A Quiet History of Smoke | How Ancient People Found Calm in the Air | Boring History For Sleep

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Hello my history Buffs and 
lovers of History. 

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You have finally made it to the 
end of the day. 

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So why don't we become comfy? 
And let me tell you a story here

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tonight. 
It's about something so simple 

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yet. 
So profound Thin wisps of smoke 

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that have carried human hopes 
prayers and moments of peace 

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across thousands of years. 
This is a story told in curling 

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tendrils and fragrant are in The
Quiet Moments when our ancestors

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discovered that sometimes the 
most powerful medicine comes not

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from what you swallow. 
But from what you breathe. 

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If you're new here joining, the 
community is super quick and 

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easy. 
Just tap subscribe and like the 

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video. 
And let me know where in the 

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world, you're watching from and 
what time it is for you. 

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Now, find your comfy spot for 
sleeping, and let's begin. 

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Imagine you're sitting around 
Humanity's first control, fire 

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may be 400,000 years ago, give 
or take a few millennia. 

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You're not quite a modern human 
yet, your brow Ridge is more 

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pronounced, your posture 
slightly different, but your 

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brain is asking the same 
questions humans. 

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Still asked today, what is this?
How does it work and most 

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importantly, how can I use this 
to make my life better? 

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The fire itself was already 
miraculous enough. 

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Your ancestors had watched 
lightning strikes for 

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generations and seen the 
devastating and cleansing power 

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of wildfire. 
But now, now they could carry 

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this Elemental force in their 
hands feed. 

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It control it and make it dance 
to human rhythms. 

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The warmth alone would have been
revolutionary transforming caves

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from Cold Stone Chambers into 
something approaching homes but 

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then something unexpected 
happened. 

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Someone, let's call her the 
world's first accidental Aroma 

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therapist through some Greenwood
onto the fire, maybe it was wet 

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Sage or pine boughs or some 
resinous branch that hadn't 

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dried properly. 
Smoke that Rose wasn't. 

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The usual grey plume. 
This smoke was thick and 

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aromatic and when it drifted 
past someone's face, something 

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changed. 
You have to understand that 

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these early humans had no 
context for what we'd call 

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relaxation, or stress relief. 
Life was an endless cycle of 

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hunting Gathering voiding 
predators, and trying not to die

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from infected wounds or bad 
weather. 

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Concept of deliberately calming 
yourself would have seemed as 

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alien as quantum physics. but 
when that fragrance smoke passed

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by muscles, that had been tense 
for days, suddenly loosened, 

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Minds that had been vigilantly 
scanning for danger found 

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themselves drifting into 
something approaching piece. 

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It probably took generations to 
connect the dots. 

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Fire Plus certain plants equals 
feeling different. 

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But humans are pattern 
recognition machines. 

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And eventually someone noticed 
that burning Juniper made the 

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cave. 
Smell clean and left people 

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feeling lighter. 
Burning certain resins made 

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everyone drowsy and content. 
Burning others seem to sharpen 

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the mind or lift the spirits. 
These early experiments worked 

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in down writing, wouldn't be 
invented for 100s of thousands 

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of years, but they were passed 
down through demonstration and 

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experience. 
The knowledge became embedded in

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human culture. 
So deeply that, by the time we 

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invented writings smoking, 
various substances for various 

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effects, was already an ancient 
practice. 

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The interesting thing is that 
this discovery was almost 

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certainly made independently in 
dozens of different locations 

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around the world humans in 
Africa, Asia Europe. 

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And eventually the Americas all 
figured out that smoke could be 

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more than just a byproduct of 
fire. 

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It could be a tool, a medicine, 
a pathway to Altered States Of 

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Consciousness, or simply a 
moment of relief in otherwise 

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Relentless lives. 
Consider the sensory experience 

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for these early humans. 
They lived in a world that was 

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simultaneously more Vivid and 
more limited than ours. 

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No, artificial lights. 
Meant that fire was the only 

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thing holding back. 
Absolute Darkness. 

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No processed foods meant every 
meal was an adventure in Wild 

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flavors, and no air pollution 
meant that the smell of burning 

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herbs, was a profound departure 
from the normal sense of Earth 

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animals and unwashed humans when
aromatic Smoke Filled a cave, it

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transformed the space entirely. 
The flickering firelight would 

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make the smoke visible as it 
Rose and swirled creating 

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patterns that human eyes evolved
to spot predators, and prey 

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couldn't help, but follow, The 
smell would announce itself 

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immediately, overwhelming the 
caves normal odors with 

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something intentional and 
controlled and The Taste, 

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because smell and taste are 
intimately. 

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Connected would Linger on the 
tongue. 

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A reminder, that this moment was
different from normal moments. 

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Some of these early smoke 
experiments probably went badly,

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Certain plants when burned 
produced toxic fumes that caused

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nausea headaches or worse. 
There must have been countless 

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trial and error incidents that 
ended with everyone, stumbling 

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out of a cave. 
Gasping for fresh air and 

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wondering why their ancestors 
had recommended burning that 

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particular plant. 
But The successes those plants 

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that produced Pleasant calming 
or Consciousness altering smoke.

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Those got remembered and 
repeated by the time humans were

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anatomically modern roughly 
300,000 years ago, the knowledge

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of smoke and its effects was 
already an established part of 

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human culture. 
Archaeological evidence shows 

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that even neanderthals are close
cousins who died out around 

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40,000 years ago. 
Used aromatic plants 

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deliberately We found traces of 
medicinal herbs in their teeth. 

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Suggesting they were either 
eating them or breathing their 

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smoke for theraputic purposes. 
This wasnt Superstition or 

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primitive ignorance. 
These early humans were 

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conducting empirical experiments
with their own consciousness. 

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Discovering that certain 
substances could rely produce 

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specific effects. 
They were in their way, the 

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world's first farmer colleges 
working without Laboratories or 

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double blind studies. 
But with a deep intuitive, 

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understanding of how plants and 
human bodies intact, the smoke 

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itself became a teacher Watch 
how it rises always seeking the 

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sky. 
Never moving straight, but 

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dancing in response to air 
currents, too subtle for human 

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senses to detect. 
See how it gathers along. 

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The cave ceiling creating a 
visible layer between Earth and 

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Stone. 
Notice how it clings to hair and

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clothing. 
Marking those who sat closest to

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the fire with a lingering 
reminder of the experience. 

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These observations would later 
become metaphors and spiritual 

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Concepts Smoke Rises like 
prayers. 

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Smoke connects, Earth to Sky. 
Smoke transforms. 

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Solid matter into something 
ethereal and temporary. 

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But before the metaphors came, 
the simple physical reality, 

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burning certain things, produces
smoke that makes you feel 

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different and feeling different 
can be exactly what you need. 

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Fast forward, several hundred 
thousand years humans have 

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invented, agriculture built 
cities developed, writing 

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systems, and created the first 
civilization where now in the 

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ancient world of temples and 
Priests of organized, religion 

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and institutionalized ritual and
smoke. 

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Our old friend, from the cave, 
has become absolutely Central to

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how humans interact with the 
Divine picture yourself in 

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ancient Egyptian temple around 
2000, BCE you've been awake 

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since before, Dawn preparing for
Ceremony, that will honor the 

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gods and hopefully secure Their 
Blessings for the coming 

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Harvest. 
The template itself is a Marvel.

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Massive stone, columns, carved 
with hieroglyphs painted in 

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colors that would seem garish by
modern standards, but that 

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Shimmer beautifully and 
Lamplight. 

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But what hits you first before 
you even enter the inner 

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Sanctuary is the smell Incense 
has been burning in this Temple 

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for hours, maybe days, the 
priests know that the Sacred 

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Space must be properly prepared,
and preparation means filling 

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the air with fragrance. 
So thick you can almost see it 

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the ancient Egyptians took their
incense seriously and by 

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seriously I mean they built an 
entire economic system around 

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it. 
They imported frankincense and 

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myrrh from the mysterious Land 
of Punt. 

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Probably modern Somalia, or 
Yemen, paying enormous sums for 

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resins that were literally worth
their weight in gold. 

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Famous reliefs at Dale bihari 
show, Queen hatshepsut's 

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expedition to punt, bringing 
back, living my trees like 

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Botanical trophies, why this 
obsession with aromatic smoke. 

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The Practical answer is that 
temples were located in hot 

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climates filled with animal 
sacrifices and attended by 

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crowds of people who bathed less
frequently than we do. 

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Incense was among other things, 
the ancient world's most 

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sophisticated air freshener, but
that's only part of the story. 

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The Egyptians believed that 
fragrant smoke was literally 

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food for the Gods. when they 
burned incense before a statue 

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of RA or Osiris, they weren't 
just creating a pleasant 

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atmosphere, they were providing 
sustenance to Divine beings who 

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existed in a realm, Beyond human
senses, The smoke rising from 

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the sensor was a bridge between 
worlds carrying prayers and 

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offerings to places humans 
couldn't reach. the physical 

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effect of this constant incense 
burning would have been 

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significant ancient temples used
frankincense, myrrh styrax and 

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other resins that we now know 
contain psychoactive compounds. 

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Frankincense, for instance, 
contains tetrahydrocannabinol 

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and other chemicals that can 
produce mild Euphoria and 

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reducing anxiety when burned in 
enclosed spaces. 

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Stand in a temple filled with 
frankincense, smoke for hours 

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and you're going to feel 
different calmer, more 

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contemplative, perhaps more 
receptive to spiritual 

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experience, is the priest 
understood this, even if they 

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couldn't explain it in modern 
pharmacological terms, then that

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the right combination of incense
chanting. 

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Drumming and ritual could induce
States Of Consciousness that 

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felt like communication with the
divine. 

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Whether these states actually 
involved Supernatural contact or

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were simply altered brain 
chemistry is almost beside the 

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point. 
The experience was real profound

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and reliably reproducible. 
Now travel West to ancient 

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Greece around 500 BCE. 
You're at the Oracle of Delphi, 

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that famous Sanctuary where 
priestesses delivered prophecies

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that Kings and Generals would 
stake their fortunes on. 

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The Oracle sits in a small 
chamber, built over a geological

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fault, a modern researchers have
discovered something, 

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fascinating. 
That fault releases ethylene. 

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Gas a sweet smelling substance 
that produces Euphoria and 

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dissociative States in moderate 
concentration. 

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The Greeks didn't know about 
ethylene chemistry, but they 

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certainly knew that the pythia, 
The Prestige, who served as the 

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Oracle would breathe deeply from
the vapors rising from the 

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earth. 
Then enter a trance State during

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which she would speak the words 
of Apollo. 

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They burned additional 
substances, Laurel leaves barley

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and other materials to enhance 
the effect and create an 

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atmosphere thick with smoke and 
mystery. 

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You can imagine standing in that
sacred Precinct waiting, your 

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turn to consult the oracle. 
Smell of burning Laurel. 

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Fills your nostrils. 
Sharp slightly medicinal 

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Strangely compelling. 
The pythia's attendance, 

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maintain the fires adding more 
leaves When the Smoke begins to 

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thin. 
The whole process has been 

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refined over centuries to 
produce maximum psychological 

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and pharmacological effect when 
the pythia. 

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Finally, speaks her words are 
often cryptic and ambiguous 

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famously. 
So, But in that smoke filled 

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chamber with your own 
Consciousness, slightly altered 

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by the atmospheric compounds 
you've been breathing. 

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Those ambiguous words, seem 
pregnant, with meaning, your 

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mind, makes connections sees 
patterns and find significant 

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that might not survive, 
exposure, to clear, air, and 

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sober reflection. 
The Romans practical, as always 

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took incense culture and 
industrialized, it They imported

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so much frankincense and myrrh 
that the trade routes carrying, 

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these materials, became some of 
the most important economic 

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arteries of the ancient world. 
Roman temples burned incense 

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constantly not just during 
special ceremonies but as a 

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regular offering to maintain 
good relations with the gods, 

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but Romans also recognized the 
secular uses of aromatic smoke. 

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Wealthy households burned 
incense to mask unpleasant, 

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odors and create an atmosphere 
of luxury. 

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Roman Physicians, like Galen and
dioscorides wrote extensively 

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about the medicinal properties 
of different incentives. 

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Recommending specific substances
for specific conditions, 

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headache, Tribune willow bark, 
anxiety chamomile, smoke 

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insomnia, Valerian or Poppy. 
The sensors themselves. 

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Those ornate metal containers 
designed to burn incense became 

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works of art. 
Some were simple, clay bowls 

232
00:13:27,700 --> 00:13:31,100
others were elaborate bronze 
constructions with chains for 

233
00:13:31,100 --> 00:13:35,600
carrying perforated Lids to 
control airflow and decorative. 

234
00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:38,900
Elements that showed exactly how
important incense had become to 

235
00:13:38,900 --> 00:13:42,200
Mediterranean culture across the
Mediterranean in ancient. 

236
00:13:42,200 --> 00:13:47,100
Judea, incense played a central 
role in Temple worship The book 

237
00:13:47,108 --> 00:13:50,300
of Exodus describes a specific 
incense recipe. 

238
00:13:51,100 --> 00:13:56,400
Stacked tea on each other 
galbanum and frankincense mixed 

239
00:13:56,400 --> 00:14:00,100
in precise proportions. 
That was so sacred that making 

240
00:14:00,100 --> 00:14:03,000
it for any purpose other than 
Temple worship was punishable by

241
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:06,200
exile. 
The Cloud of incense smoke in 

242
00:14:06,200 --> 00:14:07,800
the temples. 
Holy of holies was thought to 

243
00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:12,100
Veil The Very presence of God, 
making the Divine, bearable to 

244
00:14:12,100 --> 00:14:16,200
human eyes. 
This period, roughly 3,000, BCE 

245
00:14:16,200 --> 00:14:19,200
to 500 CE represents the high 
water. 

246
00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:22,300
Mark of, institutional incense 
culture in the ancient world 

247
00:14:23,400 --> 00:14:26,600
Smoke had evolved from a cave, 
Discovery to a Cornerstone of 

248
00:14:26,600 --> 00:14:30,300
religious practice from an 
accidental finding to a 

249
00:14:30,300 --> 00:14:32,700
deliberate technology for 
altering Consciousness, and 

250
00:14:32,700 --> 00:14:36,600
creating Sacred Space, while 
priests were burning incense and

251
00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:39,500
temples another group of 
professionals was discovering 

252
00:14:39,500 --> 00:14:43,300
that smoke could heal the body 
as directly as it elevated, the 

253
00:14:43,300 --> 00:14:47,000
spirit. 
The ancient Physicians those 

254
00:14:47,000 --> 00:14:50,600
observers of human suffering who
combined empirical observation 

255
00:14:50,600 --> 00:14:53,700
with theoretical Frameworks, 
that seemed both sophisticated 

256
00:14:53,700 --> 00:14:56,200
and charmingly wrong by modern 
standards. 

257
00:14:57,300 --> 00:15:01,200
Developed an entire branch of 
Therapeutics based on inhaling 

258
00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:04,500
medicinal smoke. 
Let's visit ancient China around

259
00:15:04,500 --> 00:15:08,900
200, BCE your suffering from a 
persistent cough that has been 

260
00:15:08,908 --> 00:15:11,600
keeping your way at night. 
And your family is finally 

261
00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:13,800
scraped together enough money to
consult a physician. 

262
00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:18,200
He's a learned man who has 
studied the classics understands

263
00:15:18,200 --> 00:15:21,400
the flow of chi through the body
and has access to the 

264
00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:25,400
accumulated medical wisdom of 
centuries, after examining your 

265
00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:28,900
tongue, checking your pulse at 
several points and asking 

266
00:15:28,900 --> 00:15:32,000
detailed questions about your 
diet and daily routine. 

267
00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:37,000
He nods thoughtfully. 
The problem he explains is an 

268
00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:41,200
imbalance of energies in your 
lungs Complicated by excess 

269
00:15:41,200 --> 00:15:44,200
dampness. 
The treatment requires a careful

270
00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:47,700
combination of approaches, but 
one element will be therapeutic.

271
00:15:47,700 --> 00:15:51,500
Smoke, The Physician produces a 
small bundle of dried herbs. 

272
00:15:51,500 --> 00:15:55,500
Mahua Federer, some dried 
Mulberry leaf and other 

273
00:15:55,500 --> 00:15:59,300
materials you don't recognize He
instructs you to burn these 

274
00:15:59,300 --> 00:16:01,000
over. 
Charcoal and breathe. 

275
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:04,100
The resulting smoke deeply. 
Three times per day. 

276
00:16:04,100 --> 00:16:06,800
Always facing East in the 
morning and West, in the 

277
00:16:06,808 --> 00:16:09,800
evening. 
The ritual specification isn't 

278
00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:12,300
arbitrary. 
Chinese medicine viewed. 

279
00:16:12,300 --> 00:16:16,300
The body as intimately connected
to Cosmic patterns and timing 

280
00:16:16,300 --> 00:16:19,700
treatments to align with daily 
Cycles was thought to enhance 

281
00:16:19,700 --> 00:16:23,300
their effectiveness the herbs. 
He's prescribed actually work 

282
00:16:23,300 --> 00:16:25,600
though. 
Not for the reason he believes 

283
00:16:26,700 --> 00:16:30,500
Ma Huang contains a fedrin a 
Broncho dilator that opens 

284
00:16:30,500 --> 00:16:32,100
Airways and makes breathing 
easier. 

285
00:16:33,100 --> 00:16:35,100
The other herbs have 
antimicrobial and 

286
00:16:35,100 --> 00:16:38,700
anti-inflammatory properties 
that were genuinely help a 

287
00:16:38,700 --> 00:16:42,300
respiratory infection. 
The act of deliberately slowing 

288
00:16:42,300 --> 00:16:45,600
your breathing to inhale, the 
smoke probably helps too 

289
00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:49,700
inducing a relaxation response 
that reduces stress related 

290
00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:52,200
coughing. 
The Chinese weren't alone in 

291
00:16:52,200 --> 00:16:55,800
developing smoke, based 
Therapeutics in Ancient India, 

292
00:16:55,800 --> 00:17:00,300
ayurvedic Physicians created, 
elaborate systems of douma 

293
00:17:00,300 --> 00:17:02,500
Panna. 
Therapeutic smoking. 

294
00:17:03,600 --> 00:17:08,400
The sushruta samhita, a medical 
texts, composed around 600 BCE 

295
00:17:08,400 --> 00:17:12,700
describes specific herbs to be 
smoked for specific conditions. 

296
00:17:14,099 --> 00:17:17,599
That includes cannabis and 
datura. 

297
00:17:18,500 --> 00:17:22,500
Mental disturbances different 
combinations of aromatic, woods 

298
00:17:22,500 --> 00:17:25,200
and resins. 
Even hiccups have their own 

299
00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:27,900
prescribed. 
Smoke treatment, these ayurvedic

300
00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:29,800
Physicians. 
Understood something important, 

301
00:17:30,700 --> 00:17:33,700
different substances produced 
different effects depending on 

302
00:17:33,700 --> 00:17:38,200
how their consumed, Cannabis 
eaten as food produces one, set 

303
00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:42,400
of effects, the same plants, 
smoked produces different fast 

304
00:17:42,400 --> 00:17:45,700
faster, acting results. 
This wasn't Superstition. 

305
00:17:45,700 --> 00:17:50,000
It was practical pharmacology 
based on careful observation the

306
00:17:50,000 --> 00:17:53,200
Greeks and Romans also 
Incorporated therapeutic smoking

307
00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:56,700
into their medical practice. 
Hypocrites, the father of 

308
00:17:56,700 --> 00:18:00,500
Western medicine, described 
using smoke inhalation, to treat

309
00:18:00,500 --> 00:18:04,000
gynecological problems. 
His reasoning was based on the 

310
00:18:04,000 --> 00:18:06,600
theory that the uterus could 
wander through the body. 

311
00:18:06,600 --> 00:18:10,600
A delightfully wrong idea, 
called the wandering womb, and 

312
00:18:10,600 --> 00:18:13,600
strong, smelling smoke would 
drive it back to its proper 

313
00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:17,300
position. 
The theory was nonsense, but 

314
00:18:17,300 --> 00:18:20,900
some of the herbs he recommended
had genuine anti-inflammatory or

315
00:18:20,900 --> 00:18:24,700
muscle relaxing properties. 
That probably provided actual 

316
00:18:24,700 --> 00:18:27,700
relief Galen. 
Probably the most influential 

317
00:18:27,700 --> 00:18:31,600
physician of the ancient world 
wrote extensively about smoke 

318
00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:34,400
Therapeutics. 
He distinguished between 

319
00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:37,900
different types of smoke based 
on their properties, hot, or 

320
00:18:37,900 --> 00:18:41,100
cold wet, or dry, subtle, or 
thick. 

321
00:18:42,200 --> 00:18:45,100
A physician needed to match the 
qualities of the therapeutic. 

322
00:18:45,100 --> 00:18:47,700
Smoke to the imbalance in the 
patient's body. 

323
00:18:48,500 --> 00:18:52,500
Too much heat in the lungs, use 
cooling smoke from cucumber 

324
00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:56,100
seeds or lettuce. 
Too much cold warming smoke from

325
00:18:56,100 --> 00:18:59,000
Pepper or mustard. 
The interesting thing is that 

326
00:18:59,000 --> 00:19:02,700
many of these ancient smoke 
remedies actually worked, even 

327
00:19:02,700 --> 00:19:06,700
if the theoretical explanations 
were completely wrong, when you 

328
00:19:06,700 --> 00:19:11,100
burn eucalyptus and breathe, its
Vapor, your congested sinuses do

329
00:19:11,100 --> 00:19:14,400
clear, not because your 
balancing humors or adjusting 

330
00:19:14,400 --> 00:19:18,400
your key but because eucalyptus 
is a genuine expectorant and 

331
00:19:18,400 --> 00:19:22,600
decongestant Ancient Physicians,
didn't need to understand the 

332
00:19:22,600 --> 00:19:26,200
chemistry to observe that it 
worked and to incorporate it 

333
00:19:26,200 --> 00:19:29,100
into their practice, some 
ancient smoke therapies were 

334
00:19:29,100 --> 00:19:32,800
surprisingly, sophisticated 
Greek, and Roman Physicians. 

335
00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:35,500
Developed fumigation tents where
patients with respiratory 

336
00:19:35,500 --> 00:19:37,700
problems. 
Could sit surrounded by 

337
00:19:37,700 --> 00:19:39,500
therapeutic smoke from 
carefully. 

338
00:19:39,500 --> 00:19:42,900
Chosen herbs. 
The dosage could be controlled 

339
00:19:42,900 --> 00:19:46,000
by adjusting ventilation. 
The duration of treatment was 

340
00:19:46,000 --> 00:19:49,500
specified, precisely and 
patients were monitored for 

341
00:19:49,500 --> 00:19:52,000
adverse reactions in ancient 
Persia. 

342
00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:54,600
Physicians at the famous medical
school in gundicha. 

343
00:19:54,600 --> 00:19:58,700
Poor compiled, extensive 
Farmer's that included detail 

344
00:19:58,700 --> 00:20:00,800
description of therapeutic 
smoking. 

345
00:20:01,700 --> 00:20:04,400
The categorized hundreds of 
plants by their effects. 

346
00:20:04,400 --> 00:20:07,700
When burned and inhaled, 
creating reference works that 

347
00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:10,800
Physicians could consult when 
treating specific conditions, 

348
00:20:10,800 --> 00:20:13,900
the sensory experience of these 
treatments would have been 

349
00:20:13,900 --> 00:20:17,500
significant in itself. 
Imagine suffering from some 

350
00:20:17,500 --> 00:20:21,200
chronic condition joint pain. 
Respiratory problems or 

351
00:20:21,200 --> 00:20:24,800
digestive issues and being 
prescribed to treatment that 

352
00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:28,400
involves City in a warm room 
filled with aromatic smoke, 

353
00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:32,800
while a physician monitors your 
response The relaxation induced 

354
00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:36,800
by the setting, the attention 
from a respected healer, and the

355
00:20:36,800 --> 00:20:38,500
pleasant smell of the burning 
herbs. 

356
00:20:38,500 --> 00:20:42,200
All of these factors would work 
together to produce, what modern

357
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:46,200
medicine calls Placebo effects 
though that term doesn't quite 

358
00:20:46,200 --> 00:20:47,800
capture. 
The complexity of what's 

359
00:20:47,800 --> 00:20:51,000
happening because here's the 
thing, about Placebo effects, 

360
00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,300
they're real. 
When your brain believes healing

361
00:20:54,300 --> 00:20:56,500
is occurring, it triggers 
physiological. 

362
00:20:56,500 --> 00:20:59,200
Processes that promote actual 
healing. 

363
00:21:00,000 --> 00:21:04,000
Stress hormones, decrease immune
function, improves pain, 

364
00:21:04,000 --> 00:21:07,800
perception changes, the ancient 
physicians may not have 

365
00:21:07,800 --> 00:21:10,800
understood the mechanisms, but 
they understood that healing 

366
00:21:10,800 --> 00:21:15,000
involved, the whole person, Body
Mind and Spirit and that 

367
00:21:15,000 --> 00:21:16,700
therapeutic. 
Smoke could address. 

368
00:21:16,700 --> 00:21:18,300
All three aspects 
simultaneously. 

369
00:21:18,300 --> 00:21:22,200
While Physicians were refining, 
therapeutic smoke in to a 

370
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:25,400
medical art and Priests were 
perfecting incense rituals 

371
00:21:25,400 --> 00:21:29,300
Merchants were creating networks
that would carry aromatic 

372
00:21:29,300 --> 00:21:31,400
substances across continents and
oceans. 

373
00:21:32,900 --> 00:21:35,700
These trade routes. 
Particularly the famous Silk 

374
00:21:35,700 --> 00:21:39,000
Road and the maritime spice 
route didn't just transport 

375
00:21:39,000 --> 00:21:42,100
Goods. 
Carried knowledge practices and 

376
00:21:42,100 --> 00:21:45,100
entire cultural Traditions 
around smoke and its uses 

377
00:21:45,100 --> 00:21:48,400
picture yourself as a merchant 
in a caravan traveling. 

378
00:21:48,400 --> 00:21:52,400
The Silk Road around 200 CE 
You've been on the road for 

379
00:21:52,400 --> 00:21:57,000
months, moving slowly from Oasis
to Oasis across the heart of 

380
00:21:57,000 --> 00:21:59,700
Asia. 
Your camels are loaded with 

381
00:21:59,700 --> 00:22:04,500
various Goods, but the most 
valuable items are small light. 

382
00:22:04,500 --> 00:22:10,700
And Incredibly expensive, resins
herbs, and aromatic Woods that 

383
00:22:10,700 --> 00:22:13,700
will eventually be burned in 
temples, palaces and Wealthy 

384
00:22:13,700 --> 00:22:17,000
homes across the known world. 
The economics of the incense 

385
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:21,100
trade were fascinating and 
sometimes absurd Frankincense 

386
00:22:21,100 --> 00:22:24,600
and myrrh harvested from trees 
in southern Arabia, and the Horn

387
00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:28,300
of Africa could increase in 
value by a factor of 50 or more.

388
00:22:28,308 --> 00:22:32,400
By the time they reached Rome or
shangaan, Merchants could become

389
00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:35,400
wealthy from a single successful
Caravan though. 

390
00:22:35,400 --> 00:22:39,200
They could also lose everything 
to Bandits and storms or simple 

391
00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:41,100
miscalculations about market 
demand. 

392
00:22:41,100 --> 00:22:44,300
But these Merchants were 
carrying more than commodities. 

393
00:22:45,200 --> 00:22:48,400
At each stop along the Route. 
They shared information about 

394
00:22:48,400 --> 00:22:52,600
how different cultures used 
aromatic smoke. a Buddhist 

395
00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:55,300
technique for burning incense 
learned in India, might be 

396
00:22:55,300 --> 00:22:58,200
combined with Chinese theories 
about herbal properties and 

397
00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,500
Persian aesthetic preferences to
create something entirely new 

398
00:23:02,900 --> 00:23:06,900
The Silk Road was like a massive
slow-motion cultural blender 

399
00:23:06,900 --> 00:23:11,200
mixing practices and beliefs 
about smoke into increasingly 

400
00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:15,200
complex combinations. 
Consider Sandalwood that 

401
00:23:15,200 --> 00:23:18,500
aromatic wood from India that 
has been prized for thousands of

402
00:23:18,500 --> 00:23:21,700
years. 
In its Homeland, Sandalwood was 

403
00:23:21,700 --> 00:23:25,700
primarily a religious substance 
burned in Hindu and Buddhist 

404
00:23:25,700 --> 00:23:28,300
temples to purify space and 
honor the divine. 

405
00:23:29,300 --> 00:23:32,100
But as it traveled along trade 
routes, it acquired New Uses and

406
00:23:32,100 --> 00:23:36,200
meanings Chinese Buddhists 
adopted Sandalwood incense but 

407
00:23:36,200 --> 00:23:38,600
integrated, it with Taoist 
practices and Confucian 

408
00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:41,500
Aesthetics. 
Japanese culture of eventually 

409
00:23:41,500 --> 00:23:46,100
transformed incense appreciation
into codo, literally the way of 

410
00:23:46,100 --> 00:23:49,400
incense. 
A ceremonial art form as refined

411
00:23:49,400 --> 00:23:53,100
as tea of money. 
Islamic cultures Incorporated 

412
00:23:53,100 --> 00:23:55,600
Sandalwood into their own 
devotional practices. 

413
00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:59,300
While developing new 
combinations, with rose Howard 

414
00:23:59,300 --> 00:24:03,000
and other aromatics. 
Christian churches began using 

415
00:24:03,000 --> 00:24:06,600
it as an alternative to 
frankincense the same substance 

416
00:24:06,600 --> 00:24:08,300
moving through different 
cultural. 

417
00:24:08,300 --> 00:24:11,600
Contexts became multiple 
different things while remaining

418
00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:14,400
itself. 
This is one of smokes, 

419
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:17,900
interesting properties. 
It's concrete enough to be a 

420
00:24:17,900 --> 00:24:19,900
definite substance with specific
effects. 

421
00:24:19,900 --> 00:24:23,500
But ephemeral enough to acquire,
whatever symbolic, meanings 

422
00:24:23,500 --> 00:24:27,100
humans want to project onto it. 
The maritime spice routes that 

423
00:24:27,100 --> 00:24:29,900
connected the Indian Ocean world
were equally important for 

424
00:24:29,900 --> 00:24:33,000
spreading smoke. 
Kulture Arab traders sailing 

425
00:24:33,000 --> 00:24:36,600
from East Africa, to India to 
Southeast, Asia carried, not 

426
00:24:36,608 --> 00:24:40,200
just cinnamon cloves and pepper,
but also knowledge about 

427
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:44,100
aromatics and their uses. 
An Indonesian method for 

428
00:24:44,100 --> 00:24:46,700
processing benzoin. 
Resin might be combined with 

429
00:24:46,700 --> 00:24:50,900
Indian, ivic, theories and Arab 
perfumery technique to create 

430
00:24:50,900 --> 00:24:54,000
new products and practices. 
Some of these aromatic 

431
00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:58,400
substances traveled, astonishing
distances, camper from Borneo. 

432
00:24:58,400 --> 00:25:01,500
Found its way to Chinese temples
and European apothecaries. 

433
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:05,400
Hallows wood from South East 
Asia became prize in Middle 

434
00:25:05,400 --> 00:25:08,800
Eastern palaces. 
Dragon's blood resin from the 

435
00:25:08,800 --> 00:25:12,200
Sakura islands of Yemen, 
traveled to China in India, 

436
00:25:12,200 --> 00:25:14,800
Rome, and eventually Medieval 
Europe. 

437
00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:19,900
Each substance carried with its 
stories practices and beliefs 

438
00:25:19,900 --> 00:25:23,000
about smoke and its properties 
the Traders themselves. 

439
00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:27,200
Often became experts in aromatic
substances, they needed to know,

440
00:25:27,200 --> 00:25:30,500
not just market prices but also 
how to identify genuine 

441
00:25:30,500 --> 00:25:34,500
materials versus delta rations. 
How to store and transport 

442
00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:38,000
delicate, resins, without losing
their aromatic properties and 

443
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:40,500
what different customers in 
different regions preferred. 

444
00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:45,600
A successful incense Merchant 
was part chemist, part cultural 

445
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:48,900
Anthropologist and part 
Logistics expert. 

446
00:25:48,900 --> 00:25:52,700
These trade routes also spread 
Technologies for using aromatic 

447
00:25:52,700 --> 00:25:56,700
smoke this sensor designs we 
discussed earlier though, 

448
00:25:56,700 --> 00:26:00,300
specialized containers for 
burning incense evolved through 

449
00:26:00,300 --> 00:26:04,000
contact between different 
cultures Chinese designs 

450
00:26:04,000 --> 00:26:07,800
influenced, Persian metal work, 
Indian temple practices, 

451
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:11,600
inspired Southeast, Asian, 
Buddhist rituals Arab 

452
00:26:11,600 --> 00:26:13,400
Innovations in perfumery 
influenced. 

453
00:26:13,400 --> 00:26:17,000
European approaches to aromatic 
substances by the medieval 

454
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:18,600
period. 
You could track cultural 

455
00:26:18,600 --> 00:26:22,200
influence by following incense 
practices, when you see a 

456
00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:25,400
particular way of blending 
aromatics, or a specific ritual,

457
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:28,500
use of smoke appearing. 
In a new region, your usually 

458
00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:31,500
seeing evidence of trade contact
and cultural Exchange. 

459
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:34,400
Smoke became a marker of 
cultural connection. 

460
00:26:34,400 --> 00:26:38,100
A visible sign that ideas and 
practices were flowing between 

461
00:26:38,100 --> 00:26:41,800
regions the economic importance 
of the incense trade, also 

462
00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:46,100
shaped political relationships, 
Control over frankincense and 

463
00:26:46,100 --> 00:26:49,500
myrrh producing regions was 
contested by various Powers 

464
00:26:49,500 --> 00:26:52,700
throughout ancient history. 
The Romans even launched 

465
00:26:52,700 --> 00:26:56,300
military Expeditions into 
Arabia, partly to try to control

466
00:26:56,300 --> 00:26:59,400
incense supplies and reduce the 
enormous costs. 

467
00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:03,700
They were paying to Arabian 
merchants The Expeditions failed

468
00:27:03,700 --> 00:27:08,100
desert Warfare is hard but the 
attempt shows just how valuable 

469
00:27:08,100 --> 00:27:10,300
these aromatic substances had 
become. 

470
00:27:10,300 --> 00:27:14,400
What's remarkable is that this 
vast complex trade system 

471
00:27:14,400 --> 00:27:19,000
existed primarily to serve human
desires for Pleasant smells and 

472
00:27:19,000 --> 00:27:23,100
altered consciousness Yes, some 
aromatic substances had 

473
00:27:23,100 --> 00:27:27,400
important medicinal uses and yes
incense played crucial roles in 

474
00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:31,600
religious practices but at its 
core, the incense trade existed 

475
00:27:31,600 --> 00:27:34,500
because humans across cultures 
agreed that filling the air with

476
00:27:34,500 --> 00:27:38,200
fragrant smoke was worth 
enormous effort, and expense. 

477
00:27:38,200 --> 00:27:41,300
This tells us something about 
human priorities. 

478
00:27:41,300 --> 00:27:43,700
We're not purely practical 
creatures. 

479
00:27:43,700 --> 00:27:46,100
Focused, only on immediate 
survival needs. 

480
00:27:46,900 --> 00:27:50,500
We're all so aesthetic beings 
who Value Beauty, pleasure. 

481
00:27:50,500 --> 00:27:53,900
And experience is that 
Transporters Beyond ordinary 

482
00:27:53,900 --> 00:27:57,500
consciousness. 
The ancient incense trade serve 

483
00:27:57,500 --> 00:28:01,200
these deeper, human needs and 
Merchants became wealthy because

484
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:03,800
they understood something 
essential about what humans want

485
00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:06,900
from Life. 
By now several thousand years 

486
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:10,400
into Humanity's relationship 
with aromatic smoke, something 

487
00:28:10,400 --> 00:28:14,200
interesting, had happened, Smoke
hadn't just become a tool or 

488
00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:17,700
commodity. 
It had become a language a 

489
00:28:17,700 --> 00:28:20,800
system of symbols through which 
humans expressed ideas about the

490
00:28:20,800 --> 00:28:24,600
sacred, the mysterious and the 
boundaries between different 

491
00:28:24,600 --> 00:28:27,000
Realms of existence. 
Let's explore. 

492
00:28:27,000 --> 00:28:30,000
How different cultures turn this
physical phenomenon into 

493
00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:33,400
metaphor and how those metaphors
shaped human, understanding of 

494
00:28:33,408 --> 00:28:36,900
Consciousness, Divinity. 
And the structure of reality 

495
00:28:36,900 --> 00:28:41,300
itself, start in ancient, 
Mesopotamia that cradle of 

496
00:28:41,308 --> 00:28:44,300
civilization between the Tigris 
and Euphrates rivers. 

497
00:28:45,100 --> 00:28:48,300
The Babylonians and Assyrians 
burned incense in their temples 

498
00:28:48,300 --> 00:28:51,300
but they also carefully 
observed, the patterns smoke 

499
00:28:51,300 --> 00:28:55,400
made as it Rose. 
Specialized priests Bahru. 

500
00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:59,200
They were called practiced 
divination by smoke. 

501
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:03,600
Reading Messengers from the gods
in how incense smoke curled 

502
00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:06,100
drifted or suddenly changed 
Direction. 

503
00:29:06,100 --> 00:29:08,600
This wasn't as arbitrary as it 
might sound. 

504
00:29:08,600 --> 00:29:13,300
Smoke is exquisitely, sensitive 
to air, currents, temperature, 

505
00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:16,800
gradients, and subtle 
environmental factors that human

506
00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:21,400
senses can't directly detect. 
The bauru were essentially using

507
00:29:21,400 --> 00:29:24,800
smoke as a visualization tool 
for invisible atmospheric 

508
00:29:24,800 --> 00:29:28,300
conditions, then interpreting 
these patterns, according to 

509
00:29:28,300 --> 00:29:31,600
complex symbolic systems that 
had been refined over 

510
00:29:31,600 --> 00:29:34,600
Generations. 
They were wrong about the God, 

511
00:29:34,600 --> 00:29:38,600
sending messages. 
But right that smoke reveals 

512
00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:40,800
information about the 
environment that would otherwise

513
00:29:40,800 --> 00:29:43,100
be hidden, the symbolism was 
clear. 

514
00:29:44,100 --> 00:29:47,600
Smoke connects the visible and 
invisible, the known and 

515
00:29:47,600 --> 00:29:50,600
unknown. 
It emerges from the solid matter

516
00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:54,700
of incense, or herbs transforms 
into something ethereal and 

517
00:29:54,700 --> 00:29:59,300
disappears into are Travelling, 
perhaps to Realms Beyond human 

518
00:29:59,300 --> 00:30:02,200
perception. 
This makes smoke a perfect 

519
00:30:02,200 --> 00:30:06,100
metaphor for the Soul's Journey 
after death for prayers seeking 

520
00:30:06,100 --> 00:30:08,900
Divine attention. 
And for any movement between 

521
00:30:08,900 --> 00:30:13,300
material and spiritual Realms in
ancient China, smoke took on 

522
00:30:13,300 --> 00:30:17,000
different, but related meanings,
Dallas philosophers, watched 

523
00:30:17,000 --> 00:30:20,700
incense smoke rising in temples 
and saw lessons about the nature

524
00:30:20,700 --> 00:30:23,900
of reality. 
The smoke follows its nature, 

525
00:30:23,900 --> 00:30:27,700
they noted, it doesn't try to be
anything other than what it is 

526
00:30:27,700 --> 00:30:30,200
doesn't resist. 
Its own Transformations from 

527
00:30:30,200 --> 00:30:33,900
visible to Invisible and doesn't
cling to any particular form or 

528
00:30:33,900 --> 00:30:36,800
place this made. 
Smoke a teaching tool about. 

529
00:30:36,800 --> 00:30:41,000
Will we ever thought was action 
and about accepting change 

530
00:30:41,000 --> 00:30:44,900
rather than fighting it Chinese 
poets, wrote extensively about 

531
00:30:44,900 --> 00:30:47,700
incense smoke. 
Using it as a metaphor, for 

532
00:30:47,708 --> 00:30:50,200
everything from romantic 
Longing, To political 

533
00:30:50,200 --> 00:30:53,200
frustration to the transients of
life itself. 

534
00:30:54,300 --> 00:30:58,600
Lie by one of China's greatest 
poets, wrote about smoke from 

535
00:30:58,600 --> 00:31:02,400
his incense, burner twisting 
like dragon shapes, connecting, 

536
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:06,700
his writing desk to the realm of
Immortals, The smoke wasn't just

537
00:31:06,700 --> 00:31:09,600
decoration. 
It was a visual representation 

538
00:31:09,600 --> 00:31:13,300
of the connection between 
mundane reality and Transcendent

539
00:31:13,300 --> 00:31:16,200
experience. 
That poetry sought to capture in

540
00:31:16,200 --> 00:31:18,400
India. 
Smoke symbolism, became deeply 

541
00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:20,500
embedded in both Hindu and 
Buddhist practice. 

542
00:31:20,500 --> 00:31:25,600
The Sanskrit word Duma smoke 
appears in, countless religious 

543
00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:30,300
texts, usually associated with 
transformation purification, and

544
00:31:30,300 --> 00:31:34,300
the transition between states, 
When a Hindu cremation releases 

545
00:31:34,300 --> 00:31:37,600
smoke into the sky. 
That smoke represents the 

546
00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:40,200
deceased. 
Essence beginning its journey to

547
00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:44,300
whatever comes next. 
When Buddhist monks burn incense

548
00:31:44,300 --> 00:31:46,900
the rising smoke. 
Visualizes. 

549
00:31:46,900 --> 00:31:49,200
The rise of Merit from good 
actions. 

550
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:53,000
The dispersion of negative Karma
and the movement of 

551
00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:55,700
Consciousness toward 
Enlightenment, the Buddha 

552
00:31:55,700 --> 00:32:00,000
himself, apparently used as a 
teaching metaphor In various 

553
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:03,100
sutras, he compared clinging to 
impermanent things to try to 

554
00:32:03,100 --> 00:32:07,500
grasp smoke, the harder, you 
squeeze the faster at escapes, 

555
00:32:07,500 --> 00:32:10,700
and your left with nothing, but 
perhaps a lingering smell on 

556
00:32:10,700 --> 00:32:13,200
your hands. 
The lesson was about 

557
00:32:13,208 --> 00:32:17,200
non-attachment about recognizing
that everything like smoke is 

558
00:32:17,200 --> 00:32:18,800
temporary and cannot be 
possessed. 

559
00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:21,900
Native American cultures 
developed their own Rich. 

560
00:32:21,900 --> 00:32:24,900
Smoke symbolism, though. 
We should be careful here about 

561
00:32:24,900 --> 00:32:27,500
generalizing cross hundreds of 
distinct cultures. 

562
00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:33,300
Many groups use smoke from 
sacred plants tobacco, Sage 

563
00:32:33,300 --> 00:32:37,700
Sweetgrass in ways that combined
practical purposes with deep 

564
00:32:37,700 --> 00:32:41,000
symbolic. 
Meaning Smoke might purify a 

565
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:44,100
space carry prayers to the 
spirit world, Mark the 

566
00:32:44,100 --> 00:32:48,200
boundaries of sacred ground, or 
seal agreements between people's

567
00:32:48,200 --> 00:32:51,200
the peace pipe sage and or 
ceremonial pipe. 

568
00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:55,000
Traditions found in many North 
American cultures treated 

569
00:32:55,000 --> 00:32:59,100
smokers a covenant mediator. 
When former enemies, shared 

570
00:32:59,100 --> 00:33:02,200
smoke from the same pipe, they 
were creating a physical and 

571
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:05,800
symbolic Bond. 
The smok X hailed had been 

572
00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:09,000
inside their bodies mingling 
with their breath and blood. 

573
00:33:09,800 --> 00:33:12,300
Sharing that smoke meant sharing
something essential. 

574
00:33:13,800 --> 00:33:16,500
Breaking an agreement made over,
the pipe wasn't just political 

575
00:33:16,500 --> 00:33:19,500
betrayal. 
It was spiritual violation in 

576
00:33:19,500 --> 00:33:23,000
Islamic cultures, smoke a quiet,
meaning related to both Beauty 

577
00:33:23,000 --> 00:33:26,100
and Transcendence. 
Persian, poetry frequently 

578
00:33:26,100 --> 00:33:30,300
mentioned incense smoke as a 
symbol of devotion longing and 

579
00:33:30,300 --> 00:33:32,700
the attempt to reach Beyond 
material limitations. 

580
00:33:33,600 --> 00:33:37,000
Sufi Mystics sometimes used 
aromatic smokers part of their 

581
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:41,100
practices seeing in its Rising 
movement and image of the souls 

582
00:33:41,100 --> 00:33:45,900
aspiration toward God. 
The best smoked pure fragrant, 

583
00:33:45,900 --> 00:33:48,400
Rising straight and true 
represented. 

584
00:33:48,400 --> 00:33:52,600
The ideal spiritual State 
medieval European Christianity 

585
00:33:52,600 --> 00:33:55,600
inherited. 
Its smoke, symbolism partly from

586
00:33:55,600 --> 00:33:58,700
Jewish temple traditions and 
partly from broader Med training

587
00:33:58,700 --> 00:34:01,500
cultures. 
The smoke of incense in a 

588
00:34:01,500 --> 00:34:05,300
cathedral represented prayers 
rise to heaven, but it also had 

589
00:34:05,300 --> 00:34:07,100
more practical symbolic 
functions. 

590
00:34:07,100 --> 00:34:10,600
It marked Sacred Space as 
distinct from ordinary space. 

591
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,900
Created an atmosphere for 
experiences of the numerous and 

592
00:34:14,900 --> 00:34:17,699
literally Illustrated 
theological Concepts about 

593
00:34:17,699 --> 00:34:20,699
mediation, between human and 
divine Realms. 

594
00:34:20,699 --> 00:34:25,000
The writers of medieval mystical
texts often used as a metaphor 

595
00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:27,900
for Spiritual experiences that 
couldn't be captured in ordinary

596
00:34:27,900 --> 00:34:31,199
language. 
How do you describe a vision of 

597
00:34:31,199 --> 00:34:33,900
God? 
It's like seeing through smoke 

598
00:34:33,900 --> 00:34:37,600
you perceive something, you 
know, something is there? 

599
00:34:38,500 --> 00:34:41,900
You can't make out clear details
and the experiences inherently 

600
00:34:41,900 --> 00:34:44,699
transitory. 
Smoke became the language for 

601
00:34:44,699 --> 00:34:46,800
describing, encounters with the 
ineffable. 

602
00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:49,600
What's interesting across? 
All these Traditions is how 

603
00:34:49,600 --> 00:34:54,000
smokes physical properties, its 
visibility combined within 

604
00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:56,800
tangibility. 
Its upward movement and its 

605
00:34:56,800 --> 00:35:01,300
gradual dissolution made it 
almost universally available as 

606
00:35:01,300 --> 00:35:06,100
a metaphor for similar Concepts.
Different cultures didn't arrive

607
00:35:06,100 --> 00:35:07,900
at identical. 
Smoke, symbolism. 

608
00:35:07,900 --> 00:35:11,800
But there are striking parallels
in how humans have interpreted 

609
00:35:11,800 --> 00:35:13,900
this phenomenon. 
The color of smoke. 

610
00:35:13,900 --> 00:35:17,800
Also acquired symbolic meanings 
white, smoke was generally 

611
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:21,400
positive, Pure Clean or 
suspicious. 

612
00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:26,000
Black smoke, suggested something
wrong dangerous or malevolent, 

613
00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:30,700
GraceMed was ambiguous. 
Neither clearly good nor bad. 

614
00:35:31,500 --> 00:35:34,100
These color associations were 
arbitrary. 

615
00:35:34,100 --> 00:35:37,000
They were related to what 
actually produces different 

616
00:35:37,000 --> 00:35:41,900
colored smoke, white smoke comes
from cleaning our Matrix and 

617
00:35:41,900 --> 00:35:45,800
black smoke from incomplete 
combustion, or pure materials. 

618
00:35:46,900 --> 00:35:50,100
Humans turn these practical 
observations in to symbolic 

619
00:35:50,100 --> 00:35:53,400
systems, even the smell of 
smoke, carry some weight. 

620
00:35:54,300 --> 00:35:58,500
Sweet, Smoke suggested, divine 
presence, spiritual Purity or 

621
00:35:58,500 --> 00:36:02,400
successful ritual. 
Acrid smoke indicated, something

622
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:04,600
gone wrong. 
Either in the physical 

623
00:36:04,600 --> 00:36:08,300
preparation of materials, or 
metaphorically in the spiritual 

624
00:36:08,300 --> 00:36:12,900
state of the people involved. 
Smell that most Primal and 

625
00:36:12,900 --> 00:36:17,200
emotionally evocative of senses.
Became a way of evaluating the 

626
00:36:17,200 --> 00:36:21,300
quality and success of smoke 
based practices while temples 

627
00:36:21,300 --> 00:36:23,600
filled with incense smoke and 
Physicians. 

628
00:36:23,600 --> 00:36:27,100
Prescribed therapeutic 
fumigation, another tradition 

629
00:36:27,100 --> 00:36:31,400
was developing one more personal
more intimate, and more focused 

630
00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:34,100
on individual Consciousness than
Collective. 

631
00:36:34,100 --> 00:36:38,800
Ritual, This was the tradition 
of smoking from pipes, a 

632
00:36:38,800 --> 00:36:41,100
practice that would have 
eventually Circle the globe and 

633
00:36:41,100 --> 00:36:44,100
become one of Humanity's most 
widespread ways of altering 

634
00:36:44,100 --> 00:36:46,800
Consciousness. 
The early as pipes we know about

635
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:50,400
come from various places and 
probably represent independent 

636
00:36:50,400 --> 00:36:53,200
invention rather than diffusion 
from a single source. 

637
00:36:54,200 --> 00:36:58,100
Ancient people's in Africa Asia 
and the Americas all developed 

638
00:36:58,100 --> 00:37:00,800
pipe Technologies though they 
used them for different 

639
00:37:00,800 --> 00:37:03,200
substances and invested them 
with different meanings. 

640
00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:07,100
Let's start in the Americas 
where tobacco was first, 

641
00:37:07,100 --> 00:37:10,400
domesticated and smoking first 
became a complex cultural 

642
00:37:10,400 --> 00:37:13,600
practice. 
Long before Europeans arrived 

643
00:37:13,600 --> 00:37:17,600
indigenous, peoples throughout 
North, and South America, were 

644
00:37:17,600 --> 00:37:20,600
cultivating tobacco and 
developing elaborate 

645
00:37:20,600 --> 00:37:22,900
Technologies and rituals around 
smoking it. 

646
00:37:22,900 --> 00:37:26,700
But here's something that often 
gets misunderstood these weren't

647
00:37:26,700 --> 00:37:30,600
casual recreational practices 
when a Mayan priests smoked 

648
00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:34,200
tobacco through a long read tube
or when a Cherokee Elder filled 

649
00:37:34,200 --> 00:37:37,200
a ceremonial pipe with sacred 
tobacco mixed with other herbs, 

650
00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:40,600
they were engaging in religious 
practice as serious as any 

651
00:37:40,600 --> 00:37:43,800
Temple ceremony. 
Smoke from these pipes was 

652
00:37:43,800 --> 00:37:47,900
medicine, Sacrament and 
diplomatic tool all rolled into 

653
00:37:47,900 --> 00:37:50,000
one. 
The physical experience of 

654
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:52,600
smoking tobacco through a pipe 
would have been intense. 

655
00:37:53,400 --> 00:37:55,300
Far more so than modern 
cigarettes. 

656
00:37:56,100 --> 00:37:59,100
Ancient tobacco over Riot is was
significantly stronger than 

657
00:37:59,100 --> 00:38:02,500
modern breeds and pipes. 
Smoking delivers nicotine more 

658
00:38:02,500 --> 00:38:04,500
efficiently than modern smoking 
methods. 

659
00:38:05,300 --> 00:38:08,200
The immediate effects mild, 
Euphoria, slight. 

660
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:10,800
Nausea. 
Dizziness altered perception. 

661
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:13,900
Hood of reinforced the sense 
that something spiritually 

662
00:38:13,900 --> 00:38:17,600
significant was occurring, 
Native American Pipe, Traditions

663
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:19,800
often, treated the pipe itself 
as sacred. 

664
00:38:20,500 --> 00:38:23,400
Materials were chosen, 
carefully, certain Woods 

665
00:38:23,400 --> 00:38:26,900
specific stones and decorations 
that carried symbolic meaning. 

666
00:38:27,800 --> 00:38:31,300
The process of filling lighting 
and smoking the pipe followed 

667
00:38:31,300 --> 00:38:34,300
prescribed patterns. 
Smoke might be offered to the 

668
00:38:34,300 --> 00:38:38,800
four directions to the Earth and
Sky or to ancestors or spirits. 

669
00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:42,500
The entire practice was 
choreographed to create an 

670
00:38:42,500 --> 00:38:45,200
experience, that was 
simultaneously, physical the 

671
00:38:45,200 --> 00:38:49,000
nicotine effects. 
Social pipes were often smoked 

672
00:38:49,000 --> 00:38:52,900
communally, and spiritual the 
ceremonial context, provided 

673
00:38:52,900 --> 00:38:56,300
meaning in Asia different pipe 
Traditions developed around 

674
00:38:56,300 --> 00:38:59,600
different substances. 
Chinese and Southeast Asian 

675
00:38:59,600 --> 00:39:03,200
opium pipes represented a 
fascinating case study in how 

676
00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:05,900
substance technology and culture
interact. 

677
00:39:06,700 --> 00:39:10,200
Opium smoking, which became 
widespread in China during the 

678
00:39:10,200 --> 00:39:13,700
17th and 18th. 
Centuries required, specialized 

679
00:39:13,700 --> 00:39:17,500
equipment and technique. 
The pipes were often works of 

680
00:39:17,500 --> 00:39:20,900
art. 
Bamboo stems with ceramic bowls.

681
00:39:20,900 --> 00:39:24,400
Sometimes decorated with 
intricate carvings or inlays. 

682
00:39:24,400 --> 00:39:28,500
The Opium smoking ritual was 
elaborate, the Opium had to be 

683
00:39:28,500 --> 00:39:32,800
prepared. 
Cooked cleaned into pills the 

684
00:39:32,800 --> 00:39:35,200
pipe had to be held at the 
correct angle over a lamp. 

685
00:39:35,200 --> 00:39:38,700
The smoker had to know exactly 
how to heat the Opium pill and 

686
00:39:38,700 --> 00:39:42,900
when to inhale, Done correctly. 
The process produced a 

687
00:39:42,900 --> 00:39:45,300
distinctive. 
Sweet smell and a wave of 

688
00:39:45,308 --> 00:39:47,800
relaxation. 
That opium uses described as 

689
00:39:47,800 --> 00:39:51,400
like floating on a warm sea. 
We should note here that opium 

690
00:39:51,400 --> 00:39:54,200
addiction became a severe social
problem in 19th century. 

691
00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:57,900
China with devastating 
consequences for individuals and

692
00:39:57,900 --> 00:40:02,200
Society. but understanding the 
appeal requires acknowledging 

693
00:40:02,200 --> 00:40:05,900
the sensory and psychological 
attractions of the practice the 

694
00:40:05,900 --> 00:40:10,400
ritual, The Taste the immediate 
relief from pain or anxiety and 

695
00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:14,400
cleaned and the temporary escape
from difficult lives in the 

696
00:40:14,400 --> 00:40:18,500
Middle East and Central, Asia 
water pipes, who curse or Nargis

697
00:40:18,500 --> 00:40:21,800
evolved as a way to smoke 
tobacco and other substances 

698
00:40:21,800 --> 00:40:25,200
with some of the harshness 
filtered out, The hookah 

699
00:40:25,200 --> 00:40:28,400
represents sophisticated. 
Engineering smoke is drawn 

700
00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:31,300
through water, which cools it 
and remove some irritants. 

701
00:40:31,300 --> 00:40:34,000
Then through a long tube to The 
Smokers mouth. 

702
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:38,400
Multiple people can smoke from 
the same, hookah simultaneously,

703
00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,300
making it a social technology as
much as a drug delivery system. 

704
00:40:42,300 --> 00:40:45,700
Whose smoking in traditional 
Middle Eastern culture was 

705
00:40:45,700 --> 00:40:49,500
allegedly practiced associated. 
With coffee houses, intellectual

706
00:40:49,500 --> 00:40:53,300
discussion an unhurried 
socializing you didn't just 

707
00:40:53,300 --> 00:40:55,800
smoke a hookah. 
You spent an evening at a hookah

708
00:40:55,800 --> 00:40:59,300
lounge, talking philosophy or 
politics or everyday concerns 

709
00:40:59,300 --> 00:41:01,500
with friends? 
While sharing flavored tobacco 

710
00:41:01,500 --> 00:41:05,700
smoke, that tasted of Apple Rose
or other aromatics? 

711
00:41:06,700 --> 00:41:10,900
The practice created a specific 
kind of social space slightly 

712
00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:14,300
removed from ordinary time. 
Where conversation could wander 

713
00:41:14,300 --> 00:41:17,700
and people could relax European 
and American Pipe smoking 

714
00:41:17,700 --> 00:41:20,700
Traditions, which developed 
primarily in the 16th through 

715
00:41:20,700 --> 00:41:24,200
19th centuries, created their 
own cultures around the 

716
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:27,800
practice. 
Clay pipes then Briar pipes 

717
00:41:27,800 --> 00:41:31,500
became Technologies of 
contemplation, the ritual of 

718
00:41:31,508 --> 00:41:34,500
choosing a tobacco blend, 
filling the pipe properly, 

719
00:41:34,500 --> 00:41:37,700
lighting it with care, and 
maintaining the burn through 

720
00:41:37,700 --> 00:41:42,400
strategic puffing, these actions
required attention and provided 

721
00:41:42,400 --> 00:41:46,600
structure for thinking many 
scholars, writers and artists 

722
00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:49,600
described pipe smoking as an 
aide to concentration and 

723
00:41:49,600 --> 00:41:52,800
creativity. 
The gentle stimulation from 

724
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:56,500
nicotine combined with the 
meditative quality of the ritual

725
00:41:56,500 --> 00:42:00,600
and the pleasant Taste of good 
tobacco created conditions that 

726
00:42:00,600 --> 00:42:03,000
many found conducive to 
intellectual work. 

727
00:42:03,800 --> 00:42:06,100
This wasn't justification for a 
habit. 

728
00:42:06,700 --> 00:42:09,700
There's evidence that moderate 
nicotine intake and enhance 

729
00:42:09,700 --> 00:42:13,400
certain cognitive functions, 
particularly sustained attention

730
00:42:13,400 --> 00:42:17,400
the pipe itself became a symbol 
in European and American culture

731
00:42:17,400 --> 00:42:21,700
of masculinity intellectuality 
Leisure or contemplation 

732
00:42:21,700 --> 00:42:25,900
depending on context. 
Sherlock Holmes is pipe 

733
00:42:25,900 --> 00:42:29,900
suggested, his analytical mind. 
Father Christmas is pipe 

734
00:42:29,900 --> 00:42:33,500
represented Jolly contentment. 
The pipe smoking Professor 

735
00:42:33,500 --> 00:42:37,000
became such a cultural archetype
that even people who never 

736
00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:40,300
smoked recognize the stereotype,
what United. 

737
00:42:40,300 --> 00:42:43,000
All these different pipe 
Traditions from Amazonian 

738
00:42:43,000 --> 00:42:45,300
tobacco to Asian opium to 
European. 

739
00:42:45,300 --> 00:42:48,700
Briar pipes was the intimate 
personal quality of the 

740
00:42:48,700 --> 00:42:51,700
experience. 
Unlike Temple incense that 

741
00:42:51,700 --> 00:42:54,300
filled a large space. 
For many people, unlike 

742
00:42:54,300 --> 00:42:58,200
Physicians fumigations 
administered as treatment pipes,

743
00:42:58,200 --> 00:43:01,600
smoking was about individual 
Consciousness, personal ritual 

744
00:43:01,600 --> 00:43:03,900
and chosen moments of altered 
awareness. 

745
00:43:03,900 --> 00:43:07,800
The pipe created a small 
immediate relationship between a

746
00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:10,800
person and smoke. 
You can control every aspect 

747
00:43:10,800 --> 00:43:15,900
what you smoked when you smoke'd
and how much you smoked The 

748
00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:19,500
Smoke Filled your mouth touched 
your tongue and entered your 

749
00:43:19,508 --> 00:43:22,700
lungs or in some traditions was 
only taken into the mouth. 

750
00:43:22,700 --> 00:43:26,400
It was yours in a way that 
communal smoke wasn't this 

751
00:43:26,400 --> 00:43:30,100
personal quality, made pipes 
attractive for contemplation for

752
00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:33,500
marking transitions between 
activities and for creating 

753
00:43:33,500 --> 00:43:36,900
small islands of ritual in 
otherwise unstructured time. 

754
00:43:37,700 --> 00:43:41,000
You could smoke a pipe while 
thinking through a problem while

755
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:44,900
grieving a loss while 
celebrating a success or while 

756
00:43:44,900 --> 00:43:48,800
simply watching the sunset. 
The smoke became a companion to 

757
00:43:48,800 --> 00:43:51,700
your thoughts. 
A physical manifestation of the 

758
00:43:51,700 --> 00:43:54,700
moment you were inhabiting 
different cultures, developed 

759
00:43:54,700 --> 00:43:56,700
different, etiquettes around 
pipe smoking. 

760
00:43:57,700 --> 00:43:59,500
In some native American 
traditions. 

761
00:43:59,500 --> 00:44:02,200
Interrupting someone who was 
smoking would be deeply 

762
00:44:02,200 --> 00:44:05,600
disrespectful. 
The ACT demanded its own time 

763
00:44:05,600 --> 00:44:08,800
and space in. 
Victorian England pipes smoking 

764
00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:12,400
was gendered male and confined 
specific rooms or times, 

765
00:44:12,400 --> 00:44:16,200
creating a whole architecture of
social rules about where and 

766
00:44:16,200 --> 00:44:20,800
when smoke was appropriate, In 
Middle Eastern coffeehouses who 

767
00:44:20,800 --> 00:44:24,500
could smoking was communal and 
conversational the pipe passed 

768
00:44:24,500 --> 00:44:27,400
between friends. 
As freely as words, the sensory 

769
00:44:27,400 --> 00:44:31,500
experience of pipes smoking 
varied in enormously depending 

770
00:44:31,500 --> 00:44:35,400
on what was being smoked and how
Tobacco, could be sweet or 

771
00:44:35,400 --> 00:44:39,800
harsh, smooth or biting aromatic
or plain. 

772
00:44:40,800 --> 00:44:44,200
Opium produced, a distinctive 
smell that became associated 

773
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:48,200
with relaxation and Escape 
cannabis, which has been smoked 

774
00:44:48,200 --> 00:44:51,400
in various forms for thousands 
of years offered yet. 

775
00:44:51,400 --> 00:44:56,100
Another sensory profile earthea 
and more pungent than tobacco 

776
00:44:56,100 --> 00:44:58,700
with quite different effect on 
Consciousness. 

777
00:44:58,700 --> 00:45:02,700
What's interesting is how 
quickly pipe smoking spread once

778
00:45:02,700 --> 00:45:06,700
global trade networks emerged in
the 16th and 17th centuries. 

779
00:45:07,400 --> 00:45:10,600
Tobacco, which was completely 
unknown outside the Americas. 

780
00:45:10,600 --> 00:45:15,900
Before 1492 had reached every 
inhabited continent within a 

781
00:45:15,900 --> 00:45:17,800
century of European contact with
the new world. 

782
00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:22,200
Pipes appeared in Africa, Asia 
Europe and Oceania with 

783
00:45:22,200 --> 00:45:26,200
remarkable speed suggesting that
the practice answered some 

784
00:45:26,200 --> 00:45:30,300
widespread human need or desire.
This rapid spread wasn't just 

785
00:45:30,300 --> 00:45:33,000
about nicotine addiction though.
That certainly played a role. 

786
00:45:33,008 --> 00:45:36,700
It was also about the appeal of 
a personal ritual that could 

787
00:45:36,700 --> 00:45:39,700
create moments of calm, in 
increasingly, complex, 

788
00:45:39,700 --> 00:45:41,800
connected, and demanding 
societies. 

789
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:46,100
As the world modernized as 
traditional rhythms of 

790
00:45:46,108 --> 00:45:48,100
agricultural. 
Life gave way to Urban 

791
00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:51,200
industrial time. 
The pipe offered a portable 

792
00:45:51,200 --> 00:45:55,300
personal technology for creating
small moments of peace. 

793
00:45:55,300 --> 00:45:58,600
Now, we approach more recent 
history that period from roughly

794
00:45:58,600 --> 00:46:01,800
1700 to 1900. 
When the practice is we've been 

795
00:46:01,800 --> 00:46:06,500
discussing underwent significant
transformation, The Scientific 

796
00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:09,700
Revolution was changing how 
educated people understood smoke

797
00:46:09,700 --> 00:46:13,100
and its effects 
industrialization was changing 

798
00:46:13,100 --> 00:46:16,000
how aromatic substances were 
produced and distributed 

799
00:46:16,000 --> 00:46:20,100
colonialism was disrupting, 
traditional practices while 

800
00:46:20,100 --> 00:46:23,900
spreading them to new contexts. 
Let's consider how European 

801
00:46:23,900 --> 00:46:26,700
expansion affected in sense, 
Traditions worldwide. 

802
00:46:27,600 --> 00:46:31,400
When Portuguese traders reached 
India and Southeast Asia, when 

803
00:46:31,400 --> 00:46:33,700
Spanish conquistadors, 
encountered American 

804
00:46:33,700 --> 00:46:37,100
civilizations and when Dutch 
Merchants established themselves

805
00:46:37,100 --> 00:46:40,400
in Indonesia, they found a 
labyrinth sophisticated, 

806
00:46:40,400 --> 00:46:44,300
Traditions around aromatic 
smoke, some of these Traditions,

807
00:46:44,300 --> 00:46:47,900
they adopted others they 
disrupted and still others. 

808
00:46:47,900 --> 00:46:51,700
They try to suppress Christian 
missionaries for instance often 

809
00:46:51,700 --> 00:46:55,000
viewed indigenous smoking 
practices with deep suspicion. 

810
00:46:56,200 --> 00:46:59,600
Shamanic tobacco, use in the 
Americas look disturbingly like 

811
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:03,500
religious ritual, which of 
course, it was, and missionaries

812
00:47:03,500 --> 00:47:07,300
work to suppress it as paganism.
But they had no problem with 

813
00:47:07,300 --> 00:47:10,700
incense in their own churches, 
which was also a religious smoke

814
00:47:10,700 --> 00:47:14,200
ritual but properly Christian. 
And therefore acceptable this 

815
00:47:14,200 --> 00:47:16,800
selective acceptance and 
rejection created. 

816
00:47:16,800 --> 00:47:21,500
Interesting hybrid practices in 
Latin America indigenous smoking

817
00:47:21,500 --> 00:47:24,600
Traditions mixed with Catholic 
incense used to create something

818
00:47:24,600 --> 00:47:29,800
new In India Hindu incense, 
practices continued but also 

819
00:47:29,800 --> 00:47:33,700
influence British colonial 
Culture by the Victorian era, 

820
00:47:33,700 --> 00:47:38,200
wealthy British, homes routinely
burned in Indian incense, though

821
00:47:38,200 --> 00:47:41,200
usually stripped of their 
original religious meanings and 

822
00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:44,000
appreciated primarily for their 
exotic fragrance. 

823
00:47:44,000 --> 00:47:48,000
The scientific study of smoke 
and its effects began in Earnest

824
00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:51,400
during this period. 
Chemists started analyzing the 

825
00:47:51,400 --> 00:47:53,900
compounds and various aromatic 
substances. 

826
00:47:53,900 --> 00:47:58,000
Identifying specific molecules 
responsible for particular, 

827
00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:01,700
smells or effects. 
Physicians began conducting 

828
00:48:01,700 --> 00:48:05,600
something resembling clinical 
trials testing, whether the 

829
00:48:05,600 --> 00:48:08,200
therapeutic smoking actually 
worked for the conditions. 

830
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:11,900
It was prescribed to treat some 
traditional smoke remedies held 

831
00:48:11,900 --> 00:48:14,200
up reasonably well under 
scientific scrutiny. 

832
00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:17,900
Yes, eucalyptus smoke does help 
respiratory problems. 

833
00:48:17,900 --> 00:48:21,300
We can now explain exactly why 
in terms of chemical 

834
00:48:21,300 --> 00:48:24,100
constituents and their 
interactions with human 

835
00:48:24,100 --> 00:48:27,500
respiratory tissues other 
traditional practices didn't 

836
00:48:27,500 --> 00:48:30,800
fare as well. 
No smoke from burnt goat hair 

837
00:48:30,800 --> 00:48:34,100
will not cure epilepsy 
regardless of what ancient 

838
00:48:34,100 --> 00:48:37,400
Physicians believed, but this 
scientific understanding also 

839
00:48:37,400 --> 00:48:40,000
stripped of much of its mystery 
and symbolic power. 

840
00:48:41,100 --> 00:48:44,200
When aromatic smoke becomes 
merely a delivery mechanism for 

841
00:48:44,200 --> 00:48:47,900
specific chemical compounds. 
It loses something of its 

842
00:48:47,900 --> 00:48:50,300
capacity to carry, meaning 
beyond the physical. 

843
00:48:51,300 --> 00:48:53,200
The rationalization of smoke 
knowledge. 

844
00:48:53,200 --> 00:48:56,900
Made practices more effective in
some ways while making them less

845
00:48:56,900 --> 00:49:00,300
meaningful in others. 
Industrialization changed the 

846
00:49:00,308 --> 00:49:04,400
incense trade dramatically. 
Instead of rare resins carried 

847
00:49:04,400 --> 00:49:08,300
across continents by Caravan 
aromatic substances could be 

848
00:49:08,308 --> 00:49:11,900
synthesized in factories or at 
least mass produced from 

849
00:49:11,900 --> 00:49:15,900
Plantation grown materials. 
This made in sense, much cheaper

850
00:49:15,900 --> 00:49:19,700
and more widely available which 
was good for Access but not so 

851
00:49:19,700 --> 00:49:23,400
good for the sense of precious 
Rarity that had surrounded 

852
00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:25,500
aromatics for thousands of 
years. 

853
00:49:25,500 --> 00:49:29,300
The 19th century also saw 
increasing concerns about 

854
00:49:29,300 --> 00:49:32,900
smoking health effects 
Physicians, who had once 

855
00:49:32,900 --> 00:49:35,600
prescribed therapeutic smoking 
began. 

856
00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:38,400
Noticing that heavy smokers 
seemed to develop distinctive 

857
00:49:38,400 --> 00:49:41,700
health problems. 
The connection between tobacco 

858
00:49:41,700 --> 00:49:44,300
and very diseases was beginning 
to be recognized. 

859
00:49:44,300 --> 00:49:48,000
Though, it would take until the 
mid-20th century before the full

860
00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:51,300
scope of smoking. 
Health impacts became clear this

861
00:49:51,300 --> 00:49:54,800
created an interesting 
Divergence Temple incense and 

862
00:49:54,800 --> 00:49:57,300
aromatic smoke for atmosphere 
remained relatively 

863
00:49:57,300 --> 00:50:00,300
uncontroversial. 
People recognized, you were 

864
00:50:00,300 --> 00:50:02,900
inhaling enough smoke in these 
context to cause health 

865
00:50:02,900 --> 00:50:05,900
problems. 
But pipes smoking and specially 

866
00:50:05,900 --> 00:50:08,000
cigarette. 
Smoking came under increasing 

867
00:50:08,000 --> 00:50:11,700
scrutiny as evidence mounted. 
The regular smoke, inhalation 

868
00:50:11,700 --> 00:50:16,500
damaged lungs and contributed to
various diseases the cigarette 

869
00:50:16,500 --> 00:50:18,300
which became dominant in the 
20th. 

870
00:50:18,300 --> 00:50:22,300
Century represented a departure 
from older smoking traditions in

871
00:50:22,300 --> 00:50:25,300
important ways. 
Cigarettes were Industrial 

872
00:50:25,300 --> 00:50:29,500
Products, uniform mass produced 
and designed for quick 

873
00:50:29,500 --> 00:50:32,500
consumption rather than 
contemplative ritual. 

874
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:37,900
The cigarette breaks, the pipes,
smoking session, same basic 

875
00:50:37,900 --> 00:50:41,500
activity, but compressed hurried
and stripped of most ceremonial 

876
00:50:41,500 --> 00:50:44,200
elements where pipe smoking had 
required. 

877
00:50:44,200 --> 00:50:46,800
Some skill and tension. 
You had to pack the pipe 

878
00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:48,500
properly. 
Keep it lit and manage. 

879
00:50:48,500 --> 00:50:51,400
The ash cigarette. 
Smoking was nearly effortless. 

880
00:50:52,100 --> 00:50:55,600
Striker match. 
Inhale, exhale, repeat. 

881
00:50:56,700 --> 00:50:59,800
This ease of use contributed to 
much higher consumption rates 

882
00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:01,700
and consequently much worse, 
Health outcomes. 

883
00:51:03,100 --> 00:51:06,800
The cigarette was Smoke practice
optimized for nicotine delivery 

884
00:51:06,800 --> 00:51:11,000
rather than for ritual, 
contemplation or social bonding 

885
00:51:11,000 --> 00:51:14,500
yet even cigarettes acquired 
their own rituals and meanings 

886
00:51:14,500 --> 00:51:18,300
the sharing of cigarettes 
between soldiers created bonds. 

887
00:51:18,300 --> 00:51:22,600
The offered cigarette, became a 
social gesture, the lighting of 

888
00:51:22,608 --> 00:51:26,000
someone else's cigarette had its
own etiquette and even romantic 

889
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:29,300
connotations. 
Humans, it seems will create 

890
00:51:29,300 --> 00:51:32,600
ritual around any repeated 
practice, even in industrial 

891
00:51:32,600 --> 00:51:35,200
ones. 
Meanwhile, incense Traditions 

892
00:51:35,200 --> 00:51:38,700
continued to evolve in various 
directions, in Japan. 

893
00:51:38,700 --> 00:51:41,500
Kodo. 
The way of incense became 

894
00:51:41,500 --> 00:51:45,300
increasingly refined as an 
aesthetic practice separate from

895
00:51:45,300 --> 00:51:48,500
religious contexts. 
Practitioners learn to 

896
00:51:48,500 --> 00:51:50,700
distinguish. 
Hundreds of different aromatic 

897
00:51:50,700 --> 00:51:55,000
Woods to appreciate subtle 
differences in fragrance and to 

898
00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:59,200
use incense as a focus for 
meditation and mindfulness. it 

899
00:51:59,200 --> 00:52:02,600
was like wine tasting but for 
smoke and equally sophisticated 

900
00:52:02,600 --> 00:52:06,900
in India, the ancient traditions
of incense making continued but 

901
00:52:06,900 --> 00:52:10,500
also adapted to Modern Commerce 
Factories and cities like 

902
00:52:10,500 --> 00:52:13,500
Bangalore produced incense 
sticks in enormous quantities, 

903
00:52:13,500 --> 00:52:17,000
maintaining traditional 
formulations while using modern 

904
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:20,400
manufacturing techniques. 
The smell of Jasmine or 

905
00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:23,500
Sandalwood, incense became 
associated with Indian culture. 

906
00:52:23,500 --> 00:52:28,100
Generally carried worldwide by 
the Indian diaspora, Weston 

907
00:52:28,100 --> 00:52:32,000
counter movements in the 1960s 
and seventies rediscovered 

908
00:52:32,000 --> 00:52:35,400
incense and brought it into 
mainstream Euro American 

909
00:52:35,400 --> 00:52:38,600
culture. 
Young people burning nag Champa 

910
00:52:38,600 --> 00:52:40,400
in their Apartments were 
participating. 

911
00:52:40,400 --> 00:52:44,600
Often unknowingly in Smoke 
Traditions that stretched back, 

912
00:52:44,600 --> 00:52:49,600
thousands of years. 
The context had changed hemeon 

913
00:52:49,600 --> 00:52:53,400
Flats rather than ancient 
temples, but the basic practice 

914
00:52:53,400 --> 00:52:56,200
of filling a space with aromatic
smoke remained. 

915
00:52:56,200 --> 00:52:59,000
The same. 
This period also saw renewed 

916
00:52:59,000 --> 00:53:02,400
interest in indigenous smoking 
practices, particularly 

917
00:53:02,400 --> 00:53:06,200
Ayahuasca ceremonies and similar
traditions. some of this 

918
00:53:06,200 --> 00:53:10,300
interest was respectful and 
carefully conducted some of it 

919
00:53:10,300 --> 00:53:13,600
amounted to cultural 
appropriation with sacred 

920
00:53:13,600 --> 00:53:17,100
practices stripped from their 
original context and treated as 

921
00:53:17,100 --> 00:53:20,500
recreational drug use, The 
distinction matters. 

922
00:53:20,500 --> 00:53:24,200
There's a difference between 
participating meaningfully in a 

923
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:27,500
tradition and simply consuming 
exotic experiences. 

924
00:53:27,500 --> 00:53:29,900
As you Nestle deeper into your 
blankets. 

925
00:53:29,900 --> 00:53:32,400
And perhaps notice how your own 
breathing is slowed while 

926
00:53:32,400 --> 00:53:35,100
reading this story. 
Let's turn to what modern 

927
00:53:35,100 --> 00:53:39,000
science has discovered about why
smoke based practices affect the

928
00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:41,900
way they do. 
Understanding the mechanisms, 

929
00:53:41,900 --> 00:53:45,900
doesn't diminish The Experience,
if anything it reveals, how 

930
00:53:45,900 --> 00:53:49,900
intuitive our ancestors were in 
their observations, the human 

931
00:53:49,900 --> 00:53:53,400
olfactory system. 
Your sense of smell is directly 

932
00:53:53,400 --> 00:53:57,300
connected to the limbic system. 
Those ancient structures deep in

933
00:53:57,300 --> 00:54:01,300
your brain that process emotion 
and memory This is why certain 

934
00:54:01,300 --> 00:54:05,300
smells can instantly transport 
you to Childhood, the VOC 

935
00:54:05,300 --> 00:54:09,600
powerful, emotional responses, 
or creative feelings of calm or 

936
00:54:09,600 --> 00:54:12,800
anxiety. 
When you smell incense or 

937
00:54:12,800 --> 00:54:16,500
aromatic smoke the molecules 
trigger, not just sensory 

938
00:54:16,500 --> 00:54:20,600
perception, but emotional and 
memory responses that bypass 

939
00:54:20,600 --> 00:54:23,500
conscious reasoning. 
Ancient people didn't know about

940
00:54:23,500 --> 00:54:26,300
the limbic system but they 
certainly knew that certain 

941
00:54:26,300 --> 00:54:27,900
smells made them feel certain 
ways. 

942
00:54:28,900 --> 00:54:31,400
They were working with the same 
neurological architecture. 

943
00:54:31,400 --> 00:54:34,800
We have today conducting 
empirical experiments and 

944
00:54:34,800 --> 00:54:37,400
altering their own Consciousness
and carefully noting which 

945
00:54:37,400 --> 00:54:39,900
plants produced which affects 
modern. 

946
00:54:39,900 --> 00:54:43,000
Chemistry is identified the 
specific compounds responsible 

947
00:54:43,000 --> 00:54:45,300
for many traditional incense 
effects. 

948
00:54:46,100 --> 00:54:50,000
Frankincense contains both acids
and other molecules that have 

949
00:54:50,000 --> 00:54:53,700
genuine anti-inflammatory and 
anxiolytic anxiety. 

950
00:54:53,700 --> 00:54:57,700
Reducing properties. 
When burned frankincense 

951
00:54:57,700 --> 00:55:00,700
releases these compounds in a 
form that can be absorbed 

952
00:55:00,700 --> 00:55:04,200
through the respiratory system 
producing measurable effects on 

953
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:07,400
brain, chemistry and emotional 
state, lavender. 

954
00:55:07,400 --> 00:55:12,200
Smoke contains lanole, and 
lineal acetate compounds that 

955
00:55:12,200 --> 00:55:14,600
have been shown in laboratory 
studies, to reduce stress 

956
00:55:14,600 --> 00:55:16,400
hormones, and promote 
relaxation. 

957
00:55:17,300 --> 00:55:20,700
The Greeks and Romans who burned
lavender to promote, calmness 

958
00:55:20,700 --> 00:55:24,600
weren't just engaging in 
Superstition, they were using a 

959
00:55:24,600 --> 00:55:28,500
substance that genuinely affects
human neurobiology and ways that

960
00:55:28,500 --> 00:55:31,900
reduce anxiety. 
Similarly, the therapeutic 

961
00:55:31,900 --> 00:55:35,700
smoking practices of ancient 
Physicians often prescribed 

962
00:55:35,700 --> 00:55:40,700
genuinely effective substances. 
When Chinese doctors recommended

963
00:55:40,700 --> 00:55:43,000
smoking Moen for respiratory 
problems. 

964
00:55:43,000 --> 00:55:45,800
They were unknowingly. 
Prescribing a feed dream. 

965
00:55:45,800 --> 00:55:50,800
A powerful Broncho dilator. 
When Indian ayurvedic Physicians

966
00:55:50,800 --> 00:55:54,400
prescribed, cannabis smoke, for 
various conditions, they were 

967
00:55:54,400 --> 00:55:57,300
using a substance with 
documented effects on pain. 

