6:15 a.m. 
You'd think the sun is one 

5678
05:19:13,600 --> 05:19:16,700
hand's width above the horizon, 
or the Shadows are three times 

5679
05:19:16,700 --> 05:19:20,100
longer than my height. 
Ancient people measured Time by 

5680
05:19:20,100 --> 05:19:22,900
observing the world around them 
and they became incredibly 

5681
05:19:22,900 --> 05:19:26,000
skilled at reading these natural
signals in ancient Egypt 

5682
05:19:26,000 --> 05:19:27,200
priesthood. 
Watch for the moment. 

5683
05:19:27,200 --> 05:19:30,200
When certain Stars appeared on 
the horizon Just Before Dawn, 

5684
05:19:30,200 --> 05:19:34,000
they called these Deacon stars 
and they divided the night into 

5685
05:19:34,000 --> 05:19:35,900
segments, based on which stars 
were visible. 

5686
05:19:35,900 --> 05:19:39,100
It wasn't just about knowing 
when to wake up, it was about 

5687
05:19:39,100 --> 05:19:41,300
understanding the rhythm of the 
universe itself. 

5688
05:19:42,900 --> 05:19:45,600
Your ancestors approximately 200
Generations. 

5689
05:19:45,600 --> 05:19:48,500
Back had to be time, experts out
of necessity. 

5690
05:19:49,400 --> 05:19:53,000
Farmers needed to know when to 
plant and harvest Sailors needed

5691
05:19:53,000 --> 05:19:56,300
to navigate by the Stars, 
religious ceremonies had to 

5692
05:19:56,300 --> 05:19:59,700
happen at specific moments. 
Missing the right time. 

5693
05:19:59,700 --> 05:20:02,100
Could mean the difference 
between a successful Harvest and

5694
05:20:02,100 --> 05:20:05,600
starvation, or between safely, 
reaching port and becoming lost 

5695
05:20:05,600 --> 05:20:08,100
at sea. 
The funny thing is, they were 

5696
05:20:08,100 --> 05:20:11,200
probably better at telling times
than you are right now without a

5697
05:20:11,200 --> 05:20:13,100
watch. 
Could you tell if it's closer to

5698
05:20:13,100 --> 05:20:15,300
2 p.m. or 4 p.m. just by looking
around? 

5699
05:20:16,700 --> 05:20:20,100
Ancient people could estimate 
time within minutes, just by 

5700
05:20:20,100 --> 05:20:23,600
glancing at Shadows or noticing,
which birds were singing, they 

5701
05:20:23,600 --> 05:20:26,500
didn't just track ours. 
They understood Seasons with 

5702
05:20:26,500 --> 05:20:29,700
Incredible Precision. 
They knew that when the player D

5703
05:20:29,700 --> 05:20:32,300
star cluster appeared as a 
certain angle, it was time to 

5704
05:20:32,300 --> 05:20:36,000
start preparing for winter. 
When specific flowers bloomed, 

5705
05:20:36,000 --> 05:20:37,300
it meant the rains would come 
in. 

5706
05:20:37,300 --> 05:20:40,400
Exactly three weeks. 
Such information wasn't 

5707
05:20:40,400 --> 05:20:43,300
Superstition, it was 
accumulated, knowledge, passed 

5708
05:20:43,300 --> 05:20:45,400
down through generations, of 
careful observation. 

5709
05:20:46,300 --> 05:20:49,300
Imagine living so connected to 
Natural rhythms that you could 

5710
05:20:49,300 --> 05:20:50,800
sense. 
Time in your bones. 

5711
05:20:50,800 --> 05:20:54,600
You'd wake up naturally Before 
Dawn work during the productive 

5712
05:20:54,600 --> 05:20:58,100
hours, when light was good rest 
during the heat of midday and 

5713
05:20:58,100 --> 05:21:02,100
settle into evening activities 
as the sun began to set, Your 

5714
05:21:02,100 --> 05:21:05,500
body would be synchronized with 
the earth rotation in a way that

5715
05:21:05,500 --> 05:21:07,100
modern people can barely 
imagine. 

5716
05:21:08,000 --> 05:21:11,400
The ancient Chinese divided day 
and night into 12 periods each 

5717
05:21:11,400 --> 05:21:14,500
lasting about two hours. 
But instead of numbers they 

5718
05:21:14,500 --> 05:21:18,100
named these periods after 
animals, the hour of the rat, 11

5719
05:21:18,100 --> 05:21:21,700
p.m. to 1 a.m. the hour of the 
ox, one a.m. to 3 a.m. 

5720
05:21:21,700 --> 05:21:25,000
And so on each animal 
represented the time when that 

5721
05:21:25,000 --> 05:21:28,500
creature was most active, it's 
practical and poetic of the same

5722
05:21:28,500 --> 05:21:32,300
time very different from our 
cold numerical approach to time.

5723
05:21:33,100 --> 05:21:34,700
What strikes you most about 
ancient? 

5724
05:21:34,700 --> 05:21:38,100
Timekeeping isn't just how they 
did it but how relaxed they were

5725
05:21:38,100 --> 05:21:41,600
about Precision. 
If someone said meet me when the

5726
05:21:41,600 --> 05:21:45,200
sun is halfway to its highest 
point, everyone understood this 

5727
05:21:45,200 --> 05:21:47,900
might vary by 10 or 15 minutes 
to depending on the season. 

5728
05:21:47,900 --> 05:21:50,600
The weather will simply how 
carefully you were paying 

5729
05:21:50,608 --> 05:21:54,700
attention. 
Time was fluid natural and 

5730
05:21:54,700 --> 05:21:58,200
forgiving. 
System wasn't primitive, it was 

5731
05:21:58,200 --> 05:22:01,000
sophisticated in ways. 
We've forgotten, they built 

5732
05:22:01,000 --> 05:22:04,100
entire civilizations using 
nothing but careful, observation

5733
05:22:04,100 --> 05:22:07,900
of natural patterns and somehow 
they managed to coordinate 

5734
05:22:07,900 --> 05:22:11,100
complex societies plan. 
Elaborate, constructions, and 

5735
05:22:11,100 --> 05:22:14,000
maintain religious calendars, 
that were accurate across 

5736
05:22:14,000 --> 05:22:16,500
centuries. 
As you drift towards sleep 

5737
05:22:16,500 --> 05:22:20,100
tonight, your participating in 
the same daily Rhythm that has 

5738
05:22:20,100 --> 05:22:21,900
guided humans for thousands of 
years. 

5739
05:22:22,900 --> 05:22:25,900
Your body knows it's time to 
rest, just as it has always 

5740
05:22:25,900 --> 05:22:27,600
known. 
Let's talk about the most 

5741
05:22:27,600 --> 05:22:30,300
obvious time. 
Keeping your ancestors, used the

5742
05:22:30,300 --> 05:22:33,600
Sun, but they didn't just notice
that it Rose and set. 

5743
05:22:33,600 --> 05:22:37,800
They became experts at reading. 
The sun's position understanding

5744
05:22:37,800 --> 05:22:40,900
its moods and predicting Its 
Behavior with startling 

5745
05:22:40,900 --> 05:22:43,500
accuracy. 
You've probably noticed that the

5746
05:22:43,500 --> 05:22:47,200
sun doesn't rise in exactly the 
same spot every day during the 

5747
05:22:47,200 --> 05:22:49,300
summer. 
It rises further north and 

5748
05:22:49,300 --> 05:22:53,300
travels higher across the sky. 
In Winter, it rises further 

5749
05:22:53,300 --> 05:22:57,100
south, and stays lower. 
Ancient people not only noticed 

5750
05:22:57,100 --> 05:23:00,300
this, they used it as a 
sophisticated calendar system, 

5751
05:23:00,300 --> 05:23:03,300
the ancient Egyptians built 
their entire civilization 

5752
05:23:03,300 --> 05:23:05,200
around, the sun's annual 
Journey. 

