How Frontiersmen Survived the Wilderness | Boring History for Sleep

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Hello, you tired little peeps. 
It's that time once again. 

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So let's snuggle up fast. 
Because tonight, we're traveling

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back in time to look at the 
quiet Frontier skills. 

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That helped people survive the 
Wilderness in that time. 

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So if you are new to the channel
or returning liking the video, 

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significantly helps also, please
let me know where you're 

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listening in from, and what time
it is for you now, get 

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comfortable, and let's begin. 
You're standing at the edge of 

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something, vast before you 
stretch as an ocean of grass, 

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rolling toward mountains, that 
seem painted against the sky in 

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shades of blue and purple. 
The year is 1843 and you've just

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arrived in Oregon territory 
after six months of wagon 

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travel. 
Your hands are calloused from 

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gripping rope and leather. 
Your boots are held together 

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with wire and determination. 
And now for the first time in 

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your life, you're looking at 
land, that doesn't have a fence 

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line anywhere in sight. 
The Stillness out here, isn't 

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like the quiet back home in 
Pennsylvania or Ohio. 

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This Silence has weight to it. 
When the wind stops moving 

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through the Tall Grass, you can 
hear your own heartbeat. 

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You can hear the creek of Your 
Wagon settling. 

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You can hear. 
Absolutely nothing for miles in 

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every direction and it's both 
terrifying and Strangely 

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Beautiful. 
Back East silence meant 

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something was wrong. 
The Millard stopped the church, 

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bell, hadn't run out here. 
Silences just Tuesday. 

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Your nearest neighbor will be 
three miles away. 

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Assuming anyone else settles 
nearby? 

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The closest town with an actual 
story is a two-day ride. 

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You've got the supplies that fit
in Your Wagon, the knowledge, 

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you carry in your head and 
whatever you can figure out 

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before winter arrives. 
No pressure. 

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The first thing you learn is 
that the frontier has a 

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particular way of teaching. 
It doesn't hand you a manual. 

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It doesn't offer. 
Second Chances. 

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Your other notice the lesson 
while you still have time to 

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apply it or you become a 
cautionary tale. 

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That Travelers mentioned when 
they pass your empty claim years

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later, That's where the 
Hendersons tried to settle, 

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they'll say without elaborating 
on what went wrong. 

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You'd very much prefer not to be
a Henderson. 

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So, you start paying attention 
to everything land out here. 

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Speaks a language, you've never 
heard before, and you're 

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learning vocabulary at an urgent
Pace that depression in the 

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meadow, where water pools after 
rain. 

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That's not just a low spot 
that's where you'll dig your 

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well, comes spring, because if 
water shows up their naturally, 

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it's close to the surface. 
Those Aspens growing in a line 

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across the hillside. 
They're marking an underground 

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stream, their Roots. 
Reaching toward moisture, you 

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can't see but can definitely use
The deer trails that converged 

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near that stand of Willows 
animals aren't stupid, they've 

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been finding water here for 
generations. 

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And you're the newcomer, who 
should probably take notes, you 

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walk your land every morning for
the first month. 

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Not because you're bored, but 
because each morning reveals 

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something new, The way Frost 
settles heavier in certain 

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Hollows tells you where cold air
pools at night, the sections 

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where Grass Grows taller and 
Greener indicate better soil the

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Rocks scattered across one area 
suggests. 

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This field used to be underwater
a very long time ago which means

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the dirt here might be richer 
than it looks reading the land 

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becomes your favorite morning 
activity even though favorite is

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a relative term, when every 
morning all involves hauling 

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water splitting wood and 
preventing your own milk. 

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Cow from wandering, into the 
next territory. 

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You start noticing patterns, the
elk move up hill in later 

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afternoon, The Raven Circle 
above something dead or dying, 

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which is useful information if 
you're tracking game. 

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The particular way the grass 
bends tells you which direction,

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the prevailing wind comes from, 
which tells you which side of 

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your cabin will take the worst 
beating during storms. 

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There's a kind of satisfaction 
in learning to read the land 

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that you weren't expecting. 
Back East. 

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You knew whether it would rain 
by checking? 

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If Mrs, Peterson's joints were 
aching. 

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Out here, you watch the ants. 
If they're building their Hills 

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higher than usual ceiling 
entrances. 

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And moving their eggs up from 
the lower Chambers rain is 

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coming, the answer, never lied 
to you. 

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Mrs. Peterson was only write 
about 60% of the time but you'd 

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never tell her that the soil 
itself tells stories if you 

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know, how to listen, you dig 
test holes in different areas of

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your claim examining what comes 
up. 

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Dark crumbly soil. 
That smells rich and earthy. 

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That's good land. 
Full of organic matter. 

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Broken down over centuries. 
Clay, heavy soil, that clumps 

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and holds water that's 
challenging for most crops, but 

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perfect for building. 
Sandy soil that drains to 

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quickly, you'll need to amend 
that with whatever organic 

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matter you can find rocky soil. 
That's more Stone Than Dirt. 

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Well, that's where you'll graze.
Livestock, instead of planting 

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vegetables, you learned to 
identify plants. 

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You've never seen before 
starting with the ones that 

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might kill you because that 
seems like practical 

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prioritization. 
Poison, hemlock grows near water

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and it looks disturbingly 
similar to Wild carrot until you

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notice the purple spots on the 
stem and the musty smell when 

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you crush the leaves. 
Water hemlock is even worse and 

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you give any plant growing in 
wet areas are very suspicious 

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inspection before deciding 
whether it's edible or deadly, 

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but there are also plants that 
become Staples biscuit. 

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Root has a Tap Root that starchy
and filling. 

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When roasted Karma's bulbs. 
If you dig them at the right 

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time taste, sweet and can be 
baked or dried for winter 

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storage. while Wild Roses 
produce hips that are rich in 

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whatever prevents curvy You're 
not sure of the exact science 

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but, you know, Sailors used to 
die from not eating them. 

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So you collect them in Autumn 
and drive them for tea. 

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The trees on your land, aren't 
just seen or resources waiting 

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to be understood. 
You learned to identify them by 

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bark, by Leaf shape. 
And by the way they grow Douglas

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fir provides strong straight 
timber for building. 

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Cedar resists rot and makes 
excellent shingles. 

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Pine is a bond but soft better, 
for interior walls and 

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structural support. 
All the grows near water and 

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provides wood that burns hot and
clean with minimal smoke. 

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Tree species has particularly 
uses Beyond Building Material, 

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you collect pitch from pine 
trees. 

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Heating it to make a waterproof 
sealant for cracks. 

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In your cabin, walls, you 
harvest in a bark from certain 

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trees in spring when the sap is 
running. 

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Its edible though, calling it. 
Delicious would be generous. 

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You learn which trees, provide 
the best firewood, which ones 

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Harbor edible mushrooms at their
base and which ones attract deer

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during certain Seasons. 
The rhythm of the land, becomes 

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your clock. 
You stop thinking in terms of 

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specific dates and start 
thinking in terms of what's 

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Happening, when the service 
buries Bloom its time to plant, 

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crops that can handle cool soil.
when the Bolson route flowers 

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carpet, the Hillside and yellow 
The last frost has probably 

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passed. 
When the choke cherries ripen, 

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summer is half over you'd 
better. 

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Start thinking about Harvest. 
When the Tamarack needles turn 

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gold winter is 6 weeks away and 
you're either Ready or Not 

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water. 
Become your obsession, which 

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makes sense, considering your 
maid of approximately 60% of the

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stuff and would prefer to 
maintain that ratio. 

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The creek runs about a quarter 
mile from your cabin, which is 

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close enough to be convenient, 
but far enough to be annoying. 

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When you're hauling buckets 
twice a day. 

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In summer, it's a cheerful 
little stream, clear, and cold, 

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and reliable in winter. 
It's a frozen challenge that 

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requires you to hack through ice
with an axe, which is exactly as

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fun as it sounds, you learn to 
collect rainwater in barrels, 

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positioning them under the eaves
of your cabin to catch run off. 

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you dig a root cellar that stays
cool and damp perfect for 

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storing vegetables and keeping 
milk from spoiling You fashion a

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simple filter using sand and 
charcoal because the creek runs 

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clear, most of the time, but 
occasionally gets murky after a 

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hard rain upstream. 
And drinking mud is bad for 

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morale. 
The frontier teaches you to be 

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creative about water in ways you
never imagined. 

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You say your washing water to 
pour on the garden. 

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You learn to judge exactly how 
much you need for cooking for 

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cleaning and for drinking and 
you waste nothing. spilling, a 

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bucket of water becomes 
genuinely upset setting, not 

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because your precious about it, 
but because that's another trick

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to the creek, and you've already
made four, today in your 

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shoulder is starting to file a 
formal complaint, finding the 

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best place to dig a, well, 
become a spring project that 

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occupies weeks of planning and 
days of Labor, You watch when 

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Morning Dew lingers longest on 
the grass? 

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You observe which area Stay 
Green during dry spells. 

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You talk to a Trapper who passes
through, and he mentions that 

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Willows and cottonwoods always 
grow near water, which you 

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already knew, but he also 
mentions that certain types of 

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moss preferred damp ground. 
Which you didn't know you 

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finally choose a spot near that 
line of Aspen's and start 

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digging. 
The first three feet are easy 

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relatively speaking. 
Just top soil and rocks that you

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can move with shovel. 
The next five feet are harder, 

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the soil becoming dense and 
heavy. 

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At 8 feet down, you hit clay 
which is encouraging because 

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clay usually means you're 
getting close to the water 

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table. 
At 12 feet your shovel blade 

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breaks through into wet sand and
water begins seeping into the 

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bottom of the hole. 
You've never felt proud of a 

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hole in the ground. 
You reinforce the walls with 

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stones stacking them carefully 
to prevent collapse. 

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You fashion, a wooden frame for 
the top and a simple windlass 

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with a rope and bucket. 
Drawing water from your own. 

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Well, instead of hauling it from
the creek, saves you hours each 

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week and provides water. 
That's consistently clean and 

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cold. 
The well becomes one of your 

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most valuable assets right up 
there with your acts and your 

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rifle and your ability to make 
fire snow becomes a resource 

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rather than an inconvenience. 
You pack it into barrels to melt

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near the fire, which is easier 
than Breaking Creek. 

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Ice and Hauling frozen water 
uphill. 

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You learn that fresh snow melts 
into more water than old 

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compressed snow? 
You learn to taste the 

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difference between snow, that's 
clean and snow that's been 

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sitting around collecting dust 
and pine needles. 

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You become Against All Odds, the
snow Conor If someone had told 

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00:10:56,808 --> 00:10:59,700
you back in Philadelphia that 
you develop opinions about snow 

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quality, you'd have assumed 
they'd be drinking medicinal 

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whiskey, without the medicinal 
part, finding food on the 

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frontier is less about hunting 
big game and more about paying 

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attention to what's already 
around you. 

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Yes, you hunt deer and Elk when 
you can and you're getting 

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better with the rifle though. 
Your aim still suffers from what

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you privately call in enthusiasm
over accuracy. 

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But most of your food comes from
sources that don't require you 

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to shoot anything, which is good
because ammunition is expensive.

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And your success rate is 
hovering around occasionally 

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adequate. 
The land provides if you know 

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where to look Wild onions grow 
in The Damp areas near the creek

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and their stronger than 
anything. 

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You grew in a garden back, home.
You learned to harvest them in 

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Spring before they flower 
digging up. 

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The bulbs and using both the 
greens and The Roots, they make 

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everything taste better, which 
is important when everything is 

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often just beans and potatoes, 
Cattails are everywhere along 

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the creek and every part is 
useful. 

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The Roots can be roasted or 
pounded into flour that starchy 

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and filling. 
The new shoots that emerge in 

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Spring, tastes like cucumber and
provide fresh vegetables. 

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When you're desperate for 
Anything Green, the immature 

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flower heads. 
Can be boiled and eaten like 

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corn on the cob, the mature seed
heads produce fluff that works 

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as insulation or Fire Starting 
Tinder. 

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You feel slightly smug about the
cat tails until you mention this

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to a Nez Perce will at the 
trading post and she politely 

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00:12:24,200 --> 00:12:27,100
informs you of six, additional 
uses you hadn't considered, 

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including weaving, the leaves 
into mats and using the pollen 

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as a flower extender. 
You take note berries, ripen in 

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ways throughout summer and you 
learn to follow the progression 

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like a calendar. 
First come the wild, 

230
00:12:40,600 --> 00:12:45,100
strawberries small and intensely
sweet hiding under the leaves in

231
00:12:45,100 --> 00:12:47,800
the meadow. 
The tedious to pick because you 

232
00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:50,200
need about a thousand of them to
fill a basket. 

233
00:12:50,200 --> 00:12:53,700
But the flavor is worth the 
effort, then raspberries appear 

234
00:12:53,700 --> 00:12:57,600
along the forest edge, the canes
protected by Thorns that leave 

235
00:12:57,600 --> 00:12:59,400
your hands, scratched and 
bleeding. 

236
00:13:00,400 --> 00:13:04,100
Thimbleberries grow in shaded 
areas producing fruit. 

237
00:13:04,100 --> 00:13:07,100
That's delicate and doesn't 
travel well but tastes wonderful

238
00:13:07,100 --> 00:13:10,700
when eaten fresh huckleberries 
ripen in the High Country during

239
00:13:10,700 --> 00:13:13,700
late summer and picking them 
requires hiking up the mountain 

240
00:13:13,700 --> 00:13:16,600
to where they grow thick on 
bushes and clearing and burned 

241
00:13:16,600 --> 00:13:20,000
over areas. 
You make the trip with empty 

242
00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:22,700
buckets. 
Spending entire days is picking 

243
00:13:22,700 --> 00:13:27,000
berries in the thin Mountain. 
Air swatting away mosquitoes and

244
00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:30,600
watching for Bears who also 
appreciate huckleberries and 

245
00:13:30,600 --> 00:13:34,000
arrived at these bushes. 
Several million years before you

246
00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:37,100
did, you learned to spot Barry 
patches From a Distance by 

247
00:13:37,100 --> 00:13:41,000
watching where Birds congregate 
you learned to check for Bears 

248
00:13:41,000 --> 00:13:44,800
before you start, picking making
noise and scanning the area for 

249
00:13:44,800 --> 00:13:48,800
fresh gas or overturned logs. 
You learn that the best berries 

250
00:13:48,800 --> 00:13:52,000
are always on the branch that 
just slightly Out Of Reach which

251
00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:54,700
seems like deliberate mockery 
from the universe but is 

252
00:13:54,700 --> 00:13:57,300
probably just confirmation bias 
service. 

253
00:13:57,300 --> 00:14:01,000
Berries, choke cherries and 
Oregon grapes each have their 

254
00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:05,200
season and you harvest them all 
processing, berries, until your 

255
00:14:05,200 --> 00:14:08,900
hands are stained purple. 
You're having dreams about jars 

256
00:14:08,900 --> 00:14:12,700
and sugar and preservation. 
You dry berries in the sun, 

257
00:14:12,700 --> 00:14:15,800
spreading them on canvas, and 
covering them with cheesecloth 

258
00:14:15,800 --> 00:14:18,700
to keep flies away. 
You make jam when you have 

259
00:14:18,700 --> 00:14:22,200
enough sugar, which isn't often.
You pack dried berries into 

260
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:25,500
containers for winter, knowing 
they'll provide vitamins and 

261
00:14:25,500 --> 00:14:29,400
variety when the snow is deep. 
And fresh food is a memory, your

262
00:14:29,400 --> 00:14:32,400
garden grows vegetables, you 
recognized alongside plants. 

263
00:14:32,400 --> 00:14:35,700
You're still figuring out the 
seeds you brought from home. 

264
00:14:35,700 --> 00:14:39,000
Do reasonably well though, the 
short growing season means 

265
00:14:39,000 --> 00:14:41,200
you're in a constant race 
against the first Frost. 

266
00:14:41,200 --> 00:14:45,200
You plant potatoes and every 
available space because potatoes

267
00:14:45,200 --> 00:14:47,600
store. 
Well, fill you up and don't 

268
00:14:47,600 --> 00:14:49,600
complain about being ignored for
days. 

269
00:14:49,600 --> 00:14:53,000
While you handle emergencies, 
the potatoes do better than 

270
00:14:53,000 --> 00:14:56,300
expected which is fortunate 
because almost everything else 

271
00:14:56,300 --> 00:15:00,400
does worse than expected. 
Your corn grows tall but doesn't

272
00:15:00,400 --> 00:15:04,000
produce much because the nights 
are too cold. your Tomatoes 

273
00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:08,000
provide exactly seven, fruits 
before Frost kills the plants 

274
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:11,400
and you eat those tornadoes 
slowly savoring, every bite, 

275
00:15:12,400 --> 00:15:15,600
Your beans do well enough, and 
you let some mature fully on the

276
00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:17,600
vine, so you can save seeds for 
next year. 

277
00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:22,400
Squash becomes a surprise, the 
plants sprawl across, half the 

278
00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:26,000
garden producing pumpkins, and 
winter squash that store for 

279
00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:29,200
months in The Root Cellar. 
You learn to appreciate squash 

280
00:15:29,200 --> 00:15:31,900
in ways. 
You never did back east, roasted

281
00:15:31,900 --> 00:15:35,200
squash. 
Boiled squash squash soup 

282
00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:37,600
squash. 
Mixed into bread dough. 

283
00:15:37,600 --> 00:15:41,300
You develop a dozen recipes and 
you're still tired of squash by 

284
00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:43,600
February. 
That keeps you fed when other 

285
00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:46,600
options are limited. 
The turnips Thrive, which is 

286
00:15:46,608 --> 00:15:49,200
unfortunate because you don't 
particularly like, turnips. 

287
00:15:49,200 --> 00:15:52,000
But you plant them anyway, 
because they're Hardy and 

288
00:15:52,000 --> 00:15:54,200
productive and stall. 
Well, You eat them. 

289
00:15:54,200 --> 00:15:57,800
Roasted added to stews and 
occasionally raw. 

290
00:15:57,800 --> 00:16:01,000
When you're too hungry to care 
about, preference, you develop 

291
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:04,700
several recipes that make 
turnips almost tolerable, almost

292
00:16:04,700 --> 00:16:08,200
you supplement, your diet with 
whatever you can catch or track.

293
00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:12,300
Its a common and you get better 
at setting snares along their 

294
00:16:12,300 --> 00:16:15,400
runs. 
You use thin wire or strong 

295
00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:19,100
cord, positioning the snares at 
head height, where rabbits 

296
00:16:19,100 --> 00:16:23,800
naturally pass under brush First
doesn't snare as catch nothing 

297
00:16:23,800 --> 00:16:26,700
but air and one unfortunate 
branch. 

298
00:16:27,500 --> 00:16:30,900
The next dozen, catch two 
rabbits, which you can consider 

299
00:16:30,900 --> 00:16:34,500
progress. 
Eventually, you develop an 

300
00:16:34,500 --> 00:16:37,800
instinct for placement and your 
success rate, improves to maybe 

301
00:16:37,800 --> 00:16:41,200
one in three snares producing 
results fish from the creek, 

302
00:16:41,200 --> 00:16:43,700
provide protein. 
When you have time to sit with a

303
00:16:43,700 --> 00:16:47,100
line, you fashioned hooks from 
Thorns or carved bone, when your

304
00:16:47,100 --> 00:16:50,600
metal hooks run out. 
He used grasshoppers or grubs 

305
00:16:50,600 --> 00:16:52,900
for bait. 
You learn which holes in the 

306
00:16:52,908 --> 00:16:56,400
creek hold larger fish, which 
times of day are most productive

307
00:16:56,400 --> 00:16:59,200
in which techniques work in 
different water conditions. 

308
00:17:00,300 --> 00:17:03,700
Fishing becomes more meditation 
than food acquisition though. 

309
00:17:03,700 --> 00:17:07,700
The food part, certainly helps 
Grouse and wild turkey, require 

310
00:17:07,700 --> 00:17:10,900
patience and stealth both of 
which you're developing out of 

311
00:17:10,900 --> 00:17:14,200
necessity. 
Grouse have a tendency to freeze

312
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:17,500
when startled, which makes them 
easier to approach than you'd 

313
00:17:17,500 --> 00:17:20,000
expect. 
You learn to walk slowly through

314
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:24,200
areas where they feed scaning 
for their mottled Brown plumage 

315
00:17:24,200 --> 00:17:27,900
against Walden leaves. 
A successful Grouse hunt 

316
00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:30,500
provides enough meat for several
meals and feels like a. 

317
00:17:30,500 --> 00:17:34,400
Genuine accomplishment turkey is
more challenging with Keen ice 

318
00:17:34,400 --> 00:17:36,900
in a tendency to Fleet at the 
first sign of danger. 

319
00:17:37,600 --> 00:17:40,800
You learn to use turkey calls 
making sounds that supposedly 

320
00:17:40,800 --> 00:17:43,900
mimic their communication. 
Though you suspect you sound 

321
00:17:43,900 --> 00:17:46,000
like a dying cat than an actual 
turkey. 

322
00:17:46,900 --> 00:17:50,200
Occasionally it works. 
Anyway, you manage to harvest a 

323
00:17:50,200 --> 00:17:51,600
bird that provides meet for a 
week. 

324
00:17:51,600 --> 00:17:54,700
The real trick to Frontier Food 
isn't finding it. 

325
00:17:54,700 --> 00:17:59,000
It's preserving it. 
You smoke meat, over green older

326
00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:01,700
wood until it's dry enough to 
keep without spoiling. 

327
00:18:02,600 --> 00:18:06,100
The process takes days, 
maintaining a steady smoke 

328
00:18:06,100 --> 00:18:07,700
without enough heat to cook the 
meat. 

329
00:18:08,500 --> 00:18:11,700
You build a small Smokehouse 
from scraps of lumber and canvas

330
00:18:11,700 --> 00:18:14,900
positioning it far enough from 
the cabin that smoke doesn't 

331
00:18:14,900 --> 00:18:18,800
feel your living space. the 
smell of smoking, meat becomes 

332
00:18:18,800 --> 00:18:22,200
one of the defining sense of 
late summer, you pickle 

333
00:18:22,200 --> 00:18:24,900
vegetables, in brine packing 
them in barrels and hoping you 

334
00:18:24,900 --> 00:18:28,000
made the solution strong enough 
to prevent fermentation, but 

335
00:18:28,000 --> 00:18:32,100
weak enough to remain edible, 
Pickling is part science, part, 

336
00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:36,700
guesswork and part prayer. 
You lose an entire barrel of 

337
00:18:36,708 --> 00:18:40,500
cucumbers to spoilage the first 
year which teaches you to be 

338
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:42,900
more careful about brine 
concentration and Barrel 

339
00:18:42,900 --> 00:18:45,800
cleanliness. 
The second year goes better. 

340
00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:50,100
You drive berries in the Suns on
canvas racks that you can move 

341
00:18:50,100 --> 00:18:54,100
under cover, if rain threatens 
The berries shrivel into dark 

342
00:18:54,100 --> 00:18:58,200
sweet nuggets, that story and 
taste like concentrated summer. 

343
00:18:59,100 --> 00:19:02,100
You pack them in cloth, bags? 
Hanging the bags from the 

344
00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:03,800
ceiling to keep them away from 
mice? 

345
00:19:03,800 --> 00:19:07,200
Who also appreciate dried 
berries and have strong opinions

346
00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:10,400
about sharing. 
You render fat into Tallow for 

347
00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:14,100
cooking and candles. 
The process is messy and smelly 

348
00:19:14,100 --> 00:19:18,300
involving heating, fat scraps, 
and they liquefy straining out, 

349
00:19:18,300 --> 00:19:21,800
the solid bits and pouring the 
clean towel into molds or 

350
00:19:21,800 --> 00:19:25,400
containers The smell of 
rendering fat is not pleasant 

351
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:28,800
and it lingers in your clothing 
for days afterward. 

352
00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:32,500
But Tallow is too valuable to 
waste it. 

353
00:19:32,500 --> 00:19:37,000
Provides light cooking fat 
waterproofing for leather and 

354
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:40,500
material for soap. 
Making speaking of soap, you 

355
00:19:40,500 --> 00:19:43,900
learn to make that too using 
wood, ash lie and rendered fat 

356
00:19:43,900 --> 00:19:46,400
in proportions that takes 
several attempts to get right. 

357
00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:50,800
Your first batch of soap is 2 
cor stick and nearly takes the 

358
00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:53,200
skin. 
Off your hands, your second 

359
00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:55,900
batch doesn't Harden properly 
and remains a gooey mess. 

360
00:19:56,700 --> 00:20:00,300
Your third batch actually works 
producing rough bars, that clean

361
00:20:00,300 --> 00:20:03,000
adequately. 
If not elegantly you, waste 

362
00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:06,600
nothing, use everything and 
still, sometimes lie awake at 

363
00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:08,600
night, wondering, if you've 
stored enough to make it through

364
00:20:08,600 --> 00:20:11,500
winter. 
You count jars of preserved, 

365
00:20:11,500 --> 00:20:15,200
food, mentally calculating how 
many meals each represents? 

366
00:20:16,100 --> 00:20:19,800
You check the smoke to meet 
Supply, the dried beans and the 

367
00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:22,600
root vegetables in the cellar. 
You do math. 

368
00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:25,800
That never quite adds up to 
definitely enough, but hopefully

369
00:20:25,800 --> 00:20:28,600
reaches probably adequate 
shelter. 

370
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:30,900
Croft, becomes less about 
building, something pretty and 

371
00:20:30,900 --> 00:20:33,000
more about building something 
that won't kill you. 

372
00:20:33,900 --> 00:20:38,700
Your first cabin is small, rough
and profoundly ugly, the Longs 

373
00:20:38,700 --> 00:20:41,700
don't fit together as tightly as
you'd like, leaving gaps that 

374
00:20:41,700 --> 00:20:43,900
require chinking with mud and 
Moss. 

375
00:20:43,900 --> 00:20:47,500
The roof leaks in three places, 
which you discover during the 

376
00:20:47,500 --> 00:20:50,900
first Reign, and then four 
places during the second Reign. 

377
00:20:50,900 --> 00:20:54,000
Because apparently roofs, get 
worse with practice the door 

378
00:20:54,000 --> 00:20:57,700
hangs, crooked scraping the 
floor, when you open it and 

379
00:20:57,700 --> 00:21:00,200
you've learned to warn visitors 
about the threshold because 

380
00:21:00,200 --> 00:21:05,100
tripping is surprisingly common.
The windows are small precious 

381
00:21:05,100 --> 00:21:08,900
glass being expensive and 
fragile letting in light but not

382
00:21:08,900 --> 00:21:11,800
much of it. 
The floor is packed, earth 

383
00:21:11,800 --> 00:21:14,800
covered with split logs that 
you've smoothed as much as 

384
00:21:14,800 --> 00:21:17,400
possible. 
Those smoothies relative when 

385
00:21:17,400 --> 00:21:20,900
working with hand tools and 
limited patience but the cabin 

386
00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:25,600
stands out most of the wind most
of the rain and all of the 

387
00:21:25,600 --> 00:21:29,900
larger predators fireplace draws
properly after you extended the 

388
00:21:29,900 --> 00:21:32,800
chimney though, it took three 
tries and some creative 

389
00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:34,400
profanity to get the draft, 
right? 

390
00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:38,600
You've wedged wool fabric into 
the worst gaps between logs 

391
00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:41,700
which helps with warmth even if 
it makes the walls look like 

392
00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:45,200
their growing fuzzy patches, the
process of building, the cabin, 

393
00:21:45,200 --> 00:21:49,600
took six weeks of hard labor, 
you felled trees, stripped bark 

394
00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:52,300
and notched end so they'd fit 
together in layers. 

395
00:21:53,100 --> 00:21:55,300
You discovered that building a 
structure that actually 

396
00:21:55,300 --> 00:21:57,900
functions requires more 
planning, the new initially 

397
00:21:57,900 --> 00:22:00,600
invested. 
The walls aren't quite vertical.

398
00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:03,700
There's a slight lean that you 
tell yourself, AIDS character, 

399
00:22:03,700 --> 00:22:06,200
the roof Peak isn't quite 
centered. 

400
00:22:06,200 --> 00:22:09,300
There's an asymmetry, that 
visitors are too polite to 

401
00:22:09,300 --> 00:22:11,000
mention. 
You learn, to think about 

402
00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:14,500
shelter in layers. 
The cabin is your first defense 

403
00:22:14,500 --> 00:22:16,900
against weather inside the 
cabin. 

404
00:22:16,900 --> 00:22:18,900
You create smaller zones of 
warmth. 

405
00:22:19,500 --> 00:22:22,800
A bed built into a corner where 
heat from the fireplace collects

406
00:22:22,800 --> 00:22:27,000
curtains made from old blankets 
that section off sleeping areas 

407
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:31,100
from the drafty main room and 
rugs woven from grass and scrap 

408
00:22:31,100 --> 00:22:34,300
fabric that provide insulation 
between your feet and the Frozen

409
00:22:34,300 --> 00:22:36,500
floor. 
Your bed is a wooden frame 

410
00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:40,000
strong with rope in a grid 
pattern, supporting a mattress 

411
00:22:40,000 --> 00:22:42,900
stuffed with dried grass and 
whatever, soft materials you can

412
00:22:42,900 --> 00:22:45,500
find. 
It's not comfortable by 

413
00:22:45,500 --> 00:22:48,700
civilized standards, but it's 
better than sleeping on the 

414
00:22:48,708 --> 00:22:52,100
ground, and the corner. 
Location means two walls, help 

415
00:22:52,100 --> 00:22:55,200
contain warmth. 
You hang a blanket as a curtain,

416
00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:58,900
creating a small sleeping Alcove
that stays warmer than the rest 

417
00:22:58,900 --> 00:23:01,400
of the cabin. 
Main room serves as kitchen 

418
00:23:01,400 --> 00:23:04,800
Workshop, dining, area, and 
living space, all at once. 

419
00:23:05,700 --> 00:23:07,800
Your furniture is minimal and 
handmade. 

420
00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:12,800
Table built from split logs 
benches, and of chairs and 

421
00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:14,800
shelves, hung on the walls for 
storage. 

422
00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:19,100
Everything serves multiple 
purposes because spaces, limited

423
00:23:19,100 --> 00:23:23,600
and materials are precious. 
The table doubles as a work 

424
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:25,900
surface for food. 
Preparation and repairs. 

425
00:23:25,900 --> 00:23:28,400
The benches can be pushed 
against the wall. 

426
00:23:28,400 --> 00:23:32,500
When you need floor space the 
shelves, hold food tools and 

427
00:23:32,500 --> 00:23:35,100
supplies and careful 
organization that sometimes 

428
00:23:35,100 --> 00:23:38,100
actually works. 
Your roof is made from split 

429
00:23:38,100 --> 00:23:42,100
Cedar Shakes each one fitted 
over the next like scales on a 

430
00:23:42,100 --> 00:23:47,500
fish In theory, this creates a 
waterproof barrier in practice. 

431
00:23:47,500 --> 00:23:50,800
This creates a mostly waterproof
barrier that requires 

432
00:23:50,800 --> 00:23:53,100
maintenance after every major 
storm. 

433
00:23:54,100 --> 00:23:56,400
You become intimately familiar 
with your roof. 

434
00:23:57,200 --> 00:24:01,100
Climbing up there to replace 
shakes reseals seems and clear. 

435
00:24:01,100 --> 00:24:03,500
Debris. 
You develop a pinions about 

436
00:24:03,500 --> 00:24:06,500
Cedar quality. 
You have a least favorite corner

437
00:24:06,500 --> 00:24:09,400
of the roof, where problems 
congregate you name it. 

438
00:24:09,400 --> 00:24:12,100
The North West territory and you
hate the Northwest Territory, 

439
00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:15,300
The Roots Cellar, dug into the 
hillside behind your cabin 

440
00:24:15,300 --> 00:24:19,800
becomes crucial for storage. 
You excavated during summer 

441
00:24:19,800 --> 00:24:23,200
digging into the slope and 
creating a space about eight 

442
00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:26,400
feet deep, and six feet wide. 
The temperature underground 

443
00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:30,900
stays cool in summer and doesn't
freeze solid in Winter, hovering

444
00:24:30,900 --> 00:24:33,900
around 40 degrees year round 
which is perfect for food 

445
00:24:33,900 --> 00:24:36,700
storage. 
You line the walls with rocks to

446
00:24:36,700 --> 00:24:40,200
prevent collapse fitting Stones 
together without mortar in a 

447
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:42,300
technique that is more puzzle 
solving than engineering. 

448
00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:45,100
You build wooden shelves, along 
the walls. 

449
00:24:45,100 --> 00:24:48,700
Creating storage space for 
vegetables, preserved foods and 

450
00:24:48,700 --> 00:24:51,400
supplies that need protection 
from temperature extremes. 

451
00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:55,600
You install a heavy door made 
from thick planks fitting. 

452
00:24:55,600 --> 00:24:59,300
It tightly to keep animals from 
investigating your supplies, the

453
00:24:59,300 --> 00:25:02,600
seller smells like Earth and 
potatoes and the particular 

454
00:25:02,600 --> 00:25:05,900
mustiness of underground spaces,
but it's a good smell. 

455
00:25:06,700 --> 00:25:09,900
It's the smell of food that will
last until spring of 

456
00:25:09,900 --> 00:25:13,300
preservation, Done, Right of 
security against hunger. 

457
00:25:14,100 --> 00:25:18,300
You visit the seller regularly, 
checking on supplies rotating 

458
00:25:18,300 --> 00:25:22,300
stock to use older items first. 
And generally reassuring 

459
00:25:22,300 --> 00:25:25,300
yourself that, yes, you do have 
food stored. 

460
00:25:25,300 --> 00:25:28,000
And yes, you're probably going 
to survive. 

461
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:31,200
You also build a small structure
for your milk cow. 

462
00:25:31,200 --> 00:25:33,600
And the few chickens you 
required from a passing family 

463
00:25:33,600 --> 00:25:35,300
who was downsizing their 
livestock. 

464
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:39,500
The shelter isn't elaborate 
three walls and a roof. 

465
00:25:39,500 --> 00:25:41,200
Open on one side for 
ventilation. 

466
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:44,600
It provides protection from the 
worst weather without being 

467
00:25:44,600 --> 00:25:47,600
fancy. 
The cow seems satisfied with the

468
00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:50,800
arrangement and the chickens 
have yet to file complaints, 

469
00:25:50,800 --> 00:25:54,400
fire and warmth occupy. 
Your thoughts more than seems 

470
00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:56,800
reasonable for someone who isn't
actually cold at the moment. 

471
00:25:56,800 --> 00:26:00,700
But you're learning to think 
ahead to imagine winter while 

472
00:26:00,700 --> 00:26:04,300
standing In Summer Sunshine. 
And to prepare for problems, 

473
00:26:04,300 --> 00:26:07,800
that won't arrive for months. 
The frontier rewards planning, 

474
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:10,900
and punishes optimism. 
You spend late summer, cutting, 

475
00:26:10,900 --> 00:26:14,500
firewood, felling, dead, trees 
that are already dry and 

476
00:26:14,500 --> 00:26:16,600
splitting logs until your arms 
and your hands. 

477
00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:18,600
Develop blisters on top of 
calluses. 

478
00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:23,500
Use a felling axe to drop trees.
Making angled cuts that control 

479
00:26:23,500 --> 00:26:26,700
the direction of fall. 
He trim branches using a hatchet

480
00:26:26,700 --> 00:26:30,300
working your way up each trunk 
and creating increasingly large 

481
00:26:30,300 --> 00:26:32,200
piles of brush that your burn 
later. 

482
00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:36,200
The logs get cut into rounds 
using a cross-cut saw which is 

483
00:26:36,208 --> 00:26:38,900
easier with two people but 
possible alone, if you're 

484
00:26:38,900 --> 00:26:42,300
stubborn and determined You 
position a log set, the saw 

485
00:26:42,300 --> 00:26:45,400
blade and pull in Long, steady 
Strokes, that gradually work 

486
00:26:45,400 --> 00:26:48,100
through the wood. 
Each cut takes several minutes 

487
00:26:48,100 --> 00:26:51,900
and leaves you breathing hard. 
You cut hundreds of rounds 

488
00:26:51,900 --> 00:26:55,500
throughout the summer creating 
piles that gradually transformed

489
00:26:55,500 --> 00:26:57,600
into your winter survival 
supply. 

490
00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:01,400
Splitting the rounds requires an
axe, a mole and occasionally 

491
00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:03,100
steel wedges for stubborn 
pieces. 

492
00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:07,400
You position around on your 
chopping block, study the Grain 

493
00:27:07,400 --> 00:27:09,500
and aim for cracks or weak 
spots. 

494
00:27:09,500 --> 00:27:14,400
A good swing splits, the wood 
cleanly, a bad swing results in 

495
00:27:14,408 --> 00:27:17,600
the axe head sticking while the 
round refuses to separate, 

496
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:22,200
requiring you to lift the entire
assembly and slam it down, until

497
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:26,200
something gives you learn to 
read would identifying, which 

498
00:27:26,200 --> 00:27:29,700
pieces will split easily and 
which will fight you. clear 

499
00:27:29,700 --> 00:27:34,400
grained rails with satisfying 
ease, naughty rounds, resist 

500
00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:38,400
with spiteful, determination 
round cut from where branches 

501
00:27:38,400 --> 00:27:41,700
joined the trunk and Nightmares 
that sometimes require hours of 

502
00:27:41,700 --> 00:27:43,500
work and creative wedge 
placement. 

503
00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:47,200
You stack wood in Cordes against
the cabin wall measuring your 

504
00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:51,700
progress, not in ours worked, 
but in rows completed, each cord

505
00:27:51,700 --> 00:27:54,700
represents roughly a week of 
heat during the coldest months. 

506
00:27:54,700 --> 00:27:58,500
You calculate the you need at 
least 20 chords to survive 

507
00:27:58,500 --> 00:28:01,800
comfortably. 
You cut 25 just in case 

508
00:28:01,808 --> 00:28:05,100
mathematics fails you or winter 
decides to be particularly 

509
00:28:05,100 --> 00:28:08,900
vindictive, a process of cutting
splitting and stacking. 

510
00:28:08,900 --> 00:28:10,900
Wood becomes meditative after a 
while. 

511
00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:13,800
Swing the axe, split the log and
stack. 

512
00:28:13,800 --> 00:28:18,600
The pieces repeat 5,000 times 
your mind wanders while your 

513
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:21,600
body works and you think about 
everything and nothing you 

514
00:28:21,600 --> 00:28:24,100
compose letters you'll never 
send to people back home. 

515
00:28:24,100 --> 00:28:27,100
You plan next year's Garden in 
excessive detail. 

516
00:28:27,100 --> 00:28:30,300
You wonder if anyone back East 
thinks about you and whether 

517
00:28:30,300 --> 00:28:33,600
they recognize the person you're
becoming out here fire 

518
00:28:33,600 --> 00:28:35,500
management turns into a careful 
science. 

519
00:28:35,500 --> 00:28:39,300
Once winter arrives you learn 
which would burn hottest and 

520
00:28:39,300 --> 00:28:43,800
longest Oaken Maple when you can
find them, burn hot and leave. 

521
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:46,000
Excellent, coals that hold heat.
Overnight. 

522
00:28:46,900 --> 00:28:49,500
Pine Burns fast and hot but 
doesn't last. 

523
00:28:49,500 --> 00:28:52,900
But making it good for Quick 
Heat or cooking but poor from 

524
00:28:52,900 --> 00:28:56,200
maintaining steady warmth. 
Fur is somewhere in between 

525
00:28:56,200 --> 00:28:59,500
reliable. 
If not exceptional, you learn 

526
00:28:59,500 --> 00:29:02,600
that green would smoke but 
doesn't provide much heat while 

527
00:29:02,600 --> 00:29:04,800
seasoned wood that's been 
drawing for at least six months,

528
00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:08,100
burned clean and hot. 
You discover that the pitch 

529
00:29:08,100 --> 00:29:11,300
heavy Nots from Pine stumps, 
make excellent, firestarters, 

530
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:14,600
burning hot enough to ignite 
even damp kindling. 

531
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:18,200
You collect these notes whenever
you find them, storing them, in 

532
00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:22,100
a dry place near your fireplace,
your fireplace become the heart 

533
00:29:22,100 --> 00:29:24,900
of your home in ways that phrase
never meant back east. 

534
00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:28,300
It's not just decoration or 
occasional Comfort. 

535
00:29:28,300 --> 00:29:33,800
It's the center of survival. 
You cook it, using a cast iron 

536
00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:37,400
pot suspended from a crane arm 
that swings over the flames. 

537
00:29:38,100 --> 00:29:40,300
The pot, hangs at different 
heights, depending on whether 

538
00:29:40,300 --> 00:29:42,800
your boiling simmering or just 
keeping food, warm. 

539
00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:46,300
You heat water in the fireplace 
for washing filling a kettle and

540
00:29:46,300 --> 00:29:48,700
setting it near the coals until 
steam Rises. 

541
00:29:49,500 --> 00:29:52,500
You dry wet clothes near it. 
After trudging through snow 

542
00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:56,300
draping items over a rack 
positioned at a safe distance 

543
00:29:56,300 --> 00:29:59,300
from flames. 
You sit beside it on winter 

544
00:29:59,300 --> 00:30:03,300
evening's reading by firelight 
or mending clothes, or carving 

545
00:30:03,300 --> 00:30:06,800
wooden implements or simply 
watching Flames Dance in the 

546
00:30:06,808 --> 00:30:09,800
Dark. 
The fire is companion tool and 

547
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:13,100
Lifeline all at once. 
It's the difference between 

548
00:30:13,100 --> 00:30:17,300
being alive and being cold meat,
You develop a relationship with 

549
00:30:17,300 --> 00:30:19,200
your fire. 
That would seem strange to 

550
00:30:19,200 --> 00:30:22,200
explain to anyone who hasn't 
spent a winter on the frontier. 

551
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:27,600
Feeding it throughout the day. 
Adding logs in the morning, 

552
00:30:27,600 --> 00:30:31,600
adjusting coals in the evening 
and maintaining steady heat with

553
00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:35,400
out wasting fuel banking. 
The fire at night, becomes a 

554
00:30:35,400 --> 00:30:39,100
careful ritual, you rake Kohl's 
in to a pile position. 

555
00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:42,500
A large log that will burn 
slowly through the night and 

556
00:30:42,500 --> 00:30:44,900
cover everything with Ash to 
slow, combustion. 

557
00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:48,700
Done correctly. 
You wake to glowing, coals. 

558
00:30:48,700 --> 00:30:51,900
That can be encouraged back into
flame with kindling and gentle 

559
00:30:51,900 --> 00:30:54,000
blowing. 
Done incorrectly. 

560
00:30:54,000 --> 00:30:58,300
You wake to cold Ash and face 
the miserable task of Starting 

561
00:30:58,300 --> 00:31:00,700
Over. 
You Feel genuine anxiety. 

562
00:31:00,700 --> 00:31:03,900
If you wake to find the fire 
reduced to cold Ash because 

563
00:31:03,900 --> 00:31:07,100
starting over with flint and 
steel, in a freezing cabin is 

564
00:31:07,100 --> 00:31:10,900
miserable You've done it twice 
and both times you. 

565
00:31:10,900 --> 00:31:12,800
Swore you'd never let it happen 
again. 

566
00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:15,800
And both times you were to 
yourself because it will 

567
00:31:15,800 --> 00:31:18,800
definitely happen again. 
Third time. 

568
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:22,900
You let the fire die completely.
You sit there in the dark cold 

569
00:31:22,900 --> 00:31:27,700
striking Flint against steel 
cursing, your intention and 

570
00:31:27,700 --> 00:31:30,400
planing elaborate systems to 
prevent future failures. 

571
00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:34,500
You still let it happen a fourth
time, tools and craftsmanship, 

572
00:31:34,500 --> 00:31:37,600
become Central to survival. 
Because the nearest hardware 

573
00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:41,400
store is approximately 200 miles
away and probably doesn't exist 

574
00:31:41,400 --> 00:31:44,100
yet. 
You brought basic tools from 

575
00:31:44,100 --> 00:31:49,200
back east and acts. 
A saw a hammer chisels, an 

576
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:53,000
Augusta for drilling holes and a
plane for smoothing would These 

577
00:31:53,000 --> 00:31:55,400
tools are precious and 
irreplaceable until you can 

578
00:31:55,400 --> 00:31:58,200
reach a trading post and subject
to constant. 

579
00:31:58,200 --> 00:32:00,700
Use that gradually dulls and 
damages them. 

580
00:32:00,700 --> 00:32:03,800
Keeping tools sharp and 
functional becomes a regular 

581
00:32:03,800 --> 00:32:06,200
chore right up there with 
hauling water and feeding 

582
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:09,200
livestock. 
You learn to sharpen your axe 

583
00:32:09,200 --> 00:32:12,800
using a wet stone and water. 
Maintaining the edge with long, 

584
00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:16,800
patient Strokes, that gradually 
restore the blade. you learn 

585
00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:20,300
that a sharp axe is safer than a
dull, one, because it cuts where

586
00:32:20,300 --> 00:32:24,800
you aim instead of glancing off 
and potentially cutting you You 

587
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:27,800
learn this lesson before the 
axe, teaches it to you, the hard

588
00:32:27,800 --> 00:32:31,700
way, which makes you lucky your 
knife becomes an extension of 

589
00:32:31,700 --> 00:32:35,100
your hand, used for everything 
from cutting food, to shaving 

590
00:32:35,100 --> 00:32:38,900
kindling to minor carpentry to 
cleaning to countless other 

591
00:32:38,900 --> 00:32:43,000
tasks, you never anticipated. 
You wear it on your belt, all 

592
00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:46,300
ways, and you feel genuinely 
uncomfortable on the rare 

593
00:32:46,300 --> 00:32:51,100
occasions, you don't have it. 
The knife is a tool weapon and 

594
00:32:51,100 --> 00:32:54,000
security blanket. 
Rolled into one piece of Steel. 

595
00:32:54,000 --> 00:32:57,600
You may maintain your saw by 
keeping the blade clean and the 

596
00:32:57,600 --> 00:33:01,000
teeth properly set. 
You learn to file the teeth when

597
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:04,100
they become dull, maintaining 
the alternating angles that 

598
00:33:04,100 --> 00:33:05,600
allow the saw to cut 
efficiently. 

599
00:33:06,700 --> 00:33:10,900
Its tedious work, that requires 
patience and precision but a 

600
00:33:10,900 --> 00:33:12,800
sharp sword makes every task 
easier. 

601
00:33:12,800 --> 00:33:16,700
So you invest the time but tools
wear out and break and 

602
00:33:16,700 --> 00:33:19,400
replacement parts don't 
materialize out of optimism. 

603
00:33:20,300 --> 00:33:24,200
So you learn to make things you 
carve wooden handles for tools 

604
00:33:24,200 --> 00:33:27,200
when the original split from 
repeated impact or whether 

605
00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:29,700
damage. 
You shape replacement handles 

606
00:33:29,700 --> 00:33:32,900
from straight grained, Hardwood.
Fitting them carefully and 

607
00:33:32,900 --> 00:33:36,100
securing them with wedges. 
You forge simple items in your 

608
00:33:36,108 --> 00:33:39,000
fireplace heating. 
Metal in, Coals that you 

609
00:33:39,000 --> 00:33:41,400
encouraged to extreme 
temperature, using a makeshift 

610
00:33:41,400 --> 00:33:45,300
Bellows, a leather bag attached 
to a wooden nozzle that you 

611
00:33:45,300 --> 00:33:47,900
squeeze rhythmically to force 
air into the fire. 

612
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:51,100
You heat metal until it glows, 
orange red. 

613
00:33:51,100 --> 00:33:54,700
Then shape it on a flat rock 
that serves as an improvised 

614
00:33:54,700 --> 00:33:57,400
Anvil. 
Using your Hammer to bend and 

615
00:33:57,400 --> 00:34:00,800
form the hot metal. 
You're not a blacksmith, but you

616
00:34:00,800 --> 00:34:04,300
can repair a broken, hinge 
straighten, a bent nail or 

617
00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:07,900
fashion, a simple Hook, when 
needed you make nails by cutting

618
00:34:07,900 --> 00:34:11,600
short, lengths of iron Rod 
heating them and hammering one 

619
00:34:11,600 --> 00:34:14,000
end in to a point in the other 
into a flat head. 

620
00:34:14,800 --> 00:34:17,900
Your nails aren't as uniform as 
manufactured ones, but they hold

621
00:34:17,900 --> 00:34:20,699
boards together which is the 
only requirement that matters 

622
00:34:20,699 --> 00:34:24,000
leather working becomes 
necessary for maintaining boots 

623
00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:28,300
harnesses and countless small 
items that break or wear 

624
00:34:28,300 --> 00:34:31,100
through. 
Your boots came from Back East 

625
00:34:31,100 --> 00:34:34,100
made by an actual cobbler, but 
they're wearing out from 

626
00:34:34,100 --> 00:34:36,199
constant use and Frontier 
conditions. 

627
00:34:36,199 --> 00:34:39,100
You learn to cut Patches from 
scraps, of leather. 

628
00:34:39,100 --> 00:34:43,199
Stitch them over worn areas, 
using an all-in wax, thread and 

629
00:34:43,199 --> 00:34:45,500
treat the leather with Tallow to
keep it Supple. 

630
00:34:45,500 --> 00:34:48,400
You learn to stitch using 
techniques learned from a 

631
00:34:48,400 --> 00:34:50,000
Trapper who passed through last 
spring. 

632
00:34:50,800 --> 00:34:53,800
He showed you how to punch holes
with an awl, how to use two 

633
00:34:53,800 --> 00:34:57,100
needles working from opposite 
sides for maximum strength and 

634
00:34:57,100 --> 00:35:00,700
how to wax thread. 
So, it resists rot and slides 

635
00:35:00,700 --> 00:35:04,300
through holes more easily. 
Your stitches aren't pretty but 

636
00:35:04,300 --> 00:35:07,900
they hold your patches aren't 
elegant, but they work. 

637
00:35:08,700 --> 00:35:10,400
Function. 
Trump Aesthetics. 

638
00:35:10,400 --> 00:35:13,200
When your boots are the only 
pair you own, you make simple 

639
00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:16,200
harnesses for your cow, cutting 
and assembling straps and 

640
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:17,800
patterns you copy from the 
harness. 

641
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:20,400
You brought. 
You fashion bags and pouches 

642
00:35:20,400 --> 00:35:23,500
from leather scraps stitching 
them together and adding 

643
00:35:23,500 --> 00:35:26,900
drawstring closures. 
Your repairs and your leather 

644
00:35:26,900 --> 00:35:30,300
gloves, your belts, your knife 
sheath and anything else that 

645
00:35:30,300 --> 00:35:35,300
shows where you make rope from 
various fibers, metal stems dog,

646
00:35:35,300 --> 00:35:38,500
Bane and cedar bark. 
The process is time-consuming 

647
00:35:38,500 --> 00:35:43,500
and meditative you strip fibers 
from Plants, dry them, then 

648
00:35:43,500 --> 00:35:46,000
twist them into cordage while 
sitting by the fire in the 

649
00:35:46,008 --> 00:35:48,700
evening. 
You start with thin threads, 

650
00:35:48,700 --> 00:35:52,700
twist two together, then twist 
pairs together to create thicker

651
00:35:52,700 --> 00:35:56,900
rope, each length of rope 
represents hours of work, your 

652
00:35:56,900 --> 00:36:00,700
fingers, rolling fibers against 
your thigh, maintaining steady 

653
00:36:00,700 --> 00:36:03,900
tension and adding new fibers to
extend the length. 

654
00:36:04,700 --> 00:36:08,100
But rope is endlessly, useful 
for everything from securing, 

655
00:36:08,100 --> 00:36:12,400
loads, to Hanging food, away 
from animals to making snares to

656
00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:14,400
replaceing Broken lines on 
tools. 

657
00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:17,100
Buying it at the Trading Post 
cost money. 

658
00:36:17,100 --> 00:36:20,800
You'd rather spend on flower and
ammunition baskets, woven from 

659
00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:22,900
Willow shoots store. 
Everything from vegetables to 

660
00:36:22,900 --> 00:36:26,900
kindling to collected nuts to 
drive herbs, You learn the 

661
00:36:26,900 --> 00:36:29,800
patterns from a neighbor's wife,
who takes pity on your initial 

662
00:36:29,800 --> 00:36:32,800
clumsy attempts. 
She shows you how to prepare 

663
00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:36,200
Willow shoots by soaking them 
until their pliable, how to form

664
00:36:36,200 --> 00:36:39,900
the base, how to weave the side,
and how to create a rim? 

665
00:36:39,900 --> 00:36:42,500
That doesn't unravel your first 
boss kit. 

666
00:36:42,500 --> 00:36:45,100
Looks like a bird's nest 
designed by someone, who's never

667
00:36:45,100 --> 00:36:49,100
seen a bird? 
The weaving is loose. shape is 

668
00:36:49,100 --> 00:36:51,900
irregular and it falls apart 
when you try to put anything 

669
00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:56,500
heavy in it, Your 10th basket is
actually functional holding 

670
00:36:56,500 --> 00:37:00,700
items without collapsing. 
Your 20th basket is something 

671
00:37:00,700 --> 00:37:03,100
you're quietly. 
Proud of though. 

672
00:37:03,100 --> 00:37:06,300
You'd never say that out loud 
because Pride over basket, 

673
00:37:06,300 --> 00:37:09,100
weaving seems ridiculous until 
you try to weave a basket. 

674
00:37:09,100 --> 00:37:13,100
You make wooden implements 
spoons, bowls handles and simple

675
00:37:13,100 --> 00:37:15,700
furniture. 
You carve them during winter, 

676
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:18,800
evenings sitting near the fire 
with a knife and a piece of wood

677
00:37:18,800 --> 00:37:22,100
gradually shaping useful objects
from raw material. 

678
00:37:22,900 --> 00:37:26,600
The work is slow and requires 
patience, but it fills empty 

679
00:37:26,600 --> 00:37:29,300
hours and produces items. 
You'd otherwise need to buy 

680
00:37:29,300 --> 00:37:33,400
whether and Seasons govern your 
life in ways they never did back

681
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:36,400
east. 
In town bad weather meant 

682
00:37:36,400 --> 00:37:40,400
staying inside out here. 
Bad weather means planning ahead

683
00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:44,600
or suffering consequences. 
You become obsessed with signs 

684
00:37:44,600 --> 00:37:48,300
and portents, watching animal 
behavior, studying clouds and 

685
00:37:48,300 --> 00:37:51,500
feeling shifts in air pressure 
that signal approaching storms, 

686
00:37:51,500 --> 00:37:53,900
you learned to read clouds with 
the attention. 

687
00:37:53,900 --> 00:37:58,400
Most people reserve of books 
High wispy, cirrus clouds often 

688
00:37:58,400 --> 00:38:00,500
precede changing, whether by a 
day or two. 

689
00:38:01,200 --> 00:38:03,300
Building cumulus clouds in the 
afternoon. 

690
00:38:03,300 --> 00:38:06,200
Might bring evening, 
thunderstorms low. 

691
00:38:06,200 --> 00:38:10,100
Grey stratus clouds means steady
rain or snow is settling in for 

692
00:38:10,100 --> 00:38:12,900
a while. 
Dark towering cumulonimbus 

693
00:38:12,900 --> 00:38:15,200
clouds mean. 
You should probably get inside 

694
00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:17,900
immediately because something 
violent is about to happen. 

695
00:38:17,900 --> 00:38:21,200
The animals provide weather 
predictions more reliable than 

696
00:38:21,200 --> 00:38:24,200
any Almanac. 
Squirrels Gathering extra food 

697
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:26,900
or building thicker, nests 
suggest a harsh winter is 

698
00:38:26,900 --> 00:38:28,600
coming. 
Birds flying. 

699
00:38:28,600 --> 00:38:31,000
Lower than usual means. 
Air pressure is dropping and 

700
00:38:31,000 --> 00:38:34,200
storms are approaching. 
Your cow becomes restless 

701
00:38:34,200 --> 00:38:37,900
before, major weather changes, 
pacing and refusing to settle. 

702
00:38:38,900 --> 00:38:41,700
The chickens go into their 
shelter early than usual, when 

703
00:38:41,700 --> 00:38:46,600
they sense in coming cold, even 
insects provide clues, crickets 

704
00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:49,800
chirp faster in warm weather and
slower and cold and you can 

705
00:38:49,800 --> 00:38:52,500
actually estimate temperature by
counting chirps. 

706
00:38:53,200 --> 00:38:57,100
Bees return to their hives 
before storms even when the sky 

707
00:38:57,100 --> 00:38:59,900
looks clear. 
Spiders become more active. 

708
00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:04,200
Before fair weather, and Retreat
before rain Autumn arrives with 

709
00:39:04,200 --> 00:39:06,500
shocking speed. 
Summer. 

710
00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:07,500
Ending. 
Almost overnight. 

711
00:39:08,300 --> 00:39:10,300
One day or working in, shirt 
sleeves. 

712
00:39:10,300 --> 00:39:13,000
The next day, you're wearing a 
coat in the morning and 

713
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:14,800
wondering where these three 
weeks went. 

714
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:17,900
The Aspen leaves turn gold all 
at once. 

715
00:39:18,700 --> 00:39:21,900
Covering Hillside and color that
seems almost aggressive in its 

716
00:39:21,900 --> 00:39:25,000
brightness. 
The Tamarack needles turn golden

717
00:39:25,000 --> 00:39:28,500
orange, creating splashes of 
color among the Evergreens 

718
00:39:28,500 --> 00:39:32,000
before dropping completely, then
the leaves fall and the World 

719
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:35,000
Turns Brown and gray. 
And you realize winter is 

720
00:39:35,000 --> 00:39:36,500
coming, whether you're ready or 
not. 

721
00:39:38,100 --> 00:39:41,400
The air takes on a particular 
sharpness, the morning Frost 

722
00:39:41,400 --> 00:39:45,200
lingers longer each day and the 
sun sets earlier every evening. 

723
00:39:46,100 --> 00:39:49,100
You can feel winter approaching 
like a physical pressure pushing

724
00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:52,000
down from the north. 
You spend autumn in a controlled

725
00:39:52,000 --> 00:39:54,500
Panic, trying to finish 
everything that can't be done. 

726
00:39:54,500 --> 00:39:58,800
Once snow arrives, you finish 
cutting firewood racing to 

727
00:39:58,800 --> 00:40:00,400
complete your supply before the 
ground. 

728
00:40:00,400 --> 00:40:03,700
Freezes and felling trees 
becomes dramatically harder. 

729
00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:07,300
You insulate, the cabin walls 
with additional chinking, 

730
00:40:07,300 --> 00:40:09,700
pressing mud and Moss into every
crack. 

731
00:40:09,700 --> 00:40:12,600
You can find You repair the roof
sections. 

732
00:40:12,600 --> 00:40:15,800
You've been ignoring all summer,
climbing up with extra shakes 

733
00:40:15,800 --> 00:40:17,700
and doing work. 
You should have done months ago,

734
00:40:17,708 --> 00:40:22,300
you harvest the garden pulling 
up every last potato and carrot 

735
00:40:22,300 --> 00:40:24,500
and turnip. 
Because once the ground freezes,

736
00:40:24,500 --> 00:40:28,200
you won't get another chance. 
You dig until your hands are 

737
00:40:28,200 --> 00:40:32,100
caked with dirt and your back is
screaming protests you sort 

738
00:40:32,100 --> 00:40:35,400
vegetables, setting aside 
damaged ones, due to immediately

739
00:40:35,400 --> 00:40:37,800
and storing perfect specimens in
The Root Cellar. 

740
00:40:37,800 --> 00:40:41,800
You hunt and smoked meat trying 
to build up protein stores. 

741
00:40:41,800 --> 00:40:45,600
You track deer through the 
forest moving quietly and hoping

742
00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:49,900
for a clear shot You check your 
snares daily hoping for rabbits.

743
00:40:50,600 --> 00:40:54,000
You fish the creek aggressively 
pulling out trout and whatever 

744
00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:56,900
else bites. 
Every pound of meat preserved is

745
00:40:56,900 --> 00:40:59,000
one less thing to worry about 
when snow covers. 

746
00:40:59,000 --> 00:41:02,300
Everything you check your 
supplies obsessively, counting 

747
00:41:02,300 --> 00:41:05,800
flour, sacks and bean bags. 
And dried fruit doing math, that

748
00:41:05,800 --> 00:41:08,100
never quite adds up to 
definitely enough. 

749
00:41:08,800 --> 00:41:12,100
You list, everything you have 
estimate, how long it needs to 

750
00:41:12,100 --> 00:41:15,400
last and calculate daily 
rationals that are depressingly.

751
00:41:15,400 --> 00:41:18,600
Small you worry that you 
forgotten something critical. 

752
00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:21,900
You worry that winter will last 
longer than your supplies. 

753
00:41:21,900 --> 00:41:25,400
You worry that worrying is 
wasting time you could spend 

754
00:41:25,400 --> 00:41:30,000
preparing more winter. 
When it finally arrives, comes 

755
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:33,900
with authority. 
The first real snowstorm dumps, 

756
00:41:33,900 --> 00:41:37,300
three feet overnight. 
Transforming the landscape into 

757
00:41:37,300 --> 00:41:40,200
something alien and beautiful 
and hostile. 

758
00:41:41,000 --> 00:41:43,800
You wake to silence? 
That's different from any 

759
00:41:43,800 --> 00:41:48,100
silence, you've known. 
The Deep muffled, quiet of the 

760
00:41:48,100 --> 00:41:52,200
world, buried under snow. 
You open your door to a wall of 

761
00:41:52,208 --> 00:41:55,700
white that you have to dig 
through to get outside the world

762
00:41:55,700 --> 00:41:58,300
shrinks to what you can see, 
from your cabin windows. 

763
00:41:58,300 --> 00:42:02,700
And what you can see is mostly 
White The mountains disappear 

764
00:42:02,700 --> 00:42:06,800
behind curtains of falling snow.
The trees are buried to their 

765
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:09,800
lower branches. 
The creek is invisible under 

766
00:42:09,800 --> 00:42:13,400
snow and ice. 
Everything looks the same and 

767
00:42:13,400 --> 00:42:16,900
landmarks you relied on to 
navigate to gone the creek 

768
00:42:16,900 --> 00:42:20,000
freezes. 
Solid by mid-December the water 

769
00:42:20,000 --> 00:42:24,000
going still and Silent under 
inches of ice You cut holes 

770
00:42:24,000 --> 00:42:27,400
through the ice to reach water, 
using an axe to chip through 

771
00:42:27,400 --> 00:42:29,700
layers that get thicker as 
winter deeper pens. 

772
00:42:30,500 --> 00:42:34,100
Each trip to the creek requires 
effort and you start relying 

773
00:42:34,100 --> 00:42:36,200
more heavily on melting snow 
near the fire. 

774
00:42:36,200 --> 00:42:39,500
The air itself, seems Frozen. 
So cold. 

775
00:42:39,500 --> 00:42:44,400
That breathing hurts and Exposed
Skin goes numb in minutes on the

776
00:42:44,408 --> 00:42:47,100
coldest days. 
Temperatures drop Far Below, 

777
00:42:47,100 --> 00:42:51,700
Zero, Simply existing requires 
constant attention to staying 

778
00:42:51,700 --> 00:42:53,900
warm. 
You learn what? 

779
00:42:53,900 --> 00:42:56,600
Frostbite feels like the 
tingling. 

780
00:42:56,600 --> 00:42:59,900
Numbness. 
The white patches on skin and 

781
00:42:59,900 --> 00:43:04,200
the burning sensation when 
frozen areas warm up You learn 

782
00:43:04,200 --> 00:43:08,600
to recognize the signs early and
get inside before damage becomes

783
00:43:08,600 --> 00:43:11,300
permanent. 
You settle into winter routines,

784
00:43:11,300 --> 00:43:13,600
that revolve around staying warm
and staying fed. 

785
00:43:14,300 --> 00:43:17,500
You go outside only when 
necessary to gather firewood 

786
00:43:17,500 --> 00:43:20,500
from the stack to check on 
Livestock in their shelter to 

787
00:43:20,500 --> 00:43:22,000
break ice on the creek for 
water. 

788
00:43:23,000 --> 00:43:26,700
Each trip outside requires 
preparation, a heavy coat. 

789
00:43:26,700 --> 00:43:31,400
Mittens line with rabbit fur. 
A scarf wrapped around your face

790
00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:34,400
and a wall hat. 
Pulled low over your ears. 

791
00:43:34,400 --> 00:43:39,700
You move quickly accomplish your
task and Retreat to the cabin's,

792
00:43:39,700 --> 00:43:43,300
warmth outside time is measured 
in minutes before your fingers, 

793
00:43:43,300 --> 00:43:46,500
start going numb. 
You develop a fishy, born of 

794
00:43:46,500 --> 00:43:49,900
necessity planning tasks. 
So you accomplish multiple 

795
00:43:49,900 --> 00:43:53,700
things in one trip, rather than 
making repeated Ventures, into 

796
00:43:53,700 --> 00:43:57,100
the cold, you combine gathering 
firewood with checking on the 

797
00:43:57,108 --> 00:44:01,500
cow with fetching water creating
circuits that minimize exposure 

798
00:44:01,500 --> 00:44:04,400
inside you. 
Stay busy with tasks that don't 

799
00:44:04,400 --> 00:44:07,800
require going anywhere. 
You can close by firelight 

800
00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:12,100
repairing tears and replacing 
buttons and reinforcing seams 

801
00:44:12,100 --> 00:44:15,800
that are starting to fail. 
Your clothing takes constant 

802
00:44:15,800 --> 00:44:19,200
abuse from frontier life. 
And winter is when you catch up 

803
00:44:19,200 --> 00:44:21,900
on repairs, you read the same 
three books. 

804
00:44:21,900 --> 00:44:23,700
You own until you've memorized 
passages. 

805
00:44:24,700 --> 00:44:27,900
You own a Bible because everyone
owns a Bible a collection of 

806
00:44:27,908 --> 00:44:30,400
Shakespeare plays that you 
bought on a whim before leaving 

807
00:44:30,400 --> 00:44:35,300
Philadelphia and a Farmer's 
Almanac from 1841 that's wildly 

808
00:44:35,300 --> 00:44:36,700
out of date. 
But still interesting. 

809
00:44:36,700 --> 00:44:40,600
You read each book multiple 
times finding new details on 

810
00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:43,000
every pass. 
You carve wouldn't spoons 

811
00:44:43,000 --> 00:44:46,000
because you need spoons, but 
also because your hands need 

812
00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:49,100
something to do. 
You sit by the fire with a piece

813
00:44:49,100 --> 00:44:52,400
of wood and a knife gradually 
shaping implements you'll use 

814
00:44:52,400 --> 00:44:54,700
for years. 
You practice wrote making 

815
00:44:54,700 --> 00:44:57,500
rolling fibers. 
You prepared last summer into 

816
00:44:57,500 --> 00:45:01,300
cordage You plan, next year's 
Garden in excessive detail. 

817
00:45:01,300 --> 00:45:05,500
Sketching layouts on precious 
paper and reconsidering every 

818
00:45:05,500 --> 00:45:07,300
decision. 
You think a lot. 

819
00:45:08,200 --> 00:45:12,100
Sometimes too much. 
The isolation and darkness of 

820
00:45:12,100 --> 00:45:13,700
winter creates space for 
thoughts. 

821
00:45:13,700 --> 00:45:16,200
That might stay buried during 
busiest Seasons. 

822
00:45:16,200 --> 00:45:20,200
You think about the life, you 
left behind about family, you 

823
00:45:20,200 --> 00:45:23,400
don't see about choices you've 
made and whether they were 

824
00:45:23,400 --> 00:45:26,800
right, you think about the 
future what your building 

825
00:45:26,800 --> 00:45:30,800
whether it matters and who it's 
for the hardest part of winter. 

826
00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:35,000
Isn't the cold or the isolation?
It's the not knowing how long it

827
00:45:35,000 --> 00:45:37,800
will last. 
Winter could end in March, if 

828
00:45:37,800 --> 00:45:40,600
you're lucky. 
Releasing its grip and allowing 

829
00:45:40,600 --> 00:45:44,200
early spring planting. 
It might drag into May if you're

830
00:45:44,200 --> 00:45:47,600
not keeping the ground Frozen 
and making you eat through 

831
00:45:47,600 --> 00:45:49,400
supplies that should have been 
adequate. 

832
00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:53,400
But somehow, aren't you ration 
food, conservatively, trying to 

833
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:56,400
stretch supplies without knowing
exactly how long they need to 

834
00:45:56,400 --> 00:45:59,000
last. 
You measure out beans, carefully

835
00:45:59,000 --> 00:46:03,500
counting how many meals remain? 
You slice meat thin making 

836
00:46:03,500 --> 00:46:04,900
portions? 
That seem inadequate. 

837
00:46:04,900 --> 00:46:08,600
But multiply the number of times
you can eat You eat less than 

838
00:46:08,600 --> 00:46:12,400
you'd like, maintaining survival
rather than comfort, you burn 

839
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:15,900
firewood steadily, watching the 
stack, shrink outside your 

840
00:46:15,900 --> 00:46:19,600
window and doing calculations 
that always include a margin for

841
00:46:19,600 --> 00:46:22,400
what if winter decides to be 
terrible. 

842
00:46:23,100 --> 00:46:25,900
Each log that goes into the fire
is one less log. 

843
00:46:25,900 --> 00:46:29,300
Protecting you from cold. 
You become miserly with heat 

844
00:46:29,300 --> 00:46:33,000
letting the fire burn lower than
comfortable rather than burning 

845
00:46:33,000 --> 00:46:36,400
through your supply to quickly. 
February is the worst month. 

846
00:46:36,400 --> 00:46:40,000
Your supply is a diminished, 
your firewood stack is 

847
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:42,600
noticeably smaller and winter 
shows. 

848
00:46:42,600 --> 00:46:47,200
No signs of ending. 
The days are still short, the 

849
00:46:47,200 --> 00:46:50,700
coldest is still intense and 
your tired of being inside, 

850
00:46:50,700 --> 00:46:54,600
tired of the same food and tired
of your own company. 

851
00:46:55,400 --> 00:46:58,500
You understand why? 
Some settlers don't make it not 

852
00:46:58,500 --> 00:47:00,800
because they starved or froze. 
Exactly. 

853
00:47:01,600 --> 00:47:04,600
But because winter grinds them 
down until they stop trying. 

854
00:47:04,600 --> 00:47:09,100
You keep trying, you maintain 
your routines, tend your fire 

855
00:47:09,100 --> 00:47:12,000
ration your food and wait for 
spring with determination. 

856
00:47:12,000 --> 00:47:13,600
That's part stubbornness and 
parts. 

857
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:17,700
Spite winter will not win, you 
will Outlast it. 

858
00:47:17,700 --> 00:47:21,900
You will survive to see grass 
again spring arrives tentatively

859
00:47:21,900 --> 00:47:24,600
as if testing whether winter is 
really gone. 

860
00:47:25,300 --> 00:47:28,500
Snow melts in patches revealing 
mud and dead grass and the 

861
00:47:28,508 --> 00:47:30,400
general mess that winter has 
been hiding. 

862
00:47:31,700 --> 00:47:35,800
The process is gradual, a warm 
day, followed by a cold night, 

863
00:47:35,800 --> 00:47:38,800
two steps forward and one step 
back. 

864
00:47:39,700 --> 00:47:43,500
The land slowly waking from 
months of Frozen sleep, the 

865
00:47:43,500 --> 00:47:46,400
creek thaws starting as a 
trickle under the ice that 

866
00:47:46,400 --> 00:47:49,600
gradually expands and the ice 
breaks up and flows Downstream 

867
00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:52,600
in chunks. 
The sound of running water. 

868
00:47:52,600 --> 00:47:55,500
After months of silence is 
startling and wonderful. 

869
00:47:55,500 --> 00:47:58,400
He stand by the creek, listening
to it flow. 

870
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:01,900
Feeling the noise wash overview,
like a physical sensation. 

871
00:48:01,900 --> 00:48:05,700
You step outside without a coat 
and feel sunshine on your face 

872
00:48:05,700 --> 00:48:07,600
and realize you survived another
winter. 

873
00:48:08,800 --> 00:48:12,400
The feeling of spring warmth. 
After months of cold is better 

874
00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:14,500
than any luxury, you knew back 
east. 

875
00:48:15,400 --> 00:48:17,600
You stand in the sun with your 
eyes closed. 

876
00:48:17,600 --> 00:48:22,100
Letting it soak into your skin. 
Feeling life returned to a body.

877
00:48:22,100 --> 00:48:25,500
That's been merely surviving. 
The first green shoots appear in

878
00:48:25,500 --> 00:48:30,600
the meadow small and tentative. 
But undeniably alive, Birds 

879
00:48:30,600 --> 00:48:33,800
returned from wherever they 
spent the winter filling the air

880
00:48:33,800 --> 00:48:35,800
with songs. 
You haven't heard in months. 

881
00:48:36,800 --> 00:48:39,600
The chickens emerge from their 
shelter and actually seemed 

882
00:48:39,600 --> 00:48:42,500
happy for once. 
Scratching in the mud and making

883
00:48:42,500 --> 00:48:47,000
satisfied noises, you inventory.
Your remaining Supply counting. 

884
00:48:47,000 --> 00:48:49,400
What's left? 
And what you used your 

885
00:48:49,400 --> 00:48:52,600
calculations were pessimistic 
enough that you have a surplus, 

886
00:48:52,600 --> 00:48:57,400
not much but some You'll have 
flour until the trading post 

887
00:48:57,400 --> 00:49:00,700
trip, you'll have enough smoke 
to meet to supplement spring 

888
00:49:00,700 --> 00:49:03,800
foraging. 
You didn't starve, didn't freeze

889
00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:05,700
and didn't fail. 
That's Victory enough. 

890
00:49:05,700 --> 00:49:08,800
Community on the frontier is 
sparse, but crucial. 

891
00:49:09,700 --> 00:49:11,500
Your nearest neighbors of the 
thoughts. 

892
00:49:11,500 --> 00:49:14,900
Three miles south. 
The Andersons are five miles 

893
00:49:14,900 --> 00:49:17,500
west, the blackwoods are six 
miles east. 

894
00:49:17,500 --> 00:49:20,500
These distance is, would be 
nothing back home. 

895
00:49:20,500 --> 00:49:23,200
A pleasant walk, maybe 20 
minutes on a horse. 

896
00:49:23,900 --> 00:49:25,700
Out here. 
They're significant enough that 

897
00:49:25,700 --> 00:49:27,400
you don't make the trip without 
purpose. 

898
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:30,700
You see these people, perhaps 
once a month during good weather

899
00:49:30,700 --> 00:49:35,100
less often in winter. 
But when you need help, when 

900
00:49:35,100 --> 00:49:38,100
something breaks or someone gets
hurt or a tree falls on your 

901
00:49:38,108 --> 00:49:41,500
cabin, these distant neighbors 
become lifelines. 

902
00:49:42,200 --> 00:49:44,900
The frontier creates a 
particular kind of community. 

903
00:49:44,900 --> 00:49:46,900
Not intimate. 
Exactly. 

904
00:49:46,900 --> 00:49:50,600
But reliable you help others, 
because you'll need help 

905
00:49:50,600 --> 00:49:54,000
eventually. 
Mutual assistance isn't charity.

906
00:49:54,000 --> 00:49:57,900
Its investment in your own 
Survival, you help raise the 

907
00:49:57,900 --> 00:49:59,900
thoughts Barn in exchange for 
their help. 

908
00:49:59,900 --> 00:50:02,100
Preparing your whack and wheel 
at cracked on a rock. 

909
00:50:02,100 --> 00:50:05,200
You didn't see It doesn't 
neighbors gather for a barn, 

910
00:50:05,208 --> 00:50:08,200
raising working together to lift
heavy, Timbers, and secure the 

911
00:50:08,200 --> 00:50:10,800
frame. 
The work goes fast with multiple

912
00:50:10,800 --> 00:50:14,100
people and there's something 
satisfying about collaborative, 

913
00:50:14,100 --> 00:50:17,500
labor toward a shared goal. 
You assist the Anderson's during

914
00:50:17,500 --> 00:50:20,400
Harvest because they're 
short-handed after Mr. Anderson 

915
00:50:20,400 --> 00:50:22,000
broke his arm falling off his 
roof. 

916
00:50:22,000 --> 00:50:25,700
While doing repairs, he should 
have asked for help with You 

917
00:50:25,700 --> 00:50:28,900
spend three days working their 
fields, and they will remember 

918
00:50:28,900 --> 00:50:32,200
when you need similar help, you 
share surplus food. 

919
00:50:32,200 --> 00:50:34,700
When you have it, knowing others
will share. 

920
00:50:34,700 --> 00:50:38,400
When you're the one running 
short last spring, the thoughts 

921
00:50:38,400 --> 00:50:41,000
gave you two chickens. 
When your own flock was reduced 

922
00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:45,400
to one surviving hen This Autumn
you gave them a bag of dried 

923
00:50:45,400 --> 00:50:49,200
berries and some smoked venison.
The accounting is informal. 

924
00:50:49,200 --> 00:50:53,700
The trades unequal but everyone 
understands the system Community

925
00:50:53,700 --> 00:50:55,600
out here. 
Isn't about friendship exactly 

926
00:50:55,600 --> 00:50:58,700
though. 
Friendships do develop It's 

927
00:50:58,700 --> 00:51:00,300
about survival through 
cooperation. 

928
00:51:01,200 --> 00:51:03,900
You might not particularly like 
your neighbors and might not 

929
00:51:03,900 --> 00:51:07,000
choose to spend time with them. 
If you had other options that 

930
00:51:07,000 --> 00:51:10,800
you respect their competence, 
trust their reliability, and 

931
00:51:10,800 --> 00:51:14,000
value their existence. 
In this empty landscape, The 

932
00:51:14,000 --> 00:51:16,700
Trading Post, 60 miles away, 
becomes your connection to 

933
00:51:16,700 --> 00:51:19,100
civilization and supplies. 
You can't make yourself. 

934
00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:23,900
You make the trip twice a year 
spring and fall spending four 

935
00:51:23,900 --> 00:51:27,100
days, riding their back. 
The journey is long enough to 

936
00:51:27,100 --> 00:51:30,800
require planning and short 
enough to be worthwhile you 

937
00:51:30,800 --> 00:51:33,500
travel with a pack horse loaded 
with items to trade. 

938
00:51:33,500 --> 00:51:38,500
First, if you've trapped smoke, 
meat leather goods, baskets, 

939
00:51:38,500 --> 00:51:40,900
whatever you've made, that might
have value. 

940
00:51:41,800 --> 00:51:45,000
The trail is rough Crossing 
streams and climbing ridges 

941
00:51:45,000 --> 00:51:48,400
following paths that are barely 
marked and sometimes disappear 

942
00:51:48,400 --> 00:51:50,900
entirely. 
The post is run by a man named 

943
00:51:50,900 --> 00:51:55,400
Fitzgerald who stalks everything
from flower to fabric to 

944
00:51:55,400 --> 00:51:59,800
ammunition to farming tools. 
His prices are high because he 

945
00:51:59,800 --> 00:52:03,700
knows you have no Alternatives, 
a bag of flour, cost twice, what

946
00:52:03,700 --> 00:52:06,800
it would back east. 
Ammunition is expensive enough 

947
00:52:06,800 --> 00:52:08,700
that you calculate the value of 
each shot. 

948
00:52:09,400 --> 00:52:12,100
Tools are precious because 
breaking one means months 

949
00:52:12,100 --> 00:52:14,900
without replacement, you pay 
anyway because you need what 

950
00:52:14,900 --> 00:52:19,300
he's selling you restock flour, 
sugar, salt coffee ammunition 

951
00:52:19,300 --> 00:52:21,400
and whatever else your supplies 
lack. 

952
00:52:21,900 --> 00:52:25,000
You buy needles and thread. 
You purchase a new file for 

953
00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:27,000
sharpening. 
Your saw, you can consider 

954
00:52:27,000 --> 00:52:30,600
buying a second axis backup, but
decide the cost isn't Justified 

955
00:52:30,600 --> 00:52:32,700
yet. 
Trading Post visits become 

956
00:52:32,700 --> 00:52:36,300
social events despite the 
commercial nature you see people

957
00:52:36,300 --> 00:52:39,900
from other claims exchange news 
and gossip and here about who's 

958
00:52:39,900 --> 00:52:43,100
arrived and whose left, You 
learn that the Hendersons 

959
00:52:43,100 --> 00:52:46,200
abandon their claim after two 
Winter's, that the Mitchell's 

960
00:52:46,200 --> 00:52:47,800
lost their oldest child to 
fever. 

961
00:52:47,800 --> 00:52:51,800
And the new family is settling 
near the blackwoods you hear 

962
00:52:51,800 --> 00:52:55,300
about developments in Oregon 
City about ships arriving with 

963
00:52:55,300 --> 00:52:58,600
supplies and immigrants and 
about political discussions 

964
00:52:58,600 --> 00:53:02,700
regarding territorial status. 
You absorb information, like a 

965
00:53:02,700 --> 00:53:07,100
sponge because news is rare and 
valuable everything from where 

966
00:53:07,100 --> 00:53:10,100
the predictions to crop 
recommendations to rumors about 

967
00:53:10,100 --> 00:53:12,600
Indian tensions, gets discussed 
and debated. 

968
00:53:12,600 --> 00:53:16,700
You also trade at the post 
bartering items you've made for 

969
00:53:16,700 --> 00:53:19,400
supplies. 
You need Your woven baskets, 

970
00:53:19,400 --> 00:53:22,500
fetch a decent price. 
Your smoked meat is popular, 

971
00:53:22,500 --> 00:53:24,700
among Trappers preparing for 
expeditions. 

972
00:53:24,700 --> 00:53:27,200
The leather items. 
You've learned to craft have 

973
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:30,200
value because quality leather 
work is rare out here. 

974
00:53:30,200 --> 00:53:33,000
Money is scarce. 
So trade becomes the primary 

975
00:53:33,000 --> 00:53:36,900
economy you calculate value in 
terms of usefulness, rather than

976
00:53:36,900 --> 00:53:40,300
currently a good knife is worth 
a month of flour. 

977
00:53:40,300 --> 00:53:43,100
A waterproof. 
Tarp is worth more than money 

978
00:53:43,100 --> 00:53:45,500
because it solves problems money
can't fix. 

979
00:53:46,400 --> 00:53:50,500
You negotiate trades carefully. 
Valuing items based on how much 

980
00:53:50,500 --> 00:53:52,300
they'll improve your survival 
prospects. 

981
00:53:52,300 --> 00:53:56,100
Fitzgerald keeps a ledger 
tracking trades and debts with 

982
00:53:56,100 --> 00:53:58,900
careful notation. 
Can buy on credit. 

983
00:53:58,900 --> 00:54:01,900
If necessary though the 
interesting charge is makes that

984
00:54:01,900 --> 00:54:05,100
option unappealing. 
You prefer to trade directly 

985
00:54:05,100 --> 00:54:08,500
settling accounts immediately 
rather than carrying debt 

986
00:54:08,500 --> 00:54:10,600
through Seasons, that might 
prevent repayment. 

987
00:54:11,300 --> 00:54:14,400
You spend one night at the post 
sleeping in a rough shell to 

988
00:54:14,400 --> 00:54:17,500
that passes for lodging before, 
starting the two-day journey 

989
00:54:17,500 --> 00:54:21,400
home, you travel carefully, 
protecting your newly acquired 

990
00:54:21,400 --> 00:54:23,200
supplies from weather and 
accident. 

991
00:54:24,100 --> 00:54:27,400
The flour sacks of precious 
cargo the ammunition needs to 

992
00:54:27,400 --> 00:54:30,000
stay dry. 
The fabric, must arrive 

993
00:54:30,000 --> 00:54:32,500
undamaged. 
The journey home always feels 

994
00:54:32,500 --> 00:54:35,700
longer than the journey there 
may be, because you're hauling 

995
00:54:35,708 --> 00:54:38,700
more weight or maybe because 
you're eager to return to your 

996
00:54:38,700 --> 00:54:41,300
claim. 
You think about all the work 

997
00:54:41,300 --> 00:54:44,600
waiting at home, all the 
projects, you left unfinished 

998
00:54:44,600 --> 00:54:48,100
and all the tasks that 
accumulated during your absence?