968
00:55:57,300 --> 00:56:00,100
Nausea, and several other 
symptoms. 

969
00:56:00,100 --> 00:56:04,000
Modern Neuroscience has also 
helped explain why ritual and 

970
00:56:04,000 --> 00:56:06,500
setting matters so much for 
smoked based practices. 

971
00:56:07,500 --> 00:56:10,100
The brain doesn't just respond 
to chemical compounds. 

972
00:56:10,100 --> 00:56:13,400
It responds to expectations 
context and meaning. 

973
00:56:14,400 --> 00:56:16,800
When you burn incense in a 
context, you've learned to 

974
00:56:16,800 --> 00:56:19,600
associate with relaxation or 
spiritual experience. 

975
00:56:19,600 --> 00:56:23,500
Your brain begins producing the 
associated response before. 

976
00:56:23,500 --> 00:56:27,000
You've even inhaled any smoke, 
this isn't just cycle. 

977
00:56:27,000 --> 00:56:30,800
By the way, the expectation of 
relaxation triggers real. 

978
00:56:30,800 --> 00:56:34,500
Measurable changes in brain 
chemistry, increase serotonin, 

979
00:56:34,500 --> 00:56:37,800
and dopamine, and decreased 
quarters, all, and adrenaline 

980
00:56:38,500 --> 00:56:41,500
The chemical compounds in the 
smoke then enhance and extend 

981
00:56:41,500 --> 00:56:45,000
these changes creating a 
synergistic effect that is more 

982
00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:48,400
powerful than either context or 
chemistry alone breathing 

983
00:56:48,400 --> 00:56:52,000
patterns matter too and this is 
something ancient practitioners 

984
00:56:52,000 --> 00:56:56,000
understood intuitively. 
When you deliberately slow and 

985
00:56:56,000 --> 00:57:00,100
deepen, your breathing to inhale
aromatic smoke, your activating,

986
00:57:00,100 --> 00:57:04,400
your parasympathetic nervous 
system, the rest and digest mode

987
00:57:04,400 --> 00:57:07,900
that counteract stress 
responses, the compounds in the 

988
00:57:07,900 --> 00:57:11,500
Smoke, enhance this effect. 
The breathing pattern itself is 

989
00:57:11,500 --> 00:57:14,900
doing significant work. 
This explains why similar 

990
00:57:14,900 --> 00:57:19,000
practices emerged in different 
cultures humans everywhere have 

991
00:57:19,000 --> 00:57:23,400
the same basic neurobiology, the
same limbic system responses to 

992
00:57:23,400 --> 00:57:27,600
aromatic compounds and the same 
parasympathetic relaxation 

993
00:57:27,600 --> 00:57:32,200
response to slow breathing 
Ancient peoples in China, India 

994
00:57:32,200 --> 00:57:36,400
Rome and the Americas 
independently discovered that 

995
00:57:36,400 --> 00:57:39,400
burning certain plants and 
breathing the smoke deeply 

996
00:57:39,400 --> 00:57:43,500
produce specific desirable 
effects because they were all 

997
00:57:43,500 --> 00:57:45,400
working with the same human 
Hardware. 

998
00:57:45,400 --> 00:57:48,700
Modern research has also 
revealed some unexpected 

999
00:57:48,700 --> 00:57:50,900
benefits of certain aromatic 
compounds. 

1000
00:57:51,800 --> 00:57:54,700
Rosemary smoke. 
For instance, contains molecules

1001
00:57:54,700 --> 00:57:57,400
that appear to enhance memory 
and cognitive function. 

1002
00:57:58,500 --> 00:58:01,600
Studies have shown that people 
performing memory tasks in room 

1003
00:58:01,600 --> 00:58:04,200
centered with Rose, Marie 
performed better than control 

1004
00:58:04,200 --> 00:58:07,000
groups. 
Ancient people who burned Rose 

1005
00:58:07,000 --> 00:58:10,300
Marie while studying, or before 
important meetings may have been

1006
00:58:10,300 --> 00:58:13,200
unwittingly using a genuine 
cognitive enhancer 

1007
00:58:13,200 --> 00:58:16,400
interestingly, the communal 
aspects of smoke. 

1008
00:58:16,400 --> 00:58:20,300
Practice is also have measurable
effects. when people participate

1009
00:58:20,300 --> 00:58:24,300
in shared rituals, whether 
religious incense ceremonies or 

1010
00:58:24,300 --> 00:58:28,400
communal pipes, smoking their 
stress hormones, decreased their

1011
00:58:28,400 --> 00:58:31,200
sense of social connection 
increases and various measures 

1012
00:58:31,200 --> 00:58:34,600
of well-being improve The smoke 
is part of this. 

1013
00:58:34,600 --> 00:58:39,300
But so is the ritual itself, the
shared experience and the sense 

1014
00:58:39,300 --> 00:58:43,300
of participating in something 
larger than yourself, Placebo 

1015
00:58:43,300 --> 00:58:44,400
effects. 
We mentioned earlier. 

1016
00:58:44,400 --> 00:58:47,400
Turn out to be far more complex 
and interesting than once 

1017
00:58:47,400 --> 00:58:50,000
thought. 
Modern research shows that 

1018
00:58:50,000 --> 00:58:52,700
Placebo responses involve 
genuine changes in 

1019
00:58:52,700 --> 00:58:56,700
neurotransmitter levels immune 
function and even gene 

1020
00:58:56,700 --> 00:58:59,700
expression. 
When ancient healers conducted 

1021
00:58:59,700 --> 00:59:03,100
elaborate smoke rituals for sick
patients, they were triggering 

1022
00:59:03,100 --> 00:59:06,400
healing responses that were as 
real as any pharmaceutical 

1023
00:59:06,400 --> 00:59:09,000
effect. 
Even if the mechanisms were 

1024
00:59:09,000 --> 00:59:12,100
completely different from what 
the healers believed there are 

1025
00:59:12,108 --> 00:59:15,200
also risks and modern science as
made these clearer than ever. 

1026
00:59:16,000 --> 00:59:19,300
Regular smoke, inhalation, 
regardless of the substance 

1027
00:59:19,300 --> 00:59:23,000
damages respiratory tissues and 
increases risks of various 

1028
00:59:23,000 --> 00:59:25,900
cancers and lung diseases. 
The difference between 

1029
00:59:25,900 --> 00:59:29,300
occasional ceremonial incense, 
exposure and daily tobacco 

1030
00:59:29,300 --> 00:59:31,500
smoking is enormous in terms of 
health outcomes. 

1031
00:59:32,600 --> 00:59:35,500
But even aromatic smoke in high 
concentrations can be 

1032
00:59:35,500 --> 00:59:37,700
problematic for people with 
respiratory conditions. 

1033
00:59:37,700 --> 00:59:40,100
This creates an interesting 
tension. 

1034
00:59:41,200 --> 00:59:42,900
The practices we've been 
discussing. 

1035
00:59:42,900 --> 00:59:47,000
Do have genuine effects. 
Cycleogical neurological and 

1036
00:59:47,000 --> 00:59:50,100
social. 
But they also carry risks that 

1037
00:59:50,100 --> 00:59:52,800
increase with frequency and 
intensity of use. 

1038
00:59:53,400 --> 00:59:55,800
Ancient peoples. 
Generally use these practices 

1039
00:59:55,800 --> 00:59:59,100
more sparingly than modern 
recreational smokers, which 

1040
00:59:59,100 --> 01:00:02,200
likely limited health impacts 
while preserving the ritual and 

1041
01:00:02,200 --> 01:00:04,800
psychological benefits. 
The modern scientific 

1042
01:00:04,800 --> 01:00:07,600
understanding of smoke, and its 
effects suggests that our 

1043
01:00:07,600 --> 01:00:10,900
ancestors were remarkably 
sophisticated observers of human

1044
01:00:10,900 --> 01:00:14,000
consciousness and the substances
that alter it. 

1045
01:00:14,800 --> 01:00:17,100
They couldn't explain the 
mechanisms in terms of 

1046
01:00:17,100 --> 01:00:20,600
neurotransmitters and receptor 
sites but they could reliably 

1047
01:00:20,600 --> 01:00:24,100
predict that burning substance X
in context why would produce 

1048
01:00:24,100 --> 01:00:26,700
affect zeed? 
That's empirical science. 

1049
01:00:26,700 --> 01:00:30,700
Even without the theoretical 
Frameworks, we've added now as 

1050
01:00:30,700 --> 01:00:34,200
we move into the present day, 
the story of smoke becomes more 

1051
01:00:34,200 --> 01:00:37,900
personal and immediate You might
have your own experience as with

1052
01:00:37,900 --> 01:00:42,000
incense with the smell of wood 
smoke from a fireplace with the 

1053
01:00:42,000 --> 01:00:46,500
lingering Aroma of sage or sweet
grass or with memories attached 

1054
01:00:46,500 --> 01:00:49,900
to particular scents, that 
Rising curling wiste's, the 

1055
01:00:49,900 --> 01:00:52,200
relationship between modern 
people and aromatic. 

1056
01:00:52,200 --> 01:00:55,300
Smoke is complicated. 
Full of contradictions that 

1057
01:00:55,300 --> 01:00:56,700
would have baffled our 
ancestors. 

1058
01:00:56,700 --> 01:01:00,200
We know more about the chemistry
and health effects than any 

1059
01:01:00,200 --> 01:01:03,700
previous generation yet, we 
often use this knowledge poorly.

1060
01:01:04,400 --> 01:01:07,600
We have access to aromatics from
around the world at prices, that

1061
01:01:07,600 --> 01:01:11,400
would Astound ancient Merchants.
Yet, we often fail to appreciate

1062
01:01:11,400 --> 01:01:13,400
the depth of traditions behind 
them. 

1063
01:01:13,400 --> 01:01:17,700
Walk into most metaphysical 
bookstores, yoga studios, or 

1064
01:01:17,700 --> 01:01:21,300
wellness centers in the western 
world, and you'll find incense 

1065
01:01:21,300 --> 01:01:25,100
for sale often. 
Nag Champa from India, but also 

1066
01:01:25,100 --> 01:01:29,600
white sage bundles Palo. 
Santo sticks, copal resin and 

1067
01:01:29,600 --> 01:01:32,400
various other aromatics from 
Traditions worldwide. 

1068
01:01:33,400 --> 01:01:36,600
This represents unprecedented 
access to global smoke 

1069
01:01:36,600 --> 01:01:40,000
Traditions, but also raises 
questions about cultural 

1070
01:01:40,000 --> 01:01:43,600
appropriation sustainable 
harvesting and whether 

1071
01:01:43,600 --> 01:01:47,300
transplanted practices retain 
their meaning, outside their 

1072
01:01:47,300 --> 01:01:51,200
original contexts, the white 
sage situation is particularly 

1073
01:01:51,200 --> 01:01:55,100
instructive, white sage is 
sacred to various Native, 

1074
01:01:55,100 --> 01:01:58,500
American people's, particularly 
in California, and the south 

1075
01:01:58,500 --> 01:02:03,000
west Smudging with white sage 
burning bundles of the dried 

1076
01:02:03,000 --> 01:02:06,400
herbed purified spaces is an 
important practice in these 

1077
01:02:06,400 --> 01:02:09,800
traditions. 
But commercial harvesting has 

1078
01:02:09,800 --> 01:02:13,600
put white sage populations under
pressure and seeing their sacred

1079
01:02:13,600 --> 01:02:17,500
plant sold in every new age 
shop, understandably, bothers, 

1080
01:02:17,500 --> 01:02:20,700
many Native Americans. 
This is the smoke tradition 

1081
01:02:20,700 --> 01:02:24,000
encountering globalization and 
it's complicated. 

1082
01:02:24,000 --> 01:02:27,600
On one hand. 
People worldwide seeking calm 

1083
01:02:27,600 --> 01:02:30,800
and purification through 
aromatic, smoke are 

1084
01:02:30,800 --> 01:02:34,200
participating in fundamentally 
human practices that transcend 

1085
01:02:34,200 --> 01:02:36,100
culture. 
On the other hand. 

1086
01:02:36,100 --> 01:02:39,400
There's something troubling 
about sacred Traditions being 

1087
01:02:39,400 --> 01:02:42,000
commodified and stripped of 
their contexts. 

1088
01:02:43,000 --> 01:02:45,700
Smoke Remains the Same, but the 
meaning has changed in 

1089
01:02:45,700 --> 01:02:49,100
Translation. 
Meanwhile, incense traditions in

1090
01:02:49,100 --> 01:02:53,000
their homelands can continue to 
evolve visitor Buddhist temple, 

1091
01:02:53,000 --> 01:02:56,800
in Taiwan Thailand or Japan. 
And you'll find practices that 

1092
01:02:56,800 --> 01:02:59,600
combine ancient formulations 
with modern sensibilities. 

1093
01:03:00,800 --> 01:03:03,700
The incense might be made using 
traditional recipes but 

1094
01:03:03,700 --> 01:03:06,700
manufactured in climate 
controlled facilities with 

1095
01:03:06,700 --> 01:03:09,800
quality testing that ensures 
consistent products. 

1096
01:03:10,900 --> 01:03:13,000
The rituals continue. 
But in building that have 

1097
01:03:13,008 --> 01:03:16,200
electric lights, air 
conditioning, and live stream 

1098
01:03:16,200 --> 01:03:19,000
services for distant devotees in
India. 

1099
01:03:19,000 --> 01:03:22,900
The incense industry has become 
a significant economic sector 

1100
01:03:22,900 --> 01:03:25,900
employing, thousands of people 
in traditional craft 

1101
01:03:25,900 --> 01:03:29,100
manufacturing that's been 
modernized with without being 

1102
01:03:29,100 --> 01:03:33,200
completely industrialized. 
Families that have made incense 

1103
01:03:33,200 --> 01:03:35,400
for Generations. 
Now export their products 

1104
01:03:35,400 --> 01:03:38,900
globally while maintaining 
recipes and techniques passed 

1105
01:03:38,900 --> 01:03:42,200
down through the centuries. 
Its traditional adapting to 

1106
01:03:42,200 --> 01:03:45,600
modernity finding ways to 
continue that don't require 

1107
01:03:45,600 --> 01:03:49,900
rejecting change entirely the 
medical use of aromatic smoke is

1108
01:03:49,900 --> 01:03:53,100
largely disappeared in developed
countries, replaced by more 

1109
01:03:53,100 --> 01:03:56,400
reliable pharmaceutical. 
Approaches, your doctor isn't 

1110
01:03:56,400 --> 01:03:59,300
going to prescribe therapeutic 
fumigation for your respiratory 

1111
01:03:59,300 --> 01:04:01,600
infection. 
They'll give you antibiotics or 

1112
01:04:01,600 --> 01:04:05,300
antivirals. 
But aroma therapy, the use of 

1113
01:04:05,300 --> 01:04:08,800
essential oils and aromatic 
compounds for cycle and Mild. 

1114
01:04:08,800 --> 01:04:12,700
Physical benefits has found a 
niche as complementary medicine 

1115
01:04:12,700 --> 01:04:16,000
essential oil, diffusers 
represented, in interesting, 

1116
01:04:16,000 --> 01:04:19,300
evolution of smoke practice. 
Instead of burning our aromatic 

1117
01:04:19,300 --> 01:04:22,200
substances. 
These devices vaporize essential

1118
01:04:22,200 --> 01:04:24,900
oils and water. 
Creating a fragrant Mist. 

1119
01:04:24,900 --> 01:04:28,600
That disperses through a room, 
it's smoke without combustion 

1120
01:04:28,600 --> 01:04:33,100
aromatics without Ash and a 
sanitized version of ancient 

1121
01:04:33,100 --> 01:04:36,600
practices adapted for modern 
homes that have smoked detectors

1122
01:04:36,600 --> 01:04:38,700
and fire codes. 
Does it work? 

1123
01:04:38,700 --> 01:04:43,900
Yes, and no. 
The aromatic compounds still 

1124
01:04:43,900 --> 01:04:46,500
affect the limbic system. 
Still produce psychological 

1125
01:04:46,500 --> 01:04:49,700
responses and still create 
Pleasant environments. 

1126
01:04:50,500 --> 01:04:53,300
But something is lost when you 
remove the visual element of 

1127
01:04:53,300 --> 01:04:56,600
smoke Rising. 
The slight edge of danger from 

1128
01:04:56,600 --> 01:05:01,000
working with fire and the 
ritualized aspects of preparing 

1129
01:05:01,000 --> 01:05:04,500
and lighting incense. 
The diffuser is more convenient 

1130
01:05:04,500 --> 01:05:08,000
and probably safer but 
convenience and safety aren't 

1131
01:05:08,000 --> 01:05:10,700
the only value that matter. 
The cigarette culture that 

1132
01:05:10,700 --> 01:05:14,100
dominated much of the 20th 
century is finally declining as 

1133
01:05:14,100 --> 01:05:17,900
health consequences, become 
undeniable and social acceptance

1134
01:05:17,900 --> 01:05:20,400
of evaporates. 
Fewer people. 

1135
01:05:20,400 --> 01:05:22,400
Smoke cigarettes now than at any
time. 

1136
01:05:22,400 --> 01:05:24,900
Since the 1920s in most 
developed countries. 

1137
01:05:25,900 --> 01:05:29,200
This is undoubtedly good for 
public health but it's also 

1138
01:05:29,200 --> 01:05:31,200
removed one of the few remaining
wide. 

1139
01:05:31,200 --> 01:05:33,500
Spread smoke practices from 
Every Day Life. 

1140
01:05:33,500 --> 01:05:36,900
Some of this void is being 
filled by cannabis legalization 

1141
01:05:36,900 --> 01:05:41,000
in various jurisdictions as 
cannabis becomes legal for 

1142
01:05:41,000 --> 01:05:44,000
recreational. 
Use New Traditions and practices

1143
01:05:44,000 --> 01:05:45,700
are emerging around its 
consumption. 

1144
01:05:46,800 --> 01:05:50,500
Some of these Echo older 
Traditions the past joined as a 

1145
01:05:50,500 --> 01:05:53,600
social bonding ritual has 
parallels to passed pipes in 

1146
01:05:53,608 --> 01:05:58,500
various cultures Others are 
distinctly, modern vaporizes and

1147
01:05:58,500 --> 01:06:01,900
Edibles representing, approaches
to cannabis consumption, that 

1148
01:06:01,900 --> 01:06:04,200
minimize or eliminate smoke 
entirely. 

1149
01:06:04,200 --> 01:06:08,100
The use of incense and religious
and spiritual contexts continues

1150
01:06:08,100 --> 01:06:12,200
worldwide relatively unchanged 
by modernities other 

1151
01:06:12,200 --> 01:06:15,400
transformations. 
Walk into a Catholic Church 

1152
01:06:15,400 --> 01:06:19,900
during high mass visit a Hindu 
temple during Puja or attend. 

1153
01:06:19,900 --> 01:06:23,700
A Buddhist Meditation session. 
You'll encounter aromatic smoke 

1154
01:06:23,700 --> 01:06:26,700
being used for purposes, that 
would be instantly recognizable 

1155
01:06:26,700 --> 01:06:28,600
to practitioners from centuries 
ago. 

1156
01:06:29,400 --> 01:06:32,600
This continuity is remarkable 
given how much else has changed?

1157
01:06:32,600 --> 01:06:36,300
Interestingly, there's been a 
modern Revival of interest in 

1158
01:06:36,300 --> 01:06:39,800
contemplative practices 
generally and incense as 

1159
01:06:39,800 --> 01:06:43,600
followed along. 
Mindfulness meditation, which 

1160
01:06:43,600 --> 01:06:46,500
has become surprisingly 
mainstream in secular Western 

1161
01:06:46,500 --> 01:06:50,500
culture, often incorporates 
incense as a focus for attention

1162
01:06:50,500 --> 01:06:55,200
or simply as atmosphere. 
The practice has been stripped 

1163
01:06:55,200 --> 01:06:59,400
of religious associations but 
retains the basic Insight that 

1164
01:06:59,400 --> 01:07:04,100
aromatic smoke can help create 
mental States, conducive to calm

1165
01:07:04,100 --> 01:07:08,600
awareness Japanese incense 
ceremony codo has even founded 

1166
01:07:08,600 --> 01:07:11,700
here at Japan though. 
Whether these practitioners 

1167
01:07:11,700 --> 01:07:14,900
fully appreciate the aesthetic 
and philosophical depth of the 

1168
01:07:14,900 --> 01:07:18,900
tradition is debatable. 
Still, the fact that people are 

1169
01:07:18,900 --> 01:07:21,500
willing to spend hours learning 
to distinguish subtle 

1170
01:07:21,500 --> 01:07:25,600
differences in aromatic Woods 
suggest that ancient approaches 

1171
01:07:25,600 --> 01:07:28,900
to smoke, appreciation can still
resonate with modern 

1172
01:07:28,900 --> 01:07:32,200
sensibilities. 
Environmental concerns are 

1173
01:07:32,200 --> 01:07:34,600
adding New Dimensions to how we 
think about smoke. 

1174
01:07:35,400 --> 01:07:39,000
Burning incense or anything else
releases particular matter and 

1175
01:07:39,000 --> 01:07:43,300
various chemicals into the air. 
Indoor air quality has become a 

1176
01:07:43,300 --> 01:07:47,200
recognized Health concern and 
burning substances indoors 

1177
01:07:47,200 --> 01:07:50,600
regularly isn't great for it. 
This creates another tension. 

1178
01:07:51,400 --> 01:07:53,800
The practice is that brought 
calm to countless Generations. 

1179
01:07:53,800 --> 01:07:56,900
Now faced questions about 
whether they're worth the 

1180
01:07:56,900 --> 01:08:00,400
environmental and health costs. 
There's all the simple fact that

1181
01:08:00,400 --> 01:08:03,500
many modern people don't know 
how to safely work with fire. 

1182
01:08:04,400 --> 01:08:07,700
We've outsourced flame to gas. 
Stoves furnaces and pilot lights

1183
01:08:07,700 --> 01:08:11,500
controlled automatic. 
Requiring no attention. 

1184
01:08:12,600 --> 01:08:15,300
The idea of deliberately 
lighting something on fire and 

1185
01:08:15,300 --> 01:08:17,800
managing it while. 
It burns is foreign to people 

1186
01:08:17,800 --> 01:08:20,700
who've grown up with smoke 
detectors, that sound at the 

1187
01:08:20,700 --> 01:08:25,600
first hint of combustion. 
Ancient practices assume a 

1188
01:08:25,600 --> 01:08:28,800
comfort level with fire. 
That many modern people simply 

1189
01:08:28,800 --> 01:08:31,100
lack. 
Yet, the fundamental human 

1190
01:08:31,100 --> 01:08:33,800
responses to aromatic smoke 
haven't changed. 

1191
01:08:34,700 --> 01:08:37,899
When you smell Sandalwood or 
frankincense, your brain, 

1192
01:08:37,899 --> 01:08:41,500
processes it using the same 
neural Pathways that lit up in 

1193
01:08:41,500 --> 01:08:45,600
an ancient Egyptians brain. 
When you watch smoke curl and 

1194
01:08:45,600 --> 01:08:49,000
Rise, you're seeing the same 
patterns that fascinated 

1195
01:08:49,000 --> 01:08:53,100
Mesopotamian diviners. 
When you associate certain 

1196
01:08:53,100 --> 01:08:56,300
smells with calm or 
contemplation, you're 

1197
01:08:56,300 --> 01:08:59,200
participating in conditioning 
processes, that humans have been

1198
01:08:59,200 --> 01:09:02,200
using for Millennia as we 
approach the end of our journey 

1199
01:09:02,200 --> 01:09:05,700
through Smoke's history. 
Its worth pausing to reflect on 

1200
01:09:05,700 --> 01:09:09,600
why this matters, why the story 
of Humanity's relationship with 

1201
01:09:09,600 --> 01:09:13,100
aromatic, smoke, deserves 
telling, and what it reveals 

1202
01:09:13,100 --> 01:09:16,399
about, who we are as a species 
have the most basic level. 

1203
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:19,700
The story of smoke is a story 
about human curiosity and 

1204
01:09:19,700 --> 01:09:23,500
experimentation our ancestors. 
Didn't have to figure out that 

1205
01:09:23,500 --> 01:09:26,700
burning certain plants produced 
Pleasant or interesting effects.

1206
01:09:27,399 --> 01:09:29,899
They could have just burned. 
What ever would was convenient 

1207
01:09:29,899 --> 01:09:31,800
to being content with warmth and
Light? 

1208
01:09:33,200 --> 01:09:38,100
Humans, don't work that way. 
We experiment, observe remember 

1209
01:09:38,100 --> 01:09:42,300
and refine. 
We notice patterns and explore 

1210
01:09:42,300 --> 01:09:45,700
possibilities. 
We turn accidental discoveries 

1211
01:09:45,700 --> 01:09:49,200
into deliberate practices. 
The fact that humans in wildly 

1212
01:09:49,200 --> 01:09:51,300
different cultures, 
independently, discovered, 

1213
01:09:51,300 --> 01:09:54,700
similarly uses for aromatic, 
smoke tells us something about 

1214
01:09:54,700 --> 01:09:59,700
Universal human needs, Across 
every continent and climates 

1215
01:09:59,700 --> 01:10:03,300
from Arctic to Tropical people 
sought ways to alter 

1216
01:10:03,300 --> 01:10:05,900
Consciousness creates Sacred 
Space. 

1217
01:10:05,900 --> 01:10:11,100
Mark important moments, find 
relief from pain or anxiety and 

1218
01:10:11,100 --> 01:10:13,800
connect with something Beyond 
everyday reality. 

1219
01:10:14,900 --> 01:10:17,400
Smoke became one tool among many
for meeting. 

1220
01:10:17,400 --> 01:10:20,600
These needs, this suggests that 
the desire for altered 

1221
01:10:20,600 --> 01:10:23,400
Consciousness isn't a pathology 
or a weakness. 

1222
01:10:24,300 --> 01:10:26,800
Fundamental aspect of human 
psychology. 

1223
01:10:27,800 --> 01:10:30,500
We're not meant to exist in one 
constant state. 

1224
01:10:31,200 --> 01:10:34,900
We need Variety in our 
experiences access to different 

1225
01:10:34,900 --> 01:10:38,800
modes of Consciousness and ways 
to step out, ordinary perception

1226
01:10:38,800 --> 01:10:44,100
and see from different angles. 
Aromatic smoke provided this for

1227
01:10:44,100 --> 01:10:48,000
most of human history which is 
why its practices spread so 

1228
01:10:48,000 --> 01:10:52,100
widely and persisted so long, 
the story of smoke is also a 

1229
01:10:52,100 --> 01:10:54,500
story about the tension between 
material and meaning. 

1230
01:10:55,300 --> 01:10:59,600
Smoke is a physical phenomenon, 
combustion producing particular 

1231
01:10:59,600 --> 01:11:03,700
matter, suspended in air. 
Humans have never been content 

1232
01:11:03,700 --> 01:11:07,500
to treated as merely physical. 
We've invested smoke with 

1233
01:11:07,500 --> 01:11:11,100
meanings used it as a language 
for Concepts. 

1234
01:11:11,100 --> 01:11:15,000
That can't be expressed in words
alone and made it carry our 

1235
01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:18,900
hopes and prayers to Realms. 
We can't directly perceive this 

1236
01:11:18,900 --> 01:11:22,400
capacity to see beyond the 
purely physical to find meaning 

1237
01:11:22,400 --> 01:11:25,400
in natural phenomena to create 
symbol systems. 

1238
01:11:25,400 --> 01:11:27,300
That let us think about abstract
Concepts. 

1239
01:11:27,300 --> 01:11:31,900
This is distinctly human. 
Other animals might enjoy 

1240
01:11:31,900 --> 01:11:35,900
Pleasant smells, but only humans
burn aromatics in specific 

1241
01:11:35,900 --> 01:11:38,600
contexts to deliberately alter 
their mental States. 

1242
01:11:38,600 --> 01:11:41,700
While simultaneously expressing 
spiritual beliefs through the 

1243
01:11:41,700 --> 01:11:44,400
actors itself. 
The global spread of smoke 

1244
01:11:44,400 --> 01:11:47,300
Traditions, through trade routes
tells us something about human 

1245
01:11:47,300 --> 01:11:50,100
connectivity. 
We tend to think of ancient 

1246
01:11:50,100 --> 01:11:53,800
people as isolated in their own 
cultures but the fact that 

1247
01:11:53,800 --> 01:11:56,700
frankincense from Southern 
Arabia ended up in, Chinese 

1248
01:11:56,700 --> 01:12:00,500
temples that tobacco from the 
Americas reached Asia within 

1249
01:12:00,500 --> 01:12:03,800
decades, and that incense 
formulas, spread across 

1250
01:12:03,800 --> 01:12:07,900
continents, all this reveals 
networks of human connection 

1251
01:12:07,900 --> 01:12:10,500
that were surprisingly robust 
and far. 

1252
01:12:10,500 --> 01:12:13,800
Reaching these trade networks 
weren't just about economics. 

1253
01:12:13,800 --> 01:12:17,800
They were about shared Human. 
Experience is about the 

1254
01:12:17,800 --> 01:12:20,500
recognition that people in 
distant lands, were seeking 

1255
01:12:20,500 --> 01:12:25,200
similar things, calm 
transcendents healing and 

1256
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:29,000
connection to the divine The 
merchant who carried 

1257
01:12:29,000 --> 01:12:32,200
frankincense from Arabia to Rome
was carrying more than a 

1258
01:12:32,200 --> 01:12:34,300
commodity. 
They were carrying one, 

1259
01:12:34,300 --> 01:12:38,200
culture's approach to these 
Universal needs and introducing 

1260
01:12:38,200 --> 01:12:40,600
it to people who would adapt it 
to their own purposes. 

1261
01:12:40,600 --> 01:12:44,200
The evolution of smoke practices
over time shows, human 

1262
01:12:44,200 --> 01:12:48,800
creativity and adaptability Same
basic principle. 

1263
01:12:48,800 --> 01:12:52,700
Burning aromatic substances and 
breathing or being present with 

1264
01:12:52,700 --> 01:12:56,300
the smoke has been endlessly 
varied and refined. 

1265
01:12:57,100 --> 01:13:01,100
From cave, fires to Temple 
sensors, to ceremonial pipes, to

1266
01:13:01,100 --> 01:13:05,200
Modern, incense sticks. 
Humans have found countless ways

1267
01:13:05,200 --> 01:13:06,900
to engage with this simple 
practice. 

1268
01:13:06,900 --> 01:13:10,700
Each variation reflecting 
different values Technologies 

1269
01:13:10,700 --> 01:13:14,100
and cultural contexts. 
There's something deeply 

1270
01:13:14,100 --> 01:13:16,000
Democratic about smoke 
practices. 

1271
01:13:16,000 --> 01:13:20,200
Unlike some technologies that 
require rare materials or expert

1272
01:13:20,200 --> 01:13:24,300
knowledge, almost anyone can 
burn aromatic substances and 

1273
01:13:24,300 --> 01:13:28,500
benefit from the experience. 
Yes, there are a laboratory 

1274
01:13:28,500 --> 01:13:32,000
Traditions that require years to
master, but the basic practice 

1275
01:13:32,000 --> 01:13:36,000
is accessible to everyone. 
This accessibility helps explain

1276
01:13:36,000 --> 01:13:39,700
why smoke practice is spread. 
So wide, widely and persisted 

1277
01:13:39,700 --> 01:13:43,500
across huge differences in 
wealth, power and social 

1278
01:13:43,500 --> 01:13:46,500
organization. 
The modern decline of some smoke

1279
01:13:46,500 --> 01:13:49,000
Traditions, raises questions 
about what we're losing. 

1280
01:13:49,900 --> 01:13:53,400
Not just specific practices, but
a whole way of engaging with 

1281
01:13:53,400 --> 01:13:56,400
Consciousness ritual, and the 
material world. 

1282
01:13:57,600 --> 01:14:00,900
When we replace incense with 
room deodorizers, when we 

1283
01:14:00,908 --> 01:14:04,600
substitute essential old, 
diffusers for sensors, when we 

1284
01:14:04,600 --> 01:14:07,900
eliminate smoke practices 
entirely due to health concerns,

1285
01:14:07,900 --> 01:14:11,100
what are we giving up along with
what we gain? 

1286
01:14:11,100 --> 01:14:14,900
This isn't a call to reject 
modernity or ignore legitimate 

1287
01:14:14,900 --> 01:14:19,200
health concerns But it is worth 
recognizing that our ancestors 

1288
01:14:19,200 --> 01:14:23,300
smoke practices emerged from and
spoke to genuine human needs 

1289
01:14:23,300 --> 01:14:26,000
that don't disappear. 
Just because we've developed new

1290
01:14:26,000 --> 01:14:29,700
technologies, The need for 
ritual for moments of 

1291
01:14:29,700 --> 01:14:32,300
deliberate. 
Calm, the sensory experience? 

1292
01:14:32,300 --> 01:14:34,000
Is that anchor Us in the 
present? 

1293
01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:36,600
These persist, whether we 
acknowledge them or not. 

1294
01:14:36,608 --> 01:14:38,900
Perhaps, what's most remarkable 
is? 

1295
01:14:38,900 --> 01:14:43,300
How such a simple thing. 
Aromatic smoke could carry so 

1296
01:14:43,300 --> 01:14:46,300
much weight across so many 
cultures and so many centuries. 

1297
01:14:47,200 --> 01:14:50,300
We've developed incredibly 
sophisticated Technologies 

1298
01:14:50,300 --> 01:14:54,300
mapped the human genome and sent
probes to the edge of the solar 

1299
01:14:54,300 --> 01:14:57,000
system. 
Yet something as basic as 

1300
01:14:57,000 --> 01:15:00,300
burning aromatic resins and 
breathing the smoke can still 

1301
01:15:00,300 --> 01:15:03,700
produce experience's that modern
science fully explains. 

1302
01:15:03,700 --> 01:15:07,900
I can't quite replicate through.
Any other means the smell of 

1303
01:15:07,908 --> 01:15:12,100
Frankincense or Sandalwood the 
site of smoke curling upward, 

1304
01:15:12,100 --> 01:15:15,300
the taste of aromatic Vapor on 
your tongue. 

1305
01:15:16,100 --> 01:15:20,100
These experiences connect you 
directly to humans who lived 

1306
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:23,600
thousands of years ago, who 
found in the same smells and 

1307
01:15:23,600 --> 01:15:25,800
sights access to States Of 
Consciousness. 

1308
01:15:25,800 --> 01:15:30,300
They valued it's a form of time 
travel, not through technology, 

1309
01:15:30,300 --> 01:15:33,200
but through shared experience 
across the centuries. 

1310
01:15:33,200 --> 01:15:36,700
As you finish this story and 
prepare for sleep, you might be 

1311
01:15:36,700 --> 01:15:39,500
more aware of the air. 
You're breathing the way sense. 

1312
01:15:39,500 --> 01:15:42,700
Linger, in your room, and the 
quality of Stillness that can 

1313
01:15:42,700 --> 01:15:44,000
settle over a space in the 
evening. 

1314
01:15:45,300 --> 01:15:48,900
These awarenesses are part of 
what smoke practices cultivated.

1315
01:15:50,000 --> 01:15:53,800
Tension to subtle Sanctuary 
experience is recognition that 

1316
01:15:53,800 --> 01:15:56,900
the invisible can be, as 
important as the visible and 

1317
01:15:56,900 --> 01:16:01,100
understanding that Consciousness
is not fixed, but fluid the 

1318
01:16:01,100 --> 01:16:04,700
story of smoke is in the end. 
Your story too. 

1319
01:16:05,800 --> 01:16:08,800
Whether you've ever burned 
incense or not, whether you have

1320
01:16:08,800 --> 01:16:13,000
any personal smoke practices or 
not, your part of a species that

1321
01:16:13,000 --> 01:16:17,500
has been exploring Consciousness
seeking calm and finding meaning

1322
01:16:17,500 --> 01:16:21,700
in Rising wisps for hundreds of 
thousands of years that's worth 

1323
01:16:21,700 --> 01:16:23,800
remembering as you drift towards
sleep. 

1324
01:16:24,500 --> 01:16:26,100
You're not separate from this 
history. 

1325
01:16:26,100 --> 01:16:29,900
You're its latest chapter 
carrying forward, patterns of 

1326
01:16:29,900 --> 01:16:33,000
human experience that stretch 
back to those first cave 

1327
01:16:33,000 --> 01:16:36,900
dwellers who threw aromatic 
branches on their fires and 

1328
01:16:36,900 --> 01:16:40,500
discovered that the world could 
suddenly seemed different more 

1329
01:16:40,500 --> 01:16:44,100
spacious and more full of 
possibility, the practices 

1330
01:16:44,100 --> 01:16:48,900
change, the substances vary, and
the cultural context shift, but 

1331
01:16:48,900 --> 01:16:51,400
the underlying human, impulses 
remain constant. 

1332
01:16:52,200 --> 01:16:54,600
We seek moments of Peace in 
difficult times. 

1333
01:16:54,600 --> 01:16:58,500
We create rituals to Mark the 
sacred and separate from the 

1334
01:16:58,500 --> 01:17:01,400
mundane. 
We use our senses to Anchor 

1335
01:17:01,400 --> 01:17:05,600
ourselves in the present moment.
We explore altered state of 

1336
01:17:05,600 --> 01:17:07,600
consciousness because ordinary 
Consciousness. 

1337
01:17:07,600 --> 01:17:11,600
While necessary is not 
sufficient for a fully, human 

1338
01:17:11,600 --> 01:17:13,900
life. 
Smoke visible. 

1339
01:17:13,900 --> 01:17:17,900
Breath transformation made 
tangible, the boundary between 

1340
01:17:17,900 --> 01:17:21,000
solid and are serves all these 
purposes and more. 

1341
01:17:21,000 --> 01:17:25,600
It's been medicine and Sacrament
Recreation and therapy art form 

1342
01:17:25,600 --> 01:17:28,800
and spiritual practice. 
It's linked distant cultures, 

1343
01:17:28,800 --> 01:17:32,900
and revealed, common Humanity. 
It's been studied by scientists 

1344
01:17:32,900 --> 01:17:36,800
and Mystics sought by Kings and 
available to peasants tomorrow. 

1345
01:17:36,800 --> 01:17:40,000
You might smell wood smoke from 
a neighbor's fireplace or 

1346
01:17:40,000 --> 01:17:44,000
incense from a nearby Temple or 
simply the lingering Aroma of 

1347
01:17:44,000 --> 01:17:47,300
your evening tea. 
When you do, you might remember 

1348
01:17:47,300 --> 01:17:50,200
this story and recognize that 
you're experiencing something 

1349
01:17:50,200 --> 01:17:53,000
humans have found meaningful for
longer than we've had written 

1350
01:17:53,000 --> 01:17:55,700
language. 
You might notice how the smell 

1351
01:17:55,700 --> 01:17:59,200
effects your mood, how you're 
breathing changes and how the 

1352
01:17:59,200 --> 01:18:01,700
moment feels slightly different 
from moments without that 

1353
01:18:01,700 --> 01:18:05,900
aromatic presence, or you might 
not, you might simply go about 

1354
01:18:05,900 --> 01:18:09,200
your day unaware of the ancient 
Traditions playing out in the 

1355
01:18:09,208 --> 01:18:12,500
background of Modern Life. 
Either way, the smoke will 

1356
01:18:12,500 --> 01:18:16,100
continue to rise carrying with 
it meaning and memories 

1357
01:18:16,100 --> 01:18:19,700
accumulated across Millennia. 
The practices we've discussed 

1358
01:18:19,700 --> 01:18:23,900
face and uncertain, future 
climate change urbanization, 

1359
01:18:23,900 --> 01:18:26,700
health concerns, and cultural 
shifts. 

1360
01:18:26,700 --> 01:18:31,200
All challenged traditional smoke
practices Some will adapt and 

1361
01:18:31,200 --> 01:18:34,300
continue. 
Others will fade a new forms. 

1362
01:18:34,300 --> 01:18:37,900
Will emerge that we can't yet 
predict But the human needs 

1363
01:18:37,900 --> 01:18:41,600
these practices, address aren't 
going anywhere, which suggests 

1364
01:18:41,600 --> 01:18:43,800
that some form of smoke 
tradition will persist. 

1365
01:18:43,800 --> 01:18:46,400
As long as humans do perhaps 
future. 

1366
01:18:46,400 --> 01:18:49,600
Historians will look back at our
era, as the moment when 

1367
01:18:49,600 --> 01:18:53,400
Humanity's ancient relationship 
with aromatic, smoke underwent, 

1368
01:18:53,400 --> 01:18:57,600
its most dramatic 
transformation, Or perhaps, 

1369
01:18:57,600 --> 01:19:01,500
they'll see our time as just 
another adaptation in an ongoing

1370
01:19:01,500 --> 01:19:05,400
story that continues to unfold 
in ways, both familiar and 

1371
01:19:05,400 --> 01:19:07,500
surprising. 
What we can say with certainty, 

1372
01:19:07,500 --> 01:19:10,100
is that smoke has been a 
faithful companion to human 

1373
01:19:10,100 --> 01:19:13,400
consciousness for longer than 
any other deliberately sought 

1374
01:19:13,400 --> 01:19:16,500
altered state. 
Before alcohol, fermentation 

1375
01:19:16,500 --> 01:19:20,900
before Plant cultivation before 
writing or wheels or cities. 

1376
01:19:20,900 --> 01:19:24,500
Humans were burning aromatic 
substances and discovering that 

1377
01:19:24,500 --> 01:19:27,500
the right smoke at the right 
time could open doors to 

1378
01:19:27,500 --> 01:19:30,500
experience is that made life 
more bearable and sometimes 

1379
01:19:30,500 --> 01:19:33,800
Transcendent. 
That's not a small thing that's 

1380
01:19:33,800 --> 01:19:36,600
evidence that humans have always
been more than just survival 

1381
01:19:36,600 --> 01:19:41,600
machines focused on food shelter
and reproduction Where 

1382
01:19:41,600 --> 01:19:44,900
meaning-making creatures 
Consciousness exploring animals?

1383
01:19:44,900 --> 01:19:47,600
Being who seek? 
Not just to live but to 

1384
01:19:47,600 --> 01:19:51,600
experience living fully in all 
its varieties and depths as you 

1385
01:19:51,600 --> 01:19:54,200
close your eyes and feel 
yourself beginning to drift into

1386
01:19:54,200 --> 01:19:56,700
sleep. 
Imagine for a moment, all the 

1387
01:19:56,700 --> 01:19:59,600
people across all the centuries 
who have Lain down at Days, end 

1388
01:19:59,600 --> 01:20:03,100
with the smell of aromatic 
smoke, still lingering in their 

1389
01:20:03,100 --> 01:20:06,300
awareness. 
Roman priestesses after a day of

1390
01:20:06,308 --> 01:20:10,200
Temple service Chinese Scholars.
After evening study. 

1391
01:20:10,200 --> 01:20:14,800
Session's Native American Elders
are to ceremonial pipe shareing 

1392
01:20:15,600 --> 01:20:20,400
Medieval monks after even song. 
Victorian gentleman after 

1393
01:20:20,400 --> 01:20:23,600
contemplative pipe smoking, 
you're part of that vast 

1394
01:20:23,600 --> 01:20:26,900
invisible Community. 
All the humans who have sought 

1395
01:20:26,900 --> 01:20:31,500
and found moments of Peace 
Insight or Transcendence through

1396
01:20:31,500 --> 01:20:34,800
the simple Act of being present 
with aromatic smoke. 

1397
01:20:35,700 --> 01:20:39,800
The specific practices differ, 
the beliefs vary, and the 

1398
01:20:39,808 --> 01:20:44,300
cultural context shift. 
But the experience connects you 

1399
01:20:44,300 --> 01:20:48,800
across time to countless others 
who breathe deeply, watch, Smoke

1400
01:20:48,800 --> 01:20:53,000
Rise and felt something shift in
their awareness sleep. 

1401
01:20:53,000 --> 01:20:55,700
Well, knowing that the air you 
breathe has carried, not just 

1402
01:20:55,700 --> 01:20:58,600
oxygen, but meaning for, as long
as humans have existed. 

1403
01:20:59,700 --> 01:21:02,800
The darkness that gathers around
you as you sleep once glowed 

1404
01:21:02,800 --> 01:21:06,100
with firelight and the 
Stillness, you enter was filled 

1405
01:21:06,100 --> 01:21:10,200
with the scent of sacred smoke. 
You're not alone in this moment,

1406
01:21:10,200 --> 01:21:13,900
you're accompanied by ancestors 
Beyond counting, who founded in 

1407
01:21:13,900 --> 01:21:16,400
Smoke something worth 
preserving, and passing down 

1408
01:21:16,400 --> 01:21:19,700
tomorrow will bring its own 
challenges and joys, its own 

1409
01:21:19,708 --> 01:21:23,300
moments of stress and peace. 
But you'll carry with you. 

1410
01:21:23,300 --> 01:21:26,700
Now, this story, this awareness 
that Karma has always been 

1411
01:21:26,700 --> 01:21:29,400
available. 
That humans have always found 

1412
01:21:29,400 --> 01:21:33,300
ways to create space for 
reflection and renewal and that 

1413
01:21:33,300 --> 01:21:36,800
something as simple as aromatic.
Smoke, has served as a bridge to

1414
01:21:36,800 --> 01:21:40,100
better states of mind for longer
than we can fully comprehend. 

1415
01:21:40,100 --> 01:21:43,300
And if you choose to light 
incense, or simply notice the 

1416
01:21:43,300 --> 01:21:46,700
scent of wood smoke drifting, 
past your window, you'll do so, 

1417
01:21:46,700 --> 01:21:49,300
with deeper understanding of 
what your participating in. 

1418
01:21:50,100 --> 01:21:53,800
Not just a personal preference 
or a pleasant smell, but a 

1419
01:21:53,800 --> 01:21:56,600
practice that connects you to 
the oldest most persistent human

1420
01:21:56,600 --> 01:22:00,600
Traditions. 
The last Ember glows Fades and 

1421
01:22:00,600 --> 01:22:04,600
finally goes dark. 
The smoke Rises One Last Time, 

1422
01:22:04,600 --> 01:22:08,500
thinning, as it climbs becoming 
invisible, as it joins the air. 

1423
01:22:09,300 --> 01:22:21,700
the story continues even as this
telling ends rest now, In the 

1424
01:22:21,700 --> 01:22:25,800
hush darkness of a 13th century.
Manor house as the last Embers 

1425
01:22:25,800 --> 01:22:28,500
in the central, half faded to 
Soft Orange glows. 

1426
01:22:28,500 --> 01:22:33,000
The Lord of The Manor, would not
retire alone around him in the 

1427
01:22:33,000 --> 01:22:35,800
enormous Hall. 
Lay his household staff family 

1428
01:22:35,800 --> 01:22:38,900
members, and perhaps, even 
trusted servants, all arranged 

1429
01:22:38,900 --> 01:22:42,400
in a careful choreography of 
medieval sleep, this Collective 

1430
01:22:42,400 --> 01:22:44,100
Slumber. 
So foreign to our modern 

1431
01:22:44,100 --> 01:22:47,300
sensibilities represents, one of
history's, most misunderstood 

1432
01:22:47,300 --> 01:22:50,200
phenomena, the medieval 
relationship with sleep, 

1433
01:22:50,200 --> 01:22:53,400
contrary to popular assumptions 
about the discomforts of 

1434
01:22:53,408 --> 01:22:56,200
pre-industrial Life. 
Medieval Europeans may have 

1435
01:22:56,208 --> 01:22:58,900
enjoyed sleep patterns, more 
aligned with human biology than 

1436
01:22:58,900 --> 01:23:01,800
our current regimens. 
The sleep of the Middle Ages, 

1437
01:23:01,800 --> 01:23:04,500
wasn't merely a functional 
necessity, squeezed between 

1438
01:23:04,500 --> 01:23:07,600
brutal days of toil. 
It was an elaborate practice, 

1439
01:23:07,600 --> 01:23:11,400
infused with ritual, social 
significance and a profound 

1440
01:23:11,400 --> 01:23:15,100
understanding of human needs. 
That modern science is only now 

1441
01:23:15,100 --> 01:23:18,500
rediscovering. 
The medieval Knight began not 

1442
01:23:18,500 --> 01:23:20,800
with the flick of a light 
switch, but with the gradual 

1443
01:23:20,800 --> 01:23:24,200
recession of daylight. 
As Twilight, descended across 

1444
01:23:24,200 --> 01:23:27,900
Europe's Countryside and Bergs a
natural wind down period 

1445
01:23:27,900 --> 01:23:30,500
commenced. 
Without the harsh blue, light of

1446
01:23:30,508 --> 01:23:33,200
electronic devices. 
To disrupt melatonin production 

1447
01:23:33,200 --> 01:23:37,100
medieval bodies responded, 
naturally to environmental cues.

1448
01:23:37,900 --> 01:23:40,300
The dimming of the day, 
triggered sleep hormones in 

1449
01:23:40,300 --> 01:23:44,000
perfect, synchronicity with the 
body, circadian rhythm evidence 

1450
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:47,200
from medieval household 
accounts, monastic records and 

1451
01:23:47,200 --> 01:23:50,400
medical manuscripts reveals that
medieval people practice what 

1452
01:23:50,400 --> 01:23:53,900
sleep researchers Now call Sleep
hygiene, not through scientific 

1453
01:23:53,900 --> 01:23:56,900
understanding that through 
customs evolved over centuries. 

1454
01:23:57,600 --> 01:24:00,200
Families would gather around 
fires in the hours before bed. 

1455
01:24:00,200 --> 01:24:04,200
Engaging in what 140 century 
English text called, The Gentle 

1456
01:24:04,200 --> 01:24:07,400
telling of tales this 
storytelling tradition served 

1457
01:24:07,400 --> 01:24:11,700
multiple purposes, reinforcing 
Community, bonds, passing down 

1458
01:24:11,700 --> 01:24:15,200
cultural knowledge, and 
crucially allowing the brain to 

1459
01:24:15,200 --> 01:24:17,800
transition from the active 
demands of daytime to the 

1460
01:24:17,800 --> 01:24:21,400
receptive State conducive to 
sleep inventories from Noble 

1461
01:24:21,400 --> 01:24:24,600
households, across Europe lists,
specialized items for Sleep, 

1462
01:24:24,600 --> 01:24:27,200
comfort that defy our image of 
medieval discomfort. 

1463
01:24:27,200 --> 01:24:30,500
While commoners might sleep, on 
straw, filled, mattresses 

1464
01:24:30,500 --> 01:24:33,500
regularly refreshed with 
aromatic herbs, like lavender 

1465
01:24:33,500 --> 01:24:37,600
and Mi natural sleep aids. 
The wealthy invested heavily and

1466
01:24:37,600 --> 01:24:40,200
Sleep Quality. 
Featherbeds documented in the 

1467
01:24:40,200 --> 01:24:44,600
1380s household accounts of John
of gaunt could contain up to 60 

1468
01:24:44,600 --> 01:24:47,700
pounds of down. 
These were topped with linen 

1469
01:24:47,700 --> 01:24:50,700
sheets, Woolen blankets in 
Winter and lightweight 

1470
01:24:50,700 --> 01:24:53,300
coverlets. 
In summer, seasonal, adaptations

1471
01:24:53,300 --> 01:24:55,500
showing a sophisticated 
understanding of sleep 

1472
01:24:55,500 --> 01:24:58,900
temperature regulation. 
The medieval bed itself evolved 

1473
01:24:58,900 --> 01:25:02,400
into an architectural feature in
its own right. far from a simple

1474
01:25:02,400 --> 01:25:06,300
platform, the bed became what 
historian Sasha Handley calls, a

1475
01:25:06,300 --> 01:25:10,300
microenvironment for Sleep, High
bedsteads kept sleep as above 

1476
01:25:10,300 --> 01:25:13,200
drafts, while bed, curtains, 
created microclimates, that 

1477
01:25:13,200 --> 01:25:15,700
preserved body heat, 
Particularly in Northern 

1478
01:25:15,700 --> 01:25:17,700
regions. 
These enclosed bed spaces, 

1479
01:25:17,700 --> 01:25:20,400
maintained optimal, sleeping, 
temperatures through bitter 

1480
01:25:20,400 --> 01:25:24,800
Winters without central heating.
Perhaps most notably medieval 

1481
01:25:24,800 --> 01:25:26,600
people organized. 
Their sleep around natural 

1482
01:25:26,600 --> 01:25:30,500
trade-in rhythms medical texts 
from Salerno's famed. 

1483
01:25:30,500 --> 01:25:34,000
Medical school, advice sleeping 
with the head slightly elevated 

1484
01:25:34,000 --> 01:25:38,200
and on the right side initially,
for proper digestion, then 

1485
01:25:38,200 --> 01:25:41,300
turning to the left side in deep
Sleep advice, The Echoes modern 

1486
01:25:41,300 --> 01:25:44,300
recommendations for optimizing 
Airway positioning during sleep,

1487
01:25:44,300 --> 01:25:47,500
despite the absence of memory 
foam or adjustable bases, 

1488
01:25:47,500 --> 01:25:50,200
medieval sleepers customized 
their experience through 

1489
01:25:50,200 --> 01:25:53,900
ingenious means. 
Illuminated manuscripts show 

1490
01:25:53,900 --> 01:25:57,100
various pillow configurations 
from cylindrical, bolsters 

1491
01:25:57,100 --> 01:26:00,200
supporting the neck to smaller, 
cushions tucked under elbows or 

1492
01:26:00,200 --> 01:26:02,800
knees personalized Comfort 
adaptations. 

1493
01:26:02,800 --> 01:26:06,400
We've rediscovered through 
ergonomic design archaeological 

1494
01:26:06,400 --> 01:26:09,700
findings from cesspits in London
and York have revealed remains 

1495
01:26:09,700 --> 01:26:11,900
of medicinal herbs. 
Commonly used for Sleep, 

1496
01:26:11,900 --> 01:26:15,300
including valerian root and 
passion flower showing 

1497
01:26:15,300 --> 01:26:18,100
sophisticated pharmacological 
approaches to sleep management, 

1498
01:26:19,100 --> 01:26:22,000
The physical arrangements for 
Sleep extended Beyond beds, 

1499
01:26:22,000 --> 01:26:24,800
manor houses. 
And even modest dwellings were 

1500
01:26:24,800 --> 01:26:27,500
designed with sleeping areas 
positioned to maximize more 

1501
01:26:27,500 --> 01:26:30,700
morning, light exposure, An 
architectural feature, the 

1502
01:26:30,700 --> 01:26:33,900
modern Corona biologists 
recognized for its importance in

1503
01:26:33,900 --> 01:26:35,700
maintaining healthy circadian, 
rhythms. 

1504
01:26:36,700 --> 01:26:38,500
Facing bed. 
Chambers allowed sleepers, to 

1505
01:26:38,500 --> 01:26:42,500
wake naturally, with the sunrise
reinforcing their internal body 

1506
01:26:42,500 --> 01:26:45,500
clocks in ways that modern 
blackout curtains and alarm 

1507
01:26:45,500 --> 01:26:49,000
clocks disrupt. 
What tree distinguished medieval

1508
01:26:49,000 --> 01:26:51,300
sleep. 
However, was it social nature? 

1509
01:26:52,200 --> 01:26:55,400
Unlike our privatized 
individualized approach to 

1510
01:26:55,400 --> 01:26:58,400
sleep, medieval Slumber was 
communal. 

1511
01:26:59,200 --> 01:27:02,100
This Behavior was not merely for
practical reasons, like, shared 

1512
01:27:02,100 --> 01:27:04,400
warmth or protection. 
Although these benefits were 

1513
01:27:04,400 --> 01:27:07,300
real but reflected a 
fundamentally different 

1514
01:27:07,300 --> 01:27:10,500
conception of sleep as a 
vulnerable yet shared Human 

1515
01:27:10,500 --> 01:27:13,600
Experience. 
Even Kings were rarely alone 

1516
01:27:13,600 --> 01:27:16,700
while sleeping. 
Attended by trusted chamberlains

1517
01:27:16,700 --> 01:27:18,300
who slept at the foot of the 
royal bed. 

1518
01:27:18,300 --> 01:27:21,500
Creating a sleep culture where 
the boundaries between private 

1519
01:27:21,500 --> 01:27:23,800
and public were permeable. 
In ways, we might find 

1520
01:27:23,800 --> 01:27:27,300
uncomfortable, but that provided
unique psychological benefits. 

1521
01:27:27,300 --> 01:27:30,500
People didn't expect to sleep 
all night in medieval Europe. 

1522
01:27:30,500 --> 01:27:34,100
When darkness fell, The idea 
that people should sleep 8 hours

1523
01:27:34,100 --> 01:27:37,800
is post-industrial Medieval 
medical records, Diaries 

1524
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:40,800
household histories, and 
literary sources show quite 

1525
01:27:40,800 --> 01:27:45,300
distinct pattern, firstly and 
second sleep separated by a 

1526
01:27:45,300 --> 01:27:48,600
nighttime wakeful quiet. 
This bi phasic, sleep pattern 

1527
01:27:48,600 --> 01:27:51,800
was common throughout social 
strata, after going to bed at 

1528
01:27:51,808 --> 01:27:55,400
nightfall, medieval people had a
four-hour first sleep or dead 

1529
01:27:55,400 --> 01:27:59,300
sleep after waking up naturally 
for one to two hours, they went 

1530
01:27:59,300 --> 01:28:01,100
back to Second sleep until 
Daybreak. 

1531
01:28:01,800 --> 01:28:04,200
Medieval Focus. 
Used this midnight Awakening as 

1532
01:28:04,200 --> 01:28:05,600
a natural window of 
Consciousness. 

1533
01:28:05,600 --> 01:28:09,000
Not sleeplessness. 
European Monastery. 

1534
01:28:09,000 --> 01:28:11,500
Church records provide some of 
the best evidence of this 

1535
01:28:11,500 --> 01:28:14,300
interval. 
The monastic rule of Saint 

1536
01:28:14,300 --> 01:28:16,000
Benedict. 
Scheduled midnight, prayers, 

1537
01:28:16,000 --> 01:28:19,800
matinees during the wakeful our 
to accommodate this natural 

1538
01:28:19,800 --> 01:28:22,200
sleep divide. 
Instead of fighting their 

1539
01:28:22,200 --> 01:28:25,700
biology to stay awake for 
devotionals monks, synchronized 

1540
01:28:25,700 --> 01:28:29,400
their spiritual practices with 
human sleep architecture, The 

1541
01:28:29,400 --> 01:28:31,900
significance of midnight 
Awakening goes beyond religion. 

1542
01:28:32,600 --> 01:28:36,200
Medical manuscripts from Salerno
and Montpellier Europe's top 

1543
01:28:36,200 --> 01:28:38,400
medical schools. 
Show that doctors believed 

1544
01:28:38,400 --> 01:28:40,200
midnight waking was crucial for 
health. 

1545
01:28:40,200 --> 01:28:43,000
The 13th century. 
Physician Elder, Brandon of 

1546
01:28:43,000 --> 01:28:46,400
Siena said that this wakeful 
period allowed the vapors of 

1547
01:28:46,408 --> 01:28:49,500
food to be properly, distributed
through the body, a 

1548
01:28:49,500 --> 01:28:52,400
pre-scientific knowledge of how 
sleep stages affect digestion 

1549
01:28:52,400 --> 01:28:56,700
and metabolism. 
This nightly waking gave regular

1550
01:28:56,700 --> 01:28:59,700
households, an unusual 
opportunity, it was common for 

1551
01:28:59,700 --> 01:29:02,700
homeowners to check on their 
property, Bank Fires for the 

1552
01:29:02,700 --> 01:29:04,700
second sleep, and examine their 
security. 

1553
01:29:06,100 --> 01:29:09,400
The 14th century guide for 
Parish priests recommends middle

1554
01:29:09,400 --> 01:29:12,200
night, marital intercourse 
because the body is rested. 

1555
01:29:12,200 --> 01:29:15,100
But the Mind. 
Clear, The recommendation 

1556
01:29:15,100 --> 01:29:18,000
implies, a profound awareness of
how restful sleep influences, 

1557
01:29:18,000 --> 01:29:19,800
mood and physical, rest 
activity. 

1558
01:29:19,800 --> 01:29:23,700
Interestingly, this wakeful 
interlude produced various types

1559
01:29:23,700 --> 01:29:25,700
of Consciousness. 
That current Neuroscience has 

1560
01:29:25,700 --> 01:29:29,600
only recently learned to detect,
Neurologists call the state 

1561
01:29:29,600 --> 01:29:33,800
between first and second sleep, 
hip, no, pompek consciousness, 

1562
01:29:33,800 --> 01:29:38,100
which boosts creativity imagery 
and emotional processing. 

1563
01:29:39,200 --> 01:29:41,700
Medieval folks in neatly 
understood and practiced this 

1564
01:29:41,700 --> 01:29:45,100
distinct mental condition court,
records and Diaries show. 

1565
01:29:45,100 --> 01:29:47,200
How midnight wake us considered 
legal issues? 

1566
01:29:48,000 --> 01:29:50,300
A 15th century. 
Ghent judge said, he made his 

1567
01:29:50,300 --> 01:29:52,800
toughest decisions after 
Consulting his thoughts. 

1568
01:29:52,800 --> 01:29:56,400
In the watch between sleeps, 
believing it provided deeper, 

1569
01:29:56,400 --> 01:29:58,800
moral Insight than daylight 
deliberation. 

1570
01:29:59,500 --> 01:30:03,300
Craftspeople conceived new 
designs Farmers plans, seasonal 

1571
01:30:03,300 --> 01:30:06,800
rotations of merchants planned 
business initiatives during this

1572
01:30:06,800 --> 01:30:10,400
contemplative period. 
Wakefulness had emotional and 

1573
01:30:10,400 --> 01:30:13,100
social benefits. 
Larger medieval households 

1574
01:30:13,100 --> 01:30:16,500
described Knight talking, 
intimate chats during midnight 

1575
01:30:16,500 --> 01:30:19,100
waking. 
These nighttime conversations 

1576
01:30:19,100 --> 01:30:21,300
allowed for exceptional, 
emotional honesty. 

1577
01:30:21,300 --> 01:30:25,700
Unlike daytime contacts confined
by title hierarchy and Public 

1578
01:30:25,700 --> 01:30:29,000
Presentation. 
A 14th century English Noble. 

1579
01:30:29,000 --> 01:30:31,500
Woman's diary says she learned 
her husband, in the most 

1580
01:30:31,508 --> 01:30:35,400
worries, only in the watch 
between sleeps when Souls speak 

1581
01:30:35,400 --> 01:30:38,900
more truly. 
This split pattern boosted 

1582
01:30:38,900 --> 01:30:43,100
creativity Chaucer writes poetry
during his watching times and 

1583
01:30:43,100 --> 01:30:45,200
illuminated manuscripts often 
State. 

1584
01:30:45,200 --> 01:30:48,800
They were written in the 
midnight thinking time, Medieval

1585
01:30:48,800 --> 01:30:51,700
dream interpretation guides 
distinguished between dreams. 

1586
01:30:51,700 --> 01:30:54,700
During first, sleep processing, 
daily events. 

1587
01:30:54,700 --> 01:30:58,200
And those during Second sleep 
prophetic or Insight bearing due

1588
01:30:58,200 --> 01:31:00,100
to the quality of thoughts 
during this period. 

1589
01:31:00,900 --> 01:31:04,500
Archeology confirms, this 
practice is prevalence medieval 

1590
01:31:04,500 --> 01:31:07,000
home excavations. 
Sometimes reveal little oil 

1591
01:31:07,000 --> 01:31:10,700
lamps for nighttime activities 
in household inventories across 

1592
01:31:10,700 --> 01:31:14,800
social classes night tables, 
with writing tools, miniature 

1593
01:31:14,800 --> 01:31:18,500
prayer, books and meditation 
tools are common When modern 

1594
01:31:18,500 --> 01:31:20,900
researchers removed artificial 
light from test. 

1595
01:31:20,900 --> 01:31:23,600
Subjects settings for several 
weeks, they automatically 

1596
01:31:23,600 --> 01:31:27,500
reverted to bi phasic sleep. 
Strong proof that segmented. 

1597
01:31:27,500 --> 01:31:31,000
Sleep is our biological Rhythm, 
medieval people honored this 

1598
01:31:31,008 --> 01:31:33,200
cycle rather than pushing 
continuous sleep. 

1599
01:31:33,200 --> 01:31:37,100
Aligning with their evolved. 
Sleep architecture, in ways, 

1600
01:31:37,100 --> 01:31:40,000
modern civilization, rarely 
allows cycle. 

1601
01:31:40,000 --> 01:31:42,300
Benefits, make segmented, sleep 
valuable. 

1602
01:31:43,800 --> 01:31:46,200
The midnight wake up allowed 
memory, consolidation and 

1603
01:31:46,200 --> 01:31:49,500
emotional processing. 
Modern sleep science shows that 

1604
01:31:49,500 --> 01:31:51,100
disrupted. 
Sleep can improve memory 

1605
01:31:51,100 --> 01:31:54,800
formation. 
A 15th century French physician 

1606
01:31:54,800 --> 01:31:57,700
advised pupils to re-read, 
difficult material before bed 

1607
01:31:57,700 --> 01:32:01,400
and allow the mind to work upon 
it in the midnight watching. 

1608
01:32:02,500 --> 01:32:05,000
Medieval folks knew the value of
this processing time. 

1609
01:32:05,000 --> 01:32:08,400
Medieval sleep, environments 
were more complex and deliberate

1610
01:32:08,400 --> 01:32:11,700
than popular belief. 
Medieval sleeping Arrangements 

1611
01:32:11,700 --> 01:32:14,400
were frequently utilitarian 
Marvels that represented 

1612
01:32:14,400 --> 01:32:17,200
considerable household 
investments in years of comfort 

1613
01:32:17,200 --> 01:32:20,200
technology. 
Unlike the crude and pleasant 

1614
01:32:20,200 --> 01:32:22,200
platforms. 
Depicted in modern media, 

1615
01:32:22,200 --> 01:32:26,200
archeology from intact medieval 
households shows that Sleep 

1616
01:32:26,200 --> 01:32:30,000
Quality was important. 
Excavated 13th century, Merchant

1617
01:32:30,000 --> 01:32:32,700
homes in London, showed 
specialized floor designs with 

1618
01:32:32,700 --> 01:32:35,600
insulating materials packed 
beneath the sleeping areas, 

1619
01:32:35,600 --> 01:32:39,900
including wool straw and even 
feathers in wealthier homes to 

1620
01:32:39,900 --> 01:32:42,300
block the cold from stone or 
packed Earth floors. 

1621
01:32:42,300 --> 01:32:45,500
This intelligent underfloor 
insulation shows, heat 

1622
01:32:45,500 --> 01:32:47,700
transmission Concepts that 
affect Sleep Quality. 

1623
01:32:47,700 --> 01:32:51,700
Medieval sleep revolved around 
the bed which evolved quickly 

1624
01:32:51,700 --> 01:32:55,400
bed technology improved by the 
13th century from simple. 

1625
01:32:55,400 --> 01:32:58,900
Raised platforms State, 
inventories from around Europe, 

1626
01:32:58,900 --> 01:33:02,200
reveal more sophisticated bed 
designs with specialized comfort

1627
01:33:02,200 --> 01:33:04,700
components, the beds hardwood 
frame. 

1628
01:33:04,700 --> 01:33:08,300
The bed stock has mortise and 
Tenon joints allowing minor 

1629
01:33:08,300 --> 01:33:11,900
flexibility without squeaking. 
which 14th century Florence 

1630
01:33:11,900 --> 01:33:16,800
Carpenter Guild laws, required 
for undisturbed rest, Medieval 

1631
01:33:16,800 --> 01:33:20,300
mattress, technology improved 
constantly, peasant homes still 

1632
01:33:20,300 --> 01:33:22,700
used strawfield beds. 
Well, though they were more 

1633
01:33:22,700 --> 01:33:26,500
advanced traditional European 
farming groups using medieval 

1634
01:33:26,500 --> 01:33:29,200
methods used straw beds, not 
loose straw. 

1635
01:33:29,200 --> 01:33:33,200
Piled into sacks. 
Specially selected, straw oat 

1636
01:33:33,200 --> 01:33:36,400
straw was recommended for its 
softness, completely dried to 

1637
01:33:36,400 --> 01:33:39,700
prevent mold and broken to 
provide a springy texture was 

1638
01:33:39,700 --> 01:33:42,400
used most homes emptied and 
refilled these beds. 

1639
01:33:42,400 --> 01:33:46,600
Seasonally for the wealthy 
mattress technology evolved by 

1640
01:33:46,600 --> 01:33:49,800
the 14th century merchants and 
artists used wool filled 

1641
01:33:49,800 --> 01:33:52,900
mattresses, while feather beds 
with a height of medieval sleep 

1642
01:33:52,900 --> 01:33:55,100
luxury. 
These were constructed sleep. 

1643
01:33:55,100 --> 01:33:59,300
Surfaces not feather sacks Guild
regulations from 14th Century 

1644
01:33:59,300 --> 01:34:01,200
Paris. 
Required featherbeds to be built

1645
01:34:01,200 --> 01:34:03,700
with particular weights of 
different feather, varieties 

1646
01:34:03,700 --> 01:34:05,300
piled for compression and 
rebound. 

1647
01:34:05,300 --> 01:34:09,300
The most Sumptuous examples had 
goose down on top and stiffer 

1648
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:10,500
feathers. 
Underneath for stability, 

1649
01:34:10,500 --> 01:34:13,100
similar to Modern high-end 
mattresses. 

1650
01:34:13,100 --> 01:34:16,500
Medieval pillows are often 
forgotten Sleek Technologies, 

1651
01:34:16,500 --> 01:34:20,400
modern pillows are uniform, 
whereas medieval pillows were 

1652
01:34:20,400 --> 01:34:23,300
individualized. 
Archaeological evidence and 

1653
01:34:23,300 --> 01:34:27,200
household inventory is show, at 
least four pillow types, neck, 

1654
01:34:27,200 --> 01:34:31,000
bolsters for spinal alignment. 
Software head pillows for 

1655
01:34:31,000 --> 01:34:34,300
Comfort wedge pillows, for 
medical conditions, particularly

1656
01:34:34,300 --> 01:34:37,600
respiratory issues and smaller 
support pillows for positioning.

1657
01:34:38,400 --> 01:34:41,000
Solano medical writings. 
Advise lifting, the head for 

1658
01:34:41,000 --> 01:34:43,900
digestion, disorders and 
supporting the legs for back 

1659
01:34:43,900 --> 01:34:45,600
pain. 
Bed sheets were also designed 

1660
01:34:45,600 --> 01:34:48,500
for Sleep Comfort, linen. 
Sheets were valued for their 

1661
01:34:48,500 --> 01:34:50,800
breathability and moisture 
wicking capacity. 

1662
01:34:50,800 --> 01:34:54,600
Even small houses, had many sets
of Linens and regular laundry 

1663
01:34:54,600 --> 01:34:58,400
records, in Winter, Woolen 
blankets provided insulation. 

1664
01:34:58,400 --> 01:35:01,400
While silk or light will cover, 
its gave summer warmth. 

1665
01:35:02,200 --> 01:35:04,100
Seasonal bedding. 
Rotation shows a profound 

1666
01:35:04,100 --> 01:35:06,600
awareness of how ambient 
temperature influences Sleep 

1667
01:35:06,600 --> 01:35:09,100
Quality. 
Equally inventive was sleeping 

1668
01:35:09,100 --> 01:35:12,000
room, climate control bed, 
curtains were attractive and 

1669
01:35:12,000 --> 01:35:14,300
microclimatic fully enclosed 
bed. 

1670
01:35:14,300 --> 01:35:17,900
Curtains, conserved body, Heaton
winter, large Medieval houses, 

1671
01:35:17,900 --> 01:35:21,200
recorded various curtain weights
for different seasons with some 

1672
01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:23,500
curtains blocking insects 
allowing airflow. 

1673
01:35:23,500 --> 01:35:27,100
This seasonal sleep environment.
Adaptation shows, a 

1674
01:35:27,100 --> 01:35:29,800
comprehensive awareness of how 
ambient variables affect rest 

1675
01:35:29,800 --> 01:35:33,500
quality, medieval dwelling also,
showed excellent sleep 

1676
01:35:33,500 --> 01:35:36,600
management, sound dampening 
interior shutters were common in

1677
01:35:36,600 --> 01:35:40,500
Metropolitan bedrooms in intact 
and Bruges home's. 

1678
01:35:40,500 --> 01:35:44,000
Archaeologists found woven Rush 
Maps put on walls near public 

1679
01:35:44,000 --> 01:35:45,600
streets. 
As early sound insulation. 

1680
01:35:46,600 --> 01:35:49,600
Medieval folks, recognize noise 
pollution as a sleep disruptor 

1681
01:35:49,600 --> 01:35:51,700
and addressed it with 
intentional design. 

1682
01:35:52,500 --> 01:35:56,600
Medieval sleep was influenced by
aromatherapy domestic anarchies 

1683
01:35:56,600 --> 01:35:59,000
illogical records, show 
aromatic, herbs embedding. 

1684
01:35:59,000 --> 01:36:02,600
These were lavender and 
chamomile for relaxation, mint 

1685
01:36:02,600 --> 01:36:05,400
and rosemary for insect 
repellent, and dried rose petals

1686
01:36:05,400 --> 01:36:09,200
for fragrance. 
For decades home, manuals have 

1687
01:36:09,200 --> 01:36:11,700
recommended inserting little 
herb, filled sachets into 

1688
01:36:11,700 --> 01:36:15,300
pillowcases to improve sleep. 
Researchers even reviewed 

1689
01:36:15,300 --> 01:36:19,100
illumination for its impact on 
Sleep Quality medieval dwellings

1690
01:36:19,100 --> 01:36:22,000
used candles or Rush lights in 
bedrooms for specific purposes. 

1691
01:36:22,000 --> 01:36:24,800
When affordable? 
These wax candles were 

1692
01:36:24,800 --> 01:36:28,300
recommended near beds because 
they smoke less than Tallow Rush

1693
01:36:28,300 --> 01:36:32,200
lights manufactured by immersing
river rushes and fat burned 

1694
01:36:32,200 --> 01:36:34,400
longer and dimmed to help people
fall asleep. 

1695
01:36:35,300 --> 01:36:37,000
These thoughtful evening lights 
selections. 

1696
01:36:37,000 --> 01:36:39,500
Follow recent advice to avoid 
bright light before bed. 

1697
01:36:40,300 --> 01:36:43,400
Medieval sleep environments were
sophisticated enough to regulate

1698
01:36:43,400 --> 01:36:46,300
nighttime temperature. 
Bed warming Technologies 

1699
01:36:46,300 --> 01:36:49,500
improved in northern Europe. 
Early, medieval hot stones of 

1700
01:36:49,500 --> 01:36:51,700
evolved into warming. 
Pan's equipped with adjustable 

1701
01:36:51,700 --> 01:36:55,300
handles and ventilated Lids 
which diffused, heat evenly 

1702
01:36:55,300 --> 01:36:58,500
without causing Burns. 
These gadgets were used in 

1703
01:36:58,500 --> 01:37:02,100
houses of all social strata 
demonstrating, the importance of

1704
01:37:02,100 --> 01:37:05,400
Ideal sleeping temperatures 
medieval Europe's, or a number 

1705
01:37:05,408 --> 01:37:07,400
of systemic sleep, hygiene 
activities. 

1706
01:37:07,400 --> 01:37:10,600
When the sun set, these were 
centuries, old practices that 

1707
01:37:10,600 --> 01:37:14,000
prepared body and mind for 
repose the intricacy of these, 

1708
01:37:14,000 --> 01:37:16,300
priests sleep practices, 
undermines the idea that 

1709
01:37:16,300 --> 01:37:20,700
scientific sleep optimization is
new, The transition to night 

1710
01:37:20,700 --> 01:37:23,800
began with day, shutting rituals
that separated waking and 

1711
01:37:23,800 --> 01:37:27,400
sleeping closing shutters, or 
drawing curtains were symbolic 

1712
01:37:27,400 --> 01:37:30,100
thresholds. 
Even humble 14th century. 

1713
01:37:30,100 --> 01:37:33,600
French households had practices 
for closing the day, typically 

1714
01:37:33,600 --> 01:37:37,100
with brief spoken phrases or 
prayers to signal that labor was

1715
01:37:37,100 --> 01:37:41,400
over and rest could begin. 
Medieval Europeans, intuitively 

1716
01:37:41,400 --> 01:37:43,900
knew the necessity of light 
reduction before sleep. 

1717
01:37:43,900 --> 01:37:48,200
According to archeology medieval
dwelling excavations, reveal, 

1718
01:37:48,200 --> 01:37:50,600
clever shutter, designs that 
blocked, light more, completely 

1719
01:37:50,600 --> 01:37:54,900
Rich, urban homes had exterior 
shutters for security and inside

1720
01:37:54,900 --> 01:37:58,300
fabric hangings. 
To exclude remaining light by 

1721
01:37:58,300 --> 01:38:00,900
the 15th century. 
These dark generation 

1722
01:38:00,900 --> 01:38:04,800
Investments showed how much 
Society valued sleep, Stage 

1723
01:38:04,800 --> 01:38:08,300
light reduction was notable in 
medieval times as Darkness 

1724
01:38:08,300 --> 01:38:10,600
approached. 
Home switched from brilliant 

1725
01:38:10,600 --> 01:38:14,700
Central fireplaces to dim lights
church and monastic records show

1726
01:38:14,700 --> 01:38:17,500
that different candle types were
used for different evening, 

1727
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:21,900
activities, leading to rush dips
at bed time, our modern abrupt 

1728
01:38:21,900 --> 01:38:24,400
shifts from brightness to 
Darkness, impede, melatonin 

1729
01:38:24,400 --> 01:38:27,700
production but this Progressive 
dimming naturally, signaled 

1730
01:38:27,700 --> 01:38:30,300
sleep. 
Evening meals were part of sleep

1731
01:38:30,300 --> 01:38:33,100
preparation, despite 
expectations about primitive 

1732
01:38:33,100 --> 01:38:35,400
medieval diets household, 
records and medical. 

1733
01:38:35,400 --> 01:38:39,100
Writings show sophisticated 
sleep nutrition evening meals 

1734
01:38:39,100 --> 01:38:41,600
were eaten at least two hours 
before bed to allow for partial 

1735
01:38:41,600 --> 01:38:44,800
digestion. 
In the evening Salerno medical 

1736
01:38:44,800 --> 01:38:49,300
books, advise lighter diets like
lettuce, almonds and warm Dairy,

1737
01:38:49,300 --> 01:38:52,100
liquids mixed with mildly 
sedative spices to promote 

1738
01:38:52,100 --> 01:38:54,800
sleep. 
Physical sleep preparation was 

1739
01:38:54,800 --> 01:38:58,500
also deliberate. 
Cleaning before bed, highlighted

1740
01:38:58,500 --> 01:39:00,500
psychological shifts, as well as
cleanliness. 

1741
01:39:00,500 --> 01:39:03,800
Even in simple families, without
bathing facilities. 

1742
01:39:03,800 --> 01:39:07,900
People wash their hands face and
feet before bed after its 

1743
01:39:07,900 --> 01:39:10,200
relaxing benefits. 
According to housekeeping, 

1744
01:39:10,200 --> 01:39:13,000
manuals. 
Some 15th century Manor, 

1745
01:39:13,000 --> 01:39:14,600
buildings had evening bathing 
Chambers. 

1746
01:39:14,600 --> 01:39:16,900
Next to bedrooms for more, 
extensive Priestly. 

1747
01:39:16,900 --> 01:39:20,100
Bathing procedures medieval 
sleep habits for stress 

1748
01:39:20,100 --> 01:39:23,000
reduction and brain clearing 
were unique monastic and 

1749
01:39:23,000 --> 01:39:26,400
household texts suggested 
evening reflection and concerned

1750
01:39:26,400 --> 01:39:30,600
that mirrors modern mindfulness.
14th century, Merchant advice, 

1751
01:39:30,600 --> 01:39:33,500
advocated examining the days, 
transactions and resolving 

1752
01:39:33,500 --> 01:39:36,700
mental issues before bed. 
Since unresolved matters will 

1753
01:39:36,700 --> 01:39:40,200
otherwise disturb rest. 
The early observation that 

1754
01:39:40,200 --> 01:39:42,600
cognitive stimulation. 
Reduces Sleep Quality as 

1755
01:39:42,600 --> 01:39:44,400
extraordinary psychological 
insight. 

1756
01:39:45,200 --> 01:39:48,000
Bedtime prayer, sequences were 
both spiritual practice and 

1757
01:39:48,000 --> 01:39:50,400
sleep. 
Induction, these were systematic

1758
01:39:50,400 --> 01:39:52,800
mental activities. 
That diverted attention from 

1759
01:39:52,800 --> 01:39:55,300
daily worries. 
Not just religious observances 

1760
01:39:55,300 --> 01:39:58,700
popular nighttime prayers. 
Alternated between simple. 

1761
01:39:58,700 --> 01:40:02,600
Repetitive elements, relaxing 
and brief narrative segments, 

1762
01:40:02,600 --> 01:40:05,900
focusing the attention this 
Advanced structure naturally 

1763
01:40:05,900 --> 01:40:07,600
induced tiredness from active 
thought. 

1764
01:40:07,600 --> 01:40:11,900
Even bed making was ritualized 
according to household sources. 