5753
05:23:05,900 --> 05:23:09,300
They knew that when the sun rose
at its northernmost point, the 

5754
05:23:09,300 --> 05:23:11,600
Nile River would flood in 
exactly 60 days. 

5755
05:23:12,500 --> 05:23:15,800
This wasn't magic, it was 
careful observation refined over

5756
05:23:15,800 --> 05:23:19,600
centuries, they could predict 
the flooding so accurately that 

5757
05:23:19,600 --> 05:23:22,400
they plan their entire 
agricultural year around it. 

5758
05:23:23,600 --> 05:23:26,100
But here's what's really clever,
they didn't just watch where the

5759
05:23:26,108 --> 05:23:29,800
sun rose, they watch Shadows, 
you know how your Shadow is 

5760
05:23:29,800 --> 05:23:31,500
short at noon and long in the 
morning. 

5761
05:23:31,500 --> 05:23:34,800
And evening, ancient people 
turned this practice into a 

5762
05:23:34,800 --> 05:23:37,700
precise timekeeping system. 
They'd place a stick in the 

5763
05:23:37,700 --> 05:23:41,100
ground and Mark where its shadow
fell throughout the day after 

5764
05:23:41,100 --> 05:23:44,400
doing this for just a few days. 
They could tell time by glancing

5765
05:23:44,400 --> 05:23:48,000
at the Shadows length and 
direction The Babylonians 

5766
05:23:48,000 --> 05:23:51,700
enthusiastically adopted this 
concept, they created the first 

5767
05:23:51,700 --> 05:23:56,800
sundials around 3,500 BCE but 
these were the fancy sundials. 

5768
05:23:56,800 --> 05:24:00,200
You might see in gardens today. 
They were simple stones with 

5769
05:24:00,200 --> 05:24:03,800
lines marked around them. 
Shadow of a central stick would 

5770
05:24:03,800 --> 05:24:07,000
fall across different lines as 
the day progressed, it was like 

5771
05:24:07,000 --> 05:24:09,500
having a clock that worked 
perfectly as long as the Sun was

5772
05:24:09,500 --> 05:24:12,000
shining. 
What's amusing is that different

5773
05:24:12,000 --> 05:24:14,700
cultures developed completely 
different ways of dividing 

5774
05:24:14,700 --> 05:24:17,700
daylight. 
The Egyptians divided the day 

5775
05:24:17,700 --> 05:24:21,700
into 12 Parts, but these weren't
equal hours summer hours, were 

5776
05:24:21,700 --> 05:24:24,700
longer than winter hours because
there was more Daylight to 

5777
05:24:24,700 --> 05:24:27,000
divide. 
Imagine if your work day was 

5778
05:24:27,000 --> 05:24:30,700
naturally longer in summer and 
shorter in Winter actually that 

5779
05:24:30,700 --> 05:24:33,300
sounds rather nice. 
Ancient people in Northern 

5780
05:24:33,300 --> 05:24:35,200
climates had to be even more 
creative. 

5781
05:24:35,200 --> 05:24:39,000
During their Long Winter nights,
the sun barely appeared above 

5782
05:24:39,000 --> 05:24:42,000
the Horizon, they learned to 
read the quality of light with 

5783
05:24:42,000 --> 05:24:44,800
Incredible subtlety. 
They could tell the difference 

5784
05:24:44,800 --> 05:24:49,200
between first light when the sky
begins to lighten Sunrise when 

5785
05:24:49,200 --> 05:24:52,900
the sun's Edge appears and Son, 
clear when the full sun is 

5786
05:24:52,900 --> 05:24:56,800
visible, each of these moments 
happened at predictable 

5787
05:24:56,800 --> 05:24:59,300
intervals, giving them a natural
morning schedule. 

5788
05:25:00,000 --> 05:25:02,600
The ancient Greeks made a 
fascinating discovery of about 

5789
05:25:02,600 --> 05:25:05,500
shadows and time. 
They learned that your noon 

5790
05:25:05,500 --> 05:25:07,800
Shadow could tell you the date 
during the summer. 

5791
05:25:07,800 --> 05:25:11,100
Solstice your noon Shadow is 
shortest during the winter 

5792
05:25:11,100 --> 05:25:15,000
solstice its longest every day 
in between, your shadows are 

5793
05:25:15,000 --> 05:25:17,600
slightly different lengths. 
They essentially turned their 

5794
05:25:17,600 --> 05:25:20,400
body's into calendar systems. 
Here's something that might 

5795
05:25:20,400 --> 05:25:23,700
surprise, you ancient people 
were obsessed with finding true.

5796
05:25:23,700 --> 05:25:27,300
North they understood that true 
north was crucial for precise 

5797
05:25:27,300 --> 05:25:31,000
time-keeping, not because they 
possessed compasses they'd spent

5798
05:25:31,000 --> 05:25:34,400
hours observing the Stars noting
where the sun rose and set and 

5799
05:25:34,400 --> 05:25:38,600
finding that Perfect North South
Line Once they had it, they 

5800
05:25:38,600 --> 05:25:41,200
could create timekeeping systems
that worked year round. 

5801
05:25:41,800 --> 05:25:44,700
The ancient Indians developed 
something called Gatica time, 

5802
05:25:44,700 --> 05:25:47,400
where each day was divided into 
60 parts. 

5803
05:25:48,100 --> 05:25:52,100
But instead of using mechanical 
devices they used water, they'd 

5804
05:25:52,100 --> 05:25:55,000
float, a small bowl with a hole 
in the bottom in a larger 

5805
05:25:55,000 --> 05:25:58,100
container of water. 
The small bowl would sink after.

5806
05:25:58,100 --> 05:26:03,300
Exactly one, Gattaca about 24 
minutes, it was simple accurate 

5807
05:26:03,300 --> 05:26:06,900
and worked regardless of whether
Sun based timekeeping wasnt just

5808
05:26:06,900 --> 05:26:09,600
practical. 
It was deeply spiritual for many

5809
05:26:09,600 --> 05:26:12,400
cultures. 
The ancient Persians believed 

5810
05:26:12,400 --> 05:26:15,200
that observing, the sun's daily 
Journey was a form of prayer. 

5811
05:26:15,200 --> 05:26:18,700
They'd perform specific rituals 
at Sunrise noon and sunset 

5812
05:26:18,700 --> 05:26:21,500
turning time keeping into a 
religious practice. 

5813
05:26:22,200 --> 05:26:24,500
Time wasn't just about 
scheduling, it was about 

5814
05:26:24,500 --> 05:26:26,600
connecting with the Divine 
Rhythm of the universe. 

5815
05:26:26,600 --> 05:26:29,600
You have to admire their 
patience and attention to 

5816
05:26:29,600 --> 05:26:32,200
detail, they'd spend years 
carefully. 

5817
05:26:32,200 --> 05:26:36,200
Observing how Shadows moved, how
light changed and how the sun's 

5818
05:26:36,200 --> 05:26:37,800
path shifted through the 
seasons. 

5819
05:26:37,800 --> 05:26:41,000
They created amazingly accurate 
systems, using nothing but 

5820
05:26:41,000 --> 05:26:42,800
careful, observation and simple 
tools. 

5821
05:26:43,700 --> 05:26:47,500
No batteries required, no 
digital displays, no software 

5822
05:26:47,500 --> 05:26:50,800
updates, just the Eternal dance 
between Earth and Sun. 

5823
05:26:50,800 --> 05:26:53,700
Once the sun set, your 
ancestors, didn't just give up 

5824
05:26:53,700 --> 05:26:55,800
on time. 
Keeping, they looked up at the 

5825
05:26:55,800 --> 05:26:58,700
night sky and saw the most 
magnificent clock face, ever 

5826
05:26:58,700 --> 05:27:02,600
created, the Stars became their 
nighttime, timepiece, and they 

5827
05:27:02,608 --> 05:27:05,000
developed ways of reading 
Stellar time. 

