How Food Was Prepared and Shared Long Ago | History for Sleep

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Tonight, my tired little ones. 
We begin with the Quiet Center 

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of everyday, life. 
The simple Act of preparing food

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across history. 
What people ate and shared was 

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shaped by habits season and 
necessity, creating routines 

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that change slowly and felt 
familiar wherever you were. 

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So, if you enjoyed these slow 
Journeys through history, you 

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can like the video subscribe. 
And let me know where you're 

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listening from and what time it 
is. 

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Now, dim your lights, let a fan 
or soft white noise. 

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Fill the room and let's start. 
You wake Before Dawn in a river 

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valley in an era. 
When agriculture is still a 

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whispered rumor passed between 
neighboring groups, The air 

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smells clean and sharp carrying 
the center of wet grass and 

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distant Pine. 
Your hands know exactly where to

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find the wild. 
Emma wheat, that grows and 

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Scattered patches along the 
hillside. 

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The same Hillside, your mother 
walked and her mother before her

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The Gathering takes hours. 
You move slowly through the Tall

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Grass, running your fingers 
along each stalk to feel which 

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seeds are ready. 
The right ones come away easily 

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between your thumb and forth 
finger dropping into the woven 

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basket. 
Slung your shoulder, some people

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rushed this task, but you've 
learned that Herring means 

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bruising, the kernels and 
bruised seeds. 

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Don't store properly. 
The sun climbs, higher warming, 

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your back through the leather 
tunic, you've worn smooth over 

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three seasons. 
Your basket is lined with soft 

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grasses to cushion the seeds as 
they fall. 

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You've woven this basket 
yourself. 

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During The Long Winter. 
Evenings using techniques passed

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down through observation, rather
than instruction. 

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The Weave needs to be tight 
enough to hold the smallest 

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seeds. 
But flexible enough to compress,

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when the baskets full your 
fingers, best small scars from 

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the sharp edges of the reads. 
You worked with tiny white lines

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that Mark, you as someone who 
makes useful things. 

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By mid-morning, you filled one 
basket and started on another 

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your fingers move with practiced
efficiency and your mind wanders

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to other things, the crack in 
your grinding stone, that needs 

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repair and the Strange Birds. 
You saw yesterday flying south 

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earlier than usual, a 
grasshopper lands on your 

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forearm bright, green against 
your son, darkened skin, and you

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pause to watch it before it 
Springs away into the wheat. 

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The wild lentils grow in a 
different area down near the 

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stream where the soil stays damp
even in the dry season. 

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You have to crouch low for 
these. 

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Sorting the plump pods from the 
shriveled ones listening to the 

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water bubble over smooth Stones.
Your knees protest, this 

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position after a while you shift
your weight from side to side 

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trying to ease the ache. 
Occasionally you spot a fish 

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quick and silver and you make a 
mental note to bring the net 

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tomorrow but today is for 
Gathering and you stay focused 

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on the task. 
The lentil plants have delicate 

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stems that break easily. 
If you're not careful, you've 

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learned to support each plant 
with one hand while picking the 

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pods with the other. 
Two handed operation, that slows

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the process, but preserves the 
plants for future harvests. 

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Some of the younger people in 
your group, haven't figured this

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out yet, and they leave a trail 
of broken stems and damaged 

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plants behind them. 
You feel a flicker of irritation

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at their carelessness but you 
all remember being young and 

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impatient yourself when you 
return to Camp others have 

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brought different offerings. 
Someone found a patch of wild 

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garlic. 
Another person collected 

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mushrooms from the Shaded 
Northern slope and a small group

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managed to trap three fat. 
Rabbits. 

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This is how your people eat a 
little bit of everything gather,

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from dozens of different 
locations, combined in ways that

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shift with the seasons, and the 
weather and the simple luck of 

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what you happen to find you. 
Pour your wheat, kernels onto a 

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Flat Rock and begin the tedious 
process of removing the husks. 

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The technique requires patience,
rubbing the seeds between your 

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palms blowing away, the chaff 
and picking out tiny stones, 

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that could crack a tooth. 
Your grandmother could do this 

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while telling stories a hands 
working automatically that you 

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still need to concentrate. 
Pile of clean. 

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Kernels, grow slowly golden in 
the late afternoon, light. 

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The chaff blows away on the 
breeze, scattering across the 

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camp, like snow children. 
Chase it laughing while you work

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steadily through your pile. 
Your palms are turning pink from

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the friction and you pause 
occasionally to flex your 

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fingers and ease the cramping 
This is mindless work in the 

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best sense. 
It occupies your hands but 

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leaves, your thoughts free to 
drift where they will. 

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The fire pit has been in the 
same location for as long as 

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anyone could remember. 
A shallow depression ringed with

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heat black and Stones, built up 
and tended and rebuilt. 

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Countless times. 
Starting the fire is your 

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responsibility to day, and you 
approach it with the same 

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careful attention. 
You gave to Gathering the wheat.

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The drill and half board a warns
smooth from use carved by 

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someone whose name is no longer 
spoken, but whose skills still 

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serves the community. 
You brace the half-board with 

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your foot and begin spinning. 
The drill between your palms, 

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pressing down, just enough to 
create friction without 

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breaking. 
The Rhythm, the motion is hit. 

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Noticed your palms sliding down 
the wooden shaft in quick, 

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repeated movements. 
Smoke appears first, thin and 

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promising, then a few orange 
Sparks that drop into the nest 

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of dried grass. 
You've prepared, you lean close 

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and blow gently steadily 
coaxing. 

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Those tiny Sparks into actual 
Flame the grass catches and you 

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feed it carefully with small 
Twigs, then larger sticks 

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building the fire up until it's 
strong enough to handle the 

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Greenwood that will burn for 
hours. 

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The choice of wood matters, more
than you once realized dry Oak 

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Burns, hot and steady. 
Perfect for cooking, that 

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requires sustained Heat. 
Pine catches quickly but spits 

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Sparks and leaves behind a 
resinous. 

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Residue birch bark makes 
excellent kindling away in 

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paper. 
Sheets that ignite the slightest

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touch of flame you've learned to
read the forest. 

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Identifying the best would for 
different purposes under 

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standing that fire is not just 
heat, but a relationship between

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fuel air and the patience to let
it develop properly. 

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The rabbits are already skinned 
and cleaned but you have other 

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plans first the range. 
Several large stones in the 

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heart of the fire smooth River 
Rocks that won't explode from 

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the heat while these are 
warming. 

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You prepare the wheat. 
You spent all morning Gathering.

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Instead of grinding it into 
flour today, you'll cook it 

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whole a technique that preserves
more nutrition and creates a 

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Nutty satisfying texture. 
You fill a clay pot with water 

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from the stream and add the 
wheat along with the wild 

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garlic. 
Someone else found chopped fine.

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The pot goes directly onto the 
fire balanced carefully on Three

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Stones. 
The heat is intense and you can 

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feel it on your face when you 
lean into stir. 

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As the water begins to simmer 
you add the lentils and a 

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handful of the mushrooms torn 
into rough pieces. 

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The smell that rises from the 
pot is extraordinary earthy and 

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Rich with a sharpness of garlic,
cutting through the deeper 

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notes. 
You watch the wheat kernels, 

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swell as they absorb the water 
changing from hard, little 

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pellets into something soft and 
substantial. 

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This transformation, never 
stops. 

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Fascinating you the way heat and
time and liquid can turn bitter 

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seeds into food that actually 
sustains. 

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Steam rises from the pot in 
lazy. 

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Spirals, you add more water as 
needed to keep everything. 

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Submerged, the lentils, cook 
faster than the wheat softening 

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into tender crescents that 
threatened to fall apart if you 

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stir to vigorously, The 
mushrooms release their moisture

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and Shrink concentrating, their 
flavor into something, almost 

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meaty. 
You taste the broth with a 

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wooden spoon, considering 
whether it needs anything else 

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deciding, it's perfect as it is.
Meanwhile the stones in the fire

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of reached the perfect 
temperature hot enough to hiss 

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when you drip water on them. 
But not so hot. 

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They'll crack the clay using two
sticks as tongs. 

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You carefully transfer several 
stones into the pot where they 

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continue heating the stew from 
within keeping it at a gentle 

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bubble. 
Even as you tend to the rabbits 

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the meat goes on to a green 
Branch stripped of leaves 

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suspended over the coals, where 
the heat is less intense than 

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the direct Flame's. 
Fat drips down and sizzles 

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sending up small flares of light
and the irresistible scent of 

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roasting meat. 
You turn the spit slowly 

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watching the skin darken and 
crisp rotating. 

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It a quarter turn, every few 
minutes to ensure even cooking. 

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Your arms. 
Begin to ache from holding the 

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spit at the right height, and 
you fashioned a support from 

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forked sticks driven into the 
ground. 

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On either side of the fire this.
Frees your hands to tend to 

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other tasks, adjusting the 
stones supporting the pot. 

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Adding more wood to maintain the
fire and checking the done of 

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the wheat. 
Buy fishing out a few grains and

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testing them between your teeth.
The rabbits take longer than 

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you. 
Expect the meat near the bones 

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stays stubbornly pink while the 
outer portions threatened to dry

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out. 
You pull the spit back from the 

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heat, slightly allowing the 
temperature to equalize trusting

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in patients rather than urgency.
Good food, cannot be rushed. 

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You've learned this lesson 
through, countless meals. 

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That suffered from impatience 
4,000 years. 

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Later, you live in a stone house
with a proper oven built into 

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the wall. 
But the relationship between 

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heat and food remains equally 
intimate, your hands are deep in

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a bowl of dough kneading with a 
steady Rhythm that your 

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shoulders and arms. 
Remember, even when your mind 

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wanders, this bread started 
three days ago with just flour 

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water and a piece of dough save 
from the last batch. 

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What you'll someday here called 
a sourdough starter though, 

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right now, it's just how Bread 
is made. 

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The dough has a personality 
you've learned some days. 

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It rises quickly and springs 
back eagerly under your hands. 

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Other days, it sits Sullen and 
heavy requiring more needing 

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more patience and more time. 
To develop the complex flavors 

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that make good bread with 
waiting, for today's batch 

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called somewhere in between 
Cooperative, but not 

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enthusiastic slowly transforming
from a Shaggy mess into 

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something smooth and elastic you
work. 

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The dough with the heels of your
hands, pushing it away from you 

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and then folding it back over 
itself. 

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The motion is rhythmic almost 
meditative and you fall into the

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kind of steady work that allows 
your thoughts to roam freely. 

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The dough. 
Gradually changes under your 

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hands becoming smoother and more
cohesive developing the gluten 

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strands that will trap air and 
create the characteristic 

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texture of risen bread. 
The smell of the dough is 

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mildly. 
Sour Pleasant in a way that 

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promises flavor rather than 
spoilage. 

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You've learned to distinguish 
between the Tang of proper 

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fermentation and the off-putting
smell of dough. 

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That's gone bad. 
This batch smells right yeasty 

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and Alive with undertones that 
are hearted describe but easy to

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recognize when they're present. 
He shaped the dough into round 

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loaves. 
Each one, the size of two fists 

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pressed together. 
They go into baskets lined with 

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linen. 
Cloths dusted with flour and you

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cover them with more cloth to 
keep them warm while they rise. 

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This second Rising is critical 
too short and the bread will be 

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dense and gummy too long and it 
will collapse all those careful 

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air bubbles, deflating into 
sourness, the basket. 

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Sit on a shelf, near the warmth 
of the half. 

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Not close enough to start 
cooking the dough, but warm 

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enough to encourage the firm 
intention you check them. 

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Occasionally pressing a finger 
gently into the surface to gauge

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how far they've risen the dough,
should spring back slowly 

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leaving a slight indentation 
that fills in gradually. 

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When it reaches this stage is 
ready for the oven. 

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While the bread Rises, you 
prepare the soup that will 

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accompany it. 
Barley forms the base, a grain 

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that cooks up, hearty, and 
filling almost chewy. 

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You had dried beans that you've 
soaked overnight along with 

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carrots onions. 
And a precious bit of salt. 

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The vegetables require their own
preparation washing away. 

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The dirt trimming the tough 
parts, and chopping everything 

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into pieces, small enough to 
cook through. 

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But large enough to have 
presents in the spoon. 

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00:12:20,900 --> 00:12:24,300
The carrots are particularly 
stubborn today, they're caused 

232
00:12:24,300 --> 00:12:26,900
dents and Woody. 
Trim these away. 

233
00:12:26,900 --> 00:12:29,400
Saving them in a separate Bowl 
for the chickens. 

234
00:12:29,400 --> 00:12:33,300
Using only the tender outer 
portions for the soup, the 

235
00:12:33,300 --> 00:12:35,600
onions, make your eyes water. 
As you peel away, the papery 

236
00:12:35,600 --> 00:12:37,900
skin and slice them into half 
Moons. 

237
00:12:37,900 --> 00:12:41,000
You've tried every trick. 
People suggest, for avoiding 

238
00:12:41,000 --> 00:12:44,500
tears, holding a piece of bread 
in your mouth cutting the onions

239
00:12:44,500 --> 00:12:48,400
under running, water, chilling, 
them, first, but nothing really 

240
00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:50,900
works. 
You've made peace with crying. 

241
00:12:50,900 --> 00:12:54,200
While you chop onions, accepting
it as part of the process. 

242
00:12:55,200 --> 00:12:57,600
The Soup pot is made of iron 
heavy enough. 

243
00:12:57,600 --> 00:12:59,800
That you need both hands to lift
it when it's full. 

244
00:12:59,800 --> 00:13:03,700
You add the barley first along 
with enough water to cover it, 

245
00:13:03,700 --> 00:13:07,000
by several inches, knowing the 
grain will swell as it Cooks. 

246
00:13:08,000 --> 00:13:11,000
The pop goes over the fire 
suspended from a hook that 

247
00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:13,400
allows you to adjust its height 
of the flames. 

248
00:13:13,400 --> 00:13:16,200
You want to steady simmer, not a
rolling boil. 

249
00:13:16,200 --> 00:13:19,300
So you position it carefully and
watch until the bubbles, start 

250
00:13:19,300 --> 00:13:22,900
to rise at the right pace. 
The other is essentially a large

251
00:13:22,900 --> 00:13:26,300
clay doe with an opening at the 
front, you build the fire inside

252
00:13:26,300 --> 00:13:29,300
the oven itself, letting the 
Flames Heap, the walls and stone

253
00:13:29,300 --> 00:13:31,200
floor until everything radiates 
warmth. 

254
00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:34,500
This takes the better part of an
hour and you feed the fire 

255
00:13:34,500 --> 00:13:37,900
steadily watching the interior 
walls change color, as they 

256
00:13:37,900 --> 00:13:42,000
reach the right temperature. 
When spit evaporates, instantly 

257
00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:44,400
on the stone floor, you know, 
it's ready. 

258
00:13:45,200 --> 00:13:48,600
Sweep out the coals and Ash 
clearing a space for the loaves.

259
00:13:48,600 --> 00:13:51,700
The long handled brush you use 
for this task is made from 

260
00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:55,100
bundled Twigs constantly 
shedding pieces that you have to

261
00:13:55,100 --> 00:13:58,200
fish out before they burn. 
The swept dashes. 

262
00:13:58,200 --> 00:14:01,800
Go into a bucket that you later 
use for making soap, nothing is 

263
00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:04,800
wasted and everything serves 
multiple purposes. 

264
00:14:06,000 --> 00:14:09,500
The bread goes in, on a long 
wooden paddle, each loaf sliding

265
00:14:09,500 --> 00:14:11,500
off onto the hot stone with a 
soft thumb. 

266
00:14:11,500 --> 00:14:15,400
You seal the opening with a clay
door and wait trusting in heat 

267
00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:17,500
and time to complete the 
Transformations. 

268
00:14:17,500 --> 00:14:21,100
You started with your hands, the
temperature inside the oven is 

269
00:14:21,100 --> 00:14:24,000
fierce in enough that you can 
feel the heat radiating through 

270
00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:27,000
the clay walls. 
When you stand nearby, the smell

271
00:14:27,000 --> 00:14:29,000
that eventually seeps from the 
oven is nothing. 

272
00:14:29,000 --> 00:14:33,500
Short of miraculous yeasty and 
warm with caramelized sugars 

273
00:14:33,500 --> 00:14:36,700
Browning on the cross. 
When you finally open the door 

274
00:14:36,700 --> 00:14:39,300
and pull out the loaves, their 
gold, and Hollow sounding. 

275
00:14:39,300 --> 00:14:42,500
When you tap the bottom. 
You set them on a rack to cool 

276
00:14:42,500 --> 00:14:46,300
resisting, the urge, to tear one
open immediately knowing the 

277
00:14:46,300 --> 00:14:50,000
crumb needs time to set properly
while the bread cools, you 

278
00:14:50,000 --> 00:14:52,800
return to the soup. 
The Barley has absorbed much of 

279
00:14:52,800 --> 00:14:56,800
the water and swelled to twice. 
Its original size, you add the 

280
00:14:56,800 --> 00:15:00,500
beans and vegetables along with 
a generous pinch of salt and 

281
00:15:00,500 --> 00:15:02,300
some dried herbs. 
You collected Last Summer. 

282
00:15:03,100 --> 00:15:04,600
Soup will simmer for another 
hour. 

283
00:15:04,600 --> 00:15:08,400
At least the flavors, melding 
and deepening the vegetables 

284
00:15:08,400 --> 00:15:10,600
softening until they're tender 
but not mushy. 

285
00:15:10,600 --> 00:15:13,600
You're standing in a late, 
Autumn field, surrounded by 

286
00:15:13,608 --> 00:15:16,700
cabbages, that need to be 
harvested before the first hard 

287
00:15:16,700 --> 00:15:19,900
freeze. 
The leaves are enormous veined 

288
00:15:19,900 --> 00:15:23,500
and curling beaded with Morning 
Dew that soaks through your 

289
00:15:23,500 --> 00:15:25,700
sleeves. 
As you work, each cabbage 

290
00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:28,900
requires a firm twist and pull 
separating it from the stem with

291
00:15:28,900 --> 00:15:32,700
a satisfying snap. 
Your basket fills quickly and 

292
00:15:32,700 --> 00:15:35,200
you haul it back to the house 
where the real work Begins. 

293
00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:37,900
The field stretches away in neat
rows. 

294
00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:41,700
Each one planted with Precision 
back in the spring when the soil

295
00:15:41,700 --> 00:15:44,400
was still cool. 
And damp, you remember the day 

296
00:15:44,400 --> 00:15:47,900
you set up these seedlings, your
back aching from bending over 

297
00:15:47,900 --> 00:15:52,200
row after Row one. 
If you'd planted two many, now 

298
00:15:52,200 --> 00:15:54,000
your grateful for your early 
optimism. 

299
00:15:54,000 --> 00:15:57,300
Looking at the abundance that 
will see your family through the

300
00:15:57,300 --> 00:16:00,100
winter months. 
Some of the outer leaves are 

301
00:16:00,100 --> 00:16:04,700
damaged torn by wind nibbled by 
insects or simply passed their 

302
00:16:04,700 --> 00:16:06,800
Prime. 
You strip these away in the 

303
00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:10,200
field, leaving them to decompose
where they fall and return 

304
00:16:10,200 --> 00:16:13,600
nutrients to the soil. 
The inner heads are perfect 

305
00:16:13,600 --> 00:16:17,400
dense and heavy. 
Exactly what you need for the 

306
00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:19,900
preservation. 
Work ahead, the earthenware 

307
00:16:19,900 --> 00:16:23,700
crock stands as tall as your 
waist, glazed on the inside and 

308
00:16:23,700 --> 00:16:27,200
scrubbed spotless. 
You've done this every Autumn 

309
00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:30,600
for more than 20 years turning 
fresh vegetables into 

310
00:16:30,600 --> 00:16:33,400
sauerkraut, that will feed your 
household through the lean 

311
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:37,300
months, when nothing green, 
grows the process is simple but 

312
00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:40,700
demands precision too. 
Little salt in the Cabbage will 

313
00:16:40,700 --> 00:16:43,100
wrote too much and it becomes 
inedible. 

314
00:16:43,100 --> 00:16:47,300
The balance is critical as any 
recipe, you know, you cut away 

315
00:16:47,300 --> 00:16:50,500
the outer leaves and the tough 
cause then slice the remaining 

316
00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:54,300
cabbage Into Thin ribbons. 
The knife work is met to Tiff 

317
00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:58,300
requires, just enough attention 
to keep your fingers safe, but 

318
00:16:58,300 --> 00:17:00,900
leaving your mind free to wander
slice. 

319
00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:03,400
Slice. 
Slice. 

320
00:17:04,400 --> 00:17:07,000
The blade rocking Against The 
Cutting Board in a rhythm that 

321
00:17:07,008 --> 00:17:09,300
your wrist remembers from years 
of practice. 

322
00:17:10,099 --> 00:17:13,099
The pile of shredded cabbage, 
grows into a pale green 

323
00:17:13,099 --> 00:17:16,300
Mountain, your knife needs 
sharpening after the first few 

324
00:17:16,300 --> 00:17:19,500
heads, the blade dragging 
slightly instead of slicing 

325
00:17:19,500 --> 00:17:22,200
cleanly. 
You take it to the Wet Stone and

326
00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:24,300
work. 
It carefully maintaining the 

327
00:17:24,300 --> 00:17:26,200
angle that creates the sharpest 
Edge. 

328
00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:29,900
The stone makes a pleasant 
scratching sound, a steal slide 

329
00:17:29,900 --> 00:17:32,700
to cross it and you test the 
educationally against your 

330
00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:36,600
thumbnail, feeling for the catch
that indicates proper sharpness.

331
00:17:37,600 --> 00:17:41,000
Now comes the salting. 
You sprinkle coarse salt over 

332
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:44,200
layers of cabbage in the crock. 
Impound everything with a wooden

333
00:17:44,208 --> 00:17:47,200
Masher pressing down. 
Hard to break the cell walls and

334
00:17:47,200 --> 00:17:50,400
release the cabbages. 
Own moisture after 15 minutes of

335
00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:52,900
vigorous pounding. 
Liquid begins to pool at the 

336
00:17:52,908 --> 00:17:56,100
bottom of the crock, you add 
more cabbage, more salt, and 

337
00:17:56,100 --> 00:17:58,000
more pounding. 
Your arms. 

338
00:17:58,000 --> 00:18:01,600
Ache pleasantly from the effort,
the salt crystals are large and 

339
00:18:01,608 --> 00:18:05,400
irregular harvested from salt 
pans near the coast and traded 

340
00:18:05,400 --> 00:18:08,500
Inland at considerable expense. 
You measure it. 

341
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:11,600
Carefully knowing that this 
precious ingredient needs to be 

342
00:18:11,600 --> 00:18:15,600
distributed evenly throughout 
the Cabbage too much salt in one

343
00:18:15,600 --> 00:18:19,100
layer and too little in another 
defeats the purpose, creating 

344
00:18:19,100 --> 00:18:22,400
Pockets where fermentation 
proceed too quickly or not at 

345
00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:24,400
all. 
When the Croc is fooled, you 

346
00:18:24,400 --> 00:18:26,800
weigh down the cabbage with a 
plate and a clean Stone 

347
00:18:26,800 --> 00:18:29,800
ensuring, everything stays 
submerged in the brine. 

348
00:18:30,700 --> 00:18:33,800
Cloth covers the top to keep out
dust and insects while still 

349
00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:37,500
allowing air to escape as 
fermentation begins, you carry 

350
00:18:37,500 --> 00:18:40,200
the heavy Croc to the cool 
Cellar and place it in the 

351
00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:43,900
corner where it will sit for six
weeks transforming slowly from 

352
00:18:43,900 --> 00:18:47,100
raw vegetable into something 
Tangy and Alive with beneficial 

353
00:18:47,100 --> 00:18:49,700
bacteria. 
The seller is already filling 

354
00:18:49,700 --> 00:18:52,500
with other preserved Foods clay 
jars of olive oil. 

355
00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:55,200
Stand in neat rows, each one, 
sealed with wax. 

356
00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:59,000
You filled these yourself back 
in late summer pressing, olives 

357
00:18:59,000 --> 00:19:02,300
and to your hands were stained 
purple and your shoulders ached 

358
00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:05,000
from working the lever. 
The oil is green gold and 

359
00:19:05,000 --> 00:19:08,500
fruity, perfect for drizzling, 
over bread or using and cooking 

360
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:11,800
throughout the winter. 
Strings of onions and garlic, 

361
00:19:11,800 --> 00:19:15,200
hang from the rafters, their 
papers, skins rustling. 

362
00:19:15,200 --> 00:19:19,100
When you brush against them, you
braided these carefully weaving.

363
00:19:19,100 --> 00:19:22,300
The dried stems together until 
long ropes that can hang without

364
00:19:22,300 --> 00:19:26,700
tangling Each bulb was inspected
for damage or soft spots before 

365
00:19:26,700 --> 00:19:30,600
being added to the braid because
one rotten onion can spoil an 

366
00:19:30,600 --> 00:19:35,200
entire string, dried beans? 
Phil woven sacks sorted by type 

367
00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:40,800
white beans black, beans, and 
speckled beans each variety with

368
00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,900
its own cooking time and 
character, you grew all of these

369
00:19:43,900 --> 00:19:47,000
in a separate garden plot, 
setting, the pods dry on the 

370
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:50,500
vine until they rattled. 
When shaking them, was a 

371
00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:53,200
multi-day project that left your
thumbs saw and your lap covered 

372
00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:56,400
in bits of dried pod. 
Satisfaction of seeing. 

373
00:19:56,400 --> 00:20:00,700
Saxfull of beans made the tedium
worthwhile smoked fish wrapped 

374
00:20:00,700 --> 00:20:04,400
in cloth, occupies one shelf 
while another holds wheels of 

375
00:20:04,408 --> 00:20:06,200
cheese at various stages of 
Aging. 

376
00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:11,100
Fish and mackerel caught in the 
late summer, run, split and hung

377
00:20:11,100 --> 00:20:13,800
in The Smokehouse until they 
turned golden and firm. 

378
00:20:13,800 --> 00:20:17,100
The cheese represents months of 
work collecting milk. 

379
00:20:17,100 --> 00:20:20,400
Heating it carefully. 
Adding ran it pressing the curds

380
00:20:20,400 --> 00:20:24,000
and then the long wait, while it
develops flavor, you've also 

381
00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:27,600
dried apples slice thin and laid
out on screens in the Autumn Sun

382
00:20:27,600 --> 00:20:29,200
until they turned leathery and 
sweet. 

383
00:20:30,000 --> 00:20:33,900
He's sit in a wooden box laid 
with clean straw ready to be 

384
00:20:33,908 --> 00:20:37,800
stewed or eaten as a chewy snack
during the long evenings, you 

385
00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:41,600
check them periodically for any 
signs of mold, removing any 

386
00:20:41,600 --> 00:20:45,200
questionable pieces before, they
can contaminate the rest dried. 

387
00:20:45,200 --> 00:20:49,000
Mushrooms, fill glass jars, 
porcini, chanterelles and 

388
00:20:49,000 --> 00:20:51,500
others, you collected during 
careful, foraging trips through 

389
00:20:51,500 --> 00:20:54,800
the forest, always leaving 
enough behind to ensure next 

390
00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:57,700
year's Harvest. 
Each type of mushroom required 

391
00:20:57,700 --> 00:21:00,900
different treatment. 
The porcini you slice thick and 

392
00:21:00,900 --> 00:21:03,500
dried slowly. 
While the delicate chanterelles 

393
00:21:03,500 --> 00:21:05,700
needed, faster. 
Drying to preserve their color 

394
00:21:05,700 --> 00:21:07,600
and flavor. 
Root vegetables. 

395
00:21:07,600 --> 00:21:11,800
Are stored in bins of sand, 
carrots, parsnips, and beets, 

396
00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:14,200
nestled in layers. 
That keep them from touching 

397
00:21:14,200 --> 00:21:16,900
each other. 
The sand maintains just enough 

398
00:21:16,900 --> 00:21:19,500
moisture to prevent shriveling 
while keeping the vegetables. 

399
00:21:19,500 --> 00:21:22,700
Cool enough to slow, any 
sprouting, you'll dig into these

400
00:21:22,700 --> 00:21:25,100
bins throughout the winter, 
pulling out what you need and 

401
00:21:25,100 --> 00:21:28,500
leaving the rest undisturbed, 
the Market Square fills Before 

402
00:21:28,500 --> 00:21:31,500
Dawn fenders. 
Arriving in the dark to claim 

403
00:21:31,500 --> 00:21:35,000
their usual spots and set up 
their displays, you're among 

404
00:21:35,000 --> 00:21:36,700
them. 
Arranging your goods on a wooden

405
00:21:36,700 --> 00:21:39,000
table. 
You've carried from home rounds 

406
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:40,800
of the cheese. 
You've been aging since spring 

407
00:21:40,800 --> 00:21:43,700
each one wrapped in wax and 
marked with the date. 

408
00:21:43,700 --> 00:21:47,300
It was made next to these. 
You stack loaves of the rye 

409
00:21:47,300 --> 00:21:50,700
bread, you bake yesterday, still
fresh enough to be slightly soft

410
00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:54,400
inside while the crust crackles 
under your fingertips, the 

411
00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:57,800
journey to Market started while 
Stars still crowded, the sky. 

412
00:21:58,400 --> 00:22:00,900
Your hand cart bumping over, 
rutted roads. 

413
00:22:00,900 --> 00:22:04,600
The cheese carefully cushioned 
with straw to prevent damage. 

414
00:22:04,600 --> 00:22:07,400
You've made this trip once a 
week for years. 

415
00:22:07,400 --> 00:22:11,200
And, you know, every turn and 
dip in the road every place 

416
00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:13,800
where the wheel catches on a 
particular Stone, unless you 

417
00:22:13,808 --> 00:22:17,300
angle it just right, you'll spot
in the market is one you've 

418
00:22:17,300 --> 00:22:21,200
earned through years of reliable
attendance, the best locations 

419
00:22:21,200 --> 00:22:23,000
go to those who show up every 
week. 

420
00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:26,900
Regardless of whether who build 
relationships with customers and

421
00:22:26,900 --> 00:22:28,700
who maintained a reputation for 
Quality. 

422
00:22:28,700 --> 00:22:31,900
New vendors, get assigned to the
edges where foot traffic is 

423
00:22:31,900 --> 00:22:34,900
lighter, but you're near the 
center where people naturally 

424
00:22:34,900 --> 00:22:39,500
congregate As the sun rises, the
market comes alive with color 

425
00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:44,000
and noise and 100 competing 
smells fishmonger 2. 

426
00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:47,100
Stalls down is selling mackerel.
So fresh, they're still silver 

427
00:22:47,100 --> 00:22:49,800
bright. 
Packed in baskets of crushed 

428
00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:52,300
ice. 
They're cleaning scent. 

429
00:22:52,300 --> 00:22:55,600
Mingles with the earthy smell of
root vegetables from the farm 

430
00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:59,700
opposite, you Potatoes, turnips 
and carrots. 

431
00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:02,900
All with dirt, still clinging to
them because everyone knows 

432
00:23:02,900 --> 00:23:05,300
that's how you identify the 
freshly dug ones. 

433
00:23:05,300 --> 00:23:07,700
The fish monger is a woman about
your age. 

434
00:23:07,700 --> 00:23:10,500
Who's been working this Market? 
As long as you have, you 

435
00:23:10,500 --> 00:23:12,800
exchanged greetings and brief 
comments about the weather. 

436
00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:15,600
While you both set up, this 
relationship is built on 

437
00:23:15,600 --> 00:23:18,700
proximity rather than deep 
friendship, but there's a 

438
00:23:18,700 --> 00:23:22,200
comfortable familiarity to it. 
A shared understanding of The 

439
00:23:22,200 --> 00:23:25,700
rhythms and challenges of Market
life, a woman stops at your 

440
00:23:25,708 --> 00:23:28,400
table and picks up one of your 
cheese rounds, testing its 

441
00:23:28,400 --> 00:23:31,100
weight and firmness. 
She doesn't ask the price 

442
00:23:31,100 --> 00:23:33,300
immediately and you don't 
volunteer it. 

443
00:23:33,300 --> 00:23:37,800
This is a dance, you both know. 
Well, instead you cut a thin 

444
00:23:37,800 --> 00:23:39,900
slice from the sample wheel and 
offer it to her. 

445
00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:42,500
She tastes it. 
Thoughtfully considering the 

446
00:23:42,500 --> 00:23:44,900
sharp Tang that develops during 
proper aging. 

447
00:23:44,900 --> 00:23:47,900
And the way it melts slightly 
from the warmth of her mouth, 

448
00:23:47,900 --> 00:23:51,600
the negotiation unfolds in the 
legendary manner of people who 

449
00:23:51,600 --> 00:23:54,600
know they have all day. 
She mentions that the cheese 

450
00:23:54,600 --> 00:23:57,900
maker on the far side of the 
square is charging less and you 

451
00:23:57,900 --> 00:24:01,200
point out that his cheeses 
younger and won't keep as long, 

452
00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:05,400
she agrees, but suggest your 
price is still ambitious, you 

453
00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:07,500
counter by offering a slightly 
better price. 

454
00:24:07,500 --> 00:24:11,800
If she takes two rounds in stead
of one, She nods already 

455
00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:15,200
reaching for her coin purse. 
This kind of bargaining is 

456
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,800
expected almost ritualistic to 
accept the first price. 

457
00:24:18,800 --> 00:24:21,700
Offered would seem desperate 
while to haggle too 

458
00:24:21,700 --> 00:24:23,000
aggressively, would damage. 
The relationship? 

459
00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:25,700
You found a middle path that 
serves you. 

460
00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:29,800
Well, firm about your Cheese's 
quality, but flexible enough to 

461
00:24:29,800 --> 00:24:32,300
reward loyal customers or bulk 
purchases. 

462
00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:36,800
Across the square. 
Someone is roasting chestnuts in

463
00:24:36,808 --> 00:24:40,200
a perforated. 
Pan over a charcoal Brazier the 

464
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:43,400
smoke carries their sweet nutty 
scent across the entire market. 

465
00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:46,600
And you notice people 
gravitating toward that corner 

466
00:24:46,600 --> 00:24:49,400
drawn by their noses rather than
their eyes. 

467
00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:52,800
The chestnut seller has 
positioned himself strategically

468
00:24:52,800 --> 00:24:56,900
upwind ensuring maximum 
distribution of that enticing, a

469
00:24:56,900 --> 00:25:00,200
Roma vendor selling honey has 
lined up Earth and Ware pots of 

470
00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:03,400
different varieties. 
Like Amber from spring flowers, 

471
00:25:03,400 --> 00:25:07,400
darker and more, robust from 
late summer wildflowers and 

472
00:25:07,400 --> 00:25:10,500
nearly black from Chestnut, 
Grove each pot Bears. 

473
00:25:10,500 --> 00:25:14,000
A label describing not just the 
source but the specific Hillside

474
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:15,500
where the bees collected their 
nectar. 

475
00:25:15,500 --> 00:25:20,100
She offers taste on small wooden
paddles and customers sample. 

476
00:25:20,100 --> 00:25:21,800
Thoughtfully comparing the 
delicate. 

477
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:24,800
Sweetness of Acacia honey. 
With the almost bitter 

478
00:25:24,800 --> 00:25:28,000
complexity of Buckwheat. 
You're watching Young Apprentice

479
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:31,500
learn the art of making sausages
at a butcher stall carefully. 

480
00:25:31,500 --> 00:25:34,100
Grinding meat. 
While the master adds Size 

481
00:25:34,100 --> 00:25:37,700
amounts of salt, pepper and 
herbs teaching through 

482
00:25:37,700 --> 00:25:39,900
demonstration rather than 
instruction. 

483
00:25:39,900 --> 00:25:43,400
The mixture goes into casings 
that will hang in a cool dry 

484
00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:47,300
room for weeks slowly developing
the complex flavors that make 

485
00:25:47,300 --> 00:25:49,500
preserved Meats more than just 
sustenance. 

486
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:54,100
The butcher catches you watching
and nods in acknowledgment, his 

487
00:25:54,100 --> 00:25:56,700
hands, never stop moving. 
As he works showing The 

488
00:25:56,700 --> 00:25:59,700
Apprentice how to tie off each 
sausage link, without creating 

489
00:25:59,700 --> 00:26:01,600
air pockets, that could lead to 
spoilage. 

490
00:26:01,600 --> 00:26:05,200
Young man is trying hard, but 
clearly hasn't developed the 

491
00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:08,100
muscle memory yet. 
His movement stiff and 

492
00:26:08,100 --> 00:26:11,400
self-conscious. 
By mid-morning, you've sold more

493
00:26:11,400 --> 00:26:14,700
than half your cheese and all of
the bread, a steady stream of 

494
00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:18,500
customers, as kept, you busy 
each transaction requires its 

495
00:26:18,500 --> 00:26:21,600
own small performance, the 
greeting, the sample, the 

496
00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:25,500
negotiation, and the exchange of
goods, for money, your coin 

497
00:26:25,500 --> 00:26:28,600
purse grows heavier, the 
reassuring weight of a 

498
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:31,600
successful Market day, you use 
some of your earnings to buy 

499
00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:34,000
things. 
You can't produce yourself a 

500
00:26:34,000 --> 00:26:36,200
small bag of the foreign spice. 
They call black pepper 

501
00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:39,900
impossibly expensive, but 
transformative in the right dish

502
00:26:39,900 --> 00:26:44,400
and a con of sugar in blue 
paper, a luxury, you allow 

503
00:26:44,400 --> 00:26:48,000
yourself twice a year. 
The sugar is refined in a 

504
00:26:48,008 --> 00:26:51,000
distant country and has traveled
thousands of miles to reach this

505
00:26:51,000 --> 00:26:53,900
Market. 
Changing Hands, multiple times 

506
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:56,600
each transaction, adding to its 
cost. 

507
00:26:57,500 --> 00:26:59,900
Spice Merchants weighs your 
pepper carefully, on a small 

508
00:26:59,900 --> 00:27:03,900
brass scale adding and removing 
grains until the balance is 

509
00:27:03,900 --> 00:27:06,600
perfect. 
He wraps it in a Twist of paper 

510
00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:09,900
and seals it with a dab of wax 
protecting the precious 

511
00:27:09,900 --> 00:27:12,200
contents. 
You tuck it carefully into your 

512
00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:15,400
bag already planning the dishes,
you'll enhance with this 

513
00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:19,400
expensive Edition. 
As the day wears on the Market's

514
00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:22,200
character changes. 
The early morning Shoppers who 

515
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:24,600
came for the best selection have
been replaced. 

516
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:28,000
By people looking for bargains, 
waiting to see what vendors 

517
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:29,800
might discount, rather than 
carry home. 

518
00:27:29,800 --> 00:27:33,500
Some sellers begin packing up 
but you stay knowing that the 

519
00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:37,100
later after noon often brings a 
second wave of customers people 

520
00:27:37,100 --> 00:27:40,000
who work during the day and can 
only shop when their labor is 

521
00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:42,400
finished. 
Your preparing for a journey 

522
00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:45,900
that will take three weeks, 
maybe more and the food you 

523
00:27:45,900 --> 00:27:49,100
carry needs to sustain you 
without spoiling without 

524
00:27:49,100 --> 00:27:52,800
requiring cooking, and without 
adding unnecessary weight to 

525
00:27:52,800 --> 00:27:55,400
your pack. 
This kind of travel food is not 

526
00:27:55,400 --> 00:27:58,700
formed perfected over 
generations, and you prepare it 

527
00:27:58,700 --> 00:28:00,800
with the same care, you'd give 
to any Feast. 

528
00:28:00,800 --> 00:28:04,700
The heart attack biscuits, start
with just flour water and salt. 

529
00:28:04,700 --> 00:28:08,900
No fat, or milk or anything that
might turn rancid under hot sun.

530
00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:12,000
You mix the dough until it's 
barely cohesive. 

531
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:15,000
Then roll it thin and cut it 
into rectangles. 

532
00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:17,300
Each biscuit gets docked with a 
fork. 

533
00:28:17,300 --> 00:28:20,100
Creating rows of holes, that 
will help it dry evenly. 

534
00:28:20,900 --> 00:28:24,400
They bake slowly in a low oven 
losing moisture, until their 

535
00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:26,800
hardest stones and will remain 
edible for months. 

536
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:29,900
When you tap two together, they 
sound like wood knocking. 

537
00:28:30,600 --> 00:28:32,700
You make dozens of these 
biscuits knowing from 

538
00:28:32,700 --> 00:28:36,000
experience, how many you'll need
the calculation. 

539
00:28:36,000 --> 00:28:38,600
Involves not just the number of 
days, you'll be traveling but 

540
00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:41,200
also the level of physical 
exertion you'll be maintaining 

541
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:44,900
hard travel Burns through 
calories at an astonishing rate.

542
00:28:44,900 --> 00:28:48,000
And you've learned to err on the
side of bringing too much rather

543
00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:51,700
than two little The biscuits 
emerge from the oven pale and 

544
00:28:51,700 --> 00:28:55,000
unpromising, nothing, like the 
golden loves, you normally bake,

545
00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:57,100
but their purpose isn't to be 
delicious. 

546
00:28:57,100 --> 00:29:01,200
It's to be reliable to provide 
sustenance when fresh food isn't

547
00:29:01,200 --> 00:29:03,400
available. 
And Pure alive and moving. 

548
00:29:04,500 --> 00:29:07,100
You pack them in a canvas bag 
where they settle with a dry 

549
00:29:07,100 --> 00:29:09,400
rattle. 
For protein, you've made a 

550
00:29:09,400 --> 00:29:13,300
pemmican using techniques. 
Your grandmother talk you Dried 

551
00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:17,100
meat gets pounded into a powder.
Fine enough to pack densely then

552
00:29:17,100 --> 00:29:20,400
mixed with rendered fat and 
dried berries, you form this 

553
00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:23,900
into cakes and wrap each one in 
cloth creating portable 

554
00:29:23,900 --> 00:29:26,300
nutrition. 
That won't freeze in Winter or 

555
00:29:26,300 --> 00:29:31,200
melt in summer, the ratio of fat
to meet matters enormously too 

556
00:29:31,200 --> 00:29:35,500
much fat and it becomes greasy 
and unpleasant too little and it

557
00:29:35,500 --> 00:29:38,100
crumbles and doesn't provide 
enough calories for hard travel.

558
00:29:38,100 --> 00:29:41,400
The meat you use for pemmican 
comes from the lean cuts that 

559
00:29:41,400 --> 00:29:45,000
aren't Pleasant to eat fresh. 
Kind of tough sinewy meet that 

560
00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:47,000
requires hours of cooking to 
become tender. 

561
00:29:47,700 --> 00:29:50,100
But dried and pounded it 
transforms into something 

562
00:29:50,100 --> 00:29:54,300
useful, you slice, it thin and 
hang it in a dry Airy. 

563
00:29:54,300 --> 00:29:57,300
Place waiting for it to become 
brittle and enough to power. 

564
00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:01,800
The rendered fat is equally 
important, you collect this 

565
00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:05,100
throughout the year, saving the 
fat trimmed from better cuts of 

566
00:30:05,100 --> 00:30:09,100
meat rendering it slowly over 
low heat until it's pure and 

567
00:30:09,100 --> 00:30:12,100
shelf stable. 
Smell of rendering fat isn't 

568
00:30:12,100 --> 00:30:15,200
pleasant, but the result is 
essential for pemmican that 

569
00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:18,200
holds together and provides the 
Clark density needed for long 

570
00:30:18,200 --> 00:30:20,600
Journeys. 
The dried berries at a touch of 

571
00:30:20,600 --> 00:30:23,800
sweetness and provide vitamins 
that pure meat and fat lack. 

572
00:30:24,500 --> 00:30:28,500
You use whatever you have dried 
currants, chopped dried apples, 

573
00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:31,100
even rose hips pounded to a 
powder. 

574
00:30:31,100 --> 00:30:34,000
These get mixed into the fat 
while it's still warm and 

575
00:30:34,000 --> 00:30:37,000
pliable Distributing evenly 
throughout the mixture. 

576
00:30:37,000 --> 00:30:41,200
You've also prepared a supply of
parched corn, each kernel, 

577
00:30:41,200 --> 00:30:43,400
toasted, until it's crunchy and 
slightly sweet. 

578
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:47,500
This can be eaten as is for a 
quick snack or boiled into a 

579
00:30:47,508 --> 00:30:50,200
simple porridge when you have 
time to make camp and build a 

580
00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:52,100
fire. 
A Leather Pouch holds dried 

581
00:30:52,100 --> 00:30:54,700
fruit apples. 
Pears and cherries. 

582
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:58,600
All picked at Peak ripeness and 
dried slowly to concentrate 

583
00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:01,900
their natural sugars. 
The parching of corn is a 

584
00:31:01,908 --> 00:31:04,200
process that requires constant 
attention. 

585
00:31:05,100 --> 00:31:07,900
The kernels, go into a dry pan 
over the fire and you shake them

586
00:31:07,900 --> 00:31:11,600
continuously to prevent burning 
they pop and jump occasionally, 

587
00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:14,300
leaping out of the pan and you 
watch for the moment when they 

588
00:31:14,300 --> 00:31:17,900
turn golden and develop a 
toasted Aroma too much heat and 

589
00:31:17,900 --> 00:31:22,000
they burn becoming bitter and 
inevitable too little and they 

590
00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:25,600
remain tough and difficult to 
chew your waterskin hangs from 

591
00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:28,800
your pack. 
So from goat hide and sealed 

592
00:31:28,800 --> 00:31:32,200
with pine pitched to prevent 
leaking water, is the heaviest 

593
00:31:32,200 --> 00:31:34,200
thing. 
You'll carry and you plan your 

594
00:31:34,200 --> 00:31:37,100
route carefully around reliable 
streams and Springs where you 

595
00:31:37,100 --> 00:31:39,500
can refill between water 
sources. 

596
00:31:39,500 --> 00:31:44,300
You drink sparingly rationing 
the skin to last trusting your 

597
00:31:44,300 --> 00:31:47,600
experience to judge how much you
actually need versus how much 

598
00:31:47,600 --> 00:31:51,200
you think you want? 
The water skin itself represents

599
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:54,000
weaks of work. 
The hide had to be cleaned and 

600
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:56,300
treated stretched and sewn with 
sinew. 

601
00:31:56,300 --> 00:31:59,800
Then tested for leaks and 
repaired where necessary you've 

602
00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:01,700
gone through several skins over 
the years. 

603
00:32:01,700 --> 00:32:06,000
Each one eventually failing at a
seam or developing a crack that 

604
00:32:06,000 --> 00:32:10,200
no amount of pitch could seal. 
This current one is relatively 

605
00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:14,500
new and still Supple not yet 
stiff from repeated drying and 

606
00:32:14,500 --> 00:32:17,100
wetting. 
You also pack a small quantity 

607
00:32:17,100 --> 00:32:20,700
of salt wrapped in oil Paper. 
Salt is essential for 

608
00:32:20,700 --> 00:32:23,500
maintaining your body's balance 
during hard physical work. 

609
00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:26,800
Especially in hot weather when 
you'll be sweating constantly. 

610
00:32:26,800 --> 00:32:31,800
You rationally taking just a few
grains dissolved in water, each 

611
00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:34,900
day enough to prevent the 
weakness and cramping that comes

612
00:32:34,900 --> 00:32:39,100
from Salt depletion, First few 
days of travel are always an 

613
00:32:39,100 --> 00:32:42,400
adjustment, your body, expects, 
regular meals at predictable 

614
00:32:42,400 --> 00:32:44,700
times. 
And instead, you eat small 

615
00:32:44,700 --> 00:32:47,700
amounts throughout the day, 
keeping your energy steady, 

616
00:32:47,700 --> 00:32:51,000
rather than spiking and 
crashing, you discover that you 

617
00:32:51,000 --> 00:32:53,000
can walk for hours on nothing 
but water. 

618
00:32:53,000 --> 00:32:56,700
And a few piece of dried fruit. 
Then eat a more substantial meal

619
00:32:56,700 --> 00:33:00,000
when you stop for the night. 
Your pack also contains a small 

620
00:33:00,000 --> 00:33:04,100
pot for cooking and a few basic 
implements a knife, a spoon and 

621
00:33:04,100 --> 00:33:07,600
a cup. these are the minimum 
tools needed to prepare a hot 

622
00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:11,500
meal when circumstances allow 
pot is battered from years of 

623
00:33:11,500 --> 00:33:15,300
use dented and discolored but it
still holds water and conducts 

624
00:33:15,300 --> 00:33:19,000
heat which is all that matters. 
When you do stop you build a 

625
00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:22,000
small fire and make a simple 
soup from the dried vegetables 

626
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:25,700
you've carried. 
Peas beans and onions, 

627
00:33:25,700 --> 00:33:29,900
reconstituted in water. 
And seasoned with salt, the hot 

628
00:33:29,900 --> 00:33:31,500
meal is psychologically 
important. 

629
00:33:31,500 --> 00:33:35,200
As much as nutritionally 
necessary, a moment of warmth 

630
00:33:35,200 --> 00:33:37,400
and normalcy. 
In the midst of constant 

631
00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:41,500
movement, you eat slowly 
savoring each spoonful, letting 

632
00:33:41,500 --> 00:33:44,700
the heat settle into your bones.
Before you roll yourself in your

633
00:33:44,708 --> 00:33:48,500
blanket and sleep. 
The dried vegetables expand 

634
00:33:48,500 --> 00:33:52,100
remarkably as they absorb water 
swelling to something 

635
00:33:52,100 --> 00:33:55,800
approaching their original size,
you've learned to use less than 

636
00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:58,000
you think. 
You'll need because a handful of

637
00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:01,500
dried beans, becomes a full pot 
of soup after sufficient soaking

638
00:34:01,500 --> 00:34:04,500
cooking. 
The transformation is satisfying

639
00:34:04,500 --> 00:34:07,100
to watch. 
Another example of how proper 

640
00:34:07,100 --> 00:34:10,199
preparation extends, the 
usefulness of food far beyond 

641
00:34:10,199 --> 00:34:13,199
its fresh State, you arrive at 
the Gathering house. 

642
00:34:13,199 --> 00:34:16,699
Just as the sun begins to set 
your arms, full of the 

643
00:34:16,699 --> 00:34:20,199
contribution you've prepared for
tonight's shared meal 25 

644
00:34:20,199 --> 00:34:23,000
families will eat together. 
Household bringing, whatever 

645
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:25,500
they've made. 
And the long table is already 

646
00:34:25,500 --> 00:34:28,400
beginning to fill with an 
astonishing variety of dishes. 

647
00:34:28,400 --> 00:34:32,100
This is how your community 
celebrates the Harvest the 

648
00:34:32,100 --> 00:34:36,100
changing seasons or sometimes 
nothing in particular, except 

649
00:34:36,100 --> 00:34:39,400
the pleasure of eating together.
You're offering is a large pot 

650
00:34:39,400 --> 00:34:41,199
of stew made from the tough cut 
of beef. 

651
00:34:41,199 --> 00:34:43,900
You've been braising since 
morning, the meat started, 

652
00:34:43,900 --> 00:34:47,400
almost inedible but hours of 
gentle cooking and wine and 

653
00:34:47,408 --> 00:34:50,699
stock of transformed it into 
something that falls apart at 

654
00:34:50,699 --> 00:34:53,699
the touch of a fork. 
You added root vegetables in the

655
00:34:53,699 --> 00:34:58,200
final, our carrots potatoes and 
turnips and cut large enough to 

656
00:34:58,200 --> 00:35:01,300
hold their shape while absorbing
the rich wine dark Source. 

657
00:35:01,300 --> 00:35:04,500
The pot is still warmed in 
towels to keep the heat in 

658
00:35:04,500 --> 00:35:06,100
during the short walk from your 
house. 

659
00:35:07,000 --> 00:35:09,700
The beef came from a neighbor's 
cow slaughtered last week, we 

660
00:35:09,708 --> 00:35:11,400
can divide it among several 
families. 

661
00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:15,800
You received this particular cut
as part of your share a shoulder

662
00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:18,100
roast riddles with connective 
tissue. 

663
00:35:18,100 --> 00:35:22,300
The kind of meat that most 
people consider inferior but you

664
00:35:22,300 --> 00:35:25,200
know what to do with it. 
Applying time and moisture and 

665
00:35:25,208 --> 00:35:28,700
low heat until the collagen 
melted into gelatin, and the 

666
00:35:28,700 --> 00:35:32,100
meat became tender. 
The wine you used for brazing is

667
00:35:32,100 --> 00:35:35,600
from your own small Vineyard 
pressed Auto and allowed to 

668
00:35:35,608 --> 00:35:39,000
ferment through the winter. 
It's not fancy wine. 

669
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:42,400
Just honest, table wine with 
enough acidity to balance the 

670
00:35:42,400 --> 00:35:45,300
richness of the beef. 
You pulled in nearly half a 

671
00:35:45,300 --> 00:35:48,300
bottle knowing that the alcohol 
would cook off while the flavors

672
00:35:48,300 --> 00:35:51,400
concentrated. 
The family beside you as brought

673
00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:56,000
fresh bread, three, enormous, 
loaves, with Crispy crusts and 

674
00:35:56,000 --> 00:36:00,000
tender Airy crumbs. 
The baker scores each loaf and 

675
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:02,700
decorative patterns before 
setting them out, not for 

676
00:36:02,700 --> 00:36:04,700
vanity. 
But because Beauty matters, 

677
00:36:04,700 --> 00:36:07,500
because the appearance of food 
is part of the gift. 

678
00:36:07,500 --> 00:36:11,000
You give to your community next,
to the bread, sits a crock of 

679
00:36:11,000 --> 00:36:13,700
Butter Churn this morning. 
Still slightly cool. 

680
00:36:13,700 --> 00:36:17,600
And beaded with condensation, 
you watch the baker arrange, the

681
00:36:17,600 --> 00:36:20,800
lows with obvious Pride, 
positioning them, to show off 

682
00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:22,700
the patterns scored into their 
crusts. 

683
00:36:23,300 --> 00:36:27,300
These aren't simple slashes but 
intricate designs wheat. 

684
00:36:27,300 --> 00:36:30,800
Sheaves on one loaf a geometric 
pattern on another and 

685
00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:33,400
decorative flourishes that 
turned functional bread into 

686
00:36:33,400 --> 00:36:36,500
something approaching art. 
Someone has prepared a salad. 

687
00:36:36,500 --> 00:36:40,300
Using the last of the Autumn 
greens dress simply with oil and

688
00:36:40,300 --> 00:36:42,500
vinegar. 
And Scattered with toasted. 

689
00:36:42,500 --> 00:36:46,900
Walnuts, the leaves are a mix of
colors and textures, dark green,

690
00:36:46,900 --> 00:36:51,000
kale, red, veined lettuce and 
bitter ridiculous that adds 

691
00:36:51,000 --> 00:36:54,300
complexity to each bite. 
Another person is baked to hold 

692
00:36:54,300 --> 00:36:57,800
salmon packed with herbs the 
skin crispy and the flesh. 

693
00:36:57,800 --> 00:37:01,600
Still moist served on a platter 
decorated with lemon slices. 

694
00:37:01,600 --> 00:37:06,100
The salmon is magnificent. 
Skin bronzed and blistered from 

695
00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:09,800
high heat. 
Flesh beneath flaking into moist

696
00:37:09,800 --> 00:37:12,900
pink layers. 
Someone has taken an enormous 

697
00:37:12,900 --> 00:37:16,800
care with the presentation 
arranging thin lemons slices in 

698
00:37:16,800 --> 00:37:19,900
an overlapping pattern and 
tucking fresh dill around the 

699
00:37:19,908 --> 00:37:24,000
edges, the smell of it carries 
across the table fish and lemon,

700
00:37:24,000 --> 00:37:26,700
and the slight Char of perfectly
crisp skin. 

701
00:37:27,700 --> 00:37:30,800
The table groans under the 
weight of all this food, and you

702
00:37:30,808 --> 00:37:32,800
feel a deep satisfaction at the 
site. 

703
00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:36,600
This abundance comes from 
everyone's labor from the 

704
00:37:36,600 --> 00:37:39,900
farmers who grew the vegetables,
the fishermen who caught the 

705
00:37:39,900 --> 00:37:44,100
salmon, and the Bakers Who Rose 
Before Dawn to 10, their ovens, 

706
00:37:44,100 --> 00:37:47,100
each dish represents hours of 
work freely. 

707
00:37:47,100 --> 00:37:50,200
Give him and freely shared the 
demonstration of trust and 

708
00:37:50,200 --> 00:37:52,500
community. 
That goes deeper than any spoken

709
00:37:52,500 --> 00:37:54,900
agreement. 
You fill your plate with small, 

710
00:37:54,900 --> 00:37:58,800
portions of everything, wanting 
to taste, the full range of what

711
00:37:58,800 --> 00:38:01,300
to be an offered. 
The flavors are wildly 

712
00:38:01,300 --> 00:38:03,600
different. 
The sweetness of roasted 

713
00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:07,700
carrots, the salty richness of 
the salmon and the brightest 

714
00:38:07,700 --> 00:38:11,100
city of the dressed greens, but 
they all Belong Together. 

715
00:38:11,100 --> 00:38:14,700
Somehow, creating a meal, that's
more satisfying than the son of 

716
00:38:14,700 --> 00:38:18,000
its individual Parts. 
Your first bite is the beef 

717
00:38:18,000 --> 00:38:19,900
stew. 
And you're pleased with how it 

718
00:38:19,900 --> 00:38:23,500
turned out the meters in deed, 
10 tender the vegetables of 

719
00:38:23,500 --> 00:38:26,800
absorbed, the wine in rich 
source, and the whole dish has a

720
00:38:26,800 --> 00:38:28,900
depth of flavor. 
That only comes from patient 

721
00:38:28,900 --> 00:38:31,700
cooking. 
You notice others reaching for 

722
00:38:31,700 --> 00:38:36,300
it, which brings its own quiet, 
satisfaction conversation, flows

723
00:38:36,300 --> 00:38:38,900
around the table, rising and 
falling in waves. 

724
00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:43,100
Someone tells a story about the 
summer strange weather, how the 

725
00:38:43,100 --> 00:38:46,400
tomatoes came in late but were 
sweeter than anyone remembered. 

726
00:38:46,400 --> 00:38:49,500
Someone else mentions seeing 
geese flying south last week, 

727
00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:53,200
earlier than usual, and a 
discussion develops about what 

728
00:38:53,200 --> 00:38:56,600
that might mean for the coming 
winter, the talk is comfortable 

729
00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:59,700
and unhurried, the kind of 
conversation that happens 

730
00:38:59,700 --> 00:39:02,400
naturally when people aren't 
rushing to finish eating and 

731
00:39:02,400 --> 00:39:06,600
move on to the next thing. 
Children run between the tables,

732
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:11,200
they're excited voices adding to
the general noise the quickly 

733
00:39:11,200 --> 00:39:15,000
more interested in playing than 
sitting still and soon their 

734
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:18,300
outside chasing each other. 
In the fading light, the adults,

735
00:39:18,300 --> 00:39:21,400
eat more slowly taking time to 
appreciate the food and to talk 

736
00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:23,400
with neighbors. 
They might not see often during 

737
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,500
the busy work season. 
Someone has brought a fruit tart

738
00:39:26,500 --> 00:39:29,900
for dessert, the pastry crisps 
and the fruit terrain ranged in 

739
00:39:29,900 --> 00:39:33,900
concentric circles, plums and 
late apples, glazed with honey. 

740
00:39:33,900 --> 00:39:37,600
Until they shine, another person
contributes, a simple pudding, 

741
00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:40,500
creamy, and flavored with 
vanilla, the kind of 

742
00:39:40,500 --> 00:39:43,100
uncomplicated desert that 
children love and adults, 

743
00:39:43,100 --> 00:39:45,400
appreciate for its honesty. 
As the evening. 

744
00:39:45,400 --> 00:39:48,000
Progresses, the candles are lit 
and the Gathering takes on a 

745
00:39:48,008 --> 00:39:51,000
different character. 
The conversation becomes more 

746
00:39:51,000 --> 00:39:54,700
intimate, people sharing 
concerns and hopes in the gentle

747
00:39:54,700 --> 00:39:58,500
Darkness, the candlelight soft 
on faces you've known for years.

748
00:39:58,500 --> 00:40:02,700
This is when Community truly 
reveals itself, not in the 

749
00:40:02,700 --> 00:40:05,600
abundance on the table but in 
the trust that allows people to 

750
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:10,000
speak openly to ask for help and
to offer support, you help. 

751
00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:11,300
Clear. 
The table, when the meal 

752
00:40:11,300 --> 00:40:14,700
finally, winds down carrying 
dishes to the kitchen, where 

753
00:40:14,700 --> 00:40:16,300
others are already washing and 
drying. 

754
00:40:16,300 --> 00:40:19,800
This Collective cleanup is as 
much a part of the tradition as 

755
00:40:19,800 --> 00:40:22,500
the meal itself. 
Everyone working together to 

756
00:40:22,500 --> 00:40:25,700
restore all order to ensure that
the Gathering house is ready for

757
00:40:25,700 --> 00:40:28,900
the next communal meal, your 
standing in a kitchen that 

758
00:40:28,900 --> 00:40:32,300
doesn't quite exist anymore or 
rather it exists. 

759
00:40:32,300 --> 00:40:36,300
Only in your memory as clear and
details as if you'd left it 

760
00:40:36,300 --> 00:40:39,600
yesterday and said a 40 years 
ago, your grandmother is 

761
00:40:39,600 --> 00:40:42,200
teaching you to make the apple 
cake that's been passed down 

762
00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:45,500
through four generations. 
Each woman learning the recipe 

763
00:40:45,500 --> 00:40:49,200
not from written instructions, 
but from watching from helping, 

764
00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:53,200
From developing the muscle 
memory that makes certain 

765
00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:55,800
techniques. 
As automatic as breathing, the 

766
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:59,300
kitchen smells like apples and 
cinnamon with undertones of the 

767
00:40:59,300 --> 00:41:02,600
wood, smoke from the stove, and 
the faint mustiness of The Root 

768
00:41:02,600 --> 00:41:04,000
Cellar, where the apples have 
been stored. 

769
00:41:04,000 --> 00:41:07,800
Your grandmother's hands are 
gnarled with arthritis but they 

770
00:41:07,800 --> 00:41:11,400
move with complete confidence, 
performing tasks, they've done 

771
00:41:11,408 --> 00:41:15,000
thousands of times, the apples 
need to be prepared in a 

772
00:41:15,008 --> 00:41:19,400
specific way peeled but not too 
thin because some of the best 

773
00:41:19,400 --> 00:41:21,900
flavor lives, right? 
Beneath the skin, cut into 

774
00:41:21,900 --> 00:41:25,900
slices that a uniform enough to 
cook evenly but not so precise 

775
00:41:25,900 --> 00:41:28,700
that you lose The Rustic charm 
that makes this a home cake 

776
00:41:28,700 --> 00:41:32,300
rather than a bakery product. 
Your grandmother's hands move 

777
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:35,600
with absolute confidence. 
The pairing knife, following the

778
00:41:35,600 --> 00:41:38,500
curve of each apple in one 
continuous spiral of Peel. 

779
00:41:38,500 --> 00:41:41,900
He tried to imitate her 
technique but your peel breaks 

780
00:41:41,900 --> 00:41:44,900
off after the first rotation 
leaving you with disconnected 

781
00:41:44,900 --> 00:41:46,900
strips and stead of the elegant 
spiral. 

782
00:41:46,900 --> 00:41:50,500
She produces effortlessly. 
She doesn't Criticize, she just 

783
00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:53,700
demonstrates again, explaining 
that the key is maintaining 

784
00:41:53,700 --> 00:41:57,200
consistent pressure and letting 
the knife do, the work rather 

785
00:41:57,200 --> 00:42:00,100
than forcing it. 
She had cinnamon and sugar to 

786
00:42:00,100 --> 00:42:03,200
the apples, but the amounts 
aren't measured instead. 

787
00:42:03,200 --> 00:42:07,600
She judges by Ai and taste 
adjusting based on how sweet, 

788
00:42:07,600 --> 00:42:10,600
the Apple's are and how much 
moisture their likely to release

789
00:42:10,600 --> 00:42:14,900
during baking too much sugar and
the filling becomes cloying to 

790
00:42:14,900 --> 00:42:18,000
little and the natural tartness 
of the Apple's dominates. 

791
00:42:18,600 --> 00:42:21,600
The goal is balanced, letting 
the fruit taste like itself 

792
00:42:21,600 --> 00:42:23,500
while enhancing its best 
qualities. 

793
00:42:23,500 --> 00:42:27,700
You watch her Taste of raw, 
slice of apple considering its 

794
00:42:27,700 --> 00:42:30,300
sweetness. 
Its texture and its moisture 

795
00:42:30,300 --> 00:42:33,300
content. 
Then she adds sugar in small 

796
00:42:33,300 --> 00:42:38,000
handfuls mixing and tasting 
again making adjustments until 

797
00:42:38,000 --> 00:42:41,100
she satisfied. 
This kind of intuitive cooking. 

798
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:43,000
Can't really be taught through 
instruction. 

799
00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:47,600
It requires experience. 
Countless cakes made and tasted 

800
00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:51,300
failures analyzed and successes 
replicated. 

801
00:42:52,100 --> 00:42:56,300
The cake batter is equally 
intuitive eggs, beaten and until

802
00:42:56,300 --> 00:42:59,400
they're light and fluffy sugar, 
creamed with butter until the 

803
00:42:59,400 --> 00:43:03,600
mixture pails and increases in 
volume is folded in carefully. 

804
00:43:03,600 --> 00:43:07,500
Just until combined because 
overworking develops gluten, and

805
00:43:07,508 --> 00:43:11,100
creates a tough chewy texture. 
Instead of the tender crumb your

806
00:43:11,100 --> 00:43:14,100
aiming for your grandmother, 
lets you do the folding while 

807
00:43:14,100 --> 00:43:17,600
she watches ready to correct. 
If your Technique starts to 

808
00:43:17,600 --> 00:43:20,700
drift The butter and sugar 
creamed together with a 

809
00:43:20,708 --> 00:43:24,500
satisfying change in texture 
becoming fluffy and almost 

810
00:43:24,500 --> 00:43:26,800
white. 
You beat the eggs in a separate 

811
00:43:26,800 --> 00:43:28,700
Bowl. 
Watching them, transform from 

812
00:43:28,700 --> 00:43:30,900
thick and viscous to lightened 
foamy. 

813
00:43:31,600 --> 00:43:34,300
A color lighting is are 
incorporates these 

814
00:43:34,300 --> 00:43:37,700
Transformations Fascinate You 
the Way simple ingredients. 

815
00:43:37,700 --> 00:43:41,000
Change character through 
mechanical action, the assembled

816
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:44,200
cake goes into the oven and you 
both sit at the kitchen table to

817
00:43:44,200 --> 00:43:48,300
wait the room gradually filling 
with the center of baking apples

818
00:43:48,300 --> 00:43:52,200
and cinnamon, this is when she 
tells you stories about learning

819
00:43:52,200 --> 00:43:55,600
to make this same cake from our 
own grandmother about the year, 

820
00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:58,700
the apple harvest fail, and they
had to use dried fruit instead. 

821
00:43:58,700 --> 00:44:01,600
And about the time she made 
three of these cakes for a 

822
00:44:01,608 --> 00:44:05,400
wedding, and the groom at half 
of one before the ceremony, even

823
00:44:05,400 --> 00:44:09,400
started her stories, connect you
to a past you never experienced 

824
00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:13,800
directly, creating a sense of 
continuity that extends beyond 

825
00:44:13,800 --> 00:44:16,000
your own life time. 
You learn that your 

826
00:44:16,008 --> 00:44:18,500
great-great-grandmother 
preferred tart apples while your

827
00:44:18,500 --> 00:44:21,700
great-grandmother liked them 
sweet and how the recipe 

828
00:44:21,700 --> 00:44:24,000
adjusted over time to 
accommodate these different 

829
00:44:24,000 --> 00:44:26,700
preferences while maintaining 
its essential character. 

830
00:44:26,700 --> 00:44:31,000
Now decades, later you make the 
same cake in your own Kitchen in

831
00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:33,400
your hands. 
Remember every step even though 

832
00:44:33,400 --> 00:44:36,600
your conscious mind might 
struggle to explain it, the 

833
00:44:36,600 --> 00:44:38,000
muscle memory is deeply 
embedded. 

834
00:44:38,900 --> 00:44:41,900
The way, the batter should look,
when it's properly mixed, the 

835
00:44:41,900 --> 00:44:45,900
exact shade of golden brown, 
that means the cake is done and 

836
00:44:45,900 --> 00:44:49,500
the faint resistance, you should
feel when you insert a testing 

837
00:44:49,500 --> 00:44:52,500
skewer into the center, your 
kitchen is nothing like your 

838
00:44:52,500 --> 00:44:55,400
grandmother's. 
The stove is gas and wood. 

839
00:44:55,400 --> 00:44:59,100
The mixing bowls are stainless 
steel instead of ceramic and the

840
00:44:59,100 --> 00:45:02,100
measuring cups are standardized 
rather than handed down through 

841
00:45:02,100 --> 00:45:04,800
generations. 
But somehow these differences 

842
00:45:04,800 --> 00:45:08,300
don't matter, the essential 
gestures, remain the same, the 

843
00:45:08,300 --> 00:45:11,900
rhythm of the work unchanged. 
But more than the technique 

844
00:45:11,900 --> 00:45:14,400
you've inherited the 
understanding that this cake is 

845
00:45:14,400 --> 00:45:17,100
more than just ingredients 
combined and bake baked. 

846
00:45:17,100 --> 00:45:20,800
It's a connection to the women 
who made it before you a 

847
00:45:20,800 --> 00:45:24,400
tangible link to kitchens you'll
never see and People you'll 

848
00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:28,500
never meet but who nevertheless 
shaped who you are when you 

849
00:45:28,500 --> 00:45:31,400
serve this cake to your own 
grandchildren, you're not just 

850
00:45:31,400 --> 00:45:35,200
feeding them desert. 
You're passing on a trade in a 

851
00:45:35,200 --> 00:45:38,400
set of values about care and 
quality and the importance of 

852
00:45:38,408 --> 00:45:41,700
taking time, to do things 
properly, your grandchildren, 

853
00:45:41,700 --> 00:45:43,100
watch you, with the same 
attention. 

854
00:45:43,100 --> 00:45:46,200
You once gave your grandmother 
though, they're more likely to 

855
00:45:46,200 --> 00:45:48,100
ask questions than simply 
observe. 

856
00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:51,500
They want to know why you don't 
use a food processor, why you 

857
00:45:51,500 --> 00:45:55,000
insist on peeling, the apples by
hand, and why you refuse to 

858
00:45:55,000 --> 00:45:58,500
substitute in gradients, even 
when the original ones are 

859
00:45:58,500 --> 00:46:01,900
difficult to find you try to 
explain though you are not sure 

860
00:46:01,900 --> 00:46:04,100
you're explanations capture the 
real reasons. 

861
00:46:04,100 --> 00:46:06,600
The first bite always 
transports. 

862
00:46:06,600 --> 00:46:10,500
You backward your taste memory. 
So powerful that you can almost 

863
00:46:10,500 --> 00:46:13,900
see your grandmother's kitchen. 
Almost smell the Woodsmoke from 

864
00:46:13,900 --> 00:46:17,300
her stove and almost hear her 
voice offering gentle 

865
00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:20,200
corrections. 
As you learn to fold the batter.

866
00:46:20,200 --> 00:46:22,700
This is what food does at its 
best. 

867
00:46:23,700 --> 00:46:27,300
Collapses time creating moments 
where past and present exists 

868
00:46:27,300 --> 00:46:30,900
simultaneously but the people 
we've lost somehow feel present 

869
00:46:30,900 --> 00:46:33,700
again. 
The cake tastes exactly right. 

870
00:46:33,700 --> 00:46:37,900
The apples tender but not mushy,
the cinnamon present, but not 

871
00:46:37,900 --> 00:46:40,700
overwhelming and the texture of 
the cake itself. 

872
00:46:40,700 --> 00:46:44,500
Fine, crumbed and moist, you 
feel a wave of satisfaction 

873
00:46:44,500 --> 00:46:47,500
knowing that you've maintained 
the standard that this cake 

874
00:46:47,500 --> 00:46:49,100
would meet your grandmother's 
approval. 

875
00:46:49,100 --> 00:46:51,800
If you were here to take it, 
you've made this cake for 

876
00:46:51,800 --> 00:46:54,000
birthdays holidays and ordinary 
Tuesday. 

877
00:46:54,000 --> 00:46:58,400
Evenings when you wanted the 
comfort of familiar flavors each

878
00:46:58,400 --> 00:47:00,600
time the process remains 
essentially. 

879
00:47:00,600 --> 00:47:04,200
The same though, small 
variations creep in different 

880
00:47:04,200 --> 00:47:07,100
varieties of apples, slightly 
more or less cinnamon 

881
00:47:07,100 --> 00:47:11,300
adjustments based on the days 
humidity or the peculiarities of

882
00:47:11,300 --> 00:47:13,900
your oven. 
The recipe is alive in this way.

883
00:47:13,900 --> 00:47:18,500
Adapting, while maintaining its 
core identity, Tonight as you 

884
00:47:18,508 --> 00:47:22,000
settle into sleep, consider all 
the hands that have prepared 

885
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:25,600
meals throughout human history, 
think about the patience 

886
00:47:25,600 --> 00:47:28,800
required to grind. 
Wild Grain between Stones about 

887
00:47:28,800 --> 00:47:32,100
the skill needed to keep a fire 
exactly the right temperature 

888
00:47:32,100 --> 00:47:35,500
and about the knowledge 
accumulated over 1000s of years 

889
00:47:35,500 --> 00:47:38,900
regarding which foods pair well 
together and which should be 

890
00:47:38,900 --> 00:47:41,600
kept separate. 
Imagine the first person who 

891
00:47:41,600 --> 00:47:44,800
discovered that milk left in a 
leather bag and shaking while 

892
00:47:44,800 --> 00:47:46,600
traveling, which transformed 
into butter. 

893
00:47:47,300 --> 00:47:50,400
For the ancient cook, who 
realized that grains stored in a

894
00:47:50,408 --> 00:47:54,600
damp location developed. 
A fuzzy coating that when mixed 

895
00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:58,700
into new batches Made bread 
rise, these discoveries weren't 

896
00:47:58,700 --> 00:48:00,400
written down or formally 
studied. 

897
00:48:00,400 --> 00:48:05,200
They were observed tested and 
shared from one person to 

898
00:48:05,200 --> 00:48:07,000
another until they became common
knowledge. 

899
00:48:07,000 --> 00:48:10,300
Every cooking technique, you 
know, was invented by someone 

900
00:48:10,300 --> 00:48:13,100
whose name has been forgotten 
The perfect temperature for 

901
00:48:13,100 --> 00:48:16,500
roasting meat, the ratio of salt
to water, for preserving 

902
00:48:16,500 --> 00:48:19,100
vegetables. 
The length of time bread needs 

903
00:48:19,100 --> 00:48:22,400
to be needed All of these were 
figured out through trial and 

904
00:48:22,400 --> 00:48:26,800
error through countless failed 
experiments and rare successes 

905
00:48:26,800 --> 00:48:29,700
and through the accumulated 
wisdom of people who paid 

906
00:48:29,700 --> 00:48:31,900
attention to what they were 
doing the meals. 

907
00:48:31,900 --> 00:48:35,500
You eat today with a simple or 
elaborate connect you to every 

908
00:48:35,500 --> 00:48:38,500
human who has ever ground grain 
tendered a fire? 

909
00:48:38,500 --> 00:48:42,000
Or shared food with others, the 
fundamental rhythms remain 

910
00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:45,000
unchanged. 
Transformational of roaring 

911
00:48:45,000 --> 00:48:46,500
ingredients into something 
nourishing. 

912
00:48:46,500 --> 00:48:51,000
The patience required for proper
preparation and The Joy of 

913
00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:53,900
Eating with people. 
You care about think about a day

914
00:48:53,908 --> 00:48:57,600
in the life of someone 5000 
years ago, they woke hungry as 

915
00:48:57,600 --> 00:48:59,900
you do. 
They gather or hunted or 

916
00:48:59,900 --> 00:49:03,200
harvested food as you do in your
own way, when you shop or garden

917
00:49:03,200 --> 00:49:07,100
they applied heat and time and 
skilled, transform roaring 

918
00:49:07,100 --> 00:49:09,100
ingredients into meals as you 
do. 

919
00:49:09,900 --> 00:49:13,300
Fake with their families and 
communities, sharing both food 

920
00:49:13,300 --> 00:49:18,700
and conversation as you do. 
The details differ enormously. 

921
00:49:18,700 --> 00:49:23,200
But the essential pattern 
persists Consider the continuity

922
00:49:23,200 --> 00:49:27,300
of certain foods across time 
bread in various forms has been 

923
00:49:27,308 --> 00:49:32,200
made for at least 10,000 years, 
the basic process grinding grain

924
00:49:32,200 --> 00:49:36,500
mixing it with water applying 
heat remains fundamentally 

925
00:49:36,500 --> 00:49:40,400
unchanged a baker from ancient 
Egypt transported to a modern 

926
00:49:40,400 --> 00:49:42,300
kitchen. 
Would recognize what was 

927
00:49:42,308 --> 00:49:44,600
happening. 
Even if the tools look strange, 

928
00:49:44,600 --> 00:49:48,400
the principles endure as you 
drift towards sleep. 

929
00:49:48,400 --> 00:49:51,400
Let your mind wander through all
the kitchens and halves, and 

930
00:49:51,400 --> 00:49:54,900
campfires, where humans have 
cooked feel the warmth of those 

931
00:49:54,900 --> 00:49:58,300
Flames smell. 
The countless meals bubbling and

932
00:49:58,300 --> 00:50:00,000
pots. 
And here, the quiet 

933
00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:03,000
conversations that happen when 
people prepare food together, 

934
00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:07,400
these sensory memories belong to
all of us a shared inheritance 

935
00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:10,200
that transcends culture, and 
geography and time itself, 

936
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:12,700
picture the hands that have 
kneaded bread. 

937
00:50:12,700 --> 00:50:16,400
Young hands learning the motion 
old hands performing at 

938
00:50:16,400 --> 00:50:20,500
automatically and skilled hands 
judging the dose redness by 

939
00:50:20,500 --> 00:50:23,200
touch alone. 
Think about all the vegetables, 

940
00:50:23,200 --> 00:50:26,800
ever Chopped, all the meat ever 
roasted and all the pot stirred 

941
00:50:26,800 --> 00:50:29,800
and tasted and adjusted. 
This is human work. 

942
00:50:29,800 --> 00:50:33,200
In its most fundamental form, 
the daily labor of keeping 

943
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:36,500
ourselves alive. 
Elevated through skill and Care 

944
00:50:36,500 --> 00:50:39,000
into something approaching art 
rest. 

945
00:50:39,000 --> 00:50:42,300
Now, knowing that tomorrow, 
you'll wake hungry and you eat 

946
00:50:42,300 --> 00:50:45,200
something that connects you to 
this endless chain of humans 

947
00:50:45,200 --> 00:50:49,100
transforming the world into 
meals, the details change the 

948
00:50:49,100 --> 00:50:52,600
ingredients, the techniques the 
technology, but the essential 

949
00:50:52,600 --> 00:50:56,600
act Remains the Same. 
We Gather we prepare we share 

950
00:50:56,600 --> 00:51:00,200
and we remember. 
And in these simple actions, we 

951
00:51:00,200 --> 00:51:02,600
find one of the deepest 
expressions of what it means to 

952
00:51:02,600 --> 00:51:05,800
be human. 
The fire that cooked Humanity's 

953
00:51:05,800 --> 00:51:08,700
first intentional meal has never
really gone out. 

954
00:51:08,700 --> 00:51:12,200
It's been passed from half to 
half from generation to 

955
00:51:12,200 --> 00:51:15,800
generation, transforming 
informed but never in purpose. 

956
00:51:16,700 --> 00:51:19,100
Flame that bakes. 
Your bread is the same flame 

957
00:51:19,100 --> 00:51:22,300
that cooked grain for people who
lived before cities existed 

958
00:51:22,300 --> 00:51:26,600
before written language, before 
history itself began to be 

959
00:51:26,600 --> 00:51:30,600
recorded sleep. 
Well, nourished by the knowledge

960
00:51:30,600 --> 00:51:33,500
that you participate in 
something ancient and ongoing 

961
00:51:33,500 --> 00:51:38,000
something that will continue 
long after your gone, The work 

962
00:51:38,000 --> 00:51:41,300
of feeding ourselves and each 
other is never finished, never 

963
00:51:41,300 --> 00:51:45,500
perfected and always renewable 
and that perhaps is part of its 

964
00:51:45,500 --> 00:51:48,700
beauty. 
The daily renewal the constant 

965
00:51:48,700 --> 00:51:52,300
opportunity to do familiar 
things with fresh attention to 

966
00:51:52,300 --> 00:51:55,900
honor the past while creating 
the future one meal at a time. 

