The Weirdest U.S. Presidents In History And More | Boring History For Sleep

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Hey, my friends. 
Tonight's story comes with a 

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raised eyebrow and a historical 
side. 

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I we're digging into the more 
colorful reputations of some US 

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presidents. 
Yep. 

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The ones who left behind more 
than policies and speeches turns

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out behind the curtains of 
power. 

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A few commanders, in Chief had 
some very eyebrow raising 

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habits. 
So before you get comfortable, 

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take a moment to subscribe and 
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you. 

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Now, turn off those lights, get 
cozy. 

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And let's learn about the 
strange and weirdest US 

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Presidents in history. 
Picture this, your settling in 

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for the night, maybe with a warm
cup of tea and someone asked you

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about the wildest stories from 
American presidential history. 

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These stories aren't the ones 
you learned in high school, 

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civics class. 
But rather than the genuine 

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human drama that transpired 
behind the marble columns and 

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velvet curtains of power. 
When we think about presidents, 

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we often Envision. 
These colossal figures carved 

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from moral Granite, standing 
nobly and oil painting with 

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their hands tucked into their 
waistcoats. 

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But here's the kicker. 
These guys were just as messy 

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complicated and human as the 
rest of us. 

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Some of them would just better 
at hiding it than others. 

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The presidency has always been 
this. 

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Fascinating contradiction on one
hand. 

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You've got the most powerful 
office in the world. 

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Demanding, dignity, wisdom, and 
moral Authority. 

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On the other hand, you've got 
actual human beings with all 

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their quirks desires and 
spectacular capacity for making 

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questionable Life Choices. 
It's like expecting a teenager 

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to behave perfectly at a house 
party when the parents are out 

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of town technically possible but
historically unlikely. 

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What makes presidential 
scandals? 

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So captivating isn't just the 
salacious details, though? 

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Those certainly add flavor to 
the story. 

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How these personal failings 
intersected with the massive 

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responsibility of leading a 
nation? 

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Imagine trying to negotiate with
foreign diplomats, while 

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simultaneously juggling secret 
Affairs or delivering speeches 

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about moral leadership while 
your personal life resembles a 

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soap opera, plotline, that even 
daytime TV would reject as two 

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ridiculous. 
The early days of American 

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politics were particularly wild 
because, well, nobody had really

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figured out the rules yet the 
founding fathers were brilliant 

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at crafting, a government 
structure, but they couldn't 

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exactly include a handbook 
titled, how not to embarrass 

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yourself and your country while 
in office. 

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They were too busy inventing 
democracy to worry about damage 

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control strategies for future 
presidential shenanigans. 

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You have to remember too that 
the media landscape was 

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completely different back then. 
There were no Twitter storms, no

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24-hour, news cycles, and no 
investigative journalists 

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camping outside the White House 
with telephoto lenses. 

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If a president desire to 
maintain silence, he had a 

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strong likelihood of achieving 
it. 

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The Press existed Shore, but it 
was more like your nosy neighbor

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with a printing press than the 
surveillance apparatus. 

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We know today, These conditions 
created an interesting Dynamic, 

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where presidents could get away 
with behavior, that would end a 

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political career faster than you
could say, breaking news in our 

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modern era. 
Some took advantage of this 

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Freedom more creatively than 
others. 

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He pushed boundaries tested 
limits and occasionally face 

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planted spectacularly into 
scandals that would make reality

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TV, producers weep With Envy But
this is where the story becomes 

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truly captivating, compelling 
you to stay awake for the next 

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six parts, despite the Allure of
a comfortable pillow. 

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These work just random acts of 
poor judgement. 

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These scandals often revealed 
deeper truths about power human 

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nature and the unique pressures 
that come with sitting in the 

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Oval Office. the presidency, 
does something strange to 

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people, it's akin to accepting 
the world's most demanding job 

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and simultaneously feeling like 
the planet's most significant 

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individual such a high pressure,
environment tends to intensify 

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any inherent personality traits 
if you're naturally Charming, 

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you become magnetic, if you're 
prone to taking risks, you start

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thinking you're invincible and 
if you have a weakness for 

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romance or Adventure, well, 
Suddenly you've got the 

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resources and power to pursue 
those interests on a scale that 

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would make a Hollywood movie 
producer jealous. 

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What we're about to explore 
together over these seven cozy, 

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conversations isn't meant to 
tear down these historical 

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figures or reduce them to their 
worst moments instead think of 

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it as peeling back the 
presidential wallpaper to see 

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the human beings underneath. 
Complete with all their 

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contradictions passions and 
spectacular errors in judgment. 

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So grab that blanket settle in a
little deeper and prepare 

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yourself for stories that range 
from surprisingly. 

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Sweet to absolutely outrageous. 
We're going to meet presidents 

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who fell in love at the worst 
possible. 

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Time's made decisions that would
give modern PR teams and 

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Nightmares and somehow managed 
to run a country while their 

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personal lives exploded, like 
Fourth of July fireworks. 

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The best part, every single one 
of these stories actually 

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happened truth, as they say, is 
Stranger Than Fiction and 

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considerably more entertaining. 
Now that you're comfortable, 

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let's start our journey with 
perhaps the most complex and 

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controversial figure in American
presidential, history, Thomas 

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Jefferson. 
You know, him as the guy who 

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wrote the Declaration of 
Independence and bought 

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Louisiana for what amounts to 
Pocket Change in today's 

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economy. 
However, Jefferson's personal 

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life was a complex puzzle with 
half the pieces, concealed for 

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over two, Centuries by the 
presidential Administration. 

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Imagine trying to reconcile the 
man who penned the immortal 

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words. 
All men are created equal with 

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someone who owned over 600 and 
slave people throughout his 

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lifetime. 
It's like discovering your 

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favorite philosopher. 
Writes Beautiful treatises about

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Freedom keeps his neighbor's 
locked in his basement. 

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The cognitive dissonance is 
enough to give you mental 

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Whiplash, but the story that 
really keeps historians up at 

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night. 
Involve Sally Hemming's an 

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enslaved, woman Jefferson's 
Monte, cello estate Sally wasn't

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just any in slave person. 
She was the half-sister of 

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Jefferson's East wife Martha. 
Yes, you read that, right? 

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Martha's father had father had 
Sally with one of his enslaved. 

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Women making the whole situation
feel like a plot twist from a 

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particularly dramatic historical
novel. 

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The relationship between 
Jefferson and Sally began when 

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she was just a teenager 
traveling with Jefferson's 

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daughter to Paris where he was 
serving as minister to France 

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picture this. 
You're in the most romantic city

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in the world, you're a widower 
in your forties who sworn never 

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to remarry and you're 
accompanied by a young woman who

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Bears a striking resemblance to 
your beloved late wife. 

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It's like the universe conspired
to create the most complicated 

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possible scenario. 
What makes this story 

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particularly fascinating? 
And troubling is the power 

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Dynamic involved. 
Jefferson wasn't just Sally's 

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owner. 
He was literally one of the most

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powerful men in America. 
Sally face significant 

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challenges in this relationship.
She lived in a world where 

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saying, no, to Thomas Jefferson 
was not really an option which 

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adds layers of complexity that 
make modern discussions about 

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consent looks simple by 
comparison. 

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For nearly 200 years, 
Jefferson's Defenders, dismissed

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Rumours about this relationship 
as political propaganda. 

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Cooked up by his enemies. 
They painted anyone who 

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suggested such a thing as 
Scandal mongers, trying to 

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destroy a founding fathers 
reputation. 

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It was like a very long, very 
academic game of. 

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He said she said except one side
had access to all the history 

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books and the other side had 
been systematically silent. 

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The truth started emerging 
through an unexpected Source, 

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Sally hemings descendants who 
had been passing down the story.

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Through oral tradition for 
Generations. 

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They'd been saying yes, Thomas 
Jefferson was our ancestor for 

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over a century while historians 
patted them on the head and said

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that's nice. 
Dear but we need documentation. 

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It's a perfect example of how 
official history often ignores 

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inconvenient voices, especially 
when those voices belong to 

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people without power, then DNA 
testing arrived on the scene in 

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the 1990s, like a scientific 
detective with a magnifying 

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glass. 
The results were pretty 

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conclusive. 
Jeff Jefferson had indeed 

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father, at least one and 
probably several of Sally 

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hemings children. 
All those family stories once 

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dismissed as folklore, suddenly 
proved more accurate than two 

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centuries of scholarly debate. 
The relationship lasted decades,

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which suggested it was more than
just a series of casual 

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encounters. some historians now 
argue it might have involved 

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genuine affection pointing to 
evidence that jeffson freed all 

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of Sally's children and that she
lived as a free woman after his 

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death Others maintain that. 
Any relationship built on such 

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an extreme power imbalance. 
Could not possibly be 

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characterized as consensual 
regardless of any feelings 

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involved. 
What's particularly striking is 

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how Jefferson compartmentalized 
his life. 

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By day, he was crafting policies
for a new nation entertaining 

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foreign dignitaries and writing 
eloquent letters about Liberty 

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and human rights. 
By night, he was returning home 

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to a relationship. 
That embodied everything 

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contradictory about early 
American society intimacy across

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racial lines in a system, built 
on racial oppression personal 

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connection in a context of legal
ownership. 

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Jefferson, never publicly 
acknowledged, his relationship 

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with Sally or their children. 
However, he did free them 

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through his will and various 
legal Maneuvers. 

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It's likely knew the truth, but 
couldn't figure out how to 

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reconcile it with his public 
Persona or the society he lived 

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in. 
This story reveals a crucial 

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insight about presidential 
scandals. 

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They often serve as mirrors, 
that reflect the broader. 

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Contradictions of their time 
Jefferson's relationship with 

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Sally, Hemmings, wasn't just a 
personal matter. 

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It was a living symbol of 
America's struggle with its 

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founding principles versus its 
social reality. 

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Sweet dreams and don't worry. 
Tomorrow's presidential Scandal,

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involve significantly less moral
complexity and considerably more

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straightforward. 
Misbehavior, pull that blanket 

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up a little higher because we're
about to dive into the 

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presidential Administration that
turned the White House into 

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something, resembling a 
combination of a speaking easy 

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and a romance novel. 
Warren G Harding wasn't just a 

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president. 
He was like that friend. 

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Everyone has whose charming and 
well-meaning but absolutely 

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terrible at making decisions 
when Attractive people are 

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involved. 
Harding came into office in 1921

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looking like Central, Castings 
idea of what a president should 

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be tall. 
Handsome? 

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Silver-haired with a voice that 
could make reading the phone 

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book sound presidential He was 
basically the political 

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equivalent of a 1920s movie 
star, which should have been 

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everyone's first warning sign. 
When someone looks too perfect 

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for the job, there's usually a 
reason why appearances can be 

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deceiving. 
The first thing you need to 

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understand about Harding is that
he was fundamentally a people 

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pleaser who had trouble saying 
no to anyone about anything. 

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This personality trait becomes 
significantly more problematic, 

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when you're the most powerful 
person in the country and people

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start asking you for favors that
range from mildly and 

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appropriate to downright 
illegal. 

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It's like being the friend who 
can't say no to ending money, 

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except in stead of 20 dollars. 
People are asking for government

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contracts and oil drilling 
rights. 

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Now, Harding was married to 
Florence a woman who was older, 

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stronger willed and considerably
more politically savvy than her 

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husband Florence. 
Had basically managed Harding's 

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career from the beginning, 
turning him from a Small Town 

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Newspaper owner into a senator 
and eventually present. 

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She was like his personal 
political GPS constantly 

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recalculating his route and 
trying to keep him from driving 

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off cliffs, but here's where 
things get interesting. 

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And by interesting, I mean 
wonderfully scandalous. 

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Harding had been carrying on a 
long-term affair with his best 

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friend's wife, Carrie Phillips 
for over 15 years before 

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becoming president. 
This wasn't some brief fling or 

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moment of weakness. 
This was a full-blown alternate 

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relationship complete with love 
letters that would make romance 

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00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:02,100
novelists blush. 
The Republican Party discovered 

236
00:12:02,100 --> 00:12:05,900
this affair during the 1920 
campaign and basically went into

237
00:12:05,900 --> 00:12:09,200
full panic mode. 
Picture a room full of men in 

238
00:12:09,200 --> 00:12:11,800
three-piece suits frantically, 
trying to figure out how to 

239
00:12:11,800 --> 00:12:14,500
handle their presidential 
candidates inconvenient romantic

240
00:12:14,500 --> 00:12:17,400
entanglements. 
Their solution was elegantly, 

241
00:12:17,400 --> 00:12:20,900
simple and completely Bonkers. 
They sent carrying her husband 

242
00:12:20,900 --> 00:12:24,100
on an all-expenses. 
Paid trip around the world with 

243
00:12:24,100 --> 00:12:26,700
monthly payments, to keep them 
traveling until after the 

244
00:12:26,700 --> 00:12:30,000
election, it was like witness 
protection for inconvenient 

245
00:12:30,000 --> 00:12:32,700
Mistresses but wait, it gets 
better. 

246
00:12:33,600 --> 00:12:36,200
Because apparently one secret 
affair wasn't enough excitement 

247
00:12:36,200 --> 00:12:38,700
for Warren Harding. 
He managed to start another one 

248
00:12:38,700 --> 00:12:42,100
right there in the White House. 
this time, it was with Nan, 

249
00:12:42,100 --> 00:12:44,600
Britain, a woman 30 years older 
than him, who had been 

250
00:12:44,600 --> 00:12:48,100
infatuated with him since she 
was a teenager Their 

251
00:12:48,100 --> 00:12:50,400
relationship was like something 
out of a scribble comedy. 

252
00:12:50,400 --> 00:12:54,100
Complete with secret service 
agent serving as Lookouts and 

253
00:12:54,100 --> 00:12:56,000
romantic Encounters in White 
House closets. 

254
00:12:56,000 --> 00:12:59,500
Yes, you heard that right? 
The president of the United 

255
00:12:59,500 --> 00:13:01,400
States was sneaking around his 
own house. 

256
00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:03,200
Like a teenager trying not to 
get caught by. 

257
00:13:03,200 --> 00:13:06,700
His parents Nan would show up at
the White House, they'd have 

258
00:13:06,700 --> 00:13:09,300
their Rendezvous in various 
locations, including a Coke 

259
00:13:09,300 --> 00:13:12,500
closet, just off the Oval Office
and then she'd slip out again. 

260
00:13:13,300 --> 00:13:16,000
Secret Service agents tasked 
with protecting the president 

261
00:13:16,000 --> 00:13:20,100
unintentionally became complicit
in his adultery, the meeting's 

262
00:13:20,100 --> 00:13:22,800
in the closet became so routine 
that it was as if Harding at 

263
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:26,800
scheduled executive time, 
unrelated to actual executive 

264
00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:29,600
decisions. 
Imagine trying to explain to 

265
00:13:29,600 --> 00:13:31,900
foreign diplomats why they 
couldn't meet with the president

266
00:13:31,900 --> 00:13:35,100
for 15 minutes, because he was 
having urgent consultations in a

267
00:13:35,108 --> 00:13:38,200
storage area. 
Now, eventually had a daughter 

268
00:13:38,200 --> 00:13:41,900
who she claimed was Harding's 
and spent decades, trying to get

269
00:13:41,900 --> 00:13:43,600
the Harding family to 
acknowledge the child. 

270
00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:47,200
It was like a very long, very 
public paternity suit that 

271
00:13:47,200 --> 00:13:50,400
stretched across multiple 
decades, the Harding family 

272
00:13:50,400 --> 00:13:53,100
denied. 
Everything until DNA testing in 

273
00:13:53,100 --> 00:13:57,200
2015, finally proved that. 
Yes, indeed Warren G Harding had

274
00:13:57,200 --> 00:14:00,700
father to child during his White
House close to Adventures What 

275
00:14:00,700 --> 00:14:03,400
makes Harding's story 
particularly remarkable is how 

276
00:14:03,408 --> 00:14:05,600
we managed to juggle. 
All of this personal drama 

277
00:14:05,600 --> 00:14:08,800
whilst simultaneously, presiding
over one of the most corrupted 

278
00:14:08,800 --> 00:14:10,200
ministrations in American 
history. 

279
00:14:11,100 --> 00:14:14,100
His friends and appointees were 
busy embezzling government funds

280
00:14:14,100 --> 00:14:16,500
and taking bribes while he was 
busy with his romantic 

281
00:14:16,500 --> 00:14:19,300
complications. 
It seemed that everyone in his 

282
00:14:19,300 --> 00:14:22,500
administration understood public
service to mean take whatever 

283
00:14:22,500 --> 00:14:25,700
you desire for yourself. 
Now friends, we're on to explore

284
00:14:25,700 --> 00:14:28,900
a president who turned extra 
marital Affairs into something 

285
00:14:28,900 --> 00:14:32,600
resembling an extreme sport. 
John F, Kennedy approached his 

286
00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:34,500
romantic life with the same 
enthusiasm. 

287
00:14:34,500 --> 00:14:36,600
Most people reserved for their 
favorite hobbies. 

288
00:14:36,600 --> 00:14:40,000
Accept his hobby happened to 
involve a rotating cast of 

289
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:43,100
actresses socialite and anyone 
else who caught his eye while he

290
00:14:43,108 --> 00:14:44,600
was supposedly running the Free 
World. 

291
00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:48,400
JFK was a kid to that 
charismatic friend, whose charm 

292
00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:51,200
often overshadows their 
remarkably outrageous behavior. 

293
00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:54,200
He had this magical combination 
of movie. 

294
00:14:54,200 --> 00:14:58,500
Star looks war hero credentials 
and Irish wit that made, people 

295
00:14:58,500 --> 00:15:00,900
want to forgive him for things. 
They'd never tolerate from 

296
00:15:00,900 --> 00:15:03,400
anyone else. 
It was like, he'd been granted 

297
00:15:03,400 --> 00:15:07,000
some sort of diplomatic immunity
for personal conduct and he used

298
00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:10,000
it liberally. 
The fascinating thing about 

299
00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:14,800
Kennedy's approach to Fidelity, 
was how systemic it became at 

300
00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:16,300
stake. 
Was not Random Encounters or 

301
00:15:16,300 --> 00:15:18,600
Crimes of Passion. 
This was Logistics. 

302
00:15:19,500 --> 00:15:22,000
His staff developed, what 
amounted to a romantic 

303
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:25,100
scheduling system. 
Coordinating secret visits 

304
00:15:25,100 --> 00:15:28,700
managing Alibis and ensuring 
that Jackie never accidentally 

305
00:15:28,700 --> 00:15:31,100
walked in on anything that would
require awkward. 

306
00:15:31,100 --> 00:15:34,500
Explanations the White House 
became like a very exclusive, 

307
00:15:34,500 --> 00:15:37,600
very discreet hotel, where the 
president happened to live with 

308
00:15:37,600 --> 00:15:40,700
his wife. 
Picture this, you're a secret 

309
00:15:40,708 --> 00:15:43,500
service agent whose job is to 
take a bullet for the president,

310
00:15:43,500 --> 00:15:46,800
but instead you find yourself 
playing elaborate games of hide 

311
00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:48,200
and seek to help him avoid his 
wife. 

312
00:15:49,000 --> 00:15:51,900
These agents were trained to 
handle International crises and 

313
00:15:51,900 --> 00:15:54,600
assassination attempts not to 
serve as a relationship 

314
00:15:54,600 --> 00:15:57,100
coordinators for a president who
couldn't keep his calendar 

315
00:15:57,100 --> 00:15:59,100
straight. 
It was like being a highly 

316
00:15:59,100 --> 00:16:01,000
trained. 
Bodyguard who gets asked to help

317
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:03,900
plan surprise parties, except 
the surprises were. 

318
00:16:03,900 --> 00:16:06,600
Definitely not for the first 
lady the most famous 

319
00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:09,800
relationship of Kennedy's was 
with Marilyn Monroe, although 

320
00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:12,100
referring to it as a 
relationship might be generous 

321
00:16:12,100 --> 00:16:14,200
it. 
Resembled two very famous 

322
00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:16,800
individuals, occasionally, 
orbiting each other at parties 

323
00:16:16,800 --> 00:16:19,300
in events. 
Maryland was already the most 

324
00:16:19,300 --> 00:16:23,000
photographed woman in America in
JFK was the most powerful man. 

325
00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:25,900
So their connection was like, 
mixing nitroglycerin with the 

326
00:16:25,908 --> 00:16:28,400
lit cigarette. 
Everyone knew it was dangerous, 

327
00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:32,200
but nobody could look away the 
birth birthday serenade where 

328
00:16:32,200 --> 00:16:34,200
Marilyn sang, Happy Birthday, 
Mr. President. 

329
00:16:34,200 --> 00:16:38,200
And that breathy sultry voice. 
While wearing a dress that 

330
00:16:38,200 --> 00:16:39,700
looked like it had been painted 
on. 

331
00:16:39,700 --> 00:16:42,800
He came one of those cultural 
moments that define an era. 

332
00:16:43,400 --> 00:16:45,300
It was inappropriate, that it 
became iconic. 

333
00:16:45,300 --> 00:16:48,100
Jackie, Kennedy. 
Reportedly referred to it as 

334
00:16:48,100 --> 00:16:51,900
that show and made sure she was 
conveniently out of town that 

335
00:16:51,900 --> 00:16:54,500
evening even presidential wives 
have their limits. 

336
00:16:55,300 --> 00:16:57,700
But Monroe was just the most 
visible name, on a very long 

337
00:16:57,700 --> 00:17:00,300
list. 
There were actresses socialites,

338
00:17:00,300 --> 00:17:03,700
White House, staff members and 
women whose names will probably 

339
00:17:03,700 --> 00:17:07,099
never know because discretion 
was actually possible in 1962. 

340
00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:10,599
Kennedy's approached to romance 
was like a collector pursuing 

341
00:17:10,599 --> 00:17:14,800
rare artifacts, systematic 
enthusiastic, and always looking

342
00:17:14,800 --> 00:17:18,300
for the next acquisition. 
It is crazy to me how Kennedy 

343
00:17:18,300 --> 00:17:20,900
managed to compartmentalize his 
personal behavior from his 

344
00:17:20,900 --> 00:17:23,500
presidential duties because he 
could spend an afternoon 

345
00:17:23,500 --> 00:17:26,800
juggling romantic Intrigue and 
then deliver a speech about the 

346
00:17:26,800 --> 00:17:29,600
space race or handle the Cuban 
Missile Crisis. 

347
00:17:29,600 --> 00:17:32,700
As if nothing unusual had 
happened, is like he had some 

348
00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:36,500
sort of mental filing system 
where he Affairs of state and 

349
00:17:36,500 --> 00:17:40,400
Affairs of the heart were kept 
in completely separate drawers. 

350
00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:43,900
The Kennedy administration 
developed, what historians Now 

351
00:17:43,900 --> 00:17:47,700
call the culture of complicity 
everyone from staff members to 

352
00:17:47,700 --> 00:17:49,000
journalists knew what was going 
on. 

353
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:52,100
But there was this unspoken 
agreement that presidential 

354
00:17:52,100 --> 00:17:54,400
private life was off limits for 
public consumption. 

355
00:17:54,400 --> 00:17:57,800
It was like the entire 
Washington establishment had 

356
00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:02,200
agreed to play, a massive game 
of snow evil hear no evil speak,

357
00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:05,700
no evil except they were seeing 
and hearing plenty. 

358
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:08,800
This wasn't necessarily Noble 
discretion either. 

359
00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:12,500
It was more like Mutual assured 
destruction, everyone had 

360
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:14,900
secrets. 
So everyone kept quiet about 

361
00:18:14,900 --> 00:18:19,100
everyone else's secrets 
Washington in the early 1960s 

362
00:18:19,100 --> 00:18:22,200
was like a very exclusive Club 
where the membership fee was 

363
00:18:22,200 --> 00:18:23,800
keeping your mouth shut about 
things. 

364
00:18:23,800 --> 00:18:25,500
That would make excellent 
gossip. 

365
00:18:26,300 --> 00:18:29,300
The irony, is that Kennedy's 
reputation as a devoted family 

366
00:18:29,300 --> 00:18:32,900
man was carefully crafted and 
maintained while this parallel 

367
00:18:32,900 --> 00:18:35,700
romantic Universe existed, just 
out of public View. 

368
00:18:36,500 --> 00:18:39,100
Photos of the president with 
Caroline and John Jr would 

369
00:18:39,100 --> 00:18:42,100
appear on magazine covers while 
Hollywood actresses were being 

370
00:18:42,100 --> 00:18:44,800
quietly ushered through back 
entrances of the White House. 

371
00:18:45,700 --> 00:18:48,100
There was like living in two, 
completely different movies 

372
00:18:48,100 --> 00:18:51,900
simultaneously, one was a 
heartwarming family drama and 

373
00:18:51,900 --> 00:18:54,400
the other was a romantic comedy 
with very loose, moral 

374
00:18:54,400 --> 00:18:57,700
boundaries. 
Kennedy story reveals something 

375
00:18:57,700 --> 00:19:02,200
fascinating about the 196s, it 
was a time when Public Image and

376
00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:05,500
private reality could existing 
completely separate universes, 

377
00:19:05,500 --> 00:19:08,900
at least, for people with enough
power and charm to maintain the 

378
00:19:08,900 --> 00:19:10,500
illusion. 
Now we're getting into 

379
00:19:10,500 --> 00:19:13,800
territory, you probably remember
from your own adult life, the 

380
00:19:13,800 --> 00:19:16,300
moment when presidential 
scandals stopped being whispered

381
00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:19,700
about in history books and 
started playing out in real time

382
00:19:19,700 --> 00:19:23,200
on your television screen. 
Bill Clinton's presidency, 

383
00:19:23,200 --> 00:19:25,600
marked the end of the era when 
presidents could keep their 

384
00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:28,600
personal lives reasonably 
private and the beginning of the

385
00:19:28,600 --> 00:19:31,700
age, when every presidential 
indiscretion becomes a national 

386
00:19:31,700 --> 00:19:35,100
conversation topic. 
Clinton arrived in Washington 

387
00:19:35,100 --> 00:19:38,100
like a political tornado, 
Charming, brilliant, and 

388
00:19:38,100 --> 00:19:40,700
carrying enough personal baggage
to fill a cargo plane. 

389
00:19:40,700 --> 00:19:44,600
He was the first president of 
the MTV generation someone who 

390
00:19:44,600 --> 00:19:47,400
could play saxophone on late 
night TV, and discussed policy 

391
00:19:47,400 --> 00:19:51,200
details with equal enthusiasm. 
But he also brought a romantic 

392
00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:53,500
history that made previous 
presidential scandals. 

393
00:19:53,500 --> 00:19:56,600
Look like gentle breezes 
compared to his Category 5 

394
00:19:56,600 --> 00:20:00,100
hurricane of complications. 
The thing about Clinton was that

395
00:20:00,100 --> 00:20:04,000
he genuinely loved people all 
people but especially people who

396
00:20:04,000 --> 00:20:05,900
found him as fascinating as he 
found them. 

397
00:20:06,700 --> 00:20:09,300
He had this rare ability to 
make, whoever he was talking to 

398
00:20:09,300 --> 00:20:12,200
feel like the most important 
person in the room, which is a 

399
00:20:12,200 --> 00:20:16,100
tremendous political asset, and 
a significant personal liability

400
00:20:16,100 --> 00:20:18,600
when you're married and 
supposedly committed to 

401
00:20:18,600 --> 00:20:21,500
monogamy. 
You have to understand the media

402
00:20:21,500 --> 00:20:25,500
landscape that Clint walked in 
to the 1990s, saw the emergence 

403
00:20:25,500 --> 00:20:28,600
of the internet. 
The 24-hour emergency of cable 

404
00:20:28,600 --> 00:20:32,100
news and the rapid erosion of 
the traditional understanding of

405
00:20:32,100 --> 00:20:36,100
presidential privacy. 
Every reporter in Washington was

406
00:20:36,100 --> 00:20:39,100
looking for the story that would
make their career and Clinton's 

407
00:20:39,100 --> 00:20:42,200
personal life was like a gold 
mine with a neon sign saying dig

408
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:44,700
here. 
The Paula Jones case was like, 

409
00:20:44,700 --> 00:20:46,300
watching a slow-motion 
Avalanche. 

410
00:20:46,900 --> 00:20:49,700
What started as a sexual 
harassment lawsuit, gradually 

411
00:20:49,700 --> 00:20:52,600
turned into an investigation. 
That would examine every aspect 

412
00:20:52,600 --> 00:20:55,700
of Clinton's personal 
relationships with microscopic 

413
00:20:55,700 --> 00:20:58,700
detail. 
It was like being audited by a 

414
00:20:58,700 --> 00:21:01,200
accountants who are specifically
looking for evidence of romantic

415
00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:04,700
bookkeeping errors and Clinton 
had kept very sloppy records, 

416
00:21:04,700 --> 00:21:08,700
then came Monica Lewinsky and 
suddenly the whole country was 

417
00:21:08,700 --> 00:21:11,300
having conversations at dinner 
tables that parents never 

418
00:21:11,300 --> 00:21:13,100
imagined they'd need to have 
with their children. 

419
00:21:13,900 --> 00:21:16,400
The internal Affair wasn't just 
a presidential Scandal. 

420
00:21:16,400 --> 00:21:20,200
It became a cultural phenomenon 
that turned legal terminology 

421
00:21:20,200 --> 00:21:23,700
into household vocabulary and 
made cigar jokes, a permanent 

422
00:21:23,700 --> 00:21:26,800
part of American humor. 
What made the Clinton scandal, 

423
00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,600
particularly excruciating to 
watch was how it played out in 

424
00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:32,800
real time on television. 
Previous presidents have the 

425
00:21:32,800 --> 00:21:35,300
luxury of time. 
Their scandals could be 

426
00:21:35,300 --> 00:21:38,900
discovered processed and 
contextualized by historians 

427
00:21:38,900 --> 00:21:41,600
decades later. 
Clinton got to watch his 

428
00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:44,900
marriage, his presidency, and 
his personal reputation 

429
00:21:44,900 --> 00:21:48,000
dissected on live television. 
While he was still trying to 

430
00:21:48,008 --> 00:21:50,400
figure out how to explain things
to his wife and daughter. 

431
00:21:51,600 --> 00:21:54,300
The I did not have sexual 
relations with that woman. 

432
00:21:55,100 --> 00:21:57,700
Moment became one of those 
historical quotes that everyone 

433
00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:00,800
remembers partly because it was 
crafted by lawyers, trying to 

434
00:22:00,808 --> 00:22:03,500
identify technical loopholes in 
the English language. 

435
00:22:03,500 --> 00:22:06,700
It was like watching someone try
to argue that, they didn't eat 

436
00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:09,500
the cookies because technically 
they only licked the frosting 

437
00:22:09,500 --> 00:22:13,000
off, legally precise, but not 
particularly convincing to 

438
00:22:13,008 --> 00:22:16,200
anyone with common sense. 
Hillary Clinton's response to 

439
00:22:16,200 --> 00:22:18,600
the whole situation was 
fascinating to watch. 

440
00:22:19,400 --> 00:22:21,800
The transformation from a 
supportive political wife 

441
00:22:21,800 --> 00:22:24,800
standing by her husband to a 
political force in her own. 

442
00:22:24,800 --> 00:22:27,800
Right was largely due to her 
need to establish her own 

443
00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:31,300
independent credibility, while 
her husband was rapidly 

444
00:22:31,300 --> 00:22:33,500
diminishing. 
It was like watching someone 

445
00:22:33,500 --> 00:22:35,900
learned to fly a plane while. 
The original pilot was 

446
00:22:35,900 --> 00:22:39,700
unconscious and the plane was in
the nose, dive the impeachment 

447
00:22:39,700 --> 00:22:41,300
proceedings. 
Turn the Scandal into a 

448
00:22:41,300 --> 00:22:44,700
constitutional crisis, which had
the peculiar effect of making 

449
00:22:44,700 --> 00:22:48,300
Clinton's personal Behavior into
a matter of National Security 

450
00:22:48,300 --> 00:22:52,000
and Democratic governance 
suddenly, whether the president 

451
00:22:52,000 --> 00:22:55,400
had lied about his romantic life
came a question about the rule 

452
00:22:55,400 --> 00:22:57,400
of law and the meaning of 
presidential Authority. 

453
00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:01,100
There was like watching a soap 
opera that accidentally became a

454
00:23:01,100 --> 00:23:04,000
civic's lesson. 
What's remarkable about the 

455
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:07,500
Clinton years is how the country
managed to compartmentalize the 

456
00:23:07,500 --> 00:23:09,200
scandal from his job 
performance. 

457
00:23:10,000 --> 00:23:12,700
His approval ratings for 
presidential competence remained

458
00:23:12,700 --> 00:23:16,400
High even as his personal 
favorability ratings plummeted, 

459
00:23:16,400 --> 00:23:20,100
Americans seem to have developed
the ability to think he's doing 

460
00:23:20,100 --> 00:23:22,800
a terrific job running the 
country but I wouldn't want him 

461
00:23:22,800 --> 00:23:25,900
married to my daughter. 
The Clinton scandal marked the 

462
00:23:25,908 --> 00:23:28,100
end of presidential privacy as 
we'd known it. 

463
00:23:28,700 --> 00:23:31,800
Every subsequent president has 
had to assume that every phone 

464
00:23:31,800 --> 00:23:34,200
call might be recorded every 
relationship. 

465
00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:37,600
Scrutinized and every personal 
decision potentially broadcast 

466
00:23:37,600 --> 00:23:40,600
to the world. 
It was like the entire president

467
00:23:40,600 --> 00:23:44,100
C became a reality TV show, 
where the cameras never stopped 

468
00:23:44,100 --> 00:23:46,300
rolling and the audience never 
stopped judging. 

469
00:23:47,100 --> 00:23:50,600
In many ways, Clinton's Legacy 
isn't just political its 

470
00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:53,700
cultural marking the moment. 
When presidential scandals 

471
00:23:53,700 --> 00:23:56,800
became National entertainment 
and personal failings became 

472
00:23:56,800 --> 00:24:00,200
constitutional questions as we 
turn the page to the next 

473
00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:02,000
penultimate, chapter of our bed 
time. 

474
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:05,500
Presidential Scandal tour, let's
take a step back and consider 

475
00:24:05,500 --> 00:24:08,900
something that might help you 
sleep better or worse, depending

476
00:24:08,900 --> 00:24:11,600
on your perspective. 
What is it about the president? 

477
00:24:11,600 --> 00:24:14,400
See, that seems to amplify 
certain human Tendencies, 

478
00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:18,100
particularly the tenancy to make
spectacularly, poor romantic 

479
00:24:18,100 --> 00:24:20,700
decisions. 
Think about it this way. 

480
00:24:20,700 --> 00:24:24,100
Imagine someone handed, you 
almost unlimited power, 

481
00:24:24,100 --> 00:24:27,000
surrounded you with people whose
job is to say yes, to your 

482
00:24:27,008 --> 00:24:30,400
requests and then placed you in 
high stress situations where 

483
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:33,100
life and death decisions are 
routine parts of your Tuesday 

484
00:24:33,100 --> 00:24:36,700
afternoon schedule. 
Now add constant public scrutiny

485
00:24:36,700 --> 00:24:40,600
separation, from normal social 
interactions, and the knowledge 

486
00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:42,700
that you're one of the most 
powerful people on the planet. 

487
00:24:43,600 --> 00:24:45,800
It's like creating a perfect 
psychological storm. 

488
00:24:45,800 --> 00:24:49,200
Designed to bring out either the
very best or the very worst in 

489
00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:52,200
human nature. 
The presidency, Alters how 

490
00:24:52,200 --> 00:24:55,500
individuals perceive and engage 
with risk, when you're making 

491
00:24:55,500 --> 00:24:59,100
decisions that affect millions 
of lives choices about starting 

492
00:24:59,100 --> 00:25:02,900
Wars and policies, that shape 
history, your personal sense of 

493
00:25:02,900 --> 00:25:06,200
what constitutes normal risk 
gets completely recalibrated. 

494
00:25:06,200 --> 00:25:10,000
If you can decide to invade a 
country before lunch sneaking 

495
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:13,100
around with an inappropriate 
romantic partner, probably 

496
00:25:13,100 --> 00:25:16,100
doesn't register as particularly
dangerous on your internal risk 

497
00:25:16,100 --> 00:25:18,900
assessment scale. 
There's also what psychologists 

498
00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:21,600
call the power Paradox. 
The very traits that help 

499
00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:25,000
someone become president 
Charisma confidence willingness 

500
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:28,000
to take risks are also the 
traits that make them more 

501
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:30,100
likely to engage in behavior 
that can destroy their 

502
00:25:30,100 --> 00:25:32,200
presidents. 
See, it's like being selected 

503
00:25:32,200 --> 00:25:34,600
for a job specifically, because 
you're good at juggling, 

504
00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:38,000
flaming, torches, and then being
surprised when occasionally you 

505
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:40,700
get burned. 
Presidential Power creates what 

506
00:25:40,700 --> 00:25:43,900
amounts to a bubble of unreality
everyone around. 

507
00:25:43,900 --> 00:25:46,800
You has been trained to 
facilitate your wishes, solve 

508
00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:49,300
your problems and shield you 
from consequences. 

509
00:25:50,300 --> 00:25:53,500
If you want to meet someone 
staffers will arrange it if you 

510
00:25:53,500 --> 00:25:55,900
want privacy, the Secret Service
will create it. 

511
00:25:56,600 --> 00:25:59,400
If you want to avoid awkward 
questions Communications teams 

512
00:25:59,400 --> 00:26:01,600
will deflect them. 
It's like living in a world 

513
00:26:01,608 --> 00:26:04,300
where the normal rules of cause 
and effect have been temporarily

514
00:26:04,300 --> 00:26:07,800
suspended for your convenience. 
This bubble effect extends to 

515
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:10,200
relationships and particularly 
problematic ways. 

516
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:15,400
Normal dating involves risk 
rejection awkwardness having to 

517
00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:17,200
win someone over through your 
own merits. 

518
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:20,300
Presidential dating involves 
none of these natural 

519
00:26:20,300 --> 00:26:22,600
safeguards. 
When you're the most powerful 

520
00:26:22,600 --> 00:26:25,600
person in the world, your 
success rate in romantic. 

521
00:26:25,600 --> 00:26:28,500
Pursuits tends to be 
artificially High which can 

522
00:26:28,500 --> 00:26:31,900
create a feedback loop of 
overconfidence and increasingly.

523
00:26:31,900 --> 00:26:34,300
Poor judgement. 
The isolation of the president 

524
00:26:34,300 --> 00:26:37,800
seals a crucial role. 
The isolation inherent in the 

525
00:26:37,800 --> 00:26:39,800
president. 
He is also a significant factor.

526
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:43,100
Although one is surrounded by 
individuals throughout the day, 

527
00:26:43,100 --> 00:26:46,800
many of them have ulterior 
motives 10 to concur with your 

528
00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:49,500
opinions or a compensated to 
provide support. 

529
00:26:50,500 --> 00:26:54,100
As a result authentic human 
connection becomes scarce and 

530
00:26:54,100 --> 00:26:56,500
invaluable. 
Increasing the likelihood of 

531
00:26:56,500 --> 00:26:58,400
making poor decisions. 
When One Believes they have 

532
00:26:58,408 --> 00:27:01,900
found it It is akin to 
experiencing emotional 

533
00:27:01,900 --> 00:27:04,900
deprivation and then being 
confronted with an abundance. 

534
00:27:04,900 --> 00:27:08,100
One's judgment regarding 
suitable boundaries, may become 

535
00:27:08,100 --> 00:27:11,700
compromised, genuine human 
connection becomes rare and 

536
00:27:11,700 --> 00:27:14,600
precious which makes it more 
likely that you make poor 

537
00:27:14,600 --> 00:27:17,500
decisions when you think you've 
found it. it's like being 

538
00:27:17,508 --> 00:27:20,400
emotionally starved and then 
being presented with a feast, 

539
00:27:21,100 --> 00:27:23,900
your judgment about appropriate.
Portions goes out the window. 

540
00:27:25,300 --> 00:27:27,600
There's also the historical 
factor that we've been exploring

541
00:27:27,600 --> 00:27:31,400
throughout these bedtime stories
until very recently presidents, 

542
00:27:31,400 --> 00:27:33,600
could reasonably expect that, 
their personal lives would 

543
00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:36,400
remain private. 
This created a moral hazard 

544
00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:39,800
where the natural consequences 
of poor personal decisions, 

545
00:27:39,800 --> 00:27:42,400
public embarrassment 
relationship damage and career. 

546
00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:46,400
Destruction was significantly 
diminished, it was like playing 

547
00:27:46,400 --> 00:27:49,500
poker with house money, the 
stakes felt lower because the 

548
00:27:49,500 --> 00:27:52,700
personal costs seemed manageable
the stress factor, can't be 

549
00:27:52,700 --> 00:27:56,200
underestimated, either. 
The present involves constant 

550
00:27:56,200 --> 00:27:59,800
pressure, impossible decisions 
and the knowledge that your 

551
00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:02,700
mistakes could have catastrophic
consequences for millions of 

552
00:28:02,700 --> 00:28:05,200
people. 
Under that kind of stress people

553
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:07,600
often seek relief in ways that 
their rational Minds would 

554
00:28:07,600 --> 00:28:11,400
normally reject Similar to 
emotional pressure relief valve 

555
00:28:11,400 --> 00:28:14,300
behavior. 
However, when your president The

556
00:28:14,300 --> 00:28:17,000
choice you make for Relief tend 
to have much more complicated 

557
00:28:17,000 --> 00:28:20,100
consequences, modern 
neurosciences taught us 

558
00:28:20,100 --> 00:28:23,500
something intriguing about power
and decision-making, extended 

559
00:28:23,500 --> 00:28:26,600
exposure, to power actually 
changes how your brain processes

560
00:28:26,600 --> 00:28:30,000
risk and empathy. 
People in positions of authority

561
00:28:30,000 --> 00:28:33,400
become less sensitive to social 
cues more focused on their 

562
00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:36,900
desires, more likely to view 
other people as means to achieve

563
00:28:36,900 --> 00:28:40,000
their goals rather than as 
independent human beings with 

564
00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:42,400
their interests. 
This isn't to excuse 

565
00:28:42,400 --> 00:28:45,400
presidential misbehavior, but 
rather to understand why the 

566
00:28:45,408 --> 00:28:47,900
office seems to amplify certain 
human tendencies. 

567
00:28:49,100 --> 00:28:52,700
The president cakes, normal 
human weaknesses and places them

568
00:28:52,700 --> 00:28:55,800
in an environment specifically 
designed to make them more 

569
00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:59,200
dangerous and hard to control. 
The remarkable thing isn't that 

570
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:02,400
some presidents have made, poor 
personal decisions, it's that 

571
00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:05,200
any of them have managed to 
maintain stable healthy 

572
00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:08,700
relationships while in office. 
The job seems almost designed to

573
00:29:08,700 --> 00:29:11,200
test the limits of human 
judgment and self-control. 

574
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:15,600
Yes, here we are at the end of 
our cozy, journey through 

575
00:29:15,600 --> 00:29:18,500
presidential Scandal history, 
and you're probably wondering 

576
00:29:18,500 --> 00:29:21,200
what all these stories of 
romantic complications and poor 

577
00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:23,300
judgment. 
Actually tell us about power 

578
00:29:23,300 --> 00:29:26,500
human nature and the impossible 
job of being president. 

579
00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:30,200
Pull that blanket up, one more 
time because we're going to tie 

580
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:32,700
all these threads together in a 
way that might actually help you

581
00:29:32,700 --> 00:29:34,700
understand modern politics a 
little better. 

582
00:29:35,500 --> 00:29:38,500
Firstly, it's important to 
recognize the significant issue 

583
00:29:38,500 --> 00:29:41,000
at hand, which could also apply 
to the Oval Office. 

584
00:29:41,000 --> 00:29:44,200
These stories aren't just 
historical Curiosities or 

585
00:29:44,200 --> 00:29:47,300
entertaining gossip their 
Windows into the fundamental 

586
00:29:47,300 --> 00:29:50,100
tension between public 
responsibility and private. 

587
00:29:50,100 --> 00:29:52,600
Humanity, that defines the 
American presidency. 

588
00:29:53,300 --> 00:29:56,900
Every person who takes that oath
is caught between being a symbol

589
00:29:56,900 --> 00:30:00,700
of national virtue and being an 
actual human being with all the 

590
00:30:00,708 --> 00:30:04,900
messy complications that entails
The fascinating aspect lies in 

591
00:30:04,900 --> 00:30:08,200
how the scandals of each era the
values and shortcomings of their

592
00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:10,600
respective errors. 
Jeff, Jefferson's relationship 

593
00:30:10,600 --> 00:30:13,400
with Sally Hemmings reveal. 
The contradictions of a Nation, 

594
00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:16,100
founded on equality while 
practicing slavery. 

595
00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:20,100
Harding's Affairs reflected the 
free wheeling rule, breaking 

596
00:30:20,100 --> 00:30:23,800
Spirit of the 1920s. 
Kennedy's romantic Adventures 

597
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:26,800
mirrored, the Glamour and hidden
complexities of Camelot era 

598
00:30:26,800 --> 00:30:29,500
America. 
Clinton scandal played out in 

599
00:30:29,500 --> 00:30:32,500
the emerging 24-hour media 
landscape, but would Define 

600
00:30:32,500 --> 00:30:35,200
modern Politics. 
The evolution of how we handle 

601
00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:39,100
presidential scandals, tells us 
as much about ourselves, as it 

602
00:30:39,100 --> 00:30:40,700
does about the president's 
involved. 

603
00:30:41,300 --> 00:30:43,700
We've moved from an era of 
willful ignorance through 

604
00:30:43,700 --> 00:30:46,600
periods of deliberate, 
discretion to our current state 

605
00:30:46,600 --> 00:30:50,300
of total transparency, where 
every presidential sneeze gets 

606
00:30:50,300 --> 00:30:52,700
analyzed by teams of experts on 
cable news. 

607
00:30:53,500 --> 00:30:56,800
Each approach has had its costs 
and benefits the age of 

608
00:30:56,800 --> 00:30:59,400
presidential privacy, which 
lasted roughly from Washington, 

609
00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:03,100
through Nixon allowed for more 
personal autonomy, but also 

610
00:31:03,100 --> 00:31:06,000
enabled genuinely, harmful 
Behavior to continue unchecked 

611
00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:10,200
when there are no consequences 
for poor, personal decisions, 

612
00:31:10,200 --> 00:31:13,300
they tend to escalate It's a 
kind to the removal of speed 

613
00:31:13,300 --> 00:31:15,900
limit signs. 
While some individuals may drive

614
00:31:15,900 --> 00:31:17,900
more cautiously due to 
heightened responsibility. 

615
00:31:17,900 --> 00:31:20,200
Others May accelerate 
excessively. 

616
00:31:20,900 --> 00:31:23,700
The modern era of total 
transparency has its problems. 

617
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:27,200
When every personal interaction 
becomes potential, Scandal 

618
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:30,400
material presidents, becoming 
increasingly isolated and 

619
00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:33,000
artificial. 
It's harder to form genuine 

620
00:31:33,000 --> 00:31:35,600
relationships when every 
conversation might end up on the

621
00:31:35,600 --> 00:31:39,300
front page of the Washington 
Post, This isolation can lead to

622
00:31:39,308 --> 00:31:41,400
its set of psychological and 
emotional problems. 

623
00:31:41,400 --> 00:31:43,900
That might actually make 
presidents less effective 

624
00:31:43,900 --> 00:31:46,600
leaders. 
What these stories teachers 

625
00:31:46,600 --> 00:31:49,300
about power is both sobering and
strangely reassuring. 

626
00:31:49,300 --> 00:31:52,100
These stories are sobering as 
they illustrate. 

627
00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:57,100
How power can take judgment and 
magnify human weaknesses. these 

628
00:31:57,100 --> 00:31:59,000
stories are reassuring because 
they demonstrate that 

629
00:31:59,000 --> 00:32:01,700
individuals with significant 
flaws, can still rise to 

630
00:32:01,700 --> 00:32:05,600
occasions that demand greatness 
Jeffson wrote the Declaration of

631
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:09,100
Independence despite his 
personal contradictions Kennedy 

632
00:32:09,100 --> 00:32:11,800
handle the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Despite his romantic 

633
00:32:11,800 --> 00:32:15,200
complications human beings are 
wonderfully frustratingly 

634
00:32:15,200 --> 00:32:17,400
complex. 
There's also something to be 

635
00:32:17,400 --> 00:32:19,900
learned about the difference 
between personal character and 

636
00:32:19,900 --> 00:32:22,800
professional competence. 
Some of our most effective 

637
00:32:22,800 --> 00:32:25,700
presidents have been personally 
flawed while some of our most 

638
00:32:25,700 --> 00:32:28,500
genuinely, virtuous presidents 
have been less successful in 

639
00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:30,600
office. 
It's like discovering that your 

640
00:32:30,600 --> 00:32:34,200
most talented surgeon has 
terrible taste in music relevant

641
00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:37,100
to dinner party conversation, 
but not necessarily to their 

642
00:32:37,100 --> 00:32:40,500
ability to save your life. 
The real lesson might be about 

643
00:32:40,500 --> 00:32:44,300
expectations and forgiveness. 
We've created a system where we 

644
00:32:44,308 --> 00:32:46,400
demand our presidents, be 
simultaneously. 

645
00:32:46,400 --> 00:32:49,800
Relatable enough to earn our 
vote and perfect enough to serve

646
00:32:49,800 --> 00:32:53,400
as moral exemplars. 
It's like asking someone to be 

647
00:32:53,400 --> 00:32:55,500
both your favorite neighbor and 
a marble statue. 

648
00:32:55,500 --> 00:32:58,400
The requirements are 
fundamentally incompatible. 

649
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:02,200
Modern presidents live with the 
knowledge that every personal 

650
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:06,000
decision will be scrutinized, 
analyzed and potentially used 

651
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:08,300
against them. 
This approaches probably 

652
00:33:08,300 --> 00:33:11,600
eliminated some problematic 
Behavior but it is so created. 

653
00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:14,600
A new kind of President sea 
where authenticity becomes 

654
00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:17,500
nearly impossible. 
Today's presidents are like 

655
00:33:17,500 --> 00:33:20,500
actors who never wish to leave 
the stage or was performing the 

656
00:33:20,500 --> 00:33:23,500
role of presidential even in 
their most private moments. 

657
00:33:24,800 --> 00:33:27,400
Perhaps the most important 
Insight from our journey through

658
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:30,900
presidential Scandal history, is
that these stories humanize the 

659
00:33:30,900 --> 00:33:32,900
office without diminishing its 
importance. 

660
00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:36,500
Understanding that presidents 
are flawed humans rather than 

661
00:33:36,500 --> 00:33:39,700
perfect leaders doesn't make the
presidency less significant. 

662
00:33:39,700 --> 00:33:43,400
It makes it more remarkable that
regular people can rise to meet 

663
00:33:43,400 --> 00:33:46,500
extraordinary challenges. 
As you drift off to sleep 

664
00:33:46,500 --> 00:33:49,400
tonight, you might gain comfort 
in knowing that America has 

665
00:33:49,400 --> 00:33:52,600
survived presidents who made 
terrible personal decisions. 

666
00:33:52,600 --> 00:33:56,000
Presidents, who broke their 
marriage, vows and presidents 

667
00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:59,300
who exercise spectacularly poor 
judgment in their private lives.

668
00:34:00,100 --> 00:34:02,700
The Republicans endured not 
because our leaders were perfect

669
00:34:02,700 --> 00:34:06,300
but because our system was 
designed to function even when 

670
00:34:06,300 --> 00:34:08,400
our leaders are decidedly 
imperfect. 

671
00:34:09,100 --> 00:34:12,100
Tomorrow's politicians are just 
today's flawed humans with 

672
00:34:12,100 --> 00:34:15,100
better campaign, managers and 
more complicated schedules. 

673
00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:19,300
Some things never change and 
that's probably more reassuring 

674
00:34:19,300 --> 00:34:25,800
than it should be. 
Sure, if you will the year 1564 

675
00:34:25,800 --> 00:34:29,699
in Stratford upon Avon Where the
River Raven's like a drunken 

676
00:34:29,699 --> 00:34:33,000
playwright searching for his 
next line here in a timber frame

677
00:34:33,000 --> 00:34:36,800
house that creaks like old bones
young, William Shakespeare draws

678
00:34:36,800 --> 00:34:40,000
his first breath in to a world 
that will spend the next Force 

679
00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:42,500
centuries arguing about whether 
he actually existed. 

680
00:34:43,500 --> 00:34:46,800
The irony dear listeners is that
existing was precisely his 

681
00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:49,800
problem. 
Born to John Shakespeare, A 

682
00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:53,100
Glover, whose hands shaped 
leather, but whose dreams shaped

683
00:34:53,100 --> 00:34:55,800
disappointment, William 
inherited more than just his 

684
00:34:55,800 --> 00:34:59,600
father's trade aspirations, he 
inherited, the crushing weight 

685
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,100
of middle-class respectability 
in an age. 

686
00:35:02,100 --> 00:35:05,400
When stepping outside, your 
designated social box was like 

687
00:35:05,400 --> 00:35:07,200
performing Hamlet without a 
script. 

688
00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:10,800
John you see wasn't content with
merely crafting gloves. 

689
00:35:10,800 --> 00:35:14,900
He harbored, Municipal Ambitions
becoming an Alderman and 

690
00:35:14,900 --> 00:35:18,600
eventually bailiff of Stratford 
Success, however, proved as 

691
00:35:18,600 --> 00:35:21,400
slippery as wet leather. 
And by the time young will 

692
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:24,500
reached adolescents, the 
family's fortunes a tumbled fast

693
00:35:24,500 --> 00:35:26,200
at the poorly rehearsed death 
scene. 

694
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:29,600
The Shakespeare household, 
echoed with the peculiar tension

695
00:35:29,600 --> 00:35:33,100
of Fallen gentility, that 
special kind of misery reserved 

696
00:35:33,100 --> 00:35:35,700
for families who remember better
times while counting their 

697
00:35:35,700 --> 00:35:38,600
remaining coins. 
John's financial troubles 

698
00:35:38,600 --> 00:35:42,600
weren't merely about money. 
They were about identity and 

699
00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:44,500
Elizabethan England. 
You're worth was measured not 

700
00:35:44,500 --> 00:35:48,200
just by your purse, but by your 
position and John's declining 

701
00:35:48,200 --> 00:35:51,300
fortunes meant the family name. 
Carried the particular stigma of

702
00:35:51,300 --> 00:35:54,500
ambitious failure, young William
blessed with what? 

703
00:35:54,500 --> 00:35:57,500
We now recognize as genius but 
what his contemporaries might 

704
00:35:57,500 --> 00:36:00,300
have called Dangerous 
imagination found himself 

705
00:36:00,300 --> 00:36:02,000
trapped between his father's 
expectations. 

706
00:36:02,000 --> 00:36:05,300
And his own impossible Dreams, 
grammar school, provided him 

707
00:36:05,300 --> 00:36:08,200
with Latin rhetoric and a 
dangerous taste for stories that

708
00:36:08,200 --> 00:36:10,800
transported him far beyond 
Stratford suffocating 

709
00:36:10,800 --> 00:36:13,100
boundaries. 
However, the Dual nature of 

710
00:36:13,100 --> 00:36:16,700
Education, only served to stifle
his provincial life, akin to 

711
00:36:16,700 --> 00:36:19,200
attempting to encapsulate the 
vastness of the ocean. 

712
00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:23,700
Within a tiny teacup. the boy 
who had become England's 

713
00:36:23,700 --> 00:36:26,500
greatest writer, spent his 
formative years watching his 

714
00:36:26,500 --> 00:36:29,300
father's dreams crumble while 
his own grew increasingly 

715
00:36:29,300 --> 00:36:33,800
impossible, In a society where 
most people died within 20 miles

716
00:36:33,800 --> 00:36:36,800
of where they were born 
William's imagination roamed 

717
00:36:36,800 --> 00:36:40,800
freely through the ancient Rome,
mythical Athens and magical 

718
00:36:40,800 --> 00:36:44,700
islands that existed nowhere. 
But in his wrestlers mine This 

719
00:36:44,700 --> 00:36:47,300
disconnect between Innova 
vastness and outer, limitation 

720
00:36:47,300 --> 00:36:48,700
would haunt him throughout his 
life. 

721
00:36:48,700 --> 00:36:51,600
The eternal struggle of the 
artist born into the wrong 

722
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:55,900
circumstances. 
But perhaps most cruelty young 

723
00:36:55,900 --> 00:36:58,200
Shakespeare possess, something 
that made his situation 

724
00:36:58,200 --> 00:37:01,900
unbearable Talent, his talent 
was not the comfortable 

725
00:37:01,900 --> 00:37:03,800
mediocrity. 
That would have enabled him to 

726
00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:07,000
follow his father's trade with 
contentment, but a blazing 

727
00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:10,300
undeniable gift that made 
ordinary life. 

728
00:37:10,300 --> 00:37:12,900
Feel like wearing clothes, 
several sizes, too small. 

729
00:37:12,900 --> 00:37:15,400
You could see the Poetry, in 
everyday speech. 

730
00:37:15,400 --> 00:37:18,600
Hear the music and casual 
conversation and feel. 

731
00:37:18,600 --> 00:37:21,300
The dramatic potential in the 
mundane interactions of 

732
00:37:21,300 --> 00:37:25,600
provincial life. 
This sensitivity, this capacity 

733
00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:29,400
to elevate the ordinary to the 
extraordinary served as both, 

734
00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:31,800
his greatest gift, and his most 
enduring curse. 

735
00:37:32,700 --> 00:37:35,400
The Stratford of Shakespeare's 
youth was a place where dreams 

736
00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:39,300
were luxuries, few could afford 
Market Days, brought temporary 

737
00:37:39,300 --> 00:37:42,300
excitement, travelling players, 
occasionally provided glimpses 

738
00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:45,700
of The Wider world but mostly 
life moved with the inexorable 

739
00:37:45,700 --> 00:37:48,300
rhythm of seasonal, Agriculture 
and traditional expectations. 

740
00:37:48,300 --> 00:37:52,200
For most residents this 
predictability provided comfort 

741
00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:54,700
for young. 
William, it felt like a gradual 

742
00:37:54,700 --> 00:37:57,200
Suffocation. 
He was born into a cup of 

743
00:37:57,208 --> 00:38:00,400
contented chickens and everyone 
wondered why he couldn't simply 

744
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:03,400
be satisfied with the available 
seeds at 18. 

745
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:07,000
Our future Bard found himself in
snared in life's most common 

746
00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:11,700
Trap by biology and Hathaway. 8 
years is senior and already 

747
00:38:11,700 --> 00:38:14,700
showing signs of their 
impending, child represented, 

748
00:38:14,700 --> 00:38:17,000
both salvation and imprisonment 
for young Shakespeare. 

749
00:38:17,000 --> 00:38:21,600
The marriage hastily arranged in
November 1582 solved. 

750
00:38:21,600 --> 00:38:24,600
One immediate problem while 
creating a dozen others like 

751
00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:28,000
using a beautiful bandage to 
cover a gaping wound and 

752
00:38:28,000 --> 00:38:31,300
daughter of a prosperous 
shottery farmer brought to the 

753
00:38:31,300 --> 00:38:35,200
union, everything William Lacked
maturity, practical knowledge 

754
00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:38,500
and the grounding influence of 
someone who understood that life

755
00:38:38,500 --> 00:38:41,000
required more than pretty words 
and soaring imagination. 

756
00:38:42,000 --> 00:38:45,500
She also brought pregnancy, 
which in Elizabethan England. 

757
00:38:45,500 --> 00:38:48,800
Meant marriage wasn't a choice 
but a moral imperative wrapped 

758
00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:51,400
in social necessity. 
The wedding conducted with 

759
00:38:51,400 --> 00:38:55,000
unseemly, haste, whispered of 
Scandal in a society where 

760
00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:59,000
reputation was currency and 
shame was bankruptcy within two 

761
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:00,900
years. 
The couple had three children, 

762
00:39:00,900 --> 00:39:04,300
Suzanna followed by twins Hamlet
and Judith. 

763
00:39:05,100 --> 00:39:07,600
Suddenly the dreamy young man 
who had spent his youth 

764
00:39:07,600 --> 00:39:10,900
crafting, sonnets in his head 
found himself responsible for 

765
00:39:10,900 --> 00:39:15,000
four mouths to feed and a 
household to maintain fatherhood

766
00:39:15,000 --> 00:39:17,700
that magnificent. 
Destroyer of artistic 

767
00:39:17,700 --> 00:39:20,900
pretensions descended upon 
Shakespeare, like a plague of 

768
00:39:20,900 --> 00:39:24,900
locusts consuming his time 
energy and the luxury of 

769
00:39:24,900 --> 00:39:28,300
self-contemplation The irony was
Exquisite. 

770
00:39:28,300 --> 00:39:31,200
The man who had write the most 
psychologically complex 

771
00:39:31,200 --> 00:39:33,800
characters in literature, found 
himself, trapped in the most 

772
00:39:33,800 --> 00:39:37,400
conventional of plots mourning, 
brought not inspiration but the 

773
00:39:37,400 --> 00:39:39,700
demands of crying babies 
evening. 

774
00:39:39,700 --> 00:39:43,100
Arrived with the exhaustion, in 
stead of Creative Energy and the

775
00:39:43,100 --> 00:39:45,300
night hours that should have 
belonged to his Muse, were 

776
00:39:45,300 --> 00:39:48,300
claimed by the basic 
requirements of survival, and 

777
00:39:48,300 --> 00:39:51,800
practical and patient manage the
household with competent 

778
00:39:51,800 --> 00:39:53,900
efficiency. 
While William struggled to 

779
00:39:53,900 --> 00:39:57,400
reconcile, his soaring Ambitions
with the grinding reality of 

780
00:39:57,400 --> 00:40:00,300
domestic responsibility. 
Money. 

781
00:40:00,300 --> 00:40:03,900
That Eternal antagonist in the 
drama of artistic aspiration 

782
00:40:03,900 --> 00:40:08,100
became an obsessive concern. 
teaching his most obvious career

783
00:40:08,100 --> 00:40:12,600
path offered meager compensation
and a soul-crushing routine, the

784
00:40:12,600 --> 00:40:16,200
law another possibility required
connections and capital he 

785
00:40:16,200 --> 00:40:19,500
didn't possess His father's 
glove making trade promised, 

786
00:40:19,500 --> 00:40:22,700
steady, income, and social 
respectability, but the thought 

787
00:40:22,700 --> 00:40:25,400
of spending his days shaping 
leather while his imagination 

788
00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:28,000
withered felt like creative 
suicide. 