1765
01:40:12,700 --> 01:40:15,200
Medieval folks, will classes 
made beds each night? 

1766
01:40:16,000 --> 01:40:18,800
It was common to shake and turn 
mattresses to rejuvenate their 

1767
01:40:18,800 --> 01:40:23,400
Loft arrange bedding for best 
warmth distribution and sweep 

1768
01:40:23,400 --> 01:40:26,000
the area around the bed to 
remove dirt and symbolically 

1769
01:40:26,000 --> 01:40:29,400
clear the space for rest. 
Social interactions were 

1770
01:40:29,400 --> 01:40:32,800
manipulated to Aid sleep. 
Transitions manorial records. 

1771
01:40:32,800 --> 01:40:34,400
Required quiet time in the 
evening. 

1772
01:40:35,200 --> 01:40:37,800
Sleep preparation began with 
specific phrases or little 

1773
01:40:37,800 --> 01:40:40,500
customs. 
And some households for quieter 

1774
01:40:40,500 --> 01:40:44,000
more introspective conversation,
a 15th century housekeeping 

1775
01:40:44,000 --> 01:40:47,100
manual, encouraged the head of 
the home to say, the day is now,

1776
01:40:47,100 --> 01:40:51,200
put away most notably medieval 
sleep rituals addressed sleep 

1777
01:40:51,200 --> 01:40:54,700
onset insomnia. 
Medical manuscripts, provided 

1778
01:40:54,700 --> 01:40:57,700
Advanced, sleep treatments, they
comprise mental tracing of 

1779
01:40:57,708 --> 01:41:01,100
patterns, rhythmic breathing and
progressive muscle relaxation, 

1780
01:41:01,100 --> 01:41:03,900
expressed in language, that 
resembles modern approaches. 

1781
01:41:05,100 --> 01:41:07,300
A 14th century. 
Montpellier medical Treasures. 

1782
01:41:07,300 --> 01:41:11,400
Discusses body scan meditation 
similar to that taught in sleep 

1783
01:41:11,400 --> 01:41:13,900
clinics. 
Medieval sleep, literature 

1784
01:41:13,900 --> 01:41:17,500
emphasized posture medical 
texts, outlined ideal sleep. 

1785
01:41:17,500 --> 01:41:19,900
Postures for different body 
types and health issues. 

1786
01:41:19,900 --> 01:41:22,800
Modern, understanding of how 
body position influences, 

1787
01:41:22,800 --> 01:41:26,200
digestive processes during sleep
suggest commencing sleep on the 

1788
01:41:26,200 --> 01:41:29,500
right side to help digestion 
before turning to the left. 

1789
01:41:30,400 --> 01:41:33,300
This was not common wisdom, but 
scientific observation of Sleep 

1790
01:41:33,300 --> 01:41:36,800
Quality, auditory practices 
helped wakefulness transition, 

1791
01:41:36,800 --> 01:41:39,900
nightwatch calls the hours in 
villages and cities. 

1792
01:41:39,900 --> 01:41:43,900
Providing temporal grounding 
these repetitive sound patterns,

1793
01:41:43,900 --> 01:41:46,700
may have helped maintain sleep 
rather than disrupt it. 

1794
01:41:47,400 --> 01:41:50,300
People say the familiar calls 
comforted and oriented them 

1795
01:41:50,300 --> 01:41:53,200
during brief overnight 
Awakenings without disturbing 

1796
01:41:53,200 --> 01:41:55,900
sleep architecture. 
The social structure of sleep, 

1797
01:41:55,900 --> 01:41:58,400
may be the biggest distinction 
between medieval and modern 

1798
01:41:58,400 --> 01:42:01,000
sleep. 
Medieval, sleep was a shared 

1799
01:42:01,000 --> 01:42:04,500
vulnerable state entrenched in 
well-arranged Social Ties That 

1800
01:42:04,500 --> 01:42:07,000
offered distinct cyclical 
benefits not found in modern 

1801
01:42:07,000 --> 01:42:11,500
isolated sleep. 
European household, archeology 

1802
01:42:11,500 --> 01:42:15,000
shows, sleeps Arrangements, that
challenge privacy, Notions from 

1803
01:42:15,000 --> 01:42:16,900
Humble, farmhouses to Royal 
palaces. 

1804
01:42:16,900 --> 01:42:19,900
Medieval sleeping places were 
shared this. 

1805
01:42:19,900 --> 01:42:21,800
Sharing wasn't just for economic
reasons. 

1806
01:42:21,800 --> 01:42:25,400
He represented attitudes about 
sleep, vulnerability and 

1807
01:42:25,400 --> 01:42:29,100
communal protection. 
It started in childhood medieval

1808
01:42:29,100 --> 01:42:32,500
children, slept with family, 
unlike modern westerners 

1809
01:42:32,500 --> 01:42:35,700
household, inventories and 
Architectural evidence 

1810
01:42:35,700 --> 01:42:38,500
demonstrate that wealthy people 
rarely had separate nurseries 

1811
01:42:38,500 --> 01:42:42,200
until the late medieval period. 
Young children, usually slept on

1812
01:42:42,200 --> 01:42:45,600
communal beds near parents or 
caregivers this Arrangement 

1813
01:42:45,600 --> 01:42:48,800
provided physical warmth, and 
safety, as well, as auditory and

1814
01:42:48,800 --> 01:42:51,100
olfactory cues from trusted 
people to promote sleep. 

1815
01:42:51,900 --> 01:42:55,300
Children continue to sleep 
together as they grow household 

1816
01:42:55,300 --> 01:42:58,500
and Guild records show service, 
children apprentices and 

1817
01:42:58,500 --> 01:43:01,800
biological children. 
Sleeping together by age young 

1818
01:43:01,800 --> 01:43:05,900
people slept two or three to a 
bed clustered by gender and age,

1819
01:43:05,900 --> 01:43:09,900
establishing sleep communities 
groups, that share, sleep, 

1820
01:43:09,900 --> 01:43:11,700
vulnerability, and build sleep 
standards. 

1821
01:43:12,500 --> 01:43:15,500
The cycle benefits of these 
Arrangements were significant. 

1822
01:43:16,200 --> 01:43:18,800
Medieval medical literature is 
youngsters who sleep together 

1823
01:43:18,800 --> 01:43:22,100
their fewer night, terrors and 
sleep disturbance. 

1824
01:43:23,300 --> 01:43:26,600
Medieval folks, intuitively knew
that trusted persons, sensory 

1825
01:43:26,600 --> 01:43:29,600
awareness triggers 
parasympathetic nerve system 

1826
01:43:29,600 --> 01:43:32,400
reactions that deep and sleep. 
Modern sleep. 

1827
01:43:32,400 --> 01:43:36,200
Science has just lately, 
recognized this adult, slept 

1828
01:43:36,200 --> 01:43:39,800
together, Beyond family, 
medieval residents is had a 

1829
01:43:39,800 --> 01:43:43,200
central Hall where servant's 
prentice's an extended family 

1830
01:43:43,200 --> 01:43:46,300
slept. 
This set up gave cycle security 

1831
01:43:46,300 --> 01:43:49,900
rather than disrupting sleep. 
Household accounts provide 

1832
01:43:49,900 --> 01:43:52,600
methods for grouping sleepers, 
to accommodate individual needs 

1833
01:43:52,600 --> 01:43:55,600
and relationships, even the rich
who could afford separate 

1834
01:43:55,600 --> 01:43:58,700
sleeping Chambers by the later. 
Medieval period rarely slept 

1835
01:43:58,700 --> 01:44:00,500
alone. 
Noble household chamber 

1836
01:44:00,500 --> 01:44:03,300
accounts, show that servants. 
Lay on pallets at the foot of 

1837
01:44:03,300 --> 01:44:06,500
the bed, with their masters, 
medieval nobility, preferred 

1838
01:44:06,500 --> 01:44:09,400
reliable companions during 
vulnerable sleep phases over 

1839
01:44:09,400 --> 01:44:12,200
loneliness. 
This communal sleep design had 

1840
01:44:12,200 --> 01:44:15,200
several psychological benefits. 
That modern Sleep Experts are 

1841
01:44:15,200 --> 01:44:18,800
now recognizing Shared sleep 
rooms corrected, sleep patterns 

1842
01:44:18,800 --> 01:44:22,000
reducing anxiety, over perceived
sleep anomalies. 

1843
01:44:22,900 --> 01:44:25,900
When brief nightly Awakenings 
occurred, the noises and 

1844
01:44:25,900 --> 01:44:28,600
presence of other sleepers, 
reassured and reduced anxiety. 

1845
01:44:28,600 --> 01:44:32,300
Induced sleeplessness, medieval 
travel Tales show, how rooted 

1846
01:44:32,300 --> 01:44:35,500
these communal sleep. 
Obligations were 150 Century 

1847
01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:38,600
Merchant called private sleeping
unnatural and disquieting to the

1848
01:44:38,600 --> 01:44:42,200
mind, in regulations across 
Europe, required tourists to 

1849
01:44:42,200 --> 01:44:45,300
share beds with strangers of the
same gender until the early. 

1850
01:44:45,300 --> 01:44:48,300
Modern period demonstrating, how
common shared sleep 

1851
01:44:48,300 --> 01:44:51,500
vulnerability was deemed the 
intimacy of communal sleep 

1852
01:44:51,500 --> 01:44:54,300
areas. 
Encouraged unusual, social bonds

1853
01:44:54,300 --> 01:44:57,700
medieval stories emphasized, 
Priestly discussion for 

1854
01:44:57,700 --> 01:44:59,400
resolving conflicts in 
relationships. 

1855
01:45:00,400 --> 01:45:02,700
Before bed, a 14th century 
family. 

1856
01:45:02,700 --> 01:45:06,200
Manual encourages settling 
disputes because Harmony before 

1857
01:45:06,200 --> 01:45:10,000
rest brings better health to all
this incorporation of dispute, 

1858
01:45:10,000 --> 01:45:12,800
resolution into sleep habits 
provided regular relationship 

1859
01:45:12,800 --> 01:45:15,800
healing. 
That Standalone sleeps 

1860
01:45:15,800 --> 01:45:16,900
Arrangements. 
Rarely do. 

1861
01:45:18,200 --> 01:45:22,000
Medieval sleeps, commonality 
improved safety before modern 

1862
01:45:22,000 --> 01:45:25,000
locks and security measures, 
numerous sleepers, were 

1863
01:45:25,000 --> 01:45:27,800
protected by Collective 
vigilance medieval households, 

1864
01:45:27,800 --> 01:45:31,000
generally placed younger, 
lighter sleepers, usually 

1865
01:45:31,000 --> 01:45:34,600
apprentices, or younger servants
near doorways, establishing a 

1866
01:45:34,600 --> 01:45:37,600
natural surveillance system. 
Household accounts recommend 

1867
01:45:37,600 --> 01:45:39,600
having different grades of 
sleepers with different 

1868
01:45:39,600 --> 01:45:43,200
Awakening thresholds across the 
sleeping area social leveling 

1869
01:45:43,200 --> 01:45:45,500
was achieved through sleep 
vulnerability. 

1870
01:45:46,200 --> 01:45:48,900
Daytime activities were 
hierarchical, but sleep 

1871
01:45:48,900 --> 01:45:53,000
momentarily, lowered status. 
Snoring, shifting, postures and 

1872
01:45:53,000 --> 01:45:55,700
the universal weakness of 
unconsciousness made even high 

1873
01:45:55,700 --> 01:45:57,500
status. 
People seem more real to their 

1874
01:45:57,500 --> 01:46:00,000
subordinates according to 
historical reports. 

1875
01:46:00,000 --> 01:46:03,400
These periodic, reminder of 
shared Humanity, softened, 

1876
01:46:03,400 --> 01:46:06,900
medieval social hierarchies, the
communal sleep environment, 

1877
01:46:06,900 --> 01:46:09,700
helped vulnerable populations, 
more than private sleep 

1878
01:46:09,700 --> 01:46:12,300
Arrangements. 
Shared sleeping, Arrangements, 

1879
01:46:12,300 --> 01:46:15,800
helped, new mothers, care for 
their babies at night, village, 

1880
01:46:15,800 --> 01:46:18,200
records and household, 
narratives show, that nursing 

1881
01:46:18,200 --> 01:46:20,100
mothers were slapped near other 
women. 

1882
01:46:20,100 --> 01:46:23,500
Who could he still with evening 
feedings and child calming, 

1883
01:46:23,500 --> 01:46:27,200
instead of being separated 
older, people were included in 

1884
01:46:27,200 --> 01:46:30,300
home sleeping Arrangements, 
allowing the collective to adapt

1885
01:46:30,300 --> 01:46:33,700
their natural sleep habits, 
Community sleep, normalized 

1886
01:46:33,700 --> 01:46:36,600
nightly distress, which was 
important for psychological 

1887
01:46:36,600 --> 01:46:39,500
Wellness. 
Nightmares and anxiousness were 

1888
01:46:39,500 --> 01:46:42,500
immediately relieved medical 
writings from the time 

1889
01:46:42,500 --> 01:46:46,300
prescribed, a trusted sleeping 
companion's voice to comfort. 

1890
01:46:46,300 --> 01:46:49,500
People Awakening from terrible 
dreams, which is easier in 

1891
01:46:49,508 --> 01:46:52,000
shared sleep, places than in our
secluded bedrooms. 

1892
01:46:52,800 --> 01:46:55,600
Sleep historians now, recognize 
the shift from communal to 

1893
01:46:55,600 --> 01:46:59,000
privatize sleeping, which began 
among the wealthy in the late 

1894
01:46:59,000 --> 01:47:01,900
medieval period, but didn't 
reach most communities until 

1895
01:47:01,900 --> 01:47:04,900
much later. 
This shift had mixed effects on 

1896
01:47:04,908 --> 01:47:07,800
human psychology. 
While privatizing sleep 

1897
01:47:07,800 --> 01:47:11,700
increased individual control, it
eliminated, many of the security

1898
01:47:11,700 --> 01:47:13,600
and social benefits of communal 
sleep. 

1899
01:47:13,600 --> 01:47:17,500
Medieval understanding of dreams
and nighttime Consciousness was 

1900
01:47:17,500 --> 01:47:20,600
highly developed predicting. 
Modern findings concerning 

1901
01:47:20,600 --> 01:47:25,000
dreams, affects on emotion, 
creativity and problem solving. 

1902
01:47:26,300 --> 01:47:29,500
Medieval civilization developed 
intricate Frameworks for 

1903
01:47:29,500 --> 01:47:32,000
identifying dream varieties, and
promoting positive dream 

1904
01:47:32,000 --> 01:47:35,600
experiences, medieval dream 
theory classified Dreams by 

1905
01:47:35,600 --> 01:47:39,300
psychological cause and meaning 
medical books from Salerno and 

1906
01:47:39,300 --> 01:47:42,700
Montpellier distinguished 
digestive dreams, those 

1907
01:47:42,700 --> 01:47:45,700
influenced by nutrition and 
physical conditions from Spirit 

1908
01:47:45,700 --> 01:47:49,900
dreams, those originating from 
deeper psychic processes, this 

1909
01:47:49,900 --> 01:47:53,600
distinction acknowledges dreams 
psychological purposes and 

1910
01:47:53,600 --> 01:47:56,500
modern awareness of how physical
variables affect dream content. 

1911
01:47:57,600 --> 01:48:00,500
medieval understanding of how 
sleep absorbed every day of 

1912
01:48:00,500 --> 01:48:04,000
events was sophisticated, the 
13th century encyclopedist, 

1913
01:48:04,000 --> 01:48:08,200
Bartholomew as anglicus observed
that the Mind sought through the

1914
01:48:08,200 --> 01:48:12,200
days of events, while the body 
rests for shadowing, REM sleep 

1915
01:48:12,200 --> 01:48:16,500
memory, consolidation research, 
Household instructions, advise 

1916
01:48:16,500 --> 01:48:19,400
quickly revisiting important 
daily events before bed to Aid 

1917
01:48:19,400 --> 01:48:22,700
this processing function. 
Which sleep researchers. 

1918
01:48:22,700 --> 01:48:24,500
Now know, improves memory 
integration. 

1919
01:48:25,300 --> 01:48:28,100
Medieval dream notebooks show 
that people actively engaged 

1920
01:48:28,100 --> 01:48:31,100
with their dreams. 
Several preserved monastic and 

1921
01:48:31,100 --> 01:48:34,100
Noble household, dream, Diaries 
document dream content with 

1922
01:48:34,100 --> 01:48:38,400
attention to repeating themes 
and emotional patterns. 14th 

1923
01:48:38,400 --> 01:48:41,100
century Florentine Merchant. 
Kept a thorough book about how 

1924
01:48:41,100 --> 01:48:44,400
he tracked, dreams symbols 
linking them to his waking 

1925
01:48:44,400 --> 01:48:46,800
concerns, and using dreams, to 
make commercial decisions. 

1926
01:48:46,800 --> 01:48:50,400
Medieval dream practice, used 
complex, dream, incubation 

1927
01:48:50,400 --> 01:48:53,300
techniques, to actively 
influence, dream material, to 

1928
01:48:53,300 --> 01:48:56,900
answer specific inquiries, or 
difficulties the monastic. 

1929
01:48:56,900 --> 01:48:59,900
Records describe focusing on 
certain questions before sleep 

1930
01:48:59,900 --> 01:49:02,700
and utilizing visualization to 
bring them into dream 

1931
01:49:02,700 --> 01:49:05,200
Consciousness. 
This goal was practical 

1932
01:49:05,200 --> 01:49:08,800
cognitive training, not just 
spiritual multiple crafts, Guild

1933
01:49:08,800 --> 01:49:11,700
records mentioned Masters 
telling trainees to consult 

1934
01:49:11,700 --> 01:49:15,700
their dreams when designing, 
Archeology supports, medieval 

1935
01:49:15,700 --> 01:49:19,000
dream practice. 
Excavation found dream related 

1936
01:49:19,000 --> 01:49:22,100
objects near beds. 
These include modest religious 

1937
01:49:22,100 --> 01:49:25,900
artifacts symbolic emblems and 
written queries or issues under 

1938
01:49:25,900 --> 01:49:29,200
pillows physical expressions of 
medieval belief that sleep 

1939
01:49:29,200 --> 01:49:31,400
Consciousness might address 
waking difficulties. 

1940
01:49:31,400 --> 01:49:34,100
Medieval knightmare, treatment 
was centuries. 

1941
01:49:34,100 --> 01:49:37,000
Ahead of modern methods, 
medieval dream guides advised 

1942
01:49:37,000 --> 01:49:39,100
dealing with nightmares rather 
than suppressing them. 

1943
01:49:40,000 --> 01:49:42,800
One, 14th century, physician 
guide Advocates, helping 

1944
01:49:42,800 --> 01:49:47,800
patients achieve dream, reentry 
returning to terrifying, dream 

1945
01:49:47,800 --> 01:49:50,000
scenes while waking and 
imagining altering them. 

1946
01:49:50,900 --> 01:49:53,300
This method is similar to 
nightmare disorder, treatments, 

1947
01:49:53,300 --> 01:49:57,400
that rewrite distressing content
medieval understanding of dreams

1948
01:49:57,400 --> 01:50:00,600
and nighttime Consciousness was 
highly developed predicting, 

1949
01:50:00,600 --> 01:50:03,500
modern findings concerning 
dreams effects on emotion, 

1950
01:50:03,500 --> 01:50:11,400
creativity and problem-solving. 
Frameworks for identifying dream

1951
01:50:11,400 --> 01:50:15,200
varieties and promoting positive
dream experiences, medieval 

1952
01:50:15,200 --> 01:50:18,000
dream theory classified Dreams 
by psychological cause and 

1953
01:50:18,008 --> 01:50:21,200
meaning medical books from 
Salerno and Montpellier 

1954
01:50:21,200 --> 01:50:25,100
distinguished digestive dreams, 
those influenced by nutrition 

1955
01:50:25,100 --> 01:50:27,500
and physical conditions from 
Spirit dreams. 

1956
01:50:27,500 --> 01:50:30,600
Those originating from deeper 
processes. 

1957
01:50:30,600 --> 01:50:34,400
This distinction, acknowledges 
dreams psychological purposes, 

1958
01:50:34,400 --> 01:50:37,400
and modern awareness of how 
physical variables affect dream 

1959
01:50:37,400 --> 01:50:40,400
content. 
Medieval understanding of how 

1960
01:50:40,400 --> 01:50:43,700
sleep absorbed every day of 
events was sophisticated, the 

1961
01:50:43,700 --> 01:50:48,000
13th century encyclopedist, 
Bartholomew as anglicus observe 

1962
01:50:48,000 --> 01:50:50,200
that the Mind sought through the
days of events. 

1963
01:50:50,200 --> 01:50:53,900
While the body rests for 
shadowing, REM sleep memory, 

1964
01:50:53,900 --> 01:50:57,900
consolidation research, 
Household instructions, advise 

1965
01:50:57,900 --> 01:51:00,500
quickly revisiting important. 
Daily of events before bed to 

1966
01:51:00,500 --> 01:51:04,300
Aid this processing function. 
Which sleep researchers now 

1967
01:51:04,300 --> 01:51:05,800
know, improves memory 
integration. 

1968
01:51:06,600 --> 01:51:09,500
Medieval dream notebooks show 
that people actively engaged 

1969
01:51:09,500 --> 01:51:12,600
with their dreams. 
Several preserved monastic and 

1970
01:51:12,600 --> 01:51:15,400
Noble household, dream, Diaries 
document dream content with 

1971
01:51:15,400 --> 01:51:18,000
attention to repeating themes 
and emotional patterns. 

1972
01:51:19,100 --> 01:51:20,900
A 14th century, Florentine 
Merchant. 

1973
01:51:20,900 --> 01:51:23,900
Kept a thorough book about how 
he tracked, dreams symbols 

1974
01:51:23,900 --> 01:51:27,000
linking them to his waking 
concerns, and using dreams, to 

1975
01:51:27,008 --> 01:51:30,300
make commercial decisions. 
Medieval dream practice, used 

1976
01:51:30,300 --> 01:51:33,300
complex, dream, incubation 
techniques, to actively 

1977
01:51:33,300 --> 01:51:36,200
influence, dream material, to 
answer specific inquiries, or 

1978
01:51:36,208 --> 01:51:39,700
difficulties the monastic. 
Records describe focusing on 

1979
01:51:39,700 --> 01:51:43,300
certain questions before sleep 
and utilizing visualization to 

1980
01:51:43,300 --> 01:51:44,500
bring them into dream 
Consciousness. 

1981
01:51:44,500 --> 01:51:47,900
This goal was practical 
cognitive training, not just 

1982
01:51:47,900 --> 01:51:51,400
spiritual multiple crafts, Guild
records mentioned Master's 

1983
01:51:51,400 --> 01:51:54,500
telling trainees to consult 
their dreams when designing, 

1984
01:51:55,500 --> 01:51:57,800
Archeology supports, medieval 
dream practice. 

1985
01:51:58,700 --> 01:52:01,500
Excavation found dream related 
objects near beds. 

1986
01:52:01,500 --> 01:52:05,700
These include modest religious 
artifacts symbolic emblems and 

1987
01:52:05,700 --> 01:52:08,500
written queries or issues under 
pillows physical. 

1988
01:52:08,500 --> 01:52:11,400
Expressions of medieval belief 
that sleep Consciousness might 

1989
01:52:11,400 --> 01:52:14,900
address waking difficulties. 
Medieval nightmare treatment was

1990
01:52:14,900 --> 01:52:16,400
centuries. 
Ahead of modern methods, 

1991
01:52:16,400 --> 01:52:19,500
medieval dream guides advised 
dealing with nightmares rather 

1992
01:52:19,500 --> 01:52:23,300
than suppressing them. 1, 14th 
century, physician guide 

1993
01:52:23,300 --> 01:52:28,000
Advocates, helping patients 
achieve dream, reentry returning

1994
01:52:28,000 --> 01:52:30,800
to terrifying, dream scenes 
while waking and imagining 

1995
01:52:30,800 --> 01:52:33,300
altering them. 
This method is similar to 

1996
01:52:33,308 --> 01:52:35,400
nightmare disorder. 
Treatments that rewrite 

1997
01:52:35,400 --> 01:52:38,500
distressing content due to 
historical changes in sleep, 

1998
01:52:38,500 --> 01:52:42,400
interactions medieval Europeans,
excellent Sleep, Quality slowly 

1999
01:52:42,400 --> 01:52:45,300
decline. 
Understanding this decline helps

2000
01:52:45,300 --> 01:52:46,900
us. 
Apply medieval sleep advice 

2001
01:52:46,900 --> 01:52:50,000
today, late medieval European 
towns installed. 

2002
01:52:50,000 --> 01:52:54,300
Public mechanical, clocks, 
changing sleep patterns, early 

2003
01:52:54,300 --> 01:52:57,200
watches didn't affect sleep but 
they did change the attention 

2004
01:52:57,200 --> 01:53:01,200
from environmental cues to time 
Town records from the 15th 

2005
01:53:01,200 --> 01:53:03,200
century show. 
The gradual adoption of clock 

2006
01:53:03,200 --> 01:53:05,300
time. 
Instead of sunrise and sunset, 

2007
01:53:05,300 --> 01:53:08,600
as daily reference points, the 
first step toward divorcing 

2008
01:53:08,600 --> 01:53:12,400
human time, tables from natural 
light, Cycle's, archeology shows

2009
01:53:12,400 --> 01:53:15,800
this window design change. 
Later medieval homes, 

2010
01:53:15,800 --> 01:53:19,100
prioritized privacy and heat 
retention over natural light. 

2011
01:53:19,100 --> 01:53:22,700
Although early medieval bedrooms
contained, windows that let in 

2012
01:53:22,700 --> 01:53:24,800
Morning Light. 
This architectural change 

2013
01:53:24,800 --> 01:53:28,000
developed values, sleep natural 
light alignment, which is 

2014
01:53:28,000 --> 01:53:29,800
increasingly critical for 
circadian. 

2015
01:53:29,800 --> 01:53:33,000
Rhythms industrialization and 
artificial lighting, most 

2016
01:53:33,000 --> 01:53:36,300
affected medieval sleep, 
although early, 19th century, 

2017
01:53:36,300 --> 01:53:38,700
gas illumination, extended 
productive hours into the 

2018
01:53:38,700 --> 01:53:42,300
evening industry, schedules 
demanded standardized waking 

2019
01:53:42,300 --> 01:53:46,500
times, unaffected by seasonal 
light early industrial society 

2020
01:53:46,500 --> 01:53:49,100
documents reveal plant owners 
fighting inefficient. 

2021
01:53:49,100 --> 01:53:53,600
Sleep patterns in 1883 a factory
manual warned against workers, 

2022
01:53:53,600 --> 01:53:57,800
persistent habit of Nightwing 
between sleep phases, due to 

2023
01:53:57,800 --> 01:54:00,500
Industrial schedules. 
Eliminating bi phasic sleep, 

2024
01:54:02,000 --> 01:54:04,800
Conditions change the 18th and 
19th. 

2025
01:54:04,800 --> 01:54:08,000
Centuries, saw single family 
residents an individual beds 

2026
01:54:08,000 --> 01:54:09,900
replacement, evil communal 
slumber. 

2027
01:54:10,900 --> 01:54:13,500
The architectural change 
increased solitude, but removed,

2028
01:54:13,500 --> 01:54:15,900
shared sleep, Social Security, 
and closeness. 

2029
01:54:16,600 --> 01:54:19,500
Medical records from this. 
Transitional era, show, Rising 

2030
01:54:19,500 --> 01:54:23,500
claims of sleep difficulties, 
due to unusual Solitude at night

2031
01:54:23,500 --> 01:54:25,500
from the new Sleeping 
Arrangements. 

2032
01:54:26,400 --> 01:54:30,000
Changes in labor habits eroded 
medieval Notions of sleep as a 

2033
01:54:30,000 --> 01:54:32,900
transition, natural cycles and 
moderate activity. 

2034
01:54:32,900 --> 01:54:35,400
Shifts characterize 
pre-industrial work. 

2035
01:54:36,200 --> 01:54:39,300
Industrial time discipline 
destroyed the natural wind down 

2036
01:54:39,300 --> 01:54:42,500
time of medieval sleep, 
patterns, industrial and office 

2037
01:54:42,500 --> 01:54:45,900
timetables. 
Created Guillotine, waking sharp

2038
01:54:45,900 --> 01:54:49,100
alarm driven transitions many 
found sleep uncomfortable during

2039
01:54:49,100 --> 01:54:52,300
this change early, mass 
production, homogenized sleeping

2040
01:54:52,300 --> 01:54:54,900
surfaces, without regard for 
Comfort yet. 

2041
01:54:54,900 --> 01:54:57,700
Medieval people of all classes 
had devised sophisticated 

2042
01:54:57,700 --> 01:55:01,800
bedding systems that met bodily 
demands historical records 

2043
01:55:01,800 --> 01:55:04,700
indicate that Workshop, 
dwellings had crude beds, unlike

2044
01:55:04,700 --> 01:55:08,200
medieval peasants over. 
Centuries sleep Comfort 

2045
01:55:08,200 --> 01:55:11,100
Technologies would improve. 
These changes lead to 

2046
01:55:11,100 --> 01:55:14,900
Consolidated sleep culture, the 
idea that normal sleep is a 

2047
01:55:14,900 --> 01:55:18,200
single unbroken period rather 
than the centuries old by 

2048
01:55:18,200 --> 01:55:21,800
facing. 
Medical texts of the late 19th 

2049
01:55:21,800 --> 01:55:24,800
century, pathologized nocturnal 
waking as a disorder. 

2050
01:55:24,800 --> 01:55:28,500
This medical reinterpretation 
replaced medieval sleep, wisdom 

2051
01:55:28,500 --> 01:55:31,800
with modern Norms. 
This historical transformation, 

2052
01:55:31,800 --> 01:55:34,700
goes beyond discomfort. 
Medieval sleep, practice was 

2053
01:55:34,700 --> 01:55:42,600
physically, uncyclopedia sleep, 
disordered breathing and 

2054
01:55:42,600 --> 01:55:45,800
circadian rhythm issues sleep 
professionals called the global 

2055
01:55:45,800 --> 01:55:48,200
sleep crisis caused by 
suppression of natural sleep 

2056
01:55:48,200 --> 01:55:50,600
patterns. 
The loss of medieval sleeps, 

2057
01:55:50,600 --> 01:55:53,400
midnight waking period is 
notable a normal sleep. 

2058
01:55:53,400 --> 01:55:55,300
Break was essential 
biologically, and 

2059
01:55:55,300 --> 01:55:57,700
psychologically. 
Neurological research, found 

2060
01:55:57,700 --> 01:56:00,300
this interval, had brainwave 
patterns that supported 

2061
01:56:00,300 --> 01:56:01,900
creativity and emotional 
processing. 

2062
01:56:03,000 --> 01:56:05,300
In industrial and 
post-industrial sleep practices,

2063
01:56:05,300 --> 01:56:08,600
eliminated, this cognitive state
by requiring continuous sleep. 

2064
01:56:09,400 --> 01:56:11,800
Medieval Slumber. 
Society is offered psychological

2065
01:56:11,800 --> 01:56:13,200
stability. 
That modern ones lack. 

2066
01:56:14,200 --> 01:56:16,700
Modern Sleep, Experts have 
established that trusted people,

2067
01:56:16,700 --> 01:56:18,500
reduced sleep delay, and stress 
hormones. 

2068
01:56:18,500 --> 01:56:21,200
Modern sleeper. 
Rangements, eliminate, these 

2069
01:56:21,200 --> 01:56:24,700
benefits creating anxiety 
related sleep, disruptions. 

2070
01:56:24,700 --> 01:56:27,900
Even in medieval times sees 
seasonal sleep, durational 

2071
01:56:27,900 --> 01:56:30,800
fluctuations were biologically, 
good pre-industrial, 

2072
01:56:30,800 --> 01:56:34,200
civilization, and historical 
sources show that medieval 

2073
01:56:34,200 --> 01:56:36,800
people slept longer in Winter 
due to Natural melatonin 

2074
01:56:36,800 --> 01:56:40,100
synthesis. 
Modern sleep schedules, ignore 

2075
01:56:40,100 --> 01:56:43,200
seasonal changes, creating 
winter circadian. 

2076
01:56:43,200 --> 01:56:46,400
Misalignment, medieval and 
pre-industrial sleep, Traditions

2077
01:56:46,400 --> 01:56:49,500
are being rediscovered despite 
these losses sleep medicine. 

2078
01:56:49,500 --> 01:56:52,400
Now, admits that medieval sleep 
practice was sophisticated and 

2079
01:56:52,400 --> 01:56:54,500
biologically sound, so we should
revisit it. 

2080
01:56:55,200 --> 01:56:58,900
New sleep transition. 
Understanding is the best 

2081
01:56:58,900 --> 01:57:02,700
Rehabilitation after centuries 
of alarm clocks, disrupting 

2082
01:57:02,700 --> 01:57:06,900
sleep, sleep professionals, 
emphasize priest, sleep windown 

2083
01:57:06,900 --> 01:57:09,300
reclaiming, the medieval idea of
sleep. 

2084
01:57:09,300 --> 01:57:12,700
As a transitional activity, 
modern sleep hygiene follows. 

2085
01:57:12,700 --> 01:57:16,600
Medieval practices of gradually,
reducing light exposure, quieter

2086
01:57:16,600 --> 01:57:19,500
evening activities and 
systematic Priestly routines. 

2087
01:57:20,200 --> 01:57:22,300
Modern technology harms and 
helps sleep. 

2088
01:57:23,000 --> 01:57:26,400
Screen usage influences, 
melatonin production yet apps 

2089
01:57:26,400 --> 01:57:28,200
and devices, measure sleep and 
support. 

2090
01:57:28,200 --> 01:57:31,000
Circadian Cycles. 
There are programs that regulate

2091
01:57:31,000 --> 01:57:33,400
lighting throughout the day. 
To approximate natural light 

2092
01:57:33,400 --> 01:57:37,100
progression and alarm systems 
that pinpoint optimal Awakening 

2093
01:57:37,100 --> 01:57:40,100
points throughout sleep cycles 
to recreate, medieval sleep, 

2094
01:57:40,100 --> 01:57:44,300
patterns, architecture, honors 
sleep wisdom after Decades of 

2095
01:57:44,300 --> 01:57:47,100
decreasing natural light in 
bedrooms moderns. 

2096
01:57:47,100 --> 01:57:50,600
Sleep focused architecture, 
prioritizes Eastern exposure for

2097
01:57:50,600 --> 01:57:53,600
more morning, wake UPS, 
reverting to Medieval design. 

2098
01:57:54,500 --> 01:57:57,200
Some creative neighborhoods are 
investigating communal sleep 

2099
01:57:57,200 --> 01:58:01,400
solutions for uneasy sleepers. 
Researchers and Sleep, Experts 

2100
01:58:01,400 --> 01:58:05,300
studied, medieval segmented, 
sleep by phasic Sleep patterns, 

2101
01:58:05,300 --> 01:58:08,600
like first and second sleep, 
improved sleep, mood and 

2102
01:58:08,600 --> 01:58:10,200
cognition. 
In long-term studies. 

2103
01:58:10,900 --> 01:58:13,200
Sleep clinics, increasingly 
recommend this routine for 

2104
01:58:13,200 --> 01:58:16,000
insomniacs who believe their 
sleep disorder is their body 

2105
01:58:16,000 --> 01:58:17,900
re-establishing its natural 
cycle. 

2106
01:58:18,900 --> 01:58:22,000
Medieval sleep, surroundings 
were rediscovered, modern 

2107
01:58:22,000 --> 01:58:25,200
designers emphasized natural 
materials temperature, 

2108
01:58:25,200 --> 01:58:28,300
regulation and personalized 
support similar to those users 

2109
01:58:28,300 --> 01:58:32,000
in medieval bedding systems 
following years dominated by 

2110
01:58:32,000 --> 01:58:36,300
artificial sleep environments. 
Adjustable firmness mattresses 

2111
01:58:36,300 --> 01:58:39,000
and weighted blankets are. 
Inadvertent homologies to 

2112
01:58:39,000 --> 01:58:40,600
Medieval sleepers custom 
bedding. 

2113
01:58:41,400 --> 01:58:44,200
Medieval sleep, still affect 
psychology and spirituality. 

2114
01:58:45,100 --> 01:58:47,500
Sleep, Experts recommend, 
medieval home evening. 

2115
01:58:47,500 --> 01:58:51,700
Contemplation style mindfulness.
Increasing interest in DreamWork

2116
01:58:51,700 --> 01:58:54,500
and creative dreaming. 
Engagement rediscovers, medieval

2117
01:58:54,500 --> 01:58:57,000
ideas of dreams as valuable 
sources of knowledge and 

2118
01:58:57,000 --> 01:58:59,500
creativity. 
The rising recognition that 

2119
01:58:59,500 --> 01:59:02,600
sleep is a cultural habit, 
motivated by societal values and

2120
01:59:02,600 --> 01:59:05,900
goals is positive. 
Medieval people valued Sleep, 

2121
01:59:05,900 --> 01:59:08,600
Quality and built social norms 
to protect it. 

2122
01:59:08,600 --> 01:59:12,300
Unlike modern production 
cultures, the slow sleep 

2123
01:59:12,300 --> 01:59:15,900
movement promotes workplace and 
societal practices that respect 

2124
01:59:15,900 --> 01:59:19,400
natural sleep patterns. 
A key Paradigm change is 

2125
01:59:19,400 --> 01:59:22,400
realizing that societal 
institutions, mismatch human 

2126
01:59:22,400 --> 01:59:24,900
nature and create numerous Sleep
Disorders. 

2127
01:59:24,900 --> 01:59:27,900
Modern companies are 
experimenting with flexible 

2128
01:59:27,900 --> 01:59:30,200
timetables. 
That match natural chronotypes 

2129
01:59:30,200 --> 01:59:33,400
and seasonal changes like 
medieval civilizations. 

2130
01:59:33,400 --> 01:59:37,000
Did workers were organized 
around seasonal, light shifts 

2131
01:59:37,000 --> 01:59:40,400
and human energy Cycles. 
These strategies apply medieval 

2132
01:59:40,400 --> 01:59:43,600
wisdom to Modern conditions 
medieval sleep, reminds current 

2133
01:59:43,600 --> 01:59:46,500
sleepers that many human sleep 
features are neither infinitely 

2134
01:59:46,500 --> 01:59:50,300
adaptable, North Flawless to 
copy human nature operates best 

2135
01:59:50,300 --> 01:59:53,400
when a line with rhythms are 
medieval ancestors, intuitively 

2136
01:59:53,400 --> 01:59:56,900
recognized, and honored, despite
great pressure to conform to 

2137
01:59:56,900 --> 02:00:00,700
Industrial and post-industrial, 
sleep demands, medieval sleep, 

2138
02:00:00,700 --> 02:00:03,700
teachers us to examine whose 
pre-industrial, sleep expertise,

2139
02:00:03,700 --> 02:00:07,300
remains physically, and 
psychologically helpful, not to 

2140
02:00:07,300 --> 02:00:09,600
reject Comfort, or technical 
progress. 

2141
02:00:10,300 --> 02:00:11,800
Current knowledge and 
rediscovered. 

2142
02:00:11,800 --> 02:00:14,800
Old Customs may help us create 
sleep patterns that match 

2143
02:00:14,800 --> 02:00:17,500
evolutionary and current needs 
researchers. 

2144
02:00:17,500 --> 02:00:21,100
Say medieval people didn't 
understand the neurochemistry of

2145
02:00:21,100 --> 02:00:24,300
sleep but they recognize its 
patterns and respected. 

2146
02:00:24,300 --> 02:00:26,400
Its requirements in ways were 
only now beginning to 

2147
02:00:26,400 --> 02:00:29,800
appreciate. 
That appreciation can solve our 

2148
02:00:29,800 --> 02:00:34,100
sleep crisis without drugs or 
technology by restoring Decades 

2149
02:00:34,100 --> 02:00:35,900
of pre-industrial sleep 
practice. 

2150
02:00:36,700 --> 02:00:39,300
Medieval sleep advice is more 
than just history. 

2151
02:00:39,300 --> 02:00:42,600
It offers ways to sleep better 
and honor our natural heritage 

2152
02:00:43,700 --> 02:00:46,700
as research, validates medieval,
sleep patterns and practices. 

2153
02:00:46,700 --> 02:00:49,500
We may find that rediscovering 
our ancestors. 

2154
02:00:49,500 --> 02:00:52,200
Centuries old knowledge of 
natural sleep is the best sleep 

2155
02:00:52,200 --> 02:01:00,700
advancement. 
Picture yourself settling into 

2156
02:01:00,700 --> 02:01:02,500
your favorite reading chair on a
foggy. 

2157
02:01:02,500 --> 02:01:06,600
Edinburgh evening in 1886. 
The gas lamps, flicker outside 

2158
02:01:06,600 --> 02:01:08,900
your window. 
Casting dancing Shadows on 

2159
02:01:08,900 --> 02:01:11,300
cobblestone streets. 
That seemed to whisper secrets. 

2160
02:01:12,500 --> 02:01:15,800
This exact atmosphere enveloped 
a young medical student named 

2161
02:01:15,800 --> 02:01:20,000
Arthur Conan Doyle as he sat in 
his cramped, flat staring at a 

2162
02:01:20,000 --> 02:01:23,000
blank piece of paper and 
questioning how he would manage 

2163
02:01:23,000 --> 02:01:26,100
to pay his rent. 
You know that feeling when 

2164
02:01:26,100 --> 02:01:28,500
you're desperately trying to 
come up with a brilliant idea 

2165
02:01:28,500 --> 02:01:31,400
and your brain feels like it's 
been stuffed with cotton wool. 

2166
02:01:32,400 --> 02:01:34,900
Well, that's precisely where 
Arthur found himself. 

2167
02:01:34,900 --> 02:01:38,400
He'd been scribbling away at 
various stories trying to make a

2168
02:01:38,400 --> 02:01:41,100
name for himself as a writer, 
but nothing seemed to stick. 

2169
02:01:41,800 --> 02:01:45,000
His medical practice was about a
successful as a chocolate teapot

2170
02:01:45,000 --> 02:01:47,500
and his bank account was looking
rather anemic. 

2171
02:01:48,800 --> 02:01:50,800
But here's where the story gets 
captivating. 

2172
02:01:50,800 --> 02:01:55,400
Arthur had been studying under a
professor named Dr. Joseph Bell.

2173
02:01:55,400 --> 02:01:59,500
And this man was absolutely 
extraordinary, not in a flashy. 

2174
02:01:59,500 --> 02:02:02,800
Look at me, sort of way, but in 
a quietly, brilliant fashion, 

2175
02:02:02,800 --> 02:02:06,700
that would make your jaw drop 
Dr. Belle, had this uncanny 

2176
02:02:06,700 --> 02:02:08,600
ability to look at a patient and
deduce. 

2177
02:02:08,600 --> 02:02:11,500
Their entire life story. 
Just from observing the smallest

2178
02:02:11,500 --> 02:02:14,400
details. 
He'd glance at someone's hands 

2179
02:02:14,400 --> 02:02:17,500
and tell them their profession. 
Notice a particular type of mud 

2180
02:02:17,500 --> 02:02:20,400
on their boots and knowing 
exactly which part of Edinburgh.

2181
02:02:20,400 --> 02:02:21,600
They'd walk through that 
morning. 

2182
02:02:21,600 --> 02:02:25,900
It was like watching a magician 
except the tricks were real and 

2183
02:02:25,900 --> 02:02:29,100
the magic was simply Keen. 
Observation mixed with logical 

2184
02:02:29,100 --> 02:02:31,800
thinking. 
Arthur would sit in those 

2185
02:02:31,800 --> 02:02:35,700
medical lectures completely 
mesmerized watching Dr. Belle 

2186
02:02:35,700 --> 02:02:37,300
work. 
His deductive Wizardry on 

2187
02:02:37,300 --> 02:02:40,800
unsuspecting patients. 
The excellent doctor would peer 

2188
02:02:40,800 --> 02:02:44,400
at a man's fingernails and 
announcements are, I see you're 

2189
02:02:44,400 --> 02:02:47,100
a carpenter, who's been working 
with Oak recently, and judging 

2190
02:02:47,100 --> 02:02:48,700
by that. 
Slight stain, on your thumb, 

2191
02:02:48,700 --> 02:02:51,900
you've been using a particular 
type of varnish that only sold 

2192
02:02:51,900 --> 02:02:55,400
in three shops in the city. 
The patients would stare at him,

2193
02:02:55,400 --> 02:02:57,600
like, he'd just read their 
minds, but Arthur began to 

2194
02:02:57,600 --> 02:02:59,500
understand that it wasn't mine 
reading at all. 

2195
02:02:59,508 --> 02:03:02,000
It was merely the skill of 
recognizing. 

2196
02:03:02,000 --> 02:03:03,700
What? 
Others missed and linking 

2197
02:03:03,700 --> 02:03:07,500
seemingly unconnected elements. 
Dr. Belle wasn't performing 

2198
02:03:07,500 --> 02:03:10,000
magic tricks. 
He was demonstrating that the 

2199
02:03:10,000 --> 02:03:12,600
world is full of Clues. 
If you just know how to read 

2200
02:03:12,600 --> 02:03:15,600
them. 
As Arthur sat in his flat, that 

2201
02:03:15,600 --> 02:03:18,800
foggy evening, the memory of Dr.
Bell's methods began to 

2202
02:03:18,808 --> 02:03:22,200
percolate through his mind, like
a perfectly brewed cup of tea. 

2203
02:03:23,000 --> 02:03:26,800
What if he thought someone could
solve crimes using the same 

2204
02:03:26,800 --> 02:03:29,700
techniques? 
what if a detective could see, 

2205
02:03:29,700 --> 02:03:34,100
not just what happened at a 
crime scene, but how who, and 

2206
02:03:34,100 --> 02:03:38,800
why The idea began to take shape
slowly like a photograph 

2207
02:03:38,800 --> 02:03:41,600
developing in a dark room. 
Arthur. 

2208
02:03:41,600 --> 02:03:45,300
Imagine a tall thin man with 
sharp features and even sharper 

2209
02:03:45,300 --> 02:03:47,900
intellect. 
He had the ability to enter a 

2210
02:03:47,900 --> 02:03:51,500
room and instantly identify the 
17 details that others had 

2211
02:03:51,500 --> 02:03:54,000
overlooked. 
A person who found the Ordinary 

2212
02:03:54,000 --> 02:03:56,800
World rather dull, but came 
alive when presented with a 

2213
02:03:56,800 --> 02:04:01,200
puzzle that needed solving. 
And so in that small Edinburgh, 

2214
02:04:01,200 --> 02:04:04,300
flat with the fog pressing 
against the windows and the 

2215
02:04:04,308 --> 02:04:07,800
Gaslamp flickering on his desk. 
Arthur Conan Doyle began to 

2216
02:04:07,808 --> 02:04:10,600
write about a Consulting 
detective named Sherlock Holmes.

2217
02:04:11,300 --> 02:04:14,000
He had no idea that he was about
to create the most famous 

2218
02:04:14,000 --> 02:04:17,400
fictional detective in history 
or that over a century later. 

2219
02:04:17,400 --> 02:04:20,500
People would still be arguing 
about whether Holmes was real or

2220
02:04:20,500 --> 02:04:22,800
not. 
Dr. Bell's methods, didn't just 

2221
02:04:22,800 --> 02:04:26,200
Inspire the character Arthur 
created, he was a blend of 

2222
02:04:26,208 --> 02:04:30,500
Victorian anxieties, scientific 
optimism and the growing belief 

2223
02:04:30,500 --> 02:04:32,000
that logic could solve any 
problem. 

2224
02:04:33,000 --> 02:04:35,800
Holmes, represented everything. 
The Victorian era wanted to 

2225
02:04:35,800 --> 02:04:39,200
believe about itself, that 
reason would triumph over chaos 

2226
02:04:39,200 --> 02:04:42,900
that careful observation could 
reveal truth and that even the 

2227
02:04:42,900 --> 02:04:45,800
most complex Mysteries could be 
unraveled by a sufficiently 

2228
02:04:45,800 --> 02:04:48,800
clever mind. 
Little did Arthur know that his 

2229
02:04:48,800 --> 02:04:52,200
creation would outlive him 
outgrow him and eventually 

2230
02:04:52,200 --> 02:04:55,300
become more real to many people 
than the man who dreamed him up.

2231
02:04:55,300 --> 02:04:58,500
Let's delve deeper into Doctor, 
Joseph Bell. 

2232
02:04:58,500 --> 02:05:01,400
As comprehending him as akin to 
comprehending the hidden element

2233
02:05:01,400 --> 02:05:04,100
in your grandmother's. 
Renowned recipe without him. 

2234
02:05:04,100 --> 02:05:07,400
There would be no Sherlock 
Holmes, and the world would be a

2235
02:05:07,400 --> 02:05:09,000
significantly less interesting 
place. 

2236
02:05:10,000 --> 02:05:12,100
Dr. Belle wasn't your typical 
Victorian gentleman. 

2237
02:05:12,100 --> 02:05:14,800
While other doctors of his hero 
were still debating. 

2238
02:05:14,800 --> 02:05:17,500
Whether washing hands between 
patients was really necessary. 

2239
02:05:17,500 --> 02:05:20,900
Bell was revolutionizing the 
entire approach to medical 

2240
02:05:20,900 --> 02:05:23,800
diagnosis. 
He believed that a doctor's job 

2241
02:05:23,800 --> 02:05:26,600
was not just to treat symptoms, 
but to become a detective of the

2242
02:05:26,600 --> 02:05:30,400
human body piece in together, 
Clues to solve the mystery of 

2243
02:05:30,400 --> 02:05:32,100
what was actually wrong with a 
patient. 

2244
02:05:33,600 --> 02:05:36,100
Imagine walking into his 
classroom at the University of 

2245
02:05:36,100 --> 02:05:38,100
Edinburgh. 
The room would be thick with 

2246
02:05:38,100 --> 02:05:41,500
anticipation, the students, 
waited to see what Miracle of 

2247
02:05:41,500 --> 02:05:43,300
deduction, their Professor would
perform that day. 

2248
02:05:44,300 --> 02:05:45,900
Bellwood. 
Summon a volunteer patient 

2249
02:05:45,900 --> 02:05:48,600
prompting, a hapless individual 
to shuffle forward. 

2250
02:05:48,600 --> 02:05:52,200
Likely pondering, their current 
circumstances Bellwood 

2251
02:05:52,200 --> 02:05:53,800
meticulously circular around 
them. 

2252
02:05:53,800 --> 02:05:58,100
His Keen eyes scrutinizing, 
every detail, are you might say 

2253
02:05:58,100 --> 02:05:59,700
stroking? 
His chin thoughtfully. 

2254
02:05:59,700 --> 02:06:03,600
I see you've recently returned 
from the continent Germany. 

2255
02:06:03,600 --> 02:06:06,300
I'd say based on the particular 
type of clay under your 

2256
02:06:06,300 --> 02:06:09,200
fingernails. 
Your regard by profession, but 

2257
02:06:09,200 --> 02:06:11,000
you've been doing some carpentry
work lately. 

2258
02:06:11,000 --> 02:06:15,000
Oak judging by the wood shavings
in your hair and that slightly 

2259
02:06:15,000 --> 02:06:17,400
limp suggest you injured. 
Your left leg about three weeks 

2260
02:06:17,400 --> 02:06:21,300
ago, probably from a fall. the 
patient would not in amazement 

2261
02:06:21,300 --> 02:06:23,800
confirming every detail while 
the student scribbled 

2262
02:06:23,800 --> 02:06:27,200
frantically in their notebooks 
trying to capture the magic, But

2263
02:06:27,200 --> 02:06:28,900
Bell would always explain his 
reasoning. 

2264
02:06:28,900 --> 02:06:31,200
The clay was a specific type 
found. 

2265
02:06:31,200 --> 02:06:35,200
Only in certain German regions. 
Calluses on the man's hands 

2266
02:06:35,200 --> 02:06:37,300
showed the pattern of someone 
who worked with plants. 

2267
02:06:37,300 --> 02:06:40,800
But had recently been gripping, 
different tools, the wood 

2268
02:06:40,800 --> 02:06:43,900
shavings were a clear indicator 
and the man's preference for his

2269
02:06:43,900 --> 02:06:46,400
right leg during walking 
revealed, a recent injury. 

2270
02:06:47,500 --> 02:06:50,300
What made Bell. 
Truly extraordinary wasn't just 

2271
02:06:50,300 --> 02:06:52,200
his powers of observation, 
though. 

2272
02:06:52,200 --> 02:06:55,700
Those were remarkable but his 
ability to teach others to see 

2273
02:06:55,700 --> 02:06:58,600
the world differently. 
He would tell his students that 

2274
02:06:58,600 --> 02:07:00,800
most people looked but didn't 
observe. 

2275
02:07:00,800 --> 02:07:05,500
They saw a man with dirty hands 
and thought laborer, but they 

2276
02:07:05,500 --> 02:07:08,100
missed the specific type of dirt
that could tell them exactly 

2277
02:07:08,100 --> 02:07:10,700
what kind of work he did and 
where he'd been doing it. 

2278
02:07:11,400 --> 02:07:14,100
They'll have this wonderful way 
of making the ordinary seem 

2279
02:07:14,100 --> 02:07:16,700
extraordinary. 
He'd pick up a walking. 

2280
02:07:16,700 --> 02:07:19,500
Stick left behind by a patient 
and turned it into a treasure 

2281
02:07:19,500 --> 02:07:22,600
Trove of information. 
The wear patterns on the handle 

2282
02:07:22,600 --> 02:07:25,900
could tell him if the owner was 
left or right handed the type of

2283
02:07:25,900 --> 02:07:29,600
wood and craftsmanship reveal 
their social class scratches and

2284
02:07:29,600 --> 02:07:31,700
dents told stories of how it had
been used. 

2285
02:07:31,700 --> 02:07:35,100
Even the height of the stick 
provided clues about the owner 

2286
02:07:35,100 --> 02:07:38,700
statue and gate Arthur Conan 
Doyle would sit in these 

2287
02:07:38,700 --> 02:07:42,000
demonstrations. 
Absolutely captivated years 

2288
02:07:42,000 --> 02:07:44,900
later he would write about Dr. 
Belle with obvious affection, 

2289
02:07:44,900 --> 02:07:47,800
describing him as a man who 
could diagnose, not just 

2290
02:07:47,800 --> 02:07:52,300
diseases, but in Tire life 
stories, Belt became Arthur's 

2291
02:07:52,300 --> 02:07:54,600
model for what a truly observant
person could achieve. 

2292
02:07:54,600 --> 02:07:56,900
And those classroom 
demonstrations became the 

2293
02:07:56,900 --> 02:08:01,100
blueprint for countless 
Sherlock, Holmes Adventures, But

2294
02:08:01,100 --> 02:08:03,500
here's something delightfully 
ironic about the whole 

2295
02:08:03,500 --> 02:08:06,600
situation. 
Dr. Belle, the man who inspired 

2296
02:08:06,600 --> 02:08:09,200
the world's most famous 
detective was, actually quite 

2297
02:08:09,200 --> 02:08:12,900
modest about his abilities. 
He insisted that his methods 

2298
02:08:12,900 --> 02:08:15,300
weren't magical or even 
particularly difficult. 

2299
02:08:15,300 --> 02:08:19,100
They just required patience 
practice, and a willingness to 

2300
02:08:19,100 --> 02:08:21,300
pay attention to details. 
That others ignored. 

2301
02:08:22,100 --> 02:08:24,800
Bell would often say that the 
key to his success was simply 

2302
02:08:24,800 --> 02:08:28,000
remembering that every person 
carries their story written on 

2303
02:08:28,000 --> 02:08:31,900
their body, in their clothes and
in their mannerisms, most 

2304
02:08:31,900 --> 02:08:34,600
people, he explained are so 
focused on looking ahead that 

2305
02:08:34,600 --> 02:08:37,700
they never really look around. 
They miss the poetry written in.

2306
02:08:37,708 --> 02:08:41,200
Calluses, the stories told by 
shoe leather and the novels 

2307
02:08:41,200 --> 02:08:43,200
hidden in the way someone holds 
their shoulders. 

2308
02:08:44,100 --> 02:08:46,600
When Arthur finally created 
Sherlock Holmes, he was 

2309
02:08:46,600 --> 02:08:49,800
essentially asking the question.
What if someone took Dr? 

2310
02:08:49,800 --> 02:08:53,000
Bell's methods and applied them?
Not to medicine but to cry. 

2311
02:08:53,900 --> 02:08:57,200
What if that Keen eye for detail
and logical mind were turned 

2312
02:08:57,200 --> 02:09:00,000
towards solving Mysteries and 
stead of diagnosing illnesses. 

2313
02:09:01,100 --> 02:09:04,100
The result was a character who 
could walk into a room and 

2314
02:09:04,100 --> 02:09:06,800
immediately see things that 
would take Ordinary People hours

2315
02:09:06,800 --> 02:09:09,000
to notice if they notice them at
all. 

2316
02:09:09,000 --> 02:09:12,100
Let's transport ourselves to 
Victorian London for a moment 

2317
02:09:12,100 --> 02:09:15,500
because understanding the world 
that Embrace Sherlock Holmes is 

2318
02:09:15,500 --> 02:09:18,000
like understanding why certain 
songs become hits. 

2319
02:09:18,700 --> 02:09:22,100
It's all about timing atmosphere
and what people desperately need

2320
02:09:22,100 --> 02:09:24,000
to hear at exactly the right 
moment. 

2321
02:09:25,300 --> 02:09:28,600
To London in the 1890s and 
you'll find yourself in a city 

2322
02:09:28,608 --> 02:09:32,300
that was both magnificent and 
terrifying often simultaneously.

2323
02:09:33,400 --> 02:09:36,700
The industrial revolution had 
transformed it into this massive

2324
02:09:36,700 --> 02:09:40,200
sprawling, Beast of a metropolis
with over 4 million. 

2325
02:09:40,200 --> 02:09:43,000
People crammed into spaces that 
had been designed for maybe a 

2326
02:09:43,000 --> 02:09:46,400
quarter of that number. 
The city was growing so fast 

2327
02:09:46,400 --> 02:09:49,500
that it seemed to be bursting at
the seams like a sausage. 

2328
02:09:49,500 --> 02:09:52,400
That's been over stuffed. 
You'd walk down streets where 

2329
02:09:52,400 --> 02:09:55,000
magnificent. 
Victorian Mansion, stood just a 

2330
02:09:55,000 --> 02:09:57,800
few blocks away from slums that 
would make your stomach turn. 

2331
02:09:58,500 --> 02:10:01,500
The contrast was jarring, one 
moment, you might be strolling 

2332
02:10:01,500 --> 02:10:04,900
past elegant, gaslit boulevards 
where well-dressed gentleman tip

2333
02:10:04,900 --> 02:10:07,200
their hats to ladies in labor at
bustles. 

2334
02:10:07,200 --> 02:10:10,300
And the next, you'd find 
yourself in narrow fog, choked 

2335
02:10:10,300 --> 02:10:13,700
Alleyways, where the sun, barely
penetrated in danger, lurked 

2336
02:10:13,700 --> 02:10:17,100
around every corner This was the
London of Jack the Ripper off 

2337
02:10:17,100 --> 02:10:19,900
after all. 
The very real terror of those 

2338
02:10:19,900 --> 02:10:21,600
unsolved. 
Murders had gripped, the city 

2339
02:10:21,600 --> 02:10:23,900
just a few years before Holmes 
made his debut. 

2340
02:10:24,800 --> 02:10:27,800
People were genuinely frightened
and the police seemed completely

2341
02:10:27,800 --> 02:10:30,200
baffled. 
The idea that someone could 

2342
02:10:30,200 --> 02:10:33,700
commit such horrible crime and 
simply vanish into the urban 

2343
02:10:33,700 --> 02:10:37,300
maze was deeply, unsettling to a
society that prided itself on 

2344
02:10:37,300 --> 02:10:40,000
order and progress. 
But here's where it gets 

2345
02:10:40,000 --> 02:10:42,600
intriguing. 
This era was also the age of 

2346
02:10:42,608 --> 02:10:45,600
scientific optimism. 
People believe that rational 

2347
02:10:45,600 --> 02:10:49,400
thinking and careful observation
could solve any problem, Darwin 

2348
02:10:49,400 --> 02:10:51,700
had shown them that even the 
mysteries of human existence 

2349
02:10:51,700 --> 02:10:55,400
could be unraveled through 
patient study, electric lights, 

2350
02:10:55,400 --> 02:10:58,700
were beginning to push back the 
darkness and the telegraph was 

2351
02:10:58,700 --> 02:10:59,400
shrinking. 
The world. 

2352
02:10:59,400 --> 02:11:03,200
There was this wonderful sense 
that Humanity was on the verge 

2353
02:11:03,200 --> 02:11:05,400
of conquering all the great 
mysteries of existence. 

2354
02:11:06,500 --> 02:11:10,100
Into this mixture of fear and 
hopes step Sherlock Holmes, and 

2355
02:11:10,100 --> 02:11:13,600
he was Flawless for the moment. 
This character could make sense 

2356
02:11:13,600 --> 02:11:16,700
of the chaos of city life. 
He could walk into the most 

2357
02:11:16,700 --> 02:11:20,900
baffling situation and through 
pure logic and observation 

2358
02:11:20,900 --> 02:11:25,000
restore order to the world. 
He was like a lighthouse in a 

2359
02:11:25,000 --> 02:11:27,700
storm cutting through the fog of
uncertainty, with the bright 

2360
02:11:27,700 --> 02:11:30,900
beam of reason. 
Timing couldn't have been 

2361
02:11:30,900 --> 02:11:34,200
better, people wanted stories 
that showed the world made sense

2362
02:11:34,200 --> 02:11:37,500
that every problem had a 
solution and that good could win

2363
02:11:37,500 --> 02:11:40,500
over evil through cleverness 
rather than luck or divine 

2364
02:11:40,500 --> 02:11:43,200
intervention. 
Home's represented, the 

2365
02:11:43,200 --> 02:11:46,500
Victorian dream of the rational 
man who could solve any puzzle. 

2366
02:11:46,500 --> 02:11:49,300
If he just applied enough 
intelligence and careful of 

2367
02:11:49,300 --> 02:11:52,000
observation. 
But there was another layer to 

2368
02:11:52,000 --> 02:11:55,600
London's Readiness for homes. 
The city had transformed into a 

2369
02:11:55,608 --> 02:11:58,300
vibrant Hub of individuals from 
diverse backgrounds. 

2370
02:11:58,300 --> 02:12:02,300
In a single day, you might 
encounter a Russian count, a 

2371
02:12:02,300 --> 02:12:06,100
Chinese Merchant and Irish dock 
worker and a Scottish Professor.

2372
02:12:06,100 --> 02:12:10,400
Each person carried Their Own 
Story, their own secrets and 

2373
02:12:10,400 --> 02:12:13,700
their own Mysteries The city 
itself had become a kind of 

2374
02:12:13,700 --> 02:12:16,800
living breathing puzzle and 
people were fascinated by the 

2375
02:12:16,800 --> 02:12:18,600
idea that someone could read the
clues. 

2376
02:12:18,600 --> 02:12:21,600
Hidden in plain sight. 
The police bless their hearts 

2377
02:12:21,600 --> 02:12:25,100
were doing their best, but they 
were essentially using medieval 

2378
02:12:25,100 --> 02:12:28,400
methods to solve modern crimes. 
They heavily relied on 

2379
02:12:28,400 --> 02:12:31,600
confession, I witnessed 
testimony and capturing 

2380
02:12:31,600 --> 02:12:34,800
criminals in the act. 
The idea of carefully examining 

2381
02:12:34,800 --> 02:12:38,300
a crime scene for clues of using
scientific methods to analyze 

2382
02:12:38,300 --> 02:12:41,100
evidence of building a case 
through logical deduction. 

2383
02:12:42,000 --> 02:12:44,300
These were revolutionary 
Concepts that most real 

2384
02:12:44,300 --> 02:12:45,800
detectives hadn't even 
considered. 

2385
02:12:46,900 --> 02:12:49,800
So, when readers opened those 
early Holmes stories, they 

2386
02:12:49,800 --> 02:12:51,000
weren't just getting 
entertainment. 

2387
02:12:51,000 --> 02:12:54,100
They were getting a glimpse of 
what crime solving could be like

2388
02:12:54,100 --> 02:12:55,900
if someone really smart was in 
charge. 

2389
02:12:57,500 --> 02:13:00,400
Home's represented everything 
that Victorian readers wished. 

2390
02:13:00,400 --> 02:13:03,800
Their actual police force could 
be observant, logical, 

2391
02:13:03,800 --> 02:13:08,400
Incorruptible and successful. 
The story is also tapped into 

2392
02:13:08,400 --> 02:13:10,000
something deeply satisfying 
about. 

2393
02:13:10,000 --> 02:13:13,200
The Victorian belief in 
progress, here was proof that 

2394
02:13:13,200 --> 02:13:17,100
human intelligence properly 
applied, could triumph over any 

2395
02:13:17,100 --> 02:13:20,500
challenge Holmes never solved 
crimes, through luck or 

2396
02:13:20,500 --> 02:13:22,700
accident. 
He solved them, through careful 

2397
02:13:22,700 --> 02:13:26,600
observation, logical thinking 
and refusing to accept that any 

2398
02:13:26,600 --> 02:13:30,000
mystery was unsolvable. 
This was a society that was 

2399
02:13:30,000 --> 02:13:32,000
simultaneously proud of its 
achievements. 

2400
02:13:32,000 --> 02:13:35,400
And worried about his problems 
crime was Rising. 

2401
02:13:35,400 --> 02:13:38,700
The cities were becoming more 
complex and dangerous and 

2402
02:13:38,700 --> 02:13:40,500
traditional Solutions weren't 
working. 

2403
02:13:41,300 --> 02:13:43,600
Holmes, offered hope that 
intelligence and Method, could 

2404
02:13:43,600 --> 02:13:46,400
restore order to a world that 
sometimes seem to be spinning 

2405
02:13:46,400 --> 02:13:48,700
out of control. 
Now, here's where our story 

2406
02:13:48,700 --> 02:13:52,100
takes a fascinating turn because
Arthur Conan Doyle, didn't just 

2407
02:13:52,100 --> 02:13:55,300
create a character he 
accidentally invented an entire 

2408
02:13:55,300 --> 02:13:58,400
literary. 
Genre The arrival of home's 

2409
02:13:58,400 --> 02:14:00,800
crime, fiction lacked a crucial 
component. 

2410
02:14:00,800 --> 02:14:04,300
You see crime stories existed 
before Holmes? 

2411
02:14:04,300 --> 02:14:06,400
But they were quite different 
creatures. 

2412
02:14:06,400 --> 02:14:09,900
Most of them were Sensational 
Tales focused on the gruesome 

2413
02:14:09,900 --> 02:14:12,500
details of murders. 
All the dramatic capture of 

2414
02:14:12,500 --> 02:14:14,900
villains. 
They were less about solving 

2415
02:14:14,900 --> 02:14:17,800
puzzles and more about shocking 
readers with Tales of urban 

2416
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:20,700
horror. 
Think of them as the Victorian 

2417
02:14:20,700 --> 02:14:23,100
equivalent of those breathless 
newspaper headlines. 

2418
02:14:23,100 --> 02:14:26,100
You see at the grocery store 
checkout designed to grab 

2419
02:14:26,100 --> 02:14:28,100
attention, rather than Engage 
The Mind. 

2420
02:14:29,000 --> 02:14:32,100
A few detective stories that did
exist were often clumsy Affairs 

2421
02:14:32,100 --> 02:14:35,600
where the solution came out of 
nowhere, like a magician, 

2422
02:14:35,600 --> 02:14:38,300
pulling a rabbit from a hat 
without showing it to you first.

2423
02:14:39,200 --> 02:14:42,000
Readers were expected to sit 
back and be amazed rather than 

2424
02:14:42,000 --> 02:14:43,600
participate in the solving 
process. 

2425
02:14:43,600 --> 02:14:47,000
It was entertaining but it 
wasn't particularly satisfying 

2426
02:14:47,000 --> 02:14:49,900
entertainment. 
Then Along came home and 

2427
02:14:49,900 --> 02:14:53,000
suddenly everything changed 
Arthur created, what would 

2428
02:14:53,000 --> 02:14:57,000
become known as Fair played 
Detective fiction stories where 

2429
02:14:57,000 --> 02:15:00,400
the reader was all the same 
Clues as the detective and could

2430
02:15:00,400 --> 02:15:02,600
theoretically solve the mystery 
themselves. 

2431
02:15:03,600 --> 02:15:06,900
Of course, most of us would miss
the significance of tobacco, Ash

2432
02:15:06,900 --> 02:15:10,100
patterns, all the 17 different 
types of footprints, but the 

2433
02:15:10,100 --> 02:15:12,500
clues were there for anyone 
sharp enough to spot them. 

2434
02:15:12,500 --> 02:15:15,900
This Innovation was 
revolutionary in stead of just 

2435
02:15:15,900 --> 02:15:19,400
reading about crime, people 
could now participate in solving

2436
02:15:19,400 --> 02:15:22,400
them Arthur had turned passive 
entertainment in to an 

2437
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:25,800
interactive experience readers. 
Would eagerly follow homes 

2438
02:15:25,800 --> 02:15:28,500
through his investigation, 
trying to spot the clues 

2439
02:15:28,500 --> 02:15:30,700
themselves. 
Attempting to deduce the 

2440
02:15:30,700 --> 02:15:33,000
solution before the brilliant. 
Detective revealed it. 

2441
02:15:33,800 --> 02:15:36,800
It was akin to the difference 
between observing someone play a

2442
02:15:36,800 --> 02:15:38,200
game and engaging in it 
yourself. 

2443
02:15:39,200 --> 02:15:41,500
But Arthur's Innovation went 
deeper than just including 

2444
02:15:41,500 --> 02:15:43,900
Clues. 
He devised an impeccable and 

2445
02:15:43,900 --> 02:15:47,100
gratifying framework for 
detective stories, which remains

2446
02:15:47,100 --> 02:15:50,000
in use today. 
Every home story follows a 

2447
02:15:50,000 --> 02:15:53,000
similar pattern. 
A baffling mystery is presented 

2448
02:15:53,000 --> 02:15:55,200
homes. 
Observes details, that others 

2449
02:15:55,200 --> 02:15:57,500
Miss. 
He forms a theory based on 

2450
02:15:57,500 --> 02:16:00,200
logical deduction and then he 
proves his theory through. 

2451
02:16:00,200 --> 02:16:03,700
Dramatic revelation. 
Once you've immersed yourself in

2452
02:16:03,700 --> 02:16:07,400
this, well, choreographed dance.
Other types of crime stories. 

2453
02:16:07,400 --> 02:16:10,900
Begin to feel incomplete. 
The Genius of this structure is 

2454
02:16:10,900 --> 02:16:13,300
that it mirrors the way our 
minds work when we're trying to 

2455
02:16:13,300 --> 02:16:16,400
solve a problem? 
We gather information, we form 

2456
02:16:16,400 --> 02:16:19,600
hypotheses, we test them and we 
reach conclusions. 

2457
02:16:20,800 --> 02:16:23,400
Holmes's stories felt natural 
because they followed the same 

2458
02:16:23,400 --> 02:16:26,600
thought processes that readers 
used in their own lives just 

2459
02:16:26,600 --> 02:16:30,600
with much more dramatic Stakes. 
Arthur also created something 

2460
02:16:30,600 --> 02:16:34,299
that hadn't existed before the 
recurring detective character. 

2461
02:16:35,200 --> 02:16:37,400
Previous crime stories 
typically, featured different 

2462
02:16:37,400 --> 02:16:40,500
protagonists in each Tale. 
But Holmes was the same 

2463
02:16:40,500 --> 02:16:44,000
brilliant detective in every 
story, growing more familiar to 

2464
02:16:44,000 --> 02:16:47,400
readers with the adventure. 
People began to feel like they 

2465
02:16:47,400 --> 02:16:49,700
knew him personally. 
Like he was a friend. 

2466
02:16:49,700 --> 02:16:52,200
They could rely on to make sense
of a confusing world. 

2467
02:16:52,200 --> 02:16:55,700
This familiarity allowed Arthur 
to develop homes as character in

2468
02:16:55,700 --> 02:16:57,799
ways that wouldn't have been 
possible with one-off 

2469
02:16:57,799 --> 02:17:00,400
protagonists. 
Readers learned about his 

2470
02:17:00,400 --> 02:17:03,900
habits, his methods, his 
preferences and even his 

2471
02:17:03,900 --> 02:17:07,700
weaknesses, Holmes became real 
to people in a way that few 

2472
02:17:07,700 --> 02:17:09,100
fictional characters ever 
achieve. 

2473
02:17:09,100 --> 02:17:11,500
He wasn't just a problem solving
machine. 

2474
02:17:11,500 --> 02:17:14,700
He was a person with quirks and 
flaws and a distinctive 

2475
02:17:14,700 --> 02:17:18,100
personality. 
The success of homes is stories.

2476
02:17:18,100 --> 02:17:21,700
Also established the template 
for the detective sidekick Dr. 

2477
02:17:21,700 --> 02:17:24,400
Watson played a crucial role as 
the reader's representative in 

2478
02:17:24,407 --> 02:17:26,799
the story. 
He was intelligent enough to 

2479
02:17:26,799 --> 02:17:30,100
understand home's explanation, 
but not so brilliant that he 

2480
02:17:30,100 --> 02:17:31,500
could solve the mysteries in 
himself. 

2481
02:17:31,500 --> 02:17:35,100
He asked the question that 
readers wanted to ask and 

2482
02:17:35,100 --> 02:17:38,200
expressed the amazement that 
viewers when Holmes revealed his

2483
02:17:38,208 --> 02:17:41,100
deductions. 
Arthur stumbled upon something 

2484
02:17:41,100 --> 02:17:44,000
that would become one of the 
most enduring formulas in all of

2485
02:17:44,000 --> 02:17:46,700
literature. 
The brilliant detective, the 

2486
02:17:46,700 --> 02:17:50,500
loyal companion, the baffling 
mystery, the careful 

2487
02:17:50,500 --> 02:17:52,900
investigation, The Logical 
solution. 

2488
02:17:52,900 --> 02:17:56,500
These elements were so perfectly
balanced that they created a 

2489
02:17:56,500 --> 02:17:59,200
template that countless writers 
would follow for the next 

2490
02:17:59,200 --> 02:18:02,500
century and beyond. 
What's particularly remarkable 

2491
02:18:02,500 --> 02:18:05,200
is that Arthur didn't set out to
create a new genre. 

2492
02:18:05,200 --> 02:18:08,600
He was merely attempting to 
craft entertaining stories that 

2493
02:18:08,600 --> 02:18:11,500
would contribute to his 
financial stability, but in 

2494
02:18:11,500 --> 02:18:15,100
creating homes, he attacked into
something fundamental about how 

2495
02:18:15,100 --> 02:18:18,799
human minds work and what kinds 
of stories satisfy us at the 

2496
02:18:18,808 --> 02:18:21,500
deepest level. 
The impact was immediate and 

2497
02:18:21,500 --> 02:18:24,600
Lasting other writers began 
creating their own detective 

2498
02:18:24,600 --> 02:18:28,400
characters, but they all 
followed the homes model. the 

2499
02:18:28,400 --> 02:18:30,799
genre that Arthur had 
accidentally invented became one

2500
02:18:30,799 --> 02:18:34,100
of the most popular forms of 
fiction, spawning, thousands of 

2501
02:18:34,100 --> 02:18:38,600
books, plays movies and 
television shows, here's where 

2502
02:18:38,600 --> 02:18:41,799
our story takes an ironic twist,
that would make Holmes himself 

2503
02:18:41,799 --> 02:18:46,400
smile, Riley, Arthur Conan 
Doyle, having created the most 

2504
02:18:46,400 --> 02:18:49,799
beloved detective in literary. 
History began to view his 

2505
02:18:49,799 --> 02:18:51,700
Creation with something 
approaching horror. 

2506
02:18:52,400 --> 02:18:54,700
It's like watching someone 
create a beautiful garden and 

2507
02:18:54,700 --> 02:18:57,100
then become frustrated when 
everyone wants to talk about the

2508
02:18:57,100 --> 02:19:01,400
flowers and the vegetables, you 
see Arthur had bigger Ambitions 

2509
02:19:01,400 --> 02:19:05,100
than writing detective stories, 
he fancied himself, a serious 

2510
02:19:05,100 --> 02:19:08,500
literary author, the kind who 
had writing historical novels 

2511
02:19:08,500 --> 02:19:10,799
that would be studied in 
universities for Generations. 

2512
02:19:10,799 --> 02:19:14,600
He dreamed of crafting sweeping 
epics about medieval, knights 

2513
02:19:14,600 --> 02:19:18,400
and Noble causes stories that 
would Elevate the human spirit 

2514
02:19:18,400 --> 02:19:21,100
and earn him a place among the 
foremost literary Masters. 

2515
02:19:21,100 --> 02:19:24,799
But every time he published a 
historical novel readers would 

2516
02:19:24,799 --> 02:19:28,299
politely applaud and then 
immediately asked when's the 

2517
02:19:28,308 --> 02:19:31,500
next home Story coming out it 
was like being a chef who 

2518
02:19:31,500 --> 02:19:34,200
creates an elaborate seven 
course meal only to have 

2519
02:19:34,200 --> 02:19:37,600
everyone ignore the artistically
arranged vegetables and ask for 

2520
02:19:37,600 --> 02:19:41,299
more of the simple bread rolls. 
The problem was that homes of 

2521
02:19:41,299 --> 02:19:45,600
become phenomenally successful. 
By the 1890s Arthur was earning 

2522
02:19:45,600 --> 02:19:48,299
more money from his detective 
stories than he had ever dreamed

2523
02:19:48,299 --> 02:19:50,900
possible. 
The Strand magazine was paying 

2524
02:19:50,900 --> 02:19:53,800
him handsomely for each new 
home's adventure, and readers, 

2525
02:19:53,800 --> 02:19:57,000
couldn't get enough of them 
however, Arthur realized that 

2526
02:19:57,000 --> 02:19:58,900
success could also be a form of 
isolation. 

2527
02:19:58,900 --> 02:20:02,500
He began to feel like Holmes was
overshadowing, everything else 

2528
02:20:02,500 --> 02:20:05,600
he wanted to accomplish. 
People introduced him as the 

2529
02:20:05,600 --> 02:20:09,100
creator of Sherlock Holmes. 
Not as the author of historical 

2530
02:20:09,100 --> 02:20:12,800
novels about medieval England, 
his serious literary work was 

2531
02:20:12,800 --> 02:20:16,500
being treated as a side project.
While his detective stories were

2532
02:20:16,500 --> 02:20:20,300
considered his main achievement 
It was deeply frustrating for a 

2533
02:20:20,300 --> 02:20:22,600
man who had worked. 
So hard to establish himself as 

2534
02:20:22,600 --> 02:20:26,200
a serious writer. 
In 1893 Arthur made one of the 

2535
02:20:26,200 --> 02:20:28,300
most shocking decisions in 
literary history. 

2536
02:20:28,300 --> 02:20:30,500
Bringing the situation to its 
peak. 

2537
02:20:30,500 --> 02:20:33,000
He decided to kill off Sherlock 
Holmes. 

2538
02:20:33,000 --> 02:20:37,000
He did not kill off Sherlock. 
Holmes gradually through old age

2539
02:20:37,000 --> 02:20:41,500
or in a subtle manner, instead, 
he did so dramatically in a 

2540
02:20:41,500 --> 02:20:45,000
story called the final problem. 
He sent Holmes tumbling over. 

2541
02:20:45,000 --> 02:20:47,900
The Reichenbach Falls in. 
Switzerland locked in Mortal 

2542
02:20:47,900 --> 02:20:52,300
Combat with his arch, nemesis 
Professor Moriarty Arthur 

2543
02:20:52,300 --> 02:20:55,100
believed he was liberating 
himself from the detective, whom

2544
02:20:55,100 --> 02:20:58,400
he considered a birdman, he 
imagined that with homes gone 

2545
02:20:58,400 --> 02:21:00,900
readers would finally pay 
attention to his other work. 

2546
02:21:00,900 --> 02:21:04,700
He could write about historical 
subjects, explore spiritual 

2547
02:21:04,700 --> 02:21:07,700
themes and create the kind of 
literature that would earn him 

2548
02:21:07,700 --> 02:21:10,900
lasting respect. 
But often seriously 

2549
02:21:10,900 --> 02:21:13,200
underestimated how much people 
loved homes. 

2550
02:21:13,200 --> 02:21:17,000
The reaction to the final 
problem was unlike anything. 

2551
02:21:17,000 --> 02:21:20,400
The literary world had ever seen
readers were devastated. 

2552
02:21:20,400 --> 02:21:24,300
The Strand magazine, lost 20,000
subscribers overnight. 

2553
02:21:24,300 --> 02:21:28,100
People wore black armbands in 
mourning, some readers wrote, 

2554
02:21:28,100 --> 02:21:30,500
Furious letters, accusing Arthur
of literary murder. 

2555
02:21:30,500 --> 02:21:33,600
Others simply refused to believe
that Holmes was really dead. 

2556
02:21:33,600 --> 02:21:37,900
The outcry was so intense that 
it surprised even Arthur he'd 

2557
02:21:37,900 --> 02:21:40,500
considered homes to be merely 
another character in yet another

2558
02:21:40,500 --> 02:21:44,500
story but to readers Holmes had 
evolved into something far more 

2559
02:21:44,500 --> 02:21:48,300
significant, he was a symbol of 
rational thought triumphing over

2560
02:21:48,300 --> 02:21:51,500
chaos of Justice. 
Prevailing over, evil of 

2561
02:21:51,500 --> 02:21:53,700
intelligence, solving problems 
that seemed impossible. 