967
00:51:59,300 --> 00:52:02,800
Imagine yourself standing in a 
Victorian library, on a rainy. 

968
00:52:02,800 --> 00:52:07,800
London afternoon in 1864, gas 
lamps, cast, warm pools of light

969
00:52:07,800 --> 00:52:10,700
across mahogany tables stacked 
with leather bound volumes, 

970
00:52:11,400 --> 00:52:14,600
Outside the city, hums with the 
energy of an Empire, at its 

971
00:52:14,600 --> 00:52:17,400
peak. 
But in here, your surrounded by 

972
00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:21,200
Maps Beautiful. 
Intricate maps that are 

973
00:52:21,200 --> 00:52:24,900
simultaneously masterpieces and 
confessions of ignorance, these 

974
00:52:24,900 --> 00:52:28,900
Maps show something our modern 
world as lost genuine mystery. 

975
00:52:29,700 --> 00:52:32,600
Vast portions of the Indian 
Ocean appear as blank, blue, 

976
00:52:32,600 --> 00:52:36,000
expanses interrupted only by 
scattered Islands. 

977
00:52:36,000 --> 00:52:38,900
Whose Interiors remain 
unexplored. 

978
00:52:40,400 --> 00:52:42,900
Madagascar looms, like a green 
question. 

979
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:46,900
Mark off the African Coast. 
The islands of Indonesia and 

980
00:52:46,900 --> 00:52:50,100
melanesia Scatter across the 
sea, like puzzle pieces from 

981
00:52:50,100 --> 00:52:53,100
different boxes, their 
relationships to each other 

982
00:52:53,100 --> 00:52:56,200
unclear, and tantalizing your 
living in an era. 

983
00:52:56,200 --> 00:52:59,100
When a gentleman naturalist 
could still discover entirely 

984
00:52:59,100 --> 00:53:01,400
new species on a weekend 
collecting trip. 

985
00:53:01,400 --> 00:53:04,800
When Expeditions regularly 
returned with creatures that 

986
00:53:04,800 --> 00:53:08,100
seem to belong in mythology, 
rather than natural history 

987
00:53:08,100 --> 00:53:11,600
museums Charles Darwin has 
recently published his 

988
00:53:11,600 --> 00:53:15,200
revolutionary Theory and the 
world of science is reeling from

989
00:53:15,200 --> 00:53:18,300
the implications. 
If species could change over 

990
00:53:18,300 --> 00:53:22,900
time, if life itself was not 
fixed but fluid, then what else 

991
00:53:22,900 --> 00:53:25,700
might be possible. 
The Victorian era, possessed, a 

992
00:53:25,708 --> 00:53:29,600
particular genius for combining 
rigorous scientific inquiry with

993
00:53:29,600 --> 00:53:33,700
unbridled romantic speculation. 
these were people who would 

994
00:53:33,700 --> 00:53:37,600
spend decades cataloging Beetle 
specimens while simultaneously 

995
00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:41,500
believing that fairies might 
inhabit their Gardens, this 

996
00:53:41,500 --> 00:53:44,500
combination of careful, 
observation and wild imagination

997
00:53:44,500 --> 00:53:48,300
created, the perfect conditions 
for myths to take root in 

998
00:53:48,300 --> 00:53:51,600
scientific soil, the maps, your 
studying show something 

999
00:53:51,600 --> 00:53:55,100
puzzling, certain plants and 
animals appear in places, they 

1000
00:53:55,100 --> 00:53:59,700
have no business being Lemurs, 
those wide-eyed primates with 

1001
00:53:59,700 --> 00:54:03,300
their haunting calls and ghostly
movements live in Madagascar. 

1002
00:54:04,400 --> 00:54:07,700
Yet their closest relatives 
aren't in nearby Africa, but 

1003
00:54:07,700 --> 00:54:10,600
thousands of miles away in India
and Southeast Asia. 

1004
00:54:11,400 --> 00:54:14,100
It's as if someone had scattered
them, across the ocean, 

1005
00:54:14,100 --> 00:54:18,800
deliberately like seeds from a 
cosmic hand, fossils present, 

1006
00:54:18,800 --> 00:54:23,000
even stranger Mysteries. 
The glossopteris fern, which 

1007
00:54:23,000 --> 00:54:26,300
anyone can recognize from its 
distinctive tongue-shaped leaves

1008
00:54:26,300 --> 00:54:31,400
appears in rocks, across South 
America, Africa, India and 

1009
00:54:31,400 --> 00:54:34,700
Australia. 
It's the Botanical equivalent of

1010
00:54:34,700 --> 00:54:38,100
finding your house key 
simultaneously in London, Cairo,

1011
00:54:38,100 --> 00:54:41,800
Mumbai and Sydney. 
Something doesn't add up and the

1012
00:54:41,800 --> 00:54:45,600
Victorian, scientists knew it, 
the standard explanation, that 

1013
00:54:45,600 --> 00:54:48,600
these species had somehow walked
or swarm across thousands of 

1014
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:52,500
miles of open, ocean seemed 
absurd, even to 19th century. 

1015
00:54:52,508 --> 00:54:57,400
Mine's Lemurs a decent climbers 
but notoriously, poor swimmers 

1016
00:54:57,400 --> 00:55:01,000
the glossopteris fern produces 
seeds far too. 

1017
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:04,100
Heavy to blow across Ocean's on 
the Wind yet. 

1018
00:55:04,100 --> 00:55:07,300
There they were separated by 
impossible distances. 

1019
00:55:07,300 --> 00:55:10,800
Clearly related. 
But impossibly divided. 

1020
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:13,800
This was the scientific puzzle 
that would give birth to 

1021
00:55:13,800 --> 00:55:18,200
lemuria. but to understand how 
that happened, you need to 

1022
00:55:18,200 --> 00:55:21,600
appreciate the Victorian mindset
that saw patterns in everything 

1023
00:55:21,600 --> 00:55:24,900
and believed that every mystery 
had a solution. 

1024
00:55:24,900 --> 00:55:29,100
Even if that solution required 
imagining entire continents into

1025
00:55:29,100 --> 00:55:32,700
existence, the 19th century was 
also a time when the Earth 

1026
00:55:32,700 --> 00:55:36,500
itself seemed younger and more 
malleable Geologists were just 

1027
00:55:36,500 --> 00:55:39,600
beginning to understand the 
planet's true age, which was 

1028
00:55:39,600 --> 00:55:42,800
considerably older than the 
biblical calculations that had 

1029
00:55:42,800 --> 00:55:44,700
previously, dominated Western 
thought. 

1030
00:55:45,900 --> 00:55:49,700
But they still imagine the Earth
as a cooling sphere Contracting 

1031
00:55:49,700 --> 00:55:53,500
like a drying apple with its 
surface wrinkling into mountains

1032
00:55:53,500 --> 00:55:56,400
and valleys as it shrank. 
This contraction Theory 

1033
00:55:56,400 --> 00:55:59,400
suggested that the planets 
geography might have been very 

1034
00:55:59,400 --> 00:56:02,300
different in the past Perhaps 
land bridges. 

1035
00:56:02,300 --> 00:56:04,900
Had connected continents that 
now stood separate. 

1036
00:56:05,700 --> 00:56:08,800
Perhaps entire land masses had 
sunk beneath the waves as the 

1037
00:56:08,800 --> 00:56:12,300
Earth contracted taking their 
flora and fauna with them. 

1038
00:56:13,200 --> 00:56:14,900
The idea wasn't just 
speculation. 

1039
00:56:14,900 --> 00:56:18,500
It seemed to follow logically 
from the best understanding of 

1040
00:56:18,500 --> 00:56:20,000
planetary formation of 
available. 

1041
00:56:20,000 --> 00:56:23,300
At the time, in to this 
atmosphere of scientific inquiry

1042
00:56:23,300 --> 00:56:26,500
and creative theorizing stepped 
a British zoologist, named 

1043
00:56:26,500 --> 00:56:29,800
Philip Slater who was about to 
name, something that didn't 

1044
00:56:29,800 --> 00:56:33,900
exist and in doing so create a 
legend that would outlive his 

1045
00:56:33,900 --> 00:56:38,000
actual scientific contributions.
Philip's Slater was by all 

1046
00:56:38,000 --> 00:56:40,800
accounts, a thoroughly 
respectable Victorian scientist.

1047
00:56:41,700 --> 00:56:45,600
He wasn't a wild-eyed Mystic or 
a romantic dreamer, he was a 

1048
00:56:45,600 --> 00:56:49,200
fellow of the Royal Society. 
A serious zoologist with 

1049
00:56:49,200 --> 00:56:52,400
impeccable credentials, and a 
particular interest in the 

1050
00:56:52,400 --> 00:56:54,300
geographical distribution of 
species. 

1051
00:56:54,300 --> 00:56:57,800
The kind of man who wore proper 
suits to dinner, and catalogued 

1052
00:56:57,800 --> 00:57:01,100
specimens with meticulous care 
in 1864. 

1053
00:57:01,100 --> 00:57:04,200
Skater published a paper with 
the rather dry title. 

1054
00:57:04,200 --> 00:57:07,900
The mammals of Madagascar which 
addressed the Lima problem we 

1055
00:57:07,900 --> 00:57:11,100
discussed earlier. 
His solution was elegantly 

1056
00:57:11,100 --> 00:57:15,500
simple, what if Madagascar and 
India had once been connected by

1057
00:57:15,500 --> 00:57:19,800
a land bridge or better, yet 
were fragments of a larger 

1058
00:57:19,800 --> 00:57:23,200
landmass that had since subsided
into the ocean, this 

1059
00:57:23,200 --> 00:57:27,400
hypothetical continent needed 
name and slated chose lemuria. 

1060
00:57:27,400 --> 00:57:30,500
After the Lemurs whose 
distribution had inspired the 

1061
00:57:30,500 --> 00:57:33,800
theory, it was meant to be a 
strictly scientific term. 

1062
00:57:33,800 --> 00:57:36,900
Describing a purely geological 
hypothesis. 

1063
00:57:38,200 --> 00:57:40,200
Skater. 
Imagine lemuria as a long, 

1064
00:57:40,200 --> 00:57:43,700
vanished connection between 
continents, a bridge that had 

1065
00:57:43,700 --> 00:57:47,600
allowed species to spread and 
then disappeared leaving only 

1066
00:57:47,600 --> 00:57:50,300
scattered population on isolated
lands. 

1067
00:57:50,300 --> 00:57:53,900
The beauty of Slater's theory 
was that it explained so much 

1068
00:57:53,900 --> 00:57:58,500
with the single hypothesis. 
The distribution of lemurs the 

1069
00:57:58,500 --> 00:58:01,600
presence of similar rock 
formations across distant lands 

1070
00:58:01,600 --> 00:58:04,900
and the fossil record that 
suggested tropical forests in 

1071
00:58:04,900 --> 00:58:08,100
places. 
Now, divided by ocean all of it 

1072
00:58:08,100 --> 00:58:10,900
made sense, if you accepted that
the Indian Ocean had. 

1073
00:58:10,900 --> 00:58:15,100
Once contained substantial land 
masses other scientists quickly 

1074
00:58:15,100 --> 00:58:20,400
embraced and expanded Slaters 
idea, Ernst haeckel a German 

1075
00:58:20,400 --> 00:58:23,300
biologist and passionate 
advocate of Darwin's 

1076
00:58:23,300 --> 00:58:27,400
evolutionary theory Incorporated
lemuria in his understanding of 

1077
00:58:27,400 --> 00:58:31,400
human Origins. 
If lemuria had existed Heckle 

1078
00:58:31,400 --> 00:58:35,400
reasoned, it might have been the
birthplace of humanity, the 

1079
00:58:35,400 --> 00:58:39,100
Garden of Eden rendered in 
geological terms, heels version 

1080
00:58:39,100 --> 00:58:42,400
of lemuria grew considerably, 
larger than Slaters modest land 

1081
00:58:42,400 --> 00:58:46,400
bridge in Hazel's imagination. 
It became a vast continent. 

1082
00:58:46,400 --> 00:58:50,100
Stretching across much of the 
Indian Ocean, a Lost Paradise, 

1083
00:58:50,100 --> 00:58:52,700
where the first humans had 
evolved before spreading to 

1084
00:58:52,700 --> 00:58:55,900
other continents. 
His beautifully detailed maps, 

1085
00:58:55,900 --> 00:59:00,000
showed lemuria, as a substantial
landmass complete with mountain 

1086
00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:02,400
ranges and river systems that 
existed. 

1087
00:59:02,400 --> 00:59:06,600
Only in scientific speculation, 
the scientific Community, didn't

1088
00:59:06,600 --> 00:59:09,500
immediately reject these ideas 
because they addressed real 

1089
00:59:09,500 --> 00:59:12,000
puzzles with what seemed like 
reasonable Solutions. 

1090
00:59:13,000 --> 00:59:16,000
Continental, subsidence wasn't 
considered impossible. 

1091
00:59:16,800 --> 00:59:20,300
After all, earthquakes and 
volcanic eruptions constantly 

1092
00:59:20,300 --> 00:59:22,900
demonstrated that the Earth's 
surface was changeable. 

1093
00:59:23,900 --> 00:59:27,400
If mountains could rise and 
valleys form, why couldn't 

1094
00:59:27,400 --> 00:59:30,200
entire continent sink for a few 
decades? 

1095
00:59:30,200 --> 00:59:33,100
Lemuria occupied a strange 
position. 

1096
00:59:33,100 --> 00:59:37,900
It was a scientific hypothesis 
with no direct evidence, but it 

1097
00:59:37,900 --> 00:59:40,600
explained patterns that 
otherwise seemed inexplicable 

1098
00:59:41,600 --> 00:59:45,000
Scientists discussed it in 
academic journals while 

1099
00:59:45,000 --> 00:59:47,900
acknowledging that proving its 
existence would be difficult. 

1100
00:59:47,900 --> 00:59:52,500
It was a placeholder solution 
waiting for better explanations 

1101
00:59:52,500 --> 00:59:54,500
to come along. 
But something interesting 

1102
00:59:54,500 --> 00:59:56,900
happened. 
As lemuria move from scientific 

1103
00:59:56,900 --> 00:59:58,400
journals into popular 
consciousness. 

1104
00:59:59,800 --> 01:00:04,200
Hypothesis began to transform 
Gathering romantic association's

1105
01:00:04,200 --> 01:00:07,200
and mystical overtones like a 
snowball rolling downhill. 

1106
01:00:08,000 --> 01:00:12,100
Accumulates Mass. 
What started as a dry geological

1107
01:00:12,100 --> 01:00:15,200
theory of about Lima 
distribution was about to become

1108
01:00:15,200 --> 01:00:18,400
something far, more enchanting 
and considerably less 

1109
01:00:18,400 --> 01:00:21,300
scientific. 
The Victorian public had an 

1110
01:00:21,300 --> 01:00:23,700
insatiable appetite for lost 
worlds, and vanished 

1111
01:00:23,700 --> 01:00:26,800
civilizations. 
Atlantis, had captured 

1112
01:00:26,800 --> 01:00:30,700
imaginations for centuries, but 
Atlantis was ancient history. 

1113
01:00:30,700 --> 01:00:33,700
A philosophical allegory 
recorded by Plato. 

1114
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:38,200
The muria was different. 
It was being discussed by actual

1115
01:00:38,200 --> 01:00:41,400
scientists in actual academic 
journals. 

1116
01:00:42,300 --> 01:00:45,400
It had the glamour of mystery 
combined with the authority of 

1117
01:00:45,400 --> 01:00:49,500
science, a combination that 
proved utterly, irresistible 

1118
01:00:49,500 --> 01:00:52,400
popular magazines, began 
publishing articles about 

1119
01:00:52,400 --> 01:00:56,400
lemuria each iteration, adding 
new details and expanding the 

1120
01:00:56,400 --> 01:00:59,800
story. 
What if lemuria hadn't just been

1121
01:00:59,800 --> 01:01:03,300
a land bridge but a genuine 
continent with its only ology 

1122
01:01:03,300 --> 01:01:08,000
its own Landscapes and perhaps 
even its own civilizations. 

1123
01:01:09,400 --> 01:01:13,600
The scientific hypothesis was 
becoming a myth in real time and

1124
01:01:13,600 --> 01:01:14,900
you could almost watch it 
transform. 

1125
01:01:14,900 --> 01:01:18,900
If you track the publication's 
chronologically by the 1870s 

1126
01:01:18,900 --> 01:01:22,300
lemuria had escaped, the 
confines of Zoological journals 

1127
01:01:22,300 --> 01:01:26,000
entirely, it was appearing in 
spiritualist literature in 

1128
01:01:26,000 --> 01:01:29,000
speculative history is and in 
romantic poetry. 

1129
01:01:29,900 --> 01:01:33,300
The Lost Continent was taking on
a life of its own and that life 

1130
01:01:33,300 --> 01:01:36,300
would prove far more durable 
than its scientific origin's 

1131
01:01:36,300 --> 01:01:39,300
picture yourself. 
Now in a Victorian drawing room,

1132
01:01:39,300 --> 01:01:43,100
this time in the evening with 
heavy curtains, drawn against 

1133
01:01:43,100 --> 01:01:46,108
the London Fog. 
Candles flicker on the 

1134
01:01:46,116 --> 01:01:48,700
mantelpiece. 
And a group of well-dressed. 

1135
01:01:48,700 --> 01:01:52,300
Ladies and gentlemen, sit in a 
circle, holding hands around a 

1136
01:01:52,300 --> 01:01:55,300
table. 
This is a seance one of 

1137
01:01:55,308 --> 01:01:58,500
thousands conducted across 
Europe and America in the late 

1138
01:01:58,500 --> 01:02:02,500
19th century when spiritualism 
wasn't considered Fringe but 

1139
01:02:02,500 --> 01:02:06,000
fashionable the Victorian era 
was experiencing a spiritual 

1140
01:02:06,000 --> 01:02:09,200
crisis. 
Darwin's theory of evolution had

1141
01:02:09,200 --> 01:02:11,400
shaken traditional religious 
certainty. 

1142
01:02:12,200 --> 01:02:15,300
Industrialization was 
transforming agrarian society 

1143
01:02:15,300 --> 01:02:18,700
into urban Landscapes. 
Where ancient rhythms of life? 

1144
01:02:18,700 --> 01:02:22,900
No longer applied. 
People felt unmoored searching 

1145
01:02:22,900 --> 01:02:25,600
for meaning in a world that 
seemed increasingly mechanical, 

1146
01:02:25,600 --> 01:02:29,200
and purposeless into this 
uncertainty stepped, her, a 

1147
01:02:29,200 --> 01:02:32,900
remarkable woman named Helena 
petrovna blavatsky known to 

1148
01:02:32,900 --> 01:02:36,700
everyone as madame. 
Blavatsky She was depending on 

1149
01:02:36,700 --> 01:02:39,900
your perspective either a 
brilliant Mystic or a talented 

1150
01:02:39,900 --> 01:02:43,200
charlatan possibly both born in 
Russia. 

1151
01:02:43,200 --> 01:02:47,200
Widely traveled and possessed of
an enormous Charisma and 

1152
01:02:47,200 --> 01:02:49,800
questionable ethics. 
Livesky. 

1153
01:02:49,800 --> 01:02:54,700
Founded the theosophical society
in 1875, with the goal of 

1154
01:02:54,700 --> 01:02:58,500
exploring, the hidden wisdom. 
Supposedly underlying all 

1155
01:02:58,500 --> 01:03:01,800
religions. 
Had a genius for synthesis. 

1156
01:03:01,800 --> 01:03:04,500
Combining elements of Hinduism 
Buddhism. 

1157
01:03:04,500 --> 01:03:08,000
Western occultism. 
And contemporary science into a 

1158
01:03:08,000 --> 01:03:12,300
grand narrative that appealed to
Victorian Seekers Her magnum, 

1159
01:03:12,300 --> 01:03:15,500
opus. 
The secret Doctrine published in

1160
01:03:15,500 --> 01:03:19,800
1888, presented, a vast 
cosmology, involving root races 

1161
01:03:19,800 --> 01:03:23,000
spiritual, Evolution and 
crucially for our story. 

1162
01:03:23,000 --> 01:03:36,200
Lost continents in blavatsky. 
Civilization of spiritually 

1163
01:03:36,200 --> 01:03:39,000
Advanced beings, who existed 
millions of years ago? 

1164
01:03:40,200 --> 01:03:44,500
These lemurians in cosmology 
were not quite human as we 

1165
01:03:44,508 --> 01:03:47,800
understand it. 
They were gigantic egg laying 

1166
01:03:47,800 --> 01:03:50,900
hermaphrodites with four arms 
and an i in the back of their 

1167
01:03:50,900 --> 01:03:52,800
heads. 
Now, you might be settling 

1168
01:03:52,800 --> 01:03:55,400
deeper into your pillows and 
thinking that this sounds 

1169
01:03:55,400 --> 01:03:59,500
completely ridiculous. 
You'd be right. but here's 

1170
01:03:59,500 --> 01:04:03,200
what's fascinating, blavatsky 
claimed her information came 

1171
01:04:03,200 --> 01:04:06,800
from ancient manuscript, shown 
to her by spiritual Master's in 

1172
01:04:06,800 --> 01:04:10,500
Tibet and thousands of 
intelligent educated victorians 

1173
01:04:10,500 --> 01:04:14,300
believed her Or at least they 
wanted to believe her, which 

1174
01:04:14,300 --> 01:04:15,800
amounts to nearly the same 
thing. 

1175
01:04:15,800 --> 01:04:18,300
The theosophical lemuria bore 
almost. 

1176
01:04:18,300 --> 01:04:21,000
No resemblance to his modest 
land bridge. 

1177
01:04:21,800 --> 01:04:25,000
It stretched across vast 
portions of the Pacific and 

1178
01:04:25,000 --> 01:04:28,700
Indian, oceans encompassing 
everything from Madagascar to 

1179
01:04:28,700 --> 01:04:32,300
Easter Island. 
Its civilization, predated any 

1180
01:04:32,300 --> 01:04:36,000
known human culture and its 
inhabitants possessed powers 

1181
01:04:36,000 --> 01:04:38,300
that made. 
Modern humans seem like pale 

1182
01:04:38,300 --> 01:04:41,600
Shadows of former glory. 
According to theosophical 

1183
01:04:41,600 --> 01:04:43,600
teachings. 
The lemurians had been destroyed

1184
01:04:43,600 --> 01:04:47,500
in a cataclysm volcanic 
eruptions and earthquakes that 

1185
01:04:47,500 --> 01:04:50,400
cause their entire continent to 
sink beneath the waves. 

1186
01:04:51,500 --> 01:04:54,800
But before the destruction, the 
most advanced lemurians had 

1187
01:04:54,800 --> 01:04:57,300
escaped. 
Carrying their wisdom to other 

1188
01:04:57,300 --> 01:05:01,600
lands, this explained 
conveniently, why traces of 

1189
01:05:01,600 --> 01:05:04,400
advanced ancient knowledge 
appeared in cultures worldwide. 

1190
01:05:04,400 --> 01:05:09,000
The beauty of blavatsky system 
was his uncles ability. 

1191
01:05:10,000 --> 01:05:13,200
Any evidence that contradicted 
her claims could be explained 

1192
01:05:13,200 --> 01:05:16,200
away as incomplete 
understanding, or spiritual 

1193
01:05:16,200 --> 01:05:19,300
blindness? 
The lack of physical evidence 

1194
01:05:19,300 --> 01:05:22,200
for lemuria became proof of how 
thoroughly it had been 

1195
01:05:22,200 --> 01:05:25,300
destroyed. 
It was mythology Moscow rating 

1196
01:05:25,300 --> 01:05:28,600
as lost history and it filled a 
need that pure science. 

1197
01:05:28,600 --> 01:05:32,300
Could not satisfy the off of the
attracted, an impressive, roster

1198
01:05:32,300 --> 01:05:36,600
of followers, including writers,
artists, scientists and social 

1199
01:05:36,600 --> 01:05:40,300
reformers These weren't 
necessarily gullible fools. 

1200
01:05:40,300 --> 01:05:43,700
Many were thoughtful people 
seeking alternatives to both 

1201
01:05:43,700 --> 01:05:46,100
religious, dogmatism and 
materialistic. 

1202
01:05:46,100 --> 01:05:49,600
Reductionism. 
Theosophy offered a middle path.

1203
01:05:50,300 --> 01:05:53,900
Spiritual meaning clothed in 
pseudoscientific language, the 

1204
01:05:53,900 --> 01:05:56,200
theosophical. 
Lemuria also served. 

1205
01:05:56,200 --> 01:06:01,300
Another Victorian, preoccupation
race Theory. the concept of root

1206
01:06:01,300 --> 01:06:05,400
races each supposedly more 
evolved than the last appealed 

1207
01:06:05,400 --> 01:06:10,300
to a society deeply invested in 
hierarchical thinking, Well of 

1208
01:06:10,300 --> 01:06:13,900
that ski system was less overtly
racist and some Victorian race 

1209
01:06:13,900 --> 01:06:16,100
theories. 
It still embedded troubling, 

1210
01:06:16,100 --> 01:06:18,600
assumptions about human 
development that reflected the 

1211
01:06:18,600 --> 01:06:22,500
prejudices of hero, other 
writers and Mystics eagerly 

1212
01:06:22,500 --> 01:06:24,400
expanded on blavatsky is 
framework. 

1213
01:06:25,300 --> 01:06:28,100
James churchwood in the early 
20th century. 

1214
01:06:28,100 --> 01:06:32,400
Wrote extensively about move 
which he claimed was lemuria 

1215
01:06:32,400 --> 01:06:35,700
specific counterpart. 
Another Lost Continent 

1216
01:06:35,700 --> 01:06:38,900
supposedly proven by ancient 
tablets that conveniently 

1217
01:06:38,900 --> 01:06:43,300
disappeared before anyone else 
could examine the Each iteration

1218
01:06:43,300 --> 01:06:47,300
added new layers to the myth. 
Building an elaborate structure 

1219
01:06:47,300 --> 01:06:49,400
on foundations that had never 
existed. 

1220
01:06:49,400 --> 01:06:52,700
What's remarkable is, how 
quickly lemuria moved from 

1221
01:06:52,700 --> 01:06:55,400
scientific. 
Hypothesis to Mystical certainly

1222
01:06:56,100 --> 01:06:59,100
Within a few decades, you could 
find multiple versions of 

1223
01:06:59,100 --> 01:07:02,300
Lemurian history, each 
contradicting the others, but 

1224
01:07:02,300 --> 01:07:06,500
all claiming ancient Authority. 
Some describe lemuria, as a 

1225
01:07:06,500 --> 01:07:10,600
Tropical Paradise, others as a 
harsh, volcanic landscape. 

1226
01:07:11,300 --> 01:07:13,400
Summer urines. 
Were spiritual Masters. 

1227
01:07:13,400 --> 01:07:18,400
Others were primitive Giants. 
the continents location shifted,

1228
01:07:18,400 --> 01:07:21,600
depending on who was writing 
about it, this proliferation of 

1229
01:07:21,600 --> 01:07:24,700
conflicting accounts should have
undermined, lemuria credibility,

1230
01:07:24,700 --> 01:07:28,800
but somehow, it didn't, instead 
each new version seemed to 

1231
01:07:28,808 --> 01:07:32,700
validate the basic concept, If 
so many different sources, 

1232
01:07:32,700 --> 01:07:36,100
mentioned, lemuria, surely there
must be something to it. 

1233
01:07:37,000 --> 01:07:40,200
This is how myths work. 
They accumulate details and 

1234
01:07:40,200 --> 01:07:43,300
variations while the core story 
remains flexible enough to 

1235
01:07:43,300 --> 01:07:46,100
accommodate contradiction by the
turn of the 20th. 

1236
01:07:46,100 --> 01:07:49,300
Century lemuria had become 
firmly established in popular 

1237
01:07:49,300 --> 01:07:52,800
Consciousness, particularly 
among spiritual Seekers and 

1238
01:07:52,800 --> 01:07:56,700
alternative historians. 
It was taught in theosophical 

1239
01:07:56,700 --> 01:08:01,200
lodges discussed in a cult 
circles and reference in popular

1240
01:08:01,200 --> 01:08:04,700
literature. 
The Lost Continent had achieved 

1241
01:08:04,700 --> 01:08:08,300
a kind of cultural reality 
independent of any physical 

1242
01:08:08,300 --> 01:08:10,600
evidence. 
As you drift deeper into this 

1243
01:08:10,600 --> 01:08:12,800
story. 
Imagine yourself in early 20th 

1244
01:08:12,800 --> 01:08:16,100
century, California, 
Specifically at Mount Shasta 

1245
01:08:16,100 --> 01:08:20,200
that magnificent snow-capped 
volcano rising from the northern

1246
01:08:20,200 --> 01:08:23,600
landscape. 
Local Legends, Begin circulating

1247
01:08:23,600 --> 01:08:26,899
about a secret civilization 
living inside the mountain 

1248
01:08:26,899 --> 01:08:31,500
survivors of ancient lemuria who
retreated Underground when their

1249
01:08:31,500 --> 01:08:33,899
continent sank. 
These Lemurian survivors 

1250
01:08:33,899 --> 01:08:36,899
supposedly built a city called 
Telos within the mountain 

1251
01:08:36,899 --> 01:08:40,500
complete with temples and 
Gardens illuminated by 

1252
01:08:40,500 --> 01:08:44,399
mysterious light sources. 
They occasionally emerged to 

1253
01:08:44,399 --> 01:08:48,300
walk among ordinary humans, 
recognizable by their unusual 

1254
01:08:48,300 --> 01:08:52,500
height, White Rose, and tendency
to pay for supplies with gold 

1255
01:08:52,500 --> 01:08:55,100
nuggets before disappearing, 
back in to the Wilderness. 

1256
01:08:55,100 --> 01:08:59,000
The Shasta Legend illustrate, 
how lemura adapted to local 

1257
01:08:59,000 --> 01:09:02,100
conditions. 
Every region that embraced the 

1258
01:09:02,100 --> 01:09:05,100
myth, modified it to fit, local 
geography and culture. 

1259
01:09:06,000 --> 01:09:09,300
In the Pacific lemuria explained
the origin of Polynesian 

1260
01:09:09,300 --> 01:09:13,000
people's in India it can 
connected to Vedic traditions, 

1261
01:09:13,000 --> 01:09:16,200
in California. 
It merged with Native American 

1262
01:09:16,200 --> 01:09:20,200
legends and Gold Rush, mysticism
to create something uniquely 

1263
01:09:20,200 --> 01:09:23,100
West in America and the 
lemurians themselves. 

1264
01:09:23,100 --> 01:09:24,600
Evolved in the popular 
imagination. 

1265
01:09:24,600 --> 01:09:28,200
From levitzky is bizarre 
hermaphrodites into more 

1266
01:09:28,207 --> 01:09:32,500
conventionally attractive, 
spiritual Masters By the 1930s 

1267
01:09:32,500 --> 01:09:35,899
descriptions typically, 
portrayed them as tall, graceful

1268
01:09:35,899 --> 01:09:40,200
beings with pale skin, large 
eyes, and Serene Expressions. 

1269
01:09:40,200 --> 01:09:44,399
Basically, they looked like 
idealized Hollywood versions of 

1270
01:09:44,399 --> 01:09:48,600
wise Mystics This transformation
reveals something interesting 

1271
01:09:48,600 --> 01:09:51,800
about how myths adapt to their 
audiences aesthetic. 

1272
01:09:51,800 --> 01:09:55,600
Preferences various channels and
mediums claim to communicate 

1273
01:09:55,600 --> 01:09:58,700
with Lemurian, Spirits, 
receiving messages about 

1274
01:09:58,700 --> 01:10:02,900
spiritual Evolution and 
Humanity's future These 

1275
01:10:02,900 --> 01:10:06,800
communications typically 
emphasize peace love and the 

1276
01:10:06,800 --> 01:10:08,500
development of psychic 
abilities. 

1277
01:10:09,400 --> 01:10:13,000
Standard fare for New Age. 
Spirituality would give him 

1278
01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:16,300
historical weight by association
with ancient civilization. 

1279
01:10:16,300 --> 01:10:20,400
Frederick. 
Spent sir, Oliver's 1894 novel. 

1280
01:10:20,400 --> 01:10:23,700
A dweller on two planets 
introduced another element to 

1281
01:10:23,700 --> 01:10:26,700
Lemurian mythology. 
Advanced technology. 

1282
01:10:27,600 --> 01:10:29,700
Oliver claimed. 
His book was channeled from a 

1283
01:10:29,700 --> 01:10:33,400
spirit who described Lemurian 
civilization as possessing 

1284
01:10:33,400 --> 01:10:37,900
flying machines, Wireless 
communication, and other devices

1285
01:10:37,900 --> 01:10:42,600
that anticipated 20th century 
Innovations This technologically

1286
01:10:42,600 --> 01:10:46,600
advanced lemuria would become 
increasingly popular as the 

1287
01:10:46,600 --> 01:10:50,300
actual 20th century demonstrated
that impossible Technologies 

1288
01:10:50,300 --> 01:10:54,000
could become reality. 
The notion of lemuria as a 

1289
01:10:54,000 --> 01:10:57,400
technologically sophisticated 
civilization, served multiple 

1290
01:10:57,400 --> 01:11:01,000
purposes It suggested that 
modern progress, wasn't 

1291
01:11:01,000 --> 01:11:03,900
unprecedented, but rather a 
rediscovery of ancient 

1292
01:11:03,900 --> 01:11:06,700
knowledge. 
It implied that human potential 

1293
01:11:06,700 --> 01:11:09,700
was greater than contemporary 
limitation suggested. 

1294
01:11:10,400 --> 01:11:13,400
And it provided comfort that 
even Advanced civilizations 

1295
01:11:13,400 --> 01:11:17,900
could be destroyed making the 
catastrophic potential of 20th 

1296
01:11:17,900 --> 01:11:20,000
century Warfare. 
Feel like part of a larger 

1297
01:11:20,000 --> 01:11:23,800
pattern rather than a unique 
modern horror Edgar. 

1298
01:11:23,800 --> 01:11:28,300
Casey the famous Sleeping 
Prophet Incorporated, lemuria in

1299
01:11:28,300 --> 01:11:31,400
his trance reading during the 
1920s and 1930s. 

1300
01:11:32,500 --> 01:11:35,900
His versions emphasized the 
spiritual and psychic abilities 

1301
01:11:35,900 --> 01:11:38,900
of lemurians. 
Describing them as being who 

1302
01:11:38,900 --> 01:11:42,400
communicated telepathically and 
manipulated matter through 

1303
01:11:42,400 --> 01:11:46,500
thought When their civilization 
fell, Casey claimed. 

1304
01:11:46,500 --> 01:11:50,400
It was because they had misused 
their powers privileging 

1305
01:11:50,400 --> 01:11:52,900
material advancement over 
Spiritual Development. 

1306
01:11:53,800 --> 01:11:56,900
A cautionary tale that resonated
with audiences living through 

1307
01:11:56,900 --> 01:11:59,900
Rapid technological. 
Change, what United? 

1308
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:03,000
Most of these Lemurian accounts 
was a sense of loss and 

1309
01:12:03,000 --> 01:12:06,100
possibility. 
Lemuria represented, something 

1310
01:12:06,100 --> 01:12:09,700
Humanity, had once possessed and
might reclaim harmony with 

1311
01:12:09,700 --> 01:12:14,400
nature spiritual advancement and
technological prowess combined 

1312
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:17,600
with wisdom. 
The Lost Continent became a 

1313
01:12:17,600 --> 01:12:20,400
mirror reflecting whatever, its 
Believers felt was missing from 

1314
01:12:20,400 --> 01:12:23,700
Modern Life. 
The Myth also provided An Origin

1315
01:12:23,700 --> 01:12:26,100
story that bypassed 
uncomfortable questions about 

1316
01:12:26,100 --> 01:12:30,400
Evolution and human Origins. 
If you Manatee descended from 

1317
01:12:30,400 --> 01:12:34,200
spiritually Advanced lemurians, 
then we weren't merely evolved 

1318
01:12:34,200 --> 01:12:38,400
Apes but being with a noble 
lineage temporarily fallen from 

1319
01:12:38,400 --> 01:12:41,400
former glory. 
This narrative appealed to 

1320
01:12:41,408 --> 01:12:44,400
people who couldn't accept 
evolutionary theory, but 

1321
01:12:44,400 --> 01:12:47,500
recognize that biblical 
literalism was increasingly 

1322
01:12:47,500 --> 01:12:51,200
untenable indigenous people's 
reactions, to Lemurian, theories

1323
01:12:51,200 --> 01:12:54,100
were complicated. 
Some saw the myths as yet 

1324
01:12:54,100 --> 01:12:57,600
another example of colonizers 
appropriating and distorting 

1325
01:12:57,600 --> 01:13:01,200
Indigenous history is Others 
found ways to incorporate 

1326
01:13:01,200 --> 01:13:04,800
lemuria in their own Traditions,
using the concept to add 

1327
01:13:04,808 --> 01:13:06,700
historical depth to oral 
history. 

1328
01:13:08,100 --> 01:13:11,600
The Hawaiian concept of move. 
For instance, became entangled 

1329
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:15,200
with Lemurian mythology. 
In ways that blurred original 

1330
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:19,300
traditionals with imported ideas
by mid-century lemuria had 

1331
01:13:19,300 --> 01:13:21,400
become something like King 
Arthur's, Camelot. 

1332
01:13:22,000 --> 01:13:24,100
A story. 
Everyone knew probably wasn't 

1333
01:13:24,100 --> 01:13:26,800
literally true, but that 
persisted because it served 

1334
01:13:26,800 --> 01:13:28,500
emotional and psychological 
needs. 

1335
01:13:28,500 --> 01:13:32,300
That fact could not address 
People wanted to believe in Lost

1336
01:13:32,300 --> 01:13:36,300
Golden Ages and hidden wisdom in
the possibility that somewhere 

1337
01:13:36,300 --> 01:13:38,600
beneath the ocean's surface or 
inside. 

1338
01:13:38,600 --> 01:13:43,800
Mountains, traces of humanities 
Noble past injured, the irony is

1339
01:13:43,800 --> 01:13:46,100
that while Mystics and 
channelers were elaborating 

1340
01:13:46,100 --> 01:13:48,600
increasingly, Baroque visions of
Lemurian. 

1341
01:13:48,600 --> 01:13:52,300
Civilization actual scientists 
were developing theories that 

1342
01:13:52,300 --> 01:13:55,800
would completely eliminate any 
need for lemuria existence. 

1343
01:13:57,000 --> 01:13:59,900
The solution to the puzzles that
had inspired Slaters. 

1344
01:13:59,900 --> 01:14:01,800
Original hypothesis was 
emerging. 

1345
01:14:02,600 --> 01:14:05,300
But it would take decades for 
that solution to become widely 

1346
01:14:05,300 --> 01:14:08,200
accepted. 
Let's shift our scene now to 19 

1347
01:14:08,200 --> 01:14:13,100
to 12 to a meeting of the German
Geological Society, where a 

1348
01:14:13,100 --> 01:14:16,300
meteorologist named Alfred, Vega
is presenting a theory. 

1349
01:14:16,300 --> 01:14:19,500
So radical that most of his 
colleague's think he's lost his 

1350
01:14:19,500 --> 01:14:21,900
mind. 
They get her as proposing. 

1351
01:14:21,900 --> 01:14:26,500
That continents move, not slowly
settling or Rising, but actually

1352
01:14:26,500 --> 01:14:29,600
drifting across the Earth's 
surface, like, massive rafts 

1353
01:14:29,600 --> 01:14:33,000
floating on a dense. 
Layer below again, has noticed 

1354
01:14:33,000 --> 01:14:37,000
the same puzzles that inspired 
lemuria matching fossils on 

1355
01:14:37,000 --> 01:14:40,500
different continents. 
Similar rock formation separated

1356
01:14:40,500 --> 01:14:44,200
by Ocean's and coastlines that 
fit together, like jigsaw 

1357
01:14:44,200 --> 01:14:46,800
pieces. 
But instead of imagining 

1358
01:14:46,800 --> 01:14:50,100
vanished land bridges, he's 
proposing something far more 

1359
01:14:50,100 --> 01:14:53,300
revolutionary. 
All the continents, He suggests 

1360
01:14:53,300 --> 01:14:56,000
were once joined in a single 
supercontinent. 

1361
01:14:56,000 --> 01:15:00,300
He calls it Pangea that has 
since split apart and drifted to

1362
01:15:00,300 --> 01:15:03,400
their current positions. 
The reaction from the geological

1363
01:15:03,400 --> 01:15:05,500
establishment is Swift and 
brutal. 

1364
01:15:05,500 --> 01:15:08,600
Continental drift seems 
physically impossible. 

1365
01:15:08,600 --> 01:15:13,400
What force could move entire 
continents, how could Solid Rock

1366
01:15:13,400 --> 01:15:16,400
flow like liquid? 
They're going to can't answer 

1367
01:15:16,400 --> 01:15:19,400
these questions, satisfactorily,
and his theory is, largely 

1368
01:15:19,400 --> 01:15:23,100
dismissed as imaginative. 
Speculation unsupported by 

1369
01:15:23,100 --> 01:15:25,200
mechanism. 
Here's what's fascinating. 

1370
01:15:26,200 --> 01:15:27,900
Vegan. 
As evidence for continental 

1371
01:15:27,900 --> 01:15:32,100
drift was actually stronger than
any evidence for lemuria had 

1372
01:15:32,100 --> 01:15:36,900
ever been He could show matching
Rock layers, identical fossils 

1373
01:15:36,900 --> 01:15:41,400
and even glacial patterns that 
made sense only if continents 

1374
01:15:41,400 --> 01:15:42,900
had once been connected 
differently. 

1375
01:15:44,200 --> 01:15:47,400
Yet the scientific Community 
rejected his well ever since 

1376
01:15:47,400 --> 01:15:50,500
Theory, while some of those same
scientists have previously 

1377
01:15:50,500 --> 01:15:53,700
entered, the essentially 
evidence free notion of sunken 

1378
01:15:53,700 --> 01:15:56,300
contents. 
This reveals something important

1379
01:15:56,300 --> 01:15:58,800
about how scientific acceptance 
works. 

1380
01:15:58,800 --> 01:16:02,100
It's not just about evidence, 
but about whether a theory fits 

1381
01:16:02,100 --> 01:16:06,200
within acceptable Frameworks, 
Land bridge and subsiding 

1382
01:16:06,200 --> 01:16:08,700
continents fit, Victorian 
assumptions about how the Earth 

1383
01:16:08,700 --> 01:16:11,200
worked. 
Moving continents didn't. 

1384
01:16:11,200 --> 01:16:15,800
So despite better evidence 
continental drift languished in 

1385
01:16:15,808 --> 01:16:20,100
scientific Purgatory for decades
but vegan as Theory had planted 

1386
01:16:20,100 --> 01:16:23,300
a seed. 
Other researchers began finding 

1387
01:16:23,300 --> 01:16:27,800
supporting evidence. 
Paleomagnetic studies examining 

1388
01:16:27,800 --> 01:16:30,100
the magnetic orientation of 
ancient rocks. 

1389
01:16:30,100 --> 01:16:33,700
Showed that continents must have
moved relative to the magnetic 

1390
01:16:33,700 --> 01:16:37,500
poles. 
Mapping the ocean floor revealed

1391
01:16:37,500 --> 01:16:41,000
mid-ocean ridges and deep 
trenches that suggested active 

1392
01:16:41,000 --> 01:16:44,000
geological processes. 
The real breakthrough came in 

1393
01:16:44,008 --> 01:16:46,300
the 1966 with the development of
plate. 

1394
01:16:46,300 --> 01:16:49,300
Tectonics theory. 
Scientists realized that the 

1395
01:16:49,300 --> 01:16:53,500
Earth's surface consists of 
massive rigid plates floating on

1396
01:16:53,500 --> 01:16:55,100
a partially molten layer 
beneath. 

1397
01:16:56,000 --> 01:16:59,300
These plates move driven by 
convection currents in the 

1398
01:16:59,300 --> 01:17:03,200
Earth's mantle where plates 
separate new crust forms where 

1399
01:17:03,200 --> 01:17:05,800
they Collide mountains, rise or 
one plate of ducts. 

1400
01:17:05,800 --> 01:17:09,200
Beneath another plate tectonics 
explained, everything that 

1401
01:17:09,200 --> 01:17:12,300
lemuria had been invented to 
explain, but it did. 

1402
01:17:12,300 --> 01:17:16,300
So with actual evidence and 
testable mechanisms the matching

1403
01:17:16,300 --> 01:17:20,700
fossils on different continents,
they won't separated by a sunken

1404
01:17:20,700 --> 01:17:24,400
land bridge, but by continents 
that had split apart, The 

1405
01:17:24,400 --> 01:17:27,900
distribution of Lemurs 
Madagascar had separated from 

1406
01:17:27,900 --> 01:17:31,200
India, millions of years ago, 
when Africa and the Indian 

1407
01:17:31,200 --> 01:17:34,300
subcontinent were parts of 
gondwana, a southern 

1408
01:17:34,300 --> 01:17:38,100
supercontinent, suddenly lemuria
became scientifically 

1409
01:17:38,100 --> 01:17:41,200
unnecessary. 
The puzzles that had inspired 

1410
01:17:41,200 --> 01:17:44,400
Slaters original hypothesis. 
Now had a better explanation, 

1411
01:17:44,400 --> 01:17:48,000
one supported by evidence from 
ocean floor, mapping, 

1412
01:17:48,000 --> 01:17:52,700
earthquake, patterns, volcanic 
activity, and the continuing 

1413
01:17:52,700 --> 01:17:55,500
movement of continents, that 
could be measured with Precision

1414
01:17:55,500 --> 01:17:57,600
Instruments. 
You might think this would have 

1415
01:17:57,608 --> 01:18:01,600
killed the lemuria myth. 
But mythology doesn't die, just 

1416
01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:04,100
because science provides better,
explanations. 

1417
01:18:05,000 --> 01:18:08,900
Myths persist because they serve
needs that transcend factual 

1418
01:18:08,900 --> 01:18:13,100
accuracy. 
While geologists abandoned a 

1419
01:18:13,100 --> 01:18:16,500
murraya Mystics and alternative 
historians clung to it with 

1420
01:18:16,500 --> 01:18:20,300
renewed further often claiming 
that mainstream science was 

1421
01:18:20,300 --> 01:18:23,700
suppressing evidence or that 
spiritual truth, transcended 

1422
01:18:23,700 --> 01:18:27,200
mere physical facts. 
The scientific abandonment of 

1423
01:18:27,208 --> 01:18:29,700
lemuria actually freed the myth 
to become more. 

1424
01:18:29,700 --> 01:18:33,300
Elaborate Without the constraint
of needing to fit geological 

1425
01:18:33,300 --> 01:18:36,800
evidence, Lemurian enthusiasts 
could imagine whatever they 

1426
01:18:36,800 --> 01:18:39,600
wanted. 
The Lost Continent migrated 

1427
01:18:39,600 --> 01:18:42,300
between oceans, depending on who
was writing about it. 

1428
01:18:43,200 --> 01:18:46,000
It's civilizations, technology 
became increasingly 

1429
01:18:46,000 --> 01:18:50,500
anachronistic and impossible. 
The reasons for its destruction 

1430
01:18:50,500 --> 01:18:53,800
multiplied and diverged. 
Modern, geology can. 

1431
01:18:53,800 --> 01:18:57,300
Now, map the ocean floor with 
extraordinary Precision, we've 

1432
01:18:57,300 --> 01:19:00,400
sent submarines to the deepest 
trenches and used sonar to 

1433
01:19:00,400 --> 01:19:03,200
create detailed topographical 
maps of underwater Terrain. 

1434
01:19:04,100 --> 01:19:07,800
There's no where for a continent
sized landmass to hide Indian 

1435
01:19:07,800 --> 01:19:10,400
Ocean Floor shows the expected 
patterns of plate. 

1436
01:19:10,400 --> 01:19:14,600
Tectonics spreading ridges, 
subduction zones, and Volcanic 

1437
01:19:14,600 --> 01:19:18,600
chains, but no evidence of 
recent Continental, subsidence, 

1438
01:19:18,600 --> 01:19:22,100
yet, this definitive absence of 
evidence hasn't eliminated 

1439
01:19:22,100 --> 01:19:25,900
belief in lemuria instead 
Believers of adapted their 

1440
01:19:25,900 --> 01:19:30,300
claims Maybe lemuria existed. 
So long ago that geological 

1441
01:19:30,300 --> 01:19:34,100
processes of erased all traces 
Maybe it was in a different 

1442
01:19:34,100 --> 01:19:38,000
Ocean than originally thought. 
Maybe it wasn't a physical 

1443
01:19:38,000 --> 01:19:41,200
continent but nostril Realms 
that existed on a different 

1444
01:19:41,200 --> 01:19:44,500
plane of reality. 
The myth simply evolves to 

1445
01:19:44,500 --> 01:19:48,700
survive demonstrating 
impressive, adaptability, the 

1446
01:19:48,700 --> 01:19:50,800
transformation of lemuria from 
scientific. 

1447
01:19:50,800 --> 01:19:55,000
Hypothesis to disproven Theory 
to persistent myth illustrate, 

1448
01:19:55,000 --> 01:19:57,100
something important about how 
knowledge works. 

1449
01:19:57,900 --> 01:20:01,100
Scientific theories are 
provisional, they stand until 

1450
01:20:01,100 --> 01:20:05,600
better explanations emerge. 
Then gracefully retire, myths 

1451
01:20:05,600 --> 01:20:07,300
are different. 
They're not about explaining 

1452
01:20:07,300 --> 01:20:10,100
physical reality, but about 
meeting psychological and 

1453
01:20:10,100 --> 01:20:12,800
emotional, needs disproving a 
myths. 

1454
01:20:12,800 --> 01:20:14,300
Literal truth, doesn't 
eliminate. 

1455
01:20:14,300 --> 01:20:17,600
Those needs for scientists 
plate, tectonics. 

1456
01:20:17,600 --> 01:20:19,900
Replacing lemuria represents 
progress. 

1457
01:20:19,900 --> 01:20:22,100
Better understanding build on 
evidence. 

1458
01:20:23,000 --> 01:20:25,800
For believers science, is 
rejection of lemuria Might 

1459
01:20:25,800 --> 01:20:29,700
represent closed-mindedness or 
the limitations of materialistic

1460
01:20:29,700 --> 01:20:32,300
thinking. 
These groups were essentially 

1461
01:20:32,300 --> 01:20:36,100
speaking, different languages 
pursuing different goals and 

1462
01:20:36,100 --> 01:20:38,100
measuring success by different 
standards. 

1463
01:20:38,100 --> 01:20:42,300
The story of lemuria scientific 
demise is actually a success 

1464
01:20:42,300 --> 01:20:45,200
story for science. 
A demonstration of how the 

1465
01:20:45,200 --> 01:20:48,400
scientific method of eventually 
arrives at better explanations 

1466
01:20:48,400 --> 01:20:50,300
by following evidence, wherever 
it leads. 

1467
01:20:51,400 --> 01:20:54,000
But it simultaneously a 
demonstration of science is 

1468
01:20:54,000 --> 01:20:56,800
limits. 
Science can explain physical 

1469
01:20:56,800 --> 01:21:00,300
processes but it can't 
necessarily satisfy human 

1470
01:21:00,300 --> 01:21:04,400
yearning for lost Golden Ages or
connections to ancient wisdom. 

1471
01:21:04,400 --> 01:21:07,000
As you settle more comfortably 
into your blankets. 

1472
01:21:07,000 --> 01:21:11,200
Let's explore how lemuria escape
the confines of both scientific 

1473
01:21:11,200 --> 01:21:14,000
journals. 
And a cult Society is to become 

1474
01:21:14,000 --> 01:21:18,000
a presence in our galleries, 
bookstores, and eventually movie

1475
01:21:18,000 --> 01:21:19,900
theaters. 
The Lost Continent. 

1476
01:21:19,900 --> 01:21:22,800
Proved irresistible to artists 
and writers because it offered 

1477
01:21:22,800 --> 01:21:25,400
something precious a blank 
canvas. 

1478
01:21:26,300 --> 01:21:29,600
Unlike actual historical 
civilizations that come burdened

1479
01:21:29,600 --> 01:21:33,400
with inconvenient facts. 
The muria could be whatever an 

1480
01:21:33,400 --> 01:21:36,800
artist needed it to be. 
It was Eden without biblical 

1481
01:21:36,800 --> 01:21:40,800
constraints Atlantis without 
Plato's philosophical baggage. 

1482
01:21:40,800 --> 01:21:44,000
A lost world limited only by 
imagination. 

1483
01:21:44,000 --> 01:21:47,900
Science fiction writers were 
particularly drawn to Lemurian 

1484
01:21:47,900 --> 01:21:51,400
themes. 
Abraham merits 1919 novel the 

1485
01:21:51,400 --> 01:21:54,800
moon pool featured hidden 
Lemurian ruins in Micronesia, 

1486
01:21:54,800 --> 01:22:00,100
complete with ancient technology
and other worldly beings His 

1487
01:22:00,100 --> 01:22:02,800
Lush dreamlike prose. 
Transformed. 

1488
01:22:02,800 --> 01:22:05,900
Lemuria from an abstract concept
into a visceral experience. 

1489
01:22:07,000 --> 01:22:09,300
You could almost smell the 
tropical flowers and feel the 

1490
01:22:09,300 --> 01:22:12,800
humid air of his Lost World. 
These early 20th century 

1491
01:22:12,800 --> 01:22:16,100
adventure stories, treated 
lemuria much as they treated any

1492
01:22:16,100 --> 01:22:20,200
exotic location as a setting for
Western protagonist to have 

1493
01:22:20,208 --> 01:22:23,900
thrilling experiences. 
The actual lemurians often 

1494
01:22:23,900 --> 01:22:27,600
appeared as wise mentors 
mysterious guides or 

1495
01:22:27,600 --> 01:22:31,300
occasionally obstacles to be 
overcome. they were essentially 

1496
01:22:31,300 --> 01:22:35,600
Fantastical versions of the 
noble, savage Trope, filtered 

1497
01:22:35,600 --> 01:22:39,400
through theosophical ideas about
spiritual advancement poets 

1498
01:22:39,400 --> 01:22:43,900
found lemuria equally inspiring 
The Lost Continent became a 

1499
01:22:43,900 --> 01:22:47,600
metaphor for vanished, innocence
for knowledge lost to time for 

1500
01:22:47,600 --> 01:22:51,000
the price of hubris. 
In these poetic treatments, 

1501
01:22:51,000 --> 01:22:53,500
lemuria wasn't necessarily 
literal. 

1502
01:22:53,500 --> 01:22:57,700
It was symbolic representing, 
whatever the poet felt had been 

1503
01:22:57,700 --> 01:22:59,500
lost in the transition to 
modernity. 

1504
01:23:00,900 --> 01:23:03,700
The continents, physical 
existence mattered, less than 

1505
01:23:03,700 --> 01:23:06,400
its emotional resonance visual 
artists. 

1506
01:23:06,400 --> 01:23:10,100
Produced, countless depictions 
of lemuria each reflecting their

1507
01:23:10,100 --> 01:23:15,000
ears aesthetic sensibilities. 
Victorian illustration showed it

1508
01:23:15,000 --> 01:23:17,800
as a vaguely classical 
civilization with. 

1509
01:23:17,800 --> 01:23:20,600
Toga clad inhabitants and marble
temples. 

1510
01:23:21,500 --> 01:23:25,000
Art Deco interpretations, 
featured sleep, geometric, 

1511
01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:30,700
buildings, and stylized figures.
1970s new age are transformed it

1512
01:23:30,700 --> 01:23:33,900
into a psychedelic Paradise of 
crystals and Cosmic 

1513
01:23:33,900 --> 01:23:36,200
Consciousness. 
What striking about these 

1514
01:23:36,200 --> 01:23:39,900
artistic representations is 
their diversity Unlike 

1515
01:23:39,900 --> 01:23:43,000
historically, attested 
civilizations that must conform 

1516
01:23:43,000 --> 01:23:46,800
to archaeological evidence. 
Lemurian art was constrained 

1517
01:23:46,800 --> 01:23:50,000
only by the artist imagination 
and their audiences 

1518
01:23:50,000 --> 01:23:54,100
expectations. 
This Freedom produced wildly 

1519
01:23:54,100 --> 01:23:57,600
varying Visions from primitive 
tribal societies to 

1520
01:23:57,600 --> 01:24:02,400
technological Utopias sometimes 
within the same decade comic 

1521
01:24:02,400 --> 01:24:04,600
books and Pulp magazines 
embraced lemuria 

1522
01:24:04,600 --> 01:24:07,500
enthusiastically. 
The continent of appeared in 

1523
01:24:07,508 --> 01:24:11,700
adventurous stories, horror 
tales and even superhero comics.

1524
01:24:12,700 --> 01:24:15,900
Sometimes it was the source of 
mystical artifacts that modern 

1525
01:24:15,900 --> 01:24:19,500
characters sought. 
Sometimes, it provided origin 

1526
01:24:19,500 --> 01:24:22,700
stories for mysterious villains 
or wise mentors. 

1527
01:24:23,800 --> 01:24:26,800
The Lost Continent had become a 
standard element in popular 

1528
01:24:26,800 --> 01:24:30,800
cultures toolkit available for 
whatever narrative purpose of 

1529
01:24:30,800 --> 01:24:34,000
writer needed. 
The 1960s and 1970s 

1530
01:24:34,000 --> 01:24:36,800
counterculture found. 
Lemuria particularly appealing 

1531
01:24:37,600 --> 01:24:40,800
As young people rejected 
mainstream society and sought 

1532
01:24:40,800 --> 01:24:44,500
alternative, worldviews the Lost
Continent fit perfectly into 

1533
01:24:44,500 --> 01:24:48,600
emerging New Age philosophy. 
Lemuria represented Humanity. 

1534
01:24:48,600 --> 01:24:53,600
Before hierarchies before, 
pollution before War everything,

1535
01:24:53,600 --> 01:24:55,800
the counterculture imagined 
could exist. 

1536
01:24:55,800 --> 01:24:58,100
If only society would Embrace 
peace. 

1537
01:24:58,100 --> 01:25:02,900
Love and Spiritual Development, 
this association with new age 

1538
01:25:02,900 --> 01:25:05,400
culture. 
Cemented lemuria, modern image. 

1539
01:25:05,400 --> 01:25:09,400
Walk into any metaphysical 
bookstore and you're likely find

1540
01:25:09,400 --> 01:25:12,500
books about Lemurian. 
Crystals Lemurian, healing 

1541
01:25:12,500 --> 01:25:15,600
techniques or how to channel 
Lemurian spirits. 

1542
01:25:16,400 --> 01:25:19,000
The continent has become 
thoroughly integrated into 

1543
01:25:19,000 --> 01:25:22,700
contemporary alternative. 
Spirituality alongside chartres 

1544
01:25:22,700 --> 01:25:27,100
auras and astral projection. 
Musicians of composed Symphonies

1545
01:25:27,100 --> 01:25:31,000
and songs inspired by lemuria. 
Progressive rock bands, wrote 

1546
01:25:31,000 --> 01:25:35,100
concept albums about its fall. 
New Age, musicians, created 

1547
01:25:35,100 --> 01:25:38,900
ambient soundscapes, supposedly 
channeling Lemurian vibrations 

1548
01:25:39,900 --> 01:25:43,300
The Lost Continent even appeared
in video games, providing 

1549
01:25:43,300 --> 01:25:46,300
backstory and mystical elements 
for Fantasy worlds. 

1550
01:25:46,300 --> 01:25:49,700
What's interesting is how 
lumiere's artistic and cultural 

1551
01:25:49,700 --> 01:25:53,100
presence has a clipped its 
scientific origin's. 

1552
01:25:54,000 --> 01:25:57,300
Ask most people today about 
lemuria and they're more likely 

1553
01:25:57,300 --> 01:26:00,900
to mention crystals and 
spiritual Evolution than Lima 

1554
01:26:00,900 --> 01:26:04,000
distribution patterns. 
The myth has successfully 

1555
01:26:04,000 --> 01:26:07,600
reproduced across cultural 
domains adapting to each new 

1556
01:26:07,600 --> 01:26:10,800
medium while maintaining enough 
consistency to remain 

1557
01:26:10,800 --> 01:26:13,900
recognizable, television and 
film approached. 

1558
01:26:13,900 --> 01:26:16,900
Lemuria more cautiously than 
print media, perhaps because 

1559
01:26:16,900 --> 01:26:20,200
visual media demands more 
concrete depiction Still. 

1560
01:26:20,200 --> 01:26:23,500
The continent has appeared in 
documentaries about loss 

1561
01:26:23,500 --> 01:26:27,400
civilizations, usually framed. 
As some people believe segments,

1562
01:26:27,400 --> 01:26:29,400
that present claims without 
endorsement. 

1563
01:26:30,300 --> 01:26:33,900
These presentations often treat,
lemuria alongside Atlantis and 

1564
01:26:33,900 --> 01:26:37,500
other legendary places, rarely 
acknowledging, that lemuria 

1565
01:26:37,500 --> 01:26:42,600
unlike Atlantis originated as a 
serious scientific hypothesis. 

1566
01:26:42,600 --> 01:26:46,100
The internet age has been 
remarkably kind to lemuria 

1567
01:26:46,900 --> 01:26:48,900
Website's devoted to the Lost 
Continent. 

1568
01:26:48,900 --> 01:26:52,600
Proliferate offering everything 
from supposedly historical 

1569
01:26:52,600 --> 01:26:56,300
accounts to guide it meditation 
for connecting with Lemurian 

1570
01:26:56,300 --> 01:26:59,000
energy. 
YouTube features, countless 

1571
01:26:59,000 --> 01:27:02,800
videos about lemuria ranging 
from Earnest spiritual teachings

1572
01:27:02,800 --> 01:27:07,100
to critical debunking. 
The democratization of content. 

1573
01:27:07,100 --> 01:27:11,300
Creation means lemuria can be 
endlessly reinvented by anyone 

1574
01:27:11,300 --> 01:27:13,300
with a camera and an internet 
connection. 

1575
01:27:13,300 --> 01:27:17,000
Social media has created 
communities of lemuria believers

1576
01:27:17,000 --> 01:27:19,900
who share experiences theories 
and art. 

1577
01:27:20,700 --> 01:27:23,800
These digital spaces function, 
similarly to Victorian 

1578
01:27:23,800 --> 01:27:27,200
spiritualist, societies 
communities of seekers 

1579
01:27:27,200 --> 01:27:29,600
supporting each other's 
exploration of alternative, 

1580
01:27:29,600 --> 01:27:31,600
histories and spiritual 
possibilities. 

1581
01:27:32,400 --> 01:27:35,500
The technology is modern, but 
the impulses are ancient. 

1582
01:27:35,500 --> 01:27:38,700
What all these artistic and 
cultural manifestations. 

1583
01:27:38,700 --> 01:27:42,100
Share is a sense that lemuria 
represents something missing 

1584
01:27:42,100 --> 01:27:45,000
from Modern Life. 
Whether that's spiritual, 

1585
01:27:45,000 --> 01:27:49,700
wisdom, harmony with nature 
advance, but lost technology, or

1586
01:27:49,700 --> 01:27:53,500
simply the romance of mystery. 
The Lost Continent serves, as a 

1587
01:27:53,508 --> 01:27:56,700
receptacle, for contemporary 
longings, projected onto an 

1588
01:27:56,700 --> 01:27:59,500
imaginary passed as we 
approached the end of our 

1589
01:27:59,500 --> 01:28:01,500
journey. 
Let's consider what lemuria 

1590
01:28:01,500 --> 01:28:03,900
means. 
Now in our own time, when 

1591
01:28:03,900 --> 01:28:07,600
satellite imagery has mapped 
every inch of the planet and 

1592
01:28:07,600 --> 01:28:10,300
scientific understanding of 
Earth's history is more 

1593
01:28:10,300 --> 01:28:14,600
comprehensive than ever. 
Story of lemuria is ultimately a

1594
01:28:14,600 --> 01:28:17,700
story about human imagination 
and its relationship with 

1595
01:28:17,700 --> 01:28:20,400
evidence. 
It demonstrates how easily 

1596
01:28:20,400 --> 01:28:24,100
scientific hypotheses can 
transform into myths when they 

1597
01:28:24,100 --> 01:28:26,100
tap into deeper needs and 
desires. 

1598
01:28:26,800 --> 01:28:30,100
It shows how myths persist 
despite contrary evidence 

1599
01:28:30,100 --> 01:28:33,500
because they serve purposes that
transcend factual accuracy, 

1600
01:28:33,500 --> 01:28:37,500
lemuria Journey from Zoological 
puzzle to spiritual Homeland 

1601
01:28:37,500 --> 01:28:39,100
reveal something important 
about. 

1602
01:28:39,100 --> 01:28:41,000
The Victorian era that created 
it. 

1603
01:28:42,000 --> 01:28:44,600
That was a time of enormous 
confidence in human 

1604
01:28:44,600 --> 01:28:48,600
understanding, but also deep 
anxiety about Humanity's place 

1605
01:28:48,600 --> 01:28:51,800
in the universe. 
Darwin had displaced human from 

1606
01:28:51,800 --> 01:28:55,700
their special Creation in 
industrialization and disrupted 

1607
01:28:55,700 --> 01:28:59,000
traditional communities. 
Traditional religious certainty 

1608
01:28:59,000 --> 01:29:02,300
was eroding. 
The muria offered Comfort. 

1609
01:29:02,300 --> 01:29:06,000
A suggestion that Humanity had 
once achieved greatness and 

1610
01:29:06,000 --> 01:29:10,200
might do so again the myth also 
reflects Colonial, attitude and 

1611
01:29:10,200 --> 01:29:14,300
anxiety is the idea that 
isolated primitive people's 

1612
01:29:14,300 --> 01:29:16,500
might be degraded remnants of 
advanced civilizations. 

1613
01:29:16,500 --> 01:29:21,100
Justified colonialism while 
explaining cultural differences 

1614
01:29:21,100 --> 01:29:25,300
in ways that preserved European 
superiority, Even as a critique 

1615
01:29:25,300 --> 01:29:30,100
modern civilization flaws, the 
Murrieta often embedded racist, 

1616
01:29:30,100 --> 01:29:32,500
assumptions about human 
development and achievement, 

1617
01:29:32,500 --> 01:29:35,200
modern Believers in lemuria 
face. 

1618
01:29:35,200 --> 01:29:37,900
Different challenges than their 
Victorian predecessors. 

1619
01:29:37,900 --> 01:29:41,300
They must navigate a world where
a murias scientific 

1620
01:29:41,300 --> 01:29:44,500
impossibilities. 
Well, established, This is led 

1621
01:29:44,500 --> 01:29:48,600
to interesting adaptations, some
locate lemuria in increasingly 

1622
01:29:48,600 --> 01:29:51,800
remote time periods. 
Hundreds of millions of years 

1623
01:29:51,800 --> 01:29:54,800
ago, when geological evidence 
becomes murkier. 

1624
01:29:55,700 --> 01:29:59,500
Others shift from physical to 
metaphysical claims suggesting 

1625
01:29:59,500 --> 01:30:03,300
lemuria existed on spiritual 
rather than material planes. 

1626
01:30:03,300 --> 01:30:07,200
The Persistence of the lemuria 
belief, despite scientific 

1627
01:30:07,200 --> 01:30:11,200
consensus reveals the limits of 
scientific Authority and shaping

1628
01:30:11,200 --> 01:30:14,600
public imagination. 
Science can establish facts 

1629
01:30:14,600 --> 01:30:17,900
about the physical world, but it
cannot dictate what stories 

1630
01:30:17,900 --> 01:30:20,600
people find meaningful or what 
beliefs serve, their 

1631
01:30:20,600 --> 01:30:23,800
psychological needs. 
This is both science is 

1632
01:30:23,800 --> 01:30:27,300
limitation and its strength. 
It constrains itself to 

1633
01:30:27,300 --> 01:30:30,100
answerable questions, rather 
than claiming authority over 

1634
01:30:30,100 --> 01:30:33,700
human meaning, making lemuria 
has also become a case, study 

1635
01:30:33,700 --> 01:30:37,000
and how to approach dubious 
claims without dismissing the 

1636
01:30:37,000 --> 01:30:39,800
people who hold them. 
To get Skeptics who simply 

1637
01:30:39,800 --> 01:30:43,200
mockery of Believers. 
Often miss the opportunity to 

1638
01:30:43,200 --> 01:30:45,300
understand why the myth remains 
appealing. 

1639
01:30:46,100 --> 01:30:50,100
The Lost Continent addresses. 
Real needs for one for 

1640
01:30:50,100 --> 01:30:53,300
connection to something greater 
than oneself and for all 

1641
01:30:53,300 --> 01:30:55,600
alternatives to materialistic 
reductionism. 

1642
01:30:55,600 --> 01:30:59,100
The educational challenge is 
finding ways to teach critical 

1643
01:30:59,100 --> 01:31:01,500
thinking while respecting 
people's need for meaning. 

1644
01:31:02,300 --> 01:31:04,700
Explaining why lemuria is 
geologically. 

1645
01:31:04,700 --> 01:31:06,500
Impossible is relatively 
straightforward. 

1646
01:31:07,700 --> 01:31:11,200
Helping people understand what 
needs the myth serves and 

1647
01:31:11,200 --> 01:31:13,900
finding better ways to meet 
those needs is much harder. 

1648
01:31:13,900 --> 01:31:17,000
But ultimately more important 
lemuria has left. 

1649
01:31:17,000 --> 01:31:20,400
Its mark on language and culture
in ways that persist regardless 

1650
01:31:20,400 --> 01:31:22,400
of belief in its literal 
existence. 

1651
01:31:23,600 --> 01:31:27,200
When someone refers to an idea, 
as lemuria vague 

1652
01:31:27,200 --> 01:31:31,200
unsubstantiated, but appealing 
their drawing on the Lost 

1653
01:31:31,200 --> 01:31:35,200
continents Legacy. 
Terms become short-hand for a 

1654
01:31:35,200 --> 01:31:37,700
particular kind of attractive 
but unfounded speculation. 

1655
01:31:37,700 --> 01:31:41,500
The myth has also influenced 
legitimate archeology and 

1656
01:31:41,500 --> 01:31:45,500
anthropology by creating 
expectations and interpretations

1657
01:31:45,500 --> 01:31:49,800
that researchers must navigate 
when unusual artifact or 

1658
01:31:49,800 --> 01:31:53,200
structures are discovered. 
Someone inevitably suggest 

1659
01:31:53,200 --> 01:31:57,300
Lemurian Origins. 
This forces scientists to 

1660
01:31:57,300 --> 01:32:00,400
repeatedly explained dating 
methods, construction 

1661
01:32:00,400 --> 01:32:02,900
technique's, and cultural 
contexts. 

1662
01:32:03,600 --> 01:32:06,600
Which can be frustrating. 
But also provides opportunities 

1663
01:32:06,600 --> 01:32:10,800
for public education about how 
we actually understand the past.

1664
01:32:10,800 --> 01:32:14,800
Lemuria, as most lasting 
contribution is, as a reminder 

1665
01:32:14,800 --> 01:32:16,400
of science is provisional 
nature. 

1666
01:32:17,400 --> 01:32:20,500
The scientific theories that 
gave birth to lemuria seemed 

1667
01:32:20,500 --> 01:32:22,300
sound based on available 
evidence. 

1668
01:32:23,300 --> 01:32:25,500
Scientists weren't being foolish
or credulous. 

1669
01:32:25,500 --> 01:32:28,100
They were working with 
incomplete information and 

1670
01:32:28,100 --> 01:32:31,300
proposing, explanations that fit
their understanding of how the 

1671
01:32:31,300 --> 01:32:34,400
world worked. 
But those explanations proved 

1672
01:32:34,400 --> 01:32:38,400
incorrect, doesn't diminish, the
legitimate scientific process 

1673
01:32:38,400 --> 01:32:41,100
that generated them. 
This should make us humble about

1674
01:32:41,100 --> 01:32:44,300
current scientific consensus. 
Not every Theory will be 

1675
01:32:44,300 --> 01:32:47,900
overturned, but history suggests
that some of what we consider 

1676
01:32:47,900 --> 01:32:51,500
establish fact will be revised 
as understanding deepens. 

1677
01:32:51,500 --> 01:32:55,300
The scientific method strength 
lies in its self-correction. 

1678
01:32:55,300 --> 01:32:58,300
Its willingness to abandon even 
cherished theories. 

1679
01:32:58,300 --> 01:33:01,700
When evidence demands it at the 
same time, Aurora's 

1680
01:33:01,700 --> 01:33:05,400
transformation from hypothesis 
to myth, Demonstrates, the 

1681
01:33:05,400 --> 01:33:09,800
danger of premature certainly. 
The ease with which Victorian 

1682
01:33:09,800 --> 01:33:13,200
scientists accepted the 
subsiding continent hypothesis 

1683
01:33:13,200 --> 01:33:15,700
suggests. 
They were too quick to embrace 

1684
01:33:15,700 --> 01:33:19,200
convenient explanations. 
This is a trap that each 

1685
01:33:19,200 --> 01:33:23,000
generation of scientists must 
guard against. the temptation to

1686
01:33:23,000 --> 01:33:26,500
accept explanations that fit 
expectations rather than 

1687
01:33:26,500 --> 01:33:31,100
demanding rigorous proof the 
Believers in lemuria, the myth 

1688
01:33:31,100 --> 01:33:35,000
offer something science, cannot 
A sense of enchantment in a 

1689
01:33:35,000 --> 01:33:38,400
disenchanted world. 
It suggests that reality is 

1690
01:33:38,400 --> 01:33:41,400
larger and Stranger Than 
mainstream understanding allows 

1691
01:33:41,400 --> 01:33:46,000
that mystery persists, despite 
scientific explanation and that 

1692
01:33:46,000 --> 01:33:49,200
rationality doesn't exhaust the 
possibilities of Human 

1693
01:33:49,200 --> 01:33:52,400
Experience. 
These are important needs that 

1694
01:33:52,400 --> 01:33:55,800
deserve respect even when 
specific beliefs don't deserve 

1695
01:33:55,800 --> 01:33:58,200
acceptance. 
The question isn't, whether 

1696
01:33:58,200 --> 01:34:01,300
lemuria existed geologically? 
It didn't. 

1697
01:34:02,100 --> 01:34:05,000
The interesting question is why 
people continue to believe in 

1698
01:34:05,000 --> 01:34:06,700
it? 
And what that belief does for 

1699
01:34:06,700 --> 01:34:09,100
them. 
Some are drawn to the narrative.

1700
01:34:09,100 --> 01:34:12,700
Spiritual elements finding 
meaning in Lemurian teachings 

1701
01:34:12,700 --> 01:34:14,600
about Consciousness and human 
potential. 

1702
01:34:15,600 --> 01:34:18,400
Others, appreciate the myths, 
critique of modern civilization,

1703
01:34:18,400 --> 01:34:22,700
using lemuria as a lens for 
examining what contemporary 

1704
01:34:22,700 --> 01:34:26,200
Society might be missing. 
Young people today, discovering 

1705
01:34:26,200 --> 01:34:28,600
lemuria often approach it 
differently than earlier 

1706
01:34:28,600 --> 01:34:31,300
Generations. 
Many treated as aesthetic. 

1707
01:34:31,300 --> 01:34:35,000
Inspirational Lemurian imagery 
for art musical. 

1708
01:34:35,000 --> 01:34:37,600
Fashioned without committing to 
literal belief. 

1709
01:34:38,500 --> 01:34:41,700
This ironic or aesthetic 
appropriation represents another

1710
01:34:41,700 --> 01:34:45,700
evolution of the myth one that 
values lemurs and imaginative 

1711
01:34:45,700 --> 01:34:48,700
power while acknowledging its 
factual problems. 

1712
01:34:48,700 --> 01:34:53,400
As you prepare for Sleep, 
consider this Lemuria never 

1713
01:34:53,400 --> 01:34:58,000
existed as a physical place, but
it exists very much as an idea. 

1714
01:34:59,000 --> 01:35:02,000
Maps, showing its location, have
influenced, thought, and culture

1715
01:35:02,000 --> 01:35:05,700
for over a century. 
Books, describing its 

1716
01:35:05,700 --> 01:35:07,600
civilization Line library 
shelves. 

1717
01:35:08,300 --> 01:35:12,200
Art depicting, its Landscapes 
hangs in galleries, the lost 

1718
01:35:12,200 --> 01:35:16,100
continent is imaginary, but it's
affects a real, this Paradox 

1719
01:35:16,100 --> 01:35:18,800
that fictional places can have 
genuine consequences. 

1720
01:35:18,800 --> 01:35:23,100
Tells us something profound 
about human nature. we are 

1721
01:35:23,108 --> 01:35:25,500
storytelling creatures, who 
create meaning through 

1722
01:35:25,500 --> 01:35:29,100
narrative, Facts matter, but 
stories matter too. 

1723
01:35:29,100 --> 01:35:33,100
And sometimes they matter in 
different ways, the blank spaces

1724
01:35:33,100 --> 01:35:36,600
on those Victorian Maps, weren't
really blank, they were full of 

1725
01:35:36,600 --> 01:35:40,400
possibility. 
When explorers finally Maps, 

1726
01:35:40,400 --> 01:35:44,300
those spaces and found only 
water coral, reefs and volcanic 

1727
01:35:44,300 --> 01:35:46,900
islands. 
They eliminated geographical 

1728
01:35:46,900 --> 01:35:49,800
mystery but couldn't eliminate 
the human need for one day. 

1729
01:35:50,500 --> 01:35:53,600
The muria filled that need. 
And when physical geography, 

1730
01:35:53,600 --> 01:35:57,400
could no longer accommodate it. 
The myth simply migrated to 

1731
01:35:57,400 --> 01:36:00,700
other territories. 
The distant paste, alternative 

1732
01:36:00,700 --> 01:36:05,400
Dimensions, spiritual Realms, 
your own life, probably contains

1733
01:36:05,400 --> 01:36:07,800
equivalent blank space's 
periods. 

1734
01:36:07,800 --> 01:36:10,300
You don't fully remember 
possibilities. 

1735
01:36:10,300 --> 01:36:15,000
Not pursued, Futures, that might
have been Like Victorian 

1736
01:36:15,000 --> 01:36:17,900
cartographers filling, unknown 
oceans with speculative 

1737
01:36:17,900 --> 01:36:21,400
continents, you've probably 
populated your blank spaces with

1738
01:36:21,400 --> 01:36:23,200
imagine what ifs and might have 
been. 

1739
01:36:23,200 --> 01:36:28,500
This isn't foolishness its 
imagination and Imagination is 

1740
01:36:28,500 --> 01:36:32,700
as fundamental to human nature. 
As reason the story of lemuria 

1741
01:36:32,700 --> 01:36:35,700
teaches us to hold our 
certainties lightly, The 

1742
01:36:35,700 --> 01:36:37,600
Victorian scientists who 
proposed. 

1743
01:36:37,600 --> 01:36:39,400
Sunken continents. 
Weren't stupid. 

1744
01:36:40,200 --> 01:36:43,000
They were working with 
incomplete information and doing

1745
01:36:43,000 --> 01:36:45,200
their best to explain genuine 
Mysteries. 

1746
01:36:45,200 --> 01:36:49,800
The mystics who elaborated, the 
myth weren't all frauds, many 

1747
01:36:49,800 --> 01:36:52,900
genuinely sought, meaning in a 
world that seemed increasingly 

1748
01:36:52,900 --> 01:36:56,300
meaningless. 
Even modern Believers in lemuria

1749
01:36:56,300 --> 01:36:59,600
are necessarily credulous. 
There are often thoughtful 

1750
01:36:59,600 --> 01:37:03,000
people who have decided that 
spiritual truth and scientific 

1751
01:37:03,000 --> 01:37:05,000
fact operate in different 
domains. 

1752
01:37:05,000 --> 01:37:08,900
This doesn't mean all beliefs 
are equally valid or that we 

1753
01:37:08,908 --> 01:37:10,400
should abandon critical 
thinking. 

1754
01:37:11,500 --> 01:37:14,200
Scientific evidence. 
Clearly demonstrates that no 

1755
01:37:14,200 --> 01:37:17,400
continent sized land. 
Mass has subsided in the Indian 

1756
01:37:17,400 --> 01:37:20,100
or Pacific Ocean within the 
time. 