789
00:40:28,800 --> 00:40:31,500
The young father, found himself,
caught in the classic bind of 

790
00:40:31,500 --> 00:40:35,100
the dreamer made practical. 
Every moment spent earning money

791
00:40:35,100 --> 00:40:37,900
was time. 
Stolen from his art, yet without

792
00:40:37,900 --> 00:40:41,000
money, his family would starve 
and his dreams would become 

793
00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:45,200
irrelevant luxuries and growing 
more practical with each passing

794
00:40:45,200 --> 00:40:46,800
day. 
Began to view her husband's 

795
00:40:46,800 --> 00:40:50,300
artistic inclination with the 
barely concealed in patients of 

796
00:40:50,300 --> 00:40:53,200
someone who understood that, 
poetry didn't pay rent or put 

797
00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:57,700
food on the table. 
Stratford once merely confining 

798
00:40:57,700 --> 00:40:59,700
now felt like a velvet line to 
coffin. 

799
00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:02,500
The Familiar streets that had 
nurtured, his Boyhood 

800
00:41:02,500 --> 00:41:04,600
imagination. 
Now, seem to mock his trapped 

801
00:41:04,600 --> 00:41:07,800
condition. 
In new every face, every story 

802
00:41:07,800 --> 00:41:09,600
every possibility for 
advancement. 

803
00:41:10,700 --> 00:41:13,100
And none of them included, 
becoming the greatest writer in 

804
00:41:13,108 --> 00:41:16,100
the English language. 
The provinces he was learning 

805
00:41:16,100 --> 00:41:18,600
were designed for raising 
families and maintaining 

806
00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:21,600
Traditions not for nurturing 
revolutionary genius. 

807
00:41:22,500 --> 00:41:24,900
Yet amid this domestic 
imprisonment something 

808
00:41:24,900 --> 00:41:29,000
unexpected began to emerge. 
The very constraints that seemed

809
00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:31,100
to strangle. 
His creativity began to teach 

810
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:33,600
him about human nature. 
In ways his Bachelor, Freedom 

811
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:36,800
never could Watching his wife 
manage, their household, 

812
00:41:36,800 --> 00:41:40,800
observing his children, develop 
their distinct personalities and

813
00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:42,900
struggling with the daily 
negotiations of marriage 

814
00:41:42,900 --> 00:41:46,600
provided him with insights into 
character and motivation that 

815
00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:48,500
would later inform his greatest 
works. 

816
00:41:49,300 --> 00:41:52,500
Forced to live among understand 
and depend upon real people. 

817
00:41:52,500 --> 00:41:57,000
He was learning to write about 
them between 1585 and 15092, 

818
00:41:57,000 --> 00:41:58,400
William. 
Shakespeare vanished from 

819
00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:00,900
historical record like a 
magician's assistant stepping 

820
00:42:00,900 --> 00:42:03,500
behind a curtain leaving 
Scholars to debate his 

821
00:42:03,500 --> 00:42:06,500
whereabouts with the further of 
theologians arguing about angels

822
00:42:06,500 --> 00:42:09,900
and pinheads these Lost Years 
represent. 

823
00:42:09,900 --> 00:42:11,900
Perhaps the most crucial period 
of his development. 

824
00:42:11,900 --> 00:42:15,300
When the provincial Family, Man,
somehow transformed into 

825
00:42:15,300 --> 00:42:18,800
London's most promising 
playwright The transformation. 

826
00:42:18,800 --> 00:42:21,300
However came at a cost that 
would echo through every 

827
00:42:21,300 --> 00:42:24,600
subsequent Triumph. 
The decision to leave Stratford 

828
00:42:24,600 --> 00:42:26,800
required courage that bordered 
on Madness. 

829
00:42:26,800 --> 00:42:31,100
In the 1580s, London was a 
tumultuous mix of ambition 

830
00:42:31,100 --> 00:42:35,100
disease, creativity and 
violence, a city, where people 

831
00:42:35,100 --> 00:42:38,500
made and lost fortunes on a 
daily basis, where Geniuses and 

832
00:42:38,500 --> 00:42:41,700
charlatans interacted and where 
the difference between success 

833
00:42:41,700 --> 00:42:45,700
and destitution was measured in 
single performances for a 

834
00:42:45,700 --> 00:42:47,800
married man. 
With three children, abandoning 

835
00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:50,600
the security of provincial life 
for the uncertainty of the 

836
00:42:50,600 --> 00:42:52,100
theater. 
World wasn't a romantic 

837
00:42:52,100 --> 00:42:54,700
adventure. 
It was a potential catastrophe. 

838
00:42:55,500 --> 00:42:58,500
Yet London's theatrical scene 
beckoned with irresistible 

839
00:42:58,500 --> 00:43:01,600
Allure. 
The playhouses the theater, the 

840
00:43:01,600 --> 00:43:04,000
curtained one. 
And the rows were 

841
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:07,300
revolutionizing entertainment 
transforming drama from 

842
00:43:07,300 --> 00:43:09,200
religious instruction into 
popular art. 

843
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:13,900
Here, writers like Christopher 
Marlowe were crafting place that

844
00:43:13,900 --> 00:43:17,200
made audience's gas with 
recognition and Terror while 

845
00:43:17,200 --> 00:43:19,600
actors achieved Fame that 
rivaled and ability. 

846
00:43:20,500 --> 00:43:22,900
For Shakespeare whose 
imagination had been cramped by 

847
00:43:22,900 --> 00:43:26,300
the Stratford's, limitations, 
London's theater's represented, 

848
00:43:26,300 --> 00:43:28,900
Liberation from everything that 
had constrained, his artistic 

849
00:43:28,900 --> 00:43:31,700
development. 
The Practical challenges were 

850
00:43:31,700 --> 00:43:35,700
staggering London's population 
had swollen to nearly 200,000 

851
00:43:35,700 --> 00:43:38,900
making it one of Europe's 
largest cities and certainly its

852
00:43:38,900 --> 00:43:41,600
most chaotic housing was scarce 
and expensive. 

853
00:43:41,600 --> 00:43:45,100
Food was often contaminated and 
disease spread through crowded 

854
00:43:45,100 --> 00:43:47,000
neighborhoods with devastating 
efficiency. 

855
00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:50,500
The plague that recurring 
nightmare of Elizabethan life, 

856
00:43:50,500 --> 00:43:53,300
could shut down theaters for 
months leaving actors and 

857
00:43:53,300 --> 00:43:55,900
writers without income and 
audiences without entertainment.

858
00:43:56,700 --> 00:44:00,000
Success required, not just 
talent but survival and survival

859
00:44:00,000 --> 00:44:02,300
demanded adaptability that few 
possessed. 

860
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:05,700
Shakespeare's entry into 
London's theatrical World likely

861
00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:08,600
began at the bottom. 
Perhaps as a prompter possibly 

862
00:44:08,600 --> 00:44:11,800
as an actor in minor role, 
certainly as someone willing to 

863
00:44:11,808 --> 00:44:14,800
perform whatever tasks, kept him
near the Creative Energy, he 

864
00:44:14,800 --> 00:44:18,500
craved He established 
playwrights University educated 

865
00:44:18,500 --> 00:44:20,500
men like Marlowe, green and 
Nash. 

866
00:44:20,500 --> 00:44:23,300
Initially regarded. 
This provincial interloper with 

867
00:44:23,300 --> 00:44:26,300
suspicion and condescension, 
they possessed classical 

868
00:44:26,300 --> 00:44:29,700
education, aristocratic 
connections and the intellectual

869
00:44:29,700 --> 00:44:32,400
arrogance that comes from 
believing oneself, naturally 

870
00:44:32,400 --> 00:44:36,100
Superior to one's competitors. 
The famous attack by Robert 

871
00:44:36,100 --> 00:44:39,600
Greene, calling, Shakespeare, 
and upstart Crow revealed. 

872
00:44:39,600 --> 00:44:45,100
The complex social dynamics of 
Elizabethan theater Green dying 

873
00:44:45,100 --> 00:44:47,400
in poverty, despite his 
university education and 

874
00:44:47,400 --> 00:44:51,000
literary reputation resented. 
Shakespeare's rapid rise through

875
00:44:51,000 --> 00:44:52,900
sheer talent and Commercial 
instinct. 

876
00:44:53,500 --> 00:44:56,600
The insult, stung, not because 
it was unfair but because it 

877
00:44:56,600 --> 00:45:00,600
contained an uncomfortable 
truth, Shakespeare was indeed an

878
00:45:00,600 --> 00:45:03,100
outsider, someone who had 
achieved through Merit, what? 

879
00:45:03,100 --> 00:45:07,000
Others by Birthright. 
Yet this very Outsider status 

880
00:45:07,000 --> 00:45:11,300
became Shakespeare's greatest 
advantage, while his university 

881
00:45:11,300 --> 00:45:14,100
educated competitors wrote for 
their intellectual peers, 

882
00:45:14,100 --> 00:45:16,800
Shakespeare, understood ordinary
audiences. 

883
00:45:16,800 --> 00:45:18,800
Because he came from ordinary 
circumstances. 

884
00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:22,400
He could craft entertainment, 
that satisfied, both Groundlings

885
00:45:22,400 --> 00:45:26,000
and Aristocrats, because he 
possessed the rare ability to 

886
00:45:26,000 --> 00:45:28,500
see human nature from multiple 
perspectives simultaneously. 

887
00:45:29,700 --> 00:45:33,300
His provincial background rather
than limiting his vision, a to 

888
00:45:33,300 --> 00:45:36,300
observe and understand the full 
spectrum of human behavior. 

889
00:45:37,100 --> 00:45:40,200
The separation from his family. 
However, created wounds that 

890
00:45:40,200 --> 00:45:43,200
never fully healed. 
And the children remained in 

891
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:46,600
Stratford supported by whatever 
money William could send from 

892
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:48,600
London's and certain theatrical 
economy. 

893
00:45:49,400 --> 00:45:53,000
Letters, traveled slowly visits 
were in frequent and the growing

894
00:45:53,000 --> 00:45:56,100
distance between husband and 
wife extended Far Beyond near 

895
00:45:56,100 --> 00:45:58,400
geography. 
And was raising their children, 

896
00:45:58,400 --> 00:46:01,400
essentially as a single mother 
while William was becoming 

897
00:46:01,400 --> 00:46:04,000
someone. 
She barely recognized successful

898
00:46:04,000 --> 00:46:06,600
celebrated, but increasingly 
foreign to the man. 

899
00:46:06,600 --> 00:46:10,100
She had married London's 
theaters in the 1590s operated 

900
00:46:10,100 --> 00:46:12,900
under constant threat of 
closure, not from artistic 

901
00:46:12,900 --> 00:46:17,000
failure but from biological 
catastrophe, the plague that 

902
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:19,700
medieval Horsemen who refused to
acknowledge the Renaissance. 

903
00:46:19,700 --> 00:46:22,800
Stalked, Elizabethan England, 
with particular, fondness for 

904
00:46:22,800 --> 00:46:27,000
crowded spaces where people 
gathered for entertainment, When

905
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:30,600
death rates, climbed authorities
shuttered, playhouses faster 

906
00:46:30,600 --> 00:46:32,900
than a negative review, could 
close a modern production 

907
00:46:32,900 --> 00:46:36,400
leaving, everyone connected to 
the theater industry, suddenly 

908
00:46:36,400 --> 00:46:38,900
unemployed and searching for 
alternative income. 

909
00:46:39,700 --> 00:46:42,300
Shakespeare experience, these 
closures as artistic and 

910
00:46:42,300 --> 00:46:45,800
financial disasters, that tested
his commitment to theatrical 

911
00:46:45,800 --> 00:46:48,400
life. 
During the prolonged closure of 

912
00:46:48,400 --> 00:46:53,300
1593 to 1594 when the plague 
killed over 10,000 londoners, he

913
00:46:53,300 --> 00:46:55,800
turned to poetry as both the 
creative outlet and a potential 

914
00:46:55,800 --> 00:46:59,200
income source. 
Venus and Adonis, his first 

915
00:46:59,200 --> 00:47:02,400
published work became the 
literary sensation of its time. 

916
00:47:02,400 --> 00:47:05,600
Establishing his reputation, 
among educated readers, who 

917
00:47:05,600 --> 00:47:09,100
might never have attended his 
plays yet success in poetry, 

918
00:47:09,100 --> 00:47:12,100
while gratifying couldnt replace
the immediate income and 

919
00:47:12,100 --> 00:47:16,000
collaborative energy that 
theater provided The competitive

920
00:47:16,000 --> 00:47:19,100
landscape of Elizabethan drama 
was ruthlessly darwinian. 

921
00:47:19,100 --> 00:47:22,800
Playwright stole plots, 
characters and even entire 

922
00:47:22,800 --> 00:47:26,000
speeches from each other. 
With casual efficiency, creating

923
00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:28,700
an environment where originality
was less important than 

924
00:47:28,700 --> 00:47:32,300
effective adaptation. 
Shakespeare, who would later be 

925
00:47:32,300 --> 00:47:34,100
criticized for borrowing? 
Most of his plots. 

926
00:47:34,100 --> 00:47:36,400
The simplifying industry 
practice. 

927
00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:39,700
The real challenge wasn't 
finding Source material. 

928
00:47:39,700 --> 00:47:41,200
But transforming it into 
something? 

929
00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:44,100
Commercially viable. 
And artistically. 

930
00:47:44,100 --> 00:47:47,000
Satisfying. 
The tasks required not just 

931
00:47:47,000 --> 00:47:50,000
literary skill but practical 
understanding of what audiences 

932
00:47:50,000 --> 00:47:53,500
wanted and actors could deliver.
Christopher Marlow's death in 

933
00:47:53,500 --> 00:47:57,700
1593 removed Shakespeare's most 
formidable rival, while creating

934
00:47:57,700 --> 00:48:00,700
a cautionary tale about the 
dangers of literary ambition. 

935
00:48:02,000 --> 00:48:05,200
Marlow who's plays like doctor 
Faustus and Tamara Lane. 

936
00:48:05,200 --> 00:48:07,400
Had redefined dramatic 
possibility. 

937
00:48:07,400 --> 00:48:10,400
Died under mysterious 
circumstances, involving 

938
00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:14,100
government styes, religious, 
controversy and violence. 

939
00:48:15,100 --> 00:48:17,800
His fate Illustrated the 
precarious position of writers 

940
00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:20,700
who attracted both Fame and 
suspicion, particularly those 

941
00:48:20,700 --> 00:48:23,000
whose Works challenge to 
established Authority or 

942
00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:26,500
explored dangerous ideas. 
Shakespeare's response to 

943
00:48:26,508 --> 00:48:28,500
Marlow's death revealed, his 
practical wisdom. 

944
00:48:29,300 --> 00:48:32,900
Rather than attempting to match 
Marlow's rebellious intensity he

945
00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:34,400
developed a more subtle 
approach. 

946
00:48:34,400 --> 00:48:37,500
That allowed him to explore 
controversial themes, without 

947
00:48:37,500 --> 00:48:40,900
attracting fatal attention. 
His villains became 

948
00:48:40,900 --> 00:48:44,300
psychologically complex rather 
than theologically dangerous and

949
00:48:44,300 --> 00:48:46,900
his political commentary 
remained sufficiently ambiguous 

950
00:48:46,900 --> 00:48:48,900
to avoid, treasonous 
interpretation. 

951
00:48:49,800 --> 00:48:52,900
This careful navigation between 
artistic ambition and personal 

952
00:48:52,900 --> 00:48:55,500
safety, required constant, 
vigilance, and occasional 

953
00:48:55,500 --> 00:48:58,000
artistic compromise, the 
formation of the Lord, 

954
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:01,200
Chamberlain's men in 1594 
provided Shakespeare, with the 

955
00:49:01,200 --> 00:49:05,000
stability, he had been seeking 
since arriving, in London as 

956
00:49:05,000 --> 00:49:07,300
both shareholder and Prince, 
Will playwright for the company.

957
00:49:07,300 --> 00:49:10,600
He finally achieved the 
financial security that had 

958
00:49:10,600 --> 00:49:12,000
alluded him throughout his 
youth. 

959
00:49:12,700 --> 00:49:14,700
Yet, this security came with its
pressures. 

960
00:49:14,700 --> 00:49:18,700
The company needed, new plays 
regularly audiences, expected, 

961
00:49:18,700 --> 00:49:21,900
consistent quality, and 
competitors were always ready to

962
00:49:21,900 --> 00:49:25,500
steal successful Innovations. 
Shakespeare found himself in 

963
00:49:25,500 --> 00:49:28,500
snared in A Creative Cycle. 
That required constant output. 

964
00:49:28,500 --> 00:49:31,900
All the while upholding artistic
standards, the escalated with 

965
00:49:31,900 --> 00:49:36,000
the triumph, the Blackfriars, 
theater controversy of 596 

966
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:38,900
demonstrated, how quickly 
theatrical success could become 

967
00:49:38,900 --> 00:49:42,300
a political liability, The 
company's attempt to establish 

968
00:49:42,300 --> 00:49:44,600
an indoor theater in a 
fashionable neighborhood met 

969
00:49:44,600 --> 00:49:47,700
Fierce resistance from residents
who considered actors morally 

970
00:49:47,700 --> 00:49:51,700
contaminating influences, legal 
battles, and social criticism, 

971
00:49:51,700 --> 00:49:54,700
reminded Shakespeare that 
despite his growing Fame and 

972
00:49:54,700 --> 00:49:57,600
Fortune Society. 
Still regarded his profession 

973
00:49:57,600 --> 00:50:00,200
with suspicion. 
You might write plays that 

974
00:50:00,200 --> 00:50:03,200
entertained royalty, but he 
remained essentially, a 

975
00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:06,900
glorified Vagabond in the eyes 
of respectable citizens personal

976
00:50:06,900 --> 00:50:10,900
tragedy struck in 1596, with the
death of his son Hamlet, whose 

977
00:50:10,900 --> 00:50:12,500
name would later. 
Echo through his father's 

978
00:50:12,500 --> 00:50:15,600
greatest tragedy. 
The Lost devastated Shakespeare,

979
00:50:15,600 --> 00:50:19,400
in ways that his subsequent 
masterpieces only partially 

980
00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:23,200
revealed Hamlet's death 
represented, not just parental 

981
00:50:23,200 --> 00:50:25,300
grief, but the collapse of 
dynastic hopes. 

982
00:50:26,100 --> 00:50:28,600
In an age, when family 
continuity, depended on male 

983
00:50:28,600 --> 00:50:32,000
heirs, losing his only son that 
all Shakespeare's success. 

984
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:35,300
Would ultimately prove a femoral
his name, surviving only through

985
00:50:35,300 --> 00:50:37,700
his artistic Works. 
Rather than through living 

986
00:50:37,700 --> 00:50:41,700
descendants by 1600, William 
Shakespeare, had achieved what 

987
00:50:41,700 --> 00:50:45,500
few artists ever experienced 
recognition of his genius during

988
00:50:45,500 --> 00:50:49,400
his own life time Hamlet, which 
premiered that year established 

989
00:50:49,400 --> 00:50:52,400
him not merely as a successful? 
Playwright for someone who had 

990
00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:54,800
fundamentally change, what drama
could accomplish. 

991
00:50:55,700 --> 00:50:59,800
Yet success that false friend of
artists everywhere, What 

992
00:50:59,800 --> 00:51:02,900
complications that provincial 
obscurity had never threatened 

993
00:51:02,900 --> 00:51:06,100
Fame, made him a target for 
criticism envying. 

994
00:51:06,100 --> 00:51:08,600
The particularly vicious attacks
reserved for those who rise 

995
00:51:08,600 --> 00:51:12,200
above their supposed station. 
The weight of expectation became

996
00:51:12,200 --> 00:51:14,700
overwhelming. 
Every new play was measured 

997
00:51:14,700 --> 00:51:16,100
against his previous 
achievements. 

998
00:51:16,100 --> 00:51:19,200
And every Innovation was 
scrutinized for signs of decline

999
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:21,000
or betrayal of his established 
Style. 

1000
00:51:21,700 --> 00:51:24,100
Audiences arrived at his 
premieres with predetermined 

1001
00:51:24,100 --> 00:51:27,400
judgments and critics sharpen 
their quills for reviews that 

1002
00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:30,100
would either confirm or 
challenges reputation. 

1003
00:51:31,200 --> 00:51:34,400
Spontaneous Joy of creation 
which had sustained him through.

1004
00:51:34,400 --> 00:51:37,500
His early struggles became 
contaminated by awareness of his

1005
00:51:37,500 --> 00:51:39,100
public role. 
As England's premiere, 

1006
00:51:39,100 --> 00:51:42,200
dramatist. 
Financial success while solving 

1007
00:51:42,200 --> 00:51:46,600
many practical problems, created
new anxieties, Shakespeare's 

1008
00:51:46,600 --> 00:51:50,000
investments in property his 
share in the Globe Theater and 

1009
00:51:50,000 --> 00:51:52,100
his growing wealth required 
management and protection. 

1010
00:51:53,300 --> 00:51:56,300
He found himself spending time 
on legal documents property 

1011
00:51:56,300 --> 00:51:59,200
disputes and business 
negotiations, that had nothing 

1012
00:51:59,200 --> 00:52:01,800
to do with writing, but 
everything to do with 

1013
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:03,500
preserving, what his writing had
earned. 

1014
00:52:04,200 --> 00:52:06,900
The artist who had. 
Once written purely for Creative

1015
00:52:06,900 --> 00:52:09,200
fulfillment. 
Now wrote partly to maintain an 

1016
00:52:09,200 --> 00:52:10,800
increase in complex Financial 
Empire. 

1017
00:52:11,800 --> 00:52:14,100
The relationship with his 
family, grew more strained with 

1018
00:52:14,108 --> 00:52:17,000
each passing year. 
And and the surviving children 

1019
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:19,300
Susanna and Judith lived 
comfortable lives. 

1020
00:52:19,300 --> 00:52:22,100
Thanks to his success. 
The Comfort couldn't Bridge the 

1021
00:52:22,100 --> 00:52:25,000
emotional distance that is 
prolonged, absences had created.

1022
00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:28,700
He had become a stranger to his 
household someone who visited 

1023
00:52:28,700 --> 00:52:30,700
rather than inhabited, the 
domestic life. 

1024
00:52:30,700 --> 00:52:34,000
He was supporting his daughter's
grew up knowing their father 

1025
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:37,500
primarily through his reputation
and the money he sent rather. 

1026
00:52:37,700 --> 00:52:39,900
Than through daily interaction 
and shared experience. 

1027
00:52:40,700 --> 00:52:43,500
London Social Scene offered 
compensation but also 

1028
00:52:43,500 --> 00:52:45,900
temptations that complicated, 
his personal life. 

1029
00:52:46,800 --> 00:52:49,400
The theater World provided 
intellectual stimulation and 

1030
00:52:49,400 --> 00:52:52,600
artistic collaboration, but it 
also exposed him to 

1031
00:52:52,600 --> 00:52:55,500
relationships and possibilities 
that could not be easily 

1032
00:52:55,500 --> 00:52:57,500
reconciled with his family 
obligations. 

1033
00:52:57,500 --> 00:53:01,200
The mysterious dark Lady of his 
sonnets where the real or 

1034
00:53:01,200 --> 00:53:03,800
fictional represented, the kind 
of passionate connection. 

1035
00:53:03,800 --> 00:53:06,900
That his practical marriage had 
never provided these 

1036
00:53:06,900 --> 00:53:09,700
relationships where the 
consummated or merely imagined 

1037
00:53:09,700 --> 00:53:12,400
created guilt and longing that 
in Rich his art while 

1038
00:53:12,400 --> 00:53:15,500
complicated his life. 
The political climate under 

1039
00:53:15,500 --> 00:53:18,100
James, The Thirst proved, both 
more and less dangerous than 

1040
00:53:18,100 --> 00:53:20,900
under Elizabeth. 
The new King's fascination with 

1041
00:53:20,900 --> 00:53:24,000
witchcraft and Scottish history 
provided Shakespeare with 

1042
00:53:24,000 --> 00:53:26,800
material for Macbeth while his 
interest in the theater. 

1043
00:53:26,800 --> 00:53:28,800
Led to Royal patronage that 
elevated. 

1044
00:53:28,800 --> 00:53:32,200
The company's status However, 
James's authoritarian, 

1045
00:53:32,200 --> 00:53:36,100
Tendencies and sensitivity to 
criticism, required playwrights 

1046
00:53:36,100 --> 00:53:38,700
to navigate a more delicate 
balance between entertainment 

1047
00:53:38,700 --> 00:53:42,200
and sedition. 
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 

1048
00:53:42,200 --> 00:53:45,300
created an atmosphere of 
suspicion that made any 

1049
00:53:45,300 --> 00:53:47,200
political commentary potentially
dangerous. 

1050
00:53:48,100 --> 00:53:51,200
Shakespeare's response to these 
pressures was to retreat into 

1051
00:53:51,200 --> 00:53:54,300
increasingly complex, artistic 
visions that satisfied his 

1052
00:53:54,300 --> 00:53:56,600
creative Ambitions while 
maintaining his commercial 

1053
00:53:56,600 --> 00:54:00,100
viability King Lear. 
Othello. 

1054
00:54:00,800 --> 00:54:03,500
And Macbeth. 
Represented, the height of his 

1055
00:54:03,500 --> 00:54:06,500
tragic vision. 
Plays that explored the darkest 

1056
00:54:06,500 --> 00:54:09,500
aspects of human nature while 
remaining sufficiently removed 

1057
00:54:09,500 --> 00:54:11,600
from contemporary politics to 
avoid censorship. 

1058
00:54:12,500 --> 00:54:15,200
Yet creating these masterpieces 
required, emotional and 

1059
00:54:15,200 --> 00:54:18,800
psychological resources that 
left him increasingly drained. 

1060
00:54:19,700 --> 00:54:22,300
The artistic isolation that 
accompanied, his success was 

1061
00:54:22,300 --> 00:54:24,000
perhaps the most difficult 
burden to bear. 

1062
00:54:24,800 --> 00:54:27,400
As his reputation grew 
colleagues began, treating him 

1063
00:54:27,400 --> 00:54:30,000
with a difference that made 
genuine collaboration difficult.

1064
00:54:30,800 --> 00:54:34,000
Young Writers imitated his style
rather than challenging, his 

1065
00:54:34,000 --> 00:54:36,900
ideas and actors sought his 
approval rather than offering 

1066
00:54:36,900 --> 00:54:39,200
creative input. 
The lonely authority of 

1067
00:54:39,208 --> 00:54:41,600
acknowledged Mastery was 
replacing the collaborative 

1068
00:54:41,600 --> 00:54:43,600
spirit that had made theater 
exciting. 

1069
00:54:44,500 --> 00:54:47,700
Recognition of his genius. 
While gratifying also brought 

1070
00:54:47,700 --> 00:54:50,100
unwanted attention to his 
personal life and background. 

1071
00:54:50,900 --> 00:54:54,000
Critics questioned his 
education, Scholars debated, his

1072
00:54:54,000 --> 00:54:56,800
sources and Rivals. 
Attacked his humble Origins. 

1073
00:54:57,700 --> 00:55:00,600
Every aspect of his biography 
was scrutinized for evidence 

1074
00:55:00,600 --> 00:55:04,200
that might explain or diminish. 
His achievements, the Privacy he

1075
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:06,900
had once taken for granted 
became a luxury that his famous 

1076
00:55:06,900 --> 00:55:09,400
permanently. 
Destroyed Shakespeare, having 

1077
00:55:09,400 --> 00:55:12,400
written approximately 37, plays 
gained. 

1078
00:55:12,400 --> 00:55:15,100
Widespread recognition as the 
greatest English dramatist of 

1079
00:55:15,100 --> 00:55:19,800
his Generation by the year 1610 
This recognition, however, came 

1080
00:55:19,800 --> 00:55:23,300
with the peculiar bird that 
haunts all artists who achieved 

1081
00:55:23,300 --> 00:55:26,300
legendary status during their 
lifetime, The Impossible 

1082
00:55:26,300 --> 00:55:28,800
pressure to surpass their own 
previous achievements. 

1083
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:31,300
While maintaining the very 
qualities that made those 

1084
00:55:31,300 --> 00:55:34,700
achievements possible. 
Each new work was inevitably 

1085
00:55:34,700 --> 00:55:37,800
compared not just to 
contemporary competitors but to 

1086
00:55:37,800 --> 00:55:41,300
his own masterpieces creating a 
critical standard that grew more

1087
00:55:41,300 --> 00:55:44,900
demanding with every success. 
The physical strain of 

1088
00:55:44,900 --> 00:55:47,300
continuous, writing started to 
wear him out. 

1089
00:55:48,000 --> 00:55:51,200
Creating two plays annually, 
while maintaining his acting 

1090
00:55:51,200 --> 00:55:53,500
responsibilities, and managing 
his business interests, 

1091
00:55:53,500 --> 00:55:56,800
required, an output that would 
exhaust writers half his age. 

1092
00:55:57,600 --> 00:56:00,900
Once flowing with natural ease, 
the composition process became 

1093
00:56:00,900 --> 00:56:03,500
increasingly laborious as he 
struggled to find fresh 

1094
00:56:03,500 --> 00:56:07,400
approaches to familiar themes. 
The Well of inspiration that had

1095
00:56:07,400 --> 00:56:10,700
seemed inexhaustible during his 
30s began showing signs of 

1096
00:56:10,700 --> 00:56:15,100
depletion as he approached 50. 
His later plays the Winter's 

1097
00:56:15,100 --> 00:56:20,200
Tale cymbeline and the Tempest 
reflected this creative fatigue.

1098
00:56:20,200 --> 00:56:22,500
While simultaneously 
representing new artistic 

1099
00:56:22,500 --> 00:56:26,900
directions, these Works often 
called romances combined 

1100
00:56:26,900 --> 00:56:29,900
elements of comedy and tragedy 
in ways that suggested either 

1101
00:56:29,900 --> 00:56:33,100
experimental boldness or 
diminished certainly about 

1102
00:56:33,100 --> 00:56:35,900
dramatic form. 
Contemporary audience is 

1103
00:56:35,900 --> 00:56:38,600
expecting the clear generic 
boundaries of his early work 

1104
00:56:38,600 --> 00:56:41,800
often responded with confusion 
rather than appreciation. 

1105
00:56:42,700 --> 00:56:45,400
Critics debated, whether these 
plays represented artistic 

1106
00:56:45,400 --> 00:56:48,700
Evolution or declined, a 
question that would persist for 

1107
00:56:48,700 --> 00:56:52,000
centuries. the relationship with
his acting company growing 

1108
00:56:52,000 --> 00:56:54,500
increasingly complicated as 
young, a performers and writers 

1109
00:56:54,500 --> 00:56:58,900
challenged his authority The 
Lord Chamberlain's men renamed, 

1110
00:56:58,900 --> 00:57:01,900
the King's Men under James, the 
first and evolved from a 

1111
00:57:01,900 --> 00:57:04,900
collaborative Enterprise into an
institution, where Shakespeare's

1112
00:57:04,900 --> 00:57:07,600
preferences carried 
disproportionately, wait this 

1113
00:57:07,600 --> 00:57:11,300
power while professionally 
advantageous, isolated him from 

1114
00:57:11,300 --> 00:57:13,700
the creative friction that had 
previously stimulated. 

1115
00:57:13,700 --> 00:57:18,100
His best work collaboration, 
became consultation discussion, 

1116
00:57:18,100 --> 00:57:21,500
became deference and the 
Democratic chaos of theatrical 

1117
00:57:21,500 --> 00:57:25,200
creation was replaced by the 
ordered, but sterile hierarchy 

1118
00:57:25,200 --> 00:57:29,000
of established success. 
Personal relationships suffered 

1119
00:57:29,000 --> 00:57:30,600
under the weight of his public 
persona. 

1120
00:57:31,300 --> 00:57:34,300
Friends approached him 
differently, aware that casual 

1121
00:57:34,300 --> 00:57:36,800
conversation might later appear 
in his plays. 

1122
00:57:37,500 --> 00:57:40,700
Enemies multiplied as his 
success created resentment among

1123
00:57:40,700 --> 00:57:44,600
those who felt overlooked or 
undervalued, even his closest 

1124
00:57:44,600 --> 00:57:47,900
relationships became Complicated
by awareness of his Fame and the

1125
00:57:47,908 --> 00:57:50,400
potential benefits or dangers of
association with him. 

1126
00:57:51,300 --> 00:57:53,600
The spontaneous human 
connections that had once 

1127
00:57:53,600 --> 00:57:56,400
nourished his understanding of 
character became increasingly 

1128
00:57:56,400 --> 00:57:59,900
artificial and self-conscious. 
The question of retirement began

1129
00:57:59,900 --> 00:58:02,700
haunting His Thoughts, with 
growing insistence. 

1130
00:58:03,700 --> 00:58:06,400
Unlike modern artists who can 
live comfortably on royalties 

1131
00:58:06,400 --> 00:58:09,700
and residuals, Elizabethan 
playwrights earned money, only 

1132
00:58:09,700 --> 00:58:12,600
through continued productivity 
stopping work. 

1133
00:58:12,600 --> 00:58:15,000
Meant accepting Financial 
decline yet. 

1134
00:58:15,000 --> 00:58:17,800
Continuing work was becoming 
increasingly difficult, both, 

1135
00:58:17,800 --> 00:58:20,800
physically and creatively the 
prospect of returning 

1136
00:58:20,800 --> 00:58:23,800
permanently to Stratford offered
rest and family reconciliation, 

1137
00:58:23,800 --> 00:58:27,100
but also threatened the artistic
stimulation that had become 

1138
00:58:27,100 --> 00:58:32,000
essential to his identity. 
His health, never robust began 

1139
00:58:32,000 --> 00:58:34,500
showing the effects of Decades, 
of London living. 

1140
00:58:35,300 --> 00:58:37,600
His constitutional had suffered 
due to the city's. 

1141
00:58:37,600 --> 00:58:41,800
Polluted air contaminated water 
and periodic plague outbreaks 

1142
00:58:41,800 --> 00:58:44,600
contemporary medical knowledge. 
Offered little Beyond 

1143
00:58:44,600 --> 00:58:47,500
bloodletting and herbal remedies
while the stress of constant 

1144
00:58:47,500 --> 00:58:50,400
productivity exacerbated what 
ever underlying conditions were 

1145
00:58:50,400 --> 00:58:54,300
developing He began experiencing
symptoms that modern doctors 

1146
00:58:54,300 --> 00:58:57,300
might recognize as heart disease
or diabetes, but that 

1147
00:58:57,300 --> 00:59:00,300
Elizabethan Physicians, could 
neither diagnose nor treat 

1148
00:59:00,300 --> 00:59:03,600
effectively. 
Irony of his situation was 

1149
00:59:03,600 --> 00:59:06,000
Exquisite, having achieved 
everything. 

1150
00:59:06,000 --> 00:59:08,100
He had dreamed of as a young man
in Stratford. 

1151
00:59:08,100 --> 00:59:11,100
He found that success had 
created new forms of suffering 

1152
00:59:11,100 --> 00:59:12,900
that obscurity had never 
threatened. 

1153
00:59:12,900 --> 00:59:17,300
Fame brought scrutiny wealth, 
brought anxiety, artistic 

1154
00:59:17,300 --> 00:59:20,600
achievement, brought creative 
pressure, and recognition 

1155
00:59:20,600 --> 00:59:23,900
brought isolation. 
The provincial boy who had fled 

1156
00:59:23,900 --> 00:59:27,100
Stratford to escape limitations 
discovered that success created 

1157
00:59:27,100 --> 00:59:29,900
different but equally confining 
constraints. 

1158
00:59:30,800 --> 00:59:35,000
His final complete play, The 
Tempest served as both artistic 

1159
00:59:35,000 --> 00:59:38,500
summation and personal farewell,
to the theatrical world that had

1160
00:59:38,500 --> 00:59:42,300
defined his adult life. 
Prospero's renunciation of magic

1161
00:59:42,300 --> 00:59:44,900
seemed to mirror Shakespeare's, 
own preparation for retirement 

1162
00:59:44,900 --> 00:59:47,900
from the stage, while the place 
themes of forgiveness and 

1163
00:59:47,900 --> 00:59:50,300
Reconciliation. 
Suggested his growing desire to 

1164
00:59:50,300 --> 00:59:52,100
resolve the conflicts that had 
shaped his career. 

1165
00:59:52,800 --> 00:59:56,000
The famous epilogue asking the 
audience for their Applause, to 

1166
00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:58,400
set the magician. 
Free carried obvious, 

1167
00:59:58,400 --> 01:00:01,600
autobiographical resonance for a
playwright contemplating his own

1168
01:00:01,600 --> 01:00:03,800
Liberation from the demands of 
public performance. 

1169
01:00:03,800 --> 01:00:07,400
William Shakespeare's return to 
Stratford in 1613 should have 

1170
01:00:07,400 --> 01:00:10,000
represented Triumph. 
The provincial Boy made good 

1171
01:00:10,000 --> 01:00:13,000
coming home to enjoy the fruits 
of unprecedented literary 

1172
01:00:13,000 --> 01:00:15,500
success. 
Instead it marked the beginning 

1173
01:00:15,500 --> 01:00:19,300
of his final Act appeared marked
by declining Health family 

1174
01:00:19,300 --> 01:00:22,100
tensions and the peculiar 
Melancholy that offered 

1175
01:00:22,100 --> 01:00:24,500
companies, the achievement of 
one's deepest Ambitions. 

1176
01:00:24,500 --> 01:00:27,900
The man who had conquered 
London's theatrical world, found

1177
01:00:27,900 --> 01:00:29,300
himself, struggling with 
questions. 

1178
01:00:29,300 --> 01:00:32,800
That success could not answer 
and fame, could not resolve new 

1179
01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:34,600
place. 
The grand house he had purchased

1180
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:38,000
to symbolize his risen status 
felt more like a museum than a 

1181
01:00:38,000 --> 01:00:39,700
home. 
The rooms echoed with the 

1182
01:00:39,708 --> 01:00:42,700
absence of shared memories. 
There are Elegance a constant 

1183
01:00:42,700 --> 01:00:44,900
reminder of the years. 
He'd spent away from those who 

1184
01:00:44,900 --> 01:00:49,300
were supposed to love most And 
now in her late 50s, had grown 

1185
01:00:49,300 --> 01:00:52,300
into a formidable household 
manager, who ran their domestic 

1186
01:00:52,300 --> 01:00:55,300
affairs with efficient 
Independence, the marriage that 

1187
01:00:55,300 --> 01:00:57,100
had begun with passion and 
continued. 

1188
01:00:57,100 --> 01:00:59,700
Through financial necessity, had
evolved into a polite 

1189
01:00:59,700 --> 01:01:02,300
Arrangement between virtual 
strangers who happen to share 

1190
01:01:02,300 --> 01:01:04,300
illegal Bond and two surviving 
daughters. 

1191
01:01:05,300 --> 01:01:09,200
His daughters Susanna and Judith
represented, both his greatest 

1192
01:01:09,200 --> 01:01:11,300
joy and his deepest 
disappointment. 

1193
01:01:12,500 --> 01:01:14,400
Suzanne. 
The Elder had married well and 

1194
01:01:14,400 --> 01:01:16,500
produced the granddaughter who 
might carry forward. 

1195
01:01:16,500 --> 01:01:19,500
Something of his legacy. 
However, his awareness that 

1196
01:01:19,500 --> 01:01:22,600
female descendants couldn't 
preserve family names or inherit

1197
01:01:22,600 --> 01:01:25,400
theatrical companies in their 
society complicated this 

1198
01:01:25,400 --> 01:01:28,000
comfort. 
Judith, who remained unmarried, 

1199
01:01:28,000 --> 01:01:30,900
well, into spinsterhood by 
Elizabethan standards seemed to 

1200
01:01:30,908 --> 01:01:33,800
regard her famous father with a 
mixture of Pride and resentment 

1201
01:01:33,800 --> 01:01:35,200
that he could never fully 
understand. 

1202
01:01:36,200 --> 01:01:39,800
His reputation followed him to 
Stratford, akin to a faithful 

1203
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:43,200
yet, burdened some dog. 
Visitors arrived, regularly, 

1204
01:01:43,200 --> 01:01:45,300
seeking audience's with 
England's greatest. 

1205
01:01:45,300 --> 01:01:48,200
Playwright turning his 
retirement into a series of 

1206
01:01:48,200 --> 01:01:51,300
performances, that exhausted him
more than his professional 

1207
01:01:51,300 --> 01:01:54,800
obligations ever had. 
Local dignitaries who had once 

1208
01:01:54,800 --> 01:01:56,700
ignored. 
The Glover's son, now competed 

1209
01:01:56,700 --> 01:02:00,400
for his attention and approval. 
The Transformations from local 

1210
01:02:00,400 --> 01:02:03,400
boy to returning celebrity 
created a social Dynamic that 

1211
01:02:03,400 --> 01:02:05,900
satisfied. 
No one completely least of all 

1212
01:02:05,900 --> 01:02:09,800
Shakespeare himself, His final 
collaboration with John 

1213
01:02:09,800 --> 01:02:13,900
Fletcher, on Henry, the 8th, and
the two Noble Kinsmen suggested 

1214
01:02:13,900 --> 01:02:17,300
both his ongoing creative 
vitality and his growing in of 

1215
01:02:17,300 --> 01:02:20,400
artistic mortality. 
Working with a younger, 

1216
01:02:20,400 --> 01:02:23,000
playwright forced him to 
confront changes in Theatrical 

1217
01:02:23,000 --> 01:02:24,800
taste and technique that his own
work. 

1218
01:02:24,800 --> 01:02:28,000
Had helped Inspire Fletcher 
represented. 

1219
01:02:28,000 --> 01:02:30,600
The next generation of 
dramatists who had learned from 

1220
01:02:30,600 --> 01:02:33,900
Shakespeare's Innovations while 
developing their own approaches 

1221
01:02:33,900 --> 01:02:36,800
to character and language. 
The collaboration was 

1222
01:02:36,800 --> 01:02:40,200
professionally successful but 
personally difficult reminding 

1223
01:02:40,200 --> 01:02:42,600
Shakespeare that even his 
artistic Authority was 

1224
01:02:42,600 --> 01:02:45,500
ultimately temporary. 
The legal complications 

1225
01:02:45,500 --> 01:02:48,400
surrounding his will revealed 
that complex web of 

1226
01:02:48,400 --> 01:02:50,900
relationships and resentments 
that success had created. 

1227
01:02:51,800 --> 01:02:54,500
Decisions about property 
distribution, became tests of 

1228
01:02:54,500 --> 01:02:56,300
family, loyalty and social 
obligation. 

1229
01:02:57,300 --> 01:03:00,700
The famous bequest of his second
best bed to Anne, has puzzled 

1230
01:03:00,700 --> 01:03:04,100
Scholars for centuries but it 
perfectly captured the mix of 

1231
01:03:04,100 --> 01:03:07,500
affection Duty and distance that
characterized their long 

1232
01:03:07,500 --> 01:03:10,500
partnership. 
Whether intended as insult or 

1233
01:03:10,500 --> 01:03:13,800
intimate gesture the Legacy, 
reflected the ambiguous nature 

1234
01:03:13,800 --> 01:03:16,600
of their relationship and the 
impossibility of reducing 

1235
01:03:16,600 --> 01:03:18,400
complex. 
Human connections to simple 

1236
01:03:18,400 --> 01:03:22,100
legal formulas, This health 
deteriorated rapidly during the 

1237
01:03:22,100 --> 01:03:27,300
winter of 1615 to 1660 though. 
The exact nature of his illness 

1238
01:03:27,300 --> 01:03:30,300
remains mysterious Contemporary 
accounts. 

1239
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:33,000
Suggest fever and weakness 
symptoms that could indicate 

1240
01:03:33,000 --> 01:03:35,800
anything from influenza to heart
disease to the various 

1241
01:03:35,800 --> 01:03:38,200
infections that regularly 
claimed Elizabethan lives. 

1242
01:03:38,200 --> 01:03:41,300
Modern medical speculation has 
proposed everything from 

1243
01:03:41,300 --> 01:03:45,200
syphilis to brain tumors but the
diagnosis matters less than the 

1244
01:03:45,200 --> 01:03:48,500
irony of England's greatest 
writer dying while still at the 

1245
01:03:48,500 --> 01:03:51,700
height of his creative Powers. 
The final weeks brought visitors

1246
01:03:51,700 --> 01:03:55,600
seeking wisdom, benedictions or 
simply the bragging rights of 

1247
01:03:55,600 --> 01:03:58,900
having spoken with the famous 
playwright Shakespeare, received

1248
01:03:58,900 --> 01:04:01,100
them with diminishing energy, 
but characteristic Grace 

1249
01:04:01,100 --> 01:04:04,100
offering insights into his craft
while carefully, avoiding the 

1250
01:04:04,100 --> 01:04:07,000
kind of personal Revelations 
that might compromise, his 

1251
01:04:07,000 --> 01:04:11,100
meticulously constructed Public 
Image even approaching death, he

1252
01:04:11,100 --> 01:04:13,500
remained conscious of his 
reputation and concerned about 

1253
01:04:13,500 --> 01:04:15,400
how his legacy would be 
interpreted by Future 

1254
01:04:15,400 --> 01:04:19,200
Generations. 
He died on April, the 20th 1616 

1255
01:04:19,200 --> 01:04:22,900
on his 52nd birthday, though, 
Elizabeth and record. 

1256
01:04:22,900 --> 01:04:25,000
Keeping makes precise dating 
impossible. 

1257
01:04:25,000 --> 01:04:28,900
The date itself, appeared 
appropriate for a man whose life

1258
01:04:28,900 --> 01:04:31,500
had been Characterized by 
dramatic timing and poetic 

1259
01:04:31,500 --> 01:04:34,700
coincidence. 
His passing prompted, immediate 

1260
01:04:34,700 --> 01:04:37,600
allergies, from fellow writers, 
who recognized that English 

1261
01:04:37,600 --> 01:04:41,200
literature had lost its greatest
practitioner while also creating

1262
01:04:41,200 --> 01:04:44,200
space for new voices to emerge 
from his enormous Shadow. 

1263
01:04:44,200 --> 01:04:47,900
The inscription on his tomb in 
Stratford's, Holy Trinity Church

1264
01:04:47,900 --> 01:04:52,600
good friend for Jesus's sake for
Bear to dig the dust and closed 

1265
01:04:52,600 --> 01:04:55,300
here. 
Reflected his final concern 

1266
01:04:55,300 --> 01:04:57,800
about privacy and posthumous 
dignity. 

1267
01:04:57,800 --> 01:05:01,200
The curse against grave robbers 
where the composed by 

1268
01:05:01,200 --> 01:05:03,600
Shakespeare himself or by 
someone who knew his fears 

1269
01:05:03,600 --> 01:05:08,200
proved remarkably effective. 
His remained undisturbed, while 

1270
01:05:08,200 --> 01:05:10,300
his reputation grew to 
proportions, that would have 

1271
01:05:10,308 --> 01:05:13,500
astonished and possibly 
horrified the man who had simply

1272
01:05:13,500 --> 01:05:15,700
wanted to write good plays and 
support his family. 

1273
01:05:17,000 --> 01:05:19,400
The true tragedy of William 
Shakespeare's life, wasn't that 

1274
01:05:19,400 --> 01:05:22,400
he failed to achieve his dreams 
but that achieving them revealed

1275
01:05:22,400 --> 01:05:25,400
how insufficient even the 
greatest success could be when 

1276
01:05:25,400 --> 01:05:28,500
measured against human longing 
for connection, understanding 

1277
01:05:28,500 --> 01:05:31,700
and Lasting meaning he became 
Immortal through his words while

1278
01:05:31,700 --> 01:05:35,000
remaining painfully mortal in 
his need for love recognition 

1279
01:05:35,000 --> 01:05:37,500
and the simple satisfactions of 
domestic happiness. 

1280
01:05:38,800 --> 01:05:41,400
His genius elevated. 
Him above his contemporaries 

1281
01:05:41,400 --> 01:05:42,800
while. 
Isolating him from the very 

1282
01:05:42,800 --> 01:05:46,600
human experiences that had 
inspired his greatest works. 

1283
01:05:46,600 --> 01:05:50,700
In the end Shakespeare's life 
embodied, the central Paradox of

1284
01:05:50,700 --> 01:05:54,000
artistic achievement, the 
qualities that made him a 

1285
01:05:54,000 --> 01:05:56,800
brilliant writer, sensitivity, 
imagination. 

1286
01:05:56,800 --> 01:06:01,500
Emotional depth an intellectual 
curiosity also made ordinary 

1287
01:06:01,500 --> 01:06:05,400
life extraordinarily difficult. 
He achieved success beyond all 

1288
01:06:05,400 --> 01:06:08,300
reasonable expectations. 
Yet the consequences of his 

1289
01:06:08,300 --> 01:06:11,500
success haunted him. 
His plays have outlived the 

1290
01:06:11,500 --> 01:06:14,500
civilization, that produced 
them, that the man who wrote 

1291
01:06:14,500 --> 01:06:17,600
them exceed. 
Experience the same struggles 

1292
01:06:17,600 --> 01:06:21,100
with love death, ambition and 
disappointment. 

1293
01:06:21,100 --> 01:06:23,700
That defined Human Experience 
across all centuries. 

1294
01:06:23,700 --> 01:06:27,700
The boy from Stratford who 
dreamed of escaping provincial 

1295
01:06:27,700 --> 01:06:31,700
limitations, succeeded Beyond 
his wildest imagination only to 

1296
01:06:31,700 --> 01:06:35,800
discover that success created 
its own forms of imprisonment 

1297
01:06:36,700 --> 01:06:40,900
his victory over, obscurity was 
complete but the Triumph has his

1298
01:06:40,900 --> 01:06:44,300
tragedies consistently 
demonstrated often proves 

1299
01:06:44,300 --> 01:06:48,000
indistinguishable from defeat 
William. 

1300
01:06:48,000 --> 01:06:50,300
Shakespeare achieved his 
aspirations and discovered 

1301
01:06:50,300 --> 01:06:53,900
regrettably, that achieving what
he desired often marked. 

1302
01:06:53,900 --> 01:06:56,400
The beginning, rather than the 
conclusion of life's most 

1303
01:06:56,400 --> 01:06:59,700
challenging issues, perhaps, 
that's why his Works continue to

1304
01:06:59,708 --> 01:07:03,100
resonate not because he found 
answers to Life's essential 

1305
01:07:03,100 --> 01:07:05,400
questions, but because he lived 
those questions. 

1306
01:07:05,400 --> 01:07:08,700
So completely that his Art 
became an eternal meditation on 

1307
01:07:08,700 --> 01:07:11,000
the beautiful impossibility of 
human satisfaction. 

1308
01:07:12,200 --> 01:07:15,300
He sucked at being William 
Shakespeare Presley because he 

1309
01:07:15,300 --> 01:07:16,800
turned out to be humanly 
impossible. 

1310
01:07:16,800 --> 01:07:20,700
And in that impossibility he 
created something genuinely 

1311
01:07:20,700 --> 01:07:27,100
immortal You know how sometimes 
the most ridiculous moments in 

1312
01:07:27,100 --> 01:07:29,900
history happen and powerful, 
people try to do something 

1313
01:07:29,900 --> 01:07:34,100
perfectly normal. 
Well, settle in because you're 

1314
01:07:34,100 --> 01:07:38,000
about to hear about the time. 
Napoleon Bonaparte conquer of 

1315
01:07:38,000 --> 01:07:41,500
Europe. 
France the man who redrew the 

1316
01:07:41,500 --> 01:07:45,000
map of the world got completely 
overwhelmed by a bunch of fluffy

1317
01:07:45,000 --> 01:07:48,300
rabbits. 
Imagine Napoleon in July 1807 

1318
01:07:48,300 --> 01:07:52,100
when his power was at its peak. 
He is just signed the Treaty of 

1319
01:07:52,100 --> 01:07:54,900
tilsit with a Russia, which 
essentially divides Europe 

1320
01:07:54,900 --> 01:07:57,200
between him and Tsar. 
Alexander the firm as if they 

1321
01:07:57,200 --> 01:08:00,200
are splitting a Pete, sir. 
The treaty negotiations, took 

1322
01:08:00,200 --> 01:08:02,200
place on a raft in the middle of
the niemen river. 

1323
01:08:02,900 --> 01:08:06,000
Sounds uncomfortable, but was 
apparently the fashionable way 

1324
01:08:06,000 --> 01:08:08,100
to conduct International 
diplomacy back then. 

1325
01:08:09,400 --> 01:08:11,500
Napoleon is feeling pretty good 
about himself. 

1326
01:08:11,500 --> 01:08:16,000
He's 37 years old, ruler of an 
Empire that stretches from Spain

1327
01:08:16,000 --> 01:08:18,500
to Poland and he's just 
convinced one of Europe's. 

1328
01:08:18,500 --> 01:08:21,300
Most powerful rulers to be his 
friend instead of his enemy. 

1329
01:08:22,000 --> 01:08:25,399
In his mind, the occasion calls 
for a celebration, this is not 

1330
01:08:25,399 --> 01:08:29,000
just any celebration but one 
that is fittingly Imperial and 

1331
01:08:29,000 --> 01:08:31,100
manly. 
So what does the emperor of 

1332
01:08:31,108 --> 01:08:33,500
France decide to do? 
He wants to go hunting. 

1333
01:08:33,500 --> 01:08:35,899
Specifically, he wants to go 
rabbit hunting. 

1334
01:08:36,800 --> 01:08:39,899
Now, this may seem like a 
perfectly reasonable way for a 

1335
01:08:39,899 --> 01:08:43,700
powerful man to decompress after
all hunting was the traditional 

1336
01:08:43,700 --> 01:08:47,100
pastime of European nobility it 
showed you had Leisure Time, 

1337
01:08:47,100 --> 01:08:49,899
excellent, aim and weren't 
afraid to get a little dirt 

1338
01:08:49,899 --> 01:08:53,600
under your fingernails. 
This is where Napoleon's 

1339
01:08:53,600 --> 01:08:57,200
personality begins to emerge. 
Napoleon cannot simply go 

1340
01:08:57,200 --> 01:08:58,800
hunting like any other 
individual. 

1341
01:08:58,800 --> 01:09:03,000
Everything has to be grand. 
Everything has to be perfect and

1342
01:09:03,000 --> 01:09:04,500
everything has to make a 
statement. 

1343
01:09:04,500 --> 01:09:07,200
He doesn't want to wander 
through the woods, hoping to 

1344
01:09:07,200 --> 01:09:10,300
spot a rabbit or two. 
He desires a hunt that is not 

1345
01:09:10,300 --> 01:09:13,899
only Grand but also spectacular 
a hunt that will leave a lasting

1346
01:09:13,899 --> 01:09:16,600
impression. 
Turns to his chief of staff 

1347
01:09:16,600 --> 01:09:20,399
Alexandra Bertier, and tells him
to organize a rabbit hunt. 

1348
01:09:20,399 --> 01:09:24,200
This is not just any rabbit hunt
but a hunt fit for an emperor. 

1349
01:09:25,000 --> 01:09:28,100
The RTA was dealt with 
Napoleon's grandiose ideas for 

1350
01:09:28,100 --> 01:09:31,700
years, probably sized 
internally, but immediately gets

1351
01:09:31,700 --> 01:09:34,600
to work. 
After all, if your boss is just 

1352
01:09:34,600 --> 01:09:37,600
conquered, most of Europe, you 
don't argue with him about party

1353
01:09:37,600 --> 01:09:40,500
planning, the location. 
Chosen is the grounds around 

1354
01:09:40,500 --> 01:09:42,399
melisten Napoleon's country 
estate. 

1355
01:09:43,200 --> 01:09:46,500
It's a beautiful property with 
Rolling Hills scattered woods 

1356
01:09:46,500 --> 01:09:49,800
and plenty of open space. 
Perfect for a Hunting Party. 

1357
01:09:51,000 --> 01:09:54,400
The plan is simple, invite all 
the important Military Officers 

1358
01:09:54,400 --> 01:09:57,000
and government officials 
released hundreds of rabbits 

1359
01:09:57,000 --> 01:10:00,300
into the countryside, and then 
have a grand time, chasing them 

1360
01:10:00,300 --> 01:10:03,000
down. 
You can imagine Napoleon's 

1361
01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:04,700
excitement as the plans come 
together. 

1362
01:10:04,700 --> 01:10:08,900
He's probably pacing around his 
study hands clasped behind his 

1363
01:10:08,900 --> 01:10:11,700
back in that famous, Posse 
detailing, exactly. 

1364
01:10:11,700 --> 01:10:14,800
How he wants everything 
arranged, the weapons must be 

1365
01:10:14,800 --> 01:10:17,400
cleaned and prepared. 
The Refreshments must be 

1366
01:10:17,400 --> 01:10:19,700
perfect, and then must be many 
rabbits. 

1367
01:10:19,700 --> 01:10:23,100
This phase is where busier 
starts to earn his reputation as

1368
01:10:23,100 --> 01:10:26,100
one of history, as most 
competent staff officers, he 

1369
01:10:26,100 --> 01:10:28,400
understands that his Emperor 
doesn't just want to Hunting 

1370
01:10:28,400 --> 01:10:30,800
Party. 
He wants a hunting party that 

1371
01:10:30,800 --> 01:10:34,200
will become a legend. 
Bettye starts the planning 

1372
01:10:34,200 --> 01:10:36,100
process with the same 
meticulousness. 

1373
01:10:36,100 --> 01:10:38,100
He would apply to a military 
campaign. 

1374
01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:41,500
First, he needs to secure the 
hunting grounds. 

1375
01:10:41,500 --> 01:10:44,600
The estate must be properly 
prepared with beaters, 

1376
01:10:44,600 --> 01:10:46,900
positioned to drive the rabbits 
toward the hunters. 

1377
01:10:46,900 --> 01:10:50,000
Then there's the matter of 
weapons, fine. 

1378
01:10:50,000 --> 01:10:53,000
Hunting rifles, for all the 
guests, properly maintained and 

1379
01:10:53,000 --> 01:10:55,400
sighted food. 
And drink should also be 

1380
01:10:55,400 --> 01:10:58,900
provided for the guests as they 
will undoubtedly engage in a 

1381
01:10:58,900 --> 01:11:00,300
lengthy day of outdoor 
activities. 

1382
01:11:01,200 --> 01:11:03,600
They need to arrange 
transportation to and from the 

1383
01:11:03,600 --> 01:11:06,500
hunting grounds. 
Starting to sound less like a 

1384
01:11:06,500 --> 01:11:09,300
casual afternoon and more like a
logistical operation. 

1385
01:11:09,300 --> 01:11:13,300
But most importantly, Bertier 
needs rabbits Bertier. 

1386
01:11:13,300 --> 01:11:16,600
Requires an abundance of 
rabbits, the year is 1807. 

1387
01:11:16,600 --> 01:11:19,200
So it's not like he can just 
call up a rabbit Supply and 

1388
01:11:19,200 --> 01:11:21,600
place an order. 
He needs to find someone who can

1389
01:11:21,600 --> 01:11:24,700
provide hundreds of Rapids on 
short notice and they need to be

1390
01:11:24,700 --> 01:11:28,500
the right kind of rabbits 
healthy numerous and suitable 

1391
01:11:28,500 --> 01:11:32,100
for an imperial Hunting Party. 
As you drift off to night 

1392
01:11:32,100 --> 01:11:35,900
picture, Napoleon in his study 
completely absorbed in planning,

1393
01:11:35,900 --> 01:11:39,200
what he thinks will be a perfect
day of hunting with no idea that

1394
01:11:39,200 --> 01:11:41,700
he's about to face one of the 
most embarrassing moments of his

1395
01:11:41,700 --> 01:11:43,900
career. 
So there's beer ta and 

1396
01:11:43,900 --> 01:11:46,500
Napoleon's most trusted 
organizer placing, what might 

1397
01:11:46,500 --> 01:11:49,500
seem like a simple task, get 
some rabbits for the emperor's 

1398
01:11:49,500 --> 01:11:52,200
Hunting Party, you know how it 
is when your boss wants 

1399
01:11:52,200 --> 01:11:55,000
something done perfectly 
suddenly, even the simplest job 

1400
01:11:55,000 --> 01:11:59,300
comes complicated. 30th starts 
by doing what any sensible 

1401
01:11:59,300 --> 01:12:01,500
person would do. 
He asks around? 

1402
01:12:02,700 --> 01:12:05,200
Where does one acquire? 
Several hundred rabbits for a 

1403
01:12:05,200 --> 01:12:07,500
hunting party. 
It's not exactly the kind of 

1404
01:12:07,500 --> 01:12:09,600
question that comes up in normal
conversation. 

1405
01:12:10,500 --> 01:12:13,100
Oh, by the way, do you know 
anyone who has a few hundred 

1406
01:12:13,100 --> 01:12:15,500
rabbits lying around asking for 
an emperor? 

1407
01:12:15,500 --> 01:12:18,900
The answer it turns out is local
farmers and rabbit breeders. 

1408
01:12:19,800 --> 01:12:22,100
In early 19th century, France 
rabbit. 

1409
01:12:22,100 --> 01:12:25,900
Farming was actually quite 
common rabbits were reliable 

1410
01:12:25,900 --> 01:12:29,500
source of meat and fur. 
They reproduced quickly and they

1411
01:12:29,500 --> 01:12:31,300
didn't require much space or 
expensive. 

1412
01:12:31,300 --> 01:12:34,900
Feed your average French farmer.
Probably had a dozen or so 

1413
01:12:34,900 --> 01:12:39,200
Rapids in his house butt doesn't
need a dozen rabbits. 

1414
01:12:39,200 --> 01:12:42,400
He needs hundreds. 
So he starts sending out his 

1415
01:12:42,400 --> 01:12:44,400
assistant to every farm and 
rabbit. 

1416
01:12:44,400 --> 01:12:46,300
Breeder, within a day's travel 
of males. 

1417
01:12:46,300 --> 01:12:50,100
On the messages simple, the 
emperor needs rabbits, and he 

1418
01:12:50,100 --> 01:12:53,000
needs them by a specific date. 
Money is no object. 