999
00:54:48,100 --> 00:54:51,300
The frontier doesn't make you 
religious if you weren't before 

1000
00:54:51,300 --> 00:54:54,200
but it does make you think about
larger questions. 

1001
00:54:54,900 --> 00:54:57,800
You spend a lot of time alone 
with your thoughts and those 

1002
00:54:57,800 --> 00:55:00,800
thoughts wander into territory. 
They never explored back east. 

1003
00:55:01,700 --> 00:55:04,900
You think about why you came 
here, what you're building and 

1004
00:55:04,900 --> 00:55:08,400
whether this life is better or 
just different, you think about 

1005
00:55:08,400 --> 00:55:10,700
the indigenous peoples, who 
lived here for Generations 

1006
00:55:10,700 --> 00:55:15,000
before you arrived, who knew 
these land intimately and were 

1007
00:55:15,000 --> 00:55:18,800
forced out to make room for 
settlers like you, The Trading 

1008
00:55:18,800 --> 00:55:22,100
Post owner mentioned treaties 
and relocations without much 

1009
00:55:22,100 --> 00:55:25,200
reflection. 
You can't help wondering what it

1010
00:55:25,208 --> 00:55:27,900
costs, those communities to lose
access to the land. 

1011
00:55:27,900 --> 00:55:31,400
You now claim you've seen 
artifacts occasionally stone 

1012
00:55:31,400 --> 00:55:35,400
tools pictographs on Rock faces 
and the remains of structures. 

1013
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:39,500
You don't fully understand Each 
Discovery reminds you that this 

1014
00:55:39,500 --> 00:55:42,800
land has history or not. 
Part of stories, you'll never 

1015
00:55:42,800 --> 00:55:45,100
know. 
You wonder about the people who 

1016
00:55:45,100 --> 00:55:48,408
made those tools what their 
lives were like, and what they 

1017
00:55:48,416 --> 00:55:52,000
thought about the same mountains
and Creeks, ethical weight of 

1018
00:55:52,000 --> 00:55:55,600
settlements sits uncomfortably. 
Sometimes, you didn't personally

1019
00:55:55,600 --> 00:55:59,500
Force anyone from this land, but
your benefiting from systems 

1020
00:55:59,500 --> 00:56:02,400
that did. 
You claim ownership of land that

1021
00:56:02,400 --> 00:56:06,000
nobody owned in the same way 
before settlers arrived with 

1022
00:56:06,000 --> 00:56:07,900
concepts of property and 
boundaries. 

1023
00:56:08,700 --> 00:56:11,100
The frontier offers 
opportunities you couldn't find 

1024
00:56:11,100 --> 00:56:14,000
back East but those 
opportunities came at someone 

1025
00:56:14,008 --> 00:56:17,300
else's cost. 
You wonder about Legacy what 

1026
00:56:17,300 --> 00:56:20,800
you're building and who it's for
some settlers have children 

1027
00:56:20,800 --> 00:56:24,600
raising families in remote 
cabins, creating the next 

1028
00:56:24,600 --> 00:56:28,200
generation of Frontier people. 
You watch those children grow up

1029
00:56:28,200 --> 00:56:31,700
knowing no other life. 
Comfortable with isolation and 

1030
00:56:31,700 --> 00:56:34,400
hard work in ways that seem 
almost alarming. 

1031
00:56:35,300 --> 00:56:37,600
They'll never understand City 
life, the way you do. 

1032
00:56:37,600 --> 00:56:42,400
Having been born into this, vast
empty challenging place, other 

1033
00:56:42,400 --> 00:56:45,700
settlers are building in Hope of
profit planning to improve their

1034
00:56:45,700 --> 00:56:48,400
claims, and eventually sell to 
newcomers willing to pay for 

1035
00:56:48,400 --> 00:56:52,000
established Farms. 
The Frontiers investment as much

1036
00:56:52,000 --> 00:56:54,800
as home for them. 
They calculate their efforts and

1037
00:56:54,800 --> 00:56:58,200
terms of future value working 
toward the day they can leave 

1038
00:56:58,200 --> 00:57:02,300
with money in their pocket and 
some settlers if you're honest a

1039
00:57:02,300 --> 00:57:07,200
simply hiding Running from 
debts, from family, from past, 

1040
00:57:07,200 --> 00:57:09,700
mistakes from lives. 
That didn't work out. 

1041
00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:12,400
Frontier doesn't ask many 
questions. 

1042
00:57:12,400 --> 00:57:16,600
It provides distance and 
anonymity and the chance to 

1043
00:57:16,600 --> 00:57:20,600
become someone new. you've met 
men who won't discuss their past

1044
00:57:20,600 --> 00:57:24,100
and women who've clearly left 
something painful behind You 

1045
00:57:24,100 --> 00:57:27,100
don't press for details because 
you appreciate that the frontier

1046
00:57:27,100 --> 00:57:30,700
allows reinvention your own 
reasons for being here are 

1047
00:57:30,700 --> 00:57:33,000
complicated, you wanted land. 
Yes. 

1048
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:35,800
You wanted opportunity and 
Independence. 

1049
00:57:35,800 --> 00:57:39,500
We wanted to build something 
that was entirely yours shaped 

1050
00:57:39,500 --> 00:57:41,100
by your own decisions and 
efforts. 

1051
00:57:42,200 --> 00:57:45,000
But you also wanted distance 
from the life, you left behind 

1052
00:57:45,000 --> 00:57:49,000
from expectations that didn't 
fit from a future that felt 

1053
00:57:49,000 --> 00:57:51,600
predetermined. 
And from the sense that you were

1054
00:57:51,600 --> 00:57:53,700
living, someone else's plan out 
here. 

1055
00:57:53,700 --> 00:57:57,500
Every decision is yours. 
Every success is yours. 

1056
00:57:57,500 --> 00:58:02,300
Every failure is definitely 
undeniably yours, it's 

1057
00:58:02,300 --> 00:58:04,600
terrifying and liberating and 
equal measure. 

1058
00:58:05,300 --> 00:58:08,700
You can't blame circumstances or
other people or bad luck when 

1059
00:58:08,700 --> 00:58:11,800
things go wrong, but you also 
can't share credit when things 

1060
00:58:11,800 --> 00:58:14,900
go, right? 
The responsibility is absolute 

1061
00:58:14,900 --> 00:58:17,100
the skills. 
You've learned over these years 

1062
00:58:17,100 --> 00:58:21,100
of changed you in fundamental 
ways your harder than you were 

1063
00:58:21,100 --> 00:58:25,100
not emotionally, but physically.
your hands are permanently 

1064
00:58:25,100 --> 00:58:29,000
calloused, your muscles adapted 
to constantly labor and your 

1065
00:58:29,000 --> 00:58:33,300
body accustomed to whether 
extreme You can work all day in 

1066
00:58:33,300 --> 00:58:35,200
conditions that would have 
defeated you years ago. 

1067
00:58:36,000 --> 00:58:38,400
You've developed endurance. 
You didn't know was possible. 

1068
00:58:38,400 --> 00:58:41,800
You're also more patient and 
more impatient simultaneously 

1069
00:58:41,800 --> 00:58:44,700
patient with processes that 
can't be rushed. 

1070
00:58:44,700 --> 00:58:49,100
Crops growing wood seasoning. 
Winter, Passing impatient with 

1071
00:58:49,100 --> 00:58:53,500
inefficiency with wasted effort 
with anything that doesn't serve

1072
00:58:53,500 --> 00:58:56,400
a clear purpose. 
You've learned to identify what 

1073
00:58:56,400 --> 00:58:57,900
matters and ignore, what 
doesn't? 

1074
00:58:58,900 --> 00:59:02,100
The frontier strips away 
pretense leaving only function. 

1075
00:59:02,100 --> 00:59:05,600
You've become comfortable with 
discomfort which sounds 

1076
00:59:05,600 --> 00:59:09,400
contradictory but isn't You're 
not happy about cold hands or 

1077
00:59:09,400 --> 00:59:13,500
sore muscles or monotonous food.
But you accept these as normal 

1078
00:59:13,500 --> 00:59:15,900
rather than problems are 
requiring Solutions. 

1079
00:59:16,800 --> 00:59:18,900
Discomfort is just part of the 
deal. 

1080
00:59:18,900 --> 00:59:23,200
You work through it live with it
and stop wasting energy 

1081
00:59:23,200 --> 00:59:25,200
complaining about things. 
You can't change. 

1082
00:59:25,200 --> 00:59:28,900
Most surprisingly, you've 
learned to find satisfaction in 

1083
00:59:28,900 --> 00:59:32,900
small, accomplishments a cabin. 
That doesn't leak a garden. 

1084
00:59:32,900 --> 00:59:37,500
That produces food a winter 
survived, a cow, that doesn't 

1085
00:59:37,500 --> 00:59:39,800
die. 
These aren't movements. 

1086
00:59:39,800 --> 00:59:42,600
Anyone would celebrate back East
but out here, they represent 

1087
00:59:42,600 --> 00:59:45,700
genuine success. 
You've learned to measure 

1088
00:59:45,700 --> 00:59:49,800
progress and practical terms to 
take pride in function over form

1089
00:59:49,800 --> 00:59:52,700
and to appreciate competence 
more than Elegance. 

1090
00:59:52,700 --> 00:59:56,600
The frontier doesn't make you a 
better person necessarily but it

1091
00:59:56,600 --> 01:00:00,000
makes you a more capable one. 
You can do things now that you 

1092
01:00:00,000 --> 01:00:03,800
couldn't do before. 
Build shelter, find food, create

1093
01:00:03,800 --> 01:00:07,200
tools, and survive Seasons, that
would have killed you without 

1094
01:00:07,200 --> 01:00:10,400
preparation. 
These skills won't help you in a

1095
01:00:10,400 --> 01:00:12,600
city. 
They won't impress anyone at 

1096
01:00:12,600 --> 01:00:15,100
dinner party. 
But they'll keep you alive out 

1097
01:00:15,100 --> 01:00:18,700
here and sometimes that's the 
only measure that matters. 

1098
01:00:18,700 --> 01:00:22,500
You think about the generations 
that will follow assuming people

1099
01:00:22,500 --> 01:00:25,700
keep coming West. 
Will they remember how hard the 

1100
01:00:25,700 --> 01:00:28,700
early years were? 
Will they appreciate the skills 

1101
01:00:28,700 --> 01:00:32,200
that made survival possible? 
Will those skills Fade Into 

1102
01:00:32,200 --> 01:00:35,000
history? 
Replace by easier methods better

1103
01:00:35,000 --> 01:00:38,700
tools and systems that eliminate
the need for self-sufficiently. 

1104
01:00:38,700 --> 01:00:41,900
You like, to imagine your great 
grandchildren, visiting this 

1105
01:00:41,900 --> 01:00:45,700
land someday standing, where 
your cabin, stood trying to 

1106
01:00:45,708 --> 01:00:48,700
picture, what life was like, 
when everything had to be built 

1107
01:00:48,700 --> 01:00:51,200
from nothing. 
You hope they'll understand the 

1108
01:00:51,200 --> 01:00:51,800
work. 
It took. 

1109
01:00:51,800 --> 01:00:54,100
You hope they'll appreciate the 
knowledge. 

1110
01:00:54,100 --> 01:00:56,900
That was earned through cold 
Winters and Hungry Springs and 

1111
01:00:56,900 --> 01:01:00,300
mistakes that taught harsh 
lessons, that mostly you hope 

1112
01:01:00,300 --> 01:01:03,700
they'll never need these skills.
You hope the frontier becomes 

1113
01:01:03,700 --> 01:01:07,300
settled civilized and easier. 
You hope they'll have stores and

1114
01:01:07,300 --> 01:01:10,200
Roads and neighbors close enough
to talk to without planning a 

1115
01:01:10,200 --> 01:01:13,000
half-day trip. 
You hope they'll take hot water 

1116
01:01:13,000 --> 01:01:17,100
and warm houses and reliable 
food for granted never knowing 

1117
01:01:17,100 --> 01:01:20,000
what it's like to wonder. 
If you've cut enough firewood or

1118
01:01:20,000 --> 01:01:22,800
stored enough potatoes or 
prepared adequately for the 

1119
01:01:22,800 --> 01:01:25,600
season ahead, because that's 
what you're building out here. 

1120
01:01:25,600 --> 01:01:29,000
Really not just a cabin or a 
clay or a farm. 

1121
01:01:29,000 --> 01:01:32,400
You're building a foundation for
a future that's less harsh than 

1122
01:01:32,400 --> 01:01:35,100
your present. 
You're doing the hard work so 

1123
01:01:35,100 --> 01:01:39,000
that someday, maybe Generations 
from now, someone can live on 

1124
01:01:39,000 --> 01:01:41,700
this land without needing to 
know which trees Mark 

1125
01:01:41,700 --> 01:01:45,000
underground streams or how to 
weave a basket or what. 

1126
01:01:45,000 --> 01:01:48,100
It feels like to go hungry and 
March because winter lasted too 

1127
01:01:48,100 --> 01:01:49,800
long. 
The Sun is setting. 

1128
01:01:49,800 --> 01:01:52,900
Now dropping by the mountains in
that dramatic way. 

1129
01:01:52,900 --> 01:01:56,300
It does out here. 
Painting the sky and colors that

1130
01:01:56,300 --> 01:01:58,400
still surprised you even after 
all this time. 

1131
01:01:59,300 --> 01:02:02,100
You stand outside your cabin 
looking across the land. 

1132
01:02:02,100 --> 01:02:05,400
You've claimed and worked and 
learned to read the evening 

1133
01:02:05,400 --> 01:02:07,800
areas. 
Cool, but not Cold Spring is 

1134
01:02:07,800 --> 01:02:09,700
firmly established summer as 
coming. 

1135
01:02:09,700 --> 01:02:11,600
You've got seeds to plant 
tomorrow. 

1136
01:02:11,600 --> 01:02:16,300
Inside the cabin, the fire burn 
steadily smoke rising from the 

1137
01:02:16,300 --> 01:02:20,500
chimney into the purple sky. 
Your wood stack is rebuilt after

1138
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:23,200
Winter's depletion standing 
ready for next. 

1139
01:02:23,200 --> 01:02:27,100
Year's cold, your garden is 
plowed and ready for planting 

1140
01:02:27,100 --> 01:02:30,200
the soil turned and waiting for 
seeds. 

1141
01:02:30,200 --> 01:02:34,400
Your tools are sharp and 
maintained hanging on their 

1142
01:02:34,400 --> 01:02:38,200
designated hooks. 
You're prepared or as prepared 

1143
01:02:38,200 --> 01:02:40,500
as anyone can be for whatever 
comes next. 

1144
01:02:41,200 --> 01:02:44,100
The frontier is still vast and 
challenging and occasionally 

1145
01:02:44,100 --> 01:02:46,300
hostile. 
But it's also home. 

1146
01:02:46,300 --> 01:02:48,700
Now in ways you couldn't have 
predicted when you first 

1147
01:02:48,700 --> 01:02:50,900
arrived. 
You've learned its language 

1148
01:02:50,900 --> 01:02:54,400
earned your place in its 
landscape and survived its 

1149
01:02:54,400 --> 01:02:56,700
tests. 
The skills you've developed 

1150
01:02:56,700 --> 01:02:58,600
aren't just techniques for 
Staying Alive. 

1151
01:02:58,600 --> 01:03:03,200
There are way of seeing the 
world of finding Solutions of 

1152
01:03:03,200 --> 01:03:05,900
building something meaningful, 
from raw materials and 

1153
01:03:05,900 --> 01:03:09,500
determination you head inside, 
as Darkness settles over the 

1154
01:03:09,500 --> 01:03:12,100
land secure in the knowledge 
that you're ready for another 

1155
01:03:12,100 --> 01:03:15,900
cycle of seasons. 
Tomorrow will bring work as 

1156
01:03:15,900 --> 01:03:16,600
every day. 
Does. 

1157
01:03:17,600 --> 01:03:22,100
But tonight, your warm and fed 
and adequately, supplied, your 

1158
01:03:22,100 --> 01:03:26,500
cabins down solid around you, 
each log in Shake representing 

1159
01:03:26,500 --> 01:03:28,500
work, you can completed with 
your own hands. 

1160
01:03:28,500 --> 01:03:31,400
Your fire burns bright in the 
half. 

1161
01:03:31,400 --> 01:03:33,700
Casting warm light across 
floors. 

1162
01:03:33,700 --> 01:03:39,300
You've walked 10,000 times. 
And somewhere in the distance, a

1163
01:03:39,300 --> 01:03:43,300
coyote calls into the night, its
voice carrying across miles of 

1164
01:03:43,300 --> 01:03:47,800
open country that just slowly 
carefully learning to call your 

1165
01:03:47,800 --> 01:03:51,800
own, the quiet Frontiers taught 
you, well, and you're finally 

1166
01:03:51,800 --> 01:03:59,500
learning to listen. 
Before there were goddesses that

1167
01:03:59,500 --> 01:04:01,900
transformed people into spiders 
because they were better. 

1168
01:04:01,900 --> 01:04:05,500
Weavers, or gods that through 
lightning bolts, there was just 

1169
01:04:05,500 --> 01:04:07,900
chaos. 
Not the kind of chaos you get 

1170
01:04:07,900 --> 01:04:10,600
when your internet goes down 
during a crucial video call, but

1171
01:04:10,600 --> 01:04:14,000
real primordial emptiness, you 
can see why the ancient Greek 

1172
01:04:14,000 --> 01:04:16,100
simply Shrugged and referred to 
it as chaos. 

1173
01:04:16,100 --> 01:04:19,400
If you try to explain what 
existed before existence itself,

1174
01:04:19,400 --> 01:04:22,400
the first beings appeared from 
this Cosmic super of 

1175
01:04:22,400 --> 01:04:25,300
nothingness, Eros, the force of 
attraction. 

1176
01:04:25,300 --> 01:04:27,700
That would later cause more 
trouble than a dating app. 

1177
01:04:27,700 --> 01:04:31,200
Algorithm gone awry. 
Tartarus, the deepest darkest 

1178
01:04:31,200 --> 01:04:34,700
pit, you can imagine think of 
your basement, but in infinitely

1179
01:04:34,700 --> 01:04:38,300
worse, and with more screaming 
and Gaia who was essentially 

1180
01:04:38,300 --> 01:04:40,300
Mother Earth before. 
Environmental awareness was 

1181
01:04:40,300 --> 01:04:44,000
fashionable. 
Being the productive type Gaia 

1182
01:04:44,000 --> 01:04:46,500
decided that life was boring on 
its own and made the sky. 

1183
01:04:46,500 --> 01:04:50,500
Uranus in ancient Greece, 
family, trees, resembled family,

1184
01:04:50,500 --> 01:04:53,400
wreaths and everything was 
connected in awkward ways. 

1185
01:04:53,400 --> 01:04:56,200
You might think that having your
mother create your husband 

1186
01:04:56,200 --> 01:04:59,000
sounds like the start of serious
therapy sessions. 

1187
01:04:59,000 --> 01:05:02,800
The fact that Uranus and Gaia 
had children together should 

1188
01:05:02,800 --> 01:05:05,300
have been the first clue. 
That something was amiss in the 

1189
01:05:05,308 --> 01:05:07,800
family. 
Dynamic among their descendants 

1190
01:05:07,800 --> 01:05:11,200
with the Titans giant creatures.
That were essentially the first 

1191
01:05:11,200 --> 01:05:15,000
draft of godhood strong, 
unkillable, and devoid of all 

1192
01:05:15,000 --> 01:05:18,700
sense of proportion or 
self-control consider them Gods,

1193
01:05:18,700 --> 01:05:22,000
who have never been trained in 
customer, service Cronus, who 

1194
01:05:22,000 --> 01:05:25,100
would have been a perfect fit at
any corporate takeover was one 

1195
01:05:25,100 --> 01:05:27,600
of these Titans after observing 
his father. 

1196
01:05:27,600 --> 01:05:31,700
Uranus concluded that committing
patricide, was a great way to 

1197
01:05:31,700 --> 01:05:34,700
advance his career. 
Kronos castrated his father and 

1198
01:05:34,700 --> 01:05:37,500
tossed the parts in to the Sea. 
Using a scythe that is 

1199
01:05:37,500 --> 01:05:39,100
supportive mother Gaia had given
him. 

1200
01:05:39,108 --> 01:05:42,100
The fact that this act gave 
birth to the Goddess of love, 

1201
01:05:42,100 --> 01:05:45,300
Aphrodite tells you all, you 
need to know about the Greeks 

1202
01:05:45,300 --> 01:05:48,700
perception of romance, lovely, 
but with a history, you probably

1203
01:05:48,700 --> 01:05:52,200
don't want to delve too deeply 
into since Uranus was no longer 

1204
01:05:52,200 --> 01:05:54,100
involved. 
Cronus assumed control of the 

1205
01:05:54,108 --> 01:05:56,700
universe. 
Where does sister Rhea again? 

1206
01:05:56,700 --> 01:05:59,800
The dynamic of ancient Greek. 
Families were complex and began 

1207
01:05:59,800 --> 01:06:01,600
what ought to have been a 
peaceful rain. 

1208
01:06:01,600 --> 01:06:05,300
But Chronos had heard a prophecy
that like his father, he would 

1209
01:06:05,300 --> 01:06:06,900
be overthrown by one of his 
children. 

1210
01:06:08,100 --> 01:06:10,700
Being a pragmatic person. 
Cronus came up with a 

1211
01:06:10,700 --> 01:06:14,800
straightforward idea of eating 
each newborn right away at this 

1212
01:06:14,800 --> 01:06:17,100
point, the narrative takes a 
turn that makes even the most 

1213
01:06:17,100 --> 01:06:20,300
dysfunctional holiday. 
Dinners seem like fun as real. 

1214
01:06:20,300 --> 01:06:22,600
Watched Cronus gobble up. 
Their first five children like 

1215
01:06:22,600 --> 01:06:24,600
some kind of immortal baby 
eating monster. 

1216
01:06:24,600 --> 01:06:28,000
She was understandably upset 
about her husband's unusual 

1217
01:06:28,000 --> 01:06:31,300
approach to childcare Rhea had 
finally had enough of this 

1218
01:06:31,300 --> 01:06:34,200
particular parenting approach 
when Zeus their sixth child was 

1219
01:06:34,200 --> 01:06:37,600
born Rhea wrapped a stone in 
swaddling cloths and offered it 

1220
01:06:37,600 --> 01:06:41,800
to Cronus instead of baby Zeus 
who was presumably to e-girl two

1221
01:06:41,800 --> 01:06:45,100
naive to notice the difference 
rear spirited the real Zeus away

1222
01:06:45,100 --> 01:06:47,900
to be raised in secret by goats 
and nymphs on the island of 

1223
01:06:47,900 --> 01:06:50,800
Crete. 
Which explains much about Zeus's

1224
01:06:50,800 --> 01:06:54,300
later personality, while Cronus 
swallowed, the rock with his 

1225
01:06:54,300 --> 01:06:56,400
usual Zeal. 
Imagine Zeus. 

1226
01:06:56,400 --> 01:06:59,300
As a teenager growing up on a 
Mediterranean island surrounded 

1227
01:06:59,300 --> 01:07:01,900
by goats. 
Discovering that he was destined

1228
01:07:01,900 --> 01:07:05,200
to defeat his cannibalistic 
father and free his siblings 

1229
01:07:05,200 --> 01:07:08,300
from their unusual prison. 
This type of origin story would 

1230
01:07:08,300 --> 01:07:11,200
make superhero comics seam 
uninteresting and it certainly 

1231
01:07:11,200 --> 01:07:13,900
clarified, why Zeus never 
acquired what one could refer to

1232
01:07:13,900 --> 01:07:17,000
as typical social skills with 
the help of metis. 

1233
01:07:17,000 --> 01:07:20,900
A titaness, whose name means 
cunning intelligence and who 

1234
01:07:20,900 --> 01:07:24,300
would go on to become Zeus's 
first wife, Zeus returned to 

1235
01:07:24,308 --> 01:07:27,600
confront Chronos after he'd 
reached adulthood Cronus became 

1236
01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:30,800
so sick from the emetic that 
metis made him throw up, Zeus's 

1237
01:07:30,800 --> 01:07:33,400
five siblings in the opposite 
order that they were consumed. 

1238
01:07:33,400 --> 01:07:36,400
Just think of how awkward it 
would be, to be reintroduced to 

1239
01:07:36,400 --> 01:07:39,100
siblings who had lived their 
entire lives in their father's 

1240
01:07:39,100 --> 01:07:42,100
stomach beside him. 
The god of the seas, who had 

1241
01:07:42,100 --> 01:07:44,300
apparently developed, a 
permanent case of motion, 

1242
01:07:44,300 --> 01:07:48,600
sickness from his time, in 
chronosis stomach, Hades, the 

1243
01:07:48,600 --> 01:07:51,400
underworld's destined ruler. 
Who was already displaying signs

1244
01:07:51,400 --> 01:07:53,000
of preferring Solitude to 
family? 

1245
01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:56,700
Gatherings Hera who had become 
Zeus's wife and regret it for 

1246
01:07:56,700 --> 01:08:00,200
all eternity. 
Demeter, the Future goddess of 

1247
01:08:00,200 --> 01:08:02,200
agriculture. 
And the only one who appeared to

1248
01:08:02,200 --> 01:08:05,200
have come out of the experience 
with any sense of nurturing and 

1249
01:08:05,200 --> 01:08:09,000
Hestia the goddess of the half, 
who looked at her family and 

1250
01:08:09,000 --> 01:08:11,900
decided that staying by the fire
was far more important than 

1251
01:08:11,900 --> 01:08:15,800
participating in their drama. 
The titanomachy a 10 year war 

1252
01:08:15,800 --> 01:08:18,600
between the Titans and the 
Olympians followed making 

1253
01:08:18,600 --> 01:08:21,300
contemporary conflicts seemed 
like parking lot, quarrels. 

1254
01:08:21,300 --> 01:08:24,899
Prometheus, who was reportedly. 
The only Titan with anything 

1255
01:08:24,899 --> 01:08:28,500
approaching foresight, literally
what his name meant and other 

1256
01:08:28,500 --> 01:08:31,100
Titans who were fed up with 
chronosis management style 

1257
01:08:31,100 --> 01:08:34,700
formed an alliance with Zeus and
his siblings, natural disasters,

1258
01:08:34,700 --> 01:08:37,700
would seem like minor annoyances
compared to the devastation 

1259
01:08:37,700 --> 01:08:40,100
caused by the war that raged 
across the Earth and Heaven. 

1260
01:08:41,000 --> 01:08:45,300
Oceans, boiled mountains were 
flung like softballs and reality

1261
01:08:45,300 --> 01:08:46,800
itself was strained to its 
limit. 

1262
01:08:46,800 --> 01:08:49,700
Zeus learned that he had 
inherited the ability to control

1263
01:08:49,700 --> 01:08:53,300
lightning and thunder, which 
made him extremely effective in 

1264
01:08:53,300 --> 01:08:55,100
combat. 
But for the rest of Eternity, 

1265
01:08:55,100 --> 01:08:58,700
utterly awful at having 
conversations indoors, the 

1266
01:08:58,700 --> 01:09:01,600
cyclopes were, eventually 
released from Tartarus, where 

1267
01:09:01,600 --> 01:09:05,000
Cronus had imprisoned them, due 
to their differences by Zeus as 

1268
01:09:05,000 --> 01:09:08,500
a token of appreciation, he's 
one-eyed Smith's created Hades 

1269
01:09:08,500 --> 01:09:12,200
helmet of invisibility 
Poseidon's trident and Zeus's. 

1270
01:09:12,200 --> 01:09:15,399
Well, known Thunderbolts. 
It was like getting the ultimate

1271
01:09:15,399 --> 01:09:18,200
package of divine weapons with 
eternal warranties. 

1272
01:09:18,200 --> 01:09:21,500
Zeus, release of the 100 handed,
ones being so strong and 

1273
01:09:21,500 --> 01:09:24,700
terrifying that even Cronus had 
been terrified of the marked. 

1274
01:09:24,700 --> 01:09:26,899
A turning point. 
The Titans were ultimately 

1275
01:09:26,899 --> 01:09:30,100
vanquished by the Olympians with
the help of these allies and 

1276
01:09:30,100 --> 01:09:32,800
they were banished to Tartarus 
where they would live forever 

1277
01:09:32,800 --> 01:09:35,600
thinking about the consequences 
of choosing the wrong side. 

1278
01:09:35,600 --> 01:09:39,200
In a family conflict, the three 
brother Gods, split the universe

1279
01:09:39,200 --> 01:09:41,500
like Partners dividing a 
business, After winning the 

1280
01:09:41,500 --> 01:09:43,500
battle. 
With all the wisdom and 

1281
01:09:43,500 --> 01:09:46,300
self-control of a child who had 
never learned to share toys, 

1282
01:09:46,300 --> 01:09:50,200
Zeus took the sky and assumed 
the role of King of the Gods. 

1283
01:09:50,200 --> 01:09:53,500
Because the Seas were large, 
strong, and prone to abrupt 

1284
01:09:53,500 --> 01:09:54,400
violence. 
Storms. 

1285
01:09:54,400 --> 01:09:57,900
Deciding them, which was a 
perfect fit for his temperament 

1286
01:09:57,900 --> 01:10:00,000
although his brother's initially
believed. 

1287
01:10:00,000 --> 01:10:02,800
They had gotten a better deal. 
Hades would demonstrate that he 

1288
01:10:02,800 --> 01:10:05,400
was arguably the most powerful 
of the three because he can 

1289
01:10:05,400 --> 01:10:09,500
control both death and wealth. 
Hades drew the underworld 

1290
01:10:09,500 --> 01:10:12,500
useless siblings needed a 
headquarters worthy of their 

1291
01:10:12,500 --> 01:10:16,000
Newfound position as Universe 
rulers after they defeated their

1292
01:10:16,000 --> 01:10:17,500
father and won the cosmic 
Lottery. 

1293
01:10:17,500 --> 01:10:21,400
They picked Mount Olympus 
Greece's highest peak in part 

1294
01:10:21,400 --> 01:10:24,000
because of the breathtaking 
views and in part because it was

1295
01:10:24,008 --> 01:10:27,100
close enough to humans to meddle
in human Affairs, whenever they 

1296
01:10:27,100 --> 01:10:29,700
felt bored. 
But far enough away to preserve 

1297
01:10:29,700 --> 01:10:33,200
a sense of mystery with its 
Golden Palaces and brochure 

1298
01:10:33,200 --> 01:10:36,900
Gardens, and overall sense of 
divine superiority Mount Olympus

1299
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:39,900
developed into the first gated 
community in the ancient world. 

1300
01:10:39,900 --> 01:10:42,700
While the other gods set up 
their own Realms within this 

1301
01:10:42,700 --> 01:10:45,900
Celestial neighborhood. 
Zeus hired the cyclopes to 

1302
01:10:45,900 --> 01:10:48,700
construct him, a throne room 
that would make any Earthly 

1303
01:10:48,700 --> 01:10:51,600
Palace appear like a garden 
shed, a family tree that would 

1304
01:10:51,600 --> 01:10:55,300
make any genealogist question. 
Their sanity was represented by 

1305
01:10:55,300 --> 01:10:57,900
the 12th and gods who would 
govern from this mountain 

1306
01:10:57,900 --> 01:11:00,900
Paradise Seuss had never met a 
Divine being. 

1307
01:11:00,900 --> 01:11:04,000
He didn't want to have children 
with regardless of whether he 

1308
01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:05,500
was married to someone else at 
the time. 

1309
01:11:05,500 --> 01:11:09,400
So the pantheon grew to include 
some of Children, in addition to

1310
01:11:09,400 --> 01:11:13,300
the original six siblings, Zeus,
and the tightness Leto, had twin

1311
01:11:13,300 --> 01:11:16,300
children Apollo and Artemis who 
introduced hunting. 

1312
01:11:16,300 --> 01:11:19,900
Archery, poetry and music to the
Divine family Apollo was the 

1313
01:11:19,908 --> 01:11:23,200
first Triple Threat performer in
the ancient world, becoming the 

1314
01:11:23,200 --> 01:11:26,500
god of the sun music and 
prophecy as the goddess of the 

1315
01:11:26,508 --> 01:11:28,300
hunt. 
And the moon Artemis made the 

1316
01:11:28,300 --> 01:11:30,100
decision to remain eternally 
virgin. 

1317
01:11:30,100 --> 01:11:33,400
So, she avoided her relatives 
Drama by spending most family, 

1318
01:11:33,400 --> 01:11:36,000
get togethers in the woods after
Zeus swallowed. 

1319
01:11:36,000 --> 01:11:39,100
Her pregnant mother metis to 
stop a prophecy that is 

1320
01:11:39,100 --> 01:11:42,300
children, would overthrow him 
Athena grew fully from his head 

1321
01:11:42,300 --> 01:11:45,800
armed and prepared for battle. 
Everyone seemed to be unaware of

1322
01:11:45,800 --> 01:11:48,500
the irony that Zeus was now 
adopting his father's child, 

1323
01:11:48,500 --> 01:11:50,900
eating tactic will be in a 
different way. 

1324
01:11:50,900 --> 01:11:53,200
Being born from your father's 
skull. 

1325
01:11:53,200 --> 01:11:55,800
After 8:00, your mother did not 
prevent you from becoming one of

1326
01:11:55,808 --> 01:11:59,100
the most revered Gods as Athena 
went on, to become a goddess of 

1327
01:11:59,100 --> 01:12:01,500
wisdom and war after Cronus 
castrated. 

1328
01:12:01,500 --> 01:12:05,500
Uranus Aphrodite emerged from 
the Sea Foam, bringing Beauty 

1329
01:12:05,500 --> 01:12:08,200
and love to Olympus and more 
relationship drama. 

1330
01:12:08,200 --> 01:12:11,100
Than a soap opera during the 
day, she had a knack for making 

1331
01:12:11,100 --> 01:12:12,600
everyone fall in love with the 
wrong. 

1332
01:12:12,600 --> 01:12:14,400
People at the worst possible 
times. 

1333
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:18,000
So her, very presence ensure 
that no Divine Gathering would 

1334
01:12:18,008 --> 01:12:22,300
be peaceful Zeus's, son with 
Hera Ari's became a God of War, 

1335
01:12:22,300 --> 01:12:25,600
but not the kind of war that 
Athena stood for one, that was 

1336
01:12:25,600 --> 01:12:29,900
strategic and Noble Rees, who is
basically the Divine counterpart

1337
01:12:29,900 --> 01:12:33,000
of that relative who turns every
family Barbecue into a political

1338
01:12:33,000 --> 01:12:37,000
argument was more interested in 
the violent, bloody and chaotic 

1339
01:12:37,000 --> 01:12:39,600
aspects of combat. 
It says something about his 

1340
01:12:39,600 --> 01:12:41,700
character that even his own 
parents didn't like him. 

1341
01:12:41,700 --> 01:12:45,400
Depending on your preferred 
version of the story of Feist 

1342
01:12:45,400 --> 01:12:47,800
us, the god of fire. 
And metalworking was either 

1343
01:12:47,800 --> 01:12:51,600
Heroes Son by himself or another
child of Zeus and Hera Hera 

1344
01:12:51,600 --> 01:12:54,100
through him off Mount Olympus 
and shame because he was so ugly

1345
01:12:54,100 --> 01:12:57,900
and had a serious disability 
from birth after surviving the 

1346
01:12:57,900 --> 01:13:00,300
fall and learning from seen him,
how to make things. 

1347
01:13:00,300 --> 01:13:03,700
A feisty has returned to Olympus
as the main maker of impossible 

1348
01:13:03,700 --> 01:13:06,700
things for the gods, his Forge 
evolved into the Heavenly 

1349
01:13:06,700 --> 01:13:10,000
equivalent of a posh custom. 
Shop crafting everything from 

1350
01:13:10,000 --> 01:13:13,100
Achilles armor to Zeus 
Thunderbolts anybody who had 

1351
01:13:13,100 --> 01:13:15,200
ever dealt with ancient 
Commerce, would understand why 

1352
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:18,900
Hermes Zeus's son with the nymph
Maya, became the messenger. 

1353
01:13:18,900 --> 01:13:22,100
God, the underworld's guide, and
the patron of Travelers, 

1354
01:13:22,100 --> 01:13:26,600
merchants and thieves, Hermes 
served, as the gods translator 

1355
01:13:26,600 --> 01:13:30,100
and Diplomat as well, which was 
extremely helpful in a household

1356
01:13:30,100 --> 01:13:33,100
where poor communication 
frequently resulted in plagues 

1357
01:13:33,100 --> 01:13:37,100
Wars and the transformation of 
humans into different plants and

1358
01:13:37,100 --> 01:13:39,900
animals because she was 
primarily concerned with 

1359
01:13:39,900 --> 01:13:42,800
providing food for Mortals 
rather than becoming embroiled 

1360
01:13:42,800 --> 01:13:45,700
in the power struggles and 
romantic entanglements, that 

1361
01:13:45,700 --> 01:13:49,400
consumed, her siblings, Demeter 
the goddess of agriculture and 

1362
01:13:49,400 --> 01:13:52,600
the Harvest remained. 
One of the more stable figures 

1363
01:13:52,600 --> 01:13:55,700
in the pantheon later when her 
daughter Persephone became the 

1364
01:13:55,700 --> 01:13:58,900
focus of the first kidnapping 
scandal in the Underworld, her 

1365
01:13:58,900 --> 01:14:01,500
major drama would unfold. 
You would think that the 

1366
01:14:01,500 --> 01:14:05,000
Olympians would have spent their
time as Sage kind Lords of the 

1367
01:14:05,000 --> 01:14:07,900
universe after they had taken up
residence in their new digs and 

1368
01:14:08,200 --> 01:14:10,100
Establish their various Divine 
portfolios. 

1369
01:14:10,100 --> 01:14:13,000
Rather they acted like a very 
strong hybrid of middle 

1370
01:14:13,000 --> 01:14:15,700
management. 
And reality TV stars, complete 

1371
01:14:15,700 --> 01:14:17,900
with the petty envious and bad 
decision-making. 

1372
01:14:17,900 --> 01:14:20,900
Traits that go along with that, 
with his views on marriage, 

1373
01:14:20,900 --> 01:14:24,000
loyalty and Leadership Zeus. 
The king of the Gods 

1374
01:14:24,000 --> 01:14:27,700
established, the standard for 
the entire Pantheon, Zeus, 

1375
01:14:27,700 --> 01:14:29,700
pursued, romantic relationships 
with Gods. 

1376
01:14:29,700 --> 01:14:33,300
Nymphs, and Mortals with the 
Seal of someone collecting rare 

1377
01:14:33,300 --> 01:14:36,500
stamps treating monogamy as more
of a suggestion than a 

1378
01:14:36,500 --> 01:14:39,800
commitment, even though he was 
married to Hero his inventive, 

1379
01:14:39,800 --> 01:14:42,500
methods of courtship involved 
changing into different animals,

1380
01:14:42,500 --> 01:14:45,300
natural phenomena, and inanimate
objects. 

1381
01:14:45,300 --> 01:14:48,600
Anything, it took to get past is
Target's common sense, or his 

1382
01:14:48,600 --> 01:14:52,300
wife's prying eyes for her part,
Hera handled her husband's 

1383
01:14:52,300 --> 01:14:55,200
adultery with the forbearance of
someone who had long since given

1384
01:14:55,200 --> 01:14:58,700
up on a traditional marriage and
determined that retaliation was 

1385
01:14:58,700 --> 01:15:00,200
more fulfilling than 
forgiveness. 

1386
01:15:00,200 --> 01:15:02,500
Zeus did control lightning after
all. 

1387
01:15:02,500 --> 01:15:05,400
So here are usually vented, her 
resentment on Zeus's lovers and 

1388
01:15:05,400 --> 01:15:07,800
their offspring rather than 
directly facing Zeus. 

1389
01:15:08,200 --> 01:15:11,300
With its imaginative, tortures 
impossible tasks and 

1390
01:15:11,300 --> 01:15:13,200
Transformations. 
That would make contemporary 

1391
01:15:13,200 --> 01:15:16,000
horror films. 
Seem mild a persecution of 

1392
01:15:16,000 --> 01:15:19,300
Zeus's Conquest became so 
methodical that it resembled A 

1393
01:15:19,300 --> 01:15:22,300
Small industry, the marriage of 
the couple turned into an 

1394
01:15:22,300 --> 01:15:24,900
example of how to fail at 
managing relationship issues. 

1395
01:15:25,800 --> 01:15:28,900
When Zeus had an affair here 
would discover it and punish 

1396
01:15:28,900 --> 01:15:31,900
everyone but Zeus. 
Zeus would then get upset about 

1397
01:15:31,908 --> 01:15:34,900
Harrah's meddling and the 
ensuing marital conflict would 

1398
01:15:34,900 --> 01:15:38,500
materialize as natural disasters
that would make life miserable 

1399
01:15:38,500 --> 01:15:42,400
for everyone on the planet 
frequently, earthquakes, floods,

1400
01:15:42,400 --> 01:15:46,700
droughts and plagues were merely
unintended consequences of the 

1401
01:15:46,700 --> 01:15:48,500
Divine couple resolving their 
problems. 

1402
01:15:49,500 --> 01:15:51,300
Meanwhile Poseidon, who 
governed. 

1403
01:15:51,300 --> 01:15:54,100
The Seas approached marriage 
with the same temperament that 

1404
01:15:54,100 --> 01:15:57,100
his brother did because Poseidon
was Notorious for taking 

1405
01:15:57,100 --> 01:16:00,600
personal offense at small 
slights, and expressing his ref 

1406
01:16:00,600 --> 01:16:04,300
through storms that could sink 
entire fleet, sea monster and 

1407
01:16:04,300 --> 01:16:07,900
tsunamis Sailors learned to make
offerings before every Voyage. 

1408
01:16:07,900 --> 01:16:11,800
Not, because they were deeply 
religious, he was the type of 

1409
01:16:11,800 --> 01:16:14,700
God who would destroy your ship,
because he didn't, like the way 

1410
01:16:14,700 --> 01:16:17,700
you treated him and then accuse 
you of not treating him with the

1411
01:16:17,708 --> 01:16:19,700
respect. 
He deserved with less 

1412
01:16:19,700 --> 01:16:22,100
shapeshifting and more 
involuntary conversion of his 

1413
01:16:22,100 --> 01:16:24,200
romantic interest into various 
sea creatures. 

1414
01:16:24,200 --> 01:16:28,300
The Sea Gods love life, was 
nearly as complicated as uses 

1415
01:16:28,300 --> 01:16:31,800
beside and reportedly thought 
that the ideal way to remember A

1416
01:16:31,800 --> 01:16:34,600
Love Affair was to transform his
ex-lover in to a species of fish

1417
01:16:34,600 --> 01:16:38,500
or a coral reef resulting in a 
Mediterranean teeming with 

1418
01:16:38,500 --> 01:16:42,000
aquatic creatures, with deeply 
personal history, as the lord of

1419
01:16:42,000 --> 01:16:45,000
the underworld Hades gained a 
reputation for being the most 

1420
01:16:45,000 --> 01:16:48,400
practical of the Three Brothers.
Presumably due to the fact that 

1421
01:16:48,400 --> 01:16:51,600
handling the Dead Called for 
more administrative expertise 

1422
01:16:51,600 --> 01:16:54,300
than artistic Flair with 
appropriate admissions. 

1423
01:16:54,300 --> 01:16:57,700
Procedures classification, 
schemes for various Soul types 

1424
01:16:57,700 --> 01:17:00,900
and explicit protocols for 
exceptional situations. 

1425
01:17:00,900 --> 01:17:04,900
The underworld functioned like a
well-run bureaucracy, Hades, 

1426
01:17:04,900 --> 01:17:07,400
avoided most of his family's 
drama and concentrated on the 

1427
01:17:07,400 --> 01:17:10,300
pragmatics of divine rule 
because he seldom left his 

1428
01:17:10,300 --> 01:17:13,000
domain. 
Even though they were twins 

1429
01:17:13,000 --> 01:17:15,800
Apollo and Artemis had quite 
different approaches to their 

1430
01:17:15,800 --> 01:17:19,200
Divine duties with the Zeal of a
performer who never encountered 

1431
01:17:19,200 --> 01:17:20,900
an audience, he didn't wish to 
Dazzle. 

1432
01:17:21,600 --> 01:17:25,300
Apollo embraced his role as the 
god of poetry music and the son 

1433
01:17:25,300 --> 01:17:29,600
he inspired poets created Music.
Contests and moved the sun 

1434
01:17:29,600 --> 01:17:32,700
across the sky every day with 
the punctuality of someone who 

1435
01:17:32,700 --> 01:17:34,500
knew that crops and plants 
relied on him. 

1436
01:17:34,500 --> 01:17:37,500
On the other hand, Artemis 
approached her responsibilities,

1437
01:17:37,500 --> 01:17:40,800
as the moon and Hunt goddess 
with the gravity of a wildlife 

1438
01:17:40,800 --> 01:17:43,200
preserve manager. 
She kept a pack of hunting 

1439
01:17:43,200 --> 01:17:46,200
hounds that could follow anyone 
over any terrain, demanded 

1440
01:17:46,200 --> 01:17:49,700
complete Chastity from her 
followers and dealt swiftly, and

1441
01:17:49,700 --> 01:17:52,900
often fatally with those who 
disobeyed her a successful hunt 

1442
01:17:52,900 --> 01:17:55,400
followed by an evening with her 
nymphs away from the 

1443
01:17:55,400 --> 01:17:59,100
complexities of Olympic family 
Dynamics, was her idea of a good

1444
01:17:59,108 --> 01:18:01,800
time with the methodical 
accuracy of a military 

1445
01:18:01,800 --> 01:18:04,000
strategist. 
And the intellectual curiosity 

1446
01:18:04,000 --> 01:18:07,500
of a scholar Athena approached 
her dual roles as goddess of 

1447
01:18:07,508 --> 01:18:10,300
wisdom and warfare after 
defeating Poseidon in a 

1448
01:18:10,308 --> 01:18:12,900
competition to determine who 
could give the city, the most 

1449
01:18:12,900 --> 01:18:15,600
useful gift. 
She was made the patron goddess 

1450
01:18:15,600 --> 01:18:18,100
of Athens. 
Athena offered an olive tree 

1451
01:18:18,100 --> 01:18:22,100
while preside in a saltwater, 
Spring by selecting the Tree the

1452
01:18:22,100 --> 01:18:25,200
Athenians showed that even in 
Antiquity people valued 

1453
01:18:25,200 --> 01:18:28,300
sustainable agriculture over 
ostentatious, but unworkable 

1454
01:18:28,300 --> 01:18:31,500
gestures examining. 
Aphrodite is distinct role in 

1455
01:18:31,500 --> 01:18:34,400
Divine chaos is essential to any
discussion of Olympic 

1456
01:18:34,400 --> 01:18:37,900
dysfunction, Aphrodite. 
The Goddess of beauty and love 

1457
01:18:37,900 --> 01:18:40,900
had the ability to make anyone 
fall in love with anyone else. 

1458
01:18:40,900 --> 01:18:44,500
Regardless of their existing 
relationships tastes or common 

1459
01:18:44,500 --> 01:18:47,500
sense, with all the Restraint of
someone who had been granted 

1460
01:18:47,500 --> 01:18:50,600
access to a nuclear reactor and 
told it was a new type of 

1461
01:18:50,600 --> 01:18:52,900
NightLight she used this 
ability. 

1462
01:18:54,200 --> 01:18:57,400
Aphrodite is own romantic life. 
So served as an example of the 

1463
01:18:57,400 --> 01:18:59,100
difficulties, her realm could 
bring about. 

1464
01:18:59,100 --> 01:19:02,700
She had an egregious affair with
Ares, the god of war, even 

1465
01:19:02,700 --> 01:19:05,500
though she was married to her, 
faceless the most loving, and 

1466
01:19:05,500 --> 01:19:08,300
loyal of the Gods. 
The Greeks were fascinated by 

1467
01:19:08,300 --> 01:19:10,500
The Cosmic irony. 
That resulted from the 

1468
01:19:10,500 --> 01:19:13,200
relationship between the God of 
War and the goddess of love. 

1469
01:19:13,900 --> 01:19:16,600
It seemed that the two were more
closely related than anyone 

1470
01:19:16,600 --> 01:19:17,400
wanted. 
To acknowledge. 

1471
01:19:17,400 --> 01:19:20,300
One of Olympus is biggest 
scandals arose from their 

1472
01:19:20,300 --> 01:19:22,600
Affair. 
When her fists leaving, his wife

1473
01:19:22,600 --> 01:19:26,600
was cheating, created an 
impenetrable invisible web After

1474
01:19:26,600 --> 01:19:29,500
putting it over his marital bed,
he declared that he would be 

1475
01:19:29,500 --> 01:19:31,300
gone for a few days. 
Believing. 

1476
01:19:31,300 --> 01:19:34,600
They had privacy after an Aries 
were caught in the act when the 

1477
01:19:34,600 --> 01:19:36,500
net and snare them in a 
precarious situation. 

1478
01:19:37,900 --> 01:19:40,900
The other gods were then invited
by Hephaestus to observe his 

1479
01:19:40,900 --> 01:19:43,800
wife's disloyalty. 
The goddess is remained at home 

1480
01:19:43,800 --> 01:19:46,600
in embarrassment. 
While the male Gods came to gaze

1481
01:19:46,600 --> 01:19:50,200
and chuckle the entire incident 
showed that even Divine beings 

1482
01:19:50,200 --> 01:19:53,100
could suffer public humiliation 
comparable to that of 

1483
01:19:53,100 --> 01:19:56,200
contemporary social media 
scandals, Greek mythologies, 

1484
01:19:56,200 --> 01:19:59,100
most well known tales of the 
result of Aphrodite meddling in 

1485
01:19:59,108 --> 01:20:03,100
Mortal Affairs, Aphrodite Paris 
of Troy with the love of Helen 

1486
01:20:03,100 --> 01:20:06,400
who was already married to 
Menelaus of Sparta starting the 

1487
01:20:06,400 --> 01:20:09,300
Trojan War, which claimed 
thousands of lives and 

1488
01:20:09,300 --> 01:20:11,000
destroyed. 
One of the greatest cities in 

1489
01:20:11,000 --> 01:20:14,600
Antiquity, paris's choice of 
Aphrodite is offer over here and

1490
01:20:14,600 --> 01:20:18,000
Athena's Alternatives set off a 
series of events that would 

1491
01:20:18,000 --> 01:20:21,400
change the ancient world and 
Inspire epic poetry for 

1492
01:20:21,400 --> 01:20:23,900
centuries to come. 
Additionally, the goddess was 

1493
01:20:23,900 --> 01:20:26,600
skilled at fabricating and 
probable romantic scenarios. 

1494
01:20:26,600 --> 01:20:30,200
She caused King Minos of Crete's
wife, pacifier to fall in love 

1495
01:20:30,200 --> 01:20:33,200
with a ball, which resulted in 
the creation of the Minotaur and

1496
01:20:33,200 --> 01:20:35,700
the requirement for a complex 
Labyrinth to keep the beast in. 

1497
01:20:35,700 --> 01:20:39,000
Check she made mirror fall in 
love with Her own father which 

1498
01:20:39,000 --> 01:20:41,800
led to a family Scandal that 
even the gods found awkward and 

1499
01:20:41,800 --> 01:20:44,900
the birth of Adonis, she 
inspired the sculptor Pig May 

1500
01:20:44,900 --> 01:20:47,500
alien to fall in love with his 
own statue, but in that 

1501
01:20:47,500 --> 01:20:50,800
instance, she felt sorry for him
and made the Statue come to life

1502
01:20:50,800 --> 01:20:53,400
as galatia. 
Aphrodite is approached to her 

1503
01:20:53,400 --> 01:20:55,900
Divine duties, was exemplified 
by these interventions. 

1504
01:20:56,800 --> 01:21:00,100
She felt that love was the most 
potent force in the universe and

1505
01:21:00,100 --> 01:21:01,700
that everyone should experience 
it. 

1506
01:21:01,700 --> 01:21:05,400
Regardless of whether they 
desired, it were prepared for it

1507
01:21:05,400 --> 01:21:09,600
or could bear its consequences. 
A gift of love was like getting 

1508
01:21:09,600 --> 01:21:13,800
a wild animal as a pet. 
Beautiful, thrilling and able to

1509
01:21:13,800 --> 01:21:16,300
ruin your entire life. 
If you don't treat it with the 

1510
01:21:16,300 --> 01:21:20,200
respect it deserves, Aphrodite 
is meddling in their Affairs, 

1511
01:21:20,200 --> 01:21:21,800
taught the other gods to be 
cautious. 

1512
01:21:21,800 --> 01:21:24,700
She was not above using her 
power to settle scores, or 

1513
01:21:24,700 --> 01:21:27,500
further her own agenda and she 
could make them fall in love 

1514
01:21:27,500 --> 01:21:30,700
with Mortals with each other, or
with totally inappropriate 

1515
01:21:30,700 --> 01:21:33,200
targets. 
The last things you needed was 

1516
01:21:33,200 --> 01:21:36,400
for hero to have Divine help. 
Complicate, his already complex,

1517
01:21:36,400 --> 01:21:38,900
love life. 
So even he was cautious, not to 

1518
01:21:38,900 --> 01:21:41,900
offend his daughter too much. 
Despite his own difficult 

1519
01:21:41,900 --> 01:21:45,200
relationship with Fidelity 
Hermes approached, godhood like 

1520
01:21:45,200 --> 01:21:48,600
someone attempting to construct 
the perfect resume or as his 

1521
01:21:48,600 --> 01:21:51,700
fellow Olympians focused on 
specific facets of divine 

1522
01:21:51,700 --> 01:21:55,000
responsibility, despite having 
more job titles than a 

1523
01:21:55,000 --> 01:21:58,400
contemporary startup CEO. 
Hermes was able to excel at all 

1524
01:21:58,400 --> 01:22:02,900
of them, messenger of the Gods 
Guide to the underworld, patron 

1525
01:22:02,900 --> 01:22:06,700
of merchants protector of 
Travelers, and divine sponsor of

1526
01:22:06,700 --> 01:22:10,800
Thieves Hermes, adaptability 
resulted from both necessity, 

1527
01:22:10,800 --> 01:22:14,600
and his personality being Zeus's
youngest son, he had to 

1528
01:22:14,600 --> 01:22:17,800
establish his own place in a 
Pantheon, or is older more. 

1529
01:22:18,200 --> 01:22:20,600
Established relatives had 
already claimed all the evident 

1530
01:22:20,600 --> 01:22:23,700
Divine portfolios being the god.
You called, when you needed 

1531
01:22:23,700 --> 01:22:27,200
something done, fast, quietly, 
or creatively was his answer to 

1532
01:22:27,200 --> 01:22:30,200
becoming indispensable to 
everyone, both Divine and 

1533
01:22:30,200 --> 01:22:33,800
Mortal, his position as a Divine
messenger, demanded diplomatic 

1534
01:22:33,800 --> 01:22:36,700
abilities that would stump 
experts and contemporary 

1535
01:22:36,700 --> 01:22:40,400
international relations, Hermes 
frequently, mediated truces in 

1536
01:22:40,408 --> 01:22:43,600
Wars where both sides viewed 
compromises, a sign of weakness 

1537
01:22:43,600 --> 01:22:46,700
delivered news that would have 
made recipients want to shoot 

1538
01:22:46,700 --> 01:22:50,600
the messenger except that he was
Immortal and Incredibly Swift. 

1539
01:22:50,600 --> 01:22:54,300
And carried messages between 
Gods who were actively 

1540
01:22:54,300 --> 01:22:57,000
attempting to kill one another. 
The sporting souls to the 

1541
01:22:57,000 --> 01:22:59,900
underworld was another of the 
messenger Gods responsibilities.

1542
01:22:59,900 --> 01:23:03,700
This task called for a special 
blend of efficiency and empathy 

1543
01:23:03,700 --> 01:23:07,100
without becoming overly invested
in each person's unique story, 

1544
01:23:07,100 --> 01:23:10,200
Hermes had to assist recently 
deceased Mortals in 

1545
01:23:10,200 --> 01:23:11,500
comprehending, their 
predicament. 

1546
01:23:11,500 --> 01:23:15,200
Now navigating the formalities 
of death and transporting them 

1547
01:23:15,200 --> 01:23:18,500
to their ultimate destinations 
with a path that Ended from 

1548
01:23:18,508 --> 01:23:20,500
Earth to the lowest reaches of 
Hades. 

1549
01:23:20,500 --> 01:23:24,400
It was similar to being a cosmic
social worker Hermes recognized 

1550
01:23:24,400 --> 01:23:27,100
that last knee and commerce were
frequently separated by little 

1551
01:23:27,100 --> 01:23:29,300
more than legal nuances, and 
clever marketing. 

1552
01:23:30,200 --> 01:23:33,700
Which is why he supported both 
thieves and Merchants the 

1553
01:23:33,700 --> 01:23:35,500
skills. 
Necessary for ancient trades 

1554
01:23:35,500 --> 01:23:38,900
such as the ability to quickly 
determine value, negotiate under

1555
01:23:38,900 --> 01:23:41,100
pressure and occasionally make 
quick exits. 

1556
01:23:41,100 --> 01:23:44,000
When deals went wrong were very 
similar to those needed for 

1557
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:46,600
theft though. 
He favored his Protege to 

1558
01:23:46,600 --> 01:23:49,300
concentrate on the former 
whenever feasible Herm is 

1559
01:23:49,300 --> 01:23:52,200
recognized, the entrepreneurial 
Spirit inherent in both legal 

1560
01:23:52,200 --> 01:23:56,100
business and creative theft 
since travel was risky uncertain

1561
01:23:56,100 --> 01:23:59,800
and necessary for survival. 
In those days, he was one of the

1562
01:23:59,800 --> 01:24:02,600
most widely worshiped gods in 
Antiquity for protecting 

1563
01:24:02,600 --> 01:24:04,900
Travelers prayers. 
To Hermes, could mean the 

1564
01:24:04,900 --> 01:24:08,000
difference between arriving at 
your destination and becoming a 

1565
01:24:08,008 --> 01:24:10,000
cautionary tale for future 
Travelers. 

1566
01:24:10,000 --> 01:24:14,000
His symbols, also indicated safe
logging and trusted Merchants. 

1567
01:24:14,000 --> 01:24:18,400
Hermes is roadside shrines 
marked, safe, places to rest the

1568
01:24:18,400 --> 01:24:20,900
gods creativity. 
Went beyond his work obligations

1569
01:24:20,900 --> 01:24:23,900
to include his Hobbies after 
transforming a tortoise shell 

1570
01:24:23,900 --> 01:24:27,600
into a musical instrument 
Hermes, created the liar, and 

1571
01:24:27,600 --> 01:24:30,600
gave it to Apollo in return for 
being acknowledged as the Find 

1572
01:24:30,600 --> 01:24:33,900
patron of animal husbandry, in 
addition, to creating the first 

1573
01:24:33,900 --> 01:24:36,900
alphabet, and the panpipes. 
He also set the rules for 

1574
01:24:36,900 --> 01:24:39,300
athletic competitions. 
Like someone who viewed 

1575
01:24:39,300 --> 01:24:42,000
immortality as a chance to 
become an expert in every 

1576
01:24:42,000 --> 01:24:45,200
possible skill and Pastime. 
His Creative Energy seemed 

1577
01:24:45,200 --> 01:24:48,700
Limitless because of his many 
roles that kept him busy and on 

1578
01:24:48,700 --> 01:24:51,600
the road as well, as the fact 
that he had mastered, the art of

1579
01:24:51,608 --> 01:24:55,100
remaining impartial in family 
disputes hermes' relationship. 

1580
01:24:55,100 --> 01:24:57,800
With his family was noticeably 
more harmonious than most 

1581
01:24:57,800 --> 01:25:00,400
Olympic relationships in 
general. 

1582
01:25:00,400 --> 01:25:03,100
He was the family member who 
could be relied upon, not to 

1583
01:25:03,100 --> 01:25:07,000
exacerbate already, existing 
issues mediated compromises that

1584
01:25:07,000 --> 01:25:10,400
allowed everyone to save face 
and conveyed messages between 

1585
01:25:10,400 --> 01:25:12,600
warring relatives without taking
sides. 

1586
01:25:12,600 --> 01:25:15,800
Perhaps because he was too busy 
to become deeply involved in the

1587
01:25:15,800 --> 01:25:18,300
kind of dramatic relationships 
that took up so much of his 

1588
01:25:18,300 --> 01:25:20,800
family's time. 
His romantic life was 

1589
01:25:20,800 --> 01:25:23,000
surprisingly simple. 
In comparison to theirs, 

1590
01:25:23,000 --> 01:25:25,900
although Hermes had 
relationships and Affairs, they 

1591
01:25:25,900 --> 01:25:29,000
were usually short-lived 
Pleasant and devoid of the 

1592
01:25:29,008 --> 01:25:31,700
curses. 
Metamorphoses and natural 

1593
01:25:31,700 --> 01:25:35,300
catastrophes, that marked other 
Divine romances, Demeter was 

1594
01:25:35,308 --> 01:25:38,000
arguably, the most useful and 
necessary of all the Olympic 

1595
01:25:38,000 --> 01:25:40,100
Gods. 
She governed whether people ate 

1596
01:25:40,100 --> 01:25:44,400
or starved where the crops 
thrived or whether civilization 

1597
01:25:44,400 --> 01:25:46,900
survived or fell apart due to 
famine as the goddess of 

1598
01:25:46,900 --> 01:25:50,200
agriculture, the Harvest and the
fertility of the earth. 

1599
01:25:50,200 --> 01:25:53,000
She was one of the more steady 
independable members of the 

1600
01:25:53,000 --> 01:25:55,900
pantheon because of her work, 
which required patience 

1601
01:25:55,900 --> 01:25:59,000
attention to detail and a 
thorough, understanding of 

1602
01:25:59,000 --> 01:26:01,400
natural cycles Demeter. 
Took her Heavenly 

1603
01:26:01,400 --> 01:26:04,500
responsibility. 
Seriously, as if she knew that 

1604
01:26:04,500 --> 01:26:08,200
her actions had a direct impact 
on millions of lives with the 

1605
01:26:08,200 --> 01:26:11,000
commitment of a scientist and 
the power of someone, who could 

1606
01:26:11,000 --> 01:26:14,300
personally modify these 
variables when needed, She kept 

1607
01:26:14,300 --> 01:26:17,600
an eye on plant disease's 
weather patterns and soil 

1608
01:26:17,600 --> 01:26:20,800
conditions because Demeter's 
mood could affect whether their 

1609
01:26:20,800 --> 01:26:24,000
family, survived the winter 
Farmers, learned to keep an eye 

1610
01:26:24,008 --> 01:26:27,500
out for indications of her favor
or disapproval, in contrast to 

1611
01:26:27,500 --> 01:26:30,500
some of her relatives who 
appeared to see humans mainly as

1612
01:26:30,500 --> 01:26:33,000
a movement. 
She had a generally positive 

1613
01:26:33,000 --> 01:26:36,000
relationship with Mortals 
Demeter established, the 

1614
01:26:36,000 --> 01:26:38,800
religious festivals that enabled
communities to commemorate 

1615
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:42,100
Bountiful harvests while 
preparing for the upcoming lean 

1616
01:26:42,100 --> 01:26:46,000
months to taught agriculture to 
early civilization and imparted 

1617
01:26:46,000 --> 01:26:48,600
the knowledge of bread making 
and food preservation. 

1618
01:26:48,600 --> 01:26:51,700
She was the type of goddess who 
genuinely wished for her 

1619
01:26:51,708 --> 01:26:54,600
followers to succeed and was 
prepared to put in the effort 

1620
01:26:54,600 --> 01:26:58,200
necessary to achieve that goal. 
The trauma of losing her 

1621
01:26:58,200 --> 01:27:00,200
daughter. 
Persephone was exacerbated by 

1622
01:27:00,200 --> 01:27:04,100
this pragmatic caring approach. 
The story started, when Hades 

1623
01:27:04,100 --> 01:27:06,800
decided he needed a wife because
he was lonely in his underworld 

1624
01:27:06,800 --> 01:27:09,600
Kingdom and sick of ruling over 
the dead alone. 

1625
01:27:09,600 --> 01:27:12,500
Hades, simply abducted, 
Persephone as she was gathering 

1626
01:27:12,500 --> 01:27:15,500
flowers in a meadow and dragged 
her down to his realm through a 

1627
01:27:15,500 --> 01:27:18,200
fissure in the ground. 
By passing the intricate 

1628
01:27:18,200 --> 01:27:20,000
courtship rights. 
That other gods had to go 

1629
01:27:20,008 --> 01:27:21,900
through when her daughter 
vanished. 

1630
01:27:21,900 --> 01:27:23,900
Demeter's response was prompt 
and decisive. 

1631
01:27:23,900 --> 01:27:28,000
She neglected, the crops the 
seasons, and the whole natural 

1632
01:27:28,000 --> 01:27:29,400
cycle, that kept the world 
running. 

1633
01:27:29,400 --> 01:27:32,300
As she turned her back on her 
Divine duties, and started 

1634
01:27:32,300 --> 01:27:33,800
looking for Persephone on the 
earth. 

1635
01:27:33,800 --> 01:27:37,700
Fruit trees, withered Fields, 
went arid and the planet 

1636
01:27:37,700 --> 01:27:39,500
entered. 
What was effectively the first 

1637
01:27:39,500 --> 01:27:44,100
nuclear winter only this time 
aging mother with supernatural 

1638
01:27:44,100 --> 01:27:47,500
abilities was to blame rather 
than Atomic Fallout, the 

1639
01:27:47,500 --> 01:27:50,600
goddess, followed every room and
possibility as she searched the 

1640
01:27:50,600 --> 01:27:53,700
known world and Beyond while 
living among Mortals, and 

1641
01:27:53,700 --> 01:27:57,500
disguising herself as an elderly
woman, she witnessed their 10 

1642
01:27:57,500 --> 01:28:00,400
kindness first hand and never 
gave up on finding her daughter.

1643
01:28:00,400 --> 01:28:03,600
Nothing could grow while Demeter
was in mourning because I grief 

1644
01:28:03,600 --> 01:28:06,700
was so deep that it impacted the
very nature of fertility and 

1645
01:28:06,700 --> 01:28:08,500
growth. 
The other gods realized they 

1646
01:28:08,500 --> 01:28:11,000
were facing a crisis. 
When famine swept the planet and

1647
01:28:11,000 --> 01:28:14,700
Mortal started to perish from 
starvation, empty temples do not

1648
01:28:14,700 --> 01:28:17,700
produce the ore and adoration 
that God's need for their mental

1649
01:28:17,700 --> 01:28:20,800
health and dead worshipers do 
not offer sacrifices. 

1650
01:28:20,800 --> 01:28:23,600
When it became evident that 
Demeter's, labor strike would 

1651
01:28:23,600 --> 01:28:26,100
bring civilization to an end. 
And unless something was done 

1652
01:28:26,100 --> 01:28:29,500
Zeus, who had previously ignored
the issue in the hopes that it 

1653
01:28:29,500 --> 01:28:32,800
would end on its own was 
compelled to step in a delicate 

1654
01:28:32,800 --> 01:28:35,000
diplomatic issue. 
Confronted the king of the Gods 

1655
01:28:35,000 --> 01:28:38,600
since the underworld was Hades 
Sovereign territory, and forcing

1656
01:28:38,600 --> 01:28:41,100
him to give up his bride would 
set a precedent that might 

1657
01:28:41,100 --> 01:28:43,300
restrict Zeus's own romantic 
Adventures. 

1658
01:28:43,300 --> 01:28:47,500
He couldn't just order Hades to 
return Persephone since Demeter 

1659
01:28:47,500 --> 01:28:50,500
had justifiable complaints and 
the other gods were beginning to

1660
01:28:50,500 --> 01:28:53,200
feel sorry for her. 
He was unable to order her to 

1661
01:28:53,200 --> 01:28:56,200
return to her Duty duties. 
He required a solution that 

1662
01:28:56,200 --> 01:28:59,600
would save face for all parties 
while also satisfying, everyone 

1663
01:28:59,600 --> 01:29:02,500
Zeus despatched. 
Hermes to bargain, with Hades 

1664
01:29:02,500 --> 01:29:04,900
proposing to acknowledge the 
Union in return for 

1665
01:29:04,900 --> 01:29:08,300
Persephone's, Liberty to visit, 
her mother Hades consented, but 

1666
01:29:08,300 --> 01:29:10,700
only on the Proviso that anyone 
who ate in the realm of the 

1667
01:29:10,708 --> 01:29:13,500
Dead, would inevitably return 
there because Persephone had 

1668
01:29:13,500 --> 01:29:16,700
eaten pomegranate seeds while in
the Underworld, the compromise 

1669
01:29:16,700 --> 01:29:19,700
reached during the negotiations.
Gave everyone a sense of partial

1670
01:29:19,700 --> 01:29:23,200
success, but did not fully 
satisfy anyone every year. 

1671
01:29:23,200 --> 01:29:26,200
Persephone would spend some time
with her mother on Earth and 

1672
01:29:26,200 --> 01:29:28,700
sometime with her husband in the
Underworld only when her 

1673
01:29:28,700 --> 01:29:31,200
daughter was present would meet 
her return to her duties. 

1674
01:29:31,200 --> 01:29:35,200
The arrangement established the 
seasons ottoman winter, when 

1675
01:29:35,200 --> 01:29:38,000
Persephone returned to Hades and
Demeter sorrow, put the world to

1676
01:29:38,000 --> 01:29:42,600
rest and spring and summer when 
Persephone returned to Earth and

1677
01:29:42,600 --> 01:29:45,700
Demeter's happiness, caused 
everything to blue because of 

1678
01:29:45,700 --> 01:29:47,600
her exceptional. 
Blend of military skill and 

1679
01:29:47,600 --> 01:29:51,200
intellectual prowess Athena 
stood Out Among the 12 Olympians

1680
01:29:51,200 --> 01:29:54,800
as a goddess of war and wisdom. 
She stood for the delib. 

1681
01:29:54,900 --> 01:29:58,800
Calculated approach to fighting 
as a posed to the violent Mayhem

1682
01:29:58,800 --> 01:30:02,500
that defined her half-brother 
Ari's realm Athena stood for the

1683
01:30:02,500 --> 01:30:06,100
strategy tactics and strategic 
application of force that could 

1684
01:30:06,108 --> 01:30:08,000
win conflicts with the fewest 
possible. 

1685
01:30:08,000 --> 01:30:11,400
Casualties, while Aries, 
symbolized, the heedless rage 

1686
01:30:11,400 --> 01:30:15,200
and bloodlust of combat. 
A peculiar birth emerging fully 

1687
01:30:15,200 --> 01:30:17,800
developed an armed from Zeus's 
head after ingested. 

1688
01:30:17,800 --> 01:30:21,300
Her pregnant mother, Represented
the kind of instantaneous 

1689
01:30:21,300 --> 01:30:24,400
comprehensive knowledge that 
defined her method of 

1690
01:30:24,408 --> 01:30:27,400
problem-solving in contrast to 
other gods who acquired 

1691
01:30:27,400 --> 01:30:29,400
knowledge through experience or 
gradually. 

1692
01:30:29,400 --> 01:30:33,000
Improve their skills Athena came
into being fully in control of 

1693
01:30:33,000 --> 01:30:36,400
her Realms and aware of the ways
in which war and wisdom could 

1694
01:30:36,400 --> 01:30:39,200
work in tandem. 
Athena's, wisdom was useful 

1695
01:30:39,200 --> 01:30:42,100
actionable intelligence. 
That could be used to solve 

1696
01:30:42,100 --> 01:30:45,600
actual issues, not the abstract 
philosophical, kind that is 

1697
01:30:45,600 --> 01:30:49,100
discussed in academic settings, 
by teaching Mortals, how to make

1698
01:30:49,100 --> 01:30:52,200
better tools, stronger, 
buildings and innovations that 

1699
01:30:52,200 --> 01:30:55,600
enhance their daily lives. 
She Rose to become the patroness

1700
01:30:55,600 --> 01:30:58,400
of craftsmanship, architecture 
and Technology. 

1701
01:30:58,400 --> 01:31:01,800
Her contributions to humanity 
were practical abilities that 

1702
01:31:01,800 --> 01:31:04,500
enabled civilization, rather 
than impersonal ideas. 

1703
01:31:05,500 --> 01:31:08,100
This practical wisdom was 
reflected in her approach to 

1704
01:31:08,100 --> 01:31:11,500
Warfare Athena favorite tactics 
that won battles with few 

1705
01:31:11,500 --> 01:31:15,200
resources and casualties or as 
Aries favored direct conflict 

1706
01:31:15,200 --> 01:31:17,600
and over Force. 
She was the goddess. 

1707
01:31:17,600 --> 01:31:20,900
You prayed to when you had to 
defeat a stronger foe, defend 

1708
01:31:20,900 --> 01:31:24,800
your city against insurmountable
odds or win by cunning rather 

1709
01:31:24,800 --> 01:31:27,900
than Brute Force, Athena 
strategic thinking was 

1710
01:31:27,900 --> 01:31:31,100
exemplified by her competition 
with Poseidon for the patronage 

1711
01:31:31,100 --> 01:31:33,600
of Athens. 
Both gods were asked to present 

1712
01:31:33,600 --> 01:31:36,300
gifts that would help the 
populace when the city needed, a

1713
01:31:36,300 --> 01:31:39,500
patron, deity, impressive, 
dramatic, and ultimately 

1714
01:31:39,500 --> 01:31:42,200
pointless for a city that 
already had access to the Sea 

1715
01:31:42,200 --> 01:31:46,000
Poseidon, struck the ground with
his Trident and created a spring

1716
01:31:46,000 --> 01:31:48,000
of saltwater. 
By planting an olive. 

1717
01:31:48,000 --> 01:31:51,400
Tree Athena gave the city access
to food, lamp oil, building 

1718
01:31:51,400 --> 01:31:54,200
materials, and a sustainable 
resource that would last for 

1719
01:31:54,200 --> 01:31:57,400
many generations. 
The Athenian selected Athena's 

1720
01:31:57,400 --> 01:31:59,200
gift because they understood 
that its usefulness. 

1721
01:31:59,200 --> 01:32:01,100
Outweighed ostentatious 
displays. 

1722
01:32:01,100 --> 01:32:04,900
This Choice made Athens, a hub 
of knowledge, wisdom and 

1723
01:32:04,900 --> 01:32:08,000
strategic thinking. 
Values that would go on to 

1724
01:32:08,000 --> 01:32:11,200
produce some of the greatest 
philosophers Architects and 

1725
01:32:11,200 --> 01:32:14,700
Military commanders in history. 
Long after faith in the ancient 

1726
01:32:14,700 --> 01:32:18,500
gods had waned, Athena's 
influence continued to shape the

1727
01:32:18,500 --> 01:32:22,800
city's personality She served as
an example of how Divine wisdom 

1728
01:32:22,800 --> 01:32:26,500
could impact mortal conflicts 
during the Trojan War Athena 

1729
01:32:26,500 --> 01:32:28,800
sided with the Greeks because 
she thought they embodied the 

1730
01:32:28,800 --> 01:32:32,300
values of tactical Innovation 
and strategic thinking that she 

1731
01:32:32,300 --> 01:32:35,200
valued while other gods made 
their decisions based on 

1732
01:32:35,200 --> 01:32:37,700
personal preferences or familial
allegiances. 

1733
01:32:37,700 --> 01:32:40,700
She helped create the Trojan 
Horse strategy that ultimately 

1734
01:32:40,700 --> 01:32:44,200
put an end to the 10-year Siege 
and gave advice to Heroes, like 

1735
01:32:44,200 --> 01:32:47,100
Odysseus who approached 
obstacles with cunning rather 

1736
01:32:47,100 --> 01:32:49,300
than force compared to other 
gods. 

1737
01:32:49,300 --> 01:32:51,300
Athena had very different 
relationships. 

1738
01:32:51,300 --> 01:32:54,800
With Mortals, Athena established
mentoring relationships, based 

1739
01:32:54,800 --> 01:32:58,500
on respect for one another and a
common interest in ideas as 

1740
01:32:58,500 --> 01:33:01,200
opposed to the intense 
frequently destructive romantic 

1741
01:33:01,200 --> 01:33:03,500
entanglements. 
That defined her relatives 

1742
01:33:03,500 --> 01:33:06,500
interactions with humans. 
She inspired inventors to 

1743
01:33:06,508 --> 01:33:09,600
develop new technologies 
mentored Artisans to hone their 

1744
01:33:09,600 --> 01:33:13,100
craft and Council military 
leaders on tactics to safeguard 

1745
01:33:13,100 --> 01:33:15,200
their troops. 
She made a philosophical 

1746
01:33:15,200 --> 01:33:18,200
statement about the nature of 
wisdom by choosing to remain a 

1747
01:33:18,200 --> 01:33:20,600
virgin forever. 
Athena was aware that Romantic 

1748
01:33:20,600 --> 01:33:23,700
relationships frequently 
weakened judgment and calls 

1749
01:33:23,700 --> 01:33:27,200
loyalties, to be split traits 
that were incompatible with the 

1750
01:33:27,200 --> 01:33:30,400
rational thought, necessary for 
both wisdom and successful 

1751
01:33:30,400 --> 01:33:32,600
combat. 
She was able to maintain the 

1752
01:33:32,600 --> 01:33:35,600
objectively required to base 
decisions on Merit, rather than 

1753
01:33:35,600 --> 01:33:39,700
Emotion by staying unattached. 
When disputes arose between 

1754
01:33:39,700 --> 01:33:43,300
Mortals and other gods, the 
goddess also acted as a Divine 

1755
01:33:43,300 --> 01:33:46,700
mediator, she was uniquely 
suited to comprehend both sides 

1756
01:33:46,700 --> 01:33:48,700
of arguments and come up with 
solutions. 

1757
01:33:48,700 --> 01:33:52,200
That met everyone's justifiable 
interests while averting 

1758
01:33:52,200 --> 01:33:56,100
needless violence because of her
wisdom and fighting prowess. 

1759
01:33:56,100 --> 01:33:59,000
Not only could she help you win 
but she could do so without 

1760
01:33:59,000 --> 01:34:02,300
causing you any new issues which
made her the god you wanted on 

1761
01:34:02,300 --> 01:34:06,200
your side, Apollo exemplified 
Divine multitasking on a scale 

1762
01:34:06,200 --> 01:34:08,500
that would impress contemporary 
productivity experts. 

1763
01:34:08,500 --> 01:34:12,500
If Athena stood for focused 
expertise as the god of the son 

1764
01:34:12,500 --> 01:34:16,900
music, poetry prophecy healing 
and archery Apollo oversaw 

1765
01:34:16,900 --> 01:34:19,100
duties, that would have 
overwhelmed many other gods 

1766
01:34:19,100 --> 01:34:22,100
while upholding standards of 
excellence the established 

1767
01:34:22,100 --> 01:34:25,600
benchmarks for Mortals in each 
of these domains driving the sun

1768
01:34:25,600 --> 01:34:28,300
across the sky every day. 
Required a level of consistency 

1769
01:34:28,300 --> 01:34:31,400
and punctuality that would be 
difficult for anyone. 

1770
01:34:31,400 --> 01:34:34,800
Juggling a cosmic commute, he 
ensured that daylight reached 

1771
01:34:34,800 --> 01:34:38,200
every corner of the Earth at the
right time and intensity by. 

1772
01:34:38,400 --> 01:34:41,800
Tying his Chariot to four fire 
breathing horses and driving 

1773
01:34:41,800 --> 01:34:45,400
across the heavens every morning
because the entire natural world

1774
01:34:45,400 --> 01:34:49,000
relied on his dependability, it 
was a duty that did not permit 

1775
01:34:49,000 --> 01:34:52,000
sick days vacation time or the 
opportunity to sleep in. 

1776
01:34:52,900 --> 01:34:55,200
He became the first crossover 
artists in history. 

1777
01:34:55,200 --> 01:34:58,700
Thanks to his musical abilities.
Apollo was more than just a 

1778
01:34:58,700 --> 01:35:01,000
musician. 
He created musical, instruments 

1779
01:35:01,000 --> 01:35:04,400
established, the concepts of 
Rhythm and Harmony and served as

1780
01:35:04,400 --> 01:35:07,800
an inspiration to his fellow 
gods and Mortal musicians, his 

1781
01:35:07,800 --> 01:35:10,700
musical contest established, the
bar for artistic Brilliance, 

1782
01:35:10,700 --> 01:35:13,300
that mortal musicians would aim 
to reach for centuries. 

1783
01:35:13,300 --> 01:35:16,300
And his liar, became the 
standard instrument for divine 

1784
01:35:16,300 --> 01:35:18,300
performances. 
Poetry, that was both 

1785
01:35:18,300 --> 01:35:20,200
entertaining. 
And prophetic was produced by 

1786
01:35:20,200 --> 01:35:22,900
the gods, through a combination 
of technical skill and divine 

1787
01:35:22,900 --> 01:35:25,400
inspiration. 
In addition to telling tales and

1788
01:35:25,400 --> 01:35:28,700
expressing feelings Apollo's, 
poetry also offered moral 

1789
01:35:28,700 --> 01:35:32,300
advice, disclosed future 
realities and preserve the 

1790
01:35:32,308 --> 01:35:35,200
cultural knowledge that 
societies required to endure and

1791
01:35:35,200 --> 01:35:39,000
Thrive his impact on Mortal 
poets was so great that 

1792
01:35:39,000 --> 01:35:41,800
inspiration itself, came to be 
seen as a sign of divine 

1793
01:35:41,800 --> 01:35:44,100
possession by Apollo or his 
muses. 

1794
01:35:45,400 --> 01:35:47,700
The most significant source of 
prophetic guidance. 

1795
01:35:47,700 --> 01:35:51,600
In ancient Greece was Apollo's 
Oracle at Delphi Apollo's 

1796
01:35:51,600 --> 01:35:54,100
Priestess pythia, gave 
prophecies that affected. 

1797
01:35:54,100 --> 01:35:58,400
Greek politics colonization war,
and Private Affairs city-states 

1798
01:35:58,400 --> 01:36:01,500
sought advice before founding 
new, colonies individuals, 

1799
01:36:01,500 --> 01:36:04,400
sorted advice on everything from
Marriage prospects to career 

1800
01:36:04,400 --> 01:36:07,400
choices, and King sought the 
Oracle before making important 

1801
01:36:07,400 --> 01:36:10,300
decisions, the oracles 
predictions were renowned for 

1802
01:36:10,300 --> 01:36:13,700
being cryptic, necessitating 
interpretation that frequently 

1803
01:36:13,700 --> 01:36:16,100
became clear only after the 
events had taken place. 

1804
01:36:16,100 --> 01:36:19,300
This ambiguity was a 
characteristic that represented 

1805
01:36:19,300 --> 01:36:22,600
Apollo's view of the proper 
operation of Prophecy, not a 

1806
01:36:22,600 --> 01:36:25,700
weakness in the system. 
Free Will and the lessons that 

1807
01:36:25,700 --> 01:36:28,900
Mortals needed to learn via 
experience would be eliminated 

1808
01:36:28,900 --> 01:36:31,500
by direct predictions. 
While maintaining the 

1809
01:36:31,500 --> 01:36:33,700
flexibility to make decisions 
and grow from them. 

1810
01:36:33,700 --> 01:36:36,900
Cryptic guidance offered 
guidance because of his 

1811
01:36:36,900 --> 01:36:40,300
expertise in medicine Apollo was
able to both cause and cure 

1812
01:36:40,300 --> 01:36:43,800
plagues making him. 
The Divine physician Apollo's 

1813
01:36:43,800 --> 01:36:46,100
arrows have the power to spread 
disease that wiped out entire 

1814
01:36:46,100 --> 01:36:48,100
populations. 
When Mortals offended him or 

1815
01:36:48,100 --> 01:36:51,900
other gods, he could heal wounds
Holt epidemics and in part 

1816
01:36:51,908 --> 01:36:54,000
medical knowledge to Mortals. 
So they could take care of 

1817
01:36:54,008 --> 01:36:55,800
themselves. 
If he was duly honored and 

1818
01:36:55,800 --> 01:36:58,300
placated, the Greek 
understanding that Health 

1819
01:36:58,300 --> 01:37:00,600
depended on upholding 
appropriate, relationships. 