1757
01:37:20,100 --> 01:37:21,800
Frame relevant to human 
evolution. 

1758
01:37:21,800 --> 01:37:25,700
Plate tectonics explains the 
distribution of species and 

1759
01:37:25,700 --> 01:37:30,100
geological formations without 
requiring lost continents, these

1760
01:37:30,100 --> 01:37:34,000
facts matter and respecting 
evidence matters but facts, 

1761
01:37:34,000 --> 01:37:38,500
don't exhaust reality. 
The human need for Wonder the 

1762
01:37:38,500 --> 01:37:41,700
connection to something greater 
than ourselves, the narratives 

1763
01:37:41,700 --> 01:37:44,700
that give life meaning. 
These are all so real. 

1764
01:37:45,700 --> 01:37:49,400
Lemuria persists not because 
evidence supports it but because

1765
01:37:49,400 --> 01:37:52,400
it addresses needs that evidence
cannot satisfy. 

1766
01:37:53,300 --> 01:37:56,500
Understanding this helps us 
appreciate why myths endure and 

1767
01:37:56,500 --> 01:37:59,500
what purposes? 
They serve the 21st century 

1768
01:37:59,500 --> 01:38:02,400
presents us with fewer, 
geographical blank spaces than 

1769
01:38:02,400 --> 01:38:05,900
the victorians enjoyed, but 
we've discovered new Realms of 

1770
01:38:05,900 --> 01:38:09,100
mystery. 
The ocean depths remain largely 

1771
01:38:09,100 --> 01:38:12,700
unexplored. 
Quantum realm behaves in ways 

1772
01:38:12,700 --> 01:38:16,200
that defy intuition, 
Consciousness itself remains 

1773
01:38:16,200 --> 01:38:18,700
mysterious despite advances in 
neuroscience. 

1774
01:38:19,700 --> 01:38:22,500
Perhaps these modern Mysteries. 
Will inspire new myths? 

1775
01:38:23,100 --> 01:38:26,700
New laureus suited to 
contemporary needs what we can 

1776
01:38:26,700 --> 01:38:29,000
learn from. 
Lemuria store, is the importance

1777
01:38:29,000 --> 01:38:31,500
of distinguishing between 
different kinds of Truth? 

1778
01:38:32,300 --> 01:38:36,400
Scientific truth based on 
evidence and testing tells us 

1779
01:38:36,400 --> 01:38:40,700
what physically exists. 
Mythological truth based on 

1780
01:38:40,700 --> 01:38:44,200
meaning and narrative tells us 
what we need psychologically and

1781
01:38:44,200 --> 01:38:46,800
spiritually. 
The problems arise. 

1782
01:38:46,800 --> 01:38:50,400
When we confuse these categories
when myths, claim scientifical 

1783
01:38:50,400 --> 01:38:52,700
Authority. 
They don't have, or when science

1784
01:38:52,700 --> 01:38:54,800
claims to answer questions 
Beyond its scope. 

1785
01:38:54,800 --> 01:38:58,200
He mature relationship with 
beliefs like lemuria involves 

1786
01:38:58,200 --> 01:39:01,100
appreciating what they offer 
while like acknowledging what 

1787
01:39:01,100 --> 01:39:04,400
they lack. 
You can find meaning in Lemurian

1788
01:39:04,400 --> 01:39:07,700
mythologies, emphasis on 
Spiritual Development without 

1789
01:39:07,700 --> 01:39:10,400
believing in literal, Lemurian 
civilizations. 

1790
01:39:11,100 --> 01:39:13,900
You can use the myth as 
inspiration for art or 

1791
01:39:13,900 --> 01:39:17,400
meditation without making 
factual claims about geography. 

1792
01:39:18,500 --> 01:39:22,600
This both respects the myths, 
power and maintains intellectual

1793
01:39:22,600 --> 01:39:25,200
honesty. 
The scientist who debunked 

1794
01:39:25,200 --> 01:39:29,400
lemuria didn't destroy anything 
valuable They clarified, our 

1795
01:39:29,400 --> 01:39:32,700
understanding of Earth's actual 
history, which is fascinating 

1796
01:39:32,700 --> 01:39:34,700
enough without fictional 
continents. 

1797
01:39:35,500 --> 01:39:38,700
The real story of gondwana 
breaking apart of India, 

1798
01:39:38,700 --> 01:39:42,300
colliding, with Asia, to create 
the Himalayas of Australia. 

1799
01:39:42,300 --> 01:39:45,200
Drifting North while carrying 
its unique marsupial. 

1800
01:39:45,200 --> 01:39:49,600
Foreigner, this is genuinely 
wonderous, We don't need 

1801
01:39:49,600 --> 01:39:52,200
imaginary continents. 
When actual geological history 

1802
01:39:52,200 --> 01:39:55,300
is so remarkable. 
Yet, something is lost when we 

1803
01:39:55,300 --> 01:39:58,300
eliminate all mystery. 
When every blank space gets 

1804
01:39:58,300 --> 01:40:02,200
filled with verified facts, 
tension between knowledge and 

1805
01:40:02,200 --> 01:40:04,900
wonder between explanation and 
enchantment. 

1806
01:40:04,900 --> 01:40:08,400
Is one that each generation must
navigate for itself. 

1807
01:40:09,400 --> 01:40:12,000
Perhaps the healthiest approach 
is maintaining both. 

1808
01:40:13,000 --> 01:40:17,400
Scientific literacy about how 
the world actually works coupled

1809
01:40:17,400 --> 01:40:19,600
with appreciation for the human 
imagination. 

1810
01:40:19,600 --> 01:40:23,200
That can conceive of lost 
continents, ancient 

1811
01:40:23,200 --> 01:40:27,800
civilizations, and Spiritual 
truths Beyond material reality. 

1812
01:40:27,800 --> 01:40:31,000
The maurya reminds us that 
humans have always been meaning 

1813
01:40:31,000 --> 01:40:34,300
makers storytellers who shape 
our understanding through 

1814
01:40:34,300 --> 01:40:36,500
narrative as much as through 
observation. 

1815
01:40:37,400 --> 01:40:39,800
This is neither a floor, nor a 
virtue. 

1816
01:40:39,800 --> 01:40:43,200
It's simply what we are. 
The challenge is doing it 

1817
01:40:43,200 --> 01:40:46,400
consciously with awareness of 
when we're making claims about 

1818
01:40:46,400 --> 01:40:48,800
physical reality. 
And when we're expressing 

1819
01:40:48,800 --> 01:40:52,400
psychological needs through 
metaphor and myth, as you drift 

1820
01:40:52,400 --> 01:40:55,900
towards sleep, you might dream 
of Tropical Islands, appearing 

1821
01:40:55,900 --> 01:40:59,900
on empty ocean Horizon of 
ancient temples emerging from 

1822
01:40:59,900 --> 01:41:03,700
missed of civilizations that 
never were, but somehow feel 

1823
01:41:03,700 --> 01:41:08,600
real in the way that dreams feel
real. these dreams can connect 

1824
01:41:08,600 --> 01:41:11,400
you to everyone who has ever 
wondered about what lies beyond 

1825
01:41:11,400 --> 01:41:15,100
the known who has populated 
blank spaces with possibility 

1826
01:41:15,100 --> 01:41:19,200
and who has found meaning in 
stories that transcend faced The

1827
01:41:19,200 --> 01:41:22,000
victorians Who imagined lemuria 
were trying to solve real 

1828
01:41:22,000 --> 01:41:25,900
puzzles with the tools they had 
available, When better tools 

1829
01:41:25,900 --> 01:41:29,700
revealed better answers, the 
scientific hypothesis correctly 

1830
01:41:29,700 --> 01:41:34,300
faded away. 
But the myth persists because it

1831
01:41:34,300 --> 01:41:37,600
serves different needs needs for
Wonder for alternative 

1832
01:41:37,600 --> 01:41:40,700
possibilities for narratives. 
That suggests human. 

1833
01:41:40,700 --> 01:41:44,200
Existence is larger and more 
meaningful than materialistic 

1834
01:41:44,200 --> 01:41:48,500
reduction allows tomorrow when 
you wake, you'll inhabit a 

1835
01:41:48,500 --> 01:41:51,800
thoroughly mapped world. 
Satellites are photographed, 

1836
01:41:51,800 --> 01:41:54,000
every square mile of land and 
sea. 

1837
01:41:54,000 --> 01:41:57,000
We know where continents are, 
how they've moved. 

1838
01:41:57,000 --> 01:41:59,000
And why lemurs live where they 
do? 

1839
01:41:59,000 --> 01:42:04,100
This is progress. 
Genuine valuable progress, that 

1840
01:42:04,100 --> 01:42:06,200
expands human understanding and 
capability. 

1841
01:42:06,200 --> 01:42:10,000
But you'll also wait to a world 
that still contains mystery 

1842
01:42:10,000 --> 01:42:13,600
still offers possibilities for 
Wonder and still invite 

1843
01:42:13,600 --> 01:42:15,700
imagination. 
Even in the absence of 

1844
01:42:15,700 --> 01:42:20,200
geographical blank spaces. 
The human capacity to dream up 

1845
01:42:20,200 --> 01:42:23,300
lost continents hasn't 
disappeared, just because we've 

1846
01:42:23,300 --> 01:42:27,200
mapped the ocean floor, it 
simply found new outlets, New 

1847
01:42:27,200 --> 01:42:31,100
Frontiers, and new blank spaces 
to populate with possibility. 

1848
01:42:31,100 --> 01:42:35,800
Lemuria was born from lemurs and
scientific puzzles, transformed 

1849
01:42:35,800 --> 01:42:39,600
by spiritual Seekers and 
romantic dreamers elaborated by 

1850
01:42:39,600 --> 01:42:42,500
artists and writers and survives
today. 

1851
01:42:42,500 --> 01:42:45,200
As an idea, that means different
things to different people. 

1852
01:42:45,200 --> 01:42:47,900
It's a testament to human 
imagination. 

1853
01:42:47,900 --> 01:42:51,000
A cautionary tale about 
premature certainty. 

1854
01:42:51,000 --> 01:42:55,100
And a reminder that the stories 
we tell ourselves are as much a 

1855
01:42:55,100 --> 01:42:57,500
part of human reality as the 
facts. 

1856
01:42:57,500 --> 01:43:02,000
We discover the Lost Continent, 
never existed but the need to 

1857
01:43:02,000 --> 01:43:05,600
address is a real The 
civilization's described by 

1858
01:43:05,600 --> 01:43:09,700
Mystics, never flourished. 
But the yearning for Golden Ages

1859
01:43:09,700 --> 01:43:14,400
and spiritual wisdom is genuine.
The geographical hypothesis was 

1860
01:43:14,400 --> 01:43:17,900
wrong but the impulse to explain
puzzling observations was 

1861
01:43:17,900 --> 01:43:22,300
scientifically legitimate. 
Lemuria is false but not 

1862
01:43:22,300 --> 01:43:26,700
meaningless a sleep approaches. 
Let lemuria remind you that the 

1863
01:43:26,700 --> 01:43:30,000
boundary between fact and 
fiction between knowledge and 

1864
01:43:30,000 --> 01:43:34,500
Imagination and between science 
and myth is more permeable than 

1865
01:43:34,500 --> 01:43:37,800
we often acknowledge. 
We need rigorous thinking to 

1866
01:43:37,800 --> 01:43:41,700
understand how the world works. 
But we also need imagination to 

1867
01:43:41,700 --> 01:43:43,300
Envision how it might be 
different. 

1868
01:43:44,100 --> 01:43:47,200
We need evidence to guide our 
beliefs but we also need 

1869
01:43:47,200 --> 01:43:51,200
narratives to give our lives. 
Meaning the story of lemuria is 

1870
01:43:51,200 --> 01:43:54,700
ultimately hopeful. 
It shows that humans have always

1871
01:43:54,700 --> 01:43:58,400
looked at mystery and tried to 
understand it, have always faced

1872
01:43:58,400 --> 01:44:01,900
the unknown and tried to map it 
and have always encountered 

1873
01:44:01,900 --> 01:44:04,300
limits and try to transcend 
them. 

1874
01:44:05,100 --> 01:44:08,700
Sometimes are answers are wrong,
but the questions reveal, what 

1875
01:44:08,700 --> 01:44:10,500
matters to us can connect 
connection. 

1876
01:44:10,500 --> 01:44:15,700
Meaning wonder, and the Eternal 
human impulse to explore beyond 

1877
01:44:15,700 --> 01:44:17,100
the known. 
So sleep. 

1878
01:44:17,100 --> 01:44:20,700
Well, knowing your part of a 
species that can imagine entire 

1879
01:44:20,700 --> 01:44:25,200
continents in to existence. 
And then with equal creativity, 

1880
01:44:25,200 --> 01:44:29,300
use the scientific method to 
discover what actually exists. 

1881
01:44:30,400 --> 01:44:34,700
Both capabilities imagination 
and investigation, make us 

1882
01:44:34,708 --> 01:44:37,300
human. 
Neither is complete without the 

1883
01:44:37,300 --> 01:44:40,600
other, the blank spaces on 
Victorian maps are filled now 

1884
01:44:40,600 --> 01:44:43,300
but new blank spaces, always 
emerge. 

1885
01:44:44,100 --> 01:44:47,500
The questions that inspired 
lemuria are answered but new 

1886
01:44:47,500 --> 01:44:52,700
questions constantly arise. the 
lost continent has been found in

1887
01:44:52,700 --> 01:44:57,800
myth in art in culture and in 
the persistent human need for 

1888
01:44:57,800 --> 01:45:01,800
stories that transcend, the 
merely factual lemuria reminds 

1889
01:45:01,800 --> 01:45:05,600
us that we are fundamentally 
explorers, not just a physical 

1890
01:45:05,600 --> 01:45:09,800
geography, but of possibility of
meaning of the territories where

1891
01:45:09,800 --> 01:45:14,000
fact, and Imagination 
intertwine, we map what we find 

1892
01:45:14,000 --> 01:45:18,100
but we also dream of what might 
be we correct our mistakes but 

1893
01:45:18,100 --> 01:45:21,700
we never stop creating new 
visions and perhaps that's the 

1894
01:45:21,700 --> 01:45:25,300
truest Legacy of lemuria not as 
a cautionary tale about 

1895
01:45:25,300 --> 01:45:27,700
scientific era or an example of 
gullibility. 

1896
01:45:27,700 --> 01:45:31,100
But as a testament to the 
indomitable human spirit. 

1897
01:45:31,100 --> 01:45:35,200
That looks at an empty ocean and
imagines continents that 

1898
01:45:35,200 --> 01:45:37,600
scattered species and envisions 
bridges. 

1899
01:45:37,600 --> 01:45:41,700
That apparent limitations and 
dreams of transcendence, the 

1900
01:45:41,700 --> 01:45:46,200
lost continent is found not 
where Maps suggested not, where 

1901
01:45:46,200 --> 01:45:49,100
Mystics claimed. 
But in the persistent, human 

1902
01:45:49,100 --> 01:45:53,100
capacity to populate blank 
spaces with Wonder to create 

1903
01:45:53,100 --> 01:45:56,900
meaning from Mystery and to 
Exploring long after the maps 

1904
01:45:56,900 --> 01:45:59,700
are complete dream. 
Well of contents, that never 

1905
01:45:59,700 --> 01:46:02,800
were, but somehow remain more 
real than many things that are. 

1906
01:46:03,800 --> 01:46:07,300
Dream of the blank spaces where 
possibility lives of the 

1907
01:46:07,300 --> 01:46:11,200
questions that Inspire both 
science and story and of the 

1908
01:46:11,208 --> 01:46:13,800
Eternal human Journey between 
what we know and what we 

1909
01:46:13,800 --> 01:46:18,600
imagined for in the end lemuria 
teaches us this, the maps we 

1910
01:46:18,600 --> 01:46:22,100
make of the world matter. 
So do the maps we make of 

1911
01:46:22,100 --> 01:46:25,500
meaning. 
Physical geography, constrains 

1912
01:46:25,500 --> 01:46:29,500
where continents can be but 
imagination has no such limits. 

1913
01:46:29,500 --> 01:46:33,900
Reality defines what is but 
humans have always been more 

1914
01:46:33,900 --> 01:46:38,200
interested in what could be What
Might Have Been and what Stories

1915
01:46:38,200 --> 01:46:42,100
We Tell ourselves about both. 
So rest, now in this thoroughly 

1916
01:46:42,100 --> 01:46:45,700
mapped world, that still 
contains infinite mystery, this 

1917
01:46:45,700 --> 01:46:48,900
evidence base reality, that's 
still accommodates one day. 

1918
01:46:49,500 --> 01:46:52,100
The scientific age that still 
needs myth. 

1919
01:46:53,100 --> 01:46:56,100
Lemuria is gone or rather never 
was. 

1920
01:46:56,900 --> 01:47:00,600
But its Legacy endures in every 
human who looks at the unknown 

1921
01:47:00,600 --> 01:47:04,400
and dares to imagine sweet 
dreams of lost worlds, and 

1922
01:47:04,400 --> 01:47:08,800
found, wisdom of blank spaces 
filled with possibility of the 

1923
01:47:08,800 --> 01:47:12,000
Eternal dance between knowledge 
and wonder that makes us human. 

1924
01:47:13,400 --> 01:47:17,200
The continent may be lost but 
the capacity to dream it into 

1925
01:47:17,200 --> 01:47:21,500
being and then to seek truth 
about what actually is remains 

1926
01:47:21,500 --> 01:47:29,300
are most distinctly human 
inheritance. picture yourself 

1927
01:47:29,300 --> 01:47:33,200
standing in the British Isles 
around 2000 years ago in the 

1928
01:47:33,200 --> 01:47:37,100
time before calendars hung on 
kitchen walls and before anyone 

1929
01:47:37,100 --> 01:47:40,900
had invented weekends, Your 
living in a world where the 

1930
01:47:40,900 --> 01:47:44,300
rhythm of your entire existence 
follows the sun, and the seasons

1931
01:47:44,300 --> 01:47:47,900
where survival depends on 
reading, Nature's signals better

1932
01:47:47,900 --> 01:47:51,500
than you read any book. 
The Celtic people who inhabited 

1933
01:47:51,500 --> 01:47:53,800
these Misty Islands, understood 
something. 

1934
01:47:53,800 --> 01:47:57,100
We've largely forgotten in our 
climate control modern lives. 

1935
01:47:57,100 --> 01:47:59,500
The year, doesn't really begin 
in January. 

1936
01:48:00,400 --> 01:48:04,500
For agricultural societies, the 
year begins when everything dies

1937
01:48:04,500 --> 01:48:07,900
and goes to sleep. 
The Celtic new year started on 

1938
01:48:07,900 --> 01:48:12,200
November 1st, which meant that 
October 31st was New Year's Eve.

1939
01:48:12,200 --> 01:48:15,200
But not the kind with champagne 
and party hats. 

1940
01:48:15,200 --> 01:48:19,200
They called this transition 
point seiyuu in which simply 

1941
01:48:19,200 --> 01:48:23,800
meant Summers end and if that 
sounds Melancholy, well, it was 

1942
01:48:23,800 --> 01:48:27,900
supposed to be This was the 
moment when the Abundant of 

1943
01:48:27,900 --> 01:48:30,800
Summer and Autumn gave way to 
the lean darkness of winter, 

1944
01:48:30,800 --> 01:48:34,000
when lifestyle had to be cold 
because there wasn't enough feed

1945
01:48:34,000 --> 01:48:36,300
to sustain them all. 
When you looked at your grain 

1946
01:48:36,300 --> 01:48:39,400
stores and did some very serious
math about whether you'd make it

1947
01:48:39,400 --> 01:48:43,100
to Spring, Celts believed that 
on this particular night, 

1948
01:48:43,100 --> 01:48:47,100
something remarkable happened. 
The boundary between the world 

1949
01:48:47,100 --> 01:48:50,500
of the living and the world of 
the Dead became permeable. 

1950
01:48:51,300 --> 01:48:54,700
Like a curtain that had grown 
thin from age and use. 

1951
01:48:55,400 --> 01:48:59,300
Not in a scary movie way, but in
a matter of fact, way that made 

1952
01:48:59,300 --> 01:49:02,100
perfect sense to people who 
lived so close to death as a 

1953
01:49:02,100 --> 01:49:05,500
daily reality. 
Think about it, you've just 

1954
01:49:05,500 --> 01:49:07,300
slaughtered animals for winter 
provisions. 

1955
01:49:08,400 --> 01:49:11,600
Fields that were green and 
golden are now brown and Barron.

1956
01:49:12,400 --> 01:49:14,700
The Trees of dropped their 
leaves, like their undressing 

1957
01:49:14,700 --> 01:49:18,300
for bed, everything around you 
is dying or sleeping. 

1958
01:49:18,300 --> 01:49:21,400
Of course, this would feel like 
the moment when the dead might 

1959
01:49:21,400 --> 01:49:24,700
return to visit the whole 
landscape was whispering about 

1960
01:49:24,700 --> 01:49:27,100
mortality. 
But here's what's interesting 

1961
01:49:27,100 --> 01:49:31,300
and comforting in its own way, 
the Celts didn't see this 

1962
01:49:31,300 --> 01:49:33,600
thinning of the veil as purely 
frightening. 

1963
01:49:34,600 --> 01:49:38,900
Yes, malevolent Spirits might 
slip through but so might your 

1964
01:49:38,900 --> 01:49:42,700
beloved grandmother, who died 
last winter, all the warrior who

1965
01:49:42,700 --> 01:49:46,600
fell in battle while the child 
who didn't make it past infancy.

1966
01:49:47,600 --> 01:49:51,000
The Dead one monsters. 
They were your people just 

1967
01:49:51,000 --> 01:49:55,100
existing in a different state 
The sound celebrations 

1968
01:49:55,100 --> 01:49:57,200
reflected. 
This complex understanding. 

1969
01:49:58,000 --> 01:50:01,500
Communities would gather for 
massive bonfires and we're not 

1970
01:50:01,508 --> 01:50:04,900
talking about the tame campfires
you might enjoy during a camping

1971
01:50:04,900 --> 01:50:08,400
trip. 
These were enormous blazes built

1972
01:50:08,400 --> 01:50:12,300
on hilltops visible for Miles. 
Their smoke Rising into the 

1973
01:50:12,308 --> 01:50:15,400
Autumn sky, like, prayers or 
Warnings or both. 

1974
01:50:16,400 --> 01:50:20,400
The word bond fire itself may 
come from bone fire because 

1975
01:50:20,400 --> 01:50:23,500
these fires often consumed, the 
bones of the slaughtered cattle,

1976
01:50:23,500 --> 01:50:26,700
sending up smoke. 
That was both practical, waste 

1977
01:50:26,700 --> 01:50:28,400
disposal and spiritual 
protection. 

1978
01:50:29,700 --> 01:50:32,900
Around these fires people would 
wear costumes made from animal 

1979
01:50:32,900 --> 01:50:36,300
skins and heads though, calling 
them cost gyms, doesn't quite 

1980
01:50:36,300 --> 01:50:39,900
capture the meaning. 
These were decorative outfits 

1981
01:50:39,900 --> 01:50:44,300
meant to look cute or scary. 
They were spiritual tools, ways 

1982
01:50:44,300 --> 01:50:48,000
of disguising yourself from 
harmful Spirits or perhaps ways 

1983
01:50:48,000 --> 01:50:49,700
of honoring. 
The animal whose meat would 

1984
01:50:49,700 --> 01:50:53,800
sustain you through winter. 
When you wore the skin of a cow,

1985
01:50:53,800 --> 01:50:57,000
you were acknowledging, the 
sacrifice that animal made for 

1986
01:50:57,000 --> 01:51:00,200
your survival. 
The Druids, the Celtic priest 

1987
01:51:00,200 --> 01:51:02,600
class who were Parts, spiritual 
leader, part philosopher, and 

1988
01:51:02,600 --> 01:51:06,300
parts scientists played a 
central role in sowing rituals. 

1989
01:51:06,300 --> 01:51:09,600
They would like the community 
bonfires using friction and 

1990
01:51:09,600 --> 01:51:12,800
ceremony. 
Then families would carry Flames

1991
01:51:12,800 --> 01:51:15,400
from the sacred fire back to 
their own hearths. 

1992
01:51:15,400 --> 01:51:17,900
Relighting their Home Fires for 
the winter. 

1993
01:51:19,300 --> 01:51:22,600
It was a way of connecting every
household to the spiritual heart

1994
01:51:22,600 --> 01:51:26,500
of the community of literally 
carrying sacred energy into your

1995
01:51:26,508 --> 01:51:29,500
daily life. 
People would leave food outside 

1996
01:51:29,500 --> 01:51:32,400
their doors offering for the 
wandering dead. 

1997
01:51:33,100 --> 01:51:36,500
Imagine stepping out into the 
cold October night with a bowl 

1998
01:51:36,500 --> 01:51:39,800
of porridge or a piece of bread.
Setting it on your doorstep, 

1999
01:51:39,800 --> 01:51:43,800
Under A Sky, Full of Stars, 
acknowledging that thin boundary

2000
01:51:43,800 --> 01:51:48,400
between here and elsewhere. 
It wasn't about fear, it was 

2001
01:51:48,408 --> 01:51:51,200
about respect. 
About maintaining good 

2002
01:51:51,200 --> 01:51:55,100
relationships with all the 
inhabitants of the universe seen

2003
01:51:55,100 --> 01:51:59,000
and unseen. 
The Celts also practiced 

2004
01:51:59,000 --> 01:52:02,900
divination during samane believe
in that this liminal time made 

2005
01:52:02,900 --> 01:52:04,400
it easier to peer into the 
future. 

2006
01:52:04,400 --> 01:52:07,600
Young people, particularly 
wanted to know about love and 

2007
01:52:07,608 --> 01:52:10,600
marriage because something's 
never changed across millennia. 

2008
01:52:11,400 --> 01:52:15,000
They would perform rituals with 
nuts and Apple's interpreting 

2009
01:52:15,000 --> 01:52:18,800
patterns in Smoke and Flame 
looking for signs about who they

2010
01:52:18,800 --> 01:52:21,600
might marry or whether they 
would survive the coming winter 

2011
01:52:21,600 --> 01:52:24,200
as you lie here. 
Thinking about those ancient 

2012
01:52:24,200 --> 01:52:27,300
people gathered around their 
fires, wearing animal, skins 

2013
01:52:27,300 --> 01:52:30,500
sing song songs in languages 
that have mostly vanished. 

2014
01:52:31,300 --> 01:52:35,400
Consider how vulnerable they 
were no grocery stores, no 

2015
01:52:35,400 --> 01:52:39,200
central heating. 
No emergency services just 

2016
01:52:39,200 --> 01:52:43,600
Community tradition and hope 
that the preparations they'd 

2017
01:52:43,600 --> 01:52:47,200
made would be enough. 
Sowing was their way of marking,

2018
01:52:47,200 --> 01:52:49,400
that vulnerability of saying 
collectively. 

2019
01:52:50,400 --> 01:52:53,000
Yes. 
The darkness is coming. 

2020
01:52:53,800 --> 01:52:57,300
And yes, we might not all make 
it through. but we're in this 

2021
01:52:57,300 --> 01:53:00,100
together and we haven't 
forgotten those who came before 

2022
01:53:00,100 --> 01:53:03,500
us The sensory experience of. 
So in would have been 

2023
01:53:03,500 --> 01:53:07,600
overwhelming the smell of 
burning bone and wood sweet. 

2024
01:53:07,600 --> 01:53:12,200
And crit, at once the feeling of
animal fur against your skin, 

2025
01:53:12,200 --> 01:53:16,600
still holding residual warmth, 
Taste of the feast. 

2026
01:53:17,700 --> 01:53:20,200
Probably the last time until 
spring, you'd eat. 

2027
01:53:20,208 --> 01:53:25,200
So abundantly The sound of 
community singing voices rising 

2028
01:53:25,200 --> 01:53:28,400
to compete with the crackle of 
flames and the October wind. 

2029
01:53:29,200 --> 01:53:32,500
The site of fire against 
darkness and all around, you 

2030
01:53:32,500 --> 01:53:36,200
familiar faces, made strange and
new by costume and Shadow. 

2031
01:53:37,100 --> 01:53:40,300
This was Halloween's, true 
beginning, not a party, not 

2032
01:53:40,300 --> 01:53:44,500
entertainment, but a sacred 
acknowledgment of cycles of 

2033
01:53:44,500 --> 01:53:49,200
death, and life of community and
memory of the scene world, and 

2034
01:53:49,200 --> 01:53:51,600
the Mysteries that lie just 
beyond sight. 

2035
01:53:52,400 --> 01:53:54,500
Now let's jump forward in time 
though. 

2036
01:53:54,500 --> 01:53:57,200
Not too far. 
Just enough to watch the Roman 

2037
01:53:57,200 --> 01:54:01,300
Empire expand northward like a 
slow-moving tide of Roads 

2038
01:54:01,300 --> 01:54:05,200
aqueducts and very organized 
military formations. 

2039
01:54:06,000 --> 01:54:11,700
By 43 CE Roman forces, had 
invaded Britain, bringing with 

2040
01:54:11,700 --> 01:54:14,200
them an entirely different 
understanding of the world. 

2041
01:54:15,400 --> 01:54:17,900
The Romans encountered, the 
Celts, and their Autumn 

2042
01:54:17,900 --> 01:54:20,900
Traditions with the kind of 
reaction that conquerors often 

2043
01:54:20,900 --> 01:54:24,500
have, when meeting indigenous 
Customs, a mixture of 

2044
01:54:24,500 --> 01:54:28,600
Fascination, discussed and 
strategic thinking about how to 

2045
01:54:28,600 --> 01:54:30,500
incorporate these people into 
their empire. 

2046
01:54:31,700 --> 01:54:34,400
Rome was remarkably good at 
cultural absorption. 

2047
01:54:34,400 --> 01:54:36,900
They'd been doing it for 
centuries across the 

2048
01:54:36,900 --> 01:54:40,400
Mediterranean turning diverse 
people's into Romans while 

2049
01:54:40,400 --> 01:54:42,800
letting them keep enough of 
their own Traditions to prevent 

2050
01:54:42,800 --> 01:54:45,900
constant Rebellion. 
Here's where the story gets, 

2051
01:54:45,900 --> 01:54:49,500
interesting because the Romans 
have their own Autumn festivals.

2052
01:54:49,500 --> 01:54:53,000
That coincidentally fell around 
the same time as so. 

2053
01:54:53,000 --> 01:54:58,000
In One was for early a late 
October Festival. 

2054
01:54:58,000 --> 01:55:01,300
Commemorating the Dead. 
Another was a celebration 

2055
01:55:01,300 --> 01:55:04,500
honoring Pomona, the Roman 
goddess of fruit and trees 

2056
01:55:04,500 --> 01:55:06,800
particularly apples, notice 
something. 

2057
01:55:07,600 --> 01:55:10,100
Apples. 
The same fruit that featured 

2058
01:55:10,100 --> 01:55:14,700
prominently in Celtic Sao in 
divination rituals Sometimes 

2059
01:55:14,700 --> 01:55:18,500
cultural overlap isn't about 
conquest or influence is just 

2060
01:55:18,500 --> 01:55:21,400
about the fact that humans 
living in similar climates with 

2061
01:55:21,400 --> 01:55:24,900
similar agriculture tend to 
develop similar traditions. 

2062
01:55:25,900 --> 01:55:28,100
Apples ripen in Autumn 
everywhere. 

2063
01:55:28,100 --> 01:55:31,400
So, autumn festivals in apple 
growing regions. 

2064
01:55:31,400 --> 01:55:34,500
Tend to feature apples. 
It's not mystical. 

2065
01:55:34,500 --> 01:55:39,300
It's practical. 
But the Roman presence in Celtic

2066
01:55:39,300 --> 01:55:41,700
territories, definitely 
influenced how Sauron was 

2067
01:55:41,700 --> 01:55:45,000
practiced. 
The Romans brought organization 

2068
01:55:45,000 --> 01:55:47,800
record, keeping and attendance 
to schedule. 

2069
01:55:47,800 --> 01:55:51,900
Everything The Celtic Festival 
which probably started when 

2070
01:55:51,900 --> 01:55:54,500
someone noticed the weather 
changing and said, time for 

2071
01:55:54,500 --> 01:55:58,900
sowing became more fixed, more 
predictable and more aligned 

2072
01:55:58,900 --> 01:56:02,600
with the Roman Calendar. 
The Roman's also brought wine, 

2073
01:56:02,600 --> 01:56:08,100
improved roads, heated bars, and
literacy to Britain. these 

2074
01:56:08,100 --> 01:56:11,000
things might seem unrelated to 
Halloween history, but they 

2075
01:56:11,000 --> 01:56:14,700
mattered Written records meant 
Traditions could be documented 

2076
01:56:14,700 --> 01:56:18,000
which is partly why we know 
anything about ancient Celtic 

2077
01:56:18,000 --> 01:56:21,000
practices at all. 
Roman writers mentioned them. 

2078
01:56:21,000 --> 01:56:25,900
Usually while being judgmental 
about Barbarian customs, more 

2079
01:56:25,900 --> 01:56:29,000
importantly the Roman Empire of 
eventually adopted Christianity 

2080
01:56:29,000 --> 01:56:33,100
which brings us to perhaps the 
most significant transformation 

2081
01:56:33,100 --> 01:56:36,900
in Halloween history. 
But we're not quite there yet. 

2082
01:56:37,800 --> 01:56:42,200
First, you need to understand 
that for about 400 years Celtic 

2083
01:56:42,200 --> 01:56:46,000
and Roman Traditions lived side 
by side in Britain, blending and

2084
01:56:46,000 --> 01:56:49,000
borrowing from each other. 
In the organic way that cultures

2085
01:56:49,000 --> 01:56:53,300
do when they shared geography, 
Roman soldiers, stationed in 

2086
01:56:53,308 --> 01:56:56,500
Britain for years would have 
participated in local festivals 

2087
01:56:56,500 --> 01:57:01,100
Celtic Aristocrats who wanted to
advance in Roman society would 

2088
01:57:01,100 --> 01:57:04,500
have learned Latin and adopted 
Roman Customs while still 

2089
01:57:04,500 --> 01:57:06,500
privately honoring their own 
traditions. 

2090
01:57:07,300 --> 01:57:09,600
Into marriage would have 
produced children who are 

2091
01:57:09,600 --> 01:57:13,000
ethnically and culturally both, 
who saw no contradiction in 

2092
01:57:13,000 --> 01:57:16,600
honoring Roman and Celtic 
deities or in celebrating both 

2093
01:57:16,600 --> 01:57:20,600
for Ali and samay picture. 
A Romano British household in 

2094
01:57:20,600 --> 01:57:26,800
say, 300 CE The father might be 
a Celtic Chieftains grandson who

2095
01:57:26,800 --> 01:57:28,700
served in the Roman auxiliary 
forces. 

2096
01:57:29,500 --> 01:57:32,400
A mother might be the daughter 
of a Roman Merchants who settled

2097
01:57:32,400 --> 01:57:35,100
in Britain. 
They live in a Roman style Villa

2098
01:57:35,100 --> 01:57:39,500
with Celtic decorations. 
They speak Latin in public and a

2099
01:57:39,500 --> 01:57:43,900
Celtic language at home and when
Autumn comes they prepare for a 

2100
01:57:43,900 --> 01:57:47,500
festival that is neither purely 
so w in or purely Roman. 

2101
01:57:47,500 --> 01:57:51,300
It's something new something, 
hybrid, something that belongs 

2102
01:57:51,300 --> 01:57:54,700
specifically to their and their 
particular moment in history. 

2103
01:57:55,600 --> 01:57:58,100
This is important to understand 
because we often think of 

2104
01:57:58,100 --> 01:58:00,700
cultural change as one 
traditional replacing another 

2105
01:58:00,700 --> 01:58:04,900
like updating software. 
But that's almost never how it 

2106
01:58:04,900 --> 01:58:10,300
works in real life instead. 
Traditions blend merge and swap 

2107
01:58:10,300 --> 01:58:14,100
elements back and forth. 
Until something new emerges that

2108
01:58:14,100 --> 01:58:16,500
contains DNA from multiple 
sources. 

2109
01:58:17,700 --> 01:58:20,700
Halloween as we know it isn't 
Celtic or Roman or Christian. 

2110
01:58:20,700 --> 01:58:23,400
It's all of them. 
Plus everything else that came 

2111
01:58:23,400 --> 01:58:26,500
later, the Roman presence all, 
so did something else that 

2112
01:58:26,500 --> 01:58:29,400
mattered? 
It connected Britain to a vast 

2113
01:58:29,400 --> 01:58:33,100
Trade Network that stretched 
from Scotland to Egypt and from 

2114
01:58:33,100 --> 01:58:38,400
Spain to Syria, Ideas travelled 
along those Roman roads just to 

2115
01:58:38,400 --> 01:58:40,600
surely as merchants in soldiers 
did. 

2116
01:58:41,400 --> 01:58:44,100
A traditional observed, in one 
Province, might influence 

2117
01:58:44,100 --> 01:58:47,600
practices in another. 
The empire was like an ancient 

2118
01:58:47,600 --> 01:58:51,200
internet slower but just as 
effective at spreading means 

2119
01:58:51,200 --> 01:58:53,800
including cultural and religious
ones. 

2120
01:58:54,700 --> 01:58:57,000
When Rome fell and we should 
acknowledge. 

2121
01:58:57,000 --> 01:59:00,600
That fell is a simplification of
a complex process that took 

2122
01:59:00,600 --> 01:59:03,600
centuries. 
Britain didn't just snap back to

2123
01:59:03,600 --> 01:59:07,400
pre-roman Celtic culture. 
You can't unring a bell. 

2124
01:59:08,100 --> 01:59:10,900
The Romano British people who 
remained had been changed by 

2125
01:59:10,900 --> 01:59:14,800
four centuries of Imperial rule.
Their Autumn Traditions 

2126
01:59:14,800 --> 01:59:19,000
reflected that hybrid identity. 
And then came the Next Great 

2127
01:59:19,000 --> 01:59:21,800
Wave of cultural change 
Christianity. 

2128
01:59:21,800 --> 01:59:26,200
Which would transform Zoe in 
ways, the Romans never had not 

2129
01:59:26,200 --> 01:59:29,400
by conquering it but by trying 
to convert it into something 

2130
01:59:29,400 --> 01:59:32,500
else entirely. 
Let's talk about what happens 

2131
01:59:32,500 --> 01:59:35,000
when an organized religion with 
a missionary Zeal meets 

2132
01:59:35,000 --> 01:59:37,200
stubborn. 
Local Traditions that have been 

2133
01:59:37,200 --> 01:59:39,400
practiced for longer than anyone
can remember. 

2134
01:59:40,500 --> 01:59:44,100
Boiler, the religion, rarely 
just erases the traditions. 

2135
01:59:44,100 --> 01:59:49,000
In Stead something more 
interesting occurs By the 7th 

2136
01:59:49,000 --> 01:59:52,000
Century. 
CE Christianity had spread 

2137
01:59:52,008 --> 01:59:55,500
throughout the former Roman 
Empire and Beyond Missionaries 

2138
01:59:55,500 --> 01:59:59,300
had reached Ireland, Scotland 
and Wales converting Celtic 

2139
01:59:59,300 --> 02:00:02,800
peoples through a combination of
genuine spiritual conviction, 

2140
02:00:02,800 --> 02:00:07,200
political necessity, and 
occasionally, let's be on his 

2141
02:00:07,200 --> 02:00:11,500
Conquest. 
But converting people really 

2142
02:00:11,500 --> 02:00:13,900
converting. 
Them means more than just 

2143
02:00:13,900 --> 02:00:15,400
getting them to show up at 
church. 

2144
02:00:16,200 --> 02:00:20,200
It means changing their 
understanding of the Sacred, the

2145
02:00:20,200 --> 02:00:24,000
relationship with time and 
seasons and their most deeply 

2146
02:00:24,000 --> 02:00:28,000
held customs. 
The early Christian Church faced

2147
02:00:28,000 --> 02:00:30,600
a dilemma. 
They successfully convinced 

2148
02:00:30,600 --> 02:00:34,600
people that the Christian God 
was Supreme that salvation came 

2149
02:00:34,600 --> 02:00:37,000
through Christ. 
And that the old gods were at 

2150
02:00:37,000 --> 02:00:39,400
best irrelevant and at worst 
demonic. 

2151
02:00:40,400 --> 02:00:42,600
But they couldn't convince 
people to stop marking the 

2152
02:00:42,600 --> 02:00:46,200
transition from Autumn to Winter
to stop acknowledging, their 

2153
02:00:46,200 --> 02:00:49,600
dead, or to stop gathering 
around fires when the nights 

2154
02:00:49,600 --> 02:00:53,200
grew long and cold. 
You can see the problem, these 

2155
02:00:53,200 --> 02:00:56,300
Autumn Traditions were woven 
into the fabric of agricultural 

2156
02:00:56,300 --> 02:01:00,200
life, they marked a central 
transitions, the end of harvest,

2157
02:01:00,200 --> 02:01:03,700
the beginning of Winter, the 
culling of livestock, and the 

2158
02:01:03,700 --> 02:01:06,500
lighting of Hoth fires, that 
would burn until spring. 

2159
02:01:07,600 --> 02:01:10,100
You couldn't just tell people to
ignore these moments. 

2160
02:01:10,100 --> 02:01:12,700
There were two fundamental to 
survival. 

2161
02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:17,100
So the church did something, 
brilliant or manipulative, 

2162
02:01:17,100 --> 02:01:22,000
depending on your perspective. 
They decided to christianize the

2163
02:01:22,000 --> 02:01:24,600
existing Traditions rather than 
their eradicate them. 

2164
02:01:24,600 --> 02:01:27,700
It was a strategy they'd use 
excessively elsewhere 

2165
02:01:27,700 --> 02:01:31,400
transforming Pagan winter 
solstice celebrations into 

2166
02:01:31,400 --> 02:01:36,000
Christmas and spring fertility 
festivals into Easter Now, they 

2167
02:01:36,000 --> 02:01:38,300
would transform. 
So in into something Christian, 

2168
02:01:39,500 --> 02:01:43,600
In 609 CE Pope Boniface the 
fourth. 

2169
02:01:43,600 --> 02:01:46,700
Dedicated, the pantheon in Rome 
to all Christian, Martyrs, 

2170
02:01:46,700 --> 02:01:49,900
creating a feast day called all 
Martyrs Day. 

2171
02:01:50,700 --> 02:01:55,000
Later in the 8th Century. 
Pope Gregory the third expanded 

2172
02:01:55,000 --> 02:01:58,900
this to honour All Saints, not 
just Martyrs and moved the 

2173
02:01:58,900 --> 02:02:02,900
celebration to November 1st. 
This wasn't coincidental 

2174
02:02:02,900 --> 02:02:06,900
November 1st was so in 
traditional end date, the 

2175
02:02:06,900 --> 02:02:08,400
beginning of the Celtic New 
Year. 

2176
02:02:09,400 --> 02:02:13,200
The night before November 1st 
became known as All Hallows, Eve

2177
02:02:13,200 --> 02:02:16,500
hallow, being an Old English 
word, meaning Saint or holy 

2178
02:02:16,500 --> 02:02:20,200
person, say All Hallows Eve 
quickly, a few times and listen 

2179
02:02:20,200 --> 02:02:24,000
to how it sounds. 
All Hallows Eve, all Halloween 

2180
02:02:24,000 --> 02:02:29,200
Halloween, there's your word 
origin emerging from the Natural

2181
02:02:29,200 --> 02:02:32,100
Way language of wolves when 
people say things quickly over 

2182
02:02:32,100 --> 02:02:36,000
and over again. 
November 2nd was designated All 

2183
02:02:36,000 --> 02:02:39,800
Souls day, specifically for 
praying for The Souls of all the

2184
02:02:39,800 --> 02:02:41,900
dead. 
Not just the official Saints. 

2185
02:02:42,800 --> 02:02:44,300
Look at what the church 
accomplished here. 

2186
02:02:45,100 --> 02:02:49,100
They created a three-day period,
October 30th through November 

2187
02:02:49,100 --> 02:02:51,400
2nd. 
That officially sanctioned 

2188
02:02:51,400 --> 02:02:56,200
remembering an honoring, the 
dead, just like Sauron had The 

2189
02:02:56,200 --> 02:03:00,100
structure was the same only the 
religious framework had changed.

2190
02:03:00,700 --> 02:03:03,200
Medieval Christians would 
attend, special masses. 

2191
02:03:03,200 --> 02:03:06,400
During this period praying for 
The Souls of The Departed. 

2192
02:03:07,300 --> 02:03:10,300
They believed that souls in 
purgatory that intermediate 

2193
02:03:10,300 --> 02:03:13,000
State Between Heaven and Hell 
could be helped towards 

2194
02:03:13,000 --> 02:03:14,800
salvation through the prayers of
the living. 

2195
02:03:15,700 --> 02:03:18,200
This wasn't so different from 
the Celtic belief that the 

2196
02:03:18,200 --> 02:03:21,700
living and dead could interact 
across the veil that the actions

2197
02:03:21,700 --> 02:03:25,600
of one realm could affect the 
other A practical traditions of 

2198
02:03:25,600 --> 02:03:28,700
evolved but didn't disappear. 
People still lit. 

2199
02:03:28,700 --> 02:03:30,900
Bonfires though. 
Now, they were blessed by 

2200
02:03:30,900 --> 02:03:34,500
priests and called Soul lights 
rather than protective fires 

2201
02:03:34,500 --> 02:03:38,400
against evil spirits. 
People still wore disguise is 

2202
02:03:38,400 --> 02:03:41,900
though now, they were set to be 
high in from demons rather than 

2203
02:03:41,900 --> 02:03:45,800
confusing malevolent spirits. 
People still left out food 

2204
02:03:45,800 --> 02:03:48,800
though. 
Now, it was for solars, living, 

2205
02:03:48,800 --> 02:03:52,900
people usually poor, who would 
go to Door offering to pray for 

2206
02:03:52,908 --> 02:03:54,700
the dead and exchange for sold 
cakes. 

2207
02:03:54,700 --> 02:03:58,600
Small pastries marked with 
crosses, this practice of 

2208
02:03:58,600 --> 02:04:01,500
solving is particularly 
important because it's one 

2209
02:04:01,500 --> 02:04:03,800
direct ancestor of modern trick 
or treating. 

2210
02:04:04,900 --> 02:04:07,500
Picture yourself in a medieval 
village on All Hallows. 

2211
02:04:07,500 --> 02:04:10,500
Eve your poor though, in 
medieval times. 

2212
02:04:10,500 --> 02:04:13,500
Most people were And you've 
heard that if you go 

2213
02:04:13,500 --> 02:04:16,100
door-to-door, singing a 
particular song and offering 

2214
02:04:16,100 --> 02:04:19,100
prayers for the households dead.
Relatives people will give you 

2215
02:04:19,100 --> 02:04:22,400
Soul cakes. 
These aren't fancy desserts. 

2216
02:04:22,400 --> 02:04:25,500
Their simple spiced cakes, but 
their food you don't have to 

2217
02:04:25,500 --> 02:04:29,300
provide for yourself, which in a
subsistence economy is no small 

2218
02:04:29,300 --> 02:04:31,800
thing. 
So you go out into the October 

2219
02:04:31,800 --> 02:04:34,400
night, perhaps with your 
children or other villagers and 

2220
02:04:34,400 --> 02:04:37,400
you sing soul, soul cake, please
good. 

2221
02:04:37,400 --> 02:04:40,600
Misses a soul cake. 
One for Peter, two, for Paul, 

2222
02:04:40,600 --> 02:04:44,200
three for him, who made us all 
the householders who want prayer

2223
02:04:44,200 --> 02:04:45,800
said for their deceased loved 
ones. 

2224
02:04:45,800 --> 02:04:48,300
But perhaps, don't trust their 
own prayers to be effective 

2225
02:04:48,300 --> 02:04:51,100
enough, or who simply believe 
that more prayers are better. 

2226
02:04:51,108 --> 02:04:57,500
Give you cakes ale or money You 
eat, they receive spiritual 

2227
02:04:57,500 --> 02:05:01,100
comfort and an economic and 
religious transaction, has 

2228
02:05:01,100 --> 02:05:02,900
occurred that satisfies, 
everyone. 

2229
02:05:03,800 --> 02:05:06,100
The church. 
Meanwhile taught that All 

2230
02:05:06,100 --> 02:05:09,200
Hallows Eve was a time when evil
spirits and demons walked 

2231
02:05:09,200 --> 02:05:11,900
abroad. 
One last chance for the devil to

2232
02:05:11,900 --> 02:05:14,700
cause Mischief before the holy 
days of All Saints, and All 

2233
02:05:14,700 --> 02:05:18,100
Souls shut him down. 
This belief intensified the 

2234
02:05:18,100 --> 02:05:21,200
spooky aspects of the holiday 
while giving them a Christian 

2235
02:05:21,200 --> 02:05:24,700
interpretation. 
Spirits weren't Celtic ancestors

2236
02:05:24,700 --> 02:05:28,700
anymore, they were demons and 
Damned Souls threats against 

2237
02:05:28,708 --> 02:05:30,300
which you needed Church 
protection. 

2238
02:05:31,200 --> 02:05:34,600
Yet, for common people, the 
distinction between old and new 

2239
02:05:34,600 --> 02:05:37,900
beliefs was probably blurrier 
than Church officials wanted. 

2240
02:05:38,600 --> 02:05:42,100
Your grandmother who died? 
Last winter was her spirit 

2241
02:05:42,100 --> 02:05:46,400
visiting from the Celtic 
Otherworld or was she a soul in 

2242
02:05:46,400 --> 02:05:47,700
purgatory hoping for your 
prayers? 

2243
02:05:47,700 --> 02:05:53,100
Did it really matter? 
The end result was the same, you

2244
02:05:53,100 --> 02:05:56,400
acknowledged her presence. 
You honored her memory and you 

2245
02:05:56,408 --> 02:05:59,500
left out food or said prayers or
both. 

2246
02:06:01,100 --> 02:06:05,100
Medieval Halloween, All Hallows 
Eve had become a hybrid 

2247
02:06:05,100 --> 02:06:08,000
creature. 
Neither fully Pagan, North fully

2248
02:06:08,000 --> 02:06:12,500
Christian, but something in 
between It preserved the timing 

2249
02:06:12,500 --> 02:06:16,300
much of the symbolism and the 
core purpose of sowing, while 

2250
02:06:16,300 --> 02:06:18,000
draping it all in Christian 
theology. 

2251
02:06:19,000 --> 02:06:22,100
The church had successfully 
channeled ancient traditions, in

2252
02:06:22,100 --> 02:06:24,900
to forms, they could control, or
at least influence. 

2253
02:06:25,700 --> 02:06:28,800
This pattern of adaptation and 
survival would continue as 

2254
02:06:28,800 --> 02:06:32,300
Halloween crossed Ocean's and 
centuries picking up new 

2255
02:06:32,300 --> 02:06:36,000
elements, shedding others but 
always maintaining that core 

2256
02:06:36,000 --> 02:06:40,300
connection to Autumn death and 
the thin boundary between our 

2257
02:06:40,300 --> 02:06:43,900
world and whatever lies Beyond. 
As we move into the late 

2258
02:06:43,900 --> 02:06:47,900
medieval and early modern 
periods, roughly the 1300s 

2259
02:06:47,900 --> 02:06:51,700
through the 1700s. 
Halloween's character shifts in 

2260
02:06:51,708 --> 02:06:56,100
ways that bring it closer to the
holiday we recognize today, This

2261
02:06:56,100 --> 02:06:59,500
is when things start getting 
genuinely spooky though. 

2262
02:06:59,500 --> 02:07:01,600
Perhaps not for the reasons you 
might expect. 

2263
02:07:02,700 --> 02:07:06,800
The late medieval world was to 
put it mildly obsessed with 

2264
02:07:06,800 --> 02:07:09,100
death. 
And how could it not be? 

2265
02:07:10,000 --> 02:07:12,700
The Black Death had killed, 
perhaps a third of Europe's 

2266
02:07:12,700 --> 02:07:16,700
population in the 1300s. 
Subsequent play gout breaks 

2267
02:07:16,700 --> 02:07:19,800
occurred regularly. 
In infant mortality was 

2268
02:07:19,800 --> 02:07:23,100
staggeringly high. 
Most people didn't live past 

2269
02:07:23,100 --> 02:07:25,500
forty. 
Death wasn't an abstract 

2270
02:07:25,500 --> 02:07:26,900
concept. 
You tried to ignore. 

2271
02:07:26,900 --> 02:07:30,300
It was your clothes neighbor, 
always ready to move in 

2272
02:07:30,300 --> 02:07:33,900
uninvited. 
This proximity to mortality 

2273
02:07:33,900 --> 02:07:37,400
influenced how people celebrated
All Hallows Eve. 

2274
02:07:38,300 --> 02:07:41,300
Church decorations often 
featured reminders of deaths 

2275
02:07:41,300 --> 02:07:46,000
inevitability. 
Skulls skeletons and artistic 

2276
02:07:46,000 --> 02:07:51,200
depictions of dance Macabre, the
dance of death showing death, 

2277
02:07:51,200 --> 02:07:54,800
claiming people from all walks 
of life, these weren't meant to 

2278
02:07:54,808 --> 02:07:56,900
be frightening in an 
entertainment sense. 

2279
02:07:56,900 --> 02:08:00,200
They were meant to be 
educational, reminding you that 

2280
02:08:00,200 --> 02:08:03,100
Earthly status meant. 
Nothing When Death came calling,

2281
02:08:03,100 --> 02:08:05,800
but let's talk about something 
that really changed. 

2282
02:08:05,800 --> 02:08:09,200
Halloween's, flavor during this 
period, the witch trials, 

2283
02:08:10,000 --> 02:08:14,400
Starting in the late, 1400s and 
intensifying through the 1600s 

2284
02:08:14,400 --> 02:08:18,100
Europe, and eventually colonial 
America became gripped by which 

2285
02:08:18,100 --> 02:08:20,600
panic. 
Tens of thousands of people, 

2286
02:08:20,600 --> 02:08:25,600
mostly women were accused of 
Witchcraft and executed often in

2287
02:08:25,600 --> 02:08:29,500
horrifically, creative ways. 
The theological reasoning went 

2288
02:08:29,500 --> 02:08:32,900
something like this witches had 
made packed with the devil. 

2289
02:08:32,900 --> 02:08:36,600
Giving them Supernatural powers 
in exchange for their souls. 

2290
02:08:37,700 --> 02:08:41,600
They could fly on broomsticks to
gather at sabbaths nocturnal 

2291
02:08:41,600 --> 02:08:44,800
meetings where they worshiped 
Satan and planned evil Deeds. 

2292
02:08:44,800 --> 02:08:49,700
They could curse livestock spoil
crops cause impotence and killed

2293
02:08:49,700 --> 02:08:52,500
children. 
They were quite literally agents

2294
02:08:52,500 --> 02:08:54,300
of Hell living among Ordinary 
People. 

2295
02:08:54,300 --> 02:08:58,100
All Hallows Eve already 
associated with Supernatural 

2296
02:08:58,100 --> 02:09:00,700
activity. 
Became a specially linked with 

2297
02:09:00,700 --> 02:09:03,800
witchcraft. 
If evil spirits and demons 

2298
02:09:03,800 --> 02:09:07,300
walked abroad, that night, of 
course, which would be most 

2299
02:09:07,300 --> 02:09:10,000
active then. 
The holidays, existing 

2300
02:09:10,000 --> 02:09:13,000
Traditions, bonfires disguises 
nighttime. 

2301
02:09:13,000 --> 02:09:16,800
Gatherings took on Sinister, 
connotations in a society 

2302
02:09:16,800 --> 02:09:21,500
terrified of demonic activity. 
Here's something Darkly ironic, 

2303
02:09:21,500 --> 02:09:24,900
many of the people accused of 
Witchcraft were probably just 

2304
02:09:24,900 --> 02:09:29,100
practicing folk Traditions that 
predated Christianity including 

2305
02:09:29,100 --> 02:09:33,200
Autumn Customs, descended from 
sowing that old woman, who 

2306
02:09:33,200 --> 02:09:35,900
knows, Herbal Remedies and 
mutters blessings over 

2307
02:09:35,900 --> 02:09:40,700
livestock, which the Midwife who
successfully delivers babies 

2308
02:09:40,700 --> 02:09:43,200
using techniques passed down 
through generations. 

2309
02:09:44,200 --> 02:09:47,500
Which the woman who lives alone 
and talks to her cats. 

2310
02:09:48,300 --> 02:09:51,500
Definitely a witch. 
The Witch Trials eventually 

2311
02:09:51,500 --> 02:09:55,200
ended but they left permanent 
marks on Halloween's, imagery. 

2312
02:09:56,000 --> 02:09:59,000
Which is became Central figures 
in Halloween iconography. 

2313
02:09:59,700 --> 02:10:02,300
Not because witches ever 
actually existed in the demonic 

2314
02:10:02,300 --> 02:10:05,400
form of magic and but because 
they represented fears about 

2315
02:10:05,400 --> 02:10:09,700
female power, social Outsiders 
and the supernatural that 

2316
02:10:09,700 --> 02:10:11,600
resonated with Halloween's 
themes. 

2317
02:10:12,700 --> 02:10:15,000
Meanwhile, in various parts of 
Britain and Ireland. 

2318
02:10:15,000 --> 02:10:18,400
All Hallows Eve was becoming 
associated with pranks and 

2319
02:10:18,400 --> 02:10:20,900
Mischief, especially among young
people. 

2320
02:10:21,900 --> 02:10:25,700
October 31st became known in 
some places as Mischief Knight 

2321
02:10:25,700 --> 02:10:28,400
when adolescents would play 
tricks on their neighbors, 

2322
02:10:28,400 --> 02:10:33,000
soaping Windows, moving Gates, 
letting livestock loose and 

2323
02:10:33,000 --> 02:10:34,400
generally causing harmless 
chaos. 

2324
02:10:35,400 --> 02:10:38,300
This might seem random but it 
actually fits the holidays. 

2325
02:10:38,300 --> 02:10:41,400
Logic perfectly. 
This was a liminal time. 

2326
02:10:41,400 --> 02:10:45,800
A moment when normal rules were 
suspended, the boundary between 

2327
02:10:45,800 --> 02:10:49,300
living and dead was thin. 
Maybe the boundary between Order

2328
02:10:49,300 --> 02:10:52,900
and Chaos was thin too. 
Young people who exist in their 

2329
02:10:52,900 --> 02:10:55,300
own liminal State between 
childhood and adulthood 

2330
02:10:55,300 --> 02:10:59,000
naturally gravitated toward 
expressing that liminality 

2331
02:10:59,000 --> 02:11:02,200
through mischief. 
In Scotland and Ireland 

2332
02:11:02,200 --> 02:11:05,100
Traditions evolved that would 
directly influence modern 

2333
02:11:05,100 --> 02:11:09,000
Halloween. 
Guys, in short, for disguising 

2334
02:11:09,000 --> 02:11:13,100
involved, children dressing in 
costume and going door-to-door. 

2335
02:11:13,900 --> 02:11:17,600
But unlike medieval soling, they
were expected to perform for 

2336
02:11:17,600 --> 02:11:21,100
their treats. 
You might recite a poem, tell a 

2337
02:11:21,100 --> 02:11:23,300
joke, sing a song or do a little
darts. 

2338
02:11:24,000 --> 02:11:25,900
Only after entertaining, your 
neighbor's. 

2339
02:11:25,900 --> 02:11:28,300
Would you receive apples nuts or
coins? 

2340
02:11:28,300 --> 02:11:32,400
This performance aspect is 
important, it transformed 

2341
02:11:32,400 --> 02:11:35,700
Halloween from a purely 
religious observance into 

2342
02:11:35,700 --> 02:11:39,200
participatory entertainment. 
The children weren't 

2343
02:11:39,200 --> 02:11:40,600
supplicants. 
Hoping for charity. 

2344
02:11:40,600 --> 02:11:44,000
They were performers. 
Earning payment. the 

2345
02:11:44,000 --> 02:11:47,100
householders weren't giving out 
of religious obligation, but as 

2346
02:11:47,100 --> 02:11:51,300
appreciation for entertainment, 
Transaction had shifted from 

2347
02:11:51,300 --> 02:11:54,900
spiritual to social. 
Scottish and Irish Halloween 

2348
02:11:54,900 --> 02:11:57,700
Traditions or featured, 
elaborate divination games, 

2349
02:11:57,700 --> 02:12:00,400
especially for young women 
trying to learn about their 

2350
02:12:00,400 --> 02:12:04,100
future husbands You might peel 
an apple in one long strip and 

2351
02:12:04,100 --> 02:12:07,000
throw the peel over your 
shoulder, whatever letter it 

2352
02:12:07,000 --> 02:12:09,900
formed, when it landed would be 
your future husband's initial. 

2353
02:12:10,700 --> 02:12:14,200
You might look into a midnight 
while eating an apple hoping to 

2354
02:12:14,200 --> 02:12:16,800
see your future spouse's face 
appear behind you. 

2355
02:12:16,800 --> 02:12:20,000
You might Place hazelnuts named 
for potential suitors in the 

2356
02:12:20,008 --> 02:12:24,100
fire and watch which burned 
brightest. these games added 

2357
02:12:24,100 --> 02:12:27,200
romance and playfulness to a 
holiday that sometimes been 

2358
02:12:27,200 --> 02:12:31,000
quite dark and fearful, 
Halloween was becoming lighter, 

2359
02:12:31,000 --> 02:12:34,800
more social, and more fun, a 
transformation that would 

2360
02:12:34,800 --> 02:12:38,000
accelerate dramatically. 
When these Traditions cross, the

2361
02:12:38,000 --> 02:12:42,100
Atlantic Ocean to America. 
But we should pause here to note

2362
02:12:42,100 --> 02:12:44,600
what had happened to Halloween 
by the 1700s. 

2363
02:12:45,300 --> 02:12:48,600
It had transformed from. 
So in sacred acknowledgment of 

2364
02:12:48,600 --> 02:12:52,000
death, and seasonal, transition 
through Christianity's. 

2365
02:12:52,000 --> 02:12:56,100
All Hallows Eve focus on Saints 
and souls into something more 

2366
02:12:56,100 --> 02:12:59,100
complex. 
A holiday that mixed religious, 

2367
02:12:59,100 --> 02:13:03,700
observance Supernatural, belief 
Community celebration youthful, 

2368
02:13:03,700 --> 02:13:08,500
mischief and fortune telling 
games it was sacred and secular 

2369
02:13:08,500 --> 02:13:11,500
Solomon and playful fearful and 
fun. 

2370
02:13:12,600 --> 02:13:14,600
Different regions, celebrated 
differently. 

2371
02:13:14,600 --> 02:13:18,200
Some places emphasize the 
religious aspects with church 

2372
02:13:18,200 --> 02:13:21,400
services and prayers for the 
dead others emphasized. 

2373
02:13:21,400 --> 02:13:25,000
The fun aspects with parties and
games some places. 

2374
02:13:25,000 --> 02:13:28,900
Barely celebrated at all While 
others made it second only to 

2375
02:13:28,900 --> 02:13:32,900
Christmas in importance. 
This Regional variation matters 

2376
02:13:32,900 --> 02:13:36,100
because it means that when 
Halloween came to America it 

2377
02:13:36,100 --> 02:13:39,400
didn't arrive as one unified 
traditional but as dozens of 

2378
02:13:39,400 --> 02:13:43,100
different variations carried by 
immigrants from different parts 

2379
02:13:43,100 --> 02:13:46,200
of Britain and Ireland practiced
differently in different 

2380
02:13:46,200 --> 02:13:49,300
communities and ready to be 
mixed together into something 

2381
02:13:49,300 --> 02:13:53,100
entirely new. 
Now, we're going to cross an 

2382
02:13:53,100 --> 02:13:55,800
ocean though, you should get 
comfortable because this journey

2383
02:13:55,800 --> 02:13:59,500
spans several centuries. 
Halloween didn't arrive in 

2384
02:13:59,500 --> 02:14:02,300
America, all at once, like a 
passenger on a single ship. 

2385
02:14:02,900 --> 02:14:06,200
It came gradually in pieces 
carried in the memories and 

2386
02:14:06,200 --> 02:14:09,900
habits of immigrants who arrived
for many different reasons from 

2387
02:14:09,900 --> 02:14:13,400
many different places. 
The first English colonists who 

2388
02:14:13,408 --> 02:14:17,300
arrived in North America in the 
early, 1600s brought some Autumn

2389
02:14:17,300 --> 02:14:20,200
Traditions with them. 
But Halloween wasn't a major 

2390
02:14:20,200 --> 02:14:24,200
part of their cultural calendar.
Puritans who settled New 

2391
02:14:24,200 --> 02:14:27,700
England, particularly rejected 
Halloween and similar 

2392
02:14:27,700 --> 02:14:31,100
celebrations, viewing them, as 
superstitious Catholic. 

2393
02:14:31,100 --> 02:14:34,600
Remnants that distracted from 
proper religious observance, 

2394
02:14:34,600 --> 02:14:38,200
they banned Christmas too. 
Which tells you something about 

2395
02:14:38,200 --> 02:14:41,800
their feelings toward holiday 
celebrations, generally, So 

2396
02:14:41,800 --> 02:14:44,400
Halloween, initially found 
little purchase and colonial 

2397
02:14:44,400 --> 02:14:46,700
America at least in the northern
colonies. 

2398
02:14:47,600 --> 02:14:50,700
But the middle and southern 
colonies with their more diverse

2399
02:14:50,700 --> 02:14:53,800
populations and less, rigid 
religious control, proved more 

2400
02:14:53,800 --> 02:14:57,100
receptive. 
Some Colonial communities, 

2401
02:14:57,100 --> 02:15:00,600
particularly those with Scottish
or Irish immigrants maintained 

2402
02:15:00,600 --> 02:15:03,600
All Hallows Eve, traditions in 
modified forms. 

2403
02:15:04,500 --> 02:15:07,600
What emerged in colonial America
was something called play 

2404
02:15:07,600 --> 02:15:09,600
parties. 
Autumnal. 

2405
02:15:09,600 --> 02:15:12,500
Gatherings were communities, 
would celebrate the Harvest with

2406
02:15:12,500 --> 02:15:16,200
dancing, singing, storytelling 
and fortune telling. 

2407
02:15:17,000 --> 02:15:20,300
These weren't called Halloween 
parties, the name hadn't caught 

2408
02:15:20,300 --> 02:15:22,900
on yet, but they preserved, many
of Halloween's. 

2409
02:15:22,900 --> 02:15:26,300
Elements, while stripping away 
the explicitly religious and 

2410
02:15:26,300 --> 02:15:30,200
Supernatural aspects, that might
offend Protestant sensibilities.

2411
02:15:31,200 --> 02:15:34,700
imagine attending one of these 
Colonial play parties and say 

2412
02:15:34,700 --> 02:15:39,400
1750 You're in Maryland, or 
Virginia in a barn or large 

2413
02:15:39,400 --> 02:15:42,700
house with your neighbor's 
gather after the Harvesters 

2414
02:15:42,700 --> 02:15:45,900
complete. 
Their side and seasonal Foods, 

2415
02:15:45,900 --> 02:15:48,800
may be dried apples, and nuts 
and squashed dishes. 

2416
02:15:48,800 --> 02:15:52,700
Young people are playing 
courting games, trying to Divine

2417
02:15:52,700 --> 02:15:55,900
their romantic futures. 
Someone is telling ghost stories

2418
02:15:55,900 --> 02:15:58,300
though. 
Their frame does entertainment 

2419
02:15:58,300 --> 02:16:00,900
rather than genuine Supernatural
belief. 

2420
02:16:01,800 --> 02:16:04,900
It's Autumn's farewell party 
before Winter's isolation sets 

2421
02:16:04,900 --> 02:16:09,300
in These Traditions remained 
relatively stable and relatively

2422
02:16:09,300 --> 02:16:14,200
marginal until the mid-1800s. 
When two things happened that 

2423
02:16:14,200 --> 02:16:19,400
were transformed Halloween in 
America forever, First massive 

2424
02:16:19,400 --> 02:16:22,200
immigration from Ireland, 
following the Potato Famine 

2425
02:16:22,200 --> 02:16:24,600
brought millions of Irish 
Catholics to America, 

2426
02:16:24,600 --> 02:16:29,900
particularly to cities. 
Second America itself was 

2427
02:16:29,900 --> 02:16:34,400
changing becoming more, urban 
more industrial, less 

2428
02:16:34,400 --> 02:16:37,700
religiously, rigid, and more 
interested in creating 

2429
02:16:37,700 --> 02:16:40,299
distinctly, American cultural 
traditions. 

2430
02:16:41,200 --> 02:16:44,100
The Irish immigrants who flooded
into American cities in the 

2431
02:16:44,100 --> 02:16:48,400
1840s and 1850s brought strong 
Halloween Traditions with them. 

2432
02:16:49,299 --> 02:16:53,100
In Ireland, Halloween was a 
major celebration, second only 

2433
02:16:53,100 --> 02:16:54,799
to Christmas in cultural 
important. 

2434
02:16:54,799 --> 02:16:59,200
It featured all those elements 
we discussed earlier guys in 

2435
02:16:59,200 --> 02:17:03,900
fortune telling games, special 
Foods, pranks, bonfires and a 

2436
02:17:03,900 --> 02:17:06,500
genuine belief. 
Even among the relatively 

2437
02:17:06,500 --> 02:17:10,500
christianized Irish, the October
30th was when the boundary 

2438
02:17:10,500 --> 02:17:14,700
between worlds grew thin In 
American cities, Irish 

2439
02:17:14,700 --> 02:17:17,000
communities, naturally, 
continued, their Halloween, 

2440
02:17:17,000 --> 02:17:20,900
Traditions, celebrating in their
neighborhoods, their churches 

2441
02:17:20,900 --> 02:17:24,200
and their homes. 
And because of American cities 

2442
02:17:24,200 --> 02:17:27,600
would dents diverse place's, 
where different ethnic groups 

2443
02:17:27,600 --> 02:17:31,000
lived in close proximity. 
The Halloween celebrations 

2444
02:17:31,000 --> 02:17:32,900
became visible to their 
neighbors. 

2445
02:17:33,900 --> 02:17:37,299
Other Americans noticed that the
Irish seemed to have this fun 

2446
02:17:37,299 --> 02:17:40,799
Autumn holiday involving 
costumes parties and treats for 

2447
02:17:40,808 --> 02:17:43,299
children. 
That looked appealing. 

2448
02:17:44,200 --> 02:17:47,700
Americans, were always eager for
reasons to have parties and a 

2449
02:17:47,700 --> 02:17:50,100
holiday in late, October after 
the Harvest. 

2450
02:17:50,100 --> 02:17:54,400
But before the winter holidays, 
Filled a nice Gap in the festive

2451
02:17:54,400 --> 02:17:57,100
calendar, but there's something 
else happening here. 

2452
02:17:57,100 --> 02:18:00,200
That's crucial to understanding 
how Halloween became American. 

2453
02:18:01,299 --> 02:18:04,900
In the mid to late 1800s. 
America was actively 

2454
02:18:04,900 --> 02:18:08,200
constructing a national 
identity, trying to figure out 

2455
02:18:08,200 --> 02:18:11,000
what it meant to be a American 
rather than European. 

2456
02:18:12,500 --> 02:18:16,700
This involved, creating New 
Traditions adapting old ones and

2457
02:18:16,700 --> 02:18:19,900
selectively borrowing from the 
various ethnic groups that made 

2458
02:18:19,900 --> 02:18:22,500
up a America's increasingly 
diverse population. 

2459
02:18:23,600 --> 02:18:25,299
Halloween was perfect for this 
project. 

2460
02:18:25,299 --> 02:18:28,700
It wasn't deeply tied to any 
particular Christian 

2461
02:18:28,700 --> 02:18:31,900
denomination which meant it 
wouldn't inflamed religious 

2462
02:18:31,900 --> 02:18:34,799
tensions. 
It wasn't specifically political

2463
02:18:34,799 --> 02:18:39,000
so it wouldn't get caught up in 
sectional conflicts, it was fun.

2464
02:18:39,000 --> 02:18:42,700
Participatory and adaptable. 
It could be as Rowdy or as 

2465
02:18:42,700 --> 02:18:45,100
Gentile as a particular 
Community wanted. 

2466
02:18:45,100 --> 02:18:49,100
It was also relatively cheap to 
celebrate requiring mostly 

2467
02:18:49,100 --> 02:18:53,400
creativity rather than expensive
gifts by the late 1800s. 

2468
02:18:53,400 --> 02:18:56,799
Halloween parties were becoming 
fashionable among middle-class 

2469
02:18:56,799 --> 02:18:59,900
Americans, particularly in the 
northeastern Midwest. 

2470
02:19:00,799 --> 02:19:02,299
These were the Halloween 
parties. 

2471
02:19:02,299 --> 02:19:05,600
You might imagine today. 
They were elaborate social, 

2472
02:19:05,600 --> 02:19:09,000
Gatherings with specific, 
etiquette rules approved, 

2473
02:19:09,000 --> 02:19:11,900
activities, and appropriate, 
decorations. 

2474
02:19:12,600 --> 02:19:15,100
Women's magazines and etiquette 
guides began. 

2475
02:19:15,100 --> 02:19:18,600
Publishing Halloween party, 
advice You should decorate with 

2476
02:19:18,600 --> 02:19:22,200
Autumn Leaves corn stalks and 
Jacqueline's. 

2477
02:19:22,200 --> 02:19:23,900
They will talk about those 
shortly. 

2478
02:19:24,900 --> 02:19:28,900
You should Place specific games,
many borrowed from Scottish and 

2479
02:19:28,900 --> 02:19:32,400
Irish Traditions bobbing for 
apples, trying to catch an apple

2480
02:19:32,400 --> 02:19:36,000
suspended on a string with your 
teeth and ducting for coins in 

2481
02:19:36,000 --> 02:19:38,900
flour. 
These parties were, particularly

2482
02:19:38,900 --> 02:19:41,900
pitched as opportunities for 
young people, to socialize under

2483
02:19:41,900 --> 02:19:45,700
chaperone conditions, Halloween 
became courtship territory. 

2484
02:19:45,700 --> 02:19:48,400
With many of the traditional 
divination games. 

2485
02:19:48,400 --> 02:19:52,000
Reframed as parlor 
entertainment, That game where 

2486
02:19:52,000 --> 02:19:52,900
you throw? 
Apple peels. 

2487
02:19:52,900 --> 02:19:56,000
See what letter they form? 
It's a perfect way for young 

2488
02:19:56,000 --> 02:19:58,700
ladies to giggle about their 
romantic prospects, while their 

2489
02:19:58,700 --> 02:20:03,000
mothers watching nearby. 
But while middle-class Americans

2490
02:20:03,000 --> 02:20:06,200
were having gentle parties 
working class and immigrant 

2491
02:20:06,200 --> 02:20:08,700
communities were celebrating 
more raucously. 

2492
02:20:09,400 --> 02:20:12,100
Halloween became a night. 
When young people particularly 

2493
02:20:12,100 --> 02:20:15,400
adolescent, boys felt entitled 
to cause Mischief. 

2494
02:20:15,400 --> 02:20:18,200
The old Mischief Night 
Traditions, Amplified by 

2495
02:20:18,200 --> 02:20:21,400
American frontier attitudes 
toward Authority and property. 

2496
02:20:22,200 --> 02:20:26,000
In some communities Halloween, 
Mischief was relatively harmless

2497
02:20:26,000 --> 02:20:28,900
soaping. 
Windows moving out houses and 

2498
02:20:28,900 --> 02:20:31,600
rearranging porch furniture in 
others. 

2499
02:20:31,600 --> 02:20:36,600
It escalated into genuine 
vandalism and violets By the 

2500
02:20:36,600 --> 02:20:40,500
early 1900s Halloween, in many 
American cities, had become a 

2501
02:20:40,500 --> 02:20:44,100
knight of chaos with roving 
bands of young, people causing 

2502
02:20:44,100 --> 02:20:47,100
thousands of dollars in 
property, damage fighting with 

2503
02:20:47,100 --> 02:20:51,700
police and generally terrifying,
law of abiding citizens, city 

2504
02:20:51,700 --> 02:20:54,600
leaders, and social reformers 
looked at the situation and 

2505
02:20:54,600 --> 02:20:56,500
decided something needed to be 
done. 

2506
02:20:57,500 --> 02:21:00,900
Halloween needed to be brought 
under control, channeled into 

2507
02:21:00,900 --> 02:21:04,000
safer, Direction's, and 
transformed from a night of 

2508
02:21:04,008 --> 02:21:07,000
Chaos in to an organized 
Community celebration. 

2509
02:21:08,300 --> 02:21:11,700
This impulse would lead directly
to the creation of modern trick 

2510
02:21:11,700 --> 02:21:14,000
or treating. 
But we're not quite there yet. 

2511
02:21:14,900 --> 02:21:18,000
First, we need to talk about 
jack-o-lanterns because there 

2512
02:21:18,000 --> 02:21:20,700
are rival in America tells us 
something important about how 

2513
02:21:20,700 --> 02:21:23,900
Traditions evolved and why 
turnips are terrible carving 

2514
02:21:23,900 --> 02:21:26,300
materials. 
Let's talk about carved 

2515
02:21:26,300 --> 02:21:29,200
vegetables because this is where
Halloween story gets 

2516
02:21:29,200 --> 02:21:32,600
delightfully weird in ways that 
reveal how Traditions 

2517
02:21:32,600 --> 02:21:34,700
transformed when they encounter 
new environments. 

2518
02:21:36,200 --> 02:21:39,400
In Ireland and Scotland people 
had been carving vegetables for 

2519
02:21:39,400 --> 02:21:42,900
Halloween for centuries. 
The tradition was connected to 

2520
02:21:42,900 --> 02:21:45,900
various folklore. 
But the most famous story 

2521
02:21:45,900 --> 02:21:47,900
involved, a man called Stingy 
Jack. 

2522
02:21:48,600 --> 02:21:52,900
Sometimes called Jack the Smith 
or Jack of the lantern who 

2523
02:21:52,900 --> 02:21:56,200
supposedly tricked the devil so 
many times that when he died 

2524
02:21:56,200 --> 02:21:59,000
Heaven wouldn't take him and 
hell wouldn't have him? 

2525
02:21:59,900 --> 02:22:02,500
He was condemned to wander the 
Earth with only a hollowed out, 

2526
02:22:02,500 --> 02:22:05,200
turnip containing a burning coal
to light his way. 

2527
02:22:06,000 --> 02:22:10,100
So Irish, and Scottish people 
would carve turnips potatoes or 

2528
02:22:10,100 --> 02:22:14,200
rutabagas into grotesque. 
Faces Place candles inside and 

2529
02:22:14,200 --> 02:22:17,100
display them on windowsills or 
Gates on All Hallows Eve. 

2530
02:22:18,100 --> 02:22:20,100
These weren't decorative in the 
cute sense. 

2531
02:22:20,100 --> 02:22:22,200
We think of today. 
They were meant to be 

2532
02:22:22,208 --> 02:22:26,000
frightening to scare away Jack 
and other malevolent spirits who

2533
02:22:26,008 --> 02:22:30,100
might be wondering that night. 
Have you ever tried to carve a 

2534
02:22:30,100 --> 02:22:32,700
turnip? 
The dense fibrous vegetables 

2535
02:22:32,700 --> 02:22:35,500
that resists carving, like their
personally offended by your 

2536
02:22:35,500 --> 02:22:38,400
knife. 
Creating anything beyond the 

2537
02:22:38,400 --> 02:22:41,800
most basic face requires 
significant effort and a high 

2538
02:22:41,800 --> 02:22:45,200
tolerance for frustration. 
The resulting jack-o'-lanterns 

2539
02:22:45,200 --> 02:22:49,200
were often genuinely disturbing,
looking partly from design and 

2540
02:22:49,200 --> 02:22:51,300
partly from the limitations of 
the medium. 

2541
02:22:52,200 --> 02:22:54,900
When Irish immigrants came to 
America, they naturally brought 

2542
02:22:54,900 --> 02:22:58,100
this tradition with them. 
But America offered something. 

2543
02:22:58,100 --> 02:23:02,400
Ireland didn't pumpkins native 
to North America. 

2544
02:23:02,400 --> 02:23:06,400
Pumpkins were larger easier to 
carve and far more abundant than

2545
02:23:06,400 --> 02:23:08,800
turnips. 
They were all so Hollow which 

2546
02:23:08,800 --> 02:23:11,200
meant you didn't have to 
laboriously excavate the 

2547
02:23:11,200 --> 02:23:13,700
interior like you were 
conducting agricultural. 