2562
02:21:54,600 --> 02:21:58,100
Killing home's like killing hope
itself for eight years. 

2563
02:21:58,100 --> 02:22:01,700
After held firm, he continued 
writing his historical novels 

2564
02:22:01,700 --> 02:22:05,200
his spiritual exploration, and 
his serious literary works. 

2565
02:22:06,100 --> 02:22:08,400
But the ghost of Holmes, 
haunted, everything he did. 

2566
02:22:09,200 --> 02:22:11,400
Rita's kept asking when the 
detective would return 

2567
02:22:11,400 --> 02:22:15,000
Publishers kept offering him an 
enormous sums for new home 

2568
02:22:15,000 --> 02:22:16,900
stories and Arthur kept 
insisting. 

2569
02:22:16,900 --> 02:22:18,500
That the character was dead and 
buried. 

2570
02:22:19,600 --> 02:22:24,400
Finally, in 1901, Arthur gave in
to the pressure, he wrote The 

2571
02:22:24,400 --> 02:22:27,800
Hound of the Baskervilles, which
he positioned as a story from, 

2572
02:22:27,800 --> 02:22:31,200
before homes as death, but 
readers weren't satisfied with a

2573
02:22:31,200 --> 02:22:33,500
prequel. 
They wanted their detective back

2574
02:22:33,500 --> 02:22:38,400
in the presenting new Mysteries.
The demand was so intense that 

2575
02:22:38,400 --> 02:22:40,300
Arthur eventually had to perform
literary. 

2576
02:22:40,300 --> 02:22:42,900
Resurrection surgery, bringing 
homes back to life in the 

2577
02:22:42,900 --> 02:22:45,300
adventure of the empty house in 
1903. 

2578
02:22:46,500 --> 02:22:49,400
Arthur's explanation for how 
home survived the fall was 

2579
02:22:49,400 --> 02:22:52,400
ingenious, but clearly written 
by someone who was trying to 

2580
02:22:52,400 --> 02:22:54,500
solve a problem, he'd never 
intended to create. 

2581
02:22:55,400 --> 02:22:58,600
Holmes had faked his death, he 
explained living in hiding for 

2582
02:22:58,600 --> 02:23:01,100
three years while tracking down 
the rest of Moriarty's 

2583
02:23:01,100 --> 02:23:04,100
organization. 
It was a clever solution but you

2584
02:23:04,108 --> 02:23:05,900
could almost hear Arthur 
sighing. 

2585
02:23:05,900 --> 02:23:08,400
As he wrote it. 
The whole episode reveals 

2586
02:23:08,400 --> 02:23:11,200
something, fascinating about the
relationship between authors and

2587
02:23:11,200 --> 02:23:14,700
their creations, Arthur had 
intended home to be a temporary 

2588
02:23:14,700 --> 02:23:17,400
character. 
A means to an end a way to pay 

2589
02:23:17,400 --> 02:23:19,800
the bills while he worked on 
more important projects. 

2590
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:23,300
But great fictional characters 
have a way of taking on lives of

2591
02:23:23,308 --> 02:23:26,500
their own becoming more real to 
readers than the people who 

2592
02:23:26,500 --> 02:23:29,600
created them. 
For the remainder of his life 

2593
02:23:29,600 --> 02:23:32,300
arth continued to write home 
stories yet. 

2594
02:23:32,300 --> 02:23:35,000
He never fully reconciled with 
the success of his creation. 

2595
02:23:35,000 --> 02:23:39,000
He was proud of the detective's 
popularity, and he was so 

2596
02:23:39,000 --> 02:23:42,100
frustrated, that his serious 
work, never received the same 

2597
02:23:42,100 --> 02:23:44,700
attention. 
It's one of literature's finest 

2598
02:23:44,700 --> 02:23:47,300
ironies that the work Arthur 
considered his lesser 

2599
02:23:47,300 --> 02:23:49,400
achievement, turned out to be 
his greatest contribution to the

2600
02:23:49,408 --> 02:23:51,400
world. 
Now, let's dive into something 

2601
02:23:51,400 --> 02:23:54,100
that makes the home stories 
particularly fascinating. 

2602
02:23:54,900 --> 02:23:57,600
The way Arthur wove real 
scientific advances into his 

2603
02:23:57,600 --> 02:23:58,800
fictional. 
Detective work. 

2604
02:23:58,800 --> 02:24:01,800
It's like watching someone build
a bridge between the world of 

2605
02:24:01,800 --> 02:24:05,400
imagination and the world of 
scientific progress, creating 

2606
02:24:05,400 --> 02:24:07,800
something that was both 
entertaining and educational. 

2607
02:24:09,100 --> 02:24:12,500
Arthur wasn't just a writer. 
He was a trained physician who 

2608
02:24:12,500 --> 02:24:15,100
had studied the latest 
scientific methods of his time 

2609
02:24:15,100 --> 02:24:18,800
when he created homes, he was 
essentially asking the question.

2610
02:24:18,800 --> 02:24:20,800
What would crime solving look 
like? 

2611
02:24:20,800 --> 02:24:24,200
If it were approached with the 
same scientific rigor, that was 

2612
02:24:24,200 --> 02:24:26,600
revolutionizing medicine and 
other fields? 

2613
02:24:27,900 --> 02:24:31,000
consider homes as famous method 
of deducing, someone's entire 

2614
02:24:31,000 --> 02:24:35,300
life story from Tiny, physical 
Clues, this approach wasn't just

2615
02:24:35,300 --> 02:24:38,500
literary fantasy. 
It was based on real scientific 

2616
02:24:38,500 --> 02:24:40,900
principles that Arthur had 
learned in medical school. 

2617
02:24:41,900 --> 02:24:45,200
Dr. Joseph Bell had shown that 
careful observation could reveal

2618
02:24:45,200 --> 02:24:47,600
incredible amounts of 
information about a person's 

2619
02:24:47,600 --> 02:24:50,600
life and habits. 
Arthur took this concept and 

2620
02:24:50,600 --> 02:24:53,800
applied it to detective, work, 
creating a character who could 

2621
02:24:53,800 --> 02:24:57,300
read people like books. 
Holmes is use of fingerprints is

2622
02:24:57,300 --> 02:24:59,800
particularly intriguing because 
Arthur was actually ahead of his

2623
02:24:59,800 --> 02:25:02,100
time. 
Police forces didn't widely, use

2624
02:25:02,100 --> 02:25:05,800
fingerprinting until the early 
1900s despite the publication of

2625
02:25:05,800 --> 02:25:09,500
the first home story in 1887 
Arthur, had read about the 

2626
02:25:09,500 --> 02:25:12,800
scientific work on fingerprints 
and Incorporated it into his 

2627
02:25:12,800 --> 02:25:14,800
fiction. 
Before most real detectives at 

2628
02:25:14,800 --> 02:25:18,100
even heard of it. 
In many ways, Holmes was using 

2629
02:25:18,100 --> 02:25:20,700
forensic techniques that 
wouldn't become standard police 

2630
02:25:20,700 --> 02:25:22,400
procedure for another decade or 
two. 

2631
02:25:23,200 --> 02:25:26,200
The same was true for many other
scientific methods that Holmes 

2632
02:25:26,200 --> 02:25:29,000
employed. 
He analyzed handwriting studied 

2633
02:25:29,000 --> 02:25:32,000
different types of tobacco Ash, 
examined Footprints, with 

2634
02:25:32,008 --> 02:25:35,700
scientific precision and used 
chemical tests to detect blood 

2635
02:25:35,700 --> 02:25:38,300
stains. 
These weren't just clever plot 

2636
02:25:38,300 --> 02:25:42,100
devices, they were based on real
scientific techniques that were 

2637
02:25:42,100 --> 02:25:44,000
being developed in Laboratories 
around the world. 

2638
02:25:45,100 --> 02:25:48,100
Arthur was particularly 
fascinated by the emerging field

2639
02:25:48,100 --> 02:25:51,900
of Toxicology, the study of 
poisons and their effects on the

2640
02:25:51,900 --> 02:25:55,300
human body, Arthur's, medical 
background, and his interest in 

2641
02:25:55,300 --> 02:25:59,500
using science to solve crime, 
evident in several home stories,

2642
02:25:59,500 --> 02:26:03,400
that feature exotic Poison's in 
their detection, He understood 

2643
02:26:03,400 --> 02:26:06,100
that poison was often a weapon 
of choice for Cleaver criminals,

2644
02:26:06,100 --> 02:26:09,000
because it was difficult to 
detect with the crude methods of

2645
02:26:09,000 --> 02:26:13,900
available to most police forces.
Holmes's laboratory at 221B, 

2646
02:26:13,900 --> 02:26:16,400
Baker Street was filled with the
kind of equipment that real 

2647
02:26:16,400 --> 02:26:18,900
scientists were using to make 
breakthrough discoveries. 

2648
02:26:19,800 --> 02:26:22,700
Any serious research facility of
the time would have contained 

2649
02:26:22,700 --> 02:26:25,500
the chemical operators 
microscopes and reference books 

2650
02:26:25,500 --> 02:26:28,300
that are described. 
He was showing readers that 

2651
02:26:28,300 --> 02:26:30,500
scientific methods could be 
applied to criminal 

2652
02:26:30,500 --> 02:26:33,400
investigation. 
Turning detective work from a 

2653
02:26:33,400 --> 02:26:36,500
matter of luck and intuition 
into a systematic process. 

2654
02:26:37,500 --> 02:26:40,100
But Arthur's genius was in. 
Making these scientific methods 

2655
02:26:40,100 --> 02:26:43,800
accessible to ordinary readers. 
He didn't bog down his stories 

2656
02:26:43,800 --> 02:26:46,300
with technical details or 
lengthy explanations of 

2657
02:26:46,300 --> 02:26:50,200
scientific principles in Stead. 
He showed Holmes using these 

2658
02:26:50,200 --> 02:26:53,600
methods in action solving crimes
through careful observation and 

2659
02:26:53,600 --> 02:26:56,300
logical analysis. 
Readers could follow the 

2660
02:26:56,300 --> 02:26:59,400
detectives reasoning process 
without needing background in 

2661
02:26:59,400 --> 02:27:03,000
chemistry or biology. 
This approach had an unexpected 

2662
02:27:03,000 --> 02:27:06,300
educational affect many readers 
learned about scientific 

2663
02:27:06,300 --> 02:27:09,600
methods, through home's stories 
often without realizing they 

2664
02:27:09,600 --> 02:27:12,300
were getting a science lesson 
along with their entertainment, 

2665
02:27:12,300 --> 02:27:15,600
the stories helped popularize. 
The idea that rational 

2666
02:27:15,600 --> 02:27:19,300
scientific thinking could solve 
complex problems contributing to

2667
02:27:19,300 --> 02:27:21,800
the growing public respect for 
scientific methods. 

2668
02:27:21,800 --> 02:27:25,000
The Victorian belief that human 
behavior, followed logical 

2669
02:27:25,000 --> 02:27:26,900
patterns, that were 
understandable and predictable 

2670
02:27:26,900 --> 02:27:31,500
all influenced homes as approach
to Crime solving. if you studied

2671
02:27:31,500 --> 02:27:34,500
someone carefully enough home 
suggested, you could understand 

2672
02:27:34,500 --> 02:27:38,400
their motivation predict their 
actions and solve the puzzles, 

2673
02:27:38,400 --> 02:27:41,800
they created This was a 
reassuring message for readers 

2674
02:27:41,800 --> 02:27:44,300
who were living through a period
of Rapid social change and 

2675
02:27:44,308 --> 02:27:47,100
uncertainty. 
The scientific accuracy of 

2676
02:27:47,100 --> 02:27:50,300
Holmes's methods varied. 
Of course, Some of his 

2677
02:27:50,300 --> 02:27:53,600
deductions were based on solid 
observational principles While 

2678
02:27:53,600 --> 02:27:56,700
others were more Fantastical, 
but Arthur was careful to 

2679
02:27:56,700 --> 02:27:59,600
ground, even his most dramatic 
Solutions in plausible, 

2680
02:27:59,600 --> 02:28:02,400
scientific reasoning. 
He wanted readers to believe 

2681
02:28:02,400 --> 02:28:05,500
that Holmes's methods could 
actually work even if they were 

2682
02:28:05,500 --> 02:28:07,700
sometimes exaggerated for 
dramatic effect. 

2683
02:28:08,700 --> 02:28:11,400
What's particularly remarkable 
is how many of homes is 

2684
02:28:11,400 --> 02:28:14,200
fictional forensic techniques. 
Eventually became standard 

2685
02:28:14,200 --> 02:28:17,800
police procedure Arthur's, 
imagination frequently for saw 

2686
02:28:17,800 --> 02:28:21,100
real, scientific advancements 
proposing investigative 

2687
02:28:21,100 --> 02:28:24,100
techniques that would not gain 
widespread acceptance for years 

2688
02:28:24,100 --> 02:28:27,400
or decades. 
In many ways, the home stories 

2689
02:28:27,400 --> 02:28:30,000
served as a kind of training 
manual for future detectives 

2690
02:28:30,000 --> 02:28:32,700
showing them possibilities. 
They might not have considered 

2691
02:28:32,700 --> 02:28:35,500
otherwise. 
The scientific Foundation of 

2692
02:28:35,500 --> 02:28:37,500
homes is methods. 
Also helped to establish The 

2693
02:28:37,500 --> 02:28:39,600
credibility of detective 
fiction, as a genre. 

2694
02:28:40,400 --> 02:28:42,300
These were just wild adventures 
stories. 

2695
02:28:42,300 --> 02:28:44,900
They were logical puzzles. 
That could be sold through 

2696
02:28:44,900 --> 02:28:47,800
careful reasoning. 
This intellectual respectability

2697
02:28:47,800 --> 02:28:50,900
helped Elevate crime, fiction 
from Miss and Sensational 

2698
02:28:50,900 --> 02:28:53,600
entertainment to a more 
sophisticated form of literature

2699
02:28:53,600 --> 02:28:56,900
as we reach the end of our cozy 
Journey Through the origins of 

2700
02:28:56,900 --> 02:28:59,000
Sherlock Holmes. 
It's worth pondering. 

2701
02:28:59,000 --> 02:29:02,300
Why this character has refused 
to stay buried in the Victorian 

2702
02:29:02,300 --> 02:29:06,100
era where he was born. 
Like a particularly persistent 

2703
02:29:06,100 --> 02:29:09,700
ghost homes has haunted every 
generation since Arthur, first 

2704
02:29:09,700 --> 02:29:13,300
dreamed him up adapting to New 
Times while somehow remaining 

2705
02:29:13,300 --> 02:29:16,900
eternally himself. 
The remarkable thing about homes

2706
02:29:16,900 --> 02:29:19,900
is how he's managed to transcend
his original time and place. 

2707
02:29:19,900 --> 02:29:22,600
You can transplant him to 
modern-day London. 

2708
02:29:22,600 --> 02:29:26,000
Give him a smartphone and access
to the internet and he still 

2709
02:29:26,000 --> 02:29:27,500
fundamentally the same 
character. 

2710
02:29:28,400 --> 02:29:31,600
His methods change. 
He might use DNA analysis 

2711
02:29:31,600 --> 02:29:34,400
instead of tobacco, Ash 
identification, but is 

2712
02:29:34,400 --> 02:29:36,100
essential, nature remains 
unchanged. 

2713
02:29:36,900 --> 02:29:38,500
He continues to be a brilliant 
outside. 

2714
02:29:38,500 --> 02:29:41,600
Who perceives what others 
Overlook a man capable of 

2715
02:29:41,600 --> 02:29:44,000
bringing order to chaos through 
sheer intellect. 

2716
02:29:45,100 --> 02:29:47,700
This adaptability suggests that 
Arthur taped into something 

2717
02:29:47,700 --> 02:29:50,700
deeper than just Victorian. 
Anxiety is about crime and urban

2718
02:29:50,700 --> 02:29:53,000
life. 
He created a character who 

2719
02:29:53,000 --> 02:29:56,400
represents Timeless human 
desires, the wish to make sense 

2720
02:29:56,400 --> 02:29:59,400
of a confusing world. 
The hope that intelligence can 

2721
02:29:59,400 --> 02:30:02,900
over evil and the comfort of 
knowing that there's someone out

2722
02:30:02,900 --> 02:30:05,400
there who can solve problems 
that seem impossible to the rest

2723
02:30:05,400 --> 02:30:08,000
of us. 
Every generation has found its 

2724
02:30:08,000 --> 02:30:11,600
reasons to love homes. during 
the world wars, he represented 

2725
02:30:11,600 --> 02:30:14,200
British resilience and the 
Triumph of civilization over 

2726
02:30:14,200 --> 02:30:18,800
barbarism In the 1960s, he 
became a counterculture hero. 

2727
02:30:18,800 --> 02:30:21,800
The ultimate individualist who 
refused to conform to social 

2728
02:30:21,800 --> 02:30:25,100
expectations in our current age 
of information overload. 

2729
02:30:25,100 --> 02:30:28,000
He's the person who can cut 
through the noise and find the 

2730
02:30:28,008 --> 02:30:31,100
signal who can separate truth 
from the overwhelming flood of 

2731
02:30:31,108 --> 02:30:35,300
data, that surrounds us. 
The stories themselves have 

2732
02:30:35,300 --> 02:30:37,900
taken on a life that goes far 
beyond what Arthur ever 

2733
02:30:37,900 --> 02:30:41,800
imagined. 
There are more than 25,000 home 

2734
02:30:41,800 --> 02:30:44,600
stories that have been written 
by other authors, creating a 

2735
02:30:44,608 --> 02:30:47,500
vast literary universe. 
That continues to expand more 

2736
02:30:47,500 --> 02:30:49,700
than a century after the 
characters creation. 

2737
02:30:50,800 --> 02:30:53,200
Holmes has appeared in every 
medium and imaginable. 

2738
02:30:53,200 --> 02:30:57,500
Radio shows television, series 
movies, video games. 

2739
02:30:57,500 --> 02:31:01,700
And even virtual reality 
experience is But perhaps, the 

2740
02:31:01,700 --> 02:31:05,000
most remarkable thing about 
home's is how he's managed to 

2741
02:31:05,000 --> 02:31:06,900
become more real than many 
actual people. 

2742
02:31:06,900 --> 02:31:10,900
You can visit 221 B Baker Street
in London, where there's a 

2743
02:31:10,900 --> 02:31:13,400
museum dedicated to the 
fictional detective. 

2744
02:31:13,400 --> 02:31:17,600
The Royal Mail issues stamps, 
featuring homes, the British 

2745
02:31:17,600 --> 02:31:20,300
government has given him an 
official address, there are 

2746
02:31:20,308 --> 02:31:22,900
societies around the world, 
dedicated to studying his 

2747
02:31:22,900 --> 02:31:25,800
methods and analyzing his 
adventures as if they were 

2748
02:31:25,800 --> 02:31:28,600
historical documents. 
This blurring of the line 

2749
02:31:28,600 --> 02:31:31,800
between fiction and reality, 
would have amused Arthur, who 

2750
02:31:31,800 --> 02:31:34,800
spent so much of his later life.
Trying to convince people that 

2751
02:31:34,800 --> 02:31:36,800
Holmes was just a character in 
stories. 

2752
02:31:36,800 --> 02:31:40,100
He'd written. 
But the Public's insistence on 

2753
02:31:40,108 --> 02:31:42,500
treating homes. 
As a real person speaks to 

2754
02:31:42,500 --> 02:31:45,400
something profound about the 
power of outstanding, fictional 

2755
02:31:45,400 --> 02:31:48,800
characters to capture our 
imaginations and become part of 

2756
02:31:48,800 --> 02:31:53,400
our shared cultural reality. 
The influence of homes on real 

2757
02:31:53,400 --> 02:31:55,500
world, detective work has been 
enormous. 

2758
02:31:56,300 --> 02:31:58,900
Police departments around the 
world have adopted methods that 

2759
02:31:58,900 --> 02:32:02,400
homes used in fiction decades 
before they became standard 

2760
02:32:02,400 --> 02:32:05,300
practice. 
The careful examination of crime

2761
02:32:05,300 --> 02:32:08,600
scenes, the scientific analysis 
of evidence and the 

2762
02:32:08,600 --> 02:32:10,700
psychological profiling of 
suspects. 

2763
02:32:11,500 --> 02:32:13,800
These techniques that seem 
obvious to us now were 

2764
02:32:13,800 --> 02:32:15,900
revolutionary when Arthur first 
wrote about them. 

2765
02:32:15,900 --> 02:32:19,500
Holmes has also influenced how 
we think about problem solving 

2766
02:32:19,500 --> 02:32:21,800
in general. 
His method of careful 

2767
02:32:21,800 --> 02:32:26,000
observation, logical deduction, 
and systematic analysis has been

2768
02:32:26,000 --> 02:32:29,700
applied to Fields, far beyond 
criminal investigation, Business

2769
02:32:29,700 --> 02:32:32,600
Leaders. 
Scientists and Educators have 

2770
02:32:32,600 --> 02:32:36,500
all found ways to apply homogene
thinking to their challenges as 

2771
02:32:36,500 --> 02:32:39,200
you settle back into your 
comfortable, chair, and perhaps,

2772
02:32:39,200 --> 02:32:43,300
Close Your Eyes For a Moment. 
Consider this Somewhere in the 

2773
02:32:43,308 --> 02:32:44,900
world. 
Right now, someone is 

2774
02:32:44,900 --> 02:32:48,400
discovering Sherlock Holmes for 
the first time their 

2775
02:32:48,400 --> 02:32:51,900
experiencing that same sense of 
wonder that readers felt more 

2776
02:32:51,900 --> 02:32:54,300
than a century ago. 
When they first encountered the 

2777
02:32:54,300 --> 02:32:58,600
tall thin detective with his 
piercing eyes and incredible 

2778
02:32:58,600 --> 02:33:02,300
deductive abilities. 
The character that Arthur Conan 

2779
02:33:02,300 --> 02:33:05,700
Doyle created in frustration, 
developed with reluctance and 

2780
02:33:05,700 --> 02:33:08,600
tried to kill off in 
exasperation has become one of 

2781
02:33:08,600 --> 02:33:10,900
the most enduring figures in all
of literature. 

2782
02:33:10,900 --> 02:33:14,600
Holmes represents our Eternal. 
Hope that reason can triumph 

2783
02:33:14,600 --> 02:33:17,500
over chaos that careful 
observation can reveal Hidden 

2784
02:33:17,500 --> 02:33:19,700
Truths. 
And that there's always a 

2785
02:33:19,700 --> 02:33:22,200
logical solution to even the 
most baffling mystery. 

2786
02:33:23,300 --> 02:33:26,600
In a world that often seems 
random and senseless homes 

2787
02:33:26,600 --> 02:33:28,700
offers, the comforting 
assurance, that everything makes

2788
02:33:28,700 --> 02:33:30,300
sense. 
If you just know how to look at 

2789
02:33:30,300 --> 02:33:34,400
it properly, he's the friend. 
We all wish we had the mind. 

2790
02:33:34,400 --> 02:33:37,400
We all wish we possessed. 
And the reassurance, we all need

2791
02:33:37,400 --> 02:33:40,500
that somewhere out there. 
Someone is smart enough to solve

2792
02:33:40,500 --> 02:33:49,900
the problems that baffle the 
rest of us. picture this, your 

2793
02:33:49,900 --> 02:33:53,400
city in your favorite armchair, 
maybe with a cup of tea getting 

2794
02:33:53,400 --> 02:33:56,300
cold on the side table, and 
someone asks you to name the 

2795
02:33:56,300 --> 02:33:59,800
richest person who ever lived 
You might consider bazars or 

2796
02:33:59,808 --> 02:34:03,700
musk, particularly on a positive
day, when Tesla stock isn't 

2797
02:34:03,700 --> 02:34:06,900
experiencing significant 
fluctuations but you'd be wrong.

2798
02:34:06,900 --> 02:34:10,200
The richest human being in 
recorded, history was a man, 

2799
02:34:10,208 --> 02:34:13,500
most people have never heard of 
and here's the kicker he 

2800
02:34:13,500 --> 02:34:15,700
disappeared. 
So completely that for centuries

2801
02:34:15,700 --> 02:34:19,300
individuals, wondered, if he'd 
ever existed at all, his name 

2802
02:34:19,300 --> 02:34:22,400
was Mansa Musa and calling him 
wealthy as like calling the 

2803
02:34:22,400 --> 02:34:26,200
ocean damp This guy had so much 
gold that when he went on 

2804
02:34:26,200 --> 02:34:30,500
vacation while pilgrimage to 
Mecca in 1324 he accidentally 

2805
02:34:30,500 --> 02:34:32,600
crashed the Egyptian economy for
a decade. 

2806
02:34:32,600 --> 02:34:34,800
This was not an intentional 
action. 

2807
02:34:34,800 --> 02:34:38,300
He was just being generous 
tossing around gold, like, you 

2808
02:34:38,300 --> 02:34:40,200
might toss breadcrumbs to ducks 
at the park. 

2809
02:34:41,100 --> 02:34:43,600
The only difference was that, 
his breadcrumbs were actual gold

2810
02:34:43,600 --> 02:34:45,500
bars and the Ducks were entire 
cities. 

2811
02:34:46,600 --> 02:34:49,600
But here's where our story gets 
intriguing in that deliciously 

2812
02:34:49,600 --> 02:34:52,100
mysterious way that makes you 
want to pull the blankets up a 

2813
02:34:52,100 --> 02:34:55,200
little higher. 
Mansa Musa ruled the Mali Empire

2814
02:34:55,200 --> 02:34:59,400
in West Africa exerting control 
over an abundance of gold mines.

2815
02:35:00,300 --> 02:35:03,500
Mansa, musa's Empire spanned an 
area larger than Western Europe,

2816
02:35:03,500 --> 02:35:07,500
requiring, every gold dust that 
emerged from those mines to 

2817
02:35:07,500 --> 02:35:11,300
submit to him first, Imagine 
having a monopoly on the thing, 

2818
02:35:11,300 --> 02:35:14,400
everyone wanted most in the 
medieval world, it's like owning

2819
02:35:14,400 --> 02:35:17,100
all the coffee shops and Wi-Fi 
passwords simultaneously. 

2820
02:35:17,100 --> 02:35:20,300
The thing about Musa that made 
him different from your average,

2821
02:35:20,300 --> 02:35:22,700
billionaire wasn't just the mind
boggling wealth. 

2822
02:35:22,700 --> 02:35:26,100
It was what he did with it. 
While other rulers hoarded their

2823
02:35:26,100 --> 02:35:29,700
riches like dragons sleeping on 
Treasure piles, Musa built 

2824
02:35:29,700 --> 02:35:32,600
University's libraries and 
mosques. 

2825
02:35:33,400 --> 02:35:36,500
He turned Timbuktu into the 
intellectual Hub of the world, a

2826
02:35:36,500 --> 02:35:38,900
place, where Scholars from 
across Africa, Europe, and the 

2827
02:35:38,908 --> 02:35:40,500
Middle East came to study and 
debate. 

2828
02:35:41,400 --> 02:35:44,100
Picture Oxford or Harvard, but 
with better weather and more 

2829
02:35:44,100 --> 02:35:47,100
gold leaf on everything. 
Now you might be wondering why 

2830
02:35:47,100 --> 02:35:48,700
you've never heard of this guy 
in school. 

2831
02:35:48,700 --> 02:35:51,400
Well, that's partly because 
Medieval Europe was still 

2832
02:35:51,400 --> 02:35:54,200
figuring out that the World 
extended beyond their backyards 

2833
02:35:54,200 --> 02:35:57,100
and partly because what happened
next was so strange that 

2834
02:35:57,100 --> 02:35:59,200
chroniclers didn't quite know 
how to write it down. 

2835
02:36:00,200 --> 02:36:03,800
See Mansa Musa didn't just fade 
away like most historical 

2836
02:36:03,800 --> 02:36:06,000
figures. 
He didn't die in battle, or 

2837
02:36:06,000 --> 02:36:07,700
succumb, to some medieval 
plague. 

2838
02:36:07,700 --> 02:36:10,700
He didn't even retire to a 
luxurious Palace somewhere to 

2839
02:36:10,700 --> 02:36:15,800
count his gold coins. 
He vanished completely seemed as

2840
02:36:15,800 --> 02:36:20,100
though, the Earth had opened up 
in golfing him, his family, his 

2841
02:36:20,100 --> 02:36:24,900
court and nearly half of his 
Empire's gold reserves, One day,

2842
02:36:24,900 --> 02:36:27,700
he was there running the most 
prosperous kingdom in the world 

2843
02:36:27,700 --> 02:36:31,900
and the next day. 
Nothing not a trace. 

2844
02:36:31,900 --> 02:36:35,400
There was not even a whisper 
there was not even a strongly 

2845
02:36:35,400 --> 02:36:39,500
worded letter of resignation. 
The last reliable sighting of 

2846
02:36:39,500 --> 02:36:43,400
Mansa Muto was in 1337. 
When he was supposedly preparing

2847
02:36:43,400 --> 02:36:46,900
for another grand Expedition, 
some claim that Samus was 

2848
02:36:46,900 --> 02:36:49,900
planning to sail across the 
Atlantic, a move that occurred 

2849
02:36:49,900 --> 02:36:53,300
more than 150 years before 
Columbus lost his way in search 

2850
02:36:53,300 --> 02:36:56,000
of India. 
Others claim he was organizing a

2851
02:36:56,000 --> 02:36:59,700
massive trade mission to China. 
few whispered that he discovered

2852
02:36:59,700 --> 02:37:03,000
something in the deepest minds 
of his Empire, something that 

2853
02:37:03,000 --> 02:37:06,500
made even his legendary wealth 
seem insignificant, but then 

2854
02:37:06,500 --> 02:37:11,200
silence, The silence was so 
profound that it prompted you to

2855
02:37:11,208 --> 02:37:13,300
double, check the functionality 
of your phone. 

2856
02:37:13,300 --> 02:37:16,500
His advisors claimed, he'd gone 
into seclusion for religious 

2857
02:37:16,500 --> 02:37:19,800
contemplation, his enemies 
assumed he died and were 

2858
02:37:19,800 --> 02:37:21,000
preparing their armies 
accordingly. 

2859
02:37:21,900 --> 02:37:25,200
His people waited for 
announcements that never came it

2860
02:37:25,200 --> 02:37:28,200
was as if the richest man in 
history had simply decided that 

2861
02:37:28,200 --> 02:37:31,200
being unimaginably wealthy was 
overrated and had gone off to 

2862
02:37:31,200 --> 02:37:35,400
try something else entirely. 
What makes this disappearance 

2863
02:37:35,400 --> 02:37:38,100
even more puzzling. 
Is that Musa wasn't just any 

2864
02:37:38,100 --> 02:37:40,700
ruler. 
He was obsessively organized. 

2865
02:37:40,700 --> 02:37:44,200
This was a man who planted his 
famous pilgrimage down to the 

2866
02:37:44,200 --> 02:37:47,500
last camel load of Provisions. 
He didn't do anything on a whim 

2867
02:37:47,500 --> 02:37:51,300
yet somehow he managed to vanish
without leaving behind a single 

2868
02:37:51,300 --> 02:37:54,800
clue about where he'd gone or 
why, you know, that feeling when

2869
02:37:54,800 --> 02:37:57,000
you're looking for your keys. 
And you've checked everywhere 

2870
02:37:57,000 --> 02:38:00,100
twice, But they've somehow 
vanished into that mysterious 

2871
02:38:00,100 --> 02:38:02,400
Dimension where lost socks. 
Go to Party. 

2872
02:38:02,400 --> 02:38:07,300
Well, imagine that feeling, but 
instead of keys it's the world's

2873
02:38:07,300 --> 02:38:11,200
richest man and instead of your 
house, it's an Empire, the size 

2874
02:38:11,200 --> 02:38:14,200
of Western Europe, that's 
precisely what happened to the 

2875
02:38:14,208 --> 02:38:18,000
Mali Empire in 1337. 
The Mali Empire wasn't just 

2876
02:38:18,000 --> 02:38:20,000
wealthy. 
It was stupid wealthy. 

2877
02:38:20,000 --> 02:38:22,300
The kind of wealthy that makes 
lottery winners. 

2878
02:38:22,300 --> 02:38:23,900
Look like they're counting 
pocket change. 

2879
02:38:25,400 --> 02:38:27,900
The Empire sat on top of the 
largest gold deposits in the 

2880
02:38:27,900 --> 02:38:31,100
known world and Mansa Musa, 
controlled every ounce of it. 

2881
02:38:32,200 --> 02:38:33,800
But gold wasn't even his only 
trick. 

2882
02:38:33,800 --> 02:38:36,000
He also controlled the salt 
mines. 

2883
02:38:36,000 --> 02:38:39,600
And if you think salt is an 
exciting you've never lived in a

2884
02:38:39,608 --> 02:38:43,200
world without Refrigeration. 
Salt was literally worth its 

2885
02:38:43,200 --> 02:38:45,400
weight in gold, which was 
convenient. 

2886
02:38:45,400 --> 02:38:49,200
Since Musa had plenty of both 
picture, the Empire as a massive

2887
02:38:49,200 --> 02:38:52,800
spider, web with Musa sitting at
the center and every strand 

2888
02:38:52,800 --> 02:38:56,900
representing a trade route. 
Caravans loaded with gold salt 

2889
02:38:56,900 --> 02:39:00,500
Ivory and slaves, moved along 
these routes like blood through 

2890
02:39:00,500 --> 02:39:04,000
arteries. 
The Empire's capital cities near

2891
02:39:04,000 --> 02:39:08,400
me Timbuktu and Jenny were 
Medieval Las Vegas but in stead 

2892
02:39:08,400 --> 02:39:11,300
of losing money, everyone was 
making it hand over fist. 

2893
02:39:12,100 --> 02:39:15,000
Merchants from as far away as 
Venice and Cairo would make the 

2894
02:39:15,000 --> 02:39:17,700
dangerous journey across the 
Sahara, just to get a piece of 

2895
02:39:17,700 --> 02:39:20,600
the action. 
But here's where things get as 

2896
02:39:20,600 --> 02:39:24,300
twisty as a pretzel factory, the
Mali Empire Had A peculiar 

2897
02:39:24,300 --> 02:39:27,200
system of succession, that would
make even the most complicated 

2898
02:39:27,200 --> 02:39:28,900
family reunion, look 
straightforward. 

2899
02:39:28,900 --> 02:39:32,100
The crown didn't automatically 
pass from father to son. 

2900
02:39:32,100 --> 02:39:36,100
Instead, it went to the previous
rulers brother then to his son, 

2901
02:39:36,100 --> 02:39:40,000
then to the next brother and so 
on, like a royal game of musical

2902
02:39:40,000 --> 02:39:41,700
chairs that could last for 
Generations. 

2903
02:39:42,700 --> 02:39:45,100
This system had worked 
beautifully for centuries, 

2904
02:39:45,100 --> 02:39:48,400
mainly because there was so much
wealth to go around that. 

2905
02:39:48,400 --> 02:39:51,600
Even the distant cousins lived 
better than most European Kings 

2906
02:39:51,600 --> 02:39:55,300
when Mansa Musa disappeared. 
This orderly system suddenly 

2907
02:39:55,300 --> 02:39:57,100
looked like a house of cards in 
a windstorm. 

2908
02:39:57,100 --> 02:40:01,400
Nobody knew if he was dead alive
or just taking a really long 

2909
02:40:01,400 --> 02:40:05,000
bathroom break. 
His designated Heir a nephew 

2910
02:40:05,000 --> 02:40:08,400
named Meghan stepped up to fill 
the void but ruling an Empire 

2911
02:40:08,400 --> 02:40:10,000
isn't like how sitting for a 
friend. 

2912
02:40:10,000 --> 02:40:12,800
You can't just water the plants 
and collect the mail. 

2913
02:40:13,800 --> 02:40:17,000
And found himself trying to hold
together a massive political and

2914
02:40:17,000 --> 02:40:19,200
economic machine without the 
instruction manual. 

2915
02:40:20,000 --> 02:40:22,300
The first sign that something 
was seriously wrong came from 

2916
02:40:22,300 --> 02:40:25,200
the gold mines. 
The miners who had worked for 

2917
02:40:25,200 --> 02:40:27,800
Generations under the watchful 
eye of musa's appointed 

2918
02:40:27,800 --> 02:40:30,900
Governors suddenly found 
themselves with no clear chain 

2919
02:40:30,900 --> 02:40:33,700
of command. 
Some mines shut down entirely 

2920
02:40:33,700 --> 02:40:36,400
when local Chiefs couldn't agree
on who had the authority to keep

2921
02:40:36,400 --> 02:40:39,000
them running. 
Others kept operating, but with 

2922
02:40:39,000 --> 02:40:41,500
no one to report to about 
production levels or security, 

2923
02:40:41,500 --> 02:40:44,700
it was like having an ATM that 
kept spitting out money, but 

2924
02:40:44,700 --> 02:40:48,600
with no Bank behind it. the 
confusion spread like spilled 

2925
02:40:48,600 --> 02:40:51,900
coffee on a white tablecloth 
trade routes that had operated 

2926
02:40:51,900 --> 02:40:55,200
smoothly for decades, suddenly 
became hazardous, as local 

2927
02:40:55,200 --> 02:40:58,900
rulers sensing opportunity 
started demanding their own 

2928
02:40:58,900 --> 02:41:02,800
tribute from passing Caravans 
Some Caravan simply stopped 

2929
02:41:02,800 --> 02:41:05,800
coming which was catastrophic 
for cities that depended on 

2930
02:41:05,800 --> 02:41:09,900
trade like fish depend on water.
Timbuktu, which had been the 

2931
02:41:09,900 --> 02:41:13,000
intellectual capital of the 
world, found its University's 

2932
02:41:13,000 --> 02:41:15,100
struggling to pay Scholars as 
funding dried up. 

2933
02:41:16,100 --> 02:41:18,800
What made the situation even 
more bizarre was the complete 

2934
02:41:18,800 --> 02:41:22,800
absence of any explanation. 
In medieval times when a ruler 

2935
02:41:22,800 --> 02:41:26,000
died, there were ceremonies 
announcements and usually quite 

2936
02:41:26,000 --> 02:41:29,100
a bit of dramatic whaling. 
When they went missing search 

2937
02:41:29,100 --> 02:41:32,400
parties, were organized rewards 
were offered and generally 

2938
02:41:32,400 --> 02:41:33,800
speaking. 
Someone made a fuss. 

2939
02:41:34,600 --> 02:41:37,900
But in musa's case, there was 
nothing, no official statement, 

2940
02:41:37,900 --> 02:41:41,300
No search efforts, no leaked 
gossip from Palace servants. 

2941
02:41:41,300 --> 02:41:45,300
It was as if the entire Imperial
Court had collectively decided 

2942
02:41:45,300 --> 02:41:48,600
to pretend nothing had happened.
The neighboring kingdoms, 

2943
02:41:48,600 --> 02:41:51,600
meanwhile, were watching this 
unfold like spectators at a 

2944
02:41:51,600 --> 02:41:54,000
tennis match. 
The kingdom of Songhai to the 

2945
02:41:54,000 --> 02:41:57,200
East and the Moroccan Sultans to
the North had spent decades 

2946
02:41:57,200 --> 02:41:59,200
being politely envious of 
mali's. 

2947
02:41:59,200 --> 02:42:02,100
Wealth, while maintaining 
careful diplomatic relations. 

2948
02:42:02,700 --> 02:42:04,800
Now, they found themselves 
wondering if they should send 

2949
02:42:04,800 --> 02:42:08,600
condolence gifts, congratulation
cards or Invasion armies. 

2950
02:42:10,000 --> 02:42:11,900
The uncertainty was driving 
everyone. 

2951
02:42:11,900 --> 02:42:14,700
A little crazy. 
Some historians believe that 

2952
02:42:14,700 --> 02:42:17,600
Muses disappearance was actually
part of an elaborate plan 

2953
02:42:17,600 --> 02:42:19,800
possibly connected to 
information. 

2954
02:42:19,800 --> 02:42:23,100
He'd received about Portuguese 
explorers who were beginning to 

2955
02:42:23,100 --> 02:42:26,500
probe the West African Coast. 
Other suggest that he 

2956
02:42:26,500 --> 02:42:29,200
discovered, something in his 
Empire's archives or mines that 

2957
02:42:29,200 --> 02:42:31,000
required immediate and secret 
action. 

2958
02:42:32,400 --> 02:42:35,100
Few romantic Souls like to 
imagine that he'd simply grown 

2959
02:42:35,100 --> 02:42:38,700
tired of being the richest man 
alive and had decided to try 

2960
02:42:38,700 --> 02:42:41,800
being anonymous for a while. 
Let's take a step back and talk 

2961
02:42:41,800 --> 02:42:44,000
about the last time. 
Anyone was absolutely, 

2962
02:42:44,000 --> 02:42:47,500
positively sure, they were 
handsome was and boy. 

2963
02:42:47,500 --> 02:42:52,000
Did they know where he was? 
It was 1324 and Musa had 

2964
02:42:52,000 --> 02:42:53,600
decided. 
It was time to fulfill his 

2965
02:42:53,600 --> 02:42:55,700
religious duty of making the 
Hajj to Mecca. 

2966
02:42:56,500 --> 02:42:59,500
Now, when most people go on 
pilgrimage, they pack Lite, 

2967
02:42:59,500 --> 02:43:03,200
maybe bring a few snacks for the
road and try not to spend too 

2968
02:43:03,200 --> 02:43:05,900
much money. 
Mauser approached his pilgrimage

2969
02:43:05,900 --> 02:43:08,800
the way some people approach, 
Black Friday shopping, With 

2970
02:43:08,808 --> 02:43:11,600
overwhelming force and a 
complete disregard for Economic 

2971
02:43:11,600 --> 02:43:15,000
Consequences. 
Imagine a caravan so vast that 

2972
02:43:15,000 --> 02:43:16,600
it resembled a bustling small 
City. 

2973
02:43:17,700 --> 02:43:20,500
We were referring to a caravan 
of 60,000 individuals. 

2974
02:43:20,500 --> 02:43:25,900
Comprising soldiers servants, 
Merchants Scholars, and likely a

2975
02:43:25,900 --> 02:43:28,300
few individuals who merely wish 
to observe the excitement. 

2976
02:43:29,700 --> 02:43:32,700
The most significant aspect is 
that Musa brought 80 camels. 

2977
02:43:32,700 --> 02:43:35,300
Each of which carried 300 pounds
of gold. 

2978
02:43:35,300 --> 02:43:39,300
This mounts to approximately 
24,000 pounds of gold, which 

2979
02:43:39,300 --> 02:43:42,300
Musa casually carried across the
desert as if it were a routine 

2980
02:43:42,300 --> 02:43:44,900
tasks. 
To put the situation in 

2981
02:43:44,900 --> 02:43:47,900
perspective, that's more gold 
than most countries had in their

2982
02:43:47,900 --> 02:43:51,800
entire National treasuries. 
Caravan moved across North 

2983
02:43:51,800 --> 02:43:54,100
Africa, like a slow motion 
parade of abundance. 

2984
02:43:54,100 --> 02:43:58,200
Every city, they passed through 
became temporarily the richest 

2985
02:43:58,200 --> 02:44:00,700
place on Earth. 
Musa didn't just travel. 

2986
02:44:00,700 --> 02:44:04,400
He celebrated He threw parties 
that would make modern 

2987
02:44:04,400 --> 02:44:06,700
billionaires. 
Birthday bashes look like modest

2988
02:44:06,700 --> 02:44:09,200
potluck dinners. 
He employed local musicians 

2989
02:44:09,200 --> 02:44:13,600
occupied entire marketplaces and
lavishly distributed gold as if 

2990
02:44:13,608 --> 02:44:17,100
it were a fashion statement but 
the real fireworks happened in 

2991
02:44:17,100 --> 02:44:19,500
Cairo. 
The city was already one of the 

2992
02:44:19,500 --> 02:44:21,400
great trading hubs of the 
Medieval World. 

2993
02:44:21,400 --> 02:44:25,400
A place where Merchants from 
Europe Asia and Africa came to 

2994
02:44:25,400 --> 02:44:30,300
make deals and exchange Not Just
Goods but gossip When Musa 

2995
02:44:30,300 --> 02:44:32,200
rolled into town, with his 
golden Caravan. 

2996
02:44:32,200 --> 02:44:36,100
It was like a celebrity walking 
into a Small Town, Diner, every 

2997
02:44:36,100 --> 02:44:39,700
conversation, stopped. 
Every I turned every hand 

2998
02:44:39,700 --> 02:44:43,600
extended in greeting. 
Musa stated in Cairo for three 

2999
02:44:43,600 --> 02:44:45,400
months. 
And during that time, he 

3000
02:44:45,400 --> 02:44:49,200
single-handedly redefine the 
concept of generous spending, he

3001
02:44:49,200 --> 02:44:52,100
bought everything that caught 
his eye tipped servants with 

3002
02:44:52,100 --> 02:44:55,500
chunks of gold, and made 
donations to local mosques that 

3003
02:44:55,500 --> 02:44:57,200
left the religious leaders 
speechless. 

3004
02:44:58,400 --> 02:45:01,600
One chronicler wrote that Musa 
gave away so much gold that it's

3005
02:45:01,600 --> 02:45:06,500
valued didn't recover for 10 
years. 10 years, this behavior 

3006
02:45:06,500 --> 02:45:10,000
is not generosity. 
It resembles economic Warfare 

3007
02:45:10,000 --> 02:45:13,000
disguised as kindness, the 
Egyptian merchants and 

3008
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:15,500
government officials found 
themselves in a complex and 

3009
02:45:15,500 --> 02:45:18,800
challenging situation. 
On one hand, they were making 

3010
02:45:18,800 --> 02:45:20,400
more money than they'd ever 
dreamed. 

3011
02:45:20,400 --> 02:45:22,700
Of. 
On the other hand, they were 

3012
02:45:22,700 --> 02:45:24,200
watching their entire monetary 
system. 

3013
02:45:24,200 --> 02:45:28,000
Collapse in real time when gold 
becomes as common as sand 

3014
02:45:28,000 --> 02:45:31,100
suddenly, your lifesaving, don't
seem quite as substantial. 

3015
02:45:31,900 --> 02:45:34,400
Some clever merchants started, 
trading their gold for silver 

3016
02:45:34,400 --> 02:45:37,100
and other Goods, essentially 
playing the medieval equivalent 

3017
02:45:37,100 --> 02:45:40,900
of currency speculation. 
However, this is where the story

3018
02:45:40,900 --> 02:45:44,300
becomes particularly intriguing 
as it prompts one to consider. 

3019
02:45:44,300 --> 02:45:46,700
Whether medieval people were 
inherently, more skilled at 

3020
02:45:46,700 --> 02:45:50,200
drama than we are today. 
Moose's display of wealth wasn't

3021
02:45:50,200 --> 02:45:52,700
just about showing off. 
It was a carefully. 

3022
02:45:52,700 --> 02:45:56,400
Calculated diplomatic move, he 
was announcing to the world that

3023
02:45:56,400 --> 02:45:58,100
Molly wasn't just some distant 
Kingdom. 

3024
02:45:58,100 --> 02:45:59,400
That happened to have gold 
mines. 

3025
02:46:00,300 --> 02:46:03,300
It was a major power that could 
afford to destabilize entire 

3026
02:46:03,300 --> 02:46:05,700
economies casually just by being
generous. 

3027
02:46:06,700 --> 02:46:09,500
The news of musa's pilgrimage 
swiftly disseminated throughout 

3028
02:46:09,500 --> 02:46:12,900
the Medieval World, akin to a 
lively conversation at a family 

3029
02:46:12,900 --> 02:46:16,800
gathering European map makers 
who had previously labeled most 

3030
02:46:16,800 --> 02:46:19,700
of Africa as here be dragons or 
just left it blank. 

3031
02:46:19,700 --> 02:46:21,800
Suddenly started drawing 
details. 

3032
02:46:21,800 --> 02:46:24,300
Pictures of a king holding a 
massive gold nugget. 

3033
02:46:25,500 --> 02:46:29,300
The famous Catalan atlas of 1375
shows Musa, sitting on his 

3034
02:46:29,300 --> 02:46:32,700
throne crown on his head gold. 
Orb, in his hand with the 

3035
02:46:32,700 --> 02:46:35,100
caption describing him as the 
richest king in the world. 

3036
02:46:36,300 --> 02:46:39,000
But perhaps the most telling 
detail about musa's pilgrimage 

3037
02:46:39,000 --> 02:46:40,400
was, what happened on the way 
back. 

3038
02:46:41,200 --> 02:46:44,200
By the time he reached Cairo 
again, the gold market still 

3039
02:46:44,200 --> 02:46:45,900
hadn't recovered from his 
previous visit. 

3040
02:46:46,700 --> 02:46:49,900
The irony wasn't lost on anyone.
The man who had crashed the gold

3041
02:46:49,900 --> 02:46:51,800
market. 
Now found himself in the unusual

3042
02:46:51,800 --> 02:46:53,200
position of having to borrow 
money. 

3043
02:46:53,900 --> 02:46:55,700
Yes, the richest man in the 
world. 

3044
02:46:55,700 --> 02:46:58,900
Took out a loan. 
He needed, Egyptian gold to fund

3045
02:46:58,900 --> 02:47:00,000
the remainder of his journey 
home. 

3046
02:47:00,000 --> 02:47:03,100
Promising to pay it back with 
interest once he reached his own

3047
02:47:03,100 --> 02:47:06,400
gold mines. 
This little detail tells us 

3048
02:47:06,400 --> 02:47:09,800
something important about musa's
character, he wasn't just 

3049
02:47:09,800 --> 02:47:13,700
wealthy, he was practical, he 
understood that wealth was a 

3050
02:47:13,708 --> 02:47:17,100
tool, not a trophy, he was 
willing to go into debt, 

3051
02:47:17,100 --> 02:47:19,600
temporarily to maintain his 
Expeditions momentum. 

3052
02:47:19,600 --> 02:47:22,900
Confident that he could easily 
repay the loan once he returned 

3053
02:47:22,900 --> 02:47:26,100
to his Empire. 
It's the kind of financial 

3054
02:47:26,100 --> 02:47:28,800
flexibility that comes from 
owning most of the world's gold 

3055
02:47:28,800 --> 02:47:31,300
Supply. 
The pilgrimage also revealed 

3056
02:47:31,300 --> 02:47:34,500
something else about Musa. 
He was genuinely curious about 

3057
02:47:34,500 --> 02:47:37,800
the world Beyond his Empire. 
He spent time in cairo's 

3058
02:47:37,800 --> 02:47:41,200
library's met with Scholars, and
religious leaders, and generally

3059
02:47:41,200 --> 02:47:43,000
acted. 
Like a man who understood that 

3060
02:47:43,000 --> 02:47:44,600
knowledge was as valuable as 
gold. 

3061
02:47:45,800 --> 02:47:48,700
Some historians believe that it 
was during this pilgrimage that.

3062
02:47:48,700 --> 02:47:51,500
He first heard rumors about 
lands Across the Western Ocean 

3063
02:47:51,500 --> 02:47:53,800
rumors. 
That would later play a crucial 

3064
02:47:53,800 --> 02:47:55,400
role in his mysterious 
disappearance. 

3065
02:47:55,400 --> 02:47:58,600
You know, how some people have a
lucky penny or maybe a special 

3066
02:47:58,600 --> 02:48:00,200
coffee mug that just makes their
day better. 

3067
02:48:01,000 --> 02:48:03,000
Well, Mansa Musa had entire 
mountains. 

3068
02:48:03,000 --> 02:48:06,200
That did that for him, except 
instead of luck or caffeine, 

3069
02:48:06,200 --> 02:48:10,800
they provided literally tons of 
gold, the Bamba can beer 

3070
02:48:10,800 --> 02:48:13,400
goldfields weren't just minds. 
They were the economic 

3071
02:48:13,400 --> 02:48:16,500
foundation of the Medieval World
and Musa controlled them. 

3072
02:48:16,500 --> 02:48:19,000
Like a medieval oil, shake with 
a really shiny product. 

3073
02:48:20,300 --> 02:48:22,800
The nature of gold mining in, 
medieval Africa, differed. 

3074
02:48:22,800 --> 02:48:25,700
Significantly from the typical 
guy with a pickaxe and a dream 

3075
02:48:25,700 --> 02:48:28,100
operation. 
These were sophisticated 

3076
02:48:28,100 --> 02:48:31,100
Enterprises that had been 
running for Centuries with 

3077
02:48:31,100 --> 02:48:34,200
techniques passed down through 
generations like family recipes.

3078
02:48:35,200 --> 02:48:38,300
The miners used a combination of
surface panning and deep shaft 

3079
02:48:38,300 --> 02:48:40,100
mining. 
That would have impressed Roman 

3080
02:48:40,100 --> 02:48:43,000
Engineers. 
They diverted Rivers built a 

3081
02:48:43,000 --> 02:48:46,100
labret water systems and created
mining communities that were 

3082
02:48:46,100 --> 02:48:49,500
basically underground cities. 
Here's where it gets intriguing.

3083
02:48:49,500 --> 02:48:51,500
In that makes you want to dig 
deeper sort of way. 

3084
02:48:53,000 --> 02:48:56,200
The exact locations of these 
mines were state secrets of the 

3085
02:48:56,200 --> 02:48:59,200
highest order. 
Musa didn't just control the 

3086
02:48:59,200 --> 02:49:02,100
gold, he can control the 
knowledge of where it came from 

3087
02:49:02,100 --> 02:49:04,700
foreign Merchants. 
Could buy all the goal they 

3088
02:49:04,708 --> 02:49:07,800
wanted in the markets of 
Timbuktu or Jenny but they were 

3089
02:49:07,800 --> 02:49:09,500
never allowed near the actual 
mines. 

3090
02:49:10,300 --> 02:49:13,500
It was like having the world's 
most exclusive Club except 

3091
02:49:13,500 --> 02:49:16,700
instead of a Velvet Rope, there 
were armed guards and a policy 

3092
02:49:16,700 --> 02:49:18,900
of permanent membership denial 
for Outsiders. 

3093
02:49:18,900 --> 02:49:21,900
The secrecy wasn't just about 
protecting the gold. 

3094
02:49:21,900 --> 02:49:24,800
It was about protecting the 
entire economic system. 

3095
02:49:25,600 --> 02:49:28,600
If word got out about the exact 
location and scale of the minds,

3096
02:49:28,600 --> 02:49:31,600
every ambitious King from 
Morocco, to Egypt would have 

3097
02:49:31,600 --> 02:49:33,100
started planning Invasion 
routes. 

3098
02:49:33,100 --> 02:49:37,000
So Musa, created layers of 
security that would make modern 

3099
02:49:37,000 --> 02:49:41,000
intelligence agencies jealous. 
The gold was mined in one 

3100
02:49:41,000 --> 02:49:44,400
location, processed in another 
and transported through a 

3101
02:49:44,400 --> 02:49:45,900
network of routes that changed 
regularly. 

3102
02:49:45,900 --> 02:49:49,600
The mine is the selves were 
Bound by Oaths, that were more 

3103
02:49:49,600 --> 02:49:52,100
serious than modern 
non-disclosure agreements. 

3104
02:49:52,800 --> 02:49:55,400
They were just employees. 
They were part of a secret 

3105
02:49:55,400 --> 02:49:58,200
society that understood their 
work was the foundation of an 

3106
02:49:58,200 --> 02:50:01,500
entire civilization. 
Many of them lived their entire 

3107
02:50:01,500 --> 02:50:04,300
lives within the mining 
communities, rarely venturing 

3108
02:50:04,300 --> 02:50:06,800
into the outside world. 
They developed their own 

3109
02:50:06,800 --> 02:50:09,400
Customs, their dialects and 
their ways of talking about 

3110
02:50:09,400 --> 02:50:11,900
their work that outside is 
couldn't understand. 

3111
02:50:13,500 --> 02:50:16,900
What made the situation even 
more remarkable was the scale of

3112
02:50:16,900 --> 02:50:19,800
production conservative 
estimates suggest that during 

3113
02:50:19,800 --> 02:50:22,900
musa's Reign the Mali Empire 
produced more gold than the rest

3114
02:50:22,908 --> 02:50:25,700
of the world combined. 
We're talking about thousands of

3115
02:50:25,700 --> 02:50:29,000
pounds of gold per year, flowing
out of the earth like water from

3116
02:50:29,000 --> 02:50:32,100
a spring. 
This wasn't just mining, it was 

3117
02:50:32,100 --> 02:50:35,700
geological Magic on an 
industrial scale but gold wasn't

3118
02:50:35,700 --> 02:50:37,800
the only secret hiding in mali's
Minds. 

3119
02:50:39,100 --> 02:50:41,700
The same geological formations 
that produced gold. 

3120
02:50:41,700 --> 02:50:46,200
Also contained other valuable 
minerals, silver copper, and 

3121
02:50:46,200 --> 02:50:50,900
most importantly, Salt. 
The salt mines of tahaza were 

3122
02:50:50,900 --> 02:50:54,000
almost as valuable as the gold 
mines, and they were even more 

3123
02:50:54,000 --> 02:50:57,300
carefully guarded. 
In a world without Refrigeration

3124
02:50:57,300 --> 02:51:01,500
salt was a crucial commodity and
managing its Supply was akin to 

3125
02:51:01,508 --> 02:51:04,800
managing the entire food chain. 
The relationship between moose 

3126
02:51:04,800 --> 02:51:08,000
and his miners was complex, 
almost like a marriage between 

3127
02:51:08,000 --> 02:51:10,000
practical necessity and mutual 
respect. 

3128
02:51:11,000 --> 02:51:14,100
He provided protection 
infrastructure and fair 

3129
02:51:14,100 --> 02:51:17,500
compensation while they provided
the foundation of his Empire's 

3130
02:51:17,500 --> 02:51:20,500
wealth. 
It was not exactly feudalism nor

3131
02:51:20,500 --> 02:51:23,200
was it modern capitalism. 
It was something uniquely 

3132
02:51:23,200 --> 02:51:27,100
African A system that balanced 
individual skill with Collective

3133
02:51:27,100 --> 02:51:30,000
responsibility. 
Some historians believe that 

3134
02:51:30,000 --> 02:51:32,400
Muses disappearance was directly
connected to something 

3135
02:51:32,400 --> 02:51:36,200
discovered in the mines, maybe 
it was a new deposit, so vast 

3136
02:51:36,200 --> 02:51:39,200
that it required complete 
secrecy to exploit safely. 

3137
02:51:39,200 --> 02:51:43,600
Maybe it was the discovery of 
other materials precious stones 

3138
02:51:43,600 --> 02:51:46,700
rare metals or even written 
records from previous 

3139
02:51:46,700 --> 02:51:49,700
civilizations. 
The mines had been worked for 

3140
02:51:49,700 --> 02:51:53,600
centuries Before musa's Time and
its entirely possible that they 

3141
02:51:53,600 --> 02:51:56,300
contained archaeological. 
Treasures, along with geological

3142
02:51:56,300 --> 02:51:58,700
ones. 
There's also the Intriguing 

3143
02:51:58,700 --> 02:52:00,200
possibility that Musa 
discovered. 

3144
02:52:00,200 --> 02:52:03,800
The mines were running out, 
medieval mining techniques while

3145
02:52:03,800 --> 02:52:07,000
sophisticated were limited by 
the technology of the time. 

3146
02:52:07,000 --> 02:52:10,600
If geological surveys had 
suggested that the gold deposits

3147
02:52:10,600 --> 02:52:13,200
were finite. 
Mussa might have realized that 

3148
02:52:13,200 --> 02:52:16,300
his Empires Foundation was less 
permanent than everyone assumed 

3149
02:52:17,100 --> 02:52:20,700
that kind of information would 
have required immediate action 

3150
02:52:20,700 --> 02:52:24,800
to protect mali's, future The 
transportation of gold from the 

3151
02:52:24,800 --> 02:52:27,100
mines, to the markets was 
itself, a masterpiece of 

3152
02:52:27,108 --> 02:52:30,000
logistics. 
Caravan's moved in carefully, 

3153
02:52:30,000 --> 02:52:33,800
planned sequences with decoy 
Roots, false destinations and 

3154
02:52:33,800 --> 02:52:35,800
security measures. 
That would have impressed, 

3155
02:52:35,800 --> 02:52:39,900
modern armored car companies. 
The gold was disguised to divide

3156
02:52:39,900 --> 02:52:42,700
it among multiple Caravans, and 
transported along. 

3157
02:52:42,700 --> 02:52:45,000
Route that changed with the 
seasons and the political 

3158
02:52:45,000 --> 02:52:48,800
climate But perhaps the most 
important secret about the mines

3159
02:52:48,800 --> 02:52:51,100
was something that Musa took 
with him when he vanished. 

3160
02:52:51,900 --> 02:52:53,800
The knowledge of how to find new
deposits. 

3161
02:52:54,700 --> 02:52:57,200
Medieval African Prospectors had
techniques for reading the 

3162
02:52:57,200 --> 02:53:00,600
landscape, understanding 
geological formations and 

3163
02:53:00,600 --> 02:53:03,300
predicting, where gold might be 
found that were far more 

3164
02:53:03,308 --> 02:53:07,400
advanced than anything Europeans
possessed when Musa disappeared.

3165
02:53:07,400 --> 02:53:10,700
He took not just his knowledge, 
but the entire institutional 

3166
02:53:10,700 --> 02:53:12,800
memory of the Empire's 
geological expertise. 

3167
02:53:12,800 --> 02:53:16,300
Here's where our story takes a 
term that Stranger Than Anything

3168
02:53:16,300 --> 02:53:20,000
Hollywood could dream up. 
Sitting in his Palace in the 

3169
02:53:20,000 --> 02:53:22,900
Army surrounded by more gold 
than most people can imagine 

3170
02:53:22,900 --> 02:53:25,300
Mansa. 
Musa became obsessed with 

3171
02:53:25,300 --> 02:53:28,100
something that should have been 
completely irrelevant to the 

3172
02:53:28,100 --> 02:53:31,700
world's richest man. 
The Western Ocean, not the 

3173
02:53:31,700 --> 02:53:33,800
Mediterranean which was 
basically medieval 

3174
02:53:33,800 --> 02:53:37,100
civilization's highway but the 
Atlantic which most people 

3175
02:53:37,100 --> 02:53:39,800
considered the edge of the world
where dragons lived in ships 

3176
02:53:39,800 --> 02:53:43,700
went to die. 
Now, you might be thinking, why 

3177
02:53:43,700 --> 02:53:46,200
would someone who can control 
half of Africa's wealth care 

3178
02:53:46,200 --> 02:53:49,700
about a bunch of water? 
Well, it turns out that Musa 

3179
02:53:49,700 --> 02:53:53,200
wasn't just wealthy. 
He was curious and in medieval 

3180
02:53:53,200 --> 02:53:56,500
times curiosity about the 
unknown was often the first step

3181
02:53:56,500 --> 02:53:58,200
toward doing something 
completely insane. 

3182
02:53:59,500 --> 02:54:02,400
According to several Arab 
historians Musa had become 

3183
02:54:02,400 --> 02:54:05,700
convinced that there were Lands 
Beyond the Western Ocean lands, 

3184
02:54:05,700 --> 02:54:08,200
that might contain riches, that 
would make even his legendary 

3185
02:54:08,200 --> 02:54:11,800
wealthy modest. 
The Story Goes that musa's 

3186
02:54:11,800 --> 02:54:14,300
predecessor a ruler named 
abubakari. 

3187
02:54:14,300 --> 02:54:17,400
The second had become so 
obsessed with exploring the 

3188
02:54:17,400 --> 02:54:20,600
Atlantic that he'd abdicated, 
his throne to lead, a naval 

3189
02:54:20,600 --> 02:54:24,000
Expedition himself, indeed a 
medieval African king 

3190
02:54:24,000 --> 02:54:26,400
relinquished, his crown to 
embark on a voyage into the 

3191
02:54:26,400 --> 02:54:31,400
unknown. abubakari had assembled
a fleet of 2000 ships, loaded 

3192
02:54:31,400 --> 02:54:35,800
them with supplies and sailed 
West in 1311, only one ship 

3193
02:54:35,800 --> 02:54:38,500
returned and its Captain 
reported that the others had 

3194
02:54:38,500 --> 02:54:41,900
been swallowed by the ocean. 
Most reasonable people would 

3195
02:54:41,900 --> 02:54:44,600
have taken the incident as a 
sign that maybe the Atlantic 

3196
02:54:44,600 --> 02:54:46,900
wasn't worth the trouble, but 
Musa wasn't. 

3197
02:54:46,900 --> 02:54:49,600
Most people. 
Musa was a man who saw a 

3198
02:54:49,600 --> 02:54:51,500
business opportunity and a 
collapsed Golden Market. 

3199
02:54:52,300 --> 02:54:55,100
The Disappearance of Abu 
bakari's Fleet didn't discourage

3200
02:54:55,100 --> 02:54:58,800
him, it challenged him. 
He began planning an expedition 

3201
02:54:58,800 --> 02:55:01,200
that would make his predecessors
attempt to look like a pleasure 

3202
02:55:01,200 --> 02:55:03,900
Cruise. 
Multiple sources provide 

3203
02:55:03,900 --> 02:55:07,500
evidence of musa's Ambitions in 
the Atlantic revealing a man who

3204
02:55:07,500 --> 02:55:09,600
was Thinking Beyond the 
conventional boundaries of his 

3205
02:55:09,600 --> 02:55:11,900
time? 
He commissioned the construction

3206
02:55:11,900 --> 02:55:14,400
of ships that were larger and 
more advanced than anything 

3207
02:55:14,400 --> 02:55:18,000
Africa had ever seen. 
These were not merely trading 

3208
02:55:18,000 --> 02:55:22,200
vessels but exploration vessels 
built to transport month's worth

3209
02:55:22,200 --> 02:55:25,400
of supplies and outfitted with 
navigational equipment, that 

3210
02:55:25,400 --> 02:55:27,900
would have been fitting for 
European ship, a century later, 

3211
02:55:27,900 --> 02:55:31,300
but here's where it gets even 
more interesting in that makes 

3212
02:55:31,300 --> 02:55:33,500
you want to check your history 
books, sort of way. 

3213
02:55:34,700 --> 02:55:37,000
Historians. 
Hold the belief that Moose's 

3214
02:55:37,000 --> 02:55:39,800
ships successfully traversed. 
The Atlantic long before 

3215
02:55:39,800 --> 02:55:41,600
Columbus. 
Lost his way in search of India.

3216
02:55:42,400 --> 02:55:44,900
There are tantalizing hints 
linguistic. 

3217
02:55:44,900 --> 02:55:47,500
Similarities between West 
African languages and certain 

3218
02:55:47,500 --> 02:55:50,600
Native American dialects 
archaeological evidence of 

3219
02:55:50,600 --> 02:55:52,500
African presence in 
pre-columbian America. 

3220
02:55:52,500 --> 02:55:57,100
And most intriguingly references
in Mayan and Aztec text to dark 

3221
02:55:57,100 --> 02:55:59,200
skinned visitors from across the
Eastern Sea. 

3222
02:56:00,000 --> 02:56:02,600
The preparation for musa's. 
Atlantic expedition, was 

3223
02:56:02,600 --> 02:56:05,900
typically thorough Moussa, 
didn't simply assemble a fleet 

3224
02:56:05,900 --> 02:56:09,100
of boats and rely on luck. 
He spent years studying, ocean 

3225
02:56:09,100 --> 02:56:11,800
currents, wind patterns, and 
navigation techniques. 

3226
02:56:12,600 --> 02:56:15,200
He consulted Arab Sailors who 
had experienced with 

3227
02:56:15,200 --> 02:56:18,600
long-distance Ocean Travel and 
he even brought in experts from 

3228
02:56:18,600 --> 02:56:23,300
as far away as China and India. 
His voyage was going to be a 

3229
02:56:23,300 --> 02:56:26,500
scientific Expedition. 
Not a medieval equivalent of a 

3230
02:56:26,500 --> 02:56:28,700
road trip. 
The ships themselves were 

3231
02:56:28,700 --> 02:56:32,700
marvels of medieval engineering.
Based on descriptions from Arab,

3232
02:56:32,700 --> 02:56:34,800
chroniclers, they were massive 
vessels. 

3233
02:56:34,800 --> 02:56:39,300
Some over 200 feet long with 
multiple decks sophisticated 

3234
02:56:39,300 --> 02:56:42,800
steering systems and storage 
capacity for months of supplies.

3235
02:56:43,600 --> 02:56:46,100
They were built using techniques
that combined traditional 

3236
02:56:46,100 --> 02:56:49,500
African shipbuilding with 
Innovations borrowed from Arab 

3237
02:56:49,500 --> 02:56:52,100
and possibly even Chinese 
Maritime technology. 

3238
02:56:53,100 --> 02:56:56,000
But perhaps the most telling 
detail about Moose's, Atlantic 

3239
02:56:56,000 --> 02:56:58,300
preparations, was the secrecy 
surrounding them. 

3240
02:56:59,100 --> 02:57:02,600
Muscat, the Atlantic Expedition 
quiet, unlike his famous 

3241
02:57:02,600 --> 02:57:05,100
pilgrimage that aimed to impress
the world with mali's. 

3242
02:57:05,100 --> 02:57:07,600
Wealth. 
Ships were built in remote 

3243
02:57:07,600 --> 02:57:11,200
locations, supplies were 
gathered, discreetly and crew 

3244
02:57:11,200 --> 02:57:15,100
members were sworn to secrecy. 
This Mission wasn't about 

3245
02:57:15,100 --> 02:57:17,400
showing off. 
This was about achieving 

3246
02:57:17,400 --> 02:57:18,800
something that would change the 
world. 

3247
02:57:19,800 --> 02:57:22,500
Many historians can conclude 
that Musa didn't vanish at all. 

3248
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:27,000
He sailed specially give the 
timing of his disappearance just

3249
02:57:27,000 --> 02:57:29,000
as these preparations were 
reaching completion. 

3250
02:57:30,400 --> 02:57:33,100
The theory goes that Musa, 
perhaps inspired by his 

3251
02:57:33,100 --> 02:57:35,900
predecessors failure and armed 
with better ships. 

3252
02:57:35,900 --> 02:57:39,000
And more knowledge decided to 
lead the Expedition himself. 

3253
02:57:40,000 --> 02:57:43,200
He would explain why he 
disappeared so completely why, 

3254
02:57:43,200 --> 02:57:46,200
there were no remains or obvious
successes and why the 

3255
02:57:46,200 --> 02:57:48,000
preparations for the Atlantic 
Voyage stopped. 

3256
02:57:48,000 --> 02:57:52,200
So abruptly. 
If Musa did sale West, it raises

3257
02:57:52,200 --> 02:57:54,700
fascinating questions about what
he might have found. 

3258
02:57:55,600 --> 02:57:58,200
The Atlantic currents that flow 
from West Africa to the 

3259
02:57:58,200 --> 02:57:59,800
Americas. 
Would have carried his ships 

3260
02:57:59,800 --> 02:58:03,000
directly to the Caribbean or the
coast of South America. 

3261
02:58:04,100 --> 02:58:07,700
Given the sophistication of his 
preparation and the resources at

3262
02:58:07,700 --> 02:58:10,200
his disposal. 
It's entirely possible that he 

3263
02:58:10,200 --> 02:58:13,400
not only survived the journey, 
but also established contact 

3264
02:58:13,400 --> 02:58:15,300
with Native American 
civilizations. 

3265
02:58:16,000 --> 02:58:19,600
The idea of Mansa Musa, the 
richest man in medieval history 

3266
02:58:19,600 --> 02:58:22,900
in countering the Inca or Maya 
Empires decades. 

3267
02:58:22,900 --> 02:58:25,800
Before European contact, is the 
kind of historical. 

3268
02:58:25,800 --> 02:58:28,600
What if that makes you wonder 
how different the world might 

3269
02:58:28,600 --> 02:58:31,600
have been? 
The meeting of two incredibly 

3270
02:58:31,600 --> 02:58:34,800
wealthy and sophisticated 
civilizations occurred, not 

3271
02:58:34,800 --> 02:58:37,700
through Conquest but through 
exploration and trade. 

3272
02:58:37,700 --> 02:58:40,900
It's a tantalizing possibility 
that history has largely 

3273
02:58:40,900 --> 02:58:43,100
forgotten. 
You know, that Eerie feeling you

3274
02:58:43,100 --> 02:58:45,300
get when you're in a house in 
the air conditioning, suddenly 

3275
02:58:45,300 --> 02:58:48,700
shuts off and you realize there 
was this constant background hum

3276
02:58:48,700 --> 02:58:52,400
that you'd completely gotten 
used to. that's exactly what 

3277
02:58:52,400 --> 02:58:55,800
happened to the Medieval World 
after Mansa Musa, vanished, the 

3278
02:58:55,800 --> 02:58:58,800
constant Buzz of news trade 
updates and diplomatic messages 

3279
02:58:58,800 --> 02:59:01,400
from the Mali Empire just 
stopped. 

3280
02:59:02,100 --> 02:59:05,600
And the silence was deafening. 
The immediate aftermath of 

3281
02:59:05,600 --> 02:59:08,600
musa's disappearance was like 
watching dominoes fall in slow 

3282
02:59:08,600 --> 02:59:12,000
motion, his nephew McGann who 
had been left in charge tried to

3283
02:59:12,000 --> 02:59:14,700
maintain the illusion that 
everything was normal Royal 

3284
02:59:14,700 --> 02:59:17,900
proclamations continued to be 
issued, trade agreements were 

3285
02:59:17,900 --> 02:59:20,300
honored and the Machinery of 
government kept running. 

3286
02:59:21,300 --> 02:59:23,400
But anyone paying attention 
could see that something 

3287
02:59:23,400 --> 02:59:26,800
fundamental a change, it was 
like watching an orchestra 

3288
02:59:26,800 --> 02:59:30,300
continue playing after the 
conductor at the stage. the 

3289
02:59:30,308 --> 02:59:34,500
first people to notice were the 
merchants, these Merchants akin 

3290
02:59:34,500 --> 02:59:36,600
to International businessmen 
from the medieval area 

3291
02:59:36,600 --> 02:59:39,500
possessed, a keen awareness of 
political instability. 

3292
02:59:40,600 --> 02:59:43,900
Caravan routes which have been 
stable for decades, suddenly 

3293
02:59:43,900 --> 02:59:47,100
lost their reliability. 
Traders who had made Regular 

3294
02:59:47,100 --> 02:59:49,700
trips to mali's. 
Markets started reporting delays

3295
02:59:49,700 --> 02:59:53,700
confusion and a general sense 
that nobody was quite sure who 

3296
02:59:53,700 --> 02:59:56,400
was in charge of what. 
It was like trying to do 

3297
02:59:56,400 --> 02:59:58,700
business with a company where 
all the phones kept going to 

3298
02:59:58,700 --> 03:00:01,700
voicemail within a year. 
Rumors began to circulate 

3299
03:00:01,700 --> 03:00:04,600
Traders whispered. 
In the Cairo markets that 

3300
03:00:04,600 --> 03:00:08,300
jealous relatives had 
assassinated Musa, Sailors in 

3301
03:00:08,300 --> 03:00:11,000
the ports of Morocco asserted 
that Christian Crusaders had 

3302
03:00:11,000 --> 03:00:14,000
captured him. 
European courts, many of which 

3303
03:00:14,000 --> 03:00:16,500
had never heard of Marley until 
musa's famous pilgrimage, 

3304
03:00:16,500 --> 03:00:19,500
suddenly found themselves, 
fascinated by reports of 

3305
03:00:19,500 --> 03:00:23,000
succession crises and civil wars
in the mysterious Golden Empire.

3306
03:00:23,800 --> 03:00:26,800
Perhaps the most intriguing 
theories Came From Within Mali 

3307
03:00:26,800 --> 03:00:29,300
itself. 
Palace servants spoke in hushed 

3308
03:00:29,300 --> 03:00:32,700
tones About musa's final days 
claiming he'd been spending long

3309
03:00:32,700 --> 03:00:35,700
hours in the Royal Library 
studying ancient texts and 

3310
03:00:35,700 --> 03:00:38,200
Consulting Scholars about 
subjects that nobody else 

3311
03:00:38,200 --> 03:00:40,900
understood. 
Some said, he'd become obsessed 

3312
03:00:40,900 --> 03:00:42,500
with prophecies about the end of
the world. 

3313
03:00:42,500 --> 03:00:46,000
Others claimed, he discovered 
something in the deepest, mines 

3314
03:00:46,000 --> 03:00:48,100
that had convinced him to 
abandon his throne. 

3315
03:00:48,900 --> 03:00:52,800
The Atlantic Expedition Theory, 
gain traction, slowly mainly 

3316
03:00:52,800 --> 03:00:56,400
because it sounded so completely
insane that it took a while for 

3317
03:00:56,400 --> 03:01:01,100
people to consider it seriously.
But as the months passed and no 

3318
03:01:01,100 --> 03:01:03,300
trace of Musa appeared anywhere 
in Africa. 

3319
03:01:03,300 --> 03:01:06,100
All the Middle East, the idea 
that he'd sailed into the 

3320
03:01:06,108 --> 03:01:09,700
Western Ocean started to seem 
less crazy and more like the 

3321
03:01:09,700 --> 03:01:12,900
kind of thing that someone with 
unlimited resources and a 

3322
03:01:12,900 --> 03:01:14,800
serious case of Wanderlust might
actually do. 

3323
03:01:15,900 --> 03:01:19,000
What made the Atlantic Theory, 
particularly compelling was the 

3324
03:01:19,000 --> 03:01:20,900
discovery of musa's personal 
effects? 

3325
03:01:20,900 --> 03:01:23,900
It's more accurate to say that 
there was no discovery made. 

3326
03:01:24,700 --> 03:01:27,700
When medieval rulers died, they 
left behind distinctive, 

3327
03:01:27,700 --> 03:01:32,700
personal items, crowns SEPTA's, 
religious artifacts and personal

3328
03:01:32,700 --> 03:01:35,200
jewelry. 
These items were usually 

3329
03:01:35,200 --> 03:01:38,900
displayed buried with the ruler 
or passed down to successes. 

3330
03:01:39,700 --> 03:01:42,800
But none of musa's personal 
effects were ever found his 

3331
03:01:42,800 --> 03:01:46,800
crown, his famous golden staff, 
and his personal copies of the 

3332
03:01:46,800 --> 03:01:48,400
Quran. 
All gone. 

3333
03:01:48,400 --> 03:01:50,800
It was, as if he'd packed for a 
very long trip. 

3334
03:01:50,800 --> 03:01:54,400
The economic impact of musa's 
disappearance rippled outward 

3335
03:01:54,400 --> 03:01:56,700
like waves from a stone dropped 
in Stillwater. 

3336
03:01:57,600 --> 03:02:00,300
The gold market which had been 
stable for decades under his 

3337
03:02:00,300 --> 03:02:04,800
careful management began to 
fluctuate, wildly some mines, 

3338
03:02:04,800 --> 03:02:07,200
shut down entirely. 
When local managers couldn't get

3339
03:02:07,200 --> 03:02:08,700
clear direction from the central
government. 

3340
03:02:08,700 --> 03:02:12,900
Others kept operating, but with 
reduced security, leading to the

3341
03:02:12,900 --> 03:02:15,300
first recorded, gold thefts in 
mali's history. 

3342
03:02:16,700 --> 03:02:19,500
Meanwhile, neighboring kingdoms 
watched these developments with 

3343
03:02:19,500 --> 03:02:23,100
the mixture of concern and 
opportunity that medieval rulers

3344
03:02:23,100 --> 03:02:26,200
were famous for. 
The Moroccan Sultans who had 

3345
03:02:26,200 --> 03:02:28,600
spent years being politely 
envious of mali's. 

3346
03:02:28,600 --> 03:02:32,100
Wealth began making subtle 
diplomatic overtures to mali's, 

3347
03:02:32,100 --> 03:02:35,600
border, provinces, the kingdom 
of Songhai, which had been 

3348
03:02:35,608 --> 03:02:37,200
mali's. 
Respectful Eastern, neighbor 

3349
03:02:37,200 --> 03:02:40,600
started expanding its influence 
into territories that had 

3350
03:02:40,600 --> 03:02:44,100
previously been under mali's 
control But perhaps the most 

3351
03:02:44,100 --> 03:02:47,300
poignant aspect of musa's 
disappearance was its effect on 

3352
03:02:47,308 --> 03:02:51,200
the people of Mali itself. 
At stake wasn't just the loss of

3353
03:02:51,200 --> 03:02:53,500
a ruler. 
It was the loss of a symbol. 

3354
03:02:54,300 --> 03:02:58,000
Musa had represented, not just 
wealth and power, but the idea 

3355
03:02:58,000 --> 03:03:00,900
that African civilizations could
compete with anyone in the 

3356
03:03:00,900 --> 03:03:04,300
world, his pilgrimage had firmly
established Marley on the 

3357
03:03:04,308 --> 03:03:06,900
medieval map, both literally and
figuratively. 

3358
03:03:07,900 --> 03:03:11,300
His disappearance left to cycle,
that was a significant as the 

3359
03:03:11,308 --> 03:03:14,900
political one. 
The scholars of Timbuktu who had

3360
03:03:14,900 --> 03:03:17,300
enjoyed generous Royal patronage
under musa's rule. 

3361
03:03:17,300 --> 03:03:19,800
Found themselves in a 
particularly difficult position.