1419
01:12:53,900 --> 01:12:56,100
Now, you can imagine the 
conversations, this must have 

1420
01:12:56,100 --> 01:12:57,600
sparked in French, father house 
houses. 

1421
01:12:58,700 --> 01:13:01,200
The emperor wants. 
Our rabbits does the emperor 

1422
01:13:01,200 --> 01:13:05,200
want them all the hunting? 
Well if bonapartes, rabbits 

1423
01:13:05,200 --> 01:13:09,000
Bonaparte gets Rapids, It 
probably seemed like the most 

1424
01:13:09,000 --> 01:13:11,100
patriotic thing. 
A rabbit farmer could do for 

1425
01:13:11,100 --> 01:13:13,600
France. 
Words, spreads quickly through 

1426
01:13:13,600 --> 01:13:17,200
the farming communities imperial
agents, soon contact, every 

1427
01:13:17,200 --> 01:13:20,100
rabbit, breeder in the region, 
the demand is so high. 

1428
01:13:20,100 --> 01:13:22,900
That people start bringing 
rabbits from farther and farther

1429
01:13:22,900 --> 01:13:26,100
away, carts full of rabbit 
cages, start rolling toward 

1430
01:13:26,100 --> 01:13:29,100
melames on from all directions. 
Here's where things get 

1431
01:13:29,100 --> 01:13:31,800
intriguing and where Bertier, 
makes what historians now 

1432
01:13:31,800 --> 01:13:35,100
recognized as a crucial error, 
he's so focused on getting 

1433
01:13:35,100 --> 01:13:38,000
enough rabbits that he doesn't 
pay close attention to what kind

1434
01:13:38,000 --> 01:13:40,900
he's getting. 
You see, there are basically two

1435
01:13:40,900 --> 01:13:43,100
types of rabbits, you might 
encounter in this situation. 

1436
01:13:43,100 --> 01:13:46,300
There are wild rabbits, the kind
that live in the woods and 

1437
01:13:46,300 --> 01:13:49,500
Fields that are naturally wary 
of humans and will run away. 

1438
01:13:49,500 --> 01:13:52,200
The moment, they are released, 
these are the rabbits that would

1439
01:13:52,200 --> 01:13:56,000
make for proper hunting skittish
Swift and incline to scatter in 

1440
01:13:56,000 --> 01:13:58,000
all directions. 
The moment they sent danger, 

1441
01:13:58,000 --> 01:14:02,000
then there are domestic rabbits,
the kind that farmers raise for 

1442
01:14:02,000 --> 01:14:04,600
meat and fur. 
These rabbits have been bred for

1443
01:14:04,608 --> 01:14:08,000
generations to be docile welfare
and comfortable around humans. 

1444
01:14:08,000 --> 01:14:11,800
They used to being handled and 
used to being fed by people and 

1445
01:14:11,800 --> 01:14:14,700
they associate humans with food 
and safety rather than Danger. 

1446
01:14:15,500 --> 01:14:18,800
30A in his rushed to fulfill 
Napoleon's order ends up with a 

1447
01:14:18,800 --> 01:14:21,600
mix of both types. 
But here's the problem, the 

1448
01:14:21,600 --> 01:14:24,900
domestic rabbits vastly, 
outnumber the Wild Ones, most 

1449
01:14:24,900 --> 01:14:27,600
local farmers and breeders are 
supplying domestic rabbits 

1450
01:14:27,600 --> 01:14:30,500
because they have a larger 
quantity of them and domestic 

1451
01:14:30,500 --> 01:14:33,000
rabbits, it turns out behave 
very differently from wild. 

1452
01:14:33,000 --> 01:14:36,000
Rabbits, when released into the 
countryside, as the day of the 

1453
01:14:36,000 --> 01:14:38,700
hunter approaches of rabbits in 
wooden cages are being 

1454
01:14:38,708 --> 01:14:42,000
transported to melanism. 
The logistics alone are 

1455
01:14:42,000 --> 01:14:44,700
impressive. 
We've got dozens of carts each 

1456
01:14:44,700 --> 01:14:47,400
loaded with rabbit cages 
converging on Napoleon's. 

1457
01:14:47,400 --> 01:14:51,800
Estate the rabbits are fed and 
watered kept in the shade and 

1458
01:14:51,800 --> 01:14:54,400
generally treated better than 
many soldiers in Napoleon's 

1459
01:14:54,400 --> 01:14:56,800
Army. 
The staff at malmas on, is 

1460
01:14:56,800 --> 01:14:58,900
probably a bit bewildered by the
whole operation. 

1461
01:15:00,500 --> 01:15:02,800
The stable boys are suddenly 
dealing with hundreds of rabbits

1462
01:15:02,800 --> 01:15:05,500
and of Horses. 
The groundskeepers are being 

1463
01:15:05,508 --> 01:15:07,600
asked to help prepare release 
points for the rabbits. 

1464
01:15:08,300 --> 01:15:09,800
The kitchen staff is also 
involved. 

1465
01:15:09,800 --> 01:15:12,900
As they must provide food for 
all the rabbits and the hump 

1466
01:15:12,900 --> 01:15:15,100
day. 
Meanwhile, Napoleon is getting 

1467
01:15:15,100 --> 01:15:17,700
more and more excited about his 
upcoming Hunting Party. 

1468
01:15:17,700 --> 01:15:22,100
Napoleon is likely examining his
hunting rifle strategizing with 

1469
01:15:22,100 --> 01:15:25,300
his officers and envisioning. 
The tales that will unfold from 

1470
01:15:25,300 --> 01:15:28,200
This Magnificent hunt. 
In his mind, it's going to be a 

1471
01:15:28,200 --> 01:15:30,400
perfect day. 
Good weather, good company. 

1472
01:15:30,400 --> 01:15:35,200
And plenty of rabbits to provide
exciting sport. 38, meanwhile is

1473
01:15:35,200 --> 01:15:36,700
dealing with the Practical 
details. 

1474
01:15:36,700 --> 01:15:40,000
Could you please advise on the 
optimal location for releasing 

1475
01:15:40,000 --> 01:15:42,300
the rabbits? 
How many should be released at 

1476
01:15:42,300 --> 01:15:44,400
once? 
Should they be released all at 

1477
01:15:44,400 --> 01:15:47,000
the same time or in waves to 
keep the hunting interesting 

1478
01:15:47,000 --> 01:15:49,800
throughout the day? 
These are the kinds of questions

1479
01:15:49,800 --> 01:15:52,600
that don't come up in military 
planning, but they're crucial 

1480
01:15:52,600 --> 01:15:56,200
for a successful Hunting Party. 
The decision is made to release 

1481
01:15:56,200 --> 01:15:58,900
all the rabbits at once from 
several different points around 

1482
01:15:58,900 --> 01:16:02,100
the hunting grounds, the move 
should provide plenty of targets

1483
01:16:02,100 --> 01:16:04,400
and ensure that the rabbit 
scatter in all directions, 

1484
01:16:04,400 --> 01:16:06,700
giving everyone a good chance at
some hunting. 

1485
01:16:07,800 --> 01:16:10,600
It seems like a perfectly 
reasonable plan, as you go to 

1486
01:16:10,608 --> 01:16:14,200
bed, imagine the rabbits in 
their cages unaware that they 

1487
01:16:14,200 --> 01:16:17,500
are about to make history in the
most unexpected way, the morning

1488
01:16:17,500 --> 01:16:20,600
of the great rabbit hunt dorms 
clear and bright the kind of 

1489
01:16:20,600 --> 01:16:21,900
summer day. 
That makes you want to be 

1490
01:16:21,900 --> 01:16:25,300
outside doing something active. 
Napoleon wakes up in an 

1491
01:16:25,300 --> 01:16:28,100
excellent mood. 
Probably humming to himself as 

1492
01:16:28,100 --> 01:16:29,700
he gets dressed in his hunting 
outfit. 

1493
01:16:29,700 --> 01:16:32,900
He's chosen his clothes 
carefully, elegant. 

1494
01:16:32,900 --> 01:16:35,500
But practical, the fitting and 
Emperor who's about to 

1495
01:16:35,500 --> 01:16:38,500
demonstrate his prowess. 
In the field, you can picture 

1496
01:16:38,500 --> 01:16:41,300
him standing in front of his 
mirror, the Justin, his coat, 

1497
01:16:41,300 --> 01:16:43,300
making sure everything is 
perfect. 

1498
01:16:43,300 --> 01:16:46,400
This isn't just a hunting trip. 
It's a performance. 

1499
01:16:47,600 --> 01:16:50,600
Napoleon wants to present 
himself as a masterful huntsman 

1500
01:16:50,600 --> 01:16:53,500
to all the important people in 
his government and Military who 

1501
01:16:53,500 --> 01:16:55,900
will be present. 
The guest. 

1502
01:16:56,300 --> 01:16:58,100
Not arriving at malm in the late
morning. 

1503
01:16:58,100 --> 01:17:01,600
These aren't just casual friends
invited for a day of sport. 

1504
01:17:01,600 --> 01:17:05,000
These are the power Brokers of 
the French Empire Military 

1505
01:17:05,000 --> 01:17:07,100
Officers, who have helped 
Napoleon conquer Europe. 

1506
01:17:07,100 --> 01:17:10,700
Government officials who run his
administration and diplomats, 

1507
01:17:10,700 --> 01:17:13,800
who negotiate his treated. 
Everyone's dressed in their 

1508
01:17:13,800 --> 01:17:16,600
finest hunting attire, carrying 
beautiful rifles. 

1509
01:17:16,600 --> 01:17:19,700
Looking forward to a day of 
Imperial entertainment. 

1510
01:17:20,500 --> 01:17:24,400
The atmosphere is festive and 
relaxed after years of constant 

1511
01:17:24,400 --> 01:17:26,000
Warfare. 
Everyone's ready for a break. 

1512
01:17:27,000 --> 01:17:30,000
Treaty of tilsit has brought a 
temporary peace to Europe and 

1513
01:17:30,000 --> 01:17:32,800
for The first time in years in 
Napoleon's, in a circle can 

1514
01:17:32,800 --> 01:17:35,400
gather without discussing 
military campaigns or political 

1515
01:17:35,400 --> 01:17:37,500
crises. 
It's just going to be a pleasant

1516
01:17:37,500 --> 01:17:41,600
day of hunting tasty food and 
masculine 38. 

1517
01:17:41,600 --> 01:17:44,200
Meanwhile is running around 
making sure everything is 

1518
01:17:44,200 --> 01:17:46,300
perfect. 
He's coordinating with the 

1519
01:17:46,300 --> 01:17:48,600
beaters, who will drive the 
Rapids toward the hunters. 

1520
01:17:48,600 --> 01:17:51,600
Checking that the refreshment 
stations are properly stocked 

1521
01:17:51,600 --> 01:17:53,600
and making sure all the rifles 
are in. 

1522
01:17:53,608 --> 01:17:57,300
Excellent working order. 
He's also supervising the final 

1523
01:17:57,300 --> 01:17:58,900
preparation for the Rapid 
Release. 

1524
01:17:59,700 --> 01:18:02,100
Throughout the hunting grounds. 
The rabbits themselves are 

1525
01:18:02,100 --> 01:18:05,600
placed in key, locations of 
cages are scattered through the 

1526
01:18:05,600 --> 01:18:08,400
woods and Fields. 
Each one containing several 

1527
01:18:08,400 --> 01:18:12,700
rabbits ready to be released on 
Signal The plan is beautifully. 

1528
01:18:12,700 --> 01:18:16,500
Simple, when Napoleon gives the 
word, all the cages will be open

1529
01:18:16,500 --> 01:18:18,900
simultaneously. 
Releasing a small army of 

1530
01:18:18,908 --> 01:18:22,500
rabbits into the countryside. 
The hunters will then fan out, 

1531
01:18:22,500 --> 01:18:26,100
and begin their sport. 
What nobody realizes that the 

1532
01:18:26,100 --> 01:18:28,700
majority of these rabbits have 
spent their entire lives in 

1533
01:18:28,700 --> 01:18:31,800
captivity. 
They've been hand-fed by Farmers

1534
01:18:31,800 --> 01:18:36,200
handled by humans and generally 
treated as livestock and wild 

1535
01:18:36,200 --> 01:18:38,600
animals. 
They don't have the instincts 

1536
01:18:38,600 --> 01:18:40,100
that would make them good 
hunting targets. 

1537
01:18:40,100 --> 01:18:42,500
They don't know their supposed 
to be afraid of humans. 

1538
01:18:44,200 --> 01:18:47,300
The Hunting Party gathers in the
main field and Napoleon gives a 

1539
01:18:47,300 --> 01:18:49,000
little speach about the days 
activities. 

1540
01:18:49,000 --> 01:18:53,300
He's in his element commanding 
attention, setting the tone for 

1541
01:18:53,300 --> 01:18:54,900
what he expects to be a 
memorable day. 

1542
01:18:54,900 --> 01:18:58,700
The rifles are loaded, the 
beaters are in position and 

1543
01:18:58,700 --> 01:19:00,400
everyone's ready for the grand 
release. 

1544
01:19:01,400 --> 01:19:04,300
Bertier, gives the signal and 
all across the hunting grounds 

1545
01:19:04,300 --> 01:19:08,300
cage, doors, swing open. 
Hundreds of rabbits, hop out 

1546
01:19:08,300 --> 01:19:11,100
into the sunshine, probably 
blinking in the southern 

1547
01:19:11,100 --> 01:19:13,800
brightness and looking around to
get their bearings. 

1548
01:19:15,300 --> 01:19:18,000
For brief moment, everything 
appears to be proceeding as 

1549
01:19:18,000 --> 01:19:20,600
planned. 
The hunters spread out across 

1550
01:19:20,600 --> 01:19:24,300
the field rifles, ready 
expecting the rabbits to scatter

1551
01:19:24,300 --> 01:19:26,800
in all directions and provide 
them with moving targets. 

1552
01:19:27,900 --> 01:19:30,600
Napoleon himself takes a 
position in the center of the 

1553
01:19:30,600 --> 01:19:31,900
field. 
Probably. 

1554
01:19:31,900 --> 01:19:34,700
Feeling very satisfied with how 
well everything is organized. 

1555
01:19:35,400 --> 01:19:38,800
But then something unexpected 
happens instead of running away 

1556
01:19:38,800 --> 01:19:40,900
from the humans. 
The rabbits start moving toward 

1557
01:19:40,900 --> 01:19:45,300
them, not just a few rabbits it 
dozens of them, then hundreds. 

1558
01:19:46,000 --> 01:19:48,000
Hopping across the field with 
what appears to be. 

1559
01:19:48,000 --> 01:19:50,700
Determination heading straight 
for the hunting party. 

1560
01:19:51,700 --> 01:19:54,800
First the scene probably seems 
amusing rather than alarming, 

1561
01:19:54,800 --> 01:19:57,700
maybe Napoleon Chuckles and 
makes a joke about Brave. 

1562
01:19:57,700 --> 01:20:00,000
Rabbits. 
Maybe some of the officers laugh

1563
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:02,600
about rabbits that don't know 
their supposed to be afraid of 

1564
01:20:02,600 --> 01:20:05,300
hunters. 
It's quirky and unexpected but 

1565
01:20:05,300 --> 01:20:09,200
not necessarily problematic but 
the rabbits keep coming and more

1566
01:20:09,200 --> 01:20:10,700
rabbits, keep emerging from the 
woods. 

1567
01:20:10,700 --> 01:20:14,000
And instead of providing moving 
targets, running away from the 

1568
01:20:14,000 --> 01:20:17,300
hunters, their converging on the
humans like their expecting 

1569
01:20:17,300 --> 01:20:20,000
something, which of course they 
are. 

1570
01:20:20,000 --> 01:20:23,900
They are expecting to be fed, 
just like they've been fed every

1571
01:20:23,900 --> 01:20:28,100
day of their lives. 
The Hunting Party Starts to 

1572
01:20:28,100 --> 01:20:30,800
realize that something is going 
very wrong with their carefully 

1573
01:20:30,800 --> 01:20:33,800
planned day of sport. 
These aren't wild rabbits 

1574
01:20:33,800 --> 01:20:36,600
behaving like wild. 
Rabbits, he's a domestic. 

1575
01:20:36,600 --> 01:20:39,300
Rabbits behaving, like domestic,
rabbits and domestic. 

1576
01:20:39,300 --> 01:20:42,100
Rabbits have very different 
ideas about what humans are for.

1577
01:20:43,000 --> 01:20:46,000
As you drift off to sleep. 
Imagine Napoleon standing in 

1578
01:20:46,008 --> 01:20:49,100
that field rifle. 
In he observing hundreds of 

1579
01:20:49,100 --> 01:20:52,300
rabbits, hopping toward him with
an unmistakable confidence and 

1580
01:20:52,300 --> 01:20:55,300
beginning to realize that his 
perfect Hunting Party is about 

1581
01:20:55,300 --> 01:20:58,400
to transform into something 
entirely differently. 

1582
01:20:58,400 --> 01:21:01,200
Do you recall the moment when 
you become aware of a dire 

1583
01:21:01,200 --> 01:21:04,200
situation, yet uncertain about 
how to address it? 

1584
01:21:04,200 --> 01:21:07,200
That's exactly where Napoleon 
finds himself. 

1585
01:21:07,200 --> 01:21:10,100
Has hundreds of rabbits, 
continue hopping toward the 

1586
01:21:10,100 --> 01:21:14,400
hunting party with what can only
be described as enthusiasm that 

1587
01:21:14,400 --> 01:21:16,900
first, the situation is more 
puzzling than alarming. 

1588
01:21:16,900 --> 01:21:20,500
These are supposed to be praying
animals after all their supposed

1589
01:21:20,500 --> 01:21:22,600
to run away when they see humans
with rifles. 

1590
01:21:22,600 --> 01:21:26,500
Instead, there are approaching 
like their expecting a handout. 

1591
01:21:27,400 --> 01:21:30,500
Some of the officers are still 
chuckling nervously making jokes

1592
01:21:30,500 --> 01:21:33,400
about Fearless French rabbits 
showing their patriotic spirit. 

1593
01:21:34,100 --> 01:21:37,100
That the rabbits keep coming and
they're not just approaching 

1594
01:21:37,100 --> 01:21:39,200
their surrounding the hunting 
party. 

1595
01:21:39,200 --> 01:21:41,100
It's like watching a slow 
motion. 

1596
01:21:41,100 --> 01:21:43,300
Avalanche of fur, and floppy 
ears. 

1597
01:21:44,200 --> 01:21:47,200
The rabbits hopped closer and 
closer, and some of them start 

1598
01:21:47,200 --> 01:21:49,600
doing what domestic rabbits do 
when they want attention from 

1599
01:21:49,600 --> 01:21:52,300
humans. 
They start climbing picture, 

1600
01:21:52,300 --> 01:21:55,300
imagine Napoleon, the emperor of
France and conqueror of Europe 

1601
01:21:55,300 --> 01:21:58,700
standing in a field As Rabbits, 
begin hopping onto his boots, 

1602
01:21:58,700 --> 01:22:01,800
then onto his legs, then up with
his coat. 

1603
01:22:02,400 --> 01:22:05,300
These aren't tiny rabbits, 
either, these are well-fed farm,

1604
01:22:05,300 --> 01:22:08,500
rabbits, some of them weighing 
several pounds each and they're 

1605
01:22:08,500 --> 01:22:10,400
treating Napoleon. 
Like he's their favorite farmer 

1606
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:12,700
coming to feed them. 
The other Hunters are 

1607
01:22:12,708 --> 01:22:15,800
experiencing the same problem, 
rabbits are climbing all over 

1608
01:22:15,800 --> 01:22:17,600
them getting tangled in their 
hunting gear. 

1609
01:22:17,600 --> 01:22:21,300
Generally behaving like overly 
Friendly Pets rather than Wild 

1610
01:22:21,300 --> 01:22:23,700
game. 
Some of the officers are trying 

1611
01:22:23,700 --> 01:22:26,800
to gently push the rabbits away,
but there are too many of them 

1612
01:22:26,800 --> 01:22:31,300
and they keep coming. 
Napoleon's initial Amusement is 

1613
01:22:31,300 --> 01:22:35,000
rapidly turning into irritation.
This is not how an imperial 

1614
01:22:35,000 --> 01:22:38,600
Hunting Party supposed to go. 
He supposed to be demonstrating 

1615
01:22:38,600 --> 01:22:41,500
his Marksmanship enjoying 
civilized Sport with his 

1616
01:22:41,500 --> 01:22:44,100
colleague's and creating stories
that will enhance his 

1617
01:22:44,100 --> 01:22:47,500
reputation. 
Stead, he's being overwhelmed by

1618
01:22:47,500 --> 01:22:50,700
affectionate rabbits. 
The situation gets worse when 

1619
01:22:50,700 --> 01:22:53,300
the rabbit starting more 
aggressive behavior. 

1620
01:22:54,100 --> 01:22:56,500
They are not aggressive in the 
sense of attacking but 

1621
01:22:56,500 --> 01:22:59,200
aggressive in the sense of 
relentlessly pursuing their 

1622
01:22:59,200 --> 01:23:03,200
desires what they want have been
trained by a lifetime of human. 

1623
01:23:03,200 --> 01:23:06,600
Interaction is food and 
attention from these humans who 

1624
01:23:06,600 --> 01:23:07,800
have appeared in their 
territory. 

1625
01:23:08,800 --> 01:23:11,600
Some of the larger rabbits begin
to exhibit Bolder Behavior. 

1626
01:23:11,600 --> 01:23:14,800
They're not just climbing on the
hunters, there exploring 

1627
01:23:14,800 --> 01:23:18,200
Pockets, chewing on clothing and
generally treating The Hunting 

1628
01:23:18,200 --> 01:23:21,900
Party like a mobile petting zoo.
Napoleon finds himself with 

1629
01:23:21,900 --> 01:23:25,200
rabbits in his coat Pockets 
rabbits tugging at his buttons 

1630
01:23:25,200 --> 01:23:28,100
and rabbits, that seemed 
determined to climb all the way 

1631
01:23:28,100 --> 01:23:32,100
up to his shoulders, the rifles 
intended for hunting, turn into 

1632
01:23:32,100 --> 01:23:35,300
completely useless tools. 
You can't shoot at rabbits that 

1633
01:23:35,300 --> 01:23:37,400
are climbing all over you 
without risking injury, to 

1634
01:23:37,400 --> 01:23:40,400
yourself or your fellow hunters.
And even if you could get a 

1635
01:23:40,400 --> 01:23:43,200
clear shot, these rabbits are so
tame and friendly that shooting 

1636
01:23:43,200 --> 01:23:45,400
them would feel less like 
hunting and more like Massacre. 

1637
01:23:45,400 --> 01:23:48,300
Their tier Watching This 
Disaster unfold probably 

1638
01:23:48,300 --> 01:23:50,200
realizes exactly what went 
wrong. 

1639
01:23:51,000 --> 01:23:54,200
Instead of encountering wild, 
rabbits Bettie has encountered, 

1640
01:23:54,200 --> 01:23:58,200
domestic rabbits who view humans
as sources of food and comfort, 

1641
01:23:58,200 --> 01:24:00,500
rather than, as potential 
Predators. 

1642
01:24:00,500 --> 01:24:03,600
But realizing the problem and 
fixing it, a two different 

1643
01:24:03,600 --> 01:24:05,900
things, especially when you're 
dealing with hundreds of 

1644
01:24:05,908 --> 01:24:09,500
determined rabbits, the hunters 
try various strategies to deal 

1645
01:24:09,500 --> 01:24:12,400
with their situation, some 
attempt to walk away from the 

1646
01:24:12,400 --> 01:24:14,300
rabbits but the rabbits simply 
follow them. 

1647
01:24:14,300 --> 01:24:16,500
Treating the scenario is a fun 
game. 

1648
01:24:16,500 --> 01:24:20,200
Others try to shoo the rabbits 
away but the rabbits interpret 

1649
01:24:20,200 --> 01:24:23,400
this as playful interaction and 
become even more enthusiastic 

1650
01:24:23,400 --> 01:24:26,300
Napoleon. 
Meanwhile is getting genuinely 

1651
01:24:26,300 --> 01:24:29,000
frustrated, he's trying to 
maintain his Imperial dignity 

1652
01:24:29,000 --> 01:24:32,300
while literally covered in 
rabbits, every time he manages 

1653
01:24:32,300 --> 01:24:35,300
to remove one rabbit, from his 
personal two more take its 

1654
01:24:35,300 --> 01:24:37,500
place. 
His carefully planned hunting. 

1655
01:24:37,500 --> 01:24:40,200
Outfit is getting covered in a 
rabbit fur and possibly other 

1656
01:24:40,200 --> 01:24:43,700
things that rabbits leave behind
the other members of The Hunting

1657
01:24:43,700 --> 01:24:47,100
Party having their struggles. 
These men important government 

1658
01:24:47,100 --> 01:24:49,900
officials and Military Officers 
are accustomed to receiving 

1659
01:24:49,900 --> 01:24:55,100
respect and deaf. 
Walking Rabbit toys by an army 

1660
01:24:55,100 --> 01:24:59,100
of overly friendly farm animals.
Eaters who were supposed to 

1661
01:24:59,100 --> 01:25:01,500
drive the rabbits toward the 
hunters a standing around 

1662
01:25:01,500 --> 01:25:04,200
looking confused? 
Their job was to make sure the 

1663
01:25:04,200 --> 01:25:06,700
rabbits ran in the right 
direction, but these rabbits 

1664
01:25:06,700 --> 01:25:07,900
don't need to be driven 
anywhere. 

1665
01:25:08,700 --> 01:25:12,300
The rabbits are precisely where 
they should be swarming all over

1666
01:25:12,300 --> 01:25:14,200
the humans. 
They believe are there to feed 

1667
01:25:14,200 --> 01:25:16,700
them. 
As the situation continues to 

1668
01:25:16,700 --> 01:25:19,100
deteriorate, Napoleon starts 
giving orders. 

1669
01:25:19,100 --> 01:25:22,800
He's a military commander after 
all and his instinct when faced 

1670
01:25:22,800 --> 01:25:25,700
with a crisis is to take charge 
and start issuing commands. 

1671
01:25:25,700 --> 01:25:28,800
What exactly do you instruct 
when you're being surrounded by 

1672
01:25:28,800 --> 01:25:32,500
amiable rabbits Retreat, from 
the rabbits, doesn't sound very 

1673
01:25:32,500 --> 01:25:34,700
Imperial. 
Tonight, as you settle in 

1674
01:25:34,700 --> 01:25:38,000
fiction, Napoleon standing in 
that field is Imperial 

1675
01:25:38,000 --> 01:25:41,000
composure, beginning to crack as
he realizes that he's about to 

1676
01:25:41,000 --> 01:25:42,500
suffer. 
One of the most ridiculous 

1677
01:25:42,500 --> 01:25:45,400
defeats of his career. 
At the hands of creatures, that 

1678
01:25:45,400 --> 01:25:48,700
weigh less than his boots. 
Every disaster culminates in a 

1679
01:25:48,708 --> 01:25:51,500
realization that maintaining 
dignity is no longer a luxury 

1680
01:25:51,500 --> 01:25:54,300
for Napoleon. 
That moment arrives. 

1681
01:25:54,300 --> 01:25:57,500
When a particularly large rabbit
managers to climb all the way up

1682
01:25:57,500 --> 01:25:59,300
his coat and perch on his 
shoulder. 

1683
01:25:59,300 --> 01:26:02,300
Like some kind of furry floppy, 
eared parrot. 

1684
01:26:03,200 --> 01:26:05,700
The emperor of France, the man 
who has stared down the armies 

1685
01:26:05,700 --> 01:26:09,200
of Austria Prussia and Russia. 
Find himself in the utterly 

1686
01:26:09,200 --> 01:26:12,700
ridiculous position of being 
unable to dislodge a single 

1687
01:26:12,700 --> 01:26:15,700
rabbit from his personal without
losing his balance and 

1688
01:26:15,700 --> 01:26:18,800
potentially falling over 
naturally dozens of other 

1689
01:26:18,800 --> 01:26:21,200
rabbits around his feet hopping 
back and forth. 

1690
01:26:21,200 --> 01:26:25,300
Rendering any abrupt movement 
has a You can imagine the 

1691
01:26:25,300 --> 01:26:27,600
thoughts going through 
Napoleon's head at this moment. 

1692
01:26:27,600 --> 01:26:30,400
This is supposed to be a 
relaxing day of sport. 

1693
01:26:30,400 --> 01:26:34,200
A chance to unwind with his 
closest Associates and enjoy 

1694
01:26:34,200 --> 01:26:36,100
some traditional aristocratic 
entertainment. 

1695
01:26:37,000 --> 01:26:40,400
Instead an army of overly 
affectionate farm animals is 

1696
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:44,000
treating him like a jungle gym. 
The other Hunters are faring, 

1697
01:26:44,000 --> 01:26:46,400
know better. 
The creatures that eat lettuce 

1698
01:26:46,400 --> 01:26:48,900
are defeating these seasoned 
Military Officers who have 

1699
01:26:48,908 --> 01:26:50,600
charged into battle without 
flinching. 

1700
01:26:51,600 --> 01:26:54,200
Some of them are trying to 
maintain their composure, but 

1701
01:26:54,200 --> 01:26:56,800
it's hard to look dignified when
you're covered in rabbit fur and

1702
01:26:56,800 --> 01:26:58,600
there's a rabbit trying to nest 
in your hat. 

1703
01:27:00,300 --> 01:27:03,700
The situation reaches its peak. 
When someone History does not 

1704
01:27:03,700 --> 01:27:07,100
record who makes the Fatal 
mistake of trying to run away 

1705
01:27:07,100 --> 01:27:09,600
from the rabbits. 
Perhaps, it's one of the younger

1706
01:27:09,600 --> 01:27:12,600
officers, someone who thinks he 
can simply outrun the problem. 

1707
01:27:12,600 --> 01:27:15,500
But running turns out to be 
exactly the wrong strategy 

1708
01:27:15,500 --> 01:27:18,700
because it triggers every 
rabbits instinct to chase after 

1709
01:27:18,700 --> 01:27:21,500
something, that's moving 
suddenly instead of just 

1710
01:27:21,500 --> 01:27:22,900
climbing on the stationary 
humans. 

1711
01:27:22,900 --> 01:27:26,700
The rabbits start hopping off to
the running humans and rabbits, 

1712
01:27:26,700 --> 01:27:29,900
it turns out a surprise when 
they want to be. 

1713
01:27:30,700 --> 01:27:34,000
They can hop at speeds of up to 
25 miles per hour, which is 

1714
01:27:34,000 --> 01:27:36,700
considerably fast to the most 
humans can run, while carrying 

1715
01:27:36,700 --> 01:27:39,500
hunting rifles and wearing 
formal hunting attire. 

1716
01:27:40,600 --> 01:27:43,600
Napoleon seeing one of his 
officers being chased across the

1717
01:27:43,600 --> 01:27:45,500
field by a horde of bouncing 
rabbits. 

1718
01:27:46,100 --> 01:27:48,800
Probably realizes that the 
situation has moved Beyond 

1719
01:27:48,800 --> 01:27:52,400
embarrassing and into the realm 
of the completely absurd. 

1720
01:27:53,000 --> 01:27:55,100
This is the kind of seen that 
would be funny if it were 

1721
01:27:55,100 --> 01:27:58,300
happening to someone else but is
absolutely mortifying when it's 

1722
01:27:58,300 --> 01:28:02,200
happening to you. 
The decision is reached though. 

1723
01:28:02,200 --> 01:28:05,500
It is not entirely clear who 
made it that the Hunting Party 

1724
01:28:05,500 --> 01:28:08,000
should Retreat. 
It's not a tactical 

1725
01:28:08,000 --> 01:28:11,300
repositioning or a strategic 
withdrawal, but a genuine 

1726
01:28:11,300 --> 01:28:15,200
Retreat from an army of rabbits.
Napoleon who is never retreated 

1727
01:28:15,200 --> 01:28:18,300
from a human enemy is about to 
retreat from a bunch of farm 

1728
01:28:18,300 --> 01:28:21,400
animals but retreating from 
Rabbits, turns out to be more 

1729
01:28:21,400 --> 01:28:24,000
complicated than retreating. 
From say, Austrian Cavalry. 

1730
01:28:24,000 --> 01:28:27,400
The rabbits don't understand 
military protocol, they don't 

1731
01:28:27,400 --> 01:28:29,800
recognize surrender Flags or 
ceasefire signals. 

1732
01:28:29,800 --> 01:28:33,000
They just see their favorite 
humans trying to leave and their

1733
01:28:33,000 --> 01:28:36,400
determined to follow. 
The hunting party starts moving 

1734
01:28:36,400 --> 01:28:38,900
toward their carriages, but the 
rabbits move with them. 

1735
01:28:39,700 --> 01:28:42,200
Like trying to evacuate a 
building while being followed by

1736
01:28:42,200 --> 01:28:46,800
overly enthusiastic pets. 
Every step toward the carriages 

1737
01:28:46,800 --> 01:28:49,800
as a company by a bouncing 
escort of rabbits who seem to 

1738
01:28:49,800 --> 01:28:52,400
think their presence is the, 
most entertaining thing that's 

1739
01:28:52,400 --> 01:28:55,200
ever happened. 
To the Napoleon trying to 

1740
01:28:55,200 --> 01:28:57,100
maintain some. 
Semblance of Imperial dignity 

1741
01:28:57,100 --> 01:29:01,400
walks as calmly as he can toward
his Carriage, but it's hard to 

1742
01:29:01,400 --> 01:29:04,300
look Imperial when your brushing
rabbits off your coat, every few

1743
01:29:04,300 --> 01:29:06,800
steps and there's rabbit fur 
floating around. 

1744
01:29:06,800 --> 01:29:10,800
You like some kind of Barnyard, 
snowstorm Carriages when they 

1745
01:29:10,800 --> 01:29:12,700
finally reach them present their
problems. 

1746
01:29:13,400 --> 01:29:17,200
The rabbits completely terrify 
the horses horses and rabbits 

1747
01:29:17,200 --> 01:29:20,400
don't normally interact and the 
horses aren't sure what to make 

1748
01:29:20,400 --> 01:29:22,700
of these small bounce and 
creatures that keep hopping 

1749
01:29:22,700 --> 01:29:25,600
around their hooves. 
Some of the horses are dancing. 

1750
01:29:25,600 --> 01:29:29,200
Nervously, others are trying to 
back away and the Coachmen are 

1751
01:29:29,200 --> 01:29:30,300
struggling to keep them under 
control. 

1752
01:29:31,500 --> 01:29:34,100
Getting into the carriages 
becomes an operation in itself. 

1753
01:29:34,100 --> 01:29:37,200
The moment someone opens a 
carriage door rabbit start 

1754
01:29:37,200 --> 01:29:40,400
trying to hop inside they're not
being malicious, they just want 

1755
01:29:40,400 --> 01:29:43,000
to continue their interaction 
with these fascinating humans. 

1756
01:29:44,200 --> 01:29:46,800
But having a carriage full of 
rabbits, is not exactly what 

1757
01:29:46,800 --> 01:29:49,200
Napoleon had in mind for his 
dignified departure. 

1758
01:29:50,200 --> 01:29:53,600
The scene becomes increasingly 
chaotic as The Hunting Party 

1759
01:29:53,600 --> 01:29:56,300
tries to separate themselves 
from their rabbit admirers. 

1760
01:29:57,300 --> 01:29:59,600
Some of the officers are 
literally having to pick rabbits

1761
01:29:59,600 --> 01:30:02,500
off themselves and set them down
before climbing into carriages, 

1762
01:30:02,500 --> 01:30:05,600
others are trying to create 
barriers to keep the rabbits 

1763
01:30:05,600 --> 01:30:08,700
from following them. 
Napoleon finally makes it to his

1764
01:30:08,700 --> 01:30:11,400
Carriage probably with less 
Grace than he's used to 

1765
01:30:11,408 --> 01:30:14,700
displaying in public. 
The Coachman, who was never 

1766
01:30:14,700 --> 01:30:17,900
dealt with a rabbit Siege before
his doing his best, to keep the 

1767
01:30:17,900 --> 01:30:19,800
rabbits from climbing onto the 
carriage itself. 

1768
01:30:20,700 --> 01:30:23,300
Some of the more athletic 
rabbits are actually managing to

1769
01:30:23,300 --> 01:30:25,600
hop onto the running boards and 
peer into the windows. 

1770
01:30:26,300 --> 01:30:29,400
As you drift off tonight. 
Imagine Napoleon sitting in his 

1771
01:30:29,400 --> 01:30:32,200
Carriage looking out at a field 
full of rabbits. 

1772
01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:35,300
You were probably wondering why 
their new human friends are 

1773
01:30:35,300 --> 01:30:37,800
leaving and trying to figure out
how he's going to explain the 

1774
01:30:37,800 --> 01:30:40,600
matter to anyone. 
The carriage ride back to malm, 

1775
01:30:40,600 --> 01:30:43,500
is probably one of the most 
awkward Journeys in Napoleon's 

1776
01:30:43,500 --> 01:30:46,400
life. 
Here he is the Emperor France 

1777
01:30:46,400 --> 01:30:49,300
fresh from one of the most 
embarrassing defeats in military

1778
01:30:49,300 --> 01:30:52,700
history and he has to sit there 
with rabbit first till clinging 

1779
01:30:52,700 --> 01:30:54,800
to his coat while pretending 
that what just happened. 

1780
01:30:54,800 --> 01:30:57,700
Was somehow normal. 
You can imagine the silence in 

1781
01:30:57,700 --> 01:31:00,200
that Carriage. 
How do you address the situation

1782
01:31:00,200 --> 01:31:03,100
after being unexpectedly? 
Overrun by a group of domestic. 

1783
01:31:03,100 --> 01:31:05,600
Rabbits. 
How might one present that in a 

1784
01:31:05,600 --> 01:31:07,800
way that appears impressive 
rather than absurd? 

1785
01:31:08,500 --> 01:31:12,300
Napoleon who typically possesses
a welfare of words, like he 

1786
01:31:12,300 --> 01:31:15,100
spends the entire Journey at 
tempting to contextualize This 

1787
01:31:15,100 --> 01:31:17,600
Disaster. 
The other carriages are dealing 

1788
01:31:17,600 --> 01:31:19,400
with their own Orchard 
situations. 

1789
01:31:19,400 --> 01:31:22,000
These are high ranking military 
officers, and government 

1790
01:31:22,000 --> 01:31:24,200
officials who have just 
experienced something that 

1791
01:31:24,200 --> 01:31:27,500
defies all their training and 
experience, They've been in 

1792
01:31:27,500 --> 01:31:30,800
battles, they've negotiated 
trees, and they've dealt with 

1793
01:31:30,800 --> 01:31:33,600
political crises, but none of 
that prepared them for being 

1794
01:31:33,600 --> 01:31:35,700
climbed on by overly friendly 
farm animals. 

1795
01:31:36,500 --> 01:31:39,400
Some officers may be joking to 
lighten the mood, but what do 

1796
01:31:39,400 --> 01:31:41,900
you joke about when rabbits have
just defeated your Emperor? 

1797
01:31:41,900 --> 01:31:45,500
Others are maintaining a 
dignified silence pretending 

1798
01:31:45,500 --> 01:31:47,000
that nothing unusual has 
happened. 

1799
01:31:47,000 --> 01:31:49,900
A few are probably already 
trying to figure out how to tell

1800
01:31:49,900 --> 01:31:53,200
the story to their wives without
sounding completely insane. 

1801
01:31:54,200 --> 01:31:57,200
Meanwhile, back at the hunting 
grounds, but yeah, is left to 

1802
01:31:57,200 --> 01:32:00,400
deal with the aftermath but a 
must decide how to handle the 

1803
01:32:00,400 --> 01:32:02,100
hundreds of rabbits roaming. 
The estate. 

1804
01:32:02,100 --> 01:32:05,100
He can't just leave them there. 
They're not wild rabbits. 

1805
01:32:05,100 --> 01:32:08,100
So they don't know how to 
survive on their own, but he 

1806
01:32:08,100 --> 01:32:11,200
also can't exactly round them 
all up and return them to their 

1807
01:32:11,200 --> 01:32:14,200
original owners because that 
would require admitting what 

1808
01:32:14,200 --> 01:32:17,000
happened. 
The estate staff is probably 

1809
01:32:17,000 --> 01:32:19,700
having the strangest day of 
their careers, the 

1810
01:32:19,700 --> 01:32:22,500
groundskeepers who are expecting
to help with a normal Hunting 

1811
01:32:22,500 --> 01:32:25,500
Party and now dealing with a 
rapid population explosion. 

1812
01:32:26,200 --> 01:32:29,200
The stable hands are trying to 
calm down horses who are still 

1813
01:32:29,200 --> 01:32:32,600
spooked by the mornings events. 
Everyone is attempting to 

1814
01:32:32,600 --> 01:32:35,100
restore some semblance of 
normalcy to the once peaceful 

1815
01:32:35,100 --> 01:32:38,300
country estate. 
Word of the rabbit incident 

1816
01:32:38,300 --> 01:32:41,400
starts spreading almost 
immediately, despite everyone's 

1817
01:32:41,400 --> 01:32:44,900
best efforts to keep it quiet. 
Servants talk to other servants.

1818
01:32:44,900 --> 01:32:48,400
Coachmen share stories with 
other Coachman and pretty soon. 

1819
01:32:48,400 --> 01:32:51,000
The tail is making its way 
through the Social Circle of 

1820
01:32:51,000 --> 01:32:54,000
Paris. 
Stories, that spread aren't 

1821
01:32:54,000 --> 01:32:56,000
exactly accurate. 
There are embellished 

1822
01:32:56,000 --> 01:32:59,800
exaggerated and twisted into 
something, even more ridiculous 

1823
01:32:59,800 --> 01:33:03,500
than what actually happened. 
Meanwhile, Napoleon grapples 

1824
01:33:03,500 --> 01:33:04,900
with a crisis of public 
relations. 

1825
01:33:04,900 --> 01:33:08,700
Napoleon has established his 
reputation by being Invincible. 

1826
01:33:08,700 --> 01:33:12,800
Mastering every situation and 
never letting anyone catch him 

1827
01:33:12,800 --> 01:33:14,900
off guard. 
The idea that he could be 

1828
01:33:14,900 --> 01:33:18,400
defeated by a bunch of rabbits, 
is exactly the kind of story 

1829
01:33:18,400 --> 01:33:21,100
that his political enemies would
love to spread around Europe. 

1830
01:33:21,100 --> 01:33:24,200
The official version of events 
that emerges is carefully, 

1831
01:33:24,200 --> 01:33:27,000
sanitized. 
The hunting party was successful

1832
01:33:27,000 --> 01:33:29,900
and enjoyable, the emperor 
demonstrated his excellent 

1833
01:33:29,900 --> 01:33:33,200
Marksmanship and everyone had a 
thoroughly Imperial time. 

1834
01:33:33,200 --> 01:33:36,800
Any mention of rabbits behaving 
unusually as carefully omitted 

1835
01:33:36,800 --> 01:33:40,400
from the official records, but 
you can't completely suppress a 

1836
01:33:40,400 --> 01:33:42,600
story. 
This good Whispers and private 

1837
01:33:42,600 --> 01:33:45,200
letters circulate the rabbit 
incident as a historical 

1838
01:33:45,200 --> 01:33:48,600
anecdote Military Officers. 
Tell the story to their friends,

1839
01:33:48,600 --> 01:33:52,000
government officials, share it 
with their families and 

1840
01:33:52,000 --> 01:33:53,100
gradually. 
It becomes part of The 

1841
01:33:53,100 --> 01:33:57,500
Unofficial history of Napoleon's
reign, The irony lies in the 

1842
01:33:57,500 --> 01:34:00,600
fact that this absurd rabbit 
defeat occurs during the 

1843
01:34:00,600 --> 01:34:04,200
Pinnacle of Napoleon's power. 
He's just negotiated the Treaty 

1844
01:34:04,200 --> 01:34:06,900
of tilsit. 
He controls most of Europe and 

1845
01:34:06,900 --> 01:34:08,800
he's at the peak of his 
political and Military 

1846
01:34:08,800 --> 01:34:11,600
influence. 
However, he finds himself 

1847
01:34:11,600 --> 01:34:15,100
completely powerless against a 
group of domestic, rabbits who 

1848
01:34:15,100 --> 01:34:19,300
merely seek food and affection 
years later when Napoleon is in 

1849
01:34:19,300 --> 01:34:22,700
Exile on Saint Helena. 
He probably has plenty of time 

1850
01:34:22,700 --> 01:34:24,300
to reflect on the rapid 
incident. 

1851
01:34:24,300 --> 01:34:27,700
The story becomes, increasingly 
humorous, over time and 

1852
01:34:27,700 --> 01:34:31,200
distance, yet it all serves as a
poignant illustration of how 

1853
01:34:31,200 --> 01:34:33,700
even the most powerful 
individuals can succumb to 

1854
01:34:33,700 --> 01:34:36,900
unforeseen circumstances. 
Bertier. 

1855
01:34:36,900 --> 01:34:40,600
Meanwhile, learns a valuable 
lesson about the importance of 

1856
01:34:40,600 --> 01:34:43,900
understanding your resources, 
his successfully managed 

1857
01:34:43,900 --> 01:34:46,800
military logistics for some of 
the most complex campaigns in 

1858
01:34:46,800 --> 01:34:49,500
European history. 
But his failure to distinguish 

1859
01:34:49,500 --> 01:34:53,100
between wild and domestic 
rabbits as led to his defeat. 

1860
01:34:53,100 --> 01:34:57,000
It's probably not a mistake 
he'll ever make again, the 

1861
01:34:57,000 --> 01:34:59,700
rabbits themselves have had 
their brief moment of his 

1862
01:34:59,700 --> 01:35:02,000
historical. 
Significant are eventually 

1863
01:35:02,000 --> 01:35:04,400
rounded up and returned to more 
conventional lives. 

1864
01:35:05,200 --> 01:35:07,100
Some probably end up back on 
farms. 

1865
01:35:07,100 --> 01:35:10,200
Others might be relocated to 
areas where they can live more 

1866
01:35:10,200 --> 01:35:13,800
naturally. 
But for one morning in 1807, 

1867
01:35:13,800 --> 01:35:17,400
they were the most important 
creatures in France as you 

1868
01:35:17,400 --> 01:35:20,000
settle in for the night. 
Think about how this story 

1869
01:35:20,000 --> 01:35:23,200
reveals something essential 
about human nature, no matter 

1870
01:35:23,200 --> 01:35:26,300
how powerful or important, we 
become we're all just one 

1871
01:35:26,300 --> 01:35:28,700
encounter with unexpected, 
rabbits away from looking 

1872
01:35:28,700 --> 01:35:31,400
completely ridiculous. 
The beautiful thing about 

1873
01:35:31,400 --> 01:35:34,800
Napoleon's rabbit, incident is 
how it perfectly captures the 

1874
01:35:34,800 --> 01:35:38,900
absurdity that lurks beneath all
human pretension here, we have 

1875
01:35:38,900 --> 01:35:42,000
the most powerful man in Europe.
Someone who has literally 

1876
01:35:42,000 --> 01:35:45,800
reshaped the political landscape
of an entire continent and he's 

1877
01:35:45,800 --> 01:35:48,300
brought down by creatures. 
Most people consider suitable 

1878
01:35:48,300 --> 01:35:53,000
for children to zoos Stories 
continued survival, despite 

1879
01:35:53,000 --> 01:35:56,300
everyone's best efforts to 
suppress it adds to its Delight.

1880
01:35:57,100 --> 01:35:59,700
Napoleon's government certainly 
didn't want this story getting 

1881
01:35:59,700 --> 01:36:03,100
out and most of the participants
probably preferred not to talk 

1882
01:36:03,100 --> 01:36:06,400
about their morning being 
overwhelmed by farm animals, but

1883
01:36:06,400 --> 01:36:08,600
the story was simply too good to
stay buried. 

1884
01:36:09,600 --> 01:36:12,300
Over the years, the rabbit 
incident has taken on a life of 

1885
01:36:12,308 --> 01:36:15,700
its own each telling, like all 
good, historical anecdotes 

1886
01:36:15,700 --> 01:36:17,700
embellishes and exaggerates the 
story. 

1887
01:36:18,700 --> 01:36:21,600
And certain Renditions, 
thousands of rabbits, completely

1888
01:36:21,600 --> 01:36:24,000
overwhelmed, Napoleon in other 
versions. 

1889
01:36:24,000 --> 01:36:26,900
The rapid attack actually. 
Injures in Napoleon some 

1890
01:36:26,900 --> 01:36:29,700
stories, claim, the Rapids were 
deliberately released as part of

1891
01:36:29,700 --> 01:36:32,500
a practical joke, While others 
suggest they were trained to 

1892
01:36:32,500 --> 01:36:34,300
attack rabbits deployed by his 
enemies. 

1893
01:36:35,200 --> 01:36:38,800
Truth, as you now know, is both 
more mundane and more amusing 

1894
01:36:38,800 --> 01:36:41,700
than the legends. 
It wasn't thousands of rabbits, 

1895
01:36:41,700 --> 01:36:44,500
and they weren't trying to 
attack anyone who was simply a 

1896
01:36:44,500 --> 01:36:47,000
case of domestic rabbits 
behaving, like domestic rabbits,

1897
01:36:47,000 --> 01:36:50,400
treating humans as sources of 
food and comfort, rather than as

1898
01:36:50,400 --> 01:36:53,700
predators to be avoided, that 
the story endures because it 

1899
01:36:53,700 --> 01:36:56,500
reveals something important 
about power and Human Nature. 

1900
01:36:57,600 --> 01:37:00,700
Napoleon dedicated the majority 
of his career to demonstrating 

1901
01:37:00,700 --> 01:37:03,500
his ability to mount any 
challenge through his unwavering

1902
01:37:03,500 --> 01:37:07,000
determination, strategic 
planning and exceptional 

1903
01:37:07,000 --> 01:37:10,900
organizational skills. 
He defeated armies conquered 

1904
01:37:10,900 --> 01:37:13,900
Nations and rewrote the laws of 
entire societies. 

1905
01:37:13,900 --> 01:37:16,900
However, he was unable to 
overcome a group of hungry, 

1906
01:37:16,900 --> 01:37:19,600
rabbits, there's something 
deeply, satisfying about this 

1907
01:37:19,600 --> 01:37:22,200
story, especially for those of 
us who sometimes feel 

1908
01:37:22,200 --> 01:37:24,700
overwhelmed by the ordinary 
challenges of daily life. 

1909
01:37:25,500 --> 01:37:28,500
If rabbits can defeat Napoleon 
Bonaparte, perhaps our own minor

1910
01:37:28,500 --> 01:37:31,500
setbacks don't carry such a 
barratts, maybe getting 

1911
01:37:31,500 --> 01:37:34,800
flustered by a technology 
problem or being outwitted by a 

1912
01:37:34,800 --> 01:37:37,800
household, pet, or failing to 
assemble a piece of furniture 

1913
01:37:37,800 --> 01:37:39,800
properly, puts us, in pretty 
good company. 

1914
01:37:41,400 --> 01:37:44,100
The rabbit incidental highlights
the importance of understanding 

1915
01:37:44,100 --> 01:37:48,000
your resources and your 
environment. 30A was an 

1916
01:37:48,000 --> 01:37:50,500
excellent organizer. 
But he fell to ask the right 

1917
01:37:50,500 --> 01:37:52,500
questions about the rabbits he 
was acquiring. 

1918
01:37:52,500 --> 01:37:56,300
He focused on quantity rather 
than quality and he didn't 

1919
01:37:56,300 --> 01:37:58,800
consider how the rabbits 
background might affect their 

1920
01:37:58,800 --> 01:38:01,100
behavior. 
It's a lesson that applies to 

1921
01:38:01,108 --> 01:38:04,200
everything from military 
campaigns to dinner parties, The

1922
01:38:04,200 --> 01:38:07,900
Details Matter and assumptions 
can be dangerous. modern 

1923
01:38:07,900 --> 01:38:11,000
historians have used the rabbit 
story as an example of how even 

1924
01:38:11,000 --> 01:38:13,200
the most carefully planned 
events can go wrong in 

1925
01:38:13,200 --> 01:38:16,600
unexpected ways, it's become a 
case study in the limits of 

1926
01:38:16,608 --> 01:38:20,500
control and the importance of 
contingency planning, Military 

1927
01:38:20,500 --> 01:38:22,500
Academy. 
Sometimes use it as humorous, 

1928
01:38:22,500 --> 01:38:25,300
example of how intelligence 
gathering should include 

1929
01:38:25,300 --> 01:38:29,100
seemingly trivial details. 
The story has been a favorite 

1930
01:38:29,100 --> 01:38:31,100
among those who study the 
psychology of power. 

1931
01:38:32,700 --> 01:38:35,900
Napoleon's reaction to the 
rabbit incident, his apparent 

1932
01:38:35,900 --> 01:38:39,500
inability to laugh at himself. 
His focus on damage control 

1933
01:38:39,500 --> 01:38:42,200
rather than enjoying the 
absurdity revealed. 

1934
01:38:42,200 --> 01:38:44,700
Something about how absolute 
power can make people lose their

1935
01:38:44,700 --> 01:38:47,900
sense of humor about themselves.
But the rabbit incidents. 

1936
01:38:47,900 --> 01:38:52,300
Most lasting lesson is that life
is unpredictable and absurd, no 

1937
01:38:52,300 --> 01:38:54,100
matter who you are, or how 
powerful you are. 

1938
01:38:54,900 --> 01:38:57,500
Napoleon could plan brilliant 
military campaigns and 

1939
01:38:57,500 --> 01:39:00,800
reorganizing entire legal 
systems but he couldn't play for

1940
01:39:00,800 --> 01:39:02,700
the possibility. 
That hundreds of domestic 

1941
01:39:02,700 --> 01:39:05,400
rabbits would mistake him for 
their favorite farmer. 

1942
01:39:05,400 --> 01:39:08,700
The Raptors, of course, were 
completely innocent in all this,

1943
01:39:08,700 --> 01:39:12,000
it would just being rabbits 
following their instincts and 

1944
01:39:12,000 --> 01:39:15,300
their training. 
They saw humans and expected 

1945
01:39:15,300 --> 01:39:18,600
food and attention just as 
they'd been conditioned to 

1946
01:39:18,600 --> 01:39:21,800
expect throughout their lives 
from their perspective. 

1947
01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:24,500
The humans were the ones 
behaving strangely by running 

1948
01:39:24,500 --> 01:39:26,400
away. 
Instead of providing the 

1949
01:39:26,400 --> 01:39:30,500
expected carrots and lettuce. 
In the end, the rabbit incident 

1950
01:39:30,500 --> 01:39:33,500
becomes a perfect metaphor for 
the gap between our plans, and 

1951
01:39:33,500 --> 01:39:36,600
reality between our self-image 
and how the world actually 

1952
01:39:36,600 --> 01:39:39,500
works. 
Napoleon saw himself as the 

1953
01:39:39,500 --> 01:39:42,900
master of Europe, but the rabbit
saw him as a potential source of

1954
01:39:42,908 --> 01:39:46,300
breakfast. 
Both perspectives were valid but

1955
01:39:46,300 --> 01:39:48,600
only one of them was prepared 
for what actually happened that 

1956
01:39:48,600 --> 01:39:51,300
morning. 
As you drift off to sleep 

1957
01:39:51,300 --> 01:39:54,500
tonight, remember that, no 
matter how important our plan 

1958
01:39:54,500 --> 01:39:57,600
seemed to us somewhere, there 
are rabbits who have their ideas

1959
01:39:57,600 --> 01:40:00,900
about how things should work. 
And sometimes, just sometimes 

1960
01:40:00,900 --> 01:40:07,600
the rabbits win. 
Picture this. your settling in 

1961
01:40:07,600 --> 01:40:11,200
for the night, maybe with a warm
cup of something comforting and 

1962
01:40:11,200 --> 01:40:14,700
someone asks you to imagine 
ancient Italy Not the Italy of 

1963
01:40:14,700 --> 01:40:17,500
pasta and espresso, wouldn't 
that be nice. 

1964
01:40:17,500 --> 01:40:21,100
But a wild Untamed place where 
every Hill might hide. 

1965
01:40:21,100 --> 01:40:23,000
A god, having a particularly 
dramatic day. 

1966
01:40:24,200 --> 01:40:27,900
Our Story begins with Mars, the 
God of War who apparently had 

1967
01:40:27,900 --> 01:40:30,900
nothing better to do than full 
head over sandals for a young 

1968
01:40:30,900 --> 01:40:34,700
woman named Rhea Silvia, Now Ria
wasn't just anyone. 

1969
01:40:34,700 --> 01:40:38,400
She was a Vestal Virgin which 
meant she'd taken a sacred vow 

1970
01:40:38,400 --> 01:40:41,000
to stay single and tend the 
eternal flame in the temple. 

1971
01:40:41,000 --> 01:40:44,500
Imagine it as the most stringent
employment agreement in the 

1972
01:40:44,500 --> 01:40:48,000
ancient world, where violating 
it could result in death rather 

1973
01:40:48,000 --> 01:40:52,100
than mere termination. but Gods,
as you've probably noticed if 

1974
01:40:52,100 --> 01:40:54,800
you've ever read mythology, 
aren't particularly good at 

1975
01:40:54,800 --> 01:40:58,700
respecting human rules, Mars 
swept down from his Celestial 

1976
01:40:58,700 --> 01:41:01,500
perch like a Divine hurricane 
and before you could say 

1977
01:41:01,500 --> 01:41:05,400
workplace harassment complaint 
rear found herself pregnant with

1978
01:41:05,400 --> 01:41:08,400
twins. 
The event created what ancient 

1979
01:41:08,400 --> 01:41:11,000
Romans might have called a 
situation though. 

1980
01:41:11,000 --> 01:41:15,400
They probably used more colorful
language king of nulease Uncle 

1981
01:41:15,400 --> 01:41:17,400
and the current ruler was 
understandably pleased. 

1982
01:41:17,400 --> 01:41:20,800
He'd already stolen the throne 
from his brother and wasn't keen

1983
01:41:20,800 --> 01:41:23,700
on potential heirs popping up to
complicate his retirement plans.

1984
01:41:24,900 --> 01:41:27,800
When the Twins were born to 
healthy boys, who would someday 

1985
01:41:27,800 --> 01:41:30,900
be called Romulus and Remus 
emulous made the kind of 

1986
01:41:30,900 --> 01:41:34,200
executive decision that makes 
modern corporate restructuring. 

1987
01:41:34,200 --> 01:41:37,200
Look gentle, he ordered the 
babies to be thrown into the 

1988
01:41:37,200 --> 01:41:39,700
Tiber River. 
Now, if this were a modern story

1989
01:41:39,700 --> 01:41:41,400
we'd call Child Protective 
Services. 

1990
01:41:42,500 --> 01:41:45,700
The setting was ancient Rome 
where Rivers were apparently 

1991
01:41:45,700 --> 01:41:48,600
considered acceptable 
babysitters and wolves had 

1992
01:41:48,600 --> 01:41:50,500
better parenting skills than 
most humans. 

1993
01:41:52,000 --> 01:41:53,900
The servant tasked with this 
Grim Duty. 

1994
01:41:53,900 --> 01:41:56,300
Let's call him reluctant middle 
management. 

1995
01:41:57,200 --> 01:42:00,400
Place the babies in a basket and
set them, afloat, probably 

1996
01:42:00,400 --> 01:42:03,100
hoping someone up River would 
fish them out and wondering if 

1997
01:42:03,100 --> 01:42:05,900
his job description had always 
included in fantasy side. 

1998
01:42:06,600 --> 01:42:09,600
The Tiber swollen with spring 
rains, carried the basket. 

1999
01:42:09,600 --> 01:42:11,500
Downstream like Nature's, only 
lazy river. 

2000
01:42:12,200 --> 01:42:16,000
Except considerably less fun. 
And with much higher Stakes, you

2001
01:42:16,000 --> 01:42:17,500
can imagine the baby's bobbing 
along. 

2002
01:42:17,500 --> 01:42:19,900
Probably thinking, this wasn't 
quite the welcome to the world. 

2003
01:42:19,900 --> 01:42:23,000
They'd been expecting though, at
their age, their concerns were 

2004
01:42:23,000 --> 01:42:26,100
likely limited to warmth food 
and Dry Diapers. 

2005
01:42:26,100 --> 01:42:29,100
None of which a river provides 
particularly. 

2006
01:42:29,100 --> 01:42:32,400
Well, the basket, eventually 
washed ashore near the base of 

2007
01:42:32,408 --> 01:42:35,900
the Palatine Hill in a spot 
where a fig tree cast dappled 

2008
01:42:35,900 --> 01:42:40,000
Shadows on the muddy Bank. 
This is the pivotal moment in 

2009
01:42:40,000 --> 01:42:42,800
our story as it seems. 
The gods were not yet done 

2010
01:42:42,800 --> 01:42:45,700
intervening. 
She Wolf probably out for her 

2011
01:42:45,700 --> 01:42:47,700
morning. 
Constitutional discovered the 

2012
01:42:47,700 --> 01:42:50,200
crying infants and made a 
decision that would echo through

2013
01:42:50,200 --> 01:42:52,400
history, instead of seeing 
breakfast. 

2014
01:42:52,400 --> 01:42:56,600
She saw babies in need this wolf
and you have to admire her 

2015
01:42:56,600 --> 01:42:59,100
maternal, instincts began, 
nursing the twins as if they 

2016
01:42:59,100 --> 01:43:03,000
were her Cubs picture. 
This scene two human babies 

2017
01:43:03,000 --> 01:43:04,800
being raised by a wolf under a 
fig tree. 

2018
01:43:04,800 --> 01:43:08,000
Like some sort of ancient 
daycare center run by wildlife. 

2019
01:43:08,900 --> 01:43:11,200
Is the kind of image that makes?
You wonder if maybe we've been 

2020
01:43:11,208 --> 01:43:14,900
overthinking childcare all these
centuries, the twins thrived 

2021
01:43:14,900 --> 01:43:17,600
under their unconventional, 
upbringing growing strong on 

2022
01:43:17,600 --> 01:43:19,800
Wolf's milk and whatever else 
they're adoptive mother. 

2023
01:43:19,800 --> 01:43:21,900
Could provide they learned to 
crawl. 