5828
05:27:05,000 --> 05:27:08,000
That would impress modern 
astronomers, you probably know 

5829
05:27:08,000 --> 05:27:10,700
the North Star, but did you know
that ancient people used it as 

5830
05:27:10,700 --> 05:27:12,500
the center of a giant Cosmic 
clock? 

5831
05:27:13,400 --> 05:27:16,400
They noticed that all the other 
stars seem to rotate around this

5832
05:27:16,400 --> 05:27:17,200
one. 
Fixed point. 

5833
05:27:18,100 --> 05:27:20,900
By watching how far the Big 
Dipper had rotated around the 

5834
05:27:20,900 --> 05:27:23,300
North Star. 
They could tell exactly what 

5835
05:27:23,300 --> 05:27:26,400
time it was during the night. 
It was like, having our markers 

5836
05:27:26,400 --> 05:27:30,200
painted across the entire sky. 
The ancient Egyptians were 

5837
05:27:30,200 --> 05:27:34,300
particularly skilled at Stella 
timekeeping they identified 36 

5838
05:27:34,300 --> 05:27:36,200
special stars that they called 
deacons. 

5839
05:27:36,200 --> 05:27:40,100
He Stars would rise Just Before 
Dawn in a predictable sequence 

5840
05:27:40,100 --> 05:27:43,300
throughout the year. 
By knowing which Deacon star was

5841
05:27:43,300 --> 05:27:45,100
Rising. 
They could tell not just the 

5842
05:27:45,100 --> 05:27:49,100
time of night but also what day 
of the year it was imagine being

5843
05:27:49,100 --> 05:27:51,800
able to look up an instantly 
know, both the time and the 

5844
05:27:51,800 --> 05:27:53,700
date. 
But here's where it gets really 

5845
05:27:53,700 --> 05:27:55,700
interesting. 
Different cultures saw 

5846
05:27:55,700 --> 05:27:57,900
completely different patterns in
the same Stars. 

5847
05:27:59,000 --> 05:28:02,200
The ancient Chinese didn't see a
big dipper, they saw a northern 

5848
05:28:02,200 --> 05:28:03,500
Dipper. 
That was part of a larger 

5849
05:28:03,500 --> 05:28:05,400
pattern called the black 
tortoise of the North. 

5850
05:28:06,300 --> 05:28:09,600
The ancient Arabs, observed 
mourners following a coffin, the

5851
05:28:09,600 --> 05:28:13,600
ancient Greeks divided the night
sky into 48 constellations each 

5852
05:28:13,600 --> 05:28:15,800
with its own story and timing 
significance. 

5853
05:28:16,600 --> 05:28:19,600
The ancient Greeks took star 
watching to almost obsessive 

5854
05:28:19,600 --> 05:28:22,500
levels. 
They divided the night sky into 

5855
05:28:22,500 --> 05:28:26,800
48 constellations each with its 
story and timing significance. 

5856
05:28:27,600 --> 05:28:30,300
They knew that when Orion was 
directly overhead, it was the 

5857
05:28:30,300 --> 05:28:34,600
middle of winter when Scorpius 
dominated the sky summer was at 

5858
05:28:34,600 --> 05:28:37,800
its peak, they essentially 
turned pathology into a calendar

5859
05:28:37,800 --> 05:28:39,800
system. 
Here's something that might 

5860
05:28:39,800 --> 05:28:42,000
Amaze. 
You ancient people could predict

5861
05:28:42,000 --> 05:28:45,700
a clip's with remarkable 
accuracy sometimes centuries in 

5862
05:28:45,700 --> 05:28:48,100
advance. 
They didn't understand the 

5863
05:28:48,100 --> 05:28:51,200
scientific reasons behind a 
clip's but they recognized the 

5864
05:28:51,200 --> 05:28:54,100
patterns, they knew that if 
there was a lunar eclipse on a 

5865
05:28:54,108 --> 05:28:58,900
certain date, the next one would
occur exactly 18 years 11 days 

5866
05:28:58,900 --> 05:29:02,400
and eight hours later. 
The ancient Babylonians 

5867
05:29:02,400 --> 05:29:07,100
discovered this period known as 
a Sardar cycle around 2000 BCE 

5868
05:29:08,000 --> 05:29:10,500
the ancient Polynesians 
develops, the most sophisticated

5869
05:29:10,500 --> 05:29:12,900
Stella navigation system ever 
created. 

5870
05:29:12,900 --> 05:29:16,500
They could sail across thousands
of miles of open ocean using 

5871
05:29:16,500 --> 05:29:20,800
nothing but the Stars ocean 
swells and wind patterns The new

5872
05:29:20,808 --> 05:29:24,000
hundreds of star names and could
tell their exact position on the

5873
05:29:24,000 --> 05:29:27,200
Pacific, Ocean by identifying, 
which stars were directly 

5874
05:29:27,200 --> 05:29:30,200
overhead. 
These weren't just Sailors, they

5875
05:29:30,200 --> 05:29:33,400
were living star charts. 
It's fascinating is how they 

5876
05:29:33,408 --> 05:29:36,800
dealt with cloudy nights, 
ancient people and cloudy 

5877
05:29:36,800 --> 05:29:39,500
climates developed backup 
systems for Stella time keeping 

5878
05:29:40,200 --> 05:29:43,200
They'd listen to the sounds of 
nocturnal animals, which tend to

5879
05:29:43,200 --> 05:29:45,200
be active at specific times of 
night. 

5880
05:29:46,000 --> 05:29:48,800
They'd observe the behavior of 
their domestic animals, which 

5881
05:29:48,800 --> 05:29:50,900
often have predictable 
nighttime, routines. 

5882
05:29:51,700 --> 05:29:54,200
They'd even notice subtle 
changes in air temperature, and 

5883
05:29:54,200 --> 05:29:57,500
humidity, that occur, regular 
intervals throughout the night. 

5884
05:29:58,900 --> 05:30:02,300
The ancient Mayans built entire 
cities aligned with Stellar 

5885
05:30:02,300 --> 05:30:04,600
events. 
They knew that Venus appears as 

5886
05:30:04,600 --> 05:30:07,400
both a Morning Star and an 
evening star in a predictable 

5887
05:30:07,400 --> 05:30:11,800
584 day cycle. 
They used this cycled plan wars 

5888
05:30:11,800 --> 05:30:13,800
ceremonies and agricultural 
activities. 

5889
05:30:14,600 --> 05:30:17,400
Their calendar was so accurate 
that its only off by about two 

5890
05:30:17,400 --> 05:30:20,500
minutes per year, more precise 
than the calendar we use today. 

5891
05:30:21,300 --> 05:30:24,100
Ancient people also noticed that
the Stars change position 

5892
05:30:24,100 --> 05:30:26,900
throughout the year. 
The constellation visible at 

5893
05:30:26,900 --> 05:30:29,400
midnight in January would be 
completely different from the 

5894
05:30:29,400 --> 05:30:32,900
one visible at midnight in July,
they used this Stella seasonal 

5895
05:30:32,900 --> 05:30:36,200
change as a long-term calendar 
Farmers would know to plant 

5896
05:30:36,200 --> 05:30:38,800
crops when certain Stars 
appeared at dusk and harvest 

5897
05:30:38,800 --> 05:30:42,400
when those same Stars appeared 
at dawn, ancient Chinese 

5898
05:30:42,400 --> 05:30:45,200
developed a system where they 
divided the sky into 28 

5899
05:30:45,200 --> 05:30:47,600
mansion's. 
Each representing a different 

5900
05:30:47,600 --> 05:30:50,900
day of their lunar month. 
As the moon moved through the 

5901
05:30:50,900 --> 05:30:54,700
Stellar Mansions, it provided a 
natural calendar that combined 

5902
05:30:54,700 --> 05:30:58,100
timekeeping with astronomical 
observation, they could tell you

5903
05:30:58,100 --> 05:30:59,800
the date and the Moon's phase 
next week. 