1820
01:37:00,600 --> 01:37:04,100
With Divine forces, was 
reflected in his dual role as 

1821
01:37:04,100 --> 01:37:06,000
both the cause and the Cure of 
illness. 

1822
01:37:06,000 --> 01:37:08,400
Even among the gods. 
His archery pro has was 

1823
01:37:08,400 --> 01:37:11,700
legendary fusing Supernatural 
accuracy with physical 

1824
01:37:11,700 --> 01:37:14,100
dexterity. 
Whether he was hunting, wild 

1825
01:37:14,100 --> 01:37:17,400
animals reprimanding Mortals who
had wronged him or engaging in 

1826
01:37:17,400 --> 01:37:20,900
competition with other archers 
Apollo's, arrows, never fail to 

1827
01:37:20,900 --> 01:37:23,500
hit their targets. 
He was the patron deity of 

1828
01:37:23,500 --> 01:37:25,200
athletes. 
And competitors, who aimed for 

1829
01:37:25,200 --> 01:37:27,900
flawless performance, because 
his skill with the bow 

1830
01:37:27,900 --> 01:37:30,900
represented, the accuracy and 
concentration needed for success

1831
01:37:30,900 --> 01:37:34,600
in any Endeavor, despite his 
Divine status and impressive 

1832
01:37:34,600 --> 01:37:37,900
array of talents Apollo's 
romantic relationships were 

1833
01:37:37,900 --> 01:37:41,200
notably unsuccessful. 
When Daphne changed into a 

1834
01:37:41,200 --> 01:37:44,000
laurel tree to get away from 
him, he stopped pursuing her 

1835
01:37:44,000 --> 01:37:47,300
Apollo, cursed Cassandra because
she had promised to be his lover

1836
01:37:47,300 --> 01:37:49,300
in exchange for the gift of 
Prophecy. 

1837
01:37:50,000 --> 01:37:52,200
But she had broken the 
agreement, making her 

1838
01:37:52,200 --> 01:37:53,700
predictions. 
Unbelievable. 

1839
01:37:53,700 --> 01:37:56,700
He became more understanding of 
Mortals going through similar 

1840
01:37:56,700 --> 01:37:58,600
struggles. 
After learning from these failed

1841
01:37:58,600 --> 01:38:01,100
relationships. 
That even Divine Perfection 

1842
01:38:01,100 --> 01:38:04,200
couldn't ensure love success, 
Artemis, chose a path that 

1843
01:38:04,200 --> 01:38:07,600
valued, Solitude Independence 
and the wild places that existed

1844
01:38:07,600 --> 01:38:10,800
outside of human civilization 
while her twin brother, Apollo 

1845
01:38:10,800 --> 01:38:13,800
embraced, the public aspects of 
godhood with its contests 

1846
01:38:13,800 --> 01:38:17,500
oracles and constant interaction
with Mortals. 

1847
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:20,900
Like a cosmic mashup of 
wilderness guide and emergency 

1848
01:38:20,900 --> 01:38:23,300
room directors. 
She carved out a Divine 

1849
01:38:23,300 --> 01:38:25,600
identity. 
As the goddess of the hunt, the 

1850
01:38:25,600 --> 01:38:29,800
moon and childbirth one, that 
was both nurturing and fiercely 

1851
01:38:29,800 --> 01:38:32,900
protective Artemis made of 
philosophical statement about 

1852
01:38:32,900 --> 01:38:35,900
autonomy in self-determination 
when she chose to remain 

1853
01:38:35,900 --> 01:38:40,000
eternally virgin in addition to 
it being a personal choice, as a

1854
01:38:40,000 --> 01:38:42,600
young girl, she begged zoos to 
give her Chastity for all the 

1855
01:38:42,600 --> 01:38:46,300
eternity as well as a bow and 
arrows a pack of hunting hounds 

1856
01:38:46,300 --> 01:38:48,000
and a group of nymphs to be her 
friends. 

1857
01:38:48,000 --> 01:38:51,800
It was akin to requesting the 
Ideal feminist starter kit which

1858
01:38:51,800 --> 01:38:54,900
included weapons devoted 
Companions and the absence of 

1859
01:38:54,900 --> 01:38:58,100
romantic complications her. 
Hunting Expeditions through the 

1860
01:38:58,100 --> 01:39:00,800
ancient world's mountains and 
forests, were renowned for their

1861
01:39:00,800 --> 01:39:03,800
accuracy and efficiency. 
Artemis hunted to keep the 

1862
01:39:03,800 --> 01:39:07,400
balance between civilization and
Wilderness ensuring that wild 

1863
01:39:07,400 --> 01:39:10,400
animals remained wild while 
safeguarding human settlements 

1864
01:39:10,400 --> 01:39:12,600
from creatures that posed real 
threats. 

1865
01:39:13,300 --> 01:39:16,000
She did not hunt for fun or to 
collect trophies. 

1866
01:39:16,000 --> 01:39:19,200
She was the patroness of moral 
Hunters because our arrows were 

1867
01:39:19,200 --> 01:39:22,500
quick, and kind made to kill 
cleanly and without needless 

1868
01:39:22,500 --> 01:39:25,500
suffering, one of the most 
effective incidents of female 

1869
01:39:25,500 --> 01:39:28,900
camaraderie and supporting 
mythology was the goddesses bond

1870
01:39:28,900 --> 01:39:31,800
with her nymphs. 
These nature Spirits formed a 

1871
01:39:31,800 --> 01:39:34,500
community that functioned 
without the consent or authority

1872
01:39:34,500 --> 01:39:38,900
of men, having the same vow of 
Chastity as their mistress with 

1873
01:39:38,900 --> 01:39:41,400
the effect of an old-fashioned 
security detail. 

1874
01:39:41,400 --> 01:39:44,400
They hunted traveled and 
defended one another from 

1875
01:39:44,400 --> 01:39:48,200
unwelcome romantic advances. 
This selected family was 

1876
01:39:48,200 --> 01:39:51,200
completely and frequently 
brutally protected by Artemis 

1877
01:39:51,200 --> 01:39:53,700
acteon. 
The hunter was killed by his own

1878
01:39:53,700 --> 01:39:56,300
hunting dogs after she changed 
to him into a stag when he 

1879
01:39:56,300 --> 01:40:00,100
unintentionally witnessed her 
bathing, This punishment made it

1880
01:40:00,100 --> 01:40:03,500
very evident that privacy and 
consent should be respected in 

1881
01:40:03,500 --> 01:40:05,700
order to prove that intelligence
could overcome physical 

1882
01:40:05,700 --> 01:40:08,000
strength. 
Artemis deceive the giant 

1883
01:40:08,000 --> 01:40:10,500
Hunters Otis, and if he altice 
into killing each other with 

1884
01:40:10,500 --> 01:40:13,000
their own Spears, when they 
tried to take her and hear her 

1885
01:40:13,000 --> 01:40:15,900
as wives, her status, as a 
virgin was interestingly 

1886
01:40:15,900 --> 01:40:18,100
contrasted with her role as the 
goddess of childbirth. 

1887
01:40:18,100 --> 01:40:20,500
When their mother Leto was in 
labor. 

1888
01:40:20,500 --> 01:40:22,700
Artemis helped. 
Give birth to her own brother, 

1889
01:40:22,700 --> 01:40:25,900
which provided her with unique 
perspective on the difficulties 

1890
01:40:25,900 --> 01:40:28,400
and risks involved in bringing a
new life into the world. 

1891
01:40:28,400 --> 01:40:32,500
She evolved into the Divine 
Midwife called upon by goddesses

1892
01:40:32,500 --> 01:40:34,900
going through their own maternal
struggles, as well as mortal 

1893
01:40:34,900 --> 01:40:36,700
women having a difficult time. 
Giving birth. 

1894
01:40:37,300 --> 01:40:40,900
Because of this Duty Artemis 
became extremely protective of 

1895
01:40:40,900 --> 01:40:43,600
expectant, mothers and new 
mothers, extending her 

1896
01:40:43,600 --> 01:40:46,600
guardianship Beyond her 
immediate nymphal circle to 

1897
01:40:46,600 --> 01:40:49,400
Encompass any woman who was 
vulnerable during childbirth, 

1898
01:40:49,400 --> 01:40:52,000
regardless of their other 
religious preferences. 

1899
01:40:52,000 --> 01:40:55,100
She was one of the most 
practically significant deities 

1900
01:40:55,100 --> 01:40:58,100
for ancient families because her
interventions could mean the 

1901
01:40:58,100 --> 01:41:00,700
difference between life and 
death for both mother and child,

1902
01:41:00,700 --> 01:41:03,300
since lunar cycles were 
traditionally linked to both 

1903
01:41:03,300 --> 01:41:06,800
female biology and the nocturnal
activities that defined much of 

1904
01:41:06,800 --> 01:41:10,000
ancient hunting artemisas 
association with the moon 

1905
01:41:10,000 --> 01:41:13,800
complimented her hunting and 
childbirth responsibilities with

1906
01:41:13,800 --> 01:41:16,400
the same dependability that 
Apollo's son Chariot. 

1907
01:41:16,400 --> 01:41:20,100
Exhibited during the day, the 
silver Chariot pulled by four 

1908
01:41:20,100 --> 01:41:22,900
golden horned deer. 
Followed the moon's course. 

1909
01:41:22,900 --> 01:41:26,600
Across the night sky, the 
goddess had high but reasonable 

1910
01:41:26,600 --> 01:41:30,108
expectations for her devotees. 
She required her nymph to be 

1911
01:41:30,116 --> 01:41:33,500
completely chased, fully 
committed to the hunt and loyal 

1912
01:41:33,500 --> 01:41:36,200
to the group at all times. 
She offered them safety 

1913
01:41:36,200 --> 01:41:38,900
friendship. 
And the opportunity to live 

1914
01:41:38,900 --> 01:41:41,900
their lives. 
As they saw fit independent of 

1915
01:41:41,900 --> 01:41:45,300
the expectations of their 
families, communities or future 

1916
01:41:45,300 --> 01:41:47,600
husbands. 
It was a social contract that 

1917
01:41:47,600 --> 01:41:50,600
provided alternatives to the few
choices that the majority of 

1918
01:41:50,600 --> 01:41:53,700
ancient women had because 
Artemis had chosen a lifestyle 

1919
01:41:53,700 --> 01:41:56,100
that was fundamentally 
incompatible with conventional 

1920
01:41:56,100 --> 01:41:59,200
relationships, her infrequent 
romantic relationships, 

1921
01:41:59,200 --> 01:42:02,200
typically ended tragically not, 
because she was naturally, 

1922
01:42:02,200 --> 01:42:05,400
unlucky in love her fleeting 
interest in the hunter, Ryan 

1923
01:42:05,400 --> 01:42:08,700
ended when according to one 
version of events, he died and 

1924
01:42:08,700 --> 01:42:12,000
became a constellation. 
Her belief that Independence was

1925
01:42:12,000 --> 01:42:14,300
better than the hassles of 
romance was strengthened by 

1926
01:42:14,300 --> 01:42:16,900
these encounters. 
Her relationship with her family

1927
01:42:16,900 --> 01:42:19,500
was significantly, more 
harmonious than most Olympic 

1928
01:42:19,500 --> 01:42:22,900
relationships in part because 
she avoided getting involved in 

1929
01:42:22,900 --> 01:42:25,000
their disputes due to a 
self-imposed seclusion. 

1930
01:42:25,000 --> 01:42:28,700
And in part because she was 
useful to everyone, due to her 

1931
01:42:28,700 --> 01:42:31,600
practical contributions, such as
managing, Wildlife, populations,

1932
01:42:31,600 --> 01:42:33,600
and assisting with difficult 
births. 

1933
01:42:34,000 --> 01:42:36,300
She was the family member who 
didn't cause trouble during the 

1934
01:42:36,300 --> 01:42:39,600
quiet time, but was there, when 
needed the feisty stood out 

1935
01:42:39,600 --> 01:42:42,900
among the many lovely strong and
captivating gods in the pantheon

1936
01:42:42,900 --> 01:42:46,100
because he had overcome major 
personal obstacles to become 

1937
01:42:46,100 --> 01:42:49,100
indispensable through talent and
willpower alone. 

1938
01:42:49,100 --> 01:42:52,800
He turned his early experience 
of rejection and disability into

1939
01:42:52,800 --> 01:42:54,900
a special kind of strength that 
made him. 

1940
01:42:54,900 --> 01:42:57,600
Perhaps the most practically 
useful member of the Olympic 

1941
01:42:57,600 --> 01:42:59,500
family. 
He was the god of fire 

1942
01:42:59,500 --> 01:43:03,000
craftsmanship and Technology as 
well as the Divine blacksmith. 

1943
01:43:04,200 --> 01:43:06,800
The origin story of Hephaestus 
seems to be an old-fashioned 

1944
01:43:06,800 --> 01:43:09,600
tale of triumphing over hardship
by virtue of One's Own 

1945
01:43:09,600 --> 01:43:12,700
greatness. 
His mother Hera was ashamed of 

1946
01:43:12,700 --> 01:43:15,000
his appearance and threw him 
from Mount Olympus. 

1947
01:43:15,000 --> 01:43:17,600
Because he was born with 
physical limitations that made 

1948
01:43:17,600 --> 01:43:21,200
him ugly by Divine standards. 
He became even more crippled, as

1949
01:43:21,200 --> 01:43:24,000
a result of the fall, but it 
also brought him to the Sea, 

1950
01:43:24,000 --> 01:43:27,200
nymphs these and your enemy who 
saved him and taught him, the 

1951
01:43:27,200 --> 01:43:30,200
skills of craftsmanship, and 
metalworking growing up, with 

1952
01:43:30,200 --> 01:43:32,900
the sea nymphs, taught him how 
to turn disadvantages into 

1953
01:43:32,900 --> 01:43:35,700
strengths. 
The Feist is acquired abilities 

1954
01:43:35,700 --> 01:43:38,600
that made him indispensable 
because he was unable to match 

1955
01:43:38,600 --> 01:43:41,400
other gods in terms of physical 
Perfection or fighting skill. 

1956
01:43:41,400 --> 01:43:45,300
He gained skills in working with
fire metal and precious stones, 

1957
01:43:45,300 --> 01:43:47,600
producing items that were so 
beautiful. 

1958
01:43:47,600 --> 01:43:50,100
And useful that they were 
considered legendary and 

1959
01:43:50,100 --> 01:43:52,400
Antiquity. 
His Forge evolved into the 

1960
01:43:52,400 --> 01:43:54,800
Heavenly counterpart of an 
upscale custom Workshop. 

1961
01:43:54,800 --> 01:43:58,200
Creating everything from 
Achilles armor to Zeus 

1962
01:43:58,200 --> 01:44:01,400
Thunderbolts as an adult. 
Her Festus returned to Olympus 

1963
01:44:01,400 --> 01:44:03,800
as a master Craftsman, Who 
services were much needed, 

1964
01:44:03,800 --> 01:44:06,600
rather than, as a supplicant 
looking for acceptance. 

1965
01:44:06,600 --> 01:44:09,600
The other gods soon realized 
that only have feisty could make

1966
01:44:09,600 --> 01:44:12,900
the tools weapons, and ornaments
needed for their Divine way of 

1967
01:44:12,900 --> 01:44:15,300
life. 
He was invaluable to a family 

1968
01:44:15,300 --> 01:44:18,300
that had previously rejected him
due to his appearance because of

1969
01:44:18,308 --> 01:44:21,600
his ability to create the 
impossible, his Workshop was the

1970
01:44:21,600 --> 01:44:25,100
Pinnacle of ancient technology, 
the fiestas made tools that 

1971
01:44:25,100 --> 01:44:28,100
could operate on their own, with
his guidance, automated Bellows 

1972
01:44:28,100 --> 01:44:30,800
that kept the forge, at the 
ideal temperature and gold, and 

1973
01:44:30,800 --> 01:44:33,700
servants to help him because of 
his Superior knowledge of 

1974
01:44:33,700 --> 01:44:35,500
engine. 
Design and metal alergy. 

1975
01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:38,600
He was the patron deity of 
blacksmith's, Crafts People. 

1976
01:44:38,600 --> 01:44:41,900
And anyone else who used their 
hands to make practical things, 

1977
01:44:41,900 --> 01:44:45,700
the gods method of craftsmanship
Blended practical utility with 

1978
01:44:45,700 --> 01:44:48,100
Creative Vision. 
In addition, to being 

1979
01:44:48,100 --> 01:44:51,200
aesthetically pleasing, his 
Creations fulfilled functions 

1980
01:44:51,200 --> 01:44:53,200
and provided solutions that were
not possible. 

1981
01:44:53,200 --> 01:44:56,700
With just Divine, might have 
Feist us created chains that 

1982
01:44:56,700 --> 01:45:00,000
could contain a Titan when Zeus 
needed a means of tying 

1983
01:45:00,000 --> 01:45:01,800
Prometheus to a bond for 
stealing fire. 

1984
01:45:01,800 --> 01:45:05,400
The fiestas made a shield that 
represented the entire universe 

1985
01:45:05,400 --> 01:45:08,500
and offered Achilles the ideal 
defense, when he needed armor. 

1986
01:45:08,500 --> 01:45:11,300
That would keep him safe when 
fighting gods and heroes. 

1987
01:45:11,300 --> 01:45:14,500
One of the most intricate 
Partnerships in mythology, was 

1988
01:45:14,500 --> 01:45:17,700
his Union with Aphrodite, the 
combination of the physically 

1989
01:45:17,700 --> 01:45:20,700
impaired, God of craftsmanship, 
and the goddess of beauty 

1990
01:45:20,700 --> 01:45:23,000
upended. 
Preconceived, notions about 

1991
01:45:23,000 --> 01:45:27,200
compatibility attraction. 
And the nature of love the 

1992
01:45:27,200 --> 01:45:30,000
Fiesta's response revealed his 
intelligence and his grass of 

1993
01:45:30,000 --> 01:45:32,700
divine politics. 
Even as Olympic rumors 

1994
01:45:32,700 --> 01:45:36,100
circulated about Aphrodite's 
adultery with Ari's and of 

1995
01:45:36,100 --> 01:45:39,400
facing his wife and her lover 
head on her face to use his 

1996
01:45:39,400 --> 01:45:42,500
skill to reveal their fair, in a
way that preserved his own honor

1997
01:45:42,500 --> 01:45:46,200
while making them appear foolish
and iconic illustration of how 

1998
01:45:46,200 --> 01:45:49,400
skill and in Overcome physical 
strength, and conventional 

1999
01:45:49,400 --> 01:45:52,600
Beauty was the invisible net. 
That held the lovers in bed. 

2000
01:45:52,600 --> 01:45:55,300
He was different from other 
wronged gods in that, his 

2001
01:45:55,308 --> 01:45:57,900
retaliation was both imaginative
and appropriate. 

2002
01:45:58,800 --> 01:46:02,300
Compared to most other gods, the
fastest had a noticeably more 

2003
01:46:02,300 --> 01:46:05,500
benevolent relationship with 
Mortals as a patron of Artisans 

2004
01:46:05,500 --> 01:46:07,900
and labourers. 
He recognized the importance of 

2005
01:46:07,908 --> 01:46:10,600
hard work and the difficulties 
faced by those who use their 

2006
01:46:10,600 --> 01:46:14,300
hands to create useful objects. 
His festivals honored the kind 

2007
01:46:14,300 --> 01:46:17,900
of fruitful labor that enabled 
civilization and his Temple 

2008
01:46:17,900 --> 01:46:21,000
served as meeting spots for 
Artisan guilds his contribution 

2009
01:46:21,000 --> 01:46:22,900
to the creation of the first 
mortal woman. 

2010
01:46:22,900 --> 01:46:26,600
Pandora, revealed his technical 
prowess as well as his grasp of 

2011
01:46:26,600 --> 01:46:29,400
divine politics. 
Zeus ordered her feisty to 

2012
01:46:29,400 --> 01:46:33,100
create a woman who would both 
bless and curse Humanity after 

2013
01:46:33,100 --> 01:46:35,500
he decided to punish Mortals for
prometheus's. 

2014
01:46:35,500 --> 01:46:38,400
Gift of fire though, he was 
aware that Zeus's gift had 

2015
01:46:38,400 --> 01:46:40,900
complications, that would impact
mortal life for Generations. 

2016
01:46:40,900 --> 01:46:44,700
A feisty skillfully, crafted 
Pandora to be indistinguishable 

2017
01:46:44,700 --> 01:46:48,200
from a goddess under Mount Etna 
and other active volcanoes. 

2018
01:46:48,200 --> 01:46:50,900
The gods volcanic forges 
developed into hubs of heavenly 

2019
01:46:50,900 --> 01:46:53,900
industrial production. 
These mountains rumbling and 

2020
01:46:53,900 --> 01:46:56,900
eruptions were interpreted as 
the sounds of her fist at work. 

2021
01:46:57,500 --> 01:47:00,800
Producing the tools and weapons,
the gods needed for their varied

2022
01:47:00,800 --> 01:47:04,000
escapades and duties. 
Even by Divine standards, his 

2023
01:47:04,000 --> 01:47:06,800
productivity was legendary 
indicating that he found 

2024
01:47:06,800 --> 01:47:09,200
fulfillment in his work that 
went beyond the need for 

2025
01:47:09,200 --> 01:47:11,800
approval from others. 
It's important to consider the 

2026
01:47:11,800 --> 01:47:16,000
Olympian gods, greatest triumphs
and most spectacular failures as

2027
01:47:16,000 --> 01:47:18,900
our exploration of their lives 
and times comes to an end, 

2028
01:47:18,900 --> 01:47:22,900
despite their immortality and 
Cosmic, might these Divine being

2029
01:47:22,900 --> 01:47:25,900
showed that wisdom, happiness, 
and healthy family. 

2030
01:47:25,900 --> 01:47:29,500
Relationships are not always the
results of having boundless 

2031
01:47:29,500 --> 01:47:32,400
resources and eternal life. 
Perhaps the creation of 

2032
01:47:32,400 --> 01:47:35,100
civilization itself was the 
greatest accomplishment of the 

2033
01:47:35,100 --> 01:47:37,900
Gods as a whole. 
They gave mankind the foundation

2034
01:47:37,900 --> 01:47:40,000
for everything that sets Human 
Society. 

2035
01:47:40,000 --> 01:47:43,900
Apart from the Animal Kingdom, 
fire from Prometheus agriculture

2036
01:47:43,900 --> 01:47:46,500
from Demeter, craftsmanship from
her feisty. 

2037
01:47:46,500 --> 01:47:50,700
Wisdom from Athena and medicine 
from Apollo their temples 

2038
01:47:50,700 --> 01:47:54,300
developed into educational hubs,
their festivals, offered chances

2039
01:47:54,300 --> 01:47:57,100
for cross-cultural interaction 
and their moral teachings. 

2040
01:47:57,500 --> 01:48:01,200
Despite the hypocrisy of their 
own actions provided ethical 

2041
01:48:01,200 --> 01:48:03,800
Frameworks that governed human 
conduct for Centuries. 

2042
01:48:03,800 --> 01:48:07,500
With each God in charge of 
particular, facets of human and 

2043
01:48:07,500 --> 01:48:10,600
natural activity and working 
with their peers to preserve 

2044
01:48:10,600 --> 01:48:13,000
Cosmic Harmony. 
The Olympic system. 

2045
01:48:13,000 --> 01:48:15,700
Also produced the first 
multinational management 

2046
01:48:15,700 --> 01:48:19,000
structure in history, when it, 
functioned properly, this Divine

2047
01:48:19,000 --> 01:48:22,400
bureaucracy, made sure that 
crops grew as planned Seasons 

2048
01:48:22,400 --> 01:48:24,500
changed on time and natural 
disasters. 

2049
01:48:24,500 --> 01:48:27,200
Only happened when Mortals had 
Gravely offended. 

2050
01:48:27,200 --> 01:48:29,900
Someone important, the 
interpersonal relationships of 

2051
01:48:29,900 --> 01:48:31,900
the Gods. 
However, showed the same 

2052
01:48:31,900 --> 01:48:34,700
dysfunctional patterns that have
flicked any family business, 

2053
01:48:34,700 --> 01:48:39,100
managed by conceded relatives 
with unrestricted, Authority and

2054
01:48:39,100 --> 01:48:42,700
inadequate communication skills 
from mine and nymphs to Major 

2055
01:48:42,700 --> 01:48:44,900
heroes. 
Everyone was impacted by the 

2056
01:48:44,900 --> 01:48:47,600
collateral damage, caused by 
Zeus's adultery and her as 

2057
01:48:47,608 --> 01:48:50,700
retaliation. 
Poseidon's outbursts, destroyed 

2058
01:48:50,700 --> 01:48:54,500
coastal cities and sank ships 
Apollo's romantic rejections 

2059
01:48:54,500 --> 01:48:57,700
changed lovers and produced 
profits who were cursed the 

2060
01:48:57,700 --> 01:48:59,600
political frequently turned 
disastrous. 

2061
01:48:59,600 --> 01:49:02,400
And the personal had a nasty 
habit of turning political 

2062
01:49:02,400 --> 01:49:05,300
instead of using mediation, 
their method of resolving 

2063
01:49:05,300 --> 01:49:09,200
disputes, usually involved, 
escalation the Trojan War, 10 

2064
01:49:09,200 --> 01:49:11,200
years of Bloodshed that 
destroyed both sides and 

2065
01:49:11,200 --> 01:49:15,000
provided fodder for epic, poetry
was the outcome of paris's 

2066
01:49:15,000 --> 01:49:18,900
decision to accept Aphrodite's. 
Bribe over those offered by Hera

2067
01:49:18,900 --> 01:49:21,500
and Athena. 
It also showed that Divine Pride

2068
01:49:21,500 --> 01:49:23,300
was more significant than human 
life. 

2069
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:27,200
Instead of seeking diplomatic 
Solutions, Demeter's response to

2070
01:49:27,200 --> 01:49:30,300
the kidnapping of her daughter, 
brought the world to the verge 

2071
01:49:30,300 --> 01:49:33,500
of agricultural collapse the way
the gods treated Mortals, 

2072
01:49:33,500 --> 01:49:37,200
demonstrated their incapacity to
uphold moral principles or grow 

2073
01:49:37,200 --> 01:49:40,200
from past errors. 
They penalized disrespect and 

2074
01:49:40,200 --> 01:49:42,900
rewarded devotion. 
But their definitions of these 

2075
01:49:42,900 --> 01:49:45,500
terms were arbitrary and could 
alter according to their 

2076
01:49:45,500 --> 01:49:47,900
emotions hobbies and family 
Dynamics. 

2077
01:49:47,900 --> 01:49:51,500
Mortal, Who appeased one God, 
might unintentionally offend, 

2078
01:49:51,500 --> 01:49:55,400
another leading to improbable 
circumstances in which virtue 

2079
01:49:55,400 --> 01:49:57,300
was largely dependent on Good 
Fortune. 

2080
01:49:57,300 --> 01:50:00,600
However, the Olympic Pantheon 
also produced some of the most 

2081
01:50:00,600 --> 01:50:04,400
inspirational Tales of moral 
courage, inventiveness and 

2082
01:50:04,400 --> 01:50:07,300
tenacity in history, by 
supporting Athens. 

2083
01:50:07,300 --> 01:50:10,600
Athena established a hub of 
scholarship and democracy that 

2084
01:50:10,600 --> 01:50:14,300
shaped civilization for 
thousands of years communities. 

2085
01:50:14,300 --> 01:50:17,100
Use the advice from Apollo's 
Oracle at Delphi to make tough 

2086
01:50:17,100 --> 01:50:21,400
choices and steer, clear of 
needless confrontations her face

2087
01:50:21,400 --> 01:50:22,800
to show that a person's 
physical. 

2088
01:50:22,800 --> 01:50:25,600
Limitations need not stop them 
from contributing significantly 

2089
01:50:25,600 --> 01:50:28,800
to their Community. 
Ancient people use the stories 

2090
01:50:28,800 --> 01:50:31,400
of the Gods as a kind of 
psychology to help them 

2091
01:50:31,400 --> 01:50:34,800
comprehend and deal with the 
complexity of human nature here 

2092
01:50:34,800 --> 01:50:38,600
as jealousy a need for respect. 
Apollo's quest for Perfection 

2093
01:50:38,600 --> 01:50:42,500
artemis's need for Independence 
and Zeus's battles with 

2094
01:50:42,500 --> 01:50:45,500
authority and responsibility, 
were all Divine figures. 

2095
01:50:45,500 --> 01:50:49,400
That represented common human 
experiences while also implying 

2096
01:50:49,400 --> 01:50:53,400
the Devon Immortal beings had 
difficulties most significantly.

2097
01:50:53,400 --> 01:50:55,600
The Olympian showed the 
potential and Perils of 

2098
01:50:55,600 --> 01:50:58,400
unbridled power. 
They had the power to change 

2099
01:50:58,400 --> 01:51:02,700
reality, as they saw fit before,
Miracles and resolve, impossibly

2100
01:51:02,700 --> 01:51:05,200
challenging issues. 
They could also let personal 

2101
01:51:05,200 --> 01:51:08,100
grievances take precedents over 
their obligation to the world. 

2102
01:51:08,100 --> 01:51:12,000
They ruled Destroy civilizations
and torture innocent people 

2103
01:51:12,000 --> 01:51:14,900
their experiences served as 
warnings about the value of 

2104
01:51:14,908 --> 01:51:17,200
restraint discernment and 
responsibility. 

2105
01:51:17,800 --> 01:51:21,200
Lessons that hold true in any 
time period where people or 

2106
01:51:21,200 --> 01:51:24,800
organizations have substantial 
influence over others, their 

2107
01:51:24,800 --> 01:51:27,600
cultural influence was changed 
rather than eradicated. 

2108
01:51:27,600 --> 01:51:30,000
By the slow erosion of belief in
the Olympic Gods. 

2109
01:51:30,000 --> 01:51:33,600
Their conflicts became metaphors
for the Timeless human conflicts

2110
01:51:33,600 --> 01:51:36,300
between Duty and desire, 
individual ambition, and 

2111
01:51:36,300 --> 01:51:40,500
Collective responsibility and 
reason and passion, and their 

2112
01:51:40,500 --> 01:51:43,600
stories became literature rather
than religion think about the 

2113
01:51:43,600 --> 01:51:46,000
amazing impact. 
These ancient Divine figures of 

2114
01:51:46,000 --> 01:51:48,800
had on our contemporary world. 
As you curl up deeper under your

2115
01:51:48,800 --> 01:51:52,900
blanket and feel the soft pull 
of sleek Drawing Near even 

2116
01:51:52,900 --> 01:51:56,000
though they no longer Reign from
Mount Olympus, The Olympian gods

2117
01:51:56,000 --> 01:51:58,600
continued to have an impact on 
our language literature 

2118
01:51:58,600 --> 01:52:02,400
psychology and perception of 
human nature in ways that would 

2119
01:52:02,400 --> 01:52:04,400
have surprised their original 
devotees. 

2120
01:52:04,400 --> 01:52:07,800
When you say that, someone has 
not kill his heal, your bringing

2121
01:52:07,800 --> 01:52:10,800
up the tail of a hero whose 
Divine protection fail him at 

2122
01:52:10,800 --> 01:52:14,000
one crucial moment when you 
refer to a long challenging 

2123
01:52:14,000 --> 01:52:16,800
Voyage as an odyssey, you're 
alluding to Odysseus's 

2124
01:52:16,800 --> 01:52:18,900
wandering. 
Which were both aided and 

2125
01:52:18,900 --> 01:52:21,300
hindered by different Olympian 
gods who couldn't agree on, 

2126
01:52:21,300 --> 01:52:22,900
whether he should be punished or
assisted. 

2127
01:52:22,900 --> 01:52:26,200
The young man who fell in love 
with his own reflection, thanks 

2128
01:52:26,200 --> 01:52:29,400
to divine intervention. 
That punished his vanity comes 

2129
01:52:29,400 --> 01:52:32,800
to mind when you call someone 
narcissistic the personalities 

2130
01:52:32,800 --> 01:52:35,200
of the gods have evolved into 
models for comprehending. 

2131
01:52:35,200 --> 01:52:39,200
Human psychology Kalyan realized
that the Olympic Pantheon, 

2132
01:52:39,200 --> 01:52:42,000
reflected archetypal patterns 
that have existed throughout 

2133
01:52:42,000 --> 01:52:45,400
history and in many cultures 
aspects of human nature that we 

2134
01:52:45,408 --> 01:52:47,100
still recognize and grapple 
with. 

2135
01:52:47,100 --> 01:52:50,200
Today, are reflected in the 
Divine personalities of the 

2136
01:52:50,200 --> 01:52:54,700
rebellious trickster Hermes. 
The nurturing mother Demeter, 

2137
01:52:54,700 --> 01:53:00,300
the creative artist Apollo and 
the wise Mentor Athena, the 

2138
01:53:00,300 --> 01:53:03,200
stories of The Olympian gods are
still told and reimagined in 

2139
01:53:03,200 --> 01:53:07,200
contemporary literature film. 
And television, which find fresh

2140
01:53:07,200 --> 01:53:10,300
significance in their Antiquated
Rivals and relationships. 

2141
01:53:10,300 --> 01:53:13,300
Greek mythology, is introduced 
to new generations, through 

2142
01:53:13,300 --> 01:53:16,600
Percy, Jackson's Adventures, 
which also modernized Divine 

2143
01:53:16,600 --> 01:53:20,100
figures for audiences Wonder 
Woman, embodies contemporary 

2144
01:53:20,100 --> 01:53:22,700
ideals of justice. 
And equality, while obtaining 

2145
01:53:22,700 --> 01:53:26,000
her abilities from the Olympic 
Pantheon, the Greek tradition of

2146
01:53:26,000 --> 01:53:29,000
powerful beings using their 
abilities to protect automatic. 

2147
01:53:29,000 --> 01:53:33,200
Common Mortals is even reflected
in superhero comics, our 

2148
01:53:33,200 --> 01:53:35,200
conceptions of leadership 
bureaucracy and power 

2149
01:53:35,200 --> 01:53:38,600
distribution have been shaped by
the gods approach to governance 

2150
01:53:38,600 --> 01:53:42,300
which combines specialized 
duties, familial relationships 

2151
01:53:42,300 --> 01:53:45,600
and Cosmic Authority. 
The Notions that leaders must 

2152
01:53:45,600 --> 01:53:47,800
strike a balance between their 
personal interests and their 

2153
01:53:47,800 --> 01:53:50,500
public duties. 
That different facets of Life, 

2154
01:53:50,500 --> 01:53:53,500
call for different kinds of 
expertise and that corruption 

2155
01:53:53,500 --> 01:53:56,300
results from Power without 
accountability, can all be 

2156
01:53:56,300 --> 01:53:58,400
linked to the myths surrounding 
Zeus. 

2157
01:53:58,400 --> 01:54:01,000
And his Divine kin their 
romantic relationships and 

2158
01:54:01,008 --> 01:54:04,200
family disputes have given rise 
to surprisingly current models 

2159
01:54:04,200 --> 01:54:07,300
for comprehending, the 
intricacies of marriage parent 

2160
01:54:07,300 --> 01:54:11,000
hood and love the dysfunctional 
marriage of Zeus and Hera 

2161
01:54:11,000 --> 01:54:13,000
provides insight into the impact
of power. 

2162
01:54:13,000 --> 01:54:16,300
Disparity on interpersonal, 
relationships, Demeter's. 

2163
01:54:16,300 --> 01:54:19,800
Ferocious defense of Persephone 
Serves as an example of the 

2164
01:54:19,800 --> 01:54:23,100
difficulties parents and counter
when their kids grow up and are 

2165
01:54:23,100 --> 01:54:25,400
on their own. 
Even having the ideal 

2166
01:54:25,400 --> 01:54:29,000
credentials, doesn't ensure 
romantic success as Apollo's. 

2167
01:54:29,000 --> 01:54:32,000
Unfilled loves show, a 
sophisticated understanding of 

2168
01:54:32,000 --> 01:54:35,200
human nature that predated 
modern Psychology by Millennia 

2169
01:54:35,200 --> 01:54:39,500
is reflected in the gods, moral 
ambiguity, their capacity for 

2170
01:54:39,500 --> 01:54:42,800
both great, kindness and 
terrible, cruelty the Olympic 

2171
01:54:42,800 --> 01:54:45,300
Gods, embodied the 
contradictions that Define real 

2172
01:54:45,300 --> 01:54:48,400
people in contrast to the 
purely, good or purely evil 

2173
01:54:48,400 --> 01:54:50,600
deities, found in some religious
Traditions. 

2174
01:54:50,600 --> 01:54:53,300
They were able to exhibit both 
wisdom and foolishness, 

2175
01:54:53,300 --> 01:54:58,000
generosity and selfishness, and 
love and hatred frequently 

2176
01:54:58,000 --> 01:55:01,400
within the same story, or even 
the same interaction, their 

2177
01:55:01,400 --> 01:55:03,500
stories were more 
psychologically, realistic. 

2178
01:55:03,500 --> 01:55:06,900
And as a result, more helpful 
for comprehending, human 

2179
01:55:06,900 --> 01:55:10,300
behavior because of their moral 
complexity stories about being 

2180
01:55:10,300 --> 01:55:13,500
who had unbounded power but 
still had very human limitations

2181
01:55:13,500 --> 01:55:17,400
help us understand situations 
where people act with unexpected

2182
01:55:17,400 --> 01:55:21,100
kindness or cruelty When leaders
make choices that seem to go 

2183
01:55:21,100 --> 01:55:24,600
against their professed values. 
And when families Go through 

2184
01:55:24,600 --> 01:55:26,500
both intense love and bitter 
conflict. 

2185
01:55:26,500 --> 01:55:29,600
The Olympic Pantheon also, 
created ways of thinking about 

2186
01:55:29,600 --> 01:55:34,000
cooperation, specialization and 
diversity, that still shape, the

2187
01:55:34,008 --> 01:55:36,900
way we set up complicated 
institutions, these 

2188
01:55:36,900 --> 01:55:40,100
organizational principles were 
ingrained in myths, about Gods, 

2189
01:55:40,100 --> 01:55:42,000
who governed various facets of 
the universe. 

2190
01:55:42,000 --> 01:55:44,200
While upholding an overall 
Divine government. 

2191
01:55:44,200 --> 01:55:47,300
These included the notion that 
different talents require 

2192
01:55:47,300 --> 01:55:50,000
different approaches that 
effectively leadership, 

2193
01:55:50,000 --> 01:55:52,900
frequently entails coordinating 
Specialists, rather than 

2194
01:55:52,900 --> 01:55:55,800
micromanaging them. 
And that even the most capable 

2195
01:55:55,800 --> 01:55:59,000
individuals require colleagues 
with complementary skills. 

2196
01:55:59,000 --> 01:56:02,000
The ancient Greek belief that 
the Universe was essentially 

2197
01:56:02,000 --> 01:56:05,200
understandable and that humans 
could comprehend their place 

2198
01:56:05,200 --> 01:56:08,700
within greater Cosmic, patterns 
was, perhaps most persistently, 

2199
01:56:08,700 --> 01:56:12,000
embodied by the Olympian gods 
despite their strengths and 

2200
01:56:12,000 --> 01:56:14,600
immortality the gods were 
subject to laws. 

2201
01:56:14,600 --> 01:56:18,100
Had repercussions for their 
deeds and lived by moral 

2202
01:56:18,100 --> 01:56:20,300
standards. 
That Mortals could adopt and use

2203
01:56:20,300 --> 01:56:22,800
in their own lives. 
One of the pillars of Western 

2204
01:56:22,800 --> 01:56:26,500
civilization was this Optimistic
Outlook, which held that life 

2205
01:56:26,500 --> 01:56:29,900
had purpose, that knowledge was 
achievable and that people could

2206
01:56:29,900 --> 01:56:32,500
shape their own Destinies with 
hard work and wisdom. 

2207
01:56:33,200 --> 01:56:35,400
The stories of the Gods taught 
that even the most powerful 

2208
01:56:35,400 --> 01:56:38,100
beings were subject to moral 
laws that went beyond their own 

2209
01:56:38,100 --> 01:56:40,800
desires. 
The creativity could overcome 

2210
01:56:40,800 --> 01:56:43,800
constraints and that 
intelligence could triumph over 

2211
01:56:43,800 --> 01:56:46,800
Brute Force. 
Dreams of marble temples shining

2212
01:56:46,800 --> 01:56:50,400
and Mediterranean sunlight of 
divine voices resonating across 

2213
01:56:50,400 --> 01:56:54,000
ancient valleys, or of immortal 
families, assembling on a 

2214
01:56:54,000 --> 01:56:56,900
mountain peak to discuss the 
fate of both gods and Mortals 

2215
01:56:56,900 --> 01:57:00,500
may cross your mind. 
As you drift toward sleep, these

2216
01:57:00,500 --> 01:57:03,300
dreams transport you back. 
Thousands of years of human 

2217
01:57:03,300 --> 01:57:06,500
storytelling to innumerable 
Generations who drew inspiration

2218
01:57:06,500 --> 01:57:09,400
and meaning from stories about 
creatures who are both 

2219
01:57:09,400 --> 01:57:12,800
remarkably similar to us and 
completely different from us, 

2220
01:57:12,800 --> 01:57:16,300
the Olympian gods endure because
they represent Universal truths 

2221
01:57:16,300 --> 01:57:19,700
about relationships human nature
and The NeverEnding difficulties

2222
01:57:19,700 --> 01:57:23,100
of living in a complex world. 
Not because we believe in their 

2223
01:57:23,100 --> 01:57:26,800
literal existence, their Tales 
serve as a reminder, that even 

2224
01:57:26,800 --> 01:57:29,500
Immortal beings must learn to 
strike a balance between their 

2225
01:57:29,500 --> 01:57:33,400
obligations to others and their 
own desires, that stupidity and 

2226
01:57:33,400 --> 01:57:36,900
wisdom frequently coexist. 
And that power entails, both 

2227
01:57:36,900 --> 01:57:40,300
opportunities and 
responsibilities, you will be 

2228
01:57:40,300 --> 01:57:42,900
using insights that were 
initially, conveyed entails of 

2229
01:57:42,900 --> 01:57:47,200
Zeus's lightning bolts, Athena 
strategic Acumen Aphrodite's, 

2230
01:57:47,200 --> 01:57:50,200
intricate gifts and her fastest,
inventive tenacity. 

2231
01:57:50,200 --> 01:57:52,600
When you awaken tomorrow and 
confront the difficulties of 

2232
01:57:52,600 --> 01:57:56,200
your own mortal existence, even 
though the gods are old, they 

2233
01:57:56,200 --> 01:57:58,600
teachings are still as current 
as the news of the day. 

2234
01:57:58,600 --> 01:58:01,800
And as fresh as your morning, 
Joe rest easy. 

2235
01:58:01,800 --> 01:58:04,500
Knowing that you are a part of 
an ongoing, human tradition of 

2236
01:58:04,500 --> 01:58:07,400
using storytelling to find 
meaning and that the questions 

2237
01:58:07,400 --> 01:58:10,900
you are faced with about power 
and love Justice and wisdom 

2238
01:58:10,900 --> 01:58:15,000
personal ambition and group 
responsibility are the same ones

2239
01:58:15,000 --> 01:58:17,800
that have inspired and 
challenged people ever since 

2240
01:58:17,800 --> 01:58:20,500
they first gazed up at the stars
and wondered what immortal 

2241
01:58:20,500 --> 01:58:22,900
beings might think of our Short.
Complex lives. 

2242
01:58:28,300 --> 01:58:31,000
Picture this your settling into 
your favorite chair. 

2243
01:58:31,000 --> 01:58:34,600
After a long day may be with a 
warm cup of tea steaming beside 

2244
01:58:34,600 --> 01:58:37,000
you. 
Now imagine if in stead of 

2245
01:58:37,000 --> 01:58:40,100
relaxing your feet suddenly 
decided they had other plans 

2246
01:58:40,100 --> 01:58:43,400
entirely Not just a little 
restless leg syndrome. 

2247
01:58:43,400 --> 01:58:45,600
Mind you, but full-blown, can't 
stop. 

2248
01:58:45,600 --> 01:58:48,800
Won't Stop Dancing. 
That's essentially what happened

2249
01:58:48,800 --> 01:58:50,400
to the good people of 
Strasbourg. 

2250
01:58:50,400 --> 01:58:53,300
In July 1518, though, they 
didn't have the luxury of 

2251
01:58:53,300 --> 01:58:57,700
calling it quirky It started 
with faucet a woman whose name 

2252
01:58:57,700 --> 01:59:00,800
has echoed through history for 
all the wrong reasons, on a 

2253
01:59:00,800 --> 01:59:02,100
perfectly ordinary summer 
morning. 

2254
01:59:02,100 --> 01:59:05,100
She stepped out of her 
half-timbered house onto the 

2255
01:59:05,100 --> 01:59:07,900
cobblestones of Strasbourg and 
began to dance. 

2256
01:59:07,900 --> 01:59:11,300
Her dancing was not the kind you
might do it a wedding after a 

2257
01:59:11,300 --> 01:59:14,400
few glasses of wine, but an 
urgent desperate kind of 

2258
01:59:14,400 --> 01:59:18,600
movement that seemed to possess 
her entire being You have to 

2259
01:59:18,608 --> 01:59:21,100
understand this wasn't 
Renaissance flash modern 

2260
01:59:21,100 --> 01:59:24,800
material. 
Danced as if her life relied on 

2261
01:59:24,800 --> 01:59:28,200
it. 
And in fact, it did Her feet 

2262
01:59:28,208 --> 01:59:31,400
moved in patterns, that made no 
musical sense and her arms 

2263
01:59:31,400 --> 01:59:33,900
flailed in rhythms that belonged
to know Earthly song. 

2264
01:59:35,200 --> 01:59:37,900
The townspeople gathered around 
her initially amused. 

2265
01:59:37,900 --> 01:59:41,200
After all, who doesn't enjoy a 
bit of unexpected Street 

2266
01:59:41,200 --> 01:59:44,700
Entertainment. 
But as the hours ticked by their

2267
01:59:44,700 --> 01:59:49,900
smiles, began to fade like paint
in the rain, Faucet dancing. 

2268
01:59:50,700 --> 01:59:53,300
During the midday heat. 
When sensible people sought 

2269
01:59:53,300 --> 01:59:56,500
shade and cool drinks for our 
trophy can continue to dance 

2270
01:59:56,500 --> 01:59:59,700
during the dinner hour. 
The aroma of roasted meat and 

2271
01:59:59,700 --> 02:00:02,200
fresh bread, should have 
beckoned any sensible individual

2272
02:00:02,200 --> 02:00:04,900
home during the evening. 
Her feet should have been 

2273
02:00:04,900 --> 02:00:07,600
expressing gratitude for her 
decision to finally sit down. 

2274
02:00:08,500 --> 02:00:11,800
The cobblestones beneath her 
feet told their story warned 

2275
02:00:11,800 --> 02:00:14,500
Smooth by centuries of Kart 
wheels and horse Hooves now 

2276
02:00:14,500 --> 02:00:18,200
witnessed to this strange. 
New Rhythm, you can almost hear 

2277
02:00:18,200 --> 02:00:20,300
them. 
Those ancient Stones Whispering 

2278
02:00:20,300 --> 02:00:22,800
among themselves about this 
peculiar turn of events. 

2279
02:00:23,600 --> 02:00:28,300
They'd seen plague and War feast
and famine, but never anything 

2280
02:00:28,300 --> 02:00:32,200
quite like this. 
By Nightfall for our trophy was 

2281
02:00:32,208 --> 02:00:34,900
still moving though. 
Her dance had transformed from 

2282
02:00:34,900 --> 02:00:37,200
something almost graceful into 
something more. 

2283
02:00:37,200 --> 02:00:39,600
Akin to a marionette with 
tangled strings. 

2284
02:00:40,300 --> 02:00:43,300
Her neighbors brought her water,
which she drank without stopping

2285
02:00:43,300 --> 02:00:45,500
her movement. 
They offered food, which she 

2286
02:00:45,500 --> 02:00:48,700
barely managed to consume 
between steps, they pleaded with

2287
02:00:48,700 --> 02:00:50,900
her to rest, but she seemed as 
unable to stop. 

2288
02:00:50,900 --> 02:00:52,500
As you might be unable to stop 
breathing. 

2289
02:00:53,700 --> 02:00:56,700
The local Authority scratched 
their heads and consulted, their

2290
02:00:56,700 --> 02:00:59,800
limited medical knowledge. 
Perhaps it was a fever, they 

2291
02:00:59,800 --> 02:01:02,600
reasoned fevers could make 
people act strangely. 

2292
02:01:03,600 --> 02:01:05,600
But trout Fair showed no signs 
of illness. 

2293
02:01:05,600 --> 02:01:08,900
Beyond this compulsive movement.
Her skin was not flushed. 

2294
02:01:08,900 --> 02:01:12,600
Her eyes were glassy she simply 
could not stop dancing. 

2295
02:01:14,000 --> 02:01:16,700
As you lie there, tonight, 
comfortable in your bed. 

2296
02:01:16,700 --> 02:01:20,200
Imagine the bewilderment of 
those medieval Minds trying to 

2297
02:01:20,200 --> 02:01:23,800
process this impossibility. 
They lived in a world where 

2298
02:01:23,800 --> 02:01:25,600
everything had a place in the 
purpose. 

2299
02:01:25,600 --> 02:01:30,100
Cows gave milk chickens laid 
eggs and people danced only when

2300
02:01:30,100 --> 02:01:33,900
there was music and merriment. 
But here was Frau trophy. 

2301
02:01:34,600 --> 02:01:37,300
The natural order with every 
unwilling step. 

2302
02:01:38,100 --> 02:01:41,400
The night Watchman took turns 
observing her partly out of 

2303
02:01:41,400 --> 02:01:43,700
concern and partly out of morbid
fascination. 

2304
02:01:44,800 --> 02:01:47,700
They'd seen plenty of odd things
during their midnight rounds, 

2305
02:01:47,700 --> 02:01:51,900
drunken revelers that lasted too
long, lovers quarrels that 

2306
02:01:51,900 --> 02:01:54,800
spilled into the streets and the
occasional Sleepwalker, 

2307
02:01:54,800 --> 02:01:56,500
stumbling about in their night 
clothes. 

2308
02:01:57,600 --> 02:02:00,000
But nothing had prepared them 
for the site of a middle-aged 

2309
02:02:00,000 --> 02:02:02,000
woman dancing alone under the 
stars. 

2310
02:02:02,000 --> 02:02:05,800
Her Shadow performing an endless
exhausting ballet on the 

2311
02:02:05,800 --> 02:02:09,000
Moonlight Stones as Dawn 
approached bringing with it. 

2312
02:02:09,000 --> 02:02:11,900
The promise of a new day for our
trophy was still dancing. 

2313
02:02:11,900 --> 02:02:16,800
Her movement had slowed but they
hadn't stopped it was as if some

2314
02:02:16,800 --> 02:02:19,500
invisible Puppeteer had taken 
control of her strings and 

2315
02:02:19,500 --> 02:02:22,300
forgotten how to let go. 
Now, you might assume that the 

2316
02:02:22,308 --> 02:02:24,900
sensible citizens of stress ball
would have shunned throughout 

2317
02:02:24,900 --> 02:02:27,400
her fare after witnessing her 
bizarre predicament for a full 

2318
02:02:27,408 --> 02:02:30,600
day and night. 
You'd be wrong of course because

2319
02:02:30,600 --> 02:02:32,800
people have always been 
magnetically drawn to the 

2320
02:02:32,800 --> 02:02:36,400
inexplicable like moths to a 
particularly puzzling Flame. 

2321
02:02:37,400 --> 02:02:40,300
Instead of backing away, small 
crowds began to gather regularly

2322
02:02:40,300 --> 02:02:43,300
around for outer Fair. 
They brought their morning bread

2323
02:02:43,300 --> 02:02:45,700
and ate it. 
While watching her dance, they 

2324
02:02:45,700 --> 02:02:48,900
discussed her condition over 
their midday meals, gesturing 

2325
02:02:48,900 --> 02:02:52,100
with chicken legs and chunks of 
cheese, they turned her 

2326
02:02:52,100 --> 02:02:54,200
suffering into a form of 
communal entertainment. 

2327
02:02:54,200 --> 02:02:57,200
Although none of them would have
openly acknowledged it in those 

2328
02:02:57,200 --> 02:03:00,500
exact terms. 
This is where the story takes a 

2329
02:03:00,500 --> 02:03:01,400
turn. 
That would make even the most 

2330
02:03:01,400 --> 02:03:03,500
creative screenwriter, pause, 
and reconsider. 

2331
02:03:04,600 --> 02:03:08,100
Within a week of fraud refers 
first and voluntary, step others

2332
02:03:08,100 --> 02:03:10,500
began to join her. 
Not voluntarily. 

2333
02:03:10,500 --> 02:03:13,000
You understand? 
These were not copycat dancers 

2334
02:03:13,000 --> 02:03:15,800
or attention Seekers. 
These were Ordinary People Who 

2335
02:03:15,800 --> 02:03:18,100
suddenly found their feet, 
betraying them in the most 

2336
02:03:18,100 --> 02:03:20,600
extraordinary way. 
Hands. 

2337
02:03:20,600 --> 02:03:23,900
The baker was kneading dough 
when it started his hands which 

2338
02:03:23,900 --> 02:03:25,500
had shape. 
Thousands of loaves with 

2339
02:03:25,500 --> 02:03:28,500
methodical Precision suddenly 
began, moving to a different 

2340
02:03:28,500 --> 02:03:32,300
rhythm Before he knew it, his 
whole body had joined the dance.

2341
02:03:32,300 --> 02:03:36,100
Leaving behind a kitchen, full 
of half-formed bread and a wife 

2342
02:03:36,108 --> 02:03:38,300
who thought he'd finally succumb
to the summer heat. 

2343
02:03:39,300 --> 02:03:42,900
Greta the Weaver abandoned her 
Loom, mid thread when her feet 

2344
02:03:42,900 --> 02:03:45,700
decided, they had more important
things to do than operate. 

2345
02:03:45,700 --> 02:03:47,300
The pedals in their usual, 
measured way. 

2346
02:03:48,400 --> 02:03:50,900
The half finished cloth remained
stretched on the frame for 

2347
02:03:50,900 --> 02:03:52,700
weeks, a testament to the 
moment. 

2348
02:03:52,700 --> 02:03:54,900
When normal life simply stopped 
making sense. 

2349
02:03:55,800 --> 02:03:57,300
You can picture the scene, can't
you? 

2350
02:03:58,400 --> 02:04:01,400
The Town Square that had once 
been a place of orderly Commerce

2351
02:04:01,400 --> 02:04:05,100
vendors, Hawking, their Wares, 
children playing simple games, 

2352
02:04:05,100 --> 02:04:08,800
Merchants, negotiating deals 
transformed into something 

2353
02:04:08,800 --> 02:04:12,400
resembling a fever dream. 
Except the fever seemed to be 

2354
02:04:12,400 --> 02:04:16,300
catching spreading from person 
to person like a yawn in a 

2355
02:04:16,308 --> 02:04:19,700
worn-out congregation, The 
dancing wasn't Beautiful Mind 

2356
02:04:19,700 --> 02:04:21,400
you. 
This wasn't some spontaneous 

2357
02:04:21,400 --> 02:04:25,500
celebration of life and joy. 
The dancers moved with a 

2358
02:04:25,500 --> 02:04:29,300
desperate urgency, their faces 
etched with exhaustion and 

2359
02:04:29,300 --> 02:04:32,000
confusion. 
Their clothes became tattered 

2360
02:04:32,000 --> 02:04:34,800
from the constant motion, their 
shoes were thin against the 

2361
02:04:34,800 --> 02:04:38,100
unforgiving cobblestones. 
Some danced until their feet 

2362
02:04:38,100 --> 02:04:41,900
bled, leaving small red marks on
the Stone's, like some Macabre 

2363
02:04:41,900 --> 02:04:45,600
breadcrumb Trail. 
The local Physicians were 

2364
02:04:45,600 --> 02:04:48,300
summoned naturally. 
These learned men arrived with 

2365
02:04:48,300 --> 02:04:51,300
their leather satchels, full of 
mysterious remedies and their 

2366
02:04:51,300 --> 02:04:53,200
heads full of medieval medical 
wisdom. 

2367
02:04:53,200 --> 02:04:56,400
They observed the dancers with 
the same intensity, you might 

2368
02:04:56,400 --> 02:04:59,000
observe a puzzle that's missing.
Several crucial pieces. 

2369
02:04:59,800 --> 02:05:03,200
They took notes, they consulted 
their texts and they stroked 

2370
02:05:03,200 --> 02:05:06,700
their beards thoughtfully. 
Their diagnosis, when it came 

2371
02:05:06,700 --> 02:05:10,100
reflected, the medical 
understanding of the time, they 

2372
02:05:10,100 --> 02:05:12,900
declared that the dancers had a 
condition known as hot blood. 

2373
02:05:12,900 --> 02:05:16,400
Therefore, the solution was to 
encourage more dancing until the

2374
02:05:16,400 --> 02:05:18,300
heat dissipated from their 
systems. 

2375
02:05:18,300 --> 02:05:21,300
It was rather like suggesting 
that someone with hiccups should

2376
02:05:21,300 --> 02:05:24,300
hiccup more vigorously until 
they stopped, but it seemed 

2377
02:05:24,300 --> 02:05:26,900
logical within the framework of 
16th century medicine. 

2378
02:05:26,900 --> 02:05:30,900
Therefore, the authorities 
Guided by their immense wisdom, 

2379
02:05:30,900 --> 02:05:34,500
chose to combat the issue 
head-on, they hired musicians to

2380
02:05:34,500 --> 02:05:37,300
play for the dancers reasoning, 
that proper music might help 

2381
02:05:37,300 --> 02:05:38,900
regulate their chaotic 
movements. 

2382
02:05:39,600 --> 02:05:42,100
They cleared larger spaces for 
the dancing moving Market, 

2383
02:05:42,100 --> 02:05:44,300
stalls, redirecting, cart 
traffic. 

2384
02:05:44,300 --> 02:05:47,600
They even built a stage thinking
that perhaps the dancers would 

2385
02:05:47,600 --> 02:05:51,300
feel more dignified, performing 
on an elevated platform, the 

2386
02:05:51,300 --> 02:05:53,800
irony would have been delicious 
if it weren't so tragic. 

2387
02:05:54,600 --> 02:05:57,700
Instead of curing, the dancers 
the music and attention seemed 

2388
02:05:57,700 --> 02:06:00,500
to attract more victims. 
The dancing seemed to have 

2389
02:06:00,500 --> 02:06:04,000
transformed into a seductive 
Melody appealing to a profound 

2390
02:06:04,000 --> 02:06:07,700
concealed fragility within the 
human soul by the end of the 

2391
02:06:07,700 --> 02:06:10,300
second week. 
Nearly 40 people were dancing in

2392
02:06:10,300 --> 02:06:13,300
the streets of Strasbourg. 
The individual rhythms creating 

2393
02:06:13,300 --> 02:06:17,000
a chaotic Symphony of movement, 
The families of the dancers, 

2394
02:06:17,000 --> 02:06:20,000
tried everything, they could 
think of, they brought favorite 

2395
02:06:20,000 --> 02:06:22,900
foods hoping to tempt, their 
loved ones to stop and eat 

2396
02:06:22,900 --> 02:06:26,000
properly. 
They Carried chairs and stools 

2397
02:06:26,000 --> 02:06:28,200
placing them hopefully in the 
dance as paths. 

2398
02:06:28,200 --> 02:06:31,500
They also brought pillows and 
blankets believing that if they 

2399
02:06:31,500 --> 02:06:34,300
could persuade, the dancers to 
take a moment's rest, the spell 

2400
02:06:34,300 --> 02:06:37,800
might be broken. 
But nothing worked, the dancers 

2401
02:06:37,800 --> 02:06:41,200
danced on day and night. 
Their movements becoming more 

2402
02:06:41,200 --> 02:06:42,900
frantic as their bodies grew 
weaker. 

2403
02:06:42,900 --> 02:06:47,100
It was like watching people 
slowly drown in are struggling 

2404
02:06:47,100 --> 02:06:48,900
against an invisible. 
Current that only. 

2405
02:06:48,900 --> 02:06:52,400
They could feel by the third 
week of this peculiar epidemic, 

2406
02:06:52,400 --> 02:06:55,200
the city of Strasbourg could 
transformed into something. 

2407
02:06:55,200 --> 02:06:58,800
Unrecognizable, you know, how a 
familiar room can suddenly feel 

2408
02:06:58,800 --> 02:07:00,900
strange when you move just one 
piece of furniture? 

2409
02:07:00,900 --> 02:07:05,600
Well, imagine and entire city, 
where the fundamental rules of 

2410
02:07:05,600 --> 02:07:07,600
human behavior had been 
Rewritten overnight. 

2411
02:07:08,900 --> 02:07:11,600
The marketplace which had 
operated according to centuries 

2412
02:07:11,600 --> 02:07:13,100
old rhythms of buying and 
selling. 

2413
02:07:13,100 --> 02:07:16,500
Now, resembled something between
a medical ward and a carnival. 

2414
02:07:16,500 --> 02:07:19,600
Even in the face of 
impossibility vendors still set 

2415
02:07:19,600 --> 02:07:22,500
up their stalls each morning, 
but their attention was divided 

2416
02:07:22,500 --> 02:07:25,500
between their Wares and the 
growing number of dancers who 

2417
02:07:25,500 --> 02:07:29,800
wove between the displays like 
exhausted ghosts. children, who 

2418
02:07:29,800 --> 02:07:32,900
had initially found the whole 
spectacle entertaining, began to

2419
02:07:32,900 --> 02:07:35,600
grow frightened There's 
something unsettling about, 

2420
02:07:35,600 --> 02:07:38,800
seeing adults lose control, 
especially when those adults, 

2421
02:07:38,800 --> 02:07:42,300
include your neighbors, your 
teacher, or your aunt, you 

2422
02:07:42,300 --> 02:07:46,200
always remembered your birthday.
The dancing had crossed the line

2423
02:07:46,200 --> 02:07:48,600
from Curious novelty to 
something darker and more 

2424
02:07:48,600 --> 02:07:51,600
threatening the dancers. 
Themselves had begun to show. 

2425
02:07:51,600 --> 02:07:55,300
Serious signs of wear their 
clothes hung in tatters, their 

2426
02:07:55,300 --> 02:07:59,200
faces, gaunt, from exhaustion, 
and irregular eating Some had 

2427
02:07:59,200 --> 02:08:02,500
collapsed and been carried home,
only to rise and begin dancing 

2428
02:08:02,500 --> 02:08:04,100
again, as soon as they were 
gained consciousness. 

2429
02:08:05,400 --> 02:08:08,600
It was as if rest only stored up
energy for more frantic movement

2430
02:08:08,600 --> 02:08:12,300
Maria the seamstress developed a
particularly heartbreaking 

2431
02:08:12,300 --> 02:08:14,900
Pacman. 
She would dance for hours then 

2432
02:08:14,900 --> 02:08:18,600
suddenly stopped and look around
with clear confused eyes as if 

2433
02:08:18,600 --> 02:08:22,500
waking from a dream she would 
recognize her surrounding call 

2434
02:08:22,500 --> 02:08:25,100
out to friends and family and 
even sit down for a few minutes 

2435
02:08:25,100 --> 02:08:28,900
to drink water or nibble bread. 
Then just as suddenly the 

2436
02:08:28,900 --> 02:08:31,700
compulsion would return and she 
would leap to her feet and 

2437
02:08:31,700 --> 02:08:35,300
resumed her endless dance. 
These moments of clarity made 

2438
02:08:35,300 --> 02:08:37,000
the condition even more 
disturbing. 

2439
02:08:37,000 --> 02:08:39,800
It wasn't Madness in any 
traditional sense. 

2440
02:08:39,800 --> 02:08:42,000
The dance is knew what was 
happening to them. 

2441
02:08:42,000 --> 02:08:46,100
They simply could not stop it. 
Imagine being trapped in your 

2442
02:08:46,108 --> 02:08:48,400
own body. 
Watching yourself perform 

2443
02:08:48,400 --> 02:08:50,700
actions. 
You never chose to perform like 

2444
02:08:50,700 --> 02:08:53,000
being a passenger in a vehicle. 
Who's steering wheel? 

2445
02:08:53,000 --> 02:08:56,600
You can't reach. 
The city's records kept by 

2446
02:08:56,600 --> 02:08:59,500
meticulous scribes, who 
documented everything from grain

2447
02:08:59,500 --> 02:09:02,800
prices to weather patterns began
to read like something from a 

2448
02:09:02,800 --> 02:09:08,200
fever dream item, the dancing 
sickness continues item Johan, 

2449
02:09:08,200 --> 02:09:11,000
the Cooper joined the dancers 
this morning item. 

2450
02:09:11,000 --> 02:09:14,600
The musicians have been paid for
another week of playing item 

2451
02:09:14,600 --> 02:09:18,000
three, more dancers collapsed 
today, but resumed upon waking, 

2452
02:09:18,900 --> 02:09:22,000
You have to admire those record.
Keepers, really faced with 

2453
02:09:22,000 --> 02:09:24,100
something completely outside 
their experience. 

2454
02:09:24,100 --> 02:09:27,500
They did what bureaucrats have 
always done, they wrote it down 

2455
02:09:27,500 --> 02:09:29,600
carefully, and hoped someone 
else would figure out what it 

2456
02:09:29,600 --> 02:09:31,400
all meant. 
The religious authorities. 

2457
02:09:31,400 --> 02:09:34,300
Meanwhile were having 
theological debate, that would 

2458
02:09:34,300 --> 02:09:35,800
have been fascinating if they 
weren't. 

2459
02:09:35,800 --> 02:09:39,500
So urgent, was this Divine 
punishment for some collective 

2460
02:09:39,500 --> 02:09:41,400
sin? 
A test of faith? 

2461
02:09:41,400 --> 02:09:45,500
Was this, a manifestation of 
malevolent Spirits, different 

2462
02:09:45,500 --> 02:09:48,100
priests offered different 
interpretations and their 

2463
02:09:48,100 --> 02:09:51,900
congregations split accordingly.
Some organized prayer, vigils 

2464
02:09:51,900 --> 02:09:54,000
others called for public 
confessions. 

2465
02:09:54,000 --> 02:09:57,500
And a few suggested that perhaps
God was simply enjoying some 

2466
02:09:57,500 --> 02:09:59,600
Cosmic entertainment at human 
expense. 

2467
02:10:00,400 --> 02:10:03,000
The dancers themselves became 
unwilling celebrities. 

2468
02:10:03,700 --> 02:10:06,500
People traveled from neighboring
towns to witness the phenomenon,

2469
02:10:06,500 --> 02:10:09,800
turning Strasbourg into an 
accidental tourist, destination.

2470
02:10:10,600 --> 02:10:13,800
Merchants arrived to sell food 
and trinkets to the crowds 

2471
02:10:13,800 --> 02:10:16,300
street performers. 
Came to compete for attention 

2472
02:10:16,300 --> 02:10:18,500
though. 
Their conventional acts seemed 

2473
02:10:18,500 --> 02:10:20,900
almost quaint compared to the 
desperate dancing happening all 

2474
02:10:20,900 --> 02:10:23,900
around them. 
However, the locals were growing

2475
02:10:23,900 --> 02:10:27,400
tired of the novelty living in 
the middle of an ongoing crisis,

2476
02:10:27,400 --> 02:10:30,100
has a way of exhausting even the
most patient communities. 

2477
02:10:30,800 --> 02:10:33,400
Families were disrupted 
businesses, struggled to 

2478
02:10:33,408 --> 02:10:36,400
function normally and everyone 
walked around with the nervous 

2479
02:10:36,400 --> 02:10:38,600
energy of people waiting for the
other shoe to drop. 

2480
02:10:38,600 --> 02:10:42,400
Except in this case the shoes 
never stopped moving. 

2481
02:10:43,900 --> 02:10:46,700
The dancers families organized 
themselves into an informal 

2482
02:10:46,700 --> 02:10:49,500
support network. 
They took turns bringing food 

2483
02:10:49,500 --> 02:10:52,400
and water alternated in watching
over their Afflicted. 

2484
02:10:52,400 --> 02:10:55,300
Relatives and shared the burden 
of worry, that comes from 

2485
02:10:55,300 --> 02:10:57,500
loving, someone who is slowly 
wearing themselves down. 

2486
02:10:58,500 --> 02:11:01,500
It was Community Care, born from
desperation, but it was 

2487
02:11:01,500 --> 02:11:04,900
beautiful in its way some of the
dancers had begun to develop 

2488
02:11:04,900 --> 02:11:08,500
their own individual styles. 
Otto, the blacksmith dance, with

2489
02:11:08,500 --> 02:11:11,800
heavy rhythmic movements, the 
echoed, his hammering motion at 

2490
02:11:11,800 --> 02:11:15,900
the forge Liesel, the baker's 
daughter, spun and twisted as if

2491
02:11:15,900 --> 02:11:18,200
needing invisible dough, their 
bodies. 

2492
02:11:18,200 --> 02:11:21,500
Even in the grip of this 
strange, compulsion remembered. 

2493
02:11:21,500 --> 02:11:23,700
Their daily work and transformed
it into movement. 

2494
02:11:24,700 --> 02:11:28,200
By now, the city authorities 
were beginning to panic, what 

2495
02:11:28,200 --> 02:11:30,900
had started as a curious. 
Local phenomenon was threatening

2496
02:11:30,900 --> 02:11:33,000
to become a complete breakdown 
of civil order. 

2497
02:11:33,600 --> 02:11:37,400
More importantly, people were 
starting to die death when it 

2498
02:11:37,400 --> 02:11:40,500
finally came to, the dancers 
arrived, not with drama, but 

2499
02:11:40,500 --> 02:11:42,500
with a kind of merciful 
exhaustion. 

2500
02:11:43,200 --> 02:11:46,000
Similar to a candle nearing. 
Its end, the dance has struggled

2501
02:11:46,000 --> 02:11:48,400
to maintain the constant energy 
of their bodies required. 

2502
02:11:48,400 --> 02:11:52,200
It was Klaus the Miller who went
first collapsing in the middle 

2503
02:11:52,200 --> 02:11:55,000
of what had been a particularly 
vigorous sequence of Spin and 

2504
02:11:55,000 --> 02:11:58,900
somehow failing to rise again? 
The site of clouds, flying, 

2505
02:11:58,900 --> 02:12:01,500
still on those worn. 
Cobblestones created a strange 

2506
02:12:01,500 --> 02:12:04,800
silence in the Square. 
Even the other dancers seem to 

2507
02:12:04,800 --> 02:12:08,200
pause as if some invisible 
conductor had finally give them 

2508
02:12:08,200 --> 02:12:12,100
permission for a moment's rest. 
However, only a brief moment 

2509
02:12:12,100 --> 02:12:14,900
passed before the surviving 
dancers, resumed their endless 

2510
02:12:14,900 --> 02:12:18,400
movement carefully stepping 
around their fallen friend, as 

2511
02:12:18,400 --> 02:12:20,700
if he were merely another 
obstacle in their path. 

2512
02:12:21,400 --> 02:12:24,000
You might wonder what goes 
through a community's mind when 

2513
02:12:24,000 --> 02:12:27,300
the impossible becomes deadly. 
The people of Strasbourg were 

2514
02:12:27,300 --> 02:12:30,000
experiencing something that 
challenged every assumption 

2515
02:12:30,000 --> 02:12:32,100
laid, ever made about how the 
world worked. 

2516
02:12:32,800 --> 02:12:35,800
They were practical people 
accustomed to practical problems

2517
02:12:35,800 --> 02:12:39,400
with practical Solutions. 
Crop failures could be endured 

2518
02:12:39,400 --> 02:12:43,000
diseases, could be treated or at
least understood and Wars could 

2519
02:12:43,000 --> 02:12:46,500
be fought and ended. 
But this dancing plague defied 

2520
02:12:46,500 --> 02:12:49,000
every category they had, for 
making sense of suffering. 

2521
02:12:49,800 --> 02:12:52,800
The Physicians those learned men
with their impressive 

2522
02:12:52,800 --> 02:12:55,400
collections of books and 
instruments were beginning to 

2523
02:12:55,400 --> 02:12:58,500
admit privately that their hot 
blood theory might need some 

2524
02:12:58,500 --> 02:13:00,700
adjustment. 
Several had observed. 

2525
02:13:00,700 --> 02:13:03,100
The dancers closely enough to 
notice that they weren't 

2526
02:13:03,100 --> 02:13:07,400
sweating excessively despite 
their constant motion, their 

2527
02:13:07,400 --> 02:13:10,600
skin remained relatively cool. 
And they're breathing wasn't as 

2528
02:13:10,600 --> 02:13:12,700
labor as it should have been 
given their activity level. 

2529
02:13:13,400 --> 02:13:16,300
Their bodies appear to function 
under entirely different rules. 

2530
02:13:17,300 --> 02:13:20,900
Dr. Hermon the most respected 
physician in the region, spent 

2531
02:13:20,900 --> 02:13:23,300
three full days and nights 
observing, the dancers. 

2532
02:13:24,000 --> 02:13:26,700
He took careful notes about 
their movements, their eating 

2533
02:13:26,700 --> 02:13:29,300
and drinking patterns and their 
brief moments of rest. 

2534
02:13:30,200 --> 02:13:32,700
What he discovered puzzled him 
even more than the original 

2535
02:13:32,700 --> 02:13:35,400
phenomenon. 
The dancers seem to be in a 

2536
02:13:35,400 --> 02:13:37,100
state that was neither fully 
conscious nor unconscious 

2537
02:13:37,108 --> 02:13:40,500
neither sick, nor healthy and 
neither voluntary, nor 

2538
02:13:40,500 --> 02:13:44,700
completely involuntary. 
It is he wrote in his journal as

2539
02:13:44,700 --> 02:13:47,800
if they are sleepwalking, while 
awake or perhaps Awakening, 

2540
02:13:47,800 --> 02:13:50,700
while they sleep. 
They respond to their names and 

2541
02:13:50,700 --> 02:13:53,300
can speak coherently when 
directly addressed yet. 

2542
02:13:53,300 --> 02:13:54,700
They cannot choose to stop 
moving. 

2543
02:13:54,700 --> 02:13:58,000
It is as though some part of 
their will as being Borrowed by 

2544
02:13:58,000 --> 02:14:01,200
an unknown Force. 
The families of the dancers were

2545
02:14:01,200 --> 02:14:04,200
developing their own expertise 
born from Desperate necessity, 

2546
02:14:04,200 --> 02:14:07,000
they learn to anticipate when 
their loved ones were most 

2547
02:14:07,008 --> 02:14:08,700
likely to collapse from 
exhaustion. 

2548
02:14:09,600 --> 02:14:12,300
They discovered which foods the 
dancers could manage to eat 

2549
02:14:12,300 --> 02:14:14,900
while moving and they developed 
techniques for helping them 

2550
02:14:14,900 --> 02:14:17,100
drink water without breaking 
their rhythm. 

2551
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:20,100
They became amateur medical 
attendance though. 

2552
02:14:20,100 --> 02:14:22,100
No medical school could have 
prepared them for this 

2553
02:14:22,100 --> 02:14:26,100
particular Hannah, whose husband
had been dancing for nearly a 

2554
02:14:26,100 --> 02:14:28,200
month. 
Described the experience in 

2555
02:14:28,200 --> 02:14:31,900
terms that still echo across the
centuries, he is there, and not 

2556
02:14:31,900 --> 02:14:35,700
there, his body dances, yet his 
eyes at me with a profound 

2557
02:14:35,700 --> 02:14:39,100
sadness as if he finds himself 
imprisoned behind glass. 

2558
02:14:40,100 --> 02:14:42,300
Occasionally, I think he's 
trying to tell me something with

2559
02:14:42,300 --> 02:14:45,600
his movements, but I cannot 
understand the language is fetus

2560
02:14:45,600 --> 02:14:47,600
speaking. 
The community was starting to 

2561
02:14:47,600 --> 02:14:50,900
feel the effects of the constant
music, which they had initially 

2562
02:14:50,900 --> 02:14:54,000
perceived as beneficial. 
The Hired musicians were 

2563
02:14:54,000 --> 02:14:57,500
exhausted from playing for weeks
on end and their Melodies are 

2564
02:14:57,500 --> 02:15:00,800
taken on a repetitive almost 
hypnotic quality that seemed to 

2565
02:15:00,808 --> 02:15:05,100
make some listeners feel dizzy. 
Several people reported feeling 

2566
02:15:05,100 --> 02:15:07,300
an uncomfortable urge to move 
their feet in time. 

2567
02:15:07,300 --> 02:15:09,500
With the music though, they 
managed to resist. 

2568
02:15:09,500 --> 02:15:12,300
The compulsion. 
The dancing itself was evolving.

2569
02:15:13,600 --> 02:15:17,600
What had started as individual 
isolated movements was becoming 

2570
02:15:17,600 --> 02:15:20,500
something more coordinated. 
The dancers seem to be 

2571
02:15:20,508 --> 02:15:23,700
responding to each other 
creating patterns and formations

2572
02:15:23,700 --> 02:15:25,700
without any apparent conscious 
intent. 

2573
02:15:26,500 --> 02:15:30,600
They would form circles, then 
lines scatter and reform in 

2574
02:15:30,600 --> 02:15:33,400
different configurations. 
It was like watching a flock of 

2575
02:15:33,400 --> 02:15:37,100
birds or a school of fish. 
Except these were human beings. 

2576
02:15:37,100 --> 02:15:39,200
Who should have been making 
deliberate choices about their 

2577
02:15:39,200 --> 02:15:42,600
movements, some of the dancers 
have begun to show signs of what

2578
02:15:42,600 --> 02:15:44,700
we might now. 
Recognized as trance States, 

2579
02:15:44,700 --> 02:15:47,400
their eyes would roll back, 
their breathing would become 

2580
02:15:47,408 --> 02:15:50,700
shallow and rapid and they would
move with an intense that seemed

2581
02:15:50,700 --> 02:15:52,500
to come from somewhere outside 
themselves. 

2582
02:15:53,400 --> 02:15:56,000
During these episodes they 
appeared completely unreachable 

2583
02:15:56,000 --> 02:15:59,100
as if they had temporarily left 
their bodies behind entirely. 

2584
02:15:59,800 --> 02:16:02,400
The religious community was 
fracturing under the weight of 

2585
02:16:02,400 --> 02:16:05,900
competing interpretations. 
Father, Phil him preached that 

2586
02:16:05,900 --> 02:16:09,000
the dancing was a form of divine
ecstasy, similar to what? 

2587
02:16:09,000 --> 02:16:10,600
Mystics experience during 
prayer. 

2588
02:16:10,600 --> 02:16:13,000
Father. 
The Johan argued it was clearly 

2589
02:16:13,000 --> 02:16:15,300
demonic possession and called 
Forex sources. 

2590
02:16:16,400 --> 02:16:19,600
Father, Klaus the city's, oldest
priest suggested that God was 

2591
02:16:19,600 --> 02:16:22,600
teaching them about the nature 
of human will and the bodies 

2592
02:16:22,600 --> 02:16:25,600
relationship to the soul. 
The debates were becoming 

2593
02:16:25,600 --> 02:16:28,800
increasingly heated and the 
congregation was choosing sides 

2594
02:16:28,800 --> 02:16:31,200
based as much on their fears as 
on their faith. 

2595
02:16:32,000 --> 02:16:33,900
It's remarkable. 
How quickly theological 

2596
02:16:33,900 --> 02:16:37,200
certainty can crumble when faced
with something that doesn't fit 

2597
02:16:37,200 --> 02:16:40,100
neatly into existing categories 
of understanding. 

2598
02:16:40,799 --> 02:16:44,000
Meanwhile, the dancers danced on
their numbers fluctuating as 

2599
02:16:44,000 --> 02:16:47,100
some collapsed and others were 
mysteriously called to join 

2600
02:16:47,100 --> 02:16:49,200
them. 
The city had become a living 

2601
02:16:49,208 --> 02:16:53,000
laboratory, the questions that 
nobody knew how to ask better 

2602
02:16:53,000 --> 02:16:56,900
loan answer when faced with the 
inexplicable humans, have a 

2603
02:16:56,900 --> 02:16:59,799
tendency to multiply 
explanations rather than admit 

2604
02:16:59,799 --> 02:17:02,100
ignorance. 
By the fourth week of the 

2605
02:17:02,100 --> 02:17:04,799
dancing plague. 
Strasbourg had attracted more 

2606
02:17:04,799 --> 02:17:07,799
experts than a modern medical 
conference each arriving, with 

2607
02:17:07,799 --> 02:17:11,500
their own pet, theories and 
proposed Solutions Master Yuan 

2608
02:17:11,500 --> 02:17:14,299
from the University of Basil, 
wrote an impressive collection 

2609
02:17:14,299 --> 02:17:17,400
of astrological charts and 
announced that the dancing was 

2610
02:17:17,400 --> 02:17:19,400
clearly. 
The result of planetary melon 

2611
02:17:19,400 --> 02:17:20,900
alignment. 
Mercury. 

2612
02:17:20,900 --> 02:17:24,200
He explained with considerable 
Authority, was in an unfortunate

2613
02:17:24,200 --> 02:17:27,900
conjunction with Mars, creating 
an excess of kinetic energy in 

2614
02:17:27,900 --> 02:17:31,600
susceptible individuals. 
His solution involved complex 

2615
02:17:31,600 --> 02:17:34,600
calculations of when the planets
would return to a more 

2616
02:17:34,608 --> 02:17:37,700
harmonious configuration. 
Roughly six months, hints, 

2617
02:17:37,700 --> 02:17:40,600
brother, or Gust, in from the 
monastery at Mal time had a 

2618
02:17:40,608 --> 02:17:42,200
different interpretation 
entirely. 

2619
02:17:42,200 --> 02:17:45,700
He arrived with a cart full of 
holy relics, and proclaimed that

2620
02:17:45,708 --> 02:17:49,299
the dancers were experiencing a 
form of religious ecstasy, like 

2621
02:17:49,299 --> 02:17:53,100
Watson, Vitus himself had 
experienced The solution. 

2622
02:17:53,100 --> 02:17:57,200
He insisted was pilgrimage to 
the shrine of Saint Vitus, where

2623
02:17:57,200 --> 02:18:00,100
the dancers could Channel their 
divinely inspired movement into 

2624
02:18:00,100 --> 02:18:02,799
proper worship. 
You can imagine the scene 

2625
02:18:02,799 --> 02:18:05,400
learned men with their Scrolls 
and instruments. 

2626
02:18:05,400 --> 02:18:09,100
Religious authorities with their
crosses and holy water, all 

2627
02:18:09,100 --> 02:18:11,799
standing around debating the 
finer points of their theories. 

2628
02:18:11,799 --> 02:18:15,000
While 40 exhaust, people can 
continue their endless, dance, 

2629
02:18:15,000 --> 02:18:18,900
mere feet away, It was like 
convening a panel of experts to 

2630
02:18:18,900 --> 02:18:21,900
discuss the nature of rain while
standing in the middle of a 

2631
02:18:21,900 --> 02:18:25,000
thunderstorm. 
The city council meanwhile was 

2632
02:18:25,000 --> 02:18:28,299
dealing with increasingly 
practical concerns, the dancing 

2633
02:18:28,299 --> 02:18:31,600
had disrupted Commerce attracted
unwanted attention from 

2634
02:18:31,600 --> 02:18:34,000
neighboring regions and was 
beginning to strain. 

2635
02:18:34,000 --> 02:18:37,400
The city's resources, they 
needed Solutions, not theories, 

2636
02:18:37,400 --> 02:18:40,500
but every expert who arrived 
seemed to bring more questions 

2637
02:18:40,500 --> 02:18:44,299
than answers. 
Dr. Paracelsus, Who would later 

2638
02:18:44,299 --> 02:18:45,600
become famous for his 
revolutionary. 

2639
02:18:45,600 --> 02:18:48,799
Medical ideas made a brief 
appearance during this period. 

2640
02:18:48,799 --> 02:18:52,500
His assessment was 
characteristically blunt, These 

2641
02:18:52,500 --> 02:18:55,500
learned men speak of hot blood 
and planetary influences, while 

2642
02:18:55,500 --> 02:18:59,000
people die before their eyes. 
Perhaps the sickness is not in 

2643
02:18:59,000 --> 02:19:02,200
the dance as bodies, but in our 
understanding of what bodies can

2644
02:19:02,200 --> 02:19:05,700
do, He was particularly critical
of the decision to provide music

2645
02:19:05,700 --> 02:19:07,700
for the dancers, you might as 
well. 