2024
01:43:21,900 --> 01:43:24,800
Among the roots of the Fig Tree 
to understand the language of 

2025
01:43:24,800 --> 01:43:27,000
the wild and to see the world 
through eyes. 

2026
01:43:27,000 --> 01:43:29,000
That knew no fear of Beast or 
storm. 

2027
01:43:29,900 --> 01:43:31,700
In many ways. 
They were getting an education. 

2028
01:43:31,700 --> 01:43:35,400
No, Roman school could provide. 
Though, it was probably lacking 

2029
01:43:35,400 --> 01:43:38,500
in mathematics and rhetoric. 
This Arrangement could have 

2030
01:43:38,508 --> 01:43:41,700
persisted indefinitely 
establishing the world's first, 

2031
01:43:41,700 --> 01:43:45,300
truly alternative family 
structure, but Destiny had other

2032
01:43:45,300 --> 01:43:48,300
intentions as often happens in 
the best stories. 

2033
01:43:48,300 --> 01:43:51,300
Just when you think, you know 
where things are heading a 

2034
01:43:51,300 --> 01:43:53,900
Shepherd, appears over the hill 
and everything changes. 

2035
01:43:53,900 --> 01:43:56,900
Once again, Faust Julius was the
kind of Shepherd who paid 

2036
01:43:56,900 --> 01:43:59,300
attention to things that were 
not strictly his concerned, 

2037
01:43:59,300 --> 01:44:01,900
which is either admirable 
curiosity or professional 

2038
01:44:01,900 --> 01:44:03,900
nosiness depending on your 
perspective. 

2039
01:44:04,900 --> 01:44:07,800
On this particular morning as he
guided his flock toward better 

2040
01:44:07,800 --> 01:44:09,900
grazing. 
He spotted something that made 

2041
01:44:09,900 --> 01:44:12,900
him stop dead in his tracks. 
And in the shepherd business 

2042
01:44:12,900 --> 01:44:14,500
stopping when you should be 
moving. 

2043
01:44:14,500 --> 01:44:17,400
Usually, means you've seen 
something worth investigating or

2044
01:44:17,400 --> 01:44:19,100
you're about to become something
else is breakfast. 

2045
01:44:19,100 --> 01:44:22,900
What he saw was a she wolf from 
nursing to human babies under a 

2046
01:44:22,900 --> 01:44:25,100
fig tree. 
Which even by ancient Roman 

2047
01:44:25,100 --> 01:44:27,500
standards was unusual enough to 
Warrant a second look. 

2048
01:44:28,600 --> 01:44:31,600
Most people finding themselves 
witness to such a scene, might 

2049
01:44:31,600 --> 01:44:33,900
have backed away slowly and 
reconsidered their breakfast 

2050
01:44:33,900 --> 01:44:37,600
choices, but Foust possessed, 
that particular mixture of 

2051
01:44:37,608 --> 01:44:40,500
courage and poor judgment. 
That drives people to adopt 

2052
01:44:40,500 --> 01:44:43,600
stray animals and investigate 
strange noises in the basement. 

2053
01:44:44,600 --> 01:44:47,200
He approached carefully not 
because he was afraid of the 

2054
01:44:47,200 --> 01:44:50,200
wolf mind you but because 
interrupting a nursing mother of

2055
01:44:50,200 --> 01:44:52,900
any species tends to end badly 
for all involved. 

2056
01:44:53,900 --> 01:44:57,300
The wolf, the sensing that her 
unconventional Child Care 

2057
01:44:57,300 --> 01:45:00,700
Arrangement was about to be 
discovered, looked up at Faustus

2058
01:45:00,700 --> 01:45:02,900
with the kind of steady gaze 
that suggested. 

2059
01:45:02,900 --> 01:45:05,900
She was evaluating whether he 
represented help or hindrance 

2060
01:45:07,000 --> 01:45:09,200
What happened? 
Next depends on which version of

2061
01:45:09,200 --> 01:45:12,500
the story you prefer. 
Some say, the wolf simply walked

2062
01:45:12,500 --> 01:45:14,100
away. 
Her Duty done. 

2063
01:45:14,100 --> 01:45:16,700
Like a Divine babysitter, whose 
shifted ended. 

2064
01:45:17,400 --> 01:45:20,300
Others claimed she adopted 
frostless too, which would have 

2065
01:45:20,300 --> 01:45:22,100
made for interesting dinner 
conversations. 

2066
01:45:22,800 --> 01:45:25,700
Most practical version suggests 
that wolf and Shepherd, reach 

2067
01:45:25,700 --> 01:45:29,300
some sort of understanding. 
The kind of wordless negotiation

2068
01:45:29,300 --> 01:45:31,800
that happens between adults who 
suddenly find themselves 

2069
01:45:31,800 --> 01:45:34,500
responsible for children. 
Neither of them had planned for 

2070
01:45:35,400 --> 01:45:39,000
Vastu gathered up the twins, 
probably wondering how he was 

2071
01:45:39,000 --> 01:45:40,400
going to explain this to his 
wife. 

2072
01:45:40,400 --> 01:45:44,900
Accelerant you can imagine him 
practicing the conversation 

2073
01:45:44,900 --> 01:45:48,300
during the walk home. 
Honey, you know how we always 

2074
01:45:48,300 --> 01:45:51,200
talked about having children. 
Well, funny story. 

2075
01:45:52,100 --> 01:45:54,700
Most wives might have questions 
about babies appearing out of 

2076
01:45:54,708 --> 01:45:56,800
nowhere, but AKA bless her 
practical. 

2077
01:45:56,800 --> 01:45:59,800
Heart took one. 
Look at the healthy wolf raised,

2078
01:45:59,800 --> 01:46:02,800
infants, and apparently decided 
that origin stories were less 

2079
01:46:02,800 --> 01:46:06,600
important than died for Duty. 
The couple raised Romulus and 

2080
01:46:06,600 --> 01:46:09,300
Remus as their sons though, they
could not quite hide. 

2081
01:46:09,300 --> 01:46:11,300
The fact that these boys were 
different from the average 

2082
01:46:11,300 --> 01:46:14,200
Shepherds children. 
For one thing they grew like 

2083
01:46:14,200 --> 01:46:19,000
weeds in a rainy season, tall, 
strong and seemingly immune to 

2084
01:46:19,000 --> 01:46:21,600
the normal childhood ailments 
that kept other parents up at 

2085
01:46:21,600 --> 01:46:24,200
night. 
For another, they displayed a 

2086
01:46:24,200 --> 01:46:26,500
natural confidence that 
suggested they'd never learned 

2087
01:46:26,500 --> 01:46:29,300
to be afraid of anything, which 
was either inspiring or 

2088
01:46:29,300 --> 01:46:32,000
concerning, depending on your 
parenting philosophy. 

2089
01:46:33,100 --> 01:46:35,800
The twins learned the shepherd's
trade, but they approached it 

2090
01:46:35,800 --> 01:46:38,200
with the kind of innovation that
comes from Thinking Outside 

2091
01:46:38,200 --> 01:46:41,100
traditional boundaries. 
While other young men were 

2092
01:46:41,100 --> 01:46:44,100
content to follow established 
grazing routes and time on at 

2093
01:46:44,100 --> 01:46:46,300
methods of flock, management 
Romulus. 

2094
01:46:46,300 --> 01:46:49,100
And Remus seemed to view the 
entire landscape as their 

2095
01:46:49,100 --> 01:46:52,200
personal domain. 
They knew every cave and stream 

2096
01:46:52,200 --> 01:46:55,800
within miles could track any 
animal through the hills and had

2097
01:46:55,800 --> 01:46:58,700
an uncanny ability to sense 
trouble before it arrived. 

2098
01:46:59,600 --> 01:47:02,500
This last skill, proved 
particularly useful because the 

2099
01:47:02,500 --> 01:47:05,700
hills around their home, were 
not exactly what you'd call a 

2100
01:47:05,700 --> 01:47:08,800
peaceful suburb. 
Bandits roamed the area like 

2101
01:47:08,800 --> 01:47:12,100
ancient Highway robbers except 
the highways were mostly goat 

2102
01:47:12,100 --> 01:47:15,500
paths and the robbery often 
involves stealing entire flocks 

2103
01:47:15,500 --> 01:47:19,100
rather than just wallets Bandits
had grown comfortable in their 

2104
01:47:19,100 --> 01:47:21,400
profession. 
Operating with the confidence of

2105
01:47:21,400 --> 01:47:23,400
people who'd never met serious 
opposition. 

2106
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:25,700
They were about to learn that 
confidence. 

2107
01:47:25,700 --> 01:47:28,400
Can be a fragile thing 
especially when it encounters 

2108
01:47:28,400 --> 01:47:30,800
two young men who'd been raised 
by wolves and taught by 

2109
01:47:30,808 --> 01:47:34,100
Shepherds who understood that 
protecting your flock sometimes 

2110
01:47:34,100 --> 01:47:38,100
required, more than just a Stern
talking to The twins began 

2111
01:47:38,100 --> 01:47:41,100
organizing, the local Shepherds 
and to something resembling a 

2112
01:47:41,100 --> 01:47:43,700
neighborhood watch program. 
If neighborhood watch programs 

2113
01:47:43,700 --> 01:47:47,100
involved, strategic ambushes and
the kind of justice that doesn't

2114
01:47:47,100 --> 01:47:50,400
require paperwork. 
They turned Bandit hunting into 

2115
01:47:50,400 --> 01:47:53,400
something approaching an art 
form using their knowledge of 

2116
01:47:53,400 --> 01:47:55,900
the train and their wolf taught 
instincts to outmaneuver 

2117
01:47:55,900 --> 01:47:58,100
criminals who've grown lazy from
Easy victory. 

2118
01:47:59,300 --> 01:48:01,700
Word of their success. 
Fred through the hills like 

2119
01:48:01,700 --> 01:48:05,400
smoke from a well-tended fire 
and soon people were traveling 

2120
01:48:05,400 --> 01:48:08,800
considerable distance is just to
see these young men who made the

2121
01:48:08,800 --> 01:48:12,000
roads safely again. 
Some visitors came seeking 

2122
01:48:12,000 --> 01:48:14,200
protection. 
Others hoping to join their 

2123
01:48:14,200 --> 01:48:16,900
group and a few simply wanted to
hear the stories that were 

2124
01:48:16,900 --> 01:48:21,000
already growing in the telling 
the success as anyone who's ever

2125
01:48:21,000 --> 01:48:24,000
had a particularly excellent 
year at work knows as a way of 

2126
01:48:24,000 --> 01:48:27,000
attracting the wrong, kind of 
attention, you know how it is 

2127
01:48:27,000 --> 01:48:29,100
when you're doing something well
and word gets around. 

2128
01:48:29,100 --> 01:48:32,500
Suddenly, everyone wants a piece
of Your Action, including 

2129
01:48:32,500 --> 01:48:34,700
people, you'd rather not meet in
a well-lit place. 

2130
01:48:34,700 --> 01:48:39,500
Let alone a dark alley. 
King of Mulan himself had heard 

2131
01:48:39,500 --> 01:48:42,100
about the twins reputation for 
dealing with Bandits. 

2132
01:48:42,100 --> 01:48:46,400
Now Amelia was the sort of ruler
who preferred his subjects to be

2133
01:48:46,400 --> 01:48:47,900
grateful for what ever 
protection. 

2134
01:48:47,900 --> 01:48:51,200
He provided which in Practical 
terms meant very little 

2135
01:48:51,200 --> 01:48:54,200
protection but considerable 
taxation for the privilege. 

2136
01:48:54,900 --> 01:48:57,400
The idea that two young 
shepherds were handling security

2137
01:48:57,400 --> 01:49:00,600
better than his forces was not 
the kind of news that improved 

2138
01:49:00,600 --> 01:49:04,000
his mood during breakfast. 
But emelius had bigger problems 

2139
01:49:04,000 --> 01:49:07,600
than freelance law enforcement. 
His brother named or one. 

2140
01:49:07,600 --> 01:49:10,700
He'd overthrow years early was 
still alive and still had 

2141
01:49:10,700 --> 01:49:13,500
supporters who remembered when 
the kingdom had been run by 

2142
01:49:13,500 --> 01:49:16,100
someone who actually cared about
effective governance. 

2143
01:49:17,000 --> 01:49:19,500
These supporters had an annoying
habit of pointing out, the 

2144
01:49:19,500 --> 01:49:22,200
numerals rule had been marked by
prosperity in Justice. 

2145
01:49:23,000 --> 01:49:25,500
While Amelia's is 10 year was 
more notable for Creative 

2146
01:49:25,500 --> 01:49:28,600
Taxation and the kind of 
paranoia that comes from knowing

2147
01:49:28,600 --> 01:49:30,600
you're not actually supposed to 
be in charge. 

2148
01:49:31,600 --> 01:49:34,500
The king's paranoia was about to
prove Justified because the 

2149
01:49:34,500 --> 01:49:37,100
Twins were approaching the age. 
When young men start asking 

2150
01:49:37,100 --> 01:49:39,100
uncomfortable questions about 
their Origins. 

2151
01:49:39,900 --> 01:49:43,000
Facial NACA had done their best 
to provide satisfying answers 

2152
01:49:43,000 --> 01:49:46,200
about where Romulus and Remus 
had come from but their story 

2153
01:49:46,200 --> 01:49:47,700
about finding babies by the 
river. 

2154
01:49:47,700 --> 01:49:51,200
Was the kind of explanation that
works for children and becomes 

2155
01:49:51,200 --> 01:49:53,900
increasingly inadequate as those
children grow into adults with 

2156
01:49:53,900 --> 01:49:57,000
functioning critical thinking, 
skills Romulus. 

2157
01:49:57,000 --> 01:50:00,300
The more directive of the two 
had started pressing for details

2158
01:50:00,300 --> 01:50:03,300
with the Persistence of someone 
who'd inherited, both Divine 

2159
01:50:03,300 --> 01:50:07,500
stubbornness and wolfish 
determination Remus more 

2160
01:50:07,500 --> 01:50:11,000
diplomatic than equally, curious
had been asking around among the

2161
01:50:11,000 --> 01:50:13,500
local Elders. 
Piecing together, fragments of 

2162
01:50:13,500 --> 01:50:16,900
old stories and half remembered 
gossip like an ancient 

2163
01:50:16,900 --> 01:50:20,100
detective. 
Working a Cold Case, Their 

2164
01:50:20,100 --> 01:50:22,700
investigation might have 
continued indefinitely, a 

2165
01:50:22,700 --> 01:50:24,900
leisurely pursuit of family 
history that bothered no one, 

2166
01:50:24,908 --> 01:50:28,400
except the king amulius, chose. 
This moment to make one of those

2167
01:50:28,400 --> 01:50:31,000
decisions that seemed reasonable
in the short term. 

2168
01:50:31,000 --> 01:50:34,800
But catastrophic in hindsight, 
he decided to have Remus 

2169
01:50:34,800 --> 01:50:37,000
arrested. 
The charge was cattle rustling, 

2170
01:50:37,000 --> 01:50:40,400
which ancient times was serious 
business but also the kind of 

2171
01:50:40,408 --> 01:50:43,800
accusation that could be leveled
against any Shepherd who'd ever 

2172
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:45,500
moved. 
Livestock across disputed 

2173
01:50:45,500 --> 01:50:48,700
boundaries in reality. 
Amelia said, probably heard 

2174
01:50:48,700 --> 01:50:51,500
about the twins growing 
influence and decided to remove 

2175
01:50:51,500 --> 01:50:53,300
them before. 
They became a genuine threat to 

2176
01:50:53,300 --> 01:50:57,200
his rule, arresting one, twin he
reasoned, but either eliminate 

2177
01:50:57,200 --> 01:50:59,300
half the problem or Draw the 
other into a trap. 

2178
01:51:00,000 --> 01:51:03,000
His reasoning was the kind of 
strategic thinking that explains

2179
01:51:03,000 --> 01:51:06,200
why some people succeed in 
politics and others end up as 

2180
01:51:06,200 --> 01:51:08,200
cautionary tales in bed time 
stories. 

2181
01:51:08,200 --> 01:51:12,400
Remorse was brought before King,
Julius in Chains, which Have 

2182
01:51:12,400 --> 01:51:15,200
been quite a sight. 
The young man who'd been raised 

2183
01:51:15,200 --> 01:51:18,200
by wolves and trained by 
Shepherds standing in a palace 

2184
01:51:18,200 --> 01:51:22,500
throne room like a wild creature
suddenly cage. but if a nulease 

2185
01:51:22,500 --> 01:51:25,500
expected intimidation or 
pleading, he'd seriously 

2186
01:51:25,500 --> 01:51:29,500
underestimated, his prisoner, 
Rhema stood straight met the 

2187
01:51:29,500 --> 01:51:32,500
king's gays without flinching 
and answered questions with the 

2188
01:51:32,500 --> 01:51:35,500
kind of calm confidence that 
comes from knowing you've never 

2189
01:51:35,500 --> 01:51:36,800
done anything. 
Truly wrong. 

2190
01:51:36,800 --> 01:51:41,200
His bearing was so naturally 
Regal courtiers later remarked, 

2191
01:51:41,200 --> 01:51:43,900
they'd never seen anyone wear 
chains with such dignity. 

2192
01:51:45,100 --> 01:51:48,500
This was unfortunate for emulous
because numerator happened to be

2193
01:51:48,500 --> 01:51:51,800
present at court that day, kept 
around as a sort of living, 

2194
01:51:51,800 --> 01:51:55,000
reminder of Concord opposition. 
But still sharp enough to 

2195
01:51:55,000 --> 01:51:57,300
recognize something significant 
when he saw it. 

2196
01:51:58,800 --> 01:52:02,200
As neumotor watched this young 
prisoner certain details began 

2197
01:52:02,200 --> 01:52:04,200
clicking into place like pieces 
of a puzzle. 

2198
01:52:04,200 --> 01:52:05,900
He'd been trying to solve for 20
years. 

2199
01:52:06,900 --> 01:52:09,100
Timing was right. 
The age was right? 

2200
01:52:09,800 --> 01:52:12,400
And there was something about 
the young man's features, his 

2201
01:52:12,400 --> 01:52:14,400
bearing. 
And the way he held himself, 

2202
01:52:14,400 --> 01:52:17,500
even in captivity that stirred 
memories of his daughter rear 

2203
01:52:17,500 --> 01:52:19,900
Sylvia and whispered 
possibilities that had been 

2204
01:52:19,900 --> 01:52:22,100
buried under years of grief and 
resignation. 

2205
01:52:23,100 --> 01:52:25,800
Meanwhile Romulus was 
discovering that his brothers 

2206
01:52:25,800 --> 01:52:28,500
arrested triggered something in 
him that felt less like worried 

2207
01:52:28,500 --> 01:52:32,800
and more like controlled Fury. 
He began Gathering allies with 

2208
01:52:32,800 --> 01:52:36,600
the focused intensity of someone
who'd found his true calling and

2209
01:52:36,600 --> 01:52:38,500
it turned out that his true 
calling involved. 

2210
01:52:38,500 --> 01:52:40,800
The kind of leadership that 
makes people willing to follow 

2211
01:52:40,800 --> 01:52:42,900
you into battle against 
overwhelming odds. 

2212
01:52:43,800 --> 01:52:46,000
So none of the participants 
quite realized it yet. 

2213
01:52:46,000 --> 01:52:49,200
They set the stage for a family 
reunion that would change the 

2214
01:52:49,200 --> 01:52:51,300
course of history. 
Dramatic timing. 

2215
01:52:51,300 --> 01:52:54,700
Holds significance, the numerous
extensive experience in 

2216
01:52:54,700 --> 01:52:57,700
politics, enabled him to 
identify a crucial moment as it 

2217
01:52:57,700 --> 01:53:00,900
loomed across a throne room 
while King emulous was busy. 

2218
01:53:00,900 --> 01:53:03,700
Congratulating himself on 
capturing one of the Troublesome

2219
01:53:03,700 --> 01:53:05,800
Shepherds numitor was 
conducting. 

2220
01:53:05,800 --> 01:53:08,800
His own quiet investigation into
questions that had haunted him 

2221
01:53:08,800 --> 01:53:12,100
for two decades. 
He began with discreet enquiries

2222
01:53:12,100 --> 01:53:15,500
the kind of careful questioning 
that comes naturally to depose 

2223
01:53:15,500 --> 01:53:18,500
rulers, who have learned that 
Curiosity must be balanced with 

2224
01:53:18,500 --> 01:53:20,800
survival. 
He spoke with servants, who 

2225
01:53:20,800 --> 01:53:22,900
remembered the night? 
His grandsons had been taken 

2226
01:53:22,900 --> 01:53:26,300
guards, who recalled the orders.
They'd been given and even 

2227
01:53:26,300 --> 01:53:28,500
Tracked Down The Man. 
Who'd been commanded to drown 

2228
01:53:28,500 --> 01:53:31,900
the babies in the Tiber. 
What he discovered was the kind 

2229
01:53:31,900 --> 01:53:34,800
of story that explains why some 
people believe in divine 

2230
01:53:34,800 --> 01:53:37,900
intervention and others start 
questioning the competence of 

2231
01:53:37,900 --> 01:53:40,900
their subordinates. 
Servant it turned out had 

2232
01:53:40,900 --> 01:53:43,300
possessed just enough conscience
to make him terrible at 

2233
01:53:43,300 --> 01:53:47,600
infanticide instead of drowning 
the babies, he'd set them afloat

2234
01:53:47,600 --> 01:53:50,600
in a basket probably telling 
himself that such actions 

2235
01:53:50,600 --> 01:53:53,500
counted as following orders 
while leaving room for the gods 

2236
01:53:53,500 --> 01:53:55,200
to intervene if they were so 
inclined. 

2237
01:53:55,900 --> 01:53:58,800
It was the kind of creative 
interpretation of instructions 

2238
01:53:58,800 --> 01:54:02,200
that either makes you a hero or 
gets you executed, depending on 

2239
01:54:02,200 --> 01:54:06,400
how things turn out. 
Timeline matched perfectly the 

2240
01:54:06,400 --> 01:54:09,500
location where the twins have 
been found was exactly where a 

2241
01:54:09,500 --> 01:54:11,600
basket launched into the type of
would have washed ashore. 

2242
01:54:13,200 --> 01:54:15,300
And there were physical 
resemblances that became more 

2243
01:54:15,300 --> 01:54:16,800
obvious. 
Once you knew what to look for, 

2244
01:54:16,800 --> 01:54:20,800
the set of the jaw, The Way They
Carried themselves, certain 

2245
01:54:20,800 --> 01:54:22,900
gestures that echoed his 
murdered daughter. 

2246
01:54:24,400 --> 01:54:27,900
No matter private meeting with 
Remus using the kind of 

2247
01:54:27,900 --> 01:54:30,900
political maneuvering that keeps
deposed King's alive long enough

2248
01:54:30,900 --> 01:54:34,700
to see Their Kingdoms restored. 
What passed between them in that

2249
01:54:34,700 --> 01:54:37,600
conversation was probably one of
those moments that feels like 

2250
01:54:37,600 --> 01:54:40,200
Destiny. 
Clicking into place, the young 

2251
01:54:40,200 --> 01:54:42,200
man learning. 
He was descended from gods and 

2252
01:54:42,200 --> 01:54:44,900
Kings and an old man discovering
that his family line hadn't 

2253
01:54:44,900 --> 01:54:48,900
ended in the Tiber after all. 
However understanding one's 

2254
01:54:48,900 --> 01:54:52,000
identity and taking action to 
change it presented entirely 

2255
01:54:52,000 --> 01:54:55,800
different challenges Remus was 
still in Chains annually. 

2256
01:54:55,800 --> 01:54:58,500
Still held the throne and 
Romulus was somewhere in the 

2257
01:54:58,500 --> 01:55:00,800
Hills Gathering what amounted to
a shepherd's Army. 

2258
01:55:02,200 --> 01:55:05,500
Situation called for the kind of
careful planning that balances 

2259
01:55:05,500 --> 01:55:08,200
Justice with practical politics 
except that. 

2260
01:55:08,200 --> 01:55:10,600
None of the people involved were
particularly known for their 

2261
01:55:10,600 --> 01:55:13,900
patients Romulus. 
Meanwhile was discovering that 

2262
01:55:13,900 --> 01:55:17,700
leadership came to him as 
naturally as breathing. the 

2263
01:55:17,700 --> 01:55:20,800
local Shepherds and farmers who 
benefited from the twins Bandit 

2264
01:55:20,800 --> 01:55:24,500
clearing activities were eager 
to help rescue Remus But Romulus

2265
01:55:24,500 --> 01:55:27,300
was thinking bigger than a 
simple jailbreak, he was 

2266
01:55:27,300 --> 01:55:29,800
beginning to Envision the kind 
of solution that would ensure. 

2267
01:55:29,800 --> 01:55:33,000
This problem, never arose. 
Again, he sent messages to 

2268
01:55:33,000 --> 01:55:36,100
everyone who had reason to 
dislike Amelia's rule, which 

2269
01:55:36,100 --> 01:55:38,500
turned out to be a surprisingly 
large portion of the local 

2270
01:55:38,500 --> 01:55:41,500
population. 
Farmers tired of excessive 

2271
01:55:41,500 --> 01:55:44,500
taxation, Merchants frustrated 
by arbitrary. 

2272
01:55:44,500 --> 01:55:46,900
Trade restrictions Nobles who 
remembered? 

2273
01:55:46,900 --> 01:55:48,700
When the kingdom had been 
governed with something 

2274
01:55:48,700 --> 01:55:52,000
approaching competence. 
All found themselves quietly 

2275
01:55:52,000 --> 01:55:55,100
invited to consider whether the 
current Arrangement was really 

2276
01:55:55,100 --> 01:55:59,000
working for anyone, except the 
king himself, the response was 

2277
01:55:59,000 --> 01:56:01,400
more enthusiastic than Romulus 
are dead hope. 

2278
01:56:02,100 --> 01:56:04,700
Apparently, a mullah had been 
even less popular than anyone 

2279
01:56:04,700 --> 01:56:08,800
realized ruling through fear and
inertia rather than genuine 

2280
01:56:08,800 --> 01:56:12,400
support. 
When given an alternative people

2281
01:56:12,400 --> 01:56:14,500
were remarkably willing to 
consider change. 

2282
01:56:14,500 --> 01:56:17,900
Especially when that change was 
being organized by young men who

2283
01:56:17,900 --> 01:56:19,800
had already proven their 
effectiveness at solving 

2284
01:56:19,800 --> 01:56:23,600
problems. 
The revolution when it came was 

2285
01:56:23,600 --> 01:56:27,300
almost anti-climactic. 
Emulous had spent so much energy

2286
01:56:27,300 --> 01:56:29,900
watching for threats from 
established Nobles that he 

2287
01:56:29,900 --> 01:56:32,600
completely missed the danger 
approaching from Shepherds and 

2288
01:56:32,600 --> 01:56:35,700
farmers. 
By the time he realized what was

2289
01:56:35,700 --> 01:56:38,500
happening Romulus, was already 
at the palace gates, with enough

2290
01:56:38,500 --> 01:56:40,600
supporters to make resistance 
pointless. 

2291
01:56:41,400 --> 01:56:44,400
What followed was the kind of 
regime change that historians 

2292
01:56:44,400 --> 01:56:48,200
later described as surprisingly 
bloodless, which is another way 

2293
01:56:48,200 --> 01:56:50,900
of saying that, sometimes people
are ready for Change and just 

2294
01:56:50,908 --> 01:56:52,600
need someone competent to 
organize it. 

2295
01:56:54,000 --> 01:56:57,000
Emulous was removed from Power 
with the same efficiency of the 

2296
01:56:57,008 --> 01:56:58,500
Twins. 
And once applied to Bandit 

2297
01:56:58,500 --> 01:57:01,500
problems numerator. 
Found himself restored to a 

2298
01:57:01,500 --> 01:57:04,600
throne he'd never expected to 
see again, the family reunion 

2299
01:57:04,600 --> 01:57:07,500
that followed was probably worth
the wait, two young men 

2300
01:57:07,500 --> 01:57:09,700
learning. 
They were princes a grandfather 

2301
01:57:09,700 --> 01:57:11,600
discovering. 
His grandsons had not only 

2302
01:57:11,600 --> 01:57:14,100
survived but thrived and a 
kingdom. 

2303
01:57:14,100 --> 01:57:16,600
Finally, getting the kind of 
leadership, it had been missing 

2304
01:57:16,600 --> 01:57:19,600
for 20 years. 
It was the sort of ending that 

2305
01:57:19,600 --> 01:57:21,200
would have been perfectly 
satisfying. 

2306
01:57:21,200 --> 01:57:24,700
If this had been the end of the 
story, But this was really just 

2307
01:57:24,700 --> 01:57:26,500
the beginning. 
You might think that 

2308
01:57:26,500 --> 01:57:29,600
overthrowing a tyrant and 
restoring a beloved king would 

2309
01:57:29,600 --> 01:57:32,200
be the kind of achievement that 
leads to comfortable, retirement

2310
01:57:32,200 --> 01:57:35,500
and grateful citizens, building 
statues in your honor. 

2311
01:57:35,500 --> 01:57:38,900
And for most people, that would 
probably be enough excitement 

2312
01:57:38,900 --> 01:57:42,900
for One Life Time. 
But Romulus and Remus had been 

2313
01:57:42,900 --> 01:57:46,400
raised by wolves and trained by 
Shepherds who understood that 

2314
01:57:46,400 --> 01:57:49,400
standing still in dangerous 
territories, usually a mistake. 

2315
01:57:50,300 --> 01:57:53,900
The problem was that success in 
the tasteful leadership and 

2316
01:57:53,900 --> 01:57:56,300
Leadership. 
Once you've experienced, it 

2317
01:57:56,300 --> 01:57:58,900
tends to be addictive in the way
that solving puzzles become 

2318
01:57:58,900 --> 01:58:00,900
compulsive for people who are 
good at it. 

2319
01:58:01,600 --> 01:58:04,300
They discovered, they had a 
talent for organizing people, 

2320
01:58:04,300 --> 01:58:08,000
settling disputes and turning 
chaotic situations into 

2321
01:58:08,000 --> 01:58:11,600
functional communities. 
It was deeply, satisfying work. 

2322
01:58:11,600 --> 01:58:14,500
The kind that makes you wonder 
what else you might accomplish 

2323
01:58:14,500 --> 01:58:17,400
with the right resources and 
enough time, but no matters 

2324
01:58:17,400 --> 01:58:20,500
Kingdom, while grateful for 
their help was already well 

2325
01:58:20,500 --> 01:58:23,500
established with its Traditions 
hierarchies and ways of doing 

2326
01:58:23,500 --> 01:58:26,400
things. 
The twins found themselves in 

2327
01:58:26,400 --> 01:58:29,400
the position of successful 
Consultants, who'd completed 

2328
01:58:29,400 --> 01:58:31,800
their project and worked quite 
sure what to do with themselves 

2329
01:58:31,800 --> 01:58:34,100
next. 
They were too young to settle 

2330
01:58:34,100 --> 01:58:37,100
into comfortable advisory roles 
and two ambitious to be 

2331
01:58:37,100 --> 01:58:40,200
satisfied with the relatively 
quiet life of reformed princes, 

2332
01:58:40,200 --> 01:58:43,500
the solution when it came to 
them was both obvious and 

2333
01:58:43,500 --> 01:58:46,100
audacious, they would found 
their City. 

2334
01:58:46,100 --> 01:58:48,900
They aimed to establish a 
genuine City that had the 

2335
01:58:48,908 --> 01:58:52,200
potential to grow into something
significant, not just a small 

2336
01:58:52,208 --> 01:58:53,900
settlement or an expanded 
Village. 

2337
01:58:53,900 --> 01:58:57,200
It was the kind of project that 
appeals to people who've never 

2338
01:58:57,200 --> 01:59:00,100
been taught that certain things 
are impossible, which is either 

2339
01:59:00,100 --> 01:59:03,500
the advantage of a wolf raised 
education or evidence that some 

2340
01:59:03,500 --> 01:59:05,000
kinds of ignorance are actually 
useful. 

2341
01:59:05,000 --> 01:59:08,600
They gather their most loyal 
followers, the Shepherds and 

2342
01:59:08,600 --> 01:59:10,400
farmers who supported their 
Revolution. 

2343
01:59:10,400 --> 01:59:14,000
Young men, eager for adventure 
and anyone else, who found the 

2344
01:59:14,000 --> 01:59:17,200
idea of building something new 
or appealing than maintaining 

2345
01:59:17,200 --> 01:59:19,700
something old? 
It was the sort of group that 

2346
01:59:19,700 --> 01:59:24,000
forms naturally around ambitious
projects, Part idealists part 

2347
01:59:24,000 --> 01:59:27,400
opportunists and part people who
simply couldn't imagine doing 

2348
01:59:27,400 --> 01:59:30,100
anything else. 
The first decision was where to 

2349
01:59:30,100 --> 01:59:32,800
build their city which should 
have been a straightforward 

2350
01:59:32,800 --> 01:59:35,100
question of geography water 
access and defensive 

2351
01:59:35,100 --> 01:59:38,200
positioning. 
Instead, it became the kind of 

2352
01:59:38,200 --> 01:59:40,800
disagreement that reveals 
fundamental differences in 

2353
01:59:40,800 --> 01:59:44,100
personality and approach. 
To problem, solving Romulus had 

2354
01:59:44,100 --> 01:59:47,300
a preference for the Palatine 
Hill, the location where their 

2355
01:59:47,300 --> 01:59:49,600
Wolfmother had found them as 
babies and raise them. 

2356
01:59:49,600 --> 01:59:53,600
It had symbolic significance. 
Excellent defensive potential 

2357
01:59:53,600 --> 01:59:56,600
and the kind of commanding view 
that makes visitors take you 

2358
01:59:56,600 --> 01:59:59,600
seriously. 
From a practical standpoint, it 

2359
01:59:59,600 --> 02:00:02,900
was an excellent choice. 
High Ground access to the river 

2360
02:00:02,900 --> 02:00:06,800
and room for expansion. 
Remus preferred the Aventine 

2361
02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:10,300
Hill, which offered different 
advantages that a trade routes, 

2362
02:00:10,300 --> 02:00:14,000
more accessibility to Merchants,
and a position to take advantage

2363
02:00:14,000 --> 02:00:16,500
of river traffic that could 
bring Prosperity along with 

2364
02:00:16,500 --> 02:00:19,900
strategic importance. 
His choice, reflected a more 

2365
02:00:19,908 --> 02:00:21,700
commercial vision of their 
future city. 

2366
02:00:21,700 --> 02:00:24,800
One that would grow through 
trade and diplomacy, rather than

2367
02:00:24,800 --> 02:00:29,100
conquest and intimidation Both 
locations had Merit which made 

2368
02:00:29,100 --> 02:00:32,700
the choice more difficult rather
than easier in a perfect world. 

2369
02:00:32,700 --> 02:00:36,000
They might have flipped a coin, 
built two cities or found some 

2370
02:00:36,000 --> 02:00:37,900
other compromised, both 
vision's. 

2371
02:00:38,600 --> 02:00:41,300
The twins had inherited their 
Divine fathers competitive 

2372
02:00:41,300 --> 02:00:44,200
nature along with their human 
grandfathers, political 

2373
02:00:44,200 --> 02:00:47,000
instincts, and neither was 
particularly inclined, to defer,

2374
02:00:47,000 --> 02:00:49,100
to the others judgment on such a
crucial decision. 

2375
02:00:50,300 --> 02:00:52,600
They decided to settle the 
matter through divination 

2376
02:00:52,600 --> 02:00:56,300
reading Omens in the flight 
patterns of birds which was the 

2377
02:00:56,300 --> 02:00:58,900
ancient Roman equivalent of 
Consulting, focus groups and 

2378
02:00:58,908 --> 02:01:02,400
market research It seemed like a
reasonable way to let the gods, 

2379
02:01:02,400 --> 02:01:05,200
make the final decision, 
removing personal preference 

2380
02:01:05,200 --> 02:01:07,900
from the equation while 
maintaining the appearance of 

2381
02:01:07,900 --> 02:01:11,200
divine guidance. 
The contest was simple. 

2382
02:01:11,200 --> 02:01:15,000
Each brother would stand on his 
chosen Hill and count the birds 

2383
02:01:15,000 --> 02:01:17,300
that flew overhead within a 
specified time. 

2384
02:01:17,300 --> 02:01:20,600
The brother who saw more birds 
would receive Divine approval 

2385
02:01:20,600 --> 02:01:23,000
for his site selection. 
While the other brother would 

2386
02:01:23,000 --> 02:01:26,900
gracefully accept the decision, 
the solution was Flawless until 

2387
02:01:26,900 --> 02:01:30,600
it came to reality. 
Remus saw six vultures circling 

2388
02:01:30,600 --> 02:01:34,100
over the Aventine Hill, which he
took, as a strong sign of divine

2389
02:01:34,100 --> 02:01:36,400
favor. 
Vultures, after all were 

2390
02:01:36,400 --> 02:01:39,400
associated with Mars, who was 
considered their Divine father, 

2391
02:01:39,400 --> 02:01:43,000
and the number six was 
respectable suggesting serious, 

2392
02:01:43,000 --> 02:01:46,300
Celestial attention. 
He was probably already planning

2393
02:01:46,300 --> 02:01:48,200
the layout of streets and public
buildings. 

2394
02:01:48,200 --> 02:01:51,300
When Messengers arrived with 
news from the Palatine Hill 

2395
02:01:51,300 --> 02:01:55,600
Romulus had seen 12 volts, which
was either twice as good as his 

2396
02:01:55,600 --> 02:01:58,900
brother's result or the kind of 
divine joke that God's find 

2397
02:01:58,900 --> 02:02:01,300
amusing and Mortals considered 
troubling. 

2398
02:02:02,100 --> 02:02:05,700
The number 12 had significance 
in Roman religious thinking, it 

2399
02:02:05,700 --> 02:02:09,600
suggested completion Perfection 
and the kind of cosmic approval,

2400
02:02:09,600 --> 02:02:11,400
that's hard to argue with 
mathematically. 

2401
02:02:12,400 --> 02:02:15,300
What should have settled the 
dispute instead intensified it 

2402
02:02:15,300 --> 02:02:18,400
because now they were arguing, 
not just about location but 

2403
02:02:18,400 --> 02:02:22,100
about interpretation timing with
the gods was speaking clearly or

2404
02:02:22,100 --> 02:02:24,100
just enjoying themselves at 
Mortal expense. 

2405
02:02:24,100 --> 02:02:27,800
The problem with Divine signs is
that their remarkably open to 

2406
02:02:27,800 --> 02:02:30,700
interpretation, especially when 
the people reading them have 

2407
02:02:30,700 --> 02:02:33,000
strong, opinions about what the 
gods or to be saying. 

2408
02:02:34,000 --> 02:02:37,700
Until you started examining the 
details Romulus is 12 vultures 

2409
02:02:37,700 --> 02:02:41,200
seemed decisive and Remus was 
precisely the type of person who

2410
02:02:41,200 --> 02:02:45,300
believed details mattered that 
Romulus actually seen 12 birds 

2411
02:02:45,300 --> 02:02:49,000
or had he counted some of them 
twice as they circled where they

2412
02:02:49,008 --> 02:02:51,800
all vultures or had. 
He included other species to 

2413
02:02:51,800 --> 02:02:55,100
reach his impressive total and 
most importantly, who would seem

2414
02:02:55,100 --> 02:02:58,100
their Birds first? 
Because surely priority should 

2415
02:02:58,100 --> 02:02:59,600
count for something in Divine 
mathematics. 

2416
02:03:00,700 --> 02:03:02,600
These were the kinds of 
questions that might have been 

2417
02:03:02,600 --> 02:03:04,700
resolved through. 
Calm discussion Between Brothers

2418
02:03:04,700 --> 02:03:07,600
who trusted each other's honesty
and shared a common goal. 

2419
02:03:08,400 --> 02:03:11,600
unfortunately, the Twins were 
discovering that wolf raised 

2420
02:03:11,600 --> 02:03:15,100
confidence, and divine Heritage 
could combine in ways that made 

2421
02:03:15,100 --> 02:03:19,300
compromise feel less like wisdom
and more like weakness, The 

2422
02:03:19,300 --> 02:03:21,800
argument escalated in the way 
that disagreements do. 

2423
02:03:21,800 --> 02:03:24,300
When both parties are absolutely
certain, their right? 

2424
02:03:24,300 --> 02:03:27,100
And neither is particularly 
skilled at backing down 

2425
02:03:27,100 --> 02:03:31,700
gracefully what had started as a
practical discussion about City 

2426
02:03:31,700 --> 02:03:34,300
Planning was becoming a 
fundamental Clash over 

2427
02:03:34,300 --> 02:03:38,000
leadership Authority and who had
the right to make decisions that

2428
02:03:38,000 --> 02:03:40,100
would affect thousands of future
citizens. 

2429
02:03:41,300 --> 02:03:44,800
Romulus initiated construction 
on the Palatine Hill arguing 

2430
02:03:44,800 --> 02:03:48,200
that the superiority of 12 volts
was over, 6 was reasonable and 

2431
02:03:48,200 --> 02:03:50,900
that taking action was 
preferable to an endless debate.

2432
02:03:51,600 --> 02:03:54,400
He marked out the boundaries of 
his future city with a plow, 

2433
02:03:54,400 --> 02:03:57,700
creating the sacred thorough 
that would define the limits of 

2434
02:03:57,700 --> 02:03:59,200
what he was already calling 
Rome. 

2435
02:04:00,400 --> 02:04:03,000
It was the kind of bold move 
that either demonstrates 

2436
02:04:03,000 --> 02:04:06,500
decisive, leadership, or forces 
everyone else to choose sides. 

2437
02:04:07,300 --> 02:04:11,000
Remus feeling is perfectly valid
concerns ignored watched, his 

2438
02:04:11,000 --> 02:04:13,200
brothers preparations with 
growing frustration. 

2439
02:04:13,900 --> 02:04:16,100
The Aventine Hill remained 
unbroken ground. 

2440
02:04:16,100 --> 02:04:18,900
But more importantly the 
principle of shared 

2441
02:04:18,900 --> 02:04:21,600
decision-making was being 
abandoned in favor of what looks

2442
02:04:21,600 --> 02:04:25,400
suspiciously like dictatorship. 
The pivotal moment occurred when

2443
02:04:25,400 --> 02:04:28,200
Remus chose to challenge, the 
arbitrary nature of boundaries 

2444
02:04:28,200 --> 02:04:31,100
and the dubious legitimacy of 
his brothers Authority. 

2445
02:04:31,900 --> 02:04:34,800
He jumped over the freshly 
plowed Furrow that marked Rome's

2446
02:04:34,800 --> 02:04:37,600
border probably intending it as 
a gesture of contempt. 

2447
02:04:37,600 --> 02:04:40,900
A way of demonstrating the 
imaginary lines in the dirt 

2448
02:04:40,900 --> 02:04:43,800
don't automatically deserve 
respect just because someone 

2449
02:04:43,800 --> 02:04:45,800
claims Divine approval for 
drawing them. 

2450
02:04:46,600 --> 02:04:48,500
If the ancient world hadn't 
taken symbol. 

2451
02:04:48,500 --> 02:04:51,600
So seriously, this symbolic 
protest could have been 

2452
02:04:51,600 --> 02:04:55,000
effective. but Romulus had just 
spent considerable effort 

2453
02:04:55,000 --> 02:04:57,300
establishing that this 
particular line in the dirt 

2454
02:04:57,300 --> 02:05:00,800
represented, something sacred, 
and enviable the boundary of a 

2455
02:05:00,808 --> 02:05:05,000
city blessed by the gods and 
protected, by Divine will What 

2456
02:05:05,000 --> 02:05:06,700
happened? 
Next was the kind of moment that

2457
02:05:06,700 --> 02:05:09,600
demonstrates why family disputes
are often the most dangerous 

2458
02:05:09,600 --> 02:05:12,100
kind. 
Romulus killed his brother 

2459
02:05:12,100 --> 02:05:15,500
either in a fit of rage, or as a
calculated decision to not, 

2460
02:05:15,500 --> 02:05:16,900
allow a challenge to his 
authority. 

2461
02:05:17,800 --> 02:05:20,700
The exact details were probably 
lost in the shock and grief that

2462
02:05:20,700 --> 02:05:23,100
followed, but the result was 
unmistakable. 

2463
02:05:23,900 --> 02:05:26,800
Twin who had shared everything 
from Wolf's milk to Revolution 

2464
02:05:26,800 --> 02:05:31,100
was dead by his brother's hand. 
The Killing might have been 

2465
02:05:31,100 --> 02:05:34,500
impulsive driven by anger and 
competitive Pride rather than 

2466
02:05:34,500 --> 02:05:38,600
calculated malice but intention 
mattered less than consequence. 

2467
02:05:38,600 --> 02:05:41,600
And the consequence was that 
Rome's, Foundation story would 

2468
02:05:41,600 --> 02:05:45,400
forever be marked by fratricide.
Brother, killing brother over 

2469
02:05:45,400 --> 02:05:47,200
questions of power and 
presidents. 

2470
02:05:47,900 --> 02:05:51,100
Romulus was left to found his 
city alone, carrying the weight 

2471
02:05:51,100 --> 02:05:53,500
of what he'd done along with the
responsibility of leadership. 

2472
02:05:54,400 --> 02:05:57,500
he'd gotten his way about the 
location and the authority, but 

2473
02:05:57,500 --> 02:06:00,500
at a cost that would haunt him 
and defined his City's character

2474
02:06:00,500 --> 02:06:04,500
for centuries to come Rome would
grow to become the greatest city

2475
02:06:04,500 --> 02:06:07,400
of the ancient world. 
The center of an Empire that 

2476
02:06:07,400 --> 02:06:10,900
stretched across continents and 
influence civilization for 

2477
02:06:10,900 --> 02:06:13,500
millennia. 
But it would always bear the 

2478
02:06:13,500 --> 02:06:17,100
mark of its violent beginning. 
The knowledge that its first law

2479
02:06:17,100 --> 02:06:20,400
had been written in a Brother's 
blood and its first lesson had 

2480
02:06:20,400 --> 02:06:23,000
been that power often comes 
through the elimination of those

2481
02:06:23,000 --> 02:06:26,000
who challenge it. 
The tragic. 

2482
02:06:26,000 --> 02:06:28,600
Irony was that both brothers had
been right about their Visions 

2483
02:06:28,600 --> 02:06:31,400
for the city. 
Rome's success would ultimately 

2484
02:06:31,400 --> 02:06:35,400
depend on both military strength
Romulus is specialty and 

2485
02:06:35,400 --> 02:06:38,100
Commercial Prosperity, remus's 
preference. 

2486
02:06:38,100 --> 02:06:41,600
The city would need the defense 
of advantages of the Palatine 

2487
02:06:41,600 --> 02:06:44,200
Hill and the trade 
opportunities, that connected it

2488
02:06:44,200 --> 02:06:47,100
to the wider world. 
But that understanding would 

2489
02:06:47,100 --> 02:06:50,000
come later built on the 
foundation of one Brothers, 

2490
02:06:50,000 --> 02:06:53,800
ambition and another's death. 
There's something particularly 

2491
02:06:53,800 --> 02:06:56,200
sobering about getting 
everything you thought you 

2492
02:06:56,200 --> 02:06:59,000
wanted and discovering, it 
tastes like ashes in your mouth.

2493
02:07:00,100 --> 02:07:01,800
Romulus stood on his chosen 
Hill. 

2494
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:06,500
Surrounded by loyal followers 
and blessed by Divine signs with

2495
02:07:06,500 --> 02:07:09,300
the authority to build whatever 
kind of City he could envision. 

2496
02:07:10,100 --> 02:07:12,300
He should have been triumphant 
instead. 

2497
02:07:12,300 --> 02:07:15,100
He was learning that some 
victories cost more than defeat 

2498
02:07:15,100 --> 02:07:18,400
ever could the city that rose on
the Palatine Hill, grew with 

2499
02:07:18,400 --> 02:07:21,600
remarkable speed, as if Romulus 
was trying to build something 

2500
02:07:21,600 --> 02:07:24,600
large enough to contain his 
grief or impressive enough to 

2501
02:07:24,600 --> 02:07:26,400
justify what he'd done to 
achieve it. 

2502
02:07:27,500 --> 02:07:30,100
His followers worked with the 
Zeal of those who knew they were

2503
02:07:30,100 --> 02:07:32,800
part of something historic. 
But also with the Quiet 

2504
02:07:32,800 --> 02:07:36,000
efficiency of those who seem 
their leaders, decisive Miss and

2505
02:07:36,000 --> 02:07:37,300
didn't want to test his 
patience. 

2506
02:07:38,200 --> 02:07:41,200
Rome attracted people the way 
successful projects always do 

2507
02:07:41,200 --> 02:07:45,400
refugees, seeking safety, 
Traders drawn by opportunity, 

2508
02:07:45,400 --> 02:07:49,300
young men, looking for adventure
and families hoping for a fresh 

2509
02:07:49,300 --> 02:07:52,300
start in a place that wasn't 
burdened by old grudges and 

2510
02:07:52,300 --> 02:07:56,600
established hierarchies. 
Romulus welcomed them all with 

2511
02:07:56,600 --> 02:07:59,200
the kind of inclusive policies. 
That suggested he'd learned 

2512
02:07:59,200 --> 02:08:01,300
something from his brother's 
vision of a commercially 

2513
02:08:01,300 --> 02:08:04,900
successful City. 
But the rapid growth created, 

2514
02:08:04,900 --> 02:08:08,200
new problems that required the 
kind of pragmatic solutions that

2515
02:08:08,200 --> 02:08:11,200
don't appear in heroic songs or 
romantic histories. 

2516
02:08:12,000 --> 02:08:14,900
Most of the early settlers were 
men, which meant Rome had a 

2517
02:08:14,900 --> 02:08:18,000
promising economic future but a 
questionable demographic. 

2518
02:08:18,000 --> 02:08:21,500
One, you can't build a lasting 
civilization without families. 

2519
02:08:21,500 --> 02:08:24,600
You can't have families without 
women willing to participate in 

2520
02:08:24,600 --> 02:08:27,300
the project. 
Romulus, approached this 

2521
02:08:27,300 --> 02:08:29,000
challenge with the same 
systematic. 

2522
02:08:29,000 --> 02:08:32,100
Thinking he'd applied to Bandit 
elimination and political 

2523
02:08:32,100 --> 02:08:34,600
revolution. 
The organized festivals and 

2524
02:08:34,600 --> 02:08:36,300
trade. 
Gatherings invited. 

2525
02:08:36,300 --> 02:08:38,600
Neighboring, communities to 
participate in religious 

2526
02:08:38,600 --> 02:08:41,500
ceremonies and generally did 
everything possible to create 

2527
02:08:41,500 --> 02:08:44,600
opportunities for social 
interaction, between Rome's 

2528
02:08:44,600 --> 02:08:47,300
male, heavy population, and the 
daughter's of nearby 

2529
02:08:47,300 --> 02:08:49,800
settlements. 
The results were mixed. 

2530
02:08:50,500 --> 02:08:52,700
Some marriages occurred 
naturally through these events, 

2531
02:08:52,700 --> 02:08:56,000
creating the kind of alliances 
that, strengthened Rome's 

2532
02:08:56,000 --> 02:08:58,600
position while addressing its 
population concerns. 

2533
02:08:59,600 --> 02:09:02,800
However, many neighboring 
communities continue to harvest 

2534
02:09:02,800 --> 02:09:06,400
suspicions towards this rapidly 
expanding City, due to its 

2535
02:09:06,400 --> 02:09:08,600
reputation for drawing 
individuals who could be 

2536
02:09:08,600 --> 02:09:12,600
described as adventurous and 
less charitably as fugitive 

2537
02:09:12,600 --> 02:09:16,300
Seeking Justice elsewhere. 
The solution Romulus eventually 

2538
02:09:16,300 --> 02:09:19,200
implemented was the kind of 
strategy that works in the short

2539
02:09:19,200 --> 02:09:21,800
term while creating long-term 
complications. 

2540
02:09:21,800 --> 02:09:25,800
That future Generations, have to
manage During a particularly 

2541
02:09:25,800 --> 02:09:29,300
well, attended Festival, Roman 
men, systematically abducted, 

2542
02:09:29,300 --> 02:09:32,900
women from the visiting Sabine 
tribe, not random violence, but 

2543
02:09:32,900 --> 02:09:35,300
organized recruitment that 
Rome's leaders presented as a 

2544
02:09:35,308 --> 02:09:37,900
emergency matrimony rather than 
kidnapping. 

2545
02:09:39,100 --> 02:09:42,100
This event known to history as 
the rape of the Sabine, Women 

2546
02:09:42,100 --> 02:09:45,700
was probably less brutal than 
the name suggests but more 

2547
02:09:45,700 --> 02:09:48,000
coercive than modern 
sensibilities would tolerate. 

2548
02:09:48,900 --> 02:09:51,600
The Roman version emphasized 
that the women were treated with

2549
02:09:51,600 --> 02:09:54,800
respect offered genuine, 
marriages rather than temporary 

2550
02:09:54,800 --> 02:09:57,700
arrangements and given the 
opportunity to become founding 

2551
02:09:57,700 --> 02:10:01,000
mothers of a great city rather 
than just wives and traditional 

2552
02:10:01,000 --> 02:10:04,900
communities. whether the Sabine 
Women saw it that way, as a 

2553
02:10:04,900 --> 02:10:07,100
question, that ancient 
historians didn't spend much 

2554
02:10:07,100 --> 02:10:10,800
time, exploring but the 
Practical result was that roam, 

2555
02:10:10,800 --> 02:10:13,100
acquired both the population 
basic needed for long-term 

2556
02:10:13,100 --> 02:10:16,000
stability, and a war with the 
Sabine tribe. 

2557
02:10:16,000 --> 02:10:19,300
That tested every military and 
diplomatic skill Romulus had 

2558
02:10:19,300 --> 02:10:21,900
developed the conflict that 
followed demonstrated that 

2559
02:10:21,900 --> 02:10:24,900
Romulus had learned more from 
his grandfather numitor than 

2560
02:10:24,900 --> 02:10:28,100
just how to overthrow tyrants. 
He fought when fighting was 

2561
02:10:28,100 --> 02:10:31,800
necessary but also negotiated 
when negotiation offered better 

2562
02:10:31,800 --> 02:10:35,600
outcomes, eventually the war 
ended not with Conquest but with

2563
02:10:35,600 --> 02:10:39,300
integration the Sabinas joining 
Rome as equal Partners rather 

2564
02:10:39,300 --> 02:10:42,900
than defeated enemies. 
Their King Titus tatius ruling 

2565
02:10:42,900 --> 02:10:45,600
jointly with Romulus in an 
arrangement that doubled the 

2566
02:10:45,608 --> 02:10:48,200
City's population and political 
complexity. 

2567
02:10:49,200 --> 02:10:52,000
This integration was probably 
the kind of outcome that rims 

2568
02:10:52,000 --> 02:10:55,200
would have approved of growth 
through inclusion rather than 

2569
02:10:55,200 --> 02:10:59,100
just Conquest Prosperity through
cooperation, rather than simple 

2570
02:10:59,100 --> 02:11:02,600
domination. 
It suggested that Romulus had in

2571
02:11:02,600 --> 02:11:04,900
his own way. 
Found room for his brother's 

2572
02:11:04,900 --> 02:11:06,700
Vision within the city he'd 
built alone. 

2573
02:11:07,900 --> 02:11:10,300
The years that followed were 
marked by the kind of steady 

2574
02:11:10,300 --> 02:11:13,300
development that historians find
less dramatic than Wars and 

2575
02:11:13,300 --> 02:11:16,100
revolutions but which actually 
determines, where the 

2576
02:11:16,100 --> 02:11:19,600
civilizations Thrive or merely 
survive, Rome grew into a 

2577
02:11:19,600 --> 02:11:23,100
genuine City with laws 
institutions and the kind of 

2578
02:11:23,100 --> 02:11:26,500
Civic culture that attracts 
visitors and inspires imitators.

2579
02:11:27,200 --> 02:11:29,500
It became the kind of place 
where people chose to live 

2580
02:11:29,500 --> 02:11:31,800
rather than just the place where
they happen to end up. 

2581
02:11:32,700 --> 02:11:36,600
Romulus ruled for nearly four 
decades long enough to see his 

2582
02:11:36,600 --> 02:11:39,400
experimental City become an 
established Regional power. 

2583
02:11:40,100 --> 02:11:43,300
When he finally disappeared, the
gods reclaiming him in a 

2584
02:11:43,300 --> 02:11:45,200
whirlwind. 
According to those who preferred

2585
02:11:45,200 --> 02:11:47,200
dramatic endings, he left 
behind. 

2586
02:11:47,200 --> 02:11:49,900
Something that had grown far, 
beyond one man's Vision or 

2587
02:11:49,900 --> 02:11:52,800
ambition. 
Rome would continue for more 

2588
02:11:52,800 --> 02:11:56,200
than 1,000 years growing from a 
single City to an Empire. 

2589
02:11:56,200 --> 02:11:59,500
That encompassed most of the 
known world, its influence on 

2590
02:11:59,508 --> 02:12:03,000
law, language, architecture. 
And political thought would 

2591
02:12:03,000 --> 02:12:06,900
Outlast the Empire itself. 
Shaping civilizations that arose

2592
02:12:06,900 --> 02:12:09,500
centuries after the last Roman 
emperor had been forgotten. 

2593
02:12:10,900 --> 02:12:14,100
And through all of that history,
Rome carried the memory of its 

2594
02:12:14,100 --> 02:12:17,000
beginning. 
Twin brothers, raised by wolves 

2595
02:12:17,000 --> 02:12:21,600
saved by Shepherds and separated
by a disagreement that ended in 

2596
02:12:21,600 --> 02:12:24,100
tragedy. 
It was a story that reminded 

2597
02:12:24,100 --> 02:12:28,200
every generation that greatness 
often comes at a price that the 

2598
02:12:28,200 --> 02:12:31,500
most important battles are 
sometimes fought between people 

2599
02:12:31,500 --> 02:12:34,800
who love each other. 
And that cities like people a 

2600
02:12:34,800 --> 02:12:37,100
shaped as much by their sorrows,
as their triumphs. 

2601
02:12:37,100 --> 02:12:39,400
The wolf twins had grown up to 
fail. 

2602
02:12:39,400 --> 02:12:42,400
The greatest City in the ancient
world, but they'd also 

2603
02:12:42,400 --> 02:12:45,800
demonstrated that even the most 
extraordinary, beginning's can't

2604
02:12:45,800 --> 02:12:48,300
protect us from the ordinary 
tragedies that Define Human 

2605
02:12:48,300 --> 02:12:51,200
Experience. 
In the end, that might be the 

2606
02:12:51,200 --> 02:12:54,100
most important lesson. 
Their story teachers, not that 

2607
02:12:54,100 --> 02:12:57,200
we're destined for greatness, 
but that greatness itself is 

2608
02:12:57,200 --> 02:13:00,400
never quite what we expect it to
be when we finally achieve it. 

2609
02:13:01,300 --> 02:13:04,600
Rome began with a Brother's 
dream and a brother's death and 

2610
02:13:04,600 --> 02:13:07,600
perhaps that's exactly the right
foundation for a city that would

2611
02:13:07,600 --> 02:13:10,600
teach the world. 
Both the possibilities and the 

2612
02:13:10,600 --> 02:13:14,300
costs of human ambition, some 
stories end with everyone living

2613
02:13:14,300 --> 02:13:17,600
happily ever after. 
But the best stories, the ones 

2614
02:13:17,600 --> 02:13:20,100
that stay with you long after 
the telling end with the 

2615
02:13:20,100 --> 02:13:24,200
understanding that happiness and
sorrow Triumph and tragedy are 

2616
02:13:24,200 --> 02:13:26,800
often just different ways of 
describing the same complex 

2617
02:13:26,800 --> 02:13:31,100
experience of being human. 
And that really is why we still 

2618
02:13:31,100 --> 02:13:33,000
tell the story of Romulus and 
Remus. 

2619
02:13:33,000 --> 02:13:36,200
After all these centuries, not 
because it has a perfect ending,

2620
02:13:36,200 --> 02:13:42,300
but because it has Your standing
on a wooden platform somewhere 

2621
02:13:42,300 --> 02:13:47,100
in Ohio and it's 1847. 
The morning air smells primarily

2622
02:13:47,100 --> 02:13:50,800
of cold smoke, with a hint of 
Adventure, your carpet bag, sits

2623
02:13:50,800 --> 02:13:52,900
Heavy in Your Hand stuffed with 
everything. 

2624
02:13:52,900 --> 02:13:55,800
You own that seemed important 
three days ago when you decided 

2625
02:13:55,800 --> 02:13:58,300
to Head West. 
Now, you're wondering why you 

2626
02:13:58,300 --> 02:14:00,800
packed two pairs of Sunday shoes
and only one spare shirt. 

2627
02:14:01,600 --> 02:14:05,100
The locomotive sits before you, 
hissing and clanking like some 

2628
02:14:05,100 --> 02:14:07,100
great Metal Beast with 
indigestion. 

2629
02:14:07,900 --> 02:14:10,800
Steam Puffs from various 
openings and you can't shake the

2630
02:14:10,800 --> 02:14:13,400
feeling that the whole 
Contraption might explode at any

2631
02:14:13,400 --> 02:14:15,900
moment. 
The engineer a grizzled man, 

2632
02:14:15,900 --> 02:14:18,500
with arms, like tree. 
Trunks seems remarkably 

2633
02:14:18,500 --> 02:14:20,000
unconcerned about this 
possibility. 

2634
02:14:20,800 --> 02:14:22,800
He's probably seen enough boiler
explosions. 

2635
02:14:22,800 --> 02:14:24,700
To know what one looks like 
before it happens. 

2636
02:14:24,700 --> 02:14:27,800
This thought doesn't comfort you
as much as you'd hoped. 

2637
02:14:28,800 --> 02:14:31,700
You climb aboard, the passenger 
car which is essentially a 

2638
02:14:31,700 --> 02:14:33,300
wooden box on Wheels with 
Windows. 

2639
02:14:33,300 --> 02:14:36,900
The seats are arranged in rows 
facing forward though. 

2640
02:14:36,900 --> 02:14:39,200
Seats is perhaps too generous a 
term. 