2548
02:23:13,700 --> 02:23:17,600
Archeology the first time in 
Irish immigrant carved, a 

2549
02:23:17,600 --> 02:23:20,600
pumpkins, instead of a turnip 
for Halloween, it must have felt

2550
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:23,000
like they discovered a cheat 
code for an ancient tradition. 

2551
02:23:24,000 --> 02:23:26,900
Suddenly, you could create a 
laboratory faces, you could make

2552
02:23:26,900 --> 02:23:29,800
your Jackal after actually look 
the way, you'd always imagine 

2553
02:23:29,800 --> 02:23:31,600
it. 
You could have finished the 

2554
02:23:31,600 --> 02:23:35,100
project in an evening rather 
than over several days of turnip

2555
02:23:35,100 --> 02:23:38,000
wrestling. 
By the late, 1800s carved. 

2556
02:23:38,000 --> 02:23:41,500
Pumpkins had become the standard
American Halloween decoration 

2557
02:23:41,500 --> 02:23:45,800
and the term jack-o'-lantern had
transferred from turnips to 

2558
02:23:45,800 --> 02:23:48,400
pumpkins. 
So, completely that most 

2559
02:23:48,400 --> 02:23:51,800
Americans probably didn't know 
turnips had ever been involved. 

2560
02:23:52,700 --> 02:23:55,900
It was a perfect example of how 
Traditions adapt to new 

2561
02:23:55,900 --> 02:23:58,200
environments. 
Keeping this symbolic, meaning 

2562
02:23:58,200 --> 02:24:02,100
while changing their material 
expression, Pumpkins, of course 

2563
02:24:02,100 --> 02:24:05,700
all so fit perfectly into 
American ideas about abundance 

2564
02:24:05,700 --> 02:24:08,700
and size. 
America was a place where 

2565
02:24:08,700 --> 02:24:12,000
everything was supposed to be 
bigger better and more 

2566
02:24:12,000 --> 02:24:15,600
impressive. a pumpkin 
jack-o'-lantern was objectively 

2567
02:24:15,600 --> 02:24:18,800
more impressive than a turnip 
one, which aligned with American

2568
02:24:18,800 --> 02:24:23,100
cultural values, even as it 
preserved, Irish traditions, The

2569
02:24:23,100 --> 02:24:26,200
early 1900s saw Halloween's, 
iconography expand in other 

2570
02:24:26,200 --> 02:24:29,700
ways, to commercial, companies 
began producing Halloween, 

2571
02:24:29,700 --> 02:24:33,400
themed products, decorations 
costumes, and greeting cards. 

2572
02:24:34,200 --> 02:24:36,900
This commercialization might 
seem like a modern phenomenon, 

2573
02:24:36,900 --> 02:24:39,100
but it started surprisingly 
early. 

2574
02:24:40,200 --> 02:24:43,900
By the 1920s, you could buy mass
produced Halloween costumes, 

2575
02:24:43,900 --> 02:24:45,800
though. 
They were still primarily for 

2576
02:24:45,800 --> 02:24:48,500
children, and mostly consisted 
of paper. 

2577
02:24:48,500 --> 02:24:51,800
Mache, masks and inexpensive 
fabric costumes. 

2578
02:24:52,600 --> 02:24:55,700
Halloween's, imagery during this
period was often genuinely 

2579
02:24:55,700 --> 02:24:59,500
unsettling by modern standards. 
The greeting cards featured 

2580
02:24:59,500 --> 02:25:03,300
witches. 
Black cats, bats, devils, and 

2581
02:25:03,300 --> 02:25:06,300
skeletons. 
But they weren't cute or 

2582
02:25:06,300 --> 02:25:09,200
cartoonish, they were 
Illustrated in a style that 

2583
02:25:09,200 --> 02:25:11,900
maintained Halloween's 
connection to genuine, fear and 

2584
02:25:11,900 --> 02:25:14,800
darkness while framing it as 
entertainment. 

2585
02:25:15,800 --> 02:25:18,200
This is a delicate balance. 
The Halloween has, always had to

2586
02:25:18,200 --> 02:25:20,900
strike. 
It needs to be scary enough to 

2587
02:25:20,900 --> 02:25:25,700
be thrilling, but not so scary. 
That it's traumatic to light and

2588
02:25:25,700 --> 02:25:29,900
it loses its Edge too dark and 
people avoid it. 

2589
02:25:30,800 --> 02:25:34,200
The early 20th century Halloween
aesthetic leaned darker than 

2590
02:25:34,200 --> 02:25:37,900
today's version's reflecting a 
society that still had a more 

2591
02:25:37,900 --> 02:25:40,000
intimate relationship with death
and darkness. 

2592
02:25:41,400 --> 02:25:43,400
But the biggest transformation 
in Halloween's. 

2593
02:25:43,400 --> 02:25:47,500
Early 20th century history had 
to do with those roving bands of

2594
02:25:47,500 --> 02:25:50,700
young, people destroying 
property and terrorizing 

2595
02:25:50,700 --> 02:25:54,100
neighborhoods. 
Something had to be done about 

2596
02:25:54,100 --> 02:25:57,400
how Halloween chaos and what 
emerge would change, the holiday

2597
02:25:57,400 --> 02:26:00,900
forever. 
Enter civil organizations parent

2598
02:26:00,900 --> 02:26:04,300
groups, and city leaders, who 
decided that Halloween needed to

2599
02:26:04,300 --> 02:26:07,900
be institutionalized, organized,
and made safe. 

2600
02:26:08,800 --> 02:26:12,100
They promoted home parties 
School, celebrations and 

2601
02:26:12,100 --> 02:26:15,300
community events as alternatives
to Street mischief. 

2602
02:26:15,900 --> 02:26:18,700
They organized costume parades 
and contests giving young 

2603
02:26:18,700 --> 02:26:20,900
people, something to do besides 
vandalism. 

2604
02:26:22,000 --> 02:26:25,100
Most importantly, they began 
actively promoting 

2605
02:26:25,100 --> 02:26:28,800
trick-or-treating as an 
organized Community, sanctioned 

2606
02:26:28,800 --> 02:26:31,100
activity. 
That would channeled children's 

2607
02:26:31,100 --> 02:26:35,100
energies into acceptable forms. 
The tradition of going 

2608
02:26:35,100 --> 02:26:38,400
door-to-door for treats already 
existed in various forms. 

2609
02:26:38,400 --> 02:26:40,800
We talked about soling and 
guising. 

2610
02:26:41,400 --> 02:26:45,300
But it had been informal 
sporadic and practiced mainly by

2611
02:26:45,300 --> 02:26:48,700
immigrant communities. 
Now, it was being actively 

2612
02:26:48,700 --> 02:26:52,500
promoted as the proper way to 
celebrate Halloween, a way to 

2613
02:26:52,508 --> 02:26:55,300
keep children occupied and give 
adults a structured way to 

2614
02:26:55,300 --> 02:26:59,700
participate. 
The term trick or treat itself 

2615
02:26:59,700 --> 02:27:04,100
emerged in the 1930s though, its
exact origin is debated. 

2616
02:27:05,000 --> 02:27:08,200
Some sources claim. 
It started in Canada, others in 

2617
02:27:08,200 --> 02:27:11,800
various American cities. 
What matters is that, by the 

2618
02:27:11,800 --> 02:27:14,800
1940s, the phrases spread across
North. 

2619
02:27:14,800 --> 02:27:20,100
America, encapsulating a 
specific transaction, I'll 

2620
02:27:20,100 --> 02:27:23,800
perform for you the trick and 
you'll give me treats. 

2621
02:27:24,600 --> 02:27:28,100
If you don't I'm entitled to 
some kind of Mischief though. 

2622
02:27:28,100 --> 02:27:31,400
By this point, the trick part 
was more theoretical threat than

2623
02:27:31,400 --> 02:27:35,300
actual practice. 
World War Two interrupted 

2624
02:27:35,300 --> 02:27:38,600
Halloween celebrations as it 
interrupted so many things. 

2625
02:27:39,600 --> 02:27:42,200
Sugar rationing meant no candy 
for trick or treating. 

2626
02:27:42,900 --> 02:27:45,600
Young people were otherwise 
occupied with war work. 

2627
02:27:46,300 --> 02:27:49,000
Communities had other concerns 
than organizing Halloween 

2628
02:27:49,000 --> 02:27:53,500
parades the holiday went dormant
waiting for better times. 

2629
02:27:54,200 --> 02:27:58,000
Those better times came in the 
late 1940s and exploded into 

2630
02:27:58,000 --> 02:28:02,400
full flower in the 1950s. 
Post-war America with its Baby 

2631
02:28:02,400 --> 02:28:04,800
Boom. 
Suburban expansion and 

2632
02:28:04,800 --> 02:28:07,900
unprecedented. 
Prosperity was the perfect 

2633
02:28:07,900 --> 02:28:10,600
environment for Halloween to 
transform into something 

2634
02:28:10,600 --> 02:28:15,700
entirely new A children's 
holiday focused on costumes, and

2635
02:28:15,700 --> 02:28:18,900
candy. 
Celebrated in family-friendly, 

2636
02:28:18,900 --> 02:28:22,600
Suburban neighborhoods where 
children could safely Wander 

2637
02:28:22,600 --> 02:28:25,600
from house to house. 
Accumulating treats from 

2638
02:28:25,600 --> 02:28:28,600
Neighbors who are happy to 
participate in this wholesome 

2639
02:28:28,600 --> 02:28:32,900
Community ritual. 
Picture an American suburb in 

2640
02:28:32,900 --> 02:28:35,900
1955. 
Your standing in your living 

2641
02:28:35,900 --> 02:28:39,300
room, looking out the window at 
streets lined, with nearly 

2642
02:28:39,300 --> 02:28:44,000
identical houses each with a 
manicured lawn and a two-car 

2643
02:28:44,000 --> 02:28:47,800
garage. 
Post-war economic boom has 

2644
02:28:47,800 --> 02:28:52,400
created something unprecedented.
A vast middle class, with 

2645
02:28:52,400 --> 02:28:54,500
disposable income and Leisure 
Time. 

2646
02:28:55,200 --> 02:28:59,000
Your neighbor's have children, 
lots of children because this is

2647
02:28:59,000 --> 02:29:01,400
the baby. 
Boom, and those children need 

2648
02:29:01,400 --> 02:29:04,200
things to do. 
Halloween was perfectly 

2649
02:29:04,200 --> 02:29:07,500
positioned to meet this need. 
It was a holiday specifically 

2650
02:29:07,500 --> 02:29:11,300
designed for children to 
participate in to dress up to go

2651
02:29:11,300 --> 02:29:14,000
outside and to interact with 
their community. 

2652
02:29:14,800 --> 02:29:17,500
It required parental 
involvement, but not parental 

2653
02:29:17,500 --> 02:29:21,100
domination, kids could be 
semi-independent while still 

2654
02:29:21,100 --> 02:29:23,500
within the protective structure 
of neighborhood supervision. 

2655
02:29:24,800 --> 02:29:28,600
The Suburban geography itself, 
transformed trick-or-treating in

2656
02:29:28,600 --> 02:29:31,500
dense, Urban neighborhoods, 
going door to door, meant 

2657
02:29:31,500 --> 02:29:34,900
navigating apartment buildings, 
tenements, and diverse 

2658
02:29:34,900 --> 02:29:37,100
communities. 
Where not everyone knew everyone

2659
02:29:37,100 --> 02:29:40,700
else. 
In rural areas houses were too 

2660
02:29:40,700 --> 02:29:44,100
far apart for efficient, 
trick-or-treating but, suburbs, 

2661
02:29:44,100 --> 02:29:48,100
suburbs were perfect. 
Houses were close enough to 

2662
02:29:48,100 --> 02:29:51,500
visit many in a single evening, 
but separate enough that each 

2663
02:29:51,500 --> 02:29:55,000
visit to sting. 
Everyone was roughly the same 

2664
02:29:55,000 --> 02:29:59,000
social class which eliminated 
awkward economic disparities. 

2665
02:29:59,900 --> 02:30:03,300
Streets were safe because cars 
were few and slow and because 

2666
02:30:03,300 --> 02:30:05,100
everyone knew everyone else's 
business. 

2667
02:30:06,100 --> 02:30:09,200
Candy companies notice this 
trend and pounced on it, like it

2668
02:30:09,200 --> 02:30:12,000
was Halloween's greatest trick 
ever played on the American 

2669
02:30:12,000 --> 02:30:15,800
Consumer. 
Before the 1950s Halloween 

2670
02:30:15,800 --> 02:30:19,700
treats were whatever households 
had available homemade cookies, 

2671
02:30:19,700 --> 02:30:23,400
popcorn balls, apples nuts and 
coins. 

2672
02:30:24,200 --> 02:30:26,400
These were nice but they weren't
scalable. 

2673
02:30:26,400 --> 02:30:31,300
They couldn't be mass produced 
ship to Nationwide and sold at a

2674
02:30:31,300 --> 02:30:33,200
markup. 
Candy. 

2675
02:30:33,200 --> 02:30:35,600
On the other hand was perfect 
for commercialization. 

2676
02:30:35,600 --> 02:30:39,900
It was manufactured consistent, 
individually, wrapped and shelf 

2677
02:30:39,900 --> 02:30:42,800
stable. 
Candy companies began marketing 

2678
02:30:42,800 --> 02:30:45,500
directly to parents positioning 
their products. 

2679
02:30:45,500 --> 02:30:48,200
As the convenient appropriate 
Halloween treat. 

2680
02:30:48,900 --> 02:30:52,500
They created special Halloween, 
packaging featuring seasonal, 

2681
02:30:52,500 --> 02:30:57,100
colors, and spooky imagery. 
They invented fun-size bars, 

2682
02:30:57,100 --> 02:31:00,100
specifically for 
trick-or-treating. smaller than 

2683
02:31:00,100 --> 02:31:03,000
regular candy bars, but larger 
than the penny candy, that have 

2684
02:31:03,000 --> 02:31:07,500
previously been standing, The 
Genius of Fun Size candy was 

2685
02:31:07,500 --> 02:31:09,500
the, it may generous giving 
affordable. 

2686
02:31:10,200 --> 02:31:13,200
You could buy a bag of fun sized
bars and have enough for dozens 

2687
02:31:13,200 --> 02:31:16,500
of trick-or-treaters without 
spending a fortune, you could be

2688
02:31:16,500 --> 02:31:19,700
the popular house. 
The one kids remembered the one,

2689
02:31:19,700 --> 02:31:24,300
they targeted for return visits 
Candy companies had figured out 

2690
02:31:24,300 --> 02:31:28,100
how to commodify Neighborhood, 
social status and Americans 

2691
02:31:28,100 --> 02:31:32,900
eagerly participated. 
By the 1960s and 1970s 

2692
02:31:32,900 --> 02:31:35,400
Halloween, candy was big 
business. 

2693
02:31:36,400 --> 02:31:39,100
The holiday had become America's
second largest commercial 

2694
02:31:39,100 --> 02:31:42,900
celebration after Christmas. 
Stalls created elaborate 

2695
02:31:42,900 --> 02:31:46,400
Halloween sections filled with 
costumes, decorations and bags. 

2696
02:31:46,400 --> 02:31:49,900
Upon bags of candy. 
The entire ritual had been 

2697
02:31:49,900 --> 02:31:53,400
standardized children would 
trick or treat collecting. 

2698
02:31:53,400 --> 02:31:56,500
Factory-made candy from 
Neighbors, returning home with 

2699
02:31:56,500 --> 02:31:59,400
pillowcases, or plastic, 
pumpkins filled with branded 

2700
02:31:59,400 --> 02:32:03,400
trademark treats. 
This commercialization changed 

2701
02:32:03,400 --> 02:32:06,000
Halloween's character in subtle 
but important ways. 

2702
02:32:06,000 --> 02:32:09,700
The holiday became less about 
Community, Traditions passed 

2703
02:32:09,700 --> 02:32:13,400
down through families and more 
about consumer participation in 

2704
02:32:13,400 --> 02:32:17,000
a nationally recognized event. 
He didn't need to know your 

2705
02:32:17,000 --> 02:32:19,200
grandmother's Halloween costumes
because you could learn 

2706
02:32:19,200 --> 02:32:22,500
everything you needed from 
television commercials store 

2707
02:32:22,500 --> 02:32:25,800
displays and neighbors who are 
also learning from the same 

2708
02:32:25,800 --> 02:32:30,100
sources Halloween had become 
thoroughly American, not in the 

2709
02:32:30,100 --> 02:32:32,600
sense of preserving any 
authentic early American 

2710
02:32:32,600 --> 02:32:36,200
tradition, but in the sense of 
reflecting American values, 

2711
02:32:36,200 --> 02:32:41,800
circa 1950 to 1980. 
Consumerism suburbanization. 

2712
02:32:42,600 --> 02:32:46,700
Standardization. 
Child centricity and the 

2713
02:32:46,700 --> 02:32:49,600
transformation of traditional 
holidays into commercial 

2714
02:32:49,600 --> 02:32:52,800
opportunities. 
For something else was happening

2715
02:32:52,800 --> 02:32:54,600
too. 
As Halloween became 

2716
02:32:54,600 --> 02:32:57,300
standardized, it will became a 
canvas for creativity. 

2717
02:32:58,500 --> 02:33:00,400
Store bought costumes were one 
option. 

2718
02:33:01,200 --> 02:33:04,900
But many families enjoyed making
costumes at home transforming 

2719
02:33:04,900 --> 02:33:09,000
bed, sheets into ghost costumes,
cardboard boxes into robots 

2720
02:33:09,000 --> 02:33:11,900
suits and face paint into zombie
makeup. 

2721
02:33:13,300 --> 02:33:15,700
Halloween became an outlet for 
artistic expression. 

2722
02:33:16,700 --> 02:33:19,700
Particularly for parents who 
enjoyed crafting and children 

2723
02:33:19,700 --> 02:33:22,000
who enjoyed pretending to be 
someone else for an evening. 

2724
02:33:22,900 --> 02:33:26,400
The 1970s also saw Halloween 
decorations become more, 

2725
02:33:26,400 --> 02:33:30,900
elaborate No longer content with
a single Jack O'Lantern families

2726
02:33:30,900 --> 02:33:35,000
began festooning their entire 
houses with decorations paper 

2727
02:33:35,000 --> 02:33:40,100
skeletons plastic, gravestones 
cotton cobwebs and orange 

2728
02:33:40,100 --> 02:33:42,900
lights. 
The outside of your house, 

2729
02:33:42,900 --> 02:33:46,700
became a statement about your 
Halloween, enthusiasm, your 

2730
02:33:46,700 --> 02:33:49,900
creativity, and your willingness
to participate in community 

2731
02:33:49,900 --> 02:33:53,300
celebration. 
This decorating, impulse 

2732
02:33:53,300 --> 02:33:56,600
intensified over subsequent 
decades until we reach the 

2733
02:33:56,600 --> 02:33:58,800
modern phenomenon of houses 
decorated. 

2734
02:33:58,800 --> 02:34:02,700
So elaborately that they become 
neighborhood attractions with 

2735
02:34:02,700 --> 02:34:06,200
animatronic displays, 
professional lighting and 

2736
02:34:06,200 --> 02:34:09,000
special effects that would have 
impressed the impact design as a

2737
02:34:09,008 --> 02:34:12,100
generation ago. 
Halloween had become a 

2738
02:34:12,100 --> 02:34:14,500
competition, albeit usually a 
friendly. 

2739
02:34:14,500 --> 02:34:18,200
One about who could create the 
most impressive display, the 

2740
02:34:18,200 --> 02:34:20,800
1980s brought a moment of Crisis
to Halloween. 

2741
02:34:20,800 --> 02:34:24,300
Urban legends about poisoned 
candy and razor blades. 

2742
02:34:24,300 --> 02:34:27,700
In Apple's almost entirely 
baseless but widely reported 

2743
02:34:27,700 --> 02:34:31,100
created palak about 
trick-or-treating safety. 

2744
02:34:32,000 --> 02:34:35,400
Parents began, inspecting, 
candy, carefully, discarding 

2745
02:34:35,400 --> 02:34:39,900
anything, homemade or unwrapped.
Hospitals, offer to x-ray candy 

2746
02:34:39,900 --> 02:34:42,700
bags. 
Communities, organized Mall 

2747
02:34:42,700 --> 02:34:45,600
trick-or-treating and supervised
school events as safer 

2748
02:34:45,600 --> 02:34:47,400
alternatives to traditional 
neighborhood. 

2749
02:34:47,400 --> 02:34:51,700
Trick-or-treating The safety 
panics reflected broad anxieties

2750
02:34:51,700 --> 02:34:55,100
about childhood Community, Trust
and social change. 

2751
02:34:55,800 --> 02:34:58,600
The 1980s were a time when 
American culture became more 

2752
02:34:58,600 --> 02:35:01,300
aware of child. 
Safety issues, sometimes 

2753
02:35:01,300 --> 02:35:04,700
appropriately and sometimes the 
point of paranoia. 

2754
02:35:06,100 --> 02:35:09,600
Halloween got caught in this 
shift with the holidays. 

2755
02:35:09,600 --> 02:35:13,700
Traditional semi-independent for
children increasingly replaced 

2756
02:35:13,700 --> 02:35:15,300
by intense of Parental 
supervision. 

2757
02:35:16,800 --> 02:35:20,100
Yet, trick-or-treating survive 
these challenges partly. 

2758
02:35:20,100 --> 02:35:24,200
Because the actual danger was 
vastly exaggerated and partly 

2759
02:35:24,200 --> 02:35:28,300
because communities adapted 
Parents began accompanying their

2760
02:35:28,300 --> 02:35:30,900
children daughter. 
Door something that would have 

2761
02:35:30,908 --> 02:35:34,900
seemed absurdly overprotective 
in the 1950s, but became 

2762
02:35:34,900 --> 02:35:39,300
standard by the 1990s. 
Trick or treating hours became 

2763
02:35:39,300 --> 02:35:42,400
more defined earlier in the 
evening ending. 

2764
02:35:42,400 --> 02:35:45,900
While it was still light out in 
some communities, the ritual 

2765
02:35:45,900 --> 02:35:49,800
changed but endured Children 
still dressed up, still went 

2766
02:35:49,800 --> 02:35:52,000
door to door and still collected
candy. 

2767
02:35:52,700 --> 02:35:57,000
Adults, still gave out treats 
still decorated their houses and

2768
02:35:57,000 --> 02:36:00,200
still participated in creating 
Halloween magic for a new 

2769
02:36:00,208 --> 02:36:04,700
generation. 
Fundamental transaction costume 

2770
02:36:04,700 --> 02:36:07,500
for candy, Community 
recognition, for Community 

2771
02:36:07,500 --> 02:36:11,800
participation remained intact 
even as its context shifted. 

2772
02:36:12,800 --> 02:36:15,800
Now, let's bring ourselves to 
the present to the Halloween, 

2773
02:36:15,800 --> 02:36:17,300
you know, from your own 
experience. 

2774
02:36:18,400 --> 02:36:19,900
As you settle deeper into 
Comfort. 

2775
02:36:19,900 --> 02:36:23,200
Think about how this holiday has
evolved into something that 

2776
02:36:23,200 --> 02:36:26,500
would baffle a Celtic. 
Druid confused, a medieval 

2777
02:36:26,500 --> 02:36:29,800
Christian and probably Delight 
in 19th century. 

2778
02:36:29,800 --> 02:36:33,200
Irish immigrant who had 
recognized some elements, but 

2779
02:36:33,200 --> 02:36:37,100
Marvel at the scale, and 
commercialization modern 

2780
02:36:37,100 --> 02:36:40,100
Halloween in America is a 
massive cultural and economic 

2781
02:36:40,100 --> 02:36:42,800
phenomenon American spend 
billions. 

2782
02:36:42,800 --> 02:36:46,200
Yes, billions on Halloween 
annually. 

2783
02:36:46,900 --> 02:36:49,700
Costume sales alone, generator 
over three billion dollars. 

2784
02:36:50,700 --> 02:36:54,700
Candy sales, peaking October 
with American's, buying over 600

2785
02:36:54,700 --> 02:36:57,300
million pounds of candy, 
specifically for Halloween. 

2786
02:36:58,400 --> 02:37:01,700
The holiday has become so 
economically significant that 

2787
02:37:01,700 --> 02:37:04,800
retailers consider it crucial 
for their annual bottom line. 

2788
02:37:06,000 --> 02:37:08,600
But money isn't the most 
interesting part of contemporary

2789
02:37:08,600 --> 02:37:11,800
Halloween. 
What's fascinating is how the 

2790
02:37:11,800 --> 02:37:16,300
holiday has continued to evolve 
adapt and generate neutral 

2791
02:37:16,300 --> 02:37:19,300
editions even as it maintains 
connections to, its ancient 

2792
02:37:19,300 --> 02:37:22,400
Roots, take adult Halloween 
celebrations. 

2793
02:37:22,400 --> 02:37:25,900
For instance, while Halloween 
was primarily rebranded as a 

2794
02:37:25,900 --> 02:37:29,000
children's holiday in the 
mid-20th century, it has 

2795
02:37:29,000 --> 02:37:32,800
reclaimed adult participation in
recent decades, Halloween 

2796
02:37:32,800 --> 02:37:35,200
parties. 
For adults, have become enormous

2797
02:37:35,200 --> 02:37:38,700
events with elaborate costumes 
themed decorations. 

2798
02:37:38,700 --> 02:37:40,600
And celebrations. 
That rival. 

2799
02:37:40,600 --> 02:37:43,000
New Year's Eve party is in their
intensity. 

2800
02:37:44,000 --> 02:37:46,100
This adult Embrace of Halloween 
reflects? 

2801
02:37:46,100 --> 02:37:49,400
Several cultural shifts. 
There's a growing acceptance of 

2802
02:37:49,400 --> 02:37:52,900
adult playfulness in erosion of 
strict boundaries between 

2803
02:37:52,900 --> 02:37:54,900
childhood and adulthood 
activities. 

2804
02:37:55,600 --> 02:37:58,000
There's also the appeal of 
Halloween's permission to be 

2805
02:37:58,000 --> 02:38:01,600
someone else for an evening, in 
our age of personal branding and

2806
02:38:01,600 --> 02:38:05,000
curated social media. 
Personas Halloween offers a 

2807
02:38:05,000 --> 02:38:07,700
sanctioned opportunity to try on
different identities. 

2808
02:38:08,800 --> 02:38:12,200
The costumes themselves have 
changed dramatically early, 

2809
02:38:12,200 --> 02:38:15,400
Halloween costumes were 
relatively simple ghosts 

2810
02:38:15,400 --> 02:38:20,000
witches, vampires and monsters. 
These were Halloween specific 

2811
02:38:20,000 --> 02:38:23,100
characters drawn from the 
holidays spooky heritage. 

2812
02:38:24,000 --> 02:38:27,900
Modern Halloween costumes can be
literally anything pop culture, 

2813
02:38:27,900 --> 02:38:33,100
characters, political figures 
memes, puns or abstract 

2814
02:38:33,100 --> 02:38:35,300
Concepts. 
The only requirement is 

2815
02:38:35,300 --> 02:38:38,000
creativity and some kind of 
transformative element. 

2816
02:38:38,900 --> 02:38:41,600
This expansion, reflects 
Halloween's, absorption of 

2817
02:38:41,600 --> 02:38:45,200
broader culture, it's no longer 
a holiday with its own separate 

2818
02:38:45,200 --> 02:38:48,000
iconography. 
But rather a framework for 

2819
02:38:48,000 --> 02:38:50,400
expressing whatever is 
culturally relevant at that 

2820
02:38:50,400 --> 02:38:53,100
moment. 
When a movie becomes popular 

2821
02:38:53,100 --> 02:38:57,800
Halloween costumes appear within
weeks when a meme goes viral, it

2822
02:38:57,800 --> 02:39:01,400
becomes a costume Halloween has 
become a real time barometer of 

2823
02:39:01,400 --> 02:39:04,000
popular culture. 
A way to see what captured the 

2824
02:39:04,000 --> 02:39:07,600
collective imagination that 
year, the holiday, as Fred in 

2825
02:39:07,600 --> 02:39:11,400
totally and fascinating ways, 
while Halloween has roots in 

2826
02:39:11,400 --> 02:39:15,000
Celtic and British Traditions, 
its modern American form as 

2827
02:39:15,000 --> 02:39:18,200
being exported globally. 
Particularly to countries with 

2828
02:39:18,200 --> 02:39:20,400
close cultural ties to the 
United States. 

2829
02:39:21,400 --> 02:39:24,300
Canada. 
The UK, Ireland, and Australia. 

2830
02:39:24,300 --> 02:39:27,600
All celebrate Halloween. 
Now, with varying degrees of 

2831
02:39:27,608 --> 02:39:31,000
enthusiasm mixing, local 
Traditions with American 

2832
02:39:31,000 --> 02:39:34,100
influences. 
In some places, this spread has 

2833
02:39:34,100 --> 02:39:37,100
been controversial. 
Critics argue that American 

2834
02:39:37,100 --> 02:39:40,400
Halloween is cultural 
imperialism displacing 

2835
02:39:40,400 --> 02:39:43,700
authentic, local Traditions with
commercial superficiality. 

2836
02:39:45,300 --> 02:39:46,900
There's some truth to this 
concern. 

2837
02:39:46,900 --> 02:39:50,400
Halloween's, Global spread is 
inseparable from American 

2838
02:39:50,400 --> 02:39:54,300
cultural and economic influence.
But there's also something more 

2839
02:39:54,300 --> 02:39:57,600
interesting happening. 
Just as Halloween adapted, when 

2840
02:39:57,600 --> 02:40:00,800
it came to America, it adapts in
each new context. 

2841
02:40:01,800 --> 02:40:04,800
Irish people celebrating modern 
Halloween mixed their 

2842
02:40:04,800 --> 02:40:08,300
traditional practices with 
American influences creating 

2843
02:40:08,300 --> 02:40:12,600
something hybrid. 
Japanese Halloween celebrations 

2844
02:40:12,600 --> 02:40:16,200
emphasize, elaborate costumes, 
and Parade's, but DMVs 

2845
02:40:16,200 --> 02:40:19,400
trick-or-treating reflecting, 
different cultural norms about 

2846
02:40:19,400 --> 02:40:21,500
public space and Community 
interaction. 

2847
02:40:21,500 --> 02:40:26,000
Mexico's Day of the Dead 
November 1st and 2nd has ancient

2848
02:40:26,000 --> 02:40:30,400
Roots completely separate from 
Celtic Samurai yet its proximity

2849
02:40:30,400 --> 02:40:33,100
to Halloween creates 
interesting, cultural resonance 

2850
02:40:33,100 --> 02:40:36,200
and sometimes blending You see 
Halloween, decorations, 

2851
02:40:36,200 --> 02:40:39,700
appearing, alongside traditional
Day of the Dead altars, not 

2852
02:40:39,700 --> 02:40:41,900
erasing. 
The older tradition but existing

2853
02:40:41,900 --> 02:40:44,900
alongside it sometimes. 
Awkwardly sometimes, 

2854
02:40:44,900 --> 02:40:47,700
harmoniously Contemporary 
Halloween. 

2855
02:40:47,700 --> 02:40:50,300
Also reflects modern anxieties 
and interests. 

2856
02:40:50,900 --> 02:40:54,400
Haunted houses have evolved from
simple spooky decorations into 

2857
02:40:54,400 --> 02:40:56,000
elaborate professional 
Productions. 

2858
02:40:56,000 --> 02:41:00,100
Featuring Hollywood quality, 
special effects hired, actors 

2859
02:41:00,100 --> 02:41:02,300
and psychological horror 
elements. 

2860
02:41:03,500 --> 02:41:07,200
These haunted attractions 
generate significant revenue and

2861
02:41:07,200 --> 02:41:09,300
employ thousands of seasonal 
workers. 

2862
02:41:10,300 --> 02:41:13,000
The popularity of elaborate. 
Haunted houses, says something 

2863
02:41:13,000 --> 02:41:15,300
about modern cultures 
relationship with fear. 

2864
02:41:16,100 --> 02:41:19,700
We live in, arguably, the safest
most comfortable are in human 

2865
02:41:19,700 --> 02:41:21,900
history. 
At least for those in developed 

2866
02:41:21,900 --> 02:41:25,500
Nations, real existential 
threats feel distant for many 

2867
02:41:25,500 --> 02:41:28,900
people. 
Haunted houses, offered Fear 

2868
02:41:28,900 --> 02:41:32,900
Experience and chances to feel 
genuine Terror in completely 

2869
02:41:32,900 --> 02:41:36,400
safe environments. 
It's fear, as recreational. 

2870
02:41:36,400 --> 02:41:40,300
Danger as entertainment. 
Halloween is all become. 

2871
02:41:40,300 --> 02:41:42,400
Surprisingly inclusive in ways 
that would have been 

2872
02:41:42,400 --> 02:41:46,400
unimaginable in early as The 
holiday welcomes everyone. 

2873
02:41:46,400 --> 02:41:49,600
Regardless of religious 
affiliation cultural background 

2874
02:41:49,600 --> 02:41:53,600
or personal beliefs don't have 
to believe in spirits or 

2875
02:41:53,600 --> 02:41:57,300
practice any particular religion
to enjoy dressing up and eating 

2876
02:41:57,300 --> 02:42:00,500
candy. 
This religious neutrality has 

2877
02:42:00,500 --> 02:42:01,900
made Halloween. 
One of America's, most 

2878
02:42:01,908 --> 02:42:06,500
universally celebrated holidays,
the lgbtq plus Community is 

2879
02:42:06,500 --> 02:42:09,900
particularly embraced Halloween,
with costume parties and 

2880
02:42:09,900 --> 02:42:11,800
celebrations. 
That allow for gender 

2881
02:42:11,800 --> 02:42:15,500
expression, creativity, and 
celebration of difference. 

2882
02:42:16,500 --> 02:42:19,400
Halloween, tradition of wearing 
masks and becoming someone else.

2883
02:42:19,400 --> 02:42:22,400
Resonates powerfully with 
experiences of identity, 

2884
02:42:22,400 --> 02:42:26,100
exploration and expression. 
The holiday has become an 

2885
02:42:26,100 --> 02:42:29,800
important date in queer. 
Cultural calendars a night when 

2886
02:42:29,800 --> 02:42:32,700
fluidity in transformation of 
celebrated rather than 

2887
02:42:32,700 --> 02:42:35,700
questioned. 
Pet participation in Halloween 

2888
02:42:35,700 --> 02:42:40,000
has exploded in recent years 
with millions of dogs and cats 

2889
02:42:40,000 --> 02:42:43,900
dressed in costumes, featured in
social media posts and 

2890
02:42:43,900 --> 02:42:46,300
incorporated into family 
celebrations. 

2891
02:42:47,300 --> 02:42:50,100
This would have seemed bizarre 
to earlier Generations. 

2892
02:42:50,100 --> 02:42:54,000
But it reflects contemporary 
attitudes, About Pets as family 

2893
02:42:54,000 --> 02:42:57,300
members and Halloween as a 
celebration that can include 

2894
02:42:57,300 --> 02:43:00,700
everyone in the household. 
The rise of social media has 

2895
02:43:00,700 --> 02:43:04,900
transformed Halloween yet again.
Costume reveals decoration 

2896
02:43:04,900 --> 02:43:08,100
photos, and Halloween party, 
pictures, flood, Instagram, 

2897
02:43:08,100 --> 02:43:12,400
Facebook and Tick Tock Toba. 
The holiday has become 

2898
02:43:12,400 --> 02:43:15,400
performance art with people 
creating costumes and 

2899
02:43:15,400 --> 02:43:18,700
decorations specifically for 
their social media impact. 

2900
02:43:19,600 --> 02:43:22,300
This adds another layer to 
Halloween's transformative 

2901
02:43:22,300 --> 02:43:24,800
aspect. 
You're not just becoming someone

2902
02:43:24,800 --> 02:43:27,400
else for your neighbor's. 
But for your entire digital 

2903
02:43:27,400 --> 02:43:31,300
Network, environmental 
Consciousness is also influenced

2904
02:43:31,300 --> 02:43:34,000
modern Halloween, there's 
growing awareness of 

2905
02:43:34,000 --> 02:43:37,500
Halloween's, waste problem, 
single-use plastic costumes 

2906
02:43:37,500 --> 02:43:41,600
disposable decorations and 
excessive candy Packaging. 

2907
02:43:42,500 --> 02:43:45,600
Some families and communities 
have responded by emphasizing 

2908
02:43:45,600 --> 02:43:49,300
sustainable practices. 
Homemade costumes from reused 

2909
02:43:49,300 --> 02:43:54,000
materials, natural decorations, 
buying candy and bulk, rather 

2910
02:43:54,000 --> 02:43:57,700
than individually wrapped and 
organizing costume swaps rather 

2911
02:43:57,700 --> 02:44:01,100
than buying new each year. 
Yet, despite all these modern 

2912
02:44:01,100 --> 02:44:04,800
elements, contemporary Halloween
maintains remarkable continuity 

2913
02:44:04,800 --> 02:44:07,200
with his past. 
We still carve pumpkins 

2914
02:44:07,200 --> 02:44:09,900
descended from Irish turnip 
carving. 

2915
02:44:09,900 --> 02:44:13,800
We still dressing costumes 
descended from Celtic disease 

2916
02:44:13,800 --> 02:44:17,400
and medieval mummies. 
We still go door to door seeking

2917
02:44:17,400 --> 02:44:21,800
treats descended from souling. 
And guys in We still acknowledge

2918
02:44:21,800 --> 02:44:24,200
that October 31st is a special 
night. 

2919
02:44:25,000 --> 02:44:29,200
Thin place a moment of 
transition even if we frame it 

2920
02:44:29,200 --> 02:44:31,300
as fun rather than spiritual 
truth. 

2921
02:44:32,100 --> 02:44:35,600
The Jackal lanterns glowing on 
porches, the children in 

2922
02:44:35,600 --> 02:44:38,800
costumes, moving through 
neighborhoods, the adults at 

2923
02:44:38,800 --> 02:44:42,900
parties, dressed as pirates and 
superheroes, the decorations 

2924
02:44:42,900 --> 02:44:46,000
transforming ordinary houses 
into hunted mansions. 

2925
02:44:46,000 --> 02:44:49,800
All of this connects back to 
those ancient Celts standing 

2926
02:44:49,800 --> 02:44:53,500
around bonfires acknowledging 
the transition from light to 

2927
02:44:53,500 --> 02:44:57,200
dark from life to death from 
Summer to Winter. 

2928
02:44:57,200 --> 02:45:00,100
Halloween. 
Today is simultaneously ancient 

2929
02:45:00,100 --> 02:45:03,900
and modern sacred and 
Commercial, an individual and 

2930
02:45:03,900 --> 02:45:06,800
communal. 
It's a holiday that has survived

2931
02:45:06,800 --> 02:45:10,100
by adapting that has maintained 
its essential character. 

2932
02:45:10,100 --> 02:45:13,300
While transforming its 
expression that has moved from 

2933
02:45:13,300 --> 02:45:17,800
Celtic hilltops to Roman temples
to Medieval churches to American

2934
02:45:17,800 --> 02:45:21,700
suburbs, to Global popular 
culture while somehow remaining 

2935
02:45:21,700 --> 02:45:25,500
recognizably itself as we near 
the end of our journey through 

2936
02:45:25,500 --> 02:45:28,300
Halloween's, long history. 
Let's consider a deeper 

2937
02:45:28,300 --> 02:45:31,300
question. 
Why has this holiday survived 

2938
02:45:31,300 --> 02:45:34,300
and thrived when so many other 
Traditions have vanished into 

2939
02:45:34,300 --> 02:45:38,200
history forgotten corners. 
Part of the answer lies in 

2940
02:45:38,200 --> 02:45:40,600
timing. 
Halloween occupies, a sweet spot

2941
02:45:40,600 --> 02:45:43,600
in the calendar late enough in 
Autumn that the seasons 

2942
02:45:43,600 --> 02:45:47,100
character is unmistakable, but 
not so late that whether has 

2943
02:45:47,100 --> 02:45:49,200
become prohibitively cold in 
most regions. 

2944
02:45:49,200 --> 02:45:52,600
It comes after the earnest, back
to school period, but before the

2945
02:45:52,600 --> 02:45:55,100
Intensive holiday season of 
Thanksgiving through New Years, 

2946
02:45:55,900 --> 02:45:59,100
It offers a break, a pressure 
release, and a moment of 

2947
02:45:59,100 --> 02:46:01,200
playfulness before the years, 
final Sprint. 

2948
02:46:02,000 --> 02:46:05,100
The Autumn timing, also connects
to something fundamental in 

2949
02:46:05,100 --> 02:46:07,400
human psychology. 
Seasonal. 

2950
02:46:07,400 --> 02:46:10,200
Transitions, have always 
prompted reflection and ritual. 

2951
02:46:11,000 --> 02:46:15,600
as the natural world, visibly 
changes leaves falling day 

2952
02:46:15,600 --> 02:46:19,400
shortening temperatures, 
dropping, we instinctively sent 

2953
02:46:19,400 --> 02:46:24,900
endings and Beginnings, death, 
and dormancy Halloween 

2954
02:46:24,900 --> 02:46:28,000
acknowledges these transitions 
rather than ignoring them, 

2955
02:46:28,000 --> 02:46:31,300
giving them festive rather than 
melancholic expression. 

2956
02:46:32,200 --> 02:46:35,500
Halloween also endures because 
it's fundamentally Democratic 

2957
02:46:35,500 --> 02:46:39,000
and participatory unlike 
holidays, that require 

2958
02:46:39,000 --> 02:46:43,500
significant financial resources.
Specific religious beliefs or 

2959
02:46:43,500 --> 02:46:46,500
family structures. 
Halloween welcomes, anyone who 

2960
02:46:46,500 --> 02:46:50,500
wants to participate? 
You can celebrate elaborately or

2961
02:46:50,500 --> 02:46:55,000
simply religiously or secularly 
alone or with others. 

2962
02:46:56,200 --> 02:47:00,200
The basic components costumes 
treats and decorations. 

2963
02:47:00,200 --> 02:47:04,700
Can be expensive or nearly free 
depending on your resources and 

2964
02:47:04,700 --> 02:47:08,000
creativity. 
This accessibility is allowed 

2965
02:47:08,000 --> 02:47:11,800
Halloween to spread across class
boundaries cultural groups and 

2966
02:47:11,800 --> 02:47:16,500
geographic regions, it's not an 
exclusive celebration but an 

2967
02:47:16,500 --> 02:47:19,600
inclusive, one growing more 
encompassing rather than more 

2968
02:47:19,600 --> 02:47:23,400
restrictive over time. 
The holidays Embrace of darkness

2969
02:47:23,400 --> 02:47:25,700
and fear. 
Also explains its endurance, 

2970
02:47:25,700 --> 02:47:30,500
Modern Life encourages us to 
ignore death hide aging maintain

2971
02:47:30,500 --> 02:47:34,600
Relentless positivity and keep 
uncomfortable realities arms 

2972
02:47:34,600 --> 02:47:37,400
length. 
Halloween provides a sanctioned 

2973
02:47:37,400 --> 02:47:41,000
space to acknowledge the 
scariest, The Morbid, and the 

2974
02:47:41,000 --> 02:47:43,400
unsettling. 
It's a pressure valve for 

2975
02:47:43,400 --> 02:47:45,600
anxiety is were usually expected
to suppress. 

2976
02:47:46,800 --> 02:47:50,200
This is particularly important 
for children childhood involves,

2977
02:47:50,200 --> 02:47:56,300
navigating many fears, Darkness 
strangers, death monsters and 

2978
02:47:56,300 --> 02:47:59,100
the unknown. 
Halloween transforms. 

2979
02:47:59,100 --> 02:48:04,200
These fears into play into 
manageable experience is When 

2980
02:48:04,200 --> 02:48:07,300
children dresses monsters, they 
gain symbolic power over, what 

2981
02:48:07,300 --> 02:48:10,000
frightens them? 
When they navigate neighborhoods

2982
02:48:10,000 --> 02:48:12,300
at night. 
They practice courage and 

2983
02:48:12,300 --> 02:48:16,500
controlled circumstances. 
When they see scary decorations,

2984
02:48:16,500 --> 02:48:19,600
they learned to distinguish 
between real and pretend Danger.

2985
02:48:20,300 --> 02:48:23,400
Parents often underestimate how 
important this fear Management, 

2986
02:48:23,400 --> 02:48:27,400
training is Halloween, teachers,
emotional regulation, helps, 

2987
02:48:27,400 --> 02:48:31,600
children process anxiety, and 
demonstrates that scary things 

2988
02:48:31,600 --> 02:48:33,700
can be enjoyable. 
When properly framed. 

2989
02:48:33,700 --> 02:48:37,800
These are valuable life skills. 
Learned through the simple Act 

2990
02:48:37,800 --> 02:48:41,400
of trick-or-treating. 
Halloween's creative aspect or 

2991
02:48:41,400 --> 02:48:45,300
contributes to its endurance. 
The holiday demands imagination.

2992
02:48:45,300 --> 02:48:48,200
Choosing costumes. 
Decorating space is planning 

2993
02:48:48,200 --> 02:48:53,100
parties and carving pumpkins. 
In an era when much of life is 

2994
02:48:53,100 --> 02:48:56,900
standardized, and commodified, 
Halloween, offers opportunities 

2995
02:48:56,900 --> 02:49:01,100
for personal expression and 
artistic creation. this creative

2996
02:49:01,100 --> 02:49:05,400
component makes participation 
satisfying in ways that purely 

2997
02:49:05,400 --> 02:49:10,300
passive consumption never could 
The holiday also benefits from 

2998
02:49:10,300 --> 02:49:14,100
being fundamentally optional. 
No one is obligated to celebrate

2999
02:49:14,100 --> 02:49:17,300
Halloween which paradoxical 
makes celebration more 

3000
02:49:17,300 --> 02:49:21,800
meaningful. when you participate
is because you want to because 

3001
02:49:21,800 --> 02:49:25,900
you find it fun or meaningful or
Worse, while This voluntary 

3002
02:49:25,900 --> 02:49:30,300
aspect keeps Halloween vital. 
It must continually justify its 

3003
02:49:30,300 --> 02:49:33,500
existence by being enjoyable, 
rather than coasting on 

3004
02:49:33,500 --> 02:49:37,200
obligation The community 
building aspect of Halloween 

3005
02:49:37,200 --> 02:49:40,000
cannot be overstated in many 
neighborhoods. 

3006
02:49:40,000 --> 02:49:42,100
Halloween is the one night of 
the year when people 

3007
02:49:42,100 --> 02:49:45,000
intentionally interact, with 
neighbors, they might otherwise 

3008
02:49:45,000 --> 02:49:47,200
only waive to while getting into
cars. 

3009
02:49:48,100 --> 02:49:51,400
Trick or treating creates 
opportunities for connection for

3010
02:49:51,400 --> 02:49:55,200
recognizing, shared Community 
membership and for establishing 

3011
02:49:55,200 --> 02:49:57,800
that you live among friends, 
rather than strangers. 

3012
02:49:58,800 --> 02:50:01,400
This community function has 
become more important as a 

3013
02:50:01,408 --> 02:50:04,400
American society as become more 
fragmented and isolated. 

3014
02:50:05,500 --> 02:50:08,700
Halloween provides structured 
opportunities for interaction 

3015
02:50:08,700 --> 02:50:12,800
for seeing and being seen and 
for participating in Collective 

3016
02:50:12,800 --> 02:50:15,900
celebration. 
It reminds us that we belong to 

3017
02:50:15,900 --> 02:50:19,500
communities that are actions 
affect others and that were 

3018
02:50:19,500 --> 02:50:21,200
connected to the people around 
us. 

3019
02:50:22,800 --> 02:50:26,200
For many adults Halloween, 
Nostalgia is also powerful 

3020
02:50:26,200 --> 02:50:29,700
holidays next to childhood 
memories and to feelings of 

3021
02:50:29,700 --> 02:50:34,900
Wonder, excitement and safety. 
Participating in Halloween as an

3022
02:50:34,908 --> 02:50:38,500
adult, whether by giving out 
candy attending parties or 

3023
02:50:38,500 --> 02:50:42,000
taking children trick or 
treating provides continuity, 

3024
02:50:42,000 --> 02:50:45,100
with one's past, a way of 
maintaining connection to 

3025
02:50:45,100 --> 02:50:48,300
younger cells and transmitting 
valued experiences to new 

3026
02:50:48,300 --> 02:50:52,400
generations. 
This intergenerational aspect in

3027
02:50:52,400 --> 02:50:56,300
Richards Halloween significantly
grandparents take grandchildren 

3028
02:50:56,300 --> 02:50:58,700
trick or treating walking the 
same routes. 

3029
02:50:58,700 --> 02:51:02,400
They walked decades ago. 
Parents carved pumpkins using 

3030
02:51:02,400 --> 02:51:04,400
techniques learned from their 
own parents. 

3031
02:51:04,400 --> 02:51:08,000
Costume ideas passed through 
families, like are looms, 

3032
02:51:08,000 --> 02:51:11,900
Halloween becomes a thread, 
connecting, past present, and 

3033
02:51:11,900 --> 02:51:16,000
future the holidays flexibility.
Also ensures its survival 

3034
02:51:16,000 --> 02:51:19,600
Halloween means different things
to different people, a 

3035
02:51:19,600 --> 02:51:22,800
children's holiday and adult 
party night, a spiritual 

3036
02:51:22,800 --> 02:51:27,700
observers, a creative Outlet, a 
commercial opportunity, a 

3037
02:51:27,700 --> 02:51:31,200
community celebration, or simply
an excuse to eat candy. 

3038
02:51:32,200 --> 02:51:41,400
This multilogin. 
Finally Halloween endures 

3039
02:51:41,400 --> 02:51:45,400
because it's genuinely fun. 
This might seem too simple, but 

3040
02:51:45,400 --> 02:51:49,100
it's actually crucial. 
Holidays that become joyless, 

3041
02:51:49,100 --> 02:51:52,200
obligations gradually die out or
become Hollow shells. 

3042
02:51:53,100 --> 02:51:56,700
Halloween has maintained its 
essential playfulness, its sense

3043
02:51:56,708 --> 02:52:00,400
of delight and its permission to
be silly and scared and creative

3044
02:52:00,400 --> 02:52:02,800
all at once. 
As long as people enjoy 

3045
02:52:02,800 --> 02:52:05,000
Halloween, they'll keep 
celebrating it. 

3046
02:52:06,000 --> 02:52:08,800
As you lie here on the edge of 
sleep consider, the long journey

3047
02:52:08,800 --> 02:52:10,900
Halloween has taken to reach 
your doorstep. 

3048
02:52:11,600 --> 02:52:14,200
From Celtic hilltops, where 
bonfires blazed against 

3049
02:52:14,200 --> 02:52:18,100
approaching winter through Roman
temples and medieval churches 

3050
02:52:18,100 --> 02:52:22,100
across the Atlantic Ocean in the
memories of immigrants through 

3051
02:52:22,100 --> 02:52:25,000
American suburbs and 
interglobal, popular culture. 

3052
02:52:25,000 --> 02:52:28,400
All of it. 
Leading to this moment to you 

3053
02:52:28,400 --> 02:52:32,100
thinking about this strange and 
wonderful tradition tomorrow 

3054
02:52:32,100 --> 02:52:34,000
night or perhaps tomorrow next 
year. 

3055
02:52:34,900 --> 02:52:37,500
Children will dress in costumes 
and walk through neighborhood 

3056
02:52:37,500 --> 02:52:40,500
seeking candy. 
Adults, will decorate their 

3057
02:52:40,500 --> 02:52:42,900
homes with plastic skeletons and
carved? 

3058
02:52:42,900 --> 02:52:45,200
Pumpkins. 
Parties will happen. 

3059
02:52:45,200 --> 02:52:48,800
Haunted? 
Houses will frightening victims 

3060
02:52:48,800 --> 02:52:52,300
and for one night, the Ordinary 
World will transform into 

3061
02:52:52,300 --> 02:52:55,900
something slightly. 
Magical slightly spooky, and 

3062
02:52:55,900 --> 02:52:59,400
slightly different from everyday
life. when you see those 

3063
02:52:59,400 --> 02:53:02,600
jack-o-lanterns glowing on, 
porches know that you're seeing 

3064
02:53:02,608 --> 02:53:05,300
a tradition, that connects to 
carved, turnips in Irish 

3065
02:53:05,300 --> 02:53:10,100
Cottages to Celtic bonfires on 
hilltops and to ancient beliefs 

3066
02:53:10,100 --> 02:53:14,600
about thin places where worlds 
overlap When children knock on 

3067
02:53:14,600 --> 02:53:18,600
doors, seeking Treats, they're 
enacting rituals that connect to

3068
02:53:18,600 --> 02:53:23,400
Medieval solars to guide us in 
Scotland, and to practices that 

3069
02:53:23,400 --> 02:53:27,100
have evolved over thousands of 
years, but maintain the same 

3070
02:53:27,100 --> 02:53:31,600
basic structure costume, 
performance, reward and 

3071
02:53:31,600 --> 02:53:35,000
community. 
Halloween reminds us that humans

3072
02:53:35,000 --> 02:53:38,600
have always needed rituals to 
Mark times passage to 

3073
02:53:38,600 --> 02:53:42,400
acknowledge what frightens us 
and to transform darkness in to 

3074
02:53:42,400 --> 02:53:45,400
Celebration. 
We need moments when normal 

3075
02:53:45,400 --> 02:53:48,500
rules are suspended when we can 
become someone else. 

3076
02:53:48,500 --> 02:53:51,700
And when the boundary between 
every day and extraordinary 

3077
02:53:51,700 --> 02:53:57,300
grows thin, The holiday that 
began as sour in that liminal 

3078
02:53:57,300 --> 02:53:59,800
moment when an ancient people 
acknowledge the dying of the 

3079
02:53:59,800 --> 02:54:03,200
Year continues in every 
Halloween celebration. 

3080
02:54:04,100 --> 02:54:07,500
The sacred fire has become 
electric orange lights the 

3081
02:54:07,500 --> 02:54:11,400
animal skin disguises have 
become superhero, costumes, and 

3082
02:54:11,400 --> 02:54:14,400
the offerings for the dead have 
become fun-sized, candy bars, 

3083
02:54:14,400 --> 02:54:18,300
but the essential impulse 
Remains the Same to mark this 

3084
02:54:18,300 --> 02:54:22,200
moment to acknowledge transition
and to face Darkness with 

3085
02:54:22,200 --> 02:54:25,800
community and courage. 
And even joy as you drift 

3086
02:54:25,800 --> 02:54:28,100
towards sleep. 
Imagine all the Halloween's that

3087
02:54:28,100 --> 02:54:29,700
have been and all those still to
come. 

3088
02:54:29,708 --> 02:54:34,300
Imagine the long chain of 
October nights stretching back 

3089
02:54:34,300 --> 02:54:37,600
to prehistory and forward into 
future as we cannot imagine. 

3090
02:54:38,500 --> 02:54:41,600
Imagine children, not yet, born 
who will someday carve their own

3091
02:54:41,600 --> 02:54:44,700
pumpkins, where their own 
costumes and collect their own 

3092
02:54:44,700 --> 02:54:48,600
treats and in doing, so can 
connect to something ancient and

3093
02:54:48,600 --> 02:54:52,400
human and profound. 
Halloween endures because it 

3094
02:54:52,400 --> 02:54:56,700
speaks to something fundamental 
in human nature, I need to Mark,

3095
02:54:56,700 --> 02:55:01,500
time to face fear, to celebrate 
Community, to transform the 

3096
02:55:01,500 --> 02:55:05,300
mundane into the magic and to 
acknowledge that life includes 

3097
02:55:05,300 --> 02:55:09,400
Darkness and Light death and 
life, and ending and 

3098
02:55:09,400 --> 02:55:12,600
beginning's. 
These don't change across 

3099
02:55:12,600 --> 02:55:16,700
centuries, the outward forms 
shift, turnips to pumpkins. 

3100
02:55:16,700 --> 02:55:21,500
Bonfires to string lights Celtic
Druids to Suburban parents. 

3101
02:55:21,500 --> 02:55:23,900
The underlying impulse remains 
constant. 

3102
02:55:24,800 --> 02:55:26,700
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that we're not 

3103
02:55:26,708 --> 02:55:30,300
October 31st comes around again,
your participating in one of 

3104
02:55:30,300 --> 02:55:34,400
Humanity's, oldest continuous, 
Traditions, evolved and adapted.

3105
02:55:34,400 --> 02:55:38,100
But recognizably connected to 
practices that predate written 

3106
02:55:38,100 --> 02:55:42,400
history, that Jack O'Lantern on 
your porch that bowl of Candy by

3107
02:55:42,400 --> 02:55:45,400
your door that costume hanging 
in your closet. 

3108
02:55:46,400 --> 02:55:49,500
They're all part of an unbroken 
chain, extending back, thousands

3109
02:55:49,500 --> 02:55:52,500
of years. 
And Forward into a knowable 

3110
02:55:52,500 --> 02:55:55,400
futures. 
And that's a kind of magic all 

3111
02:55:55,400 --> 02:55:58,200
its own. 
The magic of continuity of 

3112
02:55:58,200 --> 02:56:02,500
tradition of human creativity 
that takes ancient practices and

3113
02:56:02,500 --> 02:56:05,700
makes them new while keeping 
them recognizably old. 

3114
02:56:06,800 --> 02:56:08,500
Halloween is a bridge across 
time. 

3115
02:56:08,500 --> 02:56:12,300
Connecting us to our ancestors 
and to Generations, Yet to Come 

3116
02:56:12,300 --> 02:56:15,700
reminding us that we're all part
of something larger than 

3117
02:56:15,700 --> 02:56:18,700
ourselves. 
Something that began long before

3118
02:56:18,700 --> 02:56:21,200
us and will continue long after 
we're gone. 

3119
02:56:22,400 --> 02:56:25,800
The Thin Veil Between Worlds 
isn't just about spirits in the 

3120
02:56:25,808 --> 02:56:28,500
living. 
It's also about past and present

3121
02:56:28,500 --> 02:56:32,200
about ancient and modern about 
all the Halloween's that have 

3122
02:56:32,200 --> 02:56:34,100
been and all those still to 
come. 

3123
02:56:35,100 --> 02:56:39,200
And on October 31st, for one 
night, we all stand together in 

3124
02:56:39,200 --> 02:56:43,200
that thin place. 
Connected Across Time by costume

3125
02:56:43,200 --> 02:56:47,500
and candy and carved pumpkins by
the simple Act of celebrating 

3126
02:56:47,500 --> 02:56:51,700
Darkness acknowledging fear and 
choosing Joy. 

3127
02:56:52,500 --> 02:56:55,600
Sweet dreams. 
May they be filled with glowing 

3128
02:56:55,600 --> 02:56:59,300
pumpkins and Autumn Leaves with 
the laughter of children and the

3129
02:56:59,300 --> 02:57:03,300
warmth of community with the 
gentle magic that happens when 

3130
02:57:03,300 --> 02:57:05,800
we acknowledge that some 
traditions are worth keeping 

3131
02:57:05,800 --> 02:57:10,300
even as they change, even as 
they evolve even as they 

3132
02:57:10,300 --> 02:57:14,200
transform from sacred fire to 
electric light, but maintain 

3133
02:57:14,200 --> 02:57:16,400
their essential character across
millennia. 

3134
02:57:20,700 --> 02:57:24,200
Was born in Frankfurt in 1929. 
In entering a world already. 

3135
02:57:24,200 --> 02:57:27,000
Trembling beneath financial 
hardship and political acronym. 

3136
02:57:27,800 --> 02:57:31,200
From the outset, she displayed a
lively temperament and eagerness

3137
02:57:31,200 --> 02:57:33,200
to scribble down. 
Thoughts on scraps of paper, 

3138
02:57:33,200 --> 02:57:36,900
attendance to examine curious 
objects in the house with 

3139
02:57:36,900 --> 02:57:39,900
unguarded fascination. 
And a red in Readiness to 

3140
02:57:39,900 --> 02:57:41,300
question the grown-ups around 
her. 

3141
02:57:42,200 --> 02:57:44,800
Yep, before she truly got to 
know the city of her birth 

3142
02:57:44,800 --> 02:57:47,500
before she could form a bond 
with the rhythms of German 

3143
02:57:47,500 --> 02:57:51,000
streets. 
Her family decided to leave a 

3144
02:57:51,000 --> 02:57:53,300
gathering storm, which 
transformed from sporadic, 

3145
02:57:53,300 --> 02:57:56,200
political slogans, into a 
monstrous Force dictating, who 

3146
02:57:56,200 --> 02:57:59,000
deserved to exist, freely and 
who did not compel them to 

3147
02:57:59,000 --> 02:58:01,700
leave. 
Her father Otto. 

3148
02:58:01,700 --> 02:58:05,400
Frank was a thoughtful Man by 
turns reserved and quietly 

3149
02:58:05,400 --> 02:58:07,700
determined. 
He had no taste for radical 

3150
02:58:07,700 --> 02:58:09,800
politics. 
His mind was anchors to the 

3151
02:58:09,808 --> 02:58:12,700
practical. 
Otto recognized that Germany was

3152
02:58:12,700 --> 02:58:15,300
changing. 
He had once pictured it as a 

3153
02:58:15,300 --> 02:58:18,600
place of vibrant culture, his 
homeland a nation that 

3154
02:58:18,600 --> 02:58:21,600
championed Arts literature and 
philosophy. 

3155
02:58:21,600 --> 02:58:25,300
But by the time, Anne was four, 
it had become a place that 

3156
02:58:25,300 --> 02:58:28,900
turned hateful eyes toward 
Jewish families like his The 

3157
02:58:28,900 --> 02:58:32,600
franxx up rooted themselves, 
leaving old neighbors by didn't 

3158
02:58:32,600 --> 02:58:35,000
stepping into what they hoped 
was a Kinder environment in 

3159
02:58:35,000 --> 02:58:38,000
Amsterdam. 
Hamsterdam in the early. 30s was

3160
02:58:38,000 --> 02:58:41,400
not entirely tranquil no place 
in Europe, could claim complete 

3161
02:58:41,400 --> 02:58:44,600
Serenity, then but in at least 
allow the franxx to breathe with

3162
02:58:44,600 --> 02:58:48,300
without immediate fear. 
For an, it was a Wonderland of 

3163
02:58:48,300 --> 02:58:51,900
bicycles clacking. 
Over cobblestones Flower stalls,

3164
02:58:51,900 --> 02:58:54,700
lining canals and people whose 
different accents. 

3165
02:58:54,700 --> 02:58:57,300
Floated through the city like a 
living Orchestra. 

3166
02:58:57,300 --> 02:59:00,800
She was intrigued by each 
subtlety of daily life. 

3167
02:59:01,700 --> 02:59:04,700
She watched the canal, Waters 
shift, from Gray to glittering, 

3168
02:59:04,700 --> 02:59:07,800
green and found novelty. 
In the simplest tasks from 

3169
02:59:07,800 --> 02:59:10,000
brushing up. 
On Dutch words, to examining the

3170
02:59:10,000 --> 02:59:12,100
swirl of watery Reflections on 
her window. 

3171
02:59:13,100 --> 02:59:15,300
Still life was not always 
Breezy. 

3172
02:59:16,000 --> 02:59:18,900
Otto took on various 
entrepreneurial ventures in 

3173
02:59:18,900 --> 02:59:20,700
Amsterdam. 
A spice business. 

3174
02:59:20,700 --> 02:59:24,500
Then one dealing with pectin for
jam-making attempts at 

3175
02:59:24,500 --> 02:59:26,600
buildings, stability for his 
family and uncertain times. 

3176
02:59:27,300 --> 02:59:31,100
Yet beyond the household table, 
talk about balancing budgets and

3177
02:59:31,100 --> 02:59:34,800
maintaining a reputable standing
among local merchants and had a 

3178
02:59:34,800 --> 02:59:38,100
personal curiosity, she was the 
type of child to craft stories 

3179
02:59:38,100 --> 02:59:39,600
in her head. 
While overhearing, adult 

3180
02:59:39,600 --> 02:59:43,100
conversations, weaving little 
narratives about the pastures by

3181
02:59:43,100 --> 02:59:46,500
she saw from her Vantage, Point 
by the window outside her home, 

3182
02:59:46,500 --> 02:59:49,200
she was known to be friendly, 
but occasionally Moody 

3183
02:59:49,200 --> 02:59:52,000
quick-witted in a way that 
others sometimes found 

3184
02:59:52,000 --> 02:59:53,500
surprising, and someone so 
young. 

3185
02:59:54,200 --> 02:59:57,000
Certain teachers at her school 
found her liveliness endearing 

3186
02:59:57,000 --> 03:00:00,400
others found it distracting. 
Specially when she giggled 

3187
03:00:00,400 --> 03:00:03,000
during lessons or whispered 
jokes to her classmates, during 

3188
03:00:03,000 --> 03:00:06,600
grammar drills, she had a 
capacity for charm, but she was 

3189
03:00:06,608 --> 03:00:10,200
equally able to slip into lonely
Daydreams, if something, an 

3190
03:00:10,200 --> 03:00:14,200
unkind remark and abrupt shifted
in a friend's demeanor, muddied,

3191
03:00:14,200 --> 03:00:17,900
her sense of belonging. 
By the age of 10 and his 

3192
03:00:17,900 --> 03:00:19,900
environment, gave her ample room
to explore. 

3193
03:00:20,700 --> 03:00:24,800
She visited Street Markets with 
her mother Edith, noticing the 

3194
03:00:24,800 --> 03:00:26,800
layers of life in every Merchant
stall. 

3195
03:00:26,800 --> 03:00:29,500
The haggling the lofta, the 
day's frustrations. 

3196
03:00:29,500 --> 03:00:34,200
Margo her older sister by three 
years was softer spoken and more

3197
03:00:34,200 --> 03:00:37,300
academically inclined. 
The contrast between the two 

3198
03:00:37,300 --> 03:00:40,500
sisters became a household joke,
Margo with her pristine 

3199
03:00:40,500 --> 03:00:44,400
schoolwork and with her comedic,
Flair and Unstoppable chatter. 

3200
03:00:45,000 --> 03:00:48,700
Yet behind that playful tension 
was genuine affection when 

3201
03:00:48,700 --> 03:00:52,000
Knights were cold and might slip
into Margo's bed for warmth and 

3202
03:00:52,000 --> 03:00:54,900
they would whisper about Petty 
jealousies and fleeting hopes 

3203
03:00:54,900 --> 03:00:58,800
simple concerns overshadowed by 
the swirling chaos in Europe. 

3204
03:00:59,900 --> 03:01:03,200
Though, the franxx tried to keep
talk of politics discreet and 

3205
03:01:03,200 --> 03:01:06,300
absorbed more than she let on, 
she caught a glimpse of a 

3206
03:01:06,300 --> 03:01:09,100
neighbor reading, a Dutch 
newspaper with bold headlines 

3207
03:01:09,100 --> 03:01:12,300
about persecution in Germany. 
Her father's Whispers with 

3208
03:01:12,300 --> 03:01:16,100
friends hushed but urgent hinted
that the Carmen Amsterdam could 

3209
03:01:16,100 --> 03:01:19,700
fracture at any moment. 
Even so and pressed on with 

3210
03:01:19,700 --> 03:01:22,100
childlike tenacity. 
She was growing. 

3211
03:01:22,100 --> 03:01:24,300
She wanted fresh notebooks and 
new friends. 

3212
03:01:24,300 --> 03:01:27,500
She wanted to experience is 
beyond her parents experience's 

3213
03:01:27,500 --> 03:01:30,200
and if the world was threatening
to shape her future and 

3214
03:01:30,200 --> 03:01:33,500
frightening ways, She was 
determined to keep her own sense

3215
03:01:33,500 --> 03:01:36,800
of curiosity, intact. 
A family friend would sometimes 

3216
03:01:36,800 --> 03:01:38,200
bring over pamphlets from 
Germany. 

3217
03:01:38,200 --> 03:01:40,600
Detailing new anti-jewish 
edicts. 

3218
03:01:40,600 --> 03:01:43,800
Otto read them in silent, his 
brow creased. 

3219
03:01:44,600 --> 03:01:47,200
Still, he managed to maintain 
assemblance of optimism. 

3220
03:01:47,200 --> 03:01:49,700
Perhaps the Netherlands would 
stay safe. 

3221
03:01:49,700 --> 03:01:53,400
He reasoned, perhaps all of this
ugliness would remain confined 

3222
03:01:53,400 --> 03:01:56,300
to distant borders. 
But the dread was difficult to 

3223
03:01:56,300 --> 03:01:59,400
fully conceal and sensitive. 
In the way her mother's voice 

3224
03:01:59,400 --> 03:02:01,900
Court. 
When asked about the future, She

3225
03:02:01,900 --> 03:02:04,400
felt it in the hush that settled
over her father's face. 

3226
03:02:04,400 --> 03:02:06,000
When he listened to the radio in
the evening. 

3227
03:02:06,800 --> 03:02:09,500
Straining to hear news of the 
next ominous shift in Europe. 

3228
03:02:10,500 --> 03:02:12,300
In the meantime, she grew 
comfortable in her. 

3229
03:02:12,300 --> 03:02:15,500
New city, walking, canals with 
that open-hearted stair. 

3230
03:02:15,500 --> 03:02:18,600
Reserved for the Young. 
The promise of Tomorrow, still 

3231
03:02:18,600 --> 03:02:22,800
excited, her the possibility of 
a new friend, a new game, or a 

3232
03:02:22,800 --> 03:02:27,600
new rumor swirling at school. 
She was after all, still just a 

3233
03:02:27,600 --> 03:02:30,900
child, not entirely conscious of
the forces that were about to 

3234
03:02:30,900 --> 03:02:34,300
tighten their grip on her life. 
The curtains were only just 

3235
03:02:34,300 --> 03:02:36,100
beginning to draw. 
Shut on a chapter. 

3236
03:02:36,100 --> 03:02:39,400
She had barely started writing 
during the late 1930s. 

3237
03:02:39,400 --> 03:02:43,000
Amsterdam's charm. 
Still glowed, though, a sense of

3238
03:02:43,000 --> 03:02:45,600
caution dim the edges of daily 
life for Jewish families. 

3239
03:02:46,400 --> 03:02:50,200
Handler the city through her own
lens, a mixture of innocence and

3240
03:02:50,200 --> 03:02:53,200
growing awareness. 
She observed, the chattering 

3241
03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:56,500
customers in small, cafes the 
varied dialects of dockworkers 

3242
03:02:56,500 --> 03:03:01,400
and the clatter of trams. 
She founded all mesmerizing yet 

3243
03:03:01,400 --> 03:03:06,000
she was not naive at school. 
She overheard quite discussion 

3244
03:03:06,000 --> 03:03:08,800
among older classmates 
unpleasant changes in 

3245
03:03:08,800 --> 03:03:11,300
neighboring countries. 
She would cidal clothes, 

3246
03:03:11,300 --> 03:03:14,800
cleaning, half facts, about 
hatred and unbridled Authority. 

3247
03:03:14,800 --> 03:03:18,100
In many ways. 
Her mother Edith served as a 

3248
03:03:18,100 --> 03:03:21,100
shield Edith believed in 
preserving a sense of normalcy, 

3249
03:03:21,100 --> 03:03:25,500
she insisted on routines Sunday,
lunches bedtime, reading, and 

3250
03:03:25,500 --> 03:03:29,700
making sure the girls wrote a 
neat cursive and perched beside 

3251
03:03:29,700 --> 03:03:32,400
her mother on the sofa would 
sometimes stare at the ticking 

3252
03:03:32,400 --> 03:03:34,400
clock, listening to the second 
slip buyers. 

3253
03:03:34,400 --> 03:03:38,100
Edith talked, about personal 
values about compassion and 

3254
03:03:38,100 --> 03:03:41,300
about keeping one's dignity. 
The words might have sounded old

3255
03:03:41,300 --> 03:03:43,800
fashioned to some but Anne found
comfort in them. 

3256
03:03:43,800 --> 03:03:46,100
She saw her mother as gentle 
yet. 

3257
03:03:46,100 --> 03:03:49,300
Quietly sturdy. 
Meanwhile Margot was forging her

3258
03:03:49,300 --> 03:03:51,900
path in academics. 
Teachers often praised her 

3259
03:03:51,900 --> 03:03:54,600
deaths of discipline and 
intelligence and sometimes 

3260
03:03:54,600 --> 03:03:57,800
bristled at the comparisons. 
She recognized the familial 

3261
03:03:57,800 --> 03:04:01,600
Pride Margot was considered the 
reliable one, but she also 

3262
03:04:01,600 --> 03:04:05,200
wanted to make her own Mark. 
So while Margot was offered 

3263
03:04:05,200 --> 03:04:07,800
reading textbooks and would roam
corners of Amsterdam with a 

3264
03:04:07,808 --> 03:04:11,100
friend, giggling about 
inconsequential details, the 

3265
03:04:11,100 --> 03:04:12,900
shape of a dog's ears, a funny 
hat. 

3266
03:04:12,900 --> 03:04:16,000
Worn by a passerby, well, the 
Newmarket outside, the local 

3267
03:04:16,000 --> 03:04:18,300
Cinema beneath the laughter, 
though. 

3268
03:04:18,300 --> 03:04:21,000
She felt the silent under 
current of War creeping into 

3269
03:04:21,000 --> 03:04:24,900
everyday conversation, as the 
political climate worse, and the

3270
03:04:24,900 --> 03:04:28,100
franxx took more precautions, 
they heard stories of relatives 

3271
03:04:28,100 --> 03:04:31,900
in Germany who had lost 
businesses, homes or Worse, 

3272
03:04:31,900 --> 03:04:35,400
vanished altogether. 
Although Otto and Edith tried to

3273
03:04:35,400 --> 03:04:38,200
spare, their daughter's, the 
details and was discerning. 

3274
03:04:38,800 --> 03:04:41,200
She began to grasp that. 
Some people viewed families, 

3275
03:04:41,200 --> 03:04:43,300
like hers with malice that 
defied logic. 

3276
03:04:44,000 --> 03:04:47,000
She noticed fewer Carefree 
outings fewer times. 

3277
03:04:47,000 --> 03:04:50,200
Her father returned from work, 
wearing that small confidence 

3278
03:04:50,200 --> 03:04:54,900
smile even so she clung to 
humor, scribbling short stories 

3279
03:04:54,900 --> 03:04:58,800
in notebooks they were full of 
lively characters sometimes. 

3280
03:04:58,800 --> 03:05:02,000
Overshadowed by moral dilemma, 
she overheard adults discussing 

3281
03:05:02,000 --> 03:05:05,600
in her own fiction. 
Once she rearranged reality to 

3282
03:05:05,600 --> 03:05:09,200
make sense of it at school, and 
forged relationships that were 

3283
03:05:09,208 --> 03:05:12,500
both superficial and meaningful.
Some classmates were simply 

3284
03:05:12,500 --> 03:05:15,300
partners for projects. 
Others were confident who 

3285
03:05:15,300 --> 03:05:18,000
exchanged hushed confession was 
about shifting alliances in 

3286
03:05:18,000 --> 03:05:20,300
Europe. 
The teachers seemed increasingly

3287
03:05:20,300 --> 03:05:23,700
tense, the slightest classroom 
disruption, could ignite 

3288
03:05:23,700 --> 03:05:27,500
frustration, sometimes talk of 
censorship or newly imposed 

3289
03:05:27,500 --> 03:05:29,200
rules floating around the 
corridors. 

3290
03:05:29,900 --> 03:05:32,200
When a classmate whispered that 
their family was planning to 

3291
03:05:32,200 --> 03:05:36,300
flee to Britain and heart 
pounded in fear, and envy fear, 

3292
03:05:36,300 --> 03:05:39,700
because it confirmed that danger
was near Envy because that 

3293
03:05:39,700 --> 03:05:43,700
option might not be open to her.
The sense of uncertainty pressed

3294
03:05:43,700 --> 03:05:47,400
on her chest at night. 
In those months, she developed a

3295
03:05:47,400 --> 03:05:50,600
small, yet persistent habit of 
journaling, practice daily 

3296
03:05:50,600 --> 03:05:53,600
self-reflection as a child 
before she gained notoriety for 

3297
03:05:53,600 --> 03:05:56,900
her Diaries and wrote about food
shortages, about a favorite 

3298
03:05:56,900 --> 03:05:59,000
candy. 
No longer in stock about the 

3299
03:05:59,000 --> 03:06:01,500
annoyance of wearing an armband 
with a star of David. 

3300
03:06:01,500 --> 03:06:04,000
If it ever came to that in the 
Netherlands, about the 

3301
03:06:04,000 --> 03:06:06,700
disapproval she sensed, when 
walking around certain parts of 

3302
03:06:06,700 --> 03:06:09,700
the city, she wrote about hoping
to see a film star. 

3303
03:06:09,700 --> 03:06:13,200
In the streets about admiring, 
the Carefree swirl of a dancer 

3304
03:06:13,200 --> 03:06:15,600
skirt, she wants glimpsed, she 
wrote Because it let her 

3305
03:06:15,608 --> 03:06:17,600
feelings breathe beyond the hush
of fear. 

3306
03:06:18,600 --> 03:06:21,500
Tension turned to reality. 
When German forces invaded, the 

3307
03:06:21,500 --> 03:06:25,200
Netherlands in May 1940. 
The swiftness of the invasion 

3308
03:06:25,200 --> 03:06:27,700
left. 
The Dutch Reeling for Anne the 

3309
03:06:27,700 --> 03:06:29,800
city she had. 
Come to love was transformed, 

3310
03:06:29,800 --> 03:06:32,700
overnight. 
Building, still stood shops were

3311
03:06:32,700 --> 03:06:35,400
still open but there was an 
unshakeable sense of foreboding.

3312
03:06:36,300 --> 03:06:40,000
Soldiers marched along Road, she
used to find friendly the radio 

3313
03:06:40,000 --> 03:06:43,500
blared unfamiliar 
proclamation's, suddenly daily 

3314
03:06:43,500 --> 03:06:46,200
freedoms which chipped away 
Jewish children like Anne or 

3315
03:06:46,208 --> 03:06:47,800
restricted from certain 
playgrounds. 

3316
03:06:47,800 --> 03:06:50,800
Certain schools. 
The weight of each new rule 

3317
03:06:50,800 --> 03:06:54,600
encroached on her sense of self 
as if invisible hands were 

3318
03:06:54,600 --> 03:06:56,000
reconfiguring her place in the 
world. 

3319
03:06:57,000 --> 03:06:59,400
Still, the franxx tried to 
maintain assemblance of 

3320
03:06:59,400 --> 03:07:02,100
ordinariness. 
They participated in subdued 

3321
03:07:02,100 --> 03:07:05,200
Gatherings with other Jewish 
families, exchanging nervous, 

3322
03:07:05,200 --> 03:07:08,700
jokes to liking the mood, and 
notice the flickers of worry in 

3323
03:07:08,700 --> 03:07:12,000
a dark conversations, how does 
one navigate false restrictions 

3324
03:07:12,000 --> 03:07:15,200
could one travel safely? 
The men discussed forging 

3325
03:07:15,200 --> 03:07:18,600
connections to get visas. 
Will find safe houses while the 

3326
03:07:18,600 --> 03:07:21,500
women lamented about rationing, 
well, the difficulty of 

3327
03:07:21,500 --> 03:07:26,800
obtaining essential supplies, 
For an these evenings often 

3328
03:07:26,800 --> 03:07:28,600
ended with her retreating to her
bedroom. 

3329
03:07:28,600 --> 03:07:32,000
Mind swarming with a thousand 
questions. 

3330
03:07:32,000 --> 03:07:35,700
She tried to keep her voice 
steady telling, Margo ridiculous

3331
03:07:35,700 --> 03:07:39,700
jokes to break the tension. 
The jokes often fell flat, but 

3332
03:07:39,700 --> 03:07:43,200
they were attempts to cling to 
normalcy increasingly day-to-day

3333
03:07:43,200 --> 03:07:46,900
activities felt like Illusions, 
an insurmountable occupying 

3334
03:07:46,900 --> 03:07:48,600
Force. 
Muffled, the city's vibrant 

3335
03:07:48,600 --> 03:07:52,100
pulse, would watch from her 
window as uniformed, Men passed 

3336
03:07:52,100 --> 03:07:55,600
by hearing the slow crunch of 
boots on cobblestone. 

3337
03:07:56,300 --> 03:07:59,300
A sense of dread would seep into
the depths of her stomach. 

3338
03:07:59,300 --> 03:08:02,600
She yearned for the old city, 
the one still alive in her 

3339
03:08:02,600 --> 03:08:06,400
memories a place of swirling 
Canal Reflections, and laughter,

3340
03:08:06,400 --> 03:08:09,300
amongst Street vendors. 
She missed the version of life 

3341
03:08:09,300 --> 03:08:12,700
where she could imagine any 
future she wanted without the 

3342
03:08:12,700 --> 03:08:16,400
weight of a designated identity 
forced upon her by Prejudice. 