2646
02:19:07,708 --> 02:19:09,700
Give wine to a drunkard and call
it medicine. 

2647
02:19:09,700 --> 02:19:12,900
He observed, the music feeds, 
the compulsion rather than 

2648
02:19:12,900 --> 02:19:16,400
curing it occasionally, the 
kindest treatment is to remove 

2649
02:19:16,400 --> 02:19:20,400
what seems helpful, but proves 
harmful his words carried weight

2650
02:19:20,400 --> 02:19:23,400
and a faction began to form 
around the idea of trying 

2651
02:19:23,400 --> 02:19:27,400
complete silence, instead of 
constant music, It was a radical

2652
02:19:27,400 --> 02:19:30,500
departure from the established 
treatment, but then again, the 

2653
02:19:30,500 --> 02:19:32,400
existing treatment wasn't 
working particularly. 

2654
02:19:32,400 --> 02:19:35,299
Well, the families of the 
dancers were developing their 

2655
02:19:35,299 --> 02:19:38,700
own theories, based on intimate 
observation, they noticed that 

2656
02:19:38,700 --> 02:19:41,600
their loved ones seem to dance 
more frantically when crowds 

2657
02:19:41,600 --> 02:19:45,900
gathered as if performing for an
audience, they couldn't see They

2658
02:19:45,900 --> 02:19:48,600
observed that certain types of 
music triggered more intense 

2659
02:19:48,600 --> 02:19:52,700
movements, While others seem to 
calm the dancers slightly. they 

2660
02:19:52,700 --> 02:19:55,400
discovered that the dancers 
movement, sometimes echoed their

2661
02:19:55,400 --> 02:19:59,100
daily work routines a pattern, 
that none of the Learned experts

2662
02:19:59,100 --> 02:20:02,500
had bothered to document 
Elizabeth, whose teenage 

2663
02:20:02,500 --> 02:20:04,200
daughter had been dancing for 
three weeks. 

2664
02:20:04,200 --> 02:20:06,500
Made a particularly astute 
observation. 

2665
02:20:07,400 --> 02:20:10,500
She dances like she's trying to 
escape from something, but also,

2666
02:20:10,500 --> 02:20:11,600
like she's trying to reach 
something. 

2667
02:20:11,600 --> 02:20:15,400
Her movements aren't random this
searching, but I cannot tell 

2668
02:20:15,400 --> 02:20:18,600
what she searching for this idea
of the dance as a form of 

2669
02:20:18,608 --> 02:20:20,700
searching resonated. 
With other families. 

2670
02:20:20,700 --> 02:20:23,900
They began to notice that their 
dancers appeared to be moving, 

2671
02:20:23,900 --> 02:20:25,700
either towards something or away
from it. 

2672
02:20:25,700 --> 02:20:28,800
Although the nature of that 
something remained invisible to 

2673
02:20:28,800 --> 02:20:31,500
everyone else. 
It was as if the dancers could 

2674
02:20:31,500 --> 02:20:33,600
see a landscape that existed 
only for them. 

2675
02:20:34,500 --> 02:20:36,400
The younger members of the 
community were having their 

2676
02:20:36,400 --> 02:20:39,600
reactions to the prolonged 
crisis children who had 

2677
02:20:39,600 --> 02:20:42,400
initially been fascinated were 
now having nightmares about 

2678
02:20:42,400 --> 02:20:45,700
being unable to stop moving. 
Teenagers were avoiding the 

2679
02:20:45,700 --> 02:20:49,200
areas where dancers congregated 
afraid that the compulsion might

2680
02:20:49,200 --> 02:20:50,900
somehow reach out and grab them,
too. 

2681
02:20:51,900 --> 02:20:55,400
Young adults were leaving the 
city entirely unwilling to risk 

2682
02:20:55,400 --> 02:20:57,100
being caught up in whatever was 
happening. 

2683
02:20:58,000 --> 02:21:01,200
But perhaps most tellingly some 
people were beginning to report.

2684
02:21:01,200 --> 02:21:03,300
Feeling a strange sympathy with 
the dancers. 

2685
02:21:03,300 --> 02:21:06,400
They would watch the endless 
movement and find their feet 

2686
02:21:06,400 --> 02:21:09,700
tapping involuntarily. 
They would dream of dance and 

2687
02:21:09,700 --> 02:21:13,000
wake up with their legs. 
Tangled in bed, sheets, a few 

2688
02:21:13,008 --> 02:21:15,800
even reported brief moments of 
feeling enormous irresistible 

2689
02:21:15,800 --> 02:21:19,500
urge to join the dancers though.
They managed to fight off the 

2690
02:21:19,500 --> 02:21:22,400
compulsion. 
Their experiences raised 

2691
02:21:22,400 --> 02:21:25,500
disturbing questions about the 
nature of the condition of was 

2692
02:21:25,500 --> 02:21:28,700
it truly random or some people 
more susceptible than others? 

2693
02:21:28,700 --> 02:21:32,500
Was it a hit and contagion or a 
dormant part of the human 

2694
02:21:32,500 --> 02:21:35,000
psyche. 
Dr. Hermon who had been 

2695
02:21:35,008 --> 02:21:36,900
observing the dancers? 
Since the beginning was 

2696
02:21:36,900 --> 02:21:39,500
developing a theory, that was 
both simpler and more complex 

2697
02:21:39,500 --> 02:21:43,000
than the others being proposed. 
He suspected that the dancing 

2698
02:21:43,000 --> 02:21:46,600
might be a physical expression 
of something psychological a 

2699
02:21:46,600 --> 02:21:48,800
kind of breaking point. 
Where individual human will 

2700
02:21:48,800 --> 02:21:51,400
simply gave up trying to 
maintain control over an 

2701
02:21:51,400 --> 02:21:52,700
increasingly uncontrollable 
world. 

2702
02:21:54,100 --> 02:21:57,700
Perhaps he wrote in his private 
notes, the dancers are not sick,

2703
02:21:57,700 --> 02:21:59,700
but rather more honest than the 
rest of us. 

2704
02:22:00,300 --> 02:22:02,700
They are showing us what it 
looks like when the human Spirit

2705
02:22:02,700 --> 02:22:05,500
can no longer pretend that, it 
has Mastery over the body, it 

2706
02:22:05,500 --> 02:22:08,100
inhabits. 
It was a radical idea for its 

2707
02:22:08,100 --> 02:22:11,300
time suggesting that the 
boundary between mind and body. 

2708
02:22:11,300 --> 02:22:13,500
Might be more porous than anyone
had imagined. 

2709
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:17,000
Sometimes the most profound 
shifts happen not with dramatic 

2710
02:22:17,000 --> 02:22:20,500
Revelations but with quiet 
observations made by exhausted 

2711
02:22:20,500 --> 02:22:24,000
people who have run out of 
clever theories It was for 

2712
02:22:24,000 --> 02:22:26,400
Alberta, the baker's wife, who 
had been caring for three 

2713
02:22:26,400 --> 02:22:29,100
different dancers, who first 
noticed the pattern that would 

2714
02:22:29,100 --> 02:22:30,900
eventually lead to the plagues 
resolution. 

2715
02:22:31,800 --> 02:22:34,800
She observed that the dancers 
seemed calmer though they never 

2716
02:22:34,800 --> 02:22:38,300
stopped moving entirely when 
they were in smaller groups away

2717
02:22:38,300 --> 02:22:40,100
from the crowds and the constant
music. 

2718
02:22:41,000 --> 02:22:43,700
More importantly, she noticed 
that they danced differently in 

2719
02:22:43,700 --> 02:22:46,600
the early morning hours before 
the city fully awakened. 

2720
02:22:47,400 --> 02:22:50,200
Their movements were still 
compulsive but they seem less 

2721
02:22:50,200 --> 02:22:53,400
frantic more like people walking
in their sleep and people 

2722
02:22:53,400 --> 02:22:57,000
fleeing from invisible demons. 
It's the watching. 

2723
02:22:57,000 --> 02:22:59,900
She told Dr. Hermon one morning,
after a, particularly long night

2724
02:22:59,900 --> 02:23:02,900
of observation, they dance 
harder when people watch them, 

2725
02:23:02,900 --> 02:23:05,900
not because they want attention.
But because something about 

2726
02:23:05,900 --> 02:23:07,800
being watched makes the dancing 
worse. 

2727
02:23:08,900 --> 02:23:10,900
This Insight led to a quiet 
experiment. 

2728
02:23:11,800 --> 02:23:14,500
A few families began taking 
their dancing relatives to more 

2729
02:23:14,500 --> 02:23:18,300
secluded locations, quiet 
Courtyards Gardens outside the 

2730
02:23:18,300 --> 02:23:21,300
city walls even private homes 
with large rooms. 

2731
02:23:22,100 --> 02:23:24,900
The results were subtle. 
But unmistakable away from 

2732
02:23:24,900 --> 02:23:27,700
audiences and musicians, the 
dancers movements became less 

2733
02:23:27,700 --> 02:23:32,100
violent, less desperate. 
Dr. Hermon documented, these 

2734
02:23:32,100 --> 02:23:34,800
changes carefully? 
The dancers still couldn't stop 

2735
02:23:34,800 --> 02:23:37,700
moving, but their movements 
became more flowing, less likely

2736
02:23:37,700 --> 02:23:40,600
convulsion and more like a 
strange form of sleepwalking. 

2737
02:23:41,300 --> 02:23:44,800
Some even began to show brief 
moments of genuine rest, not 

2738
02:23:44,800 --> 02:23:48,000
collapse from exhaustion, but 
actual pauses in their movement,

2739
02:23:48,900 --> 02:23:51,200
the religious authorities were 
initially resistant to this 

2740
02:23:51,200 --> 02:23:54,400
approach, rather all Guston 
argued that removing the dancers

2741
02:23:54,400 --> 02:23:57,600
from public view was tantamount 
to hide in God's work from the 

2742
02:23:57,600 --> 02:24:00,100
faithful. 
But father Klaus the elderly 

2743
02:24:00,100 --> 02:24:02,500
priest who had been quietly 
observing throughout the crisis,

2744
02:24:02,500 --> 02:24:07,400
supported the experiment. 
Perhaps he suggested what these 

2745
02:24:07,400 --> 02:24:10,300
Souls need is not more 
attention, but more piece. 

2746
02:24:11,200 --> 02:24:14,600
The city council pragmatic has 
always, was simply relieved to 

2747
02:24:14,608 --> 02:24:17,300
have the disruption moved away 
from the main commercial areas. 

2748
02:24:17,300 --> 02:24:20,700
They officially sanctioned the 
creation of quiet spaces where 

2749
02:24:20,700 --> 02:24:23,500
dancers could be cared for away 
from crowds though. 

2750
02:24:23,500 --> 02:24:25,300
They were careful not to call it
a cure. 

2751
02:24:26,000 --> 02:24:28,700
Gradually, as they relocated the
dancers to more peaceful 

2752
02:24:28,700 --> 02:24:31,200
environments and unexpected 
event occurred. 

2753
02:24:31,800 --> 02:24:34,700
Without the stimulation of 
constant music and crowds their 

2754
02:24:34,700 --> 02:24:36,900
individual personalities began 
to reassert themselves. 

2755
02:24:38,200 --> 02:24:42,200
Maria, the seamstress started 
incorporating recognizable, 

2756
02:24:42,200 --> 02:24:44,100
gestures from her work in her 
dance. 

2757
02:24:45,000 --> 02:24:48,000
Not the Frantic mimicry that had
characterized her earlier 

2758
02:24:48,000 --> 02:24:50,800
movements but something more 
like a conversation between her 

2759
02:24:50,800 --> 02:24:55,200
conscious and unconscious minds.
Otto the blacksmith's movements 

2760
02:24:55,200 --> 02:24:57,700
began to follow the rhythm of 
breathing rather than some 

2761
02:24:57,700 --> 02:25:00,100
internal drum beat that no one 
else could hear. 

2762
02:25:01,200 --> 02:25:04,300
His dance became less about 
desperate energy and more about 

2763
02:25:04,300 --> 02:25:07,400
a kind of patient endurance as 
if he were waiting for something

2764
02:25:07,400 --> 02:25:10,500
to finish cooling in his Forge. 
The families caring for the 

2765
02:25:10,508 --> 02:25:13,100
dancers developed new routines. 
Based on these observations, 

2766
02:25:13,100 --> 02:25:15,800
they created spaces that were 
comfortable. 

2767
02:25:15,800 --> 02:25:19,100
But not stimulating provided 
simple Foods at regular 

2768
02:25:19,100 --> 02:25:21,300
intervals. 
And most importantly, they 

2769
02:25:21,300 --> 02:25:24,700
learned to be present without 
being intrusive. they discovered

2770
02:25:24,700 --> 02:25:27,300
that the dancers seemed to 
respond to quite companionship 

2771
02:25:27,300 --> 02:25:30,700
in ways they hadn't responded to
Medical interventions, or 

2772
02:25:30,700 --> 02:25:34,600
religious ceremonies Anna, whose
husband had been dancing for 

2773
02:25:34,600 --> 02:25:36,300
over a month. 
Described the change. 

2774
02:25:36,900 --> 02:25:39,700
He still moves constantly but 
now it's like he's dancing with 

2775
02:25:39,700 --> 02:25:41,600
something instead of fighting 
against something. 

2776
02:25:42,500 --> 02:25:45,600
I can see him in there behind 
his eyes waiting. 

2777
02:25:46,600 --> 02:25:49,300
This sense of waiting became a 
common theme in how families 

2778
02:25:49,300 --> 02:25:50,900
described their dancing 
relatives. 

2779
02:25:50,900 --> 02:25:54,400
The dancers appeared to be in a 
state of flux neither fully 

2780
02:25:54,400 --> 02:25:57,700
present or fully absent and 
neither completely sick nor 

2781
02:25:57,700 --> 02:26:01,800
completely well Dr. Hermon began
to theorize that the dancing 

2782
02:26:01,800 --> 02:26:03,200
might represent a form of 
healing. 

2783
02:26:03,200 --> 02:26:05,900
Instead of being, merely a sign 
of sickness, though. 

2784
02:26:05,900 --> 02:26:07,900
He couldn't specify what it was 
healing from. 

2785
02:26:08,900 --> 02:26:12,100
Perhaps he wrote, there are 
injuries to the human spirit. 

2786
02:26:12,100 --> 02:26:13,800
That can only be mended through 
movement. 

2787
02:26:13,800 --> 02:26:17,100
Just as there are injuries to 
the body that can only be healed

2788
02:26:17,100 --> 02:26:20,600
through rest. 
The idea was revolutionary that 

2789
02:26:20,600 --> 02:26:23,800
the dancing might be a cure 
rather than a disease a 

2790
02:26:23,800 --> 02:26:26,400
necessary process rather than a 
pathological condition. 

2791
02:26:27,400 --> 02:26:30,100
It's suggested that the dancers 
bodies might possess a wisdom 

2792
02:26:30,100 --> 02:26:31,900
that their conscious Minds could
not access. 

2793
02:26:32,900 --> 02:26:34,600
As word of the quieter 
approached bread. 

2794
02:26:34,600 --> 02:26:37,700
Some of the original experts 
began to reconsider their 

2795
02:26:37,700 --> 02:26:40,700
theories. 
Master Johan from barcel 

2796
02:26:40,700 --> 02:26:43,100
admitted that his planetary 
calculations might need to 

2797
02:26:43,100 --> 02:26:44,600
account for environmental 
factors. 

2798
02:26:45,600 --> 02:26:48,000
Brother, Augustine suggested 
that perhaps the saint was 

2799
02:26:48,008 --> 02:26:51,300
working through peaceful 
contemplation rather than public

2800
02:26:51,300 --> 02:26:54,500
demonstration. 
Even paracelsus in his final 

2801
02:26:54,500 --> 02:26:56,300
notes. 
On the case, acknowledged that 

2802
02:26:56,308 --> 02:26:59,300
the solution had come not from 
learning intervention but from 

2803
02:26:59,300 --> 02:27:02,000
careful observation by people 
who cared more about helping 

2804
02:27:02,000 --> 02:27:05,600
than about being right. 
The families discovered, what we

2805
02:27:05,600 --> 02:27:08,100
experts missed. 
He wrote sometimes healing 

2806
02:27:08,100 --> 02:27:10,300
requires not doing more but 
doing less. 

2807
02:27:10,300 --> 02:27:14,000
The number of new cases, had 
already begun to slow their 

2808
02:27:14,000 --> 02:27:16,600
whether the decline was due to 
the change to approach or simply

2809
02:27:16,600 --> 02:27:19,000
the natural progression of the 
phenomenon remained unclear. 

2810
02:27:20,000 --> 02:27:21,700
What was clear was that the 
desperate? 

2811
02:27:21,700 --> 02:27:25,000
Frantic quality of the dancing 
was gradually, giving way to 

2812
02:27:25,000 --> 02:27:27,600
something that looked more like 
a strange form of prayer or 

2813
02:27:27,600 --> 02:27:30,200
meditation. 
The city itself was slowly 

2814
02:27:30,200 --> 02:27:32,300
returning to something 
resembling normal life. 

2815
02:27:33,000 --> 02:27:35,300
Though, the experience had 
changed everyone who lived 

2816
02:27:35,300 --> 02:27:37,500
through it. 
People walked more care for me 

2817
02:27:37,500 --> 02:27:40,600
as if testing whether their feet
would obey their intentions. 

2818
02:27:40,600 --> 02:27:43,600
They looked at each other 
differently with a new awareness

2819
02:27:43,600 --> 02:27:46,200
of how little control, any of 
them really had over their own 

2820
02:27:46,200 --> 02:27:48,900
bodies and Minds. 
You know, how some storms end 

2821
02:27:48,900 --> 02:27:52,300
not with the dramatic crash of 
Thunder, but with a gradual 

2822
02:27:52,300 --> 02:27:55,700
lessening of wind and rain until
you suddenly realize the silence

2823
02:27:55,700 --> 02:27:59,400
as returned. 
The dancing plague of Strasbourg

2824
02:27:59,400 --> 02:28:02,800
ended in much the same way. 
So, gradually that nobody could 

2825
02:28:02,800 --> 02:28:05,500
say exactly, when it stopped 
being an emergency, and started 

2826
02:28:05,500 --> 02:28:09,700
being a memory, For our trophy, 
who'd started it all with her 

2827
02:28:09,700 --> 02:28:12,600
first involuntary, step was 
among the last to find 

2828
02:28:12,600 --> 02:28:15,400
Stillness. 
For six weeks, she had been the 

2829
02:28:15,400 --> 02:28:17,500
unwilling Pioneer of this 
strange territory. 

2830
02:28:17,500 --> 02:28:20,200
Where human will met its 
mysterious limits? 

2831
02:28:21,000 --> 02:28:24,500
When she finally stopped moving,
it wasn't with collapse or drama

2832
02:28:24,500 --> 02:28:28,000
but with a simple pause that 
gradually extended into rest. 

2833
02:28:28,900 --> 02:28:31,700
She was sitting in the garden 
behind the baker's house where 

2834
02:28:31,700 --> 02:28:33,900
her family had moved her to 
escape the crowds and the 

2835
02:28:33,900 --> 02:28:36,800
constant music. 
The Morning Sun was filtering 

2836
02:28:36,800 --> 02:28:39,900
through Apple leaves and she'd 
been moving in slow gentle 

2837
02:28:39,900 --> 02:28:43,700
circles for hours. 
Then as naturally as a person 

2838
02:28:43,700 --> 02:28:47,000
might stop humming a tune. 
She simply sat down on a wooden 

2839
02:28:47,000 --> 02:28:50,300
bench and stayed there. 
Her sister would be watching 

2840
02:28:50,300 --> 02:28:51,800
anxiously from the kitchen 
window. 

2841
02:28:51,800 --> 02:28:53,600
Almost didn't believe it at 
first. 

2842
02:28:55,000 --> 02:28:57,800
She waited several minutes 
before approaching Aid that any 

2843
02:28:57,800 --> 02:29:00,900
attention might restart the 
compulsive movement, but trout 

2844
02:29:00,900 --> 02:29:03,700
Fair remained seated. 
Looking around the garden with 

2845
02:29:03,700 --> 02:29:07,100
clear present eyes as if she was
seeing it for the first time in 

2846
02:29:07,100 --> 02:29:09,000
weeks. 
I'm tired. 

2847
02:29:09,000 --> 02:29:12,200
She said, simply and her sister 
began to weep with relief. 

2848
02:29:13,600 --> 02:29:16,300
Over the following days, the 
other dancers found their ways 

2849
02:29:16,300 --> 02:29:19,500
back to Stillness. 
Some stopped during sleep and 

2850
02:29:19,500 --> 02:29:22,700
simply didn't resume when they 
woke others came to rest. 

2851
02:29:22,700 --> 02:29:25,900
Gradually their movements 
slowing like music boxes. 

2852
02:29:25,900 --> 02:29:28,800
Winding down. 
A few experience their final 

2853
02:29:28,800 --> 02:29:31,300
dance as something beautiful 
rather than desperate. 

2854
02:29:32,000 --> 02:29:34,100
The kind of Celebration or 
completion, that left them 

2855
02:29:34,100 --> 02:29:38,000
exhausted but oddly peaceful. 
Not everyone survived the 

2856
02:29:38,000 --> 02:29:41,700
experience, the official records
show that several dancers died 

2857
02:29:41,700 --> 02:29:45,200
from exhaustion or related 
complications though. 

2858
02:29:45,200 --> 02:29:48,700
The exact number was never 
precisely documented, those who 

2859
02:29:48,700 --> 02:29:51,200
lived carried the memory of 
those weeks in their bodies for 

2860
02:29:51,200 --> 02:29:53,900
the rest of their lives. 
They walked differently 

2861
02:29:53,900 --> 02:29:57,300
afterward, the kind of conscious
gratitude for their ability to 

2862
02:29:57,300 --> 02:30:01,300
choose when and how to move. 
Dr. Hermon spent months in to 

2863
02:30:01,300 --> 02:30:03,900
viewing the recovered dancers, 
trying to understand what they 

2864
02:30:03,900 --> 02:30:06,400
had experienced during their 
weeks of compulsive movement. 

2865
02:30:07,200 --> 02:30:09,900
Their descriptions were 
remarkably consistent in some 

2866
02:30:09,900 --> 02:30:12,200
ways, and completely individual 
in others. 

2867
02:30:13,200 --> 02:30:16,300
Most remembered feeling trapped 
in their bodies aware of what 

2868
02:30:16,300 --> 02:30:18,100
was happening. 
But unable to control it. 

2869
02:30:18,900 --> 02:30:22,600
But they also described odd 
moments of Peace as if dancing 

2870
02:30:22,600 --> 02:30:25,000
had taken them to places, they 
couldn't reach on purpose. 

2871
02:30:26,100 --> 02:30:27,700
It was like being carried by a 
river. 

2872
02:30:27,700 --> 02:30:30,800
Maria seems just told him 
frightening because I couldn't 

2873
02:30:30,800 --> 02:30:34,200
swim to shore but also sometimes
beautiful because I could see 

2874
02:30:34,200 --> 02:30:36,900
things from the water that I 
never would have seen from the 

2875
02:30:36,900 --> 02:30:39,900
bank. 
Otto, the blacksmith had a 

2876
02:30:39,900 --> 02:30:42,300
different metaphor. 
It was like being a piece of 

2877
02:30:42,300 --> 02:30:44,900
metal on my Anvil being shaped 
by hammers. 

2878
02:30:44,900 --> 02:30:48,400
I couldn't see it hurt but 
something in me knew the 

2879
02:30:48,400 --> 02:30:51,200
hammering was necessary. 
These interviews revealed that 

2880
02:30:51,200 --> 02:30:54,000
the dancers had made more 
awareness than anyone had 

2881
02:30:54,000 --> 02:30:56,500
suspected. 
They had been conscious of their

2882
02:30:56,500 --> 02:31:00,500
families care grateful for the 
quiet spaces and aware of the 

2883
02:31:00,500 --> 02:31:01,900
changes in their movement 
patterns. 

2884
02:31:02,800 --> 02:31:05,600
They'd simply been powerless to 
communicate this awareness while

2885
02:31:05,600 --> 02:31:09,300
the dancing continued. 
The city of Strasbourg, 

2886
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:12,000
gradually returned to its normal
rhythms though. 

2887
02:31:12,000 --> 02:31:14,500
The memory of those summer 
weeks, left permanent changes, 

2888
02:31:14,500 --> 02:31:17,800
the authorities developed better
protocols for caring for people 

2889
02:31:17,800 --> 02:31:21,500
in crisis, emphasizing comfort 
and observation over dramatic 

2890
02:31:21,500 --> 02:31:24,600
interventions. 
The Physicians Incorporated, new

2891
02:31:24,600 --> 02:31:27,300
ideas about the relationship 
between mind and body into their

2892
02:31:27,300 --> 02:31:30,100
practice, the religious 
community developed, a more 

2893
02:31:30,100 --> 02:31:33,000
complex conception of how the 
sacred might manifest in Human 

2894
02:31:33,000 --> 02:31:36,100
Experience. 
Perhaps the most lasting change 

2895
02:31:36,100 --> 02:31:38,500
was in how the people of 
Stratford understood the nature 

2896
02:31:38,500 --> 02:31:41,900
of human control and human 
vulnerability. they had 

2897
02:31:41,908 --> 02:31:43,700
witnessed something that 
challenged fundamental 

2898
02:31:43,700 --> 02:31:46,600
assumptions about how much power
individuals have over their 

2899
02:31:46,600 --> 02:31:50,000
bodies and choices they had 
learned that sometimes the most 

2900
02:31:50,000 --> 02:31:53,400
caring response to someone's 
crisis is not to try to fix 

2901
02:31:53,400 --> 02:31:55,900
them, but to stay present, while
they work through whatever 

2902
02:31:55,900 --> 02:31:58,800
healing process, they're more 
profound wisdom, has initiated 

2903
02:31:59,600 --> 02:32:01,100
The cobblestones in the Town 
Square. 

2904
02:32:01,100 --> 02:32:03,800
Still bear faint marks from 
those weeks of endless dancing, 

2905
02:32:03,800 --> 02:32:06,000
though, you'd have to know where
to look to see them. 

2906
02:32:06,800 --> 02:32:09,800
Local guides sometimes Point 
them out to visitors telling 

2907
02:32:09,800 --> 02:32:13,000
abbreviated version of the story
that emphasized the strangeness 

2908
02:32:13,000 --> 02:32:16,100
while missing the deeper lessons
about Community Care and the 

2909
02:32:16,108 --> 02:32:19,800
Mystery of human resilience. 
Years later when other 

2910
02:32:19,800 --> 02:32:23,400
communities experience, similar 
outbreaks of dancing Mania and 

2911
02:32:23,400 --> 02:32:26,100
there were several throughout 
Medieval Europe, some 

2912
02:32:26,100 --> 02:32:28,000
remembered, the lessons of 
Strasbourg. 

2913
02:32:28,000 --> 02:32:31,700
They learned to provide quiet 
spaces rather than public stages

2914
02:32:31,700 --> 02:32:34,800
to offer patient presents, 
rather than dramatic cures. 

2915
02:32:34,800 --> 02:32:37,900
And to trust that sometimes 
healing looks different from 

2916
02:32:37,900 --> 02:32:42,100
what we expect the dancing 
plague of 1518 remains. 

2917
02:32:42,100 --> 02:32:45,300
One of history is most puzzling 
medical Mysteries but it's also 

2918
02:32:45,300 --> 02:32:48,300
a story about how communities 
can learn to care for members 

2919
02:32:48,300 --> 02:32:51,800
who are experiencing something 
Beyond ordinary understanding. 

2920
02:32:52,600 --> 02:32:55,500
It reminds us that the human 
body and spirit capable of 

2921
02:32:55,500 --> 02:32:58,600
experiences that exceed our 
ability to categorize or control

2922
02:32:58,600 --> 02:33:01,800
them and that sometimes the 
wisest response to mystery is 

2923
02:33:01,800 --> 02:33:05,900
not to solve it but to honor it.
As you drift towards sleep 

2924
02:33:05,900 --> 02:33:08,900
tonight, you might think about 
Frau Trophy and her fellow 

2925
02:33:08,900 --> 02:33:11,700
dancers and about the families 
who learn to love them through 

2926
02:33:11,700 --> 02:33:14,900
their strange Journey. 
You might contemplate the 

2927
02:33:14,900 --> 02:33:18,700
delicate boundary that sometimes
exists between what we perceive 

2928
02:33:18,700 --> 02:33:21,600
as normal and what we perceive 
as impossible and how much 

2929
02:33:21,600 --> 02:33:24,000
healing occurs not through 
expert intervention. 

2930
02:33:24,000 --> 02:33:27,400
But through the patient presence
of individuals who care enough 

2931
02:33:27,400 --> 02:33:30,100
to remain and observe whatever 
unfolds. 

2932
02:33:31,100 --> 02:33:34,100
The dance is always there. 
Just beneath the surface of our 

2933
02:33:34,100 --> 02:33:37,300
ordered lives waiting to teach 
us something about surrender 

2934
02:33:37,300 --> 02:33:41,400
about community, and about the 
beautiful terrifying, mystery of

2935
02:33:41,400 --> 02:33:44,500
Being Human in a body that is 
never entirely under our 

2936
02:33:44,500 --> 02:33:50,400
control. 
You wake up at half past four in

2937
02:33:50,400 --> 02:33:52,900
the morning and the world 
outside your window is still 

2938
02:33:52,900 --> 02:33:55,700
wrapped in that thick velvety. 
Darkness, that makes even the 

2939
02:33:55,700 --> 02:33:58,300
gas Street lamps look like 
lonely fireflies. 

2940
02:33:59,200 --> 02:34:01,900
Your feet, hit the cold 
floorboards with a thud that 

2941
02:34:01,900 --> 02:34:05,000
Echoes through your modest 
lodging and your immediately. 

2942
02:34:05,000 --> 02:34:07,700
Reminded that being a Victorian 
Postman isn't exactly a 

2943
02:34:07,700 --> 02:34:09,900
profession for those who enjoy 
sleeping in. 

2944
02:34:10,800 --> 02:34:13,500
Your bedroom, chairs, uniform 
appears to have endured Decades 

2945
02:34:13,500 --> 02:34:17,200
of use your dark blue coat with 
its brass buttons. 

2946
02:34:17,200 --> 02:34:20,500
That never quite Shine the way 
they're supposed to Bears. 

2947
02:34:20,500 --> 02:34:23,200
The Battle Scars of countless 
encounters with rose bushes, 

2948
02:34:23,200 --> 02:34:26,600
aggressive geese and the 
occasional projectile thrown by 

2949
02:34:26,600 --> 02:34:29,100
less than pleased recipients of 
overdue bills. 

2950
02:34:30,000 --> 02:34:33,600
Your leather satchel sits nearby
already showing signs of the day

2951
02:34:33,600 --> 02:34:35,600
ahead. 
It knows it's about to be 

2952
02:34:35,608 --> 02:34:37,500
stuffed Fuller than a Christmas 
turkey. 

2953
02:34:38,300 --> 02:34:41,100
You stumble down stairs, to your
landlady's kitchen, where she's 

2954
02:34:41,108 --> 02:34:45,100
already prepared your breakfast,
Mrs. Henderson bless her soul 

2955
02:34:45,100 --> 02:34:48,600
understands that postmen. 
Need fuel for the journey ahead.

2956
02:34:48,600 --> 02:34:51,000
She slides a plate of eggs 
Baker. 

2957
02:34:51,400 --> 02:34:55,000
Bread across the wooden table 
along with the steaming mug of 

2958
02:34:55,000 --> 02:34:57,500
tea, so strong, it could 
probably walk the coastal route 

2959
02:34:57,500 --> 02:35:00,500
by itself. 
The morning ritual, begins with 

2960
02:35:00,500 --> 02:35:03,300
checking your pocket, watch a 
gift from your father when you 

2961
02:35:03,308 --> 02:35:06,300
joined the Royal Mail Service. 
Three years ago is already 

2962
02:35:06,300 --> 02:35:08,900
caught up us five, which means 
you need to be at the Sorting 

2963
02:35:08,900 --> 02:35:13,200
office by six Sharp. 
Mr. Grimsby the postmaster has 

2964
02:35:13,200 --> 02:35:16,800
the temperament of a wet cat and
the punctuality expectations of 

2965
02:35:16,800 --> 02:35:19,800
a railway conductor. 
The English means facing his 

2966
02:35:19,800 --> 02:35:23,100
legendary scale which is been 
known to curdle milk from three 

2967
02:35:23,100 --> 02:35:25,400
streets away. 
You finish your breakfast, grab 

2968
02:35:25,400 --> 02:35:27,600
your cat, the one with the small
hole where a particularly 

2969
02:35:27,600 --> 02:35:30,900
ambitious pigeon once Mr. Stuck 
it for nesting material and step

2970
02:35:30,900 --> 02:35:34,700
out into the London morning. 
The air carries that distinct 

2971
02:35:34,700 --> 02:35:37,300
Victorian. 
Cocktail of coal, smoke horse 

2972
02:35:37,300 --> 02:35:39,300
manure, and the faint promise of
rain. 

2973
02:35:39,300 --> 02:35:42,600
That seems permanently suspended
over the city like an indecisive

2974
02:35:42,600 --> 02:35:45,400
visitor. 
The walk to the Sorting office. 

2975
02:35:45,400 --> 02:35:48,600
Takes you past the baker's shop 
where Mr. Pemberton is already 

2976
02:35:48,600 --> 02:35:50,400
pulling fresh loaves from his 
ovens. 

2977
02:35:50,400 --> 02:35:53,700
The warm yeasty smell follows 
you down the street, like a 

2978
02:35:53,700 --> 02:35:56,200
friendly dog. 
You wave through the window and 

2979
02:35:56,200 --> 02:35:59,500
he responds with a flour dusted.
Salute, the small morning 

2980
02:35:59,500 --> 02:36:01,500
rituals of become the 
comfortable rhythm of your 

2981
02:36:01,500 --> 02:36:03,900
working life. 
At the Sorting office. 

2982
02:36:03,900 --> 02:36:06,200
You're greeted by the familiar 
chaos that would make a 

2983
02:36:06,200 --> 02:36:07,500
battlefield. 
Look organized. 

2984
02:36:07,500 --> 02:36:12,000
Sex of male are piled everywhere
like fabric mountains and your 

2985
02:36:12,008 --> 02:36:13,600
fellow postmen are already 
elbow. 

2986
02:36:13,600 --> 02:36:16,800
Deep in the days, deliveries 
there's Jenkins whose been doing

2987
02:36:16,800 --> 02:36:20,200
this job since before Victoria 
became Queen and moves with the 

2988
02:36:20,200 --> 02:36:21,400
efficiency of a well-oiled 
machine. 

2989
02:36:21,400 --> 02:36:25,600
Thompson, the newcomer who still
gets nervous about delivering to

2990
02:36:25,600 --> 02:36:28,400
the fancy neighborhoods and Old 
Murphy who claims? 

2991
02:36:28,400 --> 02:36:30,600
He wants to deliver the letter 
to Charles Dickens himself 

2992
02:36:30,600 --> 02:36:32,700
though. 
The story changes slightly each 

2993
02:36:32,700 --> 02:36:35,700
time he tells it. 
Your section of London covers 

2994
02:36:35,700 --> 02:36:39,700
approximately 4 square miles of 
winding streets, narrow alleys, 

2995
02:36:39,700 --> 02:36:43,100
and the occasional dead end that
seems to exist solely to test 

2996
02:36:43,100 --> 02:36:46,400
your navigation skills. 
The male in your bag represents 

2997
02:36:46,400 --> 02:36:48,300
a cross-section of Human 
Experience. 

2998
02:36:48,300 --> 02:36:51,700
Love letters that smell faintly 
of lavender business 

2999
02:36:51,700 --> 02:36:55,300
correspondence with serious 
looking seals newspapers that 

3000
02:36:55,300 --> 02:36:58,400
will be outdated by tomorrow and
the inevitable collection of 

3001
02:36:58,400 --> 02:37:00,900
bills that make recipients. 
Look at you as if you personally

3002
02:37:00,900 --> 02:37:02,800
decided to charge them for 
existing. 

3003
02:37:03,600 --> 02:37:06,700
You organize your letters by 
Street, and number a process 

3004
02:37:06,700 --> 02:37:09,400
that requires the spatial 
reasoning skills of an architect

3005
02:37:09,400 --> 02:37:12,800
and the patience of a saint. 
each piece of mail has its 

3006
02:37:12,800 --> 02:37:16,600
personality, some are thick and 
important looking others are 

3007
02:37:16,600 --> 02:37:20,200
thin and apologetic and a few 
are so mysteriously shaped that 

3008
02:37:20,200 --> 02:37:24,100
you wonder if someone's trying 
to post a small Hedgehog The 

3009
02:37:24,100 --> 02:37:26,000
morning preparation is almost 
complete. 

3010
02:37:26,800 --> 02:37:29,900
Your route is planed, your 
Saturn is loaded and your boots 

3011
02:37:29,900 --> 02:37:32,400
are lace tight enough to survive
the days Adventures. 

3012
02:37:33,700 --> 02:37:36,700
As you step back onto the 
street, the city is beginning to

3013
02:37:36,700 --> 02:37:39,900
wake up around you and you're 
about to embark on another day 

3014
02:37:39,900 --> 02:37:42,900
of connecting people across the 
sprawling Maze of Victoria 

3015
02:37:42,900 --> 02:37:46,000
London. 
Pembroke Street, is your first 

3016
02:37:46,000 --> 02:37:49,500
stop, where the houses stand 
side by side, like Gosling 

3017
02:37:49,500 --> 02:37:53,300
neighbors, each front door 
tells, its story, summer painted

3018
02:37:53,300 --> 02:37:56,200
bright red with polished. 
Brass knockers that gleam in the

3019
02:37:56,208 --> 02:37:59,400
Morning Light While others have 
seen better days and Sport 

3020
02:37:59,400 --> 02:38:01,400
paint, That's peeling like 
sunburn skin. 

3021
02:38:02,500 --> 02:38:05,000
You've learned to read these 
subtle signs, like a detective, 

3022
02:38:05,000 --> 02:38:07,900
the well-maintained homes, 
usually mean Pleasant 

3023
02:38:07,900 --> 02:38:11,000
interactions, while the shabby 
ones might involve dodging 

3024
02:38:11,000 --> 02:38:14,000
flying objects or unwelcome 
commentary about the postal 

3025
02:38:14,000 --> 02:38:17,000
service. 
Mrs. Abernathy at number 12 is 

3026
02:38:17,000 --> 02:38:20,100
already waiting by her window 
watching for your arrival with 

3027
02:38:20,100 --> 02:38:22,400
the intensity of a hawk spotting
a field mouse. 

3028
02:38:23,200 --> 02:38:25,500
She receives letters from her 
sister in Edinburgh, every 

3029
02:38:25,500 --> 02:38:28,600
Tuesday and she's developed The 
Uncanny ability to set your 

3030
02:38:28,600 --> 02:38:32,300
approach from three blocks away.
You slip, The Familiar envelope 

3031
02:38:32,300 --> 02:38:35,000
through her letter slot, and you
can practically hear her 

3032
02:38:35,000 --> 02:38:38,300
shuffling excitedly, toward the 
door before you've even stepped 

3033
02:38:38,300 --> 02:38:41,200
off her front steps. 
The rhythm of delivery becomes 

3034
02:38:41,200 --> 02:38:45,400
As Natural as breathing after a 
while, what sort not deliver, 

3035
02:38:45,400 --> 02:38:48,600
repeat. 
But each house brings its own 

3036
02:38:48,600 --> 02:38:51,900
peculiar challenges. 
Number 18 has a letter slot 

3037
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:54,000
position. 
So low that reaching it requires

3038
02:38:54,000 --> 02:38:55,700
the flexibility of a 
contortionist. 

3039
02:38:55,700 --> 02:38:59,900
While number 24, slot is so 
narrow, you sometimes, wonder if

3040
02:38:59,900 --> 02:39:02,600
the architect designed it 
specifically to frustrate postal

3041
02:39:02,600 --> 02:39:04,800
workers. 
Then there's the matter of the 

3042
02:39:04,800 --> 02:39:07,500
dogs, every street has its 
collection of four legged 

3043
02:39:07,500 --> 02:39:10,200
critics and they all seem to 
have strong opinions about the 

3044
02:39:10,200 --> 02:39:13,300
postal service. 
There's Dutchess A pompous 

3045
02:39:13,300 --> 02:39:15,900
poodle at number seven, who 
treats your daily arrival as a 

3046
02:39:15,900 --> 02:39:18,500
personal insult to her 
aristocratic sensibilities. 

3047
02:39:19,800 --> 02:39:22,600
She expresses her displeasure 
through a series of indignant 

3048
02:39:22,600 --> 02:39:25,300
yaps that sound remarkably. 
Like someone complaining about 

3049
02:39:25,300 --> 02:39:26,600
the weather in a foreign 
language. 

3050
02:39:26,600 --> 02:39:30,000
You don't quite understand At 
the other end of the spectrum is

3051
02:39:30,000 --> 02:39:33,400
Brutus, a Mastiff, the size of a
small pony, Who belongs to the 

3052
02:39:33,400 --> 02:39:36,600
Butcher on Merchant Street. 
Despite his intimidating 

3053
02:39:36,600 --> 02:39:40,200
appearance Brutus has apparently
decided that you're his second 

3054
02:39:40,200 --> 02:39:43,200
favorite human. 
After his owner and he greets 

3055
02:39:43,200 --> 02:39:45,600
your arrival each day by 
attempting to lick your face 

3056
02:39:45,600 --> 02:39:48,700
with the tongue, that could 
double as a washcloth. your 

3057
02:39:48,700 --> 02:39:51,400
strategy involves keeping a safe
distance and a pocket full of 

3058
02:39:51,408 --> 02:39:54,200
the small biscuits that misses 
Henderson slips into your lunch 

3059
02:39:54,200 --> 02:39:58,400
bags specifically for canine 
diplomacy The variety of male 

3060
02:39:58,400 --> 02:40:01,200
you carry, reflects the full 
spectrum of human emotion and 

3061
02:40:01,200 --> 02:40:03,600
necessity. 
There are the obvious love 

3062
02:40:03,600 --> 02:40:06,700
letters, you can spot them from 
a mile away by their careful 

3063
02:40:06,700 --> 02:40:10,300
penmanship and the faint Center 
of perfume that seems to follow 

3064
02:40:10,300 --> 02:40:12,100
them around like a romantic 
ghost. 

3065
02:40:13,000 --> 02:40:15,800
Business correspondents, tends 
to travel in serious looking 

3066
02:40:15,800 --> 02:40:18,800
envelopes within important, 
sounding return addresses, while

3067
02:40:18,800 --> 02:40:20,800
family, letters, often arrive in
batches. 

3068
02:40:20,800 --> 02:40:23,300
As if relatives, suddenly 
remember, they have things to 

3069
02:40:23,300 --> 02:40:26,400
say all at the same time, some 
deliveries require special 

3070
02:40:26,400 --> 02:40:28,900
handling, legal documents 
arrive, with an air of 

3071
02:40:28,908 --> 02:40:30,400
important. 
That makes you walk slightly 

3072
02:40:30,400 --> 02:40:33,600
straighter while medical 
correspondents, often travels in

3073
02:40:33,600 --> 02:40:36,200
discrete envelopes that seemed 
to whisper about their contents.

3074
02:40:36,200 --> 02:40:39,300
You've developed an almost 
Supernatural ability to gauge 

3075
02:40:39,300 --> 02:40:41,700
the emotional weight of male. 
Just by holding it. 

3076
02:40:41,700 --> 02:40:45,400
Good news tends to feel lighter.
Somehow, while bad news seems to

3077
02:40:45,400 --> 02:40:47,100
add extra gravity to your 
satchel. 

3078
02:40:47,900 --> 02:40:50,800
The morning progresses through 
the residential streets where 

3079
02:40:50,800 --> 02:40:54,200
laundry hangs between buildings 
like celebratory Bunting and 

3080
02:40:54,200 --> 02:40:56,500
children. 
Peer at you from behind curtains

3081
02:40:56,500 --> 02:40:59,300
with the Curiosity reserved for 
exotic creatures. 

3082
02:40:59,300 --> 02:41:03,600
You wave at The Familiar Faces, 
the shopkeepers setting up for 

3083
02:41:03,600 --> 02:41:05,800
the day. 
The street sweepers making their

3084
02:41:05,800 --> 02:41:09,200
eternal battle against London's 
dust and debris and the 

3085
02:41:09,200 --> 02:41:11,900
occasional early Rising 
gentleman, who tips his hat with

3086
02:41:11,900 --> 02:41:14,500
the politeness that makes 
British Society function like 

3087
02:41:14,500 --> 02:41:18,300
clockwork, By mid-morning, your 
Satchel has lightened 

3088
02:41:18,300 --> 02:41:21,400
considerably, but your feet are 
beginning to remind you that 

3089
02:41:21,408 --> 02:41:23,800
they weren't designed for this 
much pavement pounding. 

3090
02:41:24,500 --> 02:41:27,100
The cobblestones that looked so 
Charming in the early morning 

3091
02:41:27,100 --> 02:41:29,600
light now, feel like their 
personally designed to test the 

3092
02:41:29,600 --> 02:41:33,100
durability of your boot Souls, 
you've learned to spot the loose

3093
02:41:33,100 --> 02:41:35,800
stones that might twist and 
ankle and navigate around the 

3094
02:41:35,800 --> 02:41:38,500
ones that seem to collect 
puddles like magnets that 

3095
02:41:38,500 --> 02:41:41,600
attract iron filings. 
Your route takes you past the 

3096
02:41:41,600 --> 02:41:45,000
local tea shop where the 
proprietor Mr. Whitfield always 

3097
02:41:45,000 --> 02:41:47,200
has a steaming cup ready for 
passing Postman. 

3098
02:41:47,200 --> 02:41:50,800
It's an unspoken agreement, you 
bring him news from the outside 

3099
02:41:50,800 --> 02:41:53,800
world through the mail you 
deliver and he provides liquid 

3100
02:41:53,800 --> 02:41:55,300
encouragement for the journey 
ahead. 

3101
02:41:56,300 --> 02:41:58,900
The brief respite allows you to 
reorganize your remaining 

3102
02:41:58,900 --> 02:42:01,600
letters and plan the most 
efficient path through the 

3103
02:42:01,600 --> 02:42:04,500
afternoon's. 
Deliveries As you venture into 

3104
02:42:04,500 --> 02:42:07,200
the more eccentric neighborhoods
of your route, you encounter the

3105
02:42:07,200 --> 02:42:09,600
houses that make this job, 
endlessly entertaining. 

3106
02:42:09,600 --> 02:42:12,500
There's Professor blackwood's. 
Residence on Thornbury Lane 

3107
02:42:12,500 --> 02:42:15,300
where the front garden looks 
like a Botanical experiment 

3108
02:42:15,300 --> 02:42:19,400
gone, wonderfully wrong. 
Exotic plants, sprawl in every 

3109
02:42:19,400 --> 02:42:22,900
direction, creating a jungle. 
That would make Darwin himself, 

3110
02:42:22,900 --> 02:42:26,800
pause for consideration. 
The professor occasionally 

3111
02:42:26,800 --> 02:42:29,600
emerges from this green chaos, 
wearing clothes that suggests, 

3112
02:42:29,600 --> 02:42:32,300
he dresses and complete 
darkness, and he always greets 

3113
02:42:32,300 --> 02:42:34,600
you with enthusiasm that borders
on the manic. 

3114
02:42:35,200 --> 02:42:38,000
His male consists primarily of 
scientific journals and 

3115
02:42:38,000 --> 02:42:40,700
correspondence from fellow 
academics scattered across 

3116
02:42:40,700 --> 02:42:43,300
Europe. 
The envelopes often bear foreign

3117
02:42:43,300 --> 02:42:46,200
postmarks and wax seals that 
look important enough to start 

3118
02:42:46,200 --> 02:42:48,300
in. 
International instance, you've 

3119
02:42:48,300 --> 02:42:50,400
learned to handle these 
deliveries with extra care, 

3120
02:42:50,400 --> 02:42:53,800
partly because they seem 
genuinely important and partly. 

3121
02:42:53,800 --> 02:42:56,700
Because Professor Blackwood once
spent, 20 minutes explaining the

3122
02:42:56,700 --> 02:42:59,500
reproductive habits of orchids. 
When you accidentally bent one 

3123
02:42:59,500 --> 02:43:03,400
of his Botanical Magazine's, 
three houses down lives, missed 

3124
02:43:03,400 --> 02:43:06,900
call Delia Weatherby, Spinster 
who was turned suspicion into an

3125
02:43:06,900 --> 02:43:09,100
art form. 
She receives your approach 

3126
02:43:09,100 --> 02:43:11,900
through her lace, curtains with 
the weariness of someone 

3127
02:43:11,900 --> 02:43:13,600
expecting Invasion at any 
moment. 

3128
02:43:14,500 --> 02:43:17,800
Her male consists primarily of 
seed, catalogs and letters from 

3129
02:43:17,800 --> 02:43:21,300
mysterious correspondent who 
signed only with the initials 

3130
02:43:21,300 --> 02:43:24,400
are h. 
You've developed a theory that 

3131
02:43:24,400 --> 02:43:26,500
RH might be a long-lost romantic
interest. 

3132
02:43:27,400 --> 02:43:30,000
But miss weatherbys expression 
when she receives these letters,

3133
02:43:30,000 --> 02:43:33,200
suggests the correspondence, 
might be less romantic and more 

3134
02:43:33,200 --> 02:43:36,100
related to outstanding debts or 
legal matters. 

3135
02:43:36,800 --> 02:43:39,400
The delivery process at Miss. 
Wetherby's house has evolved 

3136
02:43:39,400 --> 02:43:43,000
into an elaborate ritual. 
You approach slowly making sure 

3137
02:43:43,000 --> 02:43:45,900
your footsteps are clearly 
audible to avoid startling her 

3138
02:43:45,900 --> 02:43:48,200
you place. 
The male carefully through her 

3139
02:43:48,200 --> 02:43:51,700
slot, then Retreat, a respectful
distance while she performs what

3140
02:43:51,700 --> 02:43:55,100
sounds like a complex series of 
locks chains and security 

3141
02:43:55,100 --> 02:43:57,300
measures that would make a bank 
for jealous. 

3142
02:43:58,400 --> 02:44:01,000
Occasionally hear her muttering 
commentary about the state of 

3143
02:44:01,000 --> 02:44:03,700
the world and the declining 
reliability of young people 

3144
02:44:03,700 --> 02:44:06,900
though, you're not entirely sure
whether this criticism includes 

3145
02:44:06,900 --> 02:44:10,400
postal workers specifically. 
Then there's the Johnson 

3146
02:44:10,400 --> 02:44:13,700
household on Maple Grove, which 
operates like a small chaotic 

3147
02:44:13,700 --> 02:44:16,500
Republic. 
Mr. And Mrs. Johnson have 

3148
02:44:16,500 --> 02:44:19,500
produced seven children ranging 
in age from barely walking to 

3149
02:44:19,500 --> 02:44:22,500
nearly adult and their front 
yard resembles a toy 

3150
02:44:22,500 --> 02:44:25,000
Battlefield. 
The casualties include broken 

3151
02:44:25,000 --> 02:44:28,400
Hoops, deflated balls. 
At least three dolls that have 

3152
02:44:28,400 --> 02:44:31,000
seen better days. 
The children, treat your 

3153
02:44:31,000 --> 02:44:33,900
arrival, like a daily 
entertainment program gathering 

3154
02:44:33,900 --> 02:44:35,300
at the window to watch. 
You navigate. 

3155
02:44:35,300 --> 02:44:38,800
Their obstacle course of 
discarded playthings Mrs. 

3156
02:44:38,800 --> 02:44:40,600
Johnson appears in her door 
looking like she's been 

3157
02:44:40,600 --> 02:44:42,900
wrestling with domestic 
responsibilities, and losing 

3158
02:44:42,900 --> 02:44:46,300
gracefully her hair escapes from
its pins and creative 

3159
02:44:46,300 --> 02:44:48,600
directions. 
And she usually has at least one

3160
02:44:48,600 --> 02:44:51,900
child attached to a skirts like 
a small, determined barnacle 

3161
02:44:52,500 --> 02:44:55,200
Despite the apparent chaos. 
She always greets you with 

3162
02:44:55,200 --> 02:44:58,200
genuine warmth and occasionally 
offers you a cup of tea. 

3163
02:44:58,200 --> 02:45:00,700
That tastes like, it was made by
someone who understands the 

3164
02:45:00,700 --> 02:45:03,600
restorative power of proper 
Brewing, the male for the 

3165
02:45:03,600 --> 02:45:07,000
Johnson House, reflects the 
family's busy life, letters from

3166
02:45:07,000 --> 02:45:10,300
grandparents school, notices and
an impressive collection of 

3167
02:45:10,300 --> 02:45:12,200
bills that would make a 
mathematician week. 

3168
02:45:13,100 --> 02:45:15,800
Mrs. Johnson accepts these with 
the resigned expression of 

3169
02:45:15,800 --> 02:45:18,200
someone who has learned to find 
humor in life, persistent 

3170
02:45:18,200 --> 02:45:21,200
Financial requirements. 
You after noon, route also 

3171
02:45:21,200 --> 02:45:24,200
includes the mysterious house at
the end of Wickham Street, where

3172
02:45:24,200 --> 02:45:26,900
the elderly Mr. Ashford lives 
alone with what sounds like a 

3173
02:45:26,900 --> 02:45:30,700
small Orchestra of cats. 
The music that drifts from his 

3174
02:45:30,700 --> 02:45:33,800
windows suggests, he spent his 
days playing piano compositions,

3175
02:45:33,800 --> 02:45:37,200
that sound, both beautiful and 
slightly Melancholy his male 

3176
02:45:37,200 --> 02:45:39,700
arrives sporadically, sometimes 
weeks. 

3177
02:45:39,700 --> 02:45:43,300
Pass with nothing then suddenly 
he receives thick packets from 

3178
02:45:43,300 --> 02:45:46,600
music Publishers or thin letters
that seem to carry more 

3179
02:45:46,600 --> 02:45:48,600
emotional weight than their size
would suggest. 

3180
02:45:49,800 --> 02:45:52,900
Mr. Ashford himself remains 
largely invisible though. 

3181
02:45:52,900 --> 02:45:55,500
You occasionally catch glimpses 
of movement behind his heavy 

3182
02:45:55,500 --> 02:45:58,000
curtains. 
The milk bottles left on his 

3183
02:45:58,000 --> 02:46:00,700
step disappear. 
And reappear with the regularity

3184
02:46:00,700 --> 02:46:04,100
of a well-managed ghost, and the
cats that inhabit his garden 

3185
02:46:04,100 --> 02:46:06,700
treat you, with the aloof 
politeness reserved, for useful 

3186
02:46:06,700 --> 02:46:09,000
servants, who know their place 
in the household. 

3187
02:46:09,000 --> 02:46:12,300
Hierarchy, each house on your 
route has developed its own 

3188
02:46:12,300 --> 02:46:14,800
personality over the months, 
you've been delivering mail, 

3189
02:46:15,300 --> 02:46:17,900
You've learned to read the 
subtle signs, when the 

3190
02:46:17,900 --> 02:46:21,200
Hendersons are having financial 
difficulties, fewer letters more

3191
02:46:21,200 --> 02:46:25,100
bills, when the Clarks are 
expecting, favorable news, Mrs. 

3192
02:46:25,100 --> 02:46:28,300
Clarke watches from the window 
with hopeful expression and when

3193
02:46:28,300 --> 02:46:31,200
the tops and preparing, for one 
of their famous dinner parties, 

3194
02:46:31,200 --> 02:46:34,600
invitations, multiply like 
Rapids in their outgoing mail 

3195
02:46:34,600 --> 02:46:37,200
slot. 
London's November weather is 

3196
02:46:37,200 --> 02:46:40,500
unpredictable dramatic and 
seemingly designed to test your 

3197
02:46:40,500 --> 02:46:43,500
patience. 
This morning started with a 

3198
02:46:43,500 --> 02:46:46,500
light mist, that felt almost 
Pleasant like walking through a 

3199
02:46:46,500 --> 02:46:48,300
cloud that decided to visit the 
city. 

3200
02:46:49,100 --> 02:46:52,500
But by noon, that gentle Mist 
has transformed into a proper 

3201
02:46:52,500 --> 02:46:55,500
drizzle that seems to determined
to discover every Gap in your 

3202
02:46:55,500 --> 02:46:59,000
clothing that you didn't know, 
existed, your waterproof coat, 

3203
02:46:59,000 --> 02:47:01,300
which looked so professional. 
And whether ready, when the 

3204
02:47:01,300 --> 02:47:05,200
Postal Service issued it now 
reveals its true character under

3205
02:47:05,200 --> 02:47:08,900
actual precipitation. 
Water Finds Its way past your 

3206
02:47:08,900 --> 02:47:12,800
collar, with the Persistence of 
an Uninvited Guest and your 

3207
02:47:12,800 --> 02:47:16,100
Satchel, despite its supposedly 
water resistant, leather, begins

3208
02:47:16,100 --> 02:47:19,800
to develop that damp smell. 
That suggests your male might 

3209
02:47:19,800 --> 02:47:21,800
arrive looking like it. 
Survived a minor flood. 

3210
02:47:22,600 --> 02:47:24,700
The cobblestones become 
treacherous when wet 

3211
02:47:24,700 --> 02:47:26,800
transforming from merely 
uncomfortable. 

3212
02:47:26,800 --> 02:47:30,100
Walking surfaces into potential 
skating rinks for the unwary. 

3213
02:47:31,200 --> 02:47:34,400
You've developed a peculiar 
walking style that resembles a 

3214
02:47:34,400 --> 02:47:37,500
cautious dance, testing each 
step before committing your full

3215
02:47:37,500 --> 02:47:40,800
weight, the locals who observe 
this careful progression from 

3216
02:47:40,800 --> 02:47:43,700
their Drive, Windows. 
Probably think postal workers 

3217
02:47:43,700 --> 02:47:45,900
have developed their own form of
Street choreography. 

3218
02:47:45,900 --> 02:47:48,900
But whether is only one of the 
obstacles that make your daily 

3219
02:47:48,900 --> 02:47:52,400
routine Adventure, worthy of 
exploration novels There's the 

3220
02:47:52,400 --> 02:47:56,000
ongoing construction project on 
Pemberton Street where workers 

3221
02:47:56,000 --> 02:47:58,700
have apparently decided that the
most efficient way to prepare 

3222
02:47:58,700 --> 02:48:02,900
cobblestones is to remove them 
all at once leaving behind a 

3223
02:48:02,900 --> 02:48:05,600
landscape that resembles a 
geological excavation site. 

3224
02:48:06,500 --> 02:48:09,500
Navigating this route requires 
the skills of a mounting climber

3225
02:48:09,500 --> 02:48:12,200
and the patience of someone 
accustomed to bureaucratic 

3226
02:48:12,200 --> 02:48:15,500
inefficiency. 
The construction workers bless 

3227
02:48:15,500 --> 02:48:18,200
their dust covered. 
Souls have developed a friendly 

3228
02:48:18,200 --> 02:48:19,800
relationship with the Postal 
Service. 

3229
02:48:19,800 --> 02:48:22,800
They warn you about particularly
treacherous sections and 

3230
02:48:22,800 --> 02:48:25,300
sometimes even clearer path. 
When they see you approaching 

3231
02:48:25,300 --> 02:48:28,500
with your bulging, Satchel in 
return, you've become their 

3232
02:48:28,500 --> 02:48:32,000
informal, new service, updating 
them on, which houses are 

3233
02:48:32,000 --> 02:48:34,700
receiving intriguing, mail, and 
sharing gossip about 

3234
02:48:34,700 --> 02:48:36,800
neighborhood developments, that 
might affect their work 

3235
02:48:36,800 --> 02:48:38,700
schedule. 
Then there are other Street 

3236
02:48:38,700 --> 02:48:41,200
vendors, who transform certain 
Corners into temporary 

3237
02:48:41,200 --> 02:48:44,700
marketplaces that seem to appear
and disappear with magical 

3238
02:48:44,700 --> 02:48:47,900
unpredictability. 
Mrs. Patterson sets up her 

3239
02:48:47,900 --> 02:48:50,600
flower cart at the intersection 
of oakendale every Tuesday and 

3240
02:48:50,600 --> 02:48:53,200
Friday. 
Creating a fragrant obstacle. 

3241
02:48:53,200 --> 02:48:54,700
That requires careful 
navigation. 

3242
02:48:54,700 --> 02:48:59,300
Her roses and carnations smell 
Heavenly, but her car blocks the

3243
02:48:59,300 --> 02:49:01,400
most direct path to three 
different house numbers. 

3244
02:49:01,400 --> 02:49:04,200
Forcing, you to develop 
alternative routes that had 

3245
02:49:04,200 --> 02:49:06,000
precious minutes to your 
delivery schedule. 

3246
02:49:06,000 --> 02:49:09,700
The flower Castle attracts bees 
with the enthusiasm of a royal 

3247
02:49:09,700 --> 02:49:11,700
celebration. 
And you've learned to approach. 

3248
02:49:11,700 --> 02:49:15,200
Mrs. Patterson's corner with the
weariness of someone entering a 

3249
02:49:15,200 --> 02:49:19,100
diplomatic negotiation. the bees
seem to view postal workers as 

3250
02:49:19,100 --> 02:49:22,000
potential threats to their 
floral paradise and they 

3251
02:49:22,000 --> 02:49:24,700
expressed their concerns through
aggressive, hovering patterns 

3252
02:49:24,700 --> 02:49:29,400
that make males, sorting a 
delicate operation, Animal 

3253
02:49:29,400 --> 02:49:32,200
encounters, extend beyond the 
domestic dogs and cats that 

3254
02:49:32,200 --> 02:49:35,800
populate most neighborhoods. 
London streets, host a 

3255
02:49:35,800 --> 02:49:38,600
surprising variety of wildlife. 
That seems determined to 

3256
02:49:38,600 --> 02:49:41,500
participate in postal delivery. 
There are other pigeons that 

3257
02:49:41,500 --> 02:49:44,700
treat your male Satchel as a 
potential roosting site the 

3258
02:49:44,700 --> 02:49:46,500
occasional rat that regards your
passing. 

3259
02:49:46,500 --> 02:49:49,800
With the Bold, curiosity of a 
small, Urban philosopher. 

3260
02:49:49,800 --> 02:49:53,100
And the memorable incident 
involving an escaped parrot. 

3261
02:49:53,100 --> 02:49:56,000
That spent an entire afternoon 
following you from house to 

3262
02:49:56,000 --> 02:49:59,000
house while providing colorful 
commentary on your delivery 

3263
02:49:59,000 --> 02:50:01,800
technique. 
The parrot whose vocabulary 

3264
02:50:01,800 --> 02:50:04,900
suggested, it had previous 
experience with Sailors, seemed 

3265
02:50:04,900 --> 02:50:07,400
particularly interested in 
critiquing your route, 

3266
02:50:07,400 --> 02:50:10,300
efficiency. 
It perched on garden gate and 

3267
02:50:10,300 --> 02:50:12,900
fence posts. 
Offering suggestions that were 

3268
02:50:12,900 --> 02:50:15,900
both anatomically creative and 
utterly unprintable. 

3269
02:50:16,700 --> 02:50:19,300
Several residents emerge from 
their houses to witness this 

3270
02:50:19,300 --> 02:50:22,500
unusual, postal processional, 
and you found yourself becoming 

3271
02:50:22,500 --> 02:50:25,100
an inadvertent Street 
performance while trying to 

3272
02:50:25,108 --> 02:50:28,800
maintain professional dignity, 
under avian supervision Street 

3273
02:50:28,800 --> 02:50:31,600
conditions vary dramatically 
depending on the neighborhoods 

3274
02:50:31,600 --> 02:50:34,400
economic status. 
The wealthy areas feature. 

3275
02:50:34,400 --> 02:50:37,700
Well maintained Pavements 
regular street cleaning and 

3276
02:50:37,700 --> 02:50:40,500
house numbers that are clearly 
visible from reasonable distance

3277
02:50:40,500 --> 02:50:44,000
is These neighborhoods make male
delivery feel like a pleasant 

3278
02:50:44,000 --> 02:50:45,800
stroll through an organized 
Urban Park. 

3279
02:50:45,800 --> 02:50:49,400
However, the working class areas
pose, distinct challenges. 

3280
02:50:50,200 --> 02:50:54,100
Sometimes house numbers exist. 
Only in theory either painted on

3281
02:50:54,100 --> 02:50:57,100
surfaces that have seen better 
decades or hidden behind 

3282
02:50:57,100 --> 02:50:59,400
architectural features that 
suggest the original. 

3283
02:50:59,400 --> 02:51:02,000
Builders had a light-hearted 
approach to postal Logistics, 

3284
02:51:02,000 --> 02:51:04,900
you've developed detective 
skills that would impress 

3285
02:51:04,900 --> 02:51:08,200
Scotland Yard using context. 
Clues like neighboring house 

3286
02:51:08,200 --> 02:51:11,500
numbers architectural, patterns 
and the occasional helpful 

3287
02:51:11,500 --> 02:51:13,200
neighbor to locate your 
destination. 

3288
02:51:14,600 --> 02:51:17,400
The afternoon brings its own set
of weather-related complications

3289
02:51:17,400 --> 02:51:20,400
as the drizzle decides to 
upgrade itself to actual rain 

3290
02:51:20,400 --> 02:51:23,600
your boots, which felt perfectly
adequate this morning. 

3291
02:51:23,600 --> 02:51:28,200
Now, squelch with each step like
small portable swamps The mail 

3292
02:51:28,200 --> 02:51:31,200
in your Satchel requires, 
constant protection and you find

3293
02:51:31,200 --> 02:51:33,300
yourself performing. 
Elaborate Sheltering Maneuvers 

3294
02:51:33,300 --> 02:51:37,100
under overhangs in doorways and 
beneath the occasional tree that

3295
02:51:37,100 --> 02:51:39,300
hasn't yet. 
Shared all its leaves, the 

3296
02:51:39,300 --> 02:51:42,300
beauty of being a postman lies, 
not just in the physical act of 

3297
02:51:42,308 --> 02:51:44,700
delivery. 
But in witnessing the invisible 

3298
02:51:44,700 --> 02:51:47,800
threads that connect people 
across distances, both near and 

3299
02:51:47,800 --> 02:51:52,500
far, Each letter in your Satchel
symbolizes a relationship and 

3300
02:51:52,500 --> 02:51:55,500
narrative and a human connection
that you have the honor to 

3301
02:51:55,500 --> 02:51:58,100
Foster. 
After months, on the same route,

3302
02:51:58,100 --> 02:52:01,700
you begin to recognize patterns.
That reveal the rich tapestry of

3303
02:52:01,700 --> 02:52:03,400
lives. 
Unfolding behind those front 

3304
02:52:03,400 --> 02:52:06,000
doors. 
Take Mrs. Eleanor Fitzgerald on 

3305
02:52:06,000 --> 02:52:09,000
Rosemary Street, who receives 
letters every Thursday from 

3306
02:52:09,000 --> 02:52:11,800
someone with elegant handwriting
and expensive stationery. 

3307
02:52:12,700 --> 02:52:15,700
The envelopes always smell 
faintly of Jasmine and Mrs. 

3308
02:52:15,700 --> 02:52:18,300
Fitzgerald's entire demeanor 
changes on delivery days. 

3309
02:52:19,100 --> 02:52:22,300
She transforms from a somewhat 
Stern Widow who maintains her 

3310
02:52:22,300 --> 02:52:25,400
garden with military Precision 
into someone who practically 

3311
02:52:25,400 --> 02:52:29,000
floats to her front door. 
You suspect these letters. 

3312
02:52:29,000 --> 02:52:33,100
Come from a gentleman admirer. 
Possibly someone from her past 

3313
02:52:33,100 --> 02:52:36,200
to his recently reconnected. 
The way she clutches these 

3314
02:52:36,200 --> 02:52:37,900
letters to her chest before 
disappearing. 

3315
02:52:37,900 --> 02:52:41,000
Inside suggests romance that 
would make novelists weep With 

3316
02:52:41,000 --> 02:52:45,900
Envy then there's young Timothy 
Hartwell fairly 16 who works as 

3317
02:52:45,900 --> 02:52:48,800
an apprentice at the clockmakers
shop, the dreams of Adventure 

3318
02:52:48,800 --> 02:52:53,100
Beyond London, City, boundaries,
His male consists primarily of 

3319
02:52:53,100 --> 02:52:55,800
correspondence, with various 
shipping companies and Colonial 

3320
02:52:55,800 --> 02:52:58,700
officers. 
The thick packets of information

3321
02:52:58,700 --> 02:53:02,400
about opportunities in India, 
Australia, and Canada arrive 

3322
02:53:02,400 --> 02:53:05,300
with the regularity of someone's
seriously, planing on Escape. 

3323
02:53:06,000 --> 02:53:08,900
You've watched Timothy mature 
over the months, his letters 

3324
02:53:08,900 --> 02:53:10,600
becoming more focused and more 
specific. 

3325
02:53:11,500 --> 02:53:13,800
Last week he received, what 
looked like, official 

3326
02:53:13,800 --> 02:53:16,100
documentation from a Trading 
Company in Bombay. 

3327
02:53:16,100 --> 02:53:19,600
And his excitement was so 
obvious that his employer 

3328
02:53:19,600 --> 02:53:21,700
probably wondered, why the boy 
suddenly started whistling 

3329
02:53:21,700 --> 02:53:24,000
Maritime songs. 
While repairing pocket watches 

3330
02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:27,100
the Pemberton family presents. 
A more complex story that 

3331
02:53:27,100 --> 02:53:30,800
unfolds letter by letter Mr. 
Pemberton operates the bakery, 

3332
02:53:30,800 --> 02:53:34,100
but his wife receives regular 
correspondence from what appears

3333
02:53:34,100 --> 02:53:37,000
to be a legal firm in Edinburgh,
the letters arrived with the 

3334
02:53:37,008 --> 02:53:40,400
serious formality of legal 
documents, and Mrs. Pemberton's 

3335
02:53:40,400 --> 02:53:43,200
expression, when she receives 
them suggests, they concern 

3336
02:53:43,200 --> 02:53:45,300
matters. 
More weighty and simple business

3337
02:53:45,300 --> 02:53:47,900
transactions. 
You suspect. 

3338
02:53:47,900 --> 02:53:50,900
There might be an inheritance 
involved or perhaps property 

3339
02:53:50,900 --> 02:53:54,800
disputes from her family's past.
The legal correspondence comes 

3340
02:53:54,800 --> 02:53:58,000
in waves sometimes weekly 
sometimes not for months 

3341
02:53:58,000 --> 02:54:01,600
suggesting ongoing negotiations 
that require patience and 

3342
02:54:01,600 --> 02:54:04,500
considerable postage. 
Your root also includes the 

3343
02:54:04,500 --> 02:54:08,000
boarding house on Whitmore Lane 
where Ms Adelaide Morton runs a 

3344
02:54:08,000 --> 02:54:10,000
respectable establishment for 
young working women. 

3345
02:54:10,000 --> 02:54:13,700
The male volume at this address 
could Supply a small post office

3346
02:54:13,700 --> 02:54:17,200
in dependently, each resident 
seems to maintain correspondence

3347
02:54:17,200 --> 02:54:20,900
with family, friends, potential 
suitors, and various business 

3348
02:54:20,900 --> 02:54:23,900
contacts. 
Miss Morton herself receives 

3349
02:54:23,900 --> 02:54:26,900
letters from young, women 
seeking accommodation parents 

3350
02:54:26,900 --> 02:54:30,300
checking on their daughters 
welfare and what appears to be a

3351
02:54:30,300 --> 02:54:32,800
romantic correspondence with 
someone who signs his letters 

3352
02:54:32,800 --> 02:54:36,500
with the initials Junior and 
uses stationary that suggests 

3353
02:54:36,500 --> 02:54:38,300
comfortable Financial 
circumstances. 

3354
02:54:39,200 --> 02:54:42,300
The Boarding House male reveals 
fascinating glimpses into the 

3355
02:54:42,300 --> 02:54:45,000
lives of young women navigating 
Independence in Victorian, 

3356
02:54:45,000 --> 02:54:47,100
London. 
There are letters that smell of 

3357
02:54:47,108 --> 02:54:50,400
tears and homesickness others 
that practically vibrate with 

3358
02:54:50,408 --> 02:54:53,300
excitement about New 
Opportunities and the occasional

3359
02:54:53,300 --> 02:54:56,500
thick packet that suggests 
either very favorable news or 

3360
02:54:56,500 --> 02:54:58,800
very detailed explanations of 
Life Choices. 

3361
02:54:58,800 --> 02:55:00,600
That might not meet with 
parental approval. 

3362
02:55:00,600 --> 02:55:03,900
Perhaps the most intriguing 
correspondence on your route 

3363
02:55:03,900 --> 02:55:06,900
belongs to Mr. Elgin on 
Blackthorne who lives in the 

3364
02:55:06,900 --> 02:55:08,600
narrow house on Crescent Moon 
Lane. 

3365
02:55:08,600 --> 02:55:13,100
His male arrives from the most 
exotic locations postcards from 

3366
02:55:13,100 --> 02:55:15,700
Cairo showing pyramids and 
camels letters. 

3367
02:55:15,700 --> 02:55:18,400
Bearing stamps from places. 
You couldn't locate on a map 

3368
02:55:18,400 --> 02:55:21,400
without considerable assistance 
and packages that rattle 

3369
02:55:21,400 --> 02:55:24,700
mysteriously. 
When handled Mr. Blackthorne 

3370
02:55:24,700 --> 02:55:27,600
himself appears to be some sort 
of collector or researcher 

3371
02:55:27,600 --> 02:55:31,100
judging by the archaeological 
and anthropological Publications

3372
02:55:31,100 --> 02:55:34,400
that arrived monthly. 
His house windows display 

3373
02:55:34,400 --> 02:55:36,600
artifacts. 
That suggests extensive travel 

3374
02:55:36,600 --> 02:55:40,100
and you occasionally Glimpse him
through the glass examining 

3375
02:55:40,100 --> 02:55:42,900
objects with the intensity of 
someone deciphering ancient 

3376
02:55:42,900 --> 02:55:45,800
Mysteries. 
The children's male provides. 

3377
02:55:45,800 --> 02:55:48,100
Its entertainment value young 
Margaret. 

3378
02:55:48,100 --> 02:55:50,400
Woodhouse on Sycamore Street. 
Maintains an impressive 

3379
02:55:50,400 --> 02:55:52,700
correspondence with cousin 
scattered across Britain. 

3380
02:55:53,500 --> 02:55:56,400
Her letters arrive in batches 
written in the careful 

3381
02:55:56,400 --> 02:55:58,600
handwriting of children. 
Trying to impress adults with 

3382
02:55:58,600 --> 02:56:01,900
their penmanship skills. 
The return correspondence 

3383
02:56:01,900 --> 02:56:03,300
suggests. 
She something of a central 

3384
02:56:03,308 --> 02:56:06,900
figure in her extended families,
communication Network possibly 

3385
02:56:06,900 --> 02:56:09,100
because she's the only cousin 
old enough to write proper 

3386
02:56:09,100 --> 02:56:10,600
letters. 
But young enough to find 

3387
02:56:10,600 --> 02:56:12,700
everyone's news equally 
fascinating. 

3388
02:56:13,500 --> 02:56:16,400
Some residents receive mail at 
tell stories of hardship and 

3389
02:56:16,400 --> 02:56:19,800
resilience Mrs. Catherine, 
O'Brien, recently widowed 

3390
02:56:19,800 --> 02:56:21,900
receives regular letters from 
Ireland. 

3391
02:56:21,900 --> 02:56:24,800
That you suspect contain both 
emotional support and small 

3392
02:56:24,800 --> 02:56:28,400
financial assistance from 
relatives. the timing of these 

3393
02:56:28,400 --> 02:56:31,100
letters often coincides with 
particularly challenging 

3394
02:56:31,100 --> 02:56:34,800
periods, they arrive more 
frequently when rent is due, or 

3395
02:56:34,800 --> 02:56:38,300
when her children need new 
shoes, the Irish postmarks and 

3396
02:56:38,300 --> 02:56:40,000
the careful way. 
She handles these letters 

3397
02:56:40,000 --> 02:56:43,600
suggest to support network that 
spans, the Irish sea providing 

3398
02:56:43,600 --> 02:56:47,200
comfort that transcends 
geographical boundaries and the 

3399
02:56:47,200 --> 02:56:49,600
afternoon section of your route,
takes you into the commercial 

3400
02:56:49,600 --> 02:56:52,900
District where the pace of Life 
accelerates like a wound up 

3401
02:56:52,900 --> 02:56:56,300
pocket watch Shop owners and 
Clark's bustle about their 

3402
02:56:56,300 --> 02:56:59,100
business, with the efficient 
energy of people who understand 

3403
02:56:59,100 --> 02:57:02,200
that time equals money. 
And every moment spent standing 

3404
02:57:02,200 --> 02:57:05,100
still represents potential 
profit walking past their 

3405
02:57:05,100 --> 02:57:07,800
establishments. 
The male requirements here, 

3406
02:57:07,800 --> 02:57:11,000
differ significantly from 
residential deliveries business,

3407
02:57:11,000 --> 02:57:14,200
correspondents, arrives in 
larger volumes legal documents, 

3408
02:57:14,200 --> 02:57:17,100
travel, with increased urgency, 
and Commercial relationships. 

3409
02:57:17,100 --> 02:57:20,300
Generate paperwork that would 
impress government bureaucrats, 

3410
02:57:21,100 --> 02:57:24,100
Mr. Cornelius Blackwood operates
a haberdashery that seems to 

3411
02:57:24,108 --> 02:57:26,100
exist in a state of organized 
chaos. 

3412
02:57:26,100 --> 02:57:30,000
His shop overflows with bolts of
fabric in every conceivable 

3413
02:57:30,000 --> 02:57:33,900
color and pattern buttons, that 
could outfit a small army and 

3414
02:57:33,900 --> 02:57:37,000
ribbons that Cascade from 
shells, like textile waterfalls.

3415
02:57:38,000 --> 02:57:41,200
The male delivery here, requires
patience because Mr. Blaccwood 

3416
02:57:41,200 --> 02:57:44,100
treats, every piece of 
Correspondence as a potential 

3417
02:57:44,100 --> 02:57:46,600
treasure, that might contain 
life-changing opportunities. 

3418
02:57:46,600 --> 02:57:50,300
He examined each envelope with 
the intense of an art critic, 

3419
02:57:50,300 --> 02:57:53,400
studying, a masterpiece turning 
letters over in his hands. 

3420
02:57:53,400 --> 02:57:56,100
As if their external appearance,
might reveal their contents 

3421
02:57:56,100 --> 02:57:58,400
through some form of postal 
divination. 

3422
02:57:58,400 --> 02:58:01,200
The Correspondents for the 
Haberdashery, reflects the 

3423
02:58:01,200 --> 02:58:04,700
complexity of Victoria and 
commerce There are invoices from

3424
02:58:04,700 --> 02:58:08,100
fabric suppliers letters from 
customers, describing specific 

3425
02:58:08,100 --> 02:58:11,000
requirements for garments that 
sound more complex than 

3426
02:58:11,000 --> 02:58:14,000
architectural Blueprints and 
regular communication from 

3427
02:58:14,000 --> 02:58:16,700
fashion houses. 
In Paris that arrives with the 

3428
02:58:16,700 --> 02:58:20,800
air of containing State secrets,
Mr. Blaccwood often share 

3429
02:58:20,800 --> 02:58:23,200
Snippets of information about 
current fashion trends. 

3430
02:58:23,200 --> 02:58:25,600
Speaking with the authority of 
someone who understands that 

3431
02:58:25,600 --> 02:58:27,800
clothing represents more than 
mere necessity. 

3432
02:58:28,500 --> 02:58:31,200
It's a form of personal 
expression that requires both 

3433
02:58:31,200 --> 02:58:34,700
artistic vision and practical 
skill next door. 

3434
02:58:34,700 --> 02:58:37,900
Mrs. Prudence Whitfield runs a 
tea in confectionary shop that 

3435
02:58:37,900 --> 02:58:41,100
has the delightful Aroma of 
Heaven as if it decided to 

3436
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:45,300
establish a retail location. 
The aroma of fresh baked scones,

3437
02:58:45,300 --> 02:58:48,600
imported teas and Handmade 
Chocolates creates an olfactory 

3438
02:58:48,600 --> 02:58:50,300
experience that makes your 
afternoon. 

3439
02:58:50,300 --> 02:58:53,000
Delivery rounds feel like a 
culinary tour of paradise. 

3440
02:58:54,300 --> 02:58:57,300
Mrs. Whitfield's male consists, 
primarily of orders from 

3441
02:58:57,300 --> 02:59:01,200
suppliers letters from customers
planning, special events, and 

3442
02:59:01,200 --> 02:59:04,000
regular correspondence with 
relatives who apparently keep 

3443
02:59:04,000 --> 02:59:06,600
her, informed about family 
recipes that have been passed 

3444
02:59:06,600 --> 02:59:08,800
down through generations of 
accomplished Bakers. 

3445
02:59:10,000 --> 02:59:12,600
Mrs. Whitfield has developed the
habit of offering postal 

3446
02:59:12,600 --> 02:59:14,900
workers. 
Small samples of her latest 

3447
02:59:14,900 --> 02:59:18,200
creation's, which she claims 
require professional opinions 

3448
02:59:18,200 --> 02:59:20,900
from people who understand 
quality and appreciate 

3449
02:59:20,900 --> 02:59:24,200
craftsmanship. 
This generosity transforms mail 

3450
02:59:24,200 --> 02:59:27,800
delivery into an unexpected 
taste testing experience that 

3451
02:59:27,800 --> 02:59:29,900
adds considerable pleasure to 
your working day. 

3452
02:59:30,800 --> 02:59:33,900
The lemon drops could cure 
Melancholy and her shortbread. 

3453
02:59:33,900 --> 02:59:37,100
Cookies possessed the power to 
restore faith in Humanity's 

3454
02:59:37,100 --> 02:59:39,000
capacity for creating perfect 
things. 

3455
02:59:39,000 --> 02:59:42,600
The afternoon also brings you to
doctor pemberton's Medical 

3456
02:59:42,600 --> 02:59:45,300
Practice where the male takes on
a more serious character. 

3457
02:59:45,300 --> 02:59:48,800
Medical correspondence often 
arrives in discrete envelopes 

3458
02:59:48,800 --> 02:59:51,300
that whisper about their 
contents and you've learned to 

3459
02:59:51,300 --> 02:59:53,100
handle these deliveries with 
extra care. 

3460
02:59:54,000 --> 02:59:56,900
Dr. Pemberton himself appears to
maintain, professional 

3461
02:59:56,900 --> 02:59:59,300
relationships with colleagues 
across Britain and Europe, 

3462
02:59:59,300 --> 03:00:02,400
judging by the range of 
postmarks on his correspondence.

3463
03:00:03,900 --> 03:00:05,500
Medical journals arrived 
monthly. 

3464
03:00:06,200 --> 03:00:08,900
Thick with information about new
treatments and discoveries that 

3465
03:00:08,900 --> 03:00:12,400
suggests the field of medicine 
continues evolving at a pace 

3466
03:00:12,400 --> 03:00:16,100
that requires constant study. 
In the doctors waiting room 

3467
03:00:16,100 --> 03:00:18,600
patients often watch your male 
delivery with hopeful 

3468
03:00:18,600 --> 03:00:21,300
Expressions anticipating in 
important news about their 

3469
03:00:21,300 --> 03:00:24,100
health, you've learned to 
maintain professional discretion

3470
03:00:24,100 --> 03:00:27,700
about medical correspondence, 
understanding that the male you 

3471
03:00:27,700 --> 03:00:28,700
carry. 
Might contain information. 

3472
03:00:28,700 --> 03:00:31,100
That could significantly impact 
people's lives. 

3473
03:00:31,100 --> 03:00:34,400
The weight of this 
responsibility, adds gravity to 

3474
03:00:34,400 --> 03:00:36,400
deliveries that might otherwise 
seem routine. 