3362
03:03:20,600 --> 03:03:23,100
The library's and universities 
that had made the city, the 

3363
03:03:23,100 --> 03:03:25,500
intellectual center of the 
Medieval World Southern League 

3364
03:03:25,500 --> 03:03:27,200
faced funding cuts and 
uncertain. 

3365
03:03:27,200 --> 03:03:30,400
Futures some Scholars. 
Packed up their books and headed

3366
03:03:30,400 --> 03:03:33,800
for Cairo or Baghdad where 
patronage was more reliable. 

3367
03:03:33,800 --> 03:03:37,400
Others stayed hoping that Musa 
would return or that, his 

3368
03:03:37,400 --> 03:03:40,800
successors would continue his 
educational Investments as 

3369
03:03:40,800 --> 03:03:43,400
months turned into years, the 
theories about musa's 

3370
03:03:43,400 --> 03:03:45,800
disappearance became more 
elaborate and frankly more 

3371
03:03:45,800 --> 03:03:47,900
entertaining. 
Some claimed he'd been 

3372
03:03:47,908 --> 03:03:50,000
transformed into a spirit and 
was wandering. 

3373
03:03:50,000 --> 03:03:53,500
The desert protecting Travelers 
and Merchants others. 

3374
03:03:53,500 --> 03:03:55,400
Insisted. 
He discovered a secret Valley 

3375
03:03:55,400 --> 03:03:58,900
where gold grew on trees and was
living there in Paradise. 

3376
03:03:59,800 --> 03:04:03,200
A few romantic Souls maintain 
that he'd fallen in love with a 

3377
03:04:03,200 --> 03:04:06,000
mysterious princess from a 
distant land and had abandoned 

3378
03:04:06,000 --> 03:04:09,000
his throne for love. 
But perhaps the most persistent 

3379
03:04:09,000 --> 03:04:12,100
theory was also the most 
practical both medieval and 

3380
03:04:12,100 --> 03:04:14,400
modern historians. 
Hold the belief that Musa 

3381
03:04:14,400 --> 03:04:16,900
meticulously planned, and 
carried out his disappearance as

3382
03:04:16,900 --> 03:04:20,100
a political strategy. 
The idea is that he'd identified

3383
03:04:20,100 --> 03:04:23,800
threats to his Empire. 
Perhaps, Portuguese exploration 

3384
03:04:23,800 --> 03:04:27,100
of the African Coast or internal
political challenges and had 

3385
03:04:27,100 --> 03:04:29,600
decided that the best way to 
protect Molly, was to make 

3386
03:04:29,600 --> 03:04:33,300
himself unavailable for capture 
or assassination while secretly 

3387
03:04:33,300 --> 03:04:35,400
managing the Empire's transition
to new leadership. 

3388
03:04:35,400 --> 03:04:38,300
You may be wondering what 
happened to the gold, the 

3389
03:04:38,300 --> 03:04:41,100
theories, and how this relates 
to your life in the 21st 

3390
03:04:41,100 --> 03:04:44,200
century. 
Well, pour yourself another cup 

3391
03:04:44,200 --> 03:04:47,600
of tea because the ending of 
this story is both more and less

3392
03:04:47,600 --> 03:04:51,200
satisfying than you might expect
in that wonderfully, human way 

3393
03:04:51,200 --> 03:04:55,000
that real history defies, our 
need for neat conclusions, the 

3394
03:04:55,000 --> 03:04:56,900
truth is. 
Nobody knows what happened to 

3395
03:04:56,908 --> 03:05:01,900
Mansa Musa, despite centuries of
Investigation speculation and 

3396
03:05:01,900 --> 03:05:04,800
the occasional treasure hunter 
with more enthusiasm than sense,

3397
03:05:04,800 --> 03:05:07,800
his fate remains one of 
history's most compelling 

3398
03:05:07,800 --> 03:05:10,800
Mysteries. 
No convenient diary detailing 

3399
03:05:10,800 --> 03:05:14,500
his plans was left behind no 
loyal servant Pender details 

3400
03:05:14,500 --> 03:05:18,000
Memoir and no archaeological. 
Discovery has yielded definitive

3401
03:05:18,000 --> 03:05:21,000
answers. 
He simply vanished as completely

3402
03:05:21,000 --> 03:05:25,000
as if he'd never existed at all.
But here's the thing about 

3403
03:05:25,000 --> 03:05:27,500
Mysteries. 
Sometimes the not knowing is 

3404
03:05:27,500 --> 03:05:31,500
more important than the knowing.
Musa's disappearance created a 

3405
03:05:31,500 --> 03:05:33,900
legend that has lasted longer 
than most medieval kingdoms 

3406
03:05:33,900 --> 03:05:36,300
which had clear and documented 
endings. 

3407
03:05:37,100 --> 03:05:39,200
While other rulers are 
remembered for their deaths, 

3408
03:05:39,200 --> 03:05:42,400
their defeats or their boring 
administrative achievements, 

3409
03:05:42,400 --> 03:05:45,100
Musa is remembered for his 
ultimate mystery. 

3410
03:05:45,100 --> 03:05:51,000
He became in effect Immortal 
through absence, the Mali Empire

3411
03:05:51,000 --> 03:05:52,900
itself. 
Limped along for another Century

3412
03:05:52,900 --> 03:05:55,800
or so after Muses disappearance.
But it was never the same 

3413
03:05:55,800 --> 03:05:58,300
observing. 
The Mali Empire after the 

3414
03:05:58,300 --> 03:06:01,300
departure of its lead singer is 
akin to witnessing a band 

3415
03:06:01,308 --> 03:06:04,400
attempt to carry on despite the 
absence of the unique element 

3416
03:06:04,400 --> 03:06:08,000
that contributed to its magic. 
The gold mines continued to 

3417
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:11,400
produce wealth, the trade routes
remained profitable, and the 

3418
03:06:11,400 --> 03:06:12,900
cities maintained their 
importance. 

3419
03:06:12,900 --> 03:06:16,200
But the Empire gradually 
fragmented into smaller kingdoms

3420
03:06:16,200 --> 03:06:19,500
that were easier to manage, but 
less impressive to contemplate. 

3421
03:06:20,300 --> 03:06:23,700
What's fascinating is how most 
of story was forgotten, and then

3422
03:06:23,700 --> 03:06:26,700
rediscovered. 
For centuries after mali's 

3423
03:06:26,700 --> 03:06:30,000
declined European historians 
dismissed stories about the 

3424
03:06:30,000 --> 03:06:33,400
golden African king as myths. 
Presumably because they couldn't

3425
03:06:33,400 --> 03:06:36,000
imagine that medieval Africa, 
had produced someone wealthy 

3426
03:06:36,000 --> 03:06:39,300
than any European ruler. 
It wasn't until the 20th 

3427
03:06:39,300 --> 03:06:42,100
century, that serious, 
historical research, confirmed 

3428
03:06:42,100 --> 03:06:45,900
that yes, there really had been 
a man who controlled most of the

3429
03:06:45,900 --> 03:06:48,900
world's gold Supply and who had 
casually crashed the Egyptian 

3430
03:06:48,900 --> 03:06:53,300
economy just by being generous. 
Today Mansa, Musa is finally 

3431
03:06:53,300 --> 03:06:56,900
getting his due recognition. 
He regularly appears on lists of

3432
03:06:56,900 --> 03:06:59,600
the wealthiest people in 
history, adjusted for inflation,

3433
03:06:59,600 --> 03:07:03,100
and purchasing power. 
Modern estimates, put his wealth

3434
03:07:03,100 --> 03:07:07,100
at somewhere between 400 billion
dollars and 600 billion dollars.

3435
03:07:07,100 --> 03:07:10,500
In today's money, making him 
roughly four times wealthier 

3436
03:07:10,500 --> 03:07:12,300
than the current richest person 
alive. 

3437
03:07:13,400 --> 03:07:16,300
This is impressive, considering 
he has been deceased for seventh

3438
03:07:16,300 --> 03:07:19,400
centuries, but most of his real 
Legacy isn't just about money. 

3439
03:07:19,400 --> 03:07:23,400
It's about imagination. 
He embodies the Innovative 

3440
03:07:23,400 --> 03:07:27,200
mindset of the Medieval World 
advocating for the use of wealth

3441
03:07:27,200 --> 03:07:29,700
and power for exploration 
education. 

3442
03:07:29,700 --> 03:07:32,000
And genuine curiosity about the 
world. 

3443
03:07:32,900 --> 03:07:36,600
His pilgrimage was not solely 
motivated by religious duty, but

3444
03:07:36,600 --> 03:07:39,800
also by the desire to map his 
kingdom and established 

3445
03:07:39,800 --> 03:07:43,500
diplomatic relations with the 
global Community his possible. 

3446
03:07:43,500 --> 03:07:47,000
Atlantic Expedition, wasn't just
about Conquest, it was about 

3447
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:50,400
discovery. 
In our modern world, where we're

3448
03:07:50,400 --> 03:07:52,900
constantly told that the Age of 
Exploration is over and that 

3449
03:07:52,900 --> 03:07:56,400
everything has been discovered. 
Musa's story serves as a 

3450
03:07:56,400 --> 03:07:59,500
reminder that human curiosity 
and ambition can take us to 

3451
03:07:59,508 --> 03:08:01,000
places. 
We never imagined. 

3452
03:08:01,800 --> 03:08:04,200
He looked at notion that 
everyone else, considered 

3453
03:08:04,200 --> 03:08:05,800
impossible and saw an 
opportunity. 

3454
03:08:05,800 --> 03:08:08,700
He looked at wealth that 
everyone else would have hoarded

3455
03:08:08,700 --> 03:08:12,600
and saw a tool for building 
something greater The mystery of

3456
03:08:12,608 --> 03:08:15,600
his disappearance also speaks to
something, deeply human about 

3457
03:08:15,600 --> 03:08:17,900
our relationship with success 
and achievement. 

3458
03:08:18,800 --> 03:08:22,300
Here was a man who had 
everything, literally everything

3459
03:08:22,300 --> 03:08:24,600
and he chose to walk away from 
it. 

3460
03:08:25,400 --> 03:08:28,200
Whether he sailed into the 
Atlantic retreated to a secret 

3461
03:08:28,200 --> 03:08:31,300
location, while simply decided 
that being the richest man in 

3462
03:08:31,300 --> 03:08:35,500
the world was overrated, he made
a choice that prioritize mystery

3463
03:08:35,500 --> 03:08:38,600
over certainly and Adventure 
over security. 

3464
03:08:39,600 --> 03:08:41,400
Maybe that's why musa's story 
resonates. 

3465
03:08:41,400 --> 03:08:44,700
So strongly today, in a world 
where we're constantly tracking 

3466
03:08:44,700 --> 03:08:46,500
monitoring and documenting 
everything. 

3467
03:08:46,500 --> 03:08:49,200
There's something appealing 
about someone who managed to 

3468
03:08:49,200 --> 03:08:52,200
disappear. 
So completely he reminds us that

3469
03:08:52,200 --> 03:08:55,100
even in our hyper-connected age,
there are still Mysteries 

3470
03:08:55,100 --> 03:08:58,600
unknowns and places where the 
human Spirit can go that 

3471
03:08:58,600 --> 03:09:00,900
surveillance cameras and GPS 
tracking can't. 

3472
03:09:01,700 --> 03:09:04,100
So the next time you're feeling 
overwhelmed by the demands of 

3473
03:09:04,100 --> 03:09:07,400
Modern Life remember Mansa Musa.
Remember that? 

3474
03:09:07,400 --> 03:09:10,400
The richest man in history, 
chose mystery over certainty 

3475
03:09:10,400 --> 03:09:14,000
Adventure over security and the 
unknown over the comfortable. 

3476
03:09:14,000 --> 03:09:17,800
He reminds us that sometimes the
most important Journeys, other 

3477
03:09:17,800 --> 03:09:21,200
ones, that take us beyond the 
map, beyond the known, beyond 

3478
03:09:21,200 --> 03:09:22,900
the places where we think we're 
supposed to be. 

3479
03:09:22,900 --> 03:09:26,000
And if you ever find yourself, 
wondering, what happened to all 

3480
03:09:26,000 --> 03:09:28,900
that gold? 
Well, maybe it's still out there

3481
03:09:28,900 --> 03:09:31,100
somewhere. 
Waiting for someone curious 

3482
03:09:31,100 --> 03:09:34,500
enough to go looking for it. 
After all the world is still 

3483
03:09:34,500 --> 03:09:37,100
full of mysteries. 
And some of the best stories are

3484
03:09:37,100 --> 03:09:40,600
the ones that never really end. 
Remember, sometimes the most 

3485
03:09:40,600 --> 03:09:43,500
valuable Treasures are the ones 
that remain hidden waiting for 

3486
03:09:43,500 --> 03:09:47,100
the right person to discover 
them just like Mansa himself. 

3487
03:09:47,100 --> 03:09:50,000
Some things are worth more when 
they remain wonderfully 

3488
03:09:50,000 --> 03:09:59,100
mysteriously unknown. 
In the late, 17th and early 18th

3489
03:09:59,100 --> 03:10:03,400
centuries, France was a land of 
contrasts, like, Candlelight in 

3490
03:10:03,400 --> 03:10:06,900
a grande chateau's garden. 
A curious Noble woman listens as

3491
03:10:06,900 --> 03:10:09,800
a witty philosopher. 
Describes the stars of he 

3492
03:10:09,800 --> 03:10:12,000
explains that. 
Those stars are Sons, like our 

3493
03:10:12,000 --> 03:10:14,800
own each perhaps circled, by the
world's of their own. 

3494
03:10:14,800 --> 03:10:18,400
A radical idea in an age, when 
questioning the heavens could be

3495
03:10:18,400 --> 03:10:21,100
dangerous. 
The scene could be lifted from 

3496
03:10:21,100 --> 03:10:23,900
Bernard de fontanel's 
conversations on the plurality 

3497
03:10:23,900 --> 03:10:28,500
of Worlds, 1686 a clever book 
where a lady and a scientist 

3498
03:10:28,500 --> 03:10:31,200
stroll nightly under the sky, 
discussing copernicus's 

3499
03:10:31,200 --> 03:10:34,700
sun-centered universe. 
Fontanel's Charming, prose made 

3500
03:10:34,700 --> 03:10:37,100
the latest scientific 
discoveries accessible to the 

3501
03:10:37,108 --> 03:10:39,500
layperson planting seeds of 
curiosity. 

3502
03:10:39,500 --> 03:10:43,400
Even as Louis, the 14th strict 
rule, cast, Long Shadows. 

3503
03:10:43,400 --> 03:10:47,100
His ideas along with those of 
fellow thinker Pierre, Bayle, 

3504
03:10:47,100 --> 03:10:49,800
formed a foundation for what 
would soon be called the 

3505
03:10:49,800 --> 03:10:52,700
enlightenment. 
At the turn of the 18th century 

3506
03:10:52,700 --> 03:10:56,100
official, France was still 
firmly absolutist and devoutly 

3507
03:10:56,100 --> 03:10:59,000
Catholic. 
Louis the 14th, the Sun King had

3508
03:10:59,000 --> 03:11:01,000
revoked, the Edict of Nantes in 
1685. 

3509
03:11:01,000 --> 03:11:04,400
Driving Protestants like Bailey 
into exile? 

3510
03:11:05,100 --> 03:11:08,700
Yet even as the king insisted on
religious, unity dissing ideas 

3511
03:11:08,700 --> 03:11:10,900
quietly. 
Took root in his Safe. 

3512
03:11:10,900 --> 03:11:13,600
Haven abroad bail, wrote a 
skeptical historical and 

3513
03:11:13,600 --> 03:11:18,000
critical dictionary, 1697 the 
poked holes in dogma and 

3514
03:11:18,000 --> 03:11:21,400
advocated tolerance. 
These volumes printed in 

3515
03:11:21,400 --> 03:11:24,200
Amsterdam and London were 
smuggled over the borders in 

3516
03:11:24,200 --> 03:11:26,000
barrels of cloth and hidden 
compartments. 

3517
03:11:26,000 --> 03:11:28,800
Finding eager readers in Paris 
and Leon. 

3518
03:11:29,900 --> 03:11:32,900
A traditional was beginning. 
Forbidden ideas could not be 

3519
03:11:32,900 --> 03:11:36,200
easily extinguished. 
Bailey's call for a society of 

3520
03:11:36,200 --> 03:11:39,400
pluralistic views, a daring 
notion that people of different 

3521
03:11:39,400 --> 03:11:42,600
beliefs might live together in 
peace, resonated with a small 

3522
03:11:42,600 --> 03:11:44,700
but growing circular French 
Minds. 

3523
03:11:45,500 --> 03:11:48,200
Quietly. 
The suburb Monopoly of church 

3524
03:11:48,200 --> 03:11:51,200
and crown on Truth was being 
challenged by pamphlets and 

3525
03:11:51,200 --> 03:11:55,600
letters passed hand to hand. 
After Louis, the 14th death in 

3526
03:11:55,600 --> 03:11:59,600
1715, the atmosphere in France, 
relaxed somewhat allowing these 

3527
03:11:59,600 --> 03:12:03,400
early Sparks to flare up In 
Paris, coffee houses, and 

3528
03:12:03,400 --> 03:12:07,400
literary clubs with torque one. 
Towering figure of this, early 

3529
03:12:07,400 --> 03:12:10,700
Enlightenment was Baron de 
Montesquieu a provincial 

3530
03:12:10,700 --> 03:12:13,100
nobleman with a dry wit and Keen
insight. 

3531
03:12:13,800 --> 03:12:17,800
In 1721 Montesquieu published 
the Persian letters a playful 

3532
03:12:17,800 --> 03:12:20,300
novel of letters in which two 
fictional person, Travelers 

3533
03:12:20,300 --> 03:12:23,800
Lampoon French Customs. 
Nothing was sacred and its Pages

3534
03:12:23,800 --> 03:12:27,100
Parisian High Society. 
The pretension of the king's 

3535
03:12:27,100 --> 03:12:29,100
court, the absurdities of the 
Catholic. 

3536
03:12:29,100 --> 03:12:32,100
Clergy all were held up to 
Gentle ridicule. 

3537
03:12:32,100 --> 03:12:35,800
Through these eyes of outside US
readers, were amused and 

3538
03:12:35,800 --> 03:12:38,800
intrigued beneath. 
The satire lace serious critique

3539
03:12:38,800 --> 03:12:40,700
of absolutism and religious 
hypocrisy. 

3540
03:12:40,700 --> 03:12:44,200
The book though published 
anonymously created a stir. 

3541
03:12:44,200 --> 03:12:47,700
It was passed from Salon. 
To Salon read aloud in a used 

3542
03:12:47,700 --> 03:12:50,800
Whispers, France is only 
institutions were being examined

3543
03:12:50,800 --> 03:12:54,200
as if under a foreign lands, 
many found them wanting 

3544
03:12:55,100 --> 03:12:57,300
Montesquieu's success in boldend
others. 

3545
03:12:58,000 --> 03:12:59,400
Soon. 
He would take his analysis 

3546
03:12:59,400 --> 03:13:03,400
further retiring to his estate. 
He quietly toiled on a magnum 

3547
03:13:03,400 --> 03:13:05,400
opus about laws and governments 
around the world. 

3548
03:13:05,400 --> 03:13:10,200
By the 1730s, the term 
philosophy was coming into use. 

3549
03:13:11,000 --> 03:13:12,600
Not quite the same as 
philosopher. 

3550
03:13:12,600 --> 03:13:16,500
It meant a man or occasionally, 
a woman of ideas who applied 

3551
03:13:16,500 --> 03:13:20,400
reason to all areas of life. 
These Enlightenment thinkers saw

3552
03:13:20,400 --> 03:13:22,900
themselves as bringing light 
into the dark corners of 

3553
03:13:22,900 --> 03:13:25,600
ignorance and oppression. 
They drew inspiration from 

3554
03:13:25,600 --> 03:13:28,600
English writers, like John Locke
and scientists, like, Isaac 

3555
03:13:28,600 --> 03:13:31,300
Newton, whose Works were now 
circulating in French 

3556
03:13:31,300 --> 03:13:34,300
translation. 
In fact, a fashionable, young 

3557
03:13:34,300 --> 03:13:36,500
writer named Voltaire had 
traveled to England and 

3558
03:13:36,500 --> 03:13:40,500
returned, in 1729 bubbling with 
enthusiasm for Newton's physics 

3559
03:13:40,500 --> 03:13:42,700
and the English Spirit of free 
debate. 

3560
03:13:44,200 --> 03:13:47,400
He set about spreading both with
his vivacious lover, Emily, 

3561
03:13:47,400 --> 03:13:50,800
duete herself, a brilliant, 
mathematician Voltaire 

3562
03:13:50,800 --> 03:13:53,400
explained, Newton's finding in 
French and praised England. 

3563
03:13:53,400 --> 03:13:56,300
As relatively liberal Society in
his letters on the English. 

3564
03:13:56,900 --> 03:13:59,500
Though, the French authorities 
condemned his book and briefly 

3565
03:13:59,500 --> 03:14:02,700
imprisoned, its author for it, 
the ideas could not be unread. 

3566
03:14:03,500 --> 03:14:05,200
The taste of intellectual, 
Freedom abroad. 

3567
03:14:05,200 --> 03:14:08,700
Only sharp and French appetites 
for more thus in the decades 

3568
03:14:08,700 --> 03:14:10,900
before the Revolution. 
The early stirring of 

3569
03:14:10,900 --> 03:14:14,300
Enlightenment thought took hold 
a handful of bold voices 

3570
03:14:14,300 --> 03:14:17,800
Fontenelle with his Popular 
Science Bell with his skeptical 

3571
03:14:17,800 --> 03:14:21,400
area Edition, want to skew with 
his satire and Voltaire with his

3572
03:14:21,400 --> 03:14:25,200
shop Penn prepared. 
The ground their writing 

3573
03:14:25,200 --> 03:14:28,900
circulated in manuscript and in 
Contraband, print fertilizing 

3574
03:14:28,900 --> 03:14:32,500
Minds from Paris to the 
provinces over supper tables and

3575
03:14:32,500 --> 03:14:36,300
University Halls, people began 
asking new questions Good 

3576
03:14:36,300 --> 03:14:39,600
reason, not tradition, guide. 
Human Affairs must religious 

3577
03:14:39,600 --> 03:14:42,500
uniformity Trump individual. 
Conscience could a king's 

3578
03:14:42,500 --> 03:14:45,500
Authority have limits set by 
natural law these questions. 

3579
03:14:45,500 --> 03:14:49,200
So, in the early 1700s would 
Sprout dramatically as the 

3580
03:14:49,200 --> 03:14:53,000
century progressed, For now they
were still whispered but the 

3581
03:14:53,008 --> 03:14:56,700
enlightenment in France had 
begun Adorn of new thinking that

3582
03:14:56,700 --> 03:15:00,500
promised to chase away medieval 
shadows in the mid-18th century.

3583
03:15:00,500 --> 03:15:04,000
Some of the most radical ideas 
in France were not plotted in 

3584
03:15:04,000 --> 03:15:06,900
dark alleys but disgust over 
champagne and elegant drawing 

3585
03:15:06,900 --> 03:15:09,900
rooms. 
The Parisian Salon was a unique 

3586
03:15:09,900 --> 03:15:13,100
Institution. 
Part Social Club part 

3587
03:15:13,100 --> 03:15:16,700
intellectual seminar, typically 
hosted by a wealthy or 

3588
03:15:16,700 --> 03:15:19,800
aristocratic woman. 
The salon are these gatherings 

3589
03:15:19,800 --> 03:15:22,400
brought together, writers, 
philosophers, artists, and 

3590
03:15:22,400 --> 03:15:25,400
Statesmen under one Chandelier 
on a given evening. 

3591
03:15:25,400 --> 03:15:28,700
You might find the sharp tongued
Voltaire trading barbs with a 

3592
03:15:28,708 --> 03:15:32,800
bishop or Jean-Jacques, Rousseau
Charlie unveiling, his latest 

3593
03:15:32,800 --> 03:15:36,800
essay to a circle of curious 
marquis's, salons were private 

3594
03:15:36,800 --> 03:15:39,900
and By Invitation Only yet they 
became engines of public 

3595
03:15:39,900 --> 03:15:42,500
discourse. 
There was a democratic 

3596
03:15:42,500 --> 03:15:46,700
Cosmopolitan and tolerant 
atmosphere rare for the time 

3597
03:15:46,700 --> 03:15:51,400
time Nobles bourgeoisie and even
an occasional Artisan or foreign

3598
03:15:51,400 --> 03:15:55,700
Savant, mingled politely United 
by a love of wit and ideas. 

3599
03:15:56,500 --> 03:15:59,800
Here in lightning month, thought
took on a human face as diverse 

3600
03:15:59,800 --> 03:16:03,600
guests, debated Arts, science 
and politics late Into the 

3601
03:16:03,600 --> 03:16:06,200
Night. 
The women who ran these salons. 

3602
03:16:06,200 --> 03:16:09,100
Wielded subtle power in a 
society that otherwise can find 

3603
03:16:09,100 --> 03:16:11,900
female influencer take Madame 
Jehovah. 

3604
03:16:11,900 --> 03:16:16,400
For example, born Mary Terrace 
Rodriguez by the 1740s. 

3605
03:16:16,400 --> 03:16:19,600
She had established herself as 
the premier Hostess of Paris. 

3606
03:16:20,400 --> 03:16:23,200
Every Monday, a well-appointed 
home on the cruise on honorary, 

3607
03:16:23,200 --> 03:16:25,800
welcome, the leading writers and
philosophers to dinner. 

3608
03:16:25,800 --> 03:16:29,600
Wednesdays, were reserved for 
artists with motherly charm. 

3609
03:16:29,600 --> 03:16:33,400
Madame presided over the 
conversation tactfully steering 

3610
03:16:33,400 --> 03:16:35,300
away from overly explosive 
topics. 

3611
03:16:35,300 --> 03:16:38,600
So, as to keep the Gathering 
convivial, She even provided 

3612
03:16:38,600 --> 03:16:41,800
financial support to struggling 
men of letters quietly paying 

3613
03:16:41,800 --> 03:16:44,400
debts, or buying paintings from 
her artist guests. 

3614
03:16:44,400 --> 03:16:47,700
The respect, she commanded was 
such that even the Crusty 

3615
03:16:47,700 --> 03:16:51,200
Voltaire deferred to her. in her
Salon, one had to follow certain

3616
03:16:51,200 --> 03:16:56,000
rules, which was appreciated, 
but vulgarity was not lively 

3617
03:16:56,000 --> 03:16:58,700
debate was welcome but shouting 
and personal attacks were 

3618
03:16:58,700 --> 03:17:03,300
frowned upon Under her Guidance,
the tone remained, civil clever 

3619
03:17:03,300 --> 03:17:07,500
and enlightening, a model of the
refinement of manners and speech

3620
03:17:07,500 --> 03:17:09,100
that salons originally aimed 
for. 

3621
03:17:10,100 --> 03:17:13,900
Other Salon years adopted 
different styles Madame did you 

3622
03:17:13,900 --> 03:17:15,700
find and older contemporary of 
Jeffrey? 

3623
03:17:15,700 --> 03:17:20,000
Hosted Gathering From 1745 
onward but famously disdained, 

3624
03:17:20,000 --> 03:17:23,400
the more radical philosopher 
except for Voltaire who she 

3625
03:17:23,400 --> 03:17:26,500
adored. 
Her Salon favored, High Society 

3626
03:17:26,500 --> 03:17:28,900
gossip and classical. 
Letters over bold, new 

3627
03:17:28,900 --> 03:17:32,000
philosophy. 
In contrast the witty 

3628
03:17:32,000 --> 03:17:34,900
Mademoiselle, Julie Del espinas 
Ran a more freewheeling Salon in

3629
03:17:34,900 --> 03:17:38,600
the 1770s, Julie had been 
tutored in the art by Madame 

3630
03:17:38,600 --> 03:17:42,500
Judith, farmed until a falling 
out and with a small stipend 

3631
03:17:42,500 --> 03:17:44,600
from Madame jafra struck out on 
her own. 

3632
03:17:45,300 --> 03:17:48,100
She innovated by opening her 
home almost every evening to a 

3633
03:17:48,100 --> 03:17:51,800
select but Mixed Company, young 
intellectuals older statement 

3634
03:17:51,800 --> 03:17:54,900
and foreign visitors. 
Nibbles and wine were served 

3635
03:17:54,900 --> 03:17:57,500
nothing lavish but the talk 
flowed. 

3636
03:17:58,200 --> 03:18:02,600
One frequent guest, the writer 
Jean, Francois mamonty, Marvel 

3637
03:18:02,600 --> 03:18:05,100
at Julia's, ability to inspire 
Frank discussion. 

3638
03:18:05,100 --> 03:18:09,100
He described her as an 
astonishing compound of reason 

3639
03:18:09,100 --> 03:18:12,700
and wisdom with the liveliest 
mind and most Ardent soul. 

3640
03:18:14,000 --> 03:18:16,700
Under her edifice philosopher, 
philosophers from diverse 

3641
03:18:16,700 --> 03:18:19,800
generations convened, and 
exchanged ideas, while even the 

3642
03:18:19,800 --> 03:18:22,200
poorest Scholars, were welcome 
to express their thoughts. 

3643
03:18:23,000 --> 03:18:25,900
Such inclusion was unusual in 
many salons. 

3644
03:18:25,900 --> 03:18:29,300
Once ranked in a tire still 
mattered but Julieta, lespinasse

3645
03:18:29,300 --> 03:18:30,700
proved that intellectual 
passion. 

3646
03:18:30,700 --> 03:18:35,000
Could Trump pedigree the typical
Selene evening might unfold like

3647
03:18:35,000 --> 03:18:39,400
this as dusk fell Avery. 
Footman admitted guest to a 

3648
03:18:39,400 --> 03:18:41,200
candle lip parlor decorated with
art. 

3649
03:18:41,200 --> 03:18:45,600
Gentle music, played in the Next
Room, elegant women in silks, 

3650
03:18:45,600 --> 03:18:49,200
and men in embroidered coats 
form, small clusters, exchanging

3651
03:18:49,200 --> 03:18:52,900
news and balls. 
The hostess circulated deathly. 

3652
03:18:52,900 --> 03:18:55,900
Introducing a young poet to a 
renowned scientist or drawing a 

3653
03:18:55,900 --> 03:18:58,600
shy scholar into a lively debate
about the latest play. 

3654
03:18:59,600 --> 03:19:04,100
conversation, was the main event
a Good Salon guests had 

3655
03:19:04,100 --> 03:19:06,900
something to bring to this 
conversation at the very least 

3656
03:19:06,900 --> 03:19:10,200
wit and elegant French. 
Arising dramatist. 

3657
03:19:10,200 --> 03:19:13,300
Might recite a scene from his 
new comedy met with Applause and

3658
03:19:13,300 --> 03:19:16,800
gentle critique a visiting 
American like Benjamin Franklin,

3659
03:19:16,800 --> 03:19:20,100
might Regale the company with 
Tales of scientific experiments 

3660
03:19:20,100 --> 03:19:23,900
with lightning, Serious 
discussions could break out the 

3661
03:19:23,900 --> 03:19:26,700
merits of voltaire's newest 
tracked or Rousseau's eccentric 

3662
03:19:26,700 --> 03:19:30,100
theories on education. 
But if tempers flared or someone

3663
03:19:30,100 --> 03:19:33,100
drowned on too long, the hostess
would smoothly change the 

3664
03:19:33,100 --> 03:19:36,700
subject or propose, a diversion,
perhaps a brief chamber, music 

3665
03:19:36,700 --> 03:19:40,700
performance or around of cards. 
The result was a peculiar mix of

3666
03:19:40,708 --> 03:19:44,200
ludic and learned. 
Like evening's end ideas that 

3667
03:19:44,200 --> 03:19:46,800
might have been seditious. 
In print could be bandied about 

3668
03:19:46,800 --> 03:19:49,900
safely in the salon, cushioned 
by flightless and mutual respect

3669
03:19:49,900 --> 03:19:52,600
the salon. 
Thus served as an incubator for 

3670
03:19:52,600 --> 03:19:55,500
Enlightenment ideas. 
It connected thinkers to 

3671
03:19:55,500 --> 03:19:58,600
Patron's many. 
An author found a publisher or a

3672
03:19:58,600 --> 03:20:00,300
financier, through Salon 
contacts. 

3673
03:20:00,300 --> 03:20:02,900
It allowed women. 
A rare opportunity to engage in 

3674
03:20:02,900 --> 03:20:06,300
intellectual life will be as 
conveners rather than professors

3675
03:20:06,300 --> 03:20:09,600
with notable exceptions. 
Like Emily duchesse who though 

3676
03:20:09,600 --> 03:20:11,900
not to sell on. 
Are proved women could match men

3677
03:20:11,900 --> 03:20:15,000
in science. 
Salons also helped Road class 

3678
03:20:15,000 --> 03:20:19,100
barriers if only slightly some 
hostesses Pride of the cells on 

3679
03:20:19,100 --> 03:20:22,600
Gathering, a pope Pari of 
talents, regardless of noble 

3680
03:20:22,600 --> 03:20:25,900
birth. there were limits, of 
course, peasants, and laborers 

3681
03:20:25,900 --> 03:20:29,400
did not stroll into these 
parlors The salons primarily 

3682
03:20:29,400 --> 03:20:32,600
catered to the elite who were 
open to new talent and ideas. 

3683
03:20:32,600 --> 03:20:35,000
Not just those inherited from 
their lineage. 

3684
03:20:35,800 --> 03:20:38,700
In these candlelit rooms, the 
public sphere had a private 

3685
03:20:38,700 --> 03:20:41,600
cradle. 
Before newspapers could freely 

3686
03:20:41,600 --> 03:20:45,000
criticize, the king, or church. 
And before any elected assembly 

3687
03:20:45,000 --> 03:20:48,200
existed in France, the salons 
were training grounds for a 

3688
03:20:48,200 --> 03:20:51,300
reason debate. they fostered, 
what one historian later called 

3689
03:20:51,300 --> 03:20:54,400
the Republic of letters, a 
community of Minds that 

3690
03:20:54,400 --> 03:20:58,100
transcended, social ranks, and 
National borders, Foreigners, 

3691
03:20:58,100 --> 03:21:01,000
like the Scottish historian 
David Hume or the Italian 

3692
03:21:01,000 --> 03:21:04,100
economist cesare. 
Beccaria were fated at Paris 

3693
03:21:04,100 --> 03:21:07,700
salons when they visited in turn
French philosophers, built, 

3694
03:21:07,700 --> 03:21:11,100
networks of correspondence with 
thinkers abroad, The 

3695
03:21:11,100 --> 03:21:13,000
Cosmopolitan chatter in Madame 
jofran. 

3696
03:21:13,000 --> 03:21:17,700
Salo had echoes in London Geneva
or Berlin as ideas spread by the

3697
03:21:17,708 --> 03:21:21,200
1770s and 1780s. 
Even as economic troubles and 

3698
03:21:21,200 --> 03:21:22,800
political conflict loomed in 
France. 

3699
03:21:22,800 --> 03:21:26,600
One could still find On Any 
Given evening a salon in full 

3700
03:21:26,600 --> 03:21:29,000
swing. 
A microcosm of an ideal 

3701
03:21:29,000 --> 03:21:32,100
Enlightenment Society where 
conversation flowed freely 

3702
03:21:32,100 --> 03:21:35,700
differences were bridge by 
Civility and a new rational. 

3703
03:21:35,700 --> 03:21:38,400
France was imagined in talk long
before it existed. 

3704
03:21:38,400 --> 03:21:41,800
In fact, by the middle of the 
18th century, the written word 

3705
03:21:41,800 --> 03:21:44,700
in France was undergoing and 
explosive proliferation in 

3706
03:21:44,700 --> 03:21:48,300
bustling Parisian, print shops, 
in in secret presses hidden in 

3707
03:21:48,300 --> 03:21:51,500
attics or a cross, the border 
printers turned out mountains of

3708
03:21:51,500 --> 03:21:56,700
paper books, pamphlets journals 
broadside and insatiable reading

3709
03:21:56,700 --> 03:22:00,300
public had Arisen, hungry for 
everything from scandalous verse

3710
03:22:00,300 --> 03:22:02,300
to Serious treatises on 
philosophy. 

3711
03:22:03,200 --> 03:22:06,300
The statistics, tell part of the
story by the 1780s. 

3712
03:22:06,300 --> 03:22:10,500
Literacy had risen markedly 
roughly half of French men and a

3713
03:22:10,500 --> 03:22:13,500
quarter of women could read 
almost double the rates from a 

3714
03:22:13,500 --> 03:22:15,900
century early. 
More people reading meant more 

3715
03:22:15,908 --> 03:22:18,700
demand for reading material, 
where the state or the church 

3716
03:22:18,700 --> 03:22:21,500
tried to sense or limit that 
material Enterprise in 

3717
03:22:21,500 --> 03:22:23,100
Publishers found ways to supply 
it. 

3718
03:22:23,100 --> 03:22:26,900
Regardless a veritable 
underground press emerged and 

3719
03:22:26,900 --> 03:22:29,700
with it, a new kind of 
intellectual Warrior, the hack 

3720
03:22:29,700 --> 03:22:33,100
writer and the clandestine 
Bookseller together, they would 

3721
03:22:33,100 --> 03:22:36,600
spread enlightenment ideas to 
every corner of France even as 

3722
03:22:36,600 --> 03:22:38,400
authorities scrambled to stem 
the tide. 

3723
03:22:39,200 --> 03:22:42,000
Officially the French Crown 
maintained strict censorship. 

3724
03:22:42,000 --> 03:22:45,700
All books were supposed to be 
approved by Royal sensors and 

3725
03:22:45,700 --> 03:22:49,100
carry the sensors name. 
Hundreds of titles were outright

3726
03:22:49,100 --> 03:22:52,500
banned, the Catholic Church 
through the sorbonne faculty and

3727
03:22:52,500 --> 03:22:56,200
the infamous index librarian, 
prohibitorum index of prohibited

3728
03:22:56,200 --> 03:22:58,600
books. 
Also condemned Works, deemed 

3729
03:22:58,600 --> 03:23:01,700
heretical or immoral. 
Punishments, for legal printing,

3730
03:23:01,700 --> 03:23:05,000
could be severe fines 
imprisonment, even The Gallows 

3731
03:23:05,000 --> 03:23:09,000
for repeater fenders but by the 
1770s enforcement was 

3732
03:23:09,000 --> 03:23:11,300
increasingly like plugging holes
in a sieve. 

3733
03:23:11,300 --> 03:23:14,400
The appetite for new ideas was 
too strong and the prophets to 

3734
03:23:14,400 --> 03:23:16,500
be made from satisfying it to 
tempting. 

3735
03:23:17,400 --> 03:23:20,200
Smugglers carried, forbidden 
books in France By The Crate. 

3736
03:23:20,200 --> 03:23:23,900
Stashing them in false bottom 
wagons or floating them down 

3737
03:23:23,900 --> 03:23:26,700
Rivers at night. 
It was said that in some 

3738
03:23:26,700 --> 03:23:30,600
Frontier towns, nearly every 
Customs officer could be bribed.

3739
03:23:30,600 --> 03:23:35,800
Meanwhile, within France, pirate
printers secretly duplicated, 

3740
03:23:35,800 --> 03:23:37,200
popular Works without 
permission. 

3741
03:23:38,000 --> 03:23:40,500
One way or another. 
What was officially banned off 

3742
03:23:40,500 --> 03:23:44,100
an ended up wide Lily red? 
A few examples illustrate, the 

3743
03:23:44,100 --> 03:23:47,400
cat and mouse game of publishing
in 1759. 

3744
03:23:47,400 --> 03:23:50,600
The Monumental project of the 
encyclopedie, the great 

3745
03:23:50,600 --> 03:23:54,400
Encyclopedia of Sciences arts 
and trades edited by Denny 

3746
03:23:54,400 --> 03:23:56,400
diderot was banned by King 
Louis. 

3747
03:23:56,400 --> 03:23:59,600
The 15th, after the first seven 
volumes under pressure from 

3748
03:23:59,600 --> 03:24:02,900
church authorities, who found 
its articles to Empires but 

3749
03:24:02,900 --> 03:24:06,600
diderot did not abandon it. 
Thanks to sympathetic, insiders,

3750
03:24:06,600 --> 03:24:08,400
not least, the enlightened sense
of Melcher. 

3751
03:24:08,400 --> 03:24:12,600
Dido continued the work in 
secret finishing 10 more volumes

3752
03:24:12,600 --> 03:24:15,300
of Articles and plates under a 
false imprint in Switzerland. 

3753
03:24:16,300 --> 03:24:19,300
Fiscally the encyclopedia was 
suppressed in reality 

3754
03:24:19,300 --> 03:24:21,400
subscribers. 
Received the remaining volumes 

3755
03:24:21,400 --> 03:24:25,200
clandestinely by 1765 as one 
contemporary quit. 

3756
03:24:25,200 --> 03:24:28,200
The authorities had winked. 
At the Enterprise, they 

3757
03:24:28,200 --> 03:24:31,400
pretended to shut it down to 
appease the church, but turned a

3758
03:24:31,400 --> 03:24:33,700
blind eye to its continued 
existence because it employed 

3759
03:24:33,700 --> 03:24:35,900
hundreds of workers and had 
powerful supporters. 

3760
03:24:36,700 --> 03:24:41,100
This delicate dance ban in name,
tolerate in practice typify. 

3761
03:24:41,100 --> 03:24:43,300
The later old regimes. 
Lacks a ship. 

3762
03:24:44,300 --> 03:24:49,700
By 1780 did Rosen Cyclops stood,
complete 35 volumes and 

3763
03:24:49,700 --> 03:24:52,100
astonishing Trove of 
Enlightenment knowledge made 

3764
03:24:52,100 --> 03:24:56,000
available to the public despite 
all edicts to the contrary, in 

3765
03:24:56,000 --> 03:25:00,200
addition to the encyclopedie 
Geneva, Amsterdam London and the

3766
03:25:00,208 --> 03:25:02,100
Rhineland produced illicit 
literature. 

3767
03:25:03,200 --> 03:25:06,500
Scholars believe that around 600
prohibited books, circulated in 

3768
03:25:06,500 --> 03:25:09,900
France, before the Revolution. 
These included philosophical 

3769
03:25:09,900 --> 03:25:13,000
books, Scarlett's political 
pamphlets and censored novels. 

3770
03:25:13,800 --> 03:25:16,700
According to historian, Robert 
Danton several were forbidden 

3771
03:25:16,700 --> 03:25:20,000
bestsellers books to Filthy or 
seditious for the sensors. 

3772
03:25:20,000 --> 03:25:24,500
But eagerly read by everyone who
could Russo's Emil on education 

3773
03:25:24,500 --> 03:25:29,000
and the social contract were 
prohibited in 1762, but pirated 

3774
03:25:29,000 --> 03:25:30,700
volumes spread and made him 
famous. 

3775
03:25:30,700 --> 03:25:35,100
Obscene leaflets criticizing the
Royal Family's morals and crazy 

3776
03:25:35,100 --> 03:25:37,400
stories. 
About the king's ministers were 

3777
03:25:37,400 --> 03:25:40,900
other underground, best sellers 
grubstreet writers, hack 

3778
03:25:40,900 --> 03:25:43,500
authors, living hand-to-mouth in
Paris, who wrote, Whatever sold?

3779
03:25:43,500 --> 03:25:47,500
Specialized in La Belle's, 
liberalist pamphlets To get 

3780
03:25:47,508 --> 03:25:50,300
money, such writers, might mock 
the king's mistress, one week 

3781
03:25:50,300 --> 03:25:53,900
composing natural rights 
tracked, the next, and spy for 

3782
03:25:53,900 --> 03:25:56,500
the police. 
The next Voltaire Indira mock 

3783
03:25:56,500 --> 03:25:59,300
this literary underworld 
Voltaire called hack writers 

3784
03:25:59,300 --> 03:26:01,700
things. 
Ironically radical ideas, 

3785
03:26:01,700 --> 03:26:05,200
sometimes spread through these 
less recognized venues the 

3786
03:26:05,200 --> 03:26:08,600
hackers hungry and alienated 
from the previous regime, hated 

3787
03:26:08,600 --> 03:26:10,100
Authority and fueled the 
revolution. 

3788
03:26:11,200 --> 03:26:14,800
Prince circulation is immense. 
A recent police, inventory of a 

3789
03:26:14,800 --> 03:26:18,000
seized bookstore or the 
Bastille's confiscated shipment,

3790
03:26:18,000 --> 03:26:20,100
documents shows, thousands of 
illegal books. 

3791
03:26:20,800 --> 03:26:24,600
Popularly legal titles have been
republished many times in the 

3792
03:26:24,600 --> 03:26:28,900
70s, the Swiss underground, 
publisher Societe typographic 

3793
03:26:28,900 --> 03:26:30,700
Dono. 
Chateau transported, tens of 

3794
03:26:30,708 --> 03:26:34,400
thousands of volumes into France
from voltaire's philosophical 

3795
03:26:34,400 --> 03:26:40,500
fables to prohibited novels, By 
1796 20 Sanctuary pirated 

3796
03:26:40,500 --> 03:26:43,600
volumes of the Forbidden, 
anti-colonial work, history of 

3797
03:26:43,600 --> 03:26:47,300
the two Indies 1770 surface. 
Abbey, right? 

3798
03:26:47,300 --> 03:26:50,100
Now's history of the two Indies,
which boldly denounced slavery. 

3799
03:26:50,100 --> 03:26:53,100
In tyranny was banned by the 
French government in Exile. 

3800
03:26:53,100 --> 03:26:56,700
While the clergy despised him as
one of the most Sidious writers 

3801
03:26:56,700 --> 03:26:58,600
which only peaked read as 
interest. 

3802
03:27:00,100 --> 03:27:02,700
Spiked the Embargo. 
The book was a best-seller and 

3803
03:27:02,700 --> 03:27:05,800
influenced American colonists 
with its human rights advocacy. 

3804
03:27:07,000 --> 03:27:09,400
The Paradox of French and 
lightning publishing was that 

3805
03:27:09,400 --> 03:27:11,800
repression often increase the 
works, famous and audience. 

3806
03:27:12,600 --> 03:27:14,800
Reading revolution spread 
outside the capitol. 

3807
03:27:15,600 --> 03:27:18,000
Provincial cities developed 
lending, libraries and reading 

3808
03:27:18,000 --> 03:27:21,000
societies where members pulled 
funds to buy books and 

3809
03:27:21,000 --> 03:27:22,800
newspapers. 
Under the watchful eye of a 

3810
03:27:22,800 --> 03:27:26,300
suspicious bishop or magistrate 
literature was available to many

3811
03:27:26,300 --> 03:27:28,400
residents and Artisans by the 
1780s. 

3812
03:27:29,500 --> 03:27:32,600
Budget-friendly bibliotech Blue 
Book simplified Enlightenment 

3813
03:27:32,600 --> 03:27:35,200
ideals, fairy tales, and 
practical information. 

3814
03:27:36,200 --> 03:27:38,400
Peddlers sold chat. 
Books in local marketplaces 

3815
03:27:38,400 --> 03:27:42,900
spreading new ideas in a Tavern.
A peasant may hear a hot story 

3816
03:27:42,900 --> 03:27:45,500
about the king's mistress or a 
Voltaire joke. 

3817
03:27:45,500 --> 03:27:48,000
Of course not. 
Everyone liked this print Deluge

3818
03:27:48,000 --> 03:27:51,000
conservative voices, argued. 
That excessive reading 

3819
03:27:51,000 --> 03:27:54,500
especially forbidden materials 
was corrupting Ordinary People 

3820
03:27:54,500 --> 03:27:57,800
one booklet at a time. 
Some worried that Authority was 

3821
03:27:57,800 --> 03:28:00,100
losing respect, they were 
partly, right? 

3822
03:28:01,000 --> 03:28:04,400
Before 1789 printed words, 
affected for French public 

3823
03:28:04,400 --> 03:28:06,600
opinion. 
Pamphlet, Avalanche swayed 

3824
03:28:06,600 --> 03:28:09,700
public opinion after 
high-profile scandals or trials 

3825
03:28:09,700 --> 03:28:13,900
like the diamond necklace 
Affair. 1785 involving Queen 

3826
03:28:13,900 --> 03:28:16,900
Marie Antoinette in 
Enlightenment authors and form 

3827
03:28:16,900 --> 03:28:19,600
an influence, public opinion, 
they thought education and 

3828
03:28:19,600 --> 03:28:21,300
critical thinking could improve 
Society. 

3829
03:28:21,300 --> 03:28:25,400
It worked, but it also fueled 
high expectations and simmering 

3830
03:28:25,400 --> 03:28:28,800
discontent. 
A prison kiosk sold a cheap 

3831
03:28:28,800 --> 03:28:31,900
Rousseau leaflet, on the eve of 
the Revolution, stating man is 

3832
03:28:31,900 --> 03:28:35,800
Born Free and everywhere he is 
in Chains, a body song, mocking 

3833
03:28:35,800 --> 03:28:38,100
the fat Archbishop or a 
broadsheet, celebrating 

3834
03:28:38,100 --> 03:28:41,100
America's successful Uprising, 
against its ruler, available 

3835
03:28:41,100 --> 03:28:44,900
rights, Liberty and equality 
formally discussed in salons, 

3836
03:28:44,900 --> 03:28:46,900
have permeated common 
consciousness. 

3837
03:28:48,000 --> 03:28:50,600
The future was printed on legal 
and unlawful presses. 

3838
03:28:50,600 --> 03:28:53,800
Despite their efforts, the old 
orders Guardians could not 

3839
03:28:53,800 --> 03:28:56,800
unprinted. 
The clatter of the printers type

3840
03:28:56,800 --> 03:28:59,400
and the rustle of secretly, 
turned Pages shook a changing 

3841
03:28:59,400 --> 03:29:02,800
France in a modest Paris 
apartment in the 1750s. 

3842
03:29:02,800 --> 03:29:06,100
Two brilliant, men, sit 
exchanging letters, not 

3843
03:29:06,100 --> 03:29:09,100
amicably, but as Rivals locked 
in intellectual combat. 

3844
03:29:10,200 --> 03:29:13,500
On one side is Voltaire, the 
most famous of the age. 

3845
03:29:13,500 --> 03:29:18,600
Now in his 60s polished, a bane,
a skeptic who relishes skewering

3846
03:29:18,600 --> 03:29:23,500
Folly on the other Jean-Jacques,
Rousseau two decades young guy. 

3847
03:29:23,500 --> 03:29:28,000
Intensely Earnest Ilona who 
distrust the very Society 

3848
03:29:28,000 --> 03:29:30,200
Voltaire. 
So when Joyce, they rarely meet 

3849
03:29:30,200 --> 03:29:34,200
in person but across miles, they
trade barbs in print upon 

3850
03:29:34,200 --> 03:29:36,600
reading Russo's latest work 
Voltaire. 

3851
03:29:36,600 --> 03:29:39,600
Cannot resist sending a 
withering reply, he Have 

3852
03:29:39,600 --> 03:29:43,200
received sir your new book 
against the human species and I 

3853
03:29:43,208 --> 03:29:46,000
thank you for it. 
Voltaire writes with biting 

3854
03:29:46,000 --> 03:29:48,800
sarcasm. 
No one has ever employed. 

3855
03:29:48,800 --> 03:29:50,800
So much intelligence to make us 
all stupid. 

3856
03:29:51,700 --> 03:29:54,400
Reading your book, inspires, a 
strong desire to take action, 

3857
03:29:54,400 --> 03:29:59,300
his words, drip, with mock, 
praise Russo's idealization of 

3858
03:29:59,300 --> 03:30:02,100
primitive, man. 
Voltaire implies is absurd, 

3859
03:30:02,100 --> 03:30:04,800
civilization. 
May be flawed, but it's far 

3860
03:30:04,800 --> 03:30:06,400
better than the Savage. 
Life Russo. 

3861
03:30:06,400 --> 03:30:11,100
Extols, this famous quip, that 
Russo's philosophy is To make a 

3862
03:30:11,100 --> 03:30:14,700
man want to become a beast. 
Epitomizes the clash between two

3863
03:30:14,700 --> 03:30:18,300
towering Enlightenment thinkers,
whose visions of human nature 

3864
03:30:18,300 --> 03:30:22,100
and Society will Worlds Apart. 
The enlightenment was not a 

3865
03:30:22,100 --> 03:30:25,200
singular entity, rather it 
represented a multitude of 

3866
03:30:25,200 --> 03:30:29,100
diverse perspectives frequently 
engaged in intense debate. 

3867
03:30:30,000 --> 03:30:33,800
Voltaire and Rousseau's rivalry 
as legendary Voltaire championed

3868
03:30:33,800 --> 03:30:37,300
reason science and a certain 
Cosmopolitan elitism. 

3869
03:30:37,300 --> 03:30:40,800
He believed in lightened 
monarchs ideally, advised by 

3870
03:30:40,808 --> 03:30:43,900
philosophers, like himself, 
could gradually improve Society.

3871
03:30:44,700 --> 03:30:48,300
Religion to Voltaire was useful 
as a social glue that needed 

3872
03:30:48,300 --> 03:30:52,600
purging of superstition in 
crushed. 

3873
03:30:52,600 --> 03:30:56,300
The infamous thing of fanaticism
he would famously declare of the

3874
03:30:56,300 --> 03:31:00,000
churches of abuses Russo. 
By contrast distrusted, the 

3875
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:03,500
pretensions of polite Society. 
He thought civilization had 

3876
03:31:03,500 --> 03:31:07,300
corrupted man's originally, good
nature in works like discourse 

3877
03:31:07,300 --> 03:31:10,400
on inequality. 
He argued that Arts and Sciences

3878
03:31:10,400 --> 03:31:13,300
had led not to progress, but to 
vanity and oppression. 

3879
03:31:14,100 --> 03:31:17,400
His ideal was a simpler life in 
harmony with nature and a 

3880
03:31:17,400 --> 03:31:19,200
political Community Based on 
genuine. 

3881
03:31:19,200 --> 03:31:21,600
Equality and the general will of
the people. 

3882
03:31:21,600 --> 03:31:24,900
As he later, outlined in the 
social contract to Voltaire, the

3883
03:31:24,900 --> 03:31:29,400
idea sounded naive at best 
dangerous at worst, their 

3884
03:31:29,400 --> 03:31:31,900
correspondence started 
courteously but soured over 

3885
03:31:31,900 --> 03:31:35,000
time. 
After the devastating Lisbon 

3886
03:31:35,000 --> 03:31:38,500
earthquake of 1755 Voltaire 
wrote a poem questioning 

3887
03:31:38,500 --> 03:31:41,200
Providence. 
How could a just God Slaughter 

3888
03:31:41,200 --> 03:31:44,900
innocence Russo. 
Oddly rebuked Voltaire saying, 

3889
03:31:44,900 --> 03:31:48,100
people should not question God's
plan, and that if men didn't 

3890
03:31:48,100 --> 03:31:51,200
live packed in cities, The Quake
would do less harm. 

3891
03:31:51,900 --> 03:31:55,100
Voltaire privately scoffed that 
Rousseau wanted to send mankind 

3892
03:31:55,100 --> 03:31:59,200
backwards, one Longs in reading 
your book to walk on all fours, 

3893
03:31:59,200 --> 03:32:03,400
heed stung by Russo's critique. 
Rousseau for his part, grew 

3894
03:32:03,400 --> 03:32:06,100
increasingly convinced that 
Voltaire and his Clique were 

3895
03:32:06,100 --> 03:32:09,000
conspiring against him. 
Mocking him behind his back. 

3896
03:32:10,000 --> 03:32:12,200
By the 70s. 
Their relationship at fractured 

3897
03:32:12,200 --> 03:32:15,900
complete Rousseau, even refused 
voltaire's offer of Refuge when 

3898
03:32:15,900 --> 03:32:19,300
Rousseau was fleeing arrest, the
Volta Rousseau split was not 

3899
03:32:19,300 --> 03:32:22,200
just personal in realized a 
deeper Divergence in 

3900
03:32:22,200 --> 03:32:25,600
Enlightenment thought. 
Voltaire stood for the party of 

3901
03:32:25,600 --> 03:32:29,100
Reason progressed through 
enlightened Authority and sharp.

3902
03:32:29,100 --> 03:32:33,000
Criticism of traditional Russo 
became the voice of the party of

3903
03:32:33,000 --> 03:32:36,400
feeling valuing, emotional 
authenticity, and the wisdom of 

3904
03:32:36,400 --> 03:32:39,300
the Common Man over the Polished
salon sophisticate to create 

3905
03:32:39,300 --> 03:32:42,000
your quarrel highlighted 
contradictions. 

3906
03:32:42,000 --> 03:32:45,600
The enlightenment celebrated 
reason yet Rousseau accused 

3907
03:32:45,600 --> 03:32:48,700
reasons Apostles of being cold 
and elitist it preached, a 

3908
03:32:48,700 --> 03:32:52,300
quality Voltaire, privately 
disdained the uneducated masses 

3909
03:32:52,300 --> 03:32:55,000
and preferred benevolent deaths 
on to democracy. 

3910
03:32:56,000 --> 03:32:59,000
In their ways, each was 
prophetic Voltaire of the 

3911
03:32:59,008 --> 03:33:02,500
liberal secular values that 
would shape modern Europe Russo 

3912
03:33:02,500 --> 03:33:05,500
of the Romantic Democratic and 
even revolutionary currents that

3913
03:33:05,508 --> 03:33:08,900
would soon erupt. 
It's fitting that both men died 

3914
03:33:08,900 --> 03:33:11,900
in 1778. 
A decade before the Revolution 

3915
03:33:11,900 --> 03:33:15,400
almost as if fate meant to clear
the stage for the drama to come 

3916
03:33:15,400 --> 03:33:18,100
Beyond this. 
Famous Duo, the enlightenment 

3917
03:33:18,100 --> 03:33:20,700
was Rife with intellectual 
rivalries and collaborations 

3918
03:33:20,700 --> 03:33:24,600
diderot and Dalembert co-editors
of the encyclopedie had their 

3919
03:33:24,600 --> 03:33:27,600
share of squabbles dalomba quit 
the project in frustration. 

3920
03:33:27,600 --> 03:33:30,500
In 1759 leaving deida wrote a 
slog. 

3921
03:33:30,500 --> 03:33:34,300
Through the remaining, volume's 
largely alone, Dido fell out 

3922
03:33:34,300 --> 03:33:37,100
bitterly with Rousseau who had 
once been his close friend. 

3923
03:33:38,300 --> 03:33:41,700
Diro and Barren holbach welcomed
Rousseau as a kindred spirit in 

3924
03:33:41,700 --> 03:33:44,900
the 1740s. 
But as Russo's ideas, diverged 

3925
03:33:44,900 --> 03:33:48,000
in his paranoia grew, he came to
believe diderot had portrayed 

3926
03:33:48,000 --> 03:33:49,800
him negatively in a satirical 
play. 

3927
03:33:50,700 --> 03:33:53,200
Their friendship collapsed 
illustrating, how personal 

3928
03:33:53,200 --> 03:33:55,600
slights could fracture even 
those working for the same 

3929
03:33:55,600 --> 03:34:09,900
broadcast. 
This extreme materialism alarmed

3930
03:34:09,900 --> 03:34:12,500
even Voltaire who attacked 
holbox atheism. 

3931
03:34:12,500 --> 03:34:16,200
As fanatical in its own way, 
Voltaire believed Society needed

3932
03:34:16,200 --> 03:34:19,100
belief in God. 
As a moral Bedrock, if God did 

3933
03:34:19,100 --> 03:34:21,900
not exist, it would be necessary
to invent him and equipped. 

3934
03:34:22,600 --> 03:34:25,200
Hold back and diderot. 
However, privately ridiculed 

3935
03:34:25,200 --> 03:34:29,200
voltaire's, deism as a lack of 
nerve to them reason pointed to 

3936
03:34:29,208 --> 03:34:32,600
a universe without need of a 
Divine being Thus, even among 

3937
03:34:32,600 --> 03:34:35,500
Phyllis Hoffs United against the
church's tyranny. 

3938
03:34:35,500 --> 03:34:38,000
There were deep fractures about 
religions role. 

3939
03:34:39,200 --> 03:34:42,100
Another poignant Clash involved,
Montesquieu and Rousseau's 

3940
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:46,300
political Theory montesquieu's, 
the spirit of the laws. 1748 

3941
03:34:46,300 --> 03:34:50,000
argued for a balanced 
Constitution, like Britain's 

3942
03:34:50,000 --> 03:34:54,800
with powers separated among King
Parliament, and quartz a 

3943
03:34:54,800 --> 03:34:56,500
moderate Vision to prevent 
despotism. 

3944
03:34:57,500 --> 03:35:02,100
Russo's social contract 1762 
dismissed montesquieu's model as

3945
03:35:02,100 --> 03:35:05,900
two aristocratic instead 
Rousseau envisioned a republic. 

3946
03:35:05,900 --> 03:35:09,800
So egalitarian that in theory 
everyone would obey laws they 

3947
03:35:09,800 --> 03:35:13,900
themselves willed Voltaire found
Russo's political ideas as 

3948
03:35:13,900 --> 03:35:18,800
impractical as his primitive as 
a Russo's ideal, Republic was a 

3949
03:35:18,800 --> 03:35:21,900
city of ghosts. 
An indeed Rousseau's notion that

3950
03:35:21,900 --> 03:35:25,800
citizens be forced to be free. 
If they violate the general will

3951
03:35:25,800 --> 03:35:28,400
would trouble critics for his 
potential for tyranny. 

3952
03:35:29,200 --> 03:35:31,600
Yeah, these quarrels were not 
destructive in the long run 

3953
03:35:31,600 --> 03:35:34,500
rather, they enriched the 
enlightenment's Legacy by 

3954
03:35:34,500 --> 03:35:37,600
presenting contrasting ideas. 
That later generations could 

3955
03:35:37,600 --> 03:35:40,300
draw upon In the salons and 
imprint. 

3956
03:35:40,300 --> 03:35:43,200
I have a philosophy might 
Lampoon each other, but they 

3957
03:35:43,200 --> 03:35:46,700
also all contributed to the into
a broader movement questioning 

3958
03:35:46,700 --> 03:35:50,900
the status quo, Occasionally, 
the debates, got personal and 

3959
03:35:50,900 --> 03:35:53,100
nasty pamphlets full of 
character, assassination. 

3960
03:35:53,100 --> 03:35:56,200
Flew about. 
Voltaire was a master of The 

3961
03:35:56,200 --> 03:35:58,500
Artful insult, When A pompous 
critic. 

3962
03:35:58,500 --> 03:36:01,900
The Abbey de Fontaine attacked 
him Voltaire retaliated by 

3963
03:36:01,900 --> 03:36:04,400
portraying death ones as a 
criminal and a full in a biting 

3964
03:36:04,400 --> 03:36:06,700
satire. 
Effectively, destroying the 

3965
03:36:06,700 --> 03:36:10,800
man's reputation Rousseau to 
lashed out in his late years. 

3966
03:36:11,900 --> 03:36:14,300
He wrote with withering letters 
accusing former friends of 

3967
03:36:14,300 --> 03:36:16,800
treachery. 
Still, these human dramas had 

3968
03:36:16,800 --> 03:36:19,900
larger consequences. 
The sharp exchanges clarified 

3969
03:36:19,900 --> 03:36:22,400
differences in thought. 
What was the best form of 

3970
03:36:22,408 --> 03:36:24,800
government? 
The true foundation of morality 

3971
03:36:24,800 --> 03:36:29,000
what is the role of religion? 
Through argument the philosophy 

3972
03:36:29,000 --> 03:36:31,200
refine their positions by the 
70s. 

3973
03:36:31,200 --> 03:36:34,200
A new generation was emerging 
too figures. 

3974
03:36:34,200 --> 03:36:37,500
Like Condor, say a mathematician
and protege of Dal on bear 

3975
03:36:37,500 --> 03:36:39,600
admired. 
Both Voltaire and Rousseau 

3976
03:36:39,600 --> 03:36:41,800
trying to synthesize 
Enlightenment ideals with 

3977
03:36:41,800 --> 03:36:45,400
practical reforms, condos at 
would advocate for the abolition

3978
03:36:45,400 --> 03:36:48,400
of slavery and women's rights. 
Pushing the enlightenment 

3979
03:36:48,400 --> 03:36:51,400
egalitarian logic further than 
his predecessors dared. 

3980
03:36:51,400 --> 03:36:54,900
Meanwhile, the Rifts among the 
older philosophers press Sage 

3981
03:36:54,900 --> 03:36:58,500
splits in the coming Revolution 
aristocratic liberals versus 

3982
03:36:58,500 --> 03:37:01,900
radical Democrats. 
Deists vs atheists and 

3983
03:37:01,900 --> 03:37:05,700
pragmatists vs idealists. 
The enlightenment was not one 

3984
03:37:05,700 --> 03:37:08,900
son, but a constellation with 
Voltaire and Rousseau as two 

3985
03:37:08,900 --> 03:37:11,000
Bright Stars often in Eclipse of
each other. 

3986
03:37:11,000 --> 03:37:14,600
Their clashes bitter though they
were gave the era much of its 

3987
03:37:14,600 --> 03:37:17,600
dynamism. 
The salon gossip about Voltaire 

3988
03:37:17,600 --> 03:37:20,000
versus Rousseau was the talk of 
intellectual Europe. 

3989
03:37:20,000 --> 03:37:23,100
Interestingly, when both 
Rousseau and Voltaire passed 

3990
03:37:23,100 --> 03:37:27,300
away in 1778, they received 
brief eulogies as if they had 

3991
03:37:27,300 --> 03:37:30,800
been complimentary Heroes. 
Within a few years, the French 

3992
03:37:30,800 --> 03:37:34,400
Revolution would enshrine them 
by entering both their ashes in 

3993
03:37:34,400 --> 03:37:39,000
the panteon in Paris Voltaire. 
And 1791, Rousseau and 94. 

3994
03:37:39,000 --> 03:37:42,200
Symbolically reconciling the two
in the Republic of posterity. 

3995
03:37:43,300 --> 03:37:44,900
France. 
It turned out would need both 

3996
03:37:44,900 --> 03:37:47,600
voltaire's razor wit and 
Rousseau's passionate Cry For 

3997
03:37:47,600 --> 03:37:49,300
Freedom as it hurtled toward a 
new age. 

3998
03:37:49,300 --> 03:37:52,500
The Palace of Versailles 
Courtyard was packed on a sunny 

3999
03:37:52,500 --> 03:37:56,600
September afternoon in 1783 with
eyes fixed on the sky. 

4000
03:37:57,300 --> 03:38:00,100
Two provincial Brothers, the 
montgolfier brothers were ready 

4001
03:38:00,100 --> 03:38:02,600
to attempt the first hot air 
balloon flight by the living 

4002
03:38:02,600 --> 03:38:06,000
creatures in front of King 
Louis, the 16th and queen Marie 

4003
03:38:06,000 --> 03:38:08,900
Antoinette. 
Sheep duck and rooster were 

4004
03:38:08,900 --> 03:38:11,400
placed into a wicker basket 
under a tougher to balloon at 

4005
03:38:11,400 --> 03:38:13,500
the sound of a cannon. 
A second cannon. 

4006
03:38:13,500 --> 03:38:17,300
Fire announced release. 
As the balloon gracefully 

4007
03:38:17,300 --> 03:38:21,400
climbed 600 meters. 10s of 
thousands of people gasped, It 

4008
03:38:21,400 --> 03:38:23,900
carried its Barnyard, aeronauts 
through the heavens for 8 

4009
03:38:23,900 --> 03:38:27,400
minutes, Royal biologists 
quickly, examine the animals 

4010
03:38:27,400 --> 03:38:31,400
which were alive and eating hay 
after it softly landed, a few 

4011
03:38:31,400 --> 03:38:35,100
kilometers away, the audience 
applauded, the King was thrilled

4012
03:38:35,100 --> 03:38:38,700
or be at the inventor's deathly 
of voided, his suggestion to use

4013
03:38:38,700 --> 03:38:42,000
convicted felons as test 
passengers more than Amusement, 

4014
03:38:42,000 --> 03:38:45,200
this balloon flight symbolized. 
The enlightenment's faith in 

4015
03:38:45,208 --> 03:38:50,200
science and reason to expand the
conceivable that moment even the

4016
03:38:50,200 --> 03:38:53,800
ancient dream of flight seem 
possible Ingenuity and 

4017
03:38:53,800 --> 03:38:56,500
experimentation had turned 
imagination into reality before 

4018
03:38:56,500 --> 03:39:00,100
the French public French 
Enlightenment science, provided 

4019
03:39:00,100 --> 03:39:02,900
daily life and great politics 
savants. 

4020
03:39:02,900 --> 03:39:06,200
Learned men and a few women who 
passionately studied, nature 

4021
03:39:06,200 --> 03:39:10,400
Rose in the 18th century. 
They studied chemistry anatomy, 

4022
03:39:10,400 --> 03:39:13,900
botany astronomy, and electrical
importantly, they sought 

4023
03:39:13,900 --> 03:39:17,400
practical social reforms. 
The former Royal Academy of 

4024
03:39:17,400 --> 03:39:21,200
Sciences in Paris was full of 
experiments and one of waza-air,

4025
03:39:21,200 --> 03:39:23,600
a rich Parisian tax. 
Officer who loved chemistry 

4026
03:39:23,600 --> 03:39:27,700
discovered Oxygen's role in 
combustion and established the 

4027
03:39:27,700 --> 03:39:31,900
idea of mass conservation. 
Lavoisier and his wife Marie who

4028
03:39:31,900 --> 03:39:35,200
illustrated and took notes 
measured gases and metals with 

4029
03:39:35,200 --> 03:39:38,600
astonishing Precision in their 
home laboratory, he proved that 

4030
03:39:38,608 --> 03:39:42,200
rusting metal games wait by 
mixing with Airborne oxygen 

4031
03:39:42,200 --> 03:39:46,600
disproving The Fugitive idea. 
Such work paved the way for 

4032
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:50,800
Modern Chemistry was a 
systematic, empirical and 

4033
03:39:50,800 --> 03:39:53,400
lightning of who felt knowledge 
should Advance Humanity. 

4034
03:39:54,300 --> 03:39:57,100
Outside the lab, he improved 
France's gunpowder industry, 

4035
03:39:57,100 --> 03:40:00,100
helping the military and 
agricultural research to boost 

4036
03:40:00,100 --> 03:40:02,700
yields. 
Science historically clashed 

4037
03:40:02,700 --> 03:40:06,000
with religious theology, but by 
mid-century many clergy were 

4038
03:40:06,000 --> 03:40:09,300
fascinated by it. 
After the Galileo episode, a 

4039
03:40:09,300 --> 03:40:12,500
century earlier, the church was 
cautious, Jesuit instructors, in

4040
03:40:12,500 --> 03:40:15,600
France, adjusted Cartesian and 
Newtonian principles. 

4041
03:40:16,800 --> 03:40:20,700
Still tensions. 
Grew in the 1770s, the Compton 

4042
03:40:20,700 --> 03:40:23,600
Buffon, the king's naturalist 
proposed that the world may be 

4043
03:40:23,608 --> 03:40:27,700
far older than the Bible, 6,000 
years, paris's, faculty of 

4044
03:40:27,700 --> 03:40:30,600
theology forced him, to include 
a Pious disclaimer in his book, 

4045
03:40:30,600 --> 03:40:34,200
Enlightenment science favored, 
natural explanations above 

4046
03:40:34,200 --> 03:40:38,400
magical ones, contrary to 
traditional beliefs, many devout

4047
03:40:38,400 --> 03:40:40,200
Christians or scientific 
findings. 

4048
03:40:40,200 --> 03:40:43,700
As proof of God's laws medicine 
and public health were where 

4049
03:40:43,700 --> 03:40:47,400
science and belief intersected. 
Most The introduction of 

4050
03:40:47,408 --> 03:40:50,400
smallpox inoculation a 
predecessor to vaccination was 

4051
03:40:50,400 --> 03:40:54,500
noteworthy, Millions, including 
royalty, been doing a story or 

4052
03:40:54,500 --> 03:40:58,000
scarred by smallpox? 
After Louis, the 15th died, 

4053
03:40:58,000 --> 03:41:01,800
brutally of smallpox in 1774. 
The new King Louis, the 16th 

4054
03:41:01,800 --> 03:41:06,100
decided to undergo inoculation a
risky purposeful infection to 

4055
03:41:06,100 --> 03:41:10,300
bestow immunity Marie, 
Antoinette supported it Parisian

4056
03:41:10,300 --> 03:41:13,400
Miller's. 
Produced, the poof Elinor, a 

4057
03:41:13,400 --> 03:41:15,300
hairdo with symbols of medicine 
and Victory. 

4058
03:41:16,100 --> 03:41:19,500
A serpent in twined Rod, arising
Sun for the king and an olive 

4059
03:41:19,500 --> 03:41:23,000
branch for piece to commemorate,
the Royal innoculation success. 

4060
03:41:24,100 --> 03:41:27,400
Fashion and science were linked.
The poof made inoculation look 

4061
03:41:27,400 --> 03:41:31,100
cool and calm public worries. 
After the monarchy is 

4062
03:41:31,100 --> 03:41:33,800
high-profile sponsorship, what 
many considered a dubious 

4063
03:41:33,800 --> 03:41:37,800
possibly impose activity, 
deliberately infecting, someone 

4064
03:41:37,800 --> 03:41:41,800
gained legitimacy? 
It was the moment when empirical

4065
03:41:41,800 --> 03:41:45,200
knowledge inoculation success in
England and the Ottoman Empire 

4066
03:41:45,200 --> 03:41:49,800
Triumph Superstition people's 
veins were filled with their in 

4067
03:41:49,800 --> 03:41:52,400
Enlightenment Notions 
Enlightenment science 

4068
03:41:52,400 --> 03:41:56,000
influenced, common devices and 
advances the elite enjoyed 

4069
03:41:56,000 --> 03:41:59,400
mechanical and scientific 
exhibitions salons had the 

4070
03:41:59,400 --> 03:42:02,400
electrical machines with 
spinning glass globes that 

4071
03:42:02,400 --> 03:42:06,400
generated static electricity 
sparking and raising arm hair. 

4072
03:42:07,300 --> 03:42:10,100
These machines were novelty, but
important research tools. 

4073
03:42:11,000 --> 03:42:13,200
When American scientists, 
Benjamin, Franklin showed 

4074
03:42:13,200 --> 03:42:15,800
lightning was electrical by 
harnessing it with a kite 

4075
03:42:15,800 --> 03:42:20,600
Europe, was enthralled, France, 
copied, the experiment, Franklin

4076
03:42:20,600 --> 03:42:23,100
was a star in Paris as a 
revolutionary Diplomat and 

4077
03:42:23,108 --> 03:42:26,300
scientists in his lightning rod 
creation was praised as a reason

4078
03:42:26,300 --> 03:42:30,400
to defense against nature. 
By the 1780s even churches were 

4079
03:42:30,400 --> 03:42:33,300
putting lightning rods. 
Possibly recognizing that saving

4080
03:42:33,300 --> 03:42:34,900
a steeple from blowing up, was 
worth it. 

4081
03:42:35,900 --> 03:42:38,300
Some churchmen first, opposed 
them believe that it was 

4082
03:42:38,300 --> 03:42:40,600
Blasphemous to meddle with the 
artillery of heaven. 

4083
03:42:40,600 --> 03:42:44,200
So science quietly challenged. 
The idea that disasters were 

4084
03:42:44,200 --> 03:42:46,300
divine will by treating them as 
mechanical issues. 

4085
03:42:46,300 --> 03:42:50,000
No subject was too obscure for 
the philosophers to probe in 

4086
03:42:50,000 --> 03:42:52,400
Enlightenment thinkers. 
Compared doctors discussions 

4087
03:42:52,400 --> 03:42:55,300
about the hearts to a state's 
circulation of Commerce 

4088
03:42:55,300 --> 03:42:58,700
philosophy considered 
classifying human civilizations 

4089
03:42:58,700 --> 03:43:02,500
like naturalist did species. 
The encyclopedia includes many 

4090
03:43:02,500 --> 03:43:05,800
scientific articles and images 
from anatomical, diagrams to 

4091
03:43:05,800 --> 03:43:08,800
Windmill Improvement designs 
aiming to gather and disseminate

4092
03:43:08,800 --> 03:43:11,900
Essential Knowledge. 
To catalog and communicate. 

4093
03:43:11,900 --> 03:43:15,900
Practical information was an 
Enlightenment ideal knowledge, 

4094
03:43:15,900 --> 03:43:18,900
should not be hidden or Guild 
bound, but shared for the common

4095
03:43:18,900 --> 03:43:21,800
good. 
Dido published on Metallurgy 

4096
03:43:21,800 --> 03:43:25,100
music theory and other subjects 
because he believed nature and 

4097
03:43:25,100 --> 03:43:28,800
art might liberate minds and 
enhance life. during this era, 

4098
03:43:28,800 --> 03:43:31,200
the state often linked 
scientific development to its 

4099
03:43:31,200 --> 03:43:36,200
goals fostering a culture of 
enlightened absolutism Louis the

4100
03:43:36,200 --> 03:43:38,500
16th and his ministers wanted to
use science to improve 

4101
03:43:38,500 --> 03:43:42,900
armaments, maps and agriculture 
in the 1760s. 

4102
03:43:43,900 --> 03:43:46,900
The French government supported 
the enormous Meridian voyages to

4103
03:43:46,900 --> 03:43:49,500
estimate the Earth's form, 
reflecting Enlightenment 

4104
03:43:49,500 --> 03:43:53,600
curiosity and State pride. 
The Academy of Sciences 

4105
03:43:53,600 --> 03:43:56,800
researched ways to enhance 
navigation, and chronometers, 

4106
03:43:56,800 --> 03:44:00,300
and gave prizes for practical 
answers, nutritionists like 

4107
03:44:00,300 --> 03:44:03,800
polmanteer staged meals 
featuring potato dishes to 

4108
03:44:03,800 --> 03:44:06,400
convince aristocracy, it could 
prevent starvation. 

4109
03:44:07,500 --> 03:44:10,500
To promote potatoes. 
Polmanteer had a field guarded 

4110
03:44:10,500 --> 03:44:12,800
by troops, but let peasants 
steal from it at night. 

4111
03:44:13,600 --> 03:44:16,000
In urban living, the 
enlightenment provided new 

4112
03:44:16,000 --> 03:44:19,500
conveniences, paris's nightly 
Street illumination improved 

4113
03:44:19,500 --> 03:44:23,400
bringing Enlightenment, public 
places like the Jardin Dua. 

4114
03:44:23,400 --> 03:44:26,900
Now, Jada plant, offered 
Botanical Gardens and a small 

4115
03:44:26,908 --> 03:44:29,700
Zoo representing. 
The era's Natural Science, 

4116
03:44:29,700 --> 03:44:32,500
curriculum traveling lecturers 
demonstrated physics 

4117
03:44:32,500 --> 03:44:36,600
experiments, such as how an air 
pump, could smother a bird in a 

4118
03:44:36,600 --> 03:44:39,500
vacuum jar, ugly. 
But a dramatic lesson in air. 

4119
03:44:40,400 --> 03:44:43,300
Crowds watched these shows 
blurred the lines between 

4120
03:44:43,300 --> 03:44:47,300
education and spectacle. 
Science was trendy by the 1780s 

4121
03:44:47,300 --> 03:44:51,700
in clubs mend debated, the ideas
of Newton and Descartes, while 

4122
03:44:51,700 --> 03:44:54,700
aristocratic women will small 
lightning rods as jewelry. 

4123
03:44:55,400 --> 03:44:58,100
The Revolutionary idea of 
rationality, evaluating and 

4124
03:44:58,100 --> 03:45:01,300
Engineering Society, also Drew 
inspiration from science. 

4125
03:45:02,200 --> 03:45:05,200
The scientists sought natural 
rules, philosophers sought 

4126
03:45:05,200 --> 03:45:08,200
social laws. 
Scientists skill in describing 

4127
03:45:08,200 --> 03:45:10,800
the world, encourage them to 
question whether social 

4128
03:45:10,800 --> 03:45:13,900
structures like the monarchy 
church and feudal. 

4129
03:45:13,900 --> 03:45:16,200
Privileges were logical or 
historical accidents. 

4130
03:45:16,200 --> 03:45:20,300
Why not redesign a kingdom. 
If a balloon could fly Science 

4131
03:45:20,300 --> 03:45:23,900
wasn't politically neutral some 
Enlightenment servants faced, 

4132
03:45:23,900 --> 03:45:27,000
persecution and challenges 
revolutionaries denounced, 

4133
03:45:27,000 --> 03:45:30,700
Lavoisier for being a tax 
collector in 1794, despite his 

4134
03:45:30,700 --> 03:45:34,100
gunpowder and chemistry 
advances, despite his scientific

4135
03:45:34,100 --> 03:45:37,300
credentials Lavoisier faced 
execution, when the public 

4136
03:45:37,300 --> 03:45:40,800
turned against experts, with 
links to the ancient regime, the

4137
03:45:40,800 --> 03:45:42,700
Republic has no need of 
scientists. 

4138
03:45:42,700 --> 03:45:47,000
The judge allegedly declared 
rejecting, Mercy requests, The 

4139
03:45:47,000 --> 03:45:49,600
new Administration returned 
lavoisier's things to his widow 

4140
03:45:49,600 --> 03:45:52,800
with a note to the Widow of Love
waza-air who was falsely 

4141
03:45:52,800 --> 03:45:56,400
convicted a year after his 
execution acknowledging, his 

4142
03:45:56,400 --> 03:45:59,400
innocence and genius 
mathematician LaGrange mourned. 