5904
05:30:59,800 --> 05:31:03,800
Perhaps most remarkably ancient 
people understood that the Stars

5905
05:31:03,800 --> 05:31:07,100
themselves were slowly moving. 
They realized that the North 

5906
05:31:07,100 --> 05:31:09,200
Star wouldn't always be the 
north star that the 

5907
05:31:09,208 --> 05:31:11,300
constellation patterns were 
gradually shifting. 

5908
05:31:12,400 --> 05:31:16,000
This knowledge called precession
shows just how carefully they 

5909
05:31:16,000 --> 05:31:19,200
were observing the night sky 
over Generations, when clouds 

5910
05:31:19,200 --> 05:31:21,900
covered the sun and stars your 
ancestors didn't just shrug and 

5911
05:31:21,900 --> 05:31:24,200
give up on time keeping they got
creative. 

5912
05:31:24,200 --> 05:31:27,300
They discovered that time could 
be measured by watching water, 

5913
05:31:27,300 --> 05:31:30,800
drip sandfall or even by 
observing how long it took 

5914
05:31:30,800 --> 05:31:33,700
certain things to burn these 
inventions with the world's 

5915
05:31:33,700 --> 05:31:38,000
first, truly portable clocks, 
the water clock or Clips, Sidra 

5916
05:31:38,000 --> 05:31:41,300
was probably the most ingenious 
time, keeping device of the 

5917
05:31:41,300 --> 05:31:44,400
ancient world. 
Picture a large container with a

5918
05:31:44,400 --> 05:31:48,000
small hole in the bottle. water,
would drip out at a steady rate 

5919
05:31:48,000 --> 05:31:51,300
and you could tell time by 
seeing how much water remained 

5920
05:31:52,500 --> 05:31:57,100
The ancient Egyptians used these
as early as 3400 BC and they 

5921
05:31:57,100 --> 05:32:00,100
were surprisingly accurate. 
Trick was getting the whole 

5922
05:32:00,100 --> 05:32:04,100
exactly the right size, two big,
and the water rushed out to 

5923
05:32:04,100 --> 05:32:07,600
small and it barely dripped. 
But here's what's clever, they 

5924
05:32:07,600 --> 05:32:10,600
realize that water flows faster.
When there's more pressure which

5925
05:32:10,600 --> 05:32:13,600
means a full container would 
empty faster than a nearly empty

5926
05:32:13,600 --> 05:32:15,600
one. 
So they designed containers with

5927
05:32:15,600 --> 05:32:17,500
special shapes that compensated 
for this. 

5928
05:32:17,500 --> 05:32:19,600
Some were shaped like flower 
pots. 

5929
05:32:19,600 --> 05:32:23,300
Wider at the top than the bottom
others had complex, internal 

5930
05:32:23,300 --> 05:32:25,600
mechanisms that kept the water 
pressure constant. 

5931
05:32:25,600 --> 05:32:29,200
These weren't just functional, 
they were works of art decorated

5932
05:32:29,200 --> 05:32:31,400
with intricate carvings and 
religious symbols. 

5933
05:32:32,200 --> 05:32:35,000
The ancient Babylonians Advanced
water clock significantly. 

5934
05:32:35,800 --> 05:32:39,100
Created elaborate systems with 
multiple containers, floating 

5935
05:32:39,100 --> 05:32:42,700
indicators, and even alarm 
mechanisms some could track. 

5936
05:32:42,700 --> 05:32:46,400
Not just hours, but also days 
and weeks, they'd set up a 

5937
05:32:46,400 --> 05:32:48,800
series of containers that would 
empty into each other in 

5938
05:32:48,800 --> 05:32:51,700
sequence, creating a kind of 
liquid calendar system. 

5939
05:32:52,600 --> 05:32:56,600
Sand clocks or hourglasses came 
later, but were incredibly 

5940
05:32:56,600 --> 05:33:01,200
practical unlike water sand 
Flows at a completely consistent

5941
05:33:01,200 --> 05:33:03,500
rate, regardless of temperature 
or humidity. 

5942
05:33:04,400 --> 05:33:07,300
Ancient people discovered that 
by using very fine sand and 

5943
05:33:07,300 --> 05:33:10,500
carefully calibrated openings, 
they could create remarkably 

5944
05:33:10,500 --> 05:33:14,200
accurate timing devices. 
The sand had to be perfectly dry

5945
05:33:14,200 --> 05:33:16,500
and uniform. 
They'd sometimes spent hours 

5946
05:33:16,500 --> 05:33:19,100
sifting sand through 
increasingly fine meshes to get 

5947
05:33:19,100 --> 05:33:22,000
the right consistency. 
Different cultures developed 

5948
05:33:22,000 --> 05:33:23,800
unique, approaches to Saint 
timing. 

5949
05:33:24,600 --> 05:33:27,400
The ancient Chinese use, not 
just sand, but also powdered 

5950
05:33:27,400 --> 05:33:31,700
marble crushed, eggshells, and 
even finely ground tea leaves. 

5951
05:33:32,500 --> 05:33:35,800
Each material had different flow
characteristics, allowing them 

5952
05:33:35,800 --> 05:33:37,600
to create timers for different 
purposes. 

5953
05:33:38,500 --> 05:33:40,500
A tea time. 
I might run for exactly the time

5954
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:44,100
needed to properly steep leaves 
while a marble timer might track

5955
05:33:44,100 --> 05:33:46,300
longer periods. 
Here's something that might 

5956
05:33:46,300 --> 05:33:49,500
amuse, you, the ancient Romans 
used candle clocks for 

5957
05:33:49,500 --> 05:33:52,300
nighttime. 
Timekeeping They'd Mark, regular

5958
05:33:52,300 --> 05:33:56,100
intervals on candles and as the 
wax burned down, they could tell

5959
05:33:56,100 --> 05:33:59,300
how much time had passed. 
But they quickly discovered that

5960
05:33:59,300 --> 05:34:01,900
candles burn at different rates 
depending on air, currents, 

5961
05:34:01,900 --> 05:34:04,200
temperature, and the quality of 
the wax. 

5962
05:34:04,200 --> 05:34:08,100
So they created elaborate candle
holders that protected the flame

5963
05:34:08,100 --> 05:34:10,400
from drafts and kept the burning
rate consistent. 

5964
05:34:11,400 --> 05:34:14,100
The ancient Chinese refined 
candle time-keeping into a 

5965
05:34:14,100 --> 05:34:16,900
sophisticated art. 
They created special incense 

5966
05:34:16,900 --> 05:34:20,500
sticks that burned at precisely 
controlled rates, some were 

5967
05:34:20,500 --> 05:34:23,800
designed to burn for exactly two
hours, others for 12 hours. 

5968
05:34:24,600 --> 05:34:27,400
They'd embed small bells or 
chimes in the incense sticks. 

5969
05:34:27,400 --> 05:34:30,500
So when the incense burned down 
to a certain point, the Bell 

5970
05:34:30,500 --> 05:34:34,400
would drop and create an alarm. 
Imagine waking up to the gentle 

5971
05:34:34,400 --> 05:34:37,200
chime of a bell that had been 
timed by the slow burning of 

5972
05:34:37,200 --> 05:34:40,000
fragrant. 
Incense ancient people also use 

5973
05:34:40,000 --> 05:34:43,100
their bodies as timing devices. 
They knew that a healthy 

5974
05:34:43,100 --> 05:34:45,500
person's pulse Beats at a fairly
consistent rate. 

5975
05:34:45,500 --> 05:34:48,500
So they could estimate short 
periods of time by counting 

5976
05:34:48,500 --> 05:34:50,800
heartbeats. 
They discovered that it takes 

5977
05:34:50,800 --> 05:34:53,600
about the same amount of time to
recite certain prayers or poems.

5978
05:34:53,600 --> 05:34:56,300
So religious texts became timing
tools. 

5979
05:34:56,300 --> 05:34:59,800
A priest might know that a 
particular chant lasted, exactly

5980
05:34:59,800 --> 05:35:03,100
long enough for a water clock to
empty one level, the ancient 

5981
05:35:03,100 --> 05:35:06,100
Indians developed something 
called Gusty measurements using 

5982
05:35:06,100 --> 05:35:08,900
floating bowls. 
They place a metal bowl with a 

5983
05:35:08,908 --> 05:35:12,000
tiny hole in the bottom into a 
larger container of water. 