3475
03:00:36,400 --> 03:00:39,600
Your root also includes several 
legal officers, where 

3476
03:00:39,600 --> 03:00:43,100
correspondence arrives with the 
formality, that suggests serious

3477
03:00:43,100 --> 03:00:46,800
business, transactions property 
disputes, and the complex 

3478
03:00:46,800 --> 03:00:49,700
paperwork that companies. 
Victorian societies relationship

3479
03:00:49,700 --> 03:00:53,600
with bureaucracy. 
Mr. Harrison Blackstone Esquire 

3480
03:00:53,600 --> 03:00:56,900
operates from a narrow building 
that seems designed specifically

3481
03:00:56,900 --> 03:01:00,800
for containing legal documents. 
His male volume, could Supply a 

3482
03:01:00,800 --> 03:01:03,700
small library and the variety of
correspondents, suggests 

3483
03:01:03,700 --> 03:01:07,200
involvement in everything from 
simple Property Transfers to 

3484
03:01:07,200 --> 03:01:09,600
complex business Arrangements 
that require multiple 

3485
03:01:09,600 --> 03:01:12,400
participants and considerable 
negotiation. 

3486
03:01:13,100 --> 03:01:15,800
The legal correspondence often 
arrives in batches that seem 

3487
03:01:15,800 --> 03:01:18,200
coordinated with quartz 
schedules or important 

3488
03:01:18,200 --> 03:01:21,600
deadlines. 
Mr. Blackstone himself treats 

3489
03:01:21,600 --> 03:01:24,200
male delivery as a critical 
component of his professional 

3490
03:01:24,200 --> 03:01:27,300
schedule often waiting near his 
office window when he expects 

3491
03:01:27,300 --> 03:01:29,100
particularly important 
documents. 

3492
03:01:29,700 --> 03:01:32,400
The urgency with which he 
receives certain letters suggest

3493
03:01:32,400 --> 03:01:34,600
that legal matters operate on 
timelines. 

3494
03:01:34,600 --> 03:01:37,300
That make postal delivery a 
crucial element in the 

3495
03:01:37,300 --> 03:01:40,600
administration of justice. 
The commercial District also 

3496
03:01:40,600 --> 03:01:43,500
houses several businesses that 
seem to exist, primarily for the

3497
03:01:43,508 --> 03:01:45,700
purpose of generating 
correspondence. 

3498
03:01:46,600 --> 03:01:49,800
Import companies receive letters
from suppliers scattered across 

3499
03:01:49,800 --> 03:01:52,900
the Empire, shipping firms, 
coordinate, with captains, and 

3500
03:01:52,900 --> 03:01:56,300
cargo, handlers, and trading 
house is maintain relationships 

3501
03:01:56,300 --> 03:02:00,200
that span continents. the male 
you carry represents the 

3502
03:02:00,208 --> 03:02:03,200
communication Network that keeps
Victorian Commerce functioning 

3503
03:02:03,200 --> 03:02:06,900
like a vast complex machine 
where every letter serves as a 

3504
03:02:06,908 --> 03:02:11,000
small but essential component, 
Because the afternoon light 

3505
03:02:11,000 --> 03:02:14,000
begins its gradual Retreat 
behind London's Perpetual 

3506
03:02:14,000 --> 03:02:16,400
curtain of coal smoke and City 
Haze. 

3507
03:02:16,400 --> 03:02:19,800
You find yourself on the final 
stretch of your postal route. 

3508
03:02:19,800 --> 03:02:23,700
Your Satchel which began the Day
stuff to capacity like an 

3509
03:02:23,700 --> 03:02:27,100
overfed Christmas goose. 
Now hangs light against your hip

3510
03:02:27,100 --> 03:02:30,000
containing only the handful of 
letters destined for the 

3511
03:02:30,008 --> 03:02:31,900
farthest addresses on your 
circuit. 

3512
03:02:32,800 --> 03:02:35,200
Your feet have developed their 
own conversation with the 

3513
03:02:35,200 --> 03:02:38,500
cobblestones a dialogue 
consisting primarily of 

3514
03:02:38,500 --> 03:02:41,700
complaints about the days 
mileage and negotiations about 

3515
03:02:41,700 --> 03:02:43,500
tomorrow's anticipated 
challenges. 

3516
03:02:44,400 --> 03:02:46,800
The evening deliveries take you 
through neighborhoods where gas 

3517
03:02:46,800 --> 03:02:49,700
lamps are beginning to flicker 
to life like Earthbound stars 

3518
03:02:49,700 --> 03:02:53,000
and the windows of houses glow 
with the warm yellow light that 

3519
03:02:53,000 --> 03:02:54,600
suggests families gathering for 
dinner. 

3520
03:02:54,600 --> 03:02:58,200
Children, completing homework, 
assignments, and the comfortable

3521
03:02:58,200 --> 03:03:00,600
domestic routines that make 
houses into homes. 

3522
03:03:01,600 --> 03:03:05,000
You catch glimpses of these 
private moments Shadows moving 

3523
03:03:05,000 --> 03:03:08,300
against drawn curtains, the 
Silhouettes of people settling 

3524
03:03:08,300 --> 03:03:11,400
into their evening activities 
and the occasional face peering 

3525
03:03:11,400 --> 03:03:14,100
out to observe the streets 
transition from day to night. 

3526
03:03:15,200 --> 03:03:17,500
Your last delivery of the day, 
takes you to the cottage. 

3527
03:03:17,500 --> 03:03:20,600
At the end of Honeysuckle Lane 
Where Mrs, Margaret Ashworth, 

3528
03:03:20,600 --> 03:03:24,100
tends a garden that seemed to 
exist in defiance of London's 

3529
03:03:24,100 --> 03:03:27,800
Urban environment. 
Rose's climb her walls with the 

3530
03:03:27,800 --> 03:03:31,000
determination of natural 
optimists and her front yard 

3531
03:03:31,000 --> 03:03:32,900
blooms with flowers that 
suggests. 

3532
03:03:32,900 --> 03:03:35,600
She possesses either 
Supernatural gardening abilities

3533
03:03:35,600 --> 03:03:40,000
or access to Botanical Magic. 
The letter you delivered today 

3534
03:03:40,000 --> 03:03:41,500
Bears. 
The return address of her 

3535
03:03:41,500 --> 03:03:45,100
grandson in Manchester and her 
face lights up with the joy. 

3536
03:03:45,100 --> 03:03:48,800
Reserved for news. 
From beloved family members Mrs.

3537
03:03:48,800 --> 03:03:50,900
Ashworth. 
Exemplifies why postal work 

3538
03:03:50,900 --> 03:03:54,100
transcends mere job 
responsibilities and becomes 

3539
03:03:54,100 --> 03:03:57,700
something resembling a calling. 
She depends on these letters to 

3540
03:03:57,700 --> 03:04:00,100
maintain connections with 
relative scattered across 

3541
03:04:00,100 --> 03:04:02,000
Britain and your role in 
facilitating. 

3542
03:04:02,000 --> 03:04:05,000
These relationships makes you a 
participant in the preservation 

3543
03:04:05,000 --> 03:04:07,700
of family bonds that distance 
might otherwise strain. 

3544
03:04:08,800 --> 03:04:11,600
The Gratitude in her expression.
When she receives mail from 

3545
03:04:11,600 --> 03:04:14,400
loved ones, reminds you that 
postal delivery involves more 

3546
03:04:14,400 --> 03:04:17,300
than simply transporting paper 
from one location to another 

3547
03:04:18,100 --> 03:04:21,200
Your carrying piece of people's 
hearts wrapped in envelopes and 

3548
03:04:21,200 --> 03:04:24,100
sealed with hope. 
The walk back to the Sorting 

3549
03:04:24,100 --> 03:04:26,800
office provides you time to 
reflect on the days and counters

3550
03:04:26,800 --> 03:04:30,600
and the fascinating complexity 
of human existence, that reveals

3551
03:04:30,600 --> 03:04:33,600
itself, through mail delivery, 
you've witnessed romance 

3552
03:04:33,600 --> 03:04:36,500
blooming through carefully 
perfume, letters business 

3553
03:04:36,500 --> 03:04:39,800
relationships, developing across
continents, family is 

3554
03:04:39,800 --> 03:04:43,600
maintaining connections, despite
geographical separation, an 

3555
03:04:43,600 --> 03:04:46,300
individuals pursuing dreams that
require correspondence with 

3556
03:04:46,300 --> 03:04:48,600
opportunities far beyond 
London's boundaries. 

3557
03:04:49,600 --> 03:04:52,000
Each letter, you've delivered 
today represents someone's 

3558
03:04:52,000 --> 03:04:55,300
attempt to reach across distance
and connect with another human 

3559
03:04:55,300 --> 03:04:57,700
being. 
The variety of handwriting 

3560
03:04:57,700 --> 03:05:00,000
Styles, paper qualities and 
envelope choices. 

3561
03:05:00,000 --> 03:05:03,400
Reflects the diversity of people
who rely on the Postal Service, 

3562
03:05:03,400 --> 03:05:06,200
to maintain their relationships 
and conduct their Affairs. 

3563
03:05:06,200 --> 03:05:10,100
Every piece of mail from the 
elegant script of educated 

3564
03:05:10,100 --> 03:05:13,300
correspondence to the careful 
printing of those struggling 

3565
03:05:13,300 --> 03:05:16,800
with literacy embodies, the 
weight of human intention and 

3566
03:05:16,800 --> 03:05:20,100
the hope that communication can 
Bridge any gaps between sender 

3567
03:05:20,100 --> 03:05:23,700
and recipient. 
Back at the Sorting office, you 

3568
03:05:23,700 --> 03:05:26,200
join your fellow Post men in the
ritual of checking and mail 

3569
03:05:26,200 --> 03:05:28,300
bags. 
Comparing notes about the days 

3570
03:05:28,300 --> 03:05:30,900
challenges and preparing for 
tomorrow's deliveries. 

3571
03:05:31,600 --> 03:05:34,200
Jenkins Regale. 
The group with stories about a 

3572
03:05:34,200 --> 03:05:37,100
runaway pig that disrupted his 
morning route while Thompson 

3573
03:05:37,100 --> 03:05:39,400
shares his encounter with a 
household where the entire 

3574
03:05:39,400 --> 03:05:42,500
family gathered to witness the 
delivery of what appeared to be 

3575
03:05:42,500 --> 03:05:46,500
adoption papers. 
Murphy, as usual has discovered 

3576
03:05:46,500 --> 03:05:48,900
new evidence supporting his 
claim of about delivering mail 

3577
03:05:48,900 --> 03:05:51,700
to renowned authors though. 
His story today, involves a 

3578
03:05:51,700 --> 03:05:53,600
different writer than last 
week's Tale. 

3579
03:05:54,400 --> 03:05:57,000
The camaraderie among postal 
workers reflects the shared 

3580
03:05:57,000 --> 03:05:59,500
understanding that this job 
requires more than physical 

3581
03:05:59,500 --> 03:06:02,200
endurance. 
It demands patience diplomacy 

3582
03:06:02,200 --> 03:06:05,400
weather resistance and the 
ability to find humor in 

3583
03:06:05,400 --> 03:06:08,000
situations that would test the 
sanity of less resilient 

3584
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:11,400
individuals. 
You've all developed strategies 

3585
03:06:11,400 --> 03:06:13,800
for managing difficult, 
deliveries dealing with 

3586
03:06:13,800 --> 03:06:16,200
problematic weather and 
maintaining professional 

3587
03:06:16,200 --> 03:06:18,700
composure, when faced with 
customers, whose relationship 

3588
03:06:18,700 --> 03:06:22,100
with postal workers, ranges from
worshipful, gratitude to 

3589
03:06:22,100 --> 03:06:25,600
inexplicable hostility. 
As you prepare to leave the 

3590
03:06:25,608 --> 03:06:28,200
Sorting office. 
Mr. Grimsby approaches with 

3591
03:06:28,200 --> 03:06:31,200
tomorrow's route, assignments. 
Your section will include 

3592
03:06:31,200 --> 03:06:34,000
several new addresses where 
recent residents have requested 

3593
03:06:34,000 --> 03:06:36,600
Postal Service. 
And there's mention of a package

3594
03:06:36,600 --> 03:06:38,400
delivery that will require 
special handling. 

3595
03:06:39,500 --> 03:06:42,500
The prospect of new challenges 
and unfamiliar streets ads, 

3596
03:06:42,500 --> 03:06:45,800
anticipation to tomorrow's work.
Each day, brings the possibility

3597
03:06:45,800 --> 03:06:48,200
of discovering new 
neighborhoods, meeting different

3598
03:06:48,200 --> 03:06:50,300
people and facilitating 
connections. 

3599
03:06:50,300 --> 03:06:53,700
You have not yet imagined. 
You walk home through streets as

3600
03:06:53,700 --> 03:06:56,600
familiar as your rooms, you 
know, which Corners collect 

3601
03:06:56,600 --> 03:07:00,400
puddles after rain, which dogs 
will bark at your approach, and 

3602
03:07:00,400 --> 03:07:02,700
which residents can be relied 
upon to offer friendly. 

3603
03:07:02,700 --> 03:07:05,500
Greetings. this knowledge 
represents more than 

3604
03:07:05,500 --> 03:07:09,200
geographical familiarity, it 
reflects your integration into 

3605
03:07:09,200 --> 03:07:12,400
the community, you serve your 
role as a connecting thread in 

3606
03:07:12,400 --> 03:07:16,000
the social fabric that binds 
neighborhoods together, Tomorrow

3607
03:07:16,000 --> 03:07:17,200
will bring another early 
morning. 

3608
03:07:17,200 --> 03:07:20,600
Another loaded male satchel, and
another opportunity to 

3609
03:07:20,600 --> 03:07:24,000
participate in the vast network 
of human communication that 

3610
03:07:24,000 --> 03:07:26,100
keeps Victorian society 
functioning. 

3611
03:07:26,800 --> 03:07:29,700
The letters waiting to be sorted
and delivered contained stories.

3612
03:07:29,700 --> 03:07:32,700
You haven't yet discovered 
relationships, you haven't yet 

3613
03:07:32,700 --> 03:07:36,300
facilitated and moments of human
connection that depend on your 

3614
03:07:36,300 --> 03:07:40,000
ability to navigate London 
streets with reliable efficiency

3615
03:07:40,000 --> 03:07:43,600
as you settle into bed. 
Your tired feet grateful for 

3616
03:07:43,600 --> 03:07:47,400
horizontal rest, you reflect on 
the peculiar satisfaction that 

3617
03:07:47,400 --> 03:07:49,800
comes from work. 
That serves a purpose Beyond 

3618
03:07:49,800 --> 03:07:53,300
personal advancement. 
Being a Victorian, Postman means

3619
03:07:53,300 --> 03:07:56,200
accepting responsibility, for 
maintaining the communication 

3620
03:07:56,200 --> 03:07:58,800
networks. 
That enable Love Letters to find

3621
03:07:58,800 --> 03:08:01,900
their recipients business 
arrangements to proceed smoothly

3622
03:08:01,900 --> 03:08:06,100
families to stay connected 
across distances and communities

3623
03:08:06,100 --> 03:08:08,900
to function as interconnected 
webs of mutual dependence and 

3624
03:08:08,908 --> 03:08:11,600
support. 
The gentle rain that begins 

3625
03:08:11,600 --> 03:08:14,600
pattering against your bedroom 
window, promises, intriguing 

3626
03:08:14,600 --> 03:08:17,800
challenges for tomorrow's 
deliveries, but also guarantees 

3627
03:08:17,800 --> 03:08:20,300
that your services will be 
particularly appreciated by 

3628
03:08:20,300 --> 03:08:23,000
people who prefer to receive 
their mail without venturing 

3629
03:08:23,000 --> 03:08:26,200
into whether that makes staying 
in doors seem like the Pinnacle 

3630
03:08:26,200 --> 03:08:33,400
of human. 
Picture yourself on a hillside 

3631
03:08:33,400 --> 03:08:38,600
in central Italy around 312, BCE
watching something amazing 

3632
03:08:38,600 --> 03:08:41,900
happen in the valley below. 
Hundreds of workers are moving 

3633
03:08:41,900 --> 03:08:44,700
in a way that is similar to how 
ants, build something much 

3634
03:08:44,700 --> 03:08:46,900
bigger than themselves. 
They're building. 

3635
03:08:46,900 --> 03:08:50,000
What will become the Via Appia. 
The first big Roman Road and 

3636
03:08:50,000 --> 03:08:52,300
they have no idea that they're 
making a model that will last 

3637
03:08:52,300 --> 03:08:55,700
for thousands of years, you can 
smell the Limestone dust in the 

3638
03:08:55,708 --> 03:08:58,900
air along with the sweat of 
workers and the smell of freshly

3639
03:08:58,900 --> 03:09:02,100
turned soil. 
The sound is steady hammers, 

3640
03:09:02,100 --> 03:09:06,000
hitting Stone bosses calling out
measurements and carts creaking 

3641
03:09:06,000 --> 03:09:09,100
as they bring materials. 
It's the sound of civilization 

3642
03:09:09,100 --> 03:09:10,900
literally Paving the way for the
future. 

3643
03:09:11,700 --> 03:09:14,100
But let's take a step back from 
this building site and think 

3644
03:09:14,100 --> 03:09:15,900
about what roads meant to 
ancient empires. 

3645
03:09:15,900 --> 03:09:19,200
We usually think of them as 
basic transportation systems. 

3646
03:09:19,200 --> 03:09:22,100
Like the highways you drive on 
to visit family or get to work 

3647
03:09:22,100 --> 03:09:24,500
but old roads were much more 
than that. 

3648
03:09:24,500 --> 03:09:27,200
They were the physical 
embodiment of political power, 

3649
03:09:27,200 --> 03:09:30,800
economic systems and cultural 
identity all at the same time. 

3650
03:09:31,800 --> 03:09:35,100
When an empire built a road it 
was making a big deal out of it.

3651
03:09:35,100 --> 03:09:38,700
It was saying we have complete 
control over the land so we can 

3652
03:09:38,700 --> 03:09:41,000
change it. 
We have the power, the 

3653
03:09:41,000 --> 03:09:44,300
resources, and the organization 
to move mountains, or at least 

3654
03:09:44,300 --> 03:09:47,500
make paths through them. 
Every mile of paved Road was an 

3655
03:09:47,500 --> 03:09:50,100
investment, not only in getting 
around, but also in the idea of 

3656
03:09:50,100 --> 03:09:54,000
Empire itself, Think of Roads as
the heart and blood vessels of 

3657
03:09:54,000 --> 03:09:57,500
ancient civilizations like your 
body needs blood vessels to get 

3658
03:09:57,500 --> 03:10:01,300
oxygen and nutrients to every 
cell Empires needed roads to 

3659
03:10:01,300 --> 03:10:04,700
move soldiers, Goods 
information, and ideas, to every

3660
03:10:04,700 --> 03:10:07,500
part of their land. 
You don't really notice your 

3661
03:10:07,500 --> 03:10:08,800
circulation when it's working, 
right? 

3662
03:10:08,800 --> 03:10:12,600
Everything starts to break down 
when it doesn't work, the Roman 

3663
03:10:12,600 --> 03:10:15,000
Empire probably understood this 
better than any other 

3664
03:10:15,000 --> 03:10:20,700
civilization before or since 
Rome had about 250,000 miles of 

3665
03:10:20,700 --> 03:10:23,700
roads at its peak, which is 
enough to go around the world 

3666
03:10:23,700 --> 03:10:26,500
ten times. 
These weren't just dirt paths 

3667
03:10:26,500 --> 03:10:28,300
that people had walked on a lot 
and worn down. 

3668
03:10:28,300 --> 03:10:32,300
They were engineering wonders 
with such care that summer still

3669
03:10:32,300 --> 03:10:35,100
in use today more than 2000 
years later. 

3670
03:10:35,100 --> 03:10:38,100
But Rome was the only Empire 
that was crazy about building 

3671
03:10:38,100 --> 03:10:40,300
roads. 
The Inca Empire in South 

3672
03:10:40,308 --> 03:10:43,800
America, built a road Network 
that stretched over 25,000 miles

3673
03:10:43,800 --> 03:10:46,200
across, some of the hardest 
terrain on Earth. 

3674
03:10:46,200 --> 03:10:49,400
They built roads through 
mountains that would make modern

3675
03:10:49,400 --> 03:10:53,000
Engineers cry across deserts. 
Where water was more valuable 

3676
03:10:53,000 --> 03:10:56,300
than gold and through jungles 
that seemed to determined to 

3677
03:10:56,300 --> 03:10:58,700
destroy any human construction 
within weeks. 

3678
03:10:58,700 --> 03:11:02,200
The Assyrian Empire built roads 
in Mesopotamia, that connected 

3679
03:11:02,200 --> 03:11:04,600
their capitals to the farthest 
parts of their territory. 

3680
03:11:04,600 --> 03:11:08,000
They all built a postal system. 
That was so fast that it could 

3681
03:11:08,000 --> 03:11:11,400
send messages faster than any 
other Communication System until

3682
03:11:11,400 --> 03:11:13,800
the telegraph was invented. 
Thousands of years later, 

3683
03:11:13,800 --> 03:11:17,500
imagine Royal Messengers riding 
through the night switching. 

3684
03:11:17,500 --> 03:11:21,400
Horses at stations exactly one 
day's ride apart and carrying 

3685
03:11:21,400 --> 03:11:24,100
sealed clay tablets with news 
that could change the fate of 

3686
03:11:24,100 --> 03:11:26,200
cities. 
The Persian Royal Road was over 

3687
03:11:26,200 --> 03:11:30,300
1,500 miles long and connected 
Sousa to Sardis. 

3688
03:11:31,000 --> 03:11:33,700
It was so well kept that Royal 
couriers could make the trip in 

3689
03:11:33,700 --> 03:11:35,900
just seven days. 
While it would take people 

3690
03:11:35,900 --> 03:11:38,600
walking 90 days. 
That's about the same as the 

3691
03:11:38,600 --> 03:11:41,000
difference between walking from 
New York to Los Angeles and 

3692
03:11:41,000 --> 03:11:43,700
flying there. 
They did it with only horses. 

3693
03:11:43,700 --> 03:11:45,500
Determination and careful 
planning. 

3694
03:11:46,200 --> 03:11:48,800
These roads weren't just about 
getting their quickly or easily,

3695
03:11:48,800 --> 03:11:51,500
they were about having power and
Empire. 

3696
03:11:51,500 --> 03:11:53,800
That could move its armies 
quickly could stop threats from 

3697
03:11:53,800 --> 03:11:56,800
turning into revolts an Empire. 
That could move Goods quickly 

3698
03:11:56,800 --> 03:11:59,000
could make money. 
That could be used to grow even 

3699
03:11:59,000 --> 03:12:02,200
more an Empire that could build 
paved roads to spread its 

3700
03:12:02,200 --> 03:12:04,900
language and culture could bring
people together across 

3701
03:12:04,900 --> 03:12:08,300
differences, you start to see 
roads in a different way when 

3702
03:12:08,300 --> 03:12:11,100
you think about them. 
This way that Old Stone path you

3703
03:12:11,100 --> 03:12:14,500
might see on a hiking Europe 
isn't just old pavement, it's a 

3704
03:12:14,500 --> 03:12:17,900
fossil of political power, a 
physical reminder that someone 

3705
03:12:17,900 --> 03:12:20,500
wants had enough power to change
the landscape to suit their 

3706
03:12:20,500 --> 03:12:22,600
needs. 
Let's go back to that building 

3707
03:12:22,600 --> 03:12:25,600
site in ancient Italy but this 
time let's get closer. 

3708
03:12:25,600 --> 03:12:29,100
Get down on your knees next to 
one of the Roman Engineers who 

3709
03:12:29,100 --> 03:12:32,100
they called mentores and see how
they are really building this 

3710
03:12:32,100 --> 03:12:34,000
road. 
The first thing that stands out 

3711
03:12:34,000 --> 03:12:36,000
to you is that they aren't 
starting with the surface. 

3712
03:12:36,000 --> 03:12:39,200
They are digging down and making
a trench that could be three or 

3713
03:12:39,200 --> 03:12:42,100
four feet deep. 
This doesn't make sense at first

3714
03:12:42,100 --> 03:12:44,600
but once you understand how 
Romans thought about 

3715
03:12:44,600 --> 03:12:47,900
engineering, you'll see that A 
road is like an iceberg with 

3716
03:12:47,900 --> 03:12:50,100
most of its mass hidden beneath 
the surface. 

3717
03:12:50,100 --> 03:12:52,900
You walk on the workers are now 
putting down the first layer, 

3718
03:12:52,900 --> 03:12:55,300
which is made up of big stones 
that are packed, tightly 

3719
03:12:55,300 --> 03:12:58,000
together. 
This is the stratum which is the

3720
03:12:58,000 --> 03:12:59,600
bottom layer that will hold up 
everything else. 

3721
03:12:59,600 --> 03:13:02,600
The Romans are putting these 
stones in place with the same 

3722
03:13:02,600 --> 03:13:05,300
care that people used to put 
together a three-dimensional 

3723
03:13:05,300 --> 03:13:07,900
puzzle. 
Making sure that each piece fits

3724
03:13:07,900 --> 03:13:10,800
perfectly with the ones next to 
it to make a stable base. 

3725
03:13:10,800 --> 03:13:13,200
You can hear the form and 
walking across the foundation 

3726
03:13:13,200 --> 03:13:15,400
and listening for any Hollow 
sounds. 

3727
03:13:15,400 --> 03:13:18,000
That might mean it is weak in 
ancient times. 

3728
03:13:18,000 --> 03:13:20,000
Your ears were just as important
as your eyes. 

3729
03:13:20,000 --> 03:13:23,000
When building an experienced 
engineer, could hear structural 

3730
03:13:23,000 --> 03:13:25,900
problems just like a mechanic, 
can hear problems with a cars 

3731
03:13:25,900 --> 03:13:29,300
engine on top of the statue and 
they're putting down a layer of 

3732
03:13:29,300 --> 03:13:31,000
smaller Stones mixed with 
mortar. 

3733
03:13:31,000 --> 03:13:34,100
This is called the rudus heavy. 
Wooden. 

3734
03:13:34,100 --> 03:13:36,500
Mallets are being used to 
compact this layer and the 

3735
03:13:36,508 --> 03:13:38,600
workers are moving in time with 
each other like they are 

3736
03:13:38,600 --> 03:13:41,200
dancing. 
The sound Echoes through the 

3737
03:13:41,200 --> 03:13:45,900
valley, thud each blow pushes 
the materials together, making 

3738
03:13:45,900 --> 03:13:49,100
them more solid. 
The nucleus is a layer of gravel

3739
03:13:49,100 --> 03:13:52,100
and sand that is sometimes mixed
with lime to make a kind of 

3740
03:13:52,100 --> 03:13:55,700
ancient concrete and Paul large 
Stone cylinders over this layer 

3741
03:13:55,700 --> 03:13:58,100
to smooth it out. 
And the Animals strain against 

3742
03:13:58,100 --> 03:14:00,100
their harnesses. 
While their handlers guide them 

3743
03:14:00,100 --> 03:14:03,900
with skill, the smell of The 
Oxen, which is earthy musky. 

3744
03:14:03,900 --> 03:14:07,600
And clearly animal, like mixes 
with the smell of crushed stone,

3745
03:14:07,600 --> 03:14:11,600
which is mineral like, Last but 
not least, the top layer the 

3746
03:14:11,600 --> 03:14:15,200
summer Dawson. 
This means that big flat paving 

3747
03:14:15,200 --> 03:14:17,800
stones that fit perfectly with 
each other are needed for 

3748
03:14:17,800 --> 03:14:19,700
important roads, like the Via 
Appia. 

3749
03:14:20,500 --> 03:14:23,400
The Romans are so picky about 
this fit that you couldn't even 

3750
03:14:23,400 --> 03:14:25,500
fit a knife blade between most 
of the stones. 

3751
03:14:25,500 --> 03:14:28,800
They're making a surface, that 
will shed water last a long 

3752
03:14:28,808 --> 03:14:31,300
time. 
And give both iron shod Hooves 

3753
03:14:31,300 --> 03:14:33,400
and sandaled feet a safe place 
to stand. 

3754
03:14:34,300 --> 03:14:35,900
But here's the really amazing 
part. 

3755
03:14:35,900 --> 03:14:38,600
The Romans are not just making 
the road flat. 

3756
03:14:38,600 --> 03:14:42,200
They're making a subtle Crown by
raising the middle of the road a

3757
03:14:42,200 --> 03:14:45,100
little higher than the edges. 
This is only a few inches across

3758
03:14:45,100 --> 03:14:48,700
a width of 15 or 20 feet. 
This small detail means that 

3759
03:14:48,700 --> 03:14:51,200
water will run off to the side 
instead of pooling on the 

3760
03:14:51,200 --> 03:14:52,900
surface. 
In the winter. 

3761
03:14:52,900 --> 03:14:56,300
The water would freeze expand 
and break the paving stones 

3762
03:14:56,300 --> 03:14:58,700
apart there, even more 
impressive because they're 

3763
03:14:58,700 --> 03:15:00,600
putting in Drainage Systems next
to the road. 

3764
03:15:00,600 --> 03:15:04,000
There are Stone line to channels
that run next to the pavement to

3765
03:15:04,000 --> 03:15:07,200
move rainwater away from the 
foundation, culverts go under 

3766
03:15:07,200 --> 03:15:09,900
the road at regular interval, so
that streams can cross without 

3767
03:15:09,900 --> 03:15:12,700
damaging the road. 
These old Engineers knew more 

3768
03:15:12,700 --> 03:15:14,800
about hydrology than most modern
contractors. 

3769
03:15:14,800 --> 03:15:17,100
They need that. 
If you don't give water a place 

3770
03:15:17,100 --> 03:15:19,900
to go, it will destroy any 
human-made structure over time. 

3771
03:15:19,900 --> 03:15:23,000
The focus on details goes all 
the way through the building 

3772
03:15:23,000 --> 03:15:25,400
process. 
The Romans are using gromer, 

3773
03:15:25,400 --> 03:15:28,300
which a vertical poles with 
horizontal crossbars, that are 

3774
03:15:28,300 --> 03:15:32,200
marked at exact, right angles to
look at the route, they can make

3775
03:15:32,200 --> 03:15:35,400
roads that go straight for Miles
with Simple tools and the rules 

3776
03:15:35,400 --> 03:15:37,900
of geometry. 
They only make small changes 

3777
03:15:37,900 --> 03:15:39,700
when they have to to get around 
obstacles. 

3778
03:15:40,900 --> 03:15:43,600
Engineers are very careful when 
they figure out the slopes of 

3779
03:15:43,608 --> 03:15:45,100
the road when it has to go up 
hills. 

3780
03:15:45,100 --> 03:15:48,500
If the slope is too steep carts,
with loads, won't be able to 

3781
03:15:48,500 --> 03:15:50,800
make it up. 
If it's too gradual, the road 

3782
03:15:50,800 --> 03:15:54,100
will take longer than it needs. 
To their goal is grades, that 

3783
03:15:54,100 --> 03:15:57,500
don't go above 5% very often, 
which is about the same as what 

3784
03:15:57,500 --> 03:16:00,700
modern Highway standards say for
mountain passes, the building 

3785
03:16:00,700 --> 03:16:02,400
process gets even more 
complicated. 

3786
03:16:02,400 --> 03:16:05,100
When the ground is wet or marshy
work. 

3787
03:16:05,100 --> 03:16:07,900
As a driving wooden piles, deep 
into the soft ground to make 

3788
03:16:07,908 --> 03:16:10,200
fake foundations. 
That can hold up the stone 

3789
03:16:10,200 --> 03:16:13,100
layers above in some places. 
There are actually building the 

3790
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:17,400
road on a raise in Bank of the 
ground around it. 

3791
03:16:17,400 --> 03:16:19,900
This keeps the surface dry and 
passable. 

3792
03:16:19,900 --> 03:16:23,200
Even during spring floods, the 
inkers who build their roads 

3793
03:16:23,200 --> 03:16:25,500
hundreds of years later and 
halfway around the world. 

3794
03:16:25,500 --> 03:16:29,100
Had even bigger engineering 
problems to deal with Inca 

3795
03:16:29,100 --> 03:16:31,800
Engineers carved. 
Steps directly into living rock 

3796
03:16:31,800 --> 03:16:34,900
on Mountainside. 
So steep that modern hikers need

3797
03:16:34,900 --> 03:16:38,500
both hands free to climb. 
They built suspension, bridges 

3798
03:16:38,500 --> 03:16:40,300
out of woven grass, wrote to 
cross. 

3799
03:16:40,300 --> 03:16:43,400
Valleys these Bridges swayed. 
A lot in the wind, but they 

3800
03:16:43,400 --> 03:16:45,800
could hold the weight of llama, 
Caravans, and Messengers 

3801
03:16:45,800 --> 03:16:48,100
running. 
What all these old Engineers 

3802
03:16:48,100 --> 03:16:50,300
knew that modern infrastructure 
planners sometimes? 

3803
03:16:50,300 --> 03:16:52,500
Forget, is that roads aren't 
just for the here? 

3804
03:16:52,500 --> 03:16:55,400
And now, a road that is built 
well will last for many years, 

3805
03:16:55,400 --> 03:16:59,300
or even hundreds of years, the 
total cost of constant, repairs 

3806
03:16:59,300 --> 03:17:01,500
is always higher than the cost 
of building things, right? 

3807
03:17:01,500 --> 03:17:04,800
The first time standing on the 
hillside and watching the Via 

3808
03:17:04,800 --> 03:17:07,200
Appia, take shape by Stone is a 
deep experience. 

3809
03:17:07,200 --> 03:17:09,900
Most of the names of these 
workers have been lost to 

3810
03:17:09,900 --> 03:17:12,600
history, but they are building 
infrastructure that will still 

3811
03:17:12,600 --> 03:17:15,200
be useful long after their 
civilization has become a 

3812
03:17:15,200 --> 03:17:18,000
legend. 
Some of them may know this, most

3813
03:17:18,000 --> 03:17:20,300
likely they just want to finish 
their shift and go home for 

3814
03:17:20,300 --> 03:17:22,400
dinner. 
Now picture yourself next to a 

3815
03:17:22,400 --> 03:17:24,400
big Roman Road at the height of 
the Empire. 

3816
03:17:24,400 --> 03:17:29,000
Let's say around 150 CE when 
Rome's power stretched from 

3817
03:17:29,000 --> 03:17:32,000
Britain to Mesopotamia. 
The first Travelers of the day 

3818
03:17:32,000 --> 03:17:33,800
are already on the road as Dawn 
breaks. 

3819
03:17:34,500 --> 03:17:37,000
The first sound you hear the 
bells of a merchant Caravan, 

3820
03:17:37,000 --> 03:17:40,600
he's a small chime that tied to 
the lead animals so that people 

3821
03:17:40,600 --> 03:17:42,600
can hear them coming in the dark
Before Dawn. 

3822
03:17:43,400 --> 03:17:45,800
The merchants have been on the 
road since before Dawn. 

3823
03:17:45,800 --> 03:17:49,300
When it was the coolest time of 
day, you can smell their cargo 

3824
03:17:49,300 --> 03:17:51,800
before you see them. 
It's spices from the East. 

3825
03:17:51,800 --> 03:17:54,300
And the smell is so strong and 
complicated that it makes your 

3826
03:17:54,300 --> 03:17:56,400
nose. 
Tingle the more light there is 

3827
03:17:56,400 --> 03:17:58,800
the more traffic. 
There is a military Courier 

3828
03:17:58,800 --> 03:18:02,100
rides by on Horseback and the 
sound of his horses hooves 

3829
03:18:02,100 --> 03:18:05,300
hitting the stone pavement is 
sharp and staccato fading 

3830
03:18:05,300 --> 03:18:08,300
quickly into the distance. 
He has messages sealed with the 

3831
03:18:08,300 --> 03:18:10,600
governor's Mark and he will 
switch horses at the next 

3832
03:18:10,600 --> 03:18:14,400
mansio, which is a mix of an 
inner post office and a 

3833
03:18:14,400 --> 03:18:16,500
government building. 
That is exactly one day's travel

3834
03:18:16,500 --> 03:18:20,000
away, a group of merchants on 
foot follows him their goods. 

3835
03:18:20,000 --> 03:18:21,600
Loaded onto donkeys that walk 
slowly. 

3836
03:18:21,600 --> 03:18:24,200
As if they have done this trip, 
many times before. 

3837
03:18:25,200 --> 03:18:27,700
They are talking to each other 
in a mix of Latin and the local 

3838
03:18:27,700 --> 03:18:30,200
dialect. 
They are talking about prices in

3839
03:18:30,200 --> 03:18:33,000
the next town and complaining 
about taxes which is what 

3840
03:18:33,000 --> 03:18:36,300
merchants have always done. 
You see a covered wagon moving 

3841
03:18:36,300 --> 03:18:39,600
slowly and the people inside, a 
hidden behind leather curtains, 

3842
03:18:39,600 --> 03:18:42,800
this could be a rich family 
going to their country estate or

3843
03:18:42,800 --> 03:18:44,900
a provincial official being 
moved to a new job. 

3844
03:18:44,900 --> 03:18:48,200
The wheels of the wagon are made
of iron and make a grinding 

3845
03:18:48,200 --> 03:18:50,100
rumbling noise. 
As they roll over the stone 

3846
03:18:50,100 --> 03:18:52,400
surface. 
This noise travels far in the 

3847
03:18:52,400 --> 03:18:55,500
morning are a tinker, has set up
a temporary stall, near a 

3848
03:18:55,500 --> 03:18:58,700
milestone, which is one of the 
stone markers that Roman's put 

3849
03:18:58,700 --> 03:19:02,300
up every 1,000 Paces to show how
far they had traveled and remind

3850
03:19:02,300 --> 03:19:05,300
people of which Emperor's this 
part of the road. 

3851
03:19:05,300 --> 03:19:09,000
He'll fix sandals sharpen knives
or sell food to Travelers who 

3852
03:19:09,000 --> 03:19:10,400
forgot to bring enough food with
them. 

3853
03:19:11,200 --> 03:19:14,900
Smell of cooking food like bread
and salted fish makes your 

3854
03:19:14,900 --> 03:19:16,600
stomach. 
Remind you that you didn't eat 

3855
03:19:16,600 --> 03:19:18,700
breakfast. 
The road is really busy by 

3856
03:19:18,700 --> 03:19:20,800
mid-morning. 
Farmers are bringing their goods

3857
03:19:20,800 --> 03:19:24,700
to Market, their carts are full 
of vegetables, and four of wine 

3858
03:19:24,700 --> 03:19:27,800
and sacks of grain. 
They go slowly and often pull 

3859
03:19:27,800 --> 03:19:31,100
over to let faster cars. 
Go by most, Roman roads were 

3860
03:19:31,100 --> 03:19:34,600
wide enough for two carts to 
pass easily about 12 to 15 feet.

3861
03:19:35,400 --> 03:19:38,100
He also had shoulders on either 
side where slower traffic could 

3862
03:19:38,100 --> 03:19:40,900
yield, you see a group of 
students with their teacher on 

3863
03:19:40,900 --> 03:19:43,600
their way to study in a bigger 
city, some of them are reading 

3864
03:19:43,600 --> 03:19:46,500
from Scrolls as they walk. 
While others are arguing about 

3865
03:19:46,500 --> 03:19:49,000
philosophical issues with the 
confidence of young people who 

3866
03:19:49,000 --> 03:19:51,700
have just learned about them. 
You can hear them clearly in the

3867
03:19:51,700 --> 03:19:54,100
open are talking about what 
virtue is and whether it can be 

3868
03:19:54,100 --> 03:19:56,500
taught. 
The afternoon brings different 

3869
03:19:56,500 --> 03:19:59,500
people who are traveling a 
religious procession goes by 

3870
03:19:59,500 --> 03:20:02,400
with pilgrims on their way to a 
temple or holy site. 

3871
03:20:02,400 --> 03:20:05,500
Their voice is make harmonies 
that rise and fall with the 

3872
03:20:05,500 --> 03:20:08,300
gentle bumps in the road as they
sing hymns, that bounce off the 

3873
03:20:08,300 --> 03:20:11,400
stone pavement. 
Some people bring gifts like 

3874
03:20:11,400 --> 03:20:16,000
flowers small statues or jars of
oil that slosh around as they 

3875
03:20:16,000 --> 03:20:18,600
walk the road. 
Surface itself has been used for

3876
03:20:18,600 --> 03:20:22,200
hundreds of years and show signs
of where you can see, grooves 

3877
03:20:22,200 --> 03:20:25,700
warning to the stone pavement by
countless ironed Wheels where 

3878
03:20:25,700 --> 03:20:29,100
traffic is heaviest, Specially 
on Hills, where animals are 

3879
03:20:29,100 --> 03:20:32,100
pulling heavy loads. 
These ruts which are up to 

3880
03:20:32,100 --> 03:20:35,400
several inches deep, actually 
make it easier for wagon drivers

3881
03:20:35,400 --> 03:20:37,600
to get around because their 
wheels naturally, follow the 

3882
03:20:37,600 --> 03:20:40,500
grooves, that are already there 
along the road, you can see 

3883
03:20:40,500 --> 03:20:43,200
small shrines, where Travelers 
have left things like coins 

3884
03:20:43,200 --> 03:20:45,700
flowers or bread. 
These marked places where 

3885
03:20:45,700 --> 03:20:49,300
someone died in accident, where 
a soldier fell while protecting 

3886
03:20:49,300 --> 03:20:52,600
the road from Bandits or just 
where the view is, so beautiful 

3887
03:20:52,600 --> 03:20:55,000
that it seems to deserve 
recognition of the Divine. 

3888
03:20:56,000 --> 03:20:59,200
Traffic patterns change again. 
As nightfalls people from the 

3889
03:20:59,208 --> 03:21:01,800
area who have been working in 
Far Away, fields are going home 

3890
03:21:01,800 --> 03:21:04,100
with their tools over their 
shoulders and looks of 

3891
03:21:04,108 --> 03:21:07,700
exhaustion on their faces from 
working in the sun kids run 

3892
03:21:07,700 --> 03:21:09,900
along the side of the road 
playing games where they try, 

3893
03:21:09,900 --> 03:21:12,700
not to step on the edge of the 
paving stones or jump from one 

3894
03:21:12,700 --> 03:21:15,900
Milestone to the next people who
are traveling and won't get to 

3895
03:21:15,900 --> 03:21:18,200
their destination before 
nightfall start looking for 

3896
03:21:18,200 --> 03:21:20,800
places to stay. 
Some people are lucky enough to 

3897
03:21:20,800 --> 03:21:23,500
have access to official matches 
but these are only for 

3898
03:21:23,500 --> 03:21:25,700
government officials. 
And people who carry the curse 

3899
03:21:25,700 --> 03:21:28,900
as publicus, which is the 
Imperial seal that lets people 

3900
03:21:28,900 --> 03:21:30,500
use state funded for 
facilitators. 

3901
03:21:30,500 --> 03:21:32,800
Everyone else has to stay in 
private ins. 

3902
03:21:32,800 --> 03:21:36,200
These can be anything from nice 
places with hot meals and clean 

3903
03:21:36,200 --> 03:21:39,600
beds to places that make modern 
Budget Motels look like luxury 

3904
03:21:39,600 --> 03:21:43,500
hotels, you can tell these ends 
apart by their signs, which are 

3905
03:21:43,500 --> 03:21:46,400
usually pictures painted on wood
and hung from a poll because 

3906
03:21:46,400 --> 03:21:49,700
many Travelers can't read. 
A bed means there is a place to 

3907
03:21:49,700 --> 03:21:52,600
stay a cup. 
Means that wine is for sale. 

3908
03:21:52,600 --> 03:21:56,300
A Sheaf of grain means that food
is available some places show. 

3909
03:21:56,300 --> 03:21:59,000
All three hoping to show that 
they can meet the needs of every

3910
03:21:59,000 --> 03:22:01,900
Traveler The road doesn't 
completely clear when it gets 

3911
03:22:01,900 --> 03:22:04,900
dark, you might see processions 
of people with torches. 

3912
03:22:04,900 --> 03:22:07,900
These could be soldiers moving 
at night to avoid the heat of 

3913
03:22:07,900 --> 03:22:11,200
the day or a rich traveler with 
enough slaves, to light his way 

3914
03:22:11,200 --> 03:22:13,900
and keep thieves away the 
Torches that flicker make 

3915
03:22:13,900 --> 03:22:17,300
dramatic Shadows that dance 
across the stone surface, making

3916
03:22:17,300 --> 03:22:19,800
the road that, you know, seem 
strange and a little scaring. 

3917
03:22:19,800 --> 03:22:23,200
The daily flow of traffic, the 
mixing of different social 

3918
03:22:23,200 --> 03:22:26,500
classes and jobs and the 
constant movement of goods and 

3919
03:22:26,500 --> 03:22:29,500
ideas, will what roads really 
meant to ancient empires. 

3920
03:22:29,500 --> 03:22:31,800
They weren't just projects in 
engineering. 

3921
03:22:31,800 --> 03:22:34,900
They were places where all the 
complexities of human life 

3922
03:22:34,900 --> 03:22:37,600
happen. 
And for example, a Senators 

3923
03:22:37,600 --> 03:22:41,100
daughter, might pass a farmer's 
cart or ideas from far away. 

3924
03:22:41,100 --> 03:22:42,900
Provinces might travel with 
trade goods. 

3925
03:22:42,900 --> 03:22:46,200
The Empire's great diversity 
could be seen in the Stream of 

3926
03:22:46,208 --> 03:22:50,000
faces going both ways. 
Let's skip ahead to about 400 

3927
03:22:50,000 --> 03:22:52,500
CE. 
You'll still on that Roman Road,

3928
03:22:52,500 --> 03:22:56,100
but things have changed in ways 
that are both small and big. 

3929
03:22:56,100 --> 03:22:59,900
The pavement is still there. 
Roman construction was too good 

3930
03:22:59,900 --> 03:23:03,400
to Spear in just a few 100 
years, but if you look closely, 

3931
03:23:03,400 --> 03:23:05,300
you can see small signs of 
neglect. 

3932
03:23:05,300 --> 03:23:08,300
There is a pothole near the edge
of the road where water has 

3933
03:23:08,300 --> 03:23:12,000
gotten under a Paving Stone, and
frozen over many Winters slowly,

3934
03:23:12,000 --> 03:23:16,000
loosening the stone. 
During the Empire's Heyday, a 

3935
03:23:16,000 --> 03:23:17,100
maintenance crew would have 
fixed this. 

3936
03:23:17,100 --> 03:23:19,200
In a matter of weeks, it's been 
there. 

3937
03:23:19,200 --> 03:23:22,300
Long enough for grass to grow in
the Gap and carts that go by 

3938
03:23:22,300 --> 03:23:24,200
have won a path around it into 
the shoulder. 

3939
03:23:24,900 --> 03:23:27,100
The Milestone you're near also 
shows its age. 

3940
03:23:27,100 --> 03:23:30,700
Someone has chipped away at the 
inscription, this was probably 

3941
03:23:30,700 --> 03:23:33,500
done during one of the many 
civil wars in the third century.

3942
03:23:33,500 --> 03:23:37,000
When each new emperor wanted to 
erase any evidence that his 

3943
03:23:37,000 --> 03:23:40,100
predecessor had been there, 
people still use the stone to 

3944
03:23:40,100 --> 03:23:43,000
Mark distance, but no one 
remembers, which emperor put it 

3945
03:23:43,008 --> 03:23:45,400
there. 
When the way traffic flows as 

3946
03:23:45,400 --> 03:23:48,900
changed, you don't see as many 
military units or official, 

3947
03:23:48,900 --> 03:23:51,900
couriers the merchant Caravans 
are smaller and have more 

3948
03:23:51,900 --> 03:23:54,000
guards. 
This is because the Empire's 

3949
03:23:54,000 --> 03:23:57,300
ability to keep its Road safe as
gone down, which has led to more

3950
03:23:57,300 --> 03:24:00,200
banditry for safety. 
Some Travelers are going in big 

3951
03:24:00,200 --> 03:24:02,700
groups even if they're not all 
going to the same place. 

3952
03:24:02,700 --> 03:24:05,700
What you're seeing is the start 
of a process that will take 

3953
03:24:05,700 --> 03:24:08,800
hundreds of years, the slow 
breakdown of the infrastructure 

3954
03:24:08,800 --> 03:24:10,300
that kept the Roman empire 
together. 

3955
03:24:10,300 --> 03:24:14,200
This fall wasn't sudden or 
dramatic, there wasn't a single 

3956
03:24:14,200 --> 03:24:15,700
moment when the roads stopped 
working. 

3957
03:24:15,700 --> 03:24:19,200
It was more like watching a 
coastline a road with each way 

3958
03:24:19,200 --> 03:24:21,700
of taking away a little more 
sand until one day, you realize 

3959
03:24:21,700 --> 03:24:23,700
the beach has completely changed
shape. 

3960
03:24:24,400 --> 03:24:26,400
His Empires fall apart. 
So do roads. 

3961
03:24:26,400 --> 03:24:29,700
This is because roads need 
something that Empires can't 

3962
03:24:29,700 --> 03:24:33,500
give regular organized 
maintenance paid for by stable 

3963
03:24:33,500 --> 03:24:37,200
tax revenues and done by skilled
administrators who expect to 

3964
03:24:37,200 --> 03:24:38,600
still be in their jobs next 
year. 

3965
03:24:38,600 --> 03:24:41,900
Consider what it really takes to
keep the roads in good shape 

3966
03:24:41,900 --> 03:24:44,200
Engineers. 
Need to check the infrastructure

3967
03:24:44,200 --> 03:24:46,300
and find problems before they 
get out of hand. 

3968
03:24:46,300 --> 03:24:49,000
You need quarries to make new 
Stones. 

3969
03:24:49,000 --> 03:24:51,600
You need workers. 
Who know how to build things on 

3970
03:24:51,600 --> 03:24:54,000
a good at it. 
You need animals and carts to 

3971
03:24:54,000 --> 03:24:56,200
move things. 
You need money to pay for 

3972
03:24:56,200 --> 03:24:59,400
everything and you need a way to
organize these things over. 

3973
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:02,500
Thousands of miles of land as 
the Western, Roman Empire 

3974
03:25:02,500 --> 03:25:04,800
started to fall apart in the 
third and fourth century. 

3975
03:25:04,800 --> 03:25:08,600
Is he got harder to meet all of 
these needs as the economy 

3976
03:25:08,600 --> 03:25:10,900
slowed down and province's broke
away. 

3977
03:25:10,900 --> 03:25:14,800
Tax revenue went down the 
currency lost so much value that

3978
03:25:14,800 --> 03:25:18,200
skilled workers asked to be paid
in Goods or food in stead of 

3979
03:25:18,200 --> 03:25:22,100
worthless coins. people try to 
avoid administrative jobs, that 

3980
03:25:22,100 --> 03:25:25,300
used to be seen as prestigious 
the Empire needed, the roads 

3981
03:25:25,300 --> 03:25:28,900
more than ever as they got 
worse, which is ironic With more

3982
03:25:28,900 --> 03:25:32,000
Barbarian invasions and usurpers
trying to take over the empire, 

3983
03:25:32,000 --> 03:25:35,100
being able to move armies, 
quickly was literally a matter 

3984
03:25:35,100 --> 03:25:38,000
of life and death, but the same 
problems that made roads 

3985
03:25:38,000 --> 03:25:40,000
necessary. 
Also made it impossible to keep 

3986
03:25:40,000 --> 03:25:42,900
them in good shape. 
You can see this in the records 

3987
03:25:42,900 --> 03:25:46,200
of archeology Road, repairs 
become less and less skilled in 

3988
03:25:46,200 --> 03:25:48,600
layers that date, back to the 
fourth and fifth centuries 

3989
03:25:48,600 --> 03:25:51,800
instead of properly, lifting the
paving stones and rebuilding the

3990
03:25:51,800 --> 03:25:54,000
layers of the foundation below 
workers. 

3991
03:25:54,000 --> 03:25:56,900
Just dumped gravel into the 
holes, they didn't replace 

3992
03:25:56,900 --> 03:25:59,300
broken stones with perfectly cut
new ones. 

3993
03:25:59,300 --> 03:26:02,600
Instead they filled in the gaps 
with whatever they could find 

3994
03:26:02,600 --> 03:26:06,200
like broken pottery pieces of 
building Rubble or even just 

3995
03:26:06,200 --> 03:26:09,600
dirt that had been compacted 
these quick fixes worked for a 

3996
03:26:09,608 --> 03:26:12,700
while but didn't last so they 
had to be done over and over 

3997
03:26:12,700 --> 03:26:15,100
again. 
Putting a bandage on a wound 

3998
03:26:15,100 --> 03:26:17,000
that really needs. 
Stitches is like putting a 

3999
03:26:17,000 --> 03:26:19,000
bandage on a wound that really 
needs stitches. 

4000
03:26:19,000 --> 03:26:22,000
It might stop the bleeding for a
while but it won't fix the 

4001
03:26:22,000 --> 03:26:24,100
problem. 
People who lived through this 

4002
03:26:24,100 --> 03:26:26,400
time must have been deeply 
affected by the cycle. 

4003
03:26:26,400 --> 03:26:28,800
Effects of watching 
infrastructure, fall apart. 

4004
03:26:28,800 --> 03:26:31,800
Imagine seeing roads that your 
great grandparents remembered 

4005
03:26:31,800 --> 03:26:35,000
being built to last forever, 
slowly fall apart, even though 

4006
03:26:35,000 --> 03:26:38,200
everyone is doing their best to 
keep them in, good shape, it 

4007
03:26:38,200 --> 03:26:40,700
would feel like the very 
foundations of reality were 

4008
03:26:40,700 --> 03:26:43,500
shaking in some areas local 
communities. 

4009
03:26:43,500 --> 03:26:45,500
Try to keep the roads in good 
shape when the central 

4010
03:26:45,500 --> 03:26:48,700
government couldn't anymore, 
they charged Travelers tolls, 

4011
03:26:48,700 --> 03:26:52,400
set up volunteer, work parties 
or made local and owners 

4012
03:26:52,400 --> 03:26:54,900
responsible for keeping the 
roads in good shape as a civic 

4013
03:26:54,900 --> 03:26:57,200
duty. 
These efforts sometimes worked 

4014
03:26:57,200 --> 03:27:00,500
for decades, making islands of 
working infrastructure and 

4015
03:27:00,500 --> 03:27:02,100
Landscape. 
That was becoming more and more 

4016
03:27:02,100 --> 03:27:04,600
broken up. 
But the people who are in charge

4017
03:27:04,608 --> 03:27:07,700
of local maintenance had their 
own problems, the road might be 

4018
03:27:07,708 --> 03:27:10,900
in good shape in one Community, 
but if the next Community 

4019
03:27:10,900 --> 03:27:14,200
couldn't, or didn't want to do 
the same, the whole Road became 

4020
03:27:14,200 --> 03:27:17,900
unsafe, it's like having a chain
with some strong links and some 

4021
03:27:17,900 --> 03:27:21,000
that are rusting through the 
weakest parts of the chain, are 

4022
03:27:21,000 --> 03:27:22,400
what? 
Keep it from being too strong. 

4023
03:27:22,400 --> 03:27:26,700
The end of long-distance trade 
made roads worse faster in a 

4024
03:27:26,700 --> 03:27:29,200
vicious cycle. 
Merchant stopped traveling long 

4025
03:27:29,200 --> 03:27:31,200
distances because the roads 
weren't as reliable. 

4026
03:27:31,200 --> 03:27:34,900
This meant less traffic, which 
meant less economic reason to 

4027
03:27:34,900 --> 03:27:37,900
keep the roads in good shape 
which made them worse, which 

4028
03:27:37,900 --> 03:27:40,900
made people less likely to 
travel in a few Generations 

4029
03:27:40,900 --> 03:27:43,400
roads that used to connect 
different parts of the Empire 

4030
03:27:43,400 --> 03:27:45,700
might only see traffic between 
nearby Villages. 

4031
03:27:45,700 --> 03:27:49,200
A lot of Roman roads were hard 
to tell apart by the sixth 

4032
03:27:49,200 --> 03:27:51,600
Century. 
The paving stones could still be

4033
03:27:51,600 --> 03:27:54,800
there but they might be buried 
under dirt and plants that have 

4034
03:27:54,800 --> 03:27:57,300
grown over time. 
The drainage systems were 

4035
03:27:57,300 --> 03:28:00,200
blocked which caused flooding 
that we can, the foundation's 

4036
03:28:00,200 --> 03:28:03,100
bridges fell down and worked 
fixed in. 

4037
03:28:03,400 --> 03:28:05,700
Place is with a lot of trees, 
the roots of the trees pushed 

4038
03:28:05,700 --> 03:28:08,200
apart, the carefully fitted 
pavement that Roman Engineers 

4039
03:28:08,200 --> 03:28:11,400
had put together, but the roads 
never completely went away. 

4040
03:28:11,400 --> 03:28:15,300
Even after the pavement broke up
the roots themselves, the paths 

4041
03:28:15,300 --> 03:28:17,000
they made across the lab and 
were still useful. 

4042
03:28:17,000 --> 03:28:21,200
They were still known by Traders
armies and people in the area 

4043
03:28:21,200 --> 03:28:23,100
who used them to get to nearby 
towns. 

4044
03:28:23,100 --> 03:28:26,800
The physical infrastructure made
deteriorate yet the awareness of

4045
03:28:26,800 --> 03:28:28,800
connectivity in jewels and 
cultural memory. 

4046
03:28:30,000 --> 03:28:34,000
Let's go to that same road 
around 800 CE, which historian 

4047
03:28:34,000 --> 03:28:37,200
sometimes called the Dark Ages, 
people who live through them 

4048
03:28:37,200 --> 03:28:39,800
would have been confused by that
name, because their days seemed 

4049
03:28:39,800 --> 03:28:42,400
bright enough to them. 
The changes amazing. 

4050
03:28:42,400 --> 03:28:46,000
There are still some parts of 
the Roman pavement but now it is

4051
03:28:46,008 --> 03:28:48,600
only the middle of a much wider 
less formal path. 

4052
03:28:49,200 --> 03:28:52,100
There are tracks worn into the 
ground by people and animals on 

4053
03:28:52,100 --> 03:28:53,700
either side of the Old Stone 
surface. 

4054
03:28:53,700 --> 03:28:57,300
When it's dry, the side paths 
are probably easier to walk on 

4055
03:28:57,300 --> 03:29:00,300
than the old Roman Stones, which
have become uneven over the 

4056
03:29:00,300 --> 03:29:02,100
years as the block settled or 
Tilted. 

4057
03:29:02,100 --> 03:29:05,100
You see that people have been 
looking for building materials 

4058
03:29:05,100 --> 03:29:07,300
on the road. 
Someone has taken the paving 

4059
03:29:07,300 --> 03:29:10,100
stones that have come loose. 
Probably during the Spring thaw.

4060
03:29:10,100 --> 03:29:14,000
When frosted pushed them up and 
use them to build a barn, line, 

4061
03:29:14,000 --> 03:29:17,300
a well, or make a half these 
Stones, which were cut with 

4062
03:29:17,300 --> 03:29:21,000
great care by Roman Engineers, a
two valuable to just sit around 

4063
03:29:21,000 --> 03:29:23,000
on an old road. 
When they could be used to build

4064
03:29:23,000 --> 03:29:24,200
things that are useful right 
away. 

4065
03:29:24,200 --> 03:29:27,800
You can see that someone built a
small wooden Church near where a

4066
03:29:27,800 --> 03:29:30,700
roadside Temple used to be. 
They used some stones from the 

4067
03:29:30,700 --> 03:29:34,100
old Roman building to do this. 
The Christian cross on top of 

4068
03:29:34,100 --> 03:29:36,200
the church stands were a statue 
of a pagan. 

4069
03:29:36,200 --> 03:29:38,200
God used to be both of these 
things. 

4070
03:29:38,200 --> 03:29:41,100
Made this a special place where 
Travelers would naturally stop 

4071
03:29:41,100 --> 03:29:43,000
and think about something other 
than their Journey. 

4072
03:29:43,900 --> 03:29:46,900
The old mansio, which was a 
Roman weigh station, has been 

4073
03:29:46,908 --> 03:29:49,200
turned into a small fortified 
Manor House. 

4074
03:29:49,200 --> 03:29:52,800
The original Roman walls are 
still there but wooden buildings

4075
03:29:52,800 --> 03:29:55,500
have been added on top of them, 
along with the defensive 

4076
03:29:55,500 --> 03:29:57,900
Palisade that wasn't needed. 
When the empire was at its 

4077
03:29:57,900 --> 03:30:00,500
height, the new Lord of this 
manner says, he has power. 

4078
03:30:00,500 --> 03:30:03,600
Because he controls this part of
the road, this is not in the old

4079
03:30:03,600 --> 03:30:05,600
Roman sense of keeping it up for
the public good. 

4080
03:30:05,600 --> 03:30:08,400
But in the more direct medieval 
sense of being able to charge 

4081
03:30:08,400 --> 03:30:11,500
tolls to anyone who passes 
through and people still go 

4082
03:30:11,500 --> 03:30:14,500
through the road, may not look 
like what Roman Engineers would 

4083
03:30:14,500 --> 03:30:15,900
have built, but it's still a 
road. 

4084
03:30:15,900 --> 03:30:19,500
You see a merchant with a small 
cart, his goods are covered in 

4085
03:30:19,500 --> 03:30:22,900
oil, leather to keep them dry in
the rain, a group of pilgrims 

4086
03:30:22,900 --> 03:30:25,000
walks by on their way to a 
distant Shrine. 

4087
03:30:25,000 --> 03:30:28,200
Their Journey will probably take
weeks longer than it would have 

4088
03:30:28,200 --> 03:30:30,800
in Roman times but they are 
going to the same place. 

4089
03:30:30,800 --> 03:30:34,100
The social contract around the 
road is what makes it different.

4090
03:30:34,100 --> 03:30:37,900
The government in maintain the 
roads in Roman times and anyone 

4091
03:30:37,900 --> 03:30:41,200
could use them for free. 
Now, the law is less clear about

4092
03:30:41,200 --> 03:30:43,500
roads. 
This local Lord says he is 

4093
03:30:43,800 --> 03:30:46,200
Knowledge of this area. 
The next Village might think 

4094
03:30:46,200 --> 03:30:48,700
that the road that goes through 
their land belongs to everyone. 

4095
03:30:49,400 --> 03:30:52,400
A monastery, 20 miles down the 
road might keep their section as

4096
03:30:52,400 --> 03:30:56,300
a way to help others hoping for 
prayers and of tolls in return 

4097
03:30:56,300 --> 03:30:59,600
because there are so many 
different jurisdictions each 

4098
03:30:59,600 --> 03:31:02,300
with its own rules and 
expectations traveling. 

4099
03:31:02,300 --> 03:31:05,600
Any significant distances 
difficult, it's like trying to 

4100
03:31:05,608 --> 03:31:09,000
drive through a modern country 
where each county has its own 

4101
03:31:09,000 --> 03:31:12,600
set of traffic laws. 
It's possible but you have to 

4102
03:31:12,600 --> 03:31:15,500
pay attention and change your 
plans all the time in some 

4103
03:31:15,500 --> 03:31:18,500
places, a specialty close to 
cities that have kept some Roman

4104
03:31:18,500 --> 03:31:20,800
administrative. 
Practices roads are actually 

4105
03:31:20,800 --> 03:31:24,100
being fixed and kept up but not 
in a way that would make a Roman

4106
03:31:24,100 --> 03:31:26,800
engineer cry. 
Instead of properly rebuilding, 

4107
03:31:26,800 --> 03:31:29,600
the foundation layers workers 
are just filling in the holes 

4108
03:31:29,600 --> 03:31:33,000
with whatever they can find. 
The surface is Bumpy and uneven 

4109
03:31:33,000 --> 03:31:36,200
and needs to be taken care of 
all the time, but it keeps the 

4110
03:31:36,200 --> 03:31:38,400
worst holes filled and works to 
some extent. 

4111
03:31:39,300 --> 03:31:42,000
Some parts of the road have been
changed on purpose to serve new 

4112
03:31:42,000 --> 03:31:45,100
purposes in places where a 
straight Roman Road crosses 

4113
03:31:45,100 --> 03:31:46,700
land. 
That is now disputed by two 

4114
03:31:46,700 --> 03:31:48,800
laws. 
Local people have sometimes 

4115
03:31:48,800 --> 03:31:52,300
purposely destroyed parts of the
road to make it hard for troops 

4116
03:31:52,300 --> 03:31:54,800
to move around. 
They've dug trenches across the 

4117
03:31:54,800 --> 03:31:58,200
road taking down Bridges, will 
put up barriers that make it 

4118
03:31:58,200 --> 03:31:59,600
impossible to get around 
quickly. 

4119
03:32:00,400 --> 03:32:02,700
On the other hand, some 
communities have made their 

4120
03:32:02,700 --> 03:32:04,600
roads better than what the 
Romans required. 

4121
03:32:04,600 --> 03:32:08,000
If a villager's economy, depends
on being able to get to a nearby

4122
03:32:08,000 --> 03:32:10,800
Market, the people who live 
there might have used local 

4123
03:32:10,800 --> 03:32:13,900
materials and methods to make 
the road wider had passing 

4124
03:32:13,900 --> 03:32:17,500
places or build new Bridges. 
These improvements don't look 

4125
03:32:17,500 --> 03:32:19,700
Roman. 
They usually made of wood 

4126
03:32:19,700 --> 03:32:22,300
instead of stone at a more 
practical than Grande. 

4127
03:32:23,100 --> 03:32:25,200
But they often fit better with 
what we need now. 

4128
03:32:26,000 --> 03:32:28,300
Bridges are the most interesting
adaptations. 

4129
03:32:28,300 --> 03:32:30,800
Roman Bridges were amazing, 
feats of engineering. 

4130
03:32:30,800 --> 03:32:33,800
They were arched structures. 
That could hold a lot of weight.

4131
03:32:33,800 --> 03:32:37,100
And span long distance is 
keeping a stone bridge. 

4132
03:32:37,100 --> 03:32:39,300
In good shape. 
Takes a lot of money and special

4133
03:32:39,300 --> 03:32:42,800
skills when a Roman bridge fell 
down either because it was not 

4134
03:32:42,800 --> 03:32:44,300
taking care of because of 
flooding. 

4135
03:32:44,300 --> 03:32:48,000
Or on purpose, medieval 
communities, offered simpler 

4136
03:32:48,000 --> 03:32:50,500
bridges in its place. 
You might see a wooden beam 

4137
03:32:50,500 --> 03:32:53,000
bridge held up by Stone pilings 
that were taken from the 

4138
03:32:53,000 --> 03:32:56,400
original Roman building, or a 
Ford where people can just Wade 

4139
03:32:56,400 --> 03:32:59,200
across the stream with the ruins
of the old bridge, just 

4140
03:32:59,200 --> 03:33:01,900
Upstream, a reminder of what 
used to be possible. 

4141
03:33:01,900 --> 03:33:06,000
In some cases Enterprise in 
locals run, fairies, and charge 

4142
03:33:06,000 --> 03:33:08,600
travelers to cross places where 
they could have walked freely 

4143
03:33:08,600 --> 03:33:11,800
across Roman engineering. 
Because the old Drainage Systems

4144
03:33:11,800 --> 03:33:14,700
don't work anymore, a lot of 
Roads flood during the rainy 

4145
03:33:14,700 --> 03:33:17,700
season people in the area have 
learned which parts to stay away

4146
03:33:17,700 --> 03:33:20,400
from when it rains and made 
seasonal routes that go around 

4147
03:33:20,400 --> 03:33:23,400
trouble spots. 
This local knowledge which has 

4148
03:33:23,400 --> 03:33:26,200
been passed down through the 
years and shared by Travelers is

4149
03:33:26,200 --> 03:33:28,300
now just as important as the 
road itself. 

4150
03:33:28,300 --> 03:33:31,300
What's amazing, is that the 
roads are still doing their main

4151
03:33:31,308 --> 03:33:33,800
job of connecting places and 
letting people move around. 

4152
03:33:33,800 --> 03:33:37,300
Even with all these changes, 
they're not as good at what they

4153
03:33:37,300 --> 03:33:39,900
do, as they used to be, when the
Romans were in charge, and 

4154
03:33:39,900 --> 03:33:42,200
travel is definitely slower and 
less reliable. 

4155
03:33:42,200 --> 03:33:45,400
But the basic structure, The 
Roots themselves which were 

4156
03:33:45,400 --> 03:33:48,400
carved into the land and are 
still in people's minds remains 

4157
03:33:48,400 --> 03:33:50,400
this time. 
Period teaches us something 

4158
03:33:50,400 --> 03:33:53,500
important about infrastructure 
without central maintenance. 

4159
03:33:53,500 --> 03:33:56,200
People will find ways to fix 
things based on what they need 

4160
03:33:56,200 --> 03:33:58,900
right now. 
And what they have these fixes 

4161
03:33:58,900 --> 03:34:01,500
may not be pretty or 
long-lasting, but they do keep 

4162
03:34:01,500 --> 03:34:04,100
things working. 
It turns out that human 

4163
03:34:04,100 --> 03:34:07,800
creativity can make up for a lot
but not forever and not without 

4164
03:34:07,800 --> 03:34:11,300
cost. 
Let's go ahead to about 1200 CE 

4165
03:34:11,300 --> 03:34:14,500
again, you'll still on that 
road, but the experience is very

4166
03:34:14,500 --> 03:34:17,000
different. 
Now, the original Roman pavement

4167
03:34:17,000 --> 03:34:20,200
is mostly hidden under dirt or 
ganache matter, and the fact 

4168
03:34:20,200 --> 03:34:23,300
that Landscapes tend to take 
back what people build, you 

4169
03:34:23,300 --> 03:34:25,500
might see a Paving Stone 
sticking out of the ground in 

4170
03:34:25,500 --> 03:34:29,000
some places like a tooth. 
That hasn't fully erupted, this 

4171
03:34:29,000 --> 03:34:32,700
is a sign of What Lies Beneath 
It's interesting how the road is

4172
03:34:32,700 --> 03:34:35,300
still changing the landscape, 
even though it's broken. 

4173
03:34:35,300 --> 03:34:38,000
Even though most Travelers, 
don't know why this root stays 

4174
03:34:38,000 --> 03:34:41,100
drier than the land around it or
why some parts are easier to 

4175
03:34:41,100 --> 03:34:43,200
walk. 
On the Roman Engineers built 

4176
03:34:43,200 --> 03:34:45,200
their road base on a slightly 
higher path. 

4177
03:34:45,200 --> 03:34:47,000
That is still the best place to 
walk. 

4178
03:34:47,000 --> 03:34:50,400
There are trees along the road 
in some places, but if you look 

4179
03:34:50,400 --> 03:34:53,000
closely, you'll see that they're
not growing in a random way. 

4180
03:34:53,900 --> 03:34:57,000
Many people walk along the old 
Roman drainage ditches which 

4181
03:34:57,000 --> 03:34:58,900
used to carry water away from 
the road. 

4182
03:34:58,900 --> 03:35:02,700
Some of these trees of years old
and they are unintentionally 

4183
03:35:02,700 --> 03:35:05,700
marking the limits of Roman 
engineering, making a visible 

4184
03:35:05,700 --> 03:35:08,200
outline of infrastructure that 
the people who planted the 

4185
03:35:08,200 --> 03:35:10,500
trees. 
Never saw, the Roman Road has 

4186
03:35:10,500 --> 03:35:13,500
become a property line in some 
places farmers in the Middle 

4187
03:35:13,500 --> 03:35:16,300
Ages used the old road as an 
actual marker when they split up

4188
03:35:16,300 --> 03:35:19,200
their land, you might now see a 
fence running along the length 

4189
03:35:19,200 --> 03:35:22,000
of the road with fields on 
either side that follow patterns

4190
03:35:22,000 --> 03:35:25,500
set by Roman surveyors. 
More than 1,000 years ago, the 

4191
03:35:25,500 --> 03:35:28,500
fence itself might have Roman 
Milestone as fence posts. 

4192
03:35:28,500 --> 03:35:32,000
The inscriptions on the stones 
have been worn Smooth by wind 

4193
03:35:32,000 --> 03:35:34,200
and rain. 
These ruins have a lot of 

4194
03:35:34,200 --> 03:35:37,100
meaning that goes beyond their 
use people in the Middle Ages 

4195
03:35:37,100 --> 03:35:39,800
saw Roman roads as proof of a 
civilization that could do 

4196
03:35:39,808 --> 03:35:42,600
things that we can't do now, 
they thought of it as a lost 

4197
03:35:42,600 --> 03:35:45,200
golden age when roads ran 
straight and true of whole 

4198
03:35:45,200 --> 03:35:48,200
continents, when Empires could 
move armies from Britain to 

4199
03:35:48,200 --> 03:35:51,700
Persia when the world was more 
connected and maybe even easier 

4200
03:35:51,700 --> 03:35:55,300
to understand, you can see this 
Kind of symbolism in medieval 

4201
03:35:55,300 --> 03:35:58,200
art and literature stories about
ancient roads. 

4202
03:35:58,200 --> 03:36:01,500
Often show them as ways to find 
Adventure links to a more 

4203
03:36:01,500 --> 03:36:05,200
glorious past or reminders of 
the Imperial power that existed 

4204
03:36:05,200 --> 03:36:08,800
before the current political 
landscape fell apart in romances

4205
03:36:08,800 --> 03:36:11,300
nights, often, go on quests 
along Old Roman roads. 

4206
03:36:11,300 --> 03:36:14,200
As if the roads still have some 
magic left over from the 

4207
03:36:14,200 --> 03:36:17,100
civilization that built them, 
churches and monasteries are 

4208
03:36:17,100 --> 03:36:19,500
often built close to Old Roman 
roads on purpose. 

4209
03:36:20,300 --> 03:36:23,500
Both for practical reasons, and 
for symbolic Reasons, by 

4210
03:36:23,500 --> 03:36:26,500
building near these remnants of 
Roman Glory medieval 

4211
03:36:26,500 --> 03:36:28,800
institutions show that they are 
The Heirs of classical 

4212
03:36:28,800 --> 03:36:31,500
civilization. 
This suggests that there is a 

4213
03:36:31,508 --> 03:36:34,300
connection between the ancient 
past and the Christian present, 

4214
03:36:34,300 --> 03:36:37,400
the ruins are all so quarries, 
but not just for physical 

4215
03:36:37,400 --> 03:36:39,900
things. 
Engineers from the Middle Ages, 

4216
03:36:39,900 --> 03:36:42,300
look at how the Romans built 
roads to learn how to make 

4217
03:36:42,300 --> 03:36:45,600
things that last some of this 
knowledge is being used in new 

4218
03:36:45,600 --> 03:36:48,000
buildings. 
The best medieval roads are 

4219
03:36:48,000 --> 03:36:50,800
based on Roman engineering ideas
that have been changed to fit 

4220
03:36:50,800 --> 03:36:52,600
the materials and needs of the 
time. 

4221
03:36:52,600 --> 03:36:56,600
But these ruined also have a sad
quality to them when you stand 

4222
03:36:56,600 --> 03:36:59,200
on a crumbling Roman Road and 
look at paving stones that have 

4223
03:36:59,200 --> 03:37:02,300
moved and tilted bridges that 
have turned into Foundation 

4224
03:37:02,300 --> 03:37:06,100
stones and Milestones with 
unreadable inscription, you are 

4225
03:37:06,100 --> 03:37:07,800
facing. 
The fact that human achievement 

4226
03:37:07,800 --> 03:37:11,400
is not permanent, the Roman's 
built things that would last 

4227
03:37:11,400 --> 03:37:14,400
forever, but forever, as longer 
than even the best engineering 

4228
03:37:14,400 --> 03:37:18,100
can handle, This sadness isn't 
just about love, it had 

4229
03:37:18,100 --> 03:37:22,200
real-world effects on society. 
In the Middle Ages, if Rome the 

4230
03:37:22,200 --> 03:37:24,800
largest Empire in history with 
more resources and better 

4231
03:37:24,800 --> 03:37:28,200
organization than we have now 
couldn't keep its infrastructure

4232
03:37:28,200 --> 03:37:31,800
going forever. 
What hope does smaller poorer 

4233
03:37:31,800 --> 03:37:34,700
kingdoms have of building? 
Anything that lasts this 

4234
03:37:34,700 --> 03:37:38,300
acknowledgment leads to a new 
way of building Roman Builders 

4235
03:37:38,300 --> 03:37:41,200
built monuments that would last 
for centuries, thinking that 

4236
03:37:41,200 --> 03:37:44,200
they would always be well, 
maintained medieval builders on 

4237
03:37:44,200 --> 03:37:46,300
the other hand, often built 
things with the idea that 

4238
03:37:46,300 --> 03:37:49,300
maintenance might not be 
possible, they build things that

4239
03:37:49,300 --> 03:37:52,600
can gracefully fall apart that 
only need to last a generation 

4240
03:37:52,600 --> 03:37:56,100
or two in hundreds of years and 
that can be fixed easily with 

4241
03:37:56,100 --> 03:37:58,000
local materials and basic 
skills. 

4242
03:37:58,000 --> 03:38:01,000
But strangely, some medieval 
buildings last longer than 

4243
03:38:01,000 --> 03:38:03,200
expected because they were built
with low expectations. 

4244
03:38:04,400 --> 03:38:06,700
A wooden bridge that is meant to
last 20 years. 

4245
03:38:06,700 --> 03:38:10,600
Might last 50 with little care a
road made of local Stone could 

4246
03:38:10,600 --> 03:38:14,000
last for many generations. 
Without the Romans desire to 

4247
03:38:14,000 --> 03:38:16,700
build monuments that would last 
forever medieval Engineers 

4248
03:38:16,700 --> 03:38:19,400
sometimes built things that 
worked because they were humble 

4249
03:38:19,400 --> 03:38:22,000
instead of grand living. 
Among these ruins has a 

4250
03:38:22,008 --> 03:38:24,900
psychological effect on people, 
that is hard to fully understand

4251
03:38:24,900 --> 03:38:28,400
from our modern point of view, 
you grow up with proof that the 

4252
03:38:28,400 --> 03:38:30,200
people who came before you could
do things. 

4253
03:38:30,200 --> 03:38:32,100
You can't. 
You walk on roads. 

4254
03:38:32,100 --> 03:38:35,300
They build see buildings, they 
build and use tools that are 

4255
03:38:35,300 --> 03:38:38,400
based on their designs. 
You can also see these wonders 

4256
03:38:38,400 --> 03:38:41,000
falling apart even though 
everyone is trying their best to

4257
03:38:41,000 --> 03:38:43,000
keep them in. 
Good shape, this creates a 

4258
03:38:43,008 --> 03:38:46,100
certain way of seeing the world 
one that values keeping 

4259
03:38:46,100 --> 03:38:49,000
Knowledge from the past that 
looks back as much as it looks 

4260
03:38:49,000 --> 03:38:52,300
forward and that compares the 
present to a lost golden age. 

4261
03:38:52,300 --> 03:38:55,100
It's a way of thinking that's 
very different from how we think

4262
03:38:55,100 --> 03:38:58,300
today, for each generation 
expects to do better than the 

4263
03:38:58,300 --> 03:39:01,700
last in 1200 CE. 
When you stand on this road, 

4264
03:39:01,700 --> 03:39:04,600
very few people alive. 
Will remember seeing it When it 

4265
03:39:04,600 --> 03:39:07,800
was at its best, as a Roman 
Road, the smooth, Paving the 

4266
03:39:07,800 --> 03:39:10,400
good drainage and the regular 
upkeeper all just stories that 

4267
03:39:10,400 --> 03:39:13,600
educated monks and Scholars. 
Tell each other the road is now 

4268
03:39:13,600 --> 03:39:16,700
partly legendary. 
It is a physical object, whose 

4269
03:39:16,700 --> 03:39:19,400
true nature is better understood
through tradition than direct 

4270
03:39:19,400 --> 03:39:22,000
experience. 
As we near the end of our 

4271
03:39:22,000 --> 03:39:24,300
journey. 
Let's take one last walk down 

4272
03:39:24,300 --> 03:39:28,800
this old road, but this time in 
our own time the experience is 

4273
03:39:28,800 --> 03:39:31,800
like looking at a palimpsest 
where different texts have been 

4274
03:39:31,800 --> 03:39:34,700
on the same. 
Parchment each one partially 

4275
03:39:34,700 --> 03:39:36,600
erases but never completely 
hides. 

4276
03:39:36,600 --> 03:39:39,700
What came before the road may 
now be paved with asphalt and 

4277
03:39:39,700 --> 03:39:41,400
serve as a rural Highway 
connecting. 

4278
03:39:41,400 --> 03:39:44,700
Small towns that were villages 
in Roman times and may not have 

4279
03:39:44,700 --> 03:39:46,600
even existed when the road was 
first built. 

4280
03:39:47,700 --> 03:39:50,900
But the root hasn't changed much
modern Engineers looked at the 

4281
03:39:50,900 --> 03:39:54,100
land and chose the same path. 
That Roman surveyors did 2000 

4282
03:39:54,100 --> 03:39:57,400
years ago because the way the 
land shape is always the same, 

4283
03:39:57,400 --> 03:40:00,800
you might find Roman paving 
stones that farmers of dug up 

4284
03:40:00,800 --> 03:40:03,300
over the years and piled along 
the property line. 

4285
03:40:03,300 --> 03:40:06,000
If you pull over and walking 
into the field, next door the 

4286
03:40:06,000 --> 03:40:08,500
stones, each cut and fitted with
such care. 

4287
03:40:08,500 --> 03:40:11,400
Now, make a rustic fence or a 
wall that holds things in place,

4288
03:40:11,400 --> 03:40:14,000
kids play on them. 
Without realizing that Roman 

4289
03:40:14,000 --> 03:40:16,600
Engineers wants measured and 
placed each stone with the same 

4290
03:40:16,600 --> 03:40:20,100
care that people use. 
When building for eternity, You 

4291
03:40:20,100 --> 03:40:23,000
might see Roman milestones in 
town as historical artifacts 

4292
03:40:23,000 --> 03:40:26,300
their worn out, surfaces are 
protected by glass or built into

4293
03:40:26,300 --> 03:40:29,000
modern monuments. 
Archeologists are now studying 

4294
03:40:29,000 --> 03:40:31,800
the inscription which used to be
clear statements of Imperial 

4295
03:40:31,800 --> 03:40:35,200
power to try to piece together. 
Ancient political history, from 

4296
03:40:35,200 --> 03:40:38,700
bits of carved Latin some parts 
of Roman roads have been left 

4297
03:40:38,700 --> 03:40:40,800
alone on purpose so that they 
can be studied by 

4298
03:40:40,800 --> 03:40:43,600
archaeologists. 
You can walk on the original 

4299
03:40:43,600 --> 03:40:47,400
pavement, see how it was built 
in cross section displays and 

4300
03:40:47,400 --> 03:40:50,000
read signs that explain how the 
engineering works. 

4301
03:40:50,000 --> 03:40:53,100
These preserved parts are like 
outdoor museums that teach 

4302
03:40:53,100 --> 03:40:55,900
people about a way of building 
things that is better than ours 

4303
03:40:55,900 --> 03:40:59,400
in some ways modern highways. 
Often Run next to Roman roads 

4304
03:40:59,400 --> 03:41:01,800
but they are separated by a few 
hundred yards. 

4305
03:41:01,800 --> 03:41:05,000
You can still see the old road 
from the new one that they are 

4306
03:41:05,000 --> 03:41:07,000
far enough. 
Apart that each serves its own 

4307
03:41:07,000 --> 03:41:09,300
purpose. 
The Old Road might be used by 

4308
03:41:09,300 --> 03:41:11,500
people who live nearby cyclists 
and hikers. 

4309
03:41:11,500 --> 03:41:14,600
While the new highway is used by
people who are just passing 

4310
03:41:14,600 --> 03:41:18,400
through quickly, both exist to 
meet different needs, and each 

4311
03:41:18,400 --> 03:41:21,000
is reflection of the way. 
People connected places in its 

4312
03:41:21,000 --> 03:41:23,500
time. 
The legacy of Roman roads goes 

4313
03:41:23,500 --> 03:41:26,700
beyond, just the physical 
remains when building roads, 

4314
03:41:26,700 --> 03:41:29,400
that will last for decades, 
instead of needing to be rebuilt

4315
03:41:29,400 --> 03:41:31,800
every few years. 
Modern, civil engineers. 