2641
02:14:39,208 --> 02:14:42,800
They're more like church pews 
with backs upholstered in 

2642
02:14:42,800 --> 02:14:44,800
horsehair that prickles through 
your clothes. 

2643
02:14:45,800 --> 02:14:47,900
The aisle between them is narrow
and enough, that two people 

2644
02:14:47,900 --> 02:14:50,200
can't pass without one of them 
sucking in their stomach and 

2645
02:14:50,208 --> 02:14:53,400
doing a little sideways Shuffle.
Your fellow passengers are 

2646
02:14:53,400 --> 02:14:55,900
settling in around you. 
There's a woman in a severe, 

2647
02:14:55,900 --> 02:14:58,400
black dress who has already 
claimed the window seat and 

2648
02:14:58,400 --> 02:15:00,200
looks like she defended with her
life. 

2649
02:15:01,200 --> 02:15:03,800
Behind her, a traveling 
salesman, arranges his sample 

2650
02:15:03,800 --> 02:15:06,200
cases with the Precision of a 
military operation. 

2651
02:15:06,900 --> 02:15:09,300
Across the aisle. 
A young mother tries to convince

2652
02:15:09,300 --> 02:15:12,100
her toddler that the train isn't
actually a monster though. 

2653
02:15:12,100 --> 02:15:15,200
The child seemed skeptical and 
frankly, you don't blame him. 

2654
02:15:16,600 --> 02:15:19,300
The conductor appears a man 
whose mustache has its own 

2655
02:15:19,300 --> 02:15:21,700
postal code. 
He's wearing a uniform that 

2656
02:15:21,700 --> 02:15:24,000
seemed better decades and 
carries a pocket watch. 

2657
02:15:24,000 --> 02:15:27,100
He consults with religious 
devotion All Aboard. 

2658
02:15:27,100 --> 02:15:29,200
He calls though you're already 
aboard. 

2659
02:15:29,200 --> 02:15:31,700
So you're not sure if the 
request applies to you, or if 

2660
02:15:31,700 --> 02:15:34,500
you should get off and get back 
on, again, you choose to remain 

2661
02:15:34,500 --> 02:15:37,300
Where You Are. 
With a tremendous jolt, that 

2662
02:15:37,300 --> 02:15:39,100
nearly sends you into the lap of
the stern. 

2663
02:15:39,100 --> 02:15:42,400
Woman by the window. 
The train begins to move the 

2664
02:15:42,400 --> 02:15:44,200
wheels. 
Make a rhythmic clacking sound 

2665
02:15:44,200 --> 02:15:46,300
that will haunt your dreams for 
the next three weeks. 

2666
02:15:46,300 --> 02:15:49,000
Clackity clack clack. 
Clack clack, clack. 

2667
02:15:50,300 --> 02:15:52,900
It's almost musical if your 
taste in music runs to 

2668
02:15:52,900 --> 02:15:56,700
repetitive percussion performed 
by Iron wheels on iron rails. 

2669
02:15:56,700 --> 02:16:01,300
The scenery outside starts to 
crawl passed at this speed, you 

2670
02:16:01,300 --> 02:16:04,200
could probably hop off pick some
wildflowers and hop back on 

2671
02:16:04,200 --> 02:16:07,000
again, though the conductors 
mustache suggests, the idea 

2672
02:16:07,000 --> 02:16:11,400
wouldn't be appreciated. 
Feels rolled by dotted with 

2673
02:16:11,400 --> 02:16:14,200
Cowles, who seemed mildly 
interested in this mechanical 

2674
02:16:14,200 --> 02:16:15,800
intrusion into their pastoral 
day. 

2675
02:16:16,800 --> 02:16:20,400
A farmer waves from his plow and
you wave back feeling very 

2676
02:16:20,400 --> 02:16:24,700
Cosmopolitan and modern, The car
rocks gently from side to side 

2677
02:16:24,700 --> 02:16:27,000
not entirely unlike being in a 
cradle. 

2678
02:16:27,000 --> 02:16:30,300
If cradles were made of wood and
iron and pulled by steam 

2679
02:16:30,300 --> 02:16:34,000
engines, the motion is soothing.
Once you get used to it though, 

2680
02:16:34,000 --> 02:16:36,500
it takes about the same amount 
of time as a mild case of 

2681
02:16:36,500 --> 02:16:40,299
seasickness You close your eyes 
and try to imagine you're on a 

2682
02:16:40,299 --> 02:16:42,600
ship sailing across prairies and
oceans. 

2683
02:16:42,600 --> 02:16:46,200
Your carpet bag, slides around 
on the floor with each curve and

2684
02:16:46,200 --> 02:16:48,600
bump. 
Everybody's luggage performs, a 

2685
02:16:48,600 --> 02:16:51,500
small dance, and every now and 
then someone's hat box tries to 

2686
02:16:51,500 --> 02:16:54,600
escape only to have its 
embarrassed owner, restrain it. 

2687
02:16:54,600 --> 02:16:57,799
The woman next to you is tied 
her reticule to her wrist with 

2688
02:16:57,799 --> 02:17:01,100
what appears to be a shoelace. 
Clearly, she's traveled by train

2689
02:17:01,100 --> 02:17:04,900
before outside the world passes 
by the breathtaking speed of 

2690
02:17:04,900 --> 02:17:08,299
about 50 miles per hour. 
The present is the future. 

2691
02:17:08,299 --> 02:17:11,200
You think to yourself the 
present is what progress looks 

2692
02:17:11,200 --> 02:17:13,799
like. 
People travel across vast 

2693
02:17:13,799 --> 02:17:17,100
distances on iron horses 
reaching speeds, that would have

2694
02:17:17,108 --> 02:17:18,700
been Unthinkable for your 
grandparents. 

2695
02:17:18,700 --> 02:17:22,700
However, at this moment, as I 
watch a particularly energetic 

2696
02:17:22,700 --> 02:17:25,600
squirrel, keep Pace with the 
train for a solid 30 seconds. 

2697
02:17:25,600 --> 02:17:29,400
The entire experience feels less
revolutionary and more quaint 

2698
02:17:29,400 --> 02:17:33,299
the whistled blows along. 
Mournful sound that somehow 

2699
02:17:33,299 --> 02:17:35,500
manages to be both exciting and 
lonely. 

2700
02:17:35,500 --> 02:17:39,799
At the same time, your moving 
now carried forward by Steam and

2701
02:17:39,799 --> 02:17:42,700
steal into whatever Adventure, 
awaits down the line. 

2702
02:17:42,700 --> 02:17:45,299
After your first hour aboard, 
your beginning to understand 

2703
02:17:45,299 --> 02:17:48,400
that train travel comes with its
peculiar social rules. 

2704
02:17:48,400 --> 02:17:51,200
Most of which nobody bothered to
write down anywhere. 

2705
02:17:51,200 --> 02:17:54,400
It's like being invited to a 
party where everyone knows the 

2706
02:17:54,400 --> 02:17:57,600
secret handshake. 
Except you take the window seat 

2707
02:17:57,600 --> 02:17:59,900
situation. 
For instance, the woman beside 

2708
02:17:59,900 --> 02:18:02,900
you as astonished squatters 
rights on the window view and 

2709
02:18:02,900 --> 02:18:06,799
she guards, it jealously, When 
you lean slightly toward the 

2710
02:18:06,799 --> 02:18:09,400
glass to catch a glimpse of a 
particularly captivating. 

2711
02:18:09,400 --> 02:18:11,700
Cow, she shifts. 
Her considerable bulk to block 

2712
02:18:11,700 --> 02:18:14,299
your view entirely. 
It seems like she's following 

2713
02:18:14,299 --> 02:18:17,700
proper train etiquette, but you 
suspect, she's making it up as 

2714
02:18:17,700 --> 02:18:20,100
she goes. 
The art of eating aboard, a 

2715
02:18:20,100 --> 02:18:22,500
moving train proves to be more 
challenging than you'd 

2716
02:18:22,500 --> 02:18:24,900
anticipated. 
The railroad has thoughtfully 

2717
02:18:24,900 --> 02:18:29,000
provided a dining car though. 
Dining is perhaps too. 

2718
02:18:29,000 --> 02:18:30,600
Elegant term for what transpires
there. 

2719
02:18:31,400 --> 02:18:34,100
You make your way down the 
aisle, grabbing seat backs and 

2720
02:18:34,100 --> 02:18:38,000
fellow passengers for support as
the car sways and lurches the 

2721
02:18:38,000 --> 02:18:40,000
dining car. 
Attendant, a man whose clearly 

2722
02:18:40,000 --> 02:18:43,000
made peace with the chaos of his
profession, serves up plates of 

2723
02:18:43,000 --> 02:18:45,000
food. 
That seem to slide into your 

2724
02:18:45,000 --> 02:18:48,600
lap, your beef stew sloshes from
side to side with each train, 

2725
02:18:48,600 --> 02:18:51,900
rock, you quickly, learn to time
your spoonfuls, with the motion 

2726
02:18:51,900 --> 02:18:55,500
of the car, scooping up stew, 
when it slides toward you and 

2727
02:18:55,500 --> 02:18:58,100
waiting patiently when it 
migrates to the far side of the 

2728
02:18:58,100 --> 02:19:00,100
bowl. 
It resembles a fishing 

2729
02:19:00,100 --> 02:19:03,799
experience will be at with gravy
and vegetables as the catch and 

2730
02:19:03,799 --> 02:19:07,400
a constantly shifting pond. 
The other diners of developed 

2731
02:19:07,400 --> 02:19:09,700
various strategies for dealing 
with mobile meals. 

2732
02:19:10,600 --> 02:19:13,200
One gentleman has wedged, his 
plate between two coffee cups, 

2733
02:19:13,200 --> 02:19:16,600
creating a little edible 
Fortress, a lady at the next 

2734
02:19:16,600 --> 02:19:20,299
table as given up in utensils 
and his politely nibbling her 

2735
02:19:20,308 --> 02:19:22,799
dinner role while watching her 
suit performer, acrobatics. 

2736
02:19:23,700 --> 02:19:26,400
The traveling salesman from your
car has somehow managed to 

2737
02:19:26,400 --> 02:19:29,600
balance his entire meal on his 
knees while continuing to work 

2738
02:19:29,600 --> 02:19:32,700
on his correspondence, you 
suspect, he's part circus 

2739
02:19:32,700 --> 02:19:35,600
performer. 
Coffee service presents its own 

2740
02:19:35,600 --> 02:19:38,799
unique challenges. 
The attendant approaches with a 

2741
02:19:38,799 --> 02:19:41,900
large pot and The Confident of 
someone who's done the job 1000 

2742
02:19:41,900 --> 02:19:44,700
times before. 
He paused the coffee in a smooth

2743
02:19:44,700 --> 02:19:47,900
Arc that somehow accounts for 
the Train's motion, the cups 

2744
02:19:47,900 --> 02:19:50,700
movement, and the likelihood 
that you'll jerk your hand at 

2745
02:19:50,700 --> 02:19:53,300
The crucial moment. 
Most of the coffee actually 

2746
02:19:53,300 --> 02:19:56,300
makes it into the cup which 
Feels Like A Small Miracle 

2747
02:19:56,300 --> 02:19:59,700
between meals. 
You discover that privacy is a 

2748
02:19:59,700 --> 02:20:02,700
negotiable concept, aboard, a 
train, your fellow passengers 

2749
02:20:02,700 --> 02:20:05,200
seem to view your personal 
business as legitimate 

2750
02:20:05,200 --> 02:20:07,800
entertainment. 
The stern Woman by the window 

2751
02:20:07,800 --> 02:20:09,700
has taken to commenting on your 
reading material. 

2752
02:20:09,700 --> 02:20:12,600
Despite the fact that you 
haven't asked for literary 

2753
02:20:12,600 --> 02:20:15,800
opinions, When you pull out a 
penny novel, she sniffs to 

2754
02:20:15,800 --> 02:20:18,400
approvingly and mutter something
about the decline of modern 

2755
02:20:18,400 --> 02:20:20,700
morals. 
You can consider pointing out 

2756
02:20:20,700 --> 02:20:23,100
that her own reading material 
appears to be a Temperance 

2757
02:20:23,100 --> 02:20:25,700
tracked, but decide that 
discretion is the better part of

2758
02:20:25,708 --> 02:20:27,700
not getting into. 
An argument with someone you'll 

2759
02:20:27,700 --> 02:20:29,500
be sitting next to for the next 
two days. 

2760
02:20:30,400 --> 02:20:32,900
The traveling salesman has 
appointed himself, the cars 

2761
02:20:32,900 --> 02:20:36,300
unofficial social director. 
He knows everyone's destination 

2762
02:20:36,300 --> 02:20:39,800
occupation, and life story 
within the first 50 miles. 

2763
02:20:40,700 --> 02:20:45,100
By Mi 75 is offering unsolicited
advice about everything from the

2764
02:20:45,100 --> 02:20:48,500
best hotels in Chicago, to the 
proper treatment of bunions. 

2765
02:20:49,200 --> 02:20:51,900
You learn more about bunion care
than any reasonable person. 

2766
02:20:51,900 --> 02:20:55,300
Should know, however, you must 
admit that his enthusiasm is 

2767
02:20:55,300 --> 02:20:57,800
endearing. 
The bathroom facilities on the 

2768
02:20:57,800 --> 02:21:01,100
train deserve special mention, 
although they may not be ideal 

2769
02:21:01,100 --> 02:21:04,600
to use during dinner time. 
Embracing Nature's call, while 

2770
02:21:04,600 --> 02:21:07,500
traveling at 15 miles per hour. 
Over questionable, track 

2771
02:21:07,500 --> 02:21:11,000
Demands, a certain level of 
athletic ability and a 

2772
02:21:11,000 --> 02:21:12,300
willingness to embrace 
Adventure. 

2773
02:21:13,900 --> 02:21:16,600
Facilities themselves are about 
the size of a broom closet 

2774
02:21:16,600 --> 02:21:19,600
furnished with the seat that 
seems designed by someone. 

2775
02:21:19,600 --> 02:21:22,700
Who'd, never actually sat down 
before the whole experience 

2776
02:21:22,700 --> 02:21:25,600
teaches you new levels of 
appreciation for stationary 

2777
02:21:25,600 --> 02:21:28,400
Plumbing. 
Nightfall brings its set of 

2778
02:21:28,408 --> 02:21:31,100
Social Challenges, the seats, 
don't recline. 

2779
02:21:31,100 --> 02:21:34,400
Exactly, but you can achieve a 
sort of semi slumped position 

2780
02:21:34,400 --> 02:21:37,500
that passes for Comfort if 
you're not particular about your

2781
02:21:37,500 --> 02:21:41,200
spine's alignment. 
The stern woman has produced a 

2782
02:21:41,208 --> 02:21:45,100
pillow from somewhere and his 
both armrests with the authority

2783
02:21:45,100 --> 02:21:48,100
of a territorial. 
You fold your coat into a 

2784
02:21:48,100 --> 02:21:51,300
makeshift pillow and settle in 
for what promises to be a very 

2785
02:21:51,300 --> 02:21:54,400
educational night in the art of 
sleeping while sitting up. 

2786
02:21:55,300 --> 02:21:57,500
The sounds of the train. 
Take on a different quality in 

2787
02:21:57,500 --> 02:22:00,200
the Darkness. 
Clacking of Wheels becomes more 

2788
02:22:00,200 --> 02:22:04,200
pronounced, almost rhythmic. 
Someone several seats back has 

2789
02:22:04,200 --> 02:22:07,600
begun snoring in Counterpoint to
the Train's Rhythm, creating an 

2790
02:22:07,600 --> 02:22:09,900
odd. 
Sort of mobile lullaby morning, 

2791
02:22:09,900 --> 02:22:13,300
arrives with the subtlety of a 
brass band announced by the 

2792
02:22:13,300 --> 02:22:15,500
conductors voice, calling out 
the next station. 

2793
02:22:15,500 --> 02:22:17,900
Stop. 
You've managed about three hours

2794
02:22:17,900 --> 02:22:20,600
of actual sleep scattered 
throughout the night. 

2795
02:22:20,600 --> 02:22:24,100
In 20 minute intervals, between 
the trains more enthusiastic 

2796
02:22:24,100 --> 02:22:27,800
lurches and the creative snoring
Symphony that developed around 

2797
02:22:27,800 --> 02:22:31,500
midnight Your fellow passengers 
are stirring with various 

2798
02:22:31,500 --> 02:22:35,100
degrees of success. 
The traveling salesman appears 

2799
02:22:35,100 --> 02:22:38,200
to have slept like a baby. 
If babies typically woke up 

2800
02:22:38,200 --> 02:22:40,800
perfectly groomed and ready to 
discuss the virtues of their 

2801
02:22:40,800 --> 02:22:45,400
latest patent medicine. 
The stern woman looks exactly as

2802
02:22:45,400 --> 02:22:48,500
severe as she did yesterday. 
Leading you to suspect, she may 

2803
02:22:48,500 --> 02:22:51,700
not actually sleep but simply 
Powers down like some sort of 

2804
02:22:51,700 --> 02:22:54,800
Victorian atom. 
A new passenger boards at this 

2805
02:22:54,800 --> 02:22:57,200
stop and he's the kind of 
character that makes train 

2806
02:22:57,200 --> 02:23:00,000
travel memorable. 
He's clearly a frontier type 

2807
02:23:00,000 --> 02:23:02,600
dressed in buckskins. 
That have seen more Adventure 

2808
02:23:02,600 --> 02:23:05,000
than a penny novel. 
His beard appears to have been 

2809
02:23:05,000 --> 02:23:08,100
styled by a windstorm, and he 
carries himself with the easy 

2810
02:23:08,100 --> 02:23:10,700
confidence of someone whose 
wrestled bears and lived to tell

2811
02:23:10,700 --> 02:23:14,800
about it probably over dinner. 
He settles into a seat across 

2812
02:23:14,808 --> 02:23:17,000
the aisle. 
Immediately begins regaling 

2813
02:23:17,000 --> 02:23:19,600
anyone within earshot with Tales
of his exploits. 

2814
02:23:20,500 --> 02:23:24,500
According to his stories, he's 
been a Trapper, a scout, a gold 

2815
02:23:24,500 --> 02:23:27,300
prospector and briefly, a circus
performer. 

2816
02:23:28,400 --> 02:23:32,000
You suspect some embellishment, 
particularly regarding the story

2817
02:23:32,000 --> 02:23:34,100
about training. 
A Wild Mustang to fetch his 

2818
02:23:34,100 --> 02:23:36,800
morning coffee but his 
enthusiasm is infectious. 

2819
02:23:37,600 --> 02:23:40,100
Even the stern woman. 
Seems grudgingly interested 

2820
02:23:40,100 --> 02:23:42,000
though. 
She maintains her disapproving 

2821
02:23:42,000 --> 02:23:44,400
expression. 
As a matter of principle, the 

2822
02:23:44,400 --> 02:23:46,900
young mother with the toddler 
has given up any pretense of 

2823
02:23:46,900 --> 02:23:49,600
control her child, who was 
discovered that the aisle makes 

2824
02:23:49,600 --> 02:23:53,400
an excellent race track. 
The boy kareen's from seat to 

2825
02:23:53,400 --> 02:23:56,900
seat using passengers knees as 
turning posts in his Grand Prix.

2826
02:23:56,900 --> 02:24:00,500
Most Travelers, accept this with
resigned Good Humor though the 

2827
02:24:00,500 --> 02:24:02,800
traveling salesman looks nervous
about his carefully. 

2828
02:24:02,800 --> 02:24:05,400
Arranged sample cases at the 
next stop. 

2829
02:24:05,400 --> 02:24:08,700
A preacher boards recognizable 
by his severe black coat and the

2830
02:24:08,700 --> 02:24:11,600
way he surveys the car as if 
calculating everyone's 

2831
02:24:11,600 --> 02:24:14,800
likelihood of salvation. 
He takes a seat near the back 

2832
02:24:14,800 --> 02:24:17,500
and immediately begins reading 
from what you assume is a Bible 

2833
02:24:17,508 --> 02:24:20,500
though, at this distance, it 
could be a cookbook for all, you

2834
02:24:20,500 --> 02:24:23,200
know. 
The frontier character catches 

2835
02:24:23,200 --> 02:24:26,100
sight of him and grins and you 
sense that philosophical 

2836
02:24:26,100 --> 02:24:27,700
discussions, may be in your 
future. 

2837
02:24:27,700 --> 02:24:30,400
A group of immigrants. 
Filled several seats near the 

2838
02:24:30,400 --> 02:24:32,800
front of the car they speak in a
language. 

2839
02:24:32,800 --> 02:24:36,100
You don't recognize gesturing 
animatedly and pointing out the 

2840
02:24:36,108 --> 02:24:37,800
windows at the passing 
landscape. 

2841
02:24:37,800 --> 02:24:41,600
Their excitement is palpable and
you realize your witnessing 

2842
02:24:41,600 --> 02:24:44,000
people seeing their new country 
for the first time. 

2843
02:24:44,000 --> 02:24:48,000
It provides perspective on your 
own Journey although you are 

2844
02:24:48,000 --> 02:24:52,000
still not entirely sure why you 
chose to Head West initially The

2845
02:24:52,000 --> 02:24:55,400
dining car attendant makes his 
rounds announcing breakfast with

2846
02:24:55,400 --> 02:24:57,600
the air of someone who's giving 
up hoping anyone will be 

2847
02:24:57,600 --> 02:25:01,400
surprised by the menu. 
There's hardtack coffee is 

2848
02:25:01,400 --> 02:25:04,000
strong as a horse shoe and a 
dish that could easily pass for 

2849
02:25:04,000 --> 02:25:05,500
eggs. 
If you don't scrutinize it too 

2850
02:25:05,500 --> 02:25:08,300
closely. 
The frontier character claims 

2851
02:25:08,300 --> 02:25:11,000
that the food is the finest 
Cuisine, he has experienced 

2852
02:25:11,000 --> 02:25:14,600
since leaving civilization. 
However, considering his stories

2853
02:25:14,600 --> 02:25:17,800
about eating bark and Prairie 
Grass, this may not be a 

2854
02:25:17,800 --> 02:25:21,400
significant compliment, 
Conversation, flows, easily 

2855
02:25:21,400 --> 02:25:24,000
around the car, resembling the 
interactions of people who have 

2856
02:25:24,008 --> 02:25:25,500
been brought together by 
circumstance. 

2857
02:25:26,600 --> 02:25:29,200
The preacher and the 
frontiersmen have indeed. 

2858
02:25:29,200 --> 02:25:32,000
Struck up a debate about the 
nature of civilization versus 

2859
02:25:32,000 --> 02:25:34,400
the Wilderness. 
The preacher argues for the 

2860
02:25:34,400 --> 02:25:37,600
moral benefits of settled 
Society, while the frontiersmen 

2861
02:25:37,600 --> 02:25:40,400
counters with stories, about the
corrupting influence of cities. 

2862
02:25:40,400 --> 02:25:44,400
You find yourself nodding along 
to both sides, which probably 

2863
02:25:44,400 --> 02:25:46,600
makes you either very wise or 
very confused. 

2864
02:25:47,500 --> 02:25:49,300
The stern woman has appointed 
herself. 

2865
02:25:49,300 --> 02:25:53,100
The moral guardian of the car 
offering unsolicited commentary 

2866
02:25:53,100 --> 02:25:57,000
on everyone's Behavior, reading 
material and general deportment.

2867
02:25:57,700 --> 02:26:00,900
When the traveling salesman 
produces deck of cards she 

2868
02:26:00,900 --> 02:26:03,800
launches into a lecture about 
the evils of gambling that would

2869
02:26:03,800 --> 02:26:07,200
make the preacher proud. 
The salesman explains that he 

2870
02:26:07,200 --> 02:26:09,500
was merely planning to 
demonstrate a card trick for the

2871
02:26:09,508 --> 02:26:11,700
toddler, but she remains 
unconvinced. 

2872
02:26:12,800 --> 02:26:16,000
By afternoon the various 
personalities of settled into a 

2873
02:26:16,000 --> 02:26:19,200
comfortable routine. 
The frontiersmen entertains the 

2874
02:26:19,200 --> 02:26:21,700
group with his stories. 
The preacher offers moral 

2875
02:26:21,700 --> 02:26:24,700
advice, the traveling salesman 
provides solutions to 

2876
02:26:24,700 --> 02:26:28,300
unidentified problems and the 
stern woman upholds order with 

2877
02:26:28,300 --> 02:26:31,000
her disapproval. 
The immigrants continued, their 

2878
02:26:31,000 --> 02:26:34,000
animated discussions 
occasionally breaking into what 

2879
02:26:34,000 --> 02:26:36,800
sounds like folksongs. 
You've become The Unofficial 

2880
02:26:36,800 --> 02:26:39,700
mediator, the neutral party. 
Everyone feels comfortable 

2881
02:26:39,700 --> 02:26:43,300
talking to you may not have 
strong opinions or your 

2882
02:26:43,300 --> 02:26:44,900
carpetbag. 
May contain the only good 

2883
02:26:44,900 --> 02:26:47,600
whiskey on the train hidden 
under your spare shirts. 

2884
02:26:47,600 --> 02:26:51,100
Either way your learning more 
about human nature than you ever

2885
02:26:51,100 --> 02:26:54,300
expected. 
The toddler has worn himself out

2886
02:26:54,300 --> 02:26:56,300
and finally fallen asleep in his
mother's arms. 

2887
02:26:56,300 --> 02:26:59,000
Providing the first Quiet 
Moments since Dawn. 

2888
02:27:00,000 --> 02:27:03,000
Even the train seems to be 
running more smoothly as if it 

2889
02:27:03,000 --> 02:27:04,700
too. 
Appreciates the brief respite 

2890
02:27:04,700 --> 02:27:07,800
from chaos, the dinner service 
that evening proves to be an 

2891
02:27:07,800 --> 02:27:09,600
adventure worthy of the frontier
itself. 

2892
02:27:10,500 --> 02:27:13,200
You've learned from your lunch 
experience and approach the 

2893
02:27:13,200 --> 02:27:17,200
dining car with a strategy 
secure, your food find something

2894
02:27:17,200 --> 02:27:20,700
to brace against and accept that
dignity is optional when 

2895
02:27:20,700 --> 02:27:24,200
traveling at 15 miles per hour 
over tracks laid by optimistic 

2896
02:27:24,200 --> 02:27:27,300
railroad workers. 
The menu hasn't changed since 

2897
02:27:27,300 --> 02:27:29,700
breakfast, which isn't 
particularly surprising. 

2898
02:27:29,700 --> 02:27:33,200
Given that the dining cars 
pantry is roughly the size of 

2899
02:27:33,200 --> 02:27:36,700
your grandmother's pie safe. 
The attendant whose name you've 

2900
02:27:36,700 --> 02:27:40,000
learned is Frank has developed a
philosophical approach to his 

2901
02:27:40,000 --> 02:27:41,700
work. 
That involves accepting the 

2902
02:27:41,700 --> 02:27:45,500
limitations of cooking aboard. 
A moving train while maintaining

2903
02:27:45,500 --> 02:27:47,600
unreasonable optimism about the 
results. 

2904
02:27:47,600 --> 02:27:51,500
Tonight's mystery meat is 
chicken but it bounces around 

2905
02:27:51,500 --> 02:27:53,200
your plate. 
Like it never got used to being 

2906
02:27:53,200 --> 02:27:55,600
dead. 
The vegetables have achieved 

2907
02:27:55,600 --> 02:27:59,200
that perfect mushy consistency 
where you can't quite tell if 

2908
02:27:59,200 --> 02:28:00,700
you're eating carrots or 
turnips. 

2909
02:28:00,700 --> 02:28:03,600
And frankly, it doesn't matter 
because they both taste like the

2910
02:28:03,600 --> 02:28:06,900
inside of a coal bin. 
Your dining Companions of the 

2911
02:28:06,900 --> 02:28:09,700
evening, include a banker, from 
Philadelphia who keeps checking 

2912
02:28:09,700 --> 02:28:12,300
his pocket watches as if he can 
somehow make the train arrive 

2913
02:28:12,300 --> 02:28:14,200
faster. 
Through sheer temporal 

2914
02:28:14,200 --> 02:28:17,300
willpower. 
Across from him, sits a school, 

2915
02:28:17,300 --> 02:28:20,400
mum heading to a teaching 
position in Kansas armed with 

2916
02:28:20,408 --> 02:28:23,200
enough, moral fiber to build a 
small church and the kind of 

2917
02:28:23,208 --> 02:28:25,600
determined cheerfulness that 
suggests she's prepared to 

2918
02:28:25,608 --> 02:28:27,500
educate the frontier into 
submission. 

2919
02:28:28,700 --> 02:28:32,100
The Frontiersman has joined your
table bringing with him Tales of

2920
02:28:32,108 --> 02:28:35,400
dining on roasted prairie dog 
and something he calls Mountain 

2921
02:28:35,400 --> 02:28:39,100
Oysters which you suspect aren't
actually oysters and definitely 

2922
02:28:39,100 --> 02:28:42,300
aren't from any mountain. 
You'd care to visit His stories,

2923
02:28:42,300 --> 02:28:45,500
make the mysterious train, 
chicken seem downright, Gourmet 

2924
02:28:45,500 --> 02:28:49,100
by comparison. 
Halfway through the meal, the 

2925
02:28:49,100 --> 02:28:52,100
train hits, a particularly 
ambitious, curve, and Chaos 

2926
02:28:52,100 --> 02:28:55,900
ensues your chicken breaks free 
sliding across the table towards

2927
02:28:55,900 --> 02:28:59,100
the banker who's reflexes 
suggest he is successfully 

2928
02:28:59,100 --> 02:29:03,700
avoided flying food in the past.
The school moms coffee creates a

2929
02:29:03,700 --> 02:29:07,300
small Title Wave that somehow 
manages to miss her entirely 

2930
02:29:07,300 --> 02:29:09,500
while thoroughly soaking her 
bread roll. 

2931
02:29:10,300 --> 02:29:14,200
Frankly, attendant doesn't even 
clearly witnessed this 

2932
02:29:14,200 --> 02:29:17,200
performance. 
Many times before the banker now

2933
02:29:17,200 --> 02:29:20,200
wearing your dinner maintains 
his dignity with admirable, 

2934
02:29:20,200 --> 02:29:22,700
stoicism. 
He Dabs at the chicken grease on

2935
02:29:22,700 --> 02:29:25,300
his vest with the same 
methodical Precision, he 

2936
02:29:25,300 --> 02:29:27,100
probably applies to balancing 
ledgers. 

2937
02:29:28,000 --> 02:29:30,000
Occupational hazard of trained 
dining. 

2938
02:29:30,000 --> 02:29:33,000
He observes philosophically as 
if being assaulted by mobile 

2939
02:29:33,000 --> 02:29:37,100
poultry is a regular part of his
financial career, With the 

2940
02:29:37,100 --> 02:29:39,800
efficient competence, of someone
accustomed to manage in 

2941
02:29:39,800 --> 02:29:42,600
classroom catastrophes. 
The school man, produces a 

2942
02:29:42,600 --> 02:29:45,100
handkerchief and begins cleaning
up the coffee disaster. 

2943
02:29:45,800 --> 02:29:49,000
A cheerfulness remains undaunted
though, you suspect, she's 

2944
02:29:49,000 --> 02:29:52,400
mentally composing letters home 
about the Exotic dangers of 

2945
02:29:52,400 --> 02:29:55,700
Frontier dining. 
After dinner, you retire to your

2946
02:29:55,700 --> 02:29:58,700
seat to discover that motion 
sickness has finally caught up 

2947
02:29:58,700 --> 02:30:01,800
with you. 
It creeps in gradually starting 

2948
02:30:01,800 --> 02:30:04,300
with a vague uneasiness that you
initially attribute to the 

2949
02:30:04,308 --> 02:30:07,600
mysterious chicken. 
Constant swaying motion of the 

2950
02:30:07,600 --> 02:30:10,800
car which seemed Charming the 
morning now, feels less like a 

2951
02:30:10,800 --> 02:30:14,000
gentle cradle and more like 
being trapped inside, a powerful

2952
02:30:14,000 --> 02:30:17,200
washing machine with the sharp 
eye of someone who has likely 

2953
02:30:17,200 --> 02:30:20,600
diagnosed, half the ailments in 
her hometown the stern woman, 

2954
02:30:20,600 --> 02:30:24,100
notices your distress. 
She produces a small bottle from

2955
02:30:24,100 --> 02:30:26,700
her reticule with the confidence
of a traveling Apothecary. 

2956
02:30:26,700 --> 02:30:30,800
She announces peppermint oil as 
if she's offering a miraculous 

2957
02:30:30,800 --> 02:30:33,500
remedy. 
Settles the stomach and clears 

2958
02:30:33,500 --> 02:30:36,100
the head. 
Your no position to refuse help,

2959
02:30:36,100 --> 02:30:39,600
even from someone whose previous
medical advice, consisted, 

2960
02:30:39,600 --> 02:30:43,700
mainly of moral lectures, the 
peppermint oil does help though,

2961
02:30:43,700 --> 02:30:46,100
whether it's the actual medicine
or just the relief of having 

2962
02:30:46,100 --> 02:30:49,300
someone show unexpected, 
kindness is hard to say the 

2963
02:30:49,300 --> 02:30:52,700
traveling salesman overhearing. 
Your plight launches into an 

2964
02:30:52,700 --> 02:30:55,700
enthusiastic pitch for his 
latest remedy, guaranteed to 

2965
02:30:55,708 --> 02:30:59,500
cure everything from motion, 
sickness to melancholy His 

2966
02:30:59,500 --> 02:31:02,500
sample case, reveals an 
impressive array of bottles tins

2967
02:31:02,500 --> 02:31:05,900
and mysterious packages each 
promising to solve problems. 

2968
02:31:05,900 --> 02:31:09,100
You didn't know you had, you 
politely decline, his offer of 

2969
02:31:09,100 --> 02:31:12,700
doctor pemberton's, Miracle 
Elixir, partly because you're 

2970
02:31:12,700 --> 02:31:15,600
feeling better and partly. 
Because anything described as 

2971
02:31:15,600 --> 02:31:19,200
miraculous, and sold from a 
suitcase, seems suspect The 

2972
02:31:19,200 --> 02:31:21,800
rocking motion of the train, 
which caused your stomach 

2973
02:31:21,800 --> 02:31:23,900
troubles. 
Ironically becomes soothing, 

2974
02:31:23,900 --> 02:31:27,300
once the nausea passes, the 
rhythmic clacking of Wheels 

2975
02:31:27,300 --> 02:31:30,300
settles into a hypnotic pattern,
that makes your eyelids heavy. 

2976
02:31:31,500 --> 02:31:33,600
Outside the windows. 
Twilight is painting the 

2977
02:31:33,600 --> 02:31:36,400
landscape in soft. 
Purple's and Golds turning 

2978
02:31:36,400 --> 02:31:37,900
ordinary Farmland in to 
something. 

2979
02:31:37,900 --> 02:31:40,800
Almost magical. 
Your fellow passengers are 

2980
02:31:40,800 --> 02:31:42,400
settling into their evening 
routines. 

2981
02:31:42,400 --> 02:31:45,900
The preachers switched from 
moral philosophy to what appears

2982
02:31:45,900 --> 02:31:48,000
to be. 
Let her writing his pens 

2983
02:31:48,000 --> 02:31:50,700
scratching across paper in time 
with the trains rhythm. 

2984
02:31:51,800 --> 02:31:55,500
The immigrants have grown quiet 
gazing out at their new country 

2985
02:31:55,500 --> 02:31:59,300
with expressions of Wonder and 
perhaps a little homesickness. 

2986
02:32:00,400 --> 02:32:03,100
The toddler has discovered that 
the space under the seats makes 

2987
02:32:03,100 --> 02:32:06,600
an excellent Fort and has begun 
a complex game involving his few

2988
02:32:06,600 --> 02:32:08,800
toys and a remarkable amount of 
imagination. 

2989
02:32:10,100 --> 02:32:12,400
His mother watches with the 
patient expression of someone 

2990
02:32:12,400 --> 02:32:14,500
who's learned to find 
entertainment in the smallest 

2991
02:32:14,500 --> 02:32:17,200
victories. 
Frank appears with evening 

2992
02:32:17,200 --> 02:32:19,800
coffee which you accept 
gratefully despite its 

2993
02:32:19,800 --> 02:32:23,800
resemblance to coal tar, because
sometimes the ritual of warmth 

2994
02:32:23,800 --> 02:32:26,500
and caffeine matters more than 
the actual quality of either 

2995
02:32:26,500 --> 02:32:29,700
Darkness, settles over the train
like a familiar blanket, 

2996
02:32:29,700 --> 02:32:32,600
transforming the passenger car 
into a cozy. 

2997
02:32:32,600 --> 02:32:37,000
If someone cramped, Cocoon of 
warm light, and human 

2998
02:32:37,000 --> 02:32:40,900
companionship, The conductor 
makes his evening rounds, 

2999
02:32:40,900 --> 02:32:44,200
lighting, the oil lamps that 
cast Dancing Shadows on the 

3000
02:32:44,200 --> 02:32:46,800
walls and create pools of gold 
and light throughout the car. 

3001
02:32:47,900 --> 02:32:51,200
The effect is intimate, turning 
your rolling wooden box into 

3002
02:32:51,200 --> 02:32:52,500
something approaching 
comfortable. 

3003
02:32:53,400 --> 02:32:56,100
Sleeping on a train, your 
discovering is less a single 

3004
02:32:56,100 --> 02:32:59,000
event, and more a series of 
negotiations between your body, 

3005
02:32:59,000 --> 02:33:01,200
the seat and the laws of 
physics. 

3006
02:33:02,100 --> 02:33:04,700
The seats weren't designed with 
overnight comfort in mind. 

3007
02:33:04,700 --> 02:33:07,600
Having been crafted by someone 
who apparently believed that 

3008
02:33:07,600 --> 02:33:09,500
humans were naturally shaped 
like church. 

3009
02:33:09,500 --> 02:33:13,800
Pews, you try various positions,
the classic slump the sideways 

3010
02:33:13,800 --> 02:33:17,100
lean and an ambitious attempt to
use your carpet bag as a 

3011
02:33:17,100 --> 02:33:20,000
footrest which ends with your 
luggage sliding three seats 

3012
02:33:20,000 --> 02:33:22,800
forward during a particularly 
spirited curve. 

3013
02:33:23,600 --> 02:33:26,600
The stern woman has transformed 
herself into a fortress of 

3014
02:33:26,600 --> 02:33:29,500
propriety. 
Somehow managing to arrange her 

3015
02:33:29,500 --> 02:33:33,000
shawls and skirts in a way that 
maintains perfect modesty. 

3016
02:33:33,000 --> 02:33:35,800
While achieving what appears to 
be actual comfort? 

3017
02:33:35,800 --> 02:33:38,800
You suspect, she's had training 
in this particular skill, 

3018
02:33:38,800 --> 02:33:42,200
possibly from a finishing school
that offered Advanced courses in

3019
02:33:42,200 --> 02:33:45,800
traveling with dignity. 
A gentle snoring suggests she's 

3020
02:33:45,808 --> 02:33:49,600
mastered the art completely The 
frontiersmen has claimed two 

3021
02:33:49,600 --> 02:33:53,000
seats by virtue of Simply being 
too large for one, and he sleeps

3022
02:33:53,000 --> 02:33:55,500
with the easy confidence of 
someone accustomed to bedding. 

3023
02:33:55,500 --> 02:33:59,500
Down Under The Open Sky. 
Occasionally, he mutters in his 

3024
02:33:59,500 --> 02:34:02,600
sleep fragments of Adventures 
that may or may not have 

3025
02:34:02,600 --> 02:34:05,300
actually happened. 
You catch references to 

3026
02:34:05,300 --> 02:34:08,900
honorary, mules, and the biggest
catfish in Missouri delivered 

3027
02:34:08,900 --> 02:34:11,600
with the same conviction, he 
brings to his waking stories. 

3028
02:34:12,700 --> 02:34:15,500
The traveling salesman has 
somehow arranged his sample. 

3029
02:34:15,500 --> 02:34:17,900
Cases into a makeshift bed. 
That looks more comfortable than

3030
02:34:17,900 --> 02:34:20,500
your seat though. 
You suspect it violates several 

3031
02:34:20,500 --> 02:34:22,400
unspoken rules about train 
etiquette. 

3032
02:34:23,000 --> 02:34:25,400
He's covered himself with what 
appears to be a tarp 

3033
02:34:25,400 --> 02:34:27,600
advertising. 
His patent medicines, turning 

3034
02:34:27,600 --> 02:34:30,000
himself into a human billboard, 
even in sleep. 

3035
02:34:30,900 --> 02:34:34,800
At midnight, the train abruptly 
stops startling everyone awake 

3036
02:34:34,800 --> 02:34:37,900
Through the Windows, you can see
lanterns moving in the darkness 

3037
02:34:37,900 --> 02:34:41,200
and voices, carry the tone of 
men dealing with some sort of 

3038
02:34:41,208 --> 02:34:44,700
mechanical crisis. 
The conductor appears his 

3039
02:34:44,700 --> 02:34:47,500
mustache looking less 
authoritative than usual to 

3040
02:34:47,500 --> 02:34:49,700
explain that they're having a 
small difficulty with the 

3041
02:34:49,700 --> 02:34:52,700
locomotive's enthusiasm, which 
you take to mean the engine as 

3042
02:34:52,700 --> 02:34:54,900
broken down. 
Again, this sort of thing, 

3043
02:34:54,900 --> 02:34:59,000
you're learning is considered 
perfectly normal in 1847 trains.

3044
02:34:59,000 --> 02:35:02,600
Break down the way horses, throw
shoes or Wheels come loose. 

3045
02:35:02,600 --> 02:35:05,700
It's not a crisis. 
Merely an inconvenience that 

3046
02:35:05,700 --> 02:35:08,400
requires patience and possibly 
some creative engineering. 

3047
02:35:09,400 --> 02:35:12,800
Frank appears with more coffee 
as if caffeine is the universal 

3048
02:35:12,800 --> 02:35:16,800
solution to mechanical problems.
The delay gives everyone a 

3049
02:35:16,800 --> 02:35:20,300
chance to stretch walk around 
and engage in the kind of 

3050
02:35:20,300 --> 02:35:22,700
philosophical discussion. 
That only happen at midnight 

3051
02:35:22,700 --> 02:35:25,200
when you're stranded beside 
railroad tracks, in the middle 

3052
02:35:25,200 --> 02:35:28,500
of Ohio, The preacher in the 
frontiersmen resumed their 

3053
02:35:28,500 --> 02:35:31,900
debate about Civilization now 
expanded to include theories 

3054
02:35:31,900 --> 02:35:34,800
about mechanical progress and 
God's opinion of steam engines. 

3055
02:35:34,800 --> 02:35:38,700
The banker produces a flask from
his coat and offers it around 

3056
02:35:38,700 --> 02:35:41,300
with the generosity of someone 
who's giving up worrying about 

3057
02:35:41,300 --> 02:35:45,000
propriety at this hour. 
Even the schoolmarm accepts. 

3058
02:35:45,000 --> 02:35:48,000
A small sip though, she makes a 
face that suggests her 

3059
02:35:48,000 --> 02:35:50,000
Temperance. 
Principles are still intact, 

3060
02:35:50,000 --> 02:35:53,200
just temporarily suspended for 
medicinal purposes. 

3061
02:35:53,200 --> 02:35:56,400
The immigrants gather near their
seats, talking quietly among 

3062
02:35:56,400 --> 02:35:58,800
themselves while the children 
sleep against their parents 

3063
02:35:58,800 --> 02:36:01,700
shoulders their patients appears
boundless. 

3064
02:36:01,700 --> 02:36:05,200
As if they've grown accustomed 
to patiently awaiting the start 

3065
02:36:05,200 --> 02:36:08,000
of their lives. 
You wonder what they're leaving 

3066
02:36:08,008 --> 02:36:10,200
behind and what they hope to 
find at the end of their 

3067
02:36:10,200 --> 02:36:12,600
Journey. 
Outside the repair, work 

3068
02:36:12,600 --> 02:36:15,100
continues with the steady rhythm
of men who know their business 

3069
02:36:15,100 --> 02:36:19,500
hammering, the hiss of steam and
occasional cursing that carries 

3070
02:36:19,500 --> 02:36:23,200
clearly in the night air. 
The locomotive is clearly a 

3071
02:36:23,200 --> 02:36:25,300
temperamental creature. 
That requires both mechanical 

3072
02:36:25,300 --> 02:36:29,400
skill and diplomatic handling. 
Stern woman has produced 

3073
02:36:29,400 --> 02:36:33,200
needlework from somewhere in her
seemingly, bottomless reticule 

3074
02:36:33,200 --> 02:36:36,100
and stitching by Lamplight with 
the concentration of a surgeon. 

3075
02:36:36,900 --> 02:36:41,100
She notices your attention and 
explains without prompting that 

3076
02:36:41,100 --> 02:36:44,200
Idle Hands, even at midnight 
beside broken down. 

3077
02:36:44,200 --> 02:36:48,300
Trains are a dangerous place. 
Her moral principles, apparently

3078
02:36:48,300 --> 02:36:51,200
don't recognize standard 
sleeping hours by two in the 

3079
02:36:51,208 --> 02:36:53,200
morning. 
The repairs are complete and now

3080
02:36:53,200 --> 02:36:56,600
by a triumphant whistle that 
probably wakes up every cow 

3081
02:36:56,600 --> 02:36:59,900
within five miles. 
Everyone settles back into their

3082
02:36:59,900 --> 02:37:02,900
improvised sleeping arrangements
with the weary satisfaction of 

3083
02:37:02,900 --> 02:37:04,600
Travelers who've shared a small 
Adventure. 

3084
02:37:04,600 --> 02:37:08,700
The train begins moving again 
with its characteristic series 

3085
02:37:08,700 --> 02:37:12,500
of jerks and jolts like a giant 
waking up with arthritis. 

3086
02:37:13,200 --> 02:37:15,600
The rhythmic clacking returns, 
perhaps slightly more 

3087
02:37:15,600 --> 02:37:18,900
enthusiastic than before as if 
the locomotive is making up for 

3088
02:37:18,908 --> 02:37:23,500
lost time, outside the dark 
landscape slides, passed dotted 

3089
02:37:23,500 --> 02:37:26,000
with the occasional Farmhouse 
Windows glowing, warm and yellow

3090
02:37:26,000 --> 02:37:28,400
in the distance. 
Sleep comes easier. 

3091
02:37:28,400 --> 02:37:32,400
Now in Juiced by exhaustion and 
the hypnotic motion of wheels on

3092
02:37:32,400 --> 02:37:34,900
Rails. 
Even your uncomfortable seat, 

3093
02:37:34,900 --> 02:37:38,000
begins to feel almost cozy and 
you drift off to the sound of 

3094
02:37:38,000 --> 02:37:42,600
gentle snoring creaking wood and
the endless song of iron Wheels.

3095
02:37:42,600 --> 02:37:45,000
Carrying you toward, whatever 
Adventure awaits of the end of 

3096
02:37:45,008 --> 02:37:48,300
the line morning arrives with 
The Reluctant gray light of 

3097
02:37:48,308 --> 02:37:51,800
dawn, filtering through the 
passenger car windows revealing 

3098
02:37:51,800 --> 02:37:54,000
a landscape that looks 
suspiciously similar to 

3099
02:37:54,000 --> 02:37:57,400
yesterday's scenery. 
You're beginning to suspect that

3100
02:37:57,400 --> 02:38:01,100
Ohio is considerably larger than
the map suggested or possibly 

3101
02:38:01,100 --> 02:38:02,700
that you've been traveling in 
circles. 

3102
02:38:02,700 --> 02:38:06,400
While you slept the latter seems
unlikely given the determined 

3103
02:38:06,400 --> 02:38:07,700
forward motion of the 
locomotive. 

3104
02:38:07,700 --> 02:38:11,700
But after 36 hours on Rails, 
your sense of geography has 

3105
02:38:11,700 --> 02:38:15,600
become somewhat negotiable, your
body has a sort of detent with 

3106
02:38:15,600 --> 02:38:19,100
the train seat accepting 
discomfort as the natural state 

3107
02:38:19,100 --> 02:38:22,100
of existence while maintaining 
hope that Sensation will 

3108
02:38:22,100 --> 02:38:26,200
eventually return to your legs. 
The stern woman is already awake

3109
02:38:26,200 --> 02:38:29,700
and somehow perfectly groomed 
leading you to wonder if she is 

3110
02:38:29,700 --> 02:38:33,000
actually human or perhaps some 
sort of traveling autonomous and

3111
02:38:33,000 --> 02:38:36,400
designed to make the rest of 
humanity, feel inadequate. 

3112
02:38:37,900 --> 02:38:40,400
Frank begins his morning rounds 
with coffee that has the 

3113
02:38:40,400 --> 02:38:43,000
consistency of warm tar and 
twice the potency. 

3114
02:38:43,000 --> 02:38:45,900
The traveling salesman greets, 
the new day with enthusiasm, 

3115
02:38:45,900 --> 02:38:49,500
that would be admirable if it 
won't quite so early and Loud, 

3116
02:38:49,500 --> 02:38:52,900
he's already reorganized his 
sample cases and his preparing 

3117
02:38:52,900 --> 02:38:56,300
to demonstrate his patent 
medicine's to anyone unfortunate

3118
02:38:56,300 --> 02:38:59,800
enough to make I contact. 
From Frontier character awakens 

3119
02:38:59,800 --> 02:39:02,900
from his Slumber, akin to a bear
emerging from hibernation, 

3120
02:39:02,900 --> 02:39:06,600
accompanied by sound effects 
capable of frightening, small 

3121
02:39:06,600 --> 02:39:08,700
children and possibly even 
larger ones. 

3122
02:39:08,700 --> 02:39:13,000
His morning routine, involves 
spectacular, stretching creative

3123
02:39:13,000 --> 02:39:14,800
cursing. 
And the production of what 

3124
02:39:14,800 --> 02:39:16,800
appears to be hardtack from his 
coat pocket. 

3125
02:39:17,600 --> 02:39:20,100
He knows on this breakfast with 
the satisfaction of a man 

3126
02:39:20,100 --> 02:39:23,800
accustomed to food that fights 
back outside the windows, the 

3127
02:39:23,800 --> 02:39:27,100
landscape has begun to change 
subtly the neat farmsteads of 

3128
02:39:27,108 --> 02:39:30,700
settled Ohio are giving way to 
wider spaces, more scattered 

3129
02:39:30,700 --> 02:39:33,900
buildings and longer stretches 
where civilization seems to have

3130
02:39:33,900 --> 02:39:36,600
given up entirely. 
Your approaching, the real 

3131
02:39:36,600 --> 02:39:40,200
Frontier now where the map gets 
vague and Adventure becomes less

3132
02:39:40,200 --> 02:39:43,700
theoretical. 
The banker consults his pocket 

3133
02:39:43,700 --> 02:39:47,400
watch with increasing frequency 
as if he can somehow accelerate 

3134
02:39:47,400 --> 02:39:49,400
the train through sheer temporal
anxiety. 

3135
02:39:50,500 --> 02:39:54,400
His destination is Chicago where
he has important business that 

3136
02:39:54,400 --> 02:39:57,200
apparently cannot wait for the 
normal pace of steam Locomotion.

3137
02:39:57,200 --> 02:40:00,200
He's began muttering 
calculations under his breath 

3138
02:40:00,200 --> 02:40:03,500
working out arrival times with 
the desperate, Precision of a 

3139
02:40:03,500 --> 02:40:05,500
man whose promised to be 
somewhere specific. 

3140
02:40:06,300 --> 02:40:08,400
At a time that's looking 
increasingly unlikely. 

3141
02:40:09,700 --> 02:40:11,600
Around mid-morning the train 
develops. 

3142
02:40:11,600 --> 02:40:15,000
What Frank diplomatically calls 
a case of the slos. 

3143
02:40:15,700 --> 02:40:19,200
The locomotive begins chugging 
with less enthusiasm like an 

3144
02:40:19,200 --> 02:40:22,000
aging horse, that's decided its 
covered enough ground for one 

3145
02:40:22,000 --> 02:40:24,200
day. 
Your 15 mile per hour. 

3146
02:40:24,200 --> 02:40:27,600
Pace drops to something closer 
to a brisk walk, which means the

3147
02:40:27,600 --> 02:40:30,400
energetic squirrels are once 
again keeping Pace outside your 

3148
02:40:30,400 --> 02:40:33,100
window. 
This mechanical reluctance 

3149
02:40:33,100 --> 02:40:36,100
creates what the conductor 
announces as a brief delay for 

3150
02:40:36,100 --> 02:40:39,100
locomotive encouragement, which 
sounds much more dignified than 

3151
02:40:39,100 --> 02:40:40,800
the engine is having another 
breakdown. 

3152
02:40:40,800 --> 02:40:44,200
Your learning that railroad 
terminology exists primarily to 

3153
02:40:44,200 --> 02:40:46,700
make mechanical failures sound 
like deliberate scheduling 

3154
02:40:46,700 --> 02:40:48,900
decisions. 
The delay provides an 

3155
02:40:48,900 --> 02:40:51,700
opportunity for extended 
socializing which by now 

3156
02:40:51,700 --> 02:40:53,500
resembles a mobile town hall 
meeting. 

3157
02:40:54,400 --> 02:40:56,900
Preacher has begun holding 
informal services for anyone 

3158
02:40:56,900 --> 02:40:59,900
interested, although his 
congregation mainly consists of 

3159
02:40:59,900 --> 02:41:02,500
immigrants, who may not 
understand his words, but seem 

3160
02:41:02,500 --> 02:41:05,000
to appreciate the familiar 
rhythm of religious ceremonies. 

3161
02:41:06,000 --> 02:41:08,700
The school has started an 
impromptu geography lesson, 

3162
02:41:08,700 --> 02:41:12,100
using the passing landscape, to 
explain the settlement patterns 

3163
02:41:12,100 --> 02:41:15,400
of the American frontier. 
Her enthusiasm for Education, 

3164
02:41:15,400 --> 02:41:18,500
remains undaunted by her 
audience's mixed interest in 

3165
02:41:18,500 --> 02:41:20,700
learning about soil types and 
river systems. 

3166
02:41:21,800 --> 02:41:24,900
The toddlers seems particularly 
fascinated by her chalk, which 

3167
02:41:24,900 --> 02:41:27,800
she somehow produced from her 
seemingly magical carpet bag, 

3168
02:41:27,800 --> 02:41:31,600
your fellow passengers have the 
easy, familiarity of people who 

3169
02:41:31,600 --> 02:41:35,500
shared Close Quarters and minor 
Adventures, personal space has 

3170
02:41:35,500 --> 02:41:38,300
become a quaint memory. 
And everyone's life story is now

3171
02:41:38,300 --> 02:41:40,500
common knowledge. 
You know, about the bankers 

3172
02:41:40,500 --> 02:41:43,400
three daughters the preachers 
mission to bring Salvation to 

3173
02:41:43,400 --> 02:41:46,500
Kansas the school moms 
correspondence with her sister 

3174
02:41:46,500 --> 02:41:49,700
in Boston and approximately 47 
of the Frontiers. 

3175
02:41:49,700 --> 02:41:53,800
Most unlikely Adventures, the 
stern woman has revealed herself

3176
02:41:53,800 --> 02:41:57,000
to be well-traveled offering, 
commentary on railroad system. 

3177
02:41:57,000 --> 02:41:58,900
She's experienced from Baltimore
to St. 

3178
02:41:58,900 --> 02:42:01,400
Louis. 
Her disapproval, you realize 

3179
02:42:01,400 --> 02:42:04,500
comes from extensive experience 
with the gap between what train 

3180
02:42:04,500 --> 02:42:06,800
travel promises and what it 
actually delivers. 

3181
02:42:06,800 --> 02:42:10,800
She's less morally outraged than
practically disappointed which 

3182
02:42:10,800 --> 02:42:13,000
somehow makes her criticism more
endearing. 

3183
02:42:13,900 --> 02:42:16,800
Lunch consists of the same 
mysterious substances as 

3184
02:42:16,800 --> 02:42:19,100
yesterday though. 
Frank has managed to arrange 

3185
02:42:19,100 --> 02:42:21,800
them differently on the plate. 
Creating the illusion of 

3186
02:42:21,800 --> 02:42:24,600
variety. 
The dining car conversation 

3187
02:42:24,600 --> 02:42:28,400
centers on destination fever 
that peculiar condition that 

3188
02:42:28,400 --> 02:42:31,200
affects long-distance Travelers 
as they approach their Journeys 

3189
02:42:31,200 --> 02:42:33,400
end. 
Everyone has begun talking 

3190
02:42:33,400 --> 02:42:36,800
faster planning more 
enthusiastically, and checking 

3191
02:42:36,800 --> 02:42:38,500
their belongings with increasing
frequency. 

3192
02:42:39,500 --> 02:42:42,300
This anticipation of appears to 
have a particularly strong 

3193
02:42:42,300 --> 02:42:45,300
impact on immigrants. 
They're excitement is palpable 

3194
02:42:45,300 --> 02:42:48,500
as they recognize that the 
landscape outside is becoming 

3195
02:42:48,500 --> 02:42:51,500
their new home. 
They point at farms and towns 

3196
02:42:51,500 --> 02:42:54,100
with the intensity of people 
claiming territory with their 

3197
02:42:54,100 --> 02:42:57,000
eyes already. 
Beginning the cycle process of 

3198
02:42:57,000 --> 02:43:01,600
belonging somewhere new By 
afternoon, even the locomotives 

3199
02:43:01,600 --> 02:43:04,800
seems to have caught destination
fever picking up pace with 

3200
02:43:04,800 --> 02:43:08,700
renewed, mechanical enthusiasm. 
The clacking of Wheels takes on 

3201
02:43:08,700 --> 02:43:12,100
a more urgent as if the train 
itself, is eager to reach the 

3202
02:43:12,100 --> 02:43:14,100
end of the line. 
And rest its Iron Bones. 

3203
02:43:14,100 --> 02:43:17,500
The final hours of your train 
journey unfold with a bitter. 

3204
02:43:17,500 --> 02:43:21,700
Sweet quality of all endings. 
Tinged with both relief and an 

3205
02:43:21,700 --> 02:43:24,600
unexpected Nostalgia for the 
role in community of temporarily

3206
02:43:24,600 --> 02:43:29,500
joined Your destination appears 
on the horizon, there's a smudge

3207
02:43:29,500 --> 02:43:32,700
of smoke and Scattered buildings
growing larger with each 

3208
02:43:32,700 --> 02:43:37,100
rhythmic of the wheels. 
After three days of wondering, 

3209
02:43:37,100 --> 02:43:40,400
if you'd ever arrive anywhere, 
the reality of actually, 

3210
02:43:40,400 --> 02:43:43,600
reaching the end of the line 
feels almost surreal, the 

3211
02:43:43,600 --> 02:43:46,800
locomotive seems to sense. 
Its approaching rest developing,

3212
02:43:46,800 --> 02:43:49,700
a more eager chuff that suggests
its as ready as you are to stop 

3213
02:43:49,700 --> 02:43:52,400
moving for a while. 
Your body has adapted to 

3214
02:43:52,400 --> 02:43:55,100
constant motion. 
So thoroughly that you suspect 

3215
02:43:55,100 --> 02:43:57,500
your spend the next week's 
swaying slightly while standing 

3216
02:43:57,500 --> 02:44:00,200
still like a sailor who's been 
too long at sea. 

3217
02:44:01,200 --> 02:44:03,400
The stern woman has begun. 
The complex process of 

3218
02:44:03,400 --> 02:44:06,700
reassembling herself into 
traveling order, folding, shawls

3219
02:44:06,700 --> 02:44:09,400
and securing belongings with the
Precision of a general preparing

3220
02:44:09,400 --> 02:44:12,200
for battle. 
The transformation from rumpled 

3221
02:44:12,200 --> 02:44:14,700
Passenger, back in to the 
picture of Victorian propriety, 

3222
02:44:14,700 --> 02:44:17,600
as fascinating to watch 
involving more pins and 

3223
02:44:17,600 --> 02:44:20,100
strategic tucking than you 
thought humanly possible. 

3224
02:44:20,800 --> 02:44:22,400
The traveling salesman is 
conducting. 

3225
02:44:22,400 --> 02:44:26,000
A final inventory of his sample 
cases probably calculating 

3226
02:44:26,000 --> 02:44:28,000
profits and losses from his 
mobile pharmacy. 

3227
02:44:28,000 --> 02:44:31,800
He sold several bottles of his 
mysterious Elixir to fellow 

3228
02:44:31,800 --> 02:44:34,100
passengers though. 
Whether from genuine belief in 

3229
02:44:34,100 --> 02:44:36,800
his products or simply Cabin. 
Fever induced purchasing 

3230
02:44:36,800 --> 02:44:40,600
decisions remains unclear The 
Frontiersman bought three 

3231
02:44:40,600 --> 02:44:43,600
bottles claiming they'd be 
perfect for trading with Indians

3232
02:44:43,600 --> 02:44:46,000
though you suspect. 
He plans to drink them himself. 

3233
02:44:46,000 --> 02:44:49,100
Your fellow Travelers. 
Begin the ritual of exchanging 

3234
02:44:49,100 --> 02:44:51,200
addresses and Promises to write,
though. 

3235
02:44:51,200 --> 02:44:53,300
You all know that. 
Once you step off this train, 

3236
02:44:53,300 --> 02:44:56,600
you'll scatter to your separate 
Destinies and probably never 

3237
02:44:56,600 --> 02:44:59,500
cross paths. 
Again, Still the ritual matters.

3238
02:44:59,500 --> 02:45:03,000
These people have become your 
temporary family bound together 

3239
02:45:03,000 --> 02:45:06,700
by shared discomfort and the 
peculiar intimacy that develops 

3240
02:45:06,700 --> 02:45:10,000
when strangers are trapped in 
close quarters for days at a 

3241
02:45:10,000 --> 02:45:12,200
time. 
The banker, finally, relaxes his

3242
02:45:12,200 --> 02:45:15,500
death grip on his pocket watch 
accepting that he'll arrive when

3243
02:45:15,500 --> 02:45:17,700
he arrives. 
And his Chicago business will 

3244
02:45:17,700 --> 02:45:21,300
have to adapt accordingly. 
His anxiety as transformed into 

3245
02:45:21,300 --> 02:45:23,200
philosophical acceptance, 
though. 

3246
02:45:23,200 --> 02:45:25,300
He mentioned several times that 
he'll never again. 