5984
05:35:12,000 --> 05:35:16,900
The bowl would slowly fill and 
sink taking exactly 24 minutes, 

5985
05:35:16,900 --> 05:35:20,900
one, garty, by using multiple 
bowls of different sizes. 

5986
05:35:20,900 --> 05:35:24,500
They could create complex Timing
Systems that tracked everything 

5987
05:35:24,500 --> 05:35:27,800
from minutes to months. 
What's remarkable is? 

5988
05:35:27,800 --> 05:35:31,900
How accurate these ancient 
timing devices were Modern tests

5989
05:35:31,900 --> 05:35:35,100
of reconstructed, ancient water 
clocks, show that they were 

5990
05:35:35,100 --> 05:35:37,900
often accurate to within a few 
minutes over a 12-hour period. 

5991
05:35:38,600 --> 05:35:41,700
That's impressive Precision for 
devices made with simple tools 

5992
05:35:41,700 --> 05:35:44,200
and materials they achieved this
accuracy. 

5993
05:35:44,200 --> 05:35:48,000
Through careful experimentation 
precise craftsmanship and 

5994
05:35:48,000 --> 05:35:51,600
generations of refinement. 
Ancient people also understood 

5995
05:35:51,600 --> 05:35:54,500
that different situations 
required different timing tools.

5996
05:35:54,500 --> 05:35:58,300
Water, clocks were perfect for 
daytime use but could freeze in 

5997
05:35:58,300 --> 05:36:00,500
Winter. 
Although they functioned in all 

5998
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:03,600
weather conditions, sand Clocks 
Were delicate and susceptible to

5999
05:36:03,600 --> 05:36:07,800
humidity fluctuations candle 
clocks, while effective at 

6000
05:36:07,800 --> 05:36:11,000
night, proved ineffective in 
windy conditions, so they 

6001
05:36:11,000 --> 05:36:14,000
developed multiple systems and 
used whichever worked best for 

6002
05:36:14,000 --> 05:36:17,100
their immediate needs, your 
ancestors, understood something 

6003
05:36:17,100 --> 05:36:20,900
that modern people often, forget
time isn't just about hours and 

6004
05:36:20,900 --> 05:36:25,100
minutes, it encompasses the 
concepts of Seasons cycles and 

6005
05:36:25,100 --> 05:36:26,700
the Perpetual rotation of the 
year. 

6006
05:36:27,500 --> 05:36:30,600
They developed sophisticated 
ways of tracking long-term time 

6007
05:36:30,600 --> 05:36:33,900
that connected daily life with 
the grand patterns of nature. 

6008
05:36:33,900 --> 05:36:37,100
The ancient Health did not 
perceive time as a linear 

6009
05:36:37,100 --> 05:36:38,900
progression from the past of the
future. 

6010
05:36:38,900 --> 05:36:42,500
They saw it as a spiral where 
similar events happened 

6011
05:36:42,500 --> 05:36:45,400
repeatedly that never exactly 
the same way twice. 

6012
05:36:45,400 --> 05:36:50,100
The divided their year in to 8 
major festivals each marking an 

6013
05:36:50,100 --> 05:36:51,600
important shift in the natural 
world. 

6014
05:36:52,500 --> 05:36:55,000
Sammi. 
Mark, the beginning of winter in

6015
05:36:55,000 --> 05:36:58,000
bulk celebrated, the first 
stirrings of spring, Beltane 

6016
05:36:58,000 --> 05:36:59,600
welcomed the fertility of early 
summer. 

6017
05:36:59,600 --> 05:37:03,700
And so on these were just 
parties, they were precise 

6018
05:37:03,700 --> 05:37:05,600
markers in a complex calendar 
system. 

6019
05:37:05,600 --> 05:37:09,300
Ancient people became experts at
reading the subtle signs that 

6020
05:37:09,300 --> 05:37:12,400
told them where they were in the
seasonal cycle, they knew that 

6021
05:37:12,408 --> 05:37:14,300
when oak leaves were the size of
Mouse ears. 

6022
05:37:14,300 --> 05:37:18,400
It was time to plant corn. 
When the first Cricket started 

6023
05:37:18,400 --> 05:37:22,100
chirping summer, was exactly six
weeks away when certain Birds 

6024
05:37:22,100 --> 05:37:25,800
began their migration winter 
would arrive in precisely 43 

6025
05:37:25,800 --> 05:37:28,500
days. 
Such knowledge wasn't folklore, 

6026
05:37:28,500 --> 05:37:31,500
it was accumulated scientific 
observation passed down through 

6027
05:37:31,500 --> 05:37:34,700
generations, the ancient 
Egyptians built their entire 

6028
05:37:34,700 --> 05:37:37,300
civilization around the annual 
flooding of the Nile River. 

6029
05:37:37,300 --> 05:37:40,300
They knew that when the star 
serious appeared Just Before 

6030
05:37:40,300 --> 05:37:43,600
Dawn, the flood would begin in 
exactly 70 days. 

6031
05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:47,100
They could predict the floods 
timing height duration and 

6032
05:37:47,100 --> 05:37:50,200
receding time. 
This knowledge was so valuable 

6033
05:37:50,200 --> 05:37:52,600
that the priests who maintained 
the calendar were among the most

6034
05:37:52,600 --> 05:37:54,400
powerful people in Egyptian 
Society. 

6035
05:37:55,400 --> 05:37:58,000
Here's something. 
Fascinating ancient people 

6036
05:37:58,000 --> 05:38:01,000
understood that the length of 
daylight changes throughout the 

6037
05:38:01,000 --> 05:38:05,300
year but they use this change as
a precise timing mechanism, they

6038
05:38:05,300 --> 05:38:07,700
knew that on the summer. 
Solstice the day would be 

6039
05:38:07,700 --> 05:38:12,100
exactly 40 hours and 52 minutes 
long at their latitude on the 

6040
05:38:12,100 --> 05:38:14,000
winter. 
Solstice it would be nine hours 

6041
05:38:14,000 --> 05:38:17,100
and 8 minutes every day in 
between the length of daylight 

6042
05:38:17,100 --> 05:38:20,400
Changed by a predictable amount.
They could tell you the exact 

6043
05:38:20,400 --> 05:38:22,800
date just by measuring how long 
the sun was visible. 

6044
05:38:23,500 --> 05:38:25,900
The ancient Chinese developed 
the most complex calendar 

6045
05:38:25,900 --> 05:38:29,600
system, in human history, they 
combined solar observations 

6046
05:38:29,600 --> 05:38:33,700
lunar phases, and star positions
into a calendar that tracked not

6047
05:38:33,708 --> 05:38:37,600
just days and years. 
But also 60 year cycles and even

6048
05:38:37,600 --> 05:38:40,600
longer periods. 
They believed that time moved in

6049
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:44,900
nested Cycles days within months
months within Years Years within

6050
05:38:44,900 --> 05:38:48,400
decades decades within centuries
and so on. 

6051
05:38:49,500 --> 05:38:52,200
The calendar was so 
sophisticated that it still used

6052
05:38:52,200 --> 05:38:54,600
today for determining 
traditional Chinese holidays. 

6053
05:38:54,600 --> 05:38:57,900
Ancient people also understood 
that different activities should

6054
05:38:57,900 --> 05:38:59,300
happen at different times of 
year. 

6055
05:38:59,300 --> 05:39:02,500
The ancient Greeks knew that 
certain crop should be planted 

6056
05:39:02,500 --> 05:39:06,500
when specific Stars appeared. 
That wine should be made when 

6057
05:39:06,500 --> 05:39:09,000
the moon was in a particular 
phase and that important 

6058
05:39:09,000 --> 05:39:11,000
decision should be made During 
certain seasons. 