4143
03:45:59,400 --> 03:46:03,300
It took them only an instant to 
cut off that head and 100 years 

4144
03:46:03,300 --> 03:46:05,200
may not suffice to produce 
another like it. 

4145
03:46:06,300 --> 03:46:08,900
The convergence of Enlightenment
science and revolutionary 

4146
03:46:08,900 --> 03:46:13,100
politics was fragile, science 
permitted, Salon State policies 

4147
03:46:13,100 --> 03:46:15,000
and Street culture in 
Enlightenment France. 

4148
03:46:15,000 --> 03:46:19,200
It offered control over nature 
and reflected Society, people 

4149
03:46:19,200 --> 03:46:22,700
cooked healed, and illuminated 
their home's differently. 

4150
03:46:22,700 --> 03:46:25,800
It also influenced their 
Thinking by encouraging them to 

4151
03:46:25,800 --> 03:46:28,100
believe that empirical 
observation and reason could 

4152
03:46:28,100 --> 03:46:30,300
explain an improve the natural 
and human world. 

4153
03:46:31,200 --> 03:46:33,700
They would put this optimism to 
the test, but it held 

4154
03:46:33,700 --> 03:46:36,800
significant power. 
The montgolfier balloons, 

4155
03:46:36,800 --> 03:46:40,600
soaring to cheers at Versailles.
Showed how knowledge May lift 

4156
03:46:40,600 --> 03:46:44,500
Humanity. 
Once a place of gods and mystery

4157
03:46:44,500 --> 03:46:48,000
the sky today hosted, human 
achievement everything appeared 

4158
03:46:48,000 --> 03:46:51,500
possible currently and a social.
And political revolution was 

4159
03:46:51,500 --> 03:46:54,800
about to happen spurred in part 
by Enlightenment Sciences 

4160
03:46:54,800 --> 03:46:58,300
confidence, and inquisitive 
attitude to lose experience to 

4161
03:46:58,300 --> 03:47:00,000
horrible scene. 
That exemplified the 

4162
03:47:00,000 --> 03:47:04,300
enlightenment's fight against 
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 

4163
03:47:04,300 --> 03:47:07,200
wheel punishment, sentenced 
Protestant Merchant, Jean 

4164
03:47:07,200 --> 03:47:09,700
cholesterol, death, for the 
murder of his son, who was 

4165
03:47:09,700 --> 03:47:11,300
reportedly converting to 
Catholicism. 

4166
03:47:13,000 --> 03:47:16,100
Kalis claimed innocence, but 
anti-protestant, sentiment 

4167
03:47:16,100 --> 03:47:19,500
decided his fate, he suffered, 
and maintained his innocence 

4168
03:47:19,500 --> 03:47:22,300
until death. 
Voltaire learned about this 

4169
03:47:22,300 --> 03:47:23,700
Injustice. 
It is Fernie house. 

4170
03:47:24,600 --> 03:47:26,600
The famous philosopher was 
outraged. 

4171
03:47:27,300 --> 03:47:29,500
I believe it's in, everyone's 
interest to study this topic, 

4172
03:47:29,500 --> 03:47:33,500
which some may consider the 
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 

4173
03:47:33,500 --> 03:47:35,700
wrote to ignore. 
Such a thing is to abandon 

4174
03:47:35,700 --> 03:47:38,700
Humanity. 
Voltaire pursued, classes 

4175
03:47:38,700 --> 03:47:41,400
Vindication and the diligent 
judges prosecution. 

4176
03:47:41,400 --> 03:47:44,100
He wrote to powerful people, 
authored a Treasures on 

4177
03:47:44,100 --> 03:47:48,200
tolerance 1763 and stirred 
popular support for Religious 

4178
03:47:48,200 --> 03:47:50,800
Freedom. 
After years of struggle 

4179
03:47:50,800 --> 03:47:55,600
Voltaire, succeeded in 1765, the
king's Council in Paris, 

4180
03:47:55,600 --> 03:47:58,300
overturned, calluses sentence 
and exonerated. 

4181
03:47:58,300 --> 03:48:02,400
Him posthumously this victory of
Reason, over bias was applauded 

4182
03:48:02,400 --> 03:48:05,500
by Europe and the age Voltaire. 
The Klass Scandal. 

4183
03:48:05,500 --> 03:48:08,300
Proved that the monarchs could 
be swayed to write or wrong. 

4184
03:48:08,300 --> 03:48:11,200
And advancing Enlightenment, 
religious tolerance, and 

4185
03:48:11,200 --> 03:48:13,500
religious native change 
voltaire's. 

4186
03:48:13,500 --> 03:48:16,900
EClass a line, fam crushed. 
The infamous thing inspired the 

4187
03:48:16,908 --> 03:48:20,800
philosophy of Victory 
Superstition and Priests misuse 

4188
03:48:20,800 --> 03:48:23,800
of authority with his concerns. 
Not religion itself. 

4189
03:48:24,600 --> 03:48:28,900
Numerous examples in Rage. 
The philosophy 1766, saw the 

4190
03:48:28,908 --> 03:48:33,300
execution of 19 year old 
Aristocrat Chevelle for Empire 

4191
03:48:33,300 --> 03:48:35,800
party for not removing his hat 
during a religious procession 

4192
03:48:35,800 --> 03:48:39,400
and defacing a crucifix. 
The Authority's fastened 

4193
03:48:39,400 --> 03:48:42,500
voltaire's philosophical 
dictionary to labar's Burning, 

4194
03:48:42,500 --> 03:48:45,100
Body blaming Enlightenment 
principles for teenager, 

4195
03:48:45,100 --> 03:48:49,000
reverends. 
Voltaire outraged at La bars 

4196
03:48:49,000 --> 03:48:52,200
execution, wrote harshly about 
the cruelty and stupidity of it.

4197
03:48:52,200 --> 03:48:55,700
These events led philosophies to
strengthen their attacks on the 

4198
03:48:55,700 --> 03:48:59,100
Catholic church and the absolute
monarchy with its nobility as a 

4199
03:48:59,108 --> 03:49:02,600
presses in lightning ideas held 
the monarchy and religion 

4200
03:49:02,600 --> 03:49:05,700
accountable to reason justice 
and human rights. 

4201
03:49:06,800 --> 03:49:11,000
In the 70s old regime criticism 
previously, nuanced and 

4202
03:49:11,000 --> 03:49:14,200
typically articulated through 
satire or foreign Tales became 

4203
03:49:14,200 --> 03:49:17,500
bolder. 
Montesquieu questioned, absolute

4204
03:49:17,500 --> 03:49:19,600
monarchy by praising England's 
equilibrium. 

4205
03:49:19,600 --> 03:49:24,800
Some went further, Russo's, 
social contracts 1762 opens with

4206
03:49:24,800 --> 03:49:28,600
the Bold claim. 
Man is Born Free and everywhere.

4207
03:49:28,600 --> 03:49:33,200
He is in Chains attacking Royal 
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 

4208
03:49:33,200 --> 03:49:36,800
believed that sovereignty was 
with the people that laws should

4209
03:49:36,800 --> 03:49:40,200
represent the public will and 
that aristocratic titles were 

4210
03:49:40,200 --> 03:49:43,700
illogical secret copies of the 
band and destroyed book 

4211
03:49:43,700 --> 03:49:47,900
disseminated its ideas quickly. 
In later works, Dro focused on 

4212
03:49:47,900 --> 03:49:51,000
colonialism and slavery and 
suggested that a press people 

4213
03:49:51,000 --> 03:49:54,300
should rise up. 
Reynolds did popular history of 

4214
03:49:54,300 --> 03:49:57,400
the two Indies predicts a slave 
Insurrection and the fall of 

4215
03:49:57,400 --> 03:50:01,900
European Authority overseas, 
that conversation exploded, the 

4216
03:50:01,900 --> 03:50:05,200
French Crown, spam dubbed 
sensors tried to crush it but 

4217
03:50:05,200 --> 03:50:07,500
they merely pushed it 
underground where it became more

4218
03:50:07,500 --> 03:50:10,000
appealing. 
Not all in lightning Figures 

4219
03:50:10,000 --> 03:50:13,700
were radicals, many favored in 
lighting despotism, which held 

4220
03:50:13,700 --> 03:50:16,400
at a wise and sensible King 
could reform from Power. 

4221
03:50:17,200 --> 03:50:20,200
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the
great of Prussia and praised 

4222
03:50:20,200 --> 03:50:21,900
Emperor. 
Joseph, the second of Austria 

4223
03:50:21,900 --> 03:50:25,800
for religious toleration and 
serfdom reform, Enlightenment 

4224
03:50:25,800 --> 03:50:28,800
influenced, French ministers and
nobility included turgut. 

4225
03:50:28,800 --> 03:50:32,200
Who tried to deregulate grain 
trade and abolish forced labor 

4226
03:50:32,200 --> 03:50:34,800
and the Marketo. 
Condor say who promoted 

4227
03:50:34,800 --> 03:50:37,900
educational and judicial reforms
in aristocratic circles 

4228
03:50:37,900 --> 03:50:43,300
britannica.com britannica.com. 
These men attempted internal 

4229
03:50:43,300 --> 03:50:47,500
system reform in 1780 
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 

4230
03:50:47,500 --> 03:50:50,600
prohibited torture in 
interrogations inspired by 

4231
03:50:50,600 --> 03:50:53,900
kesari beccaria's, Enlightenment
essay, on crimes and punishments

4232
03:50:53,900 --> 03:50:57,700
by providing Protestants civil 
rights in 1787. 

4233
03:50:57,700 --> 03:51:00,700
He advocated immunization and 
religious tolerance. 

4234
03:51:00,700 --> 03:51:04,300
The monarchy often fail to face 
opposition from existing 

4235
03:51:04,300 --> 03:51:08,800
interests, Nobles resisted Turks
reforms, dismissing him, the 

4236
03:51:08,800 --> 03:51:11,200
church leadership, actively 
opposed privileged reduction. 

4237
03:51:12,100 --> 03:51:13,900
French. 
Catholic Church was a key 

4238
03:51:13,900 --> 03:51:16,500
Enlightenment Target. 
The church had long ruled 

4239
03:51:16,500 --> 03:51:19,500
education literature and 
dissenters were immense, great, 

4240
03:51:19,500 --> 03:51:23,500
riches philosopher, mostly 
deists or agnostics, denounce 

4241
03:51:23,500 --> 03:51:27,000
Church persecution. 
Voltaire proposed intolerance 

4242
03:51:27,000 --> 03:51:29,600
like the calus Scandal to Humble
the church. 

4243
03:51:30,600 --> 03:51:34,400
Candide, his satirical tale 
attacked religious hypocrisy and

4244
03:51:34,400 --> 03:51:38,100
other flaws. 
In cannibals, d'idro subtly 

4245
03:51:38,100 --> 03:51:41,100
mocked European religious, 
communion by comparing Pacific 

4246
03:51:41,100 --> 03:51:43,500
island, accustomed to European 
religious communion. 

4247
03:51:44,200 --> 03:51:46,600
Baron holbach system of nature 
atheism. 

4248
03:51:46,600 --> 03:51:49,600
Depicts priests, as deceptive 
characters, who use hell to 

4249
03:51:49,608 --> 03:51:52,100
subjugate people. 
The words were provocative 

4250
03:51:52,100 --> 03:51:54,700
Toulouse. 
Experienced a horrible scene 

4251
03:51:54,700 --> 03:51:56,800
that exemplified the 
enlightenment's fight against 

4252
03:51:56,800 --> 03:52:01,500
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 
wheel punishment, sentenced 

4253
03:52:01,500 --> 03:52:04,200
Protestant, Merchant, Jean 
collected, death, for the murder

4254
03:52:04,200 --> 03:52:06,900
of his son, who was reportedly 
converting to Catholicism. 

4255
03:52:08,700 --> 03:52:11,700
Calus claimed in a sense, but 
anti-protestant, sentiment 

4256
03:52:11,700 --> 03:52:15,000
decided his fate, he suffered, 
and maintained his innocence 

4257
03:52:15,000 --> 03:52:17,900
until death. 
Volta, learned about this 

4258
03:52:17,900 --> 03:52:21,400
Injustice and his Fernie house. 
The famous philosopher was 

4259
03:52:21,400 --> 03:52:23,900
outraged. 
I believe it's in, everyone's 

4260
03:52:23,900 --> 03:52:26,700
interest to study this topic, 
which some may consider the 

4261
03:52:26,700 --> 03:52:30,800
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 
wrote to ignore such a thing as 

4262
03:52:30,800 --> 03:52:34,300
to abandon Humanity. 
Voltaire pursued, classes 

4263
03:52:34,300 --> 03:52:37,000
Vindication and the diligent 
judges prosecution. 

4264
03:52:37,000 --> 03:52:39,700
He wrote to powerful people, 
authored A Treatise on 

4265
03:52:39,700 --> 03:52:43,800
tolerance, 1763 and stirred 
popular support for Religious 

4266
03:52:43,800 --> 03:52:46,400
Freedom. 
After years of struggle 

4267
03:52:46,400 --> 03:52:51,200
Voltaire, succeeded in 1765. 
The king's Council in Paris, 

4268
03:52:51,200 --> 03:52:54,600
overturned, calluses sentence 
and exonerated him posthumously.

4269
03:52:55,400 --> 03:52:58,900
This victory of Reason, over 
bias was applauded by Europe and

4270
03:52:58,900 --> 03:53:01,500
the age of Voltaire. 
The kalash Scandal proved that 

4271
03:53:01,500 --> 03:53:05,000
the monarchs could be swayed to 
write or wrong and dancing, 

4272
03:53:05,000 --> 03:53:07,300
Enlightenment, religious 
tolerance, and legislative 

4273
03:53:07,300 --> 03:53:10,800
change voltaire's. 
A line, fam, crushed. 

4274
03:53:10,800 --> 03:53:15,000
The infamous thing inspired the 
philosophy Superstition. 

4275
03:53:15,000 --> 03:53:19,000
And Priests misuse of authority.
Who his concerns not religion 

4276
03:53:19,000 --> 03:53:21,700
itself. 
Numerous examples in Rage. 

4277
03:53:21,700 --> 03:53:26,000
The philosophy 1766, saw the 
execution of 19 year old 

4278
03:53:26,008 --> 03:53:30,300
Aristocrat Chevelle for Empire 
party for not removing his hat 

4279
03:53:30,300 --> 03:53:34,000
during a religious procession 
and defacing a crucifix, the 

4280
03:53:34,000 --> 03:53:35,700
authorities. 
Fastened voltaire's 

4281
03:53:35,700 --> 03:53:38,100
philosophical dictionary to 
labar's, Burning. 

4282
03:53:38,100 --> 03:53:40,700
Body blaming Enlightenment 
principles for teenager, 

4283
03:53:40,700 --> 03:53:44,600
reverends. 
Voltaire outraged at Le bars 

4284
03:53:44,600 --> 03:53:47,800
execution, wrote harshly about 
the cruelty and stupidity of it.

4285
03:53:47,800 --> 03:53:51,400
These events led philosophies to
strengthen their attacks on the 

4286
03:53:51,400 --> 03:53:54,700
Catholic church and the absolute
monarchy with its nobility as a 

4287
03:53:54,708 --> 03:53:57,700
presses in lightning. 
Mint ideas, held the monarchy 

4288
03:53:57,700 --> 03:54:01,300
and religion accountable to 
reason justice and human rights.

4289
03:54:02,500 --> 03:54:06,600
In the 70s old regime criticism 
previously, nuanced and 

4290
03:54:06,600 --> 03:54:09,900
typically articulated through 
satire or foreign Tales became 

4291
03:54:09,900 --> 03:54:13,000
bolder. 
Montesquieu questioned, absolute

4292
03:54:13,000 --> 03:54:15,100
monarchy by praising England's 
equilibrium. 

4293
03:54:15,100 --> 03:54:20,400
Some went further, Russo's, 
social contracts 1762 opens with

4294
03:54:20,400 --> 03:54:24,100
the Bold claim. 
Man is Born Free and everywhere.

4295
03:54:24,100 --> 03:54:28,900
He is in Chains attacking Royal 
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 

4296
03:54:28,900 --> 03:54:32,400
believed that sovereignty was 
with the people that laws should

4297
03:54:32,400 --> 03:54:35,800
represent the public will and 
that aristocratic titles were 

4298
03:54:35,800 --> 03:54:38,600
illogical. 
Secret copies of the band and 

4299
03:54:38,600 --> 03:54:41,000
destroyed book disseminated its 
ideas quickly. 

4300
03:54:41,800 --> 03:54:45,300
In later works Dedra focused on 
colonialism and slavery and 

4301
03:54:45,300 --> 03:54:47,400
suggested that a press people 
should rise up. 

4302
03:54:48,000 --> 03:54:51,300
Rain on Dido's, popular history 
of the two Indies predicts a 

4303
03:54:51,300 --> 03:54:54,500
slave Insurrection and the fall 
of European Authority overseas 

4304
03:54:54,500 --> 03:54:58,900
that conversation exploded. 
The French Crown spam does 

4305
03:54:58,900 --> 03:55:01,600
sentences tried to crush it but 
they merely pushed it 

4306
03:55:01,600 --> 03:55:03,600
underground where it became more
appealing. 

4307
03:55:03,600 --> 03:55:07,400
Not all in lightening Figures 
were radicals, many favored, 

4308
03:55:07,400 --> 03:55:10,700
enlightened despotism which held
at a wise and sensible King 

4309
03:55:10,700 --> 03:55:14,500
could reform from Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

4310
03:55:14,500 --> 03:55:16,100
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor. 

4311
03:55:16,100 --> 03:55:19,300
Joseph, the second of Austria 
for religious toleration and 

4312
03:55:19,300 --> 03:55:22,900
serfdom reform, Enlightenment 
influenced, French ministers and

4313
03:55:22,900 --> 03:55:26,300
nobility included turgut. 
Who tried to deregulate grain 

4314
03:55:26,300 --> 03:55:28,900
trade and abolish forced labor 
and the Marketo. 

4315
03:55:28,900 --> 03:55:32,200
Condor say who promoted 
educational and judicial reforms

4316
03:55:32,200 --> 03:55:36,100
in aristocratic circles 
britannica.com britannica.com. 

4317
03:55:37,500 --> 03:55:41,300
These men attempted internal 
system reform in 1780 

4318
03:55:41,300 --> 03:55:44,100
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 
prohibited torture in 

4319
03:55:44,100 --> 03:55:46,700
interrogations inspired by 
kesari. 

4320
03:55:46,700 --> 03:55:50,600
Bakery in lightning, essay, on 
crimes and punishments by 

4321
03:55:50,600 --> 03:55:53,300
providing Protestants civil 
rights in 1787. 

4322
03:55:53,300 --> 03:55:56,200
He advocated immunization and 
religious tolerance. 

4323
03:55:56,200 --> 03:55:59,900
The monarchy often fail to face 
opposition from existing 

4324
03:55:59,900 --> 03:56:04,400
interests, Nobles resisted Turks
reforms, dismissing him, the 

4325
03:56:04,400 --> 03:56:06,900
church leadership, actively 
opposed privileged reduction. 

4326
03:56:07,700 --> 03:56:10,300
French Catholic Church was a key
Enlightenment Target. 

4327
03:56:10,300 --> 03:56:13,500
The church had long ruled. 
Education literature and 

4328
03:56:13,500 --> 03:56:17,800
dissenters were dements, great 
riches philosopher, mostly Deus 

4329
03:56:17,800 --> 03:56:20,200
or agnostics, denounce Church 
persecution. 

4330
03:56:21,200 --> 03:56:24,400
Voltaire proposed intolerance 
like their callous Scandal to 

4331
03:56:24,400 --> 03:56:28,000
Humble the church. 
Candide, his satirical tale 

4332
03:56:28,000 --> 03:56:30,600
attacked religious hypocrisy and
other flaws. 

4333
03:56:31,500 --> 03:56:34,700
In cannibals, d'idro subtly 
mocked European religious, 

4334
03:56:34,700 --> 03:56:38,200
communion by comparing Pacific 
island, accustomed to European 

4335
03:56:38,200 --> 03:56:41,600
religious communion. 
Baron holbach system of nature 

4336
03:56:41,600 --> 03:56:43,700
atheism. 
Depicts priests, as deceptive 

4337
03:56:43,700 --> 03:56:45,900
characters, who use hell to 
subjugate people. 

4338
03:56:45,900 --> 03:56:50,800
The words were provocative, the 
mathematician philosopher and 

4339
03:56:50,800 --> 03:56:54,300
liberal nobleman Marquis De 
condos, a deed in a Disney 

4340
03:56:54,300 --> 03:56:58,200
Bulgarian. 
Jail cell in August of 1794, he 

4341
03:56:58,200 --> 03:57:00,400
fled from the extremists jacket 
regime that called him a 

4342
03:57:00,400 --> 03:57:02,800
traitor. 
Condor say who championed human 

4343
03:57:02,800 --> 03:57:05,400
rights slavery. 
Abolition, and women's suffrage 

4344
03:57:05,400 --> 03:57:09,400
almost alone among his peers. 
Was now a victim of the 

4345
03:57:09,400 --> 03:57:12,100
Revolution. 
He supported his lifeless body 

4346
03:57:12,100 --> 03:57:15,500
was uncovered by guards. 
He may have died from disease 

4347
03:57:15,500 --> 03:57:17,800
and exhaustion from Poison. 
He hid when the guillotine 

4348
03:57:17,800 --> 03:57:20,800
approached the terrorists, Gloom
killed one of the 

4349
03:57:20,800 --> 03:57:22,200
enlightenment's brightest 
lights. 

4350
03:57:22,200 --> 03:57:25,700
His demise typify, the tragic 
irony that Bethel many in 

4351
03:57:25,700 --> 03:57:28,400
lightning luminary's during the 
Revolutionary storm. 

4352
03:57:28,400 --> 03:57:32,100
Their promised progress had 
turned on them. as previously 

4353
03:57:32,100 --> 03:57:35,200
mentioned Lavoisier faced 
execution, despite his claims 

4354
03:57:35,200 --> 03:57:38,900
that his scientific efforts 
benefited, the nation, Madame 

4355
03:57:38,900 --> 03:57:41,500
Geoffrey's daughter saw her 
Salon acquaintances scattered 

4356
03:57:41,500 --> 03:57:45,800
some executed as Gentile reform 
conversations gave way to mobs 

4357
03:57:45,800 --> 03:57:50,300
even after their deaths in 1793 
Voltaire and Rousseau were 

4358
03:57:50,300 --> 03:57:52,600
disputed by revolutionaries with
radicals. 

4359
03:57:52,600 --> 03:57:55,100
Favoring Rousseau's 
egalitarianism and moderates 

4360
03:57:55,100 --> 03:57:58,200
voltaire's tolerance, the 
enlightenment inspired the 

4361
03:57:58,200 --> 03:58:02,100
revolution, but the revolution 
tested it The French Revolution,

4362
03:58:02,100 --> 03:58:06,400
both upheld and undermined in 
lightened values on one hand, it

4363
03:58:06,400 --> 03:58:09,500
formalized, many philosophers 
essential ideas based on 

4364
03:58:09,500 --> 03:58:11,800
Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau 
and Locke. 

4365
03:58:11,800 --> 03:58:15,400
The Declaration of the rights of
man and citizens 1789. 

4366
03:58:15,400 --> 03:58:19,800
Advocated freedom of speech and 
religion equality before the law

4367
03:58:19,800 --> 03:58:21,900
and the right to resist 
Injustice. 

4368
03:58:23,100 --> 03:58:25,800
The philosophers dream of a 
meritocratic society was 

4369
03:58:25,800 --> 03:58:29,800
realized on August 1789 when 
feudal privileges and tithes 

4370
03:58:29,800 --> 03:58:33,700
were abolished in one night. 
The constitution of 1791 

4371
03:58:33,700 --> 03:58:37,000
established a constitutional 
monarchy with a Montesquieu like

4372
03:58:37,000 --> 03:58:40,000
division of powers. 
The revolution, for filled 

4373
03:58:40,000 --> 03:58:42,700
voltaire's calls for Toleration 
by seizing Church property in 

4374
03:58:42,708 --> 03:58:46,300
1790 and awarding full 
citizenship to Protestants and 

4375
03:58:46,300 --> 03:58:50,000
Jews in 1791. 
When Louis, the 16th was 

4376
03:58:50,000 --> 03:58:54,000
guillotined in 1793 Russo's 
vision of popular sovereignty, 

4377
03:58:54,000 --> 03:58:56,200
the people's will above Divine, 
Right? 

4378
03:58:56,200 --> 03:58:59,700
Kingship was most clearly 
confirmed however, the 

4379
03:58:59,700 --> 03:59:03,000
revolution's violent illiberal 
turned troubled, many The 

4380
03:59:03,000 --> 03:59:05,600
enlightenment sought to replace 
tyranny with reasoned 

4381
03:59:05,600 --> 03:59:08,300
conversation not crowd or one 
party power. 

4382
03:59:08,300 --> 03:59:11,700
The Committee of Public Safety 
murdered thousands of enemies of

4383
03:59:11,700 --> 03:59:16,300
the Revolution during the reign 
of terror 1793 to 4. a terrible 

4384
03:59:16,300 --> 03:59:19,700
inversion of Enlightenment ideas
reason gave way to another 

4385
03:59:19,700 --> 03:59:23,200
frenzy under Robespierre, the 
revolutionaries formed, a 

4386
03:59:23,200 --> 03:59:25,900
municipal religion of the 
Supreme Being and held deistic 

4387
03:59:25,900 --> 03:59:29,400
festivals, a guillotine enforced
version of Rousseau's civil 

4388
03:59:29,400 --> 03:59:34,000
religion, People executed under 
the guise of reason for being 

4389
03:59:34,000 --> 03:59:36,600
Aristocrats or moderate. 
Republicans would have horrified

4390
03:59:36,600 --> 03:59:39,200
Voltaire. 
The terror exposed in 

4391
03:59:39,200 --> 03:59:42,600
Enlightenment contradiction the 
confidence in a single truth 

4392
03:59:42,600 --> 03:59:45,300
rational or ideological can lead
to tyranny. 

4393
03:59:46,500 --> 03:59:50,100
Philosophers like to hold back 
and helvetius were as intolerant

4394
03:59:50,100 --> 03:59:52,800
of religious people. 
As atheists the revolution 

4395
03:59:52,800 --> 03:59:56,600
showed how abstract and like 
become dogmatism, no one shall 

4396
03:59:56,600 --> 03:59:59,100
spread Darkness on pain of 
death. 

4397
03:59:59,800 --> 04:00:03,700
Many Enlightenment thinkers did 
not want to democracy Voltaire. 

4398
04:00:03,700 --> 04:00:05,700
Favored. 
An enlightened Monarch over an 

4399
04:00:05,700 --> 04:00:08,300
uninformed mob. 
Some intellectuals said, early 

4400
04:00:08,300 --> 04:00:11,000
revolutionary assemblies 
disarray showed Voltaire was 

4401
04:00:11,000 --> 04:00:16,600
right about the Canela rabble. 
Before his 1784 death deed Dro 

4402
04:00:16,608 --> 04:00:20,200
had become pessimistic. 
Arguing, that despotism might 

4403
04:00:20,200 --> 04:00:23,300
only cease when the last Monarch
was strangled with the last 

4404
04:00:23,300 --> 04:00:26,500
present, Trails, the Dismal. 
Hyperbole the revolutionaries 

4405
04:00:26,500 --> 04:00:29,700
half-jokingly repeated diderot 
probably wouldn't have 

4406
04:00:29,700 --> 04:00:34,500
celebrated the 1793 masculinity 
Philosophers had not solved how 

4407
04:00:34,500 --> 04:00:38,500
to justly implement principles, 
this Gap existed, between theory

4408
04:00:38,500 --> 04:00:41,700
and practice. 
In supporters face, social 

4409
04:00:41,700 --> 04:00:44,900
contradictions few addressed 
women's condition directly 

4410
04:00:44,900 --> 04:00:46,600
though. 
They promised a quality. 

4411
04:00:47,500 --> 04:00:50,300
Though, a proponent of democracy
Rousseau believed, women should 

4412
04:00:50,300 --> 04:00:53,100
be educated exclusively to 
please men and stay at home, 

4413
04:00:53,100 --> 04:00:56,900
contrary to our lamp to gouge 
and Condor say, who authored an 

4414
04:00:56,900 --> 04:01:00,000
essay in 1790 advocating, for 
women's political rights. 

4415
04:01:01,000 --> 04:01:03,700
After writing a declaration of 
the rights of woman, the 

4416
04:01:03,700 --> 04:01:06,700
Revolutionary Authority, 
Guillotine de guerras, the 

4417
04:01:06,700 --> 04:01:09,200
enlightenment fraternity had 
excluded, their sisters from 

4418
04:01:09,200 --> 04:01:11,600
Universal rights. 
There was division among 

4419
04:01:11,600 --> 04:01:13,300
Enlightenment views on race and 
slavery. 

4420
04:01:14,200 --> 04:01:17,600
Some like d'idro and condos. 
A strongly criticized slavery is

4421
04:01:17,600 --> 04:01:21,500
against natural law. 
The 1788 Society of Friends of 

4422
04:01:21,500 --> 04:01:23,800
the blacks founded by 
Enlightenment influence, men 

4423
04:01:23,800 --> 04:01:27,700
sort of volition others like 
Voltaire criticize. 

4424
04:01:27,700 --> 04:01:30,700
The slave trade in the abstract 
but made racist statements and 

4425
04:01:30,700 --> 04:01:33,600
invested in colonial 
corporations Enlightenment. 

4426
04:01:33,600 --> 04:01:37,600
Universal human nature, battled 
with pseudoscientific racism, 

4427
04:01:37,600 --> 04:01:41,800
ironically a consequence of 
species classification. the 

4428
04:01:41,800 --> 04:01:45,400
revolution abolished slavery in 
1794 after a massive slave, 

4429
04:01:45,400 --> 04:01:49,200
Insurrection in Santa mang, 
Haiti, but Napoleon reinstalled,

4430
04:01:49,200 --> 04:01:53,300
it Ideal and reality. 
Differed relationship between 

4431
04:01:53,300 --> 04:01:55,400
intellect and emotion, was 
another tension. 

4432
04:01:56,200 --> 04:01:58,900
Rousseau noted that humans are 
not rational but the 

4433
04:01:58,900 --> 04:02:01,900
enlightenment praise reason. 
The revolution showed that 

4434
04:02:01,900 --> 04:02:05,300
passion's anger in Justice's 
desire for vengeance. 

4435
04:02:05,300 --> 04:02:08,800
Hope for Glory driver vents more
than academic treatises 

4436
04:02:08,800 --> 04:02:11,800
Romanticism. 
A 19th century. 

4437
04:02:11,800 --> 04:02:14,500
Counter-attack accused the 
enlightenment of disregarding 

4438
04:02:14,500 --> 04:02:18,300
the heart, tradition and faith, 
Edmund Burke in England and 

4439
04:02:18,300 --> 04:02:23,200
Joseph de Maestro in France, 
held the philosophy responsible 

4440
04:02:23,200 --> 04:02:26,000
for the revolution's, Bloodshed,
by unmooring Society from 

4441
04:02:26,000 --> 04:02:29,600
traditional institutions, They 
said that the enlightenment's 

4442
04:02:29,600 --> 04:02:31,800
abstract, reasoning had 
dissolved Authority and led to 

4443
04:02:31,800 --> 04:02:36,900
chaos and Napoleon's rule. 
While this view is debatable by 

4444
04:02:36,900 --> 04:02:39,600
the early 1800s, the 
enlightenment was hailed for the

4445
04:02:39,600 --> 04:02:42,600
Declaration of Rights and 
scientific advancement but also 

4446
04:02:42,600 --> 04:02:46,100
accused of revolution. 
Long-term the French 

4447
04:02:46,100 --> 04:02:48,600
Enlightenment left, a deep and 
mostly good influence. 

4448
04:02:48,600 --> 04:02:52,200
It inspired the French American 
and later Independence movements

4449
04:02:52,200 --> 04:02:55,100
worldwide. 
Many Enlightenment goals were 

4450
04:02:55,100 --> 04:02:58,000
achieved in the 19th century. 
Including the abolition of 

4451
04:02:58,000 --> 04:03:02,700
slavery in European Empires, 
France, in 1848, Britain 1833, 

4452
04:03:02,700 --> 04:03:06,400
the spread of public education. 
The rise of secular States and 

4453
04:03:06,400 --> 04:03:09,200
the reduction of church. 
Temporal power, the gradual and 

4454
04:03:09,200 --> 04:03:12,800
uneven expansion of suffrage and
the advancement of Science and 

4455
04:03:12,800 --> 04:03:17,100
Technology without Dogma. 
The 1948, un Universal 

4456
04:03:17,100 --> 04:03:20,200
Declaration of Human Rights is 
based on Enlightenment ideas. 

4457
04:03:21,000 --> 04:03:23,800
Today we Echo voltaire's calls 
for press and conscience, 

4458
04:03:23,800 --> 04:03:26,600
freedom. 
Governments, cite Montesquieu 

4459
04:03:26,600 --> 04:03:30,300
and creating checks and balances
when protesters invoke, the will

4460
04:03:30,300 --> 04:03:32,100
of the people Rousseau as 
followed. 

4461
04:03:32,100 --> 04:03:35,000
However, the enlightenment left 
more uncertain. 

4462
04:03:35,000 --> 04:03:38,000
Legacies, the Scientific 
Revolution and industrial 

4463
04:03:38,000 --> 04:03:41,800
society were fueled by reason, 
but romantic and later, 

4464
04:03:41,800 --> 04:03:45,300
existentialists criticized it, 
for promoting technocracy, and 

4465
04:03:45,300 --> 04:03:49,400
solarus rationality westerners 
defended imperialism as bringing

4466
04:03:49,400 --> 04:03:52,800
civilization. 
An attitude, oddly at conflict 

4467
04:03:52,800 --> 04:03:56,400
with the enlightenment empathy 
but facilitated by its aim 

4468
04:03:56,400 --> 04:04:00,500
Enlightenment, secularism 
allowed diversity to develop but

4469
04:04:00,500 --> 04:04:03,700
also left a spiritual hole that 
19th and 20th Century, 

4470
04:04:03,700 --> 04:04:07,500
ideologies, and nationalism, 
strove to fill, not always for 

4471
04:04:07,500 --> 04:04:10,200
the better. 
After Napoleon's collapse in 

4472
04:04:10,200 --> 04:04:13,900
1815 France is monarchy 
re-established Church dominance 

4473
04:04:13,900 --> 04:04:17,800
and conservative Tendencies. 
Intellectual life had changed. 

4474
04:04:17,800 --> 04:04:20,000
Thus the genie could not be put 
back. 

4475
04:04:20,900 --> 04:04:23,900
French politics, alternated 
between liberal and conservative

4476
04:04:23,900 --> 04:04:27,800
in the 19th century but in 
Enlightenment ideas set, the 

4477
04:04:27,800 --> 04:04:31,500
standard even conservatives had 
to justify themselves in terms 

4478
04:04:31,500 --> 04:04:34,700
of logical, government and 
National interest, not Divine 

4479
04:04:34,700 --> 04:04:37,800
Authority. 
France will officially divorce 

4480
04:04:37,800 --> 04:04:41,400
church and state in 1905, 
fulfilling the philosophies as 

4481
04:04:41,400 --> 04:04:46,400
aim of a secular Republic based 
on Liberty returnees in 

4482
04:04:46,400 --> 04:04:49,600
principles filtered through 
revolutionary experience. 

4483
04:04:50,600 --> 04:04:53,900
The French Enlightenment did not
finish neatly in 1789. 

4484
04:04:54,900 --> 04:04:57,600
The Revolution was chaotic and 
its aftermath complicated. 

4485
04:04:57,600 --> 04:05:01,800
Perhaps that emphasizes a last 
Enlightenment lessen, the 

4486
04:05:01,800 --> 04:05:04,700
movement always understood that 
human Affairs are imperfect and 

4487
04:05:04,700 --> 04:05:07,800
progressed zigzags. 
Drove observed. 

4488
04:05:08,600 --> 04:05:11,900
Fashions are the only orators 
that always persuade conceding. 

4489
04:05:11,900 --> 04:05:13,900
That reason, doesn't control the
world. 

4490
04:05:15,100 --> 04:05:18,100
Later in life Voltaire, tempered
his mockery with appeals for 

4491
04:05:18,108 --> 04:05:22,900
steady Improvement, not Utopia, 
even radical Russo caution, that

4492
04:05:22,900 --> 04:05:25,300
abrupt upheaval could lead to 
harsher despotism. 

4493
04:05:26,300 --> 04:05:28,900
Many Enlightenment thinkers 
realized, that Enlightenment 

4494
04:05:28,900 --> 04:05:30,600
would be a long-term tense 
project. 

4495
04:05:31,400 --> 04:05:33,900
Thus the enlightenment's 
Twilight transformed, rather 

4496
04:05:33,900 --> 04:05:36,100
than ended. 
People called themselves 

4497
04:05:36,100 --> 04:05:40,500
ideologues or intellectuals 
instead of philosophy in the 

4498
04:05:40,500 --> 04:05:44,000
19th century, but they inherited
the enlightenment's, realm 

4499
04:05:44,000 --> 04:05:47,700
questioning Authority, demanding
reasoned answers, and claiming 

4500
04:05:47,700 --> 04:05:50,000
individual dignity became 
entrenched in western 

4501
04:05:50,000 --> 04:05:53,100
civilization. 
When we read voltaire's, witty 

4502
04:05:53,100 --> 04:05:56,800
courageous, writings Rousseau's 
profound challenges, did Rose 

4503
04:05:56,800 --> 04:06:00,400
and cyclopedic labors or condor 
sets prescient humanism. 

4504
04:06:00,400 --> 04:06:02,900
We are reminded of the 
enlightenment's, very human 

4505
04:06:02,900 --> 04:06:05,800
story. 
Salon Gathering and clandestine 

4506
04:06:05,800 --> 04:06:10,100
pamphlets, friendships and feuds
and people risking prison for a 

4507
04:06:10,100 --> 04:06:12,800
pamphlet or exile for a 
principal ideas. 

4508
04:06:12,800 --> 04:06:14,400
Could overthrow thrown in that 
age. 

4509
04:06:15,200 --> 04:06:18,000
Its Legacy lives on every time, 
an informed public holds a 

4510
04:06:18,000 --> 04:06:20,700
tyrant accountable. 
A youngster is taught science 

4511
04:06:20,700 --> 04:06:23,600
with out Superstition. 
Various individuals sit down to 

4512
04:06:23,600 --> 04:06:26,600
talk and debate rather than 
fight and we choose light over 

4513
04:06:26,600 --> 04:06:29,100
Darkness. 
The French Enlightenment was 

4514
04:06:29,100 --> 04:06:30,700
truly a turning point in human 
history. 

4515
04:06:36,800 --> 04:06:39,100
You know that time when you wake
up and stumble into the kitchen,

4516
04:06:39,100 --> 04:06:42,500
still half asleep and go for 
your coffee cup like it's a life

4517
04:06:42,500 --> 04:06:45,600
preserver so get comfortable 
with that nice cup of tea or 

4518
04:06:45,600 --> 04:06:48,100
coffee because we're going to 
take a slow walk through some of

4519
04:06:48,108 --> 04:06:50,300
history's. 
Most surprising and fun turns. 

4520
04:06:50,300 --> 04:06:53,800
We will delve into the origins 
of everyday items and I assure 

4521
04:06:53,800 --> 04:06:55,600
you their tails are far from 
ordinary. 

4522
04:06:56,500 --> 04:06:59,400
Your toothbrush is probably the 
first item you touch today. 

4523
04:06:59,400 --> 04:07:02,600
So let's start there. 
You would imagine that someone 

4524
04:07:02,600 --> 04:07:05,300
sat down one day and carefully 
planned out this useful Gadget, 

4525
04:07:05,300 --> 04:07:08,200
right? 
Not really the toothbrush has a 

4526
04:07:08,200 --> 04:07:11,400
history that includes some great
ideas, some happy accidents. 

4527
04:07:11,400 --> 04:07:15,700
And some well, that escalated 
quickly moments. 

4528
04:07:15,700 --> 04:07:20,800
Imagine this, it's 498 in China,
and someone is having a terrible

4529
04:07:20,800 --> 04:07:24,700
day because of wild boar 
bristles, not for hunting, but 

4530
04:07:24,700 --> 04:07:27,900
for brushing teeth. 
Yes, the earliest toothbrush was

4531
04:07:27,900 --> 04:07:30,900
simply a little broom made from 
the neck care of wild boars 

4532
04:07:30,900 --> 04:07:34,600
linked to a bamboo handle. 
Think about how hard it would be

4533
04:07:34,600 --> 04:07:36,100
to convey it to your dentist 
today. 

4534
04:07:36,900 --> 04:07:38,500
Yes. 
Doctor, I've been using 

4535
04:07:38,500 --> 04:07:42,000
high-quality bore bristles on my
molars just thinking about. 

4536
04:07:42,000 --> 04:07:44,900
It makes you appreciate your 
modern drugstore toothbrush with

4537
04:07:44,900 --> 04:07:46,900
his gentle bristles and 
ergonomic grip. 

4538
04:07:46,900 --> 04:07:49,100
This is where it gets 
fascinating. 

4539
04:07:49,100 --> 04:07:52,700
It took almost 300 years for 
that, Chinese invention to reach

4540
04:07:52,700 --> 04:07:56,200
Europe where it was quickly, 
given the Royal Treatment in a 

4541
04:07:56,208 --> 04:07:59,100
literal sense. 
European Nobles, thought that 

4542
04:07:59,100 --> 04:08:01,300
bore bristles were too abrasive 
for their delicate. 

4543
04:08:01,300 --> 04:08:04,700
Mouths, it seems that even 
brushing your teeth was a class 

4544
04:08:04,700 --> 04:08:07,700
issue back, then, they decided 
to use horsehair instead. 

4545
04:08:07,700 --> 04:08:11,200
Yes, toothbrushes made of horse 
hair, your 

4546
04:08:11,200 --> 04:08:13,700
great-great-grandmother might 
have used, what was basically, a

4547
04:08:13,700 --> 04:08:15,000
little horse tail to wash her 
teeth. 

4548
04:08:15,000 --> 04:08:18,900
The bit, that was very funny. 
In the 1930s, when mass 

4549
04:08:18,900 --> 04:08:22,300
production finally started, the 
first synthetic bristles were 

4550
04:08:22,300 --> 04:08:25,300
created from nylon. 
The business that started this 

4551
04:08:25,300 --> 04:08:28,000
revolution. 
Dupont named their new product, 

4552
04:08:28,000 --> 04:08:30,500
Dr. West's Miracle toughed 
toothbrush. 

4553
04:08:30,500 --> 04:08:33,400
Dr. West must have been 
delighted that his name would 

4554
04:08:33,400 --> 04:08:35,800
forever. 
Be associated with oral hygiene.

4555
04:08:35,800 --> 04:08:39,300
But did he ever imagine that? 
Millions of people would wake up

4556
04:08:39,308 --> 04:08:42,400
every day with toothpaste, froth
in their mouths and chanted his 

4557
04:08:42,400 --> 04:08:44,500
name. 
Now, that you have envisioned 

4558
04:08:44,500 --> 04:08:47,400
that scenario, let us proceed to
examine the mirror in your 

4559
04:08:47,400 --> 04:08:49,600
bathroom. 
You look at that mirror every 

4560
04:08:49,600 --> 04:08:53,200
morning and sometimes avoided at
night, it has a story that 

4561
04:08:53,200 --> 04:08:55,800
sounds like a medieval Thriller 
combined with a chemistry 

4562
04:08:55,800 --> 04:09:00,600
disaster. 1000s of years, people
used polished Metals motionless,

4563
04:09:00,600 --> 04:09:03,900
water or very polished obsidian 
to see their Reflections. 

4564
04:09:03,900 --> 04:09:07,200
Think about how hard it would be
to pluck your eyebrows with a 

4565
04:09:07,208 --> 04:09:09,900
piece of polished bronze. 
There was a lot of room for 

4566
04:09:09,900 --> 04:09:13,600
error to put it mildly then in 
Venice in the 13th century. 

4567
04:09:13,600 --> 04:09:16,500
Someone had a hold my wine 
moment with silver and molten 

4568
04:09:16,500 --> 04:09:19,200
glass. 
Venetian glassmakers found that 

4569
04:09:19,200 --> 04:09:22,100
if you covered the back of glass
with a thin layer of silver and 

4570
04:09:22,100 --> 04:09:26,100
Mercury, yes, Mercury. 
The thing we now know is really 

4571
04:09:26,100 --> 04:09:28,600
poisonous. 
You could acquire a clear 

4572
04:09:28,600 --> 04:09:31,100
reflection Venice. 
Kept this secret. 

4573
04:09:31,100 --> 04:09:32,700
Like it was the key to living 
forever. 

4574
04:09:32,700 --> 04:09:36,400
They enacted regulations that 
made it illegal for glassmakers 

4575
04:09:36,400 --> 04:09:40,000
to leave the island of Murano. 
This was the first program in 

4576
04:09:40,000 --> 04:09:42,700
the world to protect businesses 
from industrial Espionage. 

4577
04:09:42,700 --> 04:09:45,700
If you break this law, you could
be killed. 

4578
04:09:47,000 --> 04:09:49,400
It appears that venetians in the
Middle Ages, were particularly 

4579
04:09:49,400 --> 04:09:51,100
serious about their mirror 
Monopoly. 

4580
04:09:51,100 --> 04:09:55,400
The funny thing, these gorgeous 
Innovative mirrors were slowly 

4581
04:09:55,400 --> 04:09:57,400
killing everyone who 
manufactured them. 

4582
04:09:57,400 --> 04:10:01,700
That's what mercury vapor does. 
It took hundreds of years for 

4583
04:10:01,700 --> 04:10:04,400
someone to find out how to build
mirrors without making the work 

4584
04:10:04,400 --> 04:10:07,400
as go crazy? 
Term isn't just for show, 

4585
04:10:07,400 --> 04:10:10,400
hatmakers really did go crazy 
from mercury poisoning. 

4586
04:10:11,300 --> 04:10:13,500
But that's a story for another 
enjoyable evening. 

4587
04:10:14,400 --> 04:10:16,600
But maybe the best thing about 
mirror history is how they 

4588
04:10:16,600 --> 04:10:18,200
become more accessible to 
everyone. 

4589
04:10:18,900 --> 04:10:21,800
In the past, only the very rich,
could see their own faces 

4590
04:10:21,800 --> 04:10:25,600
clearly, everyone else saw their
reflection in water or had only 

4591
04:10:25,600 --> 04:10:27,400
a faint concept of what they 
looked like. 

4592
04:10:28,300 --> 04:10:31,400
When mirrors became cheap, they 
changed everything from how 

4593
04:10:31,400 --> 04:10:32,900
people dressed to how they saw 
themselves. 

4594
04:10:34,100 --> 04:10:37,400
Everyone could now see how the 
new haircut looked for better or

4595
04:10:37,400 --> 04:10:39,000
worse. 
Now, that we've put your morning

4596
04:10:39,000 --> 04:10:41,000
routine in order on our 
historical timeline. 

4597
04:10:41,000 --> 04:10:44,100
Let's head to the kitchen, which
is the heart of any home. 

4598
04:10:44,100 --> 04:10:46,900
We're going to start with 
something so basic that you 

4599
04:10:46,900 --> 04:10:49,600
probably never thought about it 
before the fork. 

4600
04:10:49,600 --> 04:10:52,700
Yes, the fork that four-prong 
tool. 

4601
04:10:52,700 --> 04:10:55,000
That looks so innocent in your 
drawer has a very interesting 

4602
04:10:55,000 --> 04:10:57,300
history for most of History 
humans. 

4603
04:10:57,300 --> 04:11:00,000
Use their hands knives and 
sometimes spoons to eat. 

4604
04:11:00,700 --> 04:11:03,900
He thought that Not only was the
fork not needed but it was all. 

4605
04:11:03,900 --> 04:11:06,700
So disrespectful to God, this 
isn't a lie. 

4606
04:11:07,300 --> 04:11:10,300
When Forks first showed up in 
the 11th century business team, 

4607
04:11:10,300 --> 04:11:13,800
people were suspicious of them 
like they were evil sorcery or 

4608
04:11:13,800 --> 04:11:17,600
really awful poetry. 
Catholic Church said they were 

4609
04:11:17,600 --> 04:11:19,900
against God's will. 
Since God gave people fingers 

4610
04:11:19,900 --> 04:11:22,400
for a reason. 
Didn't he using a fork? 

4611
04:11:22,400 --> 04:11:24,800
Was like, informing God, that 
his plan needed work. 

4612
04:11:24,800 --> 04:11:28,800
The nerve. 
A Byzantine princess married, a 

4613
04:11:28,800 --> 04:11:31,900
Venetian Doge and carried her 
gold and forks with her, that 

4614
04:11:31,900 --> 04:11:35,500
was the genuine turning moment 
and the wedding reception. 

4615
04:11:35,500 --> 04:11:38,800
The bride is beautifully, 
bringing food to her mouth with 

4616
04:11:38,800 --> 04:11:42,100
these bizarre little pitchforks.
And the whole Italian bridal 

4617
04:11:42,100 --> 04:11:44,500
party is staring at her in 
Terror and curiosity. 

4618
04:11:45,800 --> 04:11:48,700
When the princess died, young 
church leaders smugly said it 

4619
04:11:48,700 --> 04:11:51,100
was God's punishment for her 
using Forks. 

4620
04:11:51,100 --> 04:11:54,600
The Middle Ages, best 
exemplified victim blaming it, 

4621
04:11:54,600 --> 04:11:59,800
took another 600 years six, 
centuries for Forks to be safe 

4622
04:11:59,800 --> 04:12:02,900
to use in Europe. 
Even then men fought them off 

4623
04:12:02,908 --> 04:12:05,300
longer than women since Forks, 
were thought to be feminine. 

4624
04:12:05,300 --> 04:12:08,400
Think about how insecure you are
about your manhood. 

4625
04:12:08,400 --> 04:12:10,900
If a small piece of silverware, 
makes you feel bad about 

4626
04:12:10,900 --> 04:12:13,500
yourself. 
Real men eat with their hands 

4627
04:12:13,500 --> 04:12:16,100
was evidently a popular belief 
in the 16th century. 

4628
04:12:16,100 --> 04:12:18,500
Let's speak about the simple can
opener. 

4629
04:12:18,500 --> 04:12:21,700
Now that we've talked about 
kitchen, revolution's the way 

4630
04:12:21,700 --> 04:12:24,100
this story goes against, common 
sense is so human. 

4631
04:12:24,100 --> 04:12:28,800
That it seems like a comic 
sketch Imagine this, a British 

4632
04:12:28,800 --> 04:12:31,700
inventor gets a patent for the 
tin can in 1810. 

4633
04:12:32,600 --> 04:12:34,600
Food preservation is no longer a
problem. 

4634
04:12:35,400 --> 04:12:38,600
Families can stock up on food. 
Armies can March father and 

4635
04:12:38,600 --> 04:12:41,400
ships can sail longer what a 
great idea, right? 

4636
04:12:42,300 --> 04:12:45,300
But no one made a can opener, 
which is where it becomes really

4637
04:12:45,300 --> 04:12:50,100
good, people used hammers 
chisels bayonets and probably a 

4638
04:12:50,100 --> 04:12:52,800
lot of colorful language to open
cans for 48 years. 

4639
04:12:52,800 --> 04:12:57,100
The directions on early can 
said, cut around the top near 

4640
04:12:57,100 --> 04:13:00,200
the outer edge with a chisel and
Hammer you know how you have to 

4641
04:13:00,200 --> 04:13:02,000
be inventive when you can't find
a bottle. 

4642
04:13:02,000 --> 04:13:05,400
Opener, consider how this method
was the official way to open 

4643
04:13:05,400 --> 04:13:08,600
cans for 50 years. 
The can opener that finally came

4644
04:13:08,600 --> 04:13:11,200
in 1858? 
Looked like a mix between a 

4645
04:13:11,200 --> 04:13:13,400
bayonet and a torture tool from 
the Middle Ages. 

4646
04:13:13,400 --> 04:13:16,600
You stabbed the can and sword 
around the edge. 

4647
04:13:16,600 --> 04:13:20,400
Praying, not to cut off a finger
in the process, the smooth 

4648
04:13:20,400 --> 04:13:22,700
rotary can opener that really 
makes the job. 

4649
04:13:22,700 --> 04:13:27,100
Easier didn't come out until 
1870, that 60 years of fighting 

4650
04:13:27,100 --> 04:13:29,800
about, something that should 
have been fixed a long time ago.

4651
04:13:31,100 --> 04:13:34,800
But here's what makes this story
so human no one thought to stop 

4652
04:13:34,800 --> 04:13:38,400
making cans for 48 years. 
While they worked out how to 

4653
04:13:38,400 --> 04:13:40,700
open them. 
Quickly, they just kept going 

4654
04:13:40,700 --> 04:13:43,900
with hammers and willpower, it's
like making the car before, you 

4655
04:13:43,900 --> 04:13:47,700
know how to fill it up with gas.
Let's discuss the microwave oven

4656
04:13:47,700 --> 04:13:50,600
now that were in the kitchen. 
It's narrative starts with 

4657
04:13:50,600 --> 04:13:54,100
chocolate radar and a fortunate 
accident that makes you believe 

4658
04:13:54,100 --> 04:13:57,400
in serendipity. 
While working on radar 

4659
04:13:57,400 --> 04:14:01,500
technology for Raytheon. 
In 1945, Percy, Spencer saw 

4660
04:14:01,500 --> 04:14:05,400
something strange While he was 
standing near a magnetron, the 

4661
04:14:05,400 --> 04:14:08,700
tube that produces microwaves 
for radar, the chocolate bar in 

4662
04:14:08,700 --> 04:14:11,200
his pocket had melted. 
A lot of people would have 

4663
04:14:11,200 --> 04:14:12,900
cursed, the ruined chocolate, 
and gone on. 

4664
04:14:13,900 --> 04:14:17,000
Hey what else can this invisible
energy cook, Percy Spencer 

4665
04:14:17,000 --> 04:14:19,700
thought he sampled some popcorn.
They went off. 

4666
04:14:19,700 --> 04:14:22,400
He had an egg. 
It blew up which undoubtedly 

4667
04:14:22,400 --> 04:14:25,100
gave his co-workers something to
talk about at dinner for weeks. 

4668
04:14:25,900 --> 04:14:28,100
Instead of cleaning up the egg 
mess and acting like nothing 

4669
04:14:28,100 --> 04:14:30,400
happened. 
Spencer got his company to allow

4670
04:14:30,400 --> 04:14:32,800
him to build a metal enclosure 
around a magnetron. 

4671
04:14:32,800 --> 04:14:35,600
The first microwave oven was as 
big as a fridge. 

4672
04:14:35,600 --> 04:14:40,800
Wait, 750 pounds and cost nearly
70,000 dollars in today's money.

4673
04:14:40,800 --> 04:14:44,200
It was called the radar range 
which sounds more like a 

4674
04:14:44,200 --> 04:14:45,800
superhero with a cape than a 
kitchen. 

4675
04:14:45,800 --> 04:14:48,800
Appliance what's funny? 
No one you want to do with it 

4676
04:14:48,800 --> 04:14:52,300
restaurants, tested it, but 
chefs were not sure about this 

4677
04:14:52,300 --> 04:14:55,400
radiation cooking when 
Housewives saw the price tag 

4678
04:14:55,400 --> 04:14:58,300
that they chuckled microwaves 
didn't really find their purpose

4679
04:14:58,300 --> 04:15:01,200
until the 1970s. 
When counter top models came 

4680
04:15:01,200 --> 04:15:04,600
out, that's when they were 
useful for reheating pizza and 

4681
04:15:04,600 --> 04:15:06,900
making undesirable food choices 
at 3 a.m. 

4682
04:15:06,900 --> 04:15:10,600
Let's leave the kitchen and 
explore your wardrobe or even 

4683
04:15:10,608 --> 04:15:13,100
the simplest clothes have 
history that weave Through Time.

4684
04:15:13,100 --> 04:15:17,000
Talking about thread the button 
chained, how people dressed 

4685
04:15:17,000 --> 04:15:20,500
despite its simplicity Your 
closet probably has dozens of 

4686
04:15:20,500 --> 04:15:23,100
buttons, holding your shirts 
tight, embellishing, your 

4687
04:15:23,100 --> 04:15:26,100
jackets and occasionally 
disappearing into the mysterious

4688
04:15:26,100 --> 04:15:28,100
hole where lost socks and spare 
coins. 

4689
04:15:28,100 --> 04:15:32,700
Depart Buttons weren't always 
feasible for their first 3,000 

4690
04:15:32,700 --> 04:15:34,000
years. 
They were decorative like 

4691
04:15:34,000 --> 04:15:37,800
wearing circular hole jewelry, 
ancient cultures fasten their 

4692
04:15:37,800 --> 04:15:39,700
clothes using pins ties and 
belts. 

4693
04:15:39,700 --> 04:15:43,700
Buttons were status Insignia 
made from precious materials and

4694
04:15:43,700 --> 04:15:45,500
presented like miniature 
paintings. 

4695
04:15:46,800 --> 04:15:50,100
Imagine wearing a blouse with 
buttons worth more than most 

4696
04:15:50,100 --> 04:15:53,100
people's wardrobes. 
The rich literally wore their 

4697
04:15:53,100 --> 04:15:55,900
fortunes on their sleeves or 
fronts. 

4698
04:15:56,900 --> 04:16:01,100
Unfortunately, no one remembers 
who invented making a slit in 

4699
04:16:01,100 --> 04:16:03,700
Fabric and inserting a button 
through it in 13th century, 

4700
04:16:03,700 --> 04:16:06,100
Germany. 
With the buttonhole, those 

4701
04:16:06,100 --> 04:16:10,000
beautiful discs became useful, 
human's connected, these links. 

4702
04:16:10,000 --> 04:16:13,900
After three Millennia, which 
appears clear now Cultural 

4703
04:16:13,900 --> 04:16:16,300
upheaval that followed made. 
You realize how much we take 

4704
04:16:16,300 --> 04:16:20,000
simple advances for granted 
opportunities exploded in 

4705
04:16:20,000 --> 04:16:23,300
clothing design. 
Garments may be tighter more 

4706
04:16:23,300 --> 04:16:26,400
sophisticated fashion. 
The might show off their wealth 

4707
04:16:26,400 --> 04:16:28,700
with extravagant button 
Arrangements while remaining 

4708
04:16:28,700 --> 04:16:31,600
useful like finding out your 
decorative candles. 

4709
04:16:31,600 --> 04:16:34,300
Might light up. 
The story gets delightfully 

4710
04:16:34,300 --> 04:16:37,500
convoluted when societies were 
so concerned with buttons that 

4711
04:16:37,500 --> 04:16:40,300
they made laws concerning them 
buttons were covered by 

4712
04:16:40,300 --> 04:16:42,800
sumptuary regulations in some 
regions. 

4713
04:16:42,800 --> 04:16:44,600
Only Nobles could wear gold 
buttons. 

4714
04:16:44,600 --> 04:16:48,800
Silver was the merchants limit 
commoners got brass or would 

4715
04:16:48,800 --> 04:16:52,200
your button material, determined
your social status Police 

4716
04:16:52,200 --> 04:16:54,500
Stopped people on the street and
checked their buttons for 

4717
04:16:54,500 --> 04:16:57,400
overdressing. 
The zipper revolutionized, half 

4718
04:16:57,400 --> 04:17:01,100
the population's Wardrobe. 
Like many great Innovations, it 

4719
04:17:01,100 --> 04:17:04,800
began as a solution to a 
different need Whitcomb Judson 

4720
04:17:04,800 --> 04:17:07,200
watched his back injured, 
friends, struggled to lace up 

4721
04:17:07,208 --> 04:17:11,200
boots, in the 1890s seeing a 
problem and thinking I can fix 

4722
04:17:11,200 --> 04:17:15,300
that Judson devised, the class 
blocker, a system of hooks and 

4723
04:17:15,300 --> 04:17:17,100
eyes, that could be fastened in 
one move. 

4724
04:17:17,900 --> 04:17:20,200
He sold the Footwear problem. 
Not clothing. 

4725
04:17:21,200 --> 04:17:23,100
Early, zippers were mechanical 
failures. 

4726
04:17:23,100 --> 04:17:27,100
It constantly clogged broke at 
inappropriate times and caught 

4727
04:17:27,100 --> 04:17:31,300
neighboring fabric. 
Prototype like judson's took 15 

4728
04:17:31,300 --> 04:17:35,100
iterations before working. 
He kept improving it because he 

4729
04:17:35,100 --> 04:17:39,500
was sure he was alright. 
The 1913 mechanism redesigned by

4730
04:17:39,500 --> 04:17:42,900
Gideon sunbeck. 
Yes, that was his real name was 

4731
04:17:42,900 --> 04:17:45,500
the Breakthrough. 
He made a reliable seal that 

4732
04:17:45,500 --> 04:17:48,900
opened effortlessly. 
However, nobody knew what to do 

4733
04:17:48,900 --> 04:17:51,100
with it. 
Manufacturers of clothes were 

4734
04:17:51,100 --> 04:17:54,700
unsure this artificial button 
and tire replacement sparked 

4735
04:17:54,700 --> 04:17:58,900
populace suspicion the zipper 
Finds Its home in Boots BF 

4736
04:17:58,900 --> 04:18:02,000
Goodrich called The Zipper 
because they created a sound on 

4737
04:18:02,000 --> 04:18:06,200
rubber galoshes zip, the Monica 
stuck, the boots sold, and 

4738
04:18:06,200 --> 04:18:08,800
everyone wanted this miraculous 
fastening technique on 

4739
04:18:08,800 --> 04:18:11,800
everything. 
An industry first rejected 

4740
04:18:11,800 --> 04:18:14,400
zippers for proper apparel, 
which is funny. 

4741
04:18:14,400 --> 04:18:17,000
They seem to nonchalant 
mechanical and America and 

4742
04:18:17,008 --> 04:18:21,000
fashion houses in Europe. 
Sniffed zippers, were good for 

4743
04:18:21,000 --> 04:18:23,100
labor and sportswear but not 
stylish. 

4744
04:18:23,100 --> 04:18:27,200
Everything changed. 
In the 1930s fashion designers 

4745
04:18:27,200 --> 04:18:29,300
found that invisible. 
Zippers could create smooth 

4746
04:18:29,300 --> 04:18:33,800
crisp lines that buttons couldnt
Elsa, shepherdii made practical,

4747
04:18:33,800 --> 04:18:37,100
Fasteners fashionable by 
decorating them zippers became 

4748
04:18:37,100 --> 04:18:40,400
fashionable and functional. 
The transition was so dramatic 

4749
04:18:40,400 --> 04:18:44,300
that by the 1960s as a zipper on
a dress or jacket was considered

4750
04:18:44,300 --> 04:18:47,300
trendy and sophisticated. 
Formerly impolite. 

4751
04:18:47,300 --> 04:18:50,700
The latching system became 
fashionable that kind of total 

4752
04:18:50,700 --> 04:18:53,100
reversal makes you question. 
What's unpopular today? 

4753
04:18:53,100 --> 04:18:57,100
Will be trendy tomorrow papers 
so you bickers, we hardly notice

4754
04:18:57,100 --> 04:18:59,200
it. 
You like likely have dozens of 

4755
04:18:59,208 --> 04:19:03,400
paper products books, notes, 
Kleenex, and even a supermarket 

4756
04:19:03,400 --> 04:19:06,600
bill from last week. 
But papers, rise to popularity, 

4757
04:19:06,600 --> 04:19:09,000
is full of accidents, 
breakthroughs. 

4758
04:19:09,000 --> 04:19:11,700
And human stubbornness That Make
History, fascinating. 

4759
04:19:13,000 --> 04:19:16,500
Before paper humans wrote on 
clay tablets and animal skins, 

4760
04:19:16,500 --> 04:19:19,500
imagine carrying clay tablets 
for everyday notes. 

4761
04:19:19,500 --> 04:19:23,000
Ancient students undoubtedly 
developed bodybuilder, arms from

4762
04:19:23,000 --> 04:19:26,300
hauling schoolwork Egyptian. 
Papyrus was an excellent 

4763
04:19:26,300 --> 04:19:29,400
material for writing, but it was
so expensive and prone to 

4764
04:19:29,400 --> 04:19:32,800
crumbling unexpectedly. 
Animal skinned parchment was 

4765
04:19:32,800 --> 04:19:36,800
sturdy, but expensive and 
time-consuming to make in second

4766
04:19:36,800 --> 04:19:39,900
century, China, caught official 
kylan, struggled with record, 

4767
04:19:39,900 --> 04:19:42,100
keeping like a modern government
office. 

4768
04:19:42,100 --> 04:19:45,600
The Imperial Court produced in 
numerable reports decrees and 

4769
04:19:45,600 --> 04:19:50,300
administrative records to record
file and keep Clay tablets were 

4770
04:19:50,300 --> 04:19:54,200
unworkable and parchment was too
expensive for daily usage in a 

4771
04:19:54,208 --> 04:19:56,600
brilliantly. 
Practical answer, kylan mashed 

4772
04:19:56,600 --> 04:20:00,900
Mulberry bark hemp, old rags and
fishing nets mixed. 

4773
04:20:00,900 --> 04:20:04,800
The pulp with water thin it and 
dried it, it was smooth 

4774
04:20:04,800 --> 04:20:08,700
lightweight and cheap to make 
while solving storage. 

4775
04:20:08,700 --> 04:20:11,400
He devised recycling. 
This clever approach. 

4776
04:20:11,400 --> 04:20:13,500
Makes you wonder why nobody 
thought of it sooner. 

4777
04:20:14,300 --> 04:20:16,500
But here's where the story 
becomes a study of innovation 

4778
04:20:16,500 --> 04:20:20,200
sprayed or not. 
China kept paper a secret for 

4779
04:20:20,200 --> 04:20:23,400
500 years. 
Slowly trade channels brought 

4780
04:20:23,400 --> 04:20:27,600
the expertise to the Islamic 
world around 750 CE when Chinese

4781
04:20:27,600 --> 04:20:30,500
paper makers were captured in 
combat and compelled to reveal 

4782
04:20:30,500 --> 04:20:34,300
their methods. it took Europe, 
400 years to discover paper, 

4783
04:20:34,300 --> 04:20:37,900
like most new inventions paper 
initially met with mistrust 

4784
04:20:37,900 --> 04:20:42,500
elitism and Dread of change in 
medieval Europe, European 

4785
04:20:42,500 --> 04:20:44,400
scribes considered paper 
inferior. 

4786
04:20:44,400 --> 04:20:47,000
After a lifetime of parchment 
preparation and writing. 

4787
04:20:48,000 --> 04:20:51,100
Religious leaders, feared, this 
foreign material, would degrade 

4788
04:20:51,100 --> 04:20:54,600
crucial papers, paper contracts 
were disputed as legally 

4789
04:20:54,600 --> 04:20:57,400
binding. 
The reaction was so intense that

4790
04:20:57,400 --> 04:20:59,900
some regions outlawed official 
documents on paper. 

4791
04:21:00,600 --> 04:21:03,700
It seemed too fragile unfamiliar
and new. 

4792
04:21:04,700 --> 04:21:07,200
While Europe, relied on 
expensive, time-consuming 

4793
04:21:07,200 --> 04:21:10,600
parchment the Islamic Eastern. 
China had been Printing and 

4794
04:21:10,600 --> 04:21:12,400
making books on paper for 
Generations. 

4795
04:21:13,300 --> 04:21:16,400
The printing press was the 
Tipping Point gutenberg's 

4796
04:21:16,400 --> 04:21:18,000
breakthrough. 
Printing machine requires 

4797
04:21:18,000 --> 04:21:21,500
quantities of cheap. 
Consistent paper parchment was 

4798
04:21:21,500 --> 04:21:24,200
too expensive and unpredictable 
for Mass manufacture. 

4799
04:21:24,200 --> 04:21:28,100
Paper was smooth consistent and 
economical enough for most 

4800
04:21:28,100 --> 04:21:31,400
people to buy books. 
The sticky note is a paper 

4801
04:21:31,400 --> 04:21:33,400
Innovation that revolutionized 
office work. 

4802
04:21:33,400 --> 04:21:37,200
This story is so human in its 
unintended Brilliance. 

4803
04:21:37,200 --> 04:21:40,100
That anyone who thinks invention
is logical should read it. 

4804
04:21:40,900 --> 04:21:44,800
Spencer Silver worked for 3M in 
1968 to create a super strong 

4805
04:21:44,800 --> 04:21:48,700
glue, he invented a solution 
without a problem, a weak 

4806
04:21:48,700 --> 04:21:52,300
adhesive, that could be removed 
and reused, no doubt it failed. 

4807
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:54,900
It did not provide sufficient 
adhesion for permanent 

4808
04:21:54,900 --> 04:21:59,400
applications nor did it peel off
evenly like tape, it was sticky 

4809
04:21:59,400 --> 04:22:03,200
limbo. 
Silver roamed, 3M for five 

4810
04:22:03,200 --> 04:22:07,400
years, like a puppy evangelist. 
He showed his weaker adhesive to

4811
04:22:07,400 --> 04:22:09,700
everybody. 
Who would listen confident? 

4812
04:22:09,700 --> 04:22:13,000
It was valuable. 
His co-workers, nodded 

4813
04:22:13,000 --> 04:22:14,600
pleasantly and returned to their
sticky. 

4814
04:22:14,600 --> 04:22:19,100
Adhesives Silver's glue was its 
most famous solution for looking

4815
04:22:19,100 --> 04:22:22,100
for a problem. 
After battling, with Hymnal 

4816
04:22:22,100 --> 04:22:26,200
bookmarks, that kept falling out
3M, co-worker, and church choir 

4817
04:22:26,200 --> 04:22:29,100
member art fry, had the Eureka 
moment in 1974. 

4818
04:22:29,100 --> 04:22:33,800
He wondered, what if I put this 
on paper bookmarks during a 

4819
04:22:33,800 --> 04:22:37,200
boring business, lecture Fries 
original sticky notes. 

4820
04:22:37,200 --> 04:22:40,800
Were simple silver adhesive on 
paper but they stuck and could 

4821
04:22:40,800 --> 04:22:42,600
be withdrawn without destroying 
pages. 

4822
04:22:43,700 --> 04:22:46,400
His notes encouraged his 
co-workers to create their own. 

4823
04:22:47,500 --> 04:22:50,600
Employees at 3M quickly. 
Identified new applications, 

4824
04:22:50,600 --> 04:22:55,000
disseminating the concept like a
contagious virus. even at that 

4825
04:22:55,000 --> 04:23:00,200
time 3m's marketing department 
to grasp the concept, the 1977 

4826
04:23:00,200 --> 04:23:03,300
sticky note tests in forces were
lackluster. 

4827
04:23:04,200 --> 04:23:06,800
People couldn't figure out how 
to reposition paper squares 

4828
04:23:06,800 --> 04:23:10,500
ignorance appeared inevitable 
for the product 3M. 

4829
04:23:10,500 --> 04:23:12,900
Solved the problem by giving 
away sticky notes, instead of 

4830
04:23:12,900 --> 04:23:15,800
explaining them. 
No explanation was needed as 

4831
04:23:15,800 --> 04:23:19,700
they bombarded Boise officers 
with free samples within weeks. 

4832
04:23:19,700 --> 04:23:22,800
People were addicted. 
They wrote phone calls, grocery 

4833
04:23:22,800 --> 04:23:25,600
lists and passive aggressive 
professional Communications on 

4834
04:23:25,600 --> 04:23:28,500
sticky notes. 
The rest is office, supply 

4835
04:23:28,500 --> 04:23:31,900
history, sticky notes are so 
essential to office work, that 

4836
04:23:31,900 --> 04:23:33,500
it is difficult to imagine 
without them. 

4837
04:23:34,200 --> 04:23:37,500
A product used billions of times
a day was on that poor adhesive.

4838
04:23:37,500 --> 04:23:41,300
Nobody wanted, let's explore 
transportation starting with the

4839
04:23:41,308 --> 04:23:43,700
wheel, which is so essential to 
Modern Life. 

4840
04:23:43,700 --> 04:23:46,500
We hardly notice it. 
The wheel was invented for 

4841
04:23:46,500 --> 04:23:49,700
transportation which may 
surprise you it was created for 

4842
04:23:49,700 --> 04:23:54,800
pottery. 
In 3,500 BCE Mesopotamia, a 

4843
04:23:54,800 --> 04:23:57,100
Potter was born of hand, turning
clay containers and had a 

4844
04:23:57,108 --> 04:24:00,400
brilliant idea. 
Let the pot turn automatically. 

4845
04:24:01,200 --> 04:24:03,500
The Potter's Wheel, 
revolutionize Ceramics and made 

4846
04:24:03,500 --> 04:24:07,500
perfectly round containers. 
Three centuries later, an 

4847
04:24:07,500 --> 04:24:09,200
observer of this spinning disc 
proposed. 

4848
04:24:09,200 --> 04:24:12,600
What if we placed a heavy object
on it and rolled it? 

4849
04:24:12,600 --> 04:24:16,400
This line of thought exemplifies
a fundamental aspect of human 

4850
04:24:16,400 --> 04:24:20,200
creativity We initially designed
the wheel for crafting, elegant 

4851
04:24:20,200 --> 04:24:23,500
bowls before adapting it for the
movement of substantial Stones 

4852
04:24:23,500 --> 04:24:26,000
thinking about it. 
This is really human. 

4853
04:24:26,000 --> 04:24:29,200
We designed the wheel for 
beautiful bowls before, applying

4854
04:24:29,200 --> 04:24:32,800
it to Hefty Stones, it's akin to
inventing a smartphone for 

4855
04:24:32,800 --> 04:24:36,700
gaming and then discovering its 
ability to make calls after 

4856
04:24:36,700 --> 04:24:39,600
Wheels met Transportation. 
The early results were less, 

4857
04:24:39,600 --> 04:24:43,200
Triumph of human Innovation and 
more comedy of errors. 

4858
04:24:44,000 --> 04:24:47,000
Wheeled Vehicles, began a solid 
hardwood, discs that weighed 

4859
04:24:47,000 --> 04:24:50,200
almost as much as their cargo. 
Imagine being the ox. 

4860
04:24:50,200 --> 04:24:52,300
Pushing a cart with 200 pound 
Wheels. 

4861
04:24:52,300 --> 04:24:56,000
Oxen undoubtedly daydreamed of 
the days when humans carried 

4862
04:24:56,000 --> 04:24:58,900
their own stuff, spoke with 
wheels, did not appear for 

4863
04:24:58,900 --> 04:25:02,600
another Thousand Years. 
Someone discovered that solid 

4864
04:25:02,600 --> 04:25:05,000
wood was only needed to connect 
the rim to the hub. 

4865
04:25:05,000 --> 04:25:08,700
These facts may sound apparent 
but engineering Insight can 

4866
04:25:08,700 --> 04:25:12,800
change civilizations. 
Wheels became light sturdy and 

4867
04:25:12,800 --> 04:25:16,200
efficient enough to change 
trade, the unequal spread of 

4868
04:25:16,200 --> 04:25:18,600
Wheels, may be the most humorous
part of wheel history. 

4869
04:25:19,600 --> 04:25:23,500
Mesopotamia, had wheeled carts 
yet, the Americas had Advanced 

4870
04:25:23,500 --> 04:25:26,400
civilizations with them. 
While carrying everything on 

4871
04:25:26,400 --> 04:25:29,600
their backs or in canoes the 
Aztecs and Mayans built 

4872
04:25:29,600 --> 04:25:33,200
wonderful, buildings, devised 
intricate astrological systems 

4873
04:25:33,200 --> 04:25:38,300
and created magnificent art. 
They understood Wheels, Aztec 

4874
04:25:38,300 --> 04:25:40,700
kids played with wheels. 
They looked at wheels for 

4875
04:25:40,708 --> 04:25:42,900
mobility and said, no, we're 
good. 

4876
04:25:43,700 --> 04:25:45,600
It was a decision, not 
ignorance. 

4877
04:25:45,600 --> 04:25:49,200
Their terrain was mountainous. 
Their main animal was the Llama,

4878
04:25:49,200 --> 04:25:52,100
which can't pull much and their 
roads were for foot 

4879
04:25:52,100 --> 04:25:54,900
transportation. 
Wheels didn't fit their reality 

4880
04:25:54,900 --> 04:25:59,400
change gears literally to 
discuss the bicycle a creation 

4881
04:25:59,400 --> 04:26:02,400
that illustrates how the most 
elegant Solutions May emerge 

4882
04:26:02,400 --> 04:26:07,500
from the most ludicrous Origins.
In 1817, German inventor Baron 

4883
04:26:07,500 --> 04:26:11,000
Karl Von drais invented. 
The running machine, imagine 

4884
04:26:11,000 --> 04:26:13,300
moving your feet to propel, 
wooden horse with two wheels. 

4885
04:26:13,300 --> 04:26:16,700
If asked to build a car at a 
child might draw it, the running

4886
04:26:16,700 --> 04:26:19,800
machine was practically useless,
you were quicker than walking, 

4887
04:26:19,800 --> 04:26:22,900
but slower than running and you 
arrived for Teague from pushing 

4888
04:26:22,900 --> 04:26:25,200
yourself. 
It temporarily became 

4889
04:26:25,200 --> 04:26:28,600
fashionable among European men 
who had nothing better to do 

4890
04:26:28,600 --> 04:26:32,200
than ride wooden Contraptions. 
The two willed vehicle seemed 

4891
04:26:32,200 --> 04:26:35,500
destined for the seemed like a 
good idea at the time, category 

4892
04:26:35,500 --> 04:26:37,800
for 50 years after The Fad 
fizzled out. 

4893
04:26:38,900 --> 04:26:43,200
French Carriage makers had new 
idea in the 1860s, add pedals, 

4894
04:26:43,200 --> 04:26:46,700
the original pedal-powered by 
schools were called bone shakers

4895
04:26:46,700 --> 04:26:48,700
which describes their ride 
characteristics. 

4896
04:26:48,700 --> 04:26:54,000
Wooden Wheels with iron tires 
Jarred on cobblestones Riders 

4897
04:26:54,000 --> 04:26:56,500
developed. 
Shock absorbing tactics creating

4898
04:26:56,500 --> 04:27:00,100
a unique riding style that 
resembled interpretative dance 

4899
04:27:00,100 --> 04:27:03,700
and cycling. 
The Revolutionary 1880s safety 

4900
04:27:03,700 --> 04:27:06,900
bicycle with two equal sized 
wheels, and a chain drive to the

4901
04:27:06,900 --> 04:27:10,400
back wheel changed, everything 
like stopped being novelty 

4902
04:27:10,400 --> 04:27:13,200
goods, and medieval torture 
devices and became utilitarian 

4903
04:27:13,200 --> 04:27:15,900
transportation. 
It's wonderful that bicycle 

4904
04:27:15,900 --> 04:27:17,500
history. 
Democratize Mobility. 

4905
04:27:18,400 --> 04:27:21,300
Without horses or carriages 
humans could travel long 

4906
04:27:21,300 --> 04:27:25,100
distances rapidly for the first 
time like allowed individuals 

4907
04:27:25,100 --> 04:27:27,800
Mobility previously, reserved 
for the wealthy, or the walking 

4908
04:27:27,800 --> 04:27:32,300
distance crowd, the societal 
impact was enormous specially 

4909
04:27:32,300 --> 04:27:35,000
for women. 
Bicycles, gave women 

4910
04:27:35,000 --> 04:27:37,900
Independence and Mobility. 
That challenge, gender Norms. 

4911
04:27:37,900 --> 04:27:41,900
Victorian fashion began to crack
with the bicycle suit, which 

4912
04:27:41,900 --> 04:27:43,400
allowed women to ride secure 
early. 

4913
04:27:44,400 --> 04:27:47,700
Anthony called The Bicycle the 
freedom machine and she wasn't 

4914
04:27:47,700 --> 04:27:51,100
exaggerating The excitement of 
early bicycle culture was 

4915
04:27:51,100 --> 04:27:52,900
possibly its most attractive 
aspect. 

4916
04:27:53,700 --> 04:27:56,500
All Around by bicycle clubs, 
arose, with matching outfits, 

4917
04:27:56,500 --> 04:27:59,900
and elaborate group rides. 
They penned poetry sang about 

4918
04:27:59,900 --> 04:28:02,100
bikes and created a culture 
around them. 

4919
04:28:02,100 --> 04:28:06,100
They bear a resemblance to the 
online community, albeit with an

4920
04:28:06,100 --> 04:28:08,900
abundance of fresh air and a 
higher risk of collapse. 

4921
04:28:08,900 --> 04:28:12,300
Let's explore communication, 
history, snug corner and 

4922
04:28:12,300 --> 04:28:16,000
discover that your smartphone 
has some odd 4 fathers start 

4923
04:28:16,000 --> 04:28:18,000
with the pencil, which seems 
basic now. 

4924
04:28:18,000 --> 04:28:21,600
But was once a technological 
Marvel, Pencil history reads 

4925
04:28:21,600 --> 04:28:24,100
like a geological Thriller and 
international espionage. 

4926
04:28:25,300 --> 04:28:27,600
In the 1500s Cumberland 
Shepherds. 