3247
02:45:25,300 --> 02:45:28,600
Trust, railroad schedule, the 
specially ones written by people

3248
02:45:28,600 --> 02:45:30,800
who clearly viewed time as a 
flexible concept. 

3249
02:45:31,900 --> 02:45:34,800
The preacher has been energized 
by approaching his mission 

3250
02:45:34,800 --> 02:45:37,200
field. 
Speaking with renewed further 

3251
02:45:37,200 --> 02:45:40,000
about bringing civilization and 
salvation to the frontier. 

3252
02:45:41,300 --> 02:45:45,100
With Amusement, the frontiersmen
listens occasionally commenting 

3253
02:45:45,100 --> 02:45:48,300
on the type of Salvation that 
truly comes in handy when 

3254
02:45:48,300 --> 02:45:50,700
confronted with hostile Wildlife
or severe weather. 

3255
02:45:51,500 --> 02:45:53,900
They're ongoing theological 
debate as become one of the 

3256
02:45:53,900 --> 02:45:55,500
journeys most entertaining 
features. 

3257
02:45:55,500 --> 02:45:59,100
The school mom has grown quiet 
as her destination approaches. 

3258
02:45:59,100 --> 02:46:02,100
Perhaps contemplating the 
reality of teaching Frontier 

3259
02:46:02,100 --> 02:46:04,500
children, who may view book 
learning as less immediately 

3260
02:46:04,500 --> 02:46:06,700
useful than tracking and 
shooting skills. 

3261
02:46:06,700 --> 02:46:10,400
Her determination remains 
unshakable, but it's now 

3262
02:46:10,400 --> 02:46:12,800
tempered with the Practical, 
understanding that education 

3263
02:46:12,800 --> 02:46:14,800
takes different forms in 
different places. 

3264
02:46:14,800 --> 02:46:17,900
The immigrants gather, their 
belongings with reverent care, 

3265
02:46:17,900 --> 02:46:22,000
handling their few possessions 
like sacred relics Everything 

3266
02:46:22,000 --> 02:46:25,800
they own in America fits into a 
handful of bags and bundles but 

3267
02:46:25,800 --> 02:46:29,100
their faces shine with the hope 
of people who have successfully 

3268
02:46:29,100 --> 02:46:31,700
crossed an ocean and a continent
to reach their dreams. 

3269
02:46:31,700 --> 02:46:35,700
Their excitement is infectious, 
reminding everyone else that 

3270
02:46:35,700 --> 02:46:39,300
arrival means possibility. 
The toddler has finally worn 

3271
02:46:39,300 --> 02:46:42,500
himself completely out and 
sleeps peaceful in his mother's 

3272
02:46:42,500 --> 02:46:45,400
arms, oblivious to the 
significance of reaching their 

3273
02:46:45,400 --> 02:46:47,700
new home. 
His mother looks out at the 

3274
02:46:47,700 --> 02:46:50,200
approaching town with the mixed 
expression of someone whose 

3275
02:46:50,200 --> 02:46:54,400
relief the journey as ending. 
Terrified about what comes next.

3276
02:46:56,000 --> 02:46:58,000
As the train begins its Final 
Approach. 

3277
02:46:58,000 --> 02:47:01,800
Slowing with a series of gentle 
jerks and extended whistle 

3278
02:47:01,800 --> 02:47:04,100
blasts that announce your 
arrival to the waiting town. 

3279
02:47:04,100 --> 02:47:07,500
You realize that this journey 
has been about more than simply 

3280
02:47:07,500 --> 02:47:10,900
getting from one place to 
another, you've experienced a 

3281
02:47:10,900 --> 02:47:14,200
slice of America and transition 
a country building itself, one 

3282
02:47:14,200 --> 02:47:17,100
mile of track at a time. 
The station appears ahead. 

3283
02:47:17,100 --> 02:47:20,700
A simple, wooden building that 
nevertheless represents the end 

3284
02:47:20,700 --> 02:47:23,900
of one Adventure in the 
beginning of another People wait

3285
02:47:23,900 --> 02:47:26,600
on the platform. 
Some greeting expected arrivals 

3286
02:47:26,600 --> 02:47:29,800
other simply curious about who 
the iron horses delivered to 

3287
02:47:29,800 --> 02:47:34,000
their town today. 
The final stop arrives with a 

3288
02:47:34,000 --> 02:47:36,400
ceremony befitting the 
completion of an Epic Journey. 

3289
02:47:37,200 --> 02:47:41,400
A tremendous of steam, the 
squeal of breaks, and one last 

3290
02:47:41,400 --> 02:47:44,500
authoritative jolt that sent 
everyone reaching for something 

3291
02:47:44,500 --> 02:47:47,400
solid to grab. 
Frank appears in the doorway, 

3292
02:47:47,400 --> 02:47:50,700
announcing your arrival with the
satisfaction of a man who 

3293
02:47:50,700 --> 02:47:54,200
successfully delivered another 
load of hopeful Humanity to 

3294
02:47:54,200 --> 02:47:58,000
their chosen destination. 
You gather your carpet bag which

3295
02:47:58,000 --> 02:48:00,400
somehow feels heavy than when 
you started though. 

3296
02:48:00,400 --> 02:48:02,300
It contains exactly the same 
items. 

3297
02:48:03,800 --> 02:48:06,400
Perhaps it's weighted down with 
memories now or maybe you've 

3298
02:48:06,400 --> 02:48:08,600
just grown weaker from three 
days of train food and 

3299
02:48:08,600 --> 02:48:12,000
improvised sleeping. 
Either way, you're ready to feel

3300
02:48:12,000 --> 02:48:14,000
Solid Ground Beneath Your Feet 
Again? 

3301
02:48:15,700 --> 02:48:19,000
Down onto the platform, the 
absence of constant motion feels

3302
02:48:19,000 --> 02:48:22,200
strange and wonderful. 
The world has stopped rocking. 

3303
02:48:22,200 --> 02:48:25,900
Stopped clacking, and stopped, 
hissing steam at irregular 

3304
02:48:25,900 --> 02:48:29,000
intervals. 
Silence is almost overwhelming 

3305
02:48:29,000 --> 02:48:31,000
after days of mechanical 
conversation. 

3306
02:48:31,700 --> 02:48:34,300
Your fellow passengers dispersed
with surprising speed 

3307
02:48:34,300 --> 02:48:37,300
reclaiming, their individual 
identities after days of 

3308
02:48:37,300 --> 02:48:39,600
communal existence. 
The Exchange. 

3309
02:48:39,600 --> 02:48:42,800
Final handshakes make last 
minute address exchanges. 

3310
02:48:42,800 --> 02:48:45,600
And make promises to write that 
they may or may not keep. 

3311
02:48:46,500 --> 02:48:48,900
As if you've passed some sort of
endurance test, she's been 

3312
02:48:48,900 --> 02:48:51,300
administering. 
The stern woman nods approvingly

3313
02:48:51,300 --> 02:48:55,200
at your survival of the journey.
The locomotive sits steam in 

3314
02:48:55,200 --> 02:48:58,300
quietly looking somehow smaller.
Now, that it's not in motion, 

3315
02:48:58,300 --> 02:49:01,400
the mighty Iron Horse, that's 
been your world for three days, 

3316
02:49:01,400 --> 02:49:05,200
is just a machine again, waiting
for its next load of passengers 

3317
02:49:05,200 --> 02:49:08,100
and their dreams, your shoulder,
your carpet bag and walked 

3318
02:49:08,100 --> 02:49:10,200
toward the town. 
Your legs still slightly 

3319
02:49:10,200 --> 02:49:13,100
unsteady from Days of swaying, 
motion behind you. 

3320
02:49:13,100 --> 02:49:15,000
The train whistle blows. 
One last time. 

3321
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:18,500
A farewell that somehow manages 
to sound both mournful and 

3322
02:49:18,500 --> 02:49:22,000
hopeful the frontier? 
Stretches ahead full of 

3323
02:49:22,000 --> 02:49:24,200
possibility and uncertainty in 
equal measure. 

3324
02:49:24,200 --> 02:49:28,800
You've arrived carried here by 
Steam and steel and the peculiar

3325
02:49:28,800 --> 02:49:32,400
magic of American optimism. 
Made manifest in iron rails, 

3326
02:49:32,400 --> 02:49:35,100
whatever happens. 
Next, you'll always remember 

3327
02:49:35,100 --> 02:49:38,200
these three days when you travel
into the future at 15 miles per 

3328
02:49:38,200 --> 02:49:41,400
hour, accompanied by the most 
fascinating collection of 

3329
02:49:41,400 --> 02:49:45,400
humanity, you've ever had the 
pleasure to meet The adventure 

3330
02:49:45,400 --> 02:49:52,200
you realize is just beginning. 
Julius Caesar was an always the 

3331
02:49:52,200 --> 02:49:54,600
Towering figure. 
We picked picture draped in a 

3332
02:49:54,600 --> 02:49:57,400
bright red cloak, and commanding
the world's greatest Empire, 

3333
02:49:58,200 --> 02:50:01,500
Before he was that Legend, he 
was simply gas. 

3334
02:50:01,500 --> 02:50:05,600
Julius born into a patrician, 
family with fading clout in a 

3335
02:50:05,600 --> 02:50:06,700
room. 
That seemed to change every 

3336
02:50:06,700 --> 02:50:09,300
week. 
In those early days, the city 

3337
02:50:09,300 --> 02:50:11,700
itself wasn't the polished 
marble Wonder of later, 

3338
02:50:11,700 --> 02:50:14,400
centuries. 
With curving streets that spread

3339
02:50:14,400 --> 02:50:16,000
gossip more quickly than 
chariots. 

3340
02:50:16,000 --> 02:50:19,800
It was a noisy crowded Center of
ambition and politics people. 

3341
02:50:19,800 --> 02:50:22,800
Lived on top of each other in 
shabby Apartments, while 

3342
02:50:22,800 --> 02:50:25,700
Aristocrats planned lavish 
feasts in their Villa Courtyards

3343
02:50:25,700 --> 02:50:28,100
hoping to lure allies for the 
next election. 

3344
02:50:29,000 --> 02:50:32,500
Gaius Julius was shaped by it 
all the noise of Street vendors,

3345
02:50:32,500 --> 02:50:35,800
Hawking figs, and fish the 
heated oratory in the Forum and 

3346
02:50:35,800 --> 02:50:37,300
The Whispers behind every 
statues. 

3347
02:50:37,300 --> 02:50:41,100
Column Even as a child sees, had
a curiosity that led him to 

3348
02:50:41,100 --> 02:50:44,300
corners of Rome others, avoided 
dimly lit taverns. 

3349
02:50:44,300 --> 02:50:47,200
The Muddy Banks of the Tiber 
River and rows of cramped 

3350
02:50:47,200 --> 02:50:50,200
bookshops were scribes copied 
Scrolls for hours on end. 

3351
02:50:50,200 --> 02:50:53,500
These experience is seasoned him
with a knowledge of every day. 

3352
02:50:53,500 --> 02:50:57,400
Life that most upper-class 
Romans rarely bothered with he'd

3353
02:50:57,400 --> 02:51:00,100
watch workers at the Docks 
fascinated by the different 

3354
02:51:00,100 --> 02:51:02,200
languages from Traders coming in
from the East. 

3355
02:51:02,200 --> 02:51:05,400
Gave him an early taste for the 
diversity, that existed Beyond 

3356
02:51:05,400 --> 02:51:09,800
Rome's walls, and no matter how 
chaotic it got, he never seemed 

3357
02:51:09,800 --> 02:51:13,200
overwhelmed. 
Instead he did carefully absorb 

3358
02:51:13,200 --> 02:51:16,200
how each piece of society 
functioned and filed the 

3359
02:51:16,200 --> 02:51:20,000
information away in his early 
teens, while many aristocratic 

3360
02:51:20,000 --> 02:51:22,900
boys took lessons in rhetoric 
under Fame, tutors Caesar did 

3361
02:51:22,900 --> 02:51:25,800
too but he did more than 
rehearse speeches from ancient 

3362
02:51:25,800 --> 02:51:28,300
Greek texts. 
He peppered his teachers with 

3363
02:51:28,300 --> 02:51:31,100
questions about how words could 
shift emotions. 

3364
02:51:31,100 --> 02:51:34,800
He realizes that command respect
in Rome, you needed to shape 

3365
02:51:34,800 --> 02:51:37,500
minds and hearts not just bodies
on a Battlefield. 

3366
02:51:38,500 --> 02:51:41,500
This flare for oratory would 
become one of his trademarks. 

3367
02:51:42,600 --> 02:51:44,400
Before he wore the Laurel 
wreath. 

3368
02:51:45,200 --> 02:51:47,900
Caesar was already making a name
for himself in smaller, legal 

3369
02:51:47,900 --> 02:51:50,400
cases. 
He wowed the courts with a 

3370
02:51:50,408 --> 02:51:55,000
perfect blend of Reason, passion
and style that made older more 

3371
02:51:55,000 --> 02:51:58,300
experienced pleaders. 
Look foolish, His household was 

3372
02:51:58,300 --> 02:52:01,400
not exactly a fortress of 
Tranquility tension's brood 

3373
02:52:01,400 --> 02:52:04,400
under its roof fed by old feuds 
and expectations that could 

3374
02:52:04,400 --> 02:52:07,500
suffocate a young man. 
If you were a patrician 

3375
02:52:07,500 --> 02:52:09,800
tradition, dictated you, climb 
certain ladders. 

3376
02:52:09,800 --> 02:52:12,600
Hold a few officers Curry favor 
with the Senate. 

3377
02:52:12,600 --> 02:52:17,300
Play by Rome's Unwritten rules. 
Yet sees his mother really since

3378
02:52:17,300 --> 02:52:20,700
something different in him. 
His eyes sparked with ambition 

3379
02:52:20,700 --> 02:52:23,600
beyond the norm quite quietly. 
She encouraged him to break 

3380
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:27,700
molds, but do so intelligently. 
She knew that living like a 

3381
02:52:27,700 --> 02:52:30,800
chameleon in Romans political 
ecosystem, switching shades when

3382
02:52:30,800 --> 02:52:33,100
necessary was the path to real 
power. 

3383
02:52:34,000 --> 02:52:36,200
Of course, Caesars early Journey
wasn't smooth. 

3384
02:52:36,900 --> 02:52:39,600
He found himself in snared in 
the Civil disputes between 

3385
02:52:39,600 --> 02:52:44,300
Marius his uncle by marriage and
sulla which tore Rome into 

3386
02:52:44,300 --> 02:52:48,400
factions as a teenager Caesar 
had to flee or risk execution, 

3387
02:52:48,400 --> 02:52:51,700
when the dictatorial Sula took 
over but even on the Run, he 

3388
02:52:51,700 --> 02:52:53,700
refused to remain hidden in a 
corner of Italy. 

3389
02:52:54,800 --> 02:52:57,600
Instead, he traveled, discreetly
learning about local 

3390
02:52:57,600 --> 02:53:01,100
communities, forging bonds, with
minor officials and gaining a 

3391
02:53:01,108 --> 02:53:03,500
sense for the shifting alliances
that propped up Roman 

3392
02:53:03,500 --> 02:53:06,200
government. 
Ever cunning he avoided solar 

3393
02:53:06,200 --> 02:53:09,300
Men by staying, a step ahead of 
them sometimes disguising 

3394
02:53:09,300 --> 02:53:12,400
himself or traveling in the 
company of improbable companions

3395
02:53:12,400 --> 02:53:15,300
like foreign Traders or even 
wandering performers. 

3396
02:53:16,200 --> 02:53:18,600
Eventually Caesar returned to 
Rome after solar's death. 

3397
02:53:18,600 --> 02:53:21,900
But he'd learned that when power
is on the table, trust is a 

3398
02:53:21,900 --> 02:53:25,400
fragile commodity. 
He had seen men switch loyalties

3399
02:53:25,400 --> 02:53:28,200
for a promise of gold or turning
a friend to keep their own head 

3400
02:53:28,200 --> 02:53:31,500
that lesson never left him upon 
coming home. 

3401
02:53:31,500 --> 02:53:34,700
He immediately set about 
re-establishing his social ties 

3402
02:53:34,700 --> 02:53:37,600
attending, Banquets and forging 
friendships with men who had 

3403
02:53:37,600 --> 02:53:41,700
once hide him with suspicion. 
Yes, sir was a depth at reading 

3404
02:53:41,700 --> 02:53:45,700
faces, if he caught even a 
flicker of duplicity, he dodged 

3405
02:53:45,700 --> 02:53:48,800
that Bond elegantly, perhaps 
with an extravagant greeting, 

3406
02:53:48,800 --> 02:53:52,700
followed by a subtle distancing.
One could never be too. 

3407
02:53:52,700 --> 02:53:54,300
Careful in Rome, swirling 
politics. 

3408
02:53:54,300 --> 02:53:57,800
A remarkable moment came when he
took on the role of priests to 

3409
02:53:57,800 --> 02:54:01,200
Jupiter only to lose it during 
sula's purges. 

3410
02:54:01,200 --> 02:54:05,400
It was a blow public piety. 
After all was a stepping stone 

3411
02:54:05,400 --> 02:54:09,000
for an aspiring politician. 
Caesar's resilience was already 

3412
02:54:09,000 --> 02:54:13,300
in full bloom, he picked himself
up Found A New Path and ventured

3413
02:54:13,300 --> 02:54:15,200
into the world of politics from 
a different angle. 

3414
02:54:15,200 --> 02:54:18,300
Securing lesser offices, that 
would eventually open bigger 

3415
02:54:18,300 --> 02:54:20,300
doors. 
He also began building a 

3416
02:54:20,300 --> 02:54:22,400
personal brand of generosity 
soon. 

3417
02:54:22,400 --> 02:54:25,100
People whispered about the, 
Banquets he held in the funds. 

3418
02:54:25,100 --> 02:54:28,100
He provided for Public Works 
Senators, wondered how he 

3419
02:54:28,100 --> 02:54:30,000
managed to gather such a Deep 
Pockets. 

3420
02:54:30,000 --> 02:54:33,400
It wasn't old family, wealth 
alone, season had a network of 

3421
02:54:33,400 --> 02:54:36,300
supporters and many believed in 
him precisely, because of his 

3422
02:54:36,300 --> 02:54:39,700
willingness to think outside the
conventional lines of patronage 

3423
02:54:39,700 --> 02:54:42,500
and nepotism. 
By his mid-20s Caesar had 

3424
02:54:42,500 --> 02:54:45,500
cultivated a reputation for 
being both bold and adaptable. 

3425
02:54:46,200 --> 02:54:48,500
He hadn't yet reshaped Rome but 
the seeds were there. 

3426
02:54:48,500 --> 02:54:52,100
His path was not about simple 
heroics or the typical childhood

3427
02:54:52,100 --> 02:54:54,200
prophecy that he was destined 
for greatness. 

3428
02:54:55,100 --> 02:54:57,700
Rather, it was a quieter 
accumulation of experiences that

3429
02:54:57,700 --> 02:54:59,300
prepared him for the challenges 
ahead. 

3430
02:55:00,100 --> 02:55:03,600
Each piece is exposure to every 
day Roman's, his brush with 

3431
02:55:03,600 --> 02:55:06,200
danger. 
During solar's regime, his love 

3432
02:55:06,200 --> 02:55:10,400
of rhetoric lined up perfectly 
to form a foundation Rome. 

3433
02:55:10,400 --> 02:55:13,300
Full of swirling rivalries and 
unspoken rules. 

3434
02:55:13,300 --> 02:55:17,100
Had no idea that this relatively
unremarkable, young man with a 

3435
02:55:17,108 --> 02:55:19,800
quick tongue and quick mind was 
about to upend everything. 

3436
02:55:20,600 --> 02:55:23,300
Before he was a seasoned 
Commander or the Colossus 

3437
02:55:23,300 --> 02:55:26,300
striding across the Rubicon. 
Caesar had an Escapade that 

3438
02:55:26,308 --> 02:55:28,000
shaped his perspective on the 
power. 

3439
02:55:28,000 --> 02:55:29,800
More than any lecture in the 
Senate ever. 

3440
02:55:29,800 --> 02:55:33,100
Could his abduction by solution 
pirates in the Aegean Sea. 

3441
02:55:33,100 --> 02:55:37,200
It's a tail rarely told in the 
mainstream but it offers a raw 

3442
02:55:37,200 --> 02:55:39,900
glimpse into his character. 
Caesar was traveling to 

3443
02:55:39,900 --> 02:55:42,900
strengthen his oratory skills, 
under a, renowned teacher on the

3444
02:55:42,900 --> 02:55:45,800
island, roads, something 
Aristocrats often did. 

3445
02:55:46,600 --> 02:55:49,800
But the Seas teamed with Pirates
Who thrived on Ransom and it 

3446
02:55:49,800 --> 02:55:53,000
wasn't long before his ship was 
seized the Pirates, Who captured

3447
02:55:53,000 --> 02:55:55,100
him expected a frightened Roman 
Aristocrat. 

3448
02:55:55,100 --> 02:55:58,400
Instead they encountered a man, 
whose boldness made them 

3449
02:55:58,400 --> 02:56:01,400
question, who truly been 
captured when they demanded a 

3450
02:56:01,400 --> 02:56:05,500
ransom of 20 talents of silver? 
Caesar reportedly scoffed that 

3451
02:56:05,500 --> 02:56:08,700
they were under selling him. 
He insisted they asked for 50 

3452
02:56:08,700 --> 02:56:11,000
the Pirates. 
Bemused yet. 

3453
02:56:11,000 --> 02:56:14,900
Intrigued took his suggestion 
for several weeks season, lived 

3454
02:56:14,900 --> 02:56:18,200
among them, waiting for friends 
to gather the Sun, during that 

3455
02:56:18,200 --> 02:56:21,700
time, he treated them as if he 
were the one in charge, ordering

3456
02:56:21,700 --> 02:56:25,300
them to keep quiet when he slept
even reciting poems and speeches

3457
02:56:25,300 --> 02:56:28,700
and telling them to appreciate 
the Artistry or else to the 

3458
02:56:28,700 --> 02:56:32,500
Pirates credit they indulge him 
perhaps wondering if they had 

3459
02:56:32,500 --> 02:56:35,700
accidentally kidnapped a 
lunatic, he wasn't simply being 

3460
02:56:35,700 --> 02:56:37,800
arrogant. 
He was displaying confidence and

3461
02:56:37,800 --> 02:56:41,300
unpredictability. 
In a precarious situation, fear 

3462
02:56:41,300 --> 02:56:44,800
can be an exploitable weakness 
by acting as if he were the 

3463
02:56:44,800 --> 02:56:47,700
authority figure. 
Sees a force, the Pirates to 

3464
02:56:47,708 --> 02:56:50,300
respect him or at least treat 
him carefully. 

3465
02:56:51,200 --> 02:56:54,400
When the ransom finally arrived 
and Caesar was freed, he 

3466
02:56:54,400 --> 02:56:57,000
quickly, organized a naval Force
hunted. 

3467
02:56:57,000 --> 02:56:59,400
Those same Pirates down and had 
them crucified. 

3468
02:56:59,400 --> 02:57:02,700
It was an act of lethal 
retribution laced with the 

3469
02:57:02,700 --> 02:57:04,900
cunning, that would characterize
his later campaigns. 

3470
02:57:04,900 --> 02:57:08,400
The memory of that Ransom 
demanded and of Caesar's 

3471
02:57:08,400 --> 02:57:11,900
outlandish performance on the 
Pirates Island helped shape his 

3472
02:57:11,900 --> 02:57:15,600
entire approach to dealing with 
adversaries, dramatic strategic,

3473
02:57:15,600 --> 02:57:17,400
and always with an eye to the 
outcome. 

3474
02:57:18,600 --> 02:57:22,500
Back in Rome, Caesar resumed his
climb yet, he carried a certain 

3475
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:25,100
Swagger. 
Now a sense that his life was 

3476
02:57:25,100 --> 02:57:29,000
fated for something. 
Extraordinary after all, how 

3477
02:57:29,000 --> 02:57:31,900
many young Roman Nobles had 
stared down, Pirates and lived 

3478
02:57:31,900 --> 02:57:35,000
to spin the tail. 
A political gathering's, people 

3479
02:57:35,000 --> 02:57:38,400
whispered behind their cups of 
wine speculating on whether that

3480
02:57:38,400 --> 02:57:41,300
story was just seizes brand of 
theatrics or pure truth. 

3481
02:57:42,200 --> 02:57:44,500
But it was undeniable that he 
managed to secure enough 

3482
02:57:44,500 --> 02:57:48,400
influence to become a military 
Tribune and soon he was off to 

3483
02:57:48,408 --> 02:57:51,200
gain experience in the provinces
which gave him intimate 

3484
02:57:51,200 --> 02:57:52,900
knowledge of the armies. 
He would one day command. 

3485
02:57:53,800 --> 02:57:55,700
The politics? 
He left in Rome were no less 

3486
02:57:55,700 --> 02:57:58,800
complicated. 
He forged a delicate packed with

3487
02:57:58,800 --> 02:58:02,400
Pompey and Crassus later known 
as the first triumvirate. 

3488
02:58:03,300 --> 02:58:06,300
This was not a formal 
institution, but rather a 

3489
02:58:06,300 --> 02:58:08,800
private handshake that United 
three men with distinct 

3490
02:58:08,800 --> 02:58:12,900
strengths, pompey's military 
Prestige, Caesar's wealth, and 

3491
02:58:12,900 --> 02:58:16,600
Caesar's political cunning. 
People often assume Caesar just 

3492
02:58:16,600 --> 02:58:19,600
lucked into that Arrangement but
it was actually the culmination 

3493
02:58:19,600 --> 02:58:22,800
of countless dinners private 
agreements and carefully, 

3494
02:58:22,800 --> 02:58:25,600
Bartered favors. 
Season knew that if he wanted to

3495
02:58:25,608 --> 02:58:28,800
climb higher, he needed to bring
Rome's big players into his 

3496
02:58:28,800 --> 02:58:32,600
corner at least temporarily. 
If that meant moderating his own

3497
02:58:32,600 --> 02:58:35,100
Ambitions in the short run to 
secure pompy's trust. 

3498
02:58:35,100 --> 02:58:39,900
He do it without blinking with 
their support Cesar aimed for a 

3499
02:58:39,900 --> 02:58:43,600
new goal, a position that would 
not only confirm Prestige but 

3500
02:58:43,600 --> 02:58:46,100
also provide him with the chance
to broaden his Network and 

3501
02:58:46,100 --> 02:58:49,000
bolster his army. 
With devoted Soldiers, the 

3502
02:58:49,000 --> 02:58:52,400
governorship of hispania 
ulterior or Gall where fortunes 

3503
02:58:52,400 --> 02:58:56,600
could be made and reputation. 
Cemented seemed ideal Not only 

3504
02:58:56,600 --> 02:58:58,300
would it allow him to command 
armies? 

3505
02:58:59,000 --> 02:59:01,500
It would offer a stage to 
Showcase his genius in both 

3506
02:59:01,500 --> 02:59:05,200
Administration and warfare. 
In time, he secured the 

3507
02:59:05,200 --> 02:59:09,700
proconsul ship of Gaul. 
Goal was vast populated by 

3508
02:59:09,700 --> 02:59:13,500
diverse tribes each with its own
Traditions alliances and 

3509
02:59:13,500 --> 02:59:16,000
grudges. 
Where lesser men might see only 

3510
02:59:16,000 --> 02:59:19,000
a frontier to exploit. 
Caesar saw a chessboard with 

3511
02:59:19,000 --> 02:59:21,900
dozens of moving pieces. 
You relish the challenge? 

3512
02:59:21,900 --> 02:59:24,700
This was after all the man, who 
once calmly dined with 

3513
02:59:24,708 --> 02:59:27,900
kidnappers Gathering Legions 
known for their discipline and 

3514
02:59:27,908 --> 02:59:30,600
grit. 
He departed North determined to 

3515
02:59:30,600 --> 02:59:33,300
do more than just play. 
Caretaker, he wanted to knit, 

3516
02:59:33,300 --> 02:59:37,000
those tribes into Rome sphere of
influence, forging, New Roads 

3517
02:59:37,000 --> 02:59:39,700
and alliances while showcasing 
Roman Supremacy. 

3518
02:59:40,600 --> 02:59:43,600
Before he launched significant 
campaigns, Caesar did his 

3519
02:59:43,600 --> 02:59:47,000
homework, he arranged meetings 
with tribal Chiefs, listening, 

3520
02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:49,400
carefully to their rivalries, 
and hearing their pleas for 

3521
02:59:49,400 --> 02:59:52,400
Roman protection. 
Was it genuine concern or 

3522
02:59:52,400 --> 02:59:54,900
applied? 
Caesar would wage statement 

3523
02:59:54,900 --> 02:59:58,100
reading not just the words, but 
the shifts in tone and I contact

3524
02:59:59,000 --> 03:00:02,500
If he sensed an opportunity like
a tribe longing for revenge on 

3525
03:00:02,508 --> 03:00:05,900
its neighbor, he'd promised 
support extracting pledges of 

3526
03:00:05,900 --> 03:00:09,200
loyalty in many ways. 
His tactics mirrored, the hush 

3527
03:00:09,200 --> 03:00:12,400
hush, political dealings, he'd 
owned back in Rome only. 

3528
03:00:12,400 --> 03:00:15,400
Now the stakes were measured in 
thousands of soldiers and entire

3529
03:00:15,400 --> 03:00:18,600
territories. 
Yet throughout these Maneuvers 

3530
03:00:18,600 --> 03:00:21,000
season. 
Never lost sight of the Persona 

3531
03:00:21,000 --> 03:00:25,400
he'd cultivated he was no mere 
bureaucrat, he was that daring 

3532
03:00:25,400 --> 03:00:27,500
Aristocrat. 
Who'd outwitted Pirates. 

3533
03:00:27,500 --> 03:00:30,900
The dynamic orator who 
electrified the courts and the 

3534
03:00:30,900 --> 03:00:33,800
cunning negotiator who found 
common ground with Pompey and 

3535
03:00:33,800 --> 03:00:37,100
Caesar each success. 
In Gaul was reported back to 

3536
03:00:37,100 --> 03:00:41,500
Rome via Sensational dispatches,
komentaryo so written with 

3537
03:00:41,500 --> 03:00:44,500
Clarity and Flair. 
People in the city devoured 

3538
03:00:44,500 --> 03:00:47,500
them, as if they were tabloid 
headlines, he dramatized his 

3539
03:00:47,500 --> 03:00:49,800
victories, just enough to 
capture the Public's 

3540
03:00:49,800 --> 03:00:53,400
imagination, the Senate reading 
the official versions found 

3541
03:00:53,400 --> 03:00:56,500
himself, both him pressed. 
And where he seesaw was quickly,

3542
03:00:56,500 --> 03:01:00,100
becoming too big to ignore. 
He's initial steps and Gaul some

3543
03:01:00,100 --> 03:01:03,600
alliances, struck some small 
skirmishes, one in boldend him. 

3544
03:01:03,608 --> 03:01:07,200
He sensed that if he could bring
all of Gaul under Roman control,

3545
03:01:07,200 --> 03:01:10,500
he'd move from being just 
another ambitious politician to 

3546
03:01:10,500 --> 03:01:14,400
a legendary conqueror, that 
knowledge spurred him on Cesar 

3547
03:01:14,400 --> 03:01:16,500
might have left Behind The 
Pirates Who Wants threatened him

3548
03:01:16,500 --> 03:01:20,200
but the memory of that captivity
fueled his hunger for absolute 

3549
03:01:20,200 --> 03:01:23,100
control. 
If he had his way, no one be 

3550
03:01:23,100 --> 03:01:26,100
their tribal Chief or a Roman 
Senator would ever have the 

3551
03:01:26,100 --> 03:01:30,400
power to hold him captive again.
The gallic wars, the Caesars 

3552
03:01:30,400 --> 03:01:32,500
campaigns would come to be 
called weren't just about 

3553
03:01:32,500 --> 03:01:34,600
marching Legions, across fields 
and building. 

3554
03:01:34,600 --> 03:01:37,300
Wooden Palisades. 
They were about psychological 

3555
03:01:37,300 --> 03:01:40,800
warfare diplomacy and the 
cunning exploitation of 

3556
03:01:40,800 --> 03:01:44,600
intertribal rivalries Rome's 
dominance always hung on its 

3557
03:01:44,600 --> 03:01:48,400
ability to divide and conquer. 
With Cesar at the helm that 

3558
03:01:48,400 --> 03:01:52,600
strategy took on Fresh Nuance in
the early phases, Caesar 

3559
03:01:52,600 --> 03:01:55,300
Consolidated, Roman games by 
constructing a network of roads 

3560
03:01:55,300 --> 03:01:58,200
and fortifications. 
This was hardly glamorous labor.

3561
03:01:58,200 --> 03:02:02,000
Roman soldiers would spend weeks
hacking through forests and bogs

3562
03:02:02,000 --> 03:02:04,800
direct outposts. 
Sometimes under the threat of 

3563
03:02:04,800 --> 03:02:07,500
ambush. 
Yet each New Roman style Fort 

3564
03:02:07,500 --> 03:02:10,400
complete with straight lines and
carefully measured in totals. 

3565
03:02:10,400 --> 03:02:14,000
Sent a message of permanents. 
These weren't just makeshift 

3566
03:02:14,000 --> 03:02:17,000
Garrison's, they were statements
that Rome had come to stay. 

3567
03:02:17,900 --> 03:02:20,400
People often remember sees, as 
brilliant on the battlefield. 

3568
03:02:21,400 --> 03:02:24,900
But his true strength lay in 
methodical organization. he 

3569
03:02:24,900 --> 03:02:28,600
considered Logistics as vital as
sword and shield the various 

3570
03:02:28,600 --> 03:02:32,300
gallic tribes, watched uneasily,
some rushing to seize his side 

3571
03:02:32,300 --> 03:02:36,800
others forming alliances against
him Caesar capitalized on the 

3572
03:02:36,800 --> 03:02:40,300
smallest of division. 
If one tribe feuded with 

3573
03:02:40,300 --> 03:02:43,600
another, he'd arrived as a 
peace, broker offering Roman 

3574
03:02:43,600 --> 03:02:45,500
friendship and military aid 
against arrival. 

3575
03:02:46,400 --> 03:02:49,300
Soon enough this tribe would 
find itself bound to Caesar by 

3576
03:02:49,300 --> 03:02:52,400
Mutual benefit and Shackled by 
Roman expectations. 

3577
03:02:52,400 --> 03:02:55,800
The Brilliance lay in making it 
seem as if the tribe had chosen 

3578
03:02:55,800 --> 03:02:58,800
this path freely. 
Not that Caesars campaign was 

3579
03:02:58,800 --> 03:03:02,200
devoid of Bloodshed certain 
tribes, resisted fiercely, 

3580
03:03:02,200 --> 03:03:06,100
resentful of foreign occupation.
The Belgian in the north. 

3581
03:03:06,100 --> 03:03:09,600
For instance, martialed huge 
forces that tested Roman 

3582
03:03:09,600 --> 03:03:12,900
discipline. 
Caesar never squeamish deployed 

3583
03:03:12,900 --> 03:03:16,200
tactics to crush resistance, 
decisively destroying crops, 

3584
03:03:16,200 --> 03:03:19,700
capturing strategic points and 
sometimes resorting to brutal 

3585
03:03:19,700 --> 03:03:23,100
reprisals that sent a chill 
through neighboring tribes, he 

3586
03:03:23,100 --> 03:03:26,100
didn't reveling cruelty for its 
own sake but he understood the 

3587
03:03:26,100 --> 03:03:30,100
Roman tradition of deterrence. 
Ferocious display could prevent 

3588
03:03:30,100 --> 03:03:33,000
a drawn out Rebellion. 
This approach while effective 

3589
03:03:33,000 --> 03:03:36,700
all so laid the seeds for future
animosity, especially among 

3590
03:03:36,700 --> 03:03:39,400
Fierce Defenders of gallic 
Independence, like the 

3591
03:03:39,400 --> 03:03:42,900
singletary's wrestling districts
was another in Chieftain who 

3592
03:03:42,900 --> 03:03:45,500
recognized that the gallic 
tribes needed Unity more than 

3593
03:03:45,500 --> 03:03:49,600
ever. he wasn't some hot headed 
Bandit chief, he was methodical 

3594
03:03:49,600 --> 03:03:52,900
charismatic and had a strategic 
mind that could rival Caesars 

3595
03:03:53,800 --> 03:03:55,800
While Caesar was off campaigning
on another front. 

3596
03:03:55,800 --> 03:03:58,700
The Cinco tricks rally. 
Disparate tribes under the 

3597
03:03:58,708 --> 03:04:01,700
banner of gallic Pride. 
When Caesar got wind of this 

3598
03:04:01,700 --> 03:04:04,700
resistance, you recognize at 
once that, The Kinks was no 

3599
03:04:04,700 --> 03:04:08,300
ordinary adversary. 
The typical trick of exploiting 

3600
03:04:08,300 --> 03:04:10,100
old rivalries might not work 
here. 

3601
03:04:10,800 --> 03:04:14,300
The confrontation between Caesar
and the singer torex escalated 

3602
03:04:14,300 --> 03:04:16,800
into one of the defining 
struggles of the gallic wars, 

3603
03:04:16,800 --> 03:04:19,600
versing getter ex adopted, a 
scorched-earth policy 

3604
03:04:19,600 --> 03:04:23,300
instructing villages to destroy 
their own supplies and towns to 

3605
03:04:23,308 --> 03:04:25,000
starve. 
The Roman Legions of resources, 

3606
03:04:25,000 --> 03:04:29,200
it was a grim strategy burning 
fields and uprooting harvests 

3607
03:04:29,200 --> 03:04:33,000
but it slowed Caesar's Advanced 
creating logistical nightmares 

3608
03:04:33,000 --> 03:04:35,400
for Roman soldiers are 
accustomed to living off the 

3609
03:04:35,400 --> 03:04:38,400
land for a man who prided 
himself on controlling every 

3610
03:04:38,400 --> 03:04:41,400
variable, Caesar found himself 
confronting the unpredictable 

3611
03:04:41,400 --> 03:04:43,600
Factor. 
The charismatic, local leader, 

3612
03:04:43,600 --> 03:04:47,200
who matched him in cunning still
Caesar was a master of 

3613
03:04:47,200 --> 03:04:51,000
adaptation, recognizing the 
challenge he can, solidated his 

3614
03:04:51,000 --> 03:04:53,500
troops and chose to perceive key
Galaxy strongholds. 

3615
03:04:54,200 --> 03:04:57,200
Most famously, he surrounded. 
The Fortress town of elisea. 

3616
03:04:57,200 --> 03:05:00,800
Wherever tingey tourx had taken 
Refuge with tens of thousands of

3617
03:05:00,800 --> 03:05:03,300
Warriors. 
The Siege of Eliza would become 

3618
03:05:03,300 --> 03:05:05,800
a testament to Caesar's ability 
to think in layers. 

3619
03:05:05,800 --> 03:05:09,000
He constructed a ring of 
fortifications around the city 

3620
03:05:09,000 --> 03:05:13,400
to starve out versing a tricks 
as forces and anticipating a 

3621
03:05:13,400 --> 03:05:16,200
gallic relief Army. 
He built another ring facing 

3622
03:05:16,200 --> 03:05:19,000
outwards to protect his Legions,
from an attack from outside. 

3623
03:05:19,900 --> 03:05:23,200
This double fortification was 
not as engineering project 

3624
03:05:23,200 --> 03:05:28,200
involving miles of ditches, 
ramparts and watchtowers enough 

3625
03:05:28,200 --> 03:05:30,300
to give any modern city planner 
pause. 

3626
03:05:31,800 --> 03:05:35,400
The days wore on under a 
Relentless Sun, the besieged 

3627
03:05:35,400 --> 03:05:39,300
goals inside Alicia ran short of
food women and children were 

3628
03:05:39,300 --> 03:05:42,700
turned out of the Fortress. 
Hoping, for Mercy, only to be 

3629
03:05:42,700 --> 03:05:45,500
left stranded between the city 
walls and the Roman lines. 

3630
03:05:46,400 --> 03:05:50,300
Meanwhile, a massive relief, 
force of various gallic tribes 

3631
03:05:50,300 --> 03:05:53,100
arrived, attempting to break, 
season's outer. 

3632
03:05:53,100 --> 03:05:57,000
Defense's during one, critical 
night, seemed Roman might 

3633
03:05:57,008 --> 03:05:58,400
collapse under the weight of the
onslaught. 

3634
03:05:59,100 --> 03:06:01,600
Caesar himself, rallied. 
His men darting from post to 

3635
03:06:01,600 --> 03:06:04,900
post newer. 
Felicia was released Gaul could 

3636
03:06:04,900 --> 03:06:08,400
unite behind versing and 
seizures entire campaign might 

3637
03:06:08,400 --> 03:06:13,300
unravel against for Middle odds.
The Roman lines held exhausted 

3638
03:06:13,300 --> 03:06:15,900
from repeated attacks and 
lacking a coherent strategy. 

3639
03:06:15,900 --> 03:06:18,800
The relief Force finally broke 
inside. 

3640
03:06:18,800 --> 03:06:22,200
Elisea, with gone in morale. 
Chattered. 

3641
03:06:22,200 --> 03:06:26,400
The singer's surrendered. 
Sight of this defiant, gallic 

3642
03:06:26,400 --> 03:06:29,000
Chieftain handing over his 
weapons underscore the Turning 

3643
03:06:29,000 --> 03:06:31,600
Point. 
Rome had asserted, its dominance

3644
03:06:31,600 --> 03:06:35,600
and Caesar stood at the Pinnacle
of Victory yet, for all the 

3645
03:06:35,600 --> 03:06:38,600
glory, the end of The Siege left
many goals in bittered. 

3646
03:06:38,600 --> 03:06:42,200
Caesar might have pacified the 
region but a smoldering 

3647
03:06:42,200 --> 03:06:44,700
resentment would eventually lurk
beneath the official, peace 

3648
03:06:44,700 --> 03:06:47,700
treaties. 
When Caesar returned to Rome, he

3649
03:06:47,700 --> 03:06:50,900
was hailed as a hero, his 
campaigns and Gaul had 

3650
03:06:50,900 --> 03:06:53,600
quadrupled, roams domain and 
filled the Republic's coffers 

3651
03:06:53,600 --> 03:06:55,400
with wealth from newly conquered
territories. 

3652
03:06:56,400 --> 03:06:59,700
The senator awarded him Grand 
triumphs parades were caged. 

3653
03:06:59,700 --> 03:07:03,000
Prisoners Walked In Chains and 
the crowd roared with delight. 

3654
03:07:03,700 --> 03:07:06,700
in these processions, Caesar's 
name became synonymous with 

3655
03:07:06,700 --> 03:07:10,400
military genius and Roman might 
yet the very success that 

3656
03:07:10,400 --> 03:07:13,500
elevated him threatened to 
unbalance the precarious 

3657
03:07:13,500 --> 03:07:18,100
political framework in Rome men 
like Pompey and Crassus wants 

3658
03:07:18,100 --> 03:07:21,200
his allies couldn't help. 
But feel overshadowed by the 

3659
03:07:21,200 --> 03:07:24,900
sheer magnitude of Seasons Chief
movements, the Old Guard in the 

3660
03:07:24,908 --> 03:07:27,600
Senate grew uneasy. 
They murdered that Caesars 

3661
03:07:27,600 --> 03:07:31,200
ambition was too large for the 
Republic even allies wondered. 

3662
03:07:31,200 --> 03:07:33,400
If they could remain relevant 
while season soaked up the 

3663
03:07:33,400 --> 03:07:37,100
glory, Caesar for his part 
believed he had only just begun 

3664
03:07:37,100 --> 03:07:39,600
his vision extended Beyond The 
Spoils of Gaul. 

3665
03:07:39,600 --> 03:07:43,800
He wanted to transform Roman 
itself to carve out a position 

3666
03:07:43,800 --> 03:07:46,800
where no single factional rival 
could stifle him. 

3667
03:07:46,800 --> 03:07:51,200
Again this set the stage for an 
inevitable Clash Season's 

3668
03:07:51,200 --> 03:07:53,900
Maneuvers and Gaul while 
triumphant at also, sown 

3669
03:07:53,900 --> 03:07:56,200
suspicion and envy and 
suspicion. 

3670
03:07:56,200 --> 03:08:00,100
And Envy in Rome often led to 
Civil War assassinations and 

3671
03:08:00,100 --> 03:08:02,500
chaos. 
But if Caesar was worried he 

3672
03:08:02,500 --> 03:08:05,800
hardly showed it, Fresh from the
greatest victory of his career. 

3673
03:08:05,800 --> 03:08:07,800
He was welcomed like a 
Conquering Hero. 

3674
03:08:07,800 --> 03:08:10,500
He stepped onto the marble 
streets of Rome with a 

3675
03:08:10,500 --> 03:08:12,800
confidence forged in The 
Crucible of countless battles. 

3676
03:08:12,800 --> 03:08:19,000
The final The uneasy Alliance of
Pompey, Crassus and Caesar often

3677
03:08:19,000 --> 03:08:21,200
called. 
The first triumvirate had always

3678
03:08:21,200 --> 03:08:25,300
been a marriage of convenience, 
Each man saw it as a tool to 

3679
03:08:25,300 --> 03:08:28,500
secure power, but once Caesar's 
gallic conquests made him the 

3680
03:08:28,500 --> 03:08:33,300
darling of the masses resentment
began to simmer Pompeii, roams, 

3681
03:08:33,300 --> 03:08:36,200
previous Superstar, General 
noticed public attention 

3682
03:08:36,200 --> 03:08:38,900
drifting from him to seize her 
Crassus. 

3683
03:08:38,900 --> 03:08:42,200
Meanwhile met a tragic end in an
ill-advised campaign against the

3684
03:08:42,200 --> 03:08:45,400
parthians leaving, Caesar and 
Pompey as the two principal 

3685
03:08:45,400 --> 03:08:46,800
contenders for the heart of 
Rome. 

3686
03:08:47,800 --> 03:08:50,200
An undercurrent of tension. 
Now, pulse through the city 

3687
03:08:50,200 --> 03:08:54,300
Senators Whispering corridors 
choosing side's Pompey. 

3688
03:08:54,300 --> 03:08:56,800
Cozied up to conservative 
fashion in the Senate who viewed

3689
03:08:56,800 --> 03:09:00,700
Caesar as a threat to the old 
Republican system, Caesar still 

3690
03:09:00,700 --> 03:09:03,400
away in Gaul understood. 
He would need to solidify his 

3691
03:09:03,400 --> 03:09:06,800
position back home soon. 
The term of his governorship was

3692
03:09:06,800 --> 03:09:09,500
drawing to a close and if he 
returned to Rome merely as a 

3693
03:09:09,500 --> 03:09:12,300
private citizen, his enemies 
could bring him to trial for 

3694
03:09:12,300 --> 03:09:15,600
various alleged misdeeds and 
effectively ended his political 

3695
03:09:15,600 --> 03:09:17,500
career. 
His solution. 

3696
03:09:17,500 --> 03:09:20,200
He demanded to run for Consul in
absentia. 

3697
03:09:20,200 --> 03:09:23,500
Seeking an extension of the 
immunity and power he held as 

3698
03:09:23,500 --> 03:09:27,500
proconsul the Senate refused 
with Pompey supporting that 

3699
03:09:27,500 --> 03:09:30,100
refusal. 
This was the point of no return.

3700
03:09:30,800 --> 03:09:34,000
Caesar stood at the banks of the
Rubicon river, the boundary 

3701
03:09:34,000 --> 03:09:38,000
Beyond which laterally proper 
Roman law was crystal clear. 

3702
03:09:38,900 --> 03:09:41,500
No, General was allowed to bring
his army into Italy. 

3703
03:09:42,200 --> 03:09:44,100
To do. 
So amounted, to a declaration of

3704
03:09:44,100 --> 03:09:48,500
war on a Winter's Night. 
In 49, BCE sees a made his 

3705
03:09:48,508 --> 03:09:52,000
choice marched across the 
Rubicon, uttering the phrase, 

3706
03:09:52,000 --> 03:09:55,800
Aaliyah yacta SST. 
The dye is caste if the 

3707
03:09:55,808 --> 03:09:59,500
anecdotes hold any truth 
Overnight Rome system of 

3708
03:09:59,500 --> 03:10:03,700
alliances shattered, the Civil 
War had begun Pompey and many 

3709
03:10:03,700 --> 03:10:05,600
senators. 
Fled Rome to gather forces in 

3710
03:10:05,600 --> 03:10:08,900
the East confident, they'd must 
armies far greater than Caesars.

3711
03:10:08,900 --> 03:10:11,800
They had the backing of 
traditional Elites wealthy 

3712
03:10:11,800 --> 03:10:16,100
province's, and they believed 
time on their side, Caesar, 

3713
03:10:16,100 --> 03:10:19,100
however, wasn't known for 
cautious delay. he pressed 

3714
03:10:19,100 --> 03:10:22,600
forward at Breakneck speed towns
and cities along the way, open 

3715
03:10:22,600 --> 03:10:25,900
their Gates, some out of 
admiration, for Caesar others, 

3716
03:10:25,900 --> 03:10:28,900
out of fear, The Unstoppable 
momentum. 

3717
03:10:28,900 --> 03:10:32,400
Took pompy by surprise forcing 
him to evacuate Italy 

3718
03:10:32,400 --> 03:10:35,100
altogether. 
Caesar entered Rome unopposed, 

3719
03:10:35,100 --> 03:10:37,300
but taking Rome was just the 
beginning. 

3720
03:10:37,300 --> 03:10:40,300
The real challenge was 
confronting pompey's Legions, 

3721
03:10:40,300 --> 03:10:43,900
which were regrouping in Greece,
Caesar leaving a minimal 

3722
03:10:43,900 --> 03:10:47,300
Garrison behind sailed across 
the Adriatic to chase, down his 

3723
03:10:47,300 --> 03:10:49,100
rival. 
It was a frantic race. 

3724
03:10:49,100 --> 03:10:52,500
Both men vying for resources and
key strategic points. 

3725
03:10:53,300 --> 03:10:56,500
Caesar's forces were often 
outnumbered pompei's alliances 

3726
03:10:56,500 --> 03:10:58,400
spanned. 
Vast portions of the Republic 

3727
03:10:58,400 --> 03:11:00,800
yet. 
Caesar, leveraged, speed, 

3728
03:11:00,800 --> 03:11:03,700
surprise. 
And the Loyalty he turned from 

3729
03:11:03,700 --> 03:11:07,100
Legions, who'd fought alongside 
him in Gaul battles erupted 

3730
03:11:07,100 --> 03:11:09,700
across multiple theater's Spain,
Africa. 

3731
03:11:09,700 --> 03:11:13,500
And ultimately The Plains of 
fossils in Greece, The Battle of

3732
03:11:13,500 --> 03:11:17,800
fastest in 48, BCE became a 
defining moment, Pompey, 

3733
03:11:17,800 --> 03:11:21,000
confident, in his Superior 
numbers, formed, a traditional 

3734
03:11:21,000 --> 03:11:23,500
line and anticipating a swift 
victory. 

3735
03:11:24,300 --> 03:11:28,500
Caesar outmanned, a reserve line
of cohorts, by his Cavalry on 

3736
03:11:28,508 --> 03:11:31,900
the right flank and anticipating
pompei's, Horsemen would try to 

3737
03:11:31,900 --> 03:11:34,600
envelop him. 
When the Cavalry Clash began 

3738
03:11:34,600 --> 03:11:38,600
sees as hidden cohort surged 
forward, routing pompey's 

3739
03:11:38,600 --> 03:11:42,300
Cavalry, this triggered a domino
effect pompey's infantry. 

3740
03:11:42,300 --> 03:11:46,400
Once they saw the Cavalry in 
Flight lost cohesion Caesar's 

3741
03:11:46,400 --> 03:11:49,900
Legion, hardened by years of 
Frontier Warfare exploited every

3742
03:11:49,900 --> 03:11:53,200
Gap. 
It was a massacre escaped, but 

3743
03:11:53,200 --> 03:11:54,700
the psychological damage was 
done. 

3744
03:11:55,400 --> 03:11:57,500
Men who had once sworn loyalty 
to Pompey. 

3745
03:11:57,500 --> 03:11:59,900
Began to slip away or switch 
sides. 

3746
03:11:59,900 --> 03:12:04,100
Sensing the tides of fated 
turned Pompey, fled to Egypt, 

3747
03:12:04,100 --> 03:12:07,800
hoping to regroup. 
But the ptolemaic officials came

3748
03:12:07,800 --> 03:12:12,400
to a pcsa betrayed him On his 
arrival Pompey, was assassinated

3749
03:12:12,400 --> 03:12:15,600
his head presented as a seizure 
as a perverse gift. 

3750
03:12:16,400 --> 03:12:19,600
Caesar was horrified despite 
their rivalry Pompey. 

3751
03:12:19,600 --> 03:12:22,100
Had once been his son in law. 
Caesar's daughter. 

3752
03:12:22,100 --> 03:12:23,600
Julia had been married to 
Pompey. 

3753
03:12:24,300 --> 03:12:27,000
Caesar publicly wept at the 
sight of Pompey, severed head, 

3754
03:12:27,000 --> 03:12:30,000
then ordered the execution of 
the men responsible for the 

3755
03:12:30,000 --> 03:12:32,600
Betrayal. 
This act, conveyed a message 

3756
03:12:32,600 --> 03:12:36,100
Caesar might be ruthless but he 
upheld the Dignity of Roman 

3757
03:12:36,100 --> 03:12:40,300
nobility and to tested dishonor 
Egypt, however, offered its own,

3758
03:12:40,300 --> 03:12:42,900
Labyrinth of politics. 
Cleopatra. 

3759
03:12:42,900 --> 03:12:45,000
And her brother Ptolemy were 
locked in a power struggle. 

3760
03:12:45,000 --> 03:12:48,600
Caesar now the most influential 
Roman in the region, found 

3761
03:12:48,600 --> 03:12:52,100
himself arbitrating their 
dispute Cleopatra saw an 

3762
03:12:52,100 --> 03:12:54,700
opportunity. 
She smuggled herself into 

3763
03:12:54,700 --> 03:12:58,700
season's presence in a carpet. 
So the story goes and Charmed 

3764
03:12:58,700 --> 03:13:02,900
him with her intellect wit and 
Grand Vision for Egypt, Caesar 

3765
03:13:02,900 --> 03:13:06,300
never want to resist or dasy or 
intelligence sided with 

3766
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:09,600
Cleopatra. 
The pack and solidated Power in 

3767
03:13:09,600 --> 03:13:13,800
Alexandria defeating ptolemies 
forces and installing Cleopatra 

3768
03:13:13,800 --> 03:13:16,200
as Queen. 
Their liaison was more than 

3769
03:13:16,200 --> 03:13:18,400
romantic. 
It was a strategic Alliance that

3770
03:13:18,400 --> 03:13:20,200
gave Caesar access to Egypt's 
wealth. 

3771
03:13:20,200 --> 03:13:21,700
While securing Cleopatra's 
throne. 

3772
03:13:22,900 --> 03:13:26,000
Rome watched these events with 
Fascination and growing anxiety.

3773
03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:29,000
Caesar was off. 
Forging alliances and fathering 

3774
03:13:29,000 --> 03:13:32,700
a child with a foreign Queen 
cesarean while Italy braced for 

3775
03:13:32,708 --> 03:13:36,600
whatever came next. 
Though, Pompey was dead segments

3776
03:13:36,600 --> 03:13:39,300
of the Roman Republic. 
Still resisted Caesars rule. 

3777
03:13:39,300 --> 03:13:43,000
Caesar marched on quelling 
resistance in Asia Minor with 

3778
03:13:43,000 --> 03:13:46,300
such speed that he famously, 
declared Vonnie vide. 

3779
03:13:46,300 --> 03:13:50,900
Vicky I came, I saw, I conquered
Then he headed to Africa 

3780
03:13:50,900 --> 03:13:54,300
clashing with remaining Pompeii 
and forces and eventually 

3781
03:13:54,300 --> 03:13:57,300
subduing them. 
By 45 BC. 

3782
03:13:58,300 --> 03:14:00,800
Caesar stood unchallenged as 
Rome's, Paramount leader. 

3783
03:14:01,600 --> 03:14:04,700
Senate, most of whose members 
owed him, their lives or careers

3784
03:14:04,700 --> 03:14:07,900
filled his hands with powers 
that stretch the limits of 

3785
03:14:07,900 --> 03:14:10,900
Rome's traditions. 
He was named dictator for 10 

3786
03:14:10,900 --> 03:14:13,100
years eventually dictator for 
life. 

3787
03:14:13,800 --> 03:14:17,100
Some called it a tyranny. 
Caesar for his part claimed. 

3788
03:14:17,100 --> 03:14:19,500
He was trying to restore order 
enacted. 

3789
03:14:19,500 --> 03:14:22,700
Sweeping reforms revising. 
The calendar in the Julian 

3790
03:14:22,700 --> 03:14:27,400
model, restructuring debts. 
Expanding the Senate granting 

3791
03:14:27,400 --> 03:14:30,900
citizenship to Loyal allies in 
distant provinces and planning, 

3792
03:14:30,900 --> 03:14:33,700
massive building projects that 
aim to beautify the city. 

3793
03:14:33,700 --> 03:14:37,800
He also introduced social 
measures like Distributing land 

3794
03:14:37,800 --> 03:14:41,200
to veterans in these moves, 
Caesar walked to tightrope. 

3795
03:14:41,200 --> 03:14:44,500
Consolidating, power while 
giving just enough to the masses

3796
03:14:44,500 --> 03:14:46,500
and Senate to keep them largely 
compliant. 

3797
03:14:47,200 --> 03:14:50,000
But something in the Roman 
psyche, at one man rule. 

3798
03:14:50,600 --> 03:14:54,500
Rome prided itself on hating 
Kings, their entire identity was

3799
03:14:54,500 --> 03:14:57,600
built around a republic even if 
that Republic was often 

3800
03:14:57,600 --> 03:15:01,300
manipulated by the powerful, 
Caesar's acceptance of lavish 

3801
03:15:01,300 --> 03:15:04,800
honors and his centralization of
power made some worry that he 

3802
03:15:04,800 --> 03:15:07,600
sought to Crown himself. 
Others found him dangerously 

3803
03:15:07,600 --> 03:15:11,500
modern someone who might change 
roam beyond recognition and 

3804
03:15:11,500 --> 03:15:13,800
behind Caesar's Unstoppable. 
Force layer. 

3805
03:15:13,800 --> 03:15:17,400
Silent question was the Republic
just to Stage for one man's 

3806
03:15:17,400 --> 03:15:21,100
ambition or could it endure? 
When Caesar finally returned to 

3807
03:15:21,100 --> 03:15:24,100
Roman Triumph, the city was 
above with rumors and festivals.

3808
03:15:24,100 --> 03:15:27,300
The war still simmered in the 
distant corners of the Republic,

3809
03:15:27,300 --> 03:15:30,800
sees his personal magnetism, and
the promise of stability 

3810
03:15:30,800 --> 03:15:34,500
temporarily silenced. 
Most discontent Orchestrated, 

3811
03:15:34,500 --> 03:15:37,800
spectacular, public games, and 
feasts showering. 

3812
03:15:37,800 --> 03:15:41,200
The populace with free grain 
statues and monuments sprang up 

3813
03:15:41,200 --> 03:15:43,900
in his honor. 
Yet beneath the gleaming facade,

3814
03:15:43,900 --> 03:15:47,000
the core of Roman tradition. 
Those Unwritten rules guarding 

3815
03:15:47,000 --> 03:15:49,600
through Republic from monarchy 
felt under sea. 

3816
03:15:50,600 --> 03:15:53,900
One example of Caesar's Larger 
than Life Persona was his 

3817
03:15:53,900 --> 03:15:56,700
attempt to reshape the calendar,
which was no small matter. 

3818
03:15:56,700 --> 03:16:00,500
In Rome, the old lunar calendar 
had become hopelessly misaligned

3819
03:16:00,500 --> 03:16:03,600
with the seasons creating 
confusion and festivals and 

3820
03:16:03,600 --> 03:16:06,300
Civic life. 
Caesar advised by astronomers 

3821
03:16:06,300 --> 03:16:10,100
including sausage of Alexandria.
Introduced the Julian calendar, 

3822
03:16:10,100 --> 03:16:12,900
a solar based system with a leap
year cycle. 

3823
03:16:13,700 --> 03:16:16,700
This was a major administrative 
reform that didn't just tidy 

3824
03:16:16,700 --> 03:16:19,200
updates. 
It demonstrated Caesars 

3825
03:16:19,200 --> 03:16:21,700
willingness to override. 
Centuries of practice, if he 

3826
03:16:21,700 --> 03:16:25,100
believed he had a better way. 
People marveled at the clarity 

3827
03:16:25,100 --> 03:16:28,200
of the new calendar offered, but
they also sent that if Caesar 

3828
03:16:28,200 --> 03:16:31,400
could reorder time itself, what 
else might he feel entitled to 

3829
03:16:31,400 --> 03:16:33,500
reorder? 
He poured money into 

3830
03:16:33,500 --> 03:16:37,000
construction under Caesar's 
Direction, new buildings, 

3831
03:16:37,000 --> 03:16:41,200
temples and public spaces. 
Sprouted symbolizing a Rome 

3832
03:16:41,200 --> 03:16:43,800
reborn. 
The Forum grew more magnificent.

3833
03:16:44,700 --> 03:16:47,700
Commissioned Grand projects that
not only beautified the city, 

3834
03:16:47,700 --> 03:16:51,200
but gave work to thousands of 
laborers, elevating Caesar's 

3835
03:16:51,200 --> 03:16:54,800
popularity, among the common 
folk at the same time, expanded 

3836
03:16:54,800 --> 03:16:58,900
the Senate from roughly 600 to 
as many as 900 members, adding 

3837
03:16:58,900 --> 03:17:02,200
allies from the provinces and 
diluting the power of the older 

3838
03:17:02,200 --> 03:17:05,700
aristocratic families. 
Some saw this as an inclusive 

3839
03:17:05,700 --> 03:17:09,500
move, broadening representation 
within the Roman State, others 

3840
03:17:09,500 --> 03:17:13,200
viewed it as an egregious, power
play away for Caesar to stack. 