6059
05:39:12,000 --> 05:39:14,900
They didn't just track time, 
they used it to optimize their 

6060
05:39:14,900 --> 05:39:17,800
daily lives. 
The ancient Mayans created a 

6061
05:39:17,800 --> 05:39:19,400
calendar system. 
That was more accurate than 

6062
05:39:19,400 --> 05:39:23,000
anything Europeans had at the 
time, they calculated that a 

6063
05:39:23,000 --> 05:39:29,200
year was 365.242 days long, 
remarkably close to the modern 

6064
05:39:29,200 --> 05:39:34,400
measurement of 365.242 days, 
they could predict a Clips his 

6065
05:39:34,400 --> 05:39:37,700
hundreds of years in advance. 
A new exactly when Venus would 

6066
05:39:37,700 --> 05:39:39,700
appear as a morning star or 
evening star. 

6067
05:39:40,600 --> 05:39:44,300
The calendar was so precise that
it's off by only about one day, 

6068
05:39:44,300 --> 05:39:47,700
every 5,000 years. 
What's remarkable is, how they 

6069
05:39:47,700 --> 05:39:51,400
coordinated these complex Timing
Systems across entire 

6070
05:39:51,400 --> 05:39:55,100
civilizations. 
The ancient Romans had officials

6071
05:39:55,100 --> 05:39:58,500
called pontificis whose job was 
to maintain the calendar and 

6072
05:39:58,500 --> 05:40:01,400
announce important dates. 
They travel throughout the 

6073
05:40:01,400 --> 05:40:04,400
Empire ensuring that everyone 
was celebrating festivals on the

6074
05:40:04,400 --> 05:40:07,400
same days and planting crops at 
the optimal times. 

6075
05:40:08,100 --> 05:40:10,700
This required, incredible 
organization, and communication 

6076
05:40:10,700 --> 05:40:15,100
across vast distances, ancient 
people also, used recurring 

6077
05:40:15,100 --> 05:40:17,900
natural events as long-term 
timing markers. 

6078
05:40:17,900 --> 05:40:21,300
They knew that Certain comets 
appeared every 76 years. 

6079
05:40:21,300 --> 05:40:24,500
That particular meteor showers 
happened annually on specific 

6080
05:40:24,500 --> 05:40:27,900
dates and the unusual weather 
patterns followed predictable 

6081
05:40:27,900 --> 05:40:30,500
Cycles. 
The ancient Babylonians kept 

6082
05:40:30,500 --> 05:40:34,200
details records of these events 
creating database's that help 

6083
05:40:34,200 --> 05:40:38,100
them predict future occurrences.
The ancient Indians develop the 

6084
05:40:38,100 --> 05:40:40,900
concept of yugas, vast cycles of
time. 

6085
05:40:40,900 --> 05:40:44,400
That lasted thousands of years. 
They believed that time moved in

6086
05:40:44,400 --> 05:40:47,500
great ebooks each with its 
characteristics and duration. 

6087
05:40:48,400 --> 05:40:51,100
While such an approach might 
seem impractical, it actually 

6088
05:40:51,100 --> 05:40:53,300
helped them, understand 
long-term climate patterns 

6089
05:40:53,300 --> 05:40:56,200
population cycles and 
agricultural trends. 

6090
05:40:57,000 --> 05:41:00,000
They were thinking about time on
scales that modern people rarely

6091
05:41:00,000 --> 05:41:02,200
consider. 
Perhaps most importantly, 

6092
05:41:02,200 --> 05:41:04,900
ancient people understood that 
time wasn't just about 

6093
05:41:04,900 --> 05:41:08,500
scheduling, it was about meaning
They knew that certain times 

6094
05:41:08,500 --> 05:41:11,500
were auspicious for beginning 
new projects that other times 

6095
05:41:11,500 --> 05:41:14,200
were better for reflection and 
rest and that the timing of 

6096
05:41:14,200 --> 05:41:15,900
events could influence their 
outcomes. 

6097
05:41:15,900 --> 05:41:18,900
They lived in harmony with 
temporal rhythms that connected 

6098
05:41:18,900 --> 05:41:22,200
their daily lives with the 
cosmos itself long before anyone

6099
05:41:22,200 --> 05:41:25,300
understood circadian, rhythms, 
or hormone Cycles, your 

6100
05:41:25,300 --> 05:41:27,100
ancestors knew something 
profound. 

6101
05:41:27,100 --> 05:41:31,100
Your body is a living clock. 
They developed sophisticated 

6102
05:41:31,100 --> 05:41:34,500
ways of reading, internal 
biological signals to track time

6103
05:41:34,500 --> 05:41:37,600
and they understood that humans 
are naturally synchronized with 

6104
05:41:37,600 --> 05:41:40,800
the rhythms of the earth. 
Ancient people noticed that they

6105
05:41:40,800 --> 05:41:44,300
naturally felt hungry at certain
times of day, grew sleepy at 

6106
05:41:44,300 --> 05:41:47,800
predictable intervals and 
experience Peak energy at 

6107
05:41:47,800 --> 05:41:50,700
specific hours. 
They didn't just accept these 

6108
05:41:50,700 --> 05:41:52,800
patterns, they used them as 
timing devices. 

6109
05:41:54,100 --> 05:41:56,800
The ancient Romans divided their
day around mealtimes. 

6110
05:41:56,800 --> 05:41:59,500
Prima Hora was the first hour 
after Sunrise. 

6111
05:41:59,500 --> 05:42:03,700
Sex tohora was Midday when they 
ate their main meal and Vsepr 

6112
05:42:03,700 --> 05:42:05,500
was evening. 
When they had a light supper, 

6113
05:42:06,400 --> 05:42:08,700
Their entire schedule revolved 
around when their body's 

6114
05:42:08,700 --> 05:42:12,300
naturally wanted to eat. 
The ancient Chinese took this 

6115
05:42:12,300 --> 05:42:15,100
idea even further. 
They believed that different 

6116
05:42:15,100 --> 05:42:17,800
organs in the body had Peak 
energy at different times of 

6117
05:42:17,800 --> 05:42:20,500
day. 
The liver was most active from 1

6118
05:42:20,500 --> 05:42:25,100
a.m. to 3 a.m. the lungs from 3 
a.m. to 5 a.m. the large 

6119
05:42:25,100 --> 05:42:29,400
intestine from 5 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
7 a.m. and so on. 

6120
05:42:30,500 --> 05:42:33,500
They use this organ clock, not 
just for medical treatment but 

6121
05:42:33,500 --> 05:42:36,600
also for daily scheduling, 
they'd plan different activities

6122
05:42:36,600 --> 05:42:39,400
for times when the relevant 
organs were at Peak function. 

6123
05:42:40,200 --> 05:42:43,100
Here's something that might 
surprise, you ancient people 

6124
05:42:43,100 --> 05:42:45,900
were incredibly skilled at 
estimating times through 

6125
05:42:45,900 --> 05:42:48,800
physical activities. 
They need that, it took exactly 

6126
05:42:48,800 --> 05:42:51,300
the same amount of time to walk 
from their home, to the well, 

6127
05:42:51,300 --> 05:42:55,300
each morning to milk a cow, or 
to prepare a simple meal, they 

6128
05:42:55,300 --> 05:42:57,700
turned routine activities into 
timing devices. 

6129
05:42:57,700 --> 05:43:01,600
A weaver might know that it took
exactly two hours to complete a 

6130
05:43:01,600 --> 05:43:04,800
certain pattern or a blacksmith 
might time his work by how long 

6131
05:43:04,800 --> 05:43:06,500
it took to forge a particular 
tool. 

6132
05:43:07,500 --> 05:43:10,100
Ancient people also understood 
that children's bodies, change 

6133
05:43:10,100 --> 05:43:13,000
at predictable rates and they 
use this information as a 

6134
05:43:13,000 --> 05:43:16,200
long-term Timing System. 
They knew that a child's first 

6135
05:43:16,200 --> 05:43:19,600
tooth would appear at about six 
months that they'd start walking

6136
05:43:19,600 --> 05:43:22,200
around their first birthday and 
that they'd reached certain 

6137
05:43:22,200 --> 05:43:24,600
developmental milestones at 
specific ages. 