3343
03:08:16,400 --> 03:08:20,500
And yet, even in these Shadows, 
she held onto a spark of hope 

3344
03:08:20,500 --> 03:08:23,200
perhaps borrowed from her 
father's quite optimism. 

3345
03:08:23,200 --> 03:08:26,300
That a better day would come. 
If they could only Outlast the 

3346
03:08:26,300 --> 03:08:30,100
madness, The year 1942 arrived 
with a more oppressive 

3347
03:08:30,100 --> 03:08:33,300
atmosphere and could feel it in 
the stiffening posture of her 

3348
03:08:33,300 --> 03:08:36,600
teachers and the solemn hush, 
that fell, whenever an official 

3349
03:08:36,600 --> 03:08:38,100
notice was posted in the 
neighborhood. 

3350
03:08:38,100 --> 03:08:40,900
She turned 13. 
That June though, the 

3351
03:08:40,900 --> 03:08:44,200
celebrations were muted. 
Her family, still managed, a 

3352
03:08:44,200 --> 03:08:47,100
birthday cake, scrounging for 
ingredients, wherever they 

3353
03:08:47,100 --> 03:08:49,300
could. 
And it was in that flickering 

3354
03:08:49,300 --> 03:08:52,100
moment of normality that Anne 
received a checkered diary. 

3355
03:08:52,800 --> 03:08:56,100
She had always enjoyed writing, 
but this diary felt different. 

3356
03:08:56,100 --> 03:09:01,100
It had a lot symbolic in ways, 
she did not yet understand it 

3357
03:09:01,100 --> 03:09:03,500
promised a private domain for 
her expanding thoughts. 

3358
03:09:05,000 --> 03:09:08,500
Shortly, after life, changed 
abruptly, orders circulated. 

3359
03:09:08,500 --> 03:09:12,300
That Jewish families might be 
relocated or Worse taken away. 

3360
03:09:13,400 --> 03:09:16,000
When Margo received a summons to
a labor camp in Germany? 

3361
03:09:16,800 --> 03:09:18,500
Otto recognized the writing on 
the wall. 

3362
03:09:18,500 --> 03:09:21,200
He had already prepared a secret
hiding place. 

3363
03:09:21,200 --> 03:09:24,400
Concealed section of the office 
building where he ran his 

3364
03:09:24,400 --> 03:09:27,100
business. 
The plan had been set for some 

3365
03:09:27,100 --> 03:09:30,000
time, but the final push to 
execute it came with terrifying 

3366
03:09:30,000 --> 03:09:32,800
immediacy. 
The family packed their things 

3367
03:09:32,800 --> 03:09:36,700
hurriedly leaving behind, large 
pieces of furniture personal 

3368
03:09:36,700 --> 03:09:39,300
belongings, and cherished 
objects, that would have 

3369
03:09:39,300 --> 03:09:42,700
signaled a life in progress and 
had spun that day. 

3370
03:09:42,700 --> 03:09:45,900
She tucked her new diary under 
her arm while her mother 

3371
03:09:45,900 --> 03:09:49,200
insisted on bringing a few 
personal mementos The ordinary 

3372
03:09:49,200 --> 03:09:52,000
chatty an found herself 
tongue-tied as they walked 

3373
03:09:52,000 --> 03:09:54,000
through the dim streets early in
the morning. 

3374
03:09:54,000 --> 03:09:56,900
Wearing several layers of 
clothing to avoid carrying 

3375
03:09:56,900 --> 03:09:59,000
suitcases. 
She was scared to look at 

3376
03:09:59,000 --> 03:10:01,500
anyone's face. 
She feared the disapproval or 

3377
03:10:01,500 --> 03:10:03,800
suspicion that might lurk in a 
pass by his eyes. 

3378
03:10:03,800 --> 03:10:07,000
When they finally reach the 
annex slipping into its hidden 

3379
03:10:07,000 --> 03:10:10,100
corridors, she felt an odd 
mixture of relief and Dread. 

3380
03:10:10,100 --> 03:10:13,400
She felt a mixture of relief at 
having found a temporary shelter

3381
03:10:13,400 --> 03:10:15,900
and Dread at what isolation 
would do to them all. 

3382
03:10:17,000 --> 03:10:20,600
The Secret Annex was cramped 
made up of several small rooms 

3383
03:10:20,600 --> 03:10:22,000
behind. 
A movable bookcase. 

3384
03:10:22,000 --> 03:10:25,200
The Franks were joined by 
another family, the vampires 

3385
03:10:25,200 --> 03:10:29,300
whom and would later label then 
in her diary and a dentist named

3386
03:10:29,300 --> 03:10:31,200
Fritz. 
Feffer, Albert Dussel. 

3387
03:10:32,300 --> 03:10:35,200
The arrangement was necessary 
for survival but hardly 

3388
03:10:35,200 --> 03:10:38,600
conducive to comfort. 
Thin walls meant little privacy.

3389
03:10:38,600 --> 03:10:42,000
Often someone would be in the 
makeshift kitchen at odd hours, 

3390
03:10:42,000 --> 03:10:45,600
rustling through meager 
supplies, The single bathroom, 

3391
03:10:45,600 --> 03:10:49,000
demanded coordination, and 
patience in the mornings when 

3392
03:10:49,000 --> 03:10:53,300
personal space was at, its 
premium at 13 and chafed. 

3393
03:10:53,300 --> 03:10:56,300
Under these conditions, she 
missed the outdoors, the swirl 

3394
03:10:56,300 --> 03:10:59,400
of City Life and her friends in 
her diary. 

3395
03:10:59,400 --> 03:11:03,100
She spilled raw, honesty onto 
the pages frustration with the 

3396
03:11:03,100 --> 03:11:06,300
grown-ups scolding her 
disagreements with Mrs. Van pelz

3397
03:11:06,300 --> 03:11:08,700
her feelings of being 
misunderstood by her mother. 

3398
03:11:09,700 --> 03:11:12,300
She felt stifled by the 
incessant reminder that she must

3399
03:11:12,300 --> 03:11:14,100
remain quiet during certain 
hours. 

3400
03:11:14,100 --> 03:11:16,800
So the workers down stairs 
wouldn't suspect their presence.

3401
03:11:17,700 --> 03:11:20,400
She discovered how footsteps on 
creaky floorboards, could set 

3402
03:11:20,400 --> 03:11:23,500
her pulse racing, every muffled 
noise, became a potential 

3403
03:11:23,500 --> 03:11:25,800
danger. 
The annex was a fortress made 

3404
03:11:25,800 --> 03:11:29,400
not of stone, but of secrecy or 
any slip in vigilance might lead

3405
03:11:29,400 --> 03:11:31,900
to catastrophe yet. 
Amid. 

3406
03:11:31,900 --> 03:11:35,100
The tension there were flickers 
of Hope helpers on the outside 

3407
03:11:35,100 --> 03:11:39,100
trusted employees like gears 
risk their safety to provide 

3408
03:11:39,100 --> 03:11:42,700
supplies and updates through 
them, and kept a tenuous link to

3409
03:11:42,700 --> 03:11:46,200
the world Beyond She heard 
rumors of Allied Forces pushing 

3410
03:11:46,200 --> 03:11:49,100
against Nazi lines, gleaned 
stories of neighbors, who had 

3411
03:11:49,108 --> 03:11:51,800
managed to flee. 
The news was not always 

3412
03:11:51,800 --> 03:11:55,100
comforting often, it relayed 
more Horrors but it was a 

3413
03:11:55,100 --> 03:11:57,000
reminder that life existed 
beyond the walls. 

3414
03:11:57,000 --> 03:12:00,200
She now inhabited, Hands, 
emotional world became 

3415
03:12:00,200 --> 03:12:03,400
increasingly complex, she found 
that her diary was the sole 

3416
03:12:03,400 --> 03:12:05,200
Outlet where she could shed The 
Mask. 

3417
03:12:05,200 --> 03:12:08,500
She wore around the annexes 
cramped, quarters, she named the

3418
03:12:08,500 --> 03:12:11,200
diary Kitty personifying it as 
her confidant. 

3419
03:12:11,900 --> 03:12:14,500
Each page was a story of which 
he could vent her teenage 

3420
03:12:14,500 --> 03:12:16,900
frustrations the pangs of 
budding romance. 

3421
03:12:16,900 --> 03:12:18,300
She harbored, for Peter van 
pels. 

3422
03:12:19,100 --> 03:12:22,400
The sense of inadequacy, she 
felt when compared to Margo and 

3423
03:12:22,400 --> 03:12:25,000
the longing to be recognized as 
more than a chatterbox. 

3424
03:12:25,800 --> 03:12:28,800
She craved Independence yet her 
entire existence. 

3425
03:12:28,800 --> 03:12:31,500
Now depended on the group's 
Collective ability to stay 

3426
03:12:31,500 --> 03:12:34,100
invisible. 
The mental strain of living in 

3427
03:12:34,100 --> 03:12:36,800
tight confinement. 
Tested everyone small 

3428
03:12:36,800 --> 03:12:38,800
disagreements. 
Ballooned into thunderous 

3429
03:12:38,800 --> 03:12:42,400
standoffs. someone's cooking 
style became a proxy for deeper 

3430
03:12:42,400 --> 03:12:45,500
resentments, the Snore at night,
might provoke laughter one day 

3431
03:12:45,500 --> 03:12:51,400
and fury the next and 
Perceptive, she was noted these 

3432
03:12:51,400 --> 03:12:54,100
shifts. 
She saw how fear chipped away 

3433
03:12:54,108 --> 03:12:58,300
adult composure. 
Even the calm steady Otto lost 

3434
03:12:58,300 --> 03:13:01,400
some of his cheerful veneer. 
He worked painstakingly on 

3435
03:13:01,400 --> 03:13:04,200
ledgers and accounts trying to 
help manage the business from 

3436
03:13:04,200 --> 03:13:07,100
afar. 
But it was an odd charade acting

3437
03:13:07,100 --> 03:13:11,500
as though life was normal, while
concealed behind a bookshelf as 

3438
03:13:11,500 --> 03:13:15,600
weeks turned into months, the 
outside world receded, the war 

3439
03:13:15,600 --> 03:13:20,800
raged on their concealed perch. 
Occasionally and glanced out a 

3440
03:13:20,800 --> 03:13:23,000
hidden window at the church 
tower that loomed above the 

3441
03:13:23,000 --> 03:13:25,200
city. 
It's Belle's reminded her that 

3442
03:13:25,200 --> 03:13:27,600
life still ticked forward 
Unstoppable. 

3443
03:13:27,600 --> 03:13:30,900
Every ring was a brief 
invitation to imagine the bustle

3444
03:13:30,900 --> 03:13:34,600
of a free world. 
And yet each ring was also a 

3445
03:13:34,600 --> 03:13:37,800
reminder of her entrapment, that
the clock was running in a 

3446
03:13:37,800 --> 03:13:39,200
timeline, she could not fully 
join. 

3447
03:13:40,000 --> 03:13:44,300
Every day, she wrote, she poured
her observations into lines that

3448
03:13:44,300 --> 03:13:47,600
tried to reconcile the tension 
of living with hope in the midst

3449
03:13:47,600 --> 03:13:50,700
of imminent, danger, the 
confines pressed in on her 

3450
03:13:50,700 --> 03:13:53,500
forging a young minds, 
determination to remain 

3451
03:13:53,500 --> 03:13:57,100
spirited, even when Shadows 
length, and as some gave away to

3452
03:13:57,100 --> 03:14:01,000
Autumn in 1942 the secret 
annexed, its own patterns, 

3453
03:14:01,000 --> 03:14:04,700
stilted ones, but patterns 
nonetheless, office workers 

3454
03:14:04,700 --> 03:14:07,200
Russell in the building Below, 
hushed in the mornings, 

3455
03:14:07,200 --> 03:14:11,100
inhabitants tiptoed, through 
daily, chores mindful that to 

3456
03:14:11,100 --> 03:14:14,300
drop spoon, or a raise voice, 
might shatter The Fragile 

3457
03:14:14,300 --> 03:14:17,300
illusion of an empty space 
overhead afternoons. 

3458
03:14:17,300 --> 03:14:21,000
Brought slight relief, the 
offices would close allowing 

3459
03:14:21,000 --> 03:14:24,100
more freedom of movement, and 
the chance to whisper with fewer

3460
03:14:24,100 --> 03:14:28,700
constraints and self-awareness 
deepened, in this seclusion, She

3461
03:14:28,700 --> 03:14:32,100
dissected, every glance, every 
offhand, remark exchanged among 

3462
03:14:32,100 --> 03:14:35,500
the annex residents, she noticed
subtle changes in her mother's 

3463
03:14:35,500 --> 03:14:38,200
eyes sadness, marinated with 
resignation. 

3464
03:14:38,200 --> 03:14:42,600
She saw new lines etched across 
Otto's, forehead reflecting the 

3465
03:14:42,608 --> 03:14:44,700
weight of shepherding, them all 
through this ordeal. 

3466
03:14:45,600 --> 03:14:48,400
And she recognized reflections 
of her own changing emotions. 

3467
03:14:48,400 --> 03:14:51,800
Mirrored in Peter, Van pels, who
retreated into corners of the 

3468
03:14:51,800 --> 03:14:54,000
annex to escape the watchful 
gaze of adults. 

3469
03:14:54,700 --> 03:14:57,200
Peter fascinated, her he was 
different from the boys. 

3470
03:14:57,200 --> 03:15:00,200
She used to know of at school 
who laughed loudly and chased 

3471
03:15:00,200 --> 03:15:04,400
one another through the streets.
He was awkward and often caught 

3472
03:15:04,400 --> 03:15:07,500
in the crossfire of his parents 
arguments in that environment 

3473
03:15:07,500 --> 03:15:10,100
and began seeing him as more 
than a housemate. 

3474
03:15:10,900 --> 03:15:12,600
There were fleeting moments in 
the attic space. 

3475
03:15:12,600 --> 03:15:16,500
Rummaging for a jar of beans or 
a quiet place to think when 

3476
03:15:16,500 --> 03:15:19,100
there are eyes met. 
It was a wordless connection, 

3477
03:15:19,100 --> 03:15:22,300
the electric hum of adolescents,
overshadowed by the hum of 

3478
03:15:22,308 --> 03:15:25,200
approaching warplanes. 
She continued filling her diary.

3479
03:15:25,200 --> 03:15:27,600
Now with an emphasis on 
self-examination. 

3480
03:15:27,600 --> 03:15:31,200
She asked why she offered with 
her mother why she felt 

3481
03:15:31,200 --> 03:15:34,200
overshadowed by Margo and how 
she could nurture a sense of 

3482
03:15:34,200 --> 03:15:37,100
individual identity in a place 
that demanded Conformity for 

3483
03:15:37,100 --> 03:15:40,600
survival. 
At times, she was startled by 

3484
03:15:40,600 --> 03:15:43,600
her introspections. 
She was discovering corners of 

3485
03:15:43,600 --> 03:15:46,000
her mind, she never would have 
explored in a free flowing 

3486
03:15:46,000 --> 03:15:48,900
world. 
The enforce Stillness gave her 

3487
03:15:48,900 --> 03:15:52,200
time to question everything. 
This internal blossoming did not

3488
03:15:52,200 --> 03:15:55,700
come without friction. 
And spirited nature grated on 

3489
03:15:55,700 --> 03:15:58,300
others. 
Mrs. Van pels found her chapter 

3490
03:15:58,300 --> 03:16:02,300
2 bold, her opinions to 
insistent for its feather 

3491
03:16:02,300 --> 03:16:04,900
meticulous man. 
Accustomed to his own routines 

3492
03:16:04,900 --> 03:16:07,900
complained that Anne's nighttime
writing Disturbed, his need for 

3493
03:16:07,900 --> 03:16:11,900
rest yet the more they tried to 
Reign her in the stronger. 

3494
03:16:11,900 --> 03:16:15,400
Her resolved grew She believed 
that if external freedoms were 

3495
03:16:15,400 --> 03:16:18,500
Stripped Away her, internal 
world was the one realm she 

3496
03:16:18,500 --> 03:16:21,200
could still shape. 
She would not allow that final 

3497
03:16:21,200 --> 03:16:24,400
Sanctuary to be sentenced. 
Meanwhile, the war pressed 

3498
03:16:24,400 --> 03:16:27,800
closer occasionally they heard 
about neighborhood raids or saw 

3499
03:16:27,800 --> 03:16:30,400
glimpses of uniformed soldiers, 
carrying out arrests in the 

3500
03:16:30,400 --> 03:16:33,700
distance every time they heard 
notch or footsteps near the 

3501
03:16:33,700 --> 03:16:35,900
bookcase. 
Their hearts race. 

3502
03:16:36,800 --> 03:16:39,100
The fear of Discovery Nord at 
them daily. 

3503
03:16:39,800 --> 03:16:42,300
And was learning how easily 
Terror could become normal. 

3504
03:16:43,100 --> 03:16:46,000
How one could adapt to a 
constant state of near Panic 

3505
03:16:46,000 --> 03:16:49,600
eventually, folding it into the 
fabric of everyday existence. 

3506
03:16:50,900 --> 03:16:53,000
Food shortages became a pressing
concern. 

3507
03:16:53,000 --> 03:16:57,800
Neil's grooming Oculus potatoes,
once a staple became a treasure 

3508
03:16:57,800 --> 03:17:00,600
when they could get them. 
Dried beans and cabbage soup 

3509
03:17:00,600 --> 03:17:02,300
rotated through their limited 
menu. 

3510
03:17:03,100 --> 03:17:06,000
These hardships kindled 
resentment, it was simple to 

3511
03:17:06,000 --> 03:17:09,000
blame each other for miscounted 
rations or mistakes in planning.

3512
03:17:09,000 --> 03:17:13,600
In public families might declare
unity in reality, stuck in tight

3513
03:17:13,600 --> 03:17:15,900
quarters. 
Small tensions could erupt into 

3514
03:17:15,900 --> 03:17:19,600
lasting grudges, And documented 
this she wrote about 

3515
03:17:19,600 --> 03:17:21,700
overhearing. 
Whispered accusations about the 

3516
03:17:21,700 --> 03:17:25,500
tension swirling in the cramped 
kitchen when an extra morsel of 

3517
03:17:25,508 --> 03:17:29,100
bread was unaccounted for yet, 
even in these fractious moments 

3518
03:17:29,100 --> 03:17:31,900
and undercurrent of mutual 
dependence bound them. 

3519
03:17:31,900 --> 03:17:34,600
A new. 
They either survived together or

3520
03:17:34,600 --> 03:17:36,400
felt together. 
Hands. 

3521
03:17:36,400 --> 03:17:38,700
Diary entries also captured 
flickers of humor. 

3522
03:17:38,700 --> 03:17:43,000
That glimmered amid the Gloom 
once Mr. Vampires tried to fix a

3523
03:17:43,000 --> 03:17:45,400
faulty lampshade. 
Using a Contraption of wire and 

3524
03:17:45,400 --> 03:17:49,500
tape it collapsed spectacularly.
Prompting exasperated, shouts. 

3525
03:17:49,500 --> 03:17:51,000
That divulged in to communal 
laughter. 

3526
03:17:52,000 --> 03:17:55,200
Another time and found an old 
board game that had lost half 

3527
03:17:55,200 --> 03:17:58,200
its pieces and improvised rules 
for a clumsy new version. 

3528
03:17:59,100 --> 03:18:02,700
They played and for an hour life
felt almost ordinary. 

3529
03:18:03,400 --> 03:18:08,100
Tiny triumphs in a sea of 
anxiety week by week and 

3530
03:18:08,100 --> 03:18:11,700
underwent a quiet evolution. 
She was still a teenager prone 

3531
03:18:11,700 --> 03:18:15,600
to exasperation and mood swings.
Yet her words penned by 

3532
03:18:15,608 --> 03:18:19,200
candlelight revealed a maturity 
shaped by adversity. 

3533
03:18:19,900 --> 03:18:23,500
She reflected on the nature of 
Good and Evil on the question of

3534
03:18:23,500 --> 03:18:26,700
whether people were basically 
kind or fundamentally cruel. 

3535
03:18:27,700 --> 03:18:30,600
She tried to make sense of the 
Paradox, how she could still 

3536
03:18:30,600 --> 03:18:33,400
believe in the potential for 
goodness while the world outside

3537
03:18:33,400 --> 03:18:35,500
raged with violence and 
persecution? 

3538
03:18:36,600 --> 03:18:39,800
In those fleeting moments before
sleep, when she heard others 

3539
03:18:39,800 --> 03:18:43,100
breathing, softly, in the Next 
Room, she yearned for a future 

3540
03:18:43,100 --> 03:18:46,900
full of color and open Skies, 
she wondered if she'd ever again

3541
03:18:46,900 --> 03:18:51,200
ride a bicycle along Amsterdam's
canals, feel the wind against 

3542
03:18:51,200 --> 03:18:53,800
her cheeks and choose her path 
without fear. 

3543
03:18:55,300 --> 03:18:58,100
That longing, for normal life, 
coexisted with a newfound 

3544
03:18:58,100 --> 03:19:01,900
realization. she was growing 
into a person who did not just 

3545
03:19:01,900 --> 03:19:06,300
see, but felt profoundly She was
forging a philosophy and 

3546
03:19:06,300 --> 03:19:09,700
unspoken packed with her self to
cling to Hope and introspection.

3547
03:19:09,700 --> 03:19:13,700
No matter how ominous, the 
knights became in the interplay 

3548
03:19:13,700 --> 03:19:16,400
between her hidden existence and
her unquenchable curiosity, 

3549
03:19:16,400 --> 03:19:21,400
Hannah was crafting, a voice 
that would in time resonate far 

3550
03:19:21,400 --> 03:19:23,100
beyond the confines of a secret 
Alex. 

3551
03:19:23,900 --> 03:19:26,400
Winter blanketed Amsterdam in a 
drab light. 

3552
03:19:26,400 --> 03:19:29,200
The city's chill seeping into 
the annex. 

3553
03:19:29,700 --> 03:19:33,000
Darkness fell earlier which 
meant longer hours of hushed. 

3554
03:19:33,000 --> 03:19:35,900
Existence, the buildings, 
wouldn't beams groaned in the 

3555
03:19:35,900 --> 03:19:38,900
cold? 
A reminder of how fragile and 

3556
03:19:38,900 --> 03:19:42,900
temporary their Refuge was 
inside the residents braced for 

3557
03:19:42,900 --> 03:19:47,100
gloom, not just meteorological, 
but emotional, With each passing

3558
03:19:47,100 --> 03:19:50,900
day, the outside world carried 
rumors of intensifying conflict,

3559
03:19:50,900 --> 03:19:54,200
deeper atrocities, and 
diminishing, hope for those 

3560
03:19:54,200 --> 03:19:58,400
targeted by Nazi decrees. 
During these months and 

3561
03:19:58,400 --> 03:20:00,600
Reflections took on a more 
poetic bent. 

3562
03:20:01,300 --> 03:20:03,600
She wrote about the shape of 
clouds Beyond The Attic Window 

3563
03:20:03,600 --> 03:20:05,800
about missing the sun on her 
cheeks. 

3564
03:20:05,800 --> 03:20:10,000
Whenever she managed to Glimpse 
out side a Pang of loss caused 

3565
03:20:10,000 --> 03:20:12,400
through her. 
She grieved not just for the 

3566
03:20:12,400 --> 03:20:15,400
restrictions placed on her life 
but for the uncountable stories 

3567
03:20:15,400 --> 03:20:18,200
unfolding in the city below 
stories of neighbors, 

3568
03:20:18,200 --> 03:20:22,100
acquaintances entire families 
being torn from their homes. 

3569
03:20:22,800 --> 03:20:25,800
She yearned to capture that 
heartbreaking words as if 

3570
03:20:25,808 --> 03:20:28,300
writing could stitch together, 
The Frayed edges of collective 

3571
03:20:28,300 --> 03:20:32,100
suffering Inside, the annex 
relationships continued to 

3572
03:20:32,100 --> 03:20:35,000
evolve. 
Han's Dynamic with Peter became 

3573
03:20:35,000 --> 03:20:37,900
deeper and more complicated in 
half-lit Corners. 

3574
03:20:37,900 --> 03:20:41,400
They spoke in halting Whispers, 
sometimes about trivial things, 

3575
03:20:41,400 --> 03:20:43,000
childhood pranks or favorite 
foods. 

3576
03:20:43,000 --> 03:20:44,800
But increasingly about the 
future. 

3577
03:20:44,800 --> 03:20:48,400
Each conversation was tinged 
with a sense of borrowed time. 

3578
03:20:48,400 --> 03:20:52,500
They didn't declare a month in 
any grandway, in fact, their 

3579
03:20:52,500 --> 03:20:54,300
connection felt more like a 
quest for solace. 

3580
03:20:55,100 --> 03:20:58,200
Two adolescents, drawing warmth 
from each other's company, while

3581
03:20:58,200 --> 03:21:02,100
surrounded by a menacing void. 
However, it was impossible to 

3582
03:21:02,100 --> 03:21:06,400
suppress teenage impulses 
occasional jealousy flared and 

3583
03:21:06,400 --> 03:21:09,700
sometimes felt overshadowed by 
Margo's Studios composure. 

3584
03:21:09,700 --> 03:21:12,800
Meanwhile, Peter felt 
claustrophobic under the 

3585
03:21:12,800 --> 03:21:16,000
constant watch of his parents. 
The push-pull of adolescents, 

3586
03:21:16,000 --> 03:21:18,600
typically played out in 
schoolyards and social 

3587
03:21:18,600 --> 03:21:21,200
Gatherings was compressed into 
the hidden space. 

3588
03:21:21,200 --> 03:21:24,400
A single harsh word could 
unravel hours of unspoken 

3589
03:21:24,400 --> 03:21:26,600
camaraderie. 
They each grappled with the 

3590
03:21:26,600 --> 03:21:29,500
realization that they were 
forced to grow up faster than 

3591
03:21:29,500 --> 03:21:32,400
they made ever wanted. 
Despite the daily dread 

3592
03:21:32,400 --> 03:21:33,900
intellectual. 
Pursuits. 

3593
03:21:33,900 --> 03:21:37,400
Flourished in the annex. 
Spurred by the older inhabitants

3594
03:21:37,400 --> 03:21:41,400
desire to keep the teenagers 
Minds engaged, Otto and Mrs. Van

3595
03:21:41,400 --> 03:21:44,200
pelz quizzed Margot. 
And Anne on geography history 

3596
03:21:44,200 --> 03:21:47,600
languages. 
Feffer for all his quirks had 

3597
03:21:47,600 --> 03:21:49,900
moments of generosity. 
Sharing knowledge about 

3598
03:21:49,900 --> 03:21:52,600
Dentistry or discussing foreign 
literature, he'd read in his 

3599
03:21:52,600 --> 03:21:56,700
younger days, books smuggled in 
by helpers were as precious as 

3600
03:21:56,700 --> 03:21:59,000
any ration. 
They devoured them cleaning 

3601
03:21:59,000 --> 03:22:01,700
glimpses of Worlds, and touched 
by the Crackdown, they faced 

3602
03:22:01,700 --> 03:22:05,300
these small acts of learning 
became Defiance and assertion 

3603
03:22:05,300 --> 03:22:06,900
that they still had the right to
grow. 

3604
03:22:06,900 --> 03:22:11,300
Think and imagine However, the 
tension of captivity took its 

3605
03:22:11,300 --> 03:22:15,000
toll privacy was scarce. 
If one person needed a moment 

3606
03:22:15,008 --> 03:22:18,700
alone they had to negotiate with
the rest rearranging the living 

3607
03:22:18,700 --> 03:22:21,000
area or waiting for others to be
occupied elsewhere. 

3608
03:22:21,800 --> 03:22:25,600
Tones of voice, grew sharper 
some nights and press Terry to 

3609
03:22:25,600 --> 03:22:28,700
the thin walls, and listen to 
the muffled arguments money, 

3610
03:22:28,700 --> 03:22:31,500
worry worries, fear of betrayal 
or the question of whether to 

3611
03:22:31,500 --> 03:22:33,200
trust certain acquaintances 
outside. 

3612
03:22:33,200 --> 03:22:36,000
Everything was debated in hushed
Urgent tones. 

3613
03:22:36,000 --> 03:22:39,500
The claustrophobia was physical,
but it was so spiritual. 

3614
03:22:39,500 --> 03:22:42,800
Each person carried The Dread 
that one betrayed secret. 

3615
03:22:42,800 --> 03:22:44,900
One careless word could Doom 
them. 

3616
03:22:45,800 --> 03:22:49,000
In the Diaries and noted, these 
cracks in the foundation of 

3617
03:22:49,008 --> 03:22:51,400
their enforced, togetherness. 
But she did so, with a 

3618
03:22:51,408 --> 03:22:53,300
remarkable empathy for the 
adults. 

3619
03:22:54,000 --> 03:22:56,700
She recognized, they were doing 
their best in Unthinkable 

3620
03:22:56,700 --> 03:22:59,900
circumstances. 
Otto tried to maintain an even 

3621
03:22:59,900 --> 03:23:04,100
temperament urging reason. 
When tempers flared some nights 

3622
03:23:04,100 --> 03:23:07,900
he'd gather everyone to read a 
book aloud or discuss a snippet 

3623
03:23:07,900 --> 03:23:11,200
of radio news for a short while 
the flickering lamp would 

3624
03:23:11,200 --> 03:23:14,400
illuminate a circle of somber 
faces each participant, 

3625
03:23:14,400 --> 03:23:17,900
clutching at hope that maybe 
just maybe the tide of war was 

3626
03:23:17,900 --> 03:23:20,700
turning. 
As the winter wore on the line 

3627
03:23:20,700 --> 03:23:23,800
between day and night blurred, 
the impetus to remain hidden 

3628
03:23:23,800 --> 03:23:26,700
combined with the shortage of 
indoor light meant. 

3629
03:23:26,700 --> 03:23:28,400
It was all too easy to lose 
track of time. 

3630
03:23:29,500 --> 03:23:32,800
Sometimes and woke unsure if 
Dawn was near or if it was still

3631
03:23:32,800 --> 03:23:36,900
the depths of midnight in that 
surreal Twilight, she'd scribble

3632
03:23:36,900 --> 03:23:40,200
in her diary by candlelight 
Despite her uncertainty about 

3633
03:23:40,200 --> 03:23:42,200
what love meant in such dire 
circumstances. 

3634
03:23:42,200 --> 03:23:45,600
She penned confession of love in
her diary. 

3635
03:23:45,600 --> 03:23:48,800
She wrote about the anger. 
She felt toward a world that had

3636
03:23:48,800 --> 03:23:50,600
pinned a Target on her family's 
back. 

3637
03:23:51,500 --> 03:23:54,100
She wrote about the faith. 
She still had in human decency, 

3638
03:23:54,100 --> 03:23:57,400
though it teetered. 
Precariously, one particular 

3639
03:23:57,400 --> 03:24:01,400
entry documented, a profound 
realization, she understood that

3640
03:24:01,400 --> 03:24:04,100
her life's narrative might never
be fully shared with the world. 

3641
03:24:05,100 --> 03:24:07,400
The Diaries could be lost or she
could vanish. 

3642
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:11,200
The thought of losing the diary 
struck her with a chilling Force

3643
03:24:11,200 --> 03:24:15,100
rather than giving into despair.
She channeled that fear into a 

3644
03:24:15,100 --> 03:24:17,500
fierce determination to document
everything she could. 

3645
03:24:18,300 --> 03:24:20,400
If this was the only record she 
might leave behind. 

3646
03:24:20,400 --> 03:24:23,900
She wanted to ensure. 
It was honest, she refused to 

3647
03:24:23,908 --> 03:24:26,200
portray herself. 
Merely as a victim, she wanted 

3648
03:24:26,200 --> 03:24:29,100
the pages to convey the 
complexity of her internal life.

3649
03:24:29,100 --> 03:24:33,400
The moments of laughter, the 
Daydreams, the Defiance and the 

3650
03:24:33,408 --> 03:24:35,300
longing for small acts of 
liberation. 

3651
03:24:36,400 --> 03:24:40,200
Outside the warcraft closer, the
sky sometimes roared with 

3652
03:24:40,208 --> 03:24:44,100
aircraft engines, Allied bombers
perhaps forging a path that 

3653
03:24:44,100 --> 03:24:47,000
might liberate Europe. 
But with each Tremor, the annex 

3654
03:24:47,000 --> 03:24:50,400
residents clung to each other 
and certain if bombs might tear 

3655
03:24:50,400 --> 03:24:53,400
the neighborhood apart in the 
hush that followed these raids 

3656
03:24:53,400 --> 03:24:55,500
and breathe would catch in her 
throat. 

3657
03:24:55,500 --> 03:24:58,300
She sensed the precariousness of
her existence. 

3658
03:24:59,300 --> 03:25:02,600
Yet each time Dawn came, she 
would push back against despair 

3659
03:25:02,600 --> 03:25:04,700
void by an unexplainable 
resolve. 

3660
03:25:05,400 --> 03:25:08,400
If she couldn't move freely in 
the physical world, she would 

3661
03:25:08,400 --> 03:25:11,500
soar through the realm of 
thought, words and dreams. 

3662
03:25:11,500 --> 03:25:13,500
That was the Amber. 
She refused to let go. 

3663
03:25:14,400 --> 03:25:17,900
Spring of 1944 brought faint 
glimmers of optimism to the 

3664
03:25:17,900 --> 03:25:21,600
annex Allied successes will 
whispered about fueling 

3665
03:25:21,600 --> 03:25:23,900
speculation that Liberation 
might be on the horizon. 

3666
03:25:23,900 --> 03:25:28,300
Han was buoyed by these rumors. 
Each new snippet of promising. 

3667
03:25:28,300 --> 03:25:30,900
News was a Lifeline in her. 
Claustrophobic reality. 

3668
03:25:31,700 --> 03:25:34,400
She reread the few books, they 
possessed letting her 

3669
03:25:34,400 --> 03:25:36,300
imagination roam beyond the 
walls. 

3670
03:25:37,000 --> 03:25:40,100
She allowed herself to imagine 
post-war life returning, to 

3671
03:25:40,100 --> 03:25:43,800
school traveling, through open 
roads, carving out a future in 

3672
03:25:43,800 --> 03:25:46,700
journalism or literature in her 
diary, she poured. 

3673
03:25:46,700 --> 03:25:49,500
These fantasies into paragraphs 
bursting with yearning. 

3674
03:25:50,100 --> 03:25:53,200
Each page was a testament to her
growing confidence as a writer. 

3675
03:25:53,200 --> 03:25:56,900
She refined her style grappling 
with bigger questions, about 

3676
03:25:56,900 --> 03:26:00,100
humanity and morality. 
If the outside world discovered 

3677
03:26:00,100 --> 03:26:03,200
her words, she wanted them to 
see a teenager who had wrestled 

3678
03:26:03,200 --> 03:26:06,200
with life's rawness under 
extraordinary pressures. 

3679
03:26:07,200 --> 03:26:11,000
She revised entries, polishing 
them like a Craftsman, seeking 

3680
03:26:11,000 --> 03:26:13,600
Clarity and expression. 
It was a bid for 

3681
03:26:13,600 --> 03:26:17,200
self-determination in a sphere. 
She could control however small 

3682
03:26:18,100 --> 03:26:20,400
Yet behind the buoyancy of Hope 
tensions. 

3683
03:26:20,400 --> 03:26:23,600
Still simmered the annexed. 
Endured nearly two years of 

3684
03:26:23,600 --> 03:26:25,900
confinement. 
And patience was wearing thin 

3685
03:26:25,900 --> 03:26:28,200
arguments erupted over trivial 
issues. 

3686
03:26:28,200 --> 03:26:30,400
How to budget dwindling 
resources? 

3687
03:26:30,400 --> 03:26:34,000
Who neglected to wash dishes 
properly, or whose footsteps had

3688
03:26:34,000 --> 03:26:35,200
been too loud during office 
hours? 

3689
03:26:36,300 --> 03:26:39,500
Sometimes these dispute open 
deeper wounds, releasing 

3690
03:26:39,500 --> 03:26:42,900
anxiety, is about betrayal or 
doubts about whether the helpers

3691
03:26:42,900 --> 03:26:44,700
could continue risking their own
safety. 

3692
03:26:44,700 --> 03:26:48,200
And definitely and found these 
blow ups both draining and 

3693
03:26:48,200 --> 03:26:52,200
strangely fascinating. as if you
were watching an intricate play 

3694
03:26:52,200 --> 03:26:56,200
in which everyone was an 
unwilling actor, By Midsummer 

3695
03:26:56,200 --> 03:26:59,800
the atmosphere and Amsterdam. 
Felt expectant Air Raids became 

3696
03:26:59,808 --> 03:27:02,500
more frequent indicating that 
the war front was shifting 

3697
03:27:02,500 --> 03:27:05,600
rumors circulated about a 
possible Allied invasion. 

3698
03:27:06,400 --> 03:27:09,300
And heart soared each time. 
She heard the drones of planes 

3699
03:27:09,300 --> 03:27:12,300
overhead, it meant the Nazis 
might soon lose their grip on 

3700
03:27:12,300 --> 03:27:15,700
the Netherlands. 
She pictured soldiers marching 

3701
03:27:15,700 --> 03:27:18,300
into free them. 
Imagine stepping out of the 

3702
03:27:18,300 --> 03:27:21,300
annex and blinking in the bright
sunlight of an Amsterdam Street.

3703
03:27:21,300 --> 03:27:24,700
The Daydream was so vivid she 
could almost taste it. 

3704
03:27:25,500 --> 03:27:29,800
Then one August after noon, the 
unthinkable happened in a flurry

3705
03:27:29,800 --> 03:27:32,300
of panic. 
Their Hideout was discovered The

3706
03:27:32,300 --> 03:27:35,900
exact circumstances remained 
debated, some suspect a tip from

3707
03:27:35,900 --> 03:27:39,400
an informant others blame in 
accidental slip of information. 

3708
03:27:40,200 --> 03:27:42,600
for an, all the mattered was, 
the southern pounding on the 

3709
03:27:42,600 --> 03:27:46,100
door, the heavy boots on the 
stairs, the abruption into their

3710
03:27:46,100 --> 03:27:50,800
concealed World, fear seized her
body, A Terrace so Stark it made

3711
03:27:50,800 --> 03:27:54,100
her eyes blur. 
It was as if everything slowed 

3712
03:27:54,100 --> 03:27:57,700
the look of shock on Otto's 
face, the Trembling Hands of 

3713
03:27:57,700 --> 03:28:01,200
Mrs. Vampires the hush that fell
over them as uniformed. 

3714
03:28:01,200 --> 03:28:04,600
Officers burst in the aftermath 
they were taking into custody 

3715
03:28:04,600 --> 03:28:07,500
forced to surrender. 
Personal belongings, including 

3716
03:28:07,500 --> 03:28:10,700
hands, beloved diary, she had no
time to secure it. 

3717
03:28:10,700 --> 03:28:15,000
No chance to salvage her 
carefully Hound words She felt 

3718
03:28:15,000 --> 03:28:17,700
as though part of her identity 
was wrenched away together with 

3719
03:28:17,700 --> 03:28:20,600
her family and the others. 
She was hustled into the trucks,

3720
03:28:20,600 --> 03:28:23,800
then trains heard it alongside 
strangers wearing the same 

3721
03:28:23,800 --> 03:28:27,800
bewildered Halo expressions. 
The transit led to the West 

3722
03:28:27,800 --> 03:28:30,900
abort Transit Camp first. 
A grim, holding station for 

3723
03:28:30,900 --> 03:28:33,800
those awaiting transport to 
concentration camps to deeper in

3724
03:28:33,800 --> 03:28:37,900
Nazi, occupied territory there, 
and confronted the mass scale of

3725
03:28:37,900 --> 03:28:40,100
the persecution. 
She had only heard about in bits

3726
03:28:40,100 --> 03:28:43,300
and pieces. 
Sleep was fitful marred by the 

3727
03:28:43,300 --> 03:28:47,200
whales of children separated 
from parents by the unrelenting 

3728
03:28:47,200 --> 03:28:51,400
stench of overcrowded Barracks. 
She clung to her family though. 

3729
03:28:51,400 --> 03:28:54,500
Even that Solace felt tenuous in
the face of so many Horrors. 

3730
03:28:55,500 --> 03:28:58,300
From westernport they were 
crammed into Freight cars Bound 

3731
03:28:58,300 --> 03:29:00,200
for Auschwitz. 
It was a journey of 

3732
03:29:00,208 --> 03:29:03,300
unimaginable. 
Discomfort with little food or 

3733
03:29:03,300 --> 03:29:08,000
water suffocating are and a 
brutal sense of finality in the 

3734
03:29:08,008 --> 03:29:10,300
corners. 
The car she glimpsed people too 

3735
03:29:10,300 --> 03:29:13,500
weak to stand While others 
gripped by despair rocked back 

3736
03:29:13,500 --> 03:29:16,400
and forth. 
Silently Hands mind, reeled with

3737
03:29:16,408 --> 03:29:19,200
her questions. 
How could Humanity reach such 

3738
03:29:19,200 --> 03:29:21,800
cruelty? 
Where was the justice for all 

3739
03:29:21,808 --> 03:29:23,300
these? 
Souls packed like cargo? 

3740
03:29:24,200 --> 03:29:26,900
Tried to recall lines from her 
diary from the future. 

3741
03:29:26,900 --> 03:29:30,000
She had once envisioned, She 
thought of passing them on by 

3742
03:29:30,000 --> 03:29:31,800
word of mouth, if she couldn't 
write them anymore. 

3743
03:29:33,300 --> 03:29:36,700
But words no longer felt 
adequate Auschwitz was a 

3744
03:29:36,700 --> 03:29:40,700
kaleidoscope of fear barking 
guards sneaking barbed wire 

3745
03:29:40,700 --> 03:29:43,800
towering chimneys. 
Family members were separated 

3746
03:29:43,800 --> 03:29:46,300
upon arrival. 
Otto was taken away from the 

3747
03:29:46,300 --> 03:29:49,600
women and Margot and Edith 
stayed together. 

3748
03:29:49,608 --> 03:29:53,700
Initially, although conditions 
were Beyond Dreadful stripped of

3749
03:29:53,708 --> 03:29:55,700
personal, belongings, forced to 
endure. 

3750
03:29:55,700 --> 03:29:58,200
Roll calls in the cold. 
They found themselves in a world

3751
03:29:58,200 --> 03:30:00,200
that tested every last shred of 
Hope. 

3752
03:30:01,200 --> 03:30:03,900
Still, and clutched, the memory 
of her father's, reassuring 

3753
03:30:03,900 --> 03:30:07,100
voice, and the faint possibility
that they might all survive. 

3754
03:30:08,000 --> 03:30:11,500
Before long, she and Margot were
transferred to Bergen belsen, a 

3755
03:30:11,500 --> 03:30:16,200
camp in Northern Germany, their 
disease and starvation raged as 

3756
03:30:16,200 --> 03:30:19,100
the winter of 1944 to 1945 bore 
down. 

3757
03:30:19,900 --> 03:30:21,700
The camp devolved into an even 
harsher. 

3758
03:30:21,700 --> 03:30:24,900
Nightmare. 
Food was scarce, sanitation, 

3759
03:30:24,900 --> 03:30:27,900
non-existent and each day more 
prisoners, vanished from the 

3760
03:30:27,900 --> 03:30:30,500
makeshift Huts. 
So, coming to typhus and other 

3761
03:30:30,500 --> 03:30:34,700
illnesses. 
Amid this room reality hands Own

3762
03:30:34,700 --> 03:30:37,900
Strength ebbed. 
He coughed through the knights 

3763
03:30:37,900 --> 03:30:41,500
feverish. 
Her body warned thin yet to her 

3764
03:30:41,500 --> 03:30:44,500
last conscious moments. 
She reportedly still clung to 

3765
03:30:44,500 --> 03:30:46,500
the Slender thread of hope that 
she might one day. 

3766
03:30:46,508 --> 03:30:48,200
See a world free of these 
tournaments. 

3767
03:30:49,000 --> 03:30:52,100
The flame in her eyes flickered,
but it never entirely died. 

3768
03:30:52,100 --> 03:30:54,200
She had believed in something 
better. 

3769
03:30:55,100 --> 03:30:58,100
The weeks leading to Anne's 
death in early 1945 at 

3770
03:30:58,100 --> 03:31:01,900
bergen-belsen remained partially
shrouded in uncertainty accounts

3771
03:31:01,900 --> 03:31:03,900
from survivors. 
Mentioned that she was frail 

3772
03:31:03,900 --> 03:31:06,800
afflicted by the rampant disease
that haunted the camp. 

3773
03:31:07,600 --> 03:31:11,300
Margot was similarly weakened 
both sisters once so. 

3774
03:31:11,300 --> 03:31:13,500
Distinct Margo the studious. 
One. 

3775
03:31:13,500 --> 03:31:17,100
And the outspoken dreamer were 
reduced to gaunt Silhouettes. 

3776
03:31:17,100 --> 03:31:20,700
In the chaos of Camp life, 
starvation exhaustion, and 

3777
03:31:20,700 --> 03:31:23,800
illness conspired to steal away 
their final reserves of energy. 

3778
03:31:23,800 --> 03:31:28,400
Their mother Edith had died in 
Auschwitz months earlier and the

3779
03:31:28,400 --> 03:31:30,400
separation from their father was
complete. 

3780
03:31:31,300 --> 03:31:34,500
Complete. 
Neither system knew that Otto 

3781
03:31:34,500 --> 03:31:37,400
Frank was still alive. 
Otto would be the only member of

3782
03:31:37,400 --> 03:31:40,900
the immediate Frank Family to 
survive the Holocaust liberated 

3783
03:31:40,900 --> 03:31:44,000
by the Soviet forces at 
Auschwitz, he began the 

3784
03:31:44,000 --> 03:31:45,900
agonizing search for his wife 
and daughters. 

3785
03:31:45,900 --> 03:31:49,500
Once the war ended hopes were 
cruelty dashed as he confirmed 

3786
03:31:49,500 --> 03:31:53,600
step by step that Edith had not 
made it and that Anne and Margot

3787
03:31:53,600 --> 03:31:56,500
had perished in Bergen belsen, 
just weeks before British troops

3788
03:31:56,500 --> 03:32:00,800
arrived to free the camp. 
In that painful Discovery Otto 

3789
03:32:00,800 --> 03:32:03,700
lost more than his family. 
He lost the future, he had 

3790
03:32:03,700 --> 03:32:06,200
fought so hard to protect during
their years in hiding. 

3791
03:32:07,000 --> 03:32:10,000
Amid, the Staggering grief, a 
slender thread of continuity 

3792
03:32:10,000 --> 03:32:14,900
emerged and writings miep gies, 
one of the helpers, who had 

3793
03:32:14,900 --> 03:32:18,000
risked her own life to hide. 
The Franks had discovered Anne's

3794
03:32:18,000 --> 03:32:21,700
diary left behind in the annex. 
She protected it unaware of its 

3795
03:32:21,700 --> 03:32:24,500
full significance. 
Hoping one day to return it to 

3796
03:32:24,508 --> 03:32:27,600
an herself. 
When Otto came back broken and 

3797
03:32:27,600 --> 03:32:31,300
haunted Meep handed him the 
papers, the notebooks and the 

3798
03:32:31,308 --> 03:32:35,700
loose pages in those delicate 
Stacks Leanne's words raw 

3799
03:32:35,700 --> 03:32:39,100
insightful and at times 
painfully honest. 

3800
03:32:40,000 --> 03:32:43,300
Reading them was an ordeal for 
Otto, each sentence, bore the 

3801
03:32:43,308 --> 03:32:46,400
imprint of a daughter who no 
longer existed yet. 

3802
03:32:46,400 --> 03:32:50,000
As he ventured further, he 
recognized that Anne had 

3803
03:32:50,000 --> 03:32:52,700
transcended the limitations of 
her dire situation. 

3804
03:32:53,600 --> 03:32:57,500
Her diary was not just a record 
of fear but also a testament to 

3805
03:32:57,500 --> 03:33:01,000
a young Souls will to dream and 
make sense of a senseless world.

3806
03:33:02,200 --> 03:33:05,100
Otto saw that this wasn't a 
private Chronicle of self-pity 

3807
03:33:05,100 --> 03:33:09,400
instead, it was a Clarion call 
from a teenage girl who kept 

3808
03:33:09,400 --> 03:33:11,700
her. 
Mind vibrant and unimaginable 

3809
03:33:11,700 --> 03:33:14,200
constraints. 
She had turned introspection 

3810
03:33:14,200 --> 03:33:17,300
into a shield and her pain had 
become a voice that soared 

3811
03:33:17,300 --> 03:33:21,500
beyond the annex walls. 
Gradually Otto decided to share 

3812
03:33:21,500 --> 03:33:23,200
Anne's writings with a wider 
audience. 

3813
03:33:23,900 --> 03:33:26,900
He believed the world needed to 
hear her story not to 

3814
03:33:26,900 --> 03:33:30,000
sensationalize tragedy but to 
Bear witness to the quiet 

3815
03:33:30,000 --> 03:33:32,100
heroism in a teenagers 
Reflections. 

3816
03:33:32,100 --> 03:33:37,200
Initially Publishers hesitated 
War Memoirs were abundant and 

3817
03:33:37,200 --> 03:33:39,000
some feared there was no 
appetite for yet. 

3818
03:33:39,000 --> 03:33:44,000
Another Yet, once the diary was 
finally printed in 1947 under 

3819
03:33:44,000 --> 03:33:48,800
the title, hit actor, hose. 
The Secret Annex its resonance 

3820
03:33:48,800 --> 03:33:51,900
was immediate. 
Readers recognized Anne's Vivid 

3821
03:33:51,900 --> 03:33:55,900
Humanity, a teenage worries 
yarning and insight. 

3822
03:33:55,900 --> 03:33:58,900
Struck a chord that transcended 
the specifics of time and place 

3823
03:33:58,900 --> 03:34:01,800
a word, made the Holocaust 
personal one voice. 

3824
03:34:01,800 --> 03:34:04,900
Speaking for Millions, who could
no longer speak over the 

3825
03:34:04,900 --> 03:34:08,400
subsequent decades, and Frank's 
diary was translated into dozens

3826
03:34:08,400 --> 03:34:13,600
of languages stage to plays 
adapted into films and included 

3827
03:34:13,600 --> 03:34:17,300
in curricular around the globe. 
Some commentators questions the 

3828
03:34:17,300 --> 03:34:20,100
sanctification of a single story
when so many lives have been 

3829
03:34:20,100 --> 03:34:24,000
lost others worried that her 
Universal appeal risk, diluting 

3830
03:34:24,000 --> 03:34:25,800
the brutal reality of the 
Holocaust. 

3831
03:34:26,600 --> 03:34:29,100
Yet few disputed the 
authenticity and power of her 

3832
03:34:29,100 --> 03:34:32,800
diary, which offered a profound 
glimpse into how hatred warps 

3833
03:34:32,800 --> 03:34:36,000
society and how an individual 
Spirit can remain defiant. 

3834
03:34:37,000 --> 03:34:40,200
The annex itself became a 
museum, a tangible space. 

3835
03:34:40,200 --> 03:34:43,200
Where visitors could experience 
the cramped rooms and steep 

3836
03:34:43,200 --> 03:34:45,400
staircases that shaped Downs, 
daily existence. 

3837
03:34:46,300 --> 03:34:49,700
People from every corner of the 
world filed through, Imagining 

3838
03:34:49,700 --> 03:34:52,700
the silent dread that once 
enveloped that hidden sanctuary.

3839
03:34:53,400 --> 03:34:57,000
In those quiet rooms, Anne's 
Voice, still seem to hover 

3840
03:34:57,000 --> 03:35:00,800
urging reflection on the 
precarious balance between 

3841
03:35:00,800 --> 03:35:03,300
survival and Betrayal on the 
nature of Hope. 

3842
03:35:03,300 --> 03:35:06,100
Amid despair on the 
vulnerability, that defines our 

3843
03:35:06,100 --> 03:35:10,700
shared Humanity for readers in 
the 21st century, indeed for any

3844
03:35:10,700 --> 03:35:14,200
era Ann's writing remained 
startling in its intimacy and 

3845
03:35:14,200 --> 03:35:16,900
relevance. 
She documented her teenage angst

3846
03:35:16,900 --> 03:35:19,900
with a frankness that resonates 
with anyone who has navigated 

3847
03:35:19,900 --> 03:35:23,900
self-doubt family tensions or 
the desire to be heard beyond 

3848
03:35:23,900 --> 03:35:25,800
that. 
She recorded how The rhythms of 

3849
03:35:25,808 --> 03:35:28,300
ordinary life could unravel 
under totalitarianism. 

3850
03:35:29,100 --> 03:35:32,500
In the face of hatred, her diary
stands as both evidence and 

3851
03:35:32,500 --> 03:35:35,700
indictment a reminder that a 
person doesn't start with 

3852
03:35:35,700 --> 03:35:38,900
concentration camps but with 
smaller steps of exclusion and 

3853
03:35:38,900 --> 03:35:41,600
Prejudice. 
Though she never lived to see 

3854
03:35:41,608 --> 03:35:44,700
The Liberation she craved and 
story has endured for 

3855
03:35:44,700 --> 03:35:47,400
Generations. 
It's a story not only of horror 

3856
03:35:47,400 --> 03:35:50,000
but also of the transformative 
power of bearing witness through

3857
03:35:50,000 --> 03:35:52,800
ART, her diary is more than a 
historical artifact. 

3858
03:35:52,800 --> 03:35:56,000
It in, it is a living 
conversation between past and 

3859
03:35:56,000 --> 03:35:58,800
present warning us that the 
fragile freedoms. 

3860
03:35:58,800 --> 03:36:01,600
We cherish must be protected in 
its Pages. 

3861
03:36:01,600 --> 03:36:05,700
You find The Echoes of a curious
hopeful Spirit, urging us to 

3862
03:36:05,700 --> 03:36:08,700
remain Vigilant against the 
complacency that allows hatred 

3863
03:36:08,700 --> 03:36:12,000
to flourish. 
And so despite her tragic end 

3864
03:36:12,000 --> 03:36:16,100
and Frank's Legacy carries the 
force of a life Interrupted but 

3865
03:36:16,100 --> 03:36:19,600
not silent. 
Through her words, she continues

3866
03:36:19,600 --> 03:36:25,600
to speak to question, to observe
to challenge that voice, gentle 

3867
03:36:25,600 --> 03:36:29,400
yet, unwavering reminds us that 
in, even the darkest of times, 

3868
03:36:29,400 --> 03:36:32,500
there remains a spark of 
resilience, ready to ignite a 

3869
03:36:32,500 --> 03:36:35,500
broader understanding of 
compassion empathy, and the 

3870
03:36:35,500 --> 03:36:37,400
fragile bonds that hold us all 
together. 

3871
03:36:42,400 --> 03:36:45,200
You know, how someday start 
perfectly ordinary and then take

3872
03:36:45,200 --> 03:36:46,800
a left turn into absolutely 
bonkers? 

3873
03:36:47,700 --> 03:36:50,300
Well, Tuesday, Morning, began 
with me standing. 

3874
03:36:50,300 --> 03:36:53,600
In my kitchen coffee, mug in 
hand staring at the antique, 

3875
03:36:53,600 --> 03:36:56,000
brass Compass, I'd inherited 
from great art Moira. 

3876
03:36:56,000 --> 03:36:58,900
The thing had been Gathering 
dust on my windowsill for 

3877
03:36:58,900 --> 03:37:01,000
months. 
But something about the way, the

3878
03:37:01,000 --> 03:37:03,400
Morning Light caught, its 
warning Cravings made me. 

3879
03:37:03,400 --> 03:37:06,500
Pick it up. 
The compass felt surprisingly 

3880
03:37:06,500 --> 03:37:10,400
warm in my palm almost like it 
had been sitting in sunshine all

3881
03:37:10,400 --> 03:37:14,100
morning instead of shadow. 
I traced the Celtic knots carved

3882
03:37:14,100 --> 03:37:17,400
around its rim with my finger 
wondering, if Moira had actually

3883
03:37:17,400 --> 03:37:20,400
used this thing or if it was 
just another piece of Scottish, 

3884
03:37:20,400 --> 03:37:22,100
family, folklore collecting 
cobwebs. 

3885
03:37:22,900 --> 03:37:26,700
The needle spun lazily pointing,
not North, but to some direction

3886
03:37:26,700 --> 03:37:29,700
that seemed to exist only in its
own mysterious geography. 

3887
03:37:30,500 --> 03:37:32,600
That's when things got 
interesting in the way that 

3888
03:37:32,600 --> 03:37:34,500
makes you question your morning 
coffee choices. 

3889
03:37:35,700 --> 03:37:38,600
The world around me began to 
Shimmer like Heatwave rising 

3890
03:37:38,600 --> 03:37:41,700
from Summer pavement. 
Except my kitchen suddenly felt 

3891
03:37:41,700 --> 03:37:45,000
anything but warm. 
Colors bled at the edge of my 

3892
03:37:45,000 --> 03:37:47,100
vision and that peculiar 
ringing. 

3893
03:37:47,100 --> 03:37:49,300
You get in your ears during 
airplane, take off filled my 

3894
03:37:49,308 --> 03:37:51,600
head. 
I had just enough time to think.

3895
03:37:51,600 --> 03:37:55,300
Well, this is either a stroke or
something considerably more 

3896
03:37:55,300 --> 03:37:59,200
unusual before everything went 
sideways time travel as it 

3897
03:37:59,200 --> 03:38:01,100
turned out. 
Feels remarkably like being 

3898
03:38:01,100 --> 03:38:04,100
tumbled in the world's largest 
washing machine, while someone 

3899
03:38:04,100 --> 03:38:07,600
plays a bagpiper Orchestra 
directly into your skull, not 

3900
03:38:07,600 --> 03:38:10,100
unpleasant, exactly. 
But definitely not something 

3901
03:38:10,100 --> 03:38:12,100
you'd want to experience, right 
off after breakfast. 

3902
03:38:13,000 --> 03:38:16,200
The sensation lasted either 
three seconds or three centuries

3903
03:38:16,200 --> 03:38:19,800
time, being somewhat negotiable 
during interdimensional Transit 

3904
03:38:19,800 --> 03:38:22,300
apparently. 
When the world stopped spinning 

3905
03:38:22,300 --> 03:38:25,800
like a cosmic carnival ride? 
I found myself standing in what 

3906
03:38:25,800 --> 03:38:28,900
appeared to be a meadow that had
never heard of lawn mowers hedge

3907
03:38:28,900 --> 03:38:33,100
trimmers or any other modern 
conveniences Tall Grass weighed 

3908
03:38:33,100 --> 03:38:36,100
around my ankles dotted with 
wildflowers, that looked like 

3909
03:38:36,100 --> 03:38:39,100
they'd stepped straight out of a
medieval illuminated manuscript,

3910
03:38:39,100 --> 03:38:42,500
the are carried sense. 
I couldn't quite place would 

3911
03:38:42,500 --> 03:38:45,500
smoke something cooking. 
That might have been bred in the

3912
03:38:45,508 --> 03:38:48,100
earthy richness of a world where
exhaust fumes hadn't been 

3913
03:38:48,100 --> 03:38:51,300
invented yet. 
The silence hit me first. 

3914
03:38:52,200 --> 03:38:55,100
Not the kind of quiet you get in
Suburban neighborhoods at 2 in 

3915
03:38:55,100 --> 03:38:58,100
the morning but the deep 
breathing Silence of a place 

3916
03:38:58,100 --> 03:39:00,800
where the loudest sound for 
Miles might be a bird calling or

3917
03:39:00,800 --> 03:39:04,600
wind moving through leaves no 
traffic, whom no air 

3918
03:39:04,600 --> 03:39:07,700
conditioning units. 
No distant leaf blowers just the

3919
03:39:07,700 --> 03:39:10,400
world as it existed before we 
filled it with the constant 

3920
03:39:10,400 --> 03:39:14,300
background core of Modern Life. 
I looked down at the campus. 

3921
03:39:14,300 --> 03:39:17,900
Still clutched in my hand, it's 
needle now pointed steadily, in 

3922
03:39:17,900 --> 03:39:20,200
One Direction with the 
confidence of something that 

3923
03:39:20,200 --> 03:39:23,800
finally knew where it belonged. 
The brass felt cool again 

3924
03:39:23,800 --> 03:39:27,400
ordinary as if it had never been
anything more than a family 

3925
03:39:27,400 --> 03:39:30,500
heirloom, with a tendency toward
dramatic gestures. 

3926
03:39:31,500 --> 03:39:34,200
The landscape stretched around 
me and Rolling Green Hills. 

3927
03:39:34,200 --> 03:39:37,800
That seemed to go on forever 
punctuated by stands of trees 

3928
03:39:37,800 --> 03:39:39,700
that looked older than anything 
I'd ever seen. 

3929
03:39:40,800 --> 03:39:43,000
In the distance, smoke Rose, 
from What Might Have Been 

3930
03:39:43,008 --> 03:39:45,800
chimneys, the calling them, 
chimneys might be generous. 

3931
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:49,800
Stone structures dotted. 
The hillside, not ruins, but 

3932
03:39:49,800 --> 03:39:53,600
buildings that were clearly 
lived in used part of someone's 

3933
03:39:53,600 --> 03:39:56,600
daily life. 
My modern clothes felt suddenly 

3934
03:39:56,600 --> 03:40:00,400
conspicuous jeans and a fleece 
jacket probably won't go into 

3935
03:40:00,400 --> 03:40:04,000
help me blend in wherever, or 
whenever I landed. 

3936
03:40:05,400 --> 03:40:09,400
The realization crept Over Me 
Slowly like cold water seeping 

3937
03:40:09,400 --> 03:40:12,500
through boots. 
I was no longer in Kansas Toto 

3938
03:40:12,500 --> 03:40:15,700
and I had a sneaking suspicion. 
I wasn't in the 21st century 

3939
03:40:15,700 --> 03:40:18,800
either. 
A distance sound drifted across 

3940
03:40:18,800 --> 03:40:22,000
the meadow voices may be and 
something that could have been 

3941
03:40:22,000 --> 03:40:25,400
livestock. 
Civilization, or at least what 

3942
03:40:25,400 --> 03:40:27,700
passed for it in whatever area 
I'd stumbled into. 

3943
03:40:29,000 --> 03:40:31,900
The compass needle held steady 
pointing towards Those Distant 

3944
03:40:31,900 --> 03:40:35,200
wisps of smoke, as if it knew 
exactly where I needed to go. 

3945
03:40:36,200 --> 03:40:38,100
I took a deep breath of air that
tasted like it. 

3946
03:40:38,100 --> 03:40:40,100
Had never met a factory 
adjusted. 

3947
03:40:40,100 --> 03:40:42,500
My grip on great. 
Aunt, moira's, compass and 

3948
03:40:42,500 --> 03:40:45,100
started walking toward, whatever
Adventure awaited. 

3949
03:40:45,100 --> 03:40:48,400
After all, when you've 
accidentally time traveled to 

3950
03:40:48,400 --> 03:40:51,800
what appeared to be medieval 
Scotland standing around in a 

3951
03:40:51,800 --> 03:40:54,200
meadow questioning Your Life 
Choices, seemed less productive 

3952
03:40:54,200 --> 03:40:57,900
than finding out where you'd 
actually ended up besides the 

3953
03:40:57,900 --> 03:40:59,400
coffee back home was getting 
cold. 

3954
03:40:59,400 --> 03:41:02,900
Anyway, walking through medieval
Scotland, I discovered is like 

3955
03:41:02,908 --> 03:41:05,300
hiking through the world's, most
authentic historical 

3956
03:41:05,300 --> 03:41:09,100
re-enactment, except nobody told
you the rules and there's no 

3957
03:41:09,100 --> 03:41:12,000
gift shop at the end. 
The path I followed. 

3958
03:41:12,000 --> 03:41:15,300
And I used the term path 
generously for what was 

3959
03:41:15,300 --> 03:41:17,700
essentially a suggestion of 
where people might have walked 

3960
03:41:17,700 --> 03:41:20,400
repeatedly. 
Wound through Countryside, that 

3961
03:41:20,400 --> 03:41:22,500
looked like every romantic 
Highland calendar. 

3962
03:41:22,500 --> 03:41:26,500
You've ever seen minus the 
modern photographers and plus a 

3963
03:41:26,500 --> 03:41:29,100
concerning amount of what might 
charitably be called, natural 

3964
03:41:29,100 --> 03:41:31,800
fertilizer. 
The compass led me to order 

3965
03:41:31,800 --> 03:41:34,500
cluster of buildings that 
materialized from the landscape 

3966
03:41:34,500 --> 03:41:36,000
like something emerging from a 
dream. 

3967
03:41:36,800 --> 03:41:39,500
Stone Cottages with thatched 
grooves huddled together as if 

3968
03:41:39,500 --> 03:41:43,600
sharing warmth connected by what
I gradually recognized a streets

3969
03:41:43,600 --> 03:41:47,200
in the same way that rivers are 
connected by riverbeds more 

3970
03:41:47,200 --> 03:41:51,000
suggestion than engineering 
Smoke curled from Chimneys in 

3971
03:41:51,000 --> 03:41:54,000
lazy, Spirals and the whole 
scene had that soft focus 

3972
03:41:54,000 --> 03:41:56,600
quality. 
You see in paintings except it 

3973
03:41:56,600 --> 03:42:01,200
smelled considerably more 
authentic. as I got closer, the 

3974
03:42:01,200 --> 03:42:03,800
sounds of daily life, began to 
filter through the morning are 

3975
03:42:03,800 --> 03:42:07,700
voices, spoke in such thick 
accents that they might as well 

3976
03:42:07,700 --> 03:42:11,400
have been speaking Gaelic, which
I realized with growing concern,

3977
03:42:11,400 --> 03:42:15,800
they probably were The rhythm of
hammering, the lowing of cattle 

3978
03:42:15,800 --> 03:42:19,000
and other sounds indicated that 
people were going about their 

3979
03:42:19,000 --> 03:42:22,300
perfectly normal, medieval 
morning routines, possibly from 

3980
03:42:22,300 --> 03:42:26,000
a Smithy nearby. 
The first person I encountered 

3981
03:42:26,000 --> 03:42:27,900
was a woman hanging laundry on a
line. 

3982
03:42:27,900 --> 03:42:30,000
Strung between two posts 
singing. 

3983
03:42:30,000 --> 03:42:32,900
Something under her breath, that
sounded like a lullaby written 

3984
03:42:32,900 --> 03:42:35,700
by someone who understood both 
Joy and sorrow intimately. 

3985
03:42:36,600 --> 03:42:39,200
She wore a long dress in a shade
of brown that probably had a 

3986
03:42:39,208 --> 03:42:45,000
fancy historical name like umber
or russet covered by an apron 

3987
03:42:45,000 --> 03:42:48,900
that had clearly seen heavy use.
When she spotted me approaching 

3988
03:42:48,900 --> 03:42:52,900
her song Trail off and she 
straightened slowly taking in my

3989
03:42:52,900 --> 03:42:55,600
appearance with the careful 
attention of someone evaluating 

3990
03:42:55,600 --> 03:42:59,100
whether I was lost dangerous or 
merely peculiar. 

3991
03:43:00,300 --> 03:43:02,800
Given my jeans sneakers and 
fleece jacket. 

3992
03:43:02,800 --> 03:43:07,200
I was probably hitting all three
categories, simultaneously, the 

3993
03:43:07,200 --> 03:43:09,300
conversation that ensued would 
have been amusing. 

3994
03:43:09,300 --> 03:43:13,700
If it hadn't been crucial to my 
immediate survival, She spoke in

3995
03:43:13,700 --> 03:43:17,200
what I eventually recognized as 
English, but English that had 

3996
03:43:17,200 --> 03:43:19,400
taken such a scenic route 
through time and Regional 

3997
03:43:19,400 --> 03:43:21,700
dialect. 
That understanding it required, 

3998
03:43:21,700 --> 03:43:24,400
the kind of mental gymnastics, 
usually reserved for solving 

3999
03:43:24,400 --> 03:43:27,600
crossword, puzzles in foreign 
languages through a combination 

4000
03:43:27,600 --> 03:43:30,500
of pointing pantomiming and the 
universal language of looking 

4001
03:43:30,500 --> 03:43:33,400
completely bewildered and 
managed to communicate that. 

4002
03:43:33,400 --> 03:43:38,700
I was a traveler from well far 
away, seemed safer than 700 

4003
03:43:38,700 --> 03:43:41,700
years in the future, she 
introduced to self as a less 

4004
03:43:41,700 --> 03:43:44,600
which she pronounced in a way 
that made my attempts to repeat 

4005
03:43:44,600 --> 03:43:47,700
it sound like someone sneezing 
while trying to say Alice. 

4006
03:43:48,600 --> 03:43:51,400
Alias had the kind of practical 
kindness that comes from living 

4007
03:43:51,400 --> 03:43:54,000
in a world where Hospitality 
might be the difference between 

4008
03:43:54,000 --> 03:43:57,800
life and death for travelers. 
She scrutinized me thoroughly 

4009
03:43:57,800 --> 03:44:01,800
observing, my clearly unfamiliar
attire and apparent bewilderment

4010
03:44:01,800 --> 03:44:05,100
before making a seemingly 
decisive assessment of My 

4011
03:44:05,100 --> 03:44:08,200
overall Innocents. 
Within minutes, I found myself 

4012
03:44:08,200 --> 03:44:11,100
sitting on a wooden stall in her
cottage which was simultaneously

4013
03:44:11,100 --> 03:44:13,600
smaller and more complex than 
I'd expected. 

4014
03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:16,100
The single room served as 
kitchen. 

4015
03:44:16,100 --> 03:44:19,100
Living room bedroom, and 
probably several other 

4016
03:44:19,100 --> 03:44:20,700
functions. 
I had an identified yet. 

4017
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:25,500
Fire burned in a stone half that
dominated one wall, filling the 

4018
03:44:25,508 --> 03:44:28,300
space with warmth and the kind 
of wood smoke that makes you 

4019
03:44:28,300 --> 03:44:32,000
think of winter evenings even in
broad daylight. she ladled 

4020
03:44:32,000 --> 03:44:34,700
something from a pot hanging 
over the fire into a wooden bowl

4021
03:44:34,700 --> 03:44:37,900
and handed it to me with the 
universal gesture of eat this 

4022
03:44:37,900 --> 03:44:42,100
before you fall over The stew. 
And I'm calling it stew because 

4023
03:44:42,100 --> 03:44:44,800
that seemed like the closest 
modern equivalent contained 

4024
03:44:44,800 --> 03:44:47,500
ingredients. 
I couldn't entirely identify but

4025
03:44:47,500 --> 03:44:50,400
which tasted like someone had 
managed to make comfort food out

4026
03:44:50,400 --> 03:44:52,800
of whatever was available in a 
world before grocery stores? 

4027
03:44:54,000 --> 03:44:57,800
As I ate Alias continued talking
in her musical, incomprehensible

4028
03:44:57,800 --> 03:45:00,100
dialect. 
Occasionally gesturing at my 

4029
03:45:00,108 --> 03:45:01,900
clothes or the compass. 
I still carried. 

4030
03:45:02,900 --> 03:45:06,200
I nodded at what seemed like 
appropriate intervals and tried 

4031
03:45:06,200 --> 03:45:09,300
to look great for rather than 
completely lost, which wasn't 

4032
03:45:09,300 --> 03:45:12,800
difficult since I was in fact, 
deeply thankful and completely 

4033
03:45:12,800 --> 03:45:17,900
lost the stew was surprisingly, 
delicious warming, me deeply and

4034
03:45:17,900 --> 03:45:20,400
easing, the residual 
disorientation from my temporal 

4035
03:45:20,400 --> 03:45:23,400
Journey. 
Outside the village continued. 

4036
03:45:23,400 --> 03:45:26,300
Its daily Rhythm blissfully 
unaware that someone from the 

4037
03:45:26,300 --> 03:45:28,100
future was sitting in alias's 
cottage. 

4038
03:45:28,100 --> 03:45:31,000
Trying to figure out how to 
explain the concept of time 

4039
03:45:31,000 --> 03:45:32,800
travel. 
Through interpretive dance, 

4040
03:45:32,800 --> 03:45:36,300
medieval Scottish Villages, I 
learned over the following days,

4041
03:45:36,300 --> 03:45:39,700
operate on a social system, that
makes modern office politics. 

4042
03:45:39,700 --> 03:45:42,900
Look straightforward, everyone 
knows everyone else's business, 

4043
03:45:42,900 --> 03:45:46,200
but they discuss it in such 
elaborate circumlocution. 

4044
03:45:46,200 --> 03:45:49,500
That understanding what's 
actually happening requires, the

4045
03:45:49,500 --> 03:45:52,600
analytical skills of a detective
and the patience of a saint 

4046
03:45:52,600 --> 03:45:55,100
Ilyas. 
With her practical demeanor 

4047
03:45:55,100 --> 03:45:58,000
appeared to have taken on the 
role of my cultural interpreter 

4048
03:45:58,000 --> 03:46:01,000
and general care taker. 
She'd found me clothes that 

4049
03:46:01,000 --> 03:46:03,500
wouldn't immediately Mark me as 
either foreign or potentially 

4050
03:46:03,500 --> 03:46:08,800
magical a long tunic in undyed. 
Wool, rough Brown, trousers and 

4051
03:46:08,800 --> 03:46:12,300
shoes that were less shoes and 
more leather suggestions wrapped

4052
03:46:12,300 --> 03:46:15,600
around my feet. 
The transformation from 21st 

4053
03:46:15,600 --> 03:46:18,500
century person to medieval 
peasant was remarkably thorough 

4054
03:46:18,500 --> 03:46:20,600
though. 
I kept the compass hidden in in 

4055
03:46:20,600 --> 03:46:22,700
a pocket, like a technological 
talisman. 

4056
03:46:23,600 --> 03:46:26,300
The daily rhythm of village life
unfolded around me like a 

4057
03:46:26,300 --> 03:46:29,400
complex dance. 
I was learning one stumbling 

4058
03:46:29,400 --> 03:46:32,400
step at a time. 
People rose with the sun because

4059
03:46:32,400 --> 03:46:36,500
artificial lighting consisted of
candles and firelight both too 

4060
03:46:36,500 --> 03:46:38,900
precious to waste on staying up 
late, binge watching anything. 

4061
03:46:40,300 --> 03:46:42,900
Work commenced immediately and 
persisted until dusk, 

4062
03:46:42,900 --> 03:46:45,800
interspersed with meals that 
became unique events. 

4063
03:46:46,500 --> 03:46:48,400
Food. 
I discovered was both simpler 

4064
03:46:48,400 --> 03:46:50,200
and more complicated than I'd 
expected. 

4065
03:46:50,900 --> 03:46:53,500
Simpler because ingredients were
limited to what could be grown 

4066
03:46:53,500 --> 03:46:57,100
caught or raised locally more 
complicated because preparing 

4067
03:46:57,100 --> 03:46:59,000
even basic meals required 
skills. 

4068
03:46:59,000 --> 03:47:02,400
I'd never developed like knowing
which wild plants were edible 

4069
03:47:02,400 --> 03:47:05,500
versus which ones would make you
see colors that didn't exist. 

4070
03:47:06,400 --> 03:47:08,100
At least took my culinary 
education. 

4071
03:47:08,100 --> 03:47:11,400
Seriously teaching me to 
identify herbs by smell and 

4072
03:47:11,400 --> 03:47:14,400
touch to judge when bread was 
properly needed. 

4073
03:47:14,400 --> 03:47:17,800
By the way, the dough felt under
my hands and to attend a fire, 

4074
03:47:17,800 --> 03:47:20,600
so it provided steady heat. 
Without consuming, all the fuel,

4075
03:47:20,600 --> 03:47:23,700
these lessons came with running 
commentary and her musical 

4076
03:47:23,700 --> 03:47:27,700
dialect most of which went over 
my head but some of which I was 

4077
03:47:27,700 --> 03:47:30,600
beginning to understand through 
sheer repetition and context. 

4078
03:47:31,400 --> 03:47:34,000
The Village Blacksmith a man 
named Hamish who looked like he 

4079
03:47:34,000 --> 03:47:37,000
could arm wrestle bears for 
entertainment became another. 

4080
03:47:37,000 --> 03:47:40,900
Inadvertent teacher He spoke 
even less comprehensible English

4081
03:47:40,900 --> 03:47:43,600
than Alias, but his 
demonstration of metalworking 

4082
03:47:43,600 --> 03:47:46,700
were clear enough. 
Watching him shape iron with 

4083
03:47:46,700 --> 03:47:49,900
hammer and fire was like seeing 
magic that happened to obey the 

4084
03:47:49,900 --> 03:47:52,700
laws of physics. 
The rhythmic ringing of his 

4085
03:47:52,700 --> 03:47:56,100
hammer, provided The Villages 
soundtrack, a steady, percussion

4086
03:47:56,100 --> 03:47:57,800
that marked the passage of 
working hours. 

4087
03:47:58,700 --> 03:48:01,700
What struck me most was how much
everyone knew about everything 

4088
03:48:01,700 --> 03:48:04,600
else could predict. 
Whether by reading clouds 

4089
03:48:04,600 --> 03:48:07,500
identify plants that would cure 
headaches or settle. 

4090
03:48:07,500 --> 03:48:11,900
Stomachs spin wool into thread 
weave thread into cloth and cook

4091
03:48:11,900 --> 03:48:14,300
meals that turned basic 
ingredients into something 

4092
03:48:14,300 --> 03:48:17,300
approaching delicious. 
Hamish could make tools 

4093
03:48:17,300 --> 03:48:20,200
Horseshoes and weapons and 
probably fix anything made of 

4094
03:48:20,200 --> 03:48:23,000
metal. 
Everyone possessed practical 

4095
03:48:23,000 --> 03:48:25,500
knowledge that had been passed 
down through generations of 

4096
03:48:25,500 --> 03:48:29,300
trial and error. 
I mean why knew how to operate a

4097
03:48:29,300 --> 03:48:31,800
microwave and had strong 
opinions about coffee brands? 

4098
03:48:31,800 --> 03:48:36,200
The skill Gap was humbling, the 
social dynamics fascinated me in

4099
03:48:36,200 --> 03:48:37,800
ways that probably weren't 
entirely healthy. 

4100
03:48:38,700 --> 03:48:41,500
Decisions seemed to emerge from 
informal discussions that could 

4101
03:48:41,500 --> 03:48:44,800
last days with everyone 
contributing opinions in ways 

4102
03:48:44,800 --> 03:48:47,100
that looked chaotic but followed
patterns. 

4103
03:48:47,100 --> 03:48:51,000
I was slowly learning to 
recognize leadership existed but

4104
03:48:51,000 --> 03:48:54,000
was more collaborative than 
hierarchical at least on the 

4105
03:48:54,000 --> 03:48:57,800
level of daily Village Life. 
My presence had become a source 

4106
03:48:57,800 --> 03:48:59,600
of mild entertainment for 
everyone. 

4107
03:48:59,600 --> 03:49:02,700
People needed to teach the 
stranger who appeared out of 

4108
03:49:02,700 --> 03:49:06,100
nowhere basic survival skills, 
that most people learned as 

4109
03:49:06,100 --> 03:49:08,800
children. 
But there was no mockery in 

4110
03:49:08,800 --> 03:49:12,700
their attention, just curiosity 
and the kind of practical 

4111
03:49:12,700 --> 03:49:15,300
helpfulness that comes from 
living in a community where 

4112
03:49:15,300 --> 03:49:18,100
everyone survival, depends on 
everyone else's competence. 

4113
03:49:18,900 --> 03:49:22,300
The evenings were my favorite 
time after the work was done and

4114
03:49:22,300 --> 03:49:23,500
the animal settled for the 
night. 

4115
03:49:23,500 --> 03:49:27,100
People would gather around fires
to share stories songs and 

4116
03:49:27,100 --> 03:49:28,600
whatever passed for local 
gossip. 

4117
03:49:29,200 --> 03:49:32,100
These sessions were like a 
combination of theater news, 

4118
03:49:32,100 --> 03:49:35,500
broadcast and social media feed 
all rolled into an oral 

4119
03:49:35,500 --> 03:49:37,500
tradition. 
That stretched back Generations.