3841
03:17:13,200 --> 03:17:15,900
The Senate with loyalists who 
owed their positions, to him 

3842
03:17:15,900 --> 03:17:18,300
alone. 
All these changes stirred. 

3843
03:17:18,300 --> 03:17:21,200
The question was Caesar still 
just a leading citizen? 

3844
03:17:21,200 --> 03:17:23,700
Or was he inching toward King 
ship? 

3845
03:17:24,500 --> 03:17:26,900
Rome had a cultural aversion to 
the very word. 

3846
03:17:26,900 --> 03:17:30,500
Rex King Generations. 
Were taught that their ancestors

3847
03:17:30,500 --> 03:17:33,900
had exiled the last, Roman King,
and vowed, never to Neil before 

3848
03:17:33,900 --> 03:17:37,300
another so when statues of 
Caesar began appearing in public

3849
03:17:37,300 --> 03:17:42,300
places, crowned with diems some 
citizens, felt a chill Caesar 

3850
03:17:42,300 --> 03:17:43,700
claimed. 
These were tokens of respect 

3851
03:17:43,700 --> 03:17:47,400
from admirers not Declaration of
monarchy butts. 

3852
03:17:47,400 --> 03:17:51,100
Lingard at a public Festival. 
Marcos Antonio favored left 

3853
03:17:51,100 --> 03:17:55,000
tenant attempted to place a 
diet, demon season's head Caesar

3854
03:17:55,000 --> 03:17:58,700
dramatically refused stating 
only Jupiter is King of the 

3855
03:17:58,700 --> 03:18:01,400
Romans. 
But the crowds reaction was 

3856
03:18:01,400 --> 03:18:04,000
mixed. 
Some cheered, his refusal, 

3857
03:18:04,000 --> 03:18:07,700
others suspected, a theatrical 
performance designed to test 

3858
03:18:07,700 --> 03:18:11,500
public opinion on a monarchy. 
The dissonance grew sharper, as 

3859
03:18:11,500 --> 03:18:14,000
Caesar took on the title 
dictator for life. 

3860
03:18:15,200 --> 03:18:18,600
In theory a dictator in Roman 
history, was an emergency 

3861
03:18:18,600 --> 03:18:22,800
measure appointed for six months
in times of dire threat and then

3862
03:18:22,800 --> 03:18:26,400
required to relinquish power. 
Like extending this temporary 

3863
03:18:26,400 --> 03:18:29,900
position indefinitely, Caesar 
strained, the very definitions 

3864
03:18:29,900 --> 03:18:33,100
of Roman governance. 
His supporters insisted Roman 

3865
03:18:33,100 --> 03:18:36,700
needed, strong leadership, given
all the unrest, But his critics 

3866
03:18:36,700 --> 03:18:39,300
argued, that Caesar was snuffing
out, the Republican Flame. 

3867
03:18:40,300 --> 03:18:44,000
Seeds of conspiracy began to 
sprout Senators, who longed for 

3868
03:18:44,000 --> 03:18:47,500
a return to the old order. 
Such as gears Cassius longinus, 

3869
03:18:47,500 --> 03:18:51,400
and Markus Junius Brutus started
meeting discreetly. 

3870
03:18:52,300 --> 03:18:56,100
Brutus, stood out, he descended 
from Lucius Junior's Brutus the 

3871
03:18:56,100 --> 03:18:59,100
fabled founder of the Republic 
who drove out the ancient Kings.

3872
03:19:00,000 --> 03:19:03,300
Season had shown Brutus 
remarkable favor, even rumored 

3873
03:19:03,300 --> 03:19:04,900
to have paternal affection for 
him. 

3874
03:19:05,800 --> 03:19:08,500
Yet this complicated Bond, 
didn't stifle brutus's 

3875
03:19:08,500 --> 03:19:10,900
conviction. 
That sees his power threatened, 

3876
03:19:10,900 --> 03:19:14,800
the Republic's core values. 
Cassius a cunning figure with a 

3877
03:19:14,800 --> 03:19:18,500
far darker Edge, found the 
Flames, reminding Brutus of his 

3878
03:19:18,508 --> 03:19:22,600
ancestors Legacy and the sacred 
duty to protect Rome from a 

3879
03:19:22,600 --> 03:19:25,400
tyrant. 
Meanwhile, Caesar seemed to 

3880
03:19:25,408 --> 03:19:29,500
sense an undercurrent of danger.
He went about with guards, but 

3881
03:19:29,500 --> 03:19:31,500
he also believed that living in 
constant fear. 

3882
03:19:31,500 --> 03:19:35,600
Would diminish his stature, On 
the surface, he continued 

3883
03:19:35,600 --> 03:19:38,800
orchestrating elaborate plans. 
He was preparing a massive 

3884
03:19:38,800 --> 03:19:42,100
campaign against path in the 
Eastern tending to surpass. 

3885
03:19:42,100 --> 03:19:46,000
Even pompies conquests returning
to Rome from that Victory, 

3886
03:19:46,000 --> 03:19:50,200
Caesar likely envisioned a final
consolidation of power and 

3887
03:19:50,200 --> 03:19:53,300
unassailable. 
Legacy his mind overflowed with 

3888
03:19:53,300 --> 03:19:56,800
new ideas for governance, law 
codes and expansion of citizens 

3889
03:19:56,800 --> 03:19:59,200
rights. 
He can fight it in close allies 

3890
03:19:59,200 --> 03:20:02,100
that his rule would transform 
roam into a cohesive Empire, 

3891
03:20:02,100 --> 03:20:04,600
rather than a loose 
Confederation of territories. 

3892
03:20:05,800 --> 03:20:08,400
Yet those grand Visions. 
Collided, with the simmering 

3893
03:20:08,400 --> 03:20:11,200
resentment of the senatorial 
class, many of them. 

3894
03:20:11,200 --> 03:20:13,200
Had gone along, with Cesar out 
of pragmatism. 

3895
03:20:13,200 --> 03:20:15,500
Biding. 
Their time waiting for a chance 

3896
03:20:15,500 --> 03:20:17,800
to assert the old ways. 
They resented. 

3897
03:20:17,800 --> 03:20:21,400
How seizes reforms undermine 
their Prestige, how is populist 

3898
03:20:21,400 --> 03:20:24,500
measures made the people less 
reliant on senatorial patrons. 

3899
03:20:25,300 --> 03:20:27,900
Some conspirators. 
Hope to reinstate a pure public 

3900
03:20:27,900 --> 03:20:30,800
with limited terms, of office 
and carefully balanced Powers. 

3901
03:20:30,800 --> 03:20:34,900
Others simply wanted Caesar gone
viewing him as an existential 

3902
03:20:34,900 --> 03:20:36,500
threat to their personal 
standing. 

3903
03:20:37,300 --> 03:20:40,600
So as Caesar walked, the marble 
floors of the curia, conferring 

3904
03:20:40,600 --> 03:20:43,500
with Senators, not all who 
greeted him warmly were true 

3905
03:20:43,508 --> 03:20:45,900
allies. 
The facade of unity was just 

3906
03:20:45,900 --> 03:20:49,700
that facade. 
Whispers circulated about the 

3907
03:20:49,700 --> 03:20:52,700
Ides of March, a date. 
The conspirators had marked as 

3908
03:20:52,700 --> 03:20:56,200
pivotal Caesar distracted by 
preparations for upcoming 

3909
03:20:56,200 --> 03:20:59,900
campaigns, either dismissed or 
downplayed the signs of looming 

3910
03:20:59,900 --> 03:21:02,600
treachery. 
He was after all Julius. 

3911
03:21:02,600 --> 03:21:06,800
Caesar the man who escaped 
Pirates conquered, Gaul and 

3912
03:21:06,800 --> 03:21:08,900
overcame Pompey. 
To him. 

3913
03:21:08,900 --> 03:21:12,800
Fear was a cage, he refused to 
live in to the conspirators. 

3914
03:21:12,800 --> 03:21:15,700
His confidence was both an 
insult and an opportunity. 

3915
03:21:15,700 --> 03:21:19,200
The stage was set and all of 
Rome fell the tension in the 

3916
03:21:19,200 --> 03:21:21,400
air. 
The days, leading up to the Ides

3917
03:21:21,400 --> 03:21:23,200
of March had a strange energy in
Rome. 

3918
03:21:24,000 --> 03:21:26,200
Senators bustled about with 
Force Smiles. 

3919
03:21:26,200 --> 03:21:29,800
While scribes noted a flurry of 
edicts and proposals sees aim to

3920
03:21:29,800 --> 03:21:33,400
finalize before, departing on 
campaign Craftsman, labored on 

3921
03:21:33,400 --> 03:21:37,000
newly commissioned statues and 
inscription as achievements. 

3922
03:21:37,700 --> 03:21:40,600
Meanwhile, anxious Whispers 
seeped through the city, 

3923
03:21:40,600 --> 03:21:44,000
swirling in the Smoky corners of
taverns and the hush of 

3924
03:21:44,000 --> 03:21:47,400
aristocratic dinner parties. 
Caesar himself oscillated 

3925
03:21:47,400 --> 03:21:50,300
between excitement for his 
parthian expedition and vague 

3926
03:21:50,300 --> 03:21:53,000
apprehension. 
Omens were a big deal in Roman 

3927
03:21:53,000 --> 03:21:56,000
society and several odd 
occurrences had stoked. 

3928
03:21:56,000 --> 03:22:00,200
Superstitions reports of strange
lights in the sky or a 

3929
03:22:00,200 --> 03:22:03,600
soothsayer who warned Caesar to 
aware The Ides of March. 

3930
03:22:04,400 --> 03:22:07,700
Caesar rational yet not entirely
dismissive of command or Greece 

3931
03:22:07,700 --> 03:22:10,300
seemed torn between curiosity 
and disbelief. 

3932
03:22:10,300 --> 03:22:14,000
Joked about the warnings telling
Friends, The Ides of March at 

3933
03:22:14,000 --> 03:22:17,900
nothing had happened yet. 
But behind the leverty, hints of

3934
03:22:17,900 --> 03:22:20,300
caution surface. 
He was known to have shared 

3935
03:22:20,300 --> 03:22:24,400
concerns with Calpurnia. 
His wife who begged him on to be

3936
03:22:24,408 --> 03:22:27,100
vigilant, the conspiracy gained 
momentum. 

3937
03:22:27,900 --> 03:22:31,300
Cassius worked. 
Tirelessly approaching Senators,

3938
03:22:31,300 --> 03:22:34,300
who felt displaced by Caesar's 
sweeping reforms or Who Bore 

3939
03:22:34,300 --> 03:22:36,500
personal grudges persuading 
Brutus. 

3940
03:22:36,500 --> 03:22:39,500
Had been the linchpin. 
Brutus's moral standing and 

3941
03:22:39,500 --> 03:22:42,400
family Legacy offered a veneer 
of honor to what might otherwise

3942
03:22:42,400 --> 03:22:46,400
look like a naked Power, grab 
With Brutus on board recruiting 

3943
03:22:46,400 --> 03:22:49,500
others became easier. 
Each conspirator had different 

3944
03:22:49,500 --> 03:22:52,800
reasons some claim to fight for 
the Republic's Freedom, others, 

3945
03:22:52,800 --> 03:22:56,200
sought personal gain or Revenge 
yet the United under, a single 

3946
03:22:56,200 --> 03:22:59,100
dramatic resolution Caesar must 
be removed. 

3947
03:22:59,100 --> 03:23:02,300
One version of their plan 
involved, attacking Caesar 

3948
03:23:02,300 --> 03:23:04,400
during a senate session when he 
would be relatively. 

3949
03:23:04,400 --> 03:23:08,300
Unguarded in theory, the 
presence of so many senators. 

3950
03:23:08,300 --> 03:23:11,700
Served as a public Shield, 
Caesar wouldn't expect a mass 

3951
03:23:11,700 --> 03:23:13,200
attack in the heart of Roman 
governance. 

3952
03:23:13,200 --> 03:23:16,300
The conspirators also believed 
that once the deed was done, 

3953
03:23:16,300 --> 03:23:19,600
they could Proclaim themselves 
Defenders of Liberty summoning, 

3954
03:23:19,600 --> 03:23:22,600
the people to restore Republican
ideals despite the risk. 

3955
03:23:22,600 --> 03:23:25,200
None could deny the plans or 
Dash in Simplicity. 

3956
03:23:25,200 --> 03:23:28,300
The Senate meeting on the Ides 
of March, beckoned like a 

3957
03:23:28,308 --> 03:23:31,600
Grimmer appointment. 
The morning of the Ides, arrived

3958
03:23:31,600 --> 03:23:36,200
Calpurnia shaken by nightmares 
implored season, not to go. 

3959
03:23:37,000 --> 03:23:39,500
Some historians claim, she 
dreamed of a statue of Caesar 

3960
03:23:39,500 --> 03:23:42,700
spouting blood of him line in 
her arms. 

3961
03:23:43,400 --> 03:23:47,000
Moved by her distress sees her 
initially decided to stay home. 

3962
03:23:47,000 --> 03:23:49,300
Possibly rescheduling the Senate
session. 

3963
03:23:50,200 --> 03:23:53,000
At all alone could have altered 
history but the conspirators 

3964
03:23:53,000 --> 03:23:56,500
panic when the hidden Hood sees 
a might not come they dispatched

3965
03:23:56,500 --> 03:24:00,100
Decimus Brutus no relation to 
Marcus Brutus but another close 

3966
03:24:00,100 --> 03:24:04,300
Ally to persuade, Caesar Decimus
feigned concerned, Caesar would 

3967
03:24:04,300 --> 03:24:07,600
insult the Senate by his absence
diminishing his standing right 

3968
03:24:07,600 --> 03:24:12,300
before his Grand campaign. 
So despite calpurnia's, please, 

3969
03:24:12,300 --> 03:24:16,200
Caesar relented. 
He donned his ceremonial toga 

3970
03:24:16,200 --> 03:24:18,900
and left for the curia. 
Inside the Senate meeting. 

3971
03:24:18,900 --> 03:24:21,100
The atmosphere was thick with 
tension, though. 

3972
03:24:21,100 --> 03:24:25,200
It started off with formalities.
Caesar took his seat, the group 

3973
03:24:25,200 --> 03:24:28,100
of conspirators approached 
pretending to ask a favor on 

3974
03:24:28,100 --> 03:24:32,100
behalf of a political exile. 
They surrounded him as if to 

3975
03:24:32,100 --> 03:24:33,400
press their case more 
passionately. 

3976
03:24:33,400 --> 03:24:37,000
Then as The Story Goes at a 
signal daggers disappeared. 

3977
03:24:37,000 --> 03:24:39,600
The first strike came from casca
and others. 

3978
03:24:39,600 --> 03:24:43,100
Joined accounts vary some says 
he tried to defend himself 

3979
03:24:43,100 --> 03:24:44,800
others that he was too 
overwhelmed. 

3980
03:24:44,800 --> 03:24:48,400
He was stabbed multiple times 
the final Blow from Brutus 

3981
03:24:48,400 --> 03:24:53,300
prompting Caesar's legendary and
possibly apocryphal utterance at

3982
03:24:53,300 --> 03:24:56,800
2 route. 
In moments, it was over. 

3983
03:24:57,600 --> 03:24:59,700
Caesar lay dead at the foot of 
Pompey, statue. 

3984
03:24:59,700 --> 03:25:02,900
A cruel twist of fate for the 
man who had once wept for 

3985
03:25:02,900 --> 03:25:06,000
pompy's demise. 
The Senators spattered with 

3986
03:25:06,000 --> 03:25:08,700
blood proclaimed. 
They had liberated Rome from 

3987
03:25:08,700 --> 03:25:11,200
tyranny. 
They expected the city that a 

3988
03:25:11,200 --> 03:25:13,700
greet them as Heroes. 
Yet the immediate reaction was 

3989
03:25:13,700 --> 03:25:15,500
shock. 
Not jubilation. 

3990
03:25:16,300 --> 03:25:18,700
Citizens, fled the curia, 
unsure. 

3991
03:25:18,700 --> 03:25:20,100
Whether more violence would 
follow. 

3992
03:25:20,100 --> 03:25:25,300
The conspirators had planned for
season 2 for the emotional 

3993
03:25:25,300 --> 03:25:27,500
vacuum, it would create among 
the Roman populace. 

3994
03:25:28,200 --> 03:25:32,100
The question remained had, they 
truly saved the republic or just

3995
03:25:32,100 --> 03:25:35,400
Unleashed chaos. 
Brutus and Cassius tried to calm

3996
03:25:35,400 --> 03:25:37,700
the city with speeches, 
invoking, the memory of their 

3997
03:25:37,700 --> 03:25:42,700
ancestor Lucius, Junius Brutus, 
who banished, Rome's last king, 

3998
03:25:42,700 --> 03:25:46,000
centuries before they insisted, 
they had restored the Republic, 

3999
03:25:46,000 --> 03:25:49,300
but the people who had witnessed
Caesar's generosity, his 

4000
03:25:49,300 --> 03:25:53,200
Banquets land distributions, 
public games, many commoners, 

4001
03:25:53,200 --> 03:25:57,700
revered him anger and sorrow, 
breed in the streets word of the

4002
03:25:57,700 --> 03:26:00,900
Savage Butchery in the Senate, 
far from celebrating the 

4003
03:26:00,900 --> 03:26:03,200
conspirators. 
Many citizens demanded 

4004
03:26:03,200 --> 03:26:06,200
vengeance. 
Mark Antony who had not 

4005
03:26:06,200 --> 03:26:09,500
participated in the conspiracy 
seized, this public sentiment. 

4006
03:26:09,500 --> 03:26:14,200
He delivered a funeral oration 
for season of legendary Anthony 

4007
03:26:14,200 --> 03:26:18,200
spoke with passion displaying, 
Caesar's Bloodstone, toga 

4008
03:26:18,200 --> 03:26:21,300
stirring the crowd into a frenzy
against the conspirators. 

4009
03:26:21,300 --> 03:26:24,700
Some historians say, sees his 
body was burned in the Forum 

4010
03:26:24,700 --> 03:26:27,700
itself with the Flames fed by 
citizens, who tossed in 

4011
03:26:27,708 --> 03:26:30,800
furniture and items. 
As offering the conspirators, 

4012
03:26:30,800 --> 03:26:35,700
realizing the tide had turned 
fled, the city, outraged Sword 

4013
03:26:35,700 --> 03:26:39,300
and the once proud Senate found 
Itself, overshadowed by the 

4014
03:26:39,300 --> 03:26:42,700
populist Fury that sees her. 
So skillfully harnessed in life,

4015
03:26:42,700 --> 03:26:46,200
thus The Killing that was 
intended to save the Republic 

4016
03:26:46,200 --> 03:26:49,400
actually accelerated. 
Its decline power soon. 

4017
03:26:49,400 --> 03:26:51,600
Consolidated, not around a 
restored, Senate. 

4018
03:26:51,600 --> 03:26:57,200
But around new strong men, Marc,
Antony Octavian, Caesars, young 

4019
03:26:57,200 --> 03:27:00,900
are and adopted, son, and others
who were jockey for command in 

4020
03:27:00,900 --> 03:27:03,200
the following years. 
In death. 

4021
03:27:03,800 --> 03:27:06,300
Caesar had transcended mortality
to become an icon? 

4022
03:27:06,300 --> 03:27:08,900
Some would say a martyr, while 
the vision of renewed Republic, 

4023
03:27:08,900 --> 03:27:12,800
ironically slipped further away,
the aftermath of Seasons, 

4024
03:27:12,800 --> 03:27:16,000
assassination was as turbulent 
as any period Rome had ever seen

4025
03:27:16,000 --> 03:27:20,300
the city already tense from 
years of civil conflict 

4026
03:27:20,300 --> 03:27:23,300
discovered that removing one 
towering figure didn't 

4027
03:27:23,300 --> 03:27:25,100
automatically restore the Old 
Republic. 

4028
03:27:25,100 --> 03:27:29,700
Instead a new power vacuum 
emerged quickly filled by those 

4029
03:27:29,700 --> 03:27:31,600
with the ambition and resources 
to claim it. 

4030
03:27:32,400 --> 03:27:36,200
Mark, Antony sees as closest 
left tenant was first on the 

4031
03:27:36,200 --> 03:27:39,100
scene, leveraging, his 
connection to the slain dictator

4032
03:27:39,100 --> 03:27:42,500
to Rally the masses, but Caesar 
had named a surprise in his, 

4033
03:27:42,500 --> 03:27:45,100
will gas. 
Octavius, better known as 

4034
03:27:45,100 --> 03:27:48,600
Octavian. 
His Grand nephew only 19 years. 

4035
03:27:48,600 --> 03:27:51,700
Old Octavian, carried Caesar's 
name, and soon enough. 

4036
03:27:51,700 --> 03:27:55,500
Caesar's Legions would rally 
around him too Brutus and 

4037
03:27:55,500 --> 03:27:57,900
Cassius fled, Rome hoping to 
raise armies. 

4038
03:27:57,900 --> 03:28:00,900
In the Eastern, provinces a 
published declarations 

4039
03:28:00,900 --> 03:28:04,800
defending, the assassination as 
an act of patriotic duty but the

4040
03:28:04,800 --> 03:28:06,500
events in Rome worked against 
them. 

4041
03:28:07,300 --> 03:28:10,300
Funeral oration by Anthony had 
painted them as traitors to 

4042
03:28:10,300 --> 03:28:15,200
Caesar and by extension enemies 
of the Roman people, Legions 

4043
03:28:15,200 --> 03:28:18,200
loyal to Caesar scorned, the 
conspirators lines. 

4044
03:28:18,200 --> 03:28:22,600
Hardened, another round of Civil
Wars seemed inevitable as one 

4045
03:28:22,600 --> 03:28:25,400
man's ambition had morphed into 
a generational crisis of 

4046
03:28:25,400 --> 03:28:28,300
identity for Rome. 
Though, Antony and Octavian, 

4047
03:28:28,300 --> 03:28:30,000
initially hide each other with 
suspicion. 

4048
03:28:30,000 --> 03:28:32,500
They realized they stood a 
better chance against the 

4049
03:28:32,500 --> 03:28:36,800
conspirators if they cooperated.
Along with Marcus lepidus, a 

4050
03:28:36,800 --> 03:28:38,700
trusted Commander. 
They formed the second 

4051
03:28:38,700 --> 03:28:41,200
triumvirate. 
Unlike seasons in formal 

4052
03:28:41,200 --> 03:28:43,400
Arrangement. 
This triumphant was legally, 

4053
03:28:43,400 --> 03:28:46,900
sanctioned granting the three 
men near absolute power to 

4054
03:28:46,900 --> 03:28:49,300
reorganize the state and 
reorganize it. 

4055
03:28:49,308 --> 03:28:52,600
They did. 
Prescriptions lists of enemies 

4056
03:28:52,600 --> 03:28:56,300
of the state were published men 
of wealth and influence found 

4057
03:28:56,300 --> 03:28:59,000
themselves. 
Outlawed the triumphant seized 

4058
03:28:59,000 --> 03:29:02,200
property and executed opponents,
echoing the Grim days of 

4059
03:29:02,200 --> 03:29:04,700
solar's. 
Dictatorship, the conspirators. 

4060
03:29:04,700 --> 03:29:09,000
Meanwhile, mustard forces in the
East culminating in the climax 

4061
03:29:09,000 --> 03:29:13,600
Battle of Philippi in 42 BC e 
Brutus and Cassius were defeated

4062
03:29:13,600 --> 03:29:15,600
and they chose suicide over 
capture. 

4063
03:29:16,700 --> 03:29:19,200
Caesar's murder as hoped for a 
Renaissance of Republican 

4064
03:29:19,200 --> 03:29:21,600
ideals. 
They had Gravely miscalculated. 

4065
03:29:22,500 --> 03:29:25,600
Rome was now torn between 
competing strong men after 

4066
03:29:25,600 --> 03:29:29,700
Philippi tensions, Rose between 
Antony and Octavian, Anthony 

4067
03:29:29,700 --> 03:29:32,600
headed east forming an alliance 
and famously. 

4068
03:29:32,600 --> 03:29:36,800
A romance with Cleopatra in 
Egypt, Octavian, solidified his 

4069
03:29:36,800 --> 03:29:40,200
base in Rome in the Senate 
recognized him as the principal 

4070
03:29:40,200 --> 03:29:45,300
heir to Caesar's Legacy by 31 
BCE the Rivalry exploded into 

4071
03:29:45,300 --> 03:29:48,600
another civil war culminating in
the naval battle of actium. 

4072
03:29:49,300 --> 03:29:53,400
Octavian prevailed and clear 
Patra fled and later took their 

4073
03:29:53,400 --> 03:29:55,600
own lives. 
And the stage was set for 

4074
03:29:55,600 --> 03:29:59,200
Octavian to become Augustus. 
The first Roman Emperor, the 

4075
03:29:59,200 --> 03:30:01,300
Republic in its old form was 
gone. 

4076
03:30:01,300 --> 03:30:06,100
And what of Seasons Legacy, his 
name Caesar would become 

4077
03:30:06,100 --> 03:30:11,100
synonymous with rulership itself
from Kaiser in German to tesar 

4078
03:30:11,100 --> 03:30:13,400
in Russian leaders in distant 
lands. 

4079
03:30:13,400 --> 03:30:15,700
Would adopt the moniker as a 
badge of Imperial. 

4080
03:30:15,700 --> 03:30:21,100
Might his reforms, specially the
Julian calendar outlived him by 

4081
03:30:21,100 --> 03:30:24,500
centuries influencing how 
millions of people marked time. 

4082
03:30:24,500 --> 03:30:27,800
His writings particularly the 
commentaries on the gallic and 

4083
03:30:27,800 --> 03:30:30,800
Civil Wars, remained essential 
reading for generations of 

4084
03:30:30,800 --> 03:30:35,100
statement, and Generals admired 
for their Clarity and rhetorical

4085
03:30:35,100 --> 03:30:38,100
brilliance. 
In a strange twist. 

4086
03:30:39,100 --> 03:30:43,000
Senate that once feared him 
voted to DFCS after his death, 

4087
03:30:43,000 --> 03:30:46,900
proclaiming him Divas, Julius 
shrines, and temples to the 

4088
03:30:46,900 --> 03:30:50,300
Divine Julius sprang up turning 
him into a figure of worship. 

4089
03:30:50,300 --> 03:30:54,500
This posthumous deification gave
Octavian an added Aura of 

4090
03:30:54,500 --> 03:30:57,900
legitimacy. 
He was now Divi Filius, the son 

4091
03:30:57,900 --> 03:31:02,100
of a god, One might argue, it 
was the final irony, the same 

4092
03:31:02,100 --> 03:31:04,300
institution that bristled at his
ambition. 

4093
03:31:04,300 --> 03:31:08,400
Now raised him to Divine status,
this transformation reflected 

4094
03:31:08,400 --> 03:31:11,800
the contradictory nature of 
Roman politics, practical to the

4095
03:31:11,800 --> 03:31:15,900
core yet steeped in Superstition
and reverence for signs and 

4096
03:31:15,900 --> 03:31:18,900
wonders public memory of Caesar 
remained divided. 

4097
03:31:18,900 --> 03:31:21,700
Many admired him for 
championing, the lower classes 

4098
03:31:21,700 --> 03:31:25,200
taking decisive action to end 
Rome's, internal strife and 

4099
03:31:25,200 --> 03:31:26,900
extending Roman influence 
abroad. 

4100
03:31:27,600 --> 03:31:30,500
Others condemned him as the man 
who shattered the Republic's 

4101
03:31:30,500 --> 03:31:33,600
checks and balances making a 
single man rule inevitable 

4102
03:31:33,600 --> 03:31:37,900
overtime historians playwrights 
and orators distilled his story 

4103
03:31:37,900 --> 03:31:41,200
and to dramatic beats the 
brilliant General, the cunning 

4104
03:31:41,200 --> 03:31:44,300
politician, the Betrayed friend.
Those wanting a moral lesson 

4105
03:31:44,300 --> 03:31:47,400
found ample material some used 
him as a warning against 

4106
03:31:47,400 --> 03:31:50,600
unchecked ambition others. 
As an example of visionary 

4107
03:31:50,600 --> 03:31:55,000
leadership, undone by a petty 
jealousy Yet there's a deeper 

4108
03:31:55,000 --> 03:31:58,000
layer to Caesar's Life, One Less
recounted in popular lore. 

4109
03:31:58,000 --> 03:32:01,500
He was profoundly curious about 
the world about languages, 

4110
03:32:01,500 --> 03:32:03,900
cultures and the mechanics of 
governance. 

4111
03:32:05,400 --> 03:32:07,800
From his youth, in the streets 
of Rome to his kidnapping by 

4112
03:32:07,808 --> 03:32:11,100
Pirates From the Muddy 
battlefields of gold, the marble

4113
03:32:11,100 --> 03:32:14,000
corridors of the curia. 
He sought to understand and 

4114
03:32:14,000 --> 03:32:18,400
master every environment he 
touched He wasn't content to 

4115
03:32:18,400 --> 03:32:22,300
play by the rules, he rewrote 
them not all admired his methods

4116
03:32:22,300 --> 03:32:25,400
but few could deny his results 
for those living. 

4117
03:32:25,400 --> 03:32:28,600
In Rome after Seasons demise 
daily, life of eventually 

4118
03:32:28,600 --> 03:32:32,300
stabilized under augustus's 
Reign, the city grew Grandeur, 

4119
03:32:32,300 --> 03:32:35,800
the Empire expanded, and a new 
system, the principal took 

4120
03:32:35,800 --> 03:32:38,400
shape, but an undercurrent of 
nostalgia. 

4121
03:32:38,400 --> 03:32:41,300
Persisted among some Senators 
who recalled a republic where 

4122
03:32:41,300 --> 03:32:44,300
men like Cicero and Cato once 
debated the future of Rome. 

4123
03:32:45,100 --> 03:32:49,000
They wondered if in slaying, 
Caesar they had severed the last

4124
03:32:49,000 --> 03:32:52,600
chance to preserve Republican 
dignity or if Caesar's very 

4125
03:32:52,600 --> 03:32:55,900
presents had doomed it from the 
start and so the figure of 

4126
03:32:55,900 --> 03:32:58,600
Julius Caesar stands in Roman 
history, not simply as a 

4127
03:32:58,608 --> 03:33:02,600
conqueror or a dictator, but as 
a turning point he harnessed 

4128
03:33:02,600 --> 03:33:06,500
ambition, popular people support
and raw military skill to 

4129
03:33:06,500 --> 03:33:10,100
reshape the world's greatest 
Republic and in doing so he 

4130
03:33:10,100 --> 03:33:11,800
cleared a path for Imperial 
rule. 

4131
03:33:12,400 --> 03:33:15,100
Some see him as a hero 
Visionary, who expanded Rome's 

4132
03:33:15,100 --> 03:33:19,400
Horizons, others view him as the
ultimate usurper, betraying the 

4133
03:33:19,400 --> 03:33:22,400
collective governance that had 
once defined the city's spirit. 

4134
03:33:23,100 --> 03:33:27,100
Perhaps both are true in the 
end, Julius Caesar's story 

4135
03:33:27,100 --> 03:33:30,700
reminds us that history rarely 
lends itself to neat labels, the

4136
03:33:30,700 --> 03:33:33,800
arcs of power. 
Destiny and personal will often 

4137
03:33:33,800 --> 03:33:36,900
weave together in ways that defy
easy, categorization. 

4138
03:33:36,900 --> 03:33:40,300
And if there's one lesson that 
resonates across the centuries, 

4139
03:33:40,300 --> 03:33:44,100
it might be this when a single 
individual grows too large for 

4140
03:33:44,100 --> 03:33:46,200
the existing order 
transformation. 

4141
03:33:46,200 --> 03:33:49,300
However, exhilarating or 
destructive becomes inevitable 

4142
03:33:53,200 --> 03:33:56,200
Catherine of Aragon's birth, 
coincided with the emergence of 

4143
03:33:56,200 --> 03:33:59,100
the modern world. 
Catherine of Aragon was born on 

4144
03:33:59,100 --> 03:34:03,600
December 16th 1485 at the 
archbishop's palace in South 

4145
03:34:03,600 --> 03:34:07,800
near Madrid during a time when 
the Medieval era was slowly 

4146
03:34:07,800 --> 03:34:11,300
giving way to what we now, call 
the Renaissance, A parents 

4147
03:34:11,300 --> 03:34:14,300
Isabella, the first of Castile 
and Ferdinand, the second of 

4148
03:34:14,300 --> 03:34:17,900
arrogant, a United Kingdoms and 
were in the midst of completing 

4149
03:34:17,900 --> 03:34:20,900
the Reconquista, which would 
culminate with the fall of 

4150
03:34:20,900 --> 03:34:25,200
Granada in 1492. 
Catherine's early years were 

4151
03:34:25,200 --> 03:34:28,500
marked not by coddling, but by 
immersion in one of Europe's 

4152
03:34:28,500 --> 03:34:31,900
most dynamic courts. 
While most historical accounts 

4153
03:34:31,900 --> 03:34:34,000
focus on her later. 
Marriage, to Henry the 8th 

4154
03:34:34,000 --> 03:34:37,600
Catherine's formative years in 
Spain, reveal a woman groomed 

4155
03:34:37,600 --> 03:34:42,100
for far more than matrimony. 
Her mother, Isabella and should 

4156
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:44,900
Catherine received an education 
that surpassed what most Royal 

4157
03:34:44,900 --> 03:34:48,000
daughters could expect. 
The tutelage of Alessandro 

4158
03:34:48,000 --> 03:34:51,000
Geraldine and the humanists 
Antonio Geraldine gave her 

4159
03:34:51,000 --> 03:34:54,700
fluency in multiple languages, 
including Spanish, Latin, 

4160
03:34:54,700 --> 03:34:58,600
French, and Greek. 
She studied Cannon and civil law

4161
03:34:58,600 --> 03:35:03,500
genealogy, heraldry and history 
subjects, typically reserved for

4162
03:35:03,500 --> 03:35:06,600
male heirs. 
Catherine's childhood unfolded 

4163
03:35:06,600 --> 03:35:09,300
against the backdrop of her 
parents military campaigns 

4164
03:35:09,300 --> 03:35:10,900
against the Moorish Kingdom of 
Granada. 

4165
03:35:11,700 --> 03:35:14,200
Rather than shielding their 
children from state affairs, 

4166
03:35:14,200 --> 03:35:16,700
Isabella, and Ferdinand brought 
them along. 

4167
03:35:17,400 --> 03:35:20,400
At age, six, Catherine Fountain,
herself in the military and camp

4168
03:35:20,400 --> 03:35:24,000
at Santa Fe outside Grenada 
watching as the last Muslim 

4169
03:35:24,000 --> 03:35:26,800
ruler in Spain. 
Surrendered to her parents the 

4170
03:35:26,800 --> 03:35:29,400
same year. 
The Jennie's Explorer named 

4171
03:35:29,400 --> 03:35:32,900
Christopher Columbus secured 
funding from her parents for a 

4172
03:35:32,908 --> 03:35:35,600
Westwood Expedition. 
That would forever change world 

4173
03:35:35,600 --> 03:35:38,200
history. 
What distinguished Catherine's 

4174
03:35:38,200 --> 03:35:41,100
upbringing from that of other 
Royal daughters, was her 

4175
03:35:41,100 --> 03:35:43,400
mother's insistence that. 
She understand the mechanics of 

4176
03:35:43,408 --> 03:35:46,300
governance. 
Isabella of Castile was no 

4177
03:35:46,300 --> 03:35:49,000
ornamental, Queen, but ruled in 
her own, right? 

4178
03:35:49,700 --> 03:35:53,000
Under her example, Catherine 
observed Council, meetings 

4179
03:35:53,000 --> 03:35:56,200
diplomatic receptions and looked
into the delicate, dance of 

4180
03:35:56,208 --> 03:36:00,600
statecraft her mother's confess,
her reforming Cardinal Jimenez 

4181
03:36:00,600 --> 03:36:04,200
de Cisneros, instilled in her 
devout, but intellectually 

4182
03:36:04,200 --> 03:36:07,000
rigorous Catholicism that 
emphasized personal piety 

4183
03:36:07,000 --> 03:36:11,300
alongside institutional reform. 
By age 15, Catherine had 

4184
03:36:11,300 --> 03:36:14,000
absorbed more practical, 
knowledge of rulership than most

4185
03:36:14,000 --> 03:36:17,100
Royal Sons twice her age. 
Yet the Spanish court that 

4186
03:36:17,100 --> 03:36:20,100
shaped her remained largely 
invisible in later English 

4187
03:36:20,100 --> 03:36:23,000
accounts, which preferred to 
cast her as a passive victim of 

4188
03:36:23,008 --> 03:36:25,800
Henry, the 8th's marital 
mission's rather than 

4189
03:36:25,800 --> 03:36:29,200
acknowledge the sophisticated 
political actor, who arrived on 

4190
03:36:29,200 --> 03:36:32,600
English Shores. 
When Catherine sailed from Spain

4191
03:36:32,600 --> 03:36:36,400
in 15 over rails 1, she brought 
with her, not just a true. 

4192
03:36:36,400 --> 03:36:39,300
So endowed, but a distinctly, 
Iberian world view. 

4193
03:36:39,300 --> 03:36:43,100
Her household included, 50 
Spanish attendants, including 

4194
03:36:43,100 --> 03:36:47,100
her lady, in waiting Dona 
Elvira, manual, who would serve 

4195
03:36:47,100 --> 03:36:50,500
as both companion and cultural 
Bridge, these Spaniards brought 

4196
03:36:50,500 --> 03:36:53,400
with them customs and practices.
That would seem alien to English

4197
03:36:53,400 --> 03:36:57,800
courtiers different standards of
personal hygiene saspan more 

4198
03:36:57,800 --> 03:37:00,800
frequently than the English, 
different, dining habits and 

4199
03:37:00,800 --> 03:37:04,500
different musical Traditions the
journey itself frequently 

4200
03:37:04,500 --> 03:37:07,600
reduced to a footnote in 
historical accounts proved 

4201
03:37:07,600 --> 03:37:11,400
harrowing Records from her 
fleet, commander Admiral, Don 

4202
03:37:11,400 --> 03:37:13,900
Pedro. 
Dear revealed that Catherine 

4203
03:37:13,900 --> 03:37:17,800
ship, nearly sank in a ferocious
Bay of Biscay storm for three 

4204
03:37:17,800 --> 03:37:19,600
days. 
The princess remained in her 

4205
03:37:19,600 --> 03:37:22,100
cabin praying while waves 
threatened to overturn The 

4206
03:37:22,100 --> 03:37:24,600
Vessel. 
When land was finally sighted, 

4207
03:37:24,600 --> 03:37:27,800
Catherine insisted on recording 
her impression of her new 

4208
03:37:27,800 --> 03:37:30,300
country. 
A letters home describe the 

4209
03:37:30,300 --> 03:37:34,200
English Countryside as verdant, 
but Melancholy and noted, the 

4210
03:37:34,200 --> 03:37:37,200
Curious of commoners approaching
the Royal party to present 

4211
03:37:37,200 --> 03:37:40,800
petitions directly, something 
Unthinkable in the more rigid 

4212
03:37:40,800 --> 03:37:44,900
Spanish Court hierarchy. 
What a her in England was not 

4213
03:37:44,900 --> 03:37:48,600
her future husband Henry, but 
his brother Arthur Prince of 

4214
03:37:48,600 --> 03:37:51,200
Wales. 
A slender 15 year old whose 

4215
03:37:51,200 --> 03:37:53,900
frail Health stood in stark 
contrast to Catherine's robust 

4216
03:37:53,900 --> 03:37:57,000
Constitution. 
Their first meeting at dogmas 

4217
03:37:57,000 --> 03:37:59,800
field in Hampshire became 
legendary for Catherine and 

4218
03:37:59,800 --> 03:38:02,700
assistance on Spanish protocol 
despite English objections. 

4219
03:38:02,700 --> 03:38:05,700
When the Earl of Surrey, 
demanded to see her face, before

4220
03:38:05,700 --> 03:38:09,200
she proceeded to London, 
Catherine refused maintaining 

4221
03:38:09,200 --> 03:38:11,700
that only her betrothed would 
first Glimpse her uncovered 

4222
03:38:11,700 --> 03:38:14,200
countenance. 
A stance that revealed, both her

4223
03:38:14,200 --> 03:38:17,100
adherence to Spanish, custom and
her early determination to 

4224
03:38:17,100 --> 03:38:19,000
assert herself in an unfamiliar 
land. 

4225
03:38:19,000 --> 03:38:23,800
The death of Arthur Prince of 
Wales, in April of 1502, at 

4226
03:38:23,800 --> 03:38:26,400
Ludlow Castle. 
Transformed, Catherine of 

4227
03:38:26,400 --> 03:38:29,500
Aragon's trajectory in ways that
conventional narrative often 

4228
03:38:29,500 --> 03:38:33,700
simplify the 17 year old Widow 
face, not just grief, but a 

4229
03:38:33,700 --> 03:38:36,300
political Quagmire that would 
shape the next seven years of 

4230
03:38:36,300 --> 03:38:38,000
her life. 
While history. 

4231
03:38:38,000 --> 03:38:40,200
As primarily cast, these as 
years of passive waiting 

4232
03:38:40,200 --> 03:38:43,700
Catherine's correspondence 
reveals a young woman, actively 

4233
03:38:43,700 --> 03:38:45,800
navigating the treacherous 
Waters of international 

4234
03:38:45,800 --> 03:38:49,700
diplomacy Arthur's death through
Catherine into what historians 

4235
03:38:49,700 --> 03:38:53,700
of called diplomatic purgatory. 
She was neither fully English 

4236
03:38:53,700 --> 03:38:56,900
nor free to return to Spain her 
father in law Henry. 

4237
03:38:56,900 --> 03:39:00,900
The seventh refused to return 
her substantial, Daryl, 200,000 

4238
03:39:00,900 --> 03:39:03,300
crowns. 
And enormous sum that would 

4239
03:39:03,300 --> 03:39:04,800
equal millions in today's 
currency. 

4240
03:39:04,800 --> 03:39:08,900
Meanwhile, her father, third and
was equally reluctant to fund 

4241
03:39:08,900 --> 03:39:12,400
her return home with the dowry. 
Catherine found herself 

4242
03:39:12,400 --> 03:39:14,900
essentially stranded in a 
foreign country whose language 

4243
03:39:14,900 --> 03:39:18,700
she was still mastering During 
these limbo years, Catherine 

4244
03:39:18,700 --> 03:39:22,200
resided, primarily at Durham 
house in London, where her 

4245
03:39:22,200 --> 03:39:25,200
income was progressively reduced
by Henry the seventh parsimony. 

4246
03:39:25,800 --> 03:39:30,300
By 1505 a situation had 
deteriorated to such an extent 

4247
03:39:30,300 --> 03:39:33,200
that she wrote to her. 
Father I am in debt in London. 

4248
03:39:33,200 --> 03:39:37,700
I am struggling to find a way 
out Court records show that she 

4249
03:39:37,700 --> 03:39:41,200
was forced to pawn personal 
items, including gold vessels 

4250
03:39:41,200 --> 03:39:43,900
from her table service to pay 
her servants wages. 

4251
03:39:44,800 --> 03:39:47,500
While traditional accounts paint
the aftermath as a period of 

4252
03:39:47,508 --> 03:39:50,300
powerless, victimhood 
Catherine's letters, reveal 

4253
03:39:50,300 --> 03:39:53,000
sophisticated Financial 
strategizing, as she managed to 

4254
03:39:53,000 --> 03:39:54,900
maintain a household of 30 
servants. 

4255
03:39:54,900 --> 03:39:58,500
Despite these constraints, 
what's really discussed is that 

4256
03:39:58,500 --> 03:40:01,500
Catherine's Widow years 
coincided with the most 

4257
03:40:01,500 --> 03:40:04,300
tumultuous period in Castilian 
politics and her mother's 

4258
03:40:04,300 --> 03:40:09,400
accession. when Isabella of 
Castile died in 1504, The 

4259
03:40:09,400 --> 03:40:12,100
kingdom descended into factional
struggle between Catherine's 

4260
03:40:12,100 --> 03:40:15,000
father Fernand and her 
brother-in-law, Philip of 

4261
03:40:15,000 --> 03:40:17,400
burgundy husband her sister 
Joanna. 

4262
03:40:18,200 --> 03:40:20,600
Catherine Fountain herself in 
the uncomfortable position of an

4263
03:40:20,600 --> 03:40:23,900
ambassadorial hostage with 
Henry, the seventh threatening 

4264
03:40:23,900 --> 03:40:26,800
to switch matrimonial alliances 
to the burgundy infection. 

4265
03:40:26,800 --> 03:40:29,300
If Ferdinand didn't meet his 
increasingly demanding terms, 

4266
03:40:30,000 --> 03:40:32,800
These Years also witnessed 
Catherine's transformation from 

4267
03:40:32,800 --> 03:40:35,900
sheltered infanta to hardened 
political operator. 

4268
03:40:36,600 --> 03:40:39,400
She essentially functioned as 
Spain's unofficial ambassador to

4269
03:40:39,400 --> 03:40:42,300
England, sending coded 
intelligence reports to her 

4270
03:40:42,300 --> 03:40:44,300
father. 
While simultaneously maintaining

4271
03:40:44,300 --> 03:40:48,600
a facade of dutiful deference to
Henry the seventh Court records 

4272
03:40:48,600 --> 03:40:51,100
show that she cultivated 
relationships with key English 

4273
03:40:51,100 --> 03:40:54,900
Nobles, particularly the Howard 
and Stafford families, building 

4274
03:40:54,900 --> 03:40:57,800
a network that would later prove
invaluable during her queenship.

4275
03:40:58,700 --> 03:41:00,800
Most accounts Overlook 
Catherine's intellectual 

4276
03:41:00,800 --> 03:41:04,100
development during this period. 
Inventories of her possessions 

4277
03:41:04,100 --> 03:41:08,400
show, she acquired over 40 
books, between 1502 and 1509, 

4278
03:41:08,400 --> 03:41:11,200
including works by Erasmus and 
Thomas More. 

4279
03:41:12,800 --> 03:41:14,800
Her correspondence with the 
Spanish humanist. 

4280
03:41:14,800 --> 03:41:18,000
One Louis Vuitton suggest she 
was engaged with the latest 

4281
03:41:18,000 --> 03:41:21,000
current in Renaissance thought 
far from languishing. 

4282
03:41:21,000 --> 03:41:24,800
In isolated misery, Catherine 
was participating in the 

4283
03:41:24,800 --> 03:41:27,400
intellectual ferment that would 
later characterize the early 

4284
03:41:27,400 --> 03:41:30,900
Tudor Court, People have 
similarly misrepresented, her 

4285
03:41:30,900 --> 03:41:33,100
religious life. 
During these years while 

4286
03:41:33,100 --> 03:41:36,200
Catherine's piety, as well 
documented, it has often been 

4287
03:41:36,200 --> 03:41:39,700
caricatured as rigid and 
medieval in reality, her 

4288
03:41:39,700 --> 03:41:42,400
spiritual practice aligned with 
the devotional moderna 

4289
03:41:42,400 --> 03:41:46,100
movements, we can Europe, which 
emphasize personal interior 

4290
03:41:46,100 --> 03:41:49,600
devotion over a labyrinth 
external rituals her Confessor. 

4291
03:41:49,600 --> 03:41:53,400
The observant Franciscan 
Alessandro Barkley, introduced 

4292
03:41:53,400 --> 03:41:55,900
her to contemplative prayer 
practices, that would later 

4293
03:41:55,900 --> 03:41:59,000
influence, English, spiritual 
writing, Catherine's 

4294
03:41:59,000 --> 03:42:00,500
relationship with the Young 
Prince Henry. 

4295
03:42:00,500 --> 03:42:03,800
Later, Henry the 8th during this
period, deserves re-examination 

4296
03:42:03,800 --> 03:42:06,500
court records. 
Indicate regular contact between

4297
03:42:06,500 --> 03:42:09,600
them including shared musical 
performance, and participation 

4298
03:42:09,600 --> 03:42:13,300
in court festivities. 
The Future, King, 6 years, her 

4299
03:42:13,300 --> 03:42:16,400
Junior appears to have genuinely
enjoyed Catherine's company 

4300
03:42:16,400 --> 03:42:18,700
particularly her knowledge of 
Spanish Literature. 

4301
03:42:18,700 --> 03:42:22,000
And her skill at the virginals, 
a keyboard instrument, she had 

4302
03:42:22,000 --> 03:42:25,200
mastered When Court Chronicle, 
Edward Hall later wrote that 

4303
03:42:25,200 --> 03:42:28,100
Henry had cast eyes of affection
on Catherine before their 

4304
03:42:28,100 --> 03:42:30,400
marriage. 
He was likely recording more 

4305
03:42:30,400 --> 03:42:35,100
than propaganda, 1507. 
Catherine had become a depth at 

4306
03:42:35,100 --> 03:42:38,100
managing, not just her reduced 
circumstances, but the complex 

4307
03:42:38,100 --> 03:42:40,600
diplomatic action swirling 
around her. 

4308
03:42:41,500 --> 03:42:43,800
When Henry the seventh attempted
to create a pretext for 

4309
03:42:43,800 --> 03:42:46,200
breaking, the betrothal by 
demanding Catherine confess 

4310
03:42:46,200 --> 03:42:48,200
whether her marriage to Arthur 
had been consummated. 

4311
03:42:49,100 --> 03:42:51,500
She out maneuvered him with a 
carefully worded response that 

4312
03:42:51,500 --> 03:42:55,300
satisfied Spanish honor while 
preserving the possibility of 

4313
03:42:55,300 --> 03:42:58,500
marriage to the youngest Henry. 
When Henry, the 8th ascended, 

4314
03:42:58,500 --> 03:43:02,300
the throne in April, the 1509 
one of his first acts was to 

4315
03:43:02,300 --> 03:43:05,500
marry Catherine of Aragon. 
A decision that historical 

4316
03:43:05,500 --> 03:43:08,300
accounts of variously attributed
to youthful infatuation, 

4317
03:43:08,300 --> 03:43:12,400
political expediency, while 
simple Duty, however, 

4318
03:43:12,400 --> 03:43:16,500
contemporary sources, reveal a 
more nuanced reality, The 18 

4319
03:43:16,500 --> 03:43:19,200
year old King's Council was 
initially divided on the match 

4320
03:43:19,200 --> 03:43:21,900
with some favoring, a French 
Alliance instead. 

4321
03:43:21,900 --> 03:43:25,300
Henry's decision to marry 
Catherine represented. 

4322
03:43:25,300 --> 03:43:28,600
His first significant assertion 
of Royal will against advisory 

4323
03:43:28,600 --> 03:43:31,700
opinion a pattern that would 
characterize his reign. 

4324
03:43:32,600 --> 03:43:35,100
Through his transformation from 
marginalized Widow to Queen. 

4325
03:43:35,100 --> 03:43:38,600
Consort was Swift and deliberate
their joint coronation on June 

4326
03:43:38,600 --> 03:43:43,400
24th. 1509 broke with tradition 
by according Katherine equal, 

4327
03:43:43,400 --> 03:43:46,800
ceremonial prominence, with 
Henry, She insisted on wearing 

4328
03:43:46,800 --> 03:43:50,700
her hair loose, a Spanish symbol
of virginity to publicly 

4329
03:43:50,700 --> 03:43:53,200
emphasize that her first 
marriage was unconscious. 

4330
03:43:53,200 --> 03:43:55,900
Mated. 
Londoners treated to pageant 

4331
03:43:55,900 --> 03:43:59,200
portraying Dame, Catherine, as 
the embodiment of Truth 

4332
03:43:59,200 --> 03:44:02,400
triumphing over adversity. 
Understood the symbolism. 

4333
03:44:03,200 --> 03:44:06,000
The early years of Catherine's 
queenship, reveal a woman whose 

4334
03:44:06,000 --> 03:44:08,700
political influence extended far
beyond, conventional, 

4335
03:44:08,700 --> 03:44:11,600
narratives, that Focus 
exclusively on her reproductive 

4336
03:44:11,600 --> 03:44:15,700
struggles as early as 1510 
diplomatic correspondence. 

4337
03:44:15,700 --> 03:44:18,300
Shows, Catherine serving as an 
informal member of the king's 

4338
03:44:18,300 --> 03:44:22,000
Council particularly on matters 
relating to Spanish and Imperial

4339
03:44:22,000 --> 03:44:24,500
relations. 
The Venetian Ambassador reported

4340
03:44:24,500 --> 03:44:28,100
with surprise that the queen 
attends, all meetings and exert,

4341
03:44:28,100 --> 03:44:31,500
considerable influence. 
Perhaps Catherine's most 

4342
03:44:31,500 --> 03:44:35,500
overlooked contribution to Tudor
governance came in 1513 when 

4343
03:44:35,500 --> 03:44:38,600
Henry appointed her governor of 
the realm, and Captain general 

4344
03:44:38,600 --> 03:44:41,400
of the Armed Forces during his 
absence in France. 

4345
03:44:42,300 --> 03:44:45,100
This Regency granted Catherine 
powers that went beyond 

4346
03:44:45,100 --> 03:44:47,800
ceremonial Authority. 
She could sign documents with 

4347
03:44:47,800 --> 03:44:51,200
the Kings authority issue 
proclamations, and even raise 

4348
03:44:51,200 --> 03:44:54,400
armies, when James, the fourth 
of Scotland invaded while Henry 

4349
03:44:54,400 --> 03:44:56,900
was abroad. 
Catherine organized the English 

4350
03:44:56,900 --> 03:44:58,700
defense with remarkable 
efficiency. 

4351
03:44:58,700 --> 03:45:02,500
She commissioned ships. 
Ordered a troop movements and 

4352
03:45:02,500 --> 03:45:04,900
sent a stirring letter to the 
Earl of Surrey before he 

4353
03:45:04,900 --> 03:45:07,900
defeated and killed the Scottish
King at flodden field. 

4354
03:45:09,500 --> 03:45:12,600
After the victory, Catherine 
sent James's bloodied coat to 

4355
03:45:12,600 --> 03:45:16,000
Henry and France as a battle 
trophy writing with Marshall 

4356
03:45:16,000 --> 03:45:18,200
Pride, that she would have sent 
the king's body too. 

4357
03:45:18,200 --> 03:45:21,600
But English soil, would not bear
a traitor's burial. 

4358
03:45:22,700 --> 03:45:26,300
This action rarely emphasized in
popular accounts, demonstrates 

4359
03:45:26,300 --> 03:45:29,400
Catherine's Embrace of Judah, 
political culture and her 

4360
03:45:29,400 --> 03:45:32,300
Evolution from Spanish and Fanta
to English Queen. 

4361
03:45:33,400 --> 03:45:36,200
Catherine's domestic policy 
during her Regency revealed 

4362
03:45:36,200 --> 03:45:37,700
priorities. 
That would shape her later 

4363
03:45:37,700 --> 03:45:40,500
patronage. 
She issued orders relaxing 

4364
03:45:40,500 --> 03:45:43,600
enforcement of sumptuary laws 
that disproportionately punished

4365
03:45:43,600 --> 03:45:46,500
working class women for dressing
Above This station. 

4366
03:45:47,500 --> 03:45:49,300
Court records. 
Indicate she personally, 

4367
03:45:49,300 --> 03:45:52,500
intervened in, at least 14 cases
where women faced prosecution 

4368
03:45:52,500 --> 03:45:56,100
under these statutes arguing 
that female industry shouldn't 

4369
03:45:56,100 --> 03:45:58,200
be penalized by archaic 
restrictions. 

4370
03:45:58,200 --> 03:46:01,500
Her intellectual patronage has 
been similarly underappreciated 

4371
03:46:01,500 --> 03:46:04,600
while Henry, the 8th is 
remembered for his sporadic. 

4372
03:46:04,600 --> 03:46:08,400
Support of humanism Catherine, 
maintained more consistent 

4373
03:46:08,400 --> 03:46:10,200
relationships with leading 
Scholars. 

4374
03:46:10,200 --> 03:46:13,600
She commissioned translations of
devotional texts from Spanish 

4375
03:46:13,600 --> 03:46:17,400
into English supported Richard 
heard his Arguments for women's 

4376
03:46:17,400 --> 03:46:20,800
education and maintained 
correspondence with Erasmus who 

4377
03:46:20,800 --> 03:46:24,500
dedicated his commentary on the 
gospel of Matthew to her. when 

4378
03:46:24,500 --> 03:46:27,700
Juan Luis Vives published the 
education of a Christian woman 

4379
03:46:27,700 --> 03:46:31,400
in 1523, he acknowledged 
Catherine's influence on his 

4380
03:46:31,400 --> 03:46:33,700
thinking about female 
intellectual capacity 

4381
03:46:34,600 --> 03:46:37,700
Catherine's queenly Authority 
extended to cultural diplomacy 

4382
03:46:37,700 --> 03:46:39,800
as well. 
She introduced Spanish 

4383
03:46:39,800 --> 03:46:41,900
theatrical Traditions to the 
English Court. 

4384
03:46:41,900 --> 03:46:46,400
Particularly the morality plays 
known as Otto Sacramento's court

4385
03:46:46,400 --> 03:46:48,500
records document her 
commissioning performance, is 

4386
03:46:48,500 --> 03:46:52,300
that Blended English and Spanish
performance Styles, creating 

4387
03:46:52,300 --> 03:46:54,300
hybridized entertainments that 
historian. 

4388
03:46:54,300 --> 03:46:58,500
Anglo has termed the first truly
Cosmopolitan caught culture in 

4389
03:46:58,500 --> 03:47:01,300
English History. 
Even her religious patronage 

4390
03:47:01,300 --> 03:47:03,100
defies. 
Simple characterization. 

4391
03:47:03,700 --> 03:47:05,800
While Kathryn's Catholicism was 
sincere. 

4392
03:47:05,800 --> 03:47:09,200
She advocated for church reforms
that aligned with humanists 

4393
03:47:09,200 --> 03:47:12,000
critiques. 
She supported Cardinal wolsey's 

4394
03:47:12,000 --> 03:47:13,900
suppression of crop. 
Monasteries nearly two decades 

4395
03:47:13,900 --> 03:47:15,700
before Henry's more famous 
dissolution. 

4396
03:47:16,500 --> 03:47:19,300
Edward Lee, The reformist 
Scholar, who served as her 

4397
03:47:19,300 --> 03:47:22,700
personal chaplain delivered, 
sermons that criticized clerical

4398
03:47:22,700 --> 03:47:24,800
abuses, while upholding Orthodox
Doctrine. 

4399
03:47:25,400 --> 03:47:28,500
A delicate balance that mirrors 
Catherine's own complex, 

4400
03:47:28,500 --> 03:47:32,700
religious beliefs. 
By 1525 before the divorce, 

4401
03:47:32,700 --> 03:47:36,300
crisis erupted, Catherine had 
constructed a queenly, identity 

4402
03:47:36,300 --> 03:47:39,100
that skillfully balanced her 
Spanish Heritage with her 

4403
03:47:39,100 --> 03:47:42,500
adopted English role. 
She wore English Fashions, but 

4404
03:47:42,500 --> 03:47:43,800
maintained Spanish, eating 
habits. 

4405
03:47:43,800 --> 03:47:47,200
She spoke English fluently. 
But continued to write personal 

4406
03:47:47,200 --> 03:47:50,900
devotions in Spanish, she 
honored English Setter Hussein's

4407
03:47:50,900 --> 03:47:53,200
while introducing Spanish, 
religious Customs, like the 

4408
03:47:53,200 --> 03:47:56,800
40-hour devotion. 
This cultural hybridity made her

4409
03:47:56,800 --> 03:47:59,500
popular with both courtiers and 
commoners who affectionately 

4410
03:47:59,500 --> 03:48:04,100
called her Queen Katarina. 
In a blend of her Spanish name 

4411
03:48:04,100 --> 03:48:07,900
in English title the unraveling 
of Catherine's marriage to Henry

4412
03:48:07,900 --> 03:48:11,300
the 8th who was euphemistically 
called The King's great matter. 

4413
03:48:11,300 --> 03:48:14,500
As traditionally been presented 
as a contest between an 

4414
03:48:14,500 --> 03:48:17,500
increasingly desperate king and 
a stubbornly principled. 

4415
03:48:17,500 --> 03:48:22,400
Queen This narrative while not 
entirely false, obscures the 

4416
03:48:22,400 --> 03:48:25,500
sophisticated legal battle, 
Catherine, waged to defend her 

4417
03:48:25,500 --> 03:48:27,800
position. 
Far from being a passive victim 

4418
03:48:27,800 --> 03:48:30,900
of Henry's. 
Machinations Catherine mounted a

4419
03:48:30,900 --> 03:48:33,500
defense that utilized every 
legal and diplomatic weapon at 

4420
03:48:33,500 --> 03:48:36,300
her disposal. 
When Henry first raised doubts 

4421
03:48:36,300 --> 03:48:40,900
about their marriage and 1527 
citing Leviticus 2021 as 

4422
03:48:40,900 --> 03:48:44,200
evidence that he had sinned by 
marrying his brother's widow, 

4423
03:48:44,200 --> 03:48:47,500
Catherine responded, not with 
mere emotional appeals. 

4424
03:48:47,500 --> 03:48:51,600
But with precise canonical 
arguments Her initial legal 

4425
03:48:51,600 --> 03:48:54,700
position rested, on 3 points 
that have marriage to Arthur had

4426
03:48:54,700 --> 03:48:57,700
never been consummated. 
That Pope Julius the second. 

4427
03:48:57,700 --> 03:49:00,700
Dispensation had specifically 
addressed and overridden in any 

4428
03:49:00,708 --> 03:49:02,900
impediment. 
And that the passage in 

4429
03:49:02,900 --> 03:49:05,900
Leviticus was contradicted by 
the lovera, principal in 

4430
03:49:05,900 --> 03:49:09,800
Deuteronomy 25, which actually 
commanded a man to marry his 

4431
03:49:09,800 --> 03:49:12,900
brother's widow. 
Document evidence from Spanish 

4432
03:49:12,900 --> 03:49:14,500
archives. 
Reveals that Catherine 

4433
03:49:14,500 --> 03:49:16,900
personally drafted. 
Many of the legal arguments her 

4434
03:49:16,900 --> 03:49:20,300
Representatives would later 
present Annotated copy of the 

4435
03:49:20,308 --> 03:49:23,600
decretals papal, legal 
pronouncements shows her 

4436
03:49:23,600 --> 03:49:25,800
meticulous Research into 
precedent cases. 