6138
05:43:25,500 --> 05:43:28,700
Parents could estimate a child's
age even without formal birth 

6139
05:43:28,700 --> 05:43:30,200
records. 
By observing these natural 

6140
05:43:30,200 --> 05:43:33,600
developmental markers the 
ancient Egyptians noticed that 

6141
05:43:33,600 --> 05:43:36,700
pregnant women experience, 
predictable changes at specific 

6142
05:43:36,700 --> 05:43:39,300
intervals. 
They could determine how far 

6143
05:43:39,300 --> 05:43:42,300
along a pregnancy was by 
observing certain physical signs

6144
05:43:42,300 --> 05:43:45,400
and they knew that Labour would 
begin when the woman's body 

6145
05:43:45,400 --> 05:43:49,000
showed particular signals. 
Midwives became skilled at 

6146
05:43:49,000 --> 05:43:50,500
reading. 
These biological clocks to 

6147
05:43:50,508 --> 05:43:52,600
predict exactly when births 
would occur. 

6148
05:43:52,600 --> 05:43:55,500
Ancient people were also 
fascinated by the connection 

6149
05:43:55,500 --> 05:43:57,700
between human rhythms and lunar 
cycles. 

6150
05:43:58,700 --> 05:44:01,000
They observed that women's 
menstrual cycles often 

6151
05:44:01,000 --> 05:44:04,000
synchronized with the moon's 
phases and they used this 

6152
05:44:04,000 --> 05:44:06,500
connection for both time-keeping
and health monitoring. 

6153
05:44:06,500 --> 05:44:09,500
They noticed that many people 
slept differently during full 

6154
05:44:09,500 --> 05:44:13,100
moons, that certain illnesses 
followed Luna patterns and that 

6155
05:44:13,100 --> 05:44:15,700
emotional states seem to 
fluctuate with the moon's 

6156
05:44:15,700 --> 05:44:19,900
position Here's what's really 
interesting, ancient people 

6157
05:44:19,900 --> 05:44:22,700
understood that the aging 
process itself was a kind of 

6158
05:44:22,708 --> 05:44:25,300
slow clock. 
They could estimate someone's 

6159
05:44:25,300 --> 05:44:29,200
age by observing subtle changes 
in skin texture, hair color, 

6160
05:44:29,200 --> 05:44:33,100
posture, and movement patterns 
experienced Elders. 

6161
05:44:33,100 --> 05:44:35,600
Could look at a person and tell 
you, not just their approximate 

6162
05:44:35,600 --> 05:44:39,400
age, but also what season they 
were born in, what kind of work 

6163
05:44:39,400 --> 05:44:41,200
they did. 
And even what foods, they 

6164
05:44:41,200 --> 05:44:44,600
typically ate The ancient 
Indians developed detailed 

6165
05:44:44,600 --> 05:44:47,100
knowledge about how the body's 
energy levels change throughout 

6166
05:44:47,100 --> 05:44:50,900
the day. they identified 
specific times when people were 

6167
05:44:50,900 --> 05:44:54,200
naturally, more alert, more 
creative or more physically 

6168
05:44:54,200 --> 05:44:57,400
capable, they scheduled 
important activities during 

6169
05:44:57,400 --> 05:45:00,700
these Peak periods and reserved 
rest times for when the body 

6170
05:45:00,700 --> 05:45:04,600
naturally wanted to slow down, 
This wasn't just practical. 

6171
05:45:04,600 --> 05:45:07,700
It was a sophisticated 
understanding of human biology. 

6172
05:45:08,700 --> 05:45:11,800
Ancient people also use sleep 
patterns as timing devices. 

6173
05:45:12,700 --> 05:45:14,800
They knew that healthy people 
naturally went through 

6174
05:45:14,800 --> 05:45:17,900
predictable sleep cycles and 
they could estimate how long 

6175
05:45:17,900 --> 05:45:20,000
someone had been asleep by 
observing their breathing 

6176
05:45:20,000 --> 05:45:23,900
patterns body position and I 
movements they didn't 

6177
05:45:23,900 --> 05:45:26,400
understand, REM sleep 
scientifically, but they knew 

6178
05:45:26,400 --> 05:45:28,500
when someone was dreaming and 
when they were in deep sleep, 

6179
05:45:30,100 --> 05:45:32,600
the ancient Greeks noticed that 
people's body temperatures 

6180
05:45:32,600 --> 05:45:36,600
change throughout the day in 
predictable patterns, They could

6181
05:45:36,600 --> 05:45:39,400
tell what time it was by feeling
someone's forehead, or 

6182
05:45:39,400 --> 05:45:41,900
observing, whether they seemed 
naturally, warm or cool. 

6183
05:45:42,900 --> 05:45:45,000
They understood that these 
temperature changes were 

6184
05:45:45,000 --> 05:45:48,100
connected to energy levels, 
hunger and sleep patterns. 

6185
05:45:48,100 --> 05:45:51,700
Ancient people were all so 
skilled at reading, the subtle 

6186
05:45:51,700 --> 05:45:54,500
signs that indicated, someone's 
overall, health and vitality. 

6187
05:45:55,400 --> 05:45:57,600
They knew that certain physical 
changes meant. 

6188
05:45:57,600 --> 05:46:00,900
Someone was getting sick that 
other changes, indicated 

6189
05:46:00,900 --> 05:46:03,200
recovery. 
And that some patterns showed 

6190
05:46:03,200 --> 05:46:06,200
long-term Health Trends. 
They essentially use the human 

6191
05:46:06,200 --> 05:46:09,300
body as a diagnostic instrument 
that could reveal information 

6192
05:46:09,300 --> 05:46:12,800
about both time and health. 
What's remarkable is? 

6193
05:46:12,800 --> 05:46:15,800
How accurately ancient people 
could estimate time using only 

6194
05:46:15,800 --> 05:46:17,700
their bodies and natural 
observations? 

6195
05:46:18,800 --> 05:46:22,100
modern studies show that people 
who live without clocks, often 

6196
05:46:22,100 --> 05:46:26,100
develop, incredibly precise 
internal timing they can wake up

6197
05:46:26,100 --> 05:46:29,900
at specific times know when to 
eat and coordinate complex 

6198
05:46:29,900 --> 05:46:33,600
activities using only their 
internal biological rhythms, as 

6199
05:46:33,600 --> 05:46:36,700
you settle into sleep tonight, 
your participating in the same 

6200
05:46:36,700 --> 05:46:39,800
daily Rhythm that guided humans 
for thousands of years before 

6201
05:46:39,800 --> 05:46:43,700
electric lights, and digital 
clocks changed everything Your 

6202
05:46:43,700 --> 05:46:46,400
ancestors were just getting by 
without modern time keeping. 

6203
05:46:46,400 --> 05:46:48,800
They were living in harmony with
natural rhythms. 

6204
05:46:48,800 --> 05:46:51,900
That connected them to the 
Earth, the sky and their own 

6205
05:46:51,900 --> 05:46:55,600
bodies in ways that modern 
people can barely imagine The 

6206
05:46:55,600 --> 05:46:59,300
ancient timekeepers understood 
something profound time isn't 

6207
05:46:59,300 --> 05:47:02,800
just about measurement. 
It's about meaning Rhythm and 

6208
05:47:02,800 --> 05:47:05,400
connection. 
They didn't just track hours and

6209
05:47:05,400 --> 05:47:08,500
minutes, they lived within the 
great cycles of day and night 

6210
05:47:08,500 --> 05:47:11,900
seasons and years and birth and 
death. 

6211
05:47:12,700 --> 05:47:15,400
The timekeeping systems weren't 
just practical tools. 

6212
05:47:15,400 --> 05:47:18,300
They were ways of understanding 
their place in the universe. 