4120
03:49:38,200 --> 03:49:41,300
I listened more than I spoke 
partly because understanding 

4121
03:49:41,300 --> 03:49:43,700
this story is required. 
Most of my mental processing 

4122
03:49:43,700 --> 03:49:46,700
power, but mainly because the 
story telling itself was so 

4123
03:49:46,700 --> 03:49:50,200
rich, These were just Tales. 
They were living history, 

4124
03:49:50,200 --> 03:49:53,700
entertainment, moral 
instruction, and Community 

4125
03:49:53,700 --> 03:49:56,600
memory, all woven together, in 
voices, that knew how to make 

4126
03:49:56,600 --> 03:50:00,600
words dance. 
By firelight surrounded by 

4127
03:50:00,600 --> 03:50:02,600
Voices. 
Speaking in rhythms older than 

4128
03:50:02,600 --> 03:50:06,000
written history, I began to 
understand why my great art 

4129
03:50:06,000 --> 03:50:07,600
moira's. 
Compass had brought me here. 

4130
03:50:09,000 --> 03:50:10,800
The present wasn't just a 
different time. 

4131
03:50:10,800 --> 03:50:14,100
It was a different way of Being 
Human one that operated on 

4132
03:50:14,100 --> 03:50:17,300
completely different assumptions
about What mattered and how life

4133
03:50:17,300 --> 03:50:19,600
should be lived. 
Just when I'd started feeling 

4134
03:50:19,600 --> 03:50:22,500
reasonably confident about my 
ability to navigate medieval 

4135
03:50:22,500 --> 03:50:25,100
Scottish life without 
accidentally starting a witch 

4136
03:50:25,100 --> 03:50:27,400
trial or dying from eating the 
wrong mushroom. 

4137
03:50:27,400 --> 03:50:30,800
The universe decided to remind 
me that historical periods. 

4138
03:50:30,800 --> 03:50:34,000
Come with historical problems. 
The kind that don't have modern 

4139
03:50:34,000 --> 03:50:36,800
solutions. 
It started with Hamish not 

4140
03:50:36,800 --> 03:50:39,300
showing up at his Forge for two 
consecutive days. 

4141
03:50:40,100 --> 03:50:42,500
In a village where everyone's 
routine was as predictable as 

4142
03:50:42,500 --> 03:50:45,100
sunrise. 
This was equivalent to the town 

4143
03:50:45,100 --> 03:50:49,300
clock stopping Alias noticed. 
First the way mother's notice 

4144
03:50:49,300 --> 03:50:53,000
when children are too quiet, she
stood in her doorway looking 

4145
03:50:53,000 --> 03:50:55,700
toward the silent Smithy with 
the expression of someone 

4146
03:50:55,700 --> 03:50:59,300
calculating distance is to the 
nearest, help the explanation 

4147
03:50:59,300 --> 03:51:02,800
when it came arrived in the form
of young tavish running through 

4148
03:51:02,800 --> 03:51:06,500
the village, like his hair was 
on fire, Shouting something, in 

4149
03:51:06,500 --> 03:51:08,700
Rapid Gaelic. 
That sent every adult within 

4150
03:51:08,700 --> 03:51:11,800
hearing distance and to 
immediate action, even with my 

4151
03:51:11,800 --> 03:51:15,000
improving language skills, I 
caught only fragments something 

4152
03:51:15,000 --> 03:51:18,500
about Riders weapons and a word 
that might have been McLeod 

4153
03:51:18,500 --> 03:51:21,600
spoken in the tone usually 
reserved for natural disasters. 

4154
03:51:22,600 --> 03:51:24,500
Within minutes. 
The Village transformed from 

4155
03:51:24,500 --> 03:51:26,600
Sleepy. 
Rural community to organized. 

4156
03:51:26,600 --> 03:51:29,700
Emergency Response. 
Team men appeared with weapons. 

4157
03:51:29,700 --> 03:51:32,600
I hadn't known. 
They possessed swords, Spears, 

4158
03:51:32,600 --> 03:51:35,400
and bows that looked both 
well-maintained and frequently 

4159
03:51:35,400 --> 03:51:38,600
used. 
Women began securing livestock 

4160
03:51:38,600 --> 03:51:42,200
hiding valuables and preparing 
for what was clearly a familiar 

4161
03:51:42,200 --> 03:51:45,500
drill. 
At least grabbed my arm with a 

4162
03:51:45,500 --> 03:51:49,000
grip that suggested this was not
the time for questions, she led 

4163
03:51:49,000 --> 03:51:51,900
me to her Cottage where she 
began pulling up floorboards to 

4164
03:51:51,900 --> 03:51:53,900
reveal a cache. 
That contained everything from 

4165
03:51:53,900 --> 03:51:57,400
silver coins to Woolen cloaks to
what appeared to be important. 

4166
03:51:57,400 --> 03:52:00,700
Documents wrapped in oil-led 
cloth, The Hiding Place was 

4167
03:52:00,700 --> 03:52:03,000
obviously, well, and frequently 
accessed. 

4168
03:52:03,700 --> 03:52:06,200
Through gestures and her 
increasingly urgent dialect. 

4169
03:52:06,200 --> 03:52:10,100
She managed to communicate that 
Raiders possibly Clan Rivals. 

4170
03:52:10,100 --> 03:52:13,600
Possibly just opportunistic. 
Troublemakers were approaching 

4171
03:52:13,600 --> 03:52:16,300
from the East. 
This was a parently a recurring 

4172
03:52:16,300 --> 03:52:18,900
problem, like having neighbors, 
who borrowed your tools and 

4173
03:52:18,900 --> 03:52:22,400
never returned them, except the 
tools for your livestock and the

4174
03:52:22,408 --> 03:52:26,700
borrowing involved weapons. 
The next few hours on folded 

4175
03:52:26,700 --> 03:52:30,300
like a medieval Disaster Movie 
except with no special effects 

4176
03:52:30,300 --> 03:52:32,800
budget and considerably more 
authentic Terror. 

4177
03:52:34,200 --> 03:52:36,600
The Village emptied. 
As people moved to defensive 

4178
03:52:36,600 --> 03:52:39,700
positions or hiding places that 
had clearly been planned in 

4179
03:52:39,700 --> 03:52:42,500
advance. 
I found myself following a list 

4180
03:52:42,500 --> 03:52:45,600
to a cave system in the nearby 
Hills along with most of the 

4181
03:52:45,600 --> 03:52:47,400
women children and elderly 
villagers. 

4182
03:52:47,400 --> 03:52:50,700
The caves were more 
sophisticated than I'd expected 

4183
03:52:50,700 --> 03:52:54,700
dry well-ventilated and stocked 
with supplies that suggested, 

4184
03:52:54,700 --> 03:52:56,500
this wasn't anyone's first 
rodeo. 

4185
03:52:57,200 --> 03:52:59,800
Someone had carved rough shells 
into the stone walls. 

4186
03:52:59,800 --> 03:53:03,800
And these held water containers 
preserved food, and bundles of 

4187
03:53:03,800 --> 03:53:07,000
warm clothing. 
This was infrastructure born 

4188
03:53:07,000 --> 03:53:10,300
from necessity, the kind of 
preparation that comes from 

4189
03:53:10,300 --> 03:53:14,800
living with ongoing uncertainty.
Waiting in the cave listening to

4190
03:53:14,800 --> 03:53:17,100
the muffled sounds of what might
have been conflict in the 

4191
03:53:17,108 --> 03:53:19,400
distance. 
Gave me plenty of time to 

4192
03:53:19,400 --> 03:53:22,300
contemplate how unprepared I was
for medieval life's more 

4193
03:53:22,300 --> 03:53:25,600
challenging aspects. 
By modern sensibility is kept 

4194
03:53:25,600 --> 03:53:29,100
expecting someone in authority 
to handle the situation, police 

4195
03:53:29,100 --> 03:53:32,200
military, some form of organized
government response. 

4196
03:53:32,900 --> 03:53:35,900
Instead The Villages were 
handling at the themselves with 

4197
03:53:35,900 --> 03:53:38,600
the calm competence of people 
who've never had the luxury of 

4198
03:53:38,600 --> 03:53:42,000
expecting rescue from outside 
hours passed with the kind of 

4199
03:53:42,000 --> 03:53:44,300
slow intensity. 
That makes you hyper aware of 

4200
03:53:44,300 --> 03:53:48,500
every sound children. 
Remained remarkably quiet as if 

4201
03:53:48,508 --> 03:53:50,900
they understood the stakes 
without needing explanation. 

4202
03:53:52,000 --> 03:53:55,200
Adults took turns at the cave, 
entrance, listening for signals 

4203
03:53:55,200 --> 03:53:58,500
that would indicate whether it 
was safe to return the compass. 

4204
03:53:58,500 --> 03:54:01,800
In my pocket, felt warm against 
my leg, a reminder that I had 

4205
03:54:01,800 --> 03:54:04,300
options. 
These people didn't I could 

4206
03:54:04,300 --> 03:54:07,300
potentially use it to return to 
my time and escape this danger 

4207
03:54:07,300 --> 03:54:09,800
entirely. 
But the thought felt like 

4208
03:54:09,800 --> 03:54:13,300
abandonment like walking away 
from people who'd show me 

4209
03:54:13,300 --> 03:54:15,200
kindness when I was completely 
helpless. 

4210
03:54:16,400 --> 03:54:19,200
Late in the afternoon tavish 
appeared at the cave. 

4211
03:54:19,200 --> 03:54:22,700
Entrance with news delivered in 
excited, Whispers, the Raiders 

4212
03:54:22,700 --> 03:54:26,100
had moved on without attacking 
the village directly deciding 

4213
03:54:26,100 --> 03:54:27,600
the target wasn't worth the 
effort. 

4214
03:54:28,400 --> 03:54:30,600
But they'd take him livestock 
from the outlying Farms, 

4215
03:54:30,600 --> 03:54:33,900
including hamish's prize Bull 
and several sheep belonging to 

4216
03:54:33,900 --> 03:54:36,800
other families. 
The relief was palpable but it 

4217
03:54:36,808 --> 03:54:39,200
came mixed with the Grim 
understanding that the victory 

4218
03:54:39,200 --> 03:54:42,000
was only a temporary reprieve, 
medieval life. 

4219
03:54:42,000 --> 03:54:46,000
I realized existed in a constant
state of low-level emergency 

4220
03:54:46,000 --> 03:54:49,500
were security was temporary and 
survival required constant 

4221
03:54:49,500 --> 03:54:53,700
vigilance As we emerge from the 
caves and made our way back to 

4222
03:54:53,700 --> 03:54:56,000
the Village. 
I found myself looking at my 

4223
03:54:56,000 --> 03:55:00,100
temporary home with new eyes. 
These buildings were more than 

4224
03:55:00,100 --> 03:55:01,900
just Charming historical 
structures. 

4225
03:55:01,900 --> 03:55:06,500
They served as Fortress walls, 
safe harbors and the delicate 

4226
03:55:06,500 --> 03:55:09,900
boundary between civilization 
and Chaos in a world more 

4227
03:55:09,900 --> 03:55:13,600
fragile than I had ever imagined
recovery from a medieval crisis.

4228
03:55:13,600 --> 03:55:15,900
I learned doesn't involve 
insurance claims or government 

4229
03:55:15,900 --> 03:55:18,300
assistance. 
It involves Community Action, 

4230
03:55:18,300 --> 03:55:21,700
that makes Barn raising look, 
casual the villagers response to

4231
03:55:21,700 --> 03:55:23,700
the recent raid played out like 
a carefully. 

4232
03:55:23,700 --> 03:55:26,000
Choreographed dance that 
everyone knew the steps to 

4233
03:55:26,000 --> 03:55:29,500
accept me. 
Within hours of returning from 

4234
03:55:29,500 --> 03:55:33,100
the caves assessment and 
redistribution began hamish's 

4235
03:55:33,100 --> 03:55:35,200
lost. 
Ball was more and briefly, then 

4236
03:55:35,200 --> 03:55:38,000
replaced through a complex 
system of shared resources that 

4237
03:55:38,000 --> 03:55:42,300
involved, everyone contributing 
something grain labor animals or

4238
03:55:42,300 --> 03:55:44,100
promissory notes for future 
services. 

4239
03:55:45,200 --> 03:55:48,000
Watching this unfold was like 
seeing economics in its most 

4240
03:55:48,000 --> 03:55:51,400
basic form where value was 
measured in Practical terms and 

4241
03:55:51,400 --> 03:55:54,200
everyone survival depended on 
everyone else's generosity. 

4242
03:55:55,600 --> 03:55:58,900
My role in this recovery effort 
was initially unclear, I 

4243
03:55:58,900 --> 03:56:00,400
possessed. 
No, livestock to share. 

4244
03:56:00,400 --> 03:56:04,200
Not a traditional skills to 
contribute and no accumulated 

4245
03:56:04,200 --> 03:56:07,200
Social Capital to draw upon 
standing around looking 

4246
03:56:07,200 --> 03:56:08,900
sympathetic. 
Wasn't going to help anyone 

4247
03:56:08,900 --> 03:56:12,800
replace stolen sheep. but I 
lease with her gift for 

4248
03:56:12,800 --> 03:56:16,900
practical Solutions, found ways 
to make me useful, she set me to

4249
03:56:16,900 --> 03:56:19,900
work, helping with tasks that 
required more hands than skill. 

4250
03:56:19,900 --> 03:56:22,700
Holding wool. 
While she spun it into thread 

4251
03:56:22,700 --> 03:56:26,200
carrying water for various 
household needs and learning to 

4252
03:56:26,200 --> 03:56:28,500
tend the fire. 
So it burned efficiently without

4253
03:56:28,500 --> 03:56:32,500
consuming pressures fuel These 
weren't glamorous contributions,

4254
03:56:32,500 --> 03:56:36,600
but they freed her to focus on 
more complex work which in turn 

4255
03:56:36,608 --> 03:56:38,200
helped the overall Community 
effort. 

4256
03:56:39,200 --> 03:56:42,200
The compass in my pocket seemed 
to pulse occasionally as if 

4257
03:56:42,200 --> 03:56:45,600
reminding me of its presence. 
Sometimes I'd catch myself 

4258
03:56:45,600 --> 03:56:47,400
wondering what would happen if I
use it? 

4259
03:56:47,400 --> 03:56:50,700
Whether I had returned to my own
time and place leaving this 

4260
03:56:50,700 --> 03:56:53,100
community to handle their 
challenges without the minor 

4261
03:56:53,100 --> 03:56:55,900
assistance. 
I was learning to provide The 

4262
03:56:55,900 --> 03:56:58,900
thought always left me feeling 
oddly Halo like contemplating 

4263
03:56:58,900 --> 03:57:03,200
leaving a book unfinished. 
As days passed, I began to 

4264
03:57:03,200 --> 03:57:06,100
understand the intricate social 
network that held the village 

4265
03:57:06,100 --> 03:57:08,700
together. 
Relationships here weren't just 

4266
03:57:08,700 --> 03:57:11,400
personal. 
They were economic political and

4267
03:57:11,400 --> 03:57:15,100
survival base all at once. 
When old Morag shared her 

4268
03:57:15,100 --> 03:57:17,600
preserved, vegetables with 
families, who lost stores to the

4269
03:57:17,600 --> 03:57:19,400
Raiders, she wasn't just being 
kind. 

4270
03:57:19,400 --> 03:57:23,000
She was investing in a network 
of reciprocity that might save 

4271
03:57:23,000 --> 03:57:26,300
her life someday. 
My language skills, improve 

4272
03:57:26,300 --> 03:57:29,700
through necessity and immersion 
conversations that had been 

4273
03:57:29,708 --> 03:57:33,100
incomprehensible began, 
revealing their meanings though.

4274
03:57:33,100 --> 03:57:36,000
I still missed subtleties and 
references to Shared history. 

4275
03:57:36,000 --> 03:57:38,400
The dialect was like a musical 
instrument. 

4276
03:57:38,400 --> 03:57:42,200
I was learning to play, I could 
manage simple Melodies but the 

4277
03:57:42,208 --> 03:57:44,600
complex compositions were still 
be on my reach. 

4278
03:57:45,400 --> 03:57:48,200
Hamish recovered from whatever 
had kept him away, during the 

4279
03:57:48,200 --> 03:57:51,300
raid took an interest in my 
metalworking curiosity. 

4280
03:57:52,000 --> 03:57:54,600
His Forge became a second 
classroom where I learned that 

4281
03:57:54,600 --> 03:57:58,500
working with iron required 
patience timing and physical 

4282
03:57:58,500 --> 03:58:01,300
strength. 
I was slowly developing the 

4283
03:58:01,300 --> 03:58:03,500
rhythm of hammer on Anvil was 
meditative in ways. 

4284
03:58:03,500 --> 03:58:07,100
I hadn't expected and there was 
profound satisfaction in shaping

4285
03:58:07,100 --> 03:58:11,300
metal into useful forms. 
Under his patient instruction, I

4286
03:58:11,300 --> 03:58:14,400
managed to create my first 
piece, a simple hook for hanging

4287
03:58:14,400 --> 03:58:17,100
pots. 
It was crude functional and 

4288
03:58:17,100 --> 03:58:19,200
probably embarrassing by 
medieval standards. 

4289
03:58:20,100 --> 03:58:22,700
But Hamish examined it with the 
seriousness of a master 

4290
03:58:22,700 --> 03:58:24,900
Craftsman of evaluating 
important work. 

4291
03:58:25,800 --> 03:58:28,300
His nod of approval felt like 
earning a diploma from the 

4292
03:58:28,300 --> 03:58:31,400
University of practical Life, 
The Villages children became 

4293
03:58:31,400 --> 03:58:33,500
another source of educational, 
though. 

4294
03:58:33,500 --> 03:58:36,200
They were probably learning as 
much from me as I was from them.

4295
03:58:37,100 --> 03:58:40,500
My story is about the future 
carefully disguised, as Tales 

4296
03:58:40,500 --> 03:58:43,800
from far away, fascinated them 
in return. 

4297
03:58:43,800 --> 03:58:47,600
They taught me Games songs and 
the kind of local knowledge that

4298
03:58:47,600 --> 03:58:50,100
adults took for granted but 
visitors needed to learn. 

4299
03:58:51,000 --> 03:58:52,400
Through their patient, 
instruction. 

4300
03:58:52,400 --> 03:58:56,200
I discovered, which berries were
safe to eat how to read weather 

4301
03:58:56,200 --> 03:58:59,200
signs and cloud formations. 
And the proper way to approach 

4302
03:58:59,200 --> 03:59:02,500
various animals without getting 
kicked, bitten or worse. 

4303
03:59:03,300 --> 03:59:06,000
I realized that children's 
knowledge, and filtered by 

4304
03:59:06,000 --> 03:59:09,200
assumptions about what everyone 
already knew was often more 

4305
03:59:09,200 --> 03:59:12,900
practical than adult knowledge. 
Evening storytelling, sessions 

4306
03:59:12,900 --> 03:59:14,700
continue to be highlights of 
each day. 

4307
03:59:14,700 --> 03:59:18,400
My contributions to these 
gatherings evolved from Silent 

4308
03:59:18,400 --> 03:59:20,000
listening to occasional 
participation. 

4309
03:59:21,200 --> 03:59:24,200
First time I successfully told a
story that made people laugh. 

4310
03:59:24,200 --> 03:59:27,300
I felt like I had passed some 
invisible test of community 

4311
03:59:27,300 --> 03:59:30,200
membership. 
The story was about to travel 

4312
03:59:30,200 --> 03:59:33,200
who got lost and ended up in a 
place where everything was 

4313
03:59:33,200 --> 03:59:35,800
familiar. 
But slightly different like his 

4314
03:59:35,800 --> 03:59:37,700
home viewed through a distorting
mirror. 

4315
03:59:38,400 --> 03:59:40,200
Looking back. 
It was probably more 

4316
03:59:40,200 --> 03:59:43,400
autobiography Than Fiction but 
the audience appreciated the 

4317
03:59:43,400 --> 03:59:46,600
humor in someone bumbling 
through unfamiliar Customs while

4318
03:59:46,600 --> 03:59:50,100
trying to maintain dignity. 
Sitting by fire lights 

4319
03:59:50,100 --> 03:59:52,100
surrounded by faces that had 
become familiar. 

4320
03:59:52,100 --> 03:59:55,300
And dear, I realized I'd stopped
thinking about this experience 

4321
03:59:55,300 --> 03:59:58,000
as temporary. 
The compass still rested in my 

4322
03:59:58,000 --> 04:00:01,500
pocket, still offered the 
possibility of return, but that 

4323
04:00:01,500 --> 04:00:04,000
possibility felt less urgent 
than it had when I first 

4324
04:00:04,000 --> 04:00:06,500
arrived. 
Finding your place May mean, not

4325
04:00:06,500 --> 04:00:09,200
just surviving, but also adding 
value to those around. 

4326
04:00:09,200 --> 04:00:12,500
You living in medieval Scotland,
for several weeks, taught me 

4327
04:00:12,500 --> 04:00:14,800
that Community isn't just a 
pleasant social concept. 

4328
04:00:14,800 --> 04:00:18,500
It's a survival technology 
refined over Generations. 

4329
04:00:19,300 --> 04:00:22,500
Every relationship, every 
tradition, and every seemingly, 

4330
04:00:22,500 --> 04:00:24,900
casual interactions served 
multiple purposes. 

4331
04:00:24,900 --> 04:00:27,600
That weren't immediately obvious
to someone raise in the age of 

4332
04:00:27,608 --> 04:00:29,500
individualism and social safety 
nets. 

4333
04:00:30,300 --> 04:00:32,900
The Revelation came during 
preparation for what is called 

4334
04:00:32,900 --> 04:00:36,200
the Harvest celebration though, 
my improving language skills 

4335
04:00:36,200 --> 04:00:38,800
suggested the actual name 
involved several syllables that 

4336
04:00:38,800 --> 04:00:40,800
didn't translate directly into 
Modern English. 

4337
04:00:41,900 --> 04:00:43,700
The celebration wasn't just a 
party. 

4338
04:00:43,700 --> 04:00:48,000
It was a community-wide ritual 
of gratitude resource assessment

4339
04:00:48,000 --> 04:00:51,300
and social bonding that would 
help everyone survive the coming

4340
04:00:51,300 --> 04:00:53,200
winter. 
Preparations. 

4341
04:00:53,200 --> 04:00:56,500
Began weeks in advance and 
involved everyone in overlapping

4342
04:00:56,500 --> 04:00:59,700
circle of responsibility. 
Women organized food, 

4343
04:00:59,700 --> 04:01:01,700
preparation. 
That required coordinating 

4344
04:01:01,700 --> 04:01:03,700
ingredients from dozens of 
households. 

4345
04:01:04,400 --> 04:01:06,800
Men handle construction of 
temporary structures and 

4346
04:01:06,800 --> 04:01:10,400
arrangements for entertainment 
children, manage smaller tasks 

4347
04:01:10,400 --> 04:01:12,600
that nonetheless, proved 
essential to the overall effort.

4348
04:01:13,700 --> 04:01:16,700
my role in these preparations 
had naturally transitioned from 

4349
04:01:16,700 --> 04:01:21,100
that of a helpful, stranger to 
that of a Community member Alias

4350
04:01:21,100 --> 04:01:23,800
no longer gave me basic 
instructions for simple tasks. 

4351
04:01:23,800 --> 04:01:27,000
She assumed, I understood the 
underlying patterns and would 

4352
04:01:27,000 --> 04:01:30,400
apply them appropriately. 
This shift from explicit 

4353
04:01:30,400 --> 04:01:32,400
teaching to implicit 
expectation. 

4354
04:01:32,400 --> 04:01:34,500
Felt like Crossing an invisible 
threshold. 

4355
04:01:35,600 --> 04:01:38,400
Hamish had begun, including me 
in conversations about metalwork

4356
04:01:38,400 --> 04:01:41,200
projects that extended Beyond 
immediate practical needs 

4357
04:01:41,200 --> 04:01:45,000
planing decorative elements for 
the celebration, discussing 

4358
04:01:45,000 --> 04:01:47,800
improvements to tools and 
equipment and considering the 

4359
04:01:47,800 --> 04:01:51,300
next season's requirements. 
These conversations assumed I 

4360
04:01:51,300 --> 04:01:52,500
would be present for their 
completion. 

4361
04:01:53,500 --> 04:01:56,900
The Assumption was never stated 
directly, but it colored every 

4362
04:01:56,900 --> 04:02:00,700
discussion about future plans. 
The compass in my pocket, had 

4363
04:02:00,700 --> 04:02:03,800
become a familiar. 
Wait no longer foreign but not 

4364
04:02:03,800 --> 04:02:06,800
quite forgotten. 
Sometimes I'd catch myself, 

4365
04:02:06,800 --> 04:02:09,700
absolutely touching it through 
the fabric like checking for 

4366
04:02:09,700 --> 04:02:12,800
keys or a wallet in a habit that
suggested ownership rather than 

4367
04:02:12,800 --> 04:02:16,000
temporary possession. 
When had it stopped being my 

4368
04:02:16,000 --> 04:02:17,500
great? 
Aunt, moira's, compass and 

4369
04:02:17,508 --> 04:02:20,600
become simply mine. 
As the celebration of 

4370
04:02:20,600 --> 04:02:22,700
approached, I began to 
understand the deeper currents 

4371
04:02:22,700 --> 04:02:26,400
that moved beneath Village Life.
This ceremony wasn't just about 

4372
04:02:26,400 --> 04:02:29,600
Harvest, it was about 
reinforcing social bonds, that 

4373
04:02:29,600 --> 04:02:32,100
would be tested by Winter's 
isolation and challenges. 

4374
04:02:32,100 --> 04:02:35,500
The shared work of preparation 
created opportunities for 

4375
04:02:35,500 --> 04:02:39,000
resolving conflicts. 
Negotiating marriages planning 

4376
04:02:39,000 --> 04:02:42,000
collaborative projects and 
generally maintaining the social

4377
04:02:42,000 --> 04:02:43,600
fabric that held everyone 
together. 

4378
04:02:44,800 --> 04:02:47,200
My contribution to the 
Celebration planning, surprised 

4379
04:02:47,200 --> 04:02:50,400
me with its complexity. 
What started, as simple task 

4380
04:02:50,400 --> 04:02:53,100
assistance had grown into 
genuine responsibility for 

4381
04:02:53,100 --> 04:02:55,200
coordinating between different 
working groups. 

4382
04:02:56,200 --> 04:02:58,600
People came to me with 
questions, suggestions and 

4383
04:02:58,600 --> 04:03:01,900
problems that needed solving 
somehow without conscious 

4384
04:03:01,900 --> 04:03:04,200
intention had. 
Become someone others relied 

4385
04:03:04,200 --> 04:03:06,100
upon the night before the 
celebration. 

4386
04:03:06,100 --> 04:03:10,000
I found myself sitting with 
Hamish outside his Forge sharing

4387
04:03:10,000 --> 04:03:13,200
ale tasted like liquid bread and
watching stars that looked 

4388
04:03:13,200 --> 04:03:15,600
brighter than any IDE seen in 
the 21st century. 

4389
04:03:17,000 --> 04:03:19,000
Our conversation. 
Meandered through topics that 

4390
04:03:19,000 --> 04:03:22,100
would have been impossible. 
When I first arrived, technical 

4391
04:03:22,100 --> 04:03:25,700
discussion of metalworking 
philosophical observations about

4392
04:03:25,700 --> 04:03:28,900
community life, and shared 
complaints about whether a 

4393
04:03:28,900 --> 04:03:32,400
Neighbors you're different than 
when you first appeared Hamish 

4394
04:03:32,400 --> 04:03:35,000
said in his careful English 
clearly making an effort to 

4395
04:03:35,000 --> 04:03:38,300
communicate precisely less like 
someone watching everything from

4396
04:03:38,300 --> 04:03:41,100
outside. 
His observation struck me as 

4397
04:03:41,100 --> 04:03:43,900
profoundly accurate. 
I had been watching from outside

4398
04:03:43,900 --> 04:03:47,300
initially observing medieval 
life like an anthropologist or 

4399
04:03:47,300 --> 04:03:50,100
tourist maintaining 
psychological distance even 

4400
04:03:50,100 --> 04:03:53,000
while learning practical skills.
But somewhere along the way, 

4401
04:03:53,000 --> 04:03:56,600
that distance had dissolved, I'd
stopped analyzing and started 

4402
04:03:56,600 --> 04:03:59,200
simply living. 
The realization raised 

4403
04:03:59,200 --> 04:04:00,300
questions. 
I'd been avoiding. 

4404
04:04:00,300 --> 04:04:04,000
What was my responsibility to 
this community that had taken me

4405
04:04:04,000 --> 04:04:06,100
in? 
What did I owe to people who 

4406
04:04:06,100 --> 04:04:09,700
shared their resources knowledge
and lives with someone who might

4407
04:04:09,700 --> 04:04:13,600
disappear at any moment? 
The compass offered Escape but 

4408
04:04:13,600 --> 04:04:17,700
escaped from what and to, what 
my Modern Life seemed 

4409
04:04:17,700 --> 04:04:21,500
increasingly abstract when I 
tried to recall its details, the

4410
04:04:21,500 --> 04:04:25,400
job that had felt vital, the 
possessions I'd accumulated the 

4411
04:04:25,400 --> 04:04:27,800
relationships that operated 
through screens and scheduled 

4412
04:04:27,800 --> 04:04:30,600
interactions. 
All of it felt less real than 

4413
04:04:30,600 --> 04:04:33,900
the weight of bread dough in my 
hands, all the satisfaction of 

4414
04:04:33,900 --> 04:04:38,500
shaping metal in hamish's Forge.
That night I lay on the straw 

4415
04:04:38,500 --> 04:04:42,000
mattress in elise's cottage 
listening to The Familiar sounds

4416
04:04:42,000 --> 04:04:45,500
of Village Life settling into 
sleep and tried to imagine using

4417
04:04:45,500 --> 04:04:49,000
the compass to return home. 
The image felt Hollow, like 

4418
04:04:49,000 --> 04:04:50,700
trying to remember a dream upon 
waking. 

4419
04:04:51,800 --> 04:04:54,900
This was not because Modern Life
was bad, but rather, because it 

4420
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:57,500
belonged to someone, I could no 
longer confidently identify 

4421
04:04:57,500 --> 04:05:00,000
with. 
The celebration tomorrow would 

4422
04:05:00,000 --> 04:05:04,800
Mark not just the Harvest, but a
Year's cycle of growth work and 

4423
04:05:04,800 --> 04:05:07,700
Community survival. 
It occurred to me that I'd 

4424
04:05:07,700 --> 04:05:10,000
become part of that cycle. 
In ways I hadn't planned or 

4425
04:05:10,000 --> 04:05:12,300
expected. 
The question, wasn't whether I 

4426
04:05:12,300 --> 04:05:15,600
belonged here it was whether I 
could imagine belonging anywhere

4427
04:05:15,600 --> 04:05:18,500
else tomorrow would provide 
Clarity one way or another 

4428
04:05:18,508 --> 04:05:21,800
Harvest celebration unfolded 
like a Symphony played by 

4429
04:05:21,800 --> 04:05:23,300
instruments. 
I'd never heard before. 

4430
04:05:23,300 --> 04:05:27,100
But somehow recognized in my 
bones Dawn brought the center of

4431
04:05:27,100 --> 04:05:30,700
bread baking in communal ovens. 
The sound of children's laughter

4432
04:05:30,700 --> 04:05:33,700
mixing with adult voices raised 
in song songs that seemed older 

4433
04:05:33,700 --> 04:05:36,900
than the stones themselves and a
sense of anticipation that made 

4434
04:05:36,900 --> 04:05:38,700
the air itself feel alive with 
possibility. 

4435
04:05:40,100 --> 04:05:43,100
I woke to find that I had left 
new clothes on the stool beside 

4436
04:05:43,100 --> 04:05:46,100
my bed, not the rough work, on 
garment side, grown accustomed 

4437
04:05:46,100 --> 04:05:49,100
to, but Festival clothes and 
colors that caught the light. 

4438
04:05:49,900 --> 04:05:52,600
The tunic was deep blue. 
The color of the evening sky 

4439
04:05:52,600 --> 04:05:55,700
with embroidery around the neck 
and sleeves that must have taken

4440
04:05:55,700 --> 04:05:59,700
weeks to complete. when had she 
found time to create this and 

4441
04:05:59,700 --> 04:06:03,800
why The day began with a ritual.
I was invited to join rather 

4442
04:06:03,800 --> 04:06:06,700
than simply observe. 
Standing in the Village Center 

4443
04:06:06,700 --> 04:06:09,300
with everyone else. 
Hands joined in a circle that 

4444
04:06:09,300 --> 04:06:10,900
encompassed the entire 
community. 

4445
04:06:11,900 --> 04:06:14,200
I listened to words spoken in 
Gaelic that I couldn't 

4446
04:06:14,200 --> 04:06:17,600
understand but somehow felt the 
meaning of gratitude 

4447
04:06:17,600 --> 04:06:19,800
remembrance. 
Hope for the future 

4448
04:06:19,800 --> 04:06:23,100
acknowledgment of the cycles 
that connected all life. 

4449
04:06:23,800 --> 04:06:27,600
Universal Concepts expressed in 
ancient syllables. upon the 

4450
04:06:27,600 --> 04:06:30,400
conclusion of the formal 
ceremonies and the commencement 

4451
04:06:30,400 --> 04:06:33,400
of the celebration proper I 
found myself effortlessly 

4452
04:06:33,400 --> 04:06:37,800
transitioning through familiar 
routines Helping to arrange food

4453
04:06:37,800 --> 04:06:41,700
on long tables, constructed from
planks and saw horses ensuring 

4454
04:06:41,700 --> 04:06:44,700
that fires were probably tended 
to keep everything warm and 

4455
04:06:44,700 --> 04:06:47,400
solving small logistical 
problems that arose when large 

4456
04:06:47,400 --> 04:06:50,800
groups tried to court make 
complex activists but something 

4457
04:06:50,800 --> 04:06:53,400
had shifted in how others 
responded to my presents. 

4458
04:06:54,100 --> 04:06:57,600
Previously strangers would greet
me with careful politeness but 

4459
04:06:57,600 --> 04:06:59,800
now they greet me with the 
Casual warmth of family. 

4460
04:07:00,800 --> 04:07:03,500
Children ran to me with 
questions and small disaster, 

4461
04:07:03,500 --> 04:07:06,800
that needed adult attention. 
Adults included me in 

4462
04:07:06,800 --> 04:07:10,200
conversations with the slight, 
pause that indicated translation

4463
04:07:10,200 --> 04:07:12,900
or explanation. 
Hamish found me during the 

4464
04:07:12,900 --> 04:07:15,600
height of the festivities, 
carrying two cups of something 

4465
04:07:15,600 --> 04:07:17,400
that smelled like fermented 
happiness. 

4466
04:07:18,500 --> 04:07:21,200
You've been quiet today. 
He noted, as he settled beside 

4467
04:07:21,200 --> 04:07:23,900
me on a log strategically, 
positioned to overlook the 

4468
04:07:23,900 --> 04:07:26,000
celebration. 
Thinking heavy thoughts. 

4469
04:07:27,400 --> 04:07:29,700
The question was more perceptive
than I'd expected. 

4470
04:07:29,700 --> 04:07:33,800
I had been thinking heavy 
thoughts about time belonging 

4471
04:07:33,800 --> 04:07:37,400
responsibility and the weight of
choices that couldn't be undone.

4472
04:07:37,400 --> 04:07:40,200
The compass in my pocket, felt 
heavier than usual. 

4473
04:07:40,200 --> 04:07:44,200
As if it understood the decision
time was approaching I've been 

4474
04:07:44,208 --> 04:07:48,100
thinking about staying, I said 
the words emerging before I had 

4475
04:07:48,100 --> 04:07:51,400
consciously decided to speak 
them, Hamish nodded as if his 

4476
04:07:51,400 --> 04:07:53,100
Discovery wasn't surprising 
news. 

4477
04:07:53,900 --> 04:07:56,800
And what stopping you? 
The question Pierce through my 

4478
04:07:56,800 --> 04:07:58,800
inner turmoil? 
What was stopping me? 

4479
04:07:58,800 --> 04:08:01,900
Fear of commitment to a life. 
So different from everything I 

4480
04:08:01,900 --> 04:08:04,100
know. 
Was I feeling guilty for 

4481
04:08:04,100 --> 04:08:06,400
forsaking my own 
responsibilities or something 

4482
04:08:06,408 --> 04:08:08,800
deeper? 
The terror of discovering that I

4483
04:08:08,800 --> 04:08:11,100
might be happier in a world 
without modern convenience. 

4484
04:08:11,100 --> 04:08:14,000
Is that my carefully constructed
21st century. 

4485
04:08:14,000 --> 04:08:16,300
Life might have been a beautiful
prison. 

4486
04:08:16,300 --> 04:08:19,200
I'd mistaken for Freedom as 
evening approached and the 

4487
04:08:19,208 --> 04:08:22,000
celebration began winding toward
its traditional conclusion. 

4488
04:08:22,000 --> 04:08:25,500
Alias appeared at my elbow with 
timing that suggested she'd been

4489
04:08:25,500 --> 04:08:28,800
watching for the right moment. 
without words, she led me away 

4490
04:08:28,800 --> 04:08:32,100
from the crowd to a quiet spot 
overlooking the village with the

4491
04:08:32,100 --> 04:08:35,300
sound of continuing festivities 
provided a cheerful background 

4492
04:08:35,300 --> 04:08:39,300
murmur The compass. 
She said simply using English 

4493
04:08:39,300 --> 04:08:41,100
words carefully. 
Chosen for clarity. 

4494
04:08:41,800 --> 04:08:44,800
It brought you here for a 
reason, I looked at her, in 

4495
04:08:44,800 --> 04:08:46,700
surprise, you know, about the 
compass. 

4496
04:08:47,400 --> 04:08:49,200
Her smile carried. 
Centuries of knowledge. 

4497
04:08:50,300 --> 04:08:52,700
Some things are older than the 
stories we tell about them. 

4498
04:08:52,700 --> 04:08:55,300
You're great aren't new. 
This place knew these people, 

4499
04:08:55,300 --> 04:08:58,900
the compass doesn't bring 
Travelers, it brings family 

4500
04:08:58,900 --> 04:09:01,500
home. 
The Revelation settled over me 

4501
04:09:01,500 --> 04:09:03,900
like recognition of something. 
I'd always known but never 

4502
04:09:03,900 --> 04:09:06,800
articulated. 
Great aren't moira's stories 

4503
04:09:06,800 --> 04:09:09,100
about Scotland, her mysterious 
past. 

4504
04:09:09,100 --> 04:09:12,100
And the way she'd always seemed 
slightly out of step with modern

4505
04:09:12,100 --> 04:09:15,800
times suddenly they made sense 
and ways that had nothing to do 

4506
04:09:15,800 --> 04:09:17,900
with logic and everything to do 
with truth. 

4507
04:09:19,000 --> 04:09:22,200
The compass, grew warm in my 
pocket and I understood that, 

4508
04:09:22,200 --> 04:09:25,500
this was the moment of choice, I
could return to my time, 

4509
04:09:25,500 --> 04:09:28,400
carrying memories of this 
experience like souvenirs from 

4510
04:09:28,400 --> 04:09:32,800
an extraordinary vacation. 
Or I could stay accepting the 

4511
04:09:32,800 --> 04:09:36,400
responsibility and joy of 
genuine belonging in a community

4512
04:09:36,400 --> 04:09:39,700
that had already accepted me as 
one of their own looking down at

4513
04:09:39,700 --> 04:09:42,500
the village, where lights 
flickered in Windows, where 

4514
04:09:42,500 --> 04:09:45,000
people I'd grown to love were 
continuing celebrations. 

4515
04:09:45,000 --> 04:09:47,900
That would carry them through 
another winter, where my hand 

4516
04:09:47,900 --> 04:09:51,500
had helped build something 
larger than myself, Choice felt 

4517
04:09:51,500 --> 04:09:54,200
less like a decision and more 
like recognition. 

4518
04:09:55,200 --> 04:09:56,600
The compass would stay in my 
pocket. 

4519
04:09:56,600 --> 04:10:00,500
Its work complete. 
I was already home. 

4520
04:10:04,300 --> 04:10:07,300
Catherine of Aragon's birth, 
coincided with the emergence of 

4521
04:10:07,308 --> 04:10:10,200
the modern world. 
Catherine of Aragon was born on 

4522
04:10:10,200 --> 04:10:15,300
December 16th 1485 at the 
archbishop's palace in Alcala de

4523
04:10:15,300 --> 04:10:18,100
henares near Madrid. 
During a time, when the Medieval

4524
04:10:18,100 --> 04:10:20,400
era was slowly, giving way to 
what we now, call the 

4525
04:10:20,400 --> 04:10:24,400
Renaissance, Her parents 
Isabella, the first of Castile 

4526
04:10:24,400 --> 04:10:26,500
and Ferdinand. 
The second of arrogant had 

4527
04:10:26,500 --> 04:10:29,200
United Their Kingdoms and were 
in the midst of completing the 

4528
04:10:29,200 --> 04:10:32,000
Reconquista, which would 
culminate with the fall of 

4529
04:10:32,008 --> 04:10:36,100
Granada in 1492. 
Catherine's early years were 

4530
04:10:36,100 --> 04:10:39,600
marked not by coddling, but by 
immersion in one of Europe's 

4531
04:10:39,600 --> 04:10:43,000
most dynamic courts. 
While most historical accounts 

4532
04:10:43,000 --> 04:10:45,100
focus on her later. 
Marriage, to Henry the 8th 

4533
04:10:45,100 --> 04:10:48,600
Catherine's formative years in 
Spain, reveal a woman groomed 

4534
04:10:48,600 --> 04:10:53,100
for far more than matrimony. 
Her mother, Isabella and should 

4535
04:10:53,108 --> 04:10:56,000
Catherine received an education 
that surpassed what most Royal 

4536
04:10:56,000 --> 04:10:59,100
daughter's could expect. 
The tutelage of Alessandro 

4537
04:10:59,100 --> 04:11:02,700
deeney and the humanists Antonio
Geraldine gave her fluency in 

4538
04:11:02,700 --> 04:11:06,600
multiple languages, including 
Spanish, Latin, French, and 

4539
04:11:06,600 --> 04:11:09,700
Greek. 
She studied cannon in civil law 

4540
04:11:09,700 --> 04:11:13,600
genealogy, heraldry and history 
subjects. 

4541
04:11:13,600 --> 04:11:17,000
Typically reserved for male, 
heirs Catherine's childhood 

4542
04:11:17,000 --> 04:11:20,300
unfolded against the backdrop of
her parents military campaigns 

4543
04:11:20,300 --> 04:11:22,000
against the Moorish Kingdom of 
Granada. 

4544
04:11:22,800 --> 04:11:25,400
Rather than shielding their 
children from state affairs, 

4545
04:11:25,400 --> 04:11:27,800
Isabella, and Ferdinand brought 
them along. 

4546
04:11:28,500 --> 04:11:31,000
At age, six, Catherine found 
herself in the military. 

4547
04:11:31,000 --> 04:11:34,600
Encampment at Santa Fe outside 
Grenada watching as the last 

4548
04:11:34,600 --> 04:11:37,900
Muslim ruler in Spain. 
Surrendered to her parents the 

4549
04:11:37,900 --> 04:11:41,300
same year, the genoise Explorer 
named Christopher, Columbus 

4550
04:11:41,300 --> 04:11:45,000
secured funding from her parents
for a Westwood Expedition. 

4551
04:11:45,000 --> 04:11:46,900
That would forever change world 
history. 

4552
04:11:48,000 --> 04:11:50,600
What distinguished Catherine's 
upbringing from that of other 

4553
04:11:50,600 --> 04:11:53,100
Royal daughters, was her 
mother's insistence that. 

4554
04:11:53,100 --> 04:11:55,000
She understand the mechanics of 
governance. 

4555
04:11:55,800 --> 04:11:59,300
Isabella of Castile was no 
ornamental, Queen, but ruled in 

4556
04:11:59,300 --> 04:12:02,700
her own, right? 
Under her example, Catherine 

4557
04:12:02,700 --> 04:12:05,800
observe Council, meeting's 
diplomatic receptions and 

4558
04:12:05,800 --> 04:12:09,100
lifting, the delicate dance of 
statecraft, her mother's 

4559
04:12:09,100 --> 04:12:12,700
Confessor, the reforming 
Cardinal Jimenez de cesareas, 

4560
04:12:12,700 --> 04:12:15,700
and still didn't her devout, but
intellectually rigorous 

4561
04:12:15,700 --> 04:12:18,600
Catholicism that emphasizes at 
personal piety alongside 

4562
04:12:18,600 --> 04:12:22,700
institutional reform. 
By age 15, Catherine had 

4563
04:12:22,700 --> 04:12:25,100
absorbed more practical, 
knowledge of rulership than most

4564
04:12:25,100 --> 04:12:28,200
Royal Sons twice her age. 
Yet the Spanish court that 

4565
04:12:28,200 --> 04:12:31,200
shaped her remained largely 
invisible in later English 

4566
04:12:31,200 --> 04:12:34,200
accounts which preferred to cast
her as a passive victim of 

4567
04:12:34,200 --> 04:12:37,000
Henry, the 8th's marital 
machinations rather than 

4568
04:12:37,000 --> 04:12:40,300
acknowledge the sophisticated 
political actor, who arrived on 

4569
04:12:40,300 --> 04:12:43,700
English Shores. 
When Catherine sailed from Spain

4570
04:12:43,700 --> 04:12:46,300
in 150. 
Overalls one, she brought with 

4571
04:12:46,300 --> 04:13:01,400
her, not just a true. 
So endourage, the Spaniards 

4572
04:13:01,400 --> 04:13:04,100
brought with the customs and 
practices, that would seem alien

4573
04:13:04,100 --> 04:13:07,300
to English courtiers different 
standards of personal hygiene 

4574
04:13:07,300 --> 04:13:10,800
suspended, space more frequently
than the English, different, 

4575
04:13:10,800 --> 04:13:14,500
dining habits and different 
musical Traditions the journey 

4576
04:13:14,500 --> 04:13:17,600
itself frequently reduced to a 
footnote in historical accounts 

4577
04:13:17,600 --> 04:13:22,300
proved harrowing records from 
her fleet commander had rolled 

4578
04:13:22,300 --> 04:13:25,300
on Pedro. 
Dear reveal at Catherine ship, 

4579
04:13:25,300 --> 04:13:29,100
nearly sank in a ferocious Bay 
of Biscay storm for three days. 

4580
04:13:29,100 --> 04:13:32,200
The princess remained in her 
cabin praying while waves 

4581
04:13:32,200 --> 04:13:33,600
threatened to overturn The 
Vessel. 

4582
04:13:34,400 --> 04:13:37,900
When land was finally sighted, 
Catherine insisted on recording 

4583
04:13:37,900 --> 04:13:39,300
her impressions of her new 
country. 

4584
04:13:40,100 --> 04:13:43,300
Her letters home described the 
English Countryside as verdant. 

4585
04:13:43,300 --> 04:13:47,100
But Melancholy and noted, the 
Curious of commoners approaching

4586
04:13:47,100 --> 04:13:50,300
the Royal party to present 
petitions directly, something 

4587
04:13:50,300 --> 04:13:53,300
Unthinkable in the more rigid 
Spanish Court hierarchy. 

4588
04:13:54,400 --> 04:13:57,800
What awaited her in England was 
not her future husband Henry, 

4589
04:13:57,800 --> 04:14:00,000
but his brother Arthur Prince of
Wales. 

4590
04:14:00,000 --> 04:14:03,600
A slender 15 year old whose 
frail Health stood in stark 

4591
04:14:03,600 --> 04:14:05,600
contrast to Catherine's robust 
Constitution. 

4592
04:14:06,700 --> 04:14:09,500
Their first meeting at dogmas 
field and Hampshire became 

4593
04:14:09,500 --> 04:14:12,400
legendary for Catherine's 
insistence on Spanish protocol 

4594
04:14:12,400 --> 04:14:15,400
despite his objections. 
When the Earl of Surrey, 

4595
04:14:15,400 --> 04:14:17,800
demanded to see her face, before
she proceeded to London, 

4596
04:14:17,800 --> 04:14:21,800
Catherine refused maintaining 
that only her betrothed would 

4597
04:14:21,800 --> 04:14:23,300
first Glimpse her uncovered 
countenance. 

4598
04:14:23,300 --> 04:14:26,800
A stance that revealed, both her
adherence to Spanish, custom and

4599
04:14:26,800 --> 04:14:29,400
her early determination to 
assert herself into an 

4600
04:14:29,400 --> 04:14:32,500
unfamiliar land. 
The death of Arthur Prince of 

4601
04:14:32,500 --> 04:14:35,600
Wales, in April of 1502, at 
Ludlow Castle. 

4602
04:14:35,600 --> 04:14:39,100
Transformed, Catherine of 
Aragon's trajectory and ways 

4603
04:14:39,100 --> 04:14:43,100
that conventional narrative 
often simplify the 17 year old 

4604
04:14:43,100 --> 04:14:46,200
Widow face, not just grief, but 
a political Quagmire that would 

4605
04:14:46,200 --> 04:14:47,800
shape the next seven years of 
her life. 

4606
04:14:48,500 --> 04:14:51,100
While history is primarily cast.
These as years of passive 

4607
04:14:51,100 --> 04:14:53,900
waiting Catherine's 
correspondence reveals a young 

4608
04:14:53,908 --> 04:14:56,500
woman, actively navigating the 
treacherous Waters of 

4609
04:14:56,500 --> 04:15:00,200
international diplomacy Arthur's
death through Catherine into 

4610
04:15:00,200 --> 04:15:02,900
what historians have called 
diplomatic purgatory. 

4611
04:15:03,500 --> 04:15:07,100
She was neither fully English. 
Nor free to return to Spain her.

4612
04:15:07,100 --> 04:15:09,400
Father-in-law Henry. 
The seventh refused to return 

4613
04:15:09,400 --> 04:15:12,700
her substantial Dowry 200,000 
crowns. 

4614
04:15:12,700 --> 04:15:16,100
Enormous sum that would equal 
millions in today's currency. 

4615
04:15:16,100 --> 04:15:19,600
Meanwhile her father. 
Ferdinand was equally reluctant 

4616
04:15:19,600 --> 04:15:21,700
to fund her return home without 
the dowry. 

4617
04:15:22,500 --> 04:15:24,700
Catherine found herself 
essentially stranded in a 

4618
04:15:24,708 --> 04:15:28,000
foreign country whose language 
she was still mastering During 

4619
04:15:28,000 --> 04:15:31,200
these limbo years, Catherine 
resided, primarily at Durham 

4620
04:15:31,200 --> 04:15:33,400
house in London. 
Where her income was 

4621
04:15:33,400 --> 04:15:36,200
progressively, reduced by Henry 
the seventh parsimony. 

4622
04:15:36,900 --> 04:15:40,500
By 1505. 
A situation had deteriorated to 

4623
04:15:40,500 --> 04:15:42,200
such an extent that she wrote to
her. 

4624
04:15:42,200 --> 04:15:46,200
Father, I'm indebted in London. 
I am struggling to find a way 

4625
04:15:46,200 --> 04:15:48,900
out. 
Court records show that she was 

4626
04:15:48,900 --> 04:15:52,700
forced to pawn personal items, 
including gold vessels from her 

4627
04:15:52,700 --> 04:15:55,000
table service to pay her 
servants wages. 

4628
04:15:55,900 --> 04:15:58,600
While traditional accounts paint
the aftermath as a period of 

4629
04:15:58,608 --> 04:16:01,400
powerless, victimhood 
Catherine's letters, reveal 

4630
04:16:01,400 --> 04:16:04,100
sophisticated Financial 
strategizing, as she managed to 

4631
04:16:04,100 --> 04:16:06,000
maintain a household of 30 
servants. 

4632
04:16:06,000 --> 04:16:09,600
Despite these constraints, 
what's really discussed is that 

4633
04:16:09,600 --> 04:16:12,600
Catherine's Widow years 
coincided with the most 

4634
04:16:12,600 --> 04:16:15,500
tumultuous period in Castilian 
politics and her mother's 

4635
04:16:15,500 --> 04:16:18,600
accession. 
When Isabella of Castile died in

4636
04:16:18,600 --> 04:16:22,000
1504 the kingdom, descended into
factional. 

4637
04:16:22,000 --> 04:16:25,100
Struggle between Catherine's 
father Ferdinand and her 

4638
04:16:25,100 --> 04:16:28,000
brother-in-law. 
Philip of burgundy husband and 

4639
04:16:28,000 --> 04:16:30,500
her sister Joanna. 
Catherine found herself in the 

4640
04:16:30,500 --> 04:16:33,700
uncomfortable position of an 
ambassadorial hostage with 

4641
04:16:33,700 --> 04:16:36,700
Henry, the seventh threatening 
to switch matrimonial alliances 

4642
04:16:36,700 --> 04:16:39,000
to The Burgundian faction. 
If Ferdinand didn't meet his 

4643
04:16:39,000 --> 04:16:42,400
increasingly demanding terms, 
These Years also witnessed 

4644
04:16:42,400 --> 04:16:45,900
Catherine's transformation from 
sheltered in Fanta to hardened 

4645
04:16:45,900 --> 04:16:48,800
political operator. 
She essentially functioned as 

4646
04:16:48,800 --> 04:16:52,000
Spain's unofficial ambassador to
England, sending coded 

4647
04:16:52,000 --> 04:16:53,700
intelligence reports to her 
father. 

4648
04:16:53,700 --> 04:16:57,200
While simultaneously maintaining
a facade of beautiful different 

4649
04:16:57,200 --> 04:17:00,300
to Henry the seventh. 
Court records show that she 

4650
04:17:00,300 --> 04:17:03,700
cultivated relationships with 
key English Nobles, particularly

4651
04:17:03,700 --> 04:17:06,400
the Howard and Stafford 
families, building a network 

4652
04:17:06,400 --> 04:17:08,800
that would later prove 
invaluable during her queenship.

4653
04:17:09,800 --> 04:17:11,800
Most accounts Overlook 
Catherine's intellectual 

4654
04:17:11,800 --> 04:17:15,200
development during this period. 
Inventory of her possession 

4655
04:17:15,200 --> 04:17:19,500
show, she acquired over 40 
books, between 1502 and 1509 

4656
04:17:19,500 --> 04:17:22,300
including works by Rasmus and 
Thomas More. 

4657
04:17:23,900 --> 04:17:26,400
Her correspondents with the 
Spanish humanist, Juan Luis 

4658
04:17:26,400 --> 04:17:29,100
Vivas suggest. 
She was engaged with the latest 

4659
04:17:29,100 --> 04:17:32,100
current and release on thought, 
far from languishing. 

4660
04:17:32,100 --> 04:17:35,900
In isolated misery, Catherine 
was participating in the 

4661
04:17:35,900 --> 04:17:38,500
intellectual ferment that would 
later characterize the early 

4662
04:17:38,500 --> 04:17:42,000
Tudor Court, People have 
similarly misrepresented, her 

4663
04:17:42,000 --> 04:17:43,400
religious life during these 
years. 

4664
04:17:44,100 --> 04:17:47,400
While Catherine's piety as well.
Documented, it is often been 

4665
04:17:47,400 --> 04:17:51,100
caricatured as rigid and 
medieval in reality, her 

4666
04:17:51,100 --> 04:17:53,700
spiritual practice aligned with 
the devotee or moderna 

4667
04:17:53,700 --> 04:17:56,500
movements, sweeping Europe, 
which emphasized personal 

4668
04:17:56,500 --> 04:18:00,400
interior, devotion over, 
elaborate external, rituals her 

4669
04:18:00,400 --> 04:18:03,400
Confessor, the observant 
Franciscan Alessandro Berkeley 

4670
04:18:03,400 --> 04:18:06,700
introduced her to contemplative 
prayer practices, that would 

4671
04:18:06,700 --> 04:18:08,700
later influence, English, 
spiritual writing. 

4672
04:18:09,400 --> 04:18:11,600
Catherine's relationship with 
the Young Prince Henry. 

4673
04:18:11,600 --> 04:18:14,500
Later, Henry, the 8th during 
this period deserves her 

4674
04:18:14,500 --> 04:18:16,900
examination. 
Court, records indicate regular 

4675
04:18:16,900 --> 04:18:20,200
contact between them including 
shared musical performances and 

4676
04:18:20,200 --> 04:18:21,800
participation in court 
festivities. 

4677
04:18:22,600 --> 04:18:26,200
The Future, King, 6 years, her 
Junior appears to have genuinely

4678
04:18:26,200 --> 04:18:28,900
enjoyed Catherine's company, 
particularly her knowledge of 

4679
04:18:28,900 --> 04:18:32,000
Spanish Literature. 
And a skill at the virginals, a 

4680
04:18:32,000 --> 04:18:35,200
keyboard instrument, she had 
mastered When Court Chronicle, 

4681
04:18:35,200 --> 04:18:38,200
Edward Hall later wrote that 
Henry had cost of affection on 

4682
04:18:38,200 --> 04:18:41,500
Catherine before their marriage,
he was likely recording more 

4683
04:18:41,500 --> 04:18:45,600
than propaganda. 
By 1507 Catherine had become a 

4684
04:18:45,600 --> 04:18:48,800
depth at managing, not just her 
reduced circumstances, but the 

4685
04:18:48,800 --> 04:18:51,700
complex diplomatic machinations 
swirling around her. 

4686
04:18:52,600 --> 04:18:55,100
When Henry the seventh attempted
to create a pretext for 

4687
04:18:55,100 --> 04:18:57,400
breaking, the betrothal by 
demanding Catherine confess 

4688
04:18:57,400 --> 04:18:59,400
whether her marriage to Arthur 
had been consummated. 

4689
04:19:00,200 --> 04:19:02,700
She out maneuvered him with a 
carefully worded response that 

4690
04:19:02,700 --> 04:19:06,400
satisfied Spanish honor while 
preserving the possibility of 

4691
04:19:06,408 --> 04:19:09,700
marriage to the younger Henry, 
when Henry, the 8th ascended, 

4692
04:19:09,700 --> 04:19:13,500
the throne in April of 1509. 
One of his first acts was to 

4693
04:19:13,500 --> 04:19:16,700
marry Catherine of Aragon. 
A decision that historical 

4694
04:19:16,700 --> 04:19:19,500
accounts of variously attributed
to youthful, infatuation, 

4695
04:19:19,500 --> 04:19:24,200
political expediency, or simple 
Duty, however, contemporary 

4696
04:19:24,200 --> 04:19:28,200
sources reveal a more nuanced 
reality, The 18 year old, King's

4697
04:19:28,200 --> 04:19:31,700
Council was initially divided on
the match with some favoring, a 

4698
04:19:31,708 --> 04:19:34,700
French Alliance in Stead. 
Henry's decision to marry 

4699
04:19:34,700 --> 04:19:38,000
Catherine represented. 
His first significant assertion 

4700
04:19:38,000 --> 04:19:41,400
of Royal will against advisory 
opinion a pattern, that would 

4701
04:19:41,400 --> 04:19:44,800
characterize his reign. 
Through his transformation from 

4702
04:19:44,800 --> 04:19:47,800
marginalized Widow to Queen. 
Consort was Swift and deliberate

4703
04:19:47,800 --> 04:19:52,800
their joint coronation on June 
24th. 1509 broke with tradition 

4704
04:19:52,800 --> 04:19:55,000
by accordingly. 
In equal ceremony will 

4705
04:19:55,000 --> 04:19:58,300
prominence with Henry She 
insisted on wearing her hair 

4706
04:19:58,300 --> 04:20:02,400
loose, a Spanish symbol of the 
virginity to publicly emphasize 

4707
04:20:02,400 --> 04:20:04,300
that her first marriage was 
unconscious. 

4708
04:20:04,300 --> 04:20:07,200
Mated. 
Londoners treated to pageants 

4709
04:20:07,200 --> 04:20:11,100
portraying Dame Catherine as the
embodiment of Truth triumphing 

4710
04:20:11,100 --> 04:20:13,500
over adversity. 
Understood the symbolism. 

4711
04:20:14,300 --> 04:20:17,400
The early years of Catherine's 
queenship, reveal a woman whose 

4712
04:20:17,400 --> 04:20:19,800
political influence extended far
beyond, conventional, 

4713
04:20:19,800 --> 04:20:22,700
narratives, that Focus 
exclusively on her reproductive 

4714
04:20:22,700 --> 04:20:26,800
struggles as early as 1510 
diplomatic correspondence. 

4715
04:20:26,800 --> 04:20:29,400
Shows, Catherine serving as an 
informal member of the king's 

4716
04:20:29,400 --> 04:20:32,000
Council. 
Particularly on matters relating

4717
04:20:32,000 --> 04:20:33,600
to Spanish and Imperial 
relations. 

4718
04:20:33,600 --> 04:20:37,000
The Venetian Ambassador reported
with surprise that the queen 

4719
04:20:37,000 --> 04:20:40,300
attends all Council meetings and
exerts considerable influence. 

4720
04:20:41,300 --> 04:20:44,300
Perhaps Catherine's most 
overlooked contribution to Tudor

4721
04:20:44,300 --> 04:20:48,200
governance came in 1513 when 
Henry appointed her governor of 

4722
04:20:48,200 --> 04:20:51,400
the realm, and Captain general 
of the Armed Forces during his 

4723
04:20:51,400 --> 04:20:55,000
absence in France. 
This Regency granted Catherine 

4724
04:20:55,000 --> 04:20:57,200
powers that went beyond 
ceremonial Authority. 

4725
04:20:57,200 --> 04:21:00,700
She could sign documents with 
the king's authority issue, 

4726
04:21:00,700 --> 04:21:03,300
proclamations. 
And even raise armies, when 

4727
04:21:03,300 --> 04:21:06,100
James, the fourth of Scotland 
invaded while Henry was abroad. 

4728
04:21:06,100 --> 04:21:09,300
Catherine organized, the English
defense with remarkable 

4729
04:21:09,300 --> 04:21:12,100
efficiency. 
She commissioned ships, ordered 

4730
04:21:12,100 --> 04:21:15,300
a troupe movements and sent a 
stirring letter to the Earl of 

4731
04:21:15,300 --> 04:21:18,300
sorry before he defeated and 
killed the Scottish King at 

4732
04:21:18,300 --> 04:21:22,300
flawed and field. 
After the victory, Catherine 

4733
04:21:22,300 --> 04:21:25,000
sent James's blooded coat to 
Henry and France as a battle 

4734
04:21:25,008 --> 04:21:28,400
trophy writing with Marshall 
Pride, that she would have sent 

4735
04:21:28,400 --> 04:21:31,800
the king's body too. 
But English soil, would not bear

4736
04:21:31,800 --> 04:21:35,900
a traitor's burial. 
This action rarely emphasized in

4737
04:21:35,900 --> 04:21:39,300
popular accounts, demonstrates 
Catherine's Embrace of Tudor 

4738
04:21:39,300 --> 04:21:42,200
political culture and her 
Evolution from Spanish, and 

4739
04:21:42,200 --> 04:21:45,800
Fanta to English Queen. 
Catherine's domestic policy 

4740
04:21:45,800 --> 04:21:47,800
during her Regency revealed 
priorities. 

4741
04:21:47,800 --> 04:21:49,400
That would shape her later 
patronage. 

4742
04:21:50,300 --> 04:21:53,100
She issued orders relaxing 
enforcement of sumptuary laws 

4743
04:21:53,100 --> 04:21:56,700
that disproportionately punished
working class women for dressing

4744
04:21:56,700 --> 04:21:59,300
Above This station. 
Court records. 

4745
04:21:59,300 --> 04:22:02,300
Indicate she personally, 
intervened in, at least 14 cases

4746
04:22:02,300 --> 04:22:06,000
where women face prosecution 
under these statutes arguing 

4747
04:22:06,000 --> 04:22:09,300
that female industry shouldn't 
be penalized by RK restrictions.

4748
04:22:09,300 --> 04:22:12,800
Her intellectual patronage has 
been similarly under appreciated

4749
04:22:12,800 --> 04:22:15,600
while Henry, the 8th is 
remembered for his sporadic. 

4750
04:22:15,600 --> 04:22:19,500
Support of humanism Catherine, 
maintained more consistent 

4751
04:22:19,500 --> 04:22:21,200
relationships with leading 
Scholars. 

4752
04:22:21,200 --> 04:22:24,700
She commissioned translations of
devotional texts from Spanish 

4753
04:22:24,700 --> 04:22:28,500
into English, supported Richard 
herders Arguments for women's 

4754
04:22:28,500 --> 04:22:32,000
education and maintained 
correspondence with Erasmus who 

4755
04:22:32,000 --> 04:22:34,600
dedicated his commentary on the 
gospel of Matthew to her. 

4756
04:22:35,400 --> 04:22:38,600
When Juan Luis Viva is published
the education of a Christian 

4757
04:22:38,600 --> 04:22:41,200
woman? 
In 1523, he acknowledged 

4758
04:22:41,200 --> 04:22:43,700
Catherine's influence on his 
thinking about female 

4759
04:22:43,700 --> 04:22:47,200
intellectual capacity, 
Catherine's queenly Authority 

4760
04:22:47,200 --> 04:22:49,100
extended to cultural diplomacy 
as well. 

4761
04:22:49,900 --> 04:22:52,300
She introduced Spanish 
theatrical Traditions to the 

4762
04:22:52,300 --> 04:22:55,000
English Court. 
Particularly the morality plays 

4763
04:22:55,000 --> 04:22:58,600
known as Otto Sacramento's court
records document her 

4764
04:22:58,600 --> 04:23:01,500
commissioning performance, is 
that Blended English and Spanish

4765
04:23:01,500 --> 04:23:04,900
performance Styles, creating 
hybridized entertainments that 

4766
04:23:04,900 --> 04:23:07,800
historian. 
Anglo has termed the first truly

4767
04:23:07,800 --> 04:23:10,100
Cosmopolitan caught culture in 
English History. 

4768
04:23:11,100 --> 04:23:12,900
Even her religious patronage 
defies. 

4769
04:23:12,900 --> 04:23:16,000
Simple characterization. 
While Catherine's Catholicism 

4770
04:23:16,000 --> 04:23:19,700
was sincere, she advocated for 
church reforms that aligned with

4771
04:23:19,700 --> 04:23:22,800
humanists critiques. 
She supported cardinals' 

4772
04:23:22,800 --> 04:23:25,100
suppression of crop. 
Monasteries nearly two decades 

4773
04:23:25,100 --> 04:23:26,800
before Henry's more famous 
dissolution. 

4774
04:23:27,600 --> 04:23:30,400
Edward Lee, The reformist 
Scholar, who served, as her 

4775
04:23:30,400 --> 04:23:32,700
personal. 
Chaplain delivered sermons that 

4776
04:23:32,700 --> 04:23:35,800
criticize clerical abuses, while
upholding Orthodox Doctrine, 

4777
04:23:35,800 --> 04:23:39,600
delicate balance that mirrors 
Catherine's own complex, 

4778
04:23:39,600 --> 04:23:43,800
religious beliefs. 
By 1525 before the divorce, 

4779
04:23:43,800 --> 04:23:47,400
crisis erupted, Catherine had 
constructed a queenly, identity 

4780
04:23:47,400 --> 04:23:50,200
that skillfully balanced her 
Spanish Heritage with her 

4781
04:23:50,200 --> 04:23:53,600
adopted English role. 
She wore English Fashions, but 

4782
04:23:53,600 --> 04:23:56,300
maintained Spanish, eating 
habits, she spoke English 

4783
04:23:56,300 --> 04:23:58,400
fluently. 
But continued to write personal 

4784
04:23:58,400 --> 04:24:01,500
devotions in Spanish. 
She honored English sapto 

4785
04:24:01,500 --> 04:24:04,200
Saints, while introducing 
Spanish religious Customs, like 

4786
04:24:04,208 --> 04:24:07,900
the 40-hour devotion. 
This cultural hybridity made her

4787
04:24:07,900 --> 04:24:10,700
popular with both courtiers and 
commoners who affectionately 

4788
04:24:10,700 --> 04:24:15,300
called her Queen Katarina. 
In a blend of her Spanish name 

4789
04:24:15,300 --> 04:24:19,000
in English title the unraveling 
of Catherine's marriage to Henry

4790
04:24:19,000 --> 04:24:22,400
the 8th who was euphemistically 
called the Kings great matter. 

4791
04:24:22,400 --> 04:24:25,800
As traditionally been presented 
as a contest between an 

4792
04:24:25,800 --> 04:24:28,600
increasingly desperate king and 
a stubbornly principled. 

4793
04:24:28,600 --> 04:24:33,500
Queen This narrative while not 
entirely false obscures, the 

4794
04:24:33,500 --> 04:24:36,400
sophisticated legal battle, 
Catherine wage to defend her 

4795
04:24:36,400 --> 04:24:38,900
position. 
Far from being a passive victim 

4796
04:24:38,900 --> 04:24:41,900
of Henry's. 
Machinations Catherine mounted a

4797
04:24:41,900 --> 04:24:44,600
defense that utilized every 
legal and diplomatic weapon at 

4798
04:24:44,600 --> 04:24:47,400
her disposal. 
When Henry first raised doubts 

4799
04:24:47,400 --> 04:24:51,900
about their marriage and 15207 
citing, Leviticus 2021 as 

4800
04:24:51,900 --> 04:24:55,200
evidence that he had sinned by 
marrying his brother's widow, 

4801
04:24:55,200 --> 04:24:58,700
Catherine responded, not with 
mere emotional appeals. 

4802
04:24:58,700 --> 04:25:02,700
But with precise canonical 
arguments Her initial legal 

4803
04:25:02,700 --> 04:25:05,800
position rested, on 3 points 
that have marriage to Arthur had

4804
04:25:05,800 --> 04:25:08,800
never been consummated. 
That Pope Julius the second. 

4805
04:25:08,800 --> 04:25:11,800
Dispensation had specifically 
addressed and overridden in any 

4806
04:25:11,808 --> 04:25:14,200
impediment. 
And that the passage in 

4807
04:25:14,200 --> 04:25:17,000
Leviticus was contradicted by 
the Levert principle in 

4808
04:25:17,000 --> 04:25:20,900
Deuteronomy 215, which actually 
commanded a man to marry his 

4809
04:25:20,900 --> 04:25:24,000
brother's widow. 
Document evidence from Spanish 

4810
04:25:24,000 --> 04:25:25,600
archives. 
Reveals that Catherine 

4811
04:25:25,600 --> 04:25:28,000
personally drafted. 
Many of the legal arguments are 

4812
04:25:28,000 --> 04:25:31,400
Representatives would later 
present annotated copy of the 

4813
04:25:31,408 --> 04:25:34,700
decretals papal, legal 
pronouncements shows her 

4814
04:25:34,700 --> 04:25:38,400
meticulous Research into 
precedent cases She identified 

4815
04:25:38,400 --> 04:25:41,900
13 prior instances, where 
people, dispensations for 

4816
04:25:41,900 --> 04:25:45,000
Affinity had been granted and 
never subsequently, revoked 

4817
04:25:45,000 --> 04:25:47,700
creating a legal pattern that 
strengthened her case. 

4818
04:25:48,900 --> 04:25:52,300
Catherine's legal team assembled
through her personal connections

4819
04:25:52,300 --> 04:25:55,800
rather than Royal resources 
represented, an impressive 

4820
04:25:55,800 --> 04:25:58,100
Coalition of canonical 
expertise. 

4821
04:25:58,100 --> 04:26:01,500
While Henry retained the 
services of Cardinals and later 

4822
04:26:01,500 --> 04:26:04,600
Thomas cranmer Catherine, 
secured representation from 

4823
04:26:04,600 --> 04:26:07,100
William. 
Wareham Archbishop of Canterbury

4824
04:26:07,100 --> 04:26:09,200
Cuthbert Tunstall Bishop of 
London. 

4825
04:26:09,200 --> 04:26:12,400
And most importantly, John 
Fisher. 

4826
04:26:12,400 --> 04:26:16,600
Bishop of Rochester, whose 
treaties defending the validity 

4827
04:26:16,600 --> 04:26:19,800
of her marriage, became the 
definitive opposition, text the 

4828
04:26:19,800 --> 04:26:22,900
black, Friday's trial of 1529, 
provided Catherine with her. 

4829
04:26:22,900 --> 04:26:26,200
Most dramatic moment of 
resistance, a famous speech. 

4830
04:26:26,200 --> 04:26:29,800
Before the Legacy Court, I call 
God and all the world to witness

4831
04:26:29,800 --> 04:26:33,100
that I've been to you a true 
humble and obedient wife has 

4832
04:26:33,100 --> 04:26:34,900
been celebrated for its 
emotional power. 

4833
04:26:36,000 --> 04:26:39,600
Let's recognize is its legal 
cunning by appealing directly to

4834
04:26:39,600 --> 04:26:42,400
Rome before the court could 
render judgment, Catherine 

4835
04:26:42,400 --> 04:26:44,700
executed. 
A sophisticated canonical 

4836
04:26:44,700 --> 04:26:48,700
maneuver called exceptionally, 
which argued that she couldn't 

4837
04:26:48,700 --> 04:26:51,700
receive fair judgment, while 
deprived of her rights as Queen.

4838
04:26:52,600 --> 04:26:55,400
This legal tactic, effectively 
suspended the English 

4839
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:58,700
proceedings. 
Catherine's appealed to Rome 

4840
04:26:58,700 --> 04:27:01,600
wasn't merely procedural 
obstruction but reflected her 

4841
04:27:01,600 --> 04:27:04,200
understanding that the case 
would receive a more favorable 

4842
04:27:04,200 --> 04:27:06,800
hearing there. 
She maintained a network of 

4843
04:27:06,800 --> 04:27:09,700
informants throughout Europe, 
Who provided intelligence about 

4844
04:27:09,700 --> 04:27:13,200
papal, politics. 
When Imperial forces sacked Rome

4845
04:27:13,200 --> 04:27:17,300
in 1527 placing Pope Clement, 
the seventh under the influence 

4846
04:27:17,300 --> 04:27:18,100
of her nephew. 
Emperor. 

4847
04:27:18,100 --> 04:27:20,700
Charles the fifth. 
Catherine, strategically 

4848
04:27:20,700 --> 04:27:24,400
intensified her appeals to roam,
understanding that geopolitical 

4849
04:27:24,400 --> 04:27:27,600
circumstances now, favored her 
position, even as Henry, 

4850
04:27:27,600 --> 04:27:30,500
isolated, Catherine, physically 
moving her from Palace to Palace

4851
04:27:30,500 --> 04:27:32,400
with ever decreasing household 
staff. 

4852
04:27:32,400 --> 04:27:35,200
She maintained Communications 
with supporters through an 

4853
04:27:35,200 --> 04:27:38,500
underground Network, Royale 
account books, reveal the king's

4854
04:27:38,500 --> 04:27:42,300
frustration at discovering had 
smuggled letters to Imperial 

4855
04:27:42,300 --> 04:27:44,700
ambassadors via servants 
disguised. 

4856
04:27:44,700 --> 04:27:48,100
As vegetable, sellers one 
particularly effective Channel 

4857
04:27:48,100 --> 04:27:50,100
involved. 
Catherine's Spanish, ladies in 

4858
04:27:50,100 --> 04:27:52,600
Waiting, who would carry 
messages braided into their 

4859
04:27:52,600 --> 04:27:54,300
hair? 
When visiting, London markets, 

4860
04:27:54,300 --> 04:27:57,500
when Henry separated, from 
Catherine and her from court in 

4861
04:27:57,500 --> 04:28:00,800
1531, she had effectively 
transitioned from being the 

4862
04:28:00,800 --> 04:28:02,700
queen, consort to the opposition
leader. 

4863
04:28:03,300 --> 04:28:06,300
From her reduced household at 
the Moore in Hertfordshire, she 

4864
04:28:06,300 --> 04:28:08,900
continued directing legal 
resistance through coded 

4865
04:28:08,900 --> 04:28:10,800
correspondence. 
She instructed, her 

4866
04:28:10,800 --> 04:28:13,400
representatives in Rome to 
challenge every procedural 

4867
04:28:13,400 --> 04:28:16,900
motion, effectively, creating 
years of delays, that prevented 

4868
04:28:16,900 --> 04:28:20,100
Henry from Legally remarrying, 
while she lived Catherine, 

4869
04:28:20,100 --> 04:28:22,700
strategic Acumen extended to 
public relations. 

4870
04:28:23,400 --> 04:28:25,600
Understanding the power of 
popular sentiment. 

4871
04:28:26,300 --> 04:28:29,300
She deliberately appeared before
crowds when traveling between 

4872
04:28:29,300 --> 04:28:32,500
her various places of 
confinement dressed plainly. 

4873
04:28:32,500 --> 04:28:34,900
But with the Royal Arms 
prominently displayed 

4874
04:28:34,900 --> 04:28:38,700
contemporary accounts described 
commoners lining roads to cheer 

4875
04:28:38,700 --> 04:28:41,100
the true Queen demonstrations 
that. 

4876
04:28:41,100 --> 04:28:43,700
So concerned Henry that, he 
eventually confined her to 

4877
04:28:43,700 --> 04:28:47,600
increase in remote locations. 
What's rarely acknowledged is 

4878
04:28:47,600 --> 04:28:50,400
how Catherine's resistance 
provided the legal template that

4879
04:28:50,400 --> 04:28:52,800
later English Catholics would 
use to challenge. 

4880
04:28:52,800 --> 04:28:56,300
Henry's religious policies. 
Her insistence on the supremacy 

4881
04:28:56,300 --> 04:28:58,900
of papal, authority over the 
king in matters of marriage, 

4882
04:28:58,900 --> 04:29:02,200
created precedence that evolved 
into broader arguments against 

4883
04:29:02,200 --> 04:29:05,000
Royal Supremacy. 
The network of supporters. 

4884
04:29:05,000 --> 04:29:08,300
She cultivated particularly 
among University Scholars and 

4885
04:29:08,300 --> 04:29:10,400
clergy. 
Formed the nucleus of what would

4886
04:29:10,400 --> 04:29:13,000
become recent resistance during 
Elisabeth reign. 

4887
04:29:13,800 --> 04:29:17,100
Perhaps most remarkable was 
Catherine's maintenance of dual 

4888
04:29:17,100 --> 04:29:20,600
loyalties throughout the dispute
while adamantly defending her 

4889
04:29:20,600 --> 04:29:22,500
position as England's rightful 
Queen. 

4890
04:29:23,100 --> 04:29:25,800
She refused multiple 
opportunities to escape to 

4891
04:29:25,800 --> 04:29:29,200
Imperial territories or to 
authorize her nephew Charles. 

4892
04:29:29,200 --> 04:29:31,600
The fifth to invade England on 
her behalf. 

4893
04:29:32,200 --> 04:29:35,000
When Charles is ambassadors 
suggested military intervention 

4894
04:29:35,000 --> 04:29:38,000
in 1532, Catherine, reportedly 
responded. 

4895
04:29:38,000 --> 04:29:41,700
I will not be the cause of war 
in Christendom nor against the 

4896
04:29:41,700 --> 04:29:44,400
country that is now my own 
Catherine of Aragon's. 

4897
04:29:44,400 --> 04:29:47,900
Diplomatic significance has been
consistently undervalued in 

4898
04:29:47,900 --> 04:29:50,900
historical assessments that 
Focus primarily on her domestic 

4899
04:29:50,900 --> 04:29:54,100
role in reality. 
She served as the Lynch pin of 

4900
04:29:54,100 --> 04:29:56,200
Anglo Spanish relationships for 
nearly three decades. 

4901
04:29:56,200 --> 04:29:59,700
Wielding influence that extended
far, beyond ceremonial 

4902
04:29:59,700 --> 04:30:02,500
functions. 
A diplomatic career commenced 

4903
04:30:02,500 --> 04:30:07,200
prior to her queenship, as her 
father, in and utilized her. 

4904
04:30:07,200 --> 04:30:09,900
As a living porn on the European
diplomatic Arena. 

4905
04:30:10,800 --> 04:30:14,000
From her arrival in England, 
Catherine maintained, what we 

4906
04:30:14,000 --> 04:30:16,800
would Now call a parallel 
diplomatic Channel, alongside 

4907
04:30:16,800 --> 04:30:20,300
official ambassadors, a personal
correspondence, with her father,

4908
04:30:20,300 --> 04:30:24,000
third, and later her nephew 
Emperor, Charles the 5th 

4909
04:30:24,000 --> 04:30:27,200
provided intelligence that 
official dispatches often 

4910
04:30:27,200 --> 04:30:30,800
lacked. 
The Spanish Ambassador Rodrigo 

4911
04:30:30,800 --> 04:30:33,800
de Puebla frequently. 
Complained that Catherine had 

4912
04:30:33,800 --> 04:30:36,500
more accurate information about 
English Court politics than he 

4913
04:30:36,500 --> 04:30:39,700
did writing to Ferdinand in 
1505. 

4914
04:30:39,700 --> 04:30:43,000
The princess knows more of the 
king's mind in one hour than I 

4915
04:30:43,000 --> 04:30:45,000
learned in a month of careful 
observation. 