4316
03:41:31,800 --> 03:41:34,500
Still use Roman methods. 
Layered construction. 

4317
03:41:34,500 --> 03:41:38,800
Good drainage and crowned 
surfaces are all Roman ideas 

4318
03:41:38,800 --> 03:41:42,000
that are still used today. 
Roman Road had a big impact on 

4319
03:41:42,000 --> 03:41:44,100
the GE. 
Can still be seen today. 

4320
03:41:44,100 --> 03:41:47,400
A lot of modern cities are where
they are because they were on 

4321
03:41:47,400 --> 03:41:50,100
Roman roads. 
Roman Engineers often built 

4322
03:41:50,100 --> 03:41:53,000
roads that became political 
boundaries, trade routes, 

4323
03:41:53,000 --> 03:41:55,500
cultural exchanges, and 
migration routes still follow 

4324
03:41:55,500 --> 03:41:58,300
the same paths that were first 
set up, when Rome ruled the 

4325
03:41:58,300 --> 03:42:01,600
Mediterranean The way we talk 
about roads is influenced by 

4326
03:42:01,608 --> 03:42:06,300
Latin in Latin, Mi comes from 
Mila Passos, which means a 1000 

4327
03:42:06,300 --> 03:42:08,600
Paces. 
The word Street comes from the 

4328
03:42:08,600 --> 03:42:12,200
Latin word via strata which 
means, paved Road, Romans 

4329
03:42:12,200 --> 03:42:15,100
improved and standardized the 
way they built roads, which is 

4330
03:42:15,100 --> 03:42:18,100
how we got the ideas of 
infrastructure maintenance and 

4331
03:42:18,100 --> 03:42:21,200
civic duty but maybe the most 
important Legacy is 

4332
03:42:21,200 --> 03:42:24,400
psychological not physical. 
Roman roads represented, a 

4333
03:42:24,400 --> 03:42:26,000
specific conception of 
civilization. 

4334
03:42:26,000 --> 03:42:29,900
The belief that human creativity
can transform the natural world.

4335
03:42:29,900 --> 03:42:33,100
That meticulous planning and 
Engineering can address 

4336
03:42:33,100 --> 03:42:35,900
seemingly insurmountable 
challenges and that the 

4337
03:42:35,900 --> 03:42:38,900
integration of diverse 
individuals and locale's 

4338
03:42:38,900 --> 03:42:40,700
generate greater value than 
Solitude. 

4339
03:42:40,700 --> 03:42:43,900
This vision is still alive in 
every modern Highway project, 

4340
03:42:43,900 --> 03:42:47,600
every infrastructure project. 
And every effort to link small 

4341
03:42:47,600 --> 03:42:51,200
towns to bigger networks, when 
we talk about how much to spend 

4342
03:42:51,200 --> 03:42:54,500
on infrastructure how to keep 
current systems running or 

4343
03:42:54,500 --> 03:42:56,900
whether to build new 
connections, we're dealing with 

4344
03:42:56,900 --> 03:42:59,400
the same problems that Romans 
did 2000 years. 

4345
03:42:59,600 --> 03:43:03,100
Ago, the story of why ancient 
roads fell apart teaches us an 

4346
03:43:03,100 --> 03:43:05,700
important lesson. 
Infrastructure needs more than 

4347
03:43:05,700 --> 03:43:09,600
just being built, it needs to be
maintained the decline of Roman 

4348
03:43:09,600 --> 03:43:11,100
roads. 
Wasn't mostly due to bad 

4349
03:43:11,100 --> 03:43:13,200
engineering. 
Many of those roads were built 

4350
03:43:13,200 --> 03:43:15,500
well enough that they still look
like they did back then. 

4351
03:43:15,500 --> 03:43:18,800
It was about institutions 
failing, which meant that the 

4352
03:43:18,800 --> 03:43:21,700
administrative and economic 
systems needed to keep complex 

4353
03:43:21,700 --> 03:43:23,600
infrastructure running over time
fell apart. 

4354
03:43:24,600 --> 03:43:27,100
Modern societies have to deal 
with the same problems. 

4355
03:43:27,100 --> 03:43:30,200
We need to keep spending money 
on repairs and maintenance for 

4356
03:43:30,200 --> 03:43:32,600
our roads, Bridges and 
utilities. 

4357
03:43:33,400 --> 03:43:35,900
Decay starts when economic or 
political problems. 

4358
03:43:35,900 --> 03:43:38,200
Take resources away from this 
unglamorous work. 

4359
03:43:38,200 --> 03:43:40,000
It might not be clear right 
away. 

4360
03:43:40,000 --> 03:43:44,100
Infrastructure gets worse over 
time with the small failure. 

4361
03:43:44,100 --> 03:43:47,000
Adding to the last one. 
Until one day, you look around 

4362
03:43:47,000 --> 03:43:50,000
and see that systems you used to
trust, aren't working anymore. 

4363
03:43:50,000 --> 03:43:53,100
The Romans would get what we're 
talking about when we argue 

4364
03:43:53,100 --> 03:43:56,200
about infrastructure, they had 
to deal with the same problems 

4365
03:43:56,200 --> 03:43:58,900
of balancing short-term savings 
with long term investments, 

4366
03:43:58,900 --> 03:44:02,100
political expedience you with 
engineering assess, tea and 

4367
03:44:02,100 --> 03:44:04,000
local, needs with system wide 
needs. 

4368
03:44:04,000 --> 03:44:06,800
Their roads fell apart, not 
because they didn't know how to 

4369
03:44:06,800 --> 03:44:09,000
build them, right. 
But because keeping them up, 

4370
03:44:09,000 --> 03:44:11,700
took more resources and 
dedication than their society. 

4371
03:44:11,700 --> 03:44:14,600
Could give, let's take a break 
for a moment on a particularly 

4372
03:44:14,600 --> 03:44:17,800
beautiful stretch of preserved, 
Roman Road, it might be in the 

4373
03:44:17,800 --> 03:44:20,300
English Countryside where the 
old stones are on straight to 

4374
03:44:20,300 --> 03:44:23,400
cross a green hillsides, and the
landscape on either side looks 

4375
03:44:23,400 --> 03:44:25,100
like a painting of pastoral 
happiness. 

4376
03:44:25,100 --> 03:44:28,600
The Stone's under your feet are 
still strong after almost 2000 

4377
03:44:28,600 --> 03:44:30,900
years. 
Some have faint marks on the 

4378
03:44:30,900 --> 03:44:32,800
from ironed wheels that went 
over them. 

4379
03:44:32,800 --> 03:44:35,500
When emperor Ruled, you might 
have learned their names in 

4380
03:44:35,500 --> 03:44:37,400
school but can't quite remember 
them. 

4381
03:44:37,400 --> 03:44:39,400
Others. 
Show how the weather has changed

4382
03:44:39,400 --> 03:44:42,800
over many seasons with smooth. 
Slightly rounded surfaces from 

4383
03:44:42,800 --> 03:44:45,200
rain wind and millions of 
footsteps. 

4384
03:44:46,000 --> 03:44:48,400
You can see how well these 
Stones fit together in the low 

4385
03:44:48,400 --> 03:44:51,600
light of the afternoon, even 
after hundreds of years of frost

4386
03:44:51,600 --> 03:44:54,700
heaving root growth and Nature's
General chaos, trying to take 

4387
03:44:54,700 --> 03:44:58,000
apart human buildings, most 
stones still touch each other 

4388
03:44:58,000 --> 03:45:00,500
with only a fingers width of 
space between them. 

4389
03:45:00,500 --> 03:45:03,400
It's the kind of craftsmanship 
that makes you feel bad about 

4390
03:45:03,400 --> 03:45:06,900
the Shelf you put up last 
weekend at wobbles If you close 

4391
03:45:06,900 --> 03:45:10,300
your eyes and really listen, The
Sounds around, you aren't that 

4392
03:45:10,300 --> 03:45:12,400
different from what people 
traveling, in Rome would have 

4393
03:45:12,400 --> 03:45:15,300
heard birds are singing in the 
hedgerows that Mark, the edge of

4394
03:45:15,300 --> 03:45:18,200
the modern field wind blowing 
through the grass. 

4395
03:45:18,200 --> 03:45:20,700
The sound of sheep bleeding in 
the distance. 

4396
03:45:21,600 --> 03:45:24,100
These sheep of the descendants 
of flocks, that may have walked 

4397
03:45:24,100 --> 03:45:27,200
along this road when it was new.
The English Countryside, stays 

4398
03:45:27,200 --> 03:45:30,700
the same, even as things change.
But if you look more closely, 

4399
03:45:30,700 --> 03:45:33,200
you'll see that the landscape 
tells a story of its own. 

4400
03:45:33,200 --> 03:45:36,800
The road is in a slight dip, but
not because the Romans build it 

4401
03:45:36,800 --> 03:45:39,200
that way. 
In dead, the land around, it has

4402
03:45:39,200 --> 03:45:42,700
been slowly built up by years of
farming, with each Year's leaves

4403
03:45:42,700 --> 03:45:45,400
and organic matter, adding 
microscopic thickness to the 

4404
03:45:45,400 --> 03:45:47,900
soil. 
The world has risen around the 

4405
03:45:47,900 --> 03:45:50,100
road. 
Not the other way around, you 

4406
03:45:50,100 --> 03:45:52,900
can see that some of the stones 
have wildflowers growing between

4407
03:45:52,900 --> 03:45:55,800
them, these aren't invasive, 
weeds, that are ruining old 

4408
03:45:55,800 --> 03:45:57,800
buildings. 
They're part of a unique 

4409
03:45:57,800 --> 03:46:00,400
ecosystem that can only be found
in places like this. 

4410
03:46:00,400 --> 03:46:03,208
Some of these plants are very 
rare and only live in the 

4411
03:46:03,216 --> 03:46:07,000
specific conditions that Roman 
engineering made botanists. 

4412
03:46:07,000 --> 03:46:09,100
Sometimes look at old Roman 
roads, because they keep 

4413
03:46:09,100 --> 03:46:12,600
ecological conditions that have 
disappeared in other places, a 

4414
03:46:12,600 --> 03:46:15,300
modern hiker walks by on a trail
that includes this part of the 

4415
03:46:15,300 --> 03:46:18,400
Roman Road. 
She is using GPS to find her way

4416
03:46:18,400 --> 03:46:21,700
following a root, she downloaded
to her smartphone, but she's 

4417
03:46:21,708 --> 03:46:24,100
walking on roads that were built
2000 years. 

4418
03:46:24,100 --> 03:46:27,300
Before electricity, the mix of 
old and new isn't jarring. 

4419
03:46:27,300 --> 03:46:30,600
It feels natural as if the road 
has taken in the technology of 

4420
03:46:30,600 --> 03:46:32,400
each time period. 
Without losing its basic 

4421
03:46:32,400 --> 03:46:34,900
character, you come across a 
part of the road that 

4422
03:46:34,900 --> 03:46:37,800
archaeologists have partially 
dug up further down the path. 

4423
03:46:38,300 --> 03:46:41,000
They've carefully dug out, dirt 
from one side, showing the 

4424
03:46:41,000 --> 03:46:42,600
cross-section of Roman 
construction. 

4425
03:46:42,600 --> 03:46:44,900
Like a slice through a layer 
cake. 

4426
03:46:44,900 --> 03:46:48,900
You can see each layer the big 
stones that make up the base, 

4427
03:46:48,900 --> 03:46:52,700
the mixed gravel and mortar 
above the sand levels, the 

4428
03:46:52,700 --> 03:46:54,700
surface. 
And finally, the paving stones 

4429
03:46:54,700 --> 03:46:57,900
on top there is an interpretive 
sign that tells you what you're 

4430
03:46:57,900 --> 03:47:00,600
looking at, but the building 
itself is so clear that it 

4431
03:47:00,600 --> 03:47:03,500
doesn't need words. 
This is how to make something 

4432
03:47:03,500 --> 03:47:06,600
that will last, this is how you 
build infrastructure that will 

4433
03:47:06,600 --> 03:47:09,000
last for 100s of years. 
And of just decades. 

4434
03:47:09,000 --> 03:47:12,500
This is how you show future 
Generations that you had faith 

4435
03:47:12,500 --> 03:47:15,000
in the future and did what you 
could to make it happen. 

4436
03:47:15,000 --> 03:47:19,400
But this exposed cross-section 
is also very sad, if it feels 

4437
03:47:19,400 --> 03:47:22,600
like seeing the bones of the 
Earth itself, the skeleton that 

4438
03:47:22,600 --> 03:47:26,000
lies under the skin of the land,
it was never meant for people to

4439
03:47:26,000 --> 03:47:29,000
see the road like this, it 
strength was supposed to come 

4440
03:47:29,000 --> 03:47:31,100
from everything working together
as one. 

4441
03:47:31,900 --> 03:47:34,800
Taking apart its internal 
structure shows us how it works.

4442
03:47:34,800 --> 03:47:38,200
But it also makes it less 
useful, turning a useful piece 

4443
03:47:38,200 --> 03:47:40,500
of infrastructure into an 
anatomical specimen. 

4444
03:47:40,500 --> 03:47:43,400
You might find things in the 
nearby museum that were found 

4445
03:47:43,400 --> 03:47:47,300
along this road like coins. 
That Travelers dropped pieces of

4446
03:47:47,300 --> 03:47:51,200
pottery that used to hold oil or
wine and a bronze figurine that 

4447
03:47:51,200 --> 03:47:53,300
someone lost 2000 years ago and 
never found. 

4448
03:47:53,300 --> 03:47:56,200
Each thing is a small tragedy 
and a small connection. 

4449
03:47:56,200 --> 03:48:00,000
Someone's lost is our game and 
we can think about the moment 

4450
03:48:00,000 --> 03:48:02,700
that was lost. 
The simplest things are often 

4451
03:48:02,700 --> 03:48:06,100
the most moving. 
A toy cart for a child, a 

4452
03:48:06,100 --> 03:48:09,900
hairpin for a woman or a worn 
sandal sole these common things.

4453
03:48:09,900 --> 03:48:12,200
Make the road, feel more like a 
person than military or 

4454
03:48:12,200 --> 03:48:15,200
architectural history. 
Can they remind us that this 

4455
03:48:15,200 --> 03:48:17,600
road was used by more than just 
armies and trade goods. 

4456
03:48:17,600 --> 03:48:21,600
There was also used by families 
visiting relatives craftspeople 

4457
03:48:21,600 --> 03:48:24,500
going to Market children seeing 
the world for the first time. 

4458
03:48:24,500 --> 03:48:27,300
An old people making one last 
trip to places. 

4459
03:48:27,300 --> 03:48:29,900
They loved when they were young.
Roman roads were built for 

4460
03:48:29,900 --> 03:48:33,600
useful things like moving troops
making trade easier and keeping 

4461
03:48:33,600 --> 03:48:36,300
the government in check, but 
they ended up serving a more 

4462
03:48:36,308 --> 03:48:40,700
basic need The need to connect 
with others to move and to see 

4463
03:48:40,700 --> 03:48:42,500
what's over the next Hill. 
And the one after that. 

4464
03:48:42,500 --> 03:48:45,600
This is why roads are important 
for more than just their 

4465
03:48:45,600 --> 03:48:49,200
engineering specifications or 
they usefulness to the economy. 

4466
03:48:50,300 --> 03:48:52,000
They meet a basic need in all of
us. 

4467
03:48:52,000 --> 03:48:55,500
Our constant need to be 
somewhere else and see more than

4468
03:48:55,500 --> 03:48:58,500
one place can offer, 
archaeologists and geographers. 

4469
03:48:58,500 --> 03:49:02,100
Have found something amazing. 
Even when the physical roads 

4470
03:49:02,100 --> 03:49:05,600
were gone, the paths they made a
land, often stayed in people's 

4471
03:49:05,600 --> 03:49:09,600
minds and practices for hundreds
of years picture, a part of a 

4472
03:49:09,600 --> 03:49:12,000
Roman road where all signs of 
construction of disappeared. 

4473
03:49:12,000 --> 03:49:14,500
The stones that were quarried 
for medieval buildings. 

4474
03:49:14,500 --> 03:49:17,500
The foundation layers that were 
spread out by centuries of 

4475
03:49:17,500 --> 03:49:19,500
farming. 
And even the road itself, have 

4476
03:49:19,500 --> 03:49:20,900
all been plowed under and grown 
over. 

4477
03:49:20,900 --> 03:49:23,500
There doesn't seem to be 
anything left of the Casual 

4478
03:49:23,500 --> 03:49:25,700
Observer. 
But if you map out the trade 

4479
03:49:25,700 --> 03:49:28,700
routes from the Middle Ages, the
Paz that villagers used to get 

4480
03:49:28,700 --> 03:49:31,500
from one settlement to another 
or the property lines that 

4481
03:49:31,500 --> 03:49:33,800
farmer set up. 
You'll often find that they 

4482
03:49:33,800 --> 03:49:37,200
follow the same line as the 
Roman Road, that is no longer 

4483
03:49:37,200 --> 03:49:39,500
there. 
This persistent occurs because 

4484
03:49:39,500 --> 03:49:43,000
pathways through the landscape 
are not random, Roman Engineers 

4485
03:49:43,000 --> 03:49:45,800
chose their paths, for good 
reasons, these were the easiest 

4486
03:49:45,800 --> 03:49:49,100
Hills to cross the most direct 
routes between Portland points. 

4487
03:49:49,100 --> 03:49:51,600
The best place is to build 
bridges over rivers. 

4488
03:49:51,600 --> 03:49:54,400
And the best place is to cross. 
Valleys where travel was 

4489
03:49:54,400 --> 03:49:56,600
possible. 
When the Roman Road went away, 

4490
03:49:56,600 --> 03:49:58,700
people found the same best 
routes on their own. 

4491
03:49:58,700 --> 03:50:02,200
They weren't following the road.
As they could see it, they were 

4492
03:50:02,200 --> 03:50:05,000
retracing it because geography 
still gave them the same answers

4493
03:50:05,000 --> 03:50:08,100
to the same problems even when 
people have built things on the 

4494
03:50:08,100 --> 03:50:10,900
land it still remembers. 
This is still true in modern 

4495
03:50:10,900 --> 03:50:14,100
Britain where many of today's 
highways follow the same paths 

4496
03:50:14,100 --> 03:50:17,100
as Roman roads, which often 
followed the same paths as 

4497
03:50:17,108 --> 03:50:18,800
Celtic. 
Trackways that came before them 

4498
03:50:18,800 --> 03:50:21,100
the Roman wattling Street runs 
along. 

4499
03:50:21,100 --> 03:50:25,000
Most of the A5 highway from 
London to Wales the A1, which is

4500
03:50:25,000 --> 03:50:28,500
the longest numbered road in the
UK follows, a path that has been

4501
03:50:28,508 --> 03:50:31,600
used since prehistoric times, 
and was made official by the 

4502
03:50:31,600 --> 03:50:33,700
Romans. 
The modern highway system in 

4503
03:50:33,700 --> 03:50:35,800
France. 
Still uses Roman roads, for both

4504
03:50:35,800 --> 03:50:38,700
roots and names. 
French Engineers built their 

4505
03:50:38,700 --> 03:50:41,300
modern Road Network in the 18th 
and 19th centuries. 

4506
03:50:41,300 --> 03:50:44,500
And when they could, they 
followed Roman roots, they 

4507
03:50:44,500 --> 03:50:46,700
thought of themselves as 
restoring old infrastructure 

4508
03:50:46,700 --> 03:50:50,100
rather than replacing it. 
The Inca Road system in South 

4509
03:50:50,100 --> 03:50:53,600
America is another example of 
something that lasts the Inca 

4510
03:50:53,600 --> 03:50:56,800
empire fell apart in the 16th 
century and their roads fell 

4511
03:50:56,800 --> 03:51:00,300
into disrepair. 
However, many modern Peruvian 

4512
03:51:00,300 --> 03:51:04,000
highways following routes. 
Modern roads wind along the same

4513
03:51:04,000 --> 03:51:06,700
paths as the ink as carved steps
into Mountain sides. 

4514
03:51:06,700 --> 03:51:10,400
This is because the geography 
hasn't changed, these are still 

4515
03:51:10,400 --> 03:51:12,300
the best ways to get through 
some of the most difficult 

4516
03:51:12,300 --> 03:51:15,800
terrain on Earth. 
This persistence teaches us, 

4517
03:51:15,800 --> 03:51:18,500
something deep about how 
human-made things and natural 

4518
03:51:18,500 --> 03:51:21,500
landscapes work together, we 
like to think of our roads and 

4519
03:51:21,500 --> 03:51:24,500
buildings as things that get in 
the way of nature as things that

4520
03:51:24,508 --> 03:51:26,600
people change the world to fit 
their needs. 

4521
03:51:27,400 --> 03:51:30,700
But in reality infrastructure, 
works best when it works with 

4522
03:51:30,700 --> 03:51:32,400
the landscape instead of against
it. 

4523
03:51:32,400 --> 03:51:35,800
The roads that last whether in 
the physical world or in the 

4524
03:51:35,808 --> 03:51:38,800
minds of people are the ones 
that find the easiest way 

4525
03:51:38,800 --> 03:51:40,500
through the land and don't fight
it. 

4526
03:51:41,200 --> 03:51:43,700
There is a more profound lesson 
here, regarding the essence of 

4527
03:51:43,700 --> 03:51:47,000
civilization itself. 
We often think of civilizations 

4528
03:51:47,000 --> 03:51:49,600
as completely new things that 
come after what came before. 

4529
03:51:49,600 --> 03:51:52,600
For example, the Romans took 
over what was their before? 

4530
03:51:52,600 --> 03:51:56,600
Medieval kingdoms took over Rome
and modern Nations took over 

4531
03:51:56,600 --> 03:51:59,600
medieval structures. 
But human geography shows that 

4532
03:51:59,600 --> 03:52:02,500
things have stayed the same more
than these political stories. 

4533
03:52:02,500 --> 03:52:05,800
Say People keep living in the 
same places because they have 

4534
03:52:05,800 --> 03:52:07,900
good water. 
Good places to defend 

4535
03:52:07,900 --> 03:52:11,400
themselves, good soil and easy, 
access to trade routes. 

4536
03:52:11,400 --> 03:52:14,200
They keep going the same way 
because the mountains haven't 

4537
03:52:14,200 --> 03:52:17,700
moved and the rivers still flow 
the same way, political systems 

4538
03:52:17,700 --> 03:52:20,700
come and go, but the basic link 
between human settlements and 

4539
03:52:20,700 --> 03:52:22,700
the landscape changes much more 
slowly. 

4540
03:52:22,700 --> 03:52:26,100
This is why archaeologists can 
sometimes guess where they will 

4541
03:52:26,100 --> 03:52:29,500
find old roads or settlements 
just by looking at the land and 

4542
03:52:29,500 --> 03:52:32,100
geography. 
There are only a few passes that

4543
03:52:32,100 --> 03:52:33,500
don't require mountaineering 
gear. 

4544
03:52:33,500 --> 03:52:36,300
If you need to cross a mountain 
range, there are only a few 

4545
03:52:36,308 --> 03:52:38,700
places where the banks and 
current make it possible to 

4546
03:52:38,700 --> 03:52:42,800
cross a river, ancient engineers
knew this and they pick the same

4547
03:52:42,800 --> 03:52:45,400
place as that modern Engineers 
would pick if they were starting

4548
03:52:45,400 --> 03:52:47,900
from scratch. 
The fact that Roots stay the 

4549
03:52:47,900 --> 03:52:50,700
same over time is another reason
why some City stay important for

4550
03:52:50,700 --> 03:52:52,600
thousands of years While others 
fade away. 

4551
03:52:53,500 --> 03:52:56,800
Romans located at a key Crossing
on the Tiber River, which 

4552
03:52:56,800 --> 03:52:58,800
controls north south travel, 
through Italy. 

4553
03:52:58,800 --> 03:53:01,200
The ancient Latins who first 
settled there. 

4554
03:53:01,200 --> 03:53:04,100
The Romans who built their 
empire from it, the Medieval 

4555
03:53:04,100 --> 03:53:07,000
popes, who kept it as a 
political Center and modern 

4556
03:53:07,000 --> 03:53:10,200
Italy, which made it their 
Capital all cared about this 

4557
03:53:10,200 --> 03:53:14,100
Geographic Advantage, the Thames
Narrows in London, which is why 

4558
03:53:14,100 --> 03:53:16,400
the city is. 
There it is the best place to 

4559
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:19,100
cross the river. 
Paris grew on an island in the 

4560
03:53:19,108 --> 03:53:22,408
sand that was easy to defend 
Istanbul, which used to be 

4561
03:53:22,416 --> 03:53:25,100
called Byzantium. 
And then Constantinople, is that

4562
03:53:25,108 --> 03:53:28,200
the most important point where 
Europe and Asia meet, These 

4563
03:53:28,200 --> 03:53:31,200
aren't random choices or 
accidents, their places, where 

4564
03:53:31,200 --> 03:53:34,500
the landscape almost requires 
people to live and build the 

4565
03:53:34,500 --> 03:53:37,300
story of Roman roads is just one
part of a much longer Story. 

4566
03:53:37,300 --> 03:53:40,800
Once you understand this, those 
roads were just one part of a 

4567
03:53:40,800 --> 03:53:43,800
long history of people trying to
get around quickly connect the 

4568
03:53:43,800 --> 03:53:46,900
places we've chosen to live and 
get around the problems that 

4569
03:53:46,900 --> 03:53:50,100
geography puts in our way. 
The Romans did a great job of 

4570
03:53:50,100 --> 03:53:52,700
telling the story on a large 
scale but they were not the 

4571
03:53:52,700 --> 03:53:54,700
first or last to work on this 
old project. 

4572
03:53:56,000 --> 03:53:59,000
As we near the end of our trip 
down these old roads, let's 

4573
03:53:59,000 --> 03:54:01,800
think about what we've learned 
and how it affects us. 

4574
03:54:01,800 --> 03:54:05,000
Now, your back in your 
comfortable spot in your team, 

4575
03:54:05,000 --> 03:54:07,500
may have called down, but 
hopefully your mind is still 

4576
03:54:07,500 --> 03:54:11,100
busy thinking about roads ruins 
and the long history of human 

4577
03:54:11,100 --> 03:54:13,500
effort. 
The story of Old Road shows us. 

4578
03:54:13,500 --> 03:54:15,900
That infrastructure is always 
made up of both people and 

4579
03:54:15,900 --> 03:54:18,000
things. 
The stone and mortar are 

4580
03:54:18,000 --> 03:54:20,800
important but they only work in 
a network of Institutions 

4581
03:54:20,800 --> 03:54:24,900
economic systems and cultural 
practices that give them meaning

4582
03:54:24,900 --> 03:54:27,400
and keep them useful. 
Even the best-built physical 

4583
03:54:27,400 --> 03:54:29,700
infrastructure will fail 
eventually if the supporting 

4584
03:54:29,700 --> 03:54:33,200
structure falls apart, This is 
very important for today's 

4585
03:54:33,200 --> 03:54:37,400
societies infrastructure, like 
roads Bridges, Water Systems, 

4586
03:54:37,400 --> 03:54:40,400
electrical grids, and 
Telecommunications networks is 

4587
03:54:40,400 --> 03:54:42,800
all around us and we mostly take
it for granted. 

4588
03:54:42,800 --> 03:54:44,400
Granted until something goes 
wrong. 

4589
03:54:44,400 --> 03:54:47,400
You think that someone is taking
care of these systems and that 

4590
03:54:47,400 --> 03:54:49,500
there are other right 
institutions in place to make 

4591
03:54:49,500 --> 03:54:52,300
sure they keep working. 
We also think that future 

4592
03:54:52,300 --> 03:54:54,900
Generations will have the same 
working infrastructure that we 

4593
03:54:54,900 --> 03:54:57,100
do. 
But the Roman experience shows 

4594
03:54:57,100 --> 03:54:58,900
that these ideas can be very 
dangerous. 

4595
03:54:58,900 --> 03:55:03,500
Infrastructure needs constant 
care enough money, Technical 

4596
03:55:03,500 --> 03:55:07,900
know-how and a commitment from 
the community Decay starts when 

4597
03:55:07,900 --> 03:55:10,300
one of these parts gets weaker 
at first. 

4598
03:55:10,300 --> 03:55:14,400
It happens slowly, but it's 
speeds up as small problems turn

4599
03:55:14,400 --> 03:55:17,000
into bigger ones. 
The Romans built roads that 

4600
03:55:17,000 --> 03:55:20,400
could last for 2,000 years but 
they weren't able to build 

4601
03:55:20,400 --> 03:55:22,900
institutions that could keep 
those roads in good shape 

4602
03:55:22,900 --> 03:55:24,700
forever. 
The main problem is that 

4603
03:55:24,700 --> 03:55:27,700
physical infrastructure can last
a long time but the social 

4604
03:55:27,700 --> 03:55:30,600
infrastructure needed to keep it
up is weak and depends on stable

4605
03:55:30,600 --> 03:55:33,700
government enough resources and 
cultural continuity. 

4606
03:55:33,700 --> 03:55:36,800
It wasn't engineering failure, 
that calls Roman roads to fall 

4607
03:55:36,800 --> 03:55:38,500
apart. 
It was the collapse of the 

4608
03:55:38,508 --> 03:55:40,900
government. 
The Empire couldn't keep up with

4609
03:55:40,900 --> 03:55:42,900
the tax money, it needed to pay 
for repairs. 

4610
03:55:42,900 --> 03:55:47,200
Administrative systems, stopped,
working making it impossible for

4611
03:55:47,200 --> 03:55:49,900
the organization to coordinate 
repairs over large areas. 

4612
03:55:50,800 --> 03:55:53,500
When skilled workers died 
without properly training their 

4613
03:55:53,500 --> 03:55:55,600
successes they lost technical 
knowledge. 

4614
03:55:55,600 --> 03:55:58,800
People's cultural priorities 
change from keeping old 

4615
03:55:58,800 --> 03:56:01,900
infrastructure up to date to 
just getting through immediate 

4616
03:56:01,900 --> 03:56:05,300
crises, all of these things are 
still true today countries have 

4617
03:56:05,300 --> 03:56:07,700
a hard time paying for 
infrastructure upkeep because 

4618
03:56:07,700 --> 03:56:10,300
it's easier for politicians to 
cut funding for repairs. 

4619
03:56:10,300 --> 03:56:13,200
That aren't very glamorous than 
for new projects that are very 

4620
03:56:13,200 --> 03:56:15,000
visible. 
When people look down on 

4621
03:56:15,000 --> 03:56:17,500
government jobs and of 
respecting them, the 

4622
03:56:17,500 --> 03:56:21,000
government's ability to do, its 
job, suffers when societies 

4623
03:56:21,000 --> 03:56:24,100
don't value, skilled trades, 
they lose technical know-how 

4624
03:56:24,100 --> 03:56:27,100
cultural attention is on 
short-term issues, and stead of 

4625
03:56:27,100 --> 03:56:31,400
long-term sustainability, But 
the story of old roads or gives 

4626
03:56:31,400 --> 03:56:33,700
us hope people kept roads 
working. 

4627
03:56:33,700 --> 03:56:36,900
Even after Empires fell apart 
and formal maintenance stopped, 

4628
03:56:36,900 --> 03:56:40,100
they did this through local 
initiative, creative adaptation 

4629
03:56:40,100 --> 03:56:44,100
and practical improvisation The 
roads may not have been as good 

4630
03:56:44,100 --> 03:56:46,800
as they used to be, but they 
still did their main job of 

4631
03:56:46,800 --> 03:56:49,800
connecting people and places. 
This strength shows that 

4632
03:56:49,800 --> 03:56:53,300
infrastructure once built adds 
value that lasts, even during 

4633
03:56:53,300 --> 03:56:57,000
tough times, the road matters. 
Even when the pavement breaks up

4634
03:56:57,000 --> 03:57:00,100
even when the journey gets 
harder, the connection is still 

4635
03:57:00,100 --> 03:57:03,300
important. 
The concept of a road ingrained 

4636
03:57:03,300 --> 03:57:07,000
in landscape and cultural memory
endures Beyond any tangible 

4637
03:57:07,000 --> 03:57:09,700
structure. 
This means that infrastructure 

4638
03:57:09,700 --> 03:57:12,900
investment is important for more
than just its immediate use in 

4639
03:57:12,900 --> 03:57:15,900
today's society infrastructure 
that works well creates 

4640
03:57:15,900 --> 03:57:18,400
connections that affect 
geography, the economy and 

4641
03:57:18,400 --> 03:57:21,800
culture for many years. 
The initial cost may seem high 

4642
03:57:21,800 --> 03:57:25,600
but the long-term benefits, some
of which are hard to measure or 

4643
03:57:25,600 --> 03:57:27,700
predict make the investment 
worth it. 

4644
03:57:27,700 --> 03:57:30,300
It also says that we should 
build infrastructure with the 

4645
03:57:30,300 --> 03:57:34,300
idea of graceful degradation in 
mind, Roman roads worked well, 

4646
03:57:34,300 --> 03:57:37,300
when they were well-maintained, 
but they also worked partially 

4647
03:57:37,300 --> 03:57:40,400
for hundreds of years. 
After maintenance stopped modern

4648
03:57:40,400 --> 03:57:42,300
infrastructure. 
Is often more fragile because it

4649
03:57:42,300 --> 03:57:45,000
is made to work perfectly only 
under certain conditions. 

4650
03:57:45,700 --> 03:57:48,200
If those conditions are met, it 
can break down completely. 

4651
03:57:48,200 --> 03:57:52,000
What would it mean to build 
roads Bridges and utilities that

4652
03:57:52,000 --> 03:57:55,200
could handle less maintenance 
without any problems that could 

4653
03:57:55,200 --> 03:57:56,600
keep providing important 
Services? 

4654
03:57:56,600 --> 03:57:58,800
Even if money or knowledge 
became hard to find. 

4655
03:57:58,800 --> 03:58:01,500
That could be fixed with 
materials and skills that are 

4656
03:58:01,508 --> 03:58:04,300
available in the area, rather 
than needing special ones. 

4657
03:58:04,300 --> 03:58:07,200
These aren't just hypothetical 
questions there. 

4658
03:58:07,200 --> 03:58:10,400
Real issues for any society that
wants his infrastructure to last

4659
03:58:10,400 --> 03:58:13,500
through, short-term problems, 
the story of Roman roads. 

4660
03:58:13,500 --> 03:58:16,300
Also reminds us to think about 
infrastructure in both practical

4661
03:58:16,300 --> 03:58:19,200
and symbolic ways. 
Roads are a symbol of 

4662
03:58:19,200 --> 03:58:22,100
civilization connection and 
possibility. 

4663
03:58:22,100 --> 03:58:25,400
People think their society works
and that the people in charge of

4664
03:58:25,408 --> 03:58:27,100
smart. 
When the roads are well kept, 

4665
03:58:27,900 --> 03:58:30,700
Seems like Civilization is 
falling apart when roads get 

4666
03:58:30,700 --> 03:58:32,800
worse. 
This symbolic aspect is 

4667
03:58:32,800 --> 03:58:35,500
important because infrastructure
affects how people see their 

4668
03:58:35,500 --> 03:58:37,500
relationships with each other 
and with the government. 

4669
03:58:38,500 --> 03:58:42,100
Good infrastructure is a sign of
good government and social Unity

4670
03:58:42,100 --> 03:58:44,300
infrastructure. 
That doesn't work shows that 

4671
03:58:44,300 --> 03:58:47,000
people aren't competent and 
things are broken up these 

4672
03:58:47,000 --> 03:58:50,700
Perceptions in turn affect how 
much political support there is 

4673
03:58:50,700 --> 03:58:53,800
for the institutions that keep 
infrastructure running which can

4674
03:58:53,800 --> 03:58:57,900
lead to good or bad Cycles. 
Romans understood this symbolic 

4675
03:58:57,900 --> 03:58:59,500
part of things on an instinctive
level. 

4676
03:58:59,500 --> 03:59:03,400
They built their roads to be big
and impressive not just to get 

4677
03:59:03,400 --> 03:59:06,900
people where they needed to go. 
Milestone's told people which 

4678
03:59:06,900 --> 03:59:10,400
emperor had built or fixed each 
part turning road work in to 

4679
03:59:10,400 --> 03:59:13,000
propaganda. 
The Via appeal wasn't just a 

4680
03:59:13,000 --> 03:59:14,800
road that connected, Rome to 
Southern Italy. 

4681
03:59:14,800 --> 03:59:17,800
It was a sign of Roman strength 
and stability. 

4682
03:59:18,700 --> 03:59:21,900
People in modern societies. 
Sometimes forget this lesson and

4683
03:59:21,900 --> 03:59:23,600
treat infrastructure as just a 
tool. 

4684
03:59:23,600 --> 03:59:26,600
They wonder why people don't 
appreciate the complicated 

4685
03:59:26,600 --> 03:59:28,500
systems that make Modern Life 
possible. 

4686
03:59:28,500 --> 03:59:31,700
But infrastructure is never just
about how it works. 

4687
03:59:31,700 --> 03:59:35,600
It's about who you are, your 
pride, and how social values 

4688
03:59:35,600 --> 03:59:38,700
show up in the real world as we 
reach the end of our Journey 

4689
03:59:38,700 --> 03:59:41,100
Through Time. 
And over ancient stone, think 

4690
03:59:41,100 --> 03:59:43,700
about what it means to literally
walk in the footsteps of. 

4691
03:59:43,700 --> 03:59:47,000
So many people who came before 
us every Old Road, that is 

4692
03:59:47,000 --> 03:59:50,400
still, there has this quality of
deep time this feeling of being 

4693
03:59:50,400 --> 03:59:53,500
connected to a huge human story 
that goes far beyond your own 

4694
03:59:53,500 --> 03:59:55,700
life. 
When you walk on Roman paving 

4695
03:59:55,700 --> 03:59:58,900
stones, you're walking where 
Roman soldiers marked, where 

4696
03:59:58,900 --> 04:00:01,800
Merchants drove their cars, 
where Messengers ran with 

4697
04:00:01,800 --> 04:00:05,900
important news, a family's moved
to new homes, where pilgrims 

4698
04:00:05,900 --> 04:00:09,500
looked for God's favor and where
Exiles left their homes and 

4699
04:00:09,500 --> 04:00:12,400
maybe never came back. 
Each of those people was just as

4700
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:16,000
real as you are with hopes and 
fears and small daily problems 

4701
04:00:16,000 --> 04:00:18,100
that took up their time just 
like yours do now. 

4702
04:00:18,700 --> 04:00:21,400
They will worry about their 
health, their families, their 

4703
04:00:21,400 --> 04:00:24,100
money, and whether they had made
the right choice in life. 

4704
04:00:24,900 --> 04:00:28,600
The road saw it all. 
Countless human dramas playing 

4705
04:00:28,600 --> 04:00:32,300
out on its unchanging surface. 
This is why parts of old roads 

4706
04:00:32,300 --> 04:00:35,100
that have been preserved. 
Often feel almost sacred, even 

4707
04:00:35,100 --> 04:00:38,200
to people who aren't very 
religious, you're standing in a 

4708
04:00:38,200 --> 04:00:41,400
place where the line between the
past and the present is thin and

4709
04:00:41,400 --> 04:00:44,500
you can almost feel the presence
of all the lives that no longer 

4710
04:00:44,500 --> 04:00:46,800
there. 
The stones are proof, that those

4711
04:00:46,800 --> 04:00:49,600
people lived that their 
civilization was real. 

4712
04:00:49,600 --> 04:00:53,300
And that they did things that 
still matter The ruins of old 

4713
04:00:53,300 --> 04:00:55,100
roads. 
Also remind us that things don't

4714
04:00:55,100 --> 04:00:58,200
last forever, which is somehow 
comforting instead of sad. 

4715
04:00:58,200 --> 04:01:01,500
Yes, even the strongest Empires 
will fall apart. 

4716
04:01:01,500 --> 04:01:03,600
Yes. 
Even the best build 

4717
04:01:03,600 --> 04:01:05,800
infrastructure. 
Will eventually need more upkeep

4718
04:01:05,800 --> 04:01:07,700
than anyone can give. 
Yes. 

4719
04:01:07,700 --> 04:01:10,700
Everything that people do is 
only temporary when compared to 

4720
04:01:10,700 --> 04:01:14,100
geological time scales, but that
doesn't mean that what people do

4721
04:01:14,100 --> 04:01:16,500
doesn't matter. 
The roads were important to the 

4722
04:01:16,500 --> 04:01:19,800
people who build them and the 
people who used them, they had a

4723
04:01:19,800 --> 04:01:22,400
big impact on the growth of 
civilization, the success of 

4724
04:01:22,400 --> 04:01:25,700
cities, the movement of armies. 
And the flow of trade goods, 

4725
04:01:25,700 --> 04:01:29,300
their legacy lives on in the 
geography of today in the places

4726
04:01:29,300 --> 04:01:32,700
where cities are in the paths of
Highways and in the shape of the

4727
04:01:32,700 --> 04:01:36,000
world, we live in now, the Roman
engineer who carefully placed 

4728
04:01:36,000 --> 04:01:38,900
paving stones on the Via. 
Appia, probably never thought 

4729
04:01:38,900 --> 04:01:41,400
that those stones would still be
there 2000 years later. 

4730
04:01:41,400 --> 04:01:44,600
We probably also never thought 
that people with technology. 

4731
04:01:44,600 --> 04:01:47,200
We can't even imagine would 
study and preserve his work. 

4732
04:01:47,200 --> 04:01:50,300
Well, that children who weren't 
even born yet would someday run 

4733
04:01:50,300 --> 04:01:51,800
their hands over the surface he 
made. 

4734
04:01:52,500 --> 04:01:54,600
Here we are and the stones are 
still there. 

4735
04:01:55,400 --> 04:01:58,100
This makes me think that we 
should see ourselves as links in

4736
04:01:58,100 --> 04:02:01,300
a long chain. 
The infrastructure we build keep

4737
04:02:01,300 --> 04:02:04,300
up or let fall apart will affect
the world that future 

4738
04:02:04,300 --> 04:02:06,900
Generations. 
Get the decisions we make about 

4739
04:02:06,900 --> 04:02:10,300
how to use our resources. 
How to keep things running and 

4740
04:02:10,300 --> 04:02:13,200
how to teach the next generation
of Engineers and Crafts People 

4741
04:02:13,200 --> 04:02:15,800
all have effects that lasts long
after. 

4742
04:02:15,800 --> 04:02:17,800
We're gone. 
We don't know how the next 

4743
04:02:17,808 --> 04:02:19,400
Generations will see our 
decisions. 

4744
04:02:19,400 --> 04:02:22,400
We can't say, for sure, which of
our buildings will still be 

4745
04:02:22,400 --> 04:02:25,400
standing in 2000 years and which
ones will have disappeared 

4746
04:02:25,400 --> 04:02:28,300
Without a Trace. 
But we can try to build with the

4747
04:02:28,300 --> 04:02:31,900
same care and ambition that 
drove the best Roman Engineers 

4748
04:02:31,900 --> 04:02:35,500
making things that will last 
using materials that are better 

4749
04:02:35,500 --> 04:02:38,500
than what we need right now. 
And spending money on things 

4750
04:02:38,500 --> 04:02:41,200
that will be useful in the 
future, even if it seems like a 

4751
04:02:41,208 --> 04:02:43,100
lot. 
The funny thing is that the 

4752
04:02:43,100 --> 04:02:45,800
Romans who are so sure that 
their empire would last forever 

4753
04:02:45,800 --> 04:02:49,100
would be shocked to learn that 
their roads lasted longer than 

4754
04:02:49,100 --> 04:02:51,700
their civilization? 
They probably would have liked 

4755
04:02:51,700 --> 04:02:54,400
it better if their empire state 
the same and stead of Justice 

4756
04:02:54,400 --> 04:02:57,200
infrastructure. 
But from where we stand, the 

4757
04:02:57,200 --> 04:03:00,700
fact that Roman roads are still 
there makes Rome Feel more not 

4758
04:03:00,700 --> 04:03:04,400
less Eternal as you finish your 
warm drink and get ready for 

4759
04:03:04,400 --> 04:03:07,600
bed, think about how this story 
could help you as you go about 

4760
04:03:07,600 --> 04:03:10,400
your day. 
When you drive on a highway or 

4761
04:03:10,400 --> 04:03:14,000
walk down a street, think about 
the history that Lies Beneath 

4762
04:03:14,000 --> 04:03:16,500
the surface. 
I wonder who walked this path 

4763
04:03:16,500 --> 04:03:19,600
before it was paved, what 
natural features made this route

4764
04:03:19,600 --> 04:03:22,400
and what stories could be told 
about all the trips that have 

4765
04:03:22,400 --> 04:03:24,800
happened here. 
Think about the people who keep 

4766
04:03:24,800 --> 04:03:27,800
our modern infrastructure 
running, they do unglamorous 

4767
04:03:27,800 --> 04:03:30,700
work like filling in potholes, 
clearing drains, and fixing 

4768
04:03:30,700 --> 04:03:33,100
bridges. 
In terms of work, they have the 

4769
04:03:33,100 --> 04:03:35,900
direct descendants of the Roman 
engineers and maintenance Crews.

4770
04:03:35,900 --> 04:03:39,200
They're using better technology 
to solve the same basic problem 

4771
04:03:39,200 --> 04:03:43,300
but it's the same basic problem.
Keeping paths open so that 

4772
04:03:43,300 --> 04:03:47,000
people and things can move. 
Don't just see ruins like old 

4773
04:03:47,000 --> 04:03:50,100
Roman roads or empty. 
Modern highways, as failures. 

4774
04:03:50,100 --> 04:03:53,700
Also, see them as proof that 
people keep trying building and 

4775
04:03:53,700 --> 04:03:55,900
connecting. 
Think of them as proof that 

4776
04:03:55,900 --> 04:03:58,600
we're all part of a long story 
that started before we were born

4777
04:03:58,600 --> 04:03:59,900
and will go on after. 
We're gone. 

4778
04:03:59,900 --> 04:04:03,000
The last Light in your room is 
fading and you're probably 

4779
04:04:03,008 --> 04:04:05,800
getting sleepy, which is exactly
what should happen. 

4780
04:04:05,800 --> 04:04:09,000
When you read a bedtime story, 
you've been with me on trips to 

4781
04:04:09,008 --> 04:04:12,700
ancient building sites, medieval
manor houses, busy Imperial, 

4782
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:16,200
highways and overgrown, ruins 
that the forest is slowly taking

4783
04:04:16,200 --> 04:04:18,200
back. 
You walked on pavement that 

4784
04:04:18,200 --> 04:04:21,400
people have been walking on for 
2000 years and you thought about

4785
04:04:21,400 --> 04:04:23,200
what it means that their work is
still there. 

4786
04:04:23,200 --> 04:04:26,200
Even though their civilization 
is gone, you've thought about 

4787
04:04:26,200 --> 04:04:30,100
why roads are important how they
are made, how they work and what

4788
04:04:30,100 --> 04:04:33,100
happens when the systems that 
keep them up fail, but most 

4789
04:04:33,100 --> 04:04:35,700
importantly you've tapped into 
something basic about being 

4790
04:04:35,700 --> 04:04:38,100
human. 
I'll need to move can connect 

4791
04:04:38,100 --> 04:04:40,700
and get past the things that 
keep us from getting to the 

4792
04:04:40,700 --> 04:04:43,300
people in places. 
We want to go roads are one of 

4793
04:04:43,308 --> 04:04:45,700
the most basic technologies that
people have Made. 

4794
04:04:45,700 --> 04:04:48,400
They make paths permanent and 
Roots, reliable. 

4795
04:04:49,100 --> 04:04:50,600
Because they meet this basic 
need. 

4796
04:04:50,600 --> 04:04:53,500
Every culture in history has 
made them in some way. 

4797
04:04:53,508 --> 04:04:56,800
The old roads that fell apart 
when Empires fell, show us that 

4798
04:04:56,800 --> 04:05:00,200
being strong isn't enough 
infrastructure, needs constant 

4799
04:05:00,200 --> 04:05:03,900
care, enough money, Technical 
know-how and a commitment to the

4800
04:05:03,900 --> 04:05:07,100
community, even the best made 
roads will eventually break down

4801
04:05:07,100 --> 04:05:11,100
due to water plants Frost, and 
the slow work of nature to 

4802
04:05:11,100 --> 04:05:13,500
reclaim them but those same old 
roads. 

4803
04:05:13,500 --> 04:05:15,900
Also, show us how to be strong 
root. 

4804
04:05:15,900 --> 04:05:17,900
Stay the same. 
Even when the pavement goes 

4805
04:05:17,900 --> 04:05:20,900
away, local communities, find 
ways to stay connected. 

4806
04:05:20,900 --> 04:05:24,600
Even when the central government
fails and the memory that roads 

4807
04:05:24,600 --> 04:05:27,700
used to run straight and true 
across whole continents, gives 

4808
04:05:27,700 --> 04:05:30,800
people hope that they can do the
same things in the future as you

4809
04:05:30,808 --> 04:05:33,600
drift off to sleep. 
You might dream of old roads 

4810
04:05:33,600 --> 04:05:36,200
that run through your dreams 
like perfectly straight. 

4811
04:05:36,200 --> 04:05:40,300
Roman highways Mountain Parks 
made by Inca engineers, and 

4812
04:05:40,300 --> 04:05:42,800
Persian postal routes where 
Messengers ride through the 

4813
04:05:42,800 --> 04:05:45,400
night in dreams. 
These roads, might All Connect 

4814
04:05:45,400 --> 04:05:48,400
making a network, that goes 
through time and space and 

4815
04:05:48,400 --> 04:05:51,600
connects the Past with the 
present, Rome with now and what 

4816
04:05:51,600 --> 04:05:54,000
has been done with. 
What could be done tomorrow, 

4817
04:05:54,000 --> 04:05:56,600
when you get up and start your 
day, you'll be on the road. 

4818
04:05:56,600 --> 04:05:59,800
You could be Drive-In walking or
even just looking out your 

4819
04:05:59,808 --> 04:06:02,800
window at the street. 
Those roads are part of the 

4820
04:06:02,800 --> 04:06:05,000
same, long story. 
We've been talking about tonight

4821
04:06:05,000 --> 04:06:08,200
their modern chapters in a story
that started when the first 

4822
04:06:08,200 --> 04:06:11,700
people decided, that one paths 
could be made better, but Roots 

4823
04:06:11,700 --> 04:06:14,300
could be kept up and the 
connection was worth the money. 

4824
04:06:15,000 --> 04:06:17,800
The old roads have fallen apart,
but new ones have been built 

4825
04:06:17,800 --> 04:06:19,700
some of. 
The roads were used today will 

4826
04:06:19,700 --> 04:06:22,400
last longer than our 
civilization, just like Roman 

4827
04:06:22,400 --> 04:06:24,708
roads did. 
Some will be gone in a few 

4828
04:06:24,716 --> 04:06:28,400
decades, their materials reused 
and their paths lost. 

4829
04:06:28,400 --> 04:06:31,900
We can't tell, which is which 
just like Roman Engineers 

4830
04:06:31,900 --> 04:06:34,000
couldn't tell, which of their 
roads, would still be there. 

4831
04:06:34,000 --> 04:06:37,700
2000 years later, but we can 
build carefully, keep it up. 

4832
04:06:37,700 --> 04:06:40,200
And remember that infrastructure
is always a gift. 

4833
04:06:40,208 --> 04:06:43,500
We leave for people will never 
meet It's a gift that future 

4834
04:06:43,500 --> 04:06:46,900
Generations May value or take 
for granted, but it will always 

4835
04:06:46,900 --> 04:06:49,600
shape their world. 
You're a part of this long human

4836
04:06:49,600 --> 04:06:53,000
story of roads and ruins 
connection and Decay building 

4837
04:06:53,000 --> 04:06:56,600
and rebuilding sleep. 
Well, the Journey of Tomorrow is

4838
04:06:56,600 --> 04:06:59,500
waiting for you on roads, that 
link your present all the past 

4839
04:06:59,500 --> 04:07:02,000
and future that have come before
and will come off after. 

4840
04:07:02,800 --> 04:07:05,500
The road keeps going, even 
though some of the roads are 

4841
04:07:05,500 --> 04:07:09,100
falling apart, the journey goes 
on even when people stopped to 

4842
04:07:09,100 --> 04:07:11,500
rest. 
The link between the past and 

4843
04:07:11,500 --> 04:07:15,600
the future stays strong though, 
in stone memory and the human 

4844
04:07:15,600 --> 04:07:17,300
desire to see what's over the 
next Hill. 

4845
04:07:23,400 --> 04:07:27,700
Alexander Hamilton was born 
around, January 11th, 1755 or 

4846
04:07:27,700 --> 04:07:31,900
1757 given. 
Conflicting records in Nevis a 

4847
04:07:31,900 --> 04:07:35,100
small island in the Caribbean's 
Leeward chain, his father, 

4848
04:07:35,100 --> 04:07:37,800
James, Hamilton, hailed from 
Scotland and drifted 

4849
04:07:37,800 --> 04:07:40,500
financially. 
While his mother, Rachel Fawcett

4850
04:07:40,500 --> 04:07:44,300
was a strange from a prior 
marriage. social stigma dogged 

4851
04:07:44,300 --> 04:07:47,900
the family as Hamilton was 
deemed, illegitimate childhood 

4852
04:07:47,900 --> 04:07:50,600
brought precarious, living 
conditions amid the sugar-based 

4853
04:07:50,600 --> 04:07:54,100
economy reliant on enslaved 
labor Still the bright 

4854
04:07:54,100 --> 04:07:56,900
Caribbean, Sun, and bustle of 
Ireland, trade shaped his early 

4855
04:07:56,900 --> 04:07:58,500
impressions of Commerce and 
hierarchy. 

4856
04:07:58,500 --> 04:08:02,400
By the time, Hamilton reached 
adolescents, familial hardships,

4857
04:08:02,400 --> 04:08:05,900
worsened his father left 
compounding, the family's 

4858
04:08:05,900 --> 04:08:08,700
instability. 
Then a fever came to his mother 

4859
04:08:08,700 --> 04:08:12,500
when he was around 11:00 
orphaned Hamilton found Refuge 

4860
04:08:12,500 --> 04:08:15,000
with local Merchants who 
recognized a keen mind behind 

4861
04:08:15,000 --> 04:08:16,500
the, boys formal, but urgent 
letters. 

4862
04:08:16,500 --> 04:08:19,500
He took a clocking job at 
Beekman and Kruger's. 

4863
04:08:19,500 --> 04:08:22,500
Trading firm absorbing the 
mechanics of shipping manifests 

4864
04:08:22,500 --> 04:08:25,000
currently exchange and 
negotiation. 

4865
04:08:26,100 --> 04:08:29,600
Observers noted a precocious 
skill in accountancy and a calm 

4866
04:08:29,600 --> 04:08:32,100
Under Pressure. 
When Storms disrupted, cargo 

4867
04:08:32,100 --> 04:08:35,100
arrivals, this apprenticeship 
would lay the groundwork for 

4868
04:08:35,100 --> 04:08:37,300
Hamilton's later Mastery of 
financial systems. 

4869
04:08:38,100 --> 04:08:40,800
Crucial moment arrived. 
When Hamilton Pender Vivid 

4870
04:08:40,800 --> 04:08:44,900
letter describing A hurricane's,
Devastation his prose published 

4871
04:08:44,900 --> 04:08:47,700
in a local paper. 
So impressed leading citizens 

4872
04:08:47,700 --> 04:08:49,900
that they raised funds to send 
him to Mainland. 

4873
04:08:49,900 --> 04:08:53,200
Colonies for Education, the 
budding writer set sail, 

4874
04:08:53,200 --> 04:08:56,000
eventually Landing in. 
British North America. 

4875
04:08:56,000 --> 04:08:59,500
They precisely how he arranged 
for the schooling remains partly

4876
04:08:59,500 --> 04:09:02,100
obscure. 
By the time he stepped onto 

4877
04:09:02,100 --> 04:09:05,500
Mainland soil, Hamilton 
possessed, an unshakable resolve

4878
04:09:05,500 --> 04:09:08,800
to escape the constraints of 
colonial class, Prejudice and 

4879
04:09:08,800 --> 04:09:10,800
prove his intellect in a broader
Arena. 

4880
04:09:11,500 --> 04:09:14,800
He enrolled at King's College 
later, Columbia University in 

4881
04:09:14,800 --> 04:09:17,800
New York City. 
Political tension sword as 

4882
04:09:17,800 --> 04:09:20,600
Britain, imposed new taxes and 
cracked down on Colonial 

4883
04:09:20,600 --> 04:09:24,800
resistance, Hamilton originally 
cautious soon, found himself 

4884
04:09:24,800 --> 04:09:26,800
stirred by pamphlets on natural 
rights. 

4885
04:09:27,800 --> 04:09:30,700
He contributed Anonymous essays 
defending Colonial, protests 

4886
04:09:30,700 --> 04:09:33,700
revealing a knack for political 
writing spite. 

4887
04:09:33,700 --> 04:09:36,700
His youthful status readers 
found, his arguments chrisp 

4888
04:09:36,700 --> 04:09:40,000
blending logic with moral 
further, however, the outbreak 

4889
04:09:40,000 --> 04:09:43,000
of open Conflict at Lexington 
and Concord disrupted studies at

4890
04:09:43,000 --> 04:09:45,600
King's College. 
Hamilton though, short of 

4891
04:09:45,600 --> 04:09:49,400
stature was physically active 
and spirited He joined a 

4892
04:09:49,400 --> 04:09:52,400
volunteer artillery company 
drilling near City squares. 

4893
04:09:53,100 --> 04:09:56,400
Even a shots from British ships,
threatened Manhattan, he 

4894
04:09:56,400 --> 04:09:58,700
balanced academics with 
preparing for possible War. 

4895
04:09:59,300 --> 04:10:03,800
In 1776 amid, the swirl of 
confusion over Independence. 

4896
04:10:04,500 --> 04:10:07,600
Hamilton left formal schooling 
to commit, fully to the Patriot 

4897
04:10:07,600 --> 04:10:11,800
cause some peers found him bold 
to do so, but Hamilton believed 

4898
04:10:11,800 --> 04:10:15,100
in forging, a new order, that 
might reward Merit over birth 

4899
04:10:15,100 --> 04:10:19,500
after forming, an artillery unit
Hamilton, exhibited discipline 

4900
04:10:19,500 --> 04:10:22,200
and quick strategic. 
Thinking at the disastrous 

4901
04:10:22,200 --> 04:10:25,300
Battle of Long Island, his unit 
helps secure a retreat. 

4902
04:10:26,200 --> 04:10:29,500
The next months through near 
collapses, he drew the notice of

4903
04:10:29,500 --> 04:10:32,900
key figures. 
During the harsh, winter of 1776

4904
04:10:32,900 --> 04:10:37,200
to 1777 with the Army, battered 
Hamilton's diligence in 

4905
04:10:37,200 --> 04:10:39,700
orchestrating supplies and 
maintaining morale stood out. 

4906
04:10:40,500 --> 04:10:43,100
General George Washington, 
recognized these talents 

4907
04:10:43,100 --> 04:10:46,800
inviting Hamilton to serve as an
aide-de-camp, an assignment that

4908
04:10:46,800 --> 04:10:50,700
while staff bound gave Hamilton 
unprecedented exposure to 

4909
04:10:50,700 --> 04:10:53,800
high-level decision-making in 
Washington's Camp, Hamilton 

4910
04:10:53,800 --> 04:10:57,200
became indispensable drafting 
letters, shaping policy briefs, 

4911
04:10:57,200 --> 04:10:59,400
and forging alliances with other
officers. 

4912
04:10:59,400 --> 04:11:02,500
He gleaned Leadership Lessons 
From the generals balancing of 

4913
04:11:02,500 --> 04:11:04,400
caution and daring. 
Yet. 

4914
04:11:04,400 --> 04:11:06,400
Hamilton always seeking direct 
action. 

4915
04:11:06,400 --> 04:11:10,700
Occasionally chafed, at staff 
duties, yearn to lead troops on 

4916
04:11:10,700 --> 04:11:13,800
the battlefield tensions, with 
senior officers, sometimes 

4917
04:11:13,800 --> 04:11:18,000
flared once Hamilton fell out 
with Washington, for a perceived

4918
04:11:18,000 --> 04:11:21,700
slight over tardiness, but they 
eventually reconciled despite 

4919
04:11:21,700 --> 04:11:25,800
these brief spats the Synergy 
between them grew Hank, anchored

4920
04:11:25,800 --> 04:11:28,100
in mutual respect for diligence 
and strategy. 

4921
04:11:29,000 --> 04:11:33,300
Throughout 1777 to 1778. 
Hamilton's writing skill 

4922
04:11:33,300 --> 04:11:36,600
extended to political 
commentary, he published essays 

4923
04:11:36,600 --> 04:11:39,400
advocating for a stronger 
Central authority, to unify the 

4924
04:11:39,400 --> 04:11:42,700
war effort, the rickety 
Continental Congress lacking 

4925
04:11:42,700 --> 04:11:45,300
stable finance and overshadowed 
by state autonomy. 

4926
04:11:45,300 --> 04:11:48,900
Troubled him, he believed only 
robust National structure. 

4927
04:11:48,900 --> 04:11:51,600
Could defeat Britain this 
conviction would later inform 

4928
04:11:51,600 --> 04:11:53,500
his championing of a Federal 
Constitution. 

4929
04:11:54,500 --> 04:11:56,800
Meanwhile, in the immediate of 
War. 

4930
04:11:56,800 --> 04:12:01,000
He juggled mission after mission
for Washington, coordinating 

4931
04:12:01,000 --> 04:12:04,100
intelligence planning for 
Combined franco-american 

4932
04:12:04,100 --> 04:12:07,400
operations. 
And refining Supply, requests by

4933
04:12:07,400 --> 04:12:11,400
1779 Hamilton, stood at the 
intersection of military and 

4934
04:12:11,400 --> 04:12:14,700
political Realms forging. 
The identity of an intellect who

4935
04:12:14,700 --> 04:12:17,400
saw National success hinged upon
structure and cohesive 

4936
04:12:17,400 --> 04:12:21,300
governance. 
In early, 1780, Alexander 

4937
04:12:21,300 --> 04:12:24,400
Hamilton encountered, Elizabeth 
Schuyler daughter of General. 

4938
04:12:24,400 --> 04:12:27,500
Philip Schuyler a prominent New 
York, family patriarch. 

4939
04:12:28,400 --> 04:12:30,100
Their courtship blossomed 
swiftly. 

4940
04:12:30,100 --> 04:12:34,300
Elisabeth often called Eliza 
shared Hamilton's patriotic 

4941
04:12:34,300 --> 04:12:36,400
further and admired his Restless
intellect. 

4942
04:12:37,100 --> 04:12:40,700
They married in December, 1780 
forging a partnership that would

4943
04:12:40,700 --> 04:12:44,300
steady Hamilton through 
tumultuous times the Skyler 

4944
04:12:44,300 --> 04:12:47,200
connections, to his social 
standing, giving him a link to 

4945
04:12:47,200 --> 04:12:50,500
one of the colonies, influential
Clan's some whispered, that 

4946
04:12:50,500 --> 04:12:53,800
Hamilton a once penniless 
immigrant had upped, but he 

4947
04:12:53,800 --> 04:12:57,200
dismissed such insinuation 
cherishing Eliza's steadfast 

4948
04:12:57,200 --> 04:13:00,200
support. 
Meanwhile Hamilton's yearning 

4949
04:13:00,200 --> 04:13:03,300
for field command. 
Lingard, he finally saw the 

4950
04:13:03,300 --> 04:13:07,800
action that the siege of 
Yorktown in 1781 leading a 

4951
04:13:07,800 --> 04:13:11,900
knight of salt on British 
redoubts this bold for a brief, 

4952
04:13:11,900 --> 04:13:13,900
gave him the battlefield 
credibility. 

4953
04:13:13,900 --> 04:13:17,100
He had long craved. 
After Yorktown success. 

4954
04:13:18,000 --> 04:13:20,400
The wars momentum shifted. 
Peace. 

4955
04:13:20,400 --> 04:13:24,100
Negotiations, Advanced 
culminating in Britain's formal 

4956
04:13:24,100 --> 04:13:25,400
acknowledgment of American 
independence. 

4957
04:13:26,600 --> 04:13:29,600
With the conflict winding down 
Hamilton resigned from 

4958
04:13:29,600 --> 04:13:32,900
Washington staff. 
Now, his energy is turned to the

4959
04:13:32,900 --> 04:13:36,100
new nation's post-war 
reconstruction, he recognized 

4960
04:13:36,100 --> 04:13:39,500
that Independence alone, didn't 
guarantee Prosperity, a more 

4961
04:13:39,500 --> 04:13:43,400
cohesive Union was necessary. 
Back in civilian life, Hamilton 

4962
04:13:43,400 --> 04:13:48,200
studied law intensively. 
Passing the bar in 1782 settling

4963
04:13:48,200 --> 04:13:50,300
in New York. 
He found a city grappling with 

4964
04:13:50,300 --> 04:13:52,800
war debts. 
Local factionalism, intention 

4965
04:13:52,800 --> 04:13:56,100
between wealthy merchants and 
populist artists and Hamilton 

4966
04:13:56,100 --> 04:13:58,500
opened a law practice 
specializing in commercial 

4967
04:13:58,500 --> 04:14:02,000
disputes, revealing a knack for 
clarifying intricate financial 

4968
04:14:02,000 --> 04:14:04,900
matters. 
Through these cases, he saw 

4969
04:14:04,900 --> 04:14:07,500
first-hand how the Articles of 
Confederation left the national 

4970
04:14:07,500 --> 04:14:10,200
government too, weak to regulate
trade or impose taxes. 

4971
04:14:11,000 --> 04:14:13,700
Leaving States and disarray and 
stifling economic growth. 

4972
04:14:13,700 --> 04:14:17,000
He started writing articles 
calling for a stronger Central 

4973
04:14:17,000 --> 04:14:20,200
Authority overshadowing. 
The patchwork of state-based 

4974
04:14:20,200 --> 04:14:23,800
Solutions in 1786. 
Shays Rebellion in Western 

4975
04:14:23,800 --> 04:14:26,900
Massachusetts alarmed, many 
national figures, including 

4976
04:14:26,900 --> 04:14:30,500
Hamilton that Revolt by indebted
Farmers demonstrated that 

4977
04:14:30,500 --> 04:14:32,900
unchecked local. 
Unrest, could threaten broader 

4978
04:14:32,900 --> 04:14:36,500
stability, Hamilton used it as 
fodder to argue that the current

4979
04:14:36,500 --> 04:14:39,200
Confederation risked fracturing 
under internal stress. 

4980
04:14:39,200 --> 04:14:43,300
He joined with others such as 
James Madison to push for a 

4981
04:14:43,300 --> 04:14:46,300
convention that would revise the
Articles although the Annapolis 

4982
04:14:46,300 --> 04:14:50,300
convention of 1786 was fastly 
attended it led to the more 

4983
04:14:50,300 --> 04:14:54,200
definitive Philadelphia 
Convention of 1787 Hamilton 

4984
04:14:54,200 --> 04:14:57,200
arrived in Philadelphia with 
well, home conviction. 

4985
04:14:57,200 --> 04:15:00,800
He believed the new government 
needed, robust Powers the 

4986
04:15:00,800 --> 04:15:04,700
capacity, tax regulate commerce,
maintain, an army and ensure, 

4987
04:15:04,700 --> 04:15:07,700
domestic peace yet. 
He faced considerable skepticism

4988
04:15:07,700 --> 04:15:11,900
from delegates, who feared 
monarchy indeed Hamilton's 

4989
04:15:11,900 --> 04:15:13,400
personal proposal at the 
convention. 

4990
04:15:13,400 --> 04:15:17,400
Favoring lifetime terms for 
executives and Senators seem too

4991
04:15:17,400 --> 04:15:20,700
close to monarchy for many. 
Realizing the groups. 

4992
04:15:20,700 --> 04:15:23,600
Mood Hamilton set aside those 
extremes. 

4993
04:15:23,600 --> 04:15:29,100
He worked a broken compromised 
by Madison systematic plan 

4994
04:15:29,100 --> 04:15:32,400
Hamilton's rhetorical skill and 
one-on-one lobbying helped shape

4995
04:15:32,400 --> 04:15:36,600
the final Constitution. 
After four taxing months, the 

4996
04:15:36,600 --> 04:15:40,700
Constitution was signed in 
September 1787, yet ratification

4997
04:15:40,700 --> 04:15:43,600
required. 
Each State's approval, sensing a

4998
04:15:43,600 --> 04:15:44,800
fierce debate. 
Hamilton. 

4999
04:15:44,800 --> 04:15:47,800
Collaborated with Madison and 
John Jay depend The Federalist 

5000
04:15:47,800 --> 04:15:51,100
Papers under the pseudonym 
Publius Hamilton wrote the 

5001
04:15:51,100 --> 04:15:54,800
majority dissecting proposed 
structures, like the presidency,

5002
04:15:54,800 --> 04:15:58,100
Senate and Judiciary and 
addressing Anti-Federalists. 

5003
04:15:58,100 --> 04:16:02,300
Fears His essays emphasized 
checks and balances the 

5004
04:16:02,300 --> 04:16:05,100
necessity of a central authority
to manage Commerce and defense. 

5005
04:16:05,900 --> 04:16:09,500
and the improbability of tyranny
under the new system, These 

5006
04:16:09,500 --> 04:16:12,100
Federalist essays profoundly 
influenced, the ratification 

5007
04:16:12,100 --> 04:16:15,900
discourse marking Hamilton as a 
top tier constitutional, 

5008
04:16:15,900 --> 04:16:19,600
interpreter with the 
Constitution ratified in 1788, 

5009
04:16:19,600 --> 04:16:22,800
Hamilton died in a new 
challenge, forging actual 

5010
04:16:22,800 --> 04:16:26,200
governments. 
When George Washington became 

5011
04:16:26,200 --> 04:16:29,400
the first president, he tapped 
Hamilton as Secretary of the 

5012
04:16:29,400 --> 04:16:30,800
Treasury. 
Hamilton. 

5013
04:16:30,800 --> 04:16:34,000
Embracing, the role discovered, 
an untapped opportunity to 

5014
04:16:34,000 --> 04:16:35,800
establish a National Financial 
system. 

5015
04:16:36,600 --> 04:16:39,100
He inherited a war debt that 
threatened the new nation's 

5016
04:16:39,100 --> 04:16:41,300
credit. 
In a flurry of reports to 

5017
04:16:41,300 --> 04:16:43,900
Congress, he proposed the 
federal Assumption of State 

5018
04:16:43,900 --> 04:16:46,600
debts, the issuance of new 
government bonds and the 

5019
04:16:46,600 --> 04:16:49,600
creation of a National Bank. 
These measures aim to unify 

5020
04:16:49,600 --> 04:16:51,900
finances spurring economic 
confidence. 

5021
04:16:51,900 --> 04:16:55,300
However, they ignited, Fierce 
opposition led by Thomas 

5022
04:16:55,300 --> 04:16:58,900
Jefferson and James Madison, who
deemed them, expansions of 

5023
04:16:58,900 --> 04:17:01,100
federal power to the detriment 
of State. 

5024
04:17:01,100 --> 04:17:04,900
Autonomy, despite pushback, 
Hamilton's financial plan, 

5025
04:17:04,900 --> 04:17:08,500
largely prevailed in Congress. 
Carefully negotiated with 

5026
04:17:08,500 --> 04:17:11,800
Southerners trading the idea of 
placing the national capital on 

5027
04:17:11,800 --> 04:17:15,200
the Potomac for their backing on
debt assumption, the bank of the

5028
04:17:15,200 --> 04:17:20,800
United States authorized in 1791
Consolidated federal financial 

5029
04:17:20,800 --> 04:17:22,900
might and fostered, stable 
currency. 

5030
04:17:23,900 --> 04:17:26,600
This forging of a national 
economy was overshadowed by 

5031
04:17:26,600 --> 04:17:29,500
ideological. 
Splits what some labeled 

5032
04:17:29,500 --> 04:17:32,800
Hamilton's acceptance of 
Consolidated, Authority, even 

5033
04:17:32,800 --> 04:17:36,400
quasi monarchical forms but 
Hamilton believed it was 

5034
04:17:36,400 --> 04:17:38,100
essential for a dynamic 
Republic. 

5035
04:17:38,900 --> 04:17:42,200
By the early 1790s, he had 
become a central figure in 

5036
04:17:42,200 --> 04:17:45,200
Washington's cabinet driving a 
vision of an industrial 

5037
04:17:45,200 --> 04:17:49,000
commercial robust America. 
Rivalries with Jefferson however

5038
04:17:49,000 --> 04:17:52,400
would soon erupt shaping the 
political landscape for years to

5039
04:17:52,400 --> 04:17:54,900
come A Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

5040
04:17:54,900 --> 04:17:58,500
Alexander Hamilton found himself
entwined in ideological 

5041
04:17:58,500 --> 04:18:01,700
showdowns with Thomas Jefferson,
then Secretary of State. 

5042
04:18:01,700 --> 04:18:05,800
Jefferson envisaged, an agrarian
Republic of independent Farmers,

5043
04:18:05,800 --> 04:18:10,000
with limited Federal intrusion, 
Hamilton, conversely believed, 

5044
04:18:10,000 --> 04:18:14,000
Commerce industry and robust 
National structures would anchor

5045
04:18:14,000 --> 04:18:17,300
the nation's progress. 
Both men recognized George 

5046
04:18:17,300 --> 04:18:20,300
Washington, as a stabilizing 
presence, yet their friction, 

5047
04:18:20,300 --> 04:18:24,200
fueled early factional lines 
Federalists, rallied around 

5048
04:18:24,200 --> 04:18:27,300
Hamilton while Jefferson's 
faction later the Democratic 

5049
04:18:27,300 --> 04:18:30,300
Republicans grew around his 
agrarian, limited government 

5050
04:18:30,300 --> 04:18:33,400
stance. 
Foreign policy, stoked further, 

5051
04:18:33,400 --> 04:18:38,300
attention the French Revolution 
launched in 1789, escalated into

5052
04:18:38,300 --> 04:18:41,900
European War, by the early 1790s
France pressed for us 

5053
04:18:41,900 --> 04:18:44,500
assistance. 
Citing the 1778 Alliance 

5054
04:18:44,500 --> 04:18:48,400
Hamilton mindful of Britain as a
crucial trading partner and 

5055
04:18:48,400 --> 04:18:50,900
believing the US lacked 
resources urged. 

5056
04:18:50,900 --> 04:18:53,400
New trality. 
Jeffrey Jefferson Morse 

5057
04:18:53,400 --> 04:18:55,900
sympathetic to revolutionary 
ideals favored. 

5058
04:18:55,900 --> 04:18:59,100
Measured support for France, 
washing adopted, a policy of the

5059
04:18:59,100 --> 04:19:03,700
official neutrality in 1793 
endorsing Hamilton's pragmatic 

5060
04:19:03,700 --> 04:19:07,000
approach. 
This decision, outraged, Ardent 

5061
04:19:07,000 --> 04:19:09,600
francophiles and the public, but
secured commercial ties with 

5062
04:19:09,600 --> 04:19:12,500
Britain. 
Meanwhile, Hamilton Advanced 

5063
04:19:12,500 --> 04:19:15,100
domestic policies that 
integrated States deeper into 

5064
04:19:15,100 --> 04:19:18,300
the federal system. 
He introduced excise taxes, 

5065
04:19:18,300 --> 04:19:21,800
including one on Whiskey aiming 
to bolster federal revenue. 

5066
04:19:22,500 --> 04:19:26,600
In 1794 this whiskey, tax 
incited unrest among Frontier 

5067
04:19:26,600 --> 04:19:29,800
farmers in Western Pennsylvania.
Culminating in the so called 

5068
04:19:29,808 --> 04:19:33,400
Whiskey Rebellion. 
Hamilton urged Washington to a 

5069
04:19:33,400 --> 04:19:35,900
certain National Authority. 
And the president dispatched 

5070
04:19:35,900 --> 04:19:39,200
militia to quell the Revolt, the
rebellious Farmers dispersed 

5071
04:19:39,200 --> 04:19:42,600
with without major Bloodshed 
Hamilton's critics though. 

5072
04:19:42,600 --> 04:19:46,000
Branded him a tyrant accusing 
him of trampling local freedoms.

5073
04:19:46,700 --> 04:19:48,900
Hamilton argued, that only firm 
in forcement. 

5074
04:19:48,900 --> 04:19:51,800
Proved the Constitution's, 
viability over the old feeble 

5075
04:19:51,800 --> 04:19:54,700
Articles of Confederation 
clashes, over the bank of the 

5076
04:19:54,700 --> 04:19:56,600
United States. 
Further deepened, the Hamilton 

5077
04:19:56,600 --> 04:19:59,400
Jefferson. 
Divide Jefferson viewed the bank

5078
04:19:59,400 --> 04:20:02,600
as constitutionally suspect not 
enumerated. 

5079
04:20:02,600 --> 04:20:05,300
In the founding document 
Hamilton invoke The 

5080
04:20:05,308 --> 04:20:09,100
Constitution's necessary, and 
proper clause contending that 

5081
04:20:09,100 --> 04:20:11,600
the bank was an implied power 
vital for the government's 

5082
04:20:11,600 --> 04:20:15,100
Financial operations. 
Washington sided with Hamilton 

5083
04:20:15,100 --> 04:20:18,400
signing. 
The bank bill into law, this 

5084
04:20:18,400 --> 04:20:20,800
incident set a precedent for 
broad constitutional 

5085
04:20:20,800 --> 04:20:24,600
interpretation to Jefferson's 
alarm the dispute laid, the 

5086
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:27,900
ideological foundation for the 
two-party system with Hamilton's

5087
04:20:27,900 --> 04:20:31,400
Federalists championing, implied
federal powers and Jefferson's 

5088
04:20:31,400 --> 04:20:34,400
Republicans insisting on 
narrower interpretations by 

5089
04:20:34,400 --> 04:20:37,700
1795. 
Hamilton having established a 

5090
04:20:37,700 --> 04:20:41,000
stable Financial footing 
resigned as treasury secretary 

5091
04:20:41,000 --> 04:20:43,400
returning to New York City's 
legal sphere. 

5092
04:20:44,100 --> 04:20:47,500
He continued to provide discreet
advice to Washington, drafting 

5093
04:20:47,500 --> 04:20:51,900
speeches and shaping policy 
directions in 1796 Washington's 

5094
04:20:51,900 --> 04:20:54,600
Farewell Address, partly 
authored by Hamilton warned 

5095
04:20:54,600 --> 04:20:57,000
against parties in Tangled and 
foreign alliances. 

5096
04:20:57,000 --> 04:21:02,300
Ironically Hamilton himself was 
a Primark of pots and lines the 

5097
04:21:02,300 --> 04:21:05,300
presidential election that year 
saw John Adams, a federalist 

5098
04:21:05,300 --> 04:21:09,000
defeat Jefferson Hamilton who 
harbored doubts about atoms 

5099
04:21:09,000 --> 04:21:12,300
endeavored to exert influence on
the administration from hidden 

5100
04:21:12,300 --> 04:21:14,600
position. 
But friction with Adams. 

5101
04:21:14,600 --> 04:21:17,500
Soon, spiraled, culminating and 
an irreparable Rift. 

5102
04:21:18,400 --> 04:21:22,100
During Adams is presently. 
The US found itself in a Quasi 

5103
04:21:22,100 --> 04:21:26,000
War with revolutionary France. 
Hamilton who believed in a 

5104
04:21:26,000 --> 04:21:29,000
robust defense, spurred the 
creation of a provisional army 

5105
04:21:29,000 --> 04:21:31,000
with himself as an influential 
Major General. 

5106
04:21:31,700 --> 04:21:35,200
He hoped to unify Federalist 
power but Adams seeking to 

5107
04:21:35,200 --> 04:21:37,600
maintain peace. 
Eventually negotiated with 

5108
04:21:37,600 --> 04:21:39,700
France. 
This scotched Hamilton's 

5109
04:21:39,700 --> 04:21:41,900
Ambitions for an expanded 
military role. 

5110
04:21:41,900 --> 04:21:45,400
The Federalist Party, thus split
between atoms, Loyalists and 

5111
04:21:45,400 --> 04:21:48,200
Hamilton's faction. 
Meanwhile, the Alien and 

5112
04:21:48,200 --> 04:21:52,300
Sedition Acts championed by some
Federalists stifled free speech 

5113
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:55,100
and outrage. 
Republicans Hamilton had mixed 

5114
04:21:55,100 --> 04:21:59,300
feelings recognizing the acts as
overreaching but not vigorously,

5115
04:21:59,300 --> 04:22:02,900
condemning them The controversy 
is fuel Jefferson's eventual 

5116
04:22:02,900 --> 04:22:07,300
victory in the 1800 election. 
That election turned bitter 

5117
04:22:07,300 --> 04:22:10,600
Hamilton disliked, both 
Jefferson and his Party's 

5118
04:22:10,600 --> 04:22:14,000
candidate, Aaron Burr. 
Whom he deemed unprincipled. 

5119
04:22:15,000 --> 04:22:17,500
When the Electoral College 
produced a tie between Jefferson

5120
04:22:17,500 --> 04:22:20,500
and Burr, the House of 
Representatives had to choose 

5121
04:22:20,500 --> 04:22:23,300
Hamilton Lobby for Jefferson 
feeling. 

5122
04:22:23,300 --> 04:22:26,000
He was at least consistent while
Burr was Dangerously 

5123
04:22:26,000 --> 04:22:29,200
opportunistic. 
Jefferson's win ended. 

5124
04:22:29,200 --> 04:22:32,600
The Federalist grip on power 
despite undermining his nominal 

5125
04:22:32,600 --> 04:22:35,300
Ally Burr. 
Hamilton saw it as the less 

5126
04:22:35,300 --> 04:22:38,300
harmful option. 
The feud with Burr was set to 

5127
04:22:38,300 --> 04:22:41,800
escalate post 1800 Hamilton 
retreated. 

5128
04:22:41,800 --> 04:22:43,300
Partially from National 
politics. 

5129
04:22:43,300 --> 04:22:46,500
He resumed law. 
Founded the New York evening. 

5130
04:22:46,500 --> 04:22:49,600
Post to promote Federalist 
ideals and wrote further 

5131
04:22:49,600 --> 04:22:52,100
editorials criticizing 
Jefferson's Presidente. 

5132
04:22:52,700 --> 04:22:55,600
He also scolded John Adams in a 
notorious pamphlet. 

5133
04:22:56,200 --> 04:22:58,100
Fracturing Federalist Unity 
further. 

5134
04:22:58,100 --> 04:23:03,100
Meanwhile tensions with Burr. 
Simmered in 1804 Burr by then 

5135
04:23:03,100 --> 04:23:05,200
vice president ran for governor 
of New York. 

5136
04:23:06,000 --> 04:23:09,900
Hamilton openly opposed burs 
bid, claiming he was unfit, but 

5137
04:23:09,900 --> 04:23:13,200
lost blaming Hamilton for 
scurrilous remarks, that cost 

5138
04:23:13,200 --> 04:23:16,000
him the election. 
Their acronym, peaked in 

5139
04:23:16,008 --> 04:23:19,600
personal insults culminating and
demands for an apology that 

5140
04:23:19,600 --> 04:23:23,400
Hamilton Shrugged off. 
The stage was set for a final 

5141
04:23:23,400 --> 04:23:27,200
confrontation, a duel that would
reverberate across the nation's 

5142
04:23:27,200 --> 04:23:32,100
Consciousness. 
Thus by 1803 to 1804 Hamilton's 

5143
04:23:32,100 --> 04:23:35,100
storied career in compass the 
forging of National Finance. 

5144
04:23:35,100 --> 04:23:38,700
The creation of a stable federal
government, deep personal 

5145
04:23:38,700 --> 04:23:42,300
rivalries, and the impetus for 
fractious Party politics. 

5146
04:23:43,200 --> 04:23:46,500
Well, overshadowed by his Feud 
with Burr, his broader impact on

5147
04:23:46,500 --> 04:23:49,400
shaping early American 
governance, was vast, the 

5148
04:23:49,400 --> 04:23:51,800
looming conflict with Burr in a 
Weehawken, duel, might 

5149
04:23:51,800 --> 04:23:54,700
overshadow many achievements. 
But it also exemplified the 

5150
04:23:54,700 --> 04:23:58,200
periods intense code of honor 
revealing how personal Pride 

5151
04:23:58,200 --> 04:24:00,300
could overshadow reason in The 
Early Republic. 