6213
05:47:19,000 --> 05:47:21,200
Think about how different their 
relationship with time. 

6214
05:47:21,200 --> 05:47:24,000
Must have been they couldn't 
rush through their days, 

6215
05:47:24,000 --> 05:47:25,400
checking phones, every few 
minutes. 

6216
05:47:25,400 --> 05:47:28,500
They couldn't stay up all night 
working under artificial lights.

6217
05:47:28,500 --> 05:47:31,300
They couldn't schedule 
back-to-back meetings, or eat 

6218
05:47:31,300 --> 05:47:34,300
lunch at their desks. 
Instead they lived according to 

6219
05:47:34,300 --> 05:47:36,700
Natural rhythms that their 
bodies understood instinctively 

6220
05:47:38,300 --> 05:47:41,300
The ancient Egyptians had a 
beautiful concept called Mart, 

6221
05:47:41,300 --> 05:47:44,100
which meant living in harmony 
with the natural order of 

6222
05:47:44,100 --> 05:47:46,500
things. 
This included, living in harmony

6223
05:47:46,500 --> 05:47:50,200
with natural time waking with 
the sun, eating, when hungry 

6224
05:47:50,200 --> 05:47:53,900
working, when energy was high 
and resting when the body needed

6225
05:47:53,900 --> 05:47:57,400
rest, They believed that 
fighting against Natural rhythms

6226
05:47:57,400 --> 05:48:00,800
was not just in practical, but 
actually harmful to physical and

6227
05:48:00,800 --> 05:48:04,000
spiritual health. 
Ancient people all understood 

6228
05:48:04,000 --> 05:48:06,700
that different types of time 
required different approaches. 

6229
05:48:06,700 --> 05:48:10,800
They had practical time for 
daily activities, seasonal time 

6230
05:48:10,800 --> 05:48:14,000
for agricultural planning 
ceremonial time, for religious 

6231
05:48:14,000 --> 05:48:17,500
observances and sacred time for 
connecting with the Divine. 

6232
05:48:17,500 --> 05:48:20,800
They didn't expect one system to
handle all these different 

6233
05:48:20,800 --> 05:48:22,800
needs. 
They developed multiple 

6234
05:48:22,800 --> 05:48:25,200
overlapping ways of 
understanding and measuring 

6235
05:48:25,200 --> 05:48:27,900
time. 
Here's something that might make

6236
05:48:27,900 --> 05:48:30,400
you smile. 
Ancient people were probably 

6237
05:48:30,400 --> 05:48:32,400
less stressed about time than we
are today. 

6238
05:48:33,200 --> 05:48:35,700
They couldn't be precisely 
punctual in the modern sense. 

6239
05:48:35,700 --> 05:48:39,100
So they developed social Customs
that accommodated natural 

6240
05:48:39,100 --> 05:48:42,500
variations in timing. 
If you arrange to meet someone, 

6241
05:48:42,500 --> 05:48:45,700
when the sun is halfway to its 
highest point, everyone 

6242
05:48:45,700 --> 05:48:48,900
understood that this might vary 
by 10 or 15 minutes depending on

6243
05:48:48,900 --> 05:48:52,100
the season and weather. 
Flexibility was built into their

6244
05:48:52,100 --> 05:48:55,000
social systems. 
The ancient Chinese had a saying

6245
05:48:55,000 --> 05:48:57,800
the best time to plant a tree 
was 20 years ago. 

6246
05:48:57,800 --> 05:49:02,500
The second best time is now they
understood that time wasn't just

6247
05:49:02,500 --> 05:49:05,600
about scheduling, it was about 
understanding the right moment 

6248
05:49:05,600 --> 05:49:08,500
for different activities, they 
developed sophisticated 

6249
05:49:08,500 --> 05:49:11,200
knowledge about timing, that 
went Far Beyond, Simple 

6250
05:49:11,200 --> 05:49:14,800
measurement to include wisdom 
about when to act, when to wait 

6251
05:49:14,800 --> 05:49:17,800
and when to rest, Ancient 
timekeepers. 

6252
05:49:17,800 --> 05:49:20,100
Also understood something that 
modern people often. 

6253
05:49:20,100 --> 05:49:24,000
Forget time is cyclical, not 
linear. 

6254
05:49:24,800 --> 05:49:28,900
Days, repeat Seasons returned 
and patterns recur. 

6255
05:49:29,900 --> 05:49:32,900
They didn't think of time as a 
straight line moving from past 

6256
05:49:32,900 --> 05:49:35,500
to future. 
But as a spiral where similar 

6257
05:49:35,500 --> 05:49:38,600
events happened repeatedly, but 
never exactly the same way 

6258
05:49:38,600 --> 05:49:41,000
twice. 
This gave them a sense of 

6259
05:49:41,000 --> 05:49:43,700
continuity and connection, that 
helped them navigate 

6260
05:49:43,700 --> 05:49:47,100
uncertainty. 
What's most remarkable is how 

6261
05:49:47,100 --> 05:49:49,800
much ancient people could 
accomplish using only natural 

6262
05:49:49,800 --> 05:49:52,800
time keeping methods. 
They built magnificent 

6263
05:49:52,800 --> 05:49:55,700
structures aligned with 
celestial events, coordinated 

6264
05:49:55,700 --> 05:49:59,500
complex civilizations, across 
vast distances and maintained 

6265
05:49:59,500 --> 05:50:01,300
accurate calendars for 
centuries. 

6266
05:50:01,300 --> 05:50:04,300
They did all this without any 
mechanical devices. 

6267
05:50:04,300 --> 05:50:08,500
Using only careful observation 
accumulated knowledge and deep 

6268
05:50:08,500 --> 05:50:12,000
understanding of natural 
patterns The ancient timekeepers

6269
05:50:12,000 --> 05:50:14,400
left us more than just 
historical Curiosities. 

6270
05:50:14,400 --> 05:50:17,300
They left us a different way of 
thinking about time. 

6271
05:50:17,300 --> 05:50:20,200
One that's more natural, more 
connected and perhaps more 

6272
05:50:20,200 --> 05:50:23,700
human, they remind us that time 
isn't just about productivity 

6273
05:50:23,700 --> 05:50:26,900
and efficiency. 
It's about Rhythm meaning, and 

6274
05:50:26,900 --> 05:50:30,400
living in harmony with the world
around us, as you close your 

6275
05:50:30,400 --> 05:50:33,600
eyes to night your following a 
pattern that connects you to, 

6276
05:50:33,600 --> 05:50:37,500
every human who has ever lived. 
Your body knows it's time to 

6277
05:50:37,508 --> 05:50:41,400
sleep just as it has always 
known your internal clock 

6278
05:50:41,400 --> 05:50:45,300
refined over thousands of years 
of evolution is still keeping 

6279
05:50:45,300 --> 05:50:48,500
perfect time. 
In a world of digital displays 

6280
05:50:48,500 --> 05:50:51,500
and constant connectivity. 
You still carry within you the 

6281
05:50:51,500 --> 05:50:54,900
ancient wisdom of natural time 
keeping The next time you wake 

6282
05:50:54,900 --> 05:50:58,400
up naturally, just, as the first
light appears, remember that 

6283
05:50:58,400 --> 05:51:01,200
you're experiencing something 
Timeless, you're participating 

6284
05:51:01,200 --> 05:51:04,500
in the same daily miracle that 
guided your ancestors for 

6285
05:51:04,500 --> 05:51:06,700
Millennia. 
Your proof that even in our 

6286
05:51:06,700 --> 05:51:09,600
modern world, the ancient Rhythm
still pulse within us, 

6287
05:51:09,600 --> 05:51:14,000
connecting us to the Eternal 
dance of Earth and Sky day and 

6288
05:51:14,000 --> 05:51:16,500
night, rest and waking. 
Sleep. 

6289
05:51:16,500 --> 05:51:20,000
Well, knowing that your body's 
own ancient clock will wake you 

6290
05:51:20,000 --> 05:51:23,000
exactly when you need to wake 
just as it always has.