4916
04:30:46,000 --> 04:30:48,400
During Henry, the 8th early 
Reign Catherine. 

4917
04:30:48,400 --> 04:30:51,100
Functioned as the architect of 
the anglo-spanish alliance that 

4918
04:30:51,100 --> 04:30:54,300
defined English foreign policy 
until the divorce crisis, the 

4919
04:30:54,300 --> 04:30:57,900
Treaty of Westminster 1511, 
which formalised England's entry

4920
04:30:57,900 --> 04:31:01,000
into the holy League against 
France or Catherine's diplomatic

4921
04:31:01,000 --> 04:31:04,000
fingerprints throughout. 
Spanish archives contain her 

4922
04:31:04,000 --> 04:31:07,000
drafts suggestions for the 
treaty terms, many of which 

4923
04:31:07,000 --> 04:31:09,100
appeared for bet him in the 
final document. 

4924
04:31:10,100 --> 04:31:13,200
This Hands-On approach to treaty
formation went well, beyond the 

4925
04:31:13,200 --> 04:31:17,100
conventional role of a consort 
Catherine's influence extended 

4926
04:31:17,100 --> 04:31:20,300
Beyond Spanish relationships, 
she maintained regular 

4927
04:31:20,300 --> 04:31:22,200
correspondence with her sister 
Joanna. 

4928
04:31:22,200 --> 04:31:25,700
In Castile her nephew Charles 
and the low countries and her 

4929
04:31:25,700 --> 04:31:29,000
nieces of Bella in Denmark, 
creating a familial intelligence

4930
04:31:29,000 --> 04:31:33,000
Network spanning Europe. 
When Margaret of Austria Regent 

4931
04:31:33,000 --> 04:31:35,500
of the Netherlands needed to 
communicate sensitive 

4932
04:31:35,500 --> 04:31:37,900
information to England. 
Without alerting French spies, 

4933
04:31:37,900 --> 04:31:41,100
she often routed messages, 
through Catherine, the formal 

4934
04:31:41,100 --> 04:31:44,900
diplomatic channels, the field 
of cloth of gold in 1520 is 

4935
04:31:44,900 --> 04:31:47,400
typically presented as a 
watershed in anglo-french 

4936
04:31:47,400 --> 04:31:50,800
relations marking, the legendary
Summit between Henry the 8th and

4937
04:31:50,800 --> 04:31:53,700
France. 
The first of France, Let's 

4938
04:31:53,700 --> 04:31:55,700
discussed is Catherine's behind 
the scenes diplomatic 

4939
04:31:55,700 --> 04:31:58,400
counterweight while publicly 
supporting the French 

4940
04:31:58,400 --> 04:32:01,100
rapprochement. 
She simultaneously strengthened 

4941
04:32:01,100 --> 04:32:02,900
ties with Charles the fifth 
hosting. 

4942
04:32:02,900 --> 04:32:06,000
His ambassadors for private 
audiences where she emphasized 

4943
04:32:06,000 --> 04:32:08,900
England's continuing commitment 
to Imperial friendship. 

4944
04:32:09,600 --> 04:32:12,800
This dual-track diplomacy 
allowed England to maximize its 

4945
04:32:12,800 --> 04:32:15,600
negotiating position between 
Europe's two dominant powers. 

4946
04:32:16,400 --> 04:32:20,200
Catherine's diplomatic value 
became evident in 1522. 

4947
04:32:20,200 --> 04:32:24,100
When Charles the 5th visited 
England for six weeks and 

4948
04:32:24,100 --> 04:32:27,400
unprecedented. 
Diplomatic coup court, records 

4949
04:32:27,400 --> 04:32:29,700
reveal Catherine's personal 
management of the visits 

4950
04:32:29,700 --> 04:32:33,100
Logistics from menu planning 
that accommodated Spanish taste 

4951
04:32:33,100 --> 04:32:36,500
to enter Entertainment that 
subtly emphasized. 

4952
04:32:36,500 --> 04:32:40,000
Anglo Imperial commonalities. 
During political discussions, 

4953
04:32:40,000 --> 04:32:43,800
Catherine served as a cultural 
interpreter explaining English 

4954
04:32:43,800 --> 04:32:47,000
Customs to her nephew and 
contextualizing English 

4955
04:32:47,000 --> 04:32:49,600
positions for Henry the 
resulting Treaty of Windsor 

4956
04:32:49,600 --> 04:32:53,300
highly favorable to English 
interests was widely attributed 

4957
04:32:53,300 --> 04:32:56,600
to Catherine skillful mediation,
the Queen's diplomatic 

4958
04:32:56,600 --> 04:32:58,700
relevance, wasn't limited to 
European Affairs. 

4959
04:32:58,700 --> 04:33:01,600
Catherine took particular 
interest in the nascent 

4960
04:33:01,600 --> 04:33:05,000
transatlantic exploration's, 
likely influenced by her 

4961
04:33:05,000 --> 04:33:08,200
mother's sponsorship of Columbus
documents in the Spanish 

4962
04:33:08,200 --> 04:33:10,200
archives show. 
She personally intervened to 

4963
04:33:10,200 --> 04:33:12,900
protect the rights of indigenous
people's and Spain's American 

4964
04:33:12,900 --> 04:33:15,400
territories. 
In 1529. 

4965
04:33:15,400 --> 04:33:18,800
She wrote to officials in 
Hispaniola warning against the 

4966
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:21,000
mistreatment of native, 
inhabitants and endorsing the 

4967
04:33:21,000 --> 04:33:23,900
humanitarian arguments of 
bartolome, De Las Casas. 

4968
04:33:25,200 --> 04:33:28,000
This early advocacy for 
indigenous rights represents an 

4969
04:33:28,000 --> 04:33:30,700
underappreciated aspect of her 
International influence. 

4970
04:33:31,500 --> 04:33:34,200
Catherine's approach to 
international relations was 

4971
04:33:34,200 --> 04:33:37,099
characterized by what Diplomat 
used as chapuys called her 

4972
04:33:37,099 --> 04:33:41,700
Longview of dynastic interests. 
Unlike Henry whose foreign 

4973
04:33:41,700 --> 04:33:44,099
policy often responded to 
immediate opportunities or 

4974
04:33:44,099 --> 04:33:48,000
slights Catherine, consistently 
advocated for policies that 

4975
04:33:48,000 --> 04:33:50,099
supported long-term strategic 
interests. 

4976
04:33:50,800 --> 04:33:52,700
She opposed popular but wasteful
French. 

4977
04:33:52,700 --> 04:33:55,900
Instead they encouraged 
commercial treaties that would 

4978
04:33:55,900 --> 04:33:59,900
strengthen English trade. when 
the Protestant Reformation began

4979
04:33:59,900 --> 04:34:03,500
fracturing European politics, 
Catherine, advised Henry to 

4980
04:34:03,500 --> 04:34:06,700
position England as a potential 
mediator rather than an 

4981
04:34:06,700 --> 04:34:09,800
entrenched partisan, even during
the divorce proceedings, 

4982
04:34:09,800 --> 04:34:13,099
Catherine maintained, her 
diplomatic engagement, 

4983
04:34:14,099 --> 04:34:16,500
Transforming her personal 
predicament into an 

4984
04:34:16,500 --> 04:34:19,500
international issue. 
Through carefully timed appeals 

4985
04:34:19,500 --> 04:34:22,900
to Rome and the Imperial Court, 
she ensured that Henry couldn't 

4986
04:34:22,900 --> 04:34:24,900
resolve the matter as a domestic
concern. 

4987
04:34:25,599 --> 04:34:29,800
A letter to Charles the fifth in
1531 recently, discovered in the

4988
04:34:29,800 --> 04:34:33,500
Samantha's archives, reveals a 
sophisticated understanding of 

4989
04:34:33,500 --> 04:34:36,700
European power dynamics. 
She advised her nephew to 

4990
04:34:36,700 --> 04:34:38,500
pressure. 
The pope through diplomatic 

4991
04:34:38,500 --> 04:34:41,800
rather than military means 
arguing that the Holy Father 

4992
04:34:41,800 --> 04:34:45,300
responds better to Gentle 
persuasion than to threats in 

4993
04:34:45,300 --> 04:34:48,200
her final days. 
At kimballton Castle in 1536. 

4994
04:34:48,200 --> 04:34:51,500
Catherine, executed a crucial 
diplomatic maneuver, 

4995
04:34:52,099 --> 04:34:54,900
Understanding that her death 
would reshape, Anglo Imperial 

4996
04:34:54,900 --> 04:34:57,599
relations. 
She dictated letters to both 

4997
04:34:57,599 --> 04:35:00,700
Henry and Charles the 5th that 
emphasized reconciliation rather

4998
04:35:00,700 --> 04:35:04,200
than recrimination. 
To Henry, she reaffirmed, her 

4999
04:35:04,200 --> 04:35:06,200
love. 
Despite their difference is to 

5000
04:35:06,200 --> 04:35:08,200
Charles she accepted a 
requested. 

5001
04:35:08,200 --> 04:35:10,099
He maintained peaceful relations
with England. 

5002
04:35:10,099 --> 04:35:14,099
This final diplomatic act 
reflected her lifelong balancing

5003
04:35:14,099 --> 04:35:16,400
of loyalties to her native and 
adopted countries. 

5004
04:35:16,400 --> 04:35:19,000
Perhaps the clearest evidence of
Catherine's. 

5005
04:35:19,000 --> 04:35:22,400
Diplomatic significant came 
after her death When Anglo 

5006
04:35:22,400 --> 04:35:25,300
Imperial relations rapidly, 
deteriorated without her 

5007
04:35:25,300 --> 04:35:29,500
moderating influence. 
Within months Henry, facing 

5008
04:35:29,500 --> 04:35:33,400
hostility from Charles, the 5th 
culminating in an imperial 

5009
04:35:33,400 --> 04:35:35,800
people Alliance that threatened 
England with invasion. 

5010
04:35:36,700 --> 04:35:39,099
The Diplomatic architecture. 
Catherine had maintained for 

5011
04:35:39,099 --> 04:35:42,700
decades collapsed in her absence
revealing how Central she had 

5012
04:35:42,700 --> 04:35:44,500
been to England's. 
International standing, 

5013
04:35:44,500 --> 04:35:47,500
Catherine of Aragon's. 
Cultural patronage established 

5014
04:35:47,500 --> 04:35:50,200
patterns, that were Define the 
tutor Renaissance long after her

5015
04:35:50,200 --> 04:35:52,700
death. 
Yet this aspect of her Legacy 

5016
04:35:52,700 --> 04:35:56,800
remains curiously under explored
unlike the spectacular but 

5017
04:35:56,800 --> 04:36:00,000
sporadic patronage of Henry, the
8th Catherine's, cultural 

5018
04:36:00,000 --> 04:36:03,500
Investments were systematic and 
transformative particularly in 

5019
04:36:03,500 --> 04:36:06,500
education literature and the 
textile Arts. 

5020
04:36:06,500 --> 04:36:10,000
Her vision helped shift, English
Court culture from its medieval 

5021
04:36:10,000 --> 04:36:14,099
foundations toward Renaissance 
humanism Education stood at the 

5022
04:36:14,108 --> 04:36:18,599
center of Catherine's patronage 
strategy in. 1523 she 

5023
04:36:18,599 --> 04:36:20,700
established the queen 
scholarships at Saint John's 

5024
04:36:20,700 --> 04:36:24,200
College Cambridge which 
specifically funded students 

5025
04:36:24,200 --> 04:36:27,800
focusing on Greek and Latin 
Classics University, records, 

5026
04:36:27,800 --> 04:36:30,800
indicate that 27 Scholars 
benefited from these grants 

5027
04:36:30,800 --> 04:36:33,700
during Catherine's lifetime, 
including Robert Pember? 

5028
04:36:33,700 --> 04:36:36,300
Who later became a leading 
translator of classical texts. 

5029
04:36:37,200 --> 04:36:39,599
Unlike most contemporary, 
patronage Catherine's, 

5030
04:36:39,599 --> 04:36:42,500
Educational Funding, carried the
unusual, stipulation that 

5031
04:36:42,500 --> 04:36:45,300
recipients commit to teaching 
for at least five years after 

5032
04:36:45,300 --> 04:36:48,599
completing their studies 
creating a multiplier effect for

5033
04:36:48,599 --> 04:36:51,500
humanist learning. 
Catherine's commissioning of 

5034
04:36:51,500 --> 04:36:55,000
translations significantly 
expanded the range of texts 

5035
04:36:55,000 --> 04:36:57,500
available in English court. 
Payment records. 

5036
04:36:57,500 --> 04:37:00,900
Document her sponsorship of at 
least 14 translation projects 

5037
04:37:00,900 --> 04:37:04,000
including the first English 
versions of seneca's moral 

5038
04:37:04,000 --> 04:37:06,800
essays and portions of 
plutarch's lives. 

5039
04:37:07,599 --> 04:37:09,300
Her most significant literary 
commission. 

5040
04:37:09,300 --> 04:37:13,500
Came in 1516, when she engaged 
Juan Luis Vives to write their 

5041
04:37:13,500 --> 04:37:17,599
institutional femini. 
Christian on the education of a 

5042
04:37:17,599 --> 04:37:20,200
Christian woman, which argued 
for women's intellectual 

5043
04:37:20,200 --> 04:37:23,099
capabilities at a time when 
female education remained 

5044
04:37:23,099 --> 04:37:26,800
controversial, Catherine ensured
the work was quickly translated 

5045
04:37:26,800 --> 04:37:30,099
into English and distributed to 
Noble households with daughters.

5046
04:37:30,900 --> 04:37:33,700
the education of her daughter, 
mayor Mary reflected Catherine's

5047
04:37:33,700 --> 04:37:37,200
pedagogical principles she 
recruited humanist Scholars like

5048
04:37:37,200 --> 04:37:41,099
Thomas liniker Richard Pace as 
tutors developing a curriculum 

5049
04:37:41,099 --> 04:37:45,400
that mirrored those of male 
heirs Mary's education included,

5050
04:37:45,400 --> 04:37:48,500
not just traditional female 
accomplishments, but also greek 

5051
04:37:48,500 --> 04:37:53,200
latin astronomy architecture and
governance subjects. 

5052
04:37:53,200 --> 04:37:56,400
Typically reserved for male 
educational this educational 

5053
04:37:56,400 --> 04:37:58,800
program became influential 
beyond the royal family 

5054
04:37:58,800 --> 04:38:02,200
inventories from Noble household
showing increased acquisition of

5055
04:38:02,207 --> 04:38:05,500
classical texts for daughter's 
after Catherine established this

5056
04:38:05,500 --> 04:38:08,700
precedent. 
Catherine's textile patronage. 

5057
04:38:08,700 --> 04:38:12,300
Transformed in English 
decorative, Arts, Spanish, 

5058
04:38:12,300 --> 04:38:14,900
embroidery techniques, 
particularly black work. 

5059
04:38:14,900 --> 04:38:18,700
Black silk on the white linen, 
sometimes called Spanish work 

5060
04:38:18,700 --> 04:38:21,700
gained prominence. 
Through Catherine's Workshop. 

5061
04:38:21,700 --> 04:38:25,099
Her household accounts show she 
employed over 20 professional 

5062
04:38:25,099 --> 04:38:28,800
embroiders at its peak producing
works that combined Spanish 

5063
04:38:28,800 --> 04:38:32,599
techniques with English motifs. 
Surviving examples in the 

5064
04:38:32,599 --> 04:38:35,900
Victoria and Albert Museum 
demonstrate this distinctive 

5065
04:38:35,900 --> 04:38:38,900
hybrid style which remained 
influential in English 

5066
04:38:38,900 --> 04:38:42,099
decorative arts for Generations.
The Turkish Arts received 

5067
04:38:42,099 --> 04:38:44,800
particular attention in 
Catherine's patronage portfolio.

5068
04:38:44,800 --> 04:38:48,099
She commissioned illuminated, 
manuscripts from both Spanish 

5069
04:38:48,099 --> 04:38:51,500
and English workshops creating 
opportunities for cross-cultural

5070
04:38:51,500 --> 04:38:54,700
artistic Exchange. 
The Catherine of Aragon prayer 

5071
04:38:54,700 --> 04:38:56,099
book. 
Now in the British Library, 

5072
04:38:56,099 --> 04:39:00,300
exemplifies this Fusion with 
Spanish influenced illumination 

5073
04:39:00,300 --> 04:39:04,000
techniques, applied to English 
devotional texts Catherine also 

5074
04:39:04,000 --> 04:39:06,599
commissioned Ultra Furnishing 
that introduced Spanish. 

5075
04:39:06,599 --> 04:39:10,300
Liturgical Aesthetics to English
churches, including embroidered 

5076
04:39:10,300 --> 04:39:14,800
antenna altar from tools that 
incorporated pomegranate motifs 

5077
04:39:14,800 --> 04:39:18,000
her personal emblem into 
traditional English church 

5078
04:39:18,000 --> 04:39:20,900
decoration musical funding 
revealed Catherine's 

5079
04:39:20,900 --> 04:39:23,400
Cosmopolitan. 
Tastes, she introduced Spanish 

5080
04:39:23,400 --> 04:39:25,900
musicians to the English Court, 
including the composer. 

5081
04:39:25,900 --> 04:39:28,800
Juan de Antietam whose 
compositions familiarized 

5082
04:39:28,800 --> 04:39:31,500
English audiences with the 
unique polyphonic traditions of 

5083
04:39:31,500 --> 04:39:34,500
Iberian Sacred Music, Court 
records. 

5084
04:39:34,500 --> 04:39:37,800
Document her commissioning of 
motets that Blended English and 

5085
04:39:37,800 --> 04:39:40,900
Spanish musical elements. 
Thomas Tallis. 

5086
04:39:40,900 --> 04:39:44,700
Who would later become England's
preeminent composer received his

5087
04:39:44,700 --> 04:39:47,300
first Royal appointment in 
Catherine's household Chapel 

5088
04:39:47,300 --> 04:39:50,000
where he was exposed to this 
International musical 

5089
04:39:50,000 --> 04:39:52,500
environment. 
Subsequent, rebuilding has 

5090
04:39:52,500 --> 04:39:55,800
largely erased Catherine's 
architectural, patronage that 

5091
04:39:55,800 --> 04:39:58,700
account books. 
Reveal significant projects She 

5092
04:39:58,700 --> 04:40:01,000
redesigned the Queen's 
apartments at Greenwich Palace 

5093
04:40:01,000 --> 04:40:03,900
to include a Spanish style in a 
courtyard with a fountain. 

5094
04:40:04,500 --> 04:40:08,200
Creating spaces for humanists 
convocation, modeled, on Iberian

5095
04:40:08,200 --> 04:40:11,300
precedence. 
At Richmond, Palace she 

5096
04:40:11,300 --> 04:40:13,600
commissioned a library. 
Specifically designed to house 

5097
04:40:13,600 --> 04:40:16,700
her growing collection of 
classical and humanist, texts 

5098
04:40:16,700 --> 04:40:19,800
with Innovative features, like 
reading deaths with just about 

5099
04:40:19,800 --> 04:40:23,000
angles, a design later copied in
other Noble, libraries. 

5100
04:40:23,800 --> 04:40:27,100
Perhaps most significant was 
Catherine's, patronage of female

5101
04:40:27,100 --> 04:40:30,100
artists and intellectuals court 
records show. 

5102
04:40:30,100 --> 04:40:32,200
She employed women in 
traditionally male artistic 

5103
04:40:32,200 --> 04:40:35,700
roles, including Anne Brown, as 
court painter and Margaret 

5104
04:40:35,700 --> 04:40:37,900
Bryant as astronomical 
instrument maker. 

5105
04:40:38,600 --> 04:40:41,400
These appointments created rare,
professional opportunities for 

5106
04:40:41,400 --> 04:40:44,600
talented women and established 
precedents for female 

5107
04:40:44,600 --> 04:40:48,200
intellectual achievement. 
When Catherine established her 

5108
04:40:48,200 --> 04:40:50,100
daughter. 
Mary's household at Ludlow 

5109
04:40:50,100 --> 04:40:53,800
Castle in 1525. 
She deliberately recruited 

5110
04:40:53,800 --> 04:40:57,500
educated women as a tendons, 
creating what historian Maria 

5111
04:40:57,500 --> 04:41:01,100
Dowling has called the first 
female humanist, Circle in 

5112
04:41:01,100 --> 04:41:04,000
England. 
Catherine's cultural patronage 

5113
04:41:04,000 --> 04:41:06,400
established a distinctively. 
English rule Renaissance 

5114
04:41:06,400 --> 04:41:08,700
identity that outlived her 
personal downfall. 

5115
04:41:09,500 --> 04:41:13,100
The educational institution, she
funded producing Scholars long 

5116
04:41:13,100 --> 04:41:15,700
after her death. 
The Artistic Styles, she 

5117
04:41:15,700 --> 04:41:19,400
introduced became naturalized as
traditional English forms even 

5118
04:41:19,400 --> 04:41:22,300
her architectural, Innovations 
influence, subsequent, Royal 

5119
04:41:22,300 --> 04:41:25,600
building projects, When 
Elizabeth the first later, 

5120
04:41:25,600 --> 04:41:28,300
positioned herself as a 
Renaissance Monarch, she Drew up

5121
04:41:28,300 --> 04:41:31,100
on cultural foundations that her
mother's rival had established, 

5122
04:41:31,100 --> 04:41:34,400
Catherine of Aragon died at 
Kimball and castle on January, 

5123
04:41:34,400 --> 04:41:38,000
7th, 1536. 
Officially downgrading her to 

5124
04:41:38,000 --> 04:41:40,900
princess dowager. 
Despite her insistence on her 

5125
04:41:40,900 --> 04:41:44,200
royal title of Until the End 
traditional narratives often 

5126
04:41:44,200 --> 04:41:47,200
conclude her story here 
presenting her as a tragic 

5127
04:41:47,200 --> 04:41:50,200
figure whose significance waned 
after Anne's Ascension. 

5128
04:41:51,100 --> 04:41:53,800
This interpretation 
fundamentally misunderstands 

5129
04:41:53,800 --> 04:41:56,500
Catherines, enduring influence 
on Tudor, England and Beyond. 

5130
04:41:57,200 --> 04:41:59,300
Her Legacy operated through 
multiple channels. 

5131
04:41:59,300 --> 04:42:02,900
Some obvious, and others more 
subtle shaping English History 

5132
04:42:02,900 --> 04:42:04,600
long. 
After her physical presence had 

5133
04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:08,600
ended the most immediate aspect 
of Catherine's Legacy manifested

5134
04:42:08,600 --> 04:42:11,000
in popular resistance to Henry's
religious policies. 

5135
04:42:11,000 --> 04:42:14,700
Her steadfast defense of papal, 
Authority, provided by both 

5136
04:42:14,700 --> 04:42:17,600
intellectual framework and 
emotional inspiration for those 

5137
04:42:17,600 --> 04:42:21,500
opposing, the nascent English 
Reformation The pilgrimage of 

5138
04:42:21,500 --> 04:42:24,200
Grace, the largest uprising of 
Henry's, reign. 

5139
04:42:24,900 --> 04:42:27,400
Explicitly invoked Catherine's 
cause among its grievances 

5140
04:42:27,400 --> 04:42:31,200
Northern Rebels carried banners.
Depicting, her Royal Arms 

5141
04:42:31,200 --> 04:42:34,700
alongside traditional religious 
images, symbolically linking 

5142
04:42:34,700 --> 04:42:37,300
loyalty to Rome with loyalty to 
the displacement. 

5143
04:42:37,300 --> 04:42:40,700
Queen, Catherine's influence, 
persisted through networks of 

5144
04:42:40,700 --> 04:42:43,900
Scholars and clerics. 
She had patronized, John Fisher,

5145
04:42:43,900 --> 04:42:47,300
Bishop of Rochester and her, 
most prominent Defender became a

5146
04:42:47,300 --> 04:42:48,900
martyr for a rejecting Royal 
Supremacy. 

5147
04:42:48,900 --> 04:42:52,600
Les known figures, like Nicholas
Wilson and Richard, Featherstone

5148
04:42:52,600 --> 04:42:56,400
both former chaplains and 
Catherine's household joined the

5149
04:42:56,400 --> 04:42:59,100
ranks of religious Exiles who 
maintained opposition from 

5150
04:42:59,100 --> 04:43:03,400
Continental Haven's these 
Catherine loyalists as historian

5151
04:43:03,400 --> 04:43:06,700
Eamon Duffy termed, them 
preserved, alternative vision of

5152
04:43:06,700 --> 04:43:10,100
English, Catholicism that would 
influence later accent 

5153
04:43:10,100 --> 04:43:12,700
communities. 
Through her daughter, Mary 

5154
04:43:12,700 --> 04:43:15,800
Catherine's political and 
religious values, gained renewed

5155
04:43:15,800 --> 04:43:20,100
expression, during Mary's brief 
Reign 1553 to 1558. 

5156
04:43:21,000 --> 04:43:23,600
Mary's restoration of 
Catholicism represented, not 

5157
04:43:23,600 --> 04:43:26,800
just personal conviction, but 
conscious continuation of her 

5158
04:43:26,800 --> 04:43:29,800
mother's stance. 
Royal proclamations during 

5159
04:43:29,800 --> 04:43:33,500
Mary's Reign frequently, 
referenced The Virtuous example 

5160
04:43:33,500 --> 04:43:36,500
of our most noble mother 
explicitly, connecting 

5161
04:43:36,500 --> 04:43:39,500
government policies to 
Catherine's principles, Mary's 

5162
04:43:39,500 --> 04:43:42,000
efforts to restore diplomatic 
relations with Spain. 

5163
04:43:42,000 --> 04:43:45,700
Similarly reflected Catherine's,
lifelong commitment to an 

5164
04:43:45,700 --> 04:43:48,600
anglo-spanish alliance 
Catherine's educational 

5165
04:43:48,600 --> 04:43:50,500
philosophy, proved remarkably 
durable. 

5166
04:43:51,400 --> 04:43:54,500
The curriculum, she developed 
for Princess Mary emphasizing 

5167
04:43:54,500 --> 04:43:58,100
Classical Languages history and 
governance alongside religious 

5168
04:43:58,100 --> 04:44:01,600
instruction became influential 
in Noble, female education. 

5169
04:44:02,400 --> 04:44:03,800
Household accounts from 
families. 

5170
04:44:03,800 --> 04:44:07,100
Like the Howards Percy's and 
Seymour's show daughters. 

5171
04:44:07,100 --> 04:44:10,100
Receiving increasingly 
substantial education's modeled 

5172
04:44:10,100 --> 04:44:14,000
on Catherine and principles. 
By Elizabeth's Reign a 

5173
04:44:14,000 --> 04:44:16,600
generation of noble. 
Women had benefited from this 

5174
04:44:16,600 --> 04:44:20,300
educational transformation. 
Creating what scholar Lisa 

5175
04:44:20,300 --> 04:44:24,100
Jardine called a female 
intellectual Elite unprecedented

5176
04:44:24,100 --> 04:44:28,200
in English History, the legal 
arguments, Catherine mounted, in

5177
04:44:28,200 --> 04:44:31,000
her defense established 
precedence, that resonated far, 

5178
04:44:31,000 --> 04:44:34,300
beyond her personal case, her 
insistence that valid marriages 

5179
04:44:34,300 --> 04:44:37,100
could not be retroactively 
invalidated by Royal Decree, 

5180
04:44:37,100 --> 04:44:39,700
established important 
protections for aristocratic 

5181
04:44:39,700 --> 04:44:43,100
marriages and by extension 
aristocratic property 

5182
04:44:43,100 --> 04:44:45,700
settlements. 
When Elizabeth the first this 

5183
04:44:45,700 --> 04:44:48,300
faced parliamentary pressure to 
clarify the succession in the 

5184
04:44:48,300 --> 04:44:51,900
1560s, her resistance partly 
reflected awareness. 

5185
04:44:51,900 --> 04:44:54,400
That questioning her parents 
marriage would reopen the 

5186
04:44:54,400 --> 04:44:56,800
controversial legal principles, 
Catherine had fought to. 

5187
04:44:56,800 --> 04:45:00,800
Uphold Catherine's diplomatic 
Legacy operated in complex ways 

5188
04:45:00,800 --> 04:45:03,900
while hang low Spanish 
relations, deteriorated after 

5189
04:45:03,900 --> 04:45:06,400
her death. 
The Diplomatic Network, she had 

5190
04:45:06,408 --> 04:45:09,900
cultivated provided channels for
continued communication even 

5191
04:45:09,900 --> 04:45:13,600
during periods of official 
hostility, Spanish diplomats 

5192
04:45:13,600 --> 04:45:15,700
used contacts. 
They had made in Catherine's 

5193
04:45:15,700 --> 04:45:17,300
home to stay in touch with 
English. 

5194
04:45:17,300 --> 04:45:20,700
Catholics during Edward, the 
sixth rule These unofficial 

5195
04:45:20,700 --> 04:45:24,600
channels proved crucial during 
Mary's accession crisis in 1553.

5196
04:45:24,600 --> 04:45:28,700
When spanned diplomatic support 
arranged through Catherine's 

5197
04:45:28,700 --> 04:45:33,100
formalities and waiting helped 
secure Marys thrown In cultural 

5198
04:45:33,100 --> 04:45:35,800
terms Catherine's influence 
remained visible for 

5199
04:45:35,800 --> 04:45:38,400
Generations. 
The distinctive black work 

5200
04:45:38,400 --> 04:45:40,700
embroidery she introduced 
remained fashionable throughout 

5201
04:45:40,700 --> 04:45:44,800
the 16th century with Elizabeth 
the first to see herself wearing

5202
04:45:44,800 --> 04:45:48,400
garments decorated in this 
Spanish work despite her 

5203
04:45:48,400 --> 04:45:52,700
political opposition to Spain. 
Architectural elements Catherine

5204
04:45:52,700 --> 04:45:56,200
had introduced, particularly the
enclosed private garden and the 

5205
04:45:56,200 --> 04:45:59,300
humanists study became standard 
features in Elite English homes,

5206
04:45:59,300 --> 04:46:03,000
even her Innovations and Court. 
Ceremony like the Spanish 

5207
04:46:03,000 --> 04:46:04,700
influence. 
Reverence that replaced the 

5208
04:46:04,700 --> 04:46:08,600
medieval Nebo persisted as 
elements of English Court 

5209
04:46:08,600 --> 04:46:12,100
protocol. 
Perhaps most significantly, 

5210
04:46:12,100 --> 04:46:15,700
Catherine established enduring 
principles of queenship that 

5211
04:46:15,700 --> 04:46:17,200
influence subsequent Royal 
women. 

5212
04:46:17,200 --> 04:46:20,400
Her example, demonstrated that 
Queen's could exercise 

5213
04:46:20,400 --> 04:46:23,800
substantial political Authority 
while maintaining popular 

5214
04:46:23,800 --> 04:46:26,500
affection. 
She proved that consorts could 

5215
04:46:26,500 --> 04:46:29,400
serve as effective, diplomatic 
agents and cultural patrons. 

5216
04:46:29,400 --> 04:46:32,800
Even in adversity, she 
established that Queen's 

5217
04:46:32,800 --> 04:46:35,400
possessed, distinct rights. 
That could not be arbitrarily 

5218
04:46:35,400 --> 04:46:38,700
revoked. 
Elisabeth the 30s, despite her 

5219
04:46:38,700 --> 04:46:41,900
complicated relationship. 
With Catherine's memory adopted,

5220
04:46:41,900 --> 04:46:44,100
many aspects of Catherine's 
queenly performance, 

5221
04:46:44,100 --> 04:46:47,200
particularly her careful, 
balance of foreign, and domestic

5222
04:46:47,200 --> 04:46:50,200
identities. 
The culmination of Catherine's 

5223
04:46:50,200 --> 04:46:52,200
Legacy arrived with the 
accession of James. 

5224
04:46:52,200 --> 04:46:55,800
The first in 1603, which 
reunited the English and 

5225
04:46:55,800 --> 04:46:58,500
Scottish crowns and restored 
peaceful relations with Spain. 

5226
04:46:58,500 --> 04:47:02,800
The 1604 Treaty of London ending
nearly two decades of 

5227
04:47:02,800 --> 04:47:05,100
anglo-spanish conflict 
explicitly. 

5228
04:47:05,100 --> 04:47:08,100
Referenced Catherine's earlier, 
diplomatic work as a model for 

5229
04:47:08,100 --> 04:47:11,200
renewed friendship. 
When Philip the third's 

5230
04:47:11,200 --> 04:47:13,600
Ambassador presented James with 
Catherine's portrait as the 

5231
04:47:13,600 --> 04:47:16,500
Diplomatic gift. 
He symbolically acknowledged. 

5232
04:47:16,500 --> 04:47:18,100
What? 
Historians have often overlooked

5233
04:47:18,800 --> 04:47:21,500
The Catherine of Aragon's vision
of England's place in Europe. 

5234
04:47:21,500 --> 04:47:25,000
Had ultimately prevailed, 
Catherine story extended far 

5235
04:47:25,000 --> 04:47:27,800
beyond the divorce crisis that 
dominates popular perceptions. 

5236
04:47:27,800 --> 04:47:31,200
She was not merely Henry the 8th
discarded first wife but he 

5237
04:47:31,200 --> 04:47:34,600
consequential historical figure 
whose influence shaped Tudor, 

5238
04:47:34,600 --> 04:47:36,300
England and profound and Lasting
ways. 

5239
04:47:36,300 --> 04:47:38,700
Her Legacy encompassed, 
religious principles, 

5240
04:47:38,700 --> 04:47:42,000
educational Innovations, 
diplomatic relationships, legal 

5241
04:47:42,000 --> 04:47:44,300
precedence, and cultural 
transformation. 

5242
04:47:44,300 --> 04:47:47,400
That continued influencing 
English society long after her 

5243
04:47:47,400 --> 04:47:50,100
death. 
The true measure of Catherine's 

5244
04:47:50,100 --> 04:47:52,700
historical, significance lies, 
not in the marriage that ended. 

5245
04:47:52,700 --> 04:47:56,000
But in the many ways, her life's
work continued shaping the 

5246
04:47:56,000 --> 04:47:57,500
nation. 
She had adopted as her own 

5247
04:48:00,700 --> 04:48:03,700
picture yourself settling into 
your favorite chair with a warm 

5248
04:48:03,700 --> 04:48:06,500
cup of tea because we're about 
to embark on one of the most 

5249
04:48:06,500 --> 04:48:09,500
extraordinary. 
Detective stories nature as ever

5250
04:48:09,500 --> 04:48:11,700
served up. 
This isn't your typical 

5251
04:48:11,700 --> 04:48:14,500
whodunit. 
It's a who was it that took over

5252
04:48:14,500 --> 04:48:18,100
5,000 years to solve it All 
Began on a perfectly ordinary 

5253
04:48:18,100 --> 04:48:21,900
September Day in 1991. 
When two German hikers, decided 

5254
04:48:21,900 --> 04:48:25,100
to take what they thought would 
be a pleasant stroll, through 

5255
04:48:25,100 --> 04:48:27,400
the art style Alps between 
Austria and Italy. 

5256
04:48:28,400 --> 04:48:31,100
Helmet and Erica Simon were the 
kind of people who probably 

5257
04:48:31,100 --> 04:48:33,900
packed extra sandwiches and 
checked the weather forecast 

5258
04:48:33,900 --> 04:48:37,900
three times before leaving home.
They certainly weren't expecting

5259
04:48:37,900 --> 04:48:39,800
to stumble upon what would 
become one of the most 

5260
04:48:39,800 --> 04:48:42,500
significant archaeological 
discoveries of the 20th century.

5261
04:48:43,400 --> 04:48:45,600
You know how sometimes you're 
cleaning out, your attic and 

5262
04:48:45,600 --> 04:48:47,600
find something unexpected behind
an old box. 

5263
04:48:47,600 --> 04:48:51,400
Well, imagine that, but in stead
of finding your college 

5264
04:48:51,400 --> 04:48:55,700
yearbook, you discover a 
perfectly preserved, 5,300 year 

5265
04:48:55,700 --> 04:48:58,600
old human being. 
That's essentially what happened

5266
04:48:58,600 --> 04:49:01,400
when the Simon's noticed 
something odd poking out of the 

5267
04:49:01,400 --> 04:49:04,300
melting ice. 
At first glance, they figured 

5268
04:49:04,300 --> 04:49:07,300
they'd found some poor modern 
hiker, who had gotten lost in a 

5269
04:49:07,300 --> 04:49:10,200
blizzard. 
The Alps after all of their 

5270
04:49:10,200 --> 04:49:11,700
share of adventurers over the 
years. 

5271
04:49:11,700 --> 04:49:14,900
But the specimen wasn't just any
Frozen traveler. 

5272
04:49:14,900 --> 04:49:17,500
This was utsey though, he 
wouldn't get his catching 

5273
04:49:17,500 --> 04:49:21,100
nickname until much later. 
The Simon's were looking at the 

5274
04:49:21,108 --> 04:49:23,700
oldest naturally. 
Mummified human ever discovered 

5275
04:49:23,700 --> 04:49:26,200
in Europe. 
A man, who'd been flash frozen 

5276
04:49:26,200 --> 04:49:28,000
in time. 
Like the world's most incredible

5277
04:49:28,000 --> 04:49:31,700
historical, snapshot, The 
discovery sent ripples through 

5278
04:49:31,700 --> 04:49:34,600
the scientific Community faster 
than gossip at a Small Town 

5279
04:49:34,600 --> 04:49:37,000
Coffee Shop. 
Here was a window into the 

5280
04:49:37,000 --> 04:49:39,600
copper age a time. 
When humans were just figuring 

5281
04:49:39,600 --> 04:49:42,300
out that banging rocks together 
could produce more than just 

5282
04:49:42,300 --> 04:49:45,000
noise. 
Otzi lived during a period when 

5283
04:49:45,000 --> 04:49:47,300
your biggest life decisions 
involved whether to hunt, 

5284
04:49:47,308 --> 04:49:51,000
mammoths, or gather berries, and
the most advanced technology was

5285
04:49:51,000 --> 04:49:54,000
a sharp stick. 
What made this finds a 

5286
04:49:54,000 --> 04:49:58,000
remarkable, wasn't just his age 
though. 5,300 years is certainly

5287
04:49:58,000 --> 04:50:00,700
nothing to sneeze at, but is 
incredible state of 

5288
04:50:00,708 --> 04:50:03,800
preservation. 
The High Altitude constant, 

5289
04:50:03,800 --> 04:50:07,000
freezing temperatures and dry 
mounted are had turned him into 

5290
04:50:07,000 --> 04:50:10,400
Nature's, Own Time Capsule, 
While most people from his era, 

5291
04:50:10,400 --> 04:50:13,800
had long since returned to dust.
At Sea looked like he could wake

5292
04:50:13,800 --> 04:50:16,400
up at any moment and ask for 
directions to the nearest 

5293
04:50:16,400 --> 04:50:18,500
Starbucks. 
The initial recovery was 

5294
04:50:18,500 --> 04:50:20,900
something like a carefully, 
choreographed dance between 

5295
04:50:20,900 --> 04:50:25,100
excitement, and Extreme Caution.
Scientist descended on the site,

5296
04:50:25,100 --> 04:50:27,100
like bibliophiles at a rare book
sale. 

5297
04:50:27,100 --> 04:50:30,800
Each one more thrilled than the 
last. they knew they were 

5298
04:50:30,800 --> 04:50:34,400
handling something precious, not
just scientifically but humanly 

5299
04:50:35,200 --> 04:50:36,800
The subject wasn't just a 
specimen. 

5300
04:50:36,800 --> 04:50:41,600
This was someone's ancestor. 
A person who had lived loved and

5301
04:50:41,600 --> 04:50:44,000
ultimately met his end on a 
Lonely, Mountain Pass. 

5302
04:50:44,800 --> 04:50:47,500
As you drift off tonight. 
Imagine the moment when 

5303
04:50:47,500 --> 04:50:50,800
researchers first laid eyes on 
Oxys belonging scattered around 

5304
04:50:50,800 --> 04:50:55,000
the ice, his copper Axe gleamed 
dully and the Alpine sun while 

5305
04:50:55,000 --> 04:50:57,800
his leather quiver held arrows 
that had been ready for action 

5306
04:50:57,800 --> 04:50:59,500
since before the pyramids were 
built. 

5307
04:51:00,200 --> 04:51:03,700
It was like discovering a Bronze
Age, Swiss army knife complete 

5308
04:51:03,700 --> 04:51:05,900
with everything. 
A well-prepared traveler might 

5309
04:51:05,900 --> 04:51:08,000
need for a journey through the 
ancient world. 

5310
04:51:08,000 --> 04:51:11,800
The mountains had kept his 
secret for over 5 Millennia 

5311
04:51:11,800 --> 04:51:15,000
waiting patiently for the right 
moment to reveal their treasure 

5312
04:51:15,000 --> 04:51:19,500
and On That September Day in 
1991, they finally decided it 

5313
04:51:19,500 --> 04:51:21,200
was time to let their ancient 
Guardian. 

5314
04:51:21,200 --> 04:51:23,800
Tell his story. 
Now that you're comfortable and 

5315
04:51:23,800 --> 04:51:26,000
ready to learn more about our 
ice bound friend. 

5316
04:51:26,000 --> 04:51:29,400
Let's dive into what scientist 
discovered when they began their

5317
04:51:29,400 --> 04:51:32,800
careful examination of etsy. 
Think of it as reading the 

5318
04:51:32,800 --> 04:51:36,700
world's oldest autobiography 
written not in words but in skin

5319
04:51:36,700 --> 04:51:40,600
bones and belongings. 
First things first, let's see 

5320
04:51:40,608 --> 04:51:42,300
wasn't exactly what you'd call 
imposing. 

5321
04:51:43,100 --> 04:51:45,500
Standing at about five feet, 
three inches tall, and weighing 

5322
04:51:45,500 --> 04:51:48,600
roughly 110 pounds. 
He was built more like a 

5323
04:51:48,600 --> 04:51:50,200
marathon runner than a 
linebacker. 

5324
04:51:51,000 --> 04:51:52,900
But don't let his modest of fool
you. 

5325
04:51:52,900 --> 04:51:56,400
This was clearly a man who knew 
his way around the mountains. 

5326
04:51:56,400 --> 04:52:01,000
His legs were muscles from years
of climbing, steep terrain, and 

5327
04:52:01,000 --> 04:52:04,000
his lungs had adapted to the 
thin air of high altitudes. 

5328
04:52:04,000 --> 04:52:07,000
Whose was essentially the 
ancient world's equivalent of 

5329
04:52:07,000 --> 04:52:10,300
those annoyingly fit people who 
post photos from their weekend 

5330
04:52:10,300 --> 04:52:14,100
hikes the scientists examining 
him would like detectives with 

5331
04:52:14,100 --> 04:52:18,100
the ultimate Cold Case, 
literally every inch of us, his 

5332
04:52:18,100 --> 04:52:20,900
body told a story and these 
researchers were determined to 

5333
04:52:20,900 --> 04:52:23,200
read every chapter they 
discovered. 

5334
04:52:23,200 --> 04:52:25,000
He had brown eyes, and brown 
hair, though. 

5335
04:52:25,000 --> 04:52:27,300
Hair was more of a memory. 
By the time he was found. 

5336
04:52:28,100 --> 04:52:30,300
He also sported. 
What Might Have Been Europe's 

5337
04:52:30,300 --> 04:52:33,600
first man bun because apparently
some fashion choices are truly 

5338
04:52:33,600 --> 04:52:36,100
timeless. 
Here's where things, get really 

5339
04:52:36,100 --> 04:52:38,300
interesting and slightly 
uncomfortable. 

5340
04:52:38,300 --> 04:52:41,100
If you happen to be squeamish 
about ancient medical procedures

5341
04:52:42,000 --> 04:52:43,500
Let's see was covered in 
tattoos. 

5342
04:52:43,500 --> 04:52:46,000
Not the kind. 
You might get after a few too 

5343
04:52:46,000 --> 04:52:49,700
many drinks in college but 
deliberate purposeful These 

5344
04:52:49,700 --> 04:52:52,500
markings served a very different
function, these were not 

5345
04:52:52,500 --> 04:52:55,700
artistic expressions or symbols 
of rebellion, they were 

5346
04:52:55,700 --> 04:52:58,500
therapeutic. 
Tattoos placed precisely over 

5347
04:52:58,500 --> 04:53:01,100
areas where UC suffered from 
arthritis and other ailments. 

5348
04:53:01,100 --> 04:53:06,600
Imagine that 5,300 years ago, 
people were already practicing a

5349
04:53:06,600 --> 04:53:08,700
form of acupuncture that 
involved permanent body 

5350
04:53:08,700 --> 04:53:12,200
modification. 
Etsy had 61 of these therapeutic

5351
04:53:12,200 --> 04:53:16,100
tattoos created by making small 
Cuts in his skin and robbing 

5352
04:53:16,100 --> 04:53:19,400
charcoal into the wounds. 
It's like ancient pain 

5353
04:53:19,400 --> 04:53:23,000
management with a permanent 
reminder of every ache and pain 

5354
04:53:23,000 --> 04:53:26,800
you've ever had. modern medicine
cannot match the commitment 

5355
04:53:26,800 --> 04:53:30,600
level found in Copper age 
Healthcare The contents of Otzi 

5356
04:53:30,600 --> 04:53:33,400
stomach red, like a prehistoric 
meal plan, that would make 

5357
04:53:33,400 --> 04:53:36,600
modern nutritionists. 
Weep With Envy, his last meal 

5358
04:53:36,600 --> 04:53:41,000
included, Ibex meat, Red Deer 
grains and various plants. 

5359
04:53:41,000 --> 04:53:45,000
Basically, he was eating organic
free range locally sourced food 

5360
04:53:45,000 --> 04:53:48,400
long before it became trendy. 
No processed foods. 

5361
04:53:48,400 --> 04:53:51,900
No, artificial preservatives, 
just pure Mountain to table 

5362
04:53:51,900 --> 04:53:55,000
dining. 
Considering the circumstances of

5363
04:53:55,000 --> 04:53:57,200
his death. 
One could argue that his final 

5364
04:53:57,200 --> 04:54:00,100
meal, resembled a loss supper 
more than a carefully planned. 

5365
04:54:00,100 --> 04:54:03,300
Nutritional Choice. 
Scientists also discovered that 

5366
04:54:03,300 --> 04:54:06,500
UT wasn't just a random Wanderer
who got caught in bad weather. 

5367
04:54:06,500 --> 04:54:10,300
The man had serious gear. 
His equipment list reads, like 

5368
04:54:10,300 --> 04:54:13,900
the inventory of a well prepared
outdoor Enthusiast a copper axe 

5369
04:54:13,900 --> 04:54:16,900
with the handle. 
A flint knife, a bow made of you

5370
04:54:16,900 --> 04:54:20,800
would equivalent of arrows and a
fire starting kit complete with 

5371
04:54:20,800 --> 04:54:24,100
Tinder fungus. 
He even had a first aid kit of 

5372
04:54:24,100 --> 04:54:26,800
sorts, including what appears to
be prehistoric. 

5373
04:54:26,800 --> 04:54:30,200
Aspirin made from Birch, fungus.
Perhaps most remarkably. 

5374
04:54:30,200 --> 04:54:32,800
Etsy was wearing what can only 
be described as the ancient 

5375
04:54:32,800 --> 04:54:35,300
world's most sophisticated 
Outdoor Clothing system? 

5376
04:54:36,100 --> 04:54:39,900
His outfit included, a leather 
loin cloth leather leggings a 

5377
04:54:39,900 --> 04:54:43,500
coat made of woven grass, a 
Bearskin cap, and waterproof 

5378
04:54:43,500 --> 04:54:45,300
shoes stuffed with grass for 
insulation. 

5379
04:54:45,300 --> 04:54:49,600
It was essentially a 5,300 year 
old version of high-tech 

5380
04:54:49,600 --> 04:54:52,500
mountaineering gear, designed by
someone who understood that 

5381
04:54:52,500 --> 04:54:55,100
staying warm and dry was the 
difference between life and 

5382
04:54:55,100 --> 04:54:58,700
death in the mountains. 
As you settle deeper into your 

5383
04:54:58,700 --> 04:55:01,500
evening routine. 
Consider this is belongings 

5384
04:55:01,500 --> 04:55:05,100
represent some of Humanity's 
earliest examples of specialized

5385
04:55:05,100 --> 04:55:07,500
tools and clothing designed for 
extreme environments. 

5386
04:55:08,500 --> 04:55:11,200
He wasn't just surviving in the 
mountains, he was thriving, 

5387
04:55:11,200 --> 04:55:14,600
there equipped with everything. 
He needed to navigate one of the

5388
04:55:14,600 --> 04:55:16,300
world's most challenging 
terrains. 

5389
04:55:17,100 --> 04:55:19,500
Pull that blanket a little 
closer because we're about to 

5390
04:55:19,500 --> 04:55:21,700
discuss the darker side of 
otzi's story. 

5391
04:55:23,100 --> 04:55:26,500
What started as a remarkable 
tale of preservation became 

5392
04:55:26,500 --> 04:55:29,900
something much more Sinister 
when scientists began to examine

5393
04:55:29,900 --> 04:55:32,100
exactly how our mountain man met
his end. 

5394
04:55:33,000 --> 04:55:35,900
For years, following his 
Discovery researchers believed, 

5395
04:55:35,900 --> 04:55:38,300
he had succumbed to exposure due
to a sudden storm. 

5396
04:55:39,100 --> 04:55:41,800
Seemed like a reasonable 
explanation, the mountains are 

5397
04:55:41,800 --> 04:55:44,800
unpredictable, and even 
experienced Travelers can find 

5398
04:55:44,800 --> 04:55:48,000
themselves in deadly situations 
when the weather turns nasty. 

5399
04:55:49,000 --> 04:55:52,600
But as technology advanced and 
scientists could examine nutsy 

5400
04:55:52,600 --> 04:55:55,000
more thoroughly, they discovered
something that changed. 

5401
04:55:55,000 --> 04:55:58,600
Everything the narrow-headed 
beneath his left shoulder blade,

5402
04:55:58,600 --> 04:56:01,900
this wasn't death by 
misadventure, this was murder. 

5403
04:56:02,600 --> 04:56:05,300
Someone had shot at Sea in the 
back with an arrow and that 

5404
04:56:05,300 --> 04:56:08,100
Shooter had done. 
So with deadly Precision, the 

5405
04:56:08,100 --> 04:56:11,600
arrowhead severed a major artery
causing Etsy to bleed to death 

5406
04:56:11,608 --> 04:56:15,800
on that Lonely Mountain Pass. 
Suddenly the find wasn't just an

5407
04:56:15,800 --> 04:56:20,100
archaeological Discovery. 
It was a 5,300 year old homicide

5408
04:56:20,100 --> 04:56:23,100
case. 
Plot thickened when scientists 

5409
04:56:23,100 --> 04:56:26,600
examined up to his hands and 
found Fresh Cuts on his palms 

5410
04:56:26,600 --> 04:56:29,300
and fingers. 
These were old scars from years 

5411
04:56:29,300 --> 04:56:33,100
of mountain living, they were 
recent wounds suggesting that he

5412
04:56:33,100 --> 04:56:35,800
had been in a fight shortly. 
Before his death, someone had 

5413
04:56:35,800 --> 04:56:38,100
attacked him. 
He had fought back and 

5414
04:56:38,100 --> 04:56:40,700
ultimately he had lost. 
The evidence painted. 

5415
04:56:40,700 --> 04:56:43,000
A picture of a man who had been 
running for his life through the

5416
04:56:43,000 --> 04:56:46,000
mountains, only to be cornered 
and killed by his pursuer. 

5417
04:56:46,600 --> 04:56:48,700
But who would want to kill at 
Sea and why? 

5418
04:56:49,600 --> 04:56:52,700
This point, the narrative 
becomes as intricate as a Mist 

5419
04:56:52,700 --> 04:56:56,400
covered Mountain Trail. 
Scientists discovered that sees 

5420
04:56:56,400 --> 04:56:58,700
copper acts was remarkably 
Advanced for its time. 

5421
04:56:58,700 --> 04:57:02,000
The kind of tool that would have
been extremely valuable in the 

5422
04:57:02,000 --> 04:57:04,600
corporation. 
Some researchers theorize that 

5423
04:57:04,600 --> 04:57:07,600
Etsy might have been a Trader 
carrying precious Goods across 

5424
04:57:07,600 --> 04:57:10,200
the mountain passes, that 
connected different communities,

5425
04:57:10,200 --> 04:57:13,400
perhaps he was robbed and killed
for his valuable possessions. 

5426
04:57:13,400 --> 04:57:16,500
Others suggest that Otzi might 
have been fleeing from tribal 

5427
04:57:16,500 --> 04:57:19,000
conflict. 
The copper age wasn't exactly 

5428
04:57:19,000 --> 04:57:21,900
known for its peaceful dispute, 
resolution methods and 

5429
04:57:21,900 --> 04:57:24,700
territorial battles were as 
common as modern traffic jams. 

5430
04:57:25,400 --> 04:57:28,500
Maybe Etsy belong to a group 
that had lost a war and he was 

5431
04:57:28,500 --> 04:57:31,100
trying to escape to safety when 
his enemies caught up with him. 

5432
04:57:31,100 --> 04:57:34,000
There's even a theory that don't
see, might have been some kind 

5433
04:57:34,000 --> 04:57:37,300
of Shaman, or spiritual leader, 
targeted, because of his special

5434
04:57:37,300 --> 04:57:41,100
status in society. 
Those therapeutic tattoos and 

5435
04:57:41,100 --> 04:57:42,500
his knowledge of medicinal 
plants. 

5436
04:57:42,500 --> 04:57:44,400
Suggest someone who understood 
Healing Arts. 

5437
04:57:44,400 --> 04:57:47,700
Making him a person of 
significant importance in his 

5438
04:57:47,700 --> 04:57:50,600
community. 
Political conflicts, often 

5439
04:57:50,600 --> 04:57:53,600
caught spiritual leaders in the 
crossfire in ancient societies. 

5440
04:57:53,600 --> 04:57:56,500
The most intriguing aspect of 
his murder. 

5441
04:57:56,500 --> 04:57:59,400
Is what happened after? 
He died, whoever killed him made

5442
04:57:59,400 --> 04:58:02,000
no attempt to retrieve the 
valuable, copper, axe, or any of

5443
04:58:02,000 --> 04:58:05,200
his other possessions. 
Suggest either that the killer 

5444
04:58:05,200 --> 04:58:08,100
was interrupted all that the 
murder was not motivated by 

5445
04:58:08,100 --> 04:58:12,400
robbery, maybe it was personal, 
maybe it was Revenge, maybe it 

5446
04:58:12,400 --> 04:58:15,900
was just being in the wrong 
place at the wrong time, 5,300 

5447
04:58:15,900 --> 04:58:18,600
years ago. 
What's particularly haunting is 

5448
04:58:18,600 --> 04:58:21,400
how quickly Otzi was covered by 
snow and ice after his death. 

5449
04:58:22,200 --> 04:58:25,000
The Mountain conditions, 
essentially freeze dried him 

5450
04:58:25,000 --> 04:58:27,900
within hours or days of his 
shooting preserving him 

5451
04:58:27,900 --> 04:58:31,500
perfectly for over 5 Millennia. 
His killer probably never 

5452
04:58:31,500 --> 04:58:34,800
imagined that their victim Would
One Day become famous studied by

5453
04:58:34,800 --> 04:58:37,800
scientists around the world and 
featured in museums and 

5454
04:58:37,800 --> 04:58:41,000
documentaries. 
The ancient crime scene also 

5455
04:58:41,000 --> 04:58:43,500
revealed something else. 
Intriguing Etsy had been 

5456
04:58:43,508 --> 04:58:45,200
positioned carefully after his 
death. 

5457
04:58:45,200 --> 04:58:48,600
His body was found lying on its 
stomach with his left arm 

5458
04:58:48,600 --> 04:58:51,400
extended almost as if someone 
had arranged him that way. 

5459
04:58:52,300 --> 04:58:54,800
Whether the arranging was done 
by his killer or by natural 

5460
04:58:54,800 --> 04:58:58,300
processes, as he fell remains a 
mystery that adds another layer 

5461
04:58:58,300 --> 04:59:02,000
to an already complex story. 
As you contemplate, this ancient

5462
04:59:02,000 --> 04:59:03,900
mystery from the comfort of your
modern world. 

5463
04:59:03,900 --> 04:59:06,800
Remember that human nature 
hasn't changed much over the 

5464
04:59:06,800 --> 04:59:09,500
Millennia. 
The same emotions that drive 

5465
04:59:09,500 --> 04:59:12,100
conflict, today, greed jealousy,
fear. 

5466
04:59:12,100 --> 04:59:16,200
And revenge were just as 
powerful 5,300 years ago. 

5467
04:59:17,500 --> 04:59:20,600
Etsy story reminds us that even 
in the most remote and beautiful

5468
04:59:20,600 --> 04:59:23,800
places on Earth. 
Human drama has always found a 

5469
04:59:23,800 --> 04:59:26,900
way to unfold. 
Let's take a break from the 

5470
04:59:26,900 --> 04:59:29,500
mystery and travel back in time 
to understand what life was 

5471
04:59:29,500 --> 04:59:33,500
actually like during Oxys era. 
Imagine waking up tomorrow 

5472
04:59:33,500 --> 04:59:36,600
morning but instead of reaching 
for your phone to verify the 

5473
04:59:36,600 --> 04:59:39,900
weather you step outside and 
read the sky, like an open book 

5474
04:59:39,900 --> 04:59:43,200
because your life literally 
depends on getting the forecast,

5475
04:59:43,200 --> 04:59:45,600
right? 
Let's see lived during what 

5476
04:59:45,600 --> 04:59:48,300
archaeologists call the copper 
age, a time. 

5477
04:59:48,300 --> 04:59:50,600
When humans were just beginning 
to figure out that certain 

5478
04:59:50,600 --> 04:59:54,600
rocks, when heated just write 
could produce shiny malleable 

5479
04:59:54,600 --> 04:59:57,700
metal, it was like the early 
days of any new technology, 

5480
04:59:57,700 --> 05:00:01,900
exciting experimental and 
occasionally explosive. 

5481
05:00:02,800 --> 05:00:05,300
While most people were still 
using stone tools, the copper 

5482
05:00:05,300 --> 05:00:08,900
axe found with yutzy represented
cutting-edge technology. 

5483
05:00:08,900 --> 05:00:11,700
He was essentially carrying 
around the iPhone of his era. 

5484
05:00:11,700 --> 05:00:14,800
If iPhones were made of copper 
and used primarily for chopping 

5485
05:00:14,800 --> 05:00:17,600
wood and defending yourself from
both, wild animals and 

5486
05:00:17,600 --> 05:00:21,200
unfriendly Neighbors. 
The world at Sea inhabited was 

5487
05:00:21,200 --> 05:00:23,900
simultaneously more dangerous 
and more beautiful than anything

5488
05:00:23,900 --> 05:00:28,400
we can easily imagine today. 
There were no roads, no Maps, no

5489
05:00:28,400 --> 05:00:33,100
GPS systems just animal Trails 
Word of Mouth, Direction's, and 

5490
05:00:33,100 --> 05:00:35,800
an intimate knowledge of natural
landmarks passed down through 

5491
05:00:35,800 --> 05:00:38,400
generations. 
Getting lost wasn't just 

5492
05:00:38,400 --> 05:00:40,500
inconvenient. 
It could be fatal. 

5493
05:00:41,500 --> 05:00:44,500
Yet people like Etsy regularly 
travelled hundreds of miles 

5494
05:00:44,500 --> 05:00:46,500
through some of the most 
challenging terrain on Earth, 

5495
05:00:46,500 --> 05:00:50,100
Guided by nothing more than 
experience Instinct, and 

5496
05:00:50,100 --> 05:00:51,700
probably a healthy dose of 
courage. 

5497
05:00:52,500 --> 05:00:56,000
His community would have been 
small, but no more than a few 

5498
05:00:56,000 --> 05:00:58,600
dozen people living together in 
a settlement that might 

5499
05:00:58,600 --> 05:01:00,700
relocate. 
Seasonally, depending on food, 

5500
05:01:00,700 --> 05:01:02,100
availability and weather 
conditions. 

5501
05:01:02,100 --> 05:01:06,200
Everyone knew everyone else and 
privacy was probably about as 

5502
05:01:06,200 --> 05:01:09,100
rare as a hot shower. 
Your neighbors weren't just the 

5503
05:01:09,100 --> 05:01:10,700
people. 
Next door, they were your 

5504
05:01:10,708 --> 05:01:13,900
survival Network, Your 
Entertainment System, your 

5505
05:01:13,900 --> 05:01:17,200
medical team, and your security 
force all rolled into one 

5506
05:01:17,200 --> 05:01:20,500
occasionally irritating, but 
absolutely essential package 

5507
05:01:20,500 --> 05:01:24,300
food, was whatever you could 
hunt gather grow or trade for 

5508
05:01:24,300 --> 05:01:27,400
and meal planning required 
skills, that would make Modern 

5509
05:01:27,400 --> 05:01:32,000
Survival show, contestants weep.
But his people are domesticated,

5510
05:01:32,000 --> 05:01:36,100
some animals sheep goats and 
cattle, but hunting still 

5511
05:01:36,100 --> 05:01:39,600
provided much of their protein. 
They cultivated grains such as 

5512
05:01:39,600 --> 05:01:43,700
Einhorn wheat and barley and 
they collected wild fruits nuts 

5513
05:01:43,700 --> 05:01:46,400
and medicinal plants with the 
depth of knowledge that would 

5514
05:01:46,400 --> 05:01:50,500
embarrass modernists. 
Every plant had a purpose, every

5515
05:01:50,500 --> 05:01:53,500
season, brought different 
opportunities and nothing edible

5516
05:01:53,500 --> 05:01:56,700
was ever wasted. 
Clothing was entirely handmade 

5517
05:01:56,700 --> 05:01:58,900
from materials. 
You either raised hunted or 

5518
05:01:58,900 --> 05:02:02,700
gathered yourself, Bootsy 
sophisticated outfit represented

5519
05:02:02,700 --> 05:02:05,000
countless hours of work by 
skilled Crafts. 

5520
05:02:05,000 --> 05:02:08,300
People Who understood exactly 
what was needed to survive in 

5521
05:02:08,300 --> 05:02:12,200
harsh, Mountain conditions. 
His grass cloak alone would have

5522
05:02:12,200 --> 05:02:14,000
required. 
Specialized knowledge of which 

5523
05:02:14,000 --> 05:02:16,300
grasses provide the best 
insulation and waterproofing. 

5524
05:02:16,300 --> 05:02:20,300
Plus the weaving skills to turn 
raw materials into functional 

5525
05:02:20,300 --> 05:02:22,400
garments. 
It was like wearing a 

5526
05:02:22,408 --> 05:02:26,000
custom-made technical climbing 
suit, except it took months to 

5527
05:02:26,000 --> 05:02:29,100
create and couldn't be replaced 
with a quick trip to the outdoor

5528
05:02:29,100 --> 05:02:31,800
gear store. 
Medicine was a combination of 

5529
05:02:31,808 --> 05:02:34,900
practical, knowledge, 
plant-based remedies, and what 

5530
05:02:34,900 --> 05:02:37,500
we might charitably call 
experimental procedures. 

5531
05:02:37,500 --> 05:02:41,100
Those therapeutic tattoos 
covering Nazis body weren't just

5532
05:02:41,100 --> 05:02:44,600
ancient acupuncture. 
They represented a sophisticated

5533
05:02:44,600 --> 05:02:47,800
understanding of pain management
and the willingness to try 

5534
05:02:47,800 --> 05:02:49,700
permanent body modification as 
treatment. 

5535
05:02:50,800 --> 05:02:53,500
When your back ached from years 
of carrying heavy loads over 

5536
05:02:53,500 --> 05:02:55,900
Mountain terrain, you didn't pop
an ibuprofen. 

5537
05:02:55,900 --> 05:02:59,200
You had someone cut patterns 
into your skin and Rob charcoal 

5538
05:02:59,200 --> 05:03:01,600
into the wounds. 
Hoping it would provide relief. 

5539
05:03:02,600 --> 05:03:05,400
The spiritual world was as real 
and immediate as the physical 

5540
05:03:05,400 --> 05:03:07,800
one. 
Storeys rituals and 

5541
05:03:07,800 --> 05:03:10,700
relationships with Supernatural 
forces helped us. 

5542
05:03:10,700 --> 05:03:14,000
Understand natural phenomena 
that we explained with science 

5543
05:03:14,000 --> 05:03:17,600
mountains rivers weather 
patterns and animal behaviors 

5544
05:03:17,600 --> 05:03:20,300
all held meaning beyond their 
practical implications. 

5545
05:03:21,200 --> 05:03:23,300
Otzi's journey through the 
mountains, wasn't just a 

5546
05:03:23,300 --> 05:03:26,200
physical Expedition. 
It was a spiritual Passage 

5547
05:03:26,200 --> 05:03:29,000
through a landscape alive with 
powers and presences that 

5548
05:03:29,000 --> 05:03:30,900
demanded respect and careful 
navigation. 

5549
05:03:31,800 --> 05:03:34,700
Perhaps most remarkably people 
like Otzi possessed a kind of 

5550
05:03:34,708 --> 05:03:38,100
literacy that's almost extinct 
in our modern world. 

5551
05:03:38,900 --> 05:03:42,100
They could read animal tracks 
like stories, predict weather 

5552
05:03:42,100 --> 05:03:45,800
changes from subtle shifts in 
wind direction, identify edible,

5553
05:03:45,800 --> 05:03:49,500
and medicinal plants by touch in
complete darkness and navigate 

5554
05:03:49,500 --> 05:03:52,200
vast distances. 
Using only natural landmarks 

5555
05:03:53,100 --> 05:03:56,300
Their minds were library of 
practical, knowledge accumulated

5556
05:03:56,300 --> 05:03:59,300
over lifetimes of careful 
observation and passed down 

5557
05:03:59,300 --> 05:04:01,000
through generations of oral 
tradition. 

5558
05:04:02,100 --> 05:04:05,000
As you rest in your comfortable,
climate controlled environment 

5559
05:04:05,000 --> 05:04:07,900
tonight, consider what, it must 
have been like to live. 

5560
05:04:07,900 --> 05:04:11,000
So, intimately connected to the 
natural world, that your 

5561
05:04:11,000 --> 05:04:13,900
survival depended on 
understanding, its every mood 

5562
05:04:13,900 --> 05:04:16,500
and movement. 
Now, let's dim the lights a bit 

5563
05:04:16,508 --> 05:04:18,100
more and explore how modern 
science. 

5564
05:04:18,100 --> 05:04:21,100
Transformed at Sea from a 
curious, Discovery into a 

5565
05:04:21,108 --> 05:04:24,000
treasure Trove of information 
about ancient life. 

5566
05:04:24,000 --> 05:04:28,200
It's like having a conversation 
with someone from 5,300 years 

5567
05:04:28,200 --> 05:04:31,900
ago except instead of Words 
Their speaking through DNA 

5568
05:04:31,900 --> 05:04:37,000
Isotopes and microscopic traces 
of Poland when scientists began 

5569
05:04:37,000 --> 05:04:40,200
studying artsy, they had to 
invent entirely new ways of 

5570
05:04:40,200 --> 05:04:42,800
extracting information from 
ancient remains without 

5571
05:04:42,800 --> 05:04:45,500
destroying them. 
Imagine trying to read a book 

5572
05:04:45,508 --> 05:04:48,300
that so fragile, it might 
crumble if you look at it too 

5573
05:04:48,300 --> 05:04:49,800
hard. 
But you know, it contains 

5574
05:04:49,800 --> 05:04:51,400
secrets that could rewrite 
history. 

5575
05:04:51,400 --> 05:04:55,500
Every test had to be planned 
meticulously every sample, 

5576
05:04:55,500 --> 05:04:59,100
precious and irreplaceable. the 
first breakthrough came from 

5577
05:04:59,100 --> 05:05:01,600
studying, the contents of 
bootsy's digestive system, 

5578
05:05:02,300 --> 05:05:04,800
essentially giving him a 
posthumous medical exam that 

5579
05:05:04,800 --> 05:05:06,900
would make even the most 
thorough doctor jealous. 

5580
05:05:07,600 --> 05:05:10,200
Scientists could identify 
exactly what he had eaten. 

5581
05:05:10,200 --> 05:05:13,900
And when creating a timeline of 
his final hours that read like a

5582
05:05:13,900 --> 05:05:18,200
prehistoric travel itinerary. 
His last meal of Ibex meat and 

5583
05:05:18,200 --> 05:05:20,100
unleavened bread. 
Told them he had stopped to eat 

5584
05:05:20,100 --> 05:05:23,800
in The Valleys before climbing 
to the pass where he died even 

5585
05:05:23,800 --> 05:05:26,100
more remarkably. 
They found hop hornbeam pollen 

5586
05:05:26,100 --> 05:05:29,400
in his stomach which only 
flowers in Spring helping to 

5587
05:05:29,400 --> 05:05:31,000
pinpoint not just where he had 
been. 

5588
05:05:31,000 --> 05:05:35,300
But when he had been there, 
isotope analysis opened up 

5589
05:05:35,300 --> 05:05:37,900
another dimension of detective 
work that would make Sherlock 

5590
05:05:37,900 --> 05:05:41,100
Holmes Green With Envy. 
By studying the ratios of 

5591
05:05:41,100 --> 05:05:44,500
different chemical elements in 
Otis teeth bones and hair. 

5592
05:05:44,500 --> 05:05:47,700
Scientists could map out his 
movements over the years and 

5593
05:05:47,700 --> 05:05:51,200
months before his death like a 
GPS tracking system that worked 

5594
05:05:51,200 --> 05:05:54,500
across millennia They 
discovered, he had spent his 

5595
05:05:54,500 --> 05:05:58,700
childhood in one Valley lived as
an adult in another and a 

5596
05:05:58,700 --> 05:06:00,400
traveled extensively throughout 
the region. 

5597
05:06:01,100 --> 05:06:03,200
His body was essentially a 
chemical passport. 

5598
05:06:03,200 --> 05:06:06,700
Stamped, with the signature of 
every place, he'd lived, and 

5599
05:06:06,700 --> 05:06:10,400
every source of water. 
He had drunk DNA analysis 

5600
05:06:10,400 --> 05:06:13,100
revealed even more personal 
details about our ancient 

5601
05:06:13,100 --> 05:06:16,100
Mountain Man. 
Scientists determined that utsi 

5602
05:06:16,100 --> 05:06:19,900
had brown eyes and type O blood,
and that he was probably lactose

5603
05:06:19,900 --> 05:06:22,700
intolerant, meaning, he couldn't
drink milk without some 

5604
05:06:22,700 --> 05:06:26,200
uncomfortable consequences. 
They also discovered he carried 

5605
05:06:26,200 --> 05:06:29,300
genetic markers associated with 
increased risk of heart disease,

5606
05:06:29,300 --> 05:06:32,200
which might explain why his 
arteries showed signs of 

5607
05:06:32,208 --> 05:06:34,500
atherosclerosis despite his 
active lifestyle. 

5608
05:06:35,300 --> 05:06:39,500
Even 5,300 years ago genetic was
playing its role in human 

5609
05:06:39,500 --> 05:06:41,800
health. 
Perhaps most fascinatingly 

5610
05:06:41,800 --> 05:06:45,300
researchers were able to extract
and study bacteria from Etsy 

5611
05:06:45,300 --> 05:06:47,700
stomach. 
Discovering that he carried a 

5612
05:06:47,700 --> 05:06:50,900
strain of helicobacter pylori, 
thats, most closely related to 

5613
05:06:50,900 --> 05:06:54,100
Asian population. 
This tiny detail provided 

5614
05:06:54,100 --> 05:06:56,800
evidence for ancient migration 
patterns and trade connections 

5615
05:06:56,800 --> 05:07:00,100
that linked Europe to Asia, 
thousands of years before the 

5616
05:07:00,100 --> 05:07:04,000
Silk Road became famous. 
At his gut bacteria were telling

5617
05:07:04,000 --> 05:07:07,300
a story about human movement and
cultural exchange that spanned 

5618
05:07:07,300 --> 05:07:10,200
continents. 
The analysis of otsu's clothing 

5619
05:07:10,200 --> 05:07:13,300
and equipment to revealed 
sophisticated technologies that 

5620
05:07:13,300 --> 05:07:15,700
challenge assumptions about 
corporate capabilities. 

5621
05:07:16,700 --> 05:07:19,500
His leather was processed, using
complex tanning methods. 

5622
05:07:19,500 --> 05:07:23,400
His textiles showed Advanced 
weaving techniques and his tools

5623
05:07:23,400 --> 05:07:26,400
demonstrated metalworking skills
that were more sophisticated 

5624
05:07:26,400 --> 05:07:28,600
than previously thought possible
for the time period. 

5625
05:07:29,400 --> 05:07:32,600
Each item represented not just 
individual craftsmanship, but 

5626
05:07:32,600 --> 05:07:35,300
complex Supply chains and 
specialized knowledge networks 

5627
05:07:35,300 --> 05:07:37,900
that connected communities 
across vast distances. 

5628
05:07:38,800 --> 05:07:42,800
CT scans and 3D imaging allowed 
scientists to examine otsu's, 

5629
05:07:42,800 --> 05:07:45,300
internal structure without 
causing any damage to his 

5630
05:07:45,300 --> 05:07:48,000
remains. 
They could see healed fractures 

5631
05:07:48,000 --> 05:07:51,500
from old injuries, evidence of 
arthritis, in his joints, and 

5632
05:07:51,500 --> 05:07:53,300
the exact path of the arrow that
killed him. 

5633
05:07:53,300 --> 05:07:56,200
It was like performing an 
autopsy with the most advanced 

5634
05:07:56,200 --> 05:07:59,200
Medical Technology available, 
but on someone who had died 

5635
05:07:59,200 --> 05:08:03,700
before the invention of writing.
Forensic analysis of his murder 

5636
05:08:03,700 --> 05:08:06,300
became increasingly 
sophisticated as technology 

5637
05:08:06,300 --> 05:08:08,900
advanced. 
Scientists could determine the 

5638
05:08:08,900 --> 05:08:12,000
type of bow, used to shoot him 
the direction from which the 

5639
05:08:12,000 --> 05:08:15,300
arrow came and even estimate how
long, he survived after being 

5640
05:08:15,300 --> 05:08:17,900
wounded. 
A found traces of blood from 

5641
05:08:17,900 --> 05:08:20,100
four different people on his 
weapons and clothing. 

5642
05:08:20,100 --> 05:08:23,700
Suggesting that at Sea had been 
involved in multiple conflicts 

5643
05:08:23,700 --> 05:08:26,800
shortly before his death. 
The evidence painted a picture 

5644
05:08:26,800 --> 05:08:30,400
of a man who had fought several 
battles, treated his wounds and 

5645
05:08:30,400 --> 05:08:33,600
then climbed into the mountains,
where he was finally ambushed 

5646
05:08:33,600 --> 05:08:36,900
and killed. 
Most remarkably advances in 

5647
05:08:36,900 --> 05:08:39,600
ancient DNA research, have 
allowed scientists to identify 

5648
05:08:39,600 --> 05:08:43,100
living relatives of artsy. 
Through genetic analysis of 

5649
05:08:43,100 --> 05:08:46,200
modern populations in the Alps. 
They found people who shared 

5650
05:08:46,200 --> 05:08:49,300
genetic markers with our 5,300 
year old Iceman. 

5651
05:08:49,800 --> 05:08:52,900
It's as if utzi reached across 
five Millennia to tap someone on

5652
05:08:52,900 --> 05:08:55,200
the shoulder and say, hey, we're
family. 

5653
05:08:56,100 --> 05:08:58,900
As you settle into sleep 
tonight, consider how this 

5654
05:08:58,900 --> 05:09:02,000
intersection of cutting-edge 
Science and ancient mystery has 

5655
05:09:02,000 --> 05:09:04,600
allowed us to know, Etsy more 
intimately than we know most 

5656
05:09:04,600 --> 05:09:06,300
people from just a few centuries
ago. 

5657
05:09:07,100 --> 05:09:10,500
Modern technology has made him 
more real, more human and more 

5658
05:09:10,500 --> 05:09:13,400
relatable than any historical 
figure who left behind only 

5659
05:09:13,400 --> 05:09:15,900
written records. 
As we near the end of our 

5660
05:09:15,900 --> 05:09:18,700
journey with Otzi. 
Let's explore how this ancient 

5661
05:09:18,700 --> 05:09:22,100
mountain man has become one of 
the most famous people who never

5662
05:09:22,100 --> 05:09:25,700
lived to see his celebrity 
status. from his refrigerated 

5663
05:09:25,700 --> 05:09:28,800
home in Italian Museum to his 
appearances in documentaries 

5664
05:09:28,800 --> 05:09:33,200
books and even video games at 
sea has a kind of immortality 

5665
05:09:33,200 --> 05:09:36,200
that would probably bewilder 
him, if he could understand it, 

5666
05:09:37,800 --> 05:09:40,800
The South tyrol Museum of 
archaeology, in Bolzano Italy. 

5667
05:09:40,800 --> 05:09:43,100
As become, Etsy is permanent 
address. 

5668
05:09:44,100 --> 05:09:46,700
Far Cry from the nomadic 
lifestyle, he wants new. 

5669
05:09:47,600 --> 05:09:51,400
He rests in a specially designed
cold chamber that maintains the 

5670
05:09:51,400 --> 05:09:54,400
exact temperature, and humidity 
conditions needed to preserve 

5671
05:09:54,400 --> 05:09:57,700
his remains essentially living 
in a high-tech version of the 

5672
05:09:57,700 --> 05:10:00,600
glacial conditions that saved 
him for over 5 millennia. 

5673
05:10:01,600 --> 05:10:04,700
Visitors from around the world 
line up to peer through a small 

5674
05:10:04,700 --> 05:10:08,500
window at this ancient celebrity
making artsy probably the most 

5675
05:10:08,508 --> 05:10:11,200
viewed person who died before 
the invention of agriculture. 

5676
05:10:12,300 --> 05:10:15,300
Butts is influence extends far 
beyond Museum walls. 

5677
05:10:15,300 --> 05:10:18,700
He has revolutionized our 
understanding of corporate life 

5678
05:10:18,700 --> 05:10:22,700
proving that our ancestors were 
far more sophisticated mobile 

5679
05:10:22,700 --> 05:10:25,500
and technologically, advanced 
than previously imagined. 

5680
05:10:26,400 --> 05:10:29,200
Before oatsie, many 
archaeologists assumed that 

5681
05:10:29,200 --> 05:10:32,900
people from his era lived in 
small isolated communities with 

5682
05:10:32,900 --> 05:10:35,800
limited technology and little 
long-distance travel. 

5683
05:10:36,700 --> 05:10:39,300
At Sea shattered, those 
assumptions with his Advanced 

5684
05:10:39,300 --> 05:10:43,400
Equipment evidence of extensive 
travel and sophisticated Medical

5685
05:10:43,400 --> 05:10:47,100
Treatments his impact on medical
research has been particularly 

5686
05:10:47,100 --> 05:10:50,200
profound. 
Those therapeutic tattoos of 

5687
05:10:50,200 --> 05:10:53,200
inspired modern studies of the 
relationship between acupuncture

5688
05:10:53,200 --> 05:10:55,300
points and areas of chronic 
pain. 

5689
05:10:56,300 --> 05:10:59,500
Some researchers believe Otis 
tattoos corresponder remarkably.

5690
05:10:59,500 --> 05:11:02,900
Well, with traditional Chinese 
acupuncture Maps suggesting that

5691
05:11:02,900 --> 05:11:05,700
ancient healing Traditions might
have been more wide and 

5692
05:11:05,700 --> 05:11:07,400
sophisticated than previously 
thought. 

5693
05:11:08,300 --> 05:11:11,700
It's as if you would see was 
carrying around a 5,300 year old

5694
05:11:11,708 --> 05:11:13,500
medical textbook written on his 
skin. 

5695
05:11:14,300 --> 05:11:17,000
The forensic techniques 
developed to study at Sea have 

5696
05:11:17,000 --> 05:11:19,100
advanced archaeological methods 
worldwide. 

5697
05:11:19,100 --> 05:11:22,700
The careful, non-destructive 
analysis, methods pioneered with

5698
05:11:22,700 --> 05:11:25,900
his remains and now standard 
practice for examining other 

5699
05:11:25,900 --> 05:11:29,300
ancient discoveries. 
Every mummy, every preserved 

5700
05:11:29,300 --> 05:11:32,000
remain and every ancient 
artifact that gets discovered 

5701
05:11:32,000 --> 05:11:34,200
today benefits from the 
scientific techniques. 