5152
04:24:01,300 --> 04:24:05,800
On the morning of July 11th, 
1804 Alexander Hamilton, and 

5153
04:24:05,800 --> 04:24:08,900
Aaron Burr, meta to Dueling, 
ground and we Hawken. 

5154
04:24:08,900 --> 04:24:13,500
New Jersey perched above the 
Hudson River, Jewels were 

5155
04:24:13,500 --> 04:24:16,400
technically illegal in both New 
York and New Jersey but we 

5156
04:24:16,400 --> 04:24:18,200
Hawken was a known neutral 
ground. 

5157
04:24:18,200 --> 04:24:22,200
The tradition demanded, formal 
rituals seconds, oversaw, 

5158
04:24:22,200 --> 04:24:24,000
loaded, pistols, ensuring 
fairness. 

5159
04:24:24,700 --> 04:24:27,400
Hamilton though, an accomplished
Marksman in the Revolutionary 

5160
04:24:27,400 --> 04:24:30,700
War Harvard, moral qualms about 
dueling, in letters to 

5161
04:24:30,700 --> 04:24:32,900
confidants. 
He expressed an intention not to

5162
04:24:32,900 --> 04:24:35,900
fire at burb but to throw away 
his shot hoping to meet the code

5163
04:24:35,900 --> 04:24:39,200
of honor without a lethal 
outcome Burr, vexed by 

5164
04:24:39,208 --> 04:24:42,100
Hamilton's public slights 
approached the confrontation 

5165
04:24:42,100 --> 04:24:45,600
more aggressively as a counts, 
differ on the precise sequence. 

5166
04:24:45,600 --> 04:24:47,700
We rely on the second 
conflicting. 

5167
04:24:47,700 --> 04:24:51,900
Recollections one shot rang out.
Then another Hamilton was struck

5168
04:24:51,900 --> 04:24:54,300
in the lower abdomen. 
The bullet lodging near his 

5169
04:24:54,300 --> 04:24:58,900
spine Burr, apparently unharmed 
realized Hamilton was fatally. 

5170
04:24:58,900 --> 04:25:03,000
Wounded Hamilton was carried 
back across the river delirious 

5171
04:25:03,000 --> 04:25:06,500
and in agony. 
By the next afternoon July 12th.

5172
04:25:06,500 --> 04:25:10,300
He died at a friend's house. 
New spread swiftly overshadowing

5173
04:25:10,300 --> 04:25:14,100
Burr with accusations of murder.
Even many of Burr's allies found

5174
04:25:14,100 --> 04:25:16,700
his act. 
Reprehensible shock reverberated

5175
04:25:16,700 --> 04:25:21,900
Nationwide, Hamilton was just 
47, a Founding Father, the Chief

5176
04:25:21,900 --> 04:25:26,200
Architect of federal finance and
a voice for a strong union that 

5177
04:25:26,200 --> 04:25:28,900
he fell in a personal duel 
seemed tragic, borderline 

5178
04:25:28,900 --> 04:25:32,800
barbaric, Burr faced immediate 
scorn and though inducted for 

5179
04:25:32,808 --> 04:25:35,900
murder. 
He Slipped Away his political 

5180
04:25:35,900 --> 04:25:38,600
career never recovered The Duel.
Also propelled. 

5181
04:25:38,600 --> 04:25:41,600
A reevaluation of such honor 
bound Traditions public 

5182
04:25:41,600 --> 04:25:45,000
condemnation swelled though 
dueling remained embedded in 

5183
04:25:45,000 --> 04:25:48,000
certain subcultures for decades 
to come in the immediate 

5184
04:25:48,000 --> 04:25:50,900
aftermath Hamilton's family 
faced Financial insecurity. 

5185
04:25:50,900 --> 04:25:54,700
His estate was less robust than 
many assumed reflecting that 

5186
04:25:54,700 --> 04:25:57,400
Hamilton had poured resources 
into speculative deals and 

5187
04:25:57,400 --> 04:26:00,400
lifestyle. 
Morning, featherless Champion 

5188
04:26:00,400 --> 04:26:03,300
him as a martyr to principal 
ignoring, the messy politics 

5189
04:26:03,300 --> 04:26:04,700
that led him to that, fateful 
ground. 

5190
04:26:04,700 --> 04:26:09,200
Eulogies to his Brilliance 
managerial Acumen and unwavering

5191
04:26:09,200 --> 04:26:12,200
patriotism critics. 
While acknowledging his 

5192
04:26:12,200 --> 04:26:15,300
achievements pointed out, how is
ambition and personal Feud 

5193
04:26:15,300 --> 04:26:18,000
shaped a harsh style that fanned
party rancor. 

5194
04:26:18,600 --> 04:26:21,900
Nonetheless, the sense of a 
towering figure losing too soon.

5195
04:26:21,900 --> 04:26:24,400
Overshadowed those critiques in 
the short term. 

5196
04:26:24,400 --> 04:26:28,600
His funeral in New York, Drew 
massive crowds processions in 

5197
04:26:28,600 --> 04:26:30,600
black with the city's shipping 
at half mast. 

5198
04:26:30,600 --> 04:26:33,100
Showcased, Hamilton's local 
significance. 

5199
04:26:33,900 --> 04:26:37,300
People recalled, his rise from 
impoverished Caribbean youth to 

5200
04:26:37,300 --> 04:26:40,300
key founding Statesman. 
The hush fell over the cities 

5201
04:26:40,300 --> 04:26:42,500
usual clamor. 
This wave of Sorrow. 

5202
04:26:42,500 --> 04:26:45,700
Ironically, softened some of the
political vitriol that a dog him

5203
04:26:45,700 --> 04:26:48,800
in life. 
Over time though party lines 

5204
04:26:48,800 --> 04:26:52,600
continue to shift and the nation
turned to new challenges from 

5205
04:26:52,600 --> 04:26:54,800
the War of 1812 to expansion's 
West. 

5206
04:26:56,500 --> 04:26:58,400
Ham Hamilton's memory. 
Lodged in history as the 

5207
04:26:58,400 --> 04:27:01,500
brilliant but intense figure 
overshadowed by The Final Duel. 

5208
04:27:01,500 --> 04:27:05,700
In that Gloom and a central 
question remained how to 

5209
04:27:05,700 --> 04:27:07,500
interpret Hamilton's lasting 
impact. 

5210
04:27:07,500 --> 04:27:12,100
As the immediate swirl of grief,
ease intellectuals examined, his

5211
04:27:12,100 --> 04:27:16,100
extensive writings reports on 
Public Credit, the Federalist 

5212
04:27:16,100 --> 04:27:20,300
essays and personal letters. 
They recognize that the federal 

5213
04:27:20,300 --> 04:27:23,300
government stable Finance is 
owed much to Hamilton's early 

5214
04:27:23,300 --> 04:27:26,400
Frameworks, the Constitution's, 
broad interpretation that 

5215
04:27:26,400 --> 04:27:28,800
spurred the bank of the United 
States shaped future 

5216
04:27:28,800 --> 04:27:30,300
developments in federal 
Authority. 

5217
04:27:31,100 --> 04:27:34,300
The tension he introduced with 
Jefferson over implied powers, 

5218
04:27:34,300 --> 04:27:36,700
would remain a fixture in legal 
debates for centuries? 

5219
04:27:37,600 --> 04:27:40,600
At the personal level Hamilton's
family, endured heartbreak, 

5220
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:43,500
Eliza Hamilton survived decades 
longer. 

5221
04:27:44,200 --> 04:27:46,900
Dedicating herself to preserving
his papers and championing 

5222
04:27:46,900 --> 04:27:49,800
philanthropic work. 
She co-founded charitable 

5223
04:27:49,800 --> 04:27:53,500
societies, including an 
orphanage in New York, perhaps 

5224
04:27:53,500 --> 04:27:56,600
reflecting her empathy for 
fatherless children mindful of 

5225
04:27:56,600 --> 04:27:58,700
Hamilton's own orphaned 
beginnings. 

5226
04:27:59,400 --> 04:28:02,600
Over time Eliza's curation of 
Hamilton's letters and 

5227
04:28:02,600 --> 04:28:04,700
manuscripts. 
Cheered, that his role in 

5228
04:28:04,700 --> 04:28:07,800
founding the nation wouldn't 
fade without her stewardship. 

5229
04:28:07,800 --> 04:28:11,400
Many of his insights might have 
been lost overshadowed by the 

5230
04:28:11,400 --> 04:28:15,900
swirl of other founding figures.
Meanwhile Aaron Burr slunk from 

5231
04:28:15,900 --> 04:28:17,900
public life. 
Well though, he briefly 

5232
04:28:17,900 --> 04:28:22,000
re-emerged in conspiratorial 
escapades in the west Coleman in

5233
04:28:22,000 --> 04:28:25,300
a high profile treason trial 
that Fiasco further tarnished 

5234
04:28:25,300 --> 04:28:29,400
his name over the 19th century 
Bears, memory was entwined with 

5235
04:28:29,400 --> 04:28:32,100
villainy while Hamilton became 
the heroic victim. 

5236
04:28:33,000 --> 04:28:36,700
This moral narrative though, 
over simple and oversimplified 

5237
04:28:36,700 --> 04:28:40,600
found residents in society 
seeking tidy lessons about the 

5238
04:28:40,600 --> 04:28:42,600
cost of personal feuds among 
Statesman. 

5239
04:28:43,500 --> 04:28:46,700
Hence, the jewels tragedy 
overshadowed Hamilton's, final 

5240
04:28:46,700 --> 04:28:50,000
years of potential. 
He left behind partial drafts of

5241
04:28:50,000 --> 04:28:54,000
essays a life, cut short and a 
legacy that historians would 

5242
04:28:54,000 --> 04:28:57,100
piece together. 
The subsequent swirl of politics

5243
04:28:57,100 --> 04:28:58,500
saw. 
The Federalist Party fade 

5244
04:28:58,500 --> 04:29:01,800
overshadowed by Jeffersonian and
Jacksonian movements. 

5245
04:29:02,500 --> 04:29:06,100
Yet as the new Republic face 
Wars and expansions Hamilton's 

5246
04:29:06,100 --> 04:29:09,400
institutional Frameworks. 
Endured shaping how the union 

5247
04:29:09,400 --> 04:29:13,400
Finance conflicts and integrated
new territories over time the 

5248
04:29:13,400 --> 04:29:16,600
memory of Hamilton Grew From the
dust of partisan fights in to a 

5249
04:29:16,600 --> 04:29:19,400
near legend of the unsilence of 
all voice for a strong union. 

5250
04:29:20,200 --> 04:29:23,700
A testament to how brilliant can
shine even after tragic, demise 

5251
04:29:23,700 --> 04:29:27,200
Hamilton's reputation 
experience, both highs and lows 

5252
04:29:27,200 --> 04:29:31,800
as the 19th century unfolded 
early in the 1800 supporters, 

5253
04:29:31,800 --> 04:29:35,300
who revered his Federalist 
Vision Champion him as an 

5254
04:29:35,300 --> 04:29:38,900
intellectual Giant. 
While Jeffersonian loyalists 

5255
04:29:38,900 --> 04:29:40,500
found him. 
Dangerously elitist. 

5256
04:29:41,500 --> 04:29:44,500
The War of 1812 under scored the
value of robust Federal 

5257
04:29:44,500 --> 04:29:47,400
finance's and echo of Hamilton's
arguments. 

5258
04:29:47,400 --> 04:29:50,800
However, the rise in tide of 
Jacksonian Democracy in the 

5259
04:29:50,808 --> 04:29:54,300
1820s and 30s, resurrected 
negative images of Hamilton as 

5260
04:29:54,300 --> 04:29:56,400
the father of a financial 
aristocracy. 

5261
04:29:57,100 --> 04:29:59,600
His preference for a central 
bank and Industrial growth, 

5262
04:29:59,600 --> 04:30:01,900
clashed with The Agrarian 
populism. 

5263
04:30:01,900 --> 04:30:05,400
That saw big government as 
suspect in historical writing of

5264
04:30:05,400 --> 04:30:08,200
the mid-1800s. 
Hamilton was overshadowed by 

5265
04:30:08,200 --> 04:30:11,700
Washington, soldierly aura. 
Jefferson's philosophical 

5266
04:30:11,700 --> 04:30:13,900
romance and the dramatic 
expansion. 

5267
04:30:13,900 --> 04:30:18,300
Shaping the continent his ideas 
about manufacturing shaped by 

5268
04:30:18,300 --> 04:30:22,100
the reading adamson's tour. 
From Smith's Works found fresh 

5269
04:30:22,100 --> 04:30:24,600
appreciation in some northern 
states pushing early 

5270
04:30:24,600 --> 04:30:27,200
industrialization. 
But the memory of his direct 

5271
04:30:27,200 --> 04:30:30,500
political battles, had receded. 
Meanwhile his widow allies are 

5272
04:30:30,500 --> 04:30:32,500
persistently. 
Championed her husband's memory 

5273
04:30:32,500 --> 04:30:34,700
carefully, organizing his 
letters. 

5274
04:30:34,700 --> 04:30:38,700
She lived until 1854 bridging 
eras, from the founding to the 

5275
04:30:38,700 --> 04:30:40,500
eve of sectional crisis over 
slavery. 

5276
04:30:41,700 --> 04:30:44,900
As the Civil War approached, 
some Northern intellectuals, 

5277
04:30:44,900 --> 04:30:47,400
rediscovered Hamilton's emphasis
on a strong union. 

5278
04:30:48,300 --> 04:30:50,300
Seeing him as a prophet of 
National Authority. 

5279
04:30:51,400 --> 04:30:54,400
They noted that had Hamilton's 
brand of federal cohesion, fully

5280
04:30:54,400 --> 04:30:57,200
blossomed, perhaps states, 
rights doctrines, fueling 

5281
04:30:57,200 --> 04:30:59,900
secession might have been 
curtailed earlier. 

5282
04:31:00,600 --> 04:31:03,300
Writers vote Hamilton, as the 
founder, who best grasped. 

5283
04:31:03,300 --> 04:31:06,600
The necessity of a controlling 
Center that could override local

5284
04:31:06,600 --> 04:31:09,500
fractiousness. 
Opponents of such 

5285
04:31:09,500 --> 04:31:12,400
interpretations pointed out that
Hamilton's Frameworks, never 

5286
04:31:12,400 --> 04:31:15,400
explicitly addressed the moral 
contradiction of slavery. 

5287
04:31:16,200 --> 04:31:19,700
Indeed, Hamilton personally, 
opposed enslavement but parted 

5288
04:31:19,700 --> 04:31:23,200
from radical anti-slavery moves 
his stance overshadowed by 

5289
04:31:23,200 --> 04:31:27,500
political pragmatism after the 
Civil War industrial capitalism 

5290
04:31:27,500 --> 04:31:30,000
boomed. 
Prompting new appreciation for 

5291
04:31:30,000 --> 04:31:31,600
Hamilton's foresight about 
Manufacturing. 

5292
04:31:32,400 --> 04:31:34,100
Gilded Age financiers, admired 
him. 

5293
04:31:34,108 --> 04:31:37,000
As the original champion of a 
stable currency in Big Business 

5294
04:31:37,000 --> 04:31:40,800
critics, including agrarian 
populists in. 

5295
04:31:40,800 --> 04:31:43,500
Turn, damned him for setting a 
pattern, favoring Capital over 

5296
04:31:43,500 --> 04:31:46,400
farmers. 
Debate over monetary policy 

5297
04:31:46,400 --> 04:31:48,700
frequently, referenced 
Hamilton's original Central 

5298
04:31:48,700 --> 04:31:51,300
Bank. 
Especially regarding gold versus

5299
04:31:51,300 --> 04:31:53,600
silver standards in the late. 
19th century. 

5300
04:31:54,500 --> 04:31:57,800
Some saw him as the father of 
stable credit others as the 

5301
04:31:57,800 --> 04:32:02,000
father of corporate overreach 
this relit, his legacy fueling a

5302
04:32:02,008 --> 04:32:06,400
fresh wave of scholarly interest
in the 20th century historian, 

5303
04:32:06,400 --> 04:32:10,300
systematically uncovered more of
Hamilton's personal writing's. 

5304
04:32:10,300 --> 04:32:13,300
If they found a figure of 
overshadowed by his own towering

5305
04:32:13,300 --> 04:32:17,000
intensity, Riven by internal 
anxiety, is about identity and 

5306
04:32:17,000 --> 04:32:20,200
acceptance born in a legitimate 
and lacking wealth. 

5307
04:32:20,200 --> 04:32:22,600
He sawed through brilliant 
alone. 

5308
04:32:23,400 --> 04:32:25,400
That personal Dimension gave a 
new angle. 

5309
04:32:26,100 --> 04:32:29,000
Hamilton wasn't merely an aloof 
elitist but a man. 

5310
04:32:29,000 --> 04:32:32,200
Forging personal progress in a 
world dominated by landed 

5311
04:32:32,200 --> 04:32:36,600
aristocracy simultaneously, the 
renewed scholarship dissected 

5312
04:32:36,600 --> 04:32:39,000
how The Federalist Papers shaped
the Supreme Court's approach to 

5313
04:32:39,008 --> 04:32:43,400
constitutional interpretation. 
Cultural depictions varied in 

5314
04:32:43,400 --> 04:32:47,600
some plays Hamilton was the 
stiff proud foiled to the warm 

5315
04:32:47,600 --> 04:32:51,400
Jefferson and textbooks. 
He appeared as the founder of 

5316
04:32:51,400 --> 04:32:55,200
the American Financial system. 
overshadowing, the fact that he 

5317
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:59,000
also practiced law with further,
Championed reforms in local 

5318
04:32:59,000 --> 04:33:02,400
governance and penned scathing 
critiques of political 

5319
04:33:02,400 --> 04:33:05,500
adversaries. 
Hollywood took scan interest 

5320
04:33:05,500 --> 04:33:08,800
overshadowed by the flamboyant 
stories of the war of 

5321
04:33:08,800 --> 04:33:12,300
independence or the Civil War. 
Hamilton's presence. 

5322
04:33:12,300 --> 04:33:15,500
Mostly stuck to academic circles
until the wave of musicals or 

5323
04:33:15,500 --> 04:33:18,500
pop culture references in the 
21st century suddenly 

5324
04:33:18,500 --> 04:33:20,800
catapulted, him back in to 
mainstream conversation. 

5325
04:33:21,900 --> 04:33:25,400
In that modern reimagining, a 
more complex, portrait emerges, 

5326
04:33:25,400 --> 04:33:28,700
the Visionary, who overcame 
humble Origins shaped 

5327
04:33:28,700 --> 04:33:31,700
institutions. 
But self-destructed in a lethal 

5328
04:33:31,700 --> 04:33:35,000
Feud This duel narrative, 
resonates with a public 

5329
04:33:35,000 --> 04:33:38,099
intrigued by Underdog success, 
stories and cautionary tales 

5330
04:33:38,099 --> 04:33:41,599
about ambition. 
Meanwhile historians continue 

5331
04:33:41,599 --> 04:33:45,000
unraveling his personal letters 
for glimpses of how he wrestled 

5332
04:33:45,000 --> 04:33:48,300
with his private identity 
overshadowing, any single label,

5333
04:33:48,300 --> 04:33:51,700
like nationalist or elitist. 
They see in him, the Deep 

5334
04:33:51,700 --> 04:33:54,599
tension between moral 
convictions and the messy realm 

5335
04:33:54,599 --> 04:33:57,900
of real-world politics. 
Consequently Hamilton's Legacy 

5336
04:33:57,900 --> 04:34:01,200
stands as a testament to a 
Founder, who's brilliant forged 

5337
04:34:01,200 --> 04:34:04,500
the Frameworks of American 
Finance, ushering, in a strong 

5338
04:34:04,508 --> 04:34:08,800
union that could handle crises 
from 1812 to Beyond his life. 

5339
04:34:08,800 --> 04:34:12,400
Truncated by a bullet, in a 
duel, exemplifies the era's 

5340
04:34:12,400 --> 04:34:15,900
precarious, Norms of Honor Yet 
the institutional Frameworks, he

5341
04:34:15,900 --> 04:34:19,700
championed endured over 
shadowing, a femoral parties and

5342
04:34:19,700 --> 04:34:22,800
feuds as American Commerce and 
governance matured. 

5343
04:34:22,800 --> 04:34:27,300
Many of his ideas about credit 
outsystems minted, currency and 

5344
04:34:27,300 --> 04:34:30,900
regulated trade blossomed. 
Therefore though overshadowed 

5345
04:34:30,900 --> 04:34:34,800
and certain historical arcs 
Hamilton's imprint remains woven

5346
04:34:34,800 --> 04:34:37,900
into the fabric of the modern 
American state region, the 

5347
04:34:37,900 --> 04:34:41,300
intangible line from rebellious 
colony to global economic power.

5348
04:34:41,300 --> 04:34:44,900
Alexander Hamilton's Journey 
might Echo as one of Unstoppable

5349
04:34:44,900 --> 04:34:48,000
curiosity and drive born into 
adversity. 

5350
04:34:48,000 --> 04:34:51,000
He harnessed his intellect to 
climb political and financial 

5351
04:34:51,000 --> 04:34:53,099
Summits. 
His story, underscores how 

5352
04:34:53,099 --> 04:34:55,599
Relentless learning and a 
willingness to challenge and 

5353
04:34:55,599 --> 04:34:58,700
Norms can yield transformative 
results. 

5354
04:34:58,700 --> 04:35:03,200
And yet it also warns of how 
personal vendettas and impulsive

5355
04:35:03,200 --> 04:35:06,599
decisions like The Final Duel 
can overshadow, even the 

5356
04:35:06,608 --> 04:35:10,500
grandest achievements. 
The interplay of success and 

5357
04:35:10,500 --> 04:35:13,400
tragedy and Hamilton's life 
offers a cautionary Dimension 

5358
04:35:13,400 --> 04:35:15,900
about letting rivalry overshadow
reason. 

5359
04:35:17,000 --> 04:35:20,000
One, dimension, often overlooked
is Hamilton's approach to social

5360
04:35:20,000 --> 04:35:23,500
Mobility. 
He believed in meritocracy, that

5361
04:35:23,500 --> 04:35:27,000
Talent not lineage should Define
one station. 

5362
04:35:27,800 --> 04:35:30,700
His views clashed with the 
prevailing aristocratic mores 

5363
04:35:30,700 --> 04:35:34,099
that granted advantage to 
established families in 

5364
04:35:34,099 --> 04:35:37,000
championing, a strong central 
government Hamilton believed it 

5365
04:35:37,000 --> 04:35:39,400
would break. 
Local oligarchies allowing new 

5366
04:35:39,400 --> 04:35:42,700
men of skill to advance. 
That conviction shape his 

5367
04:35:42,700 --> 04:35:46,500
financial Blueprinting that the 
nation's credit system, extended

5368
04:35:46,500 --> 04:35:48,800
Beyond a handful of wealthy 
Planters yet. 

5369
04:35:48,800 --> 04:35:51,800
It also invited accusations of 
favoritism toward banking. 

5370
04:35:51,800 --> 04:35:55,300
Elites ironically suggesting 
that merits still found 

5371
04:35:55,300 --> 04:35:59,000
expression, primarily among 
well-connected City, financiers 

5372
04:35:59,000 --> 04:36:02,200
another lesson. 
Known angle is how Hamilton 

5373
04:36:02,200 --> 04:36:05,400
viewed foreign policy. 
He favored Commerce base 

5374
04:36:05,400 --> 04:36:09,099
alliances, but distrusted in 
tangling, the US in ideological 

5375
04:36:09,099 --> 04:36:11,500
battles. 
While acknowledging Britain as a

5376
04:36:11,508 --> 04:36:14,400
trade partner, despite the 
rancor left from the revolution.

5377
04:36:14,400 --> 04:36:18,000
He saw stable trade routes as 
essential for revenue and Global

5378
04:36:18,000 --> 04:36:21,300
standing. 
Jefferson and Madison criticized

5379
04:36:21,300 --> 04:36:24,200
the strategy as an over cozy 
approach with a recent foe. 

5380
04:36:24,800 --> 04:36:27,900
But Hamilton saw post-war 
British power as a practical 

5381
04:36:27,900 --> 04:36:32,000
anchor for commercial expansion.
In this sense, his realism, 

5382
04:36:32,000 --> 04:36:35,900
overshadowed older, resentments,
that stance was a Harbinger for 

5383
04:36:35,900 --> 04:36:38,900
how modern States weigh economic
tires against historic 

5384
04:36:38,900 --> 04:36:41,900
grievances. 
Additionally, Hamilton's 

5385
04:36:41,900 --> 04:36:44,500
personal style at Social 
Gatherings and in Daily 

5386
04:36:44,500 --> 04:36:46,900
interactions reveals a man who 
could be both charmingly 

5387
04:36:46,900 --> 04:36:51,000
eloquent and abrasively direct. 
Contemporaries described him as 

5388
04:36:51,000 --> 04:36:53,800
intense with a quick mind, that 
occasionally battered 

5389
04:36:53,800 --> 04:36:56,800
conversation partners he thrived
on intellectual debate. 

5390
04:36:56,800 --> 04:36:59,700
Some say, he embraced 
confrontation to refine ideas 

5391
04:36:59,700 --> 04:37:01,400
yet. 
This habit might have 

5392
04:37:01,400 --> 04:37:04,800
contributed to the accumulation 
of enemies culminating in the 

5393
04:37:04,800 --> 04:37:08,500
Fateful spat with Burr. 
In an era where honor was a 

5394
04:37:08,500 --> 04:37:12,599
Cornerstone of social standing 
Hamilton's cutting wit, proved a

5395
04:37:12,599 --> 04:37:16,400
dangerous asset at home Hamilton
and Eliza raise to Growing 

5396
04:37:16,400 --> 04:37:19,300
family though. 
Tragedies struck the death of 

5397
04:37:19,300 --> 04:37:21,900
their son, Philip in a duel. 
Reminiscent of his father's. 

5398
04:37:21,900 --> 04:37:25,700
Fierce approached, a personal 
disputes, This sorrow weighed 

5399
04:37:25,700 --> 04:37:28,700
heavily on Hamilton, 
intensifying his reflection on 

5400
04:37:28,700 --> 04:37:31,599
the code of honor. 
Paradoxically he's still ended 

5401
04:37:31,599 --> 04:37:36,000
up abiding by that same code 
accepting Burr's challenge, The 

5402
04:37:36,000 --> 04:37:38,500
Duality of a brilliant mind 
trapped by the period. 

5403
04:37:38,500 --> 04:37:42,099
Social norms emerges starkly in 
these personal heartbreaks for 

5404
04:37:42,099 --> 04:37:43,800
modern readers. 
The scenario. 

5405
04:37:43,800 --> 04:37:46,400
Underscores, how societal 
expectations can override 

5406
04:37:46,400 --> 04:37:51,099
individual caution, even for a 
pragmatic Statesman Examining 

5407
04:37:51,099 --> 04:37:54,099
Hamilton's religious evolution 
is another nuanced top. 

5408
04:37:54,900 --> 04:37:57,599
Late in life, particularly after
Philip's death. 

5409
04:37:58,200 --> 04:38:00,400
He re-engaged with spiritual 
considerations. 

5410
04:38:01,599 --> 04:38:04,400
While not as devout as John Jay 
or Patrick Henry Hamilton 

5411
04:38:04,400 --> 04:38:07,700
expressed, his belief that moral
Frameworks were crucial to 

5412
04:38:07,700 --> 04:38:10,700
stable governance. 
Some Scholars, see a nearer to 

5413
04:38:10,700 --> 04:38:14,000
Christian Orthodoxy in his final
years overshadowing, the early 

5414
04:38:14,000 --> 04:38:17,099
secular aura. 
This dimension of moral or 

5415
04:38:17,099 --> 04:38:18,900
religious introspection is 
overshadowed. 

5416
04:38:18,900 --> 04:38:22,300
In many popular accounts that 
focus on battles of Finance or 

5417
04:38:22,300 --> 04:38:26,300
partisanship. 
Lastly, the robust myth making 

5418
04:38:26,300 --> 04:38:29,300
around Hamilton in the 21st 
century, particularly following 

5419
04:38:29,300 --> 04:38:32,300
a certain successful musical 
reflects how malleable 

5420
04:38:32,300 --> 04:38:35,800
historical figures can become 
for decades overshadowed in 

5421
04:38:35,800 --> 04:38:38,900
public memory. 
Hamilton found new admirers in 

5422
04:38:38,900 --> 04:38:40,800
thrall by his Underdog 
narrative. 

5423
04:38:40,800 --> 04:38:44,599
The musical Drew from historical
sources but adapted them for 

5424
04:38:44,599 --> 04:38:48,500
modern, audiences highlighting, 
themes of immigration ambition 

5425
04:38:48,500 --> 04:38:52,500
and the forging of identity. 
Meanwhile professional 

5426
04:38:52,500 --> 04:38:55,700
historians maintain a more 
measured stance acknowledging, 

5427
04:38:55,700 --> 04:38:58,500
the genius behind the bank, and 
The Federalist Papers, but also 

5428
04:38:58,500 --> 04:39:01,900
the moral complexities 
involvement in a scandalous 

5429
04:39:01,900 --> 04:39:05,400
Reynolds affair. the backing of 
harsh policies like the Alien 

5430
04:39:05,400 --> 04:39:08,900
and Sedition Acts and the 
overshadowed complicity in a 

5431
04:39:08,900 --> 04:39:12,500
system that tolerated slavery, 
hence Hamilton's life, embodies 

5432
04:39:12,500 --> 04:39:15,800
many contradictions, Hamilton 
was a brilliant champion of 

5433
04:39:15,800 --> 04:39:19,400
American finance, an immigrant 
success story and a defender of 

5434
04:39:19,408 --> 04:39:21,900
robust National institutions 
yet. 

5435
04:39:21,900 --> 04:39:24,900
He was also entangled in 
political vendettas, personal 

5436
04:39:24,900 --> 04:39:28,599
heartbreak, and moral. 
Ambiguity is the lethal code of 

5437
04:39:28,599 --> 04:39:31,099
personal honor of the era. 
Brought him down from the 

5438
04:39:31,108 --> 04:39:35,099
Pinnacle of policy influence. 
Contemporary observers can glean

5439
04:39:35,099 --> 04:39:38,200
from his Saga. 
How Vision intellect and 

5440
04:39:38,200 --> 04:39:41,900
determination can reshape a 
society while cautioning that 

5441
04:39:41,900 --> 04:39:45,500
untempered ambition and rivalry 
over shadowing, even the 

5442
04:39:45,500 --> 04:39:48,800
grandest legacies in the modern 
Mosaic of American History. 

5443
04:39:48,800 --> 04:39:53,300
Alexander Hamilton occupies a 
unique Niche, straddling Realms 

5444
04:39:53,300 --> 04:39:56,200
of, Finance, politics and 
personal drama. 

5445
04:39:57,000 --> 04:39:59,900
Behind the scenes, he shaped the
national domain by delivering 

5446
04:39:59,900 --> 04:40:02,500
pragmatic, solutions, to 
fundamental questions about, 

5447
04:40:02,500 --> 04:40:06,000
governance and economy. 
Yet his flamboyant final act, 

5448
04:40:06,000 --> 04:40:09,300
the duel with Aaron Burr. 
Long overshadowed, the breadth 

5449
04:40:09,300 --> 04:40:13,100
of his achievements? 
Over the past two centuries, the

5450
04:40:13,100 --> 04:40:15,700
perception of Hamilton has 
fluctuated between critical 

5451
04:40:15,700 --> 04:40:19,300
weariness and near heroic 
adulation leading to a 

5452
04:40:19,300 --> 04:40:21,800
reexamination that highlights 
his full complexity. 

5453
04:40:22,600 --> 04:40:26,200
For many decades Hamilton served
as a reference point for strong 

5454
04:40:26,200 --> 04:40:29,100
central governance. 
In debates about tariffs, 

5455
04:40:29,100 --> 04:40:32,200
internal improvements and the 
role of a National Bank, 

5456
04:40:32,200 --> 04:40:36,400
legislators invoke his name. 
The hamiltonian Visions 

5457
04:40:36,400 --> 04:40:39,300
signified. 
A dynamic industrializing. 

5458
04:40:39,300 --> 04:40:41,000
America. 
That invests in large-scale 

5459
04:40:41,000 --> 04:40:43,600
infrastructure and cultivates. 
A robust bond market. 

5460
04:40:44,800 --> 04:40:47,800
Penance retorted that such 
policies undercut, local 

5461
04:40:47,800 --> 04:40:50,800
autonomy. 
Echoing Jeffersonian concerns 

5462
04:40:50,800 --> 04:40:53,900
about overreach. 
The cyclical debate recurs 

5463
04:40:53,900 --> 04:40:56,400
whenever the nation. 
Confronts a crisis or looks to 

5464
04:40:56,400 --> 04:40:59,000
expand Federal influence 
Vietnam. 

5465
04:40:59,000 --> 04:41:01,200
Responding to economic 
depressions or modern Financial 

5466
04:41:01,200 --> 04:41:05,100
bailouts among Scholars, 
Hamilton's contribution to the 

5467
04:41:05,100 --> 04:41:07,300
Federalist remains a crowning 
literary feat. 

5468
04:41:08,100 --> 04:41:10,900
Essays like Federalist number 78
shape, the judiciaries 

5469
04:41:10,900 --> 04:41:14,300
conceptual role championing 
judicial Independence, and the 

5470
04:41:14,308 --> 04:41:18,800
power of constitutional review 
Federalist number 84 argued that

5471
04:41:18,808 --> 04:41:21,800
enumerating rights might risk. 
Constraining them though. 

5472
04:41:21,800 --> 04:41:24,200
Ironically, the Bill of Rights 
was soon appended to the 

5473
04:41:24,208 --> 04:41:27,300
Constitution anyway. 
Such Works left a lasting 

5474
04:41:27,300 --> 04:41:30,500
intellectual deposit frequently,
cited and Supreme Court 

5475
04:41:30,500 --> 04:41:33,000
decisions. 
The interplay between Hamilton's

5476
04:41:33,000 --> 04:41:35,400
preference for strong federal 
courts, and modern jurisprudence

5477
04:41:35,400 --> 04:41:38,100
reveals the longevity of his 
influence. 

5478
04:41:38,800 --> 04:41:42,500
Public interests sword. 
A new in the 21st century with a

5479
04:41:42,500 --> 04:41:45,700
popular musical, recasting 
Hamilton as a hip Scrappy 

5480
04:41:45,700 --> 04:41:47,400
immigrant shaping the nation's 
destiny. 

5481
04:41:47,400 --> 04:41:50,600
That retelling lending. 
Hip hop, and historical 

5482
04:41:50,600 --> 04:41:53,700
references stoked. 
Fresh curiosity about details of

5483
04:41:53,700 --> 04:41:56,200
his Caribbean, youth. 
The Heartbreak of losing his 

5484
04:41:56,200 --> 04:41:59,000
mother and the unexpected 
mentorship from Merchants. 

5485
04:41:59,000 --> 04:42:02,600
It also reintroduced figures 
like John Laurens, Hercules, 

5486
04:42:02,600 --> 04:42:05,500
Mulligan, or Elizabeth Skyler to
mainstream conversation. 

5487
04:42:06,400 --> 04:42:09,100
This phenomenon demonstrates, 
how historical figures can be 

5488
04:42:09,108 --> 04:42:12,000
revived and reinterpreted to 
speak to current cultural 

5489
04:42:12,000 --> 04:42:15,600
dialogues about immigration 
representation and the forging 

5490
04:42:15,600 --> 04:42:19,400
of American identity that said 
the musicals creative Liberties 

5491
04:42:19,400 --> 04:42:21,400
overshadow. 
Certain complexities, for 

5492
04:42:21,400 --> 04:42:25,000
instance the Deep potentials 
around slave free or Hamilton's 

5493
04:42:25,000 --> 04:42:28,400
relationship with Haitian 
Independence yet it undeniably 

5494
04:42:28,400 --> 04:42:30,400
catapulted him back in to the 
public eye. 

5495
04:42:31,100 --> 04:42:34,800
Critically modern reflection 
contends with Hamilton stance on

5496
04:42:34,808 --> 04:42:37,700
slavery. 
They personally not an owner of 

5497
04:42:37,700 --> 04:42:40,400
large plantations. 
He married into a family that 

5498
04:42:40,400 --> 04:42:41,900
benefited from enslaved. 
Labor. 

5499
04:42:42,800 --> 04:42:45,800
The international slave trade, 
but was less vocal about 

5500
04:42:45,800 --> 04:42:48,700
immediate abolition. 
Some historians, see him as 

5501
04:42:48,700 --> 04:42:51,000
moderately anti-slavery and 
principle yet. 

5502
04:42:51,000 --> 04:42:54,700
Overshadowed by the era's 
political constraints This mild 

5503
04:42:54,700 --> 04:42:58,200
stance differs from the fur of 
an abolitionist highlighting 

5504
04:42:58,200 --> 04:43:01,300
that even bright Minds can 
compromise on pressing moral 

5505
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:03,800
issues for perceived political 
necessity. 

5506
04:43:04,800 --> 04:43:07,600
Another puzzle is how Hamilton 
would respond to the subsequent,

5507
04:43:07,600 --> 04:43:11,200
expansions he died before 
industrialization truly took 

5508
04:43:11,200 --> 04:43:13,200
flight or the question of 
slavery, overtook? 

5509
04:43:13,200 --> 04:43:16,900
National politics, would he have
advocated for federal solutions 

5510
04:43:16,900 --> 04:43:18,900
to keep the union intact in the 
1850s? 

5511
04:43:18,900 --> 04:43:23,400
Or would he have favored more 
localized, pragmatic deals, the 

5512
04:43:23,400 --> 04:43:25,900
count of factual is tantalizing 
that unanswerable. 

5513
04:43:26,600 --> 04:43:29,600
Like many Founders, his ideas 
form the skeleton for future 

5514
04:43:29,600 --> 04:43:32,900
developments, but subsequent 
Generations, molded them to new 

5515
04:43:32,900 --> 04:43:36,600
contexts. 
Finally, Hamilton's, personal 

5516
04:43:36,600 --> 04:43:39,200
letters uncovered in archives 
over time. 

5517
04:43:39,200 --> 04:43:43,000
Reveal the emotional complexity 
Behind The Confident public 

5518
04:43:43,000 --> 04:43:48,200
Persona he could be warm witty 
or scathing anxious about 

5519
04:43:48,200 --> 04:43:52,200
respect and standing. 
Specter of Orphan Hood, never 

5520
04:43:52,200 --> 04:43:55,300
fully left him. 
A sense of precariousness 

5521
04:43:55,300 --> 04:43:58,700
pervaded his ambition. 
He engaged in verbal battles 

5522
04:43:58,700 --> 04:44:02,600
with the Press establishing, a 
partisan strategy, the Reynolds 

5523
04:44:02,600 --> 04:44:05,000
Affair in which he admitted to 
an extramarital relationship 

5524
04:44:05,000 --> 04:44:07,500
tarnished. 
His moral standing yet 

5525
04:44:07,500 --> 04:44:11,100
underscored his willingness to 
publicly confess in a swirl of 

5526
04:44:11,100 --> 04:44:14,500
political blackmail. 
All these episodes illustrate, a

5527
04:44:14,500 --> 04:44:16,200
Founder who was no pristine 
statue. 

5528
04:44:16,200 --> 04:44:19,900
But a flawed participant in the 
messy birth of a republic in 

5529
04:44:19,900 --> 04:44:23,700
some Alexander, Hamilton's, 
Odyssey stands as an emblem of 

5530
04:44:23,700 --> 04:44:26,500
America's early or destiny. 
Someone forging National 

5531
04:44:26,500 --> 04:44:29,900
Frameworks with unstoppable 
further, bridging personal 

5532
04:44:29,900 --> 04:44:31,600
adversity and political 
upheaval. 

5533
04:44:31,600 --> 04:44:35,200
He hammered out Financial 
machine that stabilized or 

5534
04:44:35,200 --> 04:44:37,400
precarious Union. 
Wrote constitutional 

5535
04:44:37,400 --> 04:44:40,400
commentaries that guided 
centuries of legal thought and 

5536
04:44:40,400 --> 04:44:44,600
valiantly served in war only to 
be undone by personal Vendetta 

5537
04:44:44,600 --> 04:44:48,000
in a misguided duel. 
This story resonates with the 

5538
04:44:48,000 --> 04:44:51,900
universal themes of ambition, 
print principal rivalry and the 

5539
04:44:51,908 --> 04:44:54,200
subtle interplay of personal and
public Realms. 

5540
04:44:54,200 --> 04:44:57,900
Hamilton's imprint endures in 
the institution, he shaped the 

5541
04:44:57,900 --> 04:45:00,700
arguments, he Advanced and the 
persistent puzzle of how 

5542
04:45:00,700 --> 04:45:03,700
brilliant mind can fall victim 
to a bullet summoned, by the 

5543
04:45:03,708 --> 04:45:05,500
code of honor with confusing 
reasoning. 

5544
04:45:11,900 --> 04:45:14,900
Picture yourself settling into 
your favorite chair with a warm 

5545
04:45:14,900 --> 04:45:17,700
cup of tea because we're about 
to embark on one of the most 

5546
04:45:17,700 --> 04:45:20,600
extraordinary. 
Detective stories Nature has 

5547
04:45:20,600 --> 04:45:22,900
ever served up. 
This isn't your typical 

5548
04:45:22,900 --> 04:45:25,700
whodunit. 
It's a who was it that took over

5549
04:45:25,700 --> 04:45:29,300
5,000 years to solve it All 
Began on a perfectly ordinary 

5550
04:45:29,300 --> 04:45:33,100
September Day in 1991. 
When two German hikers, decided 

5551
04:45:33,100 --> 04:45:36,300
to take what they thought would 
be a pleasant stroll, through 

5552
04:45:36,300 --> 04:45:38,600
the art style Alps between 
Austria and Italy. 

5553
04:45:39,600 --> 04:45:42,300
Helmet and Erica Simon were the 
kind of people who probably 

5554
04:45:42,300 --> 04:45:45,100
packed extra sandwiches and 
checked the weather forecast 

5555
04:45:45,100 --> 04:45:49,100
three times before leaving home.
They certainly weren't expecting

5556
04:45:49,100 --> 04:45:51,000
to stumble upon what would 
become one of the most 

5557
04:45:51,000 --> 04:45:53,700
significant archaeological 
discoveries of the 20th century.

5558
04:45:54,600 --> 04:45:56,800
You know how sometimes you're 
cleaning out, your attic and 

5559
04:45:56,800 --> 04:45:58,800
find something unexpected behind
an old box. 

5560
04:45:58,800 --> 04:46:02,300
Well, imagine that. 
But instead of finding your 

5561
04:46:02,300 --> 04:46:06,900
college yearbook, you discover a
perfectly preserved 5,300 year 

5562
04:46:06,900 --> 04:46:09,800
old human being. 
That's essentially what happened

5563
04:46:09,800 --> 04:46:12,600
when the Simon's noticed 
something odd poking out of the 

5564
04:46:12,600 --> 04:46:15,500
melting ice. 
At first glance, they figured 

5565
04:46:15,500 --> 04:46:18,500
they'd found some poor modern 
hiker, who had gotten lost in a 

5566
04:46:18,500 --> 04:46:21,500
blizzard. 
The Alps after all have claimed 

5567
04:46:21,500 --> 04:46:23,100
their share of adventurers over 
the years. 

5568
04:46:23,100 --> 04:46:26,200
But the specimen wasn't just any
Frozen traveler. 

5569
04:46:26,200 --> 04:46:29,000
This was yutzy though. 
He wouldn't get his catchy 

5570
04:46:29,000 --> 04:46:32,400
nickname until much later. 
The Simon's were looking at the 

5571
04:46:32,400 --> 04:46:34,900
oldest naturally. 
Mummified, human ever discovered

5572
04:46:34,900 --> 04:46:38,100
in Europe, A man who'd been 
flash frozen in time. 

5573
04:46:38,100 --> 04:46:40,600
Like the world's most, 
incredible historical, snapshot,

5574
04:46:41,400 --> 04:46:44,100
The discovery sent ripples 
through the scientific Community

5575
04:46:44,100 --> 04:46:46,400
faster than gossip at a Small 
Town Coffee Shop. 

5576
04:46:47,100 --> 04:46:49,700
Here was a window into the 
copper age a time. 

5577
04:46:49,700 --> 04:46:52,300
When humans were just figuring 
out that banging rocks together 

5578
04:46:52,300 --> 04:46:53,900
could produce more than just 
noise. 

5579
04:46:53,900 --> 04:46:57,500
Etsy live during a period when 
your biggest life decisions 

5580
04:46:57,500 --> 04:47:00,600
involved whether to hunt 
mammoths, or gather berries and 

5581
04:47:00,600 --> 04:47:03,200
the most advanced technology was
a sharp stick. 

5582
04:47:03,200 --> 04:47:04,800
What made this? 
Fine. 

5583
04:47:04,800 --> 04:47:06,600
So remarkable wasn't just ate 
his age. 

5584
04:47:06,600 --> 04:47:10,900
If 5,300 years is, certainly 
nothing to sneeze at, but his 

5585
04:47:10,900 --> 04:47:12,400
incredible state of 
preservation. 

5586
04:47:13,300 --> 04:47:16,800
The High Altitude constant, 
freezing temperatures and dry 

5587
04:47:16,800 --> 04:47:19,700
Mountain, are had turned him 
into Nature's, Own Time Capsule,

5588
04:47:19,700 --> 04:47:23,100
While most people from his era, 
had long since returned to dust 

5589
04:47:23,100 --> 04:47:26,500
at Sea looked like he could wake
up at any moment and ask for 

5590
04:47:26,500 --> 04:47:28,000
directions to the nearest 
Starbucks. 

5591
04:47:28,000 --> 04:47:30,900
The initial recovery was 
something like a carefully, 

5592
04:47:30,900 --> 04:47:33,800
choreographed dance between 
excitement, and Extreme Caution.

5593
04:47:34,700 --> 04:47:38,000
Scientists descended on the site
like bibliophiles at a rare book

5594
04:47:38,008 --> 04:47:40,400
sale. 
Each one more thrilled than the 

5595
04:47:40,400 --> 04:47:42,400
last. 
They knew they were handling 

5596
04:47:42,400 --> 04:47:46,600
something precious, not just 
scientifically but humanly The 

5597
04:47:46,600 --> 04:47:50,000
subject wasn't just a specimen. 
This was someone's ancestor. 

5598
04:47:50,000 --> 04:47:54,400
A person who had lived loved and
ultimately met his end on a 

5599
04:47:54,400 --> 04:47:57,800
Lonely, Mountain Pass. 
As you drift off tonight, and 

5600
04:47:57,800 --> 04:48:00,400
imagine the moment, when 
researchers first laid eyes on 

5601
04:48:00,400 --> 04:48:02,500
Nazis, belonging scattered 
around the ice. 

5602
04:48:02,500 --> 04:48:06,700
His copper acts gleamed dully in
the Alpine sun while his leather

5603
04:48:06,700 --> 04:48:09,600
quiver held arrows that had been
ready for action since before 

5604
04:48:09,600 --> 04:48:12,900
the pyramids were built. 
It was like discovering a Bronze

5605
04:48:12,900 --> 04:48:16,300
Age, Swiss army knife complete 
with everything, a well prepared

5606
04:48:16,300 --> 04:48:18,900
traveler might need for a 
journey through the ancient 

5607
04:48:18,900 --> 04:48:23,100
world, the mountains, at his 
secret for over five Millennia 

5608
04:48:23,100 --> 04:48:26,200
waiting patiently for the right 
moment to reveal their treasure 

5609
04:48:26,200 --> 04:48:30,700
and On That September Day. 
In 1991, they finally decided it

5610
04:48:30,700 --> 04:48:32,400
was time to let their ancient 
Guardian. 

5611
04:48:32,400 --> 04:48:35,100
Tell his story. 
Now that you're comfortable and 

5612
04:48:35,100 --> 04:48:38,500
ready to learn more about our 
icebound friend, let's dive into

5613
04:48:38,500 --> 04:48:41,300
what scientists discovered when 
they began their careful 

5614
04:48:41,300 --> 04:48:44,100
examination of utsi. 
Think of it as reading the 

5615
04:48:44,100 --> 04:48:47,400
world's oldest autobiography 
written, not in words, but in 

5616
04:48:47,400 --> 04:48:51,900
skin bones and belongings. 
First things first, let's see 

5617
04:48:51,900 --> 04:48:54,900
wasn't exactly what you'd call 
imposing standing at. 

5618
04:48:54,900 --> 04:48:58,000
About five feet, three inches 
tall, and weighing roughly 110 

5619
04:48:58,000 --> 04:48:59,900
pounds. 
He was built more like a 

5620
04:48:59,900 --> 04:49:02,800
marathon runner than a 
linebacker, but don't let his 

5621
04:49:02,800 --> 04:49:06,300
modest of fool you. 
This was clearly a man who knew 

5622
04:49:06,300 --> 04:49:10,000
his way around the mountains. 
His legs were muscles from years

5623
04:49:10,000 --> 04:49:13,700
of climbing, steep terrain and 
his lungs had adapted to the 

5624
04:49:13,700 --> 04:49:17,300
thin air of high altitudes who 
was essentially the ancient 

5625
04:49:17,300 --> 04:49:19,300
world's equivalent of those 
annoyingly fit. 

5626
04:49:19,300 --> 04:49:23,200
People who post photos from 
their weekend hikes the 

5627
04:49:23,200 --> 04:49:25,400
scientists examining him will 
like to detectives with the 

5628
04:49:25,400 --> 04:49:29,700
ultimate Cold Case, literally 
Every inch of otsu's, body told 

5629
04:49:29,700 --> 04:49:32,700
a story and these researchers 
were determined to read every 

5630
04:49:32,700 --> 04:49:35,700
chapter they discovered. 
He had brown eyes, and brown 

5631
04:49:35,700 --> 04:49:37,300
hair though. 
The hair was more of a memory. 

5632
04:49:37,300 --> 04:49:40,300
By the time he was found. 
He also sported. 

5633
04:49:40,300 --> 04:49:43,300
What Might Have Been Europe's 
first man bun because apparently

5634
04:49:43,300 --> 04:49:45,000
some fashion choices are truly 
timeless. 

5635
04:49:46,100 --> 04:49:47,700
Here's where things get really 
interesting. 

5636
04:49:48,700 --> 04:49:50,800
And slightly uncomfortable. 
If you happen to be squeamish 

5637
04:49:50,800 --> 04:49:54,200
about ancient medical procedures
Let's see was covered in 

5638
04:49:54,200 --> 04:49:56,000
tattoos. 
Not the kind. 

5639
04:49:56,000 --> 04:49:58,400
You might get after a few too 
many drinks in college but 

5640
04:49:58,400 --> 04:50:02,300
deliberate purposeful These 
markings served a very different

5641
04:50:02,300 --> 04:50:04,200
function. 
These weren't artistic 

5642
04:50:04,200 --> 04:50:07,000
expressions or symbols of 
rebellion, they were 

5643
04:50:07,000 --> 04:50:09,700
therapeutic. 
Tattoos placed precisely over 

5644
04:50:09,700 --> 04:50:12,100
areas where you see suffered 
from arthritis and other 

5645
04:50:12,100 --> 04:50:16,000
ailments. 
Imagine that 5,300 years ago, 

5646
04:50:16,000 --> 04:50:18,700
people were already practicing a
form of acupuncture that 

5647
04:50:18,700 --> 04:50:20,500
involved permanent body 
modification. 

5648
04:50:21,400 --> 04:50:25,600
Etsy had 61 of these therapeutic
tattoos created by making small 

5649
04:50:25,600 --> 04:50:28,600
Cuts in his skin and rubbing 
charcoal into the wounds. 

5650
04:50:29,500 --> 04:50:32,300
It's like ancient pain 
management with a permanent 

5651
04:50:32,300 --> 04:50:35,000
reminder of every Akin pain 
you've ever had. 

5652
04:50:36,100 --> 04:50:38,800
Modern medicine cannot match. 
The commitment level found in 

5653
04:50:38,800 --> 04:50:42,000
corporation Healthcare. 
The contents of etsy stomach 

5654
04:50:42,000 --> 04:50:44,100
read, like a prehistoric meal 
plan. 

5655
04:50:44,100 --> 04:50:45,500
That would make modern 
nutritionist. 

5656
04:50:45,500 --> 04:50:50,200
Weep With Envy, his last meal 
included, Ibex meat, Red Deer 

5657
04:50:50,200 --> 04:50:54,300
grains and various plants. 
Basically, he was eating organic

5658
04:50:54,300 --> 04:50:57,800
free range locally sourced food 
long before it became trendy. 

5659
04:50:57,800 --> 04:51:01,000
No processed foods. 
No, artificial preservatives, 

5660
04:51:01,000 --> 04:51:03,600
just pure Mountain to table 
dining. 

5661
04:51:04,700 --> 04:51:06,700
Considering the circumstances of
his death. 

5662
04:51:06,700 --> 04:51:09,900
One could argue that his final 
meal, resembled a Last Supper 

5663
04:51:09,908 --> 04:51:12,400
more than a carefully planned. 
Nutritional Choice. 

5664
04:51:12,400 --> 04:51:16,100
Scientists also discovered that 
Otzi wasn't just a random 

5665
04:51:16,100 --> 04:51:17,800
Wanderer who got caught in bad 
weather. 

5666
04:51:17,800 --> 04:51:21,600
The man had serious gear. 
His equipment list reads, like 

5667
04:51:21,600 --> 04:51:25,200
the inventory of a well-prepared
outdoor Enthusiast a copper axe.

5668
04:51:25,200 --> 04:51:28,500
With the you handle a flint 
knife, a bow made of you would 

5669
04:51:28,500 --> 04:51:30,800
aquiver. 
Full of arrows and a fire 

5670
04:51:30,800 --> 04:51:32,800
starting kit complete with 
Tinder fungus. 

5671
04:51:33,900 --> 04:51:37,200
He even had a first aid kit of 
sorts, including what appears to

5672
04:51:37,200 --> 04:51:39,600
be prehistoric. 
Aspirin made from Birch fungus. 

5673
04:51:39,600 --> 04:51:42,900
Perhaps most remarkably otsu was
wearing what can only be 

5674
04:51:42,900 --> 04:51:45,900
described as the ancient world's
most sophisticated Outdoor 

5675
04:51:45,900 --> 04:51:48,800
Clothing system? 
His outfit included, a leather 

5676
04:51:48,800 --> 04:51:53,300
loin cloth leather leggings a 
coat made of woven grass, a bare

5677
04:51:53,300 --> 04:51:56,000
skin cap and waterproof shoes 
stuffed with grass for 

5678
04:51:56,000 --> 04:51:59,500
insulation. 
It was essentially a 5,300 year 

5679
04:51:59,500 --> 04:52:02,600
old version of high-tech 
mountaineering gear, designed by

5680
04:52:02,600 --> 04:52:05,200
someone who understood that 
staying warm and dry was the 

5681
04:52:05,200 --> 04:52:07,400
difference between life and 
death in the mountains. 

5682
04:52:08,600 --> 04:52:11,300
As you settled deeper into your 
evening routine, consider this 

5683
04:52:11,300 --> 04:52:13,500
otsu's. 
Belongings represent some of 

5684
04:52:13,500 --> 04:52:17,200
Humanity's earliest examples of 
specialized tools and clothing 

5685
04:52:17,200 --> 04:52:18,700
designed for extreme 
environments. 

5686
04:52:19,700 --> 04:52:22,500
He wasn't just surviving in the 
mountains, he was thriving, 

5687
04:52:22,500 --> 04:52:25,900
there equipped with everything. 
He needed to navigate one of the

5688
04:52:25,900 --> 04:52:29,200
world's most challenging 
terrains, pull that blanket a 

5689
04:52:29,200 --> 04:52:32,100
little closer because we're 
about to discuss the darker side

5690
04:52:32,100 --> 04:52:35,900
of uzi's story. 
What started as a remarkable 

5691
04:52:35,900 --> 04:52:39,200
tale of preservation became 
something much more Sinister 

5692
04:52:39,200 --> 04:52:43,000
when scientists began to examine
exactly how our mountain man met

5693
04:52:43,000 --> 04:52:45,300
his end. 
For years, following his 

5694
04:52:45,300 --> 04:52:48,600
Discovery researchers believed, 
he had succumbed to exposure due

5695
04:52:48,600 --> 04:52:51,100
to a sudden storm. 
Seemed like a reasonable 

5696
04:52:51,100 --> 04:52:54,400
explanation, the mountains are 
unpredictable, and even 

5697
04:52:54,400 --> 04:52:57,900
experienced Travelers can find 
themselves in deadly situations 

5698
04:52:57,900 --> 04:53:01,900
when the weather turns nasty. 
But as technology advanced and 

5699
04:53:01,900 --> 04:53:04,200
scientists could examine not see
more thoroughly. 

5700
04:53:04,200 --> 04:53:08,300
They discovered something that 
changed, everything an arrowhead

5701
04:53:08,300 --> 04:53:09,800
lodged. 
Beneath his left shoulder blade.

5702
04:53:09,800 --> 04:53:13,000
This wasnt death by 
misadventure, this was murder. 

5703
04:53:13,800 --> 04:53:16,800
Someone had shot at the back 
with an arrow and that Shooter 

5704
04:53:16,800 --> 04:53:19,400
had done. 
So with deadly Precision, the 

5705
04:53:19,400 --> 04:53:22,800
arrowhead severed a major artery
causing Etsy to bleed to death 

5706
04:53:22,808 --> 04:53:27,000
on that Lonely Mountain Pass. 
Suddenly the find wasn't just an

5707
04:53:27,000 --> 04:53:30,900
archaeological Discovery. 
It was a 5000 300 year old 

5708
04:53:30,900 --> 04:53:33,700
homicide case. 
The plot thickened when 

5709
04:53:33,700 --> 04:53:37,300
scientists examined up his hands
and found Fresh Cuts on his 

5710
04:53:37,300 --> 04:53:40,300
palms and fingers. 
These weren't old scars from 

5711
04:53:40,300 --> 04:53:43,700
years of mountain living, they 
were recent wounds suggesting 

5712
04:53:43,700 --> 04:53:45,400
that UDS. 
He had been in a fight shortly 

5713
04:53:45,400 --> 04:53:47,600
before his death, someone had 
attacked him. 

5714
04:53:47,600 --> 04:53:50,400
He had fought back and 
ultimately he had lost. 

5715
04:53:50,400 --> 04:53:53,100
The evidence painted. 
A picture of a man who had been 

5716
04:53:53,108 --> 04:53:56,100
running for his life through the
mountains, only to be cornered 

5717
04:53:56,100 --> 04:53:59,700
and killed by his pursuer. but 
who would want to kill Etsy and 

5718
04:53:59,700 --> 04:54:04,000
why At this point, the narrative
becomes as intricate as a Mist 

5719
04:54:04,000 --> 04:54:07,600
covered Mountain Trail. 
Scientists discovered that sees 

5720
04:54:07,600 --> 04:54:09,900
copper axe was remarkably 
Advanced for its time. 

5721
04:54:09,900 --> 04:54:13,200
The kind of tool that would have
been extremely valuable in the 

5722
04:54:13,200 --> 04:54:15,800
copper age. 
Some researchers theorize that 

5723
04:54:15,800 --> 04:54:18,800
Etsy might have been a Trader 
carrying precious Goods across 

5724
04:54:18,800 --> 04:54:21,400
the mountain passes, that 
connected different communities,

5725
04:54:21,400 --> 04:54:24,600
perhaps he was robbed and killed
for his valuable possessions 

5726
04:54:24,600 --> 04:54:27,700
other suggests that she might 
have been fleeing from tribal 

5727
04:54:27,700 --> 04:54:30,200
conflict. 
The copper age wasn't exactly 

5728
04:54:30,200 --> 04:54:33,100
known for its peaceful dispute, 
resolution methods and 

5729
04:54:33,100 --> 04:54:35,900
territorial battles were as 
common as modern traffic jams. 

5730
04:54:36,600 --> 04:54:39,800
Maybe utsey belong to a group 
that had lost a war and he was 

5731
04:54:39,800 --> 04:54:42,300
trying to escape to safety when 
his enemies caught up with him. 

5732
04:54:42,300 --> 04:54:45,200
There's even a theory that don't
see, might have been some kind 

5733
04:54:45,200 --> 04:54:48,500
of Shaman, or spiritual leader, 
targeted, because of his special

5734
04:54:48,500 --> 04:54:52,300
status in society. 
Those therapeutic tattoos and 

5735
04:54:52,300 --> 04:54:53,800
his knowledge of medicinal 
plants. 

5736
04:54:53,800 --> 04:54:55,600
Suggest someone who understood 
Healing Arts. 

5737
04:54:55,600 --> 04:54:59,000
Making him a person of 
significant importance in his 

5738
04:54:59,000 --> 04:55:01,900
community. 
Political conflicts, often 

5739
04:55:01,900 --> 04:55:04,900
caught spiritual leaders in the 
crossfire in ancient societies. 

5740
04:55:05,600 --> 04:55:07,800
The most intriguing aspect of 
his murder. 

5741
04:55:07,800 --> 04:55:10,600
Is what happened after? 
He died, whoever killed him made

5742
04:55:10,600 --> 04:55:13,200
no attempt to retrieve the 
valuable copper, axe or any of 

5743
04:55:13,200 --> 04:55:16,300
his other possessions. 
Suggests either that the killer 

5744
04:55:16,300 --> 04:55:19,400
was interrupted or that the 
murder was not motivated by 

5745
04:55:19,400 --> 04:55:23,600
robbery, maybe it was personal, 
maybe it was Revenge, maybe it 

5746
04:55:23,600 --> 04:55:27,100
was just being in the wrong 
place at the wrong time, 5,300 

5747
04:55:27,100 --> 04:55:29,700
years ago. 
What's particularly haunted is 

5748
04:55:29,700 --> 04:55:32,600
how quickly Otzi was covered by 
snow and ice after his death. 

5749
04:55:33,400 --> 04:55:36,200
The mounting conditions, 
essentially freeze dried him 

5750
04:55:36,200 --> 04:55:39,200
within hours or days of his 
shooting preserving him 

5751
04:55:39,200 --> 04:55:42,700
perfectly for over 5 Millennia. 
His killer probably never 

5752
04:55:42,700 --> 04:55:46,000
imagined that their victim Would
One Day become famous studied by

5753
04:55:46,008 --> 04:55:49,000
scientists around the world and 
featured in museums and 

5754
04:55:49,000 --> 04:55:52,300
documentaries. 
The ancient crime scene also 

5755
04:55:52,300 --> 04:55:54,800
revealed something else. 
Intriguing Etsy had been 

5756
04:55:54,800 --> 04:55:56,400
positioned carefully after his 
death. 

5757
04:55:57,200 --> 04:55:59,800
His body was found lying on its 
stomach with his left arm, 

5758
04:55:59,800 --> 04:56:02,700
extended almost as if someone 
had arrived in that way. 

5759
04:56:03,500 --> 04:56:06,100
Whether the arranging was done 
by his killer or by natural 

5760
04:56:06,100 --> 04:56:09,700
processes, as he fell remains a 
mystery that adds another layer 

5761
04:56:09,700 --> 04:56:13,300
to an already complex story. 
As you contemplate, this ancient

5762
04:56:13,300 --> 04:56:15,100
mystery from the comfort of your
modern world. 

5763
04:56:15,100 --> 04:56:18,100
Remember that human nature 
hasn't changed much over the 

5764
04:56:18,100 --> 04:56:20,800
Millennia. 
The same emotions that drive 

5765
04:56:20,800 --> 04:56:23,500
conflict, today, greed jealousy,
fear. 

5766
04:56:23,500 --> 04:56:27,400
And revenge were just as 
powerful 5,300 years ago. 

5767
04:56:28,700 --> 04:56:31,400
Otzi's story reminds us that 
even in the most remote and 

5768
04:56:31,400 --> 04:56:35,200
beautiful places on Earth. 
Human drama has always found a 

5769
04:56:35,200 --> 04:56:38,100
way to unfold. 
Let's take a break from the 

5770
04:56:38,100 --> 04:56:40,700
mystery and travel back in time 
to understand what life was 

5771
04:56:40,700 --> 04:56:45,100
actually like during Waking up 
tomorrow morning. 

5772
04:56:45,100 --> 04:56:48,600
But instead of reaching for your
phone to verify the weather you 

5773
04:56:48,600 --> 04:56:52,000
step outside and read the sky, 
like an open book because your 

5774
04:56:52,000 --> 04:56:54,800
life literally depends on 
getting the Four cast, right? 

5775
04:56:55,800 --> 04:56:58,200
Otzi lived during what 
archaeologists call the copper 

5776
04:56:58,200 --> 04:57:00,600
age, a time. 
When humans were just beginning 

5777
04:57:00,600 --> 04:57:03,800
to figure out that certain 
rocks, when heated just write 

5778
04:57:03,800 --> 04:57:07,800
could produce shiny malleable 
metal, it was like the early 

5779
04:57:07,800 --> 04:57:11,900
days of any new technology, 
exciting experimental and 

5780
04:57:11,900 --> 04:57:15,000
occasionally explosive. 
While most people were still 

5781
04:57:15,008 --> 04:57:18,900
using stone tools, the copper 
axe found with yutzy represented

5782
04:57:18,900 --> 04:57:21,800
cutting-edge technology. 
He was essentially carrying 

5783
04:57:21,800 --> 04:57:24,700
around the iPhone of his era. 
If iPhones were made of copper 

5784
04:57:24,700 --> 04:57:27,800
and used primarily for chopping 
wood and defending yourself from

5785
04:57:27,800 --> 04:57:29,800
both, wild animals and 
unfriendly Neighbors. 

5786
04:57:31,000 --> 04:57:32,400
The world. 
Etsy inhabited was 

5787
04:57:32,400 --> 04:57:35,200
simultaneously more dangerous 
and more beautiful than anything

5788
04:57:35,200 --> 04:57:39,600
we can easily imagine today. 
There were no roads, no Maps, no

5789
04:57:39,600 --> 04:57:43,200
GPS systems. 
Just animal Trails Word of Mouth

5790
04:57:43,200 --> 04:57:46,300
directions, and an intimate. 
Knowledge of natural landmarks 

5791
04:57:46,300 --> 04:57:49,700
passed down through generations.
Getting lost was not just 

5792
04:57:49,700 --> 04:57:54,400
inconvenient, it could be fatal.
Yet people like Otzi regularly 

5793
04:57:54,400 --> 04:57:56,500
travelled hundreds of miles 
through some of the most 

5794
04:57:56,500 --> 04:57:59,400
challenging terrain on Earth, 
Guided by nothing more than 

5795
04:57:59,400 --> 04:58:02,600
experience Instinct, and 
probably a healthy dose of 

5796
04:58:02,600 --> 04:58:04,800
courage. 
His community would have been 

5797
04:58:04,800 --> 04:58:08,300
small, perhaps no, more than a 
few dozen people living together

5798
04:58:08,300 --> 04:58:11,500
in a settlement that might 
relocate seasonally, depending 

5799
04:58:11,500 --> 04:58:13,300
on food, availability, and 
weather conditions. 

5800
04:58:14,300 --> 04:58:17,400
Everyone knew everyone else and 
privacy was probably about as 

5801
04:58:17,400 --> 04:58:20,100
rare as a hot shower. 
Your neighbor's were not just 

5802
04:58:20,100 --> 04:58:23,500
the people next door, they were 
your survival Network, Your 

5803
04:58:23,500 --> 04:58:26,900
Entertainment System, your 
medical team, and your security 

5804
04:58:26,900 --> 04:58:28,400
force. 
All rolled in to one 

5805
04:58:28,400 --> 04:58:31,700
occasionally irritating, but 
absolutely essential package 

5806
04:58:31,700 --> 04:58:35,600
food, was whatever you could 
hunt gather grow or trade for 

5807
04:58:35,600 --> 04:58:38,700
and meal planning required 
skills, that would make Modern 

5808
04:58:38,700 --> 04:58:43,300
Survival show, contestants weep.
These people are domesticated, 

5809
04:58:43,300 --> 04:58:47,300
some animals sheep, goats and 
cattle but hunting still 

5810
04:58:47,300 --> 04:58:50,900
provided much of their protein. 
They cultivated grains such as 

5811
04:58:50,900 --> 04:58:55,000
Einhorn wheat and barley and 
they collected wild fruits nuts 

5812
04:58:55,000 --> 04:58:57,700
and medicinal plants with the 
depth of knowledge that would 

5813
04:58:57,700 --> 04:59:01,700
embarrass modern botanists, 
every plant had a purpose, every

5814
04:59:01,700 --> 04:59:04,700
season, brought different 
opportunities and nothing edible

5815
04:59:04,700 --> 04:59:08,000
was ever wasted. 
Clothing was entirely handmade 

5816
04:59:08,000 --> 04:59:10,200
from materials. 
You either raise hunted or 

5817
04:59:10,200 --> 04:59:13,900
gathered yourself Bootsy 
sophisticated outfit represented

5818
04:59:13,900 --> 04:59:17,100
countless hours of work by 
skilled craftspeople who 

5819
04:59:17,100 --> 04:59:19,900
understood exactly what was 
needed to survive in harsh 

5820
04:59:19,900 --> 04:59:23,300
Mountain conditions. 
His grass cloak alone would have

5821
04:59:23,308 --> 04:59:25,100
required. 
Specialized knowledge of which 

5822
04:59:25,100 --> 04:59:27,500
grasses provide the best 
insulation and waterproofing. 

5823
04:59:27,500 --> 04:59:31,500
Plus the weaving skills to turn 
raw materials into functional 

5824
04:59:31,500 --> 04:59:33,600
garments. 
It was like wearing a 

5825
04:59:33,600 --> 04:59:37,200
custom-made technical climbing 
suit, excepted took months to 

5826
04:59:37,200 --> 04:59:40,400
create and couldn't be replaced 
with a quick trip to the outdoor

5827
04:59:40,400 --> 04:59:43,100
gear store. 
Medicine was a combination of 

5828
04:59:43,100 --> 04:59:46,100
practical, knowledge, 
plant-based remedies, and what 

5829
04:59:46,100 --> 04:59:48,800
we might charitably call 
experimental procedures. 

5830
04:59:48,800 --> 04:59:52,200
Those therapeutic tattoos 
covering otzi's body weren't 

5831
04:59:52,200 --> 04:59:55,800
just ancient acupuncture. 
They represented a sophisticated

5832
04:59:55,800 --> 04:59:59,000
understanding of pain management
and the willingness to try 

5833
04:59:59,000 --> 05:00:01,000
permanent body modification as 
treatment. 

5834
05:00:02,000 --> 05:00:04,500
When you're back ached from 
years of carrying heavy loads, 

5835
05:00:04,500 --> 05:00:08,100
over Mountain terrain, you 
didn't pop an ibuprofen, you had

5836
05:00:08,100 --> 05:00:10,700
someone cut patterns into your 
skin and rub charcoal into the 

5837
05:00:10,708 --> 05:00:12,900
wounds. 
Hoping it would provide relief. 

5838
05:00:14,100 --> 05:00:16,900
Spiritual world was as real and 
immediate as the physical one. 

5839
05:00:17,700 --> 05:00:20,500
Stories rituals and 
relationships with Supernatural 

5840
05:00:20,500 --> 05:00:24,200
forces helped us, understand 
natural phenomena that we 

5841
05:00:24,200 --> 05:00:27,900
explained with science mountains
rivers weather patterns and 

5842
05:00:27,900 --> 05:00:30,900
animal behaviors all held 
meaning beyond their practical 

5843
05:00:30,900 --> 05:00:33,500
implications. 
Otzi's journey through the 

5844
05:00:33,500 --> 05:00:35,500
mountains, wasn't just a 
physical Expedition. 

5845
05:00:35,500 --> 05:00:39,000
It was a spiritual Passage 
through a landscape alive with 

5846
05:00:39,000 --> 05:00:41,700
powers and presences that 
demanded respect and careful 

5847
05:00:41,700 --> 05:00:44,500
navigation. 
Perhaps most remarkably people 

5848
05:00:44,500 --> 05:00:47,900
like Otzi possessed a kind of 
environmental literacy that was 

5849
05:00:47,900 --> 05:00:49,300
almost extinct in our modern 
world. 

5850
05:00:50,100 --> 05:00:53,300
They could read animal tracks 
like stories, predict weather 

5851
05:00:53,300 --> 05:00:57,000
changes from subtle shifts in 
wind direction, identify edible,

5852
05:00:57,000 --> 05:01:00,200
and medicinal plants by touch 
and complete darkness and 

5853
05:01:00,200 --> 05:01:03,500
navigate vast distances. 
Using only natural landmarks 

5854
05:01:04,300 --> 05:01:07,500
Their minds were libraries of 
practical knowledge accumulated 

5855
05:01:07,500 --> 05:01:10,500
over lifetimes of careful 
observation and passed down 

5856
05:01:10,500 --> 05:01:12,300
through generations of oral 
tradition. 

5857
05:01:13,300 --> 05:01:16,200
As you rest in your comfortable,
climate controlled environment 

5858
05:01:16,200 --> 05:01:19,200
tonight, consider what, it must 
have been like to live. 

5859
05:01:19,200 --> 05:01:22,600
So, intimately connected to the 
natural world, that your 

5860
05:01:22,600 --> 05:01:25,100
survival depended on 
understanding, its every mood 

5861
05:01:25,100 --> 05:01:27,800
and movement. 
Now, let's dim the lights a bit 

5862
05:01:27,808 --> 05:01:30,000
more and explore. 
How modern science transformed. 

5863
05:01:30,000 --> 05:01:33,600
Etsy from a curious Discovery 
into a treasure Trove of 

5864
05:01:33,600 --> 05:01:37,100
information about ancient life. 
It's like having a conversation 

5865
05:01:37,100 --> 05:01:42,400
with someone from 5,300 years 
ago, in stead of words, they're 

5866
05:01:42,400 --> 05:01:46,100
speaking through DNA Isotopes, 
and microscopic traces of 

5867
05:01:46,100 --> 05:01:49,900
pollen, when scientists began 
studying at Sea, they had to 

5868
05:01:49,900 --> 05:01:52,800
invent in entirely new ways of 
extracting information from 

5869
05:01:52,800 --> 05:01:54,700
ancient remains without 
destroying them. 

5870
05:01:55,500 --> 05:01:58,000
Imagine trying to read a book 
that so fragile, it might 

5871
05:01:58,000 --> 05:01:59,600
crumble if you look at it too 
hard. 

5872
05:01:59,600 --> 05:02:02,200
But you know, it contains 
secrets that could rewrite 

5873
05:02:02,200 --> 05:02:04,800
history. 
Every test had to be planned 

5874
05:02:04,800 --> 05:02:07,900
meticulously every sample, 
precious and irreplaceable. 

5875
05:02:09,100 --> 05:02:11,600
The first breakthrough came from
studying the contents of its 

5876
05:02:11,600 --> 05:02:15,400
digestive system, essentially 
giving him a posthumous medical 

5877
05:02:15,400 --> 05:02:18,100
exam that would make even the 
most thorough doctor jealous. 

5878
05:02:18,800 --> 05:02:21,400
Scientists could identify 
exactly what he had eaten. 

5879
05:02:21,400 --> 05:02:25,100
And when creating a timeline of 
his final hours that read like a

5880
05:02:25,100 --> 05:02:29,400
prehistoric travel itinerary. 
His last meal of Ibex meat and 

5881
05:02:29,400 --> 05:02:31,400
unleavened bread. 
Told them he had stopped to eat 

5882
05:02:31,400 --> 05:02:35,000
in The Valleys before climbing 
to the past where he died even 

5883
05:02:35,000 --> 05:02:37,400
more remarkably. 
They found hop hornbeam pollen 

5884
05:02:37,400 --> 05:02:40,600
in his stomach which only 
flowers in Spring helping to 

5885
05:02:40,600 --> 05:02:42,200
pinpoint not just where he had 
been. 

5886
05:02:42,208 --> 05:02:46,500
But when he had been there, 
isotope analysis opened up 

5887
05:02:46,500 --> 05:02:49,200
another dimension of detective 
work that would make Sherlock 

5888
05:02:49,200 --> 05:02:52,400
Holmes Green With Envy. 
I studying the ratios of 

5889
05:02:52,400 --> 05:02:55,800
different chemical elements in 
otsu's, teeth bones and hair 

5890
05:02:55,800 --> 05:02:58,100
scientists could map out his 
movement. 

5891
05:02:58,100 --> 05:03:01,100
So, over the years and months 
before his death, like a GPS 

5892
05:03:01,100 --> 05:03:04,500
tracking system, that worked 
across millennia, They 

5893
05:03:04,500 --> 05:03:08,100
discovered, he had spent his 
childhood in one Valley lived as

5894
05:03:08,100 --> 05:03:11,100
an adult in another and a 
traveled extensively throughout 

5895
05:03:11,100 --> 05:03:13,700
the region. 
His body was essentially a 

5896
05:03:13,700 --> 05:03:16,200
chemical passport. 
Stamped, with the signature of 

5897
05:03:16,200 --> 05:03:19,200
every place he'd lived and every
source of water. 

5898
05:03:19,200 --> 05:03:23,000
He had drunk DNA analysis 
revealed even more personal 

5899
05:03:23,000 --> 05:03:24,900
details about our ancient 
Mountain Man. 

5900
05:03:24,900 --> 05:03:29,100
Scientists determined that she 
had brown eyes and type O blood,

5901
05:03:29,100 --> 05:03:32,900
and that he was probably lactose
intolerant, meaning, he couldn't

5902
05:03:32,900 --> 05:03:35,300
drink milk without some 
uncomfortable consequences. 

5903
05:03:35,300 --> 05:03:39,100
They also discovered he carried 
genetic markers associated with 

5904
05:03:39,100 --> 05:03:42,300
increased risk of heart disease,
which might explain why his 

5905
05:03:42,300 --> 05:03:44,900
arteries showed signs of 
atherosclerosis despite his 

5906
05:03:44,900 --> 05:03:49,600
active lifestyle. 
Even 5,300 years ago, genetics 

5907
05:03:49,600 --> 05:03:51,100
was playing its role in human 
health. 

5908
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:54,700
Perhaps, most fascinatingly 
researchers were able to extract

5909
05:03:54,700 --> 05:03:58,300
and study bacteria from otzi's. 
Stomach, discovering that he 

5910
05:03:58,300 --> 05:04:01,500
carried a strain of helicobacter
pylori, that's most closely 

5911
05:04:01,500 --> 05:04:05,400
related to Asian populations. 
This tiny detail provided 

5912
05:04:05,400 --> 05:04:08,100
evidence for ancient migration 
patterns and trade connections 

5913
05:04:08,100 --> 05:04:11,400
that linked Europe to Asia, 
thousands of years before the 

5914
05:04:11,400 --> 05:04:15,100
Silk Road became famous. 
At his gut bacteria were telling

5915
05:04:15,108 --> 05:04:18,600
a story about human movement and
cultural exchange that spanned 

5916
05:04:18,600 --> 05:04:21,500
continents. 
The analysis of etsy's clothing 

5917
05:04:21,500 --> 05:04:24,500
and equipment to revealed 
sophisticated technologies that 

5918
05:04:24,500 --> 05:04:27,100
challenge assumptions about 
Corporation capabilities. 

5919
05:04:27,900 --> 05:04:30,700
His leather was processed, using
complex tanning methods. 

5920
05:04:30,700 --> 05:04:34,600
His textiles showed Advanced 
weaving techniques and his tools

5921
05:04:34,600 --> 05:04:37,500
demonstrated metalworking skills
that were more sophisticated 

5922
05:04:37,500 --> 05:04:39,800
than previously thought possible
for the time period. 

5923
05:04:40,600 --> 05:04:43,700
Each item represented not just 
individual craftsmanship book, 

5924
05:04:43,700 --> 05:04:46,500
complex Supply chains and 
specialized knowledge networks 

5925
05:04:46,500 --> 05:04:48,900
that connected communities 
across vast distances. 

5926
05:04:50,000 --> 05:04:54,000
CT scan and 3D imaging allowed 
scientists to examine otsu's, 

5927
05:04:54,000 --> 05:04:56,500
internal structure without 
causing any damage to his 

5928
05:04:56,500 --> 05:04:59,200
remains. 
They could see healed fractures 

5929
05:04:59,200 --> 05:05:02,700
from old injuries, evidence of 
arthritis, in his joints, and 

5930
05:05:02,700 --> 05:05:04,600
the exact path of the arrow that
killed him. 

5931
05:05:04,600 --> 05:05:07,500
It was like performing an 
autopsy with the most advanced 

5932
05:05:07,500 --> 05:05:10,500
Medical Technology available, 
but on someone who had died 

5933
05:05:10,500 --> 05:05:14,700
before the invention of writing.
The forensic analysis of his 

5934
05:05:14,700 --> 05:05:17,500
murder became increasingly 
sophisticated as technology 

5935
05:05:17,500 --> 05:05:20,100
advanced. 
Scientists could determine the 

5936
05:05:20,100 --> 05:05:23,200
type of bow, used to shoot him 
the direction, from which the 

5937
05:05:23,200 --> 05:05:26,300
arrow came, and even estimate, 
how long, he survived after 

5938
05:05:26,300 --> 05:05:29,100
being wounded. 
They found traces of blood from 

5939
05:05:29,100 --> 05:05:31,300
four different people on his 
weapons and clothing. 

5940
05:05:31,300 --> 05:05:34,900
Suggesting that at Sea had been 
involved in multiple conflicts 

5941
05:05:34,900 --> 05:05:38,100
shortly before his death. 
The evidence painted a picture 

5942
05:05:38,100 --> 05:05:41,700
of a man who had fought several 
battles, treated his wounds and 

5943
05:05:41,700 --> 05:05:44,800
then climbed into the mountains,
where he was finally ambushed 

5944
05:05:44,800 --> 05:05:48,800
and killed. most remarkably 
advances in ancient DNA 

5945
05:05:48,800 --> 05:05:51,300
research, have allowed 
scientists to identify, living 

5946
05:05:51,300 --> 05:05:54,600
relatives of utsi Through 
genetic analysis of modern 

5947
05:05:54,600 --> 05:05:57,800
populations in the Alps, they 
found people who share genetic 

5948
05:05:57,800 --> 05:06:02,000
markers with our 5,300 year old 
Iceman. it's as if Bootsy 

5949
05:06:02,000 --> 05:06:04,600
reached across five Millennia to
tap, someone on the shoulder and

5950
05:06:04,600 --> 05:06:08,800
say, hey, we're family, As you 
settle in to sleep tonight. 

5951
05:06:08,800 --> 05:06:11,900
Consider how this intersection 
of Cutting Edge science and 

5952
05:06:11,900 --> 05:06:15,200
ancient mystery has allowed us 
to know at Sea more intimately 

5953
05:06:15,200 --> 05:06:17,500
than we know most people from 
just a few centuries ago. 

5954
05:06:18,200 --> 05:06:21,800
Modern technology has made it 
more real more human and more 

5955
05:06:21,800 --> 05:06:24,700
relatable than any historical 
figure who left behind only 

5956
05:06:24,700 --> 05:06:27,100
written records. 
As we near the end of our 

5957
05:06:27,100 --> 05:06:29,100
journey with otsi. 
Let's explore. 

5958
05:06:29,100 --> 05:06:31,700
How this ancient mountain man 
has become one of the most 

5959
05:06:31,700 --> 05:06:35,100
famous people who never lived to
see his celebrity status. 

5960
05:06:35,900 --> 05:06:38,600
From his refrigerated home in an
Italian Museum to his 

5961
05:06:38,600 --> 05:06:42,100
appearances and documentaries 
books and even video games. 

5962
05:06:42,100 --> 05:06:45,700
But he has achieved a kind of 
immortality that would probably 

5963
05:06:45,700 --> 05:06:47,400
bewilder him if he could 
understand it. 

5964
05:06:49,000 --> 05:06:52,900
The South tyrol Museum of 
archeology in Bolzano Italy, has

5965
05:06:52,900 --> 05:06:54,400
become otzi's, permanent 
address. 