4927
04:28:27,600 --> 04:28:30,700
Found a curious black material 
after a storm uprooted a tree, 

4928
04:28:30,700 --> 04:28:35,000
pure graphite created marks, 
unlike any other charcoal, the 

4929
04:28:35,000 --> 04:28:37,500
English ever understated called 
it black lead. 

4930
04:28:37,500 --> 04:28:41,100
Even though it wasn't lead, they
instantly understood they'd 

4931
04:28:41,100 --> 04:28:44,100
found something precious. 
This graphite was ideal for 

4932
04:28:44,100 --> 04:28:45,900
sheep, marking mapping and 
writing. 

4933
04:28:45,900 --> 04:28:49,200
Even better the Cumberland 
deposit was the soul known 

4934
04:28:49,200 --> 04:28:52,800
source of high-quality graphite.
The following scene is so 

4935
04:28:52,800 --> 04:28:54,700
English, it could be a Monty 
Python skit. 

4936
04:28:54,700 --> 04:28:57,800
The government sent armed guards
to the graphite mine, as a 

4937
04:28:57,800 --> 04:29:00,800
strategic material. 
They limited mining to six weeks

4938
04:29:00,800 --> 04:29:04,000
each year to control Supply 
Smugglers sought to steal gold 

4939
04:29:04,000 --> 04:29:06,800
like graphite. 
There existed a pencil lead 

4940
04:29:06,808 --> 04:29:09,300
Black Market. 
People were sneaking around at 

4941
04:29:09,300 --> 04:29:13,000
night, risking incarceration to 
write with better graphite. when

4942
04:29:13,000 --> 04:29:15,800
they saw the graphite sticks 
Into Thin rods and wrapped them 

4943
04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:18,700
in wood to make the first 
pencils, each one was precious 

4944
04:29:18,700 --> 04:29:23,000
due to tight security Pencils 
were heirlooms and luxury items,

4945
04:29:23,000 --> 04:29:25,500
your 
great-great-great-grandfather 

4946
04:29:25,500 --> 04:29:29,100
may have valued pencils over 
boots, French chemist, Nicolas 

4947
04:29:29,100 --> 04:29:31,800
Jacques Conte discovered how to 
produce graphite from powdered 

4948
04:29:31,800 --> 04:29:35,100
graphite and clay. 
In the late 1700s, ending the 

4949
04:29:35,100 --> 04:29:38,200
pencil Monopoly. 
The English lost their grip on 

4950
04:29:38,200 --> 04:29:41,400
the writing utensil business. 
When anyone could create pencils

4951
04:29:41,400 --> 04:29:44,100
on one of the rare occasions, 
breaking them monopolies 

4952
04:29:44,100 --> 04:29:47,800
improved writing, but here's the
Charming part pencil still 

4953
04:29:47,800 --> 04:29:50,100
confused people once they became
wide spread. 

4954
04:29:50,800 --> 04:29:54,200
Making a reasonable Marx was 
Innovative writing with quill 

4955
04:29:54,200 --> 04:29:57,300
pens and ink meant mistakes were
irreversible for centuries. 

4956
04:29:58,200 --> 04:30:00,500
The pencil invented, the rough 
draft sketch. 

4957
04:30:00,500 --> 04:30:02,900
And let me think about this in 
writing process. 

4958
04:30:02,900 --> 04:30:05,800
We take for granted time for 
another communication 

4959
04:30:05,800 --> 04:30:09,000
Revolution. 
The telephone many people have 

4960
04:30:09,000 --> 04:30:12,000
recounted Alexander Graham 
Bell's Invention, Story yet the 

4961
04:30:12,000 --> 04:30:14,600
fact that no one initially, 
understood it remains timeless. 

4962
04:30:15,600 --> 04:30:18,000
Bell aim to improve the 
telegraph by sending numerous 

4963
04:30:18,000 --> 04:30:21,600
messages over one wire A 
defective Telegraph transmitter 

4964
04:30:21,600 --> 04:30:24,600
accidentally carried Bell's 
voice leading to the invention 

4965
04:30:24,600 --> 04:30:27,100
of the telephone when he showed 
the phone. 

4966
04:30:27,100 --> 04:30:30,200
Folks thought it was magic. 
They spoke into one end and 

4967
04:30:30,200 --> 04:30:32,600
rushed to the other to see 
whether their words had crossed 

4968
04:30:32,600 --> 04:30:35,200
the wire. 
Early telephone demonstrations, 

4969
04:30:35,200 --> 04:30:38,900
combined science and Vaudeville 
Bells, assistance were in other 

4970
04:30:38,900 --> 04:30:42,100
rooms and audiences gasped. 
When the talking box spoke 

4971
04:30:43,000 --> 04:30:46,000
people believed that small 
beings or Spirits communicating 

4972
04:30:46,000 --> 04:30:47,700
from the afterlife were inside 
the phone. 

4973
04:30:48,500 --> 04:30:51,600
Sound traveling over cables, 
seemed mystical not scientific. 

4974
04:30:51,600 --> 04:30:55,400
The early telephone use was 
hilarious, phone talks, were 

4975
04:30:55,400 --> 04:30:57,500
awkward in the beginning. 
Since there was no etiquette, 

4976
04:30:57,500 --> 04:31:00,500
people would shout into the 
mouthpiece to communicate over 

4977
04:31:00,500 --> 04:31:04,300
long distances, some mermaid, 
fearful that the party line 

4978
04:31:04,300 --> 04:31:07,800
could hear their private chats, 
which it could The early phone 

4979
04:31:07,800 --> 04:31:10,400
operators were teenage males 
picked for their speed and 

4980
04:31:10,400 --> 04:31:12,500
energy. 
The mistake was wonderful. 

4981
04:31:12,500 --> 04:31:16,000
The boys used the switchboard as
a playground pranking callers 

4982
04:31:16,000 --> 04:31:19,300
connecting them to erroneous 
numbers and causing telephone 

4983
04:31:19,300 --> 04:31:21,400
pandemonium. 
Phone firms. 

4984
04:31:21,400 --> 04:31:23,700
Shifted to young ladies who are 
more polite and professional. 

4985
04:31:24,700 --> 04:31:27,300
The telephone operator voice, 
friendly accommodating. 

4986
04:31:27,300 --> 04:31:30,600
And efficient was one of the 
earliest standardized customer 

4987
04:31:30,600 --> 04:31:33,000
service methods. 
The way early, telephone 

4988
04:31:33,000 --> 04:31:35,700
culture, affected, social 
interaction was possibly, as 

4989
04:31:35,700 --> 04:31:38,800
most appealing characteristic, 
you might suddenly talk to 

4990
04:31:38,800 --> 04:31:41,700
someone miles away. 
Phone calls were scheduled like 

4991
04:31:41,700 --> 04:31:44,400
appointments families gathered 
to listen, to phone calls. 

4992
04:31:44,400 --> 04:31:48,500
Like, radio shows the telephone 
created, unprecedented intimacy 

4993
04:31:48,500 --> 04:31:51,100
over distance amazingly. 
The telephone went from 

4994
04:31:51,100 --> 04:31:53,500
astonishing novelty to critical 
utility. 

4995
04:31:53,500 --> 04:31:58,000
So swiftly, within a generation,
not having a phone, signified 

4996
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:01,400
poverty or traditionalism, the 
futuristic equipment grew so 

4997
04:32:01,400 --> 04:32:04,100
essential that people couldn't 
Envision existence without it. 

4998
04:32:04,100 --> 04:32:06,600
Every major, communication 
advance that. 

4999
04:32:06,600 --> 04:32:10,100
Followed to this transformation 
pattern, revolutionary 

5000
04:32:10,100 --> 04:32:12,100
technology becomes an everyday 
necessity. 

5001
04:32:12,100 --> 04:32:15,900
Which then evolves into 
invisible infrastructure, radio 

5002
04:32:15,900 --> 04:32:18,500
television computers the 
Internet. 

5003
04:32:18,500 --> 04:32:21,100
Smartphones all went from 
impossible. 

5004
04:32:21,100 --> 04:32:23,500
Magic to how did we ever live 
without this? 

5005
04:32:24,600 --> 04:32:27,400
to early telephone users, your 
smartphone's potential to 

5006
04:32:27,400 --> 04:32:30,900
connect you to anyone, anywhere 
and carry the sum of human 

5007
04:32:30,900 --> 04:32:34,000
knowledge in your pocket 
appeared, like magic, You likely

5008
04:32:34,000 --> 04:32:36,800
utilize it numerous times each 
day without recognizing the 

5009
04:32:36,800 --> 04:32:40,100
Marvel at represents in your 
hand as we finish this leisurely

5010
04:32:40,100 --> 04:32:42,500
tour of history as most 
delightful surprising 

5011
04:32:42,500 --> 04:32:44,700
breakthroughs. 
Let's talk about artificial 

5012
04:32:44,700 --> 04:32:47,000
lighting which makes nighttime 
possible. 

5013
04:32:47,700 --> 04:32:50,900
Unbelievably one of Humanity's 
greatest technological 

5014
04:32:50,900 --> 04:32:54,100
achievements is the ability to 
read this article at night 

5015
04:32:54,100 --> 04:32:57,700
instead of going to bed Darkness
halted production for most of 

5016
04:32:57,708 --> 04:33:01,200
human history after Sunset 
folks, retired to bed because 

5017
04:33:01,200 --> 04:33:05,400
they had nothing else to do. 
Firelight was precious candles 

5018
04:33:05,400 --> 04:33:10,099
were expensive and oil lamps 
were Smoky dull and disturbingly

5019
04:33:10,099 --> 04:33:13,500
flammable. 
Unexpectedly whale hunting 

5020
04:33:13,500 --> 04:33:17,000
started, the revolution, someone
found in the 18th century that 

5021
04:33:17,000 --> 04:33:19,500
sperm whales contained. 
A waxy material called 

5022
04:33:19,500 --> 04:33:22,400
spermaceti that burned brightly 
and cleanly. 

5023
04:33:24,000 --> 04:33:25,700
Wealthy people could now stay up
late. 

5024
04:33:25,700 --> 04:33:29,300
This cost a lot. 
Financially and environmentally 

5025
04:33:29,300 --> 04:33:33,099
the need for whale oil. 
Prompted excessive hunting, 

5026
04:33:33,099 --> 04:33:37,300
destroying whale population. 
This historical event 

5027
04:33:37,300 --> 04:33:40,400
exemplifies how Solutions can 
often lead to complications 

5028
04:33:40,400 --> 04:33:44,599
whale oil successfully, fixed, 
the illumination problem nearly 

5029
04:33:44,599 --> 04:33:45,900
solving, the whale problem 
forever. 

5030
04:33:46,900 --> 04:33:49,900
Luckily Scottish Shale oil. 
Developer James Young discovered

5031
04:33:49,900 --> 04:33:52,599
how to extract kerosene from 
petroleum making it brighter 

5032
04:33:52,599 --> 04:33:56,700
cleaner and cheaper than whale 
Young invented paraffin oil, 

5033
04:33:56,700 --> 04:34:00,500
which changed nighttime life. 
The first time in history 

5034
04:34:00,500 --> 04:34:03,000
ordinary folks, could afford 
excellent lighting. 

5035
04:34:03,800 --> 04:34:07,400
After dusk kids, could do 
homework evening activities, for

5036
04:34:07,400 --> 04:34:10,000
adults, include reading sewing 
and project work. 

5037
04:34:10,700 --> 04:34:13,400
The eight hour work day was 
achievable because people could 

5038
04:34:13,400 --> 04:34:15,000
be productive outside of 
daylight. 

5039
04:34:15,000 --> 04:34:18,200
The incandescent bulb was 
possibly the most transformative

5040
04:34:18,200 --> 04:34:21,000
lighting breakthrough, and its 
origin story shows Something 

5041
04:34:21,000 --> 04:34:25,099
Beautiful about ingenuity. 
Thomas Edison is credited with 

5042
04:34:25,099 --> 04:34:28,300
the light bulb while dozens of 
other inventors worked on its 

5043
04:34:28,300 --> 04:34:31,500
simultaneously. 
Edison skill was in making the 

5044
04:34:31,500 --> 04:34:35,099
concept practical and Commercial
rather than simply inventing it.

5045
04:34:35,800 --> 04:34:38,900
Light from electricity, wasn't 
the big challenge that had been 

5046
04:34:38,900 --> 04:34:41,900
done previously. 
Creating a bulb that lasted long

5047
04:34:41,900 --> 04:34:43,700
enough and cost less than a home
was difficult. 

5048
04:34:44,700 --> 04:34:47,800
Before choosing carbonized 
bamboo Edison's team tested over

5049
04:34:47,800 --> 04:34:50,800
3,000 filament, materials 
bamboo. 

5050
04:34:50,800 --> 04:34:55,300
They used the entire periodic 
table to obtain grass Edison 

5051
04:34:55,300 --> 04:34:58,700
stubbornness and Method, make 
him endearing Edison used each 

5052
04:34:58,700 --> 04:35:02,200
bulb failure as data unlike 
other innovators who gave up 

5053
04:35:02,200 --> 04:35:05,400
after minutes, he meticulously 
documents, what didn't work and 

5054
04:35:05,400 --> 04:35:10,400
why in his notebooks, he added, 
I haven't failed 1,000 times, I 

5055
04:35:10,400 --> 04:35:11,800
found 1,000 ways that don't 
work. 

5056
04:35:12,700 --> 04:35:15,099
Early commercial light bulbs 
were engineering Wonders. 

5057
04:35:15,099 --> 04:35:17,900
That lasted 14 hours. 
That's pitiful today. 

5058
04:35:17,900 --> 04:35:22,000
A bulb that burned steadily for 
14 hours without smoke smell or 

5059
04:35:22,000 --> 04:35:24,900
fire risk was magic to candle 
and kerosene lamp users. 

5060
04:35:25,700 --> 04:35:28,000
Early electric light users, 
gathered around them like 

5061
04:35:28,000 --> 04:35:30,599
campfires to admire the constant
clear light. 

5062
04:35:31,500 --> 04:35:35,700
The societal impact was enormous
and immediate electric lights 

5063
04:35:35,700 --> 04:35:37,599
length. 
And the day changed 

5064
04:35:37,599 --> 04:35:41,400
entertainment and altered time. 
Perception restaurants may stay 

5065
04:35:41,400 --> 04:35:43,300
later. 
Theaters could host evening 

5066
04:35:43,300 --> 04:35:45,400
shows. 
Students could study after 

5067
04:35:45,400 --> 04:35:47,500
dinner. 
The daytime schedule. 

5068
04:35:47,500 --> 04:35:51,599
Loosened artificial lighting 
transformed, how we sleep, which

5069
04:35:51,599 --> 04:35:54,700
is astounding. 
Human had performed segmented. 

5070
04:35:54,700 --> 04:35:58,599
Sleep for Millennia going to bed
after Sunset waking up for a few

5071
04:35:58,608 --> 04:36:01,400
hours of quiet activity, then 
sleeping until dawn. 

5072
04:36:02,400 --> 04:36:06,000
Sleeplessness is not normal. 
Artificial lighting, eventually 

5073
04:36:06,000 --> 04:36:09,300
helped to consolidate sleep 
going to bed later and sleeping 

5074
04:36:09,300 --> 04:36:11,700
all night. 
What we consider natural is 

5075
04:36:11,700 --> 04:36:14,099
actually a recent adaptation to 
electric lighting. 

5076
04:36:14,099 --> 04:36:18,500
Your great-great-grandparents 
may have slept differently As we

5077
04:36:18,500 --> 04:36:21,500
finish our Pleasant tour through
the unexpected origins of 

5078
04:36:21,508 --> 04:36:24,000
ordinary Goods. 
We should consider what these 

5079
04:36:24,000 --> 04:36:25,700
stories. 
Teach us about human nature. 

5080
04:36:25,700 --> 04:36:29,400
Every Innovation we've discussed
from the toothbrush to the 

5081
04:36:29,408 --> 04:36:32,099
telephone to the light bulb, 
came from someone thinking, 

5082
04:36:32,099 --> 04:36:35,900
there has to be a better way. 
The better way often comes from 

5083
04:36:35,900 --> 04:36:37,800
unexpected places which is 
charming. 

5084
04:36:37,800 --> 04:36:41,800
The microwave came from radar 
research, failures in adhesive 

5085
04:36:41,800 --> 04:36:44,900
experiments, produced sticky 
notes, The invention of the 

5086
04:36:44,900 --> 04:36:47,500
telephone occurred accidentally 
while upgrading Telegraph 

5087
04:36:47,500 --> 04:36:49,900
technology. 
Two simple paperclips were 

5088
04:36:49,900 --> 04:36:52,599
rejected. 
Zippers were too mechanical for 

5089
04:36:52,599 --> 04:36:54,800
fashion until they reached 
sophistication. 

5090
04:36:55,700 --> 04:36:57,300
Innovation, rarely solves 
problems. 

5091
04:36:57,300 --> 04:37:01,500
Directly as the story show, it's
more like a Garden Walk where 

5092
04:37:01,500 --> 04:37:03,900
the best finds often come when 
we're hunting for something 

5093
04:37:03,900 --> 04:37:06,099
different. 
The everyday objects, we 

5094
04:37:06,099 --> 04:37:08,599
scarcely. 
Notice other result of numerous 

5095
04:37:08,599 --> 04:37:11,900
small improvements, joyful 
accidents and determined 

5096
04:37:11,900 --> 04:37:14,000
refusals to accept good enough 
as good enough. 

5097
04:37:15,200 --> 04:37:17,700
Tonight, while you wash your 
teeth with synthetic bristles, 

5098
04:37:17,700 --> 04:37:21,599
flip light switches to eliminate
darkness and maybe write a 

5099
04:37:21,599 --> 04:37:23,599
sticky note. 
Realized that your part of a 

5100
04:37:23,608 --> 04:37:26,599
vast human tradition of making 
the commonplace extraordinary. 

5101
04:37:27,700 --> 04:37:39,200
Sweet dreams. 
Born on January 4th. 1643 in 

5102
04:37:39,200 --> 04:37:43,000
Wolf, Lincolnshire England. 
Isaac Newton arrived in to the 

5103
04:37:43,000 --> 04:37:44,800
world during a time of great 
upheaval. 

5104
04:37:45,900 --> 04:37:48,900
The English Civil War was in 
full swing and the country was 

5105
04:37:48,900 --> 04:37:51,300
caught between monarchies 
republics and revolution. 

5106
04:37:52,599 --> 04:37:55,000
But Newton's arrival, wasn't 
anything extraordinary. 

5107
04:37:55,000 --> 04:37:58,700
He was born prematurely and was 
so small and fragile that his 

5108
04:37:58,700 --> 04:38:01,599
mother reportedly said he could 
have fit inside a small mug. 

5109
04:38:01,599 --> 04:38:05,400
In fact, it said that Newton was
not expected to survive his 

5110
04:38:05,400 --> 04:38:08,800
early days. 
Yet he defied those odds growing

5111
04:38:08,800 --> 04:38:11,500
up to become one of the most 
influential figures in Science 

5112
04:38:11,500 --> 04:38:14,800
and Mathematics. 
As a child Newton's family, life

5113
04:38:14,800 --> 04:38:18,099
was complicated. 
His father also named, Isaac 

5114
04:38:18,099 --> 04:38:20,200
Newton, passed away. 
Three months before. 

5115
04:38:20,200 --> 04:38:23,599
He was born, leaving his mother,
Hannah a scope to raise him 

5116
04:38:23,599 --> 04:38:26,099
alone. 
Hannah Marie married when Newton

5117
04:38:26,099 --> 04:38:28,800
was three years old and he was 
sent to live with his maternal 

5118
04:38:28,800 --> 04:38:31,400
grandmother, while his mother 
moved away with her new husband.

5119
04:38:32,500 --> 04:38:35,000
This early separation from his 
mother would have a lasting 

5120
04:38:35,000 --> 04:38:38,400
impact on Newton's emotional 
development leading to periods 

5121
04:38:38,400 --> 04:38:40,400
of intense loneliness throughout
his life. 

5122
04:38:41,300 --> 04:38:44,500
Despite his emotional struggles.
Newton's intellectual gifts, 

5123
04:38:44,500 --> 04:38:48,400
began to shine early on As a 
young boy, he attended the King 

5124
04:38:48,400 --> 04:38:51,400
School in Grantham where he was 
known for being solitary in 

5125
04:38:51,408 --> 04:38:53,000
deeply and grossed in his 
studies. 

5126
04:38:53,000 --> 04:38:57,500
In fact he was not much of a 
socializer preferring to read 

5127
04:38:57,500 --> 04:39:00,800
and experiment on his own. 
It was during these early school

5128
04:39:00,800 --> 04:39:03,599
years, that Newton began to show
an aptitude for invention. 

5129
04:39:03,599 --> 04:39:07,200
One of his most famous childhood
experiments was creating a small

5130
04:39:07,200 --> 04:39:10,500
water clock using a 
round-bottomed flask, which was 

5131
04:39:10,500 --> 04:39:13,300
one of the earliest signs of his
curiosity about the physical 

5132
04:39:13,300 --> 04:39:16,800
world at the age of 12. 
Newton's mother, brought him 

5133
04:39:16,800 --> 04:39:19,400
back to live with her and her 
new husband in woolsthorpe. 

5134
04:39:20,099 --> 04:39:22,800
It was at this time that he 
began his education at Cambridge

5135
04:39:22,800 --> 04:39:28,000
University, enrolling at Trinity
College in 1661, Cambridge was a

5136
04:39:28,000 --> 04:39:31,000
world away from the Rural Life 
Newton had known, but it would 

5137
04:39:31,000 --> 04:39:33,700
serve as the place where he 
began his extraordinary journey 

5138
04:39:33,700 --> 04:39:36,599
in the world of science. 
In the first few years at 

5139
04:39:36,599 --> 04:39:39,400
Cambridge Newton was fascinated 
by The Works of the great 

5140
04:39:39,400 --> 04:39:42,200
Scholars of the time, 
particularly Rene Descartes, 

5141
04:39:42,200 --> 04:39:45,100
Galileo Galilei and Johannes 
Kepler. 

5142
04:39:45,900 --> 04:39:48,200
These men had made 
groundbreaking contributions to 

5143
04:39:48,200 --> 04:39:50,400
mathematics physics and 
astronomy. 

5144
04:39:50,400 --> 04:39:53,300
A Newton was eager to learn from
their ideas. 

5145
04:39:54,100 --> 04:39:57,100
He was particularly drawn to the
study of mathematics, and soon 

5146
04:39:57,100 --> 04:40:00,500
became obsessed with solving 
problems in Geometry, algebra 

5147
04:40:00,500 --> 04:40:04,200
and calculus. 
However, Newton's Journey was 

5148
04:40:04,200 --> 04:40:07,100
not without its challenges. 
The world was entering a 

5149
04:40:07,100 --> 04:40:09,300
two-post period during Newton's 
years at Cambridge. 

5150
04:40:09,300 --> 04:40:14,400
The Great Plague of 1665 struck 
London, causing the universe to 

5151
04:40:14,400 --> 04:40:18,500
close temporarily. 
Newton like many others returned

5152
04:40:18,500 --> 04:40:20,200
home to walls Thorpe. 
It was. 

5153
04:40:20,200 --> 04:40:22,900
During this time away from 
Cambridge in the isolation of 

5154
04:40:22,900 --> 04:40:25,400
the countryside. 
That Newton's mind truly began 

5155
04:40:25,400 --> 04:40:30,000
to flourish this period known as
his anus mirabilis or year of 

5156
04:40:30,008 --> 04:40:32,900
Wonders was when Newton made 
some of his most groundbreaking 

5157
04:40:32,900 --> 04:40:36,100
discoveries. 
He began to develop his theories

5158
04:40:36,100 --> 04:40:39,700
on calculus, an entirely New 
Field of mathematics, that would

5159
04:40:39,700 --> 04:40:42,300
allow him to understand the 
behavior of motion and change. 

5160
04:40:43,300 --> 04:40:45,800
The concept that would later 
shape his laws of motion and 

5161
04:40:45,800 --> 04:40:48,600
universal gravitation were born 
during these isolated months. 

5162
04:40:49,300 --> 04:40:52,300
He also worked on Optics, 
conducting experiments with 

5163
04:40:52,300 --> 04:40:55,700
light and prisms, leading to his
discovery that white light could

5164
04:40:55,700 --> 04:40:57,200
be split into the colors of the 
rainbow. 

5165
04:40:58,100 --> 04:41:00,700
Perhaps the most famous story 
from this period is the one 

5166
04:41:00,700 --> 04:41:04,300
about the falling Apple. 
According to Legend Newton was 

5167
04:41:04,300 --> 04:41:07,400
sitting in his garden in wall 
Thorpe when he saw an apple fall

5168
04:41:07,400 --> 04:41:10,100
from a tree. 
This simple observation sparked 

5169
04:41:10,100 --> 04:41:13,900
a profound question in his mind.
Why did the apple fall straight 

5170
04:41:13,900 --> 04:41:17,100
down rather than sideways or in 
some other direction? 

5171
04:41:18,000 --> 04:41:21,000
this moment of curiosity would 
lead him to formulate his law of

5172
04:41:21,000 --> 04:41:24,500
universal gravitation which 
states that every Mass attracts,

5173
04:41:24,500 --> 04:41:27,900
every other mass in the universe
with a force proportional to the

5174
04:41:27,908 --> 04:41:31,100
product of their masses and 
inversely proportional to the 

5175
04:41:31,100 --> 04:41:35,100
square of the distance between 
them Returning to Cambridge in 

5176
04:41:35,100 --> 04:41:39,100
1667 Newton's reputation as a 
mathematician and physicist 

5177
04:41:39,100 --> 04:41:42,400
began to grow. 
Became a fellow at Trinity 

5178
04:41:42,400 --> 04:41:45,600
College and over the next 
several years he began to refine

5179
04:41:45,600 --> 04:41:49,400
his ideas. 
In 1687, he published his 

5180
04:41:49,400 --> 04:41:53,100
groundbreaking work, fillers of 
your naturalist printed Pierre, 

5181
04:41:53,100 --> 04:41:55,400
Mathematica, or simply the 
principia. 

5182
04:41:56,100 --> 04:41:59,700
In this book, Newton introduced,
his three laws of motion and the

5183
04:41:59,700 --> 04:42:03,600
law of universal gravitation. 
These laws laid, the foundation 

5184
04:42:03,600 --> 04:42:06,200
for classical mechanics and 
transformed the understanding of

5185
04:42:06,200 --> 04:42:09,500
how the universe works. 
Newton's first law often 

5186
04:42:09,500 --> 04:42:11,900
referred to, as the law of 
inertia states. 

5187
04:42:11,900 --> 04:42:15,500
That an object at rest will stay
at rest and an object in motion.

5188
04:42:15,500 --> 04:42:18,600
Will stay in motion unless acted
upon by an external Force. 

5189
04:42:19,500 --> 04:42:22,300
His second Law relates the force
applied to an object, to its 

5190
04:42:22,300 --> 04:42:25,300
mass and acceleration. 
The essentially stating that 

5191
04:42:25,300 --> 04:42:29,500
Force equals mass times 
acceleration fee equals m-a. 

5192
04:42:30,300 --> 04:42:33,400
Finally, his third law states 
that for every action there is 

5193
04:42:33,400 --> 04:42:36,500
an equal and opposite reaction a
principle that underpins 

5194
04:42:36,500 --> 04:42:39,200
everything from rocket launches 
to The Way We Walk. 

5195
04:42:40,000 --> 04:42:41,900
But Newton's work, wasn't 
limited to physics. 

5196
04:42:41,900 --> 04:42:45,400
He was a brilliant astronomer 
and his discoveries in this 

5197
04:42:45,400 --> 04:42:48,300
field changed the way Humanity. 
Understood the cosmos. 

5198
04:42:49,600 --> 04:42:52,400
Newton's, work on gravity. 
Not only explain why apples 

5199
04:42:52,400 --> 04:42:55,600
fall, but also explain the 
Motions of celestial bodies. 

5200
04:42:55,600 --> 04:42:59,600
He demonstrated that the same 
force of gravity that caused an 

5201
04:42:59,600 --> 04:43:02,400
apple to fall to the ground. 
Also governed, the movements of 

5202
04:43:02,400 --> 04:43:05,700
the planets, moons, and even 
comets in the sky. 

5203
04:43:06,400 --> 04:43:08,800
This inside would influence the 
work of astronomers for 

5204
04:43:08,800 --> 04:43:13,100
centuries, most notably out that
Einstein who built upon Newton's

5205
04:43:13,100 --> 04:43:14,800
theories with his own theory of 
relativity. 

5206
04:43:16,000 --> 04:43:19,800
Despite his successes Newton's 
personality and life were marked

5207
04:43:19,800 --> 04:43:23,400
by intense rivalry, particularly
with fellow scientist, Robert 

5208
04:43:23,400 --> 04:43:25,800
Hooke. 
The two men clashed over several

5209
04:43:25,800 --> 04:43:28,300
issues, including the nature of 
light and the development of 

5210
04:43:28,300 --> 04:43:31,100
calculus, in fact, Newton and 
Lebanese. 

5211
04:43:31,100 --> 04:43:34,400
A German mathematician are both 
credited with independently 

5212
04:43:34,400 --> 04:43:37,500
developing calculus and the 
dispute over who invented it 

5213
04:43:37,500 --> 04:43:40,000
first would dominate much of 
Newton's later life. 

5214
04:43:40,700 --> 04:43:43,600
Newton also face to personal 
struggles that overshadowed his 

5215
04:43:43,600 --> 04:43:46,600
professional achievements. 
He was known for his solitary 

5216
04:43:46,600 --> 04:43:49,700
and obsessive nature often 
working for days on end without 

5217
04:43:49,700 --> 04:43:52,200
rest. 
Sometimes even forgetting to eat

5218
04:43:52,200 --> 04:43:55,100
or sleep. 
He had few close relationships 

5219
04:43:55,100 --> 04:43:57,200
and his social interactions were
limited. 

5220
04:43:57,200 --> 04:43:59,900
He also struggled with periods 
of paranoia. 

5221
04:44:00,900 --> 04:44:04,800
Actually concerning his rivals. 
Despite all his success it said 

5222
04:44:04,808 --> 04:44:08,700
that Newton didn't feel truly 
content in his later years as he

5223
04:44:08,700 --> 04:44:10,800
aged Newton. 
Also grew increasingly involved 

5224
04:44:10,800 --> 04:44:12,600
in the administrative aspects of
science. 

5225
04:44:12,600 --> 04:44:16,100
He served as the president of 
the Royal Society and was a 

5226
04:44:16,100 --> 04:44:17,900
member of parliament for a time 
though. 

5227
04:44:17,900 --> 04:44:19,700
He rarely spoke during his time 
in government. 

5228
04:44:20,600 --> 04:44:23,700
In his final years Newton turned
his attention to Alchemy and 

5229
04:44:23,700 --> 04:44:26,900
religious studies subjects that 
are less well known, but were 

5230
04:44:26,900 --> 04:44:30,100
still important to him. 
He wrote extensively on biblical

5231
04:44:30,100 --> 04:44:31,700
chronology and alchemical 
theories. 

5232
04:44:31,700 --> 04:44:34,500
Though, these writings were 
largely unpublished during his 

5233
04:44:34,500 --> 04:44:40,100
lifetime Isaac Newton died on 
March. 31st 1727 at the age of 

5234
04:44:40,100 --> 04:44:42,400
84. 
He was buried in Westminster 

5235
04:44:42,400 --> 04:44:46,300
Abbey A fitting tribute to a man
whose work had fundamentally 

5236
04:44:46,300 --> 04:44:50,200
shape the world. 
His tomb inscribed with a Latin 

5237
04:44:50,200 --> 04:44:53,600
Epitaph on the incredible mind 
that unlocked, the secrets of 

5238
04:44:53,608 --> 04:44:57,800
the universe Newton's Legacy 
endures to this day, not only in

5239
04:44:57,800 --> 04:45:00,800
the fields of mathematics and 
physics, but also in the very 

5240
04:45:00,800 --> 04:45:02,400
way we understand the natural 
world. 

5241
04:45:03,200 --> 04:45:06,200
The laws he formulated are still
used to this day in everything 

5242
04:45:06,200 --> 04:45:07,900
from engineering to space 
exploration. 

5243
04:45:07,900 --> 04:45:11,400
His work laid the foundation for
much of modern science. 

5244
04:45:11,400 --> 04:45:14,100
And his name has become 
synonymous with genius. 

5245
04:45:15,200 --> 04:45:18,700
As we reflect on Newton's life 
it's clear that his work didn't 

5246
04:45:18,700 --> 04:45:22,000
just influence his own time, but
it is rippled through history 

5247
04:45:22,000 --> 04:45:24,100
shaping. 
The way we understand the 

5248
04:45:24,100 --> 04:45:27,700
universe. 
Buttons Legacy wasn't built in a

5249
04:45:27,700 --> 04:45:30,400
vacuum. 
His ideas were in part shaped by

5250
04:45:30,400 --> 04:45:32,700
the Scientific Revolution that 
was unfolding during his 

5251
04:45:32,700 --> 04:45:36,500
lifetime. 
His works on calculus light and 

5252
04:45:36,500 --> 04:45:40,600
gravity weren't just products of
his Brilliance, but also of a 

5253
04:45:40,600 --> 04:45:42,800
changing World. 
Eager for new ways of thinking, 

5254
04:45:42,800 --> 04:45:46,400
in fact, Newton's time at 
Cambridge was also a time of 

5255
04:45:46,400 --> 04:45:48,200
profound intellectual 
transformation. 

5256
04:45:48,200 --> 04:45:51,700
The Scientific Revolution which 
had been set in motion by 

5257
04:45:51,700 --> 04:45:55,000
figures, like, Copernicus. 
Galileo and Kepler was gathering

5258
04:45:55,000 --> 04:45:57,700
speed. 
These thinkers had dared to 

5259
04:45:57,700 --> 04:46:00,400
challenge long-held beliefs 
about the universe Shifting. 

5260
04:46:00,400 --> 04:46:03,800
The focus from a geocentric 
model where the Earth was the 

5261
04:46:03,800 --> 04:46:06,800
center of everything to a 
heliocentric one. 

5262
04:46:06,800 --> 04:46:09,400
Where the sun was at the center 
of the universe. 

5263
04:46:09,400 --> 04:46:12,900
It was within this context, that
Newton's work on gravity, and 

5264
04:46:12,900 --> 04:46:16,100
the laws of motion became 
revolutionary unified, the 

5265
04:46:16,100 --> 04:46:19,200
heavens and the Earth under one 
set of physical laws. 

5266
04:46:19,200 --> 04:46:23,200
Newton's ability to integrate 
ideas from multiple disciplines 

5267
04:46:23,200 --> 04:46:27,200
mathematics physics and 
astronomy was a key element of 

5268
04:46:27,200 --> 04:46:30,200
his genius. 
But beyond his academic work 

5269
04:46:30,200 --> 04:46:34,300
Newton's intense focus on his 
studies meant that he led a life

5270
04:46:34,300 --> 04:46:37,700
of relative isolation. 
He never married and had very 

5271
04:46:37,700 --> 04:46:39,300
few close personal 
relationships. 

5272
04:46:39,300 --> 04:46:43,300
Some say he was a man of great 
emotional depth, but that is 

5273
04:46:43,308 --> 04:46:46,100
intellectual, Pursuits often 
overshadowed, his ability to 

5274
04:46:46,100 --> 04:46:50,400
connect with others on a more 
personal level it's also worth 

5275
04:46:50,400 --> 04:46:53,600
noting that Newton's work wasn't
always received with open arms, 

5276
04:46:53,600 --> 04:46:57,400
his ideas, his special, his 
theories about light and color 

5277
04:46:57,400 --> 04:47:01,800
were met with skepticism by some
of his contemporaries Notably 

5278
04:47:01,800 --> 04:47:05,600
Robert Hooke, an English 
scientist became one of Newton's

5279
04:47:05,600 --> 04:47:09,000
fiercest critics. 
Hooks contribution to the 

5280
04:47:09,000 --> 04:47:12,300
understanding of light in 
elasticity was significant, but 

5281
04:47:12,300 --> 04:47:14,400
Newton's more developed ideas on
Optics. 

5282
04:47:14,400 --> 04:47:18,400
Put him in direct conflict with 
hook, creating a rivalry that 

5283
04:47:18,400 --> 04:47:21,900
would last for many years, 
Newton's battle for intellectual

5284
04:47:21,900 --> 04:47:24,500
Supremacy. 
Didn't end there his dispute 

5285
04:47:24,500 --> 04:47:26,400
with Gottfried. 
Wilhelm leibnitz over the 

5286
04:47:26,400 --> 04:47:29,900
invention of calculus was one of
the most bitter and drawn out 

5287
04:47:29,900 --> 04:47:34,000
academic feuds in history. 
Both men in dependently 

5288
04:47:34,000 --> 04:47:36,600
developed, the theory of 
calculus and the ensuing 

5289
04:47:36,600 --> 04:47:39,300
conflict over who deserved 
credit for it led to years of 

5290
04:47:39,300 --> 04:47:41,600
acrimony. 
The battle was not just 

5291
04:47:41,600 --> 04:47:44,400
personal. 
It had a significant impact on 

5292
04:47:44,400 --> 04:47:46,300
the development of mathematics 
in Europe. 

5293
04:47:47,100 --> 04:47:50,100
Despite these controversies 
Newton's work would ultimately 

5294
04:47:50,100 --> 04:47:53,400
be validated by history, by the 
time of his death. 

5295
04:47:53,400 --> 04:47:56,100
In 1727. 
He had already established 

5296
04:47:56,100 --> 04:47:58,700
himself as one of the foremost 
intellectual figures of the 

5297
04:47:58,700 --> 04:48:01,100
western world. 
His contributions to 

5298
04:48:01,108 --> 04:48:04,000
mathematics, physics and 
astronomy, became foundational 

5299
04:48:04,000 --> 04:48:05,800
to the development of modern 
science. 

5300
04:48:05,800 --> 04:48:09,200
And his principia is still 
considered one of the greatest 

5301
04:48:09,200 --> 04:48:11,500
works ever published in the 
history of science. 

5302
04:48:12,300 --> 04:48:15,300
Now, when we think about 
Newton's lasting Legacy, we 

5303
04:48:15,300 --> 04:48:18,300
cannot Overlook the sheer scale 
of his influence on the way we 

5304
04:48:18,300 --> 04:48:21,700
live today. 
His laws of motion and the law 

5305
04:48:21,700 --> 04:48:24,500
of universal, gravitation are 
still applied in everything from

5306
04:48:24,500 --> 04:48:26,000
engineering to space 
exploration. 

5307
04:48:26,000 --> 04:48:29,800
The space mission's that carry 
astronauts and satellites into 

5308
04:48:29,800 --> 04:48:32,100
orbit rely heavily on Newton's 
work. 

5309
04:48:33,200 --> 04:48:36,400
The trajectory calculations used
to send spacecraft to distant 

5310
04:48:36,400 --> 04:48:40,200
planets such as the Mars rovers.
A based on his principles. 

5311
04:48:41,000 --> 04:48:43,500
His equations have been the 
Bedrock upon which countless 

5312
04:48:43,500 --> 04:48:45,300
scientific advancements have 
been built. 

5313
04:48:46,500 --> 04:48:48,800
And even though Newton's 
theories on gravity have been 

5314
04:48:48,800 --> 04:48:51,400
refined and expanded upon by 
later, scientists. 

5315
04:48:51,400 --> 04:48:54,700
Such as Albert Einstein with his
theory of general relativity, 

5316
04:48:54,700 --> 04:48:58,500
the core ideas about the forces 
that government motion, the 

5317
04:48:58,500 --> 04:49:01,900
behavior of celestial bodies are
still grounded in Newtonian 

5318
04:49:01,900 --> 04:49:04,800
mechanics. 
In a sense Newton's work 

5319
04:49:04,800 --> 04:49:07,400
provides the framework within 
which later theories are tested 

5320
04:49:07,408 --> 04:49:10,200
and developed. 
In addition to his scientific 

5321
04:49:10,200 --> 04:49:13,600
contributions, Newtons influence
extended into philosophy, 

5322
04:49:13,600 --> 04:49:18,200
religion, and even the political
sphere, as Preston of the Royal 

5323
04:49:18,200 --> 04:49:21,900
Society, he played a significant
role in shaping the direction of

5324
04:49:21,900 --> 04:49:26,100
scientific research in England. 
Newton's work helped Elevate 

5325
04:49:26,100 --> 04:49:29,900
science to a position of great 
Prestige laying the groundwork 

5326
04:49:29,900 --> 04:49:32,200
for the enlightenment, a period 
in history. 

5327
04:49:32,200 --> 04:49:37,500
Marked by an emphasis on reason,
logic and scientific inquiry A, 

5328
04:49:37,500 --> 04:49:40,200
despite his Global Fame Newton 
remained, a man of 

5329
04:49:40,200 --> 04:49:43,700
contradictions, he was intensely
private and could be quite 

5330
04:49:43,700 --> 04:49:45,900
bitter towards those who 
challenged his ideas. 

5331
04:49:45,900 --> 04:49:49,900
He was known to be secretive 
often with holding his work 

5332
04:49:49,900 --> 04:49:53,100
until he felt, it was perfect. 
And sometimes, even to the point

5333
04:49:53,100 --> 04:49:57,200
of being paranoid about rivals, 
there are stories of him working

5334
04:49:57,200 --> 04:50:01,600
for days on end without sleep 
consumed by his theories losing 

5335
04:50:01,600 --> 04:50:06,300
touch with reality. 
This obsessive nature manifested

5336
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:09,100
in his work, on Alchemy and 
biblical chronology. 

5337
04:50:09,900 --> 04:50:12,900
Feels which seem unrelated to 
his scientific work but were 

5338
04:50:12,900 --> 04:50:15,800
important to him. 
Nonetheless. his pursuit of 

5339
04:50:15,800 --> 04:50:18,800
alchemy, for instance, is one of
the Lesser known aspects of his 

5340
04:50:18,800 --> 04:50:22,700
life Alchemy, an ancient 
practice that combined elements 

5341
04:50:22,700 --> 04:50:27,400
of chemistry Metallurgy and 
mystical thought, Was a passion 

5342
04:50:27,400 --> 04:50:30,000
of Newtons. 
He wrote hundreds of thousands 

5343
04:50:30,000 --> 04:50:33,300
of words on the subject but his 
alchemical Works remained 

5344
04:50:33,300 --> 04:50:35,000
largely unpublished during his 
lifetime. 

5345
04:50:35,000 --> 04:50:38,300
It said that he viewed the 
pursuit of alchemy as a way to 

5346
04:50:38,300 --> 04:50:40,000
unlock deeper truths about the 
universe. 

5347
04:50:40,000 --> 04:50:43,400
But this side of his personality
was overshadowed by his more 

5348
04:50:43,400 --> 04:50:47,800
well-known scientific work. 
In the realm of religion Newton,

5349
04:50:47,800 --> 04:50:51,200
spent considerable time, 
studying the Bible attempting to

5350
04:50:51,200 --> 04:50:53,800
decode, its messages and 
understand the natural world 

5351
04:50:53,800 --> 04:50:57,000
through a spiritual lens. 
While many of his contemporaries

5352
04:50:57,000 --> 04:50:59,200
were devoutly. 
Religious Newton's. 

5353
04:50:59,200 --> 04:51:02,400
Religious views were a mix of 
traditional Christianity and 

5354
04:51:02,400 --> 04:51:06,500
personal unorthodox beliefs He 
believed that the natural world 

5355
04:51:06,500 --> 04:51:08,200
was a reflection of God's 
design. 

5356
04:51:08,200 --> 04:51:11,200
And that studying the laws of 
nature was a way to understand 

5357
04:51:11,200 --> 04:51:12,800
the divine order of the 
universe. 

5358
04:51:13,800 --> 04:51:16,700
Newton's later years were marked
by a mixture of public service 

5359
04:51:16,700 --> 04:51:21,000
and intense personal reflection.
After spending much of his life 

5360
04:51:21,000 --> 04:51:24,800
in Academia Newton was appointed
Warden of the Royal Mint in 

5361
04:51:24,800 --> 04:51:28,700
1696, where he was tasked with 
reforming England's coinage 

5362
04:51:28,700 --> 04:51:31,100
system. 
His work in this role was 

5363
04:51:31,100 --> 04:51:34,300
diligent and successful and he 
eventually became Master of the 

5364
04:51:34,300 --> 04:51:38,900
mint, overseeing the minting of 
all the countries coins, This 

5365
04:51:38,900 --> 04:51:42,700
role added a new layer to 
Newton's Legacy proving that his

5366
04:51:42,700 --> 04:51:45,400
skills, extended beyond the 
academic world into the 

5367
04:51:45,400 --> 04:51:49,100
Practical Affairs of State. 
When Isaac Newton passed away in

5368
04:51:49,100 --> 04:51:53,000
1727, he left behind a legacy 
that would change the world 

5369
04:51:53,000 --> 04:51:55,200
forever. 
He had transformed our 

5370
04:51:55,200 --> 04:51:58,300
understanding of the physical 
universe and set the stage for 

5371
04:51:58,300 --> 04:52:00,100
centuries of scientific 
progress. 

5372
04:52:00,800 --> 04:52:03,800
His discoveries continue to be 
celebrated and studied to this 

5373
04:52:03,800 --> 04:52:08,000
day, with his laws of motion and
Universal gravitational forming 

5374
04:52:08,000 --> 04:52:12,000
the backbone of much of modern 
physics and engineering. today, 

5375
04:52:12,000 --> 04:52:16,100
we remember Newton not just as a
scientist but as a symbol of 

5376
04:52:16,108 --> 04:52:19,500
human curiosity and 
determination He was a man who 

5377
04:52:19,500 --> 04:52:22,400
sought to understand the 
fundamental laws of nature and 

5378
04:52:22,400 --> 04:52:25,200
in doing so changed the way 
Humanity, sees the world 

5379
04:52:25,200 --> 04:52:27,900
histories are reminded that one 
person. 

5380
04:52:27,900 --> 04:52:31,100
No matter how humble their 
Beginnings can leave, an 

5381
04:52:31,100 --> 04:52:34,700
indelible mark on his history, 
as we draw this, exploration of 

5382
04:52:34,700 --> 04:52:38,300
Isaac, Newton's life to a close.
It's important to reflect on the

5383
04:52:38,300 --> 04:52:40,600
profound impact. 
He has had on the world. 

5384
04:52:40,600 --> 04:52:43,400
We live in today. 
Though, centuries of passed, 

5385
04:52:43,400 --> 04:52:46,400
since his death, his 
contributions continue to shape 

5386
04:52:46,400 --> 04:52:47,900
our understanding of the 
universe. 

5387
04:52:48,700 --> 04:52:51,900
One of the most remarkable 
aspects of Newton's Legacy is 

5388
04:52:51,900 --> 04:52:54,200
how his theories laid. 
The groundwork for much of 

5389
04:52:54,200 --> 04:52:56,500
modern science his laws of 
motion. 

5390
04:52:56,500 --> 04:52:59,500
For example, are still 
foundational to Fields like 

5391
04:52:59,508 --> 04:53:02,000
engineering Aerospace and 
Robotics. 

5392
04:53:02,900 --> 04:53:06,000
Every time a rocket is launched 
into space scientists and 

5393
04:53:06,000 --> 04:53:08,700
Engineers rely on Newton's 
understanding of forces and 

5394
04:53:08,700 --> 04:53:12,000
motion to chart. 
Its course his ideas allow us to

5395
04:53:12,008 --> 04:53:16,000
send satellites to orbit predict
the trajectory of asteroids and 

5396
04:53:16,000 --> 04:53:18,800
calculate the velocity of 
objects moving at incredible 

5397
04:53:18,800 --> 04:53:21,500
speeds. 
Without his work, our modern 

5398
04:53:21,500 --> 04:53:24,700
technological advancements, 
especially in fields like space,

5399
04:53:24,700 --> 04:53:28,600
exploration would not have been 
possible, even Beyond physics. 

5400
04:53:28,600 --> 04:53:31,700
Newton's influence extends to a 
variety of other disciplines. 

5401
04:53:32,600 --> 04:53:36,300
His work in mathematics, led to 
the development of calculus a 

5402
04:53:36,300 --> 04:53:39,000
tool that's now used in 
everything from economic to 

5403
04:53:39,000 --> 04:53:42,300
Medicine, calculus is 
indispensable in understanding 

5404
04:53:42,300 --> 04:53:45,900
rates of change, making it 
essential in fields like biology

5405
04:53:45,900 --> 04:53:49,900
chemistry and even social 
science is, it's amazing to 

5406
04:53:49,900 --> 04:53:52,500
think that these equations 
developed over three centuries 

5407
04:53:52,500 --> 04:53:54,500
ago. 
A still used by scientists 

5408
04:53:54,500 --> 04:53:58,300
mathematicians and economists to
solve real world problems. 

5409
04:53:59,300 --> 04:54:02,700
Newton's discoveries about light
and Optics to pave, the way, for

5410
04:54:02,700 --> 04:54:05,900
our modern, understanding of 
vision color, and even the 

5411
04:54:05,900 --> 04:54:09,800
development of Technologies like
telescopes and microscopes, Is 

5412
04:54:09,800 --> 04:54:12,700
experiments with prisms. 
Demonstrated that light is made 

5413
04:54:12,700 --> 04:54:15,400
up of different colors. 
Fundamentally changing our 

5414
04:54:15,400 --> 04:54:17,300
approach to the study of light 
waves. 

5415
04:54:17,300 --> 04:54:20,700
His theories on Optics, played a
key role in the development of 

5416
04:54:20,700 --> 04:54:24,000
modern physics and they still 
inform cutting-edge research in 

5417
04:54:24,000 --> 04:54:26,300
areas like quantum mechanics and
wave theory. 

5418
04:54:27,000 --> 04:54:30,000
The Newton's influence isn't 
confined to the realm of Science

5419
04:54:30,000 --> 04:54:33,100
and Mathematics. 
His work in establishing a more 

5420
04:54:33,108 --> 04:54:37,000
rigorous the methodical approach
to inquiry laid, the foundation 

5421
04:54:37,000 --> 04:54:40,800
for the scientific method. 
We rely on today The idea that 

5422
04:54:40,800 --> 04:54:44,500
the Universe operates according 
to predictable, natural laws 

5423
04:54:44,500 --> 04:54:48,500
that can be understood through, 
observation, experimentation and

5424
04:54:48,500 --> 04:54:51,700
reasoning is something we take 
for granted now, but it was 

5425
04:54:51,700 --> 04:54:55,300
revolutionary Newton's time. 
We can also see Newton's impact 

5426
04:54:55,300 --> 04:54:57,400
in the way we approach 
intellectual problems. 

5427
04:54:57,400 --> 04:55:02,200
His Relentless drive to solve 
complex questions his commitment

5428
04:55:02,200 --> 04:55:05,300
to challenge the status quo. 
And his deep curiosity about the

5429
04:55:05,300 --> 04:55:08,500
world around him have inspired 
countless individuals throughout

5430
04:55:08,500 --> 04:55:12,800
history, Newton's life serves as
a reminder that sometimes the 

5431
04:55:12,800 --> 04:55:16,400
pursuit of knowledge requires 
patience perseverance and an 

5432
04:55:16,400 --> 04:55:21,000
unshakeable belief that there 
are answers to be found Yet, for

5433
04:55:21,000 --> 04:55:24,100
all of his groundbreaking 
discoveries, Newton's life was 

5434
04:55:24,100 --> 04:55:27,000
far from perfect. 
He lived in an era that was 

5435
04:55:27,000 --> 04:55:29,900
often hostile to new ideas and 
his own struggles with 

5436
04:55:29,900 --> 04:55:32,500
isolation, and personal conflict
are a testament to the 

5437
04:55:32,500 --> 04:55:34,800
challenges that even the 
greatest Minds face. 

5438
04:55:35,500 --> 04:55:38,900
Newton was deeply introspective,
sometimes the point of 

5439
04:55:38,900 --> 04:55:41,800
obsession, he had a tendency to 
push people away. 

5440
04:55:41,800 --> 04:55:44,900
Focusing all his energy on his 
work, which left him with few 

5441
04:55:44,900 --> 04:55:48,600
close relationships, even in his
personal life, Newton found that

5442
04:55:48,600 --> 04:55:51,100
achieving greatness often came 
at the cost of emotional 

5443
04:55:51,100 --> 04:55:54,100
fulfillment. 
In many ways though, Newton's 

5444
04:55:54,100 --> 04:55:57,500
Journey can offer us comfort. 
His story reminds us that 

5445
04:55:57,500 --> 04:56:01,600
greatness is not always defined 
by ease or popularity, sometimes

5446
04:56:01,600 --> 04:56:05,100
it's the quiet solitary pursuit 
of understanding that leads to 

5447
04:56:05,100 --> 04:56:09,000
the most profound discoveries. 
Newton's Legacy teaches us that 

5448
04:56:09,000 --> 04:56:11,800
the road to success is often 
winding and full of obstacles. 

5449
04:56:11,800 --> 04:56:15,000
For those who stay dedicated to 
their Vision, can leave a mark 

5450
04:56:15,000 --> 04:56:17,900
on history. 
As you reflect on Newton's life 

5451
04:56:17,900 --> 04:56:20,900
tonight, consider how his story 
connects to your own. 

5452
04:56:20,900 --> 04:56:24,700
We all have our own struggles 
and sometimes the world may not 

5453
04:56:24,700 --> 04:56:28,500
understand us right away. 
But like Newton, we can find 

5454
04:56:28,500 --> 04:56:30,400
solace in our curiosity and 
passion. 

5455
04:56:30,400 --> 04:56:34,600
We may not discover the laws of 
motion or unlock the secrets of 

5456
04:56:34,608 --> 04:56:37,400
the cosmos, but we all have 
something to contribute to the 

5457
04:56:37,400 --> 04:56:41,500
world in our own unique way. 
And just like Newton, we must 

5458
04:56:41,500 --> 04:56:45,400
embrace the process of discovery
whether its scientific personal 

5459
04:56:45,400 --> 04:56:49,300
or emotional. 
Every question, we ask every 

5460
04:56:49,300 --> 04:56:52,800
challenge, we face, is part of a
larger Journey, one that 

5461
04:56:52,800 --> 04:56:56,000
connects us to the great minds 
who have shaped history, and the

5462
04:56:56,008 --> 04:57:05,100
ones who will come after us. 
In Linda's fan, northumbria 793,

5463
04:57:05,100 --> 04:57:09,500
you Neil, in the chapel of 
lindisfarne, Priory at dawn, we 

5464
04:57:09,500 --> 04:57:14,300
spring your usual Latin prayers.
Suddenly a distant Thunderclap 

5465
04:57:14,300 --> 04:57:15,900
roles across the clear. 
Sky. 

5466
04:57:15,900 --> 04:57:19,700
You paused lips. 
Still, the sound comes again, 

5467
04:57:19,700 --> 04:57:22,500
louder this time. 
And now you hear Panic. 

5468
04:57:22,500 --> 04:57:24,500
Shouts out side. 
Shattering the morning. 

5469
04:57:24,500 --> 04:57:27,800
Peace Brother. 
Alec bursts through the oak door

5470
04:57:27,800 --> 04:57:30,700
eyes. 
Wild Raiders on the shore. 

5471
04:57:30,700 --> 04:57:35,300
He casts in an instant your 
world overturns you leap up 

5472
04:57:35,300 --> 04:57:38,700
heart hammering and follow him 
out of the chapel in tears at 

5473
04:57:38,700 --> 04:57:40,400
the top of the grassy June 
overlooking. 

5474
04:57:40,400 --> 04:57:43,300
The priorities Beach. 
You stumbled to a halt the sand 

5475
04:57:43,300 --> 04:57:44,800
where there was nothing moments 
ago. 

5476
04:57:44,800 --> 04:57:49,500
Draws up Long Dragon proud 
ship's dozens of armed northmen 

5477
04:57:49,500 --> 04:57:53,000
a swarming, ashore sunlight off 
iron swords, and axes, in their 

5478
04:57:53,000 --> 04:57:55,100
fists. 
They move with a terrifying 

5479
04:57:55,100 --> 04:57:57,900
purpose spreading across, holy 
Island, akin to a plague. 

5480
04:57:58,800 --> 04:58:02,400
A chill of unreality washes, 
over you, the Pagan Vikings of 

5481
04:58:02,400 --> 04:58:05,700
rumor are here in the flesh. 
As real as the salt wind on your

5482
04:58:05,708 --> 04:58:09,600
face screams Echo from the 
fields below, a few of the lay 

5483
04:58:09,600 --> 04:58:11,600
Brothers, working with the 
vegetable gardens, try to run 

5484
04:58:11,600 --> 04:58:15,600
but the strangers are upon them 
in moments, you watch paralyzed 

5485
04:58:15,600 --> 04:58:18,600
as a fur Cloud, Raider swings, 
his axe and Cleaves brother 

5486
04:58:18,600 --> 04:58:20,900
osric's shoulder to the Bone 
osri. 

5487
04:58:20,900 --> 04:58:24,200
Collapses with a scream cut 
short, another Monk Is caught by

5488
04:58:24,208 --> 04:58:26,700
two Vikings. 
They pinion his arms and dragged

5489
04:58:26,700 --> 04:58:28,900
him toward the shore, ignoring 
his pleas. 

5490
04:58:28,900 --> 04:58:32,200
You think God help us, this 
can't be real, not on this 

5491
04:58:32,200 --> 04:58:35,800
sacred Island. 
They're coming inside Abbott. 

5492
04:58:35,800 --> 04:58:37,400
Edbert Bellows from the 
courtyard. 

5493
04:58:38,300 --> 04:58:41,700
At last, your legs unlocked. 
You tear down the slope, toward 

5494
04:58:41,700 --> 04:58:45,800
the Stone Church sand slipping 
under your feet monks. 

5495
04:58:45,800 --> 04:58:49,200
In Woolen habits scatter in 
every direction, some toward the

5496
04:58:49,200 --> 04:58:52,200
hills are others, like you 
toward the only Refuge you have 

5497
04:58:52,200 --> 04:58:53,900
the Stout church of Saint 
Cuthbert. 

5498
04:58:54,900 --> 04:58:57,800
You dash through the arch 
doorway and several Brothers. 

5499
04:58:57,800 --> 04:59:01,700
Shove the heavy doors closed 
behind you, dozens of you huddle

5500
04:59:01,700 --> 04:59:05,300
in the dim Sanctuary chests 
heaving Candlelight flickers 

5501
04:59:05,300 --> 04:59:09,200
over pale terrified faces 
outside, the guttural, shouts of

5502
04:59:09,208 --> 04:59:13,700
the Vikings grow closer, the 
wooden doors shudder as the axe 

5503
04:59:13,700 --> 04:59:15,000
blades, begin to chop through 
them. 

5504
04:59:15,000 --> 04:59:19,900
A moment later, the portal 
splinters apart Vikings flood 

5505
04:59:19,900 --> 04:59:23,300
into God's house and pandemonium
erupts, you are shoved back 

5506
04:59:23,300 --> 04:59:26,200
against a cold stone column as 
panic and Slaughter, fill the 

5507
04:59:26,200 --> 04:59:29,500
Nave one, Invader, lunges at 
among near the entrance and 

5508
04:59:29,500 --> 04:59:31,500
splits his skull with an iron 
sword. 

5509
04:59:31,500 --> 04:59:35,300
Another snatches, a golden 
chalice from the old altering 

5510
04:59:35,300 --> 04:59:39,300
holy wine across the flagstone. 
A third Viking flip over the 

5511
04:59:39,300 --> 04:59:41,800
enormous Bible and casually rips
out. 

5512
04:59:41,800 --> 04:59:46,300
Its illuminated Pages laughing, 
you cry out in wordless anguish 

5513
04:59:46,300 --> 04:59:49,500
at this desecration but your 
voice is lost in the cacophony. 

5514
04:59:49,500 --> 04:59:53,000
The sacred Sanctuary is 
transformed into a Battleground,

5515
04:59:53,000 --> 04:59:56,600
a wiring North Man with a 
braided beard, grabs You by The 

5516
04:59:56,608 --> 04:59:59,200
Robe, he reeks of sweat and 
seawater. 

5517
04:59:59,200 --> 05:00:03,200
You raise your hands in a feeble
plea but he just bares his teeth

5518
05:00:03,200 --> 05:00:06,000
and throws you to the floor, 
your head strikes, the stone 

5519
05:00:06,000 --> 05:00:08,200
tiles and stars exploded in your
vision. 

5520
05:00:09,200 --> 05:00:11,900
Before you can recover, he 
pounces on your chest pinning, 

5521
05:00:11,900 --> 05:00:15,500
you cold iron, presses against 
your throat as he draws a knife 

5522
05:00:15,500 --> 05:00:17,900
along your neck in that Frozen 
moment. 

5523
05:00:17,900 --> 05:00:20,600
You Glimpse at the earbud Lying 
by the altar, in a pool of 

5524
05:00:20,608 --> 05:00:23,700
blood, his throat, cut his eyes,
staring lifelessly at the 

5525
05:00:23,708 --> 05:00:26,300
ceiling. 
The House of Prayer is filled 

5526
05:00:26,300 --> 05:00:28,600
with cries of the dying and 
wails of pain. 

5527
05:00:28,600 --> 05:00:31,300
The Northman Smiles. 
Something in his harsh tongue 

5528
05:00:31,300 --> 05:00:34,800
and raises his blade. 
You squeeze your eyes shut and 

5529
05:00:34,800 --> 05:00:38,900
Babel a final prayer. 
Steel flashes your prayer dies 

5530
05:00:38,900 --> 05:00:41,400
on your lips as the blade 
plunges down and everything goes

5531
05:00:41,400 --> 05:00:43,800
dark. 
The scene unfolds on the sin 

5532
05:00:43,800 --> 05:00:46,200
River on the Frankish Coast in 
845. 

5533
05:00:47,400 --> 05:00:49,400
You are pulling weeds in your 
beanfield when The Village 

5534
05:00:49,400 --> 05:00:53,500
Church Bell, begins clanging 
furiously, It is a misty Easter 

5535
05:00:53,500 --> 05:00:57,300
morning and that Bell should be 
calling the faithful to mass not

5536
05:00:57,300 --> 05:01:00,600
ringing in alarm. 
He straighten up dirt on your 

5537
05:01:00,600 --> 05:01:02,800
hands and see neighbor's halting
in their fields. 

5538
05:01:02,800 --> 05:01:06,700
Heads turned toward the sound. 
Through the river fog, a new 

5539
05:01:06,708 --> 05:01:10,000
sound, Rises a deep warhorn 
Blast from Downstream. 

5540
05:01:10,800 --> 05:01:14,200
Your blood runs, cold Northman. 
A shout from the hill by 

5541
05:01:14,200 --> 05:01:18,400
Bernard's, goat, Pastor confirms
it ships on the river instantly,

5542
05:01:18,400 --> 05:01:20,800
the quiet Frankish Hamlet, 
erupts into Panic. 

5543
05:01:20,800 --> 05:01:24,200
You drop your basket and Sprint 
for your cottage heart. 

5544
05:01:24,200 --> 05:01:27,000
Thudding. 
Your farm lies Exposed on the 

5545
05:01:27,000 --> 05:01:29,600
open flood plain. 
There are no walls or soldiers 

5546
05:01:29,600 --> 05:01:32,500
to protect it. 
Rumors of whispered of Viking 

5547
05:01:32,500 --> 05:01:35,600
raids along the coast recently 
but you never imagined their 

5548
05:01:35,600 --> 05:01:38,400
dragon-headed boats on your 
stretch of the sin yet now 

5549
05:01:38,400 --> 05:01:41,000
through the trees you Glimpse 
them long. 

5550
05:01:41,000 --> 05:01:44,400
Sleek ships with striped sails 
gliding up River carved. 

5551
05:01:44,400 --> 05:01:48,100
Beasts adorning their prows by 
the time you reach your yard, 

5552
05:01:48,100 --> 05:01:51,300
chaos as overtaking. 
The village families, scream and

5553
05:01:51,300 --> 05:01:54,000
Scatter snatching up children 
and whatever belongings. 

5554
05:01:54,000 --> 05:01:56,700
They can carry you, nearly 
collide with your wife as she 

5555
05:01:56,708 --> 05:01:58,900
rushes out of your cottage with 
your two young daughters, 

5556
05:01:58,900 --> 05:02:02,300
clinging to her skirts. 
Into the woods. 

5557
05:02:02,300 --> 05:02:04,100
You pant grabbing the girls 
hands. 

5558
05:02:04,100 --> 05:02:05,900
The only hope is to hide in the 
Oak. 

5559
05:02:05,900 --> 05:02:08,100
Forest be on the fields. 
Together. 

5560
05:02:08,100 --> 05:02:11,400
You Sprinter cross, the Pharaohs
toward the tree line, your 

5561
05:02:11,400 --> 05:02:12,900
littlest daughter, Wales, and 
confusion. 

5562
05:02:12,900 --> 05:02:15,500
You scooped her into your arms 
and push onward. 

5563
05:02:16,300 --> 05:02:20,700
Behind you Rises, a coffin of 
Terror, the war horn Blair's 

5564
05:02:20,700 --> 05:02:22,400
again. 
And now you hear the blood 

5565
05:02:22,400 --> 05:02:24,300
chilling. 
Howl of the Viking Battle Cry. 

5566
05:02:24,300 --> 05:02:28,100
Echoing down the scene. 
As you reach the first trees, a 

5567
05:02:28,100 --> 05:02:30,300
handful of your Brave and 
neighbors rush in the opposite 

5568
05:02:30,300 --> 05:02:33,100
direction, clutching Rusty 
swords and wood axes. 

5569
05:02:33,100 --> 05:02:36,100
They are determined to protect 
their homes at all costs. 

5570
05:02:36,100 --> 05:02:39,600
Every instinct tells you to 
protect your farm, but one look 

5571
05:02:39,600 --> 05:02:42,200
at your wife's terrified face. 
Propels, you deeper into the 

5572
05:02:42,200 --> 05:02:44,000
underbrush, you cannot leave 
them. 

5573
05:02:44,000 --> 05:02:48,100
Not now. 
Suddenly a Burly shape crashes 

5574
05:02:48,100 --> 05:02:52,500
through the brush head, a viking
Scout steps into your path, gray

5575
05:02:52,500 --> 05:02:55,800
eyes locking on you. 
He have to spear and you shove 

5576
05:02:55,800 --> 05:02:58,400
your family behind you, raising 
your own weapon, a simple 

5577
05:02:58,400 --> 05:03:00,900
sickle. 
With Trembling Hands, the 

5578
05:03:00,900 --> 05:03:03,000
northman's lips curl in a 
wolfish grin. 

5579
05:03:03,000 --> 05:03:07,600
He hurls his spear you twist 
aside but the Iron Head slashes 

5580
05:03:07,600 --> 05:03:10,600
a fiery gash across your upper 
arm, you cry out. 

5581
05:03:11,600 --> 05:03:14,300
Before the Viking can draw his 
sword, you charge at him with a 

5582
05:03:14,300 --> 05:03:16,500
desperate. 
Yell swinging, your sickle, he 

5583
05:03:16,500 --> 05:03:19,100
bats aside your feeble strike 
and backhands you with his free 

5584
05:03:19,100 --> 05:03:22,000
arm the blow crashes into your 
jaw, like a mallet. 

5585
05:03:22,700 --> 05:03:24,600
The forest tilts. 
You hit the ground, hard 

5586
05:03:24,600 --> 05:03:27,300
tasting, blood days, you lift 
your head. 

5587
05:03:27,300 --> 05:03:31,100
Your wife is trying to escape 
with the kids but more North men

5588
05:03:31,100 --> 05:03:33,100
are coming from the trees. 
No. 

5589
05:03:33,900 --> 05:03:38,200
Please you quote reaching out as
two Viking season by the hair 

5590
05:03:38,200 --> 05:03:40,000
and drag your daughter's from 
her arms. 

5591
05:03:40,000 --> 05:03:43,900
You rent yourself up on one 
elbow but a booted foot slams 

5592
05:03:43,900 --> 05:03:46,100
between your shoulder blades 
crushing you to the dirt. 

5593
05:03:46,900 --> 05:03:49,100
A Norse Warrior, growls, 
something above you. 

5594
05:03:49,100 --> 05:03:53,700
You catch only the word for 
slave, rough hands, yank, your 

5595
05:03:53,700 --> 05:03:55,600
arms behind you, and bind your 
wrists. 

5596
05:03:55,600 --> 05:03:59,100
With coarse rope, your village 
is tearing itself apart all 

5597
05:03:59,100 --> 05:04:03,300
around you. 
Smoke Rises, be Your wife is 

5598
05:04:03,308 --> 05:04:06,100
trying to escape with the kids, 
but more northmen are coming 

5599
05:04:06,100 --> 05:04:09,500
from the trees down. 
A few moments later. 

5600
05:04:09,500 --> 05:04:10,900
A viking. 
Herds. 

5601
05:04:10,900 --> 05:04:14,000
You and a dozen other captives 
toward the river, a viking 

5602
05:04:14,000 --> 05:04:15,700
Yanks. 
You along by a rope around your 

5603
05:04:15,700 --> 05:04:20,000
neck, your wife and children are
nowhere in sight taken Dead, who

5604
05:04:20,000 --> 05:04:24,800
knows, hot tears of pain and 
rage blow your vision, but a 

5605
05:04:24,800 --> 05:04:26,900
powerful Yank on the tether 
forces you onward. 

5606
05:04:27,500 --> 05:04:30,100
On the bank, the north Manor 
already loading prisoners and 

5607
05:04:30,100 --> 05:04:33,600
plunder onto their boats. 
Three other sobbing villagers 

5608
05:04:33,600 --> 05:04:36,800
shove you aboard and chain you 
by the ankle as the oars begin 

5609
05:04:36,800 --> 05:04:39,800
to pull and the Frankish 
Shore's, you collapse against 

5610
05:04:39,800 --> 05:04:42,400
the hull. 
Everything you ever loved is 

5611
05:04:42,400 --> 05:04:44,700
gone. 
The Vikings did not just your 

5612
05:04:44,700 --> 05:04:46,300
farm. 
They have destroyed your life. 

5613
05:04:47,200 --> 05:04:50,500
You close your eyes. 
Trembling with silent grief. 

5614
05:04:51,500 --> 05:04:54,200
Easter morning, sunlight 
Glitters, on the river, but for,

5615
05:04:54,200 --> 05:04:57,600
you know, Resurrection will come
only, the, endless darkness of 

5616
05:04:57,600 --> 05:04:59,500
slavery. 
This story takes place in 

5617
05:04:59,500 --> 05:05:03,000
Ireland during the 9th century. 
You stand a top, the wooden ramp

5618
05:05:03,000 --> 05:05:07,700
of your husband's Dune fought 
and watching dread as dark sails

5619
05:05:07,700 --> 05:05:11,600
dot the morning Horizon, the 
mid-morning sun glints off the 

5620
05:05:11,600 --> 05:05:14,900
Waze revealing three Viking 
longships heading up the coast 

5621
05:05:14,900 --> 05:05:18,400
towards your lands. 
A messenger had arrived at dawn 

5622
05:05:18,400 --> 05:05:21,400
with dire news. 
The Northman sacked a monastery 

5623
05:05:21,400 --> 05:05:24,300
down a river at clonfert and 
their ships were spotted in your

5624
05:05:24,300 --> 05:05:26,200
Kingdom's. 
Waters the war horns. 

5625
05:05:26,200 --> 05:05:27,600
Are now echoing along the 
cliffs. 

5626
05:05:27,600 --> 05:05:31,300
The Vikings are coming below. 
You in the courtyard, your 

5627
05:05:31,300 --> 05:05:35,000
household Warriors, rushed to 
arm themselves, men snatched 

5628
05:05:35,000 --> 05:05:37,900
Spears, and shields from racks 
shouting to each other and 

5629
05:05:37,900 --> 05:05:41,300
offering quick prayers to God. 
You clutch, the wooden railing 

5630
05:05:41,300 --> 05:05:45,000
Knuckles, white, your husband 
Lord Ayo is in the yard pulling 

5631
05:05:45,000 --> 05:05:48,400
on his helmet He catches your 
eye for a brief moment and tries

5632
05:05:48,400 --> 05:05:51,300
to muster a reassuring smile, 
but you both know what these 

5633
05:05:51,300 --> 05:05:53,800
Invaders do. 
You have heard Tales of their 

5634
05:05:53,800 --> 05:05:57,500
cruelty last winter refugees 
from the north told of nuns 

5635
05:05:57,500 --> 05:06:01,000
violated amongst slaughtered. 
When the northmen attacked, our 

5636
05:06:01,000 --> 05:06:04,300
marks sacred sites, Lord it all 
the barks orders. 

5637
05:06:04,300 --> 05:06:07,500
And two dozen mounted Warriors, 
Gallop out through the gate to 

5638
05:06:07,500 --> 05:06:10,400
confront the enemy on the beach.
The remaining Defenders. 

5639
05:06:10,400 --> 05:06:14,000
Stay to man, The forts Palisade.
You send up a silent prayer for 

5640
05:06:14,000 --> 05:06:17,000
your husband and Kinsman as they
war cries fade, toward the 

5641
05:06:17,000 --> 05:06:20,000
surface. 
Minutes later, distance screams 

5642
05:06:20,000 --> 05:06:22,200
and The Clash of metal carry on 
the sea breeze. 

5643
05:06:22,200 --> 05:06:26,100
You Pace along the rampart heart
in your throat, the sound of 

5644
05:06:26,100 --> 05:06:29,200
battle die out. 
And for a moment there is Eerie 

5645
05:06:29,200 --> 05:06:33,500
silents suddenly alone. 
Figure one of your warriors come

5646
05:06:33,500 --> 05:06:37,200
sprinting over the Sandy Ridge. 
Toward the fort, his tunic is 

5647
05:06:37,200 --> 05:06:39,900
soaked in blood. 
Close the gate. 

5648
05:06:39,900 --> 05:06:43,200
He shrieks eyes bulging with 
panic behind him. 

5649
05:06:43,200 --> 05:06:46,100
A mob of Vikings appears 
pursuing like wolves on the 

5650
05:06:46,100 --> 05:06:49,000
hunt. 
The forts Captain curses and 

5651
05:06:49,000 --> 05:06:51,700
orders the gates barred. 
But even as your men shove, the 

5652
05:06:51,700 --> 05:06:56,200
oak portal, the first northmen 
Rams into it from outside A 

5653
05:06:56,200 --> 05:06:59,800
desperate struggle ensues at the
sally port Spears thrust through

5654
05:06:59,800 --> 05:07:03,200
the gaps is hacking. 
The Defenders courage falters 

5655
05:07:03,200 --> 05:07:06,600
when a massive Viking forces, 
the gator jar and cuts down a 

5656
05:07:06,600 --> 05:07:10,200
guard in a single stroke. 
Within seconds, the enemy swarm 

5657
05:07:10,200 --> 05:07:15,300
inside screams fill the yard you
stumble back from the rampart as

5658
05:07:15,300 --> 05:07:18,800
chaos and golfs, the fort, the 
surviving guards and servants 

5659
05:07:18,800 --> 05:07:22,000
horribly outnumbered. 
Throw down their weapons, or try

5660
05:07:22,000 --> 05:07:24,800
to flee. 
A hulking Viking with an iron 

5661
05:07:24,800 --> 05:07:28,100
helmet and braided, blonde 
beards past the bodies toward 

5662
05:07:28,100 --> 05:07:30,900
the, keep he kicks open the 
doors of your hall. 

5663
05:07:30,900 --> 05:07:34,600
You're still on the steps when 
he spots you, his hard eyes, 

5664
05:07:34,600 --> 05:07:37,800
flick over your silk dress and 
the gold brooch at your shoulder

5665
05:07:37,800 --> 05:07:42,700
marking you as a noble woman. 
Take her, he grunts to his men, 

5666
05:07:42,700 --> 05:07:45,800
you step backward, trembling 
with rage and fear. 

5667
05:07:46,700 --> 05:07:51,000
I am lady wearing of the renal. 
We can pay Ransom, you cry, 

5668
05:07:51,000 --> 05:07:54,800
trying to sound commanding. 
One of the Vikings Answers by 

5669
05:07:54,800 --> 05:07:58,400
swinging, the back of his axe 
into your Guardsmen Scholars. 

5670
05:07:58,400 --> 05:08:03,600
If swatting a fly Blood splashes
your gown, you scream. 

5671
05:08:04,400 --> 05:08:08,100
And instantly the blonde giant 
closes the distance and Strikes.

5672
05:08:08,100 --> 05:08:12,400
You across the face with a male 
hand, the world flashes White. 

5673
05:08:13,300 --> 05:08:17,000
You find yourself sprawled on 
the ground is ringing before. 

5674
05:08:17,000 --> 05:08:19,800
You can move two Vikings, hold 
you up by your arms. 

5675
05:08:19,800 --> 05:08:22,800
One roughly Yanks off your 
jeweled, brooch and belt. 

5676
05:08:22,800 --> 05:08:27,100
The other bind your wrists with 
Rawhide around you the courtyard

5677
05:08:27,100 --> 05:08:30,200
is a Nightmare made real, your 
husband's corpse lies in the 

5678
05:08:30,208 --> 05:08:33,000
Gateway nearly beheaded Flames 
consumed. 

5679
05:08:33,000 --> 05:08:36,200
The thatched roof of the chapel 
all around the fort like the 

5680
05:08:36,200 --> 05:08:38,900
bodies of those who tried to 
defend it, the stable boy, the 

5681
05:08:38,900 --> 05:08:42,900
cook and even the old Bard who 
were cut down without Mercy, Hot

5682
05:08:42,900 --> 05:08:46,800
tears of anger, fill your eyes. 
With a surge of defiance you 

5683
05:08:46,800 --> 05:08:50,500
spit at the Viking Chiefs faces,
as he approaches a hush Falls 

5684
05:08:50,500 --> 05:08:53,400
over the Raiders, the blonde, 
giant White's your spittle from 

5685
05:08:53,400 --> 05:08:55,200
his cheek. 
Then grabs you by the throat 

5686
05:08:55,200 --> 05:08:57,900
effortlessly. 
He lifts you until only your 

5687
05:08:57,900 --> 05:09:00,600
toes. 
Scrap, the bloody mud, you gag 

5688
05:09:00,600 --> 05:09:04,300
the edges of your vision dimming
he holds you, their face to face

5689
05:09:04,300 --> 05:09:07,000
until you're Defiance crumbles 
into choking desperation. 

5690
05:09:07,700 --> 05:09:10,400
Finally, he releases his grip 
and he dropped to your knees 

5691
05:09:10,400 --> 05:09:14,300
coughing. 
The onlookers chuckle ropes are 

5692
05:09:14,300 --> 05:09:16,200
leashed around your neck and the
necks of a handful of other 

5693
05:09:16,200 --> 05:09:18,400
captives. 
Mostly young women who survived 

5694
05:09:18,400 --> 05:09:21,000
the slaughter. 
You are heard a downhill like 

5695
05:09:21,000 --> 05:09:24,200
cattle. 
Your beloved Dune wants a proud 

5696
05:09:24,200 --> 05:09:27,000
of Gaelic. 
Power is now a smoldering ruined

5697
05:09:27,000 --> 05:09:30,500
with the dead as the Vikings. 
March you to their boats bobbing

5698
05:09:30,500 --> 05:09:33,100
in the bay, you stumble in 
shock, barely feeling the 

5699
05:09:33,100 --> 05:09:36,400
Pebbles under your bare feet. 
They shove you up a plank onto a

5700
05:09:36,400 --> 05:09:39,800
ship's deck all around you 
Northman cheer at their Hall 

5701
05:09:39,800 --> 05:09:44,400
coins chalices fine clothes 
horses and half a dozen sobbing 

5702
05:09:44,400 --> 05:09:47,100
Prisoners the ship pushes off 
under the afternoon. 

5703
05:09:47,100 --> 05:09:50,900
Sun as Wars beat the water, you 
watch your Homeland received 

5704
05:09:50,900 --> 05:09:53,300
black. 
Smoke clings to the sky from 

5705
05:09:53,300 --> 05:09:56,200
your burning Hall. 
He resists the urge to scream as

5706
05:09:56,200 --> 05:09:58,000
you bite down. 
On the gag, they force between 

5707
05:09:58,000 --> 05:10:00,100
your teeth. 
They have taken everything and 

5708
05:10:00,100 --> 05:10:01,700
everyone you love and enslaved 
them. 

5709
05:10:01,708 --> 05:10:04,300
You try to pray but no Comfort 
comes. 

5710
05:10:04,300 --> 05:10:07,300
Only the Creak of the oars and 
the cheers of your captors 

5711
05:10:07,300 --> 05:10:08,500
answer your silent. 
Please. 

5712
05:10:08,500 --> 05:10:12,800
The gentle Hills of are fade 
from View and you realize with 

5713
05:10:12,800 --> 05:10:15,400
crushing despair that you will 
never set foot on your native 

5714
05:10:15,400 --> 05:10:18,500
soil again. 
Your Bound for an unknown fate 

5715
05:10:18,500 --> 05:10:21,100
across the sea. 
Just another piece of plunder in

5716
05:10:21,100 --> 05:10:24,100
the Vikings hall. 
Furthermore in courland on the 

5717
05:10:24,100 --> 05:10:27,300
Baltic Coast, Inn 854 Sound. 
The Horn the sphere are coming. 

5718
05:10:28,800 --> 05:10:31,800
The shout carries across your 
Baltic seaside village as Dawn, 

5719
05:10:31,800 --> 05:10:34,800
lightens the sky, you snatch up 
your Spear and race from your 

5720
05:10:34,800 --> 05:10:38,100
Hut heart pounding. 
From the cliff top. 