5702
05:11:34,200 --> 05:11:38,000
Refined through Decades of Oats 
you research, he pioneered an 

5703
05:11:38,000 --> 05:11:41,100
entire field of study and his 
contributions to archaeological 

5704
05:11:41,100 --> 05:11:44,000
methodology continue to yield 
benefits with each new 

5705
05:11:44,000 --> 05:11:47,100
discovery. 
Environmental scientists of used

5706
05:11:47,100 --> 05:11:50,300
story, to understand ancient 
climate patterns and Glacier 

5707
05:11:50,300 --> 05:11:53,100
Behavior. 
His Discovery site has become a 

5708
05:11:53,100 --> 05:11:56,800
natural laboratory for studying,
how climate change affect Alpine

5709
05:11:56,800 --> 05:11:59,200
environments. 
The fact that not see emerge 

5710
05:11:59,200 --> 05:12:02,400
from the ice in 1991. 
After being hidden for over 5, 

5711
05:12:02,400 --> 05:12:05,200
Millennia tells us something 
significant about warming 

5712
05:12:05,200 --> 05:12:07,100
temperatures and changing 
Glacier patterns. 

5713
05:12:07,800 --> 05:12:11,300
Strangely sees emergence from 
the ice serves as a dramatic 

5714
05:12:11,300 --> 05:12:14,600
illustration of environmental 
change making him a spokesman 

5715
05:12:14,600 --> 05:12:17,900
for climate awareness. 
The legal implications of Oats 

5716
05:12:17,900 --> 05:12:20,700
is Discovery created. 
International precedence for 

5717
05:12:20,700 --> 05:12:23,200
handling archaeological finds 
that cross National borders. 

5718
05:12:24,100 --> 05:12:26,000
Found on the border between 
Austria and Italy. 

5719
05:12:26,000 --> 05:12:29,000
Otzi's ownership became a 
diplomatic issue that required 

5720
05:12:29,000 --> 05:12:32,600
careful negotiation. 
The resolution that he belongs 

5721
05:12:32,600 --> 05:12:34,400
to Italy. 
But with special Provisions for 

5722
05:12:34,400 --> 05:12:37,400
international research, 
collaboration has become a model

5723
05:12:37,400 --> 05:12:40,200
for managing similar, 
discoveries around the world at 

5724
05:12:40,200 --> 05:12:43,700
sea has also become a cultural 
icon, inspiring everything from 

5725
05:12:43,700 --> 05:12:46,700
novels and documentaries, to 
Children books, and video games,

5726
05:12:46,700 --> 05:12:51,400
National Geographic, specials, 
BBC documentaries and numerous 

5727
05:12:51,400 --> 05:12:53,100
educational programs have 
featured him. 

5728
05:12:53,900 --> 05:12:56,000
There's something about his 
story that captures the 

5729
05:12:56,000 --> 05:12:59,500
imagination, perhaps, because he
represents both our connection 

5730
05:12:59,500 --> 05:13:02,900
to the ancient world and our 
fascination with Mysteries, that

5731
05:13:02,900 --> 05:13:06,800
can be sold through science. 
The ethical questions 

5732
05:13:06,800 --> 05:13:09,900
surrounding at his display and 
study have sparked important 

5733
05:13:09,900 --> 05:13:11,700
discussions. 
About the treatment of human 

5734
05:13:11,700 --> 05:13:13,500
remains in archaeological 
research. 

5735
05:13:14,200 --> 05:13:17,000
How do we balance scientific 
inquiry with respect for the 

5736
05:13:17,000 --> 05:13:19,600
Dead? 
What rights do ancient people 

5737
05:13:19,600 --> 05:13:22,700
have in our modern world? 
These questions don't have easy 

5738
05:13:22,700 --> 05:13:25,700
answers, but otsu's case has 
helped to establish guidelines 

5739
05:13:25,700 --> 05:13:28,200
that now influence how 
archaeologists approach, similar

5740
05:13:28,200 --> 05:13:31,100
discoveries worldwide. 
Perhaps most significantly. 

5741
05:13:31,100 --> 05:13:34,700
Etsy has made the ancient world 
feel accessible and human in 

5742
05:13:34,700 --> 05:13:38,400
ways that Pottery shards and 
stone tools never could Through 

5743
05:13:38,400 --> 05:13:42,400
him, we can imagine what it felt
like to live 5,300 years ago. 

5744
05:13:42,400 --> 05:13:46,100
The daily challenges the 
sophisticated knowledge required

5745
05:13:46,100 --> 05:13:49,400
for survival, the dangers of 
travel and the ever-present 

5746
05:13:49,400 --> 05:13:53,200
reality that life could end 
suddenly and violently, he's not

5747
05:13:53,200 --> 05:13:55,900
just a specimen. 
He's a person whose story 

5748
05:13:55,908 --> 05:13:59,500
resonates across the Millennia 
educational programs around the 

5749
05:13:59,500 --> 05:14:01,300
world. 
Use oxy story to teach 

5750
05:14:01,300 --> 05:14:04,400
everything from ancient history,
to Modern forensic science. 

5751
05:14:05,200 --> 05:14:08,000
Students who might perceive 
archeology dry and Dusty 

5752
05:14:08,000 --> 05:14:11,100
suddenly becoming engaged when 
they learn about the man who 

5753
05:14:11,100 --> 05:14:15,000
emerged from the ice with a full
complement of gear and a mystery

5754
05:14:15,000 --> 05:14:16,600
that scientists are still 
solving. 

5755
05:14:17,400 --> 05:14:19,900
He's become the ultimate 
teaching tool for demonstrating 

5756
05:14:19,900 --> 05:14:24,500
how much we can learn from 
careful, scientific analysis. as

5757
05:14:24,500 --> 05:14:28,100
you prepare for Sleep, consider 
how Etsy has bridged the vast 

5758
05:14:28,100 --> 05:14:31,100
gap between the ancient and 
modern worlds, making the 

5759
05:14:31,100 --> 05:14:34,600
distant Past film immediate and 
personal in ways that few 

5760
05:14:34,600 --> 05:14:38,700
archaeological discoveries ever 
achieve As our evening Journey 

5761
05:14:38,700 --> 05:14:42,100
with us, he draws to a close. 
Let's settle in for some final 

5762
05:14:42,100 --> 05:14:44,800
Reflections on what his 
remarkable story means for us 

5763
05:14:44,808 --> 05:14:47,100
today. 
And how this ancient Mountain 

5764
05:14:47,100 --> 05:14:50,500
Man continues to whisper secrets
about human nature across the 

5765
05:14:50,500 --> 05:14:54,100
vast expanse of time. 
There's something profoundly 

5766
05:14:54,100 --> 05:14:57,500
moving about otzi's story, that 
goes beyond the scientific 

5767
05:14:57,500 --> 05:14:59,300
discoveries and forensic 
Mysteries. 

5768
05:15:00,100 --> 05:15:02,300
This man lived and died in a 
world. 

5769
05:15:02,308 --> 05:15:05,000
So different from ours, that it 
might as well have been another 

5770
05:15:05,000 --> 05:15:07,300
planet yet. 
His remains show that the 

5771
05:15:07,300 --> 05:15:09,200
fundamental experience of being 
human. 

5772
05:15:09,200 --> 05:15:10,700
Haven't changed as much as we 
think. 

5773
05:15:11,700 --> 05:15:14,900
He felt pain and sought relief 
through those therapeutic 

5774
05:15:14,900 --> 05:15:19,300
tattoos, he prepared carefully 
for Dangerous Journeys, carrying

5775
05:15:19,300 --> 05:15:23,000
everything, he might need to 
survive, he faced violence and 

5776
05:15:23,000 --> 05:15:26,400
fought back. 
He died far from home alone on a

5777
05:15:26,400 --> 05:15:28,400
mountain pass. 
But his story would have 

5778
05:15:28,408 --> 05:15:31,400
eventually reach millions of 
people who had come to know him 

5779
05:15:31,400 --> 05:15:33,600
more intimately than they know 
most of their contemporaries. 

5780
05:15:34,500 --> 05:15:37,600
The mountains that preserved at 
sea for over 5 millionaires, as 

5781
05:15:37,608 --> 05:15:40,300
a poignant metaphor for the 
relationship between human and 

5782
05:15:40,300 --> 05:15:44,000
ambition and natural forces. 
He was traveling through some of

5783
05:15:44,000 --> 05:15:46,800
the most spectacular and 
dangerous terrain on Earth armed

5784
05:15:46,800 --> 05:15:50,200
with nothing more than copper 
aged technology and accumulated 

5785
05:15:50,200 --> 05:15:52,500
wisdom of about survival and 
extreme conditions. 

5786
05:15:53,300 --> 05:15:56,600
The same mountains that killed 
him also saved his story for 

5787
05:15:56,600 --> 05:16:00,500
posterity turning him into an 
accidental time traveler, who 

5788
05:16:00,500 --> 05:16:03,400
could teach us about both 
ancient life and our own Human 

5789
05:16:03,400 --> 05:16:06,300
Nature. 
Modern visitors to the outstyle 

5790
05:16:06,300 --> 05:16:09,500
Alps often follow hiking routes 
that pass near where otsu was 

5791
05:16:09,500 --> 05:16:12,400
discovered. 
They Carried GPS devices where 

5792
05:16:12,400 --> 05:16:15,200
high-tech clothing and have 
emergency Rescue Services 

5793
05:16:15,200 --> 05:16:17,900
available. 
If things go wrong yet they're 

5794
05:16:17,900 --> 05:16:21,200
essentially doing the same thing
otsu was doing 5,300 years ago, 

5795
05:16:21,200 --> 05:16:25,000
challenging themselves against 
the mountains seeking adventure 

5796
05:16:25,000 --> 05:16:27,700
and perhaps seeking some deeper 
connection with the natural 

5797
05:16:27,700 --> 05:16:30,900
world. 
The technology changes but the 

5798
05:16:30,900 --> 05:16:33,700
human impulse to explore and 
test ourselves remains constant.

5799
05:16:34,500 --> 05:16:38,300
Scientists continue to study 
new, discoveries emerge 

5800
05:16:38,300 --> 05:16:40,100
regularly, as technology 
advances. 

5801
05:16:40,100 --> 05:16:44,300
Each new discovery in riches, 
his story and contributes to the

5802
05:16:44,300 --> 05:16:47,900
understanding of ancient life. 
Recent research has revealed 

5803
05:16:47,900 --> 05:16:50,800
more about his diet, his 
travels, his health, and even 

5804
05:16:50,800 --> 05:16:54,300
his family relationships. 
It's as if we're slowly getting 

5805
05:16:54,300 --> 05:16:58,000
to know him better year by year 
building, a relationship with 

5806
05:16:58,000 --> 05:17:01,200
someone who died 53, centuries 
ago, but whose story grows more 

5807
05:17:01,200 --> 05:17:02,700
complete with each passing 
season. 

5808
05:17:02,700 --> 05:17:06,100
The mystery of otsu's. 
Murder may never be completely 

5809
05:17:06,100 --> 05:17:10,400
sold and perhaps that's fitting 
Some questions are more powerful

5810
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:13,100
than their answers. 
The uncertainty surrounding his 

5811
05:17:13,100 --> 05:17:16,400
death, allows us to project our 
understanding of human nature 

5812
05:17:16,400 --> 05:17:19,800
onto his story. 
He a victim of random violence. 

5813
05:17:19,800 --> 05:17:23,800
A casualty of Ancient Warfare or
the target of a personal 

5814
05:17:23,800 --> 05:17:26,900
Vendetta each possibility, 
reveals something different 

5815
05:17:26,900 --> 05:17:30,300
about how we understand conflict
survival and the challenges of 

5816
05:17:30,300 --> 05:17:34,300
life in harsh environments. 
What remains constant is otzi's,

5817
05:17:34,300 --> 05:17:37,600
Humanity through all the 
scientific analysis and forensic

5818
05:17:37,600 --> 05:17:40,000
investigation. 
What emerges most clearly is the

5819
05:17:40,000 --> 05:17:43,300
portrait of a real person who 
faced real challenges with 

5820
05:17:43,300 --> 05:17:45,200
intelligence preparation and 
courage. 

5821
05:17:46,000 --> 05:17:48,500
His meticulous attention to 
equipment and clothing 

5822
05:17:48,500 --> 05:17:50,900
demonstrates. 
A person who understands the 

5823
05:17:50,900 --> 05:17:54,400
importance of details when 
survival hinges on preparation, 

5824
05:17:55,300 --> 05:17:57,600
His willingness to travel 
through dangerous terrains, 

5825
05:17:57,600 --> 05:18:00,700
suggests either, necessity or 
Adventure seeking, that would be

5826
05:18:00,700 --> 05:18:03,500
familiar to anyone who has ever 
taken a calculated risk. 

5827
05:18:04,300 --> 05:18:07,000
His evidence of past injuries 
and ongoing health problems, 

5828
05:18:07,000 --> 05:18:10,400
reveal someone who persevered 
through pain and physical 

5829
05:18:10,400 --> 05:18:13,400
challenges. 
The therapeutic tattoos covering

5830
05:18:13,400 --> 05:18:15,800
his body tell, perhaps the most 
human story of all. 

5831
05:18:16,500 --> 05:18:19,100
The Eternal Quest to obtain 
relief from chronic pain and 

5832
05:18:19,100 --> 05:18:22,300
discomfort. 
In our modern world of advanced 

5833
05:18:22,300 --> 05:18:24,100
Pharmaceuticals and medical 
procedures. 

5834
05:18:24,100 --> 05:18:26,700
We sometimes. 
Forget that humans have always 

5835
05:18:26,700 --> 05:18:29,200
sought ways to be suffering and 
improve quality of life. 

5836
05:18:30,100 --> 05:18:33,700
Cuts these tattoos represent a 
kind of ancient hope the belief 

5837
05:18:33,700 --> 05:18:36,300
that marking and treating the 
body could provide relief from 

5838
05:18:36,300 --> 05:18:38,800
the aches and pains of a 
physically demanding life. 

5839
05:18:39,500 --> 05:18:42,600
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight, imagine not see on his 

5840
05:18:42,600 --> 05:18:44,300
final journey through the 
mountains. 

5841
05:18:44,300 --> 05:18:48,400
Carrying his carefully crafted 
tools and wearing his precisely 

5842
05:18:48,400 --> 05:18:51,800
designed clothing unaware that 
he was about to become one of 

5843
05:18:51,800 --> 05:18:53,700
the most famous people in human 
history. 

5844
05:18:54,600 --> 05:18:58,300
Picture him pausing to rest in 
the high Alpine Meadows, perhaps

5845
05:18:58,300 --> 05:19:01,200
sharing a meal with fellow 
Travelers, maybe gazing at the 

5846
05:19:01,200 --> 05:19:05,200
same stars that shine down on us
today, even with the most 

5847
05:19:05,200 --> 05:19:08,600
advanced technology, we can't 
fully understand the Mysteries 

5848
05:19:08,600 --> 05:19:10,700
and complexities of every human 
life. 

5849
05:19:11,400 --> 05:19:15,000
As his story reminds us. 
We know more about etsy's, daily

5850
05:19:15,000 --> 05:19:19,000
life, his health, his diet and 
his movements than we know about

5851
05:19:19,000 --> 05:19:22,200
most people who live just a few 
hundred years ago. yet, the 

5852
05:19:22,200 --> 05:19:27,000
essential mystery of who he was 
his thoughts, his dreams his 

5853
05:19:27,000 --> 05:19:30,900
fears, his hopes Remains as 
unknowable as ever. 

5854
05:19:32,000 --> 05:19:35,000
In the end, bootsy's greatest 
gift to us, might not be the 

5855
05:19:35,000 --> 05:19:37,100
scientific knowledge. 
He's provided or the 

5856
05:19:37,108 --> 05:19:40,900
archaeological methods is study.
Has advanced, it might simply be

5857
05:19:40,900 --> 05:19:44,600
the reminders that human stories
matter that individual lives 

5858
05:19:44,600 --> 05:19:47,800
have meaning that can Echo 
Millennia and that sometimes the

5859
05:19:47,800 --> 05:19:50,900
most profound discoveries come 
from the most unexpected places.

5860
05:19:51,900 --> 05:19:54,400
Chance encounter with melting 
ice revealed. 

5861
05:19:54,400 --> 05:19:57,100
A man whose story would 
Captivate the world proving that

5862
05:19:57,100 --> 05:20:00,000
history isn't just about Kings 
and battles and monuments. 

5863
05:20:00,000 --> 05:20:03,600
It's about real people facing 
real challenges with whatever 

5864
05:20:03,600 --> 05:20:06,200
tools and wisdom they could 
gather Sleep. 

5865
05:20:06,200 --> 05:20:09,800
Well, knowing that somewhere in 
the Italian Alps would see rests

5866
05:20:09,800 --> 05:20:12,800
in his climate, controlled 
chamber, still guarding secrets.

5867
05:20:12,800 --> 05:20:15,800
We haven't yet learned to ask 
about still teaching us what it 

5868
05:20:15,800 --> 05:20:18,400
means to be human in a world. 
That's both dangerous and 

5869
05:20:18,400 --> 05:20:20,600
beautiful. 
Still wandering the mountains in

5870
05:20:20,600 --> 05:20:23,400
our imagination, as surely as he
once, wandered them in life, 

5871
05:20:26,700 --> 05:20:28,700
picture yourself waking up in a 
narrow bed. 

5872
05:20:28,700 --> 05:20:31,600
That's barely wider than a 
coffin, but somehow more 

5873
05:20:31,600 --> 05:20:33,900
comfortable than anything. 
You'd known before coming to 

5874
05:20:33,900 --> 05:20:34,600
Ashworth. 
Manor. 

5875
05:20:35,300 --> 05:20:36,600
The room. 
You share with two other 

5876
05:20:36,600 --> 05:20:40,100
housemates is tucked under the 
eaves where the sealing slopes 

5877
05:20:40,100 --> 05:20:41,600
down. 
So dramatically that you've 

5878
05:20:41,600 --> 05:20:45,100
learned to duck instinctively 
when getting dressed the walls 

5879
05:20:45,100 --> 05:20:47,000
are thin enough that you can 
hear Mrs. Pemberton. 

5880
05:20:47,000 --> 05:20:50,200
The head cook already clattering
about in the kitchen three 

5881
05:20:50,200 --> 05:20:52,900
floors below her. 
Wooden spoon's conducting an 

5882
05:20:52,900 --> 05:20:56,500
orchestra of copper pots. 
It's 4:30 in the morning and 

5883
05:20:56,500 --> 05:20:59,900
your body has become a living 
alarm clock after 18 months in 

5884
05:20:59,900 --> 05:21:01,900
service. 
You no longer need the Bell. 

5885
05:21:01,900 --> 05:21:04,700
That Martha. 
The senior House made rings to 

5886
05:21:04,700 --> 05:21:07,600
wake, everyone. 
Your bones simply know when it's

5887
05:21:07,600 --> 05:21:11,200
time to begin another day in the
wonderful machine of the manor 

5888
05:21:11,200 --> 05:21:13,300
house. 
You slide your feet into boots 

5889
05:21:13,300 --> 05:21:15,800
that have molded themselves to 
your particular brand of 

5890
05:21:15,800 --> 05:21:18,900
exhaustion comfortable, in all 
the wrong places, one Thin, 

5891
05:21:18,900 --> 05:21:22,100
where you need the most The 
floorboards Creak they're 

5892
05:21:22,100 --> 05:21:24,100
familiar, greeting, as you 
tiptoe around your sleeping, 

5893
05:21:24,100 --> 05:21:27,000
roommates. 
Sarah, the scullery maid talks 

5894
05:21:27,000 --> 05:21:29,200
in her sleep about her 
sweetheart back in the village. 

5895
05:21:29,200 --> 05:21:31,900
While Emma. 
Who works in the laundry, snores

5896
05:21:31,900 --> 05:21:34,400
with the dedication of someone 
who's owned every moment of 

5897
05:21:34,400 --> 05:21:37,400
rest. 
The servants staircase serves as

5898
05:21:37,400 --> 05:21:40,500
your primary route to all 
important places, it's narrow 

5899
05:21:40,500 --> 05:21:42,400
and steep designed by 
architects. 

5900
05:21:42,400 --> 05:21:45,800
Who clearly never had to carry a
coal up for flights while 

5901
05:21:45,800 --> 05:21:48,900
balancing a chamber pot and 
trying not to wake the entire 

5902
05:21:48,900 --> 05:21:52,100
household. 
You've developed a peculiar 

5903
05:21:52,100 --> 05:21:56,500
Grace navigating these stairs. 
Part mounting goat part ballet, 

5904
05:21:56,500 --> 05:21:59,700
dancer, all determination, not 
to Tumble backwards into 

5905
05:21:59,700 --> 05:22:02,400
catastrophe. 
Your first stop is the 

5906
05:22:02,400 --> 05:22:05,500
Magnificent Hall where 
yesterday's ashes in the massive

5907
05:22:05,500 --> 05:22:07,600
fireplace. 
Look like the remains of a small

5908
05:22:07,600 --> 05:22:09,900
dragon. 
The greatest heavy enough to 

5909
05:22:09,900 --> 05:22:12,500
Anchor a ship and cleaning. 
It requires the kind of athletic

5910
05:22:12,500 --> 05:22:14,600
ability that would impress 
circus performers. 

5911
05:22:14,600 --> 05:22:17,000
You've learned to approach it 
like a puzzle. 

5912
05:22:17,000 --> 05:22:21,200
First the smaller pieces then 
the greatest self always mindful

5913
05:22:21,200 --> 05:22:24,300
that cold dust has a magical 
ability to appear on surfaces, 

5914
05:22:24,300 --> 05:22:27,700
you have not even touched yet. 
The man wakes up around you in 

5915
05:22:27,700 --> 05:22:29,700
layers. 
First come the other servants 

5916
05:22:29,700 --> 05:22:32,700
moving through their morning 
routines with the synchronized 

5917
05:22:32,700 --> 05:22:35,400
Precision of dancers who have 
rehearsed the same performance 

5918
05:22:35,400 --> 05:22:37,500
for years. 
Then come the dogs. 

5919
05:22:37,500 --> 05:22:41,000
Lord ashworth's hunting hounds 
who seem to insist on serving 

5920
05:22:41,000 --> 05:22:44,400
breakfast at 5 sharp regardless 
of human convenience. 

5921
05:22:45,300 --> 05:22:49,200
Finally, the house itself begins
to stir floorboard settling 

5922
05:22:49,200 --> 05:22:52,600
pipes, gurgling their morning 
complaints and somewhere in the 

5923
05:22:52,600 --> 05:22:54,600
distance. 
The grandfather clock in the 

5924
05:22:54,600 --> 05:22:57,200
entrance hall, chiming the hours
like a Stern Headmaster. 

5925
05:22:57,200 --> 05:23:00,400
Keeping everyone on schedule. 
You've learned to love these 

5926
05:23:00,400 --> 05:23:03,300
early morning moments, when the 
man of belongs entirely to its 

5927
05:23:03,300 --> 05:23:05,500
servants. 
There's something peaceful about

5928
05:23:05,500 --> 05:23:07,600
moving through rooms. 
That will later Buzz with the 

5929
05:23:07,600 --> 05:23:10,200
complicated social Machinery of 
the upper classes. 

5930
05:23:10,200 --> 05:23:14,600
But for now exists in a state of
suspended animation, the drawing

5931
05:23:14,600 --> 05:23:17,500
room with its silk wallpaper and
furniture that cost more than 

5932
05:23:17,500 --> 05:23:20,400
most people, earning a decade 
feels almost friendly in the 

5933
05:23:20,400 --> 05:23:24,100
pre-dawn darkness, you dust the 
mahogany, tables and straighten.

5934
05:23:24,100 --> 05:23:26,600
The cushions on chairs, that 
probably have their own names 

5935
05:23:26,600 --> 05:23:29,700
and pedigrees The Morning Light 
filtering through the tall 

5936
05:23:29,700 --> 05:23:32,100
Windows reveals dust moats 
dancing in the air. 

5937
05:23:32,100 --> 05:23:35,500
Like tiny rebellious, spirits, 
You've developed a personal 

5938
05:23:35,500 --> 05:23:38,400
relationship with dust. 
It's your constant companion, 

5939
05:23:38,400 --> 05:23:41,800
your Eternal opponent and 
occasionally, when the light 

5940
05:23:41,800 --> 05:23:44,700
hits it just right. 
Your unwitting collaborator in 

5941
05:23:44,700 --> 05:23:46,300
creating something almost 
beautiful. 

5942
05:23:47,200 --> 05:23:49,600
Dust, you've learned has 
personality. 

5943
05:23:50,400 --> 05:23:53,700
The dust in the library is 
scholarly and dignified settling

5944
05:23:53,700 --> 05:23:57,000
politely on leather bound books.
The dust in the children's 

5945
05:23:57,000 --> 05:24:00,400
playroom, is chaotic and 
adventurous hiding in corners 

5946
05:24:00,400 --> 05:24:02,700
and emerging at the most 
inconvenient moments. 

5947
05:24:03,500 --> 05:24:05,800
By 6:00 you've already 
accomplished. 

5948
05:24:05,800 --> 05:24:08,000
What most people would consider 
a full day's work. 

5949
05:24:08,700 --> 05:24:11,900
The fires a lit, the main rooms 
are clean and you've managed to 

5950
05:24:11,900 --> 05:24:14,200
avoid waking. 
Anyone who might do your wages 

5951
05:24:14,200 --> 05:24:15,700
for disturbing their beauty 
sleep. 

5952
05:24:16,400 --> 05:24:18,700
Your back aches, in that 
particular way that comes from 

5953
05:24:18,700 --> 05:24:21,900
bending over greats and reaching
under Furniture, but there's all

5954
05:24:21,900 --> 05:24:25,000
a satisfaction in seeing the 
manor slowly come to life around

5955
05:24:25,000 --> 05:24:26,700
your efforts. 
The kitchen. 

5956
05:24:26,700 --> 05:24:30,300
When you finally make it there 
for your breakfast, is a warm 

5957
05:24:30,300 --> 05:24:33,900
Refuge filled with the smell of 
fresh bread and the comfortable 

5958
05:24:33,900 --> 05:24:35,700
chaos of Mrs. Pemberton's 
domain. 

5959
05:24:35,700 --> 05:24:38,900
She ruled her realm with the 
authority of a general and the 

5960
05:24:38,900 --> 05:24:41,800
warmth of a favorite aunt 
dispensing, both orders and 

5961
05:24:41,800 --> 05:24:44,800
wisdom in equal measure the 
pecking order in a Victorian, 

5962
05:24:44,800 --> 05:24:47,800
Mansion is more complex than the
family tree of European royalty 

5963
05:24:47,800 --> 05:24:50,400
and twice as confusing for 
newcomers. 

5964
05:24:51,200 --> 05:24:53,800
You've learned to navigate this 
social Labyrinth, with the skill

5965
05:24:53,800 --> 05:24:57,900
of a diplomat, always mindful of
who out-ranks who and exactly 

5966
05:24:57,900 --> 05:25:00,100
how much courtesy each position 
demands. 

5967
05:25:01,400 --> 05:25:03,300
At the top of the servants 
hierarchy. 

5968
05:25:03,300 --> 05:25:06,700
Sits Mr. Whitmore, the butler 
who carries himself with the 

5969
05:25:06,708 --> 05:25:09,500
Dignity of a man who's never 
doubted his place in the world. 

5970
05:25:10,600 --> 05:25:13,100
Mr. Whitmore, the butler, 
possesses the ability to 

5971
05:25:13,100 --> 05:25:15,200
elevate. 
The mundane tasks of polishing, 

5972
05:25:15,200 --> 05:25:19,000
silver to a sacred ritual and 
his disapproval is unmistakable.

5973
05:25:19,000 --> 05:25:21,600
You've seen him reduce footman 
to stammering. 

5974
05:25:21,600 --> 05:25:24,400
Apologies with nothing more than
a raised eyebrow and a slight 

5975
05:25:24,408 --> 05:25:27,400
tightening around the eyes just 
below him Reigns. 

5976
05:25:27,400 --> 05:25:30,900
Mrs. Hartwell the housekeeper. 
Who manages the female staff 

5977
05:25:30,900 --> 05:25:33,400
with the organizational skills 
of a military commander? 

5978
05:25:33,400 --> 05:25:37,300
And the intuition of someone 
whose raised 12 children He 

5979
05:25:37,300 --> 05:25:40,300
carries a massive ring of keys 
that Jangles with every step 

5980
05:25:40,300 --> 05:25:43,500
announcing her presence. 
Like a one woman, Brass Band 

5981
05:25:43,500 --> 05:25:46,900
these Keys unlock everything 
from the linen, closet to The 

5982
05:25:46,908 --> 05:25:49,400
Wine Cellar. 
And the sound of them has become

5983
05:25:49,400 --> 05:25:51,600
the sound track of authority in 
your daily life. 

5984
05:25:52,400 --> 05:25:55,100
Mrs. Pemberton rules. 
The kitchen with an iron Ladle, 

5985
05:25:55,100 --> 05:25:57,600
and a heart, that soft and her 
Yorkshire pudding. 

5986
05:25:58,500 --> 05:26:01,200
She's a cook who meticulously 
remembers each servants, 

5987
05:26:01,200 --> 05:26:04,700
preferred tea, and consistently 
provides an extra biscuit during

5988
05:26:04,700 --> 05:26:08,500
a particularly challenging day. 
Her domain is distinct from the 

5989
05:26:08,500 --> 05:26:11,700
rest of the house higher Archie 
as she reports directly to Mrs. 

5990
05:26:11,700 --> 05:26:15,000
Hartwell however, within her 
kitchen, her Authority as 

5991
05:26:15,000 --> 05:26:17,800
unquestioned, you found your 
place somewhere in the middle of

5992
05:26:17,800 --> 05:26:21,500
this complex social machine, or 
as a housemaid, you're above the

5993
05:26:21,500 --> 05:26:22,900
scholarly maids and the kitchen 
help. 

5994
05:26:22,900 --> 05:26:26,400
But below the ladies maids and 
the governments It's a position 

5995
05:26:26,400 --> 05:26:28,800
that requires a peculiar kind of
social awareness. 

5996
05:26:28,800 --> 05:26:31,200
You need to be respectful to 
those above. 

5997
05:26:31,200 --> 05:26:34,800
You kind to those below you and 
cautious around those at your 

5998
05:26:34,808 --> 05:26:36,800
level. 
Because horizontal politics 

5999
05:26:36,800 --> 05:26:38,900
among servants can be more 
treacherous than anything 

6000
05:26:38,900 --> 05:26:42,500
happening upstairs, the footmen 
occupy, their own strange 

6001
05:26:42,500 --> 05:26:45,300
category in this. 
Hierarchy, they're technically 

6002
05:26:45,300 --> 05:26:48,700
your equals, but they seem to 
believe their fancy uniforms and

6003
05:26:48,700 --> 05:26:51,300
proximity to the dining room. 
Make them practically members of

6004
05:26:51,308 --> 05:26:54,600
the family. 
James, the senior footman has 

6005
05:26:54,600 --> 05:26:57,900
mastered the skill of sneering 
at people while simultaneously 

6006
05:26:57,900 --> 05:27:01,600
serving them soup. 
His permitted hair and pristine 

6007
05:27:01,600 --> 05:27:04,700
white gloves, make him look like
he's constantly ready for a 

6008
05:27:04,700 --> 05:27:08,000
formal portrait even when he is 
just carrying cold scuttles. 

6009
05:27:09,500 --> 05:27:13,900
The daily dance of Precedence 
plays out in 100s who enters the

6010
05:27:13,900 --> 05:27:16,400
servants Hall. 
First for meals, who gets the 

6011
05:27:16,400 --> 05:27:19,600
best seat near the fire, whose 
allowed to voice opinions about 

6012
05:27:19,600 --> 05:27:23,100
the family's guests and who must
simply listen and Nod. 

6013
05:27:24,100 --> 05:27:26,600
You've learned to read these 
subtle cues like a scholar, 

6014
05:27:26,600 --> 05:27:30,200
studying ancient texts because 
misunderstanding your place can 

6015
05:27:30,200 --> 05:27:33,100
result in anything from cold 
shoulders to actual dismissal. 

6016
05:27:33,900 --> 05:27:36,600
The Strangers part of this 
hierarchy is how it mirrors the 

6017
05:27:36,600 --> 05:27:39,300
family upstairs, while remaining
completely separate from it. 

6018
05:27:40,400 --> 05:27:43,400
Lord Ashworth might be the 
master of the house but he has 

6019
05:27:43,400 --> 05:27:46,100
no idea that William. 
The second footman has been 

6020
05:27:46,100 --> 05:27:49,300
conducting a subtle campaign of 
psychological warfare against 

6021
05:27:49,300 --> 05:27:51,900
Thomas. 
The whole Boy, Over whose 

6022
05:27:51,900 --> 05:27:54,300
responsibility, it is to polish 
the brass door knobs. 

6023
05:27:54,900 --> 05:27:58,000
The servant dramas unfold 
parallel to the family's lives 

6024
05:27:58,000 --> 05:28:01,900
invisible to them, but consuming
tremendous energy below stairs, 

6025
05:28:01,900 --> 05:28:05,600
you've developed a strategy for 
navigating these social Waters 

6026
05:28:05,600 --> 05:28:09,200
that involves generous amounts 
of tea, careful, listening, and 

6027
05:28:09,200 --> 05:28:11,900
an almost Supernatural ability 
to become invisible when 

6028
05:28:11,900 --> 05:28:14,800
tensions rise. 
The key is understanding that 

6029
05:28:14,800 --> 05:28:17,100
everyone from the lowliest 
scholarly made to the most 

6030
05:28:17,100 --> 05:28:19,700
exalted. 
Ladies maid is desperately 

6031
05:28:19,700 --> 05:28:21,100
trying to maintain their 
dignity. 

6032
05:28:21,100 --> 05:28:23,300
In a world that offers very 
little of it. 

6033
05:28:23,300 --> 05:28:26,600
People in service. 
The laundry made exist in their 

6034
05:28:26,600 --> 05:28:29,600
own steamy Universe emerging 
from the basement. 

6035
05:28:29,600 --> 05:28:32,600
Wash house looking like they've 
been wrestling with clouds. 

6036
05:28:33,300 --> 05:28:36,500
They speak their language of 
starch and soap and their hands 

6037
05:28:36,500 --> 05:28:38,600
are permanently. 
Pruned from constant contact 

6038
05:28:38,600 --> 05:28:41,600
with water. 
Emma, who shares your attic room

6039
05:28:41,600 --> 05:28:44,900
comes to bed every night 
smelling like carbolic soap and 

6040
05:28:44,900 --> 05:28:46,600
lavender. 
A combination. 

6041
05:28:46,600 --> 05:28:48,300
That's become as comforting as a
lullaby. 

6042
05:28:49,400 --> 05:28:51,500
The truly fascinating members of
this servant. 

6043
05:28:51,500 --> 05:28:55,400
Ecosystem are the Specialists, 
the lamp trimmer who treats each

6044
05:28:55,400 --> 05:28:58,000
fixture like a delicate patient,
requiring surgery? 

6045
05:28:58,000 --> 05:29:01,700
The boot boy, who knows the 
Footwear preferences of every 

6046
05:29:01,700 --> 05:29:05,100
family member and guest and the 
under Butler who's being groomed

6047
05:29:05,100 --> 05:29:08,100
for Mr. Whitmore's position and 
carries the weight of that 

6048
05:29:08,100 --> 05:29:11,100
future responsibility like a 
crown that still being fitted. 

6049
05:29:11,100 --> 05:29:14,100
Living in a Victorian. 
Mansion means existing in Two 

6050
05:29:14,108 --> 05:29:17,600
Worlds simultaneously like being
an actor in a play where half 

6051
05:29:17,600 --> 05:29:19,500
the cast doesn't know the other 
half exists. 

6052
05:29:20,500 --> 05:29:22,700
You've mastered the art of 
becoming functionally invisible 

6053
05:29:22,700 --> 05:29:25,900
when family members are present.
Skill, that requires more 

6054
05:29:25,900 --> 05:29:29,600
athleticism than most people 
realize, the back staircase is 

6055
05:29:29,600 --> 05:29:33,200
your lifeline to invisibility, 
it's a narrow winding passage 

6056
05:29:33,200 --> 05:29:36,800
that connects every floor of the
house designed specifically. 

6057
05:29:36,800 --> 05:29:39,700
So servants can move through the
mansion without disturbing the 

6058
05:29:39,700 --> 05:29:42,000
family's carefully, orchestrated
daily life. 

6059
05:29:42,800 --> 05:29:45,700
You've learned to navigate these
stairs and complete, darkness, 

6060
05:29:45,700 --> 05:29:49,400
your feet knowing exactly where 
each step creaks and which 

6061
05:29:49,400 --> 05:29:52,300
handrail Wiggles, it's like 
having a secret passage to 

6062
05:29:52,300 --> 05:29:55,300
everywhere that matters except 
the secret is that you're not 

6063
05:29:55,300 --> 05:29:56,800
supposed to exist while using 
it. 

6064
05:29:57,600 --> 05:30:00,000
The family's daily routine 
creates a complex choreography 

6065
05:30:00,000 --> 05:30:01,700
that you've learned to dance 
around. 

6066
05:30:02,700 --> 05:30:04,200
Lady Ashworth, takes her 
morning. 

6067
05:30:04,208 --> 05:30:07,200
Tea at precisely 8:00, which 
means you need to have her 

6068
05:30:07,200 --> 05:30:10,900
sitting room Immaculate, by 
7:30, She has a particular way 

6069
05:30:10,900 --> 05:30:13,300
of saying when things aren't 
arranged to her satisfaction, 

6070
05:30:13,300 --> 05:30:17,200
not quite disapproval, but, 
definitely disappointment that 

6071
05:30:17,200 --> 05:30:19,600
can ruin your entire morning. 
If you're not prepared for it, 

6072
05:30:19,600 --> 05:30:23,900
the children present their own 
unique challenges, Master 

6073
05:30:23,900 --> 05:30:26,400
Frederick, eight years old and 
convinced of his military 

6074
05:30:26,400 --> 05:30:29,500
greatness has transformed the 
third floor into his personal 

6075
05:30:29,500 --> 05:30:32,000
Battlefield. 
You've learned to clean around 

6076
05:30:32,000 --> 05:30:34,800
elaborate Arrangements of toy 
soldiers, knowing that 

6077
05:30:34,800 --> 05:30:37,700
disturbing his campaigns could 
result in the kind of tantrum. 

6078
05:30:37,700 --> 05:30:40,500
That brings his mother running 
and gets servants blamed for 

6079
05:30:40,500 --> 05:30:44,600
corrupting Young Minds. 
His sister, Miss Caroline is 12.

6080
05:30:44,600 --> 05:30:47,800
And as recently discovered the 
power of treating servants like 

6081
05:30:47,800 --> 05:30:51,100
her personal confidence, which 
is flattering Until you realize 

6082
05:30:51,100 --> 05:30:52,600
she's practicing her future 
role. 

6083
05:30:52,600 --> 05:30:55,600
As Mistress of her household, 
the guests are worth things get 

6084
05:30:55,600 --> 05:30:57,600
intriguing. 
Every visitor, brings their 

6085
05:30:57,600 --> 05:31:00,600
expectations, their servants, 
and their own way of treating 

6086
05:31:00,600 --> 05:31:03,300
the household staff. 
You've learned to read people 

6087
05:31:03,300 --> 05:31:05,700
quickly, some guests, treat you 
like Furniture. 

6088
05:31:05,700 --> 05:31:08,400
Others? 
Like family, pets and oppress, 

6089
05:31:08,400 --> 05:31:12,200
few like, actual human beings. 
Those who attempt to appear 

6090
05:31:12,200 --> 05:31:14,900
friendly yet, make it evident 
that they view you as a 

6091
05:31:14,908 --> 05:31:17,300
completely different species. 
Are the worst. 

6092
05:31:18,800 --> 05:31:21,800
Mrs. Fitzpatrick, lady 
ashworth's, sister, visits 

6093
05:31:21,800 --> 05:31:24,300
monthly and treats the servants 
Hall like her personal 

6094
05:31:24,300 --> 05:31:27,600
entertainment venue. 
She sweeps through asking 

6095
05:31:27,600 --> 05:31:30,300
intrusive questions about your 
personal life, while 

6096
05:31:30,300 --> 05:31:33,200
simultaneously rearranging 
everything, according to her own

6097
05:31:33,200 --> 05:31:36,700
preferences. 
Her ladies made Miss Prentiss 

6098
05:31:36,700 --> 05:31:40,300
apologizes constantly for her 
mistress's behavior, while 

6099
05:31:40,300 --> 05:31:42,400
somehow making it clear that she
considers herself. 

6100
05:31:42,400 --> 05:31:46,200
Superior to the permanent staff,
the dinner parties are where 

6101
05:31:46,200 --> 05:31:48,600
you're invisibility skills. 
Get their greatest work out. 

6102
05:31:49,500 --> 05:31:51,700
You've learned to move through 
the dining room, like a ghost. 

6103
05:31:51,700 --> 05:31:55,500
Refilling water glasses, and 
replacing horses while eight to 

6104
05:31:55,500 --> 05:31:56,800
12. 
People can conduct conversations

6105
05:31:56,800 --> 05:32:00,300
that range from fascinating to 
horrifying off often within the 

6106
05:32:00,300 --> 05:32:03,100
same sentence. 
The trick is to listen without 

6107
05:32:03,100 --> 05:32:06,000
appearing, to listen, to 
anticipate needs without seeming

6108
05:32:06,000 --> 05:32:08,100
to pay attention. 
And to remember everything 

6109
05:32:08,100 --> 05:32:10,400
while, pretending to forget it, 
all the moment, you leave the 

6110
05:32:10,400 --> 05:32:12,800
room. 
Overhearing conversations about 

6111
05:32:12,800 --> 05:32:15,100
politics finance and social 
scandals. 

6112
05:32:15,100 --> 05:32:16,900
That would make excellent 
gossip. 

6113
05:32:16,900 --> 05:32:19,600
If you could share them you've 
gained valuable insights. 

6114
05:32:20,300 --> 05:32:22,400
The family discusses their 
neighbor's Affairs, their 

6115
05:32:22,400 --> 05:32:25,300
business dealings, and their 
opinions about everything from 

6116
05:32:25,300 --> 05:32:28,600
the weather to the Empire all 
while servant's move around them

6117
05:32:28,600 --> 05:32:31,800
like, well trained spirits. 
It has provided you with an 

6118
05:32:31,800 --> 05:32:34,100
education in human nature that 
no school could match. 

6119
05:32:34,800 --> 05:32:37,200
The most challenging aspect of 
this Upstairs Downstairs. 

6120
05:32:37,200 --> 05:32:40,400
Existence is maintaining your 
sense of self while pretending 

6121
05:32:40,400 --> 05:32:44,000
to be invisible. you've learned 
to find moments of genuine 

6122
05:32:44,000 --> 05:32:47,300
connection with the family 
members, a shared joke with Miss

6123
05:32:47,300 --> 05:32:50,200
Carolyn, a moment of 
appreciation from Lady Ashworth,

6124
05:32:50,200 --> 05:32:53,200
when you've arranged her flowers
particularly well or not of 

6125
05:32:53,200 --> 05:32:55,700
approval from Lourdes, Ashworth,
when you've managed to clean his

6126
05:32:55,700 --> 05:33:00,000
study without disturbing his 
carefully, organized chaos, The 

6127
05:33:00,000 --> 05:33:02,400
house itself becomes a character
in this daily drama. 

6128
05:33:03,200 --> 05:33:05,100
Different rooms have different 
personalities. 

6129
05:33:05,100 --> 05:33:07,500
Different moods and different 
requirements. 

6130
05:33:07,500 --> 05:33:09,200
For how you're supposed to 
behave in them. 

6131
05:33:09,200 --> 05:33:12,800
The library demands quiet. 
Reverence the drawing room 

6132
05:33:12,800 --> 05:33:16,000
requires, careful, attention to 
every surface and the nurse 

6133
05:33:16,000 --> 05:33:17,800
needs. 
The kind of vigilance that comes

6134
05:33:17,800 --> 05:33:18,900
from. 
Knowing that children can 

6135
05:33:18,900 --> 05:33:22,100
destroy a perfectly clean room 
in the time, it takes to Blink 

6136
05:33:22,100 --> 05:33:24,500
cleaning of Victorian. 
Mansion is like being a 

6137
05:33:24,500 --> 05:33:26,500
detective, a chemist and an 
athlete. 

6138
05:33:26,500 --> 05:33:29,800
All rolled into one exhausting 
profession You've learned that 

6139
05:33:29,800 --> 05:33:34,300
every stain tells a story every 
surface has its personality and 

6140
05:33:34,300 --> 05:33:37,000
every cleaning solution has the 
potential to either save the day

6141
05:33:37,000 --> 05:33:39,600
or created disaster that follows
you for months. 

6142
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:42,600
The cleaning supplies in Mrs, 
hartwell's locked. 

6143
05:33:42,600 --> 05:33:45,400
Cupboard look like in greed's 
for either medicine or Mayhem, 

6144
05:33:45,400 --> 05:33:47,300
depending on your level of 
expertise. 

6145
05:33:48,400 --> 05:33:50,700
Mrs. Hartwell's locked. 
Cupboard contains a variety of 

6146
05:33:50,708 --> 05:33:53,900
cleaning supplies, including 
carbolic acid for the floors, 

6147
05:33:53,900 --> 05:33:57,200
vinegar for the windows. 
And a product known as monkey 

6148
05:33:57,200 --> 05:34:00,800
brand soap, which while 
purportedly effective on 

6149
05:34:00,800 --> 05:34:03,900
everything from brass to boots. 
Often leaves your hands feeling 

6150
05:34:03,900 --> 05:34:05,500
as if you've been handling 
sandpaper. 

6151
05:34:06,200 --> 05:34:08,500
You've developed a personal 
relationship with different 

6152
05:34:08,500 --> 05:34:11,000
types of dirt. 
There's the honest dirt that 

6153
05:34:11,000 --> 05:34:14,800
comes from daily living dust, 
mud the occasional spilled tea, 

6154
05:34:14,800 --> 05:34:17,400
which responds to 
straightforward cleaning methods

6155
05:34:17,400 --> 05:34:21,000
and doesn't hold grudges. 
Then there's the sneaky dirt 

6156
05:34:21,000 --> 05:34:24,500
that hides in corners and behind
Furniture waiting to embarrass 

6157
05:34:24,500 --> 05:34:26,600
you. 
When important guests, visit the

6158
05:34:26,600 --> 05:34:29,500
worst is the mysterious dirt 
that appears overnight on 

6159
05:34:29,500 --> 05:34:31,500
surfaces. 
You cleaned perfectly the day 

6160
05:34:31,500 --> 05:34:34,400
before which your convinced is 
either Supernatural or the 

6161
05:34:34,400 --> 05:34:36,800
result of some servant 
conspiracy you have not figured 

6162
05:34:36,800 --> 05:34:39,300
out yet. 
The weekly ritual of cleaning, 

6163
05:34:39,300 --> 05:34:41,300
the chandeliers requires the 
kind of Courage. 

6164
05:34:41,300 --> 05:34:44,300
Usually reserved for mounting 
climbing, you've mastered the 

6165
05:34:44,300 --> 05:34:46,400
art of dismantling. 
These Crystal monsters 

6166
05:34:46,400 --> 05:34:49,900
meticulously cleaning each 
individual Crystal with a 

6167
05:34:49,900 --> 05:34:52,400
solution that Mrs. Hartwell 
fervently Advocates, but 

6168
05:34:52,400 --> 05:34:55,800
withholds the recipe, The 
crystals have to be dried with 

6169
05:34:55,800 --> 05:34:59,200
specific cloths polished with 
particular movements and 

6170
05:34:59,200 --> 05:35:02,700
reassembled in exactly the right
order or they'll catch the Light

6171
05:35:02,700 --> 05:35:05,300
wrong. 
And everyone will notice carpet,

6172
05:35:05,300 --> 05:35:07,600
cleaning is where you've truly 
earned your stripes as a 

6173
05:35:07,608 --> 05:35:11,100
domestic Warrior. 
The dining room carpet which 

6174
05:35:11,100 --> 05:35:13,800
depicts some sort of hunting 
scene with more dire than you'd 

6175
05:35:13,800 --> 05:35:17,000
see in an actual Forest requires
weekly attention with a carpet 

6176
05:35:17,000 --> 05:35:19,400
beater, that's heavier than most
people's luggage. 

6177
05:35:19,400 --> 05:35:21,700
You've learned to read the 
carpets mood. 

6178
05:35:21,700 --> 05:35:25,100
Some weeks, it gives up its 
dirty easily other weeks. 

6179
05:35:25,100 --> 05:35:27,800
It clings to every spec like 
it's fighting for its life. 

6180
05:35:27,800 --> 05:35:30,800
The Silver Service is your 
Nemesis and your pride 

6181
05:35:30,800 --> 05:35:33,700
simultaneously. 
There are pieces in the butler's

6182
05:35:33,700 --> 05:35:36,600
Pantry that have been in the 
family for Generations, each 

6183
05:35:36,600 --> 05:35:39,200
with its own cleaning 
requirements, and its own way of

6184
05:35:39,208 --> 05:35:42,400
making you look incompetent. 
The tea service from Lourdes, 

6185
05:35:42,400 --> 05:35:44,200
Ashworth. 
Grandmother requires a special 

6186
05:35:44,200 --> 05:35:47,200
polish that has to be applied in
circular motions. 

6187
05:35:47,200 --> 05:35:51,300
Never straight lines and buffed 
to a shine that can blind 

6188
05:35:51,300 --> 05:35:55,000
unsuspecting footman. you've 
discovered that cleaning is 

6189
05:35:55,000 --> 05:35:58,300
really about understanding 
chemistry, even if nobody calls 

6190
05:35:58,300 --> 05:36:01,600
it that Different materials 
required, different approaches, 

6191
05:36:01,600 --> 05:36:04,000
different solutions, and 
different techniques. 

6192
05:36:04,000 --> 05:36:06,300
The marble in the entrance hall 
needs. 

6193
05:36:06,300 --> 05:36:08,300
Gentle treatment with specific 
soaps. 

6194
05:36:08,300 --> 05:36:11,500
While the wood paneling in the 
study requires oils that have 

6195
05:36:11,500 --> 05:36:14,500
been mixed according to recipes 
that are closely guarded family 

6196
05:36:14,500 --> 05:36:18,200
secrets, The laundry presents 
its own scientific challenges. 

6197
05:36:18,200 --> 05:36:22,300
You've learned to identify 
stains by sight smell and 

6198
05:36:22,300 --> 05:36:25,700
sometimes by the story behind 
them blood requires, cold water 

6199
05:36:25,700 --> 05:36:27,800
and salt. 
Why needs to be treated 

6200
05:36:27,800 --> 05:36:30,900
immediately with white wine? 
If you can get it a mysterious 

6201
05:36:30,900 --> 05:36:33,400
stains on the children's 
clothing, usually respond to a 

6202
05:36:33,400 --> 05:36:35,000
combination of prayer and 
whatever. 

6203
05:36:35,000 --> 05:36:38,200
Mrs, Pemberton recommends from 
her arsenal of kitchen remedies.

6204
05:36:39,000 --> 05:36:41,400
Your skills truly test. 
During the seasonal cleaning 

6205
05:36:41,400 --> 05:36:44,600
rituals sprinkling means taking 
apart every room. 

6206
05:36:44,600 --> 05:36:47,400
Cleaning surfaces that haven't 
seen attention since the 

6207
05:36:47,400 --> 05:36:50,400
previous year and discovering 
problems that have been hiding 

6208
05:36:50,400 --> 05:36:52,700
all winter. 
You've learned to approach these

6209
05:36:52,700 --> 05:36:55,700
marathons like a military 
campaign with careful planning, 

6210
05:36:55,700 --> 05:36:59,100
strategic Supply management. 
And the kind of determination 

6211
05:36:59,100 --> 05:37:01,300
that comes from. 
Knowing that failure means 

6212
05:37:01,300 --> 05:37:02,500
starting over from the 
beginning. 

6213
05:37:03,900 --> 05:37:06,700
The tools of your trade have 
become extensions of your body, 

6214
05:37:06,700 --> 05:37:10,000
you know, exactly how much 
pressure each brush can handle, 

6215
05:37:10,000 --> 05:37:13,600
which cloths work best on which 
surfaces and how to make a 

6216
05:37:13,608 --> 05:37:17,100
feather duster perform, like a 
Precision instrument. your hands

6217
05:37:17,100 --> 05:37:19,700
have developed, calluses and 
places that tell the story of 

6218
05:37:19,700 --> 05:37:23,100
your daily routine in your back 
as learned to bend and twist in 

6219
05:37:23,100 --> 05:37:26,700
ways that would impress can to 
the kitchen is the heart of the 

6220
05:37:26,700 --> 05:37:29,200
manner but it's a heart that 
beats with the rhythm of 

6221
05:37:29,200 --> 05:37:32,600
organized, chaos, military, 
precision, and the occasional 

6222
05:37:32,600 --> 05:37:35,700
minor explosion when someone 
forgets that the temperamental 

6223
05:37:35,700 --> 05:37:39,400
stove has a mind of its own, 
You've learned to navigate this 

6224
05:37:39,400 --> 05:37:42,400
color, Andre Battlefield with 
the skill of a diplomat and the 

6225
05:37:42,408 --> 05:37:46,600
reflexes of someone who has been
hit by flying pastry, once too 

6226
05:37:46,600 --> 05:37:49,100
often. 
Mrs. Pemberton governs. 

6227
05:37:49,100 --> 05:37:52,100
Her domain with a wooden spoon 
that has endured more use than 

6228
05:37:52,100 --> 05:37:55,400
most medieval weapons. 
Mrs. Pemberton is a cook who 

6229
05:37:55,400 --> 05:37:59,200
adeptly prepares a seven-course 
dinner for 12 guests managers. 

6230
05:37:59,200 --> 05:38:03,400
The daily meals for 23 servants,
monitors, dietary restrictions 

6231
05:38:03,400 --> 05:38:06,100
that fluctuate with the weather 
and maintains a constant 

6232
05:38:06,100 --> 05:38:08,500
commentary on the moral failings
of anyone who has ever 

6233
05:38:08,500 --> 05:38:11,600
questioned her gravy. 
The kitchen follows a schedule 

6234
05:38:11,600 --> 05:38:13,900
that would leave Railway 
conductors feeling envious 

6235
05:38:13,900 --> 05:38:17,100
breakfast. 
Preparation begins at 4:30 with 

6236
05:38:17,100 --> 05:38:19,700
the great stove being coaxed to 
life, like a temperamental 

6237
05:38:19,700 --> 05:38:23,500
dragon that requires specific 
rituals to avoid breathing fire 

6238
05:38:23,500 --> 05:38:26,600
in the wrong direction. 
The bread has to rise at 

6239
05:38:26,600 --> 05:38:30,000
precisely the right temperature,
the porridge must be stirred in 

6240
05:38:30,008 --> 05:38:33,200
a particular pattern to avoid 
lumps and the bacon requires the

6241
05:38:33,200 --> 05:38:35,400
kind of attention. 
Usually reserved for diplomatic 

6242
05:38:35,400 --> 05:38:39,000
negotiations, you've learned to 
read the kitchen's, moods like a

6243
05:38:39,000 --> 05:38:42,700
weather forecaster When Mrs, 
Pemberton starts humming while 

6244
05:38:42,700 --> 05:38:45,800
she needs bread. 
It's going to be a good day. 

6245
05:38:46,700 --> 05:38:49,300
When she begins muttering about 
ungrateful, families and 

6246
05:38:49,300 --> 05:38:51,400
servants. 
Who don't appreciate proper 

6247
05:38:51,400 --> 05:38:54,000
cooking. 
It's time to become very useful.

6248
05:38:54,000 --> 05:38:57,800
Very quietly and very far from 
her line of sight. 

6249
05:38:58,700 --> 05:39:01,300
When she starts banging pots 
louder than necessary. 

6250
05:39:01,300 --> 05:39:04,700
Everyone knows to work faster 
and speak less. 

6251
05:39:06,100 --> 05:39:09,300
The scullery maid, poor. 
Sarah lives in a world of 

6252
05:39:09,300 --> 05:39:13,100
endless dishes where every meal 
creates a mountain of plates 

6253
05:39:13,100 --> 05:39:16,600
glasses and serving pieces that 
need to be washed, dried and put

6254
05:39:16,600 --> 05:39:18,900
away before the next meal Begins
the cycle again. 

6255
05:39:19,900 --> 05:39:22,300
She's developed arms that could 
probably arm wrestle, most of 

6256
05:39:22,300 --> 05:39:25,200
the footmen and a philosophical 
approach to dishwater that 

6257
05:39:25,200 --> 05:39:28,700
borders on the mystical. 
Her domain is the enormous sink,

6258
05:39:28,700 --> 05:39:32,000
a porcelain monster that could 
probably bathe the small horse. 

6259
05:39:32,000 --> 05:39:35,400
And she approaches each load of 
dishes, like a general, planning

6260
05:39:35,400 --> 05:39:37,900
a campaign. 
The preparation of meals for 

6261
05:39:37,900 --> 05:39:41,500
upstairs is a performance that 
requires choreography timing and

6262
05:39:41,500 --> 05:39:43,800
the kind of attention to detail 
that would impress Swiss 

6263
05:39:43,800 --> 05:39:45,900
watchmakers. 
Every plate. 

6264
05:39:45,900 --> 05:39:48,800
Must be warmed to the exact 
temperature, every garnish 

6265
05:39:48,800 --> 05:39:52,400
placed with artistic precision. 
And every course, time to arrive

6266
05:39:52,400 --> 05:39:55,100
at the dining room, exactly, 
when the family is ready for it.

6267
05:39:55,800 --> 05:39:58,200
You've learned to move through 
this ballet, without disrupting 

6268
05:39:58,200 --> 05:40:00,900
the flow, carrying messages 
between the kitchen and the 

6269
05:40:00,900 --> 05:40:04,300
dining room adjusting plans. 
When last minute guests arrive 

6270
05:40:04,300 --> 05:40:07,100
and somehow managing to be 
helpful without getting in the 

6271
05:40:07,100 --> 05:40:11,700
way, The servants meals, present
their challenges, we need to 

6272
05:40:11,700 --> 05:40:15,300
feed 23 people substantial, 
satisfying food that is 

6273
05:40:15,308 --> 05:40:18,700
efficient to prepare and doesn't
require the same ingredients as 

6274
05:40:18,700 --> 05:40:21,900
the family's meals. 
Mrs. Pemberton has mastered. 

6275
05:40:21,900 --> 05:40:25,400
The skill of maximizing, the use
of ingredients resulting in 

6276
05:40:25,408 --> 05:40:29,000
meals, that not only economical,
but also delicious, despite her 

6277
05:40:29,000 --> 05:40:31,000
reluctance to acknowledge their 
deliciousness. 

6278
05:40:32,300 --> 05:40:35,200
The weekly delivery of supplies 
turns the kitchen into a small 

6279
05:40:35,200 --> 05:40:37,900
version of a Marketplace, 
Tradesmen arrived with 

6280
05:40:37,908 --> 05:40:40,000
vegetables, meat Dairy, and Dry 
Goods. 

6281
05:40:40,000 --> 05:40:43,400
A Mrs, Pemberton inspects. 
Everything with the critical eye

6282
05:40:43,400 --> 05:40:45,700
of someone who's been fooled by 
wilted lettuce. 

6283
05:40:45,700 --> 05:40:49,600
Exactly. 
Once and learned her lesson, She

6284
05:40:49,600 --> 05:40:53,000
haggles over prices. 
Rejects inferior products and 

6285
05:40:53,000 --> 05:40:55,700
somehow, manages to maintain 
relationships with suppliers 

6286
05:40:55,700 --> 05:40:58,600
that ensure the manor gets the 
best of everything while staying

6287
05:40:58,600 --> 05:41:01,400
within budget. 
The kitchen gossip network is 

6288
05:41:01,400 --> 05:41:05,000
more efficient than the Postal 
Service information travels from

6289
05:41:05,000 --> 05:41:07,400
the tradesman's entrance to the 
servants Hall faster than 

6290
05:41:07,400 --> 05:41:10,700
steamed from a kettle and Mrs. 
Pemberton somehow knows about 

6291
05:41:10,700 --> 05:41:12,300
neighborhood scandals before 
they happen. 

6292
05:41:12,300 --> 05:41:16,200
She dispenses wisdom about 
everything from unreliable 

6293
05:41:16,200 --> 05:41:19,500
butchers to unsuitable 
marriages, all while stirring 

6294
05:41:19,500 --> 05:41:22,100
sources and timing roasts with 
the Precision of a master 

6295
05:41:22,100 --> 05:41:25,000
conductor. 
The kitchen reveals its true 

6296
05:41:25,000 --> 05:41:26,700
character during the evening, 
clean up. 

6297
05:41:26,700 --> 05:41:30,400
After a day of constant 
activity, the great room needs 

6298
05:41:30,400 --> 05:41:33,200
to be restored to perfect order 
for the next days battles. 

6299
05:41:33,200 --> 05:41:37,100
Every surface must be scrubbed 
every pot cleaned and put away. 

6300
05:41:37,100 --> 05:41:40,300
And the stove, banked for the 
night like a faithful pet being 

6301
05:41:40,300 --> 05:41:43,600
tucked into bed. 
It's during These Quiet Moments 

6302
05:41:43,600 --> 05:41:46,800
that you appreciate the 
kitchen's warmth, both literal 

6303
05:41:46,800 --> 05:41:50,400
and metaphorical and understand 
why it's considered the heart of

6304
05:41:50,408 --> 05:41:54,200
the entire household living in a
Victorian Mansion also makes you

6305
05:41:54,200 --> 05:41:57,600
an unwilling keeper of family 
secrets neighborhood, gossip and

6306
05:41:57,600 --> 05:42:00,500
blackmail material, which you 
would never do, because that 

6307
05:42:00,500 --> 05:42:02,500
would be wrong, and you need 
this job. 

6308
05:42:03,500 --> 05:42:06,200
The servants Hall after dinner 
is where information flows like 

6309
05:42:06,200 --> 05:42:08,400
tea from a pot. 
Sometimes bitter. 

6310
05:42:08,400 --> 05:42:10,500
Sometimes. 
Sweet always hot. 

6311
05:42:11,300 --> 05:42:13,600
You've learned to listen 
carefully and speak cautiously 

6312
05:42:13,600 --> 05:42:17,500
because gossip is currently in 
the servant world and spending 

6313
05:42:17,500 --> 05:42:19,800
it unwisely can leave you 
socially bankrupt. 

6314
05:42:20,400 --> 05:42:23,600
The trick is knowing which 
stories are safe to share, which

6315
05:42:23,600 --> 05:42:26,900
ones are too dangerous to repeat
and which ones are so delicious 

6316
05:42:26,900 --> 05:42:29,700
that keeping them secret. 
Feels like a physical sacrifice.

6317
05:42:30,700 --> 05:42:32,800
Martha. 
The senior housemaid has been 

6318
05:42:32,800 --> 05:42:36,000
with the family for 15 years and
knows everything about everyone.

6319
05:42:36,800 --> 05:42:39,300
She possesses an extensive 
knowledge of scandals. 

6320
05:42:39,300 --> 05:42:42,800
Ranging from Lourdes ashworth's,
youthful gambling, debts to the 

6321
05:42:42,800 --> 05:42:46,100
reasons behind lady Ashworth. 
Sisters exclusion from Christmas

6322
05:42:46,100 --> 05:42:48,600
dinner. 
Martha dispenses this 

6323
05:42:48,600 --> 05:42:51,600
information like a careful 
pharmacist giving you just 

6324
05:42:51,600 --> 05:42:55,300
enough to satisfy your curiosity
without providing enough to get 

6325
05:42:55,300 --> 05:42:58,200
you into trouble. 
The most fascinating discoveries

6326
05:42:58,200 --> 05:43:00,500
come from cleaning, the family's
private spaces. 

6327
05:43:00,500 --> 05:43:04,200
You've mastered the art of 
interpreting Clues such as the 

6328
05:43:04,200 --> 05:43:06,200
hastily hidden. 
Letters upon entering a room, 

6329
05:43:06,208 --> 05:43:09,100
the abrupt Holtz and 
conversations when servants 

6330
05:43:09,100 --> 05:43:11,400
arrived. 
And the poignant glances shared 

6331
05:43:11,400 --> 05:43:14,000
among family members that reveal
intricate details about 

6332
05:43:14,000 --> 05:43:16,500
situations, you're not expected 
to comprehend. 

6333
05:43:17,600 --> 05:43:19,900
The art is in appearing 
oblivious while actually being 

6334
05:43:19,900 --> 05:43:22,900
quite observant and in 
remembering everything while 

6335
05:43:22,900 --> 05:43:25,900
pretending to forget it. 
All the guest rooms, hold a 

6336
05:43:25,900 --> 05:43:28,400
wealth of information about the 
family social connections. 

6337
05:43:28,400 --> 05:43:31,600
You've learned to deduce entire 
stories from the contents of 

6338
05:43:31,600 --> 05:43:33,700
visitors. 
Luggage, their correspondents, 

6339
05:43:33,700 --> 05:43:35,800
and their requests for specific 
services. 

6340
05:43:36,800 --> 05:43:40,200
Colonel Weatherby who visits 
quarterly always bring his soap 

6341
05:43:40,200 --> 05:43:43,500
and request extra towels which 
suggests either fastidious 

6342
05:43:43,500 --> 05:43:46,000
hygiene or something more 
interesting that you're not 

6343
05:43:46,008 --> 05:43:49,700
supposed to think about? 
Mrs. Vanderbilt always travels 

6344
05:43:49,700 --> 05:43:52,100
with her sheets and insists on 
having her tea prepared with 

6345
05:43:52,100 --> 05:43:53,800
water. 
That's been boiled, exactly 

6346
05:43:53,800 --> 05:43:56,000
twice. 
Which tells you something about 

6347
05:43:56,000 --> 05:43:59,100
either her standards or her 
superstitions, The most 

6348
05:43:59,108 --> 05:44:01,800
dangerous secrets are the ones 
that involve the family's 

6349
05:44:01,800 --> 05:44:03,800
finances. 
You've overheard enough 

6350
05:44:03,800 --> 05:44:06,000
conversations to understand that
the manners. 

6351
05:44:06,000 --> 05:44:09,500
Magnificent appearance might not
reflect the actual state of the 

6352
05:44:09,500 --> 05:44:12,300
family's resources. 
There are whispered discussions 

6353
05:44:12,300 --> 05:44:15,300
about mortgages Investments and 
the need to make certain 

6354
05:44:15,300 --> 05:44:18,600
economies that must never be 
apparent to visitors this 

6355
05:44:18,600 --> 05:44:22,200
knowledge lingers in your mind 
to significant to overlook yet 

6356
05:44:22,200 --> 05:44:25,700
to perilous to divulge. 
The Romantic entanglements of 

6357
05:44:25,708 --> 05:44:28,500
the family, provide endless 
entertainment for the servants 

6358
05:44:28,500 --> 05:44:31,500
Hall. 
Everyone is eagerly anticipating

6359
05:44:31,500 --> 05:44:33,300
the moment. 
When miscarried lines parents 

6360
05:44:33,300 --> 05:44:35,500
will notice her obvious 
infatuation with the young 

6361
05:44:35,500 --> 05:44:38,400
curate, who is visiting to 
discuss her charitable work. 

6362
05:44:39,700 --> 05:44:42,300
Master Fredrick's current 
obsession with military history.

6363
05:44:42,300 --> 05:44:46,300
Seems to be connected to his 
desire to impress Ms. Julia the 

6364
05:44:46,300 --> 05:44:49,800
daughter of a visiting general, 
which is a adorable Until you 

6365
05:44:49,800 --> 05:44:52,600
realize that eight year old 
romantic strategies involving 

6366
05:44:52,600 --> 05:44:55,500
increasingly, elaborate displays
of toy soldier expertise, 

6367
05:44:56,600 --> 05:44:59,400
Observing the relationship 
between Lord and Lady Ashworth 

6368
05:44:59,400 --> 05:45:01,700
from the unique perspective of 
someone who maintains their 

6369
05:45:01,700 --> 05:45:03,900
private spaces. 
As a fascinating study in 

6370
05:45:03,900 --> 05:45:07,100
Victorian marriage, they 
maintain the perfect facade of 

6371
05:45:07,100 --> 05:45:10,000
domestic Harmony and public. 
But you've learned to read the 

6372
05:45:10,000 --> 05:45:13,700
subtle signs of tension separate
bedrooms During certain weeks 

6373
05:45:13,700 --> 05:45:16,300
conversations that are too 
polite to be natural. 

6374
05:45:16,300 --> 05:45:19,100
And the way they sometimes 
communicate through servants 

6375
05:45:19,100 --> 05:45:20,600
rather than directly to each 
other. 

6376
05:45:21,400 --> 05:45:24,000
The most unexpected secrets are 
the ones that reveal the 

6377
05:45:24,008 --> 05:45:26,800
family's Humanity. 
You've discovered that Lord 

6378
05:45:26,800 --> 05:45:30,100
Ashworth writes poetry which he 
hides in his desk drawer like 

6379
05:45:30,100 --> 05:45:31,600
its evidence of criminal 
activity. 

6380
05:45:32,500 --> 05:45:35,100
Lady Ashworth. 
Discreetly transfers funds to 

6381
05:45:35,100 --> 05:45:37,700
her former governors who is 
struggling financially. 

6382
05:45:38,400 --> 05:45:40,600
Master Fredericks sleeps with a 
stuffed elephant. 

6383
05:45:40,600 --> 05:45:44,100
He's had since infancy a 
miscarried keeps a diary locked 

6384
05:45:44,100 --> 05:45:46,900
in a box, you would never dream 
of opening, even though, you 

6385
05:45:46,900 --> 05:45:50,300
know exactly where she hides the
key, the neighborhood scandals 

6386
05:45:50,300 --> 05:45:52,900
that filter through the servants
Network are like chapters in a 

6387
05:45:52,900 --> 05:45:55,700
novel That Never Ends. 
There's the ongoing mystery of 

6388
05:45:55,700 --> 05:45:57,300
why the Pemberton family down 
the road. 

6389
05:45:57,300 --> 05:45:59,600
Suddenly dismissed their entire 
staff last month. 

6390
05:45:59,600 --> 05:46:02,800
The speculation about whether 
Mr. Harrington's new wife is 

6391
05:46:02,800 --> 05:46:05,700
actually as young as she claims 
to be and the delicious 

6392
05:46:05,700 --> 05:46:08,300
controversy surrounding the 
Methodist ministers daughter. 

6393
05:46:08,300 --> 05:46:11,300
Whose been seen walking on 
chaperone with the young man 

6394
05:46:11,300 --> 05:46:14,400
whose definitely not from a 
suitable family after 18 months 

6395
05:46:14,400 --> 05:46:17,100
in service, you've learned that 
life in a Victorian Mansion is 

6396
05:46:17,100 --> 05:46:20,000
built on Rhythm. 
The daily beater of routine that

6397
05:46:20,000 --> 05:46:23,000
keeps everything functioning 
punctuated by moments of 

6398
05:46:23,000 --> 05:46:26,000
unexpected magic that make all 
the hard work worth while. 

6399
05:46:26,700 --> 05:46:29,700
Your days of developed, a 
musical quality each task 

6400
05:46:29,700 --> 05:46:32,700
flowing into the next with the 
kind of precision that comes 

6401
05:46:32,700 --> 05:46:35,800
from repetition and the 
knowledge that 22 other people 

6402
05:46:35,800 --> 05:46:38,200
depend on, you doing your part 
perfectly. 

6403
05:46:39,500 --> 05:46:41,700
Changing seasons. 
Bring different rhythms to the 

6404
05:46:41,700 --> 05:46:44,200
manner. 
Spring means opening Windows 

6405
05:46:44,200 --> 05:46:45,900
that have been sealed against 
Winter's. 

6406
05:46:45,900 --> 05:46:49,300
Cold beating rugs, that have 
collected months of fireplace 

6407
05:46:49,300 --> 05:46:52,000
smoke and the general 
resurrection of a house that's 

6408
05:46:52,000 --> 05:46:55,000
been hibernating. 
Summer brings Garden parties 

6409
05:46:55,000 --> 05:46:58,200
house guests and the challenge 
of keeping cool in rooms that 

6410
05:46:58,200 --> 05:47:01,300
face the afternoon sun. 
Autumn means preparing for 

6411
05:47:01,300 --> 05:47:05,000
winter Siege preserving food and
The Melancholy beauty of 

6412
05:47:05,000 --> 05:47:07,800
watching The Grounds transformed
into a landscape painting. 

6413
05:47:08,900 --> 05:47:13,000
Winter brings the Cozy, intimacy
of smaller warmer spaces, the 

6414
05:47:13,000 --> 05:47:16,700
constant, tending of fires and 
the satisfaction of keeping a 

6415
05:47:16,700 --> 05:47:19,600
large house comfortable. 
When Nature is doing its best to

6416
05:47:19,600 --> 05:47:22,900
freeze everything solid You've 
learned to find beauty in the 

6417
05:47:22,908 --> 05:47:26,000
most mundane tasks. 
There's something almost 

6418
05:47:26,000 --> 05:47:28,600
meditative about polishing 
silver until it reflects your 

6419
05:47:28,608 --> 05:47:31,500
face with perfect clarity or 
arranging flowers. 

6420
05:47:31,500 --> 05:47:34,100
In a way that makes an ordinary 
room feel like a scene from a 

6421
05:47:34,100 --> 05:47:36,600
fairy tale. 
The repetitive nature of your 

6422
05:47:36,600 --> 05:47:38,100
work. 
Has taught you to appreciate 

6423
05:47:38,100 --> 05:47:41,700
small improvements, tiny 
victories and the satisfaction 

6424
05:47:41,700 --> 05:47:45,300
that comes from doing something.
Well, even when nobody notices, 

6425
05:47:46,400 --> 05:47:49,100
the family has grown from 
distant figures to real people 

6426
05:47:49,100 --> 05:47:52,500
with quirks habits and 
personalities that you've 

6427
05:47:52,500 --> 05:47:56,100
learned to accommodate and even 
appreciate Lord ashworth's 

6428
05:47:56,100 --> 05:47:58,800
absent-minded Professor 
tendencies mean you never move 

6429
05:47:58,800 --> 05:48:01,800
anything on his desk even when 
it's been sitting in the same 

6430
05:48:01,800 --> 05:48:04,600
spot for months. 
Lady Ashworth. 

6431
05:48:04,600 --> 05:48:07,000
Perfectionist streak has taught 
you to anticipate problems 

6432
05:48:07,000 --> 05:48:10,600
before they occur. 
And to take pride in exceeding 

6433
05:48:10,600 --> 05:48:14,000
expectations, the children have 
shown you that growing up in 

6434
05:48:14,000 --> 05:48:16,000
privileged. 
Doesn't necessarily mean growing

6435
05:48:16,000 --> 05:48:19,000
up without challenges and that 
being wealthy doesn't protect 

6436
05:48:19,000 --> 05:48:21,000
you from the universal 
experience of childhood 

6437
05:48:21,000 --> 05:48:24,800
confusion and the need for 
kindness your fellow servants 

6438
05:48:24,800 --> 05:48:28,300
have become the family, you 
never expected to find Martha's 

6439
05:48:28,300 --> 05:48:31,100
tough exterior, conceals a heart
Shattered by numerous 

6440
05:48:31,100 --> 05:48:33,500
disappointments yet. 
She's the first to extend 

6441
05:48:33,500 --> 05:48:37,100
assistance when you're in need 
Mrs. Pemberton's persistent 

6442
05:48:37,100 --> 05:48:40,800
complaints about ungrateful. 
People concealer profound joy 

6443
05:48:40,800 --> 05:48:43,300
and providing nutritious food 
and maintaining their health, 

6444
05:48:43,300 --> 05:48:47,300
even Mr. Whitmore with his 
intimidating, dignity has shown 

6445
05:48:47,300 --> 05:48:50,100
moments of unexpected humor, and
surprise, and kindness. 

6446
05:48:51,000 --> 05:48:53,800
The skills you've developed in 
service of changed you in ways, 

6447
05:48:53,800 --> 05:48:57,300
you didn't anticipate, your 
hands of become capable of 

6448
05:48:57,300 --> 05:48:59,700
delicate work. 
That would have been impossible,

6449
05:48:59,700 --> 05:49:02,700
18 months ago. 
Your back has grown stronger 

6450
05:49:02,700 --> 05:49:06,100
from all the bending and lifting
your mind has become more 

6451
05:49:06,100 --> 05:49:09,600
organized, more efficient and 
better at solving problems 

6452
05:49:09,600 --> 05:49:12,100
quickly. 
You've learned to read people's 

6453
05:49:12,100 --> 05:49:16,300
moods to anticipate needs and to
provide Comfort without being 

6454
05:49:16,300 --> 05:49:19,000
asked. 
The most surprising discovery is

6455
05:49:19,008 --> 05:49:22,300
how much you've learned about 
yourself living in service is 

6456
05:49:22,300 --> 05:49:24,900
taught, you resilience patience 
and the value of work. 

6457
05:49:24,900 --> 05:49:26,900
Well, done. 
You've learned that you can 

6458
05:49:26,900 --> 05:49:30,600
adapt unexpected situations that
you can do more than you thought

6459
05:49:30,600 --> 05:49:33,300
and that dignity isn't based on 
social status. 

6460
05:49:34,300 --> 05:49:37,100
The future stretches ahead with 
possibilities. 

6461
05:49:37,100 --> 05:49:38,400
You're still learning to 
imagine. 

6462
05:49:39,100 --> 05:49:42,600
Some servants spend their entire
careers in service Rising 

6463
05:49:42,600 --> 05:49:45,100
through the ranks to positions 
of respect and responsibility. 

6464
05:49:46,200 --> 05:49:48,800
Others, save their wages and 
eventually establish their 

6465
05:49:48,800 --> 05:49:51,800
households, a few marry and 
leave service altogether, 

6466
05:49:51,800 --> 05:49:54,200
carrying their skills into 
different lives. 

6467
05:49:54,200 --> 05:49:58,000
You haven't decided which path 
you'll take, but you've learned 

6468
05:49:58,000 --> 05:50:02,800
that having choices is a luxury,
your grateful for As you settle 

6469
05:50:02,800 --> 05:50:06,300
into your narrow bed, at the end
of another long day, listening 

6470
05:50:06,300 --> 05:50:08,700
to Sarah, Murray about her, 
sweet heart, and Emma's, 

6471
05:50:08,700 --> 05:50:11,300
reliable snores. 
You realize that this life 

6472
05:50:11,300 --> 05:50:15,700
you've built in service is more 
than just a job to community and

6473
05:50:15,700 --> 05:50:18,400
education and a foundation for 
whatever comes next. 

6474
05:50:19,400 --> 05:50:22,800
The manor house sleeps around 
you peaceful and secure and you 

6475
05:50:22,808 --> 05:50:25,400
drift off, knowing that tomorrow
will bring the same rhythm of 

6476
05:50:25,400 --> 05:50:27,700
routine and the same possibility
of small Magic. 

6477
05:50:28,800 --> 05:50:31,400
The last thing you hear before 
sleep takes you is the 

6478
05:50:31,400 --> 05:50:34,500
grandfather clock in the 
entrance hall chiming the hours 

6479
05:50:34,500 --> 05:50:37,900
with the same steady reliability
that has marked your days since 

6480
05:50:37,900 --> 05:50:41,300
you arrived. 
It's a comforting sound, a 

6481
05:50:41,300 --> 05:50:44,200
reminder that some things endure
and that your part in keeping 

6482
05:50:44,200 --> 05:50:47,100
this small world, functioning 
matters more than you might 

6483
05:50:47,100 --> 05:50:48,600
have. 
Thought when you first climb 

6484
05:50:48,600 --> 05:50:51,500
those steep servant stairs with 
your single bag of possessions 

6485
05:50:51,500 --> 05:50:55,800
and a Heart full of uncertainty.
Your life in service has taught 

6486
05:50:55,800 --> 05:50:57,600
you, that home isn't always the 
place. 

6487
05:50:57,600 --> 05:50:59,600
You're born and family isn't 
always the people. 

6488
05:50:59,600 --> 05:51:03,000
You share blood with. 
Sometimes home is a narrow bed 

6489
05:51:03,000 --> 05:51:05,700
under sloped ceilings and 
families, the people who know 

6490
05:51:05,700 --> 05:51:09,200
exactly how you like your tea 
and never forget to save you the

6491
05:51:09,200 --> 05:51:11,400
last slice of Mrs. Pemberton's 
apple tart.