5966
05:06:55,400 --> 05:06:57,900
Far Cry from the nomadic 
lifestyle, he wants new. 

5967
05:06:58,900 --> 05:07:02,600
He rests in a specially designed
cold chamber that maintains the 

5968
05:07:02,600 --> 05:07:05,600
exact temperature, and humidity 
conditions needed to preserve 

5969
05:07:05,600 --> 05:07:08,900
his remains essentially living 
in a high-tech version of the 

5970
05:07:08,900 --> 05:07:11,700
glacial conditions that saved 
him for over five millennia. 

5971
05:07:12,800 --> 05:07:15,500
Visitors from around the world 
line up to pierce through a 

5972
05:07:15,508 --> 05:07:19,200
small window at this ancient 
celebrity making Otzi. 

5973
05:07:19,200 --> 05:07:22,000
Probably the most viewed person 
who died before the invention of

5974
05:07:22,008 --> 05:07:25,400
agriculture. 
But she's influence extends far 

5975
05:07:25,400 --> 05:07:28,300
beyond Museum walls. 
He has revolutionized our 

5976
05:07:28,300 --> 05:07:31,900
understanding of corporate life 
proving that our ancestors were 

5977
05:07:31,900 --> 05:07:35,600
far more sophisticated mobile 
and technologically, advanced 

5978
05:07:35,600 --> 05:07:39,900
than previously, imagined. 
Before Otzi many archaeologists 

5979
05:07:39,900 --> 05:07:41,600
assumed that people from his 
era. 

5980
05:07:41,600 --> 05:07:44,500
Lived in small isolated 
communities with limited 

5981
05:07:44,500 --> 05:07:47,100
technology, and little 
long-distance travel. 

5982
05:07:47,900 --> 05:07:50,600
At Sea shattered, those 
assumptions with his Advanced 

5983
05:07:50,600 --> 05:07:54,700
Equipment evidence of extensive 
travel and sophisticated Medical

5984
05:07:54,700 --> 05:07:58,300
Treatments his impact on medical
research has been particularly 

5985
05:07:58,300 --> 05:08:01,400
profound. 
Those therapeutic tattoos of 

5986
05:08:01,408 --> 05:08:04,400
inspired modern studies of the 
relationship between acupuncture

5987
05:08:04,400 --> 05:08:06,600
points and areas of chronic 
pain. 

5988
05:08:07,600 --> 05:08:10,700
Some researchers believe Otis 
tattoos corresponder remarkably.

5989
05:08:10,700 --> 05:08:14,100
Well with traditional Chinese 
acupuncture Maps suggesting that

5990
05:08:14,100 --> 05:08:16,900
ancient healing Traditions might
have been more widespread and 

5991
05:08:16,900 --> 05:08:20,500
sophisticated than previously. 
Thought it was as if you was 

5992
05:08:20,500 --> 05:08:24,400
carrying around a 5,300 year old
medical textbook written on his 

5993
05:08:24,400 --> 05:08:27,100
skin. 
The forensic technique developed

5994
05:08:27,100 --> 05:08:29,600
to study at Sea have advanced 
archaeological methods 

5995
05:08:29,600 --> 05:08:32,300
worldwide. 
The careful non-destructive 

5996
05:08:32,300 --> 05:08:35,700
analysis, methods pioneered with
his remains and now standard 

5997
05:08:35,700 --> 05:08:38,100
practice for examining other 
ancient discoveries. 

5998
05:08:38,100 --> 05:08:42,500
Every mummy every preserved, 
remain an every ancient artifact

5999
05:08:42,500 --> 05:08:44,900
that gets discovered today 
benefits from the scientific 

6000
05:08:44,900 --> 05:08:47,500
techniques. 
Refined through Decades of utsu 

6001
05:08:47,500 --> 05:08:50,900
research, he pioneered an entire
field of study and his 

6002
05:08:50,908 --> 05:08:53,200
contributions to archaeological 
methodology. 

6003
05:08:53,200 --> 05:08:55,600
Continued to yield benefits with
each new discovery. 

6004
05:08:56,700 --> 05:08:59,600
Environmental scientists have 
used Otzi story to understand 

6005
05:08:59,600 --> 05:09:02,000
ancient climate patterns and 
Glacier Behavior. 

6006
05:09:02,000 --> 05:09:06,200
His Discovery site has become a 
natural laboratory for studying,

6007
05:09:06,200 --> 05:09:09,600
how climate change affects 
Alpine environments, the fact 

6008
05:09:09,600 --> 05:09:11,900
that Etsy emerged from the ice 
in 1991. 

6009
05:09:11,900 --> 05:09:14,900
After being hidden for over 5, 
Millennia tells us something 

6010
05:09:14,908 --> 05:09:17,500
significant about warming 
temperatures and changing 

6011
05:09:17,500 --> 05:09:21,000
Glacier patterns. 
Strangely sees emergence from 

6012
05:09:21,000 --> 05:09:23,700
the ice serves as a dramatic 
illustration of environmental 

6013
05:09:23,700 --> 05:09:26,700
change making him a spokesman 
for climate awareness. 

6014
05:09:26,700 --> 05:09:30,100
The legal implications of votes 
is Discovery created. 

6015
05:09:30,100 --> 05:09:33,400
International precedence for 
handling archaeological finds 

6016
05:09:33,400 --> 05:09:36,400
that cross National borders. 
Found on the board of between 

6017
05:09:36,400 --> 05:09:39,300
Austria and Italy at his 
ownership, became a diplomatic 

6018
05:09:39,300 --> 05:09:41,300
issue that required, careful 
negotiation. 

6019
05:09:42,400 --> 05:09:44,300
The resolution that he belongs 
to Italy. 

6020
05:09:44,300 --> 05:09:46,600
But with special Provisions for 
international research, 

6021
05:09:46,600 --> 05:09:49,700
collaboration has become a model
for managing similar, 

6022
05:09:49,700 --> 05:09:52,700
discoveries around the world at 
Sears also, become a cultural 

6023
05:09:52,700 --> 05:09:56,200
icon, inspiring everything from 
novels, and documentaries, to 

6024
05:09:56,208 --> 05:10:00,100
Children books, and video games,
National Geographic, specials, 

6025
05:10:00,100 --> 05:10:04,000
BBC documentaries and numerous 
educational programs have 

6026
05:10:04,000 --> 05:10:06,200
featured him. 
There's something about his 

6027
05:10:06,200 --> 05:10:09,300
story that captures the 
imagination, perhaps, because he

6028
05:10:09,300 --> 05:10:12,600
represents both our connection 
to the ancient world and our 

6029
05:10:12,600 --> 05:10:15,600
fascination with Mysteries, that
can be sold through science. 

6030
05:10:17,100 --> 05:10:19,700
The ethical questions 
surrounding Utz is display and 

6031
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:21,800
study have sparked important 
discussions. 

6032
05:10:21,800 --> 05:10:24,100
About the treatment of human 
remains in archaeological 

6033
05:10:24,100 --> 05:10:26,700
research. 
How do we balance scientific 

6034
05:10:26,700 --> 05:10:28,500
inquiry with respect for the 
Dead? 

6035
05:10:29,500 --> 05:10:32,000
What rights do ancient people 
have in our modern world? 

6036
05:10:32,000 --> 05:10:36,100
These questions don't have easy 
answers, but etsy's case has 

6037
05:10:36,100 --> 05:10:38,800
helped establish guidelines that
now influence how archaeologists

6038
05:10:38,800 --> 05:10:40,600
approach, similar discoveries 
worldwide. 

6039
05:10:40,600 --> 05:10:44,300
Perhaps most significantly. 
Etsy has made the ancient world 

6040
05:10:44,300 --> 05:10:47,300
feel accessible and human in 
ways that Pottery shards and 

6041
05:10:47,300 --> 05:10:51,400
stone tools never could Through 
him, we can imagine what it felt

6042
05:10:51,400 --> 05:10:55,600
like to live 5,300 years ago. 
The daily challenges the 

6043
05:10:55,600 --> 05:10:59,000
sophisticated knowledge required
for survival, the dangers of 

6044
05:10:59,000 --> 05:11:01,900
travel and the ever-present 
reality that life could end 

6045
05:11:01,900 --> 05:11:05,400
suddenly and violently, he's not
just a specimen. 

6046
05:11:05,400 --> 05:11:08,500
He's a person whose story 
resonates across the Millennia 

6047
05:11:08,500 --> 05:11:10,900
educational programs around the 
world. 

6048
05:11:10,900 --> 05:11:14,100
Use otsu's, story to teach 
everything from ancient history 

6049
05:11:14,100 --> 05:11:17,600
to Modern forensic science. 
Students who might perceive 

6050
05:11:17,600 --> 05:11:21,100
archeology dry and Dusty 
suddenly becoming engaged when 

6051
05:11:21,100 --> 05:11:24,200
they learn about the man who 
emerge from the ice with a full 

6052
05:11:24,200 --> 05:11:27,400
complement of gear and a mystery
that scientists are still 

6053
05:11:27,400 --> 05:11:29,900
solving. 
He's become the ultimate 

6054
05:11:29,900 --> 05:11:33,200
teaching tool for demonstrating 
how much we can learn from 

6055
05:11:33,200 --> 05:11:36,800
careful, scientific analysis. 
As you prepare for Sleep, 

6056
05:11:36,800 --> 05:11:40,400
consider, how utsi has bridged 
the vast gap between the ancient

6057
05:11:40,400 --> 05:11:44,000
and modern worlds, making the 
distant past, feel immediate and

6058
05:11:44,000 --> 05:11:47,700
personal in ways that few 
archaeological discoveries ever 

6059
05:11:47,700 --> 05:11:50,400
achieve as our evening Journey 
with us. 

6060
05:11:50,400 --> 05:11:53,400
He draws to a close. 
Let's settle in for some final 

6061
05:11:53,400 --> 05:11:56,100
Reflections on what his 
remarkable story means for us 

6062
05:11:56,100 --> 05:11:58,400
today. 
And how this ancient Mountain 

6063
05:11:58,400 --> 05:12:01,700
Man continues to whisper secrets
about human nature across the 

6064
05:12:01,700 --> 05:12:05,300
vast expanse of time. 
There's something profoundly 

6065
05:12:05,300 --> 05:12:08,700
moving about of his story that 
goes beyond the scientific 

6066
05:12:08,700 --> 05:12:10,400
discoveries and forensic 
Mysteries. 

6067
05:12:11,300 --> 05:12:13,500
This man lived and died in a 
world. 

6068
05:12:13,500 --> 05:12:16,300
So different from ours, that it 
might as well have been another 

6069
05:12:16,300 --> 05:12:18,500
planet yet. 
His remains show that the 

6070
05:12:18,500 --> 05:12:20,300
fundamental experience of being 
human. 

6071
05:12:20,300 --> 05:12:22,000
Haven't changed as much as we 
think. 

6072
05:12:23,000 --> 05:12:26,100
He felt pain and sought relief 
through those therapeutic 

6073
05:12:26,100 --> 05:12:30,500
tattoos, he prepared carefully 
for Dangerous Journeys, carrying

6074
05:12:30,500 --> 05:12:34,200
everything, he might need to 
survive, he faced violence and 

6075
05:12:34,200 --> 05:12:37,600
fought back. 
He died far from home alone on a

6076
05:12:37,600 --> 05:12:40,300
mountain pass but his story 
would have eventually reach 

6077
05:12:40,300 --> 05:12:42,900
millions of people who would 
come to know him more intimately

6078
05:12:42,900 --> 05:12:44,800
than they know most of their 
contemporaries. 

6079
05:12:45,700 --> 05:12:49,300
The mountains that preserved OTC
for over 5 million serve as a 

6080
05:12:49,300 --> 05:12:51,400
poignant metaphor for the 
relationship between human 

6081
05:12:51,400 --> 05:12:55,200
ambition and natural forces. 
He was traveling through some of

6082
05:12:55,208 --> 05:12:58,100
the most spectacular and 
dangerous terrain on Earth armed

6083
05:12:58,100 --> 05:13:01,400
with nothing more than copper 
aged technology and accumulated 

6084
05:13:01,400 --> 05:13:03,800
wisdom about survival and 
extreme conditions. 

6085
05:13:04,500 --> 05:13:07,900
The same mountains that killed 
him also saved his story for 

6086
05:13:07,900 --> 05:13:11,800
posterity turning him into an 
accidental time traveler, who 

6087
05:13:11,800 --> 05:13:14,700
could teach us about both 
ancient life and our own Human 

6088
05:13:14,700 --> 05:13:17,400
Nature. 
Modern visitors to the art style

6089
05:13:17,408 --> 05:13:19,800
Alps, often follow hiking routes
that pass near. 

6090
05:13:19,800 --> 05:13:24,100
Where was discovered, they carry
GPS devices where high-tech 

6091
05:13:24,100 --> 05:13:26,900
clothing and have emergency 
Rescue Services available. 

6092
05:13:26,900 --> 05:13:30,000
If things go wrong yet there 
essentially doing the same thing

6093
05:13:30,000 --> 05:13:34,300
as he was doing 5,300 years ago,
challenging themselves against 

6094
05:13:34,300 --> 05:13:37,900
the mountains seeking adventure 
and perhaps seeking some deeper 

6095
05:13:37,900 --> 05:13:41,200
connection with the natural 
world, the technology changes, 

6096
05:13:41,200 --> 05:13:44,500
but the human impulse to explore
and test ourselves remains 

6097
05:13:44,500 --> 05:13:49,500
constant Scientists continue to 
study new, discoveries emerge 

6098
05:13:49,500 --> 05:13:51,400
regularly, as technology 
advances. 

6099
05:13:51,400 --> 05:13:55,600
Each new discovery in riches, 
his story and contributes to the

6100
05:13:55,600 --> 05:13:59,300
understanding of ancient life. 
Recent research has revealed 

6101
05:13:59,300 --> 05:14:02,000
more about his diet, his 
travels, his health, and even 

6102
05:14:02,000 --> 05:14:05,600
his family relationships. 
It's as if we're slowly getting 

6103
05:14:05,600 --> 05:14:09,200
to know him better year by year 
building, a relationship with 

6104
05:14:09,200 --> 05:14:12,500
someone who died 53 centuries 
ago but whose story grows more 

6105
05:14:12,500 --> 05:14:14,000
complete with each passing 
season. 

6106
05:14:14,000 --> 05:14:17,300
The mystery of otsu's. 
Murder may never be completely 

6107
05:14:17,300 --> 05:14:19,500
solved. 
That's fitting. 

6108
05:14:20,300 --> 05:14:22,500
Some questions are more powerful
than their answers. 

6109
05:14:22,500 --> 05:14:26,400
The uncertainty surrounding his 
death, allows us to project our 

6110
05:14:26,400 --> 05:14:28,600
understanding of human nature 
onto his story. 

6111
05:14:29,300 --> 05:14:32,600
Was he a victim of random, 
violence, a casualty of Ancient 

6112
05:14:32,600 --> 05:14:34,900
Warfare. 
Well, the target of a personal 

6113
05:14:34,900 --> 05:14:38,100
Vendetta, Each possibility 
reveals something different 

6114
05:14:38,100 --> 05:14:41,500
about how we understand conflict
survival and the challenges of 

6115
05:14:41,500 --> 05:14:44,800
life in harsh environments. 
What remains constant is 

6116
05:14:44,800 --> 05:14:48,500
Humanity through all the 
scientific analysis and for 

6117
05:14:48,500 --> 05:14:51,900
investigation what emerges most 
clearly is the portrait of a 

6118
05:14:51,900 --> 05:14:55,100
real person who face real 
challenges with intelligent 

6119
05:14:55,100 --> 05:14:58,600
preparation and courage. his 
meticulous attention to 

6120
05:14:58,600 --> 05:15:01,400
equipment and clothing 
demonstrate to person, who 

6121
05:15:01,400 --> 05:15:05,000
understands the importance of 
details when survival hinges on 

6122
05:15:05,000 --> 05:15:08,300
preparation, His willingness to 
travel through dangerous 

6123
05:15:08,300 --> 05:15:11,100
terrain, suggests either 
necessity or Adventure seeking, 

6124
05:15:11,100 --> 05:15:14,300
that would be familiar to anyone
who's ever taken a calculator 

6125
05:15:14,300 --> 05:15:17,100
risk. 
His evidence of past injuries 

6126
05:15:17,100 --> 05:15:20,200
and ongoing health problems, 
reveal someone who persevered 

6127
05:15:20,200 --> 05:15:22,200
through pain and physical 
challenges. 

6128
05:15:23,100 --> 05:15:26,000
The therapeutic tattoos covering
his body tell, perhaps the most 

6129
05:15:26,000 --> 05:15:29,000
human story of all. 
The Eternal Quest to obtain 

6130
05:15:29,000 --> 05:15:30,900
relief from chronic pain and 
discomfort. 

6131
05:15:32,000 --> 05:15:34,900
In our modern world of advanced 
Pharmaceuticals and medical 

6132
05:15:34,900 --> 05:15:36,500
procedures. 
We sometimes. 

6133
05:15:36,500 --> 05:15:39,400
Forget that humans have always 
sought ways to be suffering and 

6134
05:15:39,400 --> 05:15:42,800
improve quality of life. 
That sees tattoos represent a 

6135
05:15:42,800 --> 05:15:46,100
kind of ancient hope the belief 
that marking and treating the 

6136
05:15:46,100 --> 05:15:48,900
body could provide relief from 
the aches and pains of a 

6137
05:15:48,900 --> 05:15:51,800
physically demanding life. 
As you drift off to sleep 

6138
05:15:51,800 --> 05:15:54,900
tonight, imagine not see on his 
final journey through the 

6139
05:15:54,900 --> 05:15:57,400
mountains. 
Carrying his carefully crafted 

6140
05:15:57,400 --> 05:16:01,700
tools and wearing his precisely 
designed clothing unaware that 

6141
05:16:01,700 --> 05:16:04,600
he was about to become one of 
the most famous people in human 

6142
05:16:04,600 --> 05:16:08,700
history. picture him pausing to 
rest in the high Alpine Meadows,

6143
05:16:08,700 --> 05:16:12,300
perhaps, sharing a meal with 
fellow Travelers, may be gazing 

6144
05:16:12,300 --> 05:16:16,200
at the same stars that shine 
down on us today, even with the 

6145
05:16:16,200 --> 05:16:19,300
most advanced technology, we 
can't fully understand the 

6146
05:16:19,300 --> 05:16:23,300
Mysteries and complexities of 
every human life as his story 

6147
05:16:23,300 --> 05:16:27,600
reminds us We know more about 
etsy's, daily life, his health, 

6148
05:16:27,600 --> 05:16:30,700
his diet and his movements. 
Then we know about most people 

6149
05:16:30,700 --> 05:16:32,300
who live just a few hundred 
years ago. 

6150
05:16:33,100 --> 05:16:35,100
Yet the essential mystery of who
he was. 

6151
05:16:36,000 --> 05:16:39,900
Thoughts, his dreams his fears, 
his hopes. 

6152
05:16:40,600 --> 05:16:44,900
Remains as unknowable as ever. 
In the end puts his greatest 

6153
05:16:44,900 --> 05:16:47,000
gift to us, might not be the 
scientific knowledge. 

6154
05:16:47,000 --> 05:16:50,000
He's provided or the 
archaeological methods is study.

6155
05:16:50,000 --> 05:16:53,800
Has advanced, it might simply be
the reminder that human stories 

6156
05:16:53,800 --> 05:16:57,200
matter that individual lives 
have meaning that can Echo 

6157
05:16:57,200 --> 05:16:59,200
across Millennia. 
And that sometimes the most 

6158
05:16:59,200 --> 05:17:02,200
profound discoveries come from 
the most unexpected places. 

6159
05:17:03,100 --> 05:17:05,500
A chance and counter with 
melting ice revealed. 

6160
05:17:05,500 --> 05:17:08,400
A man whose story would 
Captivate the world proving that

6161
05:17:08,400 --> 05:17:11,200
history isn't just about Kings 
and battles and monuments. 

6162
05:17:11,200 --> 05:17:14,800
It's about real people facing 
real challenges with whatever 

6163
05:17:14,800 --> 05:17:17,400
tools and wisdom they could 
gather Sleep. 

6164
05:17:17,400 --> 05:17:21,000
Well, knowing that somewhere in 
the Italian Alps would see rests

6165
05:17:21,000 --> 05:17:24,000
in his climate control chamber 
still guarding secrets. 

6166
05:17:24,000 --> 05:17:27,000
We haven't yet learned to ask 
about still teaching us what it 

6167
05:17:27,000 --> 05:17:29,700
means to be human in a world. 
That is both dangerous and 

6168
05:17:29,700 --> 05:17:31,800
beautiful. 
Still wandering the mountains in

6169
05:17:31,800 --> 05:17:34,600
our imagination, as surely as he
wants, wandered them in life. 

6170
05:17:38,500 --> 05:17:40,700
You know, that feeling when you 
wake up without an alarm 

6171
05:17:40,708 --> 05:17:44,000
naturally stirring just as the 
first like creeps through your 

6172
05:17:44,000 --> 05:17:46,600
bedroom window. 
That's actually your body 

6173
05:17:46,600 --> 05:17:48,600
remembering something incredibly
ancient. 

6174
05:17:48,600 --> 05:17:51,300
Your ancestors didn't need 
smartphones. 

6175
05:17:51,300 --> 05:17:54,200
Buzzing at 6:30 a.m. because 
they had something far more 

6176
05:17:54,208 --> 05:17:57,700
reliable, the sun itself and a 
deep understanding of how the 

6177
05:17:57,700 --> 05:18:00,300
world moves around. 
Them picture yourself living 

6178
05:18:00,300 --> 05:18:03,700
5,000 years ago. 
Imagine a world without clocks 

6179
05:18:03,700 --> 05:18:06,500
ticking on walls. 
Digital displays glowing in the 

6180
05:18:06,508 --> 05:18:09,400
dark or scheduling apps. 
Reminding you about meetings. 

6181
05:18:09,400 --> 05:18:14,300
Instead, you would awaken to the
sound of the roosters crow, a 

6182
05:18:14,300 --> 05:18:16,700
reminder that people actually 
kept roosters as their own 

6183
05:18:16,700 --> 05:18:20,200
personal alarm clocks. 
The internal Timing System of 

6184
05:18:20,200 --> 05:18:23,100
these, birds is so precise that 
they would Crow at nearly the 

6185
05:18:23,100 --> 05:18:26,100
same time every morning within a
few minutes variation. 

6186
05:18:26,900 --> 05:18:28,000
But here's where it gets 
interesting. 

6187
05:18:28,000 --> 05:18:30,900
You wouldn't think? 
Oh, it's 6:15 a.m. 

6188
05:18:30,900 --> 05:18:34,800
You'd think the sun is one hands
with the Horizon. 

6189
05:18:34,800 --> 05:18:37,600
All the Shadows are three times 
longer than my height. 

6190
05:18:38,400 --> 05:18:41,400
Ancient people measured Time by 
observing the world around them 

6191
05:18:41,400 --> 05:18:44,200
and they became incredibly 
skilled at reading these natural

6192
05:18:44,200 --> 05:18:47,500
signals in ancient Egypt, priest
would watch for the moment when 

6193
05:18:47,500 --> 05:18:50,900
certain Stars appeared on the 
horizon Just Before Dawn, they 

6194
05:18:50,900 --> 05:18:54,300
called these Deacon stars and 
they divided the night into 

6195
05:18:54,300 --> 05:18:56,000
segments, based on which stars 
were visible. 

6196
05:18:56,000 --> 05:18:59,200
It wasn't just about knowing 
when to wake up, it was about 

6197
05:18:59,200 --> 05:19:01,400
understanding the rhythm of the 
universe itself. 

6198
05:19:02,900 --> 05:19:05,700
Your ancestors approximately 200
Generations. 

6199
05:19:05,700 --> 05:19:08,600
Back had to be time, experts out
of necessity. 

6200
05:19:09,400 --> 05:19:13,100
Farmers needed to know when to 
plant and harvest Sailors needed

6201
05:19:13,100 --> 05:19:16,400
to navigate by the Stars, 
religious ceremonies had to 

6202
05:19:16,400 --> 05:19:20,000
happen at specific moments. 
Missing the right time, could 

6203
05:19:20,000 --> 05:19:22,100
mean the difference between a 
successful Harvest and 

6204
05:19:22,100 --> 05:19:25,700
starvation, or between safely, 
reaching port and becoming lost 

6205
05:19:25,700 --> 05:19:28,200
at sea. 
The funny thing is they were 

6206
05:19:28,200 --> 05:19:31,500
probably better at telling time 
than you are right now without a

6207
05:19:31,500 --> 05:19:33,200
watch. 
Could you tell if it's closer to

6208
05:19:33,200 --> 05:19:35,400
2 p.m. or 4 p.m. just by looking
around? 

6209
05:19:36,800 --> 05:19:40,200
Ancient people could estimate 
time within minutes, just by 

6210
05:19:40,200 --> 05:19:42,900
glancing at Shadows or noticing,
which birds were singing. 

6211
05:19:42,900 --> 05:19:46,500
They didn't just track out as 
they understood Seasons with 

6212
05:19:46,500 --> 05:19:49,700
Incredible precision. 
They knew that when the player D

6213
05:19:49,700 --> 05:19:52,300
star cluster appeared as a 
certain angle, it was time to 

6214
05:19:52,300 --> 05:19:55,900
start preparing for winter. 
When specific flowers bloomed, 

6215
05:19:55,900 --> 05:19:57,400
it meant the rains would come 
in. 

6216
05:19:57,400 --> 05:20:00,500
Exactly three weeks. 
Such informational wasn't 

6217
05:20:00,500 --> 05:20:03,800
Superstition, it was accumulated
knowledge, passed down through 

6218
05:20:03,800 --> 05:20:07,300
generations, of careful 
observation, imagine living so 

6219
05:20:07,300 --> 05:20:10,300
connected to Natural rhythms 
that you could sense time in 

6220
05:20:10,300 --> 05:20:13,800
your bones. you'd wake up 
naturally Before Dawn work 

6221
05:20:13,800 --> 05:20:16,800
during the productive hours when
light was good rest during the 

6222
05:20:16,800 --> 05:20:20,200
heat of midday and settle into 
evening activities as the sun 

6223
05:20:20,200 --> 05:20:24,300
began to set, Your body would be
synchronized with the Earth's 

6224
05:20:24,300 --> 05:20:28,200
rotation in a way that modern 
people can barely imagine the 

6225
05:20:28,200 --> 05:20:30,900
ancient Chinese divided day and 
night into 12 periods. 

6226
05:20:30,900 --> 05:20:34,500
Each lasting about two hours. 
But instead of numbers they 

6227
05:20:34,500 --> 05:20:38,200
named these periods after 
animals, the hour of the rat 11 

6228
05:20:38,200 --> 05:20:43,700
p.m. to 1 a.m. the ox 1 a.m. to 
3 a.m. and so on each animal 

6229
05:20:43,700 --> 05:20:47,000
represented the time when that 
creature was most active, it's 

6230
05:20:47,000 --> 05:20:50,500
practical and poetic at the same
time very different from our 

6231
05:20:50,500 --> 05:20:54,300
cold numerical approach to time.
What strikes you most about 

6232
05:20:54,300 --> 05:20:56,200
ancient? 
Timekeeping isn't just how they 

6233
05:20:56,200 --> 05:20:58,800
did it but how relaxed they were
about Precision. 

6234
05:20:58,800 --> 05:21:03,300
If someone said meet me when the
sun is halfway to its highest 

6235
05:21:03,300 --> 05:21:06,900
point, everyone understood this 
might vary by 10 or 15 minutes 

6236
05:21:06,900 --> 05:21:09,700
depending on the season. 
The weather will simply have 

6237
05:21:09,700 --> 05:21:14,200
carefully, you were paying 
attention Time was fluid natural

6238
05:21:14,200 --> 05:21:18,300
and forgiving. 
System wasn't primitive, it was 

6239
05:21:18,300 --> 05:21:21,000
sophisticated in ways. 
We've forgotten, they built 

6240
05:21:21,000 --> 05:21:24,100
entire civilizations using 
nothing but careful, observation

6241
05:21:24,100 --> 05:21:27,900
of natural patterns and somehow 
they manage to coordinate 

6242
05:21:27,900 --> 05:21:31,200
complex, societies plan, 
elaborate, constructions, and 

6243
05:21:31,200 --> 05:21:34,100
maintain religious calendars, 
that were accurate across 

6244
05:21:34,100 --> 05:21:36,500
centuries. 
As you drift towards sleep 

6245
05:21:36,500 --> 05:21:40,400
tonight, your participating in 
the same daily Rhythm that has 

6246
05:21:40,400 --> 05:21:42,000
guided humans for thousands of 
years. 

6247
05:21:42,900 --> 05:21:46,000
Your body knows it's time to 
rest, just as it has always 

6248
05:21:46,000 --> 05:21:47,700
known. 
Let's talk about the most 

6249
05:21:47,700 --> 05:21:50,400
obvious time. 
Keeping your ancestors, used the

6250
05:21:50,400 --> 05:21:53,700
Sun, but they didn't just notice
that it Rose and set. 

6251
05:21:53,708 --> 05:21:57,900
They became experts at reading. 
The sun's position understanding

6252
05:21:57,900 --> 05:22:01,000
its moods and predicting Its 
Behavior with startling 

6253
05:22:01,000 --> 05:22:03,600
accuracy. 
You've probably noticed that the

6254
05:22:03,600 --> 05:22:07,300
sun doesn't rise in exactly the 
same spot every day during the 

6255
05:22:07,300 --> 05:22:09,300
summer. 
It rises further north and 

6256
05:22:09,300 --> 05:22:13,300
travels higher across the sky. 
In Winter, it rises further 

6257
05:22:13,300 --> 05:22:17,100
south, and stays lower. 
Ancient people not only noticed 

6258
05:22:17,100 --> 05:22:20,400
this, they used it as a 
sophisticated calendar system, 

6259
05:22:20,400 --> 05:22:23,400
the ancient Egyptians built 
their entire civilization 

6260
05:22:23,400 --> 05:22:25,300
around, the sun's annual 
Journey. 

6261
05:22:26,000 --> 05:22:29,300
They knew that when the sun rose
at its northernmost point, the 

6262
05:22:29,300 --> 05:22:31,700
Nile River would flood in 
exactly 60 days. 

6263
05:22:32,600 --> 05:22:35,900
This wasn't magic, it was 
careful observation refined over

6264
05:22:35,900 --> 05:22:39,600
centuries, they could predict 
the flooding so accurately that 

6265
05:22:39,600 --> 05:22:42,300
they plan their entire 
agricultural year around it. 

6266
05:22:43,600 --> 05:22:46,100
But here's what's really clever,
they didn't just watch where the

6267
05:22:46,108 --> 05:22:49,900
sun rose, they watch Shadows, 
you know how your Shadow is 

6268
05:22:49,900 --> 05:22:51,500
short at noon and long in the 
morning. 

6269
05:22:51,500 --> 05:22:54,900
And evening, ancient people 
turned this practice into a 

6270
05:22:54,900 --> 05:22:57,700
precise timekeeping system. 
They'd place a stick in the 

6271
05:22:57,708 --> 05:23:01,100
ground and Mark where its shadow
fell throughout the day after 

6272
05:23:01,100 --> 05:23:04,500
doing this for just a few days. 
They could tell time by glancing

6273
05:23:04,500 --> 05:23:08,100
at the Shadows length and 
direction The Babylonians 

6274
05:23:08,100 --> 05:23:11,800
enthusiastically adopted this 
concept, they created the first 

6275
05:23:11,800 --> 05:23:16,900
sundials around 3,500 BCE but 
these were the fancy sundials. 

6276
05:23:16,900 --> 05:23:20,200
You might see in gardens today. 
they were simple stones with 

6277
05:23:20,200 --> 05:23:24,200
lines marked around the Shadow 
of a central stick would fall of

6278
05:23:24,208 --> 05:23:26,900
cross different lines. 
As the day progressed, it was 

6279
05:23:26,900 --> 05:23:29,600
like having a clock that worked 
perfectly as long as the Sun was

6280
05:23:29,600 --> 05:23:32,000
shining. 
What's amusing is that different

6281
05:23:32,000 --> 05:23:34,800
cultures developed completely 
different ways of dividing 

6282
05:23:34,800 --> 05:23:37,600
daylight. 
The Egyptians divided the day 

6283
05:23:37,600 --> 05:23:41,800
into 12 Parts but these were 
equal hours summer hours were 

6284
05:23:41,800 --> 05:23:44,600
longer than winter hours because
there was more Daylight to 

6285
05:23:44,600 --> 05:23:47,000
divide. 
Imagine if your work day was 

6286
05:23:47,000 --> 05:23:50,500
naturally longer in summer and 
shorter in Winter actually that 

6287
05:23:50,500 --> 05:23:53,400
sounds rather nice. 
The ancient people in Northern 

6288
05:23:53,400 --> 05:23:55,300
climates had to be even more 
creative. 

6289
05:23:55,300 --> 05:23:59,100
During their Long Winter nights,
the sun barely appeared above 

6290
05:23:59,100 --> 05:24:02,100
the Horizon, they learned to 
read the quality of light with 

6291
05:24:02,100 --> 05:24:06,000
Incredible subtlety. to tell the
difference between first light 

6292
05:24:06,000 --> 05:24:10,100
when the sky begins to lighten 
Sunrise when the sun's Edge 

6293
05:24:10,100 --> 05:24:15,200
appears and Son, clear when the 
full sun is visible, each of 

6294
05:24:15,200 --> 05:24:18,000
these moments happened at 
predictable intervals, giving 

6295
05:24:18,000 --> 05:24:21,500
them a natural morning schedule.
The ancient Greeks made a 

6296
05:24:21,500 --> 05:24:23,700
fascinating discovery about 
shadows and time. 

6297
05:24:24,300 --> 05:24:26,700
They learned that your noon 
Shadow could tell you the date 

6298
05:24:26,700 --> 05:24:29,300
during the summer. 
Solstice your noon Shadow is 

6299
05:24:29,300 --> 05:24:33,600
shortest during the winter 
solstice its longest every day 

6300
05:24:33,600 --> 05:24:36,000
in between, your shadows are 
slightly different length. 

6301
05:24:36,000 --> 05:24:39,100
They essentially turned their 
body's into calendar systems. 

6302
05:24:39,100 --> 05:24:42,300
Here's something that might 
surprise, you ancient people 

6303
05:24:42,300 --> 05:24:45,800
were obsessed with finding true.
North They understood that true.

6304
05:24:45,800 --> 05:24:49,000
North was crucial for precise 
time-keeping, not because they 

6305
05:24:49,000 --> 05:24:53,100
possessed compasses they'd spend
hours of the Stars noting where 

6306
05:24:53,100 --> 05:24:56,500
the sun rose and set and finding
that Perfect North South Line. 

6307
05:24:57,300 --> 05:25:00,200
Once they had it, they could 
create timekeeping systems. 

6308
05:25:00,200 --> 05:25:03,200
That worked year-round, the 
ancient Indians developed, 

6309
05:25:03,200 --> 05:25:06,600
something called Gatica time, 
where each day was divided into 

6310
05:25:06,600 --> 05:25:09,500
60 parts. 
But instead of using mechanical 

6311
05:25:09,500 --> 05:25:13,700
devices they used water, they'd 
float, a small bowl with a hole 

6312
05:25:13,700 --> 05:25:15,800
in the bottom in a larger 
container of water. 

6313
05:25:16,700 --> 05:25:20,700
The small bowl would sink after.
Exactly one, Gattaca about 24 

6314
05:25:20,700 --> 05:25:24,800
minutes, it was simple accurate 
and worked regardless of whether

6315
05:25:25,400 --> 05:25:27,500
Sun based timekeeping wasn't 
just practical. 

6316
05:25:27,500 --> 05:25:30,000
It was deeply spiritual for many
cultures. 

6317
05:25:31,200 --> 05:25:33,900
The ancient Persians believed 
that observing, the sun's daily 

6318
05:25:33,900 --> 05:25:37,500
Journey was a form of prayer. 
They'd perform specific rituals 

6319
05:25:37,500 --> 05:25:40,600
at Sunrise, noon and sunset. 
Turning timekeeping into a 

6320
05:25:40,608 --> 05:25:43,200
religious practice. 
Time wasn't just about 

6321
05:25:43,200 --> 05:25:45,700
scheduling, there was about 
connecting with the Divine 

6322
05:25:45,700 --> 05:25:48,400
Rhythm of the universe. 
You have to admire their 

6323
05:25:48,400 --> 05:25:50,100
patience and attention to 
detail. 

6324
05:25:50,900 --> 05:25:54,300
They'd spend years carefully. 
Observing how Shadows moved, how

6325
05:25:54,300 --> 05:25:57,300
light change and how the sun's 
path shifted through the 

6326
05:25:57,300 --> 05:25:59,900
seasons. 
They created amazingly accurate 

6327
05:25:59,900 --> 05:26:02,400
systems, using nothing but 
careful, observation and simple 

6328
05:26:02,400 --> 05:26:05,600
tools. 
No battery is required, no 

6329
05:26:05,600 --> 05:26:09,600
digital displays no software 
updates, just the Eternal dance 

6330
05:26:09,600 --> 05:26:12,300
between Earth and Sun. 
Once the sun set, your 

6331
05:26:12,300 --> 05:26:14,100
ancestors, didn't just give up 
on time. 

6332
05:26:14,100 --> 05:26:17,100
Keeping, they looked up at the 
night sky and saw the most 

6333
05:26:17,108 --> 05:26:21,100
magnificent clock face, ever 
created, the Stars became their 

6334
05:26:21,100 --> 05:26:24,800
nighttime, timepiece, and they 
developed ways of reading Stella

6335
05:26:24,800 --> 05:26:26,000
time. 
That would impress modern 

6336
05:26:26,000 --> 05:26:28,800
astronomers. 
You probably know the North Star

6337
05:26:28,800 --> 05:26:31,400
but did you know that ancient 
people used it as the center of 

6338
05:26:31,400 --> 05:26:34,700
a giant Cosmic clock? 
They noticed that all the other 

6339
05:26:34,700 --> 05:26:36,600
stars seem to rotate around this
one. 

6340
05:26:36,600 --> 05:26:39,600
Fixed point. 
By watching how far the Big 

6341
05:26:39,608 --> 05:26:41,600
Dipper had rotated around the 
North Star. 

6342
05:26:41,600 --> 05:26:44,500
They could tell exactly what 
time it was during the night. 

6343
05:26:44,500 --> 05:26:48,300
It was like, having our markers 
painted across the entire sky. 

6344
05:26:49,100 --> 05:26:51,900
The ancient Egyptians were 
particularly skilled at Stella 

6345
05:26:51,900 --> 05:26:55,800
timekeeping they identified 36 
special stars that they called 

6346
05:26:55,800 --> 05:26:58,500
deacons. 
These Stars would rise Just 

6347
05:26:58,500 --> 05:27:01,000
Before Dawn in a predictable 
sequence throughout the year. 

6348
05:27:01,800 --> 05:27:03,700
By knowing which Deacon star was
Rising. 

6349
05:27:03,700 --> 05:27:07,000
They could tell, not just the 
time of night but also what day 

6350
05:27:07,000 --> 05:27:10,600
of the year it was imagine being
able to look up and instantly 

6351
05:27:10,600 --> 05:27:12,200
know, both the time and the 
date. 

6352
05:27:12,200 --> 05:27:15,400
That here's where it gets really
interesting different cultures 

6353
05:27:15,400 --> 05:27:18,000
saw completely different 
patterns in the same Stars. 

6354
05:27:19,100 --> 05:27:22,200
The ancient Chinese didn't see a
big dipper, they saw a northern 

6355
05:27:22,200 --> 05:27:23,500
Dipper. 
That was part of a larger 

6356
05:27:23,500 --> 05:27:25,500
pattern called the black 
tortoise of the North. 

6357
05:27:26,300 --> 05:27:28,900
The ancient Arabs, observed 
moana's following a coffin. 

6358
05:27:29,500 --> 05:27:32,100
The ancient Greeks divided the 
night sky into 48. 

6359
05:27:32,100 --> 05:27:35,100
Constellation's each with its 
own story and timing 

6360
05:27:35,100 --> 05:27:38,000
significant. 
The ancient Greeks took star 

6361
05:27:38,000 --> 05:27:39,900
watching to almost obsessive 
levels. 

6362
05:27:40,900 --> 05:27:45,000
They divided the night sky into 
48 constellations each with its 

6363
05:27:45,000 --> 05:27:48,900
story and timing significance. 
They knew that when Orion was 

6364
05:27:48,900 --> 05:27:51,100
directly overhead, it was the 
middle of winter. 

6365
05:27:51,900 --> 05:27:55,900
When Scorpius dominated the sky 
summer was at its peak, they 

6366
05:27:55,900 --> 05:27:58,300
essentially turned mythology 
into a calendar system. 

6367
05:27:58,300 --> 05:28:01,800
Here's something that might 
Amaze, you ancient people could 

6368
05:28:01,800 --> 05:28:04,000
predict eclipses with remarkable
accuracy. 

6369
05:28:04,000 --> 05:28:08,300
Sometimes centuries in advance. 
they didn't understand the 

6370
05:28:08,300 --> 05:28:11,300
scientific reasons behind 
eclipses but they recognize the 

6371
05:28:11,300 --> 05:28:14,200
patterns, they knew that if 
there was a lunar eclipse on a 

6372
05:28:14,200 --> 05:28:18,900
certain date, the next one would
occur exactly 18 years 11 days 

6373
05:28:18,900 --> 05:28:22,400
and Eight hours later. 
The ancient Babylonians 

6374
05:28:22,400 --> 05:28:25,300
discovered this period known as 
a Saros cycle. 

6375
05:28:25,300 --> 05:28:29,500
Around 2000, BC, EE. 
Ancient Polynesians developed 

6376
05:28:29,500 --> 05:28:32,500
perhaps the most sophisticated 
Stella navigation system ever 

6377
05:28:32,500 --> 05:28:35,000
created. 
They could sail across thousands

6378
05:28:35,000 --> 05:28:38,100
of miles of open ocean using 
nothing but the Stars ocean 

6379
05:28:38,100 --> 05:28:41,700
swells and wind patterns. 
The new hundreds of star names 

6380
05:28:41,700 --> 05:28:45,300
and could tell their exact 
position on the Pacific Ocean by

6381
05:28:45,300 --> 05:28:47,700
identifying, which stars would 
directly overhead. 

6382
05:28:47,700 --> 05:28:52,600
These work just Sailors, they 
were living star charts. what's 

6383
05:28:52,600 --> 05:28:55,700
fascinating is how they dealt 
with cloudy nights, ancient 

6384
05:28:55,700 --> 05:28:58,600
people and cloudy climates 
developed backup systems for 

6385
05:28:58,600 --> 05:29:01,400
Stella time keeping They'd 
listen to the sounds of 

6386
05:29:01,400 --> 05:29:05,000
nocturnal animals, which tend to
be active at specific times of 

6387
05:29:05,008 --> 05:29:07,300
night. 
They'd observe the behavior of 

6388
05:29:07,300 --> 05:29:09,800
their domestic animals, which 
often have predictable 

6389
05:29:09,800 --> 05:29:12,900
nighttime, routines. 
They'd even notice subtle 

6390
05:29:12,900 --> 05:29:16,400
changes in air temperature, and 
humidity, that occur, regular 

6391
05:29:16,400 --> 05:29:20,700
intervals throughout the night. 
The ancient Mayans built entire 

6392
05:29:20,700 --> 05:29:22,700
cities aligned with Stellar 
events. 

6393
05:29:22,700 --> 05:29:26,000
They knew that Venus appears as 
both a Morning Star and an 

6394
05:29:26,000 --> 05:29:29,300
evening star in a predictable 
584 day cycle. 

6395
05:29:30,200 --> 05:29:33,300
They used this cycled plan wars 
ceremonies and agricultural 

6396
05:29:33,300 --> 05:29:36,100
activities. 
Their calendar was so accurate 

6397
05:29:36,100 --> 05:29:38,100
that its only off by about two 
minutes per year. 

6398
05:29:38,100 --> 05:29:40,500
More precise than the calendar 
we used today. 

6399
05:29:41,300 --> 05:29:44,200
Ancient people also noticed that
the Stars change position 

6400
05:29:44,200 --> 05:29:46,900
throughout the year. 
The constellation visible at 

6401
05:29:46,900 --> 05:29:49,500
midnight in January would be 
completely different from the 

6402
05:29:49,500 --> 05:29:52,900
one visible at midnight in July,
they used this Stella seasonal 

6403
05:29:52,900 --> 05:29:56,200
change as a long-term calendar 
Farmers would know to plant 

6404
05:29:56,200 --> 05:29:58,900
crops when certain Stars 
appeared at dusk and harvest 

6405
05:29:58,900 --> 05:30:02,500
when those same Stars appeared 
at dawn, the ancient Chinese 

6406
05:30:02,500 --> 05:30:05,900
developed a system where they 
divided the sky and 28 Mansions.

6407
05:30:05,900 --> 05:30:08,800
Each representing a different 
day of their lunar month. 

6408
05:30:09,700 --> 05:30:12,900
As the moon moved through the 
Stellar Mansions, it provided a 

6409
05:30:12,900 --> 05:30:16,500
natural calendar that combined 
time keeping with astronomical 

6410
05:30:16,500 --> 05:30:18,900
observation. 
They could tell you the date and

6411
05:30:18,900 --> 05:30:22,400
the Moon's phase next week. 
Perhaps most remarkably ancient 

6412
05:30:22,400 --> 05:30:25,400
people understood that the Stars
themselves were slowly moving. 

6413
05:30:25,400 --> 05:30:28,200
They realized that the North 
Star wouldn't always be the 

6414
05:30:28,200 --> 05:30:30,700
north star that the 
constellation patterns were 

6415
05:30:30,700 --> 05:30:34,100
gradually shifting. 
This knowledge called precession

6416
05:30:34,100 --> 05:30:37,300
shows just how carefully they 
were observing the night sky 

6417
05:30:37,300 --> 05:30:40,700
over Generations, when clouds 
covered the sun and stars your 

6418
05:30:40,700 --> 05:30:43,700
ancestors didn't just shrug and 
give up on time keeping they got

6419
05:30:43,708 --> 05:30:46,000
creative. 
They discovered that time could 

6420
05:30:46,000 --> 05:30:49,700
be measured by watching water 
drip sandfall or even by 

6421
05:30:49,700 --> 05:30:52,700
observing how long it took 
certain things to burn these 

6422
05:30:52,700 --> 05:30:55,500
inventions were the world's 
first, truly portable clocks, 

6423
05:30:55,500 --> 05:31:00,000
the water clock or clip Sidra 
was probably the most ingenious 

6424
05:31:00,000 --> 05:31:01,900
time-keeping device of the 
ancient world. 

6425
05:31:03,100 --> 05:31:06,600
Picture a large container with a
small hole in the bottle. water 

6426
05:31:06,600 --> 05:31:09,800
would drip out as a steady rate 
and you could tell time by 

6427
05:31:09,800 --> 05:31:14,100
seeing how much water remained 
the ancient Egyptians used these

6428
05:31:14,100 --> 05:31:18,300
as early as 3400 BCE and they 
were surprisingly accurate. 

6429
05:31:19,200 --> 05:31:22,500
Trick was getting the whole 
exactly the right size too big 

6430
05:31:22,500 --> 05:31:25,500
and the water rushed out to 
small and it barely dripped. 

6431
05:31:26,200 --> 05:31:29,300
But here's what's clever, they 
realize that water flows faster.

6432
05:31:29,300 --> 05:31:32,000
When there's more pressure which
means a full container would 

6433
05:31:32,000 --> 05:31:33,800
empty faster than a nearly empty
one. 

6434
05:31:33,800 --> 05:31:37,200
So they designed containers with
special shapes that compensated 

6435
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:39,500
for this. 
Some were shaped like flower 

6436
05:31:39,500 --> 05:31:41,400
pots. 
Wider at the top than the bottom

6437
05:31:41,400 --> 05:31:44,700
others had complex, internal 
mechanisms that kept the water 

6438
05:31:44,700 --> 05:31:47,400
pressure constant. 
These weren't just functional. 

6439
05:31:47,400 --> 05:31:50,500
They were works of art decorated
with intricate carvings and 

6440
05:31:50,500 --> 05:31:53,700
religious symbols. 
The ancient Babylonians Advanced

6441
05:31:53,700 --> 05:31:57,400
water clocks significantly. 
Created elaborate systems with 

6442
05:31:57,400 --> 05:31:59,700
multiple containers, floating 
indicators. 

6443
05:31:59,700 --> 05:32:03,900
And even alarm mechanisms some 
contract, not just ours, but 

6444
05:32:03,900 --> 05:32:07,700
also days and weeks, they'd set 
up a series of containers that 

6445
05:32:07,700 --> 05:32:10,500
would empty into each other in 
sequence, creating a kind of 

6446
05:32:10,508 --> 05:32:15,100
liquid calendar system. 
Sand clocks or hourglasses came 

6447
05:32:15,100 --> 05:32:20,100
later or incredibly practical. 
Unlike water sand Flows at a 

6448
05:32:20,108 --> 05:32:23,200
completely consistent rate, 
regardless of temperature or 

6449
05:32:23,200 --> 05:32:25,700
humidity. 
Ancient people discovered that 

6450
05:32:25,700 --> 05:32:28,900
are using very fine sand and 
carefully calibrated openings, 

6451
05:32:28,900 --> 05:32:31,700
they could create remarkably 
accurate timing devices. 

6452
05:32:31,700 --> 05:32:34,700
The sand had to be perfectly dry
in uniform. 

6453
05:32:34,700 --> 05:32:37,600
They'd sometimes spent hours 
sifting sand through 

6454
05:32:37,600 --> 05:32:39,900
increasingly fine meshes to get 
the right consistency. 

6455
05:32:39,900 --> 05:32:43,600
Different cultures developed 
unique approaches to sound time,

6456
05:32:43,600 --> 05:32:47,500
keeping The ancient Chinese use,
not just sand, but also powdered

6457
05:32:47,500 --> 05:32:51,800
marble crushed, eggshells, and 
even finely ground tea leaves. 

6458
05:32:52,500 --> 05:32:55,800
Each material had different flow
characteristics, allowing them 

6459
05:32:55,800 --> 05:32:57,700
to create timers for different 
purposes. 

6460
05:32:58,600 --> 05:33:00,600
A tea time. 
I might run for exactly the time

6461
05:33:00,600 --> 05:33:04,100
needed to properly steep leaves 
while a marble timer might track

6462
05:33:04,100 --> 05:33:06,300
longer periods. 
Here's something that might 

6463
05:33:06,300 --> 05:33:09,600
amuse, you, the ancient Romans 
used candle clocks for 

6464
05:33:09,600 --> 05:33:12,300
nighttime. 
Timekeeping They'd Mark, regular

6465
05:33:12,300 --> 05:33:16,100
intervals on candles and as the 
wax burned down, they could tell

6466
05:33:16,100 --> 05:33:19,400
how much time had passed. 
But they quickly discovered that

6467
05:33:19,400 --> 05:33:22,000
candles burn at different rates 
depending on air, currents, 

6468
05:33:22,000 --> 05:33:24,300
temperature, and the quality of 
the wax. 

6469
05:33:24,300 --> 05:33:28,200
So they created elaborate candle
holders that protected the flame

6470
05:33:28,200 --> 05:33:30,500
from drafts and kept the burning
rate consistent. 

6471
05:33:31,400 --> 05:33:34,000
The ancient Chinese refined 
candle time keeping into a 

6472
05:33:34,000 --> 05:33:37,000
sophisticated art. 
They created special incense 

6473
05:33:37,000 --> 05:33:40,600
sticks that burned at precisely 
controlled rates, some were 

6474
05:33:40,600 --> 05:33:43,800
designed to burn for exactly two
hours, others for 12 hours. 

6475
05:33:44,700 --> 05:33:47,400
They embed small bells or chimes
in the incense sticks. 

6476
05:33:47,400 --> 05:33:50,600
So when the incense burned down 
to a certain point, the Bell 

6477
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:54,500
would drop and create an alarm. 
Imagine waking up to the gentle 

6478
05:33:54,500 --> 05:33:57,200
chime of a bell that had been 
timed by the slow burning of 

6479
05:33:57,200 --> 05:34:00,000
fragrant. 
Incense ancient people also used

6480
05:34:00,000 --> 05:34:03,100
their body as timing devices. 
They knew that a healthy 

6481
05:34:03,100 --> 05:34:05,500
person's pulse Beats at a fairly
consistent rate. 

6482
05:34:05,500 --> 05:34:08,500
So they could estimate short 
periods of time by counting 

6483
05:34:08,500 --> 05:34:10,700
heartbeats. 
They discovered that it takes 

6484
05:34:10,700 --> 05:34:13,700
about the same amount of time to
recite certain prayers or poems.

6485
05:34:14,300 --> 05:34:16,400
So, religious texts became 
timing tools. 

6486
05:34:16,400 --> 05:34:19,300
A priest might know that a 
particular chant lasted. 

6487
05:34:19,300 --> 05:34:22,100
Exactly long enough for a water 
clock to empty one level. 

6488
05:34:22,100 --> 05:34:25,400
The ancient Indians developed 
something called garty 

6489
05:34:25,400 --> 05:34:27,200
measurements using floating 
bowls. 

6490
05:34:27,200 --> 05:34:30,800
They place a metal bowl with a 
tiny hole in the bottom into a 

6491
05:34:30,808 --> 05:34:34,200
larger container of water. 
The bowl would slowly fill and 

6492
05:34:34,200 --> 05:34:39,800
sink taking exactly 24 minutes, 
one, garty by using multiple 

6493
05:34:39,800 --> 05:34:43,000
bowls of different sizes. 
They could create complex Timing

6494
05:34:43,000 --> 05:34:46,000
Systems that tracked everything 
from minutes to months. 

6495
05:34:46,900 --> 05:34:49,100
What's remarkable is? 
How accurate these ancient 

6496
05:34:49,100 --> 05:34:53,700
timing devices were Modern tests
of reconstructed, ancient water 

6497
05:34:53,700 --> 05:34:56,500
clocks, show that they were 
often accurate to within a few 

6498
05:34:56,500 --> 05:35:00,300
minutes over a 12-hour period. 
That's impressive Precision for 

6499
05:35:00,300 --> 05:35:03,800
devices made with simple tools 
and materials they achieved this

6500
05:35:03,808 --> 05:35:05,900
accuracy. 
Through careful experimentation 

6501
05:35:05,900 --> 05:35:09,400
precise craftsmanship and 
generations of refinement. 

6502
05:35:10,200 --> 05:35:12,800
Ancient people also understood 
that different situations 

6503
05:35:12,800 --> 05:35:16,700
required different timing tools.
Water, clocks were perfect for 

6504
05:35:16,700 --> 05:35:18,500
daytime use but could freeze in 
Winter. 

6505
05:35:18,500 --> 05:35:22,000
Although they functioned in all 
weather conditions, sand Clocks 

6506
05:35:22,000 --> 05:35:24,600
Were delicate and susceptible to
humidity fluctuations. 

6507
05:35:25,800 --> 05:35:29,500
Candle clocks, while effective 
at night, proved ineffective in 

6508
05:35:29,500 --> 05:35:32,700
windy conditions, so they 
developed multiple systems and 

6509
05:35:32,700 --> 05:35:36,100
used whichever worked best for 
their immediate needs, your 

6510
05:35:36,100 --> 05:35:38,800
ancestors, understood something 
that modern people often, forget

6511
05:35:38,800 --> 05:35:42,600
time isn't just about hours and 
minutes, it encompasses the 

6512
05:35:42,600 --> 05:35:46,500
concepts of Seasons cycles and 
the Perpetual rotation of the 

6513
05:35:46,500 --> 05:35:48,600
year. 
They developed sophisticated 

6514
05:35:48,600 --> 05:35:52,500
ways of tracking long-term time 
that connected daily life with 

6515
05:35:52,500 --> 05:35:55,800
the grand patterns of nature, 
the ancient Health did not 

6516
05:35:55,808 --> 05:35:58,600
perceive time as a linear 
progression from the past to the

6517
05:35:58,600 --> 05:36:01,500
Future. 
They saw it as a spiral where 

6518
05:36:01,500 --> 05:36:04,600
similar events happened 
repeatedly, but never exactly 

6519
05:36:04,600 --> 05:36:07,800
the same way twice. 
The divided their year in to 8, 

6520
05:36:07,800 --> 05:36:11,300
major festivals each marking an 
important shift in the natural 

6521
05:36:11,300 --> 05:36:13,900
world. 
Sammi marked the beginning of 

6522
05:36:13,900 --> 05:36:16,600
winter in Bolt. 
Celebrated, the first stirring 

6523
05:36:16,600 --> 05:36:19,700
of spring Beltane welcomed the 
fertility of early summer. 

6524
05:36:19,700 --> 05:36:22,400
And so on these aren't just 
parties. 

6525
05:36:22,400 --> 05:36:25,700
They were precise markers in a 
complex calendar system. 

6526
05:36:25,700 --> 05:36:29,400
Ancient people became experts at
reading the subtle signs that 

6527
05:36:29,400 --> 05:36:32,400
told them where they were in the
seasonal cycle, they knew that 

6528
05:36:32,408 --> 05:36:34,400
when oak leaves were the size of
Mouse ears. 

6529
05:36:34,400 --> 05:36:38,500
It was time to plant corn. 
When the first Cricket started 

6530
05:36:38,500 --> 05:36:42,200
chirping summer, was exactly six
weeks away when certain Birds 

6531
05:36:42,200 --> 05:36:45,900
began their migration winter 
would arrive in precisely 43 

6532
05:36:45,900 --> 05:36:48,600
days. 
Such knowledge wasn't folklore, 

6533
05:36:48,600 --> 05:36:51,600
it was accumulated scientific 
observation passed down through 

6534
05:36:51,600 --> 05:36:54,800
generations, the ancient 
Egyptians built their entire 

6535
05:36:54,800 --> 05:36:57,300
civilization around the annual 
flooding of the Nile River. 

6536
05:36:57,300 --> 05:37:00,400
They knew that when the star 
serious appeared Just Before 

6537
05:37:00,400 --> 05:37:03,600
Dawn, the flood would begin in 
exactly 70 days. 

6538
05:37:03,600 --> 05:37:07,200
They could predict the floods 
timing height duration and 

6539
05:37:07,200 --> 05:37:10,200
receding time. 
This knowledge was so valuable 

6540
05:37:10,200 --> 05:37:12,700
that the priests who maintained 
the calendar were among the most

6541
05:37:12,700 --> 05:37:14,500
powerful people in Egyptian 
Society. 

6542
05:37:15,400 --> 05:37:18,100
Here's something. 
Fascinating ancient people 

6543
05:37:18,100 --> 05:37:21,000
understood that the length of 
daylight changes throughout the 

6544
05:37:21,000 --> 05:37:24,400
year, but they used this change.
As a precise timing mechanism, 

6545
05:37:24,400 --> 05:37:27,700
they knew that on the summer. 
Solstice the day would be 

6546
05:37:27,708 --> 05:37:32,100
exactly 40 hours and 52 minutes 
long at their latitude on the 

6547
05:37:32,100 --> 05:37:34,000
winter. 
Solstice it would be nine hours 

6548
05:37:34,000 --> 05:37:37,200
and 8 minutes every day in 
between the length of daylight 

6549
05:37:37,200 --> 05:37:40,400
Changed by a predictable amount.
They could tell you the exact 

6550
05:37:40,400 --> 05:37:42,800
date just by measuring how long 
the sun was visible. 

6551
05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:46,000
The ancient Chinese developed 
the most complex calendar 

6552
05:37:46,000 --> 05:37:49,700
system, in human history, they 
combined solar observations 

6553
05:37:49,700 --> 05:37:53,800
lunar phases, and star positions
into a calendar that tracked not

6554
05:37:53,800 --> 05:37:57,700
just days and years. 
But also 60 year cycles and even

6555
05:37:57,700 --> 05:38:00,500
longer periods. 
They believed that time moved in

6556
05:38:00,500 --> 05:38:05,000
nested Cycles days within months
months within Years Years within

6557
05:38:05,000 --> 05:38:08,400
decades decades within centuries
and so on. 

6558
05:38:09,600 --> 05:38:12,200
The calendar was so 
sophisticated that it still used

6559
05:38:12,200 --> 05:38:14,600
today for determining 
traditional Chinese holidays. 

6560
05:38:14,600 --> 05:38:17,900
Ancient people also understood 
that different activities should

6561
05:38:17,900 --> 05:38:19,400
happen at different times of 
year. 

6562
05:38:20,100 --> 05:38:22,500
The ancient Greeks knew that 
certain crop should be planted 

6563
05:38:22,500 --> 05:38:26,600
when specific Stars appeared. 
That wine should be made when 

6564
05:38:26,600 --> 05:38:29,100
the moon was in a particular 
phase and that important 

6565
05:38:29,100 --> 05:38:31,000
decision should be made During 
certain seasons. 

6566
05:38:32,000 --> 05:38:34,900
They didn't just track time, 
they used it to optimize their 

6567
05:38:34,900 --> 05:38:37,600
daily lives. 
The ancient Mayans created a 

6568
05:38:37,600 --> 05:38:39,500
calendar system. 
That was more accurate than 

6569
05:38:39,500 --> 05:38:43,100
anything Europeans had at the 
time, they calculated that a 

6570
05:38:43,100 --> 05:38:49,200
year was 365.242 days long, 
remarkably close to the modern 

6571
05:38:49,200 --> 05:38:54,400
measurement of 365.242 days. 
They could predict a Klipsch is 

6572
05:38:54,400 --> 05:38:57,800
hundreds of years in advance. 
A new exactly when Venus would 

6573
05:38:57,800 --> 05:38:59,800
appear as a morning star or 
evening star. 

6574
05:39:00,700 --> 05:39:04,400
The calendar was so precise that
it's off by only about one day, 

6575
05:39:04,400 --> 05:39:07,800
every 5,000 years. 
What's remarkable is how they 

6576
05:39:07,800 --> 05:39:11,500
coordinated these complex Timing
Systems across entire 

6577
05:39:11,500 --> 05:39:15,200
civilizations. 
The ancient Romans had officials

6578
05:39:15,200 --> 05:39:18,600
called pontificis whose job was 
to maintain the calendar and 

6579
05:39:18,600 --> 05:39:21,400
announce important dates. 
They travel throughout the 

6580
05:39:21,400 --> 05:39:24,500
Empire ensuring that everyone 
was celebrating festivals on the

6581
05:39:24,500 --> 05:39:27,400
same days and planting crops at 
the optimal times. 

6582
05:39:28,100 --> 05:39:30,700
This required, incredible 
organization and communication 

6583
05:39:30,700 --> 05:39:34,700
across vast distances. 
Ancient people also, used 

6584
05:39:34,700 --> 05:39:37,900
recurring natural events as 
long-term timing markers. 

6585
05:39:37,900 --> 05:39:41,400
They knew that Certain comets 
appeared every 76 years. 

6586
05:39:41,400 --> 05:39:44,100
That particular meteor showers 
have happened annually on 

6587
05:39:44,100 --> 05:39:47,400
specific dates and that unusual 
weather patterns followed 

6588
05:39:47,400 --> 05:39:50,600
predictable Cycles. 
The ancient Babylonians kept 

6589
05:39:50,600 --> 05:39:52,100
detailed records of these 
events. 

6590
05:39:52,100 --> 05:39:55,800
Creating databases that help 
them predict future occurrences.

6591
05:39:56,800 --> 05:40:00,600
The ancient Indians develop the 
concept of yugas vast cycles of 

6592
05:40:00,600 --> 05:40:02,300
time, that lasted thousands of 
years. 

6593
05:40:02,300 --> 05:40:06,100
They believed that time moved in
Greater books each with its 

6594
05:40:06,100 --> 05:40:09,500
characteristics and duration. 
While such an approach might 

6595
05:40:09,500 --> 05:40:12,500
seem in Practical, it actually 
helped them understand long-term

6596
05:40:12,500 --> 05:40:16,300
climate patterns population 
cycles and agricultural trends. 

6597
05:40:17,100 --> 05:40:20,100
They were thinking about time on
scales that modern people rarely

6598
05:40:20,100 --> 05:40:22,200
consider. 
Perhaps most importantly, 

6599
05:40:22,200 --> 05:40:24,900
ancient people understood that 
time wasn't just about 

6600
05:40:24,900 --> 05:40:28,600
scheduling, it was about meaning
They knew that certain times 

6601
05:40:28,600 --> 05:40:31,500
were auspicious for beginning 
new projects that other times 

6602
05:40:31,500 --> 05:40:34,200
were better for reflection and 
rest and that the timing of 

6603
05:40:34,200 --> 05:40:36,000
events could influence their 
outcomes. 

6604
05:40:36,000 --> 05:40:38,900
They lived in harmony with 
temporal rhythms that connected 

6605
05:40:38,900 --> 05:40:42,300
their daily lives with the 
cosmos itself long before anyone

6606
05:40:42,300 --> 05:40:45,300
understood circadian, rhythms, 
or hormone Cycles, your 

6607
05:40:45,300 --> 05:40:47,100
ancestors knew something 
profound. 

6608
05:40:47,100 --> 05:40:51,100
Your body is a living clock. 
They developed sophisticated 

6609
05:40:51,100 --> 05:40:54,600
ways of reading, internal 
biological signals to track time

6610
05:40:54,600 --> 05:40:57,700
and they understood that humans 
are naturally synchronized with 

6611
05:40:57,700 --> 05:41:00,800
the rhythms of the Earth. 
Ancient people noticed that they

6612
05:41:00,800 --> 05:41:03,100
naturally felt hungry at certain
times of day. 

6613
05:41:03,100 --> 05:41:06,900
Grew sleepy at predictable 
intervals and experience to Peak

6614
05:41:06,900 --> 05:41:10,800
energy at specific hours. 
They didn't just accept these 

6615
05:41:10,800 --> 05:41:12,800
patterns, they used them as 
timing devices. 

6616
05:41:14,100 --> 05:41:16,800
The ancient Romans divided their
day around mealtimes. 

6617
05:41:16,800 --> 05:41:19,600
Prima Hora was the first hour 
after Sunrise. 

6618
05:41:19,600 --> 05:41:23,700
Sex tohora was Midday when they 
ate their main meal and Vsepr 

6619
05:41:23,700 --> 05:41:25,500
was evening. 
When they had a light supper, 

6620
05:41:26,500 --> 05:41:28,700
their entire schedule revolved 
around when their bodies 

6621
05:41:28,700 --> 05:41:32,400
naturally wanted to eat. 
The ancient Chinese took this 

6622
05:41:32,400 --> 05:41:35,200
idea even further. 
They believed that different 

6623
05:41:35,200 --> 05:41:37,800
organs in the body had Peak 
energy at different times of 

6624
05:41:37,808 --> 05:41:40,600
day. 
The liver was most active from 1

6625
05:41:40,600 --> 05:41:45,200
a.m. to 3 a.m. the lungs from 3 
a.m. to 5 a.m. the large 

6626
05:41:45,200 --> 05:41:49,400
intestine from 5 a.m. to 7 a.m. 
7 a.m. and so on. 

6627
05:41:50,600 --> 05:41:53,600
They use this organ clock, not 
just for medical treatment but 

6628
05:41:53,600 --> 05:41:56,700
also for daily scheduling, 
they'd plan different activities

6629
05:41:56,700 --> 05:41:59,400
for times when the relevant 
organs were at Peak function. 

6630
05:42:00,300 --> 05:42:03,100
Here's something that might 
surprise, you ancient people 

6631
05:42:03,100 --> 05:42:05,900
were incredibly skilled at 
estimating times through 

6632
05:42:05,900 --> 05:42:08,800
physical activities. 
They knew that it took exactly 

6633
05:42:08,800 --> 05:42:11,400
the same amount of time to walk 
from their home, to the well, 

6634
05:42:11,400 --> 05:42:15,400
each morning to milk a cow or to
prepare a simple meal, they 

6635
05:42:15,400 --> 05:42:17,600
turned routine activities into 
timing devices. 

6636
05:42:17,600 --> 05:42:21,300
A weaver might know that it took
exactly two hours to complete 

6637
05:42:21,300 --> 05:42:24,900
certain pattern or a blacksmith 
might time his work by how long 

6638
05:42:24,900 --> 05:42:26,500
it took to forge a particular 
tool. 

6639
05:42:27,500 --> 05:42:29,800
Ancient people also understood 
that children children's bodies,

6640
05:42:29,800 --> 05:42:33,300
change at predictable rates and 
they used this information as a 

6641
05:42:33,300 --> 05:42:36,300
long-term Timing System. 
They knew that a child's first 

6642
05:42:36,300 --> 05:42:39,600
tooth would appear at about six 
months that they'd start walking

6643
05:42:39,600 --> 05:42:42,300
around their first birthday and 
that they'd reached certain 

6644
05:42:42,300 --> 05:42:44,700
developmental milestones at 
specific ages. 

6645
05:42:45,500 --> 05:42:48,800
Parents could estimate a child's
age even without formal birth 

6646
05:42:48,800 --> 05:42:50,300
records. 
By observing these natural 

6647
05:42:50,300 --> 05:42:53,700
developmental markers the 
ancient Egyptians noticed that 

6648
05:42:53,700 --> 05:42:56,700
pregnant women experience, 
predictable changes at specific 

6649
05:42:56,700 --> 05:42:59,300
intervals. 
They could determine how far 

6650
05:42:59,300 --> 05:43:02,400
along a pregnancy was by 
observing certain physical signs

6651
05:43:02,400 --> 05:43:05,500
and they knew that Labour would 
begin when the woman's body 

6652
05:43:05,500 --> 05:43:09,000
showed particular signals. 
Midwives became skilled at 

6653
05:43:09,000 --> 05:43:10,600
reading. 
These biological clocks to 

6654
05:43:10,600 --> 05:43:12,700
predict exactly when births 
would occur. 

6655
05:43:12,700 --> 05:43:15,500
Ancient people were also 
fascinated by the connection 

6656
05:43:15,500 --> 05:43:17,800
between human rhythms and lunar 
cycles. 

6657
05:43:18,700 --> 05:43:21,100
They observed that women's 
menstrual cycles often 

6658
05:43:21,100 --> 05:43:24,100
synchronized with the moon's 
phases and they used this 

6659
05:43:24,100 --> 05:43:26,500
connection for both time-keeping
and health monitoring. 

6660
05:43:26,500 --> 05:43:29,500
They noticed that many people 
slept differently during full 

6661
05:43:29,500 --> 05:43:33,200
moons, that certain illnesses 
followed Luna patterns and that 

6662
05:43:33,200 --> 05:43:35,700
emotional states seem to 
fluctuate with the moon's 

6663
05:43:35,700 --> 05:43:40,000
position Here's what's really 
interesting, ancient people 

6664
05:43:40,000 --> 05:43:42,800
understood that the aging 
process itself was a kind of 

6665
05:43:42,800 --> 05:43:45,300
slow clock. 
They could estimate someone's 

6666
05:43:45,300 --> 05:43:49,300
age by observing subtle changes 
in skin texture, hair color, 

6667
05:43:49,300 --> 05:43:53,200
posture and movement patterns. 
Experienced Elders. 

6668
05:43:53,200 --> 05:43:55,700
Could look at a person and tell 
you, not just their approximate 

6669
05:43:55,700 --> 05:43:59,400
age, but also what season they 
were born in, what kind of work 

6670
05:43:59,400 --> 05:44:03,400
they did and even what foods 
they typically ate The ancient 

6671
05:44:03,400 --> 05:44:06,200
Indians developed detailed 
knowledge about how the body's 

6672
05:44:06,200 --> 05:44:09,300
energy levels change throughout 
the day. they identified 

6673
05:44:09,300 --> 05:44:12,400
specific times when people were 
naturally, more alert, more 

6674
05:44:12,400 --> 05:44:16,100
creative or more physically 
capable, they scheduled 

6675
05:44:16,100 --> 05:44:19,000
important activities during 
these Peak periods and reserved 

6676
05:44:19,000 --> 05:44:22,200
rest times for when the body 
naturally wanted to slow down, 

6677
05:44:23,400 --> 05:44:26,000
This wasn't just practical. 
It was a sophisticated 

6678
05:44:26,000 --> 05:44:30,400
understanding of human biology. 
Ancient people also use sleep 

6679
05:44:30,400 --> 05:44:33,900
patterns as timing devices. 
They knew that healthy people 

6680
05:44:33,900 --> 05:44:36,800
naturally went through 
predictable sleep cycles and 

6681
05:44:36,800 --> 05:44:39,000
they could estimate how long 
someone had been asleep by 

6682
05:44:39,000 --> 05:44:42,200
observing their breathing 
patterns body position and I 

6683
05:44:42,200 --> 05:44:45,000
movements they didn't 
understand, REM sleep 

6684
05:44:45,000 --> 05:44:47,500
scientifically, but they knew 
when someone was dreaming and 

6685
05:44:47,500 --> 05:44:51,500
when they were in deep sleep, 
the ancient Greeks noticed that 

6686
05:44:51,500 --> 05:44:54,500
people's body temperatures 
changed throughout the day in 

6687
05:44:54,500 --> 05:44:57,700
predictable patterns. 
They could tell what time it was

6688
05:44:57,700 --> 05:45:00,500
by feeling someone's forehead, 
or observing, whether they 

6689
05:45:00,500 --> 05:45:04,000
seemed naturally, warm or cool. 
They understood that these 

6690
05:45:04,000 --> 05:45:06,300
temperature changes were 
connected to energy levels, 

6691
05:45:06,300 --> 05:45:10,800
hunger and sleep patterns. 
Ancient people were also skilled

6692
05:45:10,800 --> 05:45:13,600
at reading the subtle signs that
indicated, someone's overall 

6693
05:45:13,600 --> 05:45:16,900
health and vitality. 
They knew that certain physical 

6694
05:45:16,900 --> 05:45:19,600
changes meant. 
Someone was getting sick that 

6695
05:45:19,600 --> 05:45:21,500
other changes, indicated 
recovery. 

6696
05:45:21,500 --> 05:45:24,400
And that some patterns showed 
long-term Health Trends. 

6697
05:45:24,400 --> 05:45:27,800
They essentially use the human 
body as a diagnostic instrument 

6698
05:45:27,800 --> 05:45:30,900
that could reveal information 
about both time and health. 

6699
05:45:31,800 --> 05:45:34,300
What's remarkable is? 
How accurately ancient people 

6700
05:45:34,300 --> 05:45:37,000
could estimate time using only 
their bodies and natural 

6701
05:45:37,000 --> 05:45:40,300
observations? 
Modern studies show that people 

6702
05:45:40,300 --> 05:45:42,500
who live without clocks often 
develop. 

6703
05:45:42,500 --> 05:45:46,300
Incredibly precise internal 
timing they can wake up at 

6704
05:45:46,300 --> 05:45:50,600
specific times when to eat and 
coordinate complex activities 

6705
05:45:50,600 --> 05:45:53,800
using only their internal 
biological rhythms, as you 

6706
05:45:53,800 --> 05:45:57,200
settle into sleep tonight, your 
participating in the same daily 

6707
05:45:57,200 --> 05:45:59,900
Rhythm that guided humans for 
thousands of years before 

6708
05:45:59,900 --> 05:46:03,800
electric lights, and digital 
clocks changed everything Your 

6709
05:46:03,800 --> 05:46:06,500
ancestors were just getting by 
without modern timekeeping. 

6710
05:46:06,500 --> 05:46:09,400
They were living in harmony with
natural rhythms, that connected 

6711
05:46:09,400 --> 05:46:12,900
them to the Earth, the sky, and 
their own bodies in ways that 

6712
05:46:12,900 --> 05:46:16,600
modern people can barely imagine
The ancient timekeepers 

6713
05:46:16,600 --> 05:46:19,900
understood something profound 
time isn't just about 

6714
05:46:19,900 --> 05:46:22,800
measurement. 
It's about meaning Rhythm and 

6715
05:46:22,800 --> 05:46:25,400
connection. 
They didn't just track hours and

6716
05:46:25,400 --> 05:46:28,500
minutes, they lived within the 
great cycles of day and night 

6717
05:46:28,500 --> 05:46:31,900
seasons and years and birth and 
death. 

6718
05:46:32,800 --> 05:46:35,500
The timekeeping systems weren't 
just practical tools. 

6719
05:46:35,500 --> 05:46:38,400
They were ways of understanding 
their place in the universe. 

6720
05:46:39,100 --> 05:46:41,300
Think about how different their 
relationship with time. 

6721
05:46:41,300 --> 05:46:44,000
Must have been they couldn't 
rush through their days, 

6722
05:46:44,000 --> 05:46:46,700
checking phones, every few 
minutes, they couldn't stay up 

6723
05:46:46,700 --> 05:46:48,600
all night working under 
artificial lights. 

6724
05:46:48,600 --> 05:46:51,300
They couldn't schedule 
back-to-back meetings or eat 

6725
05:46:51,300 --> 05:46:54,300
lunch at their desks. 
Instead they lived according to 

6726
05:46:54,300 --> 05:46:56,700
Natural rhythms that their 
body's understood instinctively.

6727
05:46:58,300 --> 05:47:01,400
The ancient Egyptians had a 
beautiful concept called Mart, 

6728
05:47:01,400 --> 05:47:04,100
which meant living in harmony 
with the natural order of 

6729
05:47:04,100 --> 05:47:06,600
things. 
This included, living in harmony

6730
05:47:06,600 --> 05:47:10,300
with natural time waking with 
the sun, eating, when hungry 

6731
05:47:10,300 --> 05:47:13,900
working, when energy was high 
and resting when the body needed

6732
05:47:13,900 --> 05:47:17,400
rest, They believed that 
fighting against Natural rhythms

6733
05:47:17,400 --> 05:47:20,900
was not just in practical, but 
actually harmful to physical and

6734
05:47:20,900 --> 05:47:24,100
spiritual health. 
Ancient people also understood 

6735
05:47:24,100 --> 05:47:26,800
that different types of time 
required different approaches. 

6736
05:47:26,800 --> 05:47:30,900
They had practical time for 
daily activities, seasonal time 

6737
05:47:30,900 --> 05:47:34,000
for agricultural planning 
ceremonial time, for religious 

6738
05:47:34,000 --> 05:47:37,600
observances and sacred time for 
connecting with the Divine. 

6739
05:47:37,600 --> 05:47:40,900
They didn't expect one system to
handle all these different 

6740
05:47:40,900 --> 05:47:42,800
needs. 
They developed multiple 

6741
05:47:42,800 --> 05:47:45,300
overlapping ways of 
understanding and measuring 

6742
05:47:45,300 --> 05:47:48,000
time. 
Here's something that might make

6743
05:47:48,000 --> 05:47:50,400
you smile. 
Ancient people were probably 

6744
05:47:50,400 --> 05:47:52,500
less stressed about time than we
are today. 

6745
05:47:53,300 --> 05:47:55,800
They couldn't be precisely 
punctual in the modern sense. 

6746
05:47:55,800 --> 05:47:59,200
So they developed social Customs
that accommodated natural 

6747
05:47:59,200 --> 05:48:02,500
variations in timing. 
If you arrange to meet someone, 

6748
05:48:02,500 --> 05:48:05,800
when the sun is halfway to its 
highest point, everyone 

6749
05:48:05,800 --> 05:48:08,900
understood that this might vary 
by 10 or 15 minutes depending on

6750
05:48:08,908 --> 05:48:12,100
the season and weather. 
Flexibility was built into their

6751
05:48:12,100 --> 05:48:15,100
social systems. 
The ancient Chinese had a saying

6752
05:48:15,100 --> 05:48:17,800
the best time to plant a tree 
was 20 years ago. 

6753
05:48:17,800 --> 05:48:22,500
The second best time is now they
understood that time wasn't just

6754
05:48:22,500 --> 05:48:25,700
about scheduling, it was about 
understanding the right moment 

6755
05:48:25,700 --> 05:48:28,500
for different activities, they 
developed sophisticated 

6756
05:48:28,500 --> 05:48:31,300
knowledge about timing, that 
went Far Beyond, Simple 

6757
05:48:31,300 --> 05:48:34,800
measurement to include wisdom 
about when to act, when to wait 

6758
05:48:34,800 --> 05:48:37,900
and when to rest, Ancient 
timekeepers. 

6759
05:48:37,900 --> 05:48:40,200
Also understood something that 
modern people often. 

6760
05:48:40,200 --> 05:48:44,000
Forget time is cyclical, not 
linear. 

6761
05:48:44,900 --> 05:48:47,800
Days. 
Repeat Seasons return and 

6762
05:48:47,800 --> 05:48:51,400
patterns recur. 
They didn't think of time as a 

6763
05:48:51,400 --> 05:48:53,400
straight line moving from past 
to future. 

6764
05:48:53,400 --> 05:48:57,300
But as a spiral where similar 
events happened repeatedly, but 

6765
05:48:57,300 --> 05:48:59,100
never exactly the same way 
twice. 

6766
05:48:59,900 --> 05:49:03,000
This gave them a sense of 
continuity and connection, that 

6767
05:49:03,000 --> 05:49:04,500
helped them navigate 
uncertainty. 

6768
05:49:05,500 --> 05:49:08,300
What's most remarkable is how 
much ancient people could 

6769
05:49:08,300 --> 05:49:11,000
accomplish using only natural 
time keeping methods. 

6770
05:49:11,000 --> 05:49:13,700
They built magnificent 
structures aligned with 

6771
05:49:13,708 --> 05:49:17,400
celestial events, coordinated 
complex civilizations, across 

6772
05:49:17,400 --> 05:49:20,700
vast distances, and maintained, 
accurate calendars for 

6773
05:49:20,700 --> 05:49:23,300
centuries. 
They did all this without any 

6774
05:49:23,300 --> 05:49:26,200
mechanical devices. 
Using only careful observation 

6775
05:49:26,200 --> 05:49:29,500
accumulated knowledge and deep 
understanding of natural 

6776
05:49:29,500 --> 05:49:32,400
patterns. 
The ancient timekeepers left us 

6777
05:49:32,400 --> 05:49:34,400
more than just historical 
Curiosities. 

6778
05:49:34,400 --> 05:49:37,400
They left us a different way of 
thinking about time. 

6779
05:49:37,400 --> 05:49:40,200
One that's more natural, more 
connected and perhaps more 

6780
05:49:40,200 --> 05:49:42,700
human. 
They remind us that time isn't 

6781
05:49:42,700 --> 05:49:46,000
just about productivity and 
efficiency, it's about Rhythm 

6782
05:49:46,000 --> 05:49:49,000
meaning and living in harmony 
with the world around us. 

6783
05:49:49,800 --> 05:49:53,000
As you close your eyes to night 
your following a pattern that 

6784
05:49:53,000 --> 05:49:55,500
connects you to, every human who
has ever lived. 

6785
05:49:56,400 --> 05:49:59,600
Your body knows it's time to 
sleep just as it has always 

6786
05:49:59,600 --> 05:50:03,600
known your internal clock 
refined over thousands of years 

6787
05:50:03,600 --> 05:50:06,200
of evolution is still keeping 
perfect time. 

6788
05:50:07,000 --> 05:50:09,500
In a world of digital displays 
and constant connectivity. 

6789
05:50:09,500 --> 05:50:13,200
You still carry within you the 
ancient wisdom of natural time. 

6790
05:50:13,200 --> 05:50:16,800
Keeping the next time you wake 
up naturally, just as the first 

6791
05:50:16,800 --> 05:50:19,500
light appears, remember that 
your experiencing something 

6792
05:50:19,500 --> 05:50:23,000
Timeless, your participating in 
the same daily miracle that 

6793
05:50:23,008 --> 05:50:24,900
guided your ancestors for 
Millennia. 

6794
05:50:24,900 --> 05:50:28,700
Your proof that even in our 
modern world, ancient rhythms 

6795
05:50:28,700 --> 05:50:31,600
still pulse within us, 
connecting us to the Eternal 

6796
05:50:31,600 --> 05:50:35,500
dance of Earth and Sky day and 
night, rest and waking. 

6797
05:50:36,200 --> 05:50:38,300
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that your body's 

6798
05:50:38,300 --> 05:50:41,500
own ancient clock will wake you 
exactly when you need to wake 

6799
05:50:41,500 --> 05:50:42,900
just as it always has.