5721
05:10:38,100 --> 05:10:40,300
You see them? 
A fleet of longships, with 

5722
05:10:40,300 --> 05:10:43,800
striped sails crowding. 
The bay Olaf the Swedish King 

5723
05:10:43,800 --> 05:10:46,900
has returned a year after your 
people drove off his Danish 

5724
05:10:46,900 --> 05:10:50,100
allies in a previous raid this 
time he's brought a much larger 

5725
05:10:50,100 --> 05:10:54,100
Force dozens of ships. 
Hundreds of Warriors a chill not

5726
05:10:54,108 --> 05:10:57,600
a fear forms in your gut despite
being Fierce Pirates themselves,

5727
05:10:57,600 --> 05:11:01,600
the curonian vastly Outnumber 
you today around you villagers 

5728
05:11:01,600 --> 05:11:05,500
scream and scramble men, grabbed
weapons mothers hastily Usher 

5729
05:11:05,500 --> 05:11:07,100
children toward the woods 
inland. 

5730
05:11:07,900 --> 05:11:09,500
Spot. 
Your younger brother, throwing a

5731
05:11:09,500 --> 05:11:11,800
sack of grain onto an ox cart, 
where your mother and little 

5732
05:11:11,800 --> 05:11:15,000
nieces Hudl, He's preparing to 
evacuate the family. 

5733
05:11:15,000 --> 05:11:18,300
You class bizarre and thrust 
your hunting knife into his 

5734
05:11:18,300 --> 05:11:21,000
hand. 
Go get them to the marshes. 

5735
05:11:21,000 --> 05:11:25,000
Go you urge He hesitates, here's
in his eyes. 

5736
05:11:25,000 --> 05:11:28,800
Neither of you wants to part 
distant blast of the enemies 

5737
05:11:28,800 --> 05:11:31,600
horn jolts him into action with 
a crack of the reins. 

5738
05:11:31,600 --> 05:11:34,708
He drives the car to the forest 
as fast as the ox can pull it. 

5739
05:11:34,716 --> 05:11:39,000
You send a brief prayer to peun 
God of Thunder to guard them and

5740
05:11:39,000 --> 05:11:42,300
to give you strength now. 
Inside the timber Fort, that 

5741
05:11:42,300 --> 05:11:44,800
crowns the hill, the remaining 
men form up. 

5742
05:11:45,400 --> 05:11:48,400
You join a knot of stout farmers
and fishermen on the Palisade 

5743
05:11:48,400 --> 05:11:52,400
Spear and bow in hand. 
Your father, the militia Chief 

5744
05:11:52,400 --> 05:11:55,800
limp's passed wounded in last 
year's battle shouting final 

5745
05:11:55,800 --> 05:11:57,700
orders. 
Down the slope. 

5746
05:11:57,700 --> 05:12:01,200
The first wave of sphere Vikings
lands on the beach tall figures 

5747
05:12:01,200 --> 05:12:04,500
in male and helmets in 
disciplined lines behind a wall 

5748
05:12:04,500 --> 05:12:07,900
of shields their wall leader. 
Like the king Olaf himself 

5749
05:12:07,900 --> 05:12:09,600
marches at the front in a blue 
cloak. 

5750
05:12:09,600 --> 05:12:13,000
His sword raised. 
The Ragged handful of Corona 

5751
05:12:13,000 --> 05:12:15,100
Defenders around you, exchange 
nervous glances. 

5752
05:12:15,100 --> 05:12:17,800
This will undoubtedly be a 
battle to the end. 

5753
05:12:19,000 --> 05:12:22,400
With a thunder of boots, the 
Viking host charges up the 

5754
05:12:22,400 --> 05:12:25,100
hillside toward your walls. 
Loose arrows. 

5755
05:12:25,100 --> 05:12:30,100
Someone cries, you raise your 
bow and let fly the sky darkens 

5756
05:12:30,100 --> 05:12:34,600
with a briefly from your side. 
A few of the enemy fall pierced 

5757
05:12:34,600 --> 05:12:38,300
by Lucky shots but an answering 
storm of arrows, whistles back 

5758
05:12:38,300 --> 05:12:41,200
at once. 
Barbed shafts into the throat of

5759
05:12:41,208 --> 05:12:44,300
the man beside you, he gurgles 
and collapses from the rampart, 

5760
05:12:44,900 --> 05:12:47,600
Sling Stone, smashes into your 
wooden shield with a heavy. 

5761
05:12:47,600 --> 05:12:49,800
The sound of a crack nearly 
knocks. 

5762
05:12:49,800 --> 05:12:52,500
The object from your grip 
before, you can blink the sphere

5763
05:12:52,500 --> 05:12:55,600
or at the ditch hurling 
grappling hooks and axes, the 

5764
05:12:55,600 --> 05:12:58,800
Palisades shudders as dozens of 
blades chop and pry at the logs.

5765
05:12:58,800 --> 05:13:00,900
They've breached the gate fall 
back. 

5766
05:13:00,900 --> 05:13:04,000
Comes a screen from your right. 
You spin to see the main gate 

5767
05:13:04,000 --> 05:13:07,000
hanging in splinters and Vikings
pouring through the Gap. 

5768
05:13:07,000 --> 05:13:10,800
Your father hurls a spear into 
an onrushing radar but a Nordic 

5769
05:13:10,800 --> 05:13:14,600
axe hacks into his side and he 
goes down with a cry, rage and 

5770
05:13:14,600 --> 05:13:18,000
panic, surge through you, you've
lost control of the walls, back 

5771
05:13:18,000 --> 05:13:20,300
to the cape. 
You Bello, helping your wounded,

5772
05:13:20,300 --> 05:13:23,600
father to his feet, a handful of
you Retreat from the rampart, 

5773
05:13:23,600 --> 05:13:26,500
sprinting, to the Old Stone 
Storehouse of the fort Center, 

5774
05:13:26,500 --> 05:13:30,600
the closest thing to shelter 
remaining, The swedes flood into

5775
05:13:30,600 --> 05:13:34,300
the courtyard and opposed you 
half drag half carry your 

5776
05:13:34,300 --> 05:13:36,900
father. 
Toward the storehouse, doorway a

5777
05:13:36,900 --> 05:13:40,100
glance over your shoulder, 
reveals utter Carnage, our 

5778
05:13:40,100 --> 05:13:43,300
curonian Warrior's are being 
butched where they stand the 

5779
05:13:43,300 --> 05:13:46,300
blacksmith, Irma swings, his 
acts desperately, but three 

5780
05:13:46,300 --> 05:13:49,500
Vikings set upon him at once 
swords flashing, he falls in a 

5781
05:13:49,500 --> 05:13:52,000
spray of blood, others drop 
their weapons, and beg for 

5782
05:13:52,000 --> 05:13:55,000
quarter, only to be cut. 
Down, without Mercy, we have 

5783
05:13:55,000 --> 05:13:58,500
completed the fort Just steps 
from the storehouse, a powerful 

5784
05:13:58,500 --> 05:14:01,600
Blow from behind knocks. 
You sprawling a red bearded 

5785
05:14:01,600 --> 05:14:04,700
Viking looms over you. 
He had sprinted silently behind 

5786
05:14:04,700 --> 05:14:07,800
and struck you with a club, your
spear Falls from your hands. 

5787
05:14:07,800 --> 05:14:12,600
You roll onto your back, gasping
in pain, the Red Beard snarls, 

5788
05:14:12,600 --> 05:14:15,200
something you don't understand 
and raises his sword to end. 

5789
05:14:15,200 --> 05:14:18,700
You behind him through the haze 
of smoke and dust. 

5790
05:14:18,700 --> 05:14:20,900
You see a lot of Viking 
warriors. 

5791
05:14:20,900 --> 05:14:24,900
Forcing the last few captives, 
including a wounded, sobbing boy

5792
05:14:24,900 --> 05:14:27,900
to their knees at swordpoint, 
you know, it's over for your 

5793
05:14:27,908 --> 05:14:30,900
village. 
The Vikings blade pauses in the 

5794
05:14:30,900 --> 05:14:33,600
air, as he notices your Fierce, 
and yielding glare. 

5795
05:14:34,500 --> 05:14:36,500
For an instant, you see 
uncertainty in his eyes. 

5796
05:14:36,500 --> 05:14:40,300
Perhaps he expected pleading 
summoning your last strength, 

5797
05:14:40,300 --> 05:14:42,100
you spit a curse him in your 
native tongue. 

5798
05:14:43,700 --> 05:14:47,100
The red beards face Harden's 
with a swift brutal stroke, his 

5799
05:14:47,100 --> 05:14:51,400
sword Falls searing. 
Pains your skull the world burst

5800
05:14:51,400 --> 05:14:54,300
into blinding, light and Agony 
and then immediately Fades to 

5801
05:14:54,300 --> 05:14:57,000
black as your life. 
Blood seeps into the soil of 

5802
05:14:57,008 --> 05:14:59,400
your Homeland. 
The last feeling you experience 

5803
05:14:59,400 --> 05:15:03,000
is a grim sense of satisfaction.
You did not beg. 

5804
05:15:03,000 --> 05:15:06,200
The Northman may have raised 
your village in slaved your kin 

5805
05:15:06,200 --> 05:15:08,600
but you would sooner die than 
live under their Boot. 

5806
05:15:08,600 --> 05:15:11,800
And so you have you crouched 
behind a stack of Furs in the 

5807
05:15:11,800 --> 05:15:15,100
Riverside Market stall near 
Novgorod Eastern Europe in 8650 

5808
05:15:15,100 --> 05:15:18,800
against your ribs. 
Outside by the wharf. 

5809
05:15:18,800 --> 05:15:22,400
On the volkhov river frustrated 
voices, erupt into screams the 

5810
05:15:22,400 --> 05:15:25,100
varangian roofs have come to nov
grod's trade post again. 

5811
05:15:25,100 --> 05:15:27,600
And this time they aren't 
leaving peacefully. 

5812
05:15:27,600 --> 05:15:30,400
Your people have been paying 
tribute in the form of goods and

5813
05:15:30,400 --> 05:15:33,100
silver to these Roost Vikings 
for years and it was never 

5814
05:15:33,100 --> 05:15:35,600
enough. 
Today, their Chieftain arrived 

5815
05:15:35,600 --> 05:15:37,600
with dozens of Warriors and 
demanded double. 

5816
05:15:37,600 --> 05:15:40,400
The usual tribute. 
You watched from a distance as 

5817
05:15:40,400 --> 05:15:43,900
the elders, humbly offered Furs,
honey, and a chest of silver 

5818
05:15:43,900 --> 05:15:46,300
coins. 
Hoping to appease the northmen 

5819
05:15:46,300 --> 05:15:50,200
the varangian leader. 
Only sneered even demanded 50, 

5820
05:15:50,200 --> 05:15:53,600
young men as slaves at that the 
pretense of negotiation 

5821
05:15:53,600 --> 05:15:57,400
shattered and acts lodged in the
skull of one Brash Merchants who

5822
05:15:57,400 --> 05:16:00,600
immediately shouted in protest 
and uproar ensued. 

5823
05:16:00,600 --> 05:16:04,500
Now, the air is filled with 
panicked, shouts and The Clash 

5824
05:16:04,500 --> 05:16:09,200
of Steel from your hiding spot. 
You peek out A flaxen head 

5825
05:16:09,200 --> 05:16:12,600
Viking smashes, a pottery stall 
with his shield, sending shards,

5826
05:16:12,600 --> 05:16:15,400
flying and the pottery in across
the way. 

5827
05:16:15,400 --> 05:16:19,200
Another Norsemen overturns a 
wagon of grain laughing as it, 

5828
05:16:19,200 --> 05:16:23,300
spills your precious Wares. 
Find winter Furs, and carved 

5829
05:16:23,300 --> 05:16:26,900
walrus Ivory a likely lost a 
pillage, but that is the least 

5830
05:16:26,900 --> 05:16:28,500
of your worries. 
You grip. 

5831
05:16:28,500 --> 05:16:32,300
Along skinning knife. 
The only weapon at hand, it's 

5832
05:16:32,300 --> 05:16:34,300
almost useless against fully 
armed, Raiders. 

5833
05:16:34,300 --> 05:16:38,000
But you refuse to surrender 
without a fight, a spear 

5834
05:16:38,000 --> 05:16:39,800
suddenly flies overhead and 
impales. 

5835
05:16:39,800 --> 05:16:42,300
A fleeing neighbor, just beyond 
your stall. 

5836
05:16:42,300 --> 05:16:45,700
The man collapses with a 
gurgling scream, you bite your 

5837
05:16:45,700 --> 05:16:49,700
fist to stifle a whimper round 
up the rest of our Indian 

5838
05:16:49,700 --> 05:16:52,500
warrior, Barks in his tongue. 
You understand a little of it. 

5839
05:16:53,400 --> 05:16:55,900
Too much and Sprint past your 
shelter making a break for the 

5840
05:16:55,908 --> 05:16:57,900
tree line but they don't get 
far. 

5841
05:16:57,900 --> 05:17:00,200
One is skewered by a throne 
spear. 

5842
05:17:00,200 --> 05:17:01,900
The other is run down by a red 
bearded. 

5843
05:17:01,900 --> 05:17:05,100
Russ who slams him to the ground
and clubs him senseless with the

5844
05:17:05,108 --> 05:17:08,800
butt of an axe. 
Your Mind Race will perhaps. 

5845
05:17:08,800 --> 05:17:11,300
You can slip away Along the 
riverbank amid the chaos. 

5846
05:17:11,300 --> 05:17:15,200
If only you can reach your boat,
Gathering your courage, you 

5847
05:17:15,200 --> 05:17:19,400
clutch your knife and prepare to
bolt you rise and a pair of iron

5848
05:17:19,400 --> 05:17:24,000
hands sees you from behind. 
Hiding like a rat. 

5849
05:17:25,000 --> 05:17:28,300
A hulking varangian. 
In a wolf skin cloak Halls. 

5850
05:17:28,300 --> 05:17:30,100
You out into the open by your 
tunic. 

5851
05:17:30,800 --> 05:17:34,300
You slash desperately with your 
knife, but he catches your wrist

5852
05:17:34,300 --> 05:17:38,300
with contemptuous ease and 
twists, until the blade drops 

5853
05:17:38,300 --> 05:17:41,300
from your numb fingers. 
Let go of me. 

5854
05:17:41,300 --> 05:17:45,400
You smile in slavonic, kicking 
at his shin in response. 

5855
05:17:45,400 --> 05:17:47,600
The Viking drives his knee into 
your stomach. 

5856
05:17:47,600 --> 05:17:52,500
All Air rushes from your lungs. 
You double over gagging. 

5857
05:17:53,200 --> 05:17:57,000
Rough laughter rings out. 
The wolf cloaked Warrior forces 

5858
05:17:57,000 --> 05:18:00,000
you to your knees. 
Another Northman strides over 

5859
05:18:00,000 --> 05:18:02,400
with a length of rope working 
efficiently. 

5860
05:18:02,400 --> 05:18:05,000
They bind your wrist behind you,
and loop another cord around 

5861
05:18:05,000 --> 05:18:07,400
your neck. 
You dimly realize that they are 

5862
05:18:07,408 --> 05:18:10,700
also tying up other survivors, 
including a few young women and 

5863
05:18:10,700 --> 05:18:12,600
two wounded Elders elsewhere in 
the market. 

5864
05:18:14,000 --> 05:18:16,500
They will soon heard you and a 
line of captives toward the long

5865
05:18:16,500 --> 05:18:20,200
ships that are waiting. 
A rope around your neck, links 

5866
05:18:20,200 --> 05:18:24,200
you to the prisoner ahead. your 
cheeks burn with you humiliation

5867
05:18:24,200 --> 05:18:28,200
and fury but when a varangian 
jerks hard on the tether you 

5868
05:18:28,200 --> 05:18:31,500
stumble forward without 
resistance Your town Hedman. 

5869
05:18:31,500 --> 05:18:34,800
An old friend of your father's 
sobs pitifully as he is dragged 

5870
05:18:34,800 --> 05:18:37,800
along beside you. 
He begs the Vikings in broken 

5871
05:18:37,800 --> 05:18:40,900
nose, to spare his family. 
The chieftain ignores him, 

5872
05:18:40,900 --> 05:18:43,000
casually wiping blood from his 
sword. 

5873
05:18:43,800 --> 05:18:46,200
At the riverbank the Northman 
shove you in the others onto 

5874
05:18:46,200 --> 05:18:48,600
their boats. 
Amid piles of plunder, the 

5875
05:18:48,600 --> 05:18:52,200
northmen force you to sit on the
decking, your wrists neck to a 

5876
05:18:52,208 --> 05:18:55,800
ring by the masked. 
Within minutes, The Allman push 

5877
05:18:55,800 --> 05:18:58,700
off and the current carries you 
away from the smoking rooms of 

5878
05:18:58,700 --> 05:19:01,800
your Marketplace. 
As the ship turns Downriver. 

5879
05:19:01,800 --> 05:19:04,400
You catch a final glimpse of 
Novgorod. 

5880
05:19:04,400 --> 05:19:07,100
Wooden ramparts receding into 
the Morning Mist. 

5881
05:19:07,900 --> 05:19:10,500
Hot tears, blow your eyes. 
You've heard? 

5882
05:19:10,508 --> 05:19:13,000
What comes next? 
The varangians will take you 

5883
05:19:13,000 --> 05:19:16,000
East to sell in the slave 
markets of the Greeks or Arabs. 

5884
05:19:16,000 --> 05:19:20,700
That will be your fate sold far 
from home, never to return. 

5885
05:19:21,600 --> 05:19:25,800
A blonde Viking guarding, the 
captives notices your tears, he 

5886
05:19:25,800 --> 05:19:29,600
smirks and mockingly, Patch your
cheek as one would a child you 

5887
05:19:29,600 --> 05:19:32,200
stare at him with hate. 
So intense it scares even you 

5888
05:19:32,200 --> 05:19:35,600
but your Defiance only am uses 
him with a shrug. 

5889
05:19:35,600 --> 05:19:38,200
He turns away to count, the 
silver coins piled at his feet. 

5890
05:19:39,100 --> 05:19:42,300
You sit in stunned silence as 
the boat carries you into the 

5891
05:19:42,300 --> 05:19:44,900
unknown. 
In your mind, you see an image 

5892
05:19:44,900 --> 05:19:48,200
of your wife and young son as 
they were this morning, waving 

5893
05:19:48,200 --> 05:19:49,500
goodbye. 
When you left for Market. 

5894
05:19:49,500 --> 05:19:52,500
Are they alive? 
Will you ever see them again? 

5895
05:19:52,500 --> 05:19:54,900
A sob escapes before you can 
choke it back. 

5896
05:19:55,900 --> 05:19:57,900
The Northlands laughed at Echoes
across the water. 

5897
05:19:57,900 --> 05:20:01,000
And you silently cursed, the 
gods for abandoning you to these

5898
05:20:01,000 --> 05:20:03,400
wolves. 
You realize that your life as a 

5899
05:20:03,408 --> 05:20:05,200
free man in Russia's land is 
over. 

5900
05:20:05,200 --> 05:20:09,700
You are now just human cargo 
another soul in slave beneath an

5901
05:20:09,700 --> 05:20:16,200
endless foreign Sky Anglo-Saxon 
England. 8701 The ground shakes 

5902
05:20:16,200 --> 05:20:17,800
under the onrush of the enemy 
horde. 

5903
05:20:18,500 --> 05:20:21,300
From your position, Atop The 
Timber Palisade, you see them 

5904
05:20:21,300 --> 05:20:24,200
coming across the fields, 
hundreds of Danish Warriors 

5905
05:20:24,200 --> 05:20:26,000
advancing in a solid Shield 
wall. 

5906
05:20:26,600 --> 05:20:28,900
You swallow against the 
terrorizing in your throat 

5907
05:20:28,900 --> 05:20:33,100
wessex's mustard, every able man
to defend this town and still 

5908
05:20:33,100 --> 05:20:35,200
the north men outnumber. 
You, they are battle. 

5909
05:20:35,200 --> 05:20:38,100
Cries carry over the morning 
Breeze as they close in you 

5910
05:20:38,100 --> 05:20:40,400
tighten, your sweaty grip on 
your spear Lord. 

5911
05:20:40,400 --> 05:20:43,500
Ethel Reds Banner. 
A golden dragon on red, flutters

5912
05:20:43,500 --> 05:20:47,300
above the gate, a hopeful token 
but today you will have to make 

5913
05:20:47,300 --> 05:20:49,200
a stand against the powerful 
Viking Army. 

5914
05:20:49,900 --> 05:20:54,000
All night, we labored and still 
they come mutters ostrich beside

5915
05:20:54,000 --> 05:20:55,500
you. 
Hefting his axe. 

5916
05:20:56,200 --> 05:20:58,100
It's true. 
You in the town's folk, spent 

5917
05:20:58,100 --> 05:21:00,900
the Dark Hours reinforcing these
crude walls with wagons and 

5918
05:21:00,900 --> 05:21:04,000
debris. 
The women children and elderly 

5919
05:21:04,000 --> 05:21:07,100
have been packed into the Stout 
Stone Church at the Town Center.

5920
05:21:07,100 --> 05:21:11,500
The only building likely to 
withstand an assault You send a 

5921
05:21:11,500 --> 05:21:13,000
quick prayer heavenward for your
wife, among them. 

5922
05:21:13,000 --> 05:21:16,000
If the Danes break through that 
church, will be their last 

5923
05:21:16,000 --> 05:21:19,800
refuge and perhaps a tomb, you 
force, the thought away, and 

5924
05:21:19,800 --> 05:21:22,800
refocus on the enemy. 
There was a sudden blast of a 

5925
05:21:22,808 --> 05:21:26,200
horn arrows suddenly whistle out
from the Viking line. 

5926
05:21:27,100 --> 05:21:31,000
Shields up, you shout, raising 
your wooden Shield overhead a 

5927
05:21:31,000 --> 05:21:34,700
black feather Arrow slams into 
it with a jarring, third a 

5928
05:21:34,700 --> 05:21:36,200
heartbeat later, a javelin 
Impalas. 

5929
05:21:36,200 --> 05:21:40,900
The comrade to your left, he 
slumps with a strangled groan on

5930
05:21:40,900 --> 05:21:43,200
your right. 
Another Saxon Shield is 

5931
05:21:43,200 --> 05:21:45,900
Shattered by a slang Stone. 
Staggering him. 

5932
05:21:46,600 --> 05:21:49,600
As you brace yourself, the Danes
suddenly appear at the ditch 

5933
05:21:49,600 --> 05:21:53,400
their Roars, akin, to those of 
beasts, axes bite into the 

5934
05:21:53,400 --> 05:21:57,200
Palisade Timbers with furious 
Force, the whole wall Quivers 

5935
05:21:57,200 --> 05:22:00,300
under the onslaught, you jab, 
your spear downward through a 

5936
05:22:00,300 --> 05:22:04,300
gap below a wild bearded. 
Radar is chopping madly at the 

5937
05:22:04,308 --> 05:22:07,000
logs before. 
You can strike him, the Palisade

5938
05:22:07,000 --> 05:22:09,100
buckles. 
They're through fall back. 

5939
05:22:09,100 --> 05:22:12,100
Someone screams behind you you 
will the main gate has been 

5940
05:22:12,108 --> 05:22:15,600
smashed open the Vikings 
inundate the town with a torrent

5941
05:22:15,600 --> 05:22:18,900
of Steel and rage Retreat to the
church comes the order. 

5942
05:22:19,900 --> 05:22:22,800
You fly down the ladder along 
with the few still living 

5943
05:22:22,800 --> 05:22:25,900
Defenders and Sprint toward the 
Stone Church at the center of 

5944
05:22:25,900 --> 05:22:29,400
town around. 
You all is bedlam, panicked 

5945
05:22:29,400 --> 05:22:31,900
villagers clogged the Muddy 
Street fleeing for their lives. 

5946
05:22:32,800 --> 05:22:35,700
A woman carrying a baby runs 
right into a Danish axeman 

5947
05:22:35,700 --> 05:22:39,400
emerging from an ally, his blade
flashes and she drops in a spray

5948
05:22:39,400 --> 05:22:41,200
of blood. 
The infant whaling beside her 

5949
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:45,000
corpse, Flames crackle. 
One of the thatched roofs is a 

5950
05:22:45,000 --> 05:22:47,500
blaze pouring into the morning 
sky. 

5951
05:22:48,400 --> 05:22:51,900
Gasping you reach the churchyard
just as the last survivors shove

5952
05:22:51,900 --> 05:22:55,900
their way inside. 
You shout practically throwing a

5953
05:22:55,900 --> 05:22:57,200
wounded old Bowman through the 
door. 

5954
05:22:58,400 --> 05:23:02,000
The heavy oak doors, boom, shut,
a second later, dim Dusty 

5955
05:23:02,000 --> 05:23:05,700
Candlelight illuminates, the 
packed Sanctuary terrified faces

5956
05:23:05,700 --> 05:23:08,900
of women and children. 
A few bloodied men from the wall

5957
05:23:08,900 --> 05:23:12,100
all huddled together. 
Stout doors, shudder and blows 

5958
05:23:12,100 --> 05:23:14,800
from outside. 
You plant your feet among a half

5959
05:23:14,808 --> 05:23:17,300
dozen, others forming a ragged 
line at the entrance. 

5960
05:23:17,300 --> 05:23:19,200
You grip your spear with both 
hands. 

5961
05:23:19,200 --> 05:23:21,500
There is no. 
Where else to run with a 

5962
05:23:21,500 --> 05:23:25,300
splintering crack the church 
doors exploded inward, a massive

5963
05:23:25,300 --> 05:23:27,200
fur. 
Cloaked Dane, barges through 

5964
05:23:27,200 --> 05:23:32,500
shield first, you and two others
thrust, your Spears one pierces,

5965
05:23:32,500 --> 05:23:36,800
his thigh, the Viking Roars in 
pain as he falls, but more push 

5966
05:23:36,800 --> 05:23:38,500
into the breach. 
Dark shapes flooding. 

5967
05:23:38,500 --> 05:23:42,100
The Sacred Space Northman lunges
at you swinging a sword. 

5968
05:23:42,100 --> 05:23:44,900
You parry with your Spears haft 
for the force. 

5969
05:23:44,900 --> 05:23:47,600
She is it in two. 
He raises his weapon for killing

5970
05:23:47,600 --> 05:23:49,300
blow. 
When was Rick your neighbor? 

5971
05:23:49,300 --> 05:23:52,400
Tackles him from the side. 
They crashed to the floor. 

5972
05:23:52,400 --> 05:23:55,400
Grappling. 
You see the jacket broken end of

5973
05:23:55,408 --> 05:23:57,900
your Spear and stab it into 
another Vikings belly as he 

5974
05:23:57,900 --> 05:24:00,800
rushes passed. 
The Invader collapses, shrinking

5975
05:24:00,800 --> 05:24:03,700
all around the church. 
Brutal Close, Quarters, combat 

5976
05:24:03,700 --> 05:24:07,600
ranges Pub benches, overturn 
screams, and The Clash of Steel.

5977
05:24:07,600 --> 05:24:11,000
Echo against stonewall's, a 
viking acts Cleaves into old 

5978
05:24:11,000 --> 05:24:13,200
father, Wilfred who was 
clutching a processional? 

5979
05:24:13,400 --> 05:24:17,000
Us, he drops without a sound 
near the altar, two Danes 

5980
05:24:17,000 --> 05:24:18,700
Corner, a cluster of caring 
children. 

5981
05:24:18,700 --> 05:24:22,300
You see, one raised his sword 
and a small boy crumples blood 

5982
05:24:22,300 --> 05:24:26,400
spreading across the flagstones.
The scene is hellish a wild 

5983
05:24:26,400 --> 05:24:28,300
slash catches you across the 
side. 

5984
05:24:28,300 --> 05:24:32,600
White hot pain, Sears your ribs,
you cry out and fall against the

5985
05:24:32,600 --> 05:24:35,200
altar, blood soaking, your torn 
tunic. 

5986
05:24:35,900 --> 05:24:37,800
The big Dane. 
With the fur cloak looms over 

5987
05:24:37,800 --> 05:24:39,600
you. 
Now recovered from the earlier, 

5988
05:24:39,600 --> 05:24:43,000
spear wound and bent on Revenge.
He lifts his two handed sword, 

5989
05:24:43,000 --> 05:24:46,300
eyes are light with Triumph. 
You know, you're about to die. 

5990
05:24:47,300 --> 05:24:50,300
Summoning one, last surge of 
strength, you lock eyes with him

5991
05:24:50,300 --> 05:24:54,100
and snarl, and godly them as 
defiantly as your trembling 

5992
05:24:54,100 --> 05:24:57,500
voice allows. 
The Dane hesitates momentarily 

5993
05:24:57,500 --> 05:25:00,700
surprised by your boldness, 
that's when a throne acts 

5994
05:25:00,700 --> 05:25:04,300
world's out of the Smoky air and
buries itself in his back, the 

5995
05:25:04,300 --> 05:25:06,500
Viking's eyes. 
Bulge, he topples forward and 

5996
05:25:06,500 --> 05:25:09,700
crashes at your feet. 
Through swimming Vision, you 

5997
05:25:09,700 --> 05:25:12,600
perceive Lord Alfred's red 
dragon Banner suddenly amidst 

5998
05:25:12,600 --> 05:25:15,400
the melee. 
Saxon Warrior is pour into the 

5999
05:25:15,400 --> 05:25:18,300
church through the shattered, 
doorway yelling war, cries of 

6000
05:25:18,300 --> 05:25:21,800
Wessex reinforcements by some 
Miracles. 

6001
05:25:21,800 --> 05:25:25,300
They arrived in time The 
remaining Vikings caught by 

6002
05:25:25,300 --> 05:25:28,400
surprise falter and then break 
under the fresh assault. 

6003
05:25:29,100 --> 05:25:32,400
Drive them out, a familiar voice
your cousin cuthbert's Bellows 

6004
05:25:32,400 --> 05:25:35,200
over the din within moments, the
northmen of fleeing back the way

6005
05:25:35,200 --> 05:25:37,900
they came cut down as they 
scramble through the doors. 

6006
05:25:37,900 --> 05:25:40,100
It's over. 
We have defeated them. 

6007
05:25:40,100 --> 05:25:43,500
You slump against the altar 
Vision, blurred with tears of 

6008
05:25:43,500 --> 05:25:47,000
relief and pain, despite all the
odds, you have managed to 

6009
05:25:47,000 --> 05:25:51,000
survive this terrifying, Dawn 
alive, you slide down to sit on 

6010
05:25:51,000 --> 05:25:54,400
the blood, slick floor all 
around a mingled, sobs of joy 

6011
05:25:54,400 --> 05:25:56,700
and mourning victory at Dreadful
cost. 

6012
05:25:57,500 --> 05:26:00,400
But rushes to your side and 
presses a cloth to your bleeding

6013
05:26:00,400 --> 05:26:03,400
wound. 
Hold on cousin, he urges, you 

6014
05:26:03,400 --> 05:26:08,200
manage a faint summer mile. 
Outside, the Viking war horn. 

6015
05:26:08,200 --> 05:26:11,900
Sounds a retreat Alfred's. 
Men, shout in Triumph for top. 

6016
05:26:11,900 --> 05:26:15,700
The Battered walls, your town 
still stands despite being 

6017
05:26:15,700 --> 05:26:19,800
battered burned and littered 
with the dead, your town remains

6018
05:26:19,800 --> 05:26:22,700
unconquered, as Cuthbert helps 
you to your feet. 

6019
05:26:22,700 --> 05:26:25,800
You gaze over the Carnage inside
the church and feel both grief 

6020
05:26:25,800 --> 05:26:29,500
and gratitude the Danes will 
return you know they will and 

6021
05:26:29,500 --> 05:26:32,100
more blood will be shed but not 
today. 

6022
05:26:32,100 --> 05:26:35,000
Today by the grace of God, you 
have witnessed The Impossible. 

6023
05:26:35,000 --> 05:26:37,100
The enormous Viking Army in 
Flight. 

6024
05:26:37,100 --> 05:26:41,700
You have survived a viking raid 
scarred exhausted half in shock 

6025
05:26:41,700 --> 05:26:44,700
but alive. 
The final scenario in the 

6026
05:26:44,700 --> 05:26:47,500
aftermath enslaved. 
Takes place in the 9th century. 

6027
05:26:47,500 --> 05:26:51,200
Awakened Before Dawn to the tug 
of the iron collar around your 

6028
05:26:51,200 --> 05:26:54,000
neck, you begin yet. 
Another day in servitude, 

6029
05:26:55,000 --> 05:26:57,800
Slowly, you push yourself up 
from the straw on the firm clay 

6030
05:26:57,800 --> 05:27:01,300
floor of the barn. 
Every muscle aches years of 

6031
05:27:01,300 --> 05:27:03,700
backbreaking, toil under the 
Norsemen of left your body, 

6032
05:27:03,700 --> 05:27:05,800
noted with pain, you move 
carefully. 

6033
05:27:05,800 --> 05:27:08,500
So as not to Rattle, the short 
chain attached to your collar, 

6034
05:27:08,500 --> 05:27:11,900
the household still sleeps. 
And you dare not wake your 

6035
05:27:11,900 --> 05:27:14,100
masters. 
Gray. 

6036
05:27:14,100 --> 05:27:16,700
Pre-dawn light seeps. 
In through the wooden slaps. 

6037
05:27:16,700 --> 05:27:19,900
You are a thrall. 
A slave in this Viking farming 

6038
05:27:19,900 --> 05:27:23,900
Village, far from your Homeland 
The cold iron ring riveted 

6039
05:27:23,900 --> 05:27:26,400
around your throat is the 
permanent Mark of your bondage, 

6040
05:27:26,400 --> 05:27:29,500
reaching up, you touch the metal
collar and remember the day it 

6041
05:27:29,508 --> 05:27:31,300
was forged in place by your 
captors. 

6042
05:27:31,300 --> 05:27:35,500
Your hair is raggedly shorn, cut
short as another sign of your 

6043
05:27:35,500 --> 05:27:38,900
servitude. 
Once you are a proud free person

6044
05:27:38,900 --> 05:27:40,900
with a family land and hope for 
the future. 

6045
05:27:40,900 --> 05:27:44,400
Now you are property outside. 
Rosters. 

6046
05:27:44,400 --> 05:27:47,700
Begin to Crow your heart jumps. 
You must be at your chores 

6047
05:27:47,700 --> 05:27:51,200
before the Norse, household 
awakens or risk, a beating you 

6048
05:27:51,200 --> 05:27:52,900
Shuffle out of the barn on bare 
feet. 

6049
05:27:52,908 --> 05:27:56,400
The morning air is damp and 
chill as you hurry across the 

6050
05:27:56,400 --> 05:27:59,300
yard toward the well too, dark 
shaped suddenly Sprint toward 

6051
05:27:59,300 --> 05:28:03,200
you the guard dogs. 
You freeze eyes down and extend 

6052
05:28:03,200 --> 05:28:07,100
your empty hands the dog sniff 
and circle then Trot away. 

6053
05:28:07,100 --> 05:28:10,900
They recognize your scent by 
now, still your pulse races, 

6054
05:28:10,900 --> 05:28:15,000
you've seen those hounds tear 
into runaway slaves before buy 

6055
05:28:15,000 --> 05:28:18,000
First Lite, your hauling water 
from the well to the long house.

6056
05:28:19,200 --> 05:28:21,700
The routine of Labor gives you a
fragile sense of order. 

6057
05:28:21,700 --> 05:28:24,900
You fill the trough for the 
livestock one bucket at a time. 

6058
05:28:24,908 --> 05:28:28,000
Next you like arm Falls of 
firewood inside to rekindle, the

6059
05:28:28,000 --> 05:28:32,100
half your hands are a landscape 
of scars and calluses. 

6060
05:28:32,900 --> 05:28:36,100
Hard work is become your own 
constant at times. 

6061
05:28:36,100 --> 05:28:40,100
Your most forget there was ever 
a life before it almost while 

6062
05:28:40,100 --> 05:28:41,708
Gathering kindling. 
You catch sight of your 

6063
05:28:41,716 --> 05:28:45,100
reflection in a puddle outside, 
the kitchen shed a gaunt 

6064
05:28:45,100 --> 05:28:48,000
hollow-eyed face stares back. 
Barely recognizable. 

6065
05:28:48,000 --> 05:28:50,800
As you unbidden memories flood 
in. 

6066
05:28:50,800 --> 05:28:55,000
You see the day of your Villages
fall flaming roofs screaming 

6067
05:28:55,000 --> 05:28:57,400
loved ones and sword. 
Wielding figures storming 

6068
05:28:57,400 --> 05:28:59,400
through the chaos, your knees 
buckle. 

6069
05:28:59,400 --> 05:29:01,400
You grip the shed wall to steady
yourself. 

6070
05:29:01,400 --> 05:29:06,000
Last night was the same as every
night haunted by Nightmares of 

6071
05:29:06,000 --> 05:29:08,800
the raid you relive. 
The moment you were spared. 

6072
05:29:08,800 --> 05:29:11,700
If this existence can be called 
being spared, the moment of 

6073
05:29:11,700 --> 05:29:14,600
Viking shoved, you into a chain 
in set of cutting, you down 

6074
05:29:14,600 --> 05:29:18,000
awake, you can push these 
thoughts aside while you labor, 

6075
05:29:18,000 --> 05:29:20,500
but in sleep, you see your 
family's faces again. 

6076
05:29:21,200 --> 05:29:24,000
You hear your little son's cry 
as the northmen dragon from your

6077
05:29:24,000 --> 05:29:26,800
arms. 
You smell the blood and smoke a 

6078
05:29:26,800 --> 05:29:28,500
sharp voice jolts you from your 
reverie. 

6079
05:29:29,200 --> 05:29:32,300
Get moving thrall, snaps Astrid.
The Farmers Wife. 

6080
05:29:32,300 --> 05:29:34,800
A major merging from the long 
house with a clay pitcher. 

6081
05:29:34,800 --> 05:29:38,300
You cringe and lower your gaze. 
Yes, mistress. 

6082
05:29:38,300 --> 05:29:41,600
Your respond in Norse scarring 
to hold the door open for her. 

6083
05:29:41,600 --> 05:29:43,700
She shoves the picture into your
hands. 

6084
05:29:43,700 --> 05:29:47,200
Fetch freshwater and be quick. 
She growls, she bow your head 

6085
05:29:47,200 --> 05:29:49,800
and rush back to the well, 
clutching the picture tightly to

6086
05:29:49,800 --> 05:29:52,700
hide the Tremor in your fingers.
Even after five years of 

6087
05:29:52,700 --> 05:29:56,000
slavery, that tone of contempt 
still Burns as hot as ever. 

6088
05:29:56,000 --> 05:29:59,900
Tears, prick, your eyes as you 
wind the well wrote you blink 

6089
05:29:59,900 --> 05:30:00,900
them away. 
Fiercely. 

6090
05:30:01,700 --> 05:30:03,700
Thralls life. 
Depends on his master's 

6091
05:30:03,700 --> 05:30:05,700
Goodwill. 
You've learned to show, no, hint

6092
05:30:05,700 --> 05:30:08,700
of anger, or grief. 
But inside your soul, Royals 

6093
05:30:08,700 --> 05:30:12,300
drawing up the heavy bucket, you
mail, the silent prayer in your 

6094
05:30:12,300 --> 05:30:15,500
native tongue to God. 
Are you praying to the old gods?

6095
05:30:15,500 --> 05:30:18,900
You'll no longer sure. 
You pray for strength to endure,

6096
05:30:18,900 --> 05:30:21,100
this living death or the mercy 
of a quicker. 

6097
05:30:21,100 --> 05:30:25,600
End the Sun, Crest The Horizon, 
Golden Light, spilling over the 

6098
05:30:25,600 --> 05:30:28,600
farm, you pause a moment 
squinting toward the Eastern 

6099
05:30:28,600 --> 05:30:32,000
glow in your old life, Sunrise 
meant warmth, and promise. 

6100
05:30:32,000 --> 05:30:35,700
Now, it just marks another day 
of chains, still feeling the 

6101
05:30:35,700 --> 05:30:39,300
sun's Rays on your face, revive 
something in you, a distant 

6102
05:30:39,300 --> 05:30:41,500
memory of freedom for a 
heartbeat. 

6103
05:30:41,500 --> 05:30:44,300
You recall walking your Fields 
Dawn your little boy on your 

6104
05:30:44,300 --> 05:30:48,400
shoulders, the of lost nearly 
doubles you over a bitter truth.

6105
05:30:48,400 --> 05:30:51,200
Sears your mind. 
The person you were died on the 

6106
05:30:51,200 --> 05:30:53,800
day of the Viking raid, a 
distant laugh. 

6107
05:30:53,800 --> 05:30:57,300
From the long house Shakes You 
Back to Reality your Master's 

6108
05:30:57,300 --> 05:31:00,800
are awake shoulders hunched, you
Hoist the pitcher and hurry to 

6109
05:31:00,800 --> 05:31:03,300
serve them. 
As you Shuffle inside to pour 

6110
05:31:03,300 --> 05:31:05,300
Astrid's morning ale, she 
wrinkles her nose. 

6111
05:31:06,100 --> 05:31:09,400
You stink of sweat? 
She says, waving you off when 

6112
05:31:09,400 --> 05:31:10,600
you're done here. 
Wash yourself. 

6113
05:31:10,600 --> 05:31:13,400
I won't have guests smelling a 
filthy thrall. 

6114
05:31:14,300 --> 05:31:18,600
You not obediently and retreat. 
Shame creeps over you but also a

6115
05:31:18,600 --> 05:31:20,800
spark of something else. 
Indignation? 

6116
05:31:20,800 --> 05:31:24,900
Filthy, you spend hours each day
scrubbing, their floors and 

6117
05:31:24,900 --> 05:31:27,400
laundering, their clothes. 
When would you even wash 

6118
05:31:27,400 --> 05:31:30,100
yourself? 
But you swallow, the retort a 

6119
05:31:30,100 --> 05:31:33,400
thrall with pride is a thrall 
with a Death Wish outside you 

6120
05:31:33,400 --> 05:31:35,200
dutifully Ladle water over your 
body. 

6121
05:31:35,200 --> 05:31:39,100
At the trough, the icy Splash 
makes you shiver you stare down 

6122
05:31:39,100 --> 05:31:41,200
at the muddy ground and realize 
you feel nothing. 

6123
05:31:41,200 --> 05:31:44,400
None of the fire. 
That once filled your heart, the

6124
05:31:44,400 --> 05:31:46,200
Vikings took everything from 
you. 

6125
05:31:46,200 --> 05:31:48,400
They even took the person you 
used to be. 

6126
05:31:49,600 --> 05:31:52,900
In his place, stands this empty 
shell performing tasks on 

6127
05:31:52,900 --> 05:31:55,800
command, perhaps it would have 
been better to have died 

6128
05:31:55,800 --> 05:31:59,300
fighting like so many others. 
Perhaps you are the Unlucky on 

6129
05:31:59,308 --> 05:32:02,400
for surviving. 
Hot tears well up and fall into 

6130
05:32:02,400 --> 05:32:05,000
the dirt. 
You allow yourself a few ragged 

6131
05:32:05,000 --> 05:32:07,800
breaths of Sorrow under the 
morning sun, which by now hangs,

6132
05:32:07,800 --> 05:32:11,500
bright in the sky, then you 
inhale, white, your eyes, and 

6133
05:32:11,500 --> 05:32:14,600
gather the buckets for the next 
chore, as you Hoist, the yolk, 

6134
05:32:14,600 --> 05:32:17,300
onto your shoulders, you catch a
glimpse of the distance, sea 

6135
05:32:17,300 --> 05:32:21,100
glittering Beyond The Cliffs. 
For one moment, a flicker of 

6136
05:32:21,100 --> 05:32:22,700
resolve cuts through your 
despair. 

6137
05:32:22,700 --> 05:32:26,000
One day you think. 
One day I'll be free again. 

6138
05:32:26,000 --> 05:32:29,400
The thought is gone almost 
before it Formed chased Away by 

6139
05:32:29,400 --> 05:32:32,700
years of brutal reality but it 
lingers in your chest like an 

6140
05:32:32,700 --> 05:32:36,900
ember under Ash A harsh shout 
from The Smokehouse jolts, you 

6141
05:32:36,900 --> 05:32:39,500
back to duty. 
You lower your head and carry on

6142
05:32:39,500 --> 05:32:42,100
with your burdens. 
In the yard, this is your world 

6143
05:32:42,100 --> 05:32:45,800
now, fear toil and memories that
hurt more than any whip. 

6144
05:32:45,800 --> 05:32:49,100
In a way, your captors did not 
spare your life at all. 

6145
05:32:49,108 --> 05:32:54,100
They simply claimed it. 
And so you labor on a survivor 

6146
05:32:54,100 --> 05:32:58,000
in the Vikings wake living day 
to day in a fate worse than 

6147
05:32:58,000 --> 05:33:06,300
death. 
The Cuban Missile Crisis didn't 

6148
05:33:06,300 --> 05:33:09,700
arise in a vacuum. 
It was the culmination of years 

6149
05:33:09,700 --> 05:33:13,200
of Cold War tensions. 
A time when the world seemed to 

6150
05:33:13,208 --> 05:33:17,300
teach her on the edge of 
uncertainty. imagine for a 

6151
05:33:17,308 --> 05:33:21,400
moment, the quiet hum of the 
post-war era, giving way to the 

6152
05:33:21,400 --> 05:33:25,900
slow steady, March of 
ideological rivalry between the 

6153
05:33:25,900 --> 05:33:30,500
United States and the Soviet 
Union This rivalry like a deep 

6154
05:33:30,500 --> 05:33:34,500
and resonant drum, beat echoed 
across the globe, shaping the 

6155
05:33:34,500 --> 05:33:37,600
landscape of diplomacy and 
conflict alike. 

6156
05:33:38,500 --> 05:33:41,800
The United States with its 
vision of democracy and the 

6157
05:33:41,808 --> 05:33:45,000
Soviet Union. 
Determined to spread communism 

6158
05:33:45,000 --> 05:33:48,900
found themselves locked in a 
careful and delicate dance. 

6159
05:33:48,900 --> 05:33:52,500
Their every move, calculated 
every gesture. 

6160
05:33:52,500 --> 05:33:57,100
Waited with significant. 
By the early 1960s, this 

6161
05:33:57,100 --> 05:34:00,800
struggle had already seen 
pivotal moments like the Berlin 

6162
05:34:00,800 --> 05:34:04,400
blockade and the Korean War, 
leaving an enduring imprint on 

6163
05:34:04,400 --> 05:34:06,500
the hearts and minds of 
Millions. 

6164
05:34:07,500 --> 05:34:10,900
Then came 1959. 
A turning point that brought 

6165
05:34:10,900 --> 05:34:15,000
Cuba into sharp Focus. 
The Cuban Revolution swept 

6166
05:34:15,000 --> 05:34:18,900
through the island, like a soft,
but unrelenting wind carrying 

6167
05:34:18,900 --> 05:34:22,200
Fidel Castro to power and 
replacing the Batista regime. 

6168
05:34:23,500 --> 05:34:26,600
Under Castro Cuba aligned itself
with the Soviet Union 

6169
05:34:26,600 --> 05:34:28,900
transforming into a communist 
stronghold. 

6170
05:34:28,900 --> 05:34:31,500
Just 90 miles from American 
Shores. 

6171
05:34:32,200 --> 05:34:35,100
A distant social it might as 
well have been a whisper, the 

6172
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:39,300
ocean. 
This proximity brought with it a

6173
05:34:39,300 --> 05:34:43,000
quiet, but undeniable unease. 
Tension that settled in the 

6174
05:34:43,000 --> 05:34:45,400
minds of us leaders like a 
lingering shadow. 

6175
05:34:46,700 --> 05:34:50,700
The hum of covert operations 
soon followed culminating in the

6176
05:34:50,700 --> 05:34:55,700
faild Bay of Pigs invasion in 
1961. this misstep, like a 

6177
05:34:55,700 --> 05:34:59,000
ripple in Stillwater, spread 
embarrassment for the Kennedy 

6178
05:34:59,000 --> 05:35:02,800
administration and deepen, the 
chasm of mistrust between the US

6179
05:35:02,800 --> 05:35:07,400
and Cuba At the same time, 
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev

6180
05:35:07,400 --> 05:35:12,100
have a watchful and calculating 
saw an opportunity to exploit 

6181
05:35:12,100 --> 05:35:15,500
this growing divide. 
He began to weave a plan that 

6182
05:35:15,508 --> 05:35:19,300
would take full advantage of 
Cuba's location creating a web 

6183
05:35:19,300 --> 05:35:23,200
of uncertainty and anticipation 
that seemed to stretch endlessly

6184
05:35:23,200 --> 05:35:26,900
across the calm Skies. 
As we linger in this moment of 

6185
05:35:26,900 --> 05:35:30,800
reflection picture a world on 
edge at still wrapped in quiet 

6186
05:35:30,800 --> 05:35:35,700
resolve Let these images and 
thoughts drift gently through 

6187
05:35:35,700 --> 05:35:40,000
your mind like leaves carried by
a slow, steady current. 

6188
05:35:41,100 --> 05:35:45,000
Stage was set each thread of 
tension delicately placed 

6189
05:35:45,000 --> 05:35:47,500
weaving. 
The intricate fabric of what 

6190
05:35:47,500 --> 05:35:50,500
would soon become one of the 
most dramatic and perilous 

6191
05:35:50,500 --> 05:35:54,200
moments in modern history. 
In the quiet Skies of October, 

6192
05:35:54,200 --> 05:35:58,900
14th, 1962, something 
extraordinary, unfolded. 

6193
05:35:58,900 --> 05:36:03,000
Something that would Ripple 
through time like a soft endless

6194
05:36:03,000 --> 05:36:07,700
wave higher above, the peaceful,
Landscapes of Cuba, and American

6195
05:36:07,700 --> 05:36:10,100
utero, reconnaissance plane 
glided effortlessly. 

6196
05:36:10,100 --> 05:36:13,800
Its Sleek form cutting through 
the Stillness of the Heaven's. 

6197
05:36:14,900 --> 05:36:17,700
From his vantage point, the 
plane captured a series of 

6198
05:36:17,700 --> 05:36:22,700
photographs silent yet. 
Profound revealing a truth, that

6199
05:36:22,700 --> 05:36:25,600
would shake the world Soviet 
missile site. 

6200
05:36:25,600 --> 05:36:29,400
Nestled discreetly amidst, the 
Lush and tranquil Countryside 

6201
05:36:29,400 --> 05:36:33,300
were under construction. 
These were no ordinary missiles.

6202
05:36:33,900 --> 05:36:36,700
Their presence was like a 
whisper of something immense and

6203
05:36:36,700 --> 05:36:40,200
dangerous carrying with them, 
the potential for devastation. 

6204
05:36:40,900 --> 05:36:44,300
Capable of reaching the heart of
the United States within mere 

6205
05:36:44,300 --> 05:36:46,200
moments. 
These medium and 

6206
05:36:46,200 --> 05:36:50,000
intermediate-range ballistic 
missiles carried the weight of a

6207
05:36:50,008 --> 05:36:54,900
silent, looming threat. 
The images delicate and 

6208
05:36:54,900 --> 05:36:57,400
unassuming were swiftly, brought
back to Washington. 

6209
05:36:58,300 --> 05:37:01,500
Where they were met with a storm
of hushed urgency and careful 

6210
05:37:01,500 --> 05:37:04,700
deliberation. 
Picture the scene as President 

6211
05:37:04,700 --> 05:37:07,700
John F Kennedy and his advisors 
gathered in the Stillness of the

6212
05:37:07,708 --> 05:37:10,500
White House. 
The room was Heavy with the 

6213
05:37:10,500 --> 05:37:14,500
Quiet murmur of voices, each one
low, and deliberate as the 

6214
05:37:14,500 --> 05:37:17,700
photographs were laid out like 
puzzle pieces on a smooth 

6215
05:37:17,700 --> 05:37:20,900
polished table. 
The gravity of the discovery 

6216
05:37:20,900 --> 05:37:24,100
hung in the air, a presence as 
tangible as the tick of a 

6217
05:37:24,108 --> 05:37:27,500
distant clock. 
Each second stretched, slow and 

6218
05:37:27,500 --> 05:37:30,700
steady like the rhythm of a deep
and calming breath. 

6219
05:37:31,900 --> 05:37:35,100
As the advisers spoke, their 
words, mingled with the ambient 

6220
05:37:35,100 --> 05:37:38,000
quiet, and the room seemed to 
hold its breath. 

6221
05:37:38,000 --> 05:37:41,500
It became clear that this was 
not just a military challenge, 

6222
05:37:41,500 --> 05:37:44,100
but a profound shift in the 
balance of power. 

6223
05:37:45,100 --> 05:37:47,800
The missiles in Cuba. 
Mirrored, the US's own 

6224
05:37:47,800 --> 05:37:51,100
installations in Turkey, 
creating a precarious symmetry 

6225
05:37:51,100 --> 05:37:54,800
of threat, that deepened the 
unease This delicate balance 

6226
05:37:54,800 --> 05:37:57,300
like a tightrope. 
Suspended above a Chasm. 

6227
05:37:57,300 --> 05:38:01,200
Demanded extraordinary care and 
calm for a moment. 

6228
05:38:01,208 --> 05:38:06,000
Close your eyes, and imagine the
scene, the soft rustle of 

6229
05:38:06,000 --> 05:38:10,000
papers, the distant hum of 
voices, and the unspoken tension

6230
05:38:10,000 --> 05:38:12,300
that lingers in the air, like a 
gentle mist. 

6231
05:38:13,100 --> 05:38:17,000
This was a time of reflection a 
time, when the world seemed 

6232
05:38:17,000 --> 05:38:19,700
poised on the edge of a decision
that could change everything. 

6233
05:38:21,000 --> 05:38:26,000
Yet, amidst, the tension there 
was also a Stillness, a fragile 

6234
05:38:26,000 --> 05:38:28,700
sense of order holding back the 
chaos Beyond. 

6235
05:38:29,900 --> 05:38:33,000
As the president and his team 
weighed their options, the 

6236
05:38:33,000 --> 05:38:36,600
choices before them seemed 
infinite like waves rolling. 

6237
05:38:36,600 --> 05:38:41,600
Gently onto ashore. 
Diplomacy military action or 

6238
05:38:41,600 --> 05:38:45,100
something in between each 
decision, carried the weight of 

6239
05:38:45,100 --> 05:38:50,200
an uncertain future. 
But for now, in this moment, let

6240
05:38:50,200 --> 05:38:54,400
these thoughts settle like 
leaves falling softly to the 

6241
05:38:54,400 --> 05:38:56,500
ground. 
As the story. 

6242
05:38:56,500 --> 05:39:00,600
Gently unfolds further into the 
night in the days, that followed

6243
05:39:00,600 --> 05:39:04,300
the Discover, the World seemed 
to move in slow motion. 

6244
05:39:04,300 --> 05:39:08,400
Each moment drawn out as though,
the air itself had grown thicker

6245
05:39:08,400 --> 05:39:11,300
heavier. 
President Kennedy and his 

6246
05:39:11,300 --> 05:39:15,300
advisors the executive committee
of the National Security Council

6247
05:39:15,300 --> 05:39:19,300
often referred to as XCOM met 
repeatedly in the quiet 

6248
05:39:19,300 --> 05:39:21,000
reflective Halls of the White 
House. 

6249
05:39:22,000 --> 05:39:25,100
Their discussions, careful and 
deliberate centered on one 

6250
05:39:25,100 --> 05:39:29,000
pressing question, how to 
respond to this grave discovery?

6251
05:39:30,400 --> 05:39:34,000
The choice is before them were 
as the Stillness that filled the

6252
05:39:34,000 --> 05:39:36,700
room. 
One option was a military strike

6253
05:39:36,700 --> 05:39:41,100
to destroy the missile site 
Swift and decisive another was a

6254
05:39:41,100 --> 05:39:45,100
full-scale invasion of Cuba and 
action, that would surely 

6255
05:39:45,100 --> 05:39:47,100
provoked. 
Direct confrontation with the 

6256
05:39:47,100 --> 05:39:50,800
Soviet Union. 
But even as the strategies were 

6257
05:39:50,800 --> 05:39:55,100
considered their risks loomed, 
large like storm clouds 

6258
05:39:55,100 --> 05:39:59,700
gathering on the horizon. 
A misstep could spark the very 

6259
05:39:59,700 --> 05:40:03,400
thing, they all feared. 
A nuclear war that might in 

6260
05:40:03,400 --> 05:40:06,500
golf, the world in unimaginable 
devastation. 

6261
05:40:08,400 --> 05:40:13,100
Amid the tents deliberations, a 
third option, emerged, one that 

6262
05:40:13,100 --> 05:40:16,300
seemed to offer a chance for 
resolution without immediate 

6263
05:40:16,300 --> 05:40:19,500
violence a naval quarantine of 
Cuba. 

6264
05:40:20,500 --> 05:40:23,600
This option though, less 
aggressive was no less bold. 

6265
05:40:24,300 --> 05:40:27,100
By establishing a blockade to 
prevent further delivery of 

6266
05:40:27,100 --> 05:40:29,800
Soviet missiles and military 
equipment to the Island. 

6267
05:40:29,800 --> 05:40:34,200
United States could demonstrate 
its resolved while leaving room 

6268
05:40:34,200 --> 05:40:38,500
for diplomacy to take hold. 
The term quarantine was chosen 

6269
05:40:38,500 --> 05:40:42,800
carefully softer than blockade 
to avoid the suggestion of an 

6270
05:40:42,800 --> 05:40:44,600
act of War. 
Picture. 

6271
05:40:44,600 --> 05:40:47,600
If you will, the long pause is 
between words as the advisors 

6272
05:40:47,600 --> 05:40:50,700
Wade, this plan. 
Their voice is low and measured 

6273
05:40:50,700 --> 05:40:53,500
filled the space like the gentle
lapping of waves against to 

6274
05:40:53,500 --> 05:40:56,700
shore. 
The room dimly lit and hushed 

6275
05:40:56,700 --> 05:41:00,000
seemed to hold its breath as the
implications of the quarantine 

6276
05:41:00,000 --> 05:41:03,600
began to crystallize. 
Would it be enough to deter the 

6277
05:41:03,600 --> 05:41:05,800
Soviets? 
Would it provoke them into 

6278
05:41:05,800 --> 05:41:10,200
escalating the conflict further?
The question lingered 

6279
05:41:10,200 --> 05:41:13,400
unanswered. 
Like a faint echo in the 

6280
05:41:13,408 --> 05:41:18,900
Stillness. 
On October 22nd, 1962, President

6281
05:41:18,900 --> 05:41:22,200
Kennedy addressed the nation in 
a speech, that broke the quiet 

6282
05:41:22,200 --> 05:41:25,500
tension of those days. 
His calm and steady voice. 

6283
05:41:25,500 --> 05:41:29,200
Carried a cross, the Airways 
explaining the situation, and 

6284
05:41:29,200 --> 05:41:33,300
announcing the quarantine He 
described the missiles in Cuba 

6285
05:41:33,300 --> 05:41:37,300
as a secret Swift and 
extraordinary build-up and made 

6286
05:41:37,300 --> 05:41:40,400
it clear that the United States 
would not tolerate this threat. 

6287
05:41:40,400 --> 05:41:45,500
So close to its Shores. 
Yet, even in this moment of firm

6288
05:41:45,500 --> 05:41:47,900
resolve, there was an 
undercurrent of Hope. 

6289
05:41:48,600 --> 05:41:52,800
A hope that reason might Prevail
that diplomacy might yet find a 

6290
05:41:52,800 --> 05:41:56,500
path through the shadows of 
uncertainty. imagine the 

6291
05:41:56,500 --> 05:41:59,700
millions of listeners across the
world leaning closer to their 

6292
05:41:59,700 --> 05:42:04,400
radios, their breaths slowing as
the words sank in, The 

6293
05:42:04,400 --> 05:42:08,900
quarantine was now in place a 
quiet but firm line drawn in the

6294
05:42:08,900 --> 05:42:12,700
waters around Cuba. 
The decision was made yet the 

6295
05:42:12,700 --> 05:42:16,600
outcome remained unknown hanging
in the air, like a gentle Mister

6296
05:42:16,600 --> 05:42:21,000
Dawn. 
As we move forward, let these 

6297
05:42:21,000 --> 05:42:22,700
thoughts rest gently in your 
mind. 

6298
05:42:22,700 --> 05:42:27,400
Like Whispers carried on a cool 
soothing Breeze as we drift 

6299
05:42:27,400 --> 05:42:29,300
deeper into this unfolding 
story. 

6300
05:42:29,300 --> 05:42:34,300
Take a moment. 
Breathe deeply slowly. and 

6301
05:42:34,300 --> 05:42:38,500
imagine the Calm before a storm,
the kind of quiet that hums with

6302
05:42:38,508 --> 05:42:43,100
anticipation when time seems to 
stretch and every second feels 

6303
05:42:43,100 --> 05:42:47,300
longer than the last This was 
the atmosphere as the United 

6304
05:42:47,300 --> 05:42:49,800
States. 
Naval quarantine of Cuba went 

6305
05:42:49,800 --> 05:42:52,700
into effect on October 24th, 
1962. 

6306
05:42:53,600 --> 05:42:56,200
The blockade was not just a line
drawn in the water. 

6307
05:42:56,200 --> 05:42:58,900
It was a test of Wills between 
two superpowers. 

6308
05:43:00,400 --> 05:43:02,500
American warships, moved into 
position. 

6309
05:43:02,500 --> 05:43:05,500
Forming a silent steady wall in 
the ocean. 

6310
05:43:05,500 --> 05:43:09,600
Ready to intercept, any Soviet 
vessels attempting to deliver 

6311
05:43:09,600 --> 05:43:12,200
more missiles or military 
supplies to Cuba? 

6312
05:43:13,000 --> 05:43:15,800
These ships though distant from 
the shorelines. 

6313
05:43:15,800 --> 05:43:19,500
Carried with them, the weight of
a global audience's gaze as the 

6314
05:43:19,500 --> 05:43:22,500
world watched and waited holding
its Collective breath. 

6315
05:43:23,400 --> 05:43:27,200
Far away in the Stillness of the
Kremlin Premier Khrushchev faced

6316
05:43:27,200 --> 05:43:31,600
his own moment of reflection. 
Soviet ships were already on 

6317
05:43:31,600 --> 05:43:34,400
route to Cuba. 
Some carrying cargo that would 

6318
05:43:34,400 --> 05:43:38,600
challenge the blockade directly 
Would they stopped or press on? 

6319
05:43:39,600 --> 05:43:43,300
To retreat, might signal 
weakness to advance might spark 

6320
05:43:43,300 --> 05:43:47,300
open conflict. 
The tension was palpable and 

6321
05:43:47,300 --> 05:43:50,400
Invisible Thread, pulling 
tighter with each passing hour. 

6322
05:43:51,000 --> 05:43:56,000
imagine the Seas of vast and 
unyielding their surface calm 

6323
05:43:56,000 --> 05:44:01,200
but concealing, a profound sense
of unease beneath The American 

6324
05:44:01,200 --> 05:44:05,200
ships, floated silently, their 
Crews ready but motionless, 

6325
05:44:05,200 --> 05:44:08,900
listening to the soft Rhythm of 
the waves and the low hum of the

6326
05:44:08,908 --> 05:44:12,000
engines. 
Across the Atlantic, the Soviet 

6327
05:44:12,000 --> 05:44:15,700
vessels continued their 
approach, the space between them

6328
05:44:15,700 --> 05:44:19,900
shrinking, slowly. 
Steadily, like the narrowing of 

6329
05:44:19,900 --> 05:44:24,700
a great and ominous Gulf. 
Back in Washington, the x-com 

6330
05:44:24,700 --> 05:44:28,200
held near constant meetings. 
Their discussions now carrying 

6331
05:44:28,200 --> 05:44:32,000
the gravity of the quarantines 
first test, Reports from the 

6332
05:44:32,000 --> 05:44:35,800
blockades own came in each one, 
met with careful deliberation. 

6333
05:44:36,800 --> 05:44:40,900
the tension in those rooms was 
thick almost tangible as though 

6334
05:44:40,900 --> 05:44:44,600
it might spill out into the 
world Beyond Every voice was 

6335
05:44:44,600 --> 05:44:46,900
measured every pause 
significant. 

6336
05:44:46,900 --> 05:44:50,500
As the weight of their decisions
pressed down like a blanket of 

6337
05:44:50,500 --> 05:44:55,400
still and heavy are. 
Then on October the 25th and 

6338
05:44:55,400 --> 05:45:00,200
Eerie moment of karma arrived. 
The Soviet ships stopped just 

6339
05:45:00,200 --> 05:45:04,300
short of the blockade Line. 
This pause, this single moment 

6340
05:45:04,300 --> 05:45:08,100
of restraint was both a relief 
and a reminder of how 

6341
05:45:08,100 --> 05:45:10,700
precariously balanced the 
situation remained. 

6342
05:45:11,500 --> 05:45:15,300
Khrushchev sent a message. 
Proposing negotiations, a 

6343
05:45:15,300 --> 05:45:17,400
glimmer of Light breaking 
through the clouds of 

6344
05:45:17,400 --> 05:45:21,300
uncertainty. 
For a moment, let your mind 

6345
05:45:21,300 --> 05:45:25,300
Linger on this fragile quiet. 
Imagine the Stillness of the 

6346
05:45:25,300 --> 05:45:29,500
ocean, the distant shapes of the
ships and the muffled sounds of 

6347
05:45:29,500 --> 05:45:33,700
calm activity on Deck. 
It was a pause but not yet a 

6348
05:45:33,700 --> 05:45:36,500
resolution. 
Like the faintest hint of dawn 

6349
05:45:36,500 --> 05:45:41,100
before the sun begins to rise. 
As the world held its breath. 

6350
05:45:41,100 --> 05:45:45,400
The next moves, remained 
uncertain waiting to unfold with

6351
05:45:45,400 --> 05:45:47,800
the slow and deliberate pace of 
History itself. 

6352
05:45:47,800 --> 05:45:51,900
Pause for a moment. 
At the tension of the previous 

6353
05:45:51,900 --> 05:45:55,700
day's fade and allow your self 
to sink into this pivotal 

6354
05:45:55,700 --> 05:45:59,500
chapter. 
A time when words not weapons 

6355
05:45:59,500 --> 05:46:03,800
became the instrument of a 
potential resolution, as the 

6356
05:46:03,800 --> 05:46:07,200
blockade held firm and Soviet 
ship's pause in their advanced 

6357
05:46:08,000 --> 05:46:11,200
Crisis shifted from the ocean's 
to the realm of communication. 

6358
05:46:11,200 --> 05:46:15,800
It was now a battle of letters 
and messages where every word 

6359
05:46:15,800 --> 05:46:21,200
carried the weight of the world.
On October 26th, Premier 

6360
05:46:21,200 --> 05:46:25,600
Khrushchev sent the first of two
letters to President Kennedy. it

6361
05:46:25,600 --> 05:46:29,400
was a message of emotion and 
urgency filled with words that 

6362
05:46:29,400 --> 05:46:33,800
seemed almost pleading Like 
Whispers carried on a breeze, 

6363
05:46:33,800 --> 05:46:36,000
Khrushchev proposed, a 
resolution. 

6364
05:46:36,000 --> 05:46:40,000
The Soviet Union would withdraw 
its missiles from Cuba. 

6365
05:46:40,000 --> 05:46:43,100
If the United States would 
promise not to invade the 

6366
05:46:43,100 --> 05:46:49,000
island, Tone was personal. 
Almost vulnerable as if 

6367
05:46:49,000 --> 05:46:51,700
Khrushchev sought to reach 
Kennedy, not as an adversary. 

6368
05:46:52,500 --> 05:46:55,700
but as a fellow human standing 
on the precipice of disaster, 

6369
05:46:56,700 --> 05:47:00,900
The next day, however, brought a
second letter different in tone,

6370
05:47:00,900 --> 05:47:05,200
harsher, more calculated. 
This one demanded that the 

6371
05:47:05,200 --> 05:47:08,600
United States also remove its 
Jupiter missiles from Turkey. 

6372
05:47:08,600 --> 05:47:12,700
An escalation that added a new 
layer of complexity to the 

6373
05:47:12,700 --> 05:47:15,700
already delicate. 
Negotiations, these letters 

6374
05:47:15,700 --> 05:47:19,800
arrive in like waves in 
succession, left Kennedy and his

6375
05:47:19,800 --> 05:47:22,100
advisors navigating treacherous 
Waters. 

6376
05:47:23,100 --> 05:47:25,900
Which message represented Chris 
Charles true intent. 

6377
05:47:26,900 --> 05:47:30,300
Was this a sincere offer or 
applied to gain an upper hand? 

6378
05:47:31,300 --> 05:47:34,800
In the Stillness of the White 
House Kennedy and the x-com 

6379
05:47:34,800 --> 05:47:38,600
deliberated late Into the Night.
The discussions were careful. 

6380
05:47:38,600 --> 05:47:41,900
Deliberate, each word, spoken 
slowly. 

6381
05:47:41,900 --> 05:47:45,400
As if to avoid disturbing The 
Fragile balance, they were 

6382
05:47:45,400 --> 05:47:48,600
trying to maintain. 
The question lingered in the air

6383
05:47:48,600 --> 05:47:50,500
like the soft echo of distant 
footsteps. 

6384
05:47:51,600 --> 05:47:54,700
How could they accept the first 
offer without appearing weak? 

6385
05:47:54,700 --> 05:47:58,600
While also avoiding a direct 
confrontation that might spiral 

6386
05:47:58,600 --> 05:48:02,300
into war. 
Imagine The Quiet of those rooms

6387
05:48:02,300 --> 05:48:05,800
filled, only with the faint 
rustling of papers and the low 

6388
05:48:05,800 --> 05:48:08,700
hum of thought. 
It was a moment of immense 

6389
05:48:08,700 --> 05:48:13,200
pressure but also one of 
profound restraint as though the

6390
05:48:13,200 --> 05:48:16,400
weight of their decisions was 
held Aloft by a delicate and 

6391
05:48:16,400 --> 05:48:20,900
Invisible Thread. 
Finally Kennedy made his choice,

6392
05:48:20,900 --> 05:48:25,000
he responded to cruise ships. 
First letter, agreeing to the 

6393
05:48:25,000 --> 05:48:27,800
proposal of a non invasion 
pledged in exchange, for the 

6394
05:48:27,800 --> 05:48:29,400
removal of the missiles from 
Cuba. 

6395
05:48:30,400 --> 05:48:33,200
The Jupiter missiles in Turkey 
were not mentioned in this 

6396
05:48:33,200 --> 05:48:36,000
reply. 
A deliberate Omission meant to 

6397
05:48:36,000 --> 05:48:40,800
simplify the path to resolution.
At the same time, Robert Kennedy

6398
05:48:40,800 --> 05:48:43,100
the president's brother and 
attorney general. 

6399
05:48:43,900 --> 05:48:46,600
Choir quietly met with Soviet 
Ambassador Anatoly. 

6400
05:48:46,600 --> 05:48:49,900
De Brinnon to discuss the 
removal of the Turkish missiles 

6401
05:48:49,900 --> 05:48:52,400
as a separate unofficial 
arrangement. 

6402
05:48:53,500 --> 05:48:57,300
As the letters were exchanged, 
the world waited in silence. 

6403
05:48:58,100 --> 05:49:02,600
Imagine millions of hearts 
beating slowly steadily as the 

6404
05:49:02,600 --> 05:49:05,100
fate of humanity, seemed to hang
in the balance. 

6405
05:49:05,100 --> 05:49:11,100
This was diplomacy at its most 
fragile, like a fine thread spun

6406
05:49:11,100 --> 05:49:16,500
across an open void. 
And yet in that fragility, there

6407
05:49:16,500 --> 05:49:20,300
was all, so hope a faint, but 
growing light at the end of a 

6408
05:49:20,300 --> 05:49:24,400
long and Shadow tunnel. 
Let this though drift gently 

6409
05:49:24,400 --> 05:49:27,700
through your mind as we move 
toward the final chapter of this

6410
05:49:27,700 --> 05:49:31,000
remarkable story. 
Whether crisis Finds Its 

6411
05:49:31,000 --> 05:49:35,700
resolution and the world begins 
to Exhale as the sun rose on 

6412
05:49:35,700 --> 05:49:40,800
October 20th, 1962, the world 
awoke to a glimmer of relief. 

6413
05:49:41,900 --> 05:49:44,600
Premier cruise ship announced 
that the Soviet Union would 

6414
05:49:44,600 --> 05:49:47,000
dismantle and remove its 
missiles from Cuba. 

6415
05:49:47,800 --> 05:49:50,900
His decision, conveyed in a 
public radio broadcast. 

6416
05:49:50,900 --> 05:49:54,600
Mark the end of the 13-day 
standoff that had brought 

6417
05:49:54,600 --> 05:49:59,200
Humanity to the brink of nuclear
war. the missiles, he declared 

6418
05:49:59,200 --> 05:50:03,000
would be taken apart and the 
Weaponry returned to the Soviet 

6419
05:50:03,000 --> 05:50:07,100
Union under United Nations 
supervision For Preston, 

6420
05:50:07,100 --> 05:50:10,000
Kennedy. 
This was a moment of cautious. 

6421
05:50:10,000 --> 05:50:14,100
Triumph the US quarantine had 
succeeded enforcing a peaceful 

6422
05:50:14,100 --> 05:50:16,100
resolution without resorting to 
violence. 

6423
05:50:17,600 --> 05:50:20,500
The secret agreement to remove 
the American Jupiter missiles 

6424
05:50:20,500 --> 05:50:23,200
from Turkey added a layer of 
complexity, but remained 

6425
05:50:23,200 --> 05:50:26,800
undisclosed to the public 
allowing both Nations to save 

6426
05:50:26,800 --> 05:50:31,000
face in the eyes of the world. 
In the following days, work 

6427
05:50:31,000 --> 05:50:32,700
began to de-escalate the 
situation. 

6428
05:50:33,800 --> 05:50:37,300
Soviet Personnel in Cuba started
dismantling, the missile sites 

6429
05:50:37,300 --> 05:50:40,500
and American reconnaissance 
planes confirmed, the progress. 

6430
05:50:41,400 --> 05:50:44,800
Meanwhile the US ships maintain 
their positions until the 

6431
05:50:44,800 --> 05:50:48,600
removal was complete. 
Standing, as quiet Sentinels of 

6432
05:50:48,600 --> 05:50:50,600
the fragile. 
Peace, that now, settled over 

6433
05:50:50,600 --> 05:50:54,700
the Caribbean The resolution of 
the Cuban Missile Crisis was 

6434
05:50:54,700 --> 05:50:59,000
held as a victory for diplomacy,
but it left an enduring impact 

6435
05:50:59,000 --> 05:51:03,300
on both nation's. 
In the United States, Kennedy 

6436
05:51:03,300 --> 05:51:07,500
emerged as a skilled leader who 
had successfully navigated the 

6437
05:51:07,500 --> 05:51:09,600
most dangerous crisis of the 
Cold War. 

6438
05:51:11,000 --> 05:51:14,200
For Chris Charles, the crisis 
was a humbling moment that 

6439
05:51:14,200 --> 05:51:19,400
exposed the limits of Soviet 
power and in part contributed to

6440
05:51:19,400 --> 05:51:22,000
his eventual removal from office
yet. 

6441
05:51:22,000 --> 05:51:26,700
The aftermath also brought 
reflection The sheer proximity 

6442
05:51:26,700 --> 05:51:29,600
to disaster. 
Prompted both superpowers to 

6443
05:51:29,600 --> 05:51:34,200
reconsider their approach to 
conflict and diplomacy In 1963, 

6444
05:51:34,200 --> 05:51:38,900
the two Nations established the 
Moscow Washington, hotline a 

6445
05:51:38,900 --> 05:51:41,000
direct communication link 
designed to prevent 

6446
05:51:41,000 --> 05:51:43,800
misunderstandings and delays in 
future crises. 

6447
05:51:43,800 --> 05:51:47,800
It was a small but significant 
step toward reducing the risk of

6448
05:51:47,800 --> 05:51:51,800
nuclear confrontation. 
Imagine the Stillness of those 

6449
05:51:51,800 --> 05:51:57,000
post-crisis days, the world. 
So recently, shadowed by the 

6450
05:51:57,000 --> 05:52:02,800
threat of a nihil seemed quieter
Karma as if holding its breath 

6451
05:52:02,800 --> 05:52:06,500
in gratitude. 
The Cuban Missile Crisis, had 

6452
05:52:06,500 --> 05:52:10,300
shown how close Humanity could 
come to its own destruction and 

6453
05:52:10,300 --> 05:52:12,600
how essential it was to step 
back from the edge. 

6454
05:52:13,400 --> 05:52:17,100
In the years that followed the 
crisis became a symbol of both, 

6455
05:52:17,100 --> 05:52:20,900
the dangers of the nuclear age 
and the power of restraint and 

6456
05:52:20,900 --> 05:52:23,600
diplomacy. 
It remains are reminded of the 

6457
05:52:23,600 --> 05:52:27,500
delicate balance that sustains 
piece, and the courage required 

6458
05:52:27,500 --> 05:52:31,100
to preserve it as we reflect on 
the Cuban Missile Crisis. 

6459
05:52:31,100 --> 05:52:33,700
We realize it's profound 
significance. 

6460
05:52:33,700 --> 05:52:35,500
In shaping the trajectory of 
History. 

6461
05:52:36,700 --> 05:52:41,400
These 13 days in October 1962, 
were more than just a tense 

6462
05:52:41,400 --> 05:52:42,800
standoff between two 
superpowers. 

6463
05:52:44,100 --> 05:52:46,508
They were a moment when Humanity
stood on the edge of a 

6464
05:52:46,516 --> 05:52:50,000
precipice, where the future of 
the world hung in the balance, 

6465
05:52:50,000 --> 05:52:54,900
the resolution of the crisis 
through diplomacy restraint and 

6466
05:52:54,900 --> 05:52:58,500
the courage to seek. 
Peace reminds us of the fragile 

6467
05:52:58,500 --> 05:53:02,400
nature of our existence and the 
Deep responsibility we all share

6468
05:53:02,400 --> 05:53:06,700
to preserve it. 
The Cuban Missile Crisis serves 

6469
05:53:06,700 --> 05:53:10,500
as a testament to the power of 
careful communication and the 

6470
05:53:10,500 --> 05:53:13,300
importance of maintaining calm 
in the face of peril. 

6471
05:53:14,300 --> 05:53:17,900
It is a reminder that even in 
our darkest moments when fear 

6472
05:53:17,900 --> 05:53:22,100
and uncertainty seam over. 
It is possible to find a path 

6473
05:53:22,100 --> 05:53:24,500
toward peace through 
understanding and cooperation. 

6474
05:53:25,700 --> 05:53:29,600
The decisions made during that 
crisis, by leaders and diplomats

6475
05:53:29,600 --> 05:53:33,600
alike, were not just about 
averting disaster, but about 

6476
05:53:33,600 --> 05:53:36,400
fostering a future in which 
Humanity could move forward 

6477
05:53:36,400 --> 05:53:40,100
together with a deeper 
commitment, to avoiding the 

6478
05:53:40,100 --> 05:53:43,900
devastation of War. 
This story with all its tension 

6479
05:53:43,900 --> 05:53:46,000
and drama. 
Carries with it. 

6480
05:53:46,000 --> 05:53:50,400
A profound sense of satisfaction
knowing that through diplomacy 

6481
05:53:50,400 --> 05:53:55,700
cooler, heads prevail, The 
crisis could have led to a 

6482
05:53:55,700 --> 05:54:00,000
catastrophe, but instead, it 
ended with the restoration of a 

6483
05:54:00,000 --> 05:54:04,100
delicate piece and as we find 
comfort in that resolution, we 

6484
05:54:04,100 --> 05:54:07,300
can allow ourselves to drift 
into a space of Tranquility 

6485
05:54:07,300 --> 05:54:12,000
knowing that, even in the most 
tumultuous times piece is always

6486
05:54:12,000 --> 05:54:14,300
within our reach. 
If we dare to reach for it. 

6487
05:54:15,400 --> 05:54:18,300
As we close this chapter on the 
Cuban Missile Crisis. 

6488
05:54:18,300 --> 05:54:21,900
Take a moment to feel the weight
of history is lessons wash over 

6489
05:54:21,900 --> 05:54:24,600
you. 
Soothing your mind and heart. 

6490
05:54:25,500 --> 05:54:30,000
The story though intense Carry's
with it to sense of relief and 

6491
05:54:30,000 --> 05:54:33,800
calm, a reminder that piece like
the most gentle rain. 

6492
05:54:34,700 --> 05:54:37,100
Can cleanse even the deepest 
tensions. 

6493
05:54:38,100 --> 05:54:42,600
Now, as we begin to let go of 
these thoughts, allow the soft 

6494
05:54:42,600 --> 05:54:45,300
sound of rain in the background 
to fill your senses. 

6495
05:54:46,400 --> 05:54:50,400
Let the music gently carry, you 
like a breeze through the trees 

6496
05:54:50,400 --> 05:54:55,600
into a state of deep relaxation?
The calm steady Rhythm of the 

6497
05:54:55,600 --> 05:54:59,200
rain with its soothing patter 
and the quiet hum of the night 

6498
05:54:59,200 --> 05:55:03,800
will help you unwind fully 
offering a peaceful Escape as 

6499
05:55:03,800 --> 05:55:05,400
you settle into a restful sleep.