4437
03:49:25,800 --> 03:49:29,700
She identified 13 prior 
instances, where people, 

4438
03:49:29,700 --> 03:49:32,900
dispensation for Affinity had 
been granted and never 

4439
03:49:32,900 --> 03:49:36,300
subsequently, revoked creating a
legal pattern that strengthened 

4440
03:49:36,300 --> 03:49:39,800
her case. 
Catherine's legal team assembled

4441
03:49:39,800 --> 03:49:42,500
through her personal connections
rather than Royal resources 

4442
03:49:42,500 --> 03:49:46,400
represented, an impressive 
Coalition of canonical 

4443
03:49:46,400 --> 03:49:48,600
expertise. 
While Henry retained the 

4444
03:49:48,608 --> 03:49:52,200
services of cardinal Woolsey and
later, Thomas cranmer Catherine,

4445
03:49:52,200 --> 03:49:55,500
secured representation from 
William Warren Archbishop of 

4446
03:49:55,500 --> 03:49:58,200
Canterbury Cuthbert Tunstall 
Bishop of London. 

4447
03:49:58,200 --> 03:50:01,400
And most importantly, John 
Fisher. 

4448
03:50:01,400 --> 03:50:05,000
Bishop of Rochester. 
His treaty is defending, the 

4449
03:50:05,000 --> 03:50:07,900
validity of her marriage became 
the definitive opposition text, 

4450
03:50:07,900 --> 03:50:12,000
the Blackfriars, trial of 1529, 
provided Catherine with her most

4451
03:50:12,000 --> 03:50:15,800
dramatic moment of resistance, a
famous speech, before the Legacy

4452
03:50:15,800 --> 03:50:19,100
team Court, I call God and all 
the world to witness that I've 

4453
03:50:19,100 --> 03:50:22,100
been to you a true humble and 
obedient wife has been 

4454
03:50:22,100 --> 03:50:23,900
celebrated for its emotional 
power. 

4455
03:50:24,900 --> 03:50:28,300
Less recognized as its legal 
cunning, by appealing directly 

4456
03:50:28,300 --> 03:50:31,200
to Rome before the court could 
render judgment, Catherine 

4457
03:50:31,200 --> 03:50:34,300
executed, a sophisticated 
canonical maneuver called 

4458
03:50:34,300 --> 03:50:38,400
exceptionally, which argued that
she couldn't receive fair 

4459
03:50:38,400 --> 03:50:40,500
judgment, while deprived of her 
rights as Queen. 

4460
03:50:41,500 --> 03:50:44,400
This legal tactic, effectively 
suspended the English 

4461
03:50:44,400 --> 03:50:47,500
proceedings. 
Catherine's appeal to Rome 

4462
03:50:47,500 --> 03:50:50,500
wasn't merely procedural 
obstruction but reflected her 

4463
03:50:50,500 --> 03:50:53,100
understanding that the case 
would receive a more favorable 

4464
03:50:53,100 --> 03:50:55,700
hearing there. 
She maintained a network of 

4465
03:50:55,700 --> 03:50:58,600
informants throughout Europe, 
Who provided intelligence about 

4466
03:50:58,600 --> 03:51:02,200
people politics. 
When Imperial forces sacked Rome

4467
03:51:02,200 --> 03:51:06,200
in 1527 placing Pope Clement, 
the seventh under the influence 

4468
03:51:06,200 --> 03:51:07,200
of her nephew. 
Emperor. 

4469
03:51:07,200 --> 03:51:09,600
Charles the fifth. 
Catherine strategically 

4470
03:51:09,600 --> 03:51:13,300
intensified her appeals to Rome,
understanding that, geopolitical

4471
03:51:13,300 --> 03:51:16,600
circumstances now, favored her 
position, even as Henry, 

4472
03:51:16,600 --> 03:51:19,400
isolated, Catherine, physically 
moving her from Palace to Palace

4473
03:51:19,400 --> 03:51:21,300
with ever decreasing household 
staff. 

4474
03:51:21,300 --> 03:51:24,200
She maintained Communications 
with supporters through an 

4475
03:51:24,200 --> 03:51:27,400
underground Network, Royale 
account books, reveal the Kings 

4476
03:51:27,400 --> 03:51:30,700
frustration at discovering 
Catherine, had smuggled letters 

4477
03:51:30,700 --> 03:51:33,700
to Imperial ambassadors via 
servants disguised. 

4478
03:51:33,700 --> 03:51:37,000
As vegetable, sellers one 
particularly effective Channel 

4479
03:51:37,000 --> 03:51:39,000
involved. 
Catherine's Spanish, ladies in 

4480
03:51:39,000 --> 03:51:41,600
Waiting, who would carry 
messages braided into their 

4481
03:51:41,600 --> 03:51:43,200
hair? 
When visiting, London markets, 

4482
03:51:43,200 --> 03:51:46,300
when Henry separated, from 
Catherine and her from court in 

4483
03:51:46,300 --> 03:51:49,700
1531, she had effectively 
transitioned from being the 

4484
03:51:49,700 --> 03:51:51,600
queen, consort to the opposition
leader. 

4485
03:51:52,200 --> 03:51:54,700
From her reduced household at 
the Moore in hartfordshire. 

4486
03:51:54,700 --> 03:51:57,600
She continued directing legal 
resistance through coded 

4487
03:51:57,600 --> 03:51:59,600
correspondence. 
She instructed, her 

4488
03:51:59,600 --> 03:52:02,300
representatives in Rome to 
challenge every procedural 

4489
03:52:02,300 --> 03:52:05,800
motion, effectively, creating 
years of delays, that prevented 

4490
03:52:05,800 --> 03:52:08,900
Henry from Legally remarrying, 
while she lived Catherine, 

4491
03:52:08,900 --> 03:52:11,400
strategic Acumen extended to 
public relations. 

4492
03:52:12,300 --> 03:52:14,500
Understanding the power of 
popular sentiment. 

4493
03:52:15,200 --> 03:52:18,200
She deliberately appeared before
crowds when traveling between 

4494
03:52:18,200 --> 03:52:21,500
her various places of 
confinement dressed plainly. 

4495
03:52:21,500 --> 03:52:23,900
But with the Royal Arms 
prominently displayed 

4496
03:52:23,900 --> 03:52:27,700
contemporary accounts described 
commoners lining roads to cheer 

4497
03:52:27,700 --> 03:52:30,000
the true Queen demonstrations 
that. 

4498
03:52:30,000 --> 03:52:32,600
So concerned Henry that, he 
eventually confined her to 

4499
03:52:32,600 --> 03:52:36,400
increase in remote locations. 
What's rarely acknowledged is 

4500
03:52:36,400 --> 03:52:39,300
how Catherine's resistance 
provided the legal template that

4501
03:52:39,300 --> 03:52:41,700
later English Catholics would 
use to challenge. 

4502
03:52:41,700 --> 03:52:45,200
Henry's religious policies. 
Her insistence on the supremacy 

4503
03:52:45,200 --> 03:52:47,700
of papal, authority over the 
king in matters of marriage, 

4504
03:52:47,700 --> 03:52:51,100
created precedence that evolved 
into broader arguments against 

4505
03:52:51,100 --> 03:52:53,900
Royal Supremacy. 
The network of supporters. 

4506
03:52:53,900 --> 03:52:57,100
She cultivated particularly 
among University Scholars and 

4507
03:52:57,108 --> 03:52:59,400
clergy. 
Formed the nucleus of what would

4508
03:52:59,400 --> 03:53:01,900
become recent resistance during 
Elizabeth's reign. 

4509
03:53:02,900 --> 03:53:05,900
Perhaps most remarkable was 
Catherine's maintenance of dual 

4510
03:53:05,900 --> 03:53:09,300
loyalties throughout the dispute
while adamantly defending her 

4511
03:53:09,300 --> 03:53:11,100
position as England's rightful 
Queen. 

4512
03:53:12,000 --> 03:53:14,600
She refused multiple 
opportunities to escape to 

4513
03:53:14,600 --> 03:53:18,300
Imperial territories or to 
authorize her nephew Charles the

4514
03:53:18,300 --> 03:53:20,400
5th to invading England on her 
behalf. 

4515
03:53:21,100 --> 03:53:23,900
When Charles is ambassadors 
suggested military intervention 

4516
03:53:23,900 --> 03:53:26,900
in 1532, Catherine, reportedly 
responded. 

4517
03:53:26,900 --> 03:53:30,600
I will not be the cause of war 
in Christendom nor against the 

4518
03:53:30,600 --> 03:53:33,400
country that is now my own 
Catherine of arrogance. 

4519
03:53:33,400 --> 03:53:36,800
Diplomatic significance has been
consistently undervalued in 

4520
03:53:36,800 --> 03:53:39,800
historical assessments that 
Focus primarily on her domestic 

4521
03:53:39,800 --> 03:53:43,700
role in reality, she served as 
the linchpin of anglo-spanish 

4522
03:53:43,700 --> 03:53:46,800
relations for nearly three 
decades, wielding influence that

4523
03:53:46,800 --> 03:53:49,200
extended far, beyond ceremonial 
functions. 

4524
03:53:49,900 --> 03:53:53,600
A diplomatic career commenced 
prior to her queenship as her 

4525
03:53:53,600 --> 03:53:57,600
father, third, in and utilized 
her, as a living porn on the 

4526
03:53:57,600 --> 03:54:00,900
European diplomatic Arena. 
From her arrival in England, 

4527
03:54:00,900 --> 03:54:04,200
Catherine maintained, what we 
would Now call a parallel 

4528
03:54:04,200 --> 03:54:07,900
diplomatic Channel, alongside 
official ambassadors, a personal

4529
03:54:07,900 --> 03:54:11,400
correspondence with her father 
Ferdinand and later nephew 

4530
03:54:11,400 --> 03:54:14,700
Emperor, Charles the 5th 
provided intelligence that 

4531
03:54:14,700 --> 03:54:16,500
official dispatches often 
lacked. 

4532
03:54:17,200 --> 03:54:21,900
The Spanish Ambassador Rodrigo 
de Puebla frequently complained 

4533
03:54:21,900 --> 03:54:24,900
that Catherine had more accurate
information about English Court 

4534
03:54:24,900 --> 03:54:28,600
politics than he did writing to 
Ferdinand in 1505. 

4535
03:54:28,600 --> 03:54:32,000
The princess knows more of the 
king's mind in one hour than I 

4536
03:54:32,000 --> 03:54:35,800
learned in a month of careful. 
Observation during Henry the 8th

4537
03:54:35,800 --> 03:54:38,700
early Reign Catherine. 
Functioned as the architect of 

4538
03:54:38,700 --> 03:54:41,500
the anglo-spanish alliance that 
defined English foreign policy 

4539
03:54:41,500 --> 03:54:45,200
until the divorce crisis, the 
Treaty of Westminster 1511, 

4540
03:54:45,200 --> 03:54:47,900
which formalised England's entry
into the holy League against 

4541
03:54:47,900 --> 03:54:50,800
France or Catherine's diplomatic
fingerprints throughout. 

4542
03:54:51,700 --> 03:54:54,100
Spanish archives contain her 
drafts suggestions for the 

4543
03:54:54,100 --> 03:54:57,100
treaty terms, many of which 
appeared for bet him in the 

4544
03:54:57,108 --> 03:55:00,800
final document. 
This hands on approach to treaty

4545
03:55:00,800 --> 03:55:03,600
formation went well, beyond the 
conventional role of a consort 

4546
03:55:04,600 --> 03:55:07,600
Catherine's influence extended 
Beyond Spanish relationships, 

4547
03:55:07,600 --> 03:55:10,600
she maintained regular 
correspondence with her sister 

4548
03:55:10,600 --> 03:55:13,000
Joanna. 
In Castile her nephew Charles 

4549
03:55:13,000 --> 03:55:17,200
and the low countries and Bella 
in Denmark, creating a familial 

4550
03:55:17,200 --> 03:55:19,300
intelligence, networks spanning 
Europe. 

4551
03:55:20,100 --> 03:55:23,200
When Margaret of Austria Regent 
of the Netherlands needed to 

4552
03:55:23,200 --> 03:55:25,200
communicate sensitive 
information to England. 

4553
03:55:25,200 --> 03:55:28,400
Without alerting French spies, 
she often routed messages 

4554
03:55:28,400 --> 03:55:30,800
through Catherine rather than 
formal diplomatic channels. 

4555
03:55:30,800 --> 03:55:34,900
The field of cloth of gold in 
1520 is typically presented as a

4556
03:55:34,908 --> 03:55:38,200
watershed in anglo-french 
relations marking, the legendary

4557
03:55:38,200 --> 03:55:40,900
Summit between Henry the 8th and
France's the first of France. 

4558
03:55:42,000 --> 03:55:44,600
Let's discussed is Catherine's 
behind-the-scenes diplomatic 

4559
03:55:44,600 --> 03:55:47,300
counterweight while publicly 
supporting the French 

4560
03:55:47,300 --> 03:55:50,600
rapprochement she simultaneously
strengthened ties with Charles 

4561
03:55:50,600 --> 03:55:53,000
the fifth hosting. 
His ambassadors for private 

4562
03:55:53,000 --> 03:55:56,500
audiences where she emphasized 
England's continuing commitment 

4563
03:55:56,500 --> 03:56:00,100
to Imperial friendship. 
This dual-track diplomacy 

4564
03:56:00,100 --> 03:56:03,100
allowed England to maximize its 
negotiating position between 

4565
03:56:03,100 --> 03:56:07,000
Europe's two dominant powers. 
Catherine's diplomatic value 

4566
03:56:07,000 --> 03:56:11,000
became evident in 1522. 
When Charles the 5th visited 

4567
03:56:11,000 --> 03:56:13,700
England for six weeks and 
unprecedented. 

4568
03:56:13,700 --> 03:56:17,500
Diplomatic coup court, records 
reveal Catherine's personal 

4569
03:56:17,500 --> 03:56:20,500
management of the visits 
Logistics from menu planning 

4570
03:56:20,500 --> 03:56:22,500
that accommodated Spanish tastes
to enter. 

4571
03:56:23,400 --> 03:56:25,300
Entertainment that subtly 
emphasized. 

4572
03:56:25,300 --> 03:56:28,800
Anglo Imperial commonalities. 
During political discussion 

4573
03:56:28,800 --> 03:56:32,700
often served as a cultural 
interpreter explaining English 

4574
03:56:32,700 --> 03:56:35,800
Customs to her nephew and 
contextualizing English 

4575
03:56:35,800 --> 03:56:38,500
positions for Henry the 
resulting Treaty of Windsor 

4576
03:56:38,500 --> 03:56:42,200
highly favorable to English 
interests, was widely a trip to 

4577
03:56:42,208 --> 03:56:46,000
Catherine skillful mediation, 
the Queen's diplomatic relevance

4578
03:56:46,000 --> 03:56:47,600
wasn't limited to European 
Affairs. 

4579
03:56:47,600 --> 03:56:50,500
Catherine took particular. 
Interest in the nascent 

4580
03:56:50,500 --> 03:56:53,900
transatlantic Explorations like,
likely influenced by her 

4581
03:56:53,900 --> 03:56:57,100
mother's sponsorship of Columbus
documents in the Spanish 

4582
03:56:57,100 --> 03:56:59,100
archives show. 
She personally intervened to 

4583
03:56:59,100 --> 03:57:01,800
protect the rights of indigenous
peoples and Spain's American 

4584
03:57:01,800 --> 03:57:04,300
territories. 
In 1529. 

4585
03:57:04,300 --> 03:57:07,600
She wrote to officials in 
Hispaniola warning against the 

4586
03:57:07,600 --> 03:57:09,900
mistreatment of native, 
inhabitants and endorsing the 

4587
03:57:09,900 --> 03:57:12,800
humanitarian arguments of 
bartolome, De Las Casas. 

4588
03:57:14,100 --> 03:57:17,100
This early advocacy for 
indigenous rights represents an 

4589
03:57:17,100 --> 03:57:19,600
underappreciated aspect of her 
International influence. 

4590
03:57:20,400 --> 03:57:23,100
Catherine's approach to 
international relations, was 

4591
03:57:23,100 --> 03:57:26,000
characterized by what Diplomat 
used to chapter is called her 

4592
03:57:26,000 --> 03:57:30,600
Longview of dynastic interests. 
Unlike Henry whose foreign 

4593
03:57:30,600 --> 03:57:33,000
policy often responded to 
immediate opportunities or 

4594
03:57:33,000 --> 03:57:36,900
slights Catherine, consistently 
advocated for policies that 

4595
03:57:36,900 --> 03:57:39,100
supported long-term strategic 
interests. 

4596
03:57:39,800 --> 03:57:41,600
She opposed popular but wasteful
French. 

4597
03:57:41,600 --> 03:57:44,800
Instead they encouraged 
commercial treaties that would 

4598
03:57:44,800 --> 03:57:48,400
strengthen an English trade. 
When the Protestant Reformation 

4599
03:57:48,400 --> 03:57:52,000
began fracturing European 
politics, Catherine, advised, 

4600
03:57:52,000 --> 03:57:55,300
Henry to position England as a 
potential mediator rather than 

4601
03:57:55,300 --> 03:57:58,700
an entrenched partisan, even 
during the divorce proceedings. 

4602
03:57:59,600 --> 03:58:02,000
Catherine maintained, her 
diplomatic engagement. 

4603
03:58:03,000 --> 03:58:05,400
Transforming her personal 
predicament into an 

4604
03:58:05,400 --> 03:58:08,400
international issue. 
Through carefully timed appeals 

4605
03:58:08,400 --> 03:58:11,800
to Rome and the Imperial Court, 
she ensured that Henry couldnt 

4606
03:58:11,800 --> 03:58:15,500
resolve the matter as a domestic
concern, a letter to Charles the

4607
03:58:15,500 --> 03:58:19,700
5th in 1531 recently, discovered
in the Samantha's archives, 

4608
03:58:19,700 --> 03:58:23,300
reveals a sophisticated 
understanding of European power 

4609
03:58:23,300 --> 03:58:25,600
dynamics. 
She advised her nephew to 

4610
03:58:25,608 --> 03:58:27,400
pressure. 
The pope through diplomatic 

4611
03:58:27,400 --> 03:58:30,700
rather than military means 
arguing that the Holy Father 

4612
03:58:30,700 --> 03:58:34,300
responds better to Gentle 
persuasion than to threats in 

4613
03:58:34,300 --> 03:58:37,100
her final days. 
At kimballton Castle in 1536. 

4614
03:58:37,100 --> 03:58:40,400
Catherine, executed a crucial 
diplomatic maneuver, 

4615
03:58:41,000 --> 03:58:43,800
Understanding that her death 
would reshape, Anglo Imperial 

4616
03:58:43,800 --> 03:58:46,500
relations. 
She dictated letters to both 

4617
03:58:46,500 --> 03:58:49,600
Henry and Charles the 5th that 
emphasized reconciliation rather

4618
03:58:49,600 --> 03:58:53,400
than recrimination. 
To Henry she reaffirmed her love

4619
03:58:53,400 --> 03:58:55,600
despite their differences to 
Charles. 

4620
03:58:55,600 --> 03:58:58,500
She accepted a requested. 
He maintained peaceful relations

4621
03:58:58,500 --> 03:59:01,300
with England. 
This final diplomatic act 

4622
03:59:01,300 --> 03:59:04,300
reflected her lifelong balancing
of loyalties to her native and 

4623
03:59:04,300 --> 03:59:07,400
adopted countries. 
Perhaps the clearest evidence of

4624
03:59:07,400 --> 03:59:09,300
Catherine's. 
Diplomatic significant came 

4625
03:59:09,300 --> 03:59:12,900
after her death When Anglo 
Imperial relations rapidly, 

4626
03:59:12,900 --> 03:59:15,400
deteriorated without her 
moderating influence. 

4627
03:59:16,400 --> 03:59:19,500
Within months, Henry, face, 
increasing hostility from 

4628
03:59:19,500 --> 03:59:23,200
Charles the 5th culminating in 
an imperial people Alliance that

4629
03:59:23,200 --> 03:59:24,600
threatened England with 
invasion. 

4630
03:59:25,600 --> 03:59:28,000
The Diplomatic architecture. 
Catherine had maintained for 

4631
03:59:28,000 --> 03:59:31,500
decades collapsed in her absence
revealing how Central she had 

4632
03:59:31,508 --> 03:59:33,400
been to England's. 
International standing, 

4633
03:59:33,400 --> 03:59:36,300
Catherine of Aragon's. 
Cultural patronage established 

4634
03:59:36,300 --> 03:59:39,100
patterns, that would define the 
tutor on Essence long after her 

4635
03:59:39,100 --> 03:59:41,700
death. 
Yeah this aspect of her Legacy 

4636
03:59:41,700 --> 03:59:45,700
remains curiously under explored
unlike the spectacular but 

4637
03:59:45,700 --> 03:59:48,900
sporadic patronage of Henry, the
8th Catherine's, cultural 

4638
03:59:48,900 --> 03:59:51,300
Investments, were systematic and
transformative. 

4639
03:59:52,100 --> 03:59:55,500
But Killian education literature
and the textile Arts. 

4640
03:59:55,500 --> 03:59:58,900
Her vision helped shift, English
Court culture from its medieval 

4641
03:59:58,900 --> 04:00:03,100
foundations toward Renaissance 
humanism Education stood at the 

4642
04:00:03,100 --> 04:00:05,100
center of Catherine's patronage 
strategy. 

4643
04:00:05,900 --> 04:00:09,300
In 1523, she established the 
Queen's scholarships at Saint 

4644
04:00:09,308 --> 04:00:13,100
John's College Cambridge which 
specifically funded students 

4645
04:00:13,100 --> 04:00:16,700
focusing on Greek and Latin 
Classics University, records, 

4646
04:00:16,700 --> 04:00:19,600
indicate that 27 Scholars 
benefited from these grants 

4647
04:00:19,600 --> 04:00:22,600
during Catherine's lifetime, 
including Robert Pember? 

4648
04:00:22,600 --> 04:00:25,200
Who later became a leading 
translator of classical texts. 

4649
04:00:26,000 --> 04:00:28,500
Unlike most contemporary, 
patronage Catherine's, 

4650
04:00:28,500 --> 04:00:31,400
Educational Funding, carried the
unusual, stipulation that 

4651
04:00:31,400 --> 04:00:34,200
recipients commit to teaching 
for at least five years after 

4652
04:00:34,200 --> 04:00:37,500
completing their studies 
creating a multiplier effect for

4653
04:00:37,500 --> 04:00:40,400
humanist learning. 
Catherine's commissioning of 

4654
04:00:40,400 --> 04:00:44,000
translations, significantly 
expanded the range of texts of 

4655
04:00:44,000 --> 04:00:46,900
available in English. 
Court payment, records document 

4656
04:00:46,900 --> 04:00:50,700
her sponsorship of at least 14 
translation projects including 

4657
04:00:50,700 --> 04:00:53,800
the first English versions of 
seneca's moral essays and 

4658
04:00:53,800 --> 04:00:57,900
portions of Pluto's lives. 
Her most significant literary 

4659
04:00:57,900 --> 04:01:00,300
commission. 
Came in 1516 when she engaged 

4660
04:01:00,300 --> 04:01:05,000
Juan Luis Vives to write the 
institutions femini Cristiani, 

4661
04:01:05,000 --> 04:01:08,600
on the education of a Christian 
woman, which argued for women's 

4662
04:01:08,600 --> 04:01:11,600
intellectual capabilities at a 
time when female education 

4663
04:01:11,600 --> 04:01:14,800
remained controversial, 
Catherine ensured the work was 

4664
04:01:14,800 --> 04:01:17,800
quickly translated into English 
and distributed to Noble 

4665
04:01:17,800 --> 04:01:21,400
households with daughters. the 
education of her daughter, Mary 

4666
04:01:21,400 --> 04:01:24,500
reflected Catherine's 
pedagogical principles, she 

4667
04:01:24,500 --> 04:01:27,500
recruited humanist, Scholars 
like Thomas lineker, Richard 

4668
04:01:27,500 --> 04:01:31,000
Pace as tutors, developing a 
curriculum that mirrored those 

4669
04:01:31,000 --> 04:01:35,000
of male heirs Mary's education 
included, not just traditional 

4670
04:01:35,000 --> 04:01:39,300
female accomplishments, the 
greek latin, astronomy 

4671
04:01:39,300 --> 04:01:42,100
architecture and governance 
subjects. 

4672
04:01:42,100 --> 04:01:45,300
Typically reserved for male 
educational this educational 

4673
04:01:45,300 --> 04:01:47,700
program, became influential 
beyond the royal family 

4674
04:01:47,700 --> 04:01:51,100
inventories from Noble household
showing priest acquisition of 

4675
04:01:51,100 --> 04:01:54,300
classical texts, for daughters 
after Catherine established, 

4676
04:01:54,300 --> 04:01:57,500
this precedent. 
Friend's textile patronage, 

4677
04:01:57,500 --> 04:02:01,100
transformed in English 
decorative Arts, Spanish 

4678
04:02:01,100 --> 04:02:03,800
embroidery technique's, 
particularly black work. 

4679
04:02:03,800 --> 04:02:07,600
Black silk on the white linen, 
sometimes called Spanish work 

4680
04:02:07,600 --> 04:02:10,500
gained prominence. 
Through Catherine's Workshop. 

4681
04:02:10,500 --> 04:02:13,900
Her household accounts show she 
employed over 20 professional 

4682
04:02:13,900 --> 04:02:17,300
embroiderers at its peak 
producing works that combined 

4683
04:02:17,300 --> 04:02:19,500
Spanish techniques with English 
motifs. 

4684
04:02:20,200 --> 04:02:22,700
Surviving examples in the 
Victoria and Albert Museum 

4685
04:02:22,700 --> 04:02:26,900
demonstrate this distinctive 
hybrid style which remained 

4686
04:02:26,900 --> 04:02:29,500
influential in English 
decorative arts for Generations.

4687
04:02:29,500 --> 04:02:32,300
The Surgical Arts received 
particular attention in 

4688
04:02:32,300 --> 04:02:35,600
Catherine's patronage portfolio.
She commissioned illuminated, 

4689
04:02:35,600 --> 04:02:39,000
manuscripts from both Spanish 
and English workshops creating 

4690
04:02:39,000 --> 04:02:41,800
opportunities for cross-cultural
artistic Exchange. 

4691
04:02:42,400 --> 04:02:43,900
The Catherine of Aragon prayer 
book. 

4692
04:02:43,900 --> 04:02:47,600
Now in the British Library, 
exemplifies this Fusion With 

4693
04:02:47,600 --> 04:02:50,500
Spanish influenced illumination 
techniques applied to English 

4694
04:02:50,500 --> 04:02:53,500
devotional texts. 
Catherine also, commissioned, 

4695
04:02:53,500 --> 04:02:55,500
Ultra Furnishing, the introduce 
Spanish. 

4696
04:02:55,500 --> 04:02:59,300
Liturgical Aesthetics to English
churches, including embroidered 

4697
04:02:59,300 --> 04:03:03,100
antenna alter frontals. 
That incorporated, pomegranate 

4698
04:03:03,100 --> 04:03:06,900
motifs, her personal emblem into
traditional, English church 

4699
04:03:06,900 --> 04:03:09,700
decoration musical funding 
revealed Catherine's 

4700
04:03:09,700 --> 04:03:12,300
Cosmopolitan. 
Tastes, she introduced Spanish 

4701
04:03:12,300 --> 04:03:15,300
musicians to the English Court, 
including the composer, handy, 

4702
04:03:15,300 --> 04:03:18,000
and chieta, whose compositions 
familiarized English. 

4703
04:03:18,000 --> 04:03:21,000
Audience's with the unique 
polyphonic traditions of Iberian

4704
04:03:21,000 --> 04:03:23,300
Sacred Music. 
Court records. 

4705
04:03:23,300 --> 04:03:26,700
Document her commissioning of 
motets that Blended English and 

4706
04:03:26,700 --> 04:03:29,800
Spanish musical elements. 
Thomas Tallis. 

4707
04:03:29,800 --> 04:03:33,500
Who would later become England's
pre-eminent composer received 

4708
04:03:33,500 --> 04:03:36,100
his first Royal appointment in 
Catherine's household Chapel 

4709
04:03:36,100 --> 04:03:38,800
where he was exposed to this 
International musical 

4710
04:03:38,800 --> 04:03:41,400
environment. 
Subsequent rebuilding has 

4711
04:03:41,400 --> 04:03:44,700
largely erased Catherine's 
architectural, patronage but 

4712
04:03:44,700 --> 04:03:46,800
account books. 
Reveal significant projects. 

4713
04:03:47,500 --> 04:03:50,000
She redesigned the Queen's 
apartments at Greenwich Palace 

4714
04:03:50,000 --> 04:03:52,700
to include a Spanish style in a 
courtyard with a fountain. 

4715
04:03:53,400 --> 04:03:57,100
Creating spaces for humanists 
conversation modeled, on Iberian

4716
04:03:57,100 --> 04:04:00,200
precedence. 
At Richmond, Palace she 

4717
04:04:00,200 --> 04:04:02,500
commissioned a library. 
Specifically designed to house 

4718
04:04:02,500 --> 04:04:05,700
her growing collection of 
classical and humanist, texts 

4719
04:04:05,700 --> 04:04:08,700
with Innovative features, like 
reading deaths with adjustable 

4720
04:04:08,700 --> 04:04:11,900
angles, the design later copied 
in other Noble, libraries. 

4721
04:04:12,900 --> 04:04:16,000
Perhaps most significant was 
Catherine's, patronage of female

4722
04:04:16,000 --> 04:04:19,000
artists and intellectuals court 
records show. 

4723
04:04:19,000 --> 04:04:21,100
She employed women in 
traditionally male artistic 

4724
04:04:21,100 --> 04:04:24,600
roles, including Anne Brown, as 
court painter and Margaret 

4725
04:04:24,600 --> 04:04:26,800
Bryant as astronomical 
instrument maker. 

4726
04:04:27,500 --> 04:04:30,300
These appointments created rare,
professional opportunities for 

4727
04:04:30,300 --> 04:04:33,600
talented women and established 
precedents for female 

4728
04:04:33,600 --> 04:04:37,000
intellectual achievement. 
When Catherine established her 

4729
04:04:37,000 --> 04:04:39,200
daughter. 
Mary household at Ludlow Castle 

4730
04:04:39,200 --> 04:04:42,700
in 1525. 
She deliberately recruited 

4731
04:04:42,700 --> 04:04:46,200
educated women as a tendons, 
creating what historian Maria 

4732
04:04:46,200 --> 04:04:49,900
Dowling has called the first 
female humanist, Circle in 

4733
04:04:49,900 --> 04:04:52,900
England. 
Catherine's cultural patronage 

4734
04:04:52,900 --> 04:04:55,300
established a distinctively. 
English rule Renaissance 

4735
04:04:55,300 --> 04:04:57,600
identity that outlived her 
personal downfall. 

4736
04:04:58,400 --> 04:05:02,100
The educational institution, she
funded producing Scholars long 

4737
04:05:02,100 --> 04:05:04,700
after her death. 
The Artistic Styles, she 

4738
04:05:04,700 --> 04:05:08,300
introduced became naturalized as
traditional English forms even 

4739
04:05:08,300 --> 04:05:11,200
her architectural, Innovations 
influenced, subsequent, Royal 

4740
04:05:11,200 --> 04:05:14,500
building projects, When 
Elizabeth the first later, 

4741
04:05:14,500 --> 04:05:17,000
positioned herself as a 
Renaissance Monarch she Drew 

4742
04:05:17,000 --> 04:05:19,600
upon cultural foundations that 
her mother's rival had 

4743
04:05:19,600 --> 04:05:22,900
established Catherine of Aragon 
died at kimballton Castle on 

4744
04:05:22,900 --> 04:05:27,400
January, 7th 1536 officially 
downgrading her to princess 

4745
04:05:27,400 --> 04:05:30,500
Dowager, despite her insistence 
on her royal title. 

4746
04:05:30,500 --> 04:05:33,600
Until the End traditional 
narratives often conclude her 

4747
04:05:33,608 --> 04:05:37,200
story here presenting her as a 
tragic figure whose significance

4748
04:05:37,200 --> 04:05:41,000
waned after Anne's Ascension. 
This interpretation 

4749
04:05:41,000 --> 04:05:43,900
fundamentally misunderstands 
Catherine's enduring influence 

4750
04:05:43,900 --> 04:05:47,400
on Judah, England and Beyond. 
The Legacy operated through 

4751
04:05:47,400 --> 04:05:51,100
multiple channels, some obvious 
and others more subtle shaping, 

4752
04:05:51,100 --> 04:05:53,600
English History long after her 
physical Presence at ended. 

4753
04:05:53,600 --> 04:05:57,500
The most immediate aspect of 
Catherine's Legacy manifested in

4754
04:05:57,500 --> 04:05:59,900
popular resistance to Henry's 
religious policies. 

4755
04:05:59,900 --> 04:06:03,600
A steadfast defense of PayPal 
Authority provided by both 

4756
04:06:03,600 --> 04:06:06,500
intellectual framework and 
emotional inspiration for those 

4757
04:06:06,500 --> 04:06:10,400
opposing, the nascent English 
Reformation The pilgrimage of 

4758
04:06:10,408 --> 04:06:13,100
Grace, the largest uprising of 
Henry's, reign. 

4759
04:06:13,900 --> 04:06:16,400
Explicitly invoked Catherine's 
cause among its grievances 

4760
04:06:16,400 --> 04:06:20,100
Northern Rebels carried banners.
Depicting, her Royal Arms 

4761
04:06:20,100 --> 04:06:23,500
alongside traditional religious 
images, symbolically linking 

4762
04:06:23,500 --> 04:06:26,600
loyalty to Rome with loyalty to 
the displaced Queen. 

4763
04:06:27,600 --> 04:06:30,100
Catherine's influenced persisted
through, networks of Scholars 

4764
04:06:30,100 --> 04:06:32,800
and clerics. 
She had patronized, John Fisher,

4765
04:06:32,800 --> 04:06:36,300
Bishop of Rochester and her, 
most prominent Defender became a

4766
04:06:36,300 --> 04:06:37,900
martyr for a rejecting Royal 
Supremacy. 

4767
04:06:37,900 --> 04:06:41,600
Less known figures like Nicholas
Wilson and Richard featherston, 

4768
04:06:41,600 --> 04:06:45,200
both former chaplains and 
Catherine's household joined the

4769
04:06:45,208 --> 04:06:47,900
ranks of religious Exiles who 
maintained opposition from 

4770
04:06:47,900 --> 04:06:52,300
Continental Haven's these 
Catherine loyalists as historian

4771
04:06:52,300 --> 04:06:55,500
Eamon Duffy termed, them 
preserved, alternative visions 

4772
04:06:55,500 --> 04:06:58,900
of English, Catholicism that 
would influence later accused 

4773
04:06:58,900 --> 04:07:01,400
communities. 
Through her daughter, Mary 

4774
04:07:01,400 --> 04:07:04,600
Catherine's political and 
religious values, gained renewed

4775
04:07:04,600 --> 04:07:09,000
expression, during Mary's brief 
Reign 1553 to 1558. 

4776
04:07:09,900 --> 04:07:12,400
Mary's restoration of 
Catholicism represented, not 

4777
04:07:12,400 --> 04:07:15,700
just personal conviction, but 
conscious continuation of her 

4778
04:07:15,700 --> 04:07:18,700
mother's Stars. 
Royal proclamations during 

4779
04:07:18,700 --> 04:07:22,400
Mary's Reign frequently, 
referenced The Virtuous example 

4780
04:07:22,400 --> 04:07:25,400
of our most noble mother 
explicitly, connecting 

4781
04:07:25,400 --> 04:07:28,600
government policies to 
Catherine's principles, Mary's 

4782
04:07:28,600 --> 04:07:30,900
efforts to restore diplomatic 
relations with Spain. 

4783
04:07:30,900 --> 04:07:34,700
Similarly reflected Catherines, 
lifelong commitment to an 

4784
04:07:34,700 --> 04:07:37,600
anglo-spanish alliance. 
Catherine's educational 

4785
04:07:37,600 --> 04:07:39,500
philosophy. 
Proved remarkably durable. 

4786
04:07:40,200 --> 04:07:43,400
The curriculum, she developed 
for Princess Mary emphasizing 

4787
04:07:43,400 --> 04:07:47,000
Classical Languages history and 
governance alongside religious 

4788
04:07:47,000 --> 04:07:50,400
instruction became influential 
in Noble, female education. 

4789
04:07:51,300 --> 04:07:52,600
Household accounts from 
families. 

4790
04:07:52,600 --> 04:07:56,100
Like the Howards, Percy's and 
Seymour's showed daughter's 

4791
04:07:56,100 --> 04:07:59,000
receiving increasingly 
substantial education's modeled 

4792
04:07:59,000 --> 04:08:02,800
on Catherine and principles. 
By Elizabeth's Reign a 

4793
04:08:02,800 --> 04:08:06,000
generation of noble women had 
benefited from this educational 

4794
04:08:06,000 --> 04:08:09,200
transformation. 
Creating what scholar Lisa 

4795
04:08:09,200 --> 04:08:13,000
Jardine called a female 
intellectual Elite unprecedented

4796
04:08:13,000 --> 04:08:17,100
in English History, the legal 
arguments, Catherine mounted, in

4797
04:08:17,100 --> 04:08:19,900
her defense established 
precedence, that resonated far, 

4798
04:08:19,900 --> 04:08:23,200
beyond her, personal case, her 
insistence that valid, marriages

4799
04:08:23,200 --> 04:08:26,000
could not be retroactively 
invalidated by Royal Decree, 

4800
04:08:26,000 --> 04:08:28,700
established, important 
protections for aristocratic 

4801
04:08:28,700 --> 04:08:32,200
marriages and by extension 
aristocratic property 

4802
04:08:32,200 --> 04:08:34,600
settlements. 
When Elizabeth the first this 

4803
04:08:34,600 --> 04:08:37,200
faced parliamentary pressure to 
clarify the succession in the 

4804
04:08:37,200 --> 04:08:40,900
1560s, her resistance partly 
reflected awareness. 

4805
04:08:40,900 --> 04:08:43,300
That questioning her parents 
marriage would reopen the 

4806
04:08:43,300 --> 04:08:45,700
controversial legal principles, 
Catherine had fought to. 

4807
04:08:45,700 --> 04:08:49,700
Uphold Catherine's diplomatic 
Legacy operated in complex ways 

4808
04:08:49,700 --> 04:08:52,800
while hang low Spanish 
relations, deteriorated after 

4809
04:08:52,800 --> 04:08:55,300
her death. 
The Diplomatic Network, she had 

4810
04:08:55,300 --> 04:08:58,800
cultivated provided channels for
continued communication even 

4811
04:08:58,800 --> 04:09:02,600
during periods of official 
hostility, Spanish diplomats 

4812
04:09:02,600 --> 04:09:04,700
used contacts. 
They had made in Catherine's 

4813
04:09:04,700 --> 04:09:06,200
home to stay in touch with 
English. 

4814
04:09:06,200 --> 04:09:09,600
Catholics during Edward, the 
sixth rule These unofficial 

4815
04:09:09,600 --> 04:09:13,500
channels proved crucial during 
Mary's accession crisis in 1553.

4816
04:09:13,500 --> 04:09:17,800
When Spanish diplomatic support,
arranged through Catherine's, 

4817
04:09:17,800 --> 04:09:21,900
former ladies and waiting helped
secure Mary's thrown in cultural

4818
04:09:21,900 --> 04:09:24,700
terms, Catherine's influence 
remained visible for 

4819
04:09:24,700 --> 04:09:27,300
Generations. 
The distinctive blackwork 

4820
04:09:27,300 --> 04:09:29,600
embroidery she introduced 
remained fashionable throughout 

4821
04:09:29,600 --> 04:09:33,700
the 16th century with Elizabeth 
the first to see herself wearing

4822
04:09:33,700 --> 04:09:37,300
garments decorated in this 
Spanish work despite her 

4823
04:09:37,300 --> 04:09:41,500
political opposition to Spain. 
Architectural elements Catherine

4824
04:09:41,500 --> 04:09:45,100
had introduced, particularly the
enclosed private garden and the 

4825
04:09:45,108 --> 04:09:48,300
humanists study became standard 
features in Elite English homes,

4826
04:09:48,300 --> 04:09:51,900
even her Innovations and Court 
ceremony like the Spanish 

4827
04:09:51,900 --> 04:09:53,500
inference. 
Reverence that replaced the 

4828
04:09:53,508 --> 04:09:57,400
medieval Nebo persisted as 
elements of English Court 

4829
04:09:57,400 --> 04:10:01,000
protocol. 
Perhaps most significantly, 

4830
04:10:01,000 --> 04:10:04,600
Catherine established enduring 
principles of queenship that 

4831
04:10:04,600 --> 04:10:06,200
influence subsequent Royal 
women. 

4832
04:10:06,900 --> 04:10:09,300
Her example, demonstrated that 
Queen's could exercise 

4833
04:10:09,300 --> 04:10:12,700
substantial political Authority 
while maintaining popular 

4834
04:10:12,700 --> 04:10:15,400
affection. 
She proved that consorts could 

4835
04:10:15,400 --> 04:10:18,300
serve as affective diplomatic 
agents and cultural patrons. 

4836
04:10:18,300 --> 04:10:21,700
Even in adversity, she 
established that Queen's 

4837
04:10:21,700 --> 04:10:24,200
possessed, distinct rights. 
That could not be arbitrarily 

4838
04:10:24,200 --> 04:10:27,700
revoked. 
Elizabeth the 30th, despite her 

4839
04:10:27,700 --> 04:10:30,900
complicated relationship. 
With Catherine's memory adopted,

4840
04:10:30,900 --> 04:10:33,100
many aspects of Catherine's 
queenly performance, 

4841
04:10:33,100 --> 04:10:36,100
particularly her careful, 
balance of foreign, and domestic

4842
04:10:36,100 --> 04:10:38,900
identities. 
The culmination of Catherine's 

4843
04:10:38,900 --> 04:10:41,100
Legacy arrived with the 
accession of James. 

4844
04:10:41,100 --> 04:10:44,900
The first in 1603, which 
reunited the English and 

4845
04:10:44,900 --> 04:10:47,300
Scottish crowns and restored 
peaceful relations with Spain. 

4846
04:10:47,300 --> 04:10:51,600
The 1604 Treaty of London ending
nearly two decades of 

4847
04:10:51,600 --> 04:10:54,000
anglo-spanish conflict 
explicitly. 

4848
04:10:54,000 --> 04:10:57,000
Referenced Catherine's earlier, 
diplomatic work as a model for 

4849
04:10:57,000 --> 04:11:00,400
renewed friendship. 
When Philip the third Ambassador

4850
04:11:00,400 --> 04:11:03,300
presented James with Catherine's
portrait as the Diplomatic gift.

4851
04:11:03,300 --> 04:11:05,500
He symbolically acknowledged. 
What? 

4852
04:11:05,500 --> 04:11:09,100
Historians have often overlooked
The Catherine of Aragon's vision

4853
04:11:09,100 --> 04:11:11,400
of England's place in Europe. 
Had ultimately prevailed, 

4854
04:11:11,400 --> 04:11:15,200
Catherine story extended far 
beyond the divorce crisis that 

4855
04:11:15,200 --> 04:11:18,400
dominates popular perceptions, 
she was not merely Henry the 

4856
04:11:18,400 --> 04:11:21,400
8th's discarded first wife but 
he consequential historical 

4857
04:11:21,400 --> 04:11:24,400
figure whose influence shape 
Tudor England and profound and 

4858
04:11:24,400 --> 04:11:26,700
Lasting ways. 
Her Legacy and compassed 

4859
04:11:26,700 --> 04:11:29,100
religious principles. 
Educational Innovations. 

4860
04:11:29,100 --> 04:11:32,500
Diplomatic relationships, legal 
precedence, and cultural 

4861
04:11:32,500 --> 04:11:34,500
transformation. 
That continued influencing 

4862
04:11:34,500 --> 04:11:36,600
English society long after her 
death. 

4863
04:11:37,500 --> 04:11:40,200
The true measure of Catherine's 
historical, significance lies, 

4864
04:11:40,200 --> 04:11:43,800
not in the marriage that ended. 
But in the many ways, her life's

4865
04:11:43,800 --> 04:11:45,100
work continued shaping the 
nation. 

4866
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:52,500
She had adopted as her own In 
the year, 896 CE in the heart of

4867
04:11:52,500 --> 04:11:56,400
baghdad's intellectual quarter. 
Al Hussein bin, qasim brushed 

4868
04:11:56,400 --> 04:11:58,800
desert dust from the folds of 
his linen row. 

4869
04:11:59,300 --> 04:12:02,200
Unaware of the storms that fate 
would soon unleash upon him. 

4870
04:12:02,200 --> 04:12:05,300
He studied the Myriad scholarly,
Gatherings outside. 

4871
04:12:05,300 --> 04:12:08,800
The house of wisdom voices 
blended into a layered chorus, 

4872
04:12:08,800 --> 04:12:12,700
mathematicians, debated, 
geometric proofs poets, recited 

4873
04:12:12,700 --> 04:12:16,300
verses on ephemeral Beauty and 
astronomers charted, Celestial 

4874
04:12:16,300 --> 04:12:18,700
Mysteries. 
The call of knowledge was 

4875
04:12:18,700 --> 04:12:22,300
Unstoppable and its Echoes 
hinted at New Horizons beyond 

4876
04:12:22,300 --> 04:12:25,300
the city's walls. 
Although he hailed from a modest

4877
04:12:25,300 --> 04:12:28,500
family of Dayton, Merchants, Al 
Hussein possessed an innate 

4878
04:12:28,500 --> 04:12:31,600
curiosity that surpassed every 
constraint of status. 

4879
04:12:32,400 --> 04:12:34,200
Weeks early. 
He had been approached by the 

4880
04:12:34,200 --> 04:12:37,500
renowned translator unicell. 
Cindy, who recognized promise in

4881
04:12:37,500 --> 04:12:41,100
his approach to ancient texts. 
Eunice had whispered rumors of a

4882
04:12:41,100 --> 04:12:44,300
manuscript stored in a distant 
Library, along the Red Sea 

4883
04:12:44,300 --> 04:12:47,000
Coast. 
The Codex said to hold fragments

4884
04:12:47,000 --> 04:12:50,700
from vanished Civilizations, for
Al Hussein, the prospect of 

4885
04:12:50,700 --> 04:12:53,400
unearthing lost Secrets, 
eclipsed all thought of comfort 

4886
04:12:53,400 --> 04:12:56,200
or Security on that mild Autumn 
morning. 

4887
04:12:56,200 --> 04:13:00,300
The city's Horizon shimmered 
with trade Caravans and the sun 

4888
04:13:00,300 --> 04:13:03,500
swirl of travelers from every 
corner of the Known World, Greek

4889
04:13:03,500 --> 04:13:06,400
philosophers Persian, Scholars 
and Indian mathematicians 

4890
04:13:06,400 --> 04:13:09,500
crowded, the thoroughfares 
exchanging theories, and goods 

4891
04:13:09,500 --> 04:13:13,200
under the caliph tolerant gaze, 
their house of wisdom had become

4892
04:13:13,200 --> 04:13:16,400
a magnet for knowledge. 
Beacon that Drew in talents as 

4893
04:13:16,400 --> 04:13:19,100
diverse as the spices sold in 
baghdad's markets. 

4894
04:13:20,000 --> 04:13:23,800
Under this atmospheric Mosaic. 
Al Hussein felt keenly that his 

4895
04:13:23,800 --> 04:13:25,900
Destiny. 
Extended Beyond these storied 

4896
04:13:25,900 --> 04:13:28,500
streets. 
Eunice, alkindi had given him a 

4897
04:13:28,500 --> 04:13:31,500
letter of Passage sealed with 
the translators, distinctive 

4898
04:13:31,500 --> 04:13:34,500
monogram allowing safe conduct 
through the desert roots. 

4899
04:13:35,200 --> 04:13:38,800
The cryptic list of questions 
about that ancient codecs query.

4900
04:13:38,800 --> 04:13:42,600
No one else could decipher 
loomed large Al Hussein? 

4901
04:13:42,600 --> 04:13:46,300
Grasped the significance? 
If the manuscript existed, it 

4902
04:13:46,300 --> 04:13:48,900
might reveal the Lost 
methodologies of a civilization 

4903
04:13:48,900 --> 04:13:52,100
rumored to have harnessed 
knowledge of geometry, astronomy

4904
04:13:52,100 --> 04:13:55,700
and Medicine, far beyond, the 
current ERA, Discovery meant 

4905
04:13:55,700 --> 04:13:58,800
Prestige but also the 
possibility of rewriting entire 

4906
04:13:58,800 --> 04:14:02,600
chapter of known history. 
Pressing the letter against his 

4907
04:14:02,600 --> 04:14:05,900
chest, Al Hussein, reflected on 
his father's Tales. 

4908
04:14:06,500 --> 04:14:09,400
The desert unpredictable. 
And capricious, consumed 

4909
04:14:09,400 --> 04:14:13,500
unprepared Wanderers, without 
Mercy, Tales of Caravans lost in

4910
04:14:13,500 --> 04:14:15,600
sandstorms, or raided by 
Marauders haunted. 

4911
04:14:15,600 --> 04:14:19,100
The nightly gatherings in local 
tea houses, Still The Lure of 

4912
04:14:19,100 --> 04:14:22,100
Revelation, eclipsed, any fear 
and he resolved to depart at 

4913
04:14:22,108 --> 04:14:25,700
dawn the following day. 
Engaging a caravan of spice 

4914
04:14:25,700 --> 04:14:28,400
Traders, you plan to share 
provisions and glean from their 

4915
04:14:28,400 --> 04:14:31,200
survival knowledge. 
Forging alliances in an 

4916
04:14:31,200 --> 04:14:34,700
environment where trust was 
currently Sunrise found him at 

4917
04:14:34,700 --> 04:14:38,400
the city Gates the camels, grown
beneath woven saddlebags stuffed

4918
04:14:38,400 --> 04:14:42,400
with exotic Goods. 
Saffron from Persia frankincense

4919
04:14:42,400 --> 04:14:45,700
from Oman and turquoise from far
off lands. 

4920
04:14:46,900 --> 04:14:49,800
The Caravan leader, an 
experienced Merchant named 

4921
04:14:49,800 --> 04:14:53,300
Maryam bint Saeed kastani over 
Al Hussein. 

4922
04:14:54,600 --> 04:14:57,200
She was known for her leadership
and her capacity to navigate 

4923
04:14:57,200 --> 04:14:59,200
shifting alliances among tribal 
factions. 

4924
04:15:00,200 --> 04:15:03,400
Those suspicious of Scholars who
ventured out of libraries, she 

4925
04:15:03,400 --> 04:15:05,800
recognized the advantage of 
traveling under the banner of 

4926
04:15:05,808 --> 04:15:09,800
the prestigious House of Wisdom.
As the gates of Bagdad shrank 

4927
04:15:09,800 --> 04:15:12,100
behind them. 
The Caravan merged with the vast

4928
04:15:12,100 --> 04:15:15,300
deserts hush. 
Dawn's, Golden Light outline 

4929
04:15:15,300 --> 04:15:18,000
distant Dunes that seemed both 
Majestic and forbidding. 

4930
04:15:18,600 --> 04:15:21,900
Al Hussein, observed Mariam, 
directing her charges to form a 

4931
04:15:21,900 --> 04:15:24,900
staggered line, minimizing 
exposure to roving Bandits. 

4932
04:15:25,800 --> 04:15:28,900
Occasionally, the wind carried, 
the bray of donkeys or the low 

4933
04:15:28,900 --> 04:15:32,000
murmur of Traders discussing 
profit margins for Al Hussain. 

4934
04:15:32,000 --> 04:15:35,300
The Emptiness was a blank canvas
waiting for stories etched by 

4935
04:15:35,300 --> 04:15:37,700
the footprints of those 
audacious enough to cross it. 

4936
04:15:38,600 --> 04:15:42,400
At midday the Caravan paused for
a respite While others took 

4937
04:15:42,400 --> 04:15:45,400
Shelter From The Heat, Al 
Hussein found himself marveling 

4938
04:15:45,400 --> 04:15:47,900
at ancient Rock carvings etched 
into a nearby cliff. 

4939
04:15:48,600 --> 04:15:51,600
Figures of hunters and 
astronomers hinted at a lineage 

4940
04:15:51,600 --> 04:15:54,100
of knowledge older and more 
mysterious than any Library 

4941
04:15:54,100 --> 04:15:56,700
Scrolls. 
He gently traced the outlines 

4942
04:15:56,700 --> 04:15:59,600
with a practice fingertip, 
sensing a kinship with those 

4943
04:15:59,600 --> 04:16:03,300
lost voices that once tried to 
record their world. even in 

4944
04:16:03,300 --> 04:16:07,100
these remote Corners human 
curiosity thrived, what one does

4945
04:16:07,100 --> 04:16:11,100
awaited him further ahead, as 
dusk approached, the Caravan set

4946
04:16:11,100 --> 04:16:14,800
up camp in a shallow wardi where
sparse vegetation against 

4947
04:16:14,800 --> 04:16:18,600
shifting Sands, Smoke curled 
from small cooking fires as 

4948
04:16:18,600 --> 04:16:21,000
conversations, turned reflective
under the emerging, 

4949
04:16:21,000 --> 04:16:24,400
constellation's Al Hussein, 
unraveled, warm scrap of 

4950
04:16:24,400 --> 04:16:27,300
parchment, Eunice's 
instructions, and studied the 

4951
04:16:27,308 --> 04:16:30,400
cryptic glyphs, who would have 
eventually need to identify and 

4952
04:16:30,400 --> 04:16:33,300
under current of excitement, 
within him tempered by the 

4953
04:16:33,300 --> 04:16:36,300
realization that he was Crossing
into unknown domains? 

4954
04:16:37,000 --> 04:16:39,700
Tomorrow, he told himself would 
be the first step into 

4955
04:16:39,700 --> 04:16:43,900
discoveries deeper Realm. in the
early Dawn, the Caravan pressed 

4956
04:16:43,900 --> 04:16:47,300
Eastwood toward a series of 
Desert Oasis whispered about an 

4957
04:16:47,300 --> 04:16:51,100
old Merchant journals Each Oasis
served as a precarious Lifeline 

4958
04:16:51,100 --> 04:16:54,400
against the Relentless. 
Punishing heat a mariam's 

4959
04:16:54,400 --> 04:16:57,100
leadership ensured their small 
group navigated meticulously. 

4960
04:16:57,100 --> 04:17:00,700
She brokered safe, passage with 
tribal patrols offering tokens 

4961
04:17:00,700 --> 04:17:02,800
of trade in return for unimpeded
travel. 

4962
04:17:04,100 --> 04:17:06,000
Meanwhile Al Hussein keenly 
observed. 

4963
04:17:06,000 --> 04:17:09,700
Everything, the subtle changes 
in wind direction, the traces of

4964
04:17:09,700 --> 04:17:12,900
ancient Pathways etched into 
sandstone and the silent 

4965
04:17:12,900 --> 04:17:14,400
resilience of his fellow 
Travelers. 

4966
04:17:15,500 --> 04:17:18,200
The first Oasis, they reached 
was little more than a cluster 

4967
04:17:18,200 --> 04:17:20,400
of date palms around a sea of 
brackish water. 

4968
04:17:21,200 --> 04:17:23,900
A half crumbled Stone marker. 
Born inscription so worn. 

4969
04:17:23,900 --> 04:17:26,200
That Al Hussein could decipher 
only fragments. 

4970
04:17:27,000 --> 04:17:30,200
Something about an old boundary 
line, perhaps delineating the 

4971
04:17:30,200 --> 04:17:34,400
domain of a once powerful Clan. 
While Campbell's drank, he 

4972
04:17:34,400 --> 04:17:37,200
sketched these faint markings, 
onto a scrap of parchment. 

4973
04:17:37,200 --> 04:17:41,100
He felt an inexplicable sense of
kinship with the countless 

4974
04:17:41,100 --> 04:17:44,400
Travelers, who had paused here. 
Bridging Centuries with a simple

4975
04:17:44,400 --> 04:17:47,800
Act of thirst quenching. 
Under midday days glare, 

4976
04:17:47,800 --> 04:17:51,000
mirage's shimmered like spilled 
Quicksilver on the horizon. 

4977
04:17:51,900 --> 04:17:56,100
Testing the Caravans resolve. 
Mariam instructed, everyone to 

4978
04:17:56,100 --> 04:17:58,700
conserve water. 
No idle torque. 

4979
04:17:58,700 --> 04:18:02,900
No unnecessary movement. 
The group felt silent except for

4980
04:18:02,900 --> 04:18:04,800
the shuffle of feet in the 
jingle of harnesses. 

4981
04:18:04,800 --> 04:18:08,700
Al Hussein though parched 
studied the desert floor for any

4982
04:18:08,700 --> 04:18:11,400
sign of hidden paths. 
He noticed shards of rock that 

4983
04:18:11,400 --> 04:18:13,300
might have been left by 
Travelers or storms. 

4984
04:18:13,300 --> 04:18:17,500
Each Shard, he thought was an 
artifact, a clue to this vast 

4985
04:18:17,500 --> 04:18:21,500
lands deeper story. 
Late that afternoon, they 

4986
04:18:21,500 --> 04:18:23,900
encountered a Wandering, Nomad 
who carried a battered loot? 

4987
04:18:25,000 --> 04:18:29,200
His deserted face of countless 
roads, traveled in exchange for 

4988
04:18:29,200 --> 04:18:31,100
water. 
He offered a ballad of about a 

4989
04:18:31,100 --> 04:18:33,000
hidden city set to rise from the
Sands. 

4990
04:18:33,000 --> 04:18:37,500
Once every Century a place with 
Alabaster walls, if Legend could

4991
04:18:37,500 --> 04:18:39,900
be trusted. 
Concealing. 

4992
04:18:39,900 --> 04:18:42,800
A trove of Scrolls older than 
Babylon. 

4993
04:18:44,500 --> 04:18:46,900
Al Hussein listened. 
Heart quickening. 

4994
04:18:47,800 --> 04:18:51,100
Though, Maryam dismissed it. 
As a fanciful tale, The Scholar 

4995
04:18:51,100 --> 04:18:53,600
within him sparked at the 
thought of such a discovery. 

4996
04:18:54,800 --> 04:18:58,200
There at the second, Oasis, by 
dusk greeted by the center of 

4997
04:18:58,208 --> 04:19:00,800
wetter. 
The moon's reflection quivered 

4998
04:19:00,800 --> 04:19:03,000
on the water, a promise in the 
Darkness. 

4999
04:19:03,700 --> 04:19:06,800
Mariam arranged night guards 
while the rest settled in a 

5000
04:19:06,808 --> 04:19:10,300
tufted grass and short Palms. 
Al Hussein unrolled his notes 

5001
04:19:10,300 --> 04:19:13,200
scribbling every rumor and 
observation, he'd gathered that 

5002
04:19:13,200 --> 04:19:15,700
day. 
He felt a stir of anticipation 

5003
04:19:15,700 --> 04:19:18,700
thinking of Eunice's letter and 
that elusive codecs. 

5004
04:19:18,700 --> 04:19:21,900
If Legends held any truth, 
perhaps the path he followed 

5005
04:19:21,900 --> 04:19:24,700
would Branch into Revelations 
before sleep. 

5006
04:19:24,700 --> 04:19:27,700
The Caravan huddled for a supper
of flatbread and dried figs 

5007
04:19:27,700 --> 04:19:31,900
conversation meandered to 
improbable Tales spirits, that 

5008
04:19:31,900 --> 04:19:35,400
roam the dunes hidden gin 
kingdoms beneath the sand, 

5009
04:19:35,400 --> 04:19:38,500
Mariam ever pragmatic rolled her
eyes. 

5010
04:19:38,500 --> 04:19:41,600
But allowed these stories to 
pass unchallenged aware that 

5011
04:19:41,600 --> 04:19:45,800
Tails could sue the weary Minds.
Al Hussein thoughtfully 

5012
04:19:45,800 --> 04:19:49,500
dissecting each legend for 
Colonel's of historical fact. 

5013
04:19:50,300 --> 04:19:53,600
He sensed how desert myths 
blended with real events? 

5014
04:19:53,600 --> 04:19:58,000
Forging, a tapestry of belief 
each story, he realized held a 

5015
04:19:58,000 --> 04:20:00,500
reflection of human longing. 
Sleep. 

5016
04:20:00,500 --> 04:20:04,400
Came fitfully between ragged 
gusts of wind that rattled. 

5017
04:20:04,400 --> 04:20:08,100
The Palms Al Hussein dreamed of 
an endless Corridor line with 

5018
04:20:08,100 --> 04:20:11,400
doors of sandstone. 
Behind one door, lay the hidden 

5019
04:20:11,400 --> 04:20:14,700
city of The Nomad described 
behind another, the Red Sea 

5020
04:20:14,700 --> 04:20:17,400
Library your work to the howling
of a jackal. 

5021
04:20:17,400 --> 04:20:20,100
Unsure of the dream was an omen 
or mere fantasy. 

5022
04:20:20,800 --> 04:20:24,200
Still his conviction remained 
firm, he would continue chasing 

5023
04:20:24,200 --> 04:20:27,100
knowledge, across these shifting
Landscapes, trusting that 

5024
04:20:27,100 --> 04:20:29,600
Destiny might reveal itself 
within the margins of the 

5025
04:20:29,600 --> 04:20:33,200
unknown. 
By mourning a layer of sand 

5026
04:20:33,200 --> 04:20:35,600
dusted, every surface and the 
Caravan. 

5027
04:20:35,600 --> 04:20:39,100
Resumed its cautious Advance, 
the air felt thick with unspoken

5028
04:20:39,100 --> 04:20:41,600
tensions. 
They reached a rocky pass where 

5029
04:20:41,600 --> 04:20:44,500
looming Sandstone pillars 
resembled silent Sentinels. 

5030
04:20:45,300 --> 04:20:47,300
Mariam signaled, a holt sensing 
something. 

5031
04:20:47,300 --> 04:20:51,300
Amiss how Hussein peered Into 
The Ravines half expecting 

5032
04:20:51,300 --> 04:20:54,900
Bandits or lurking Predators 
instead he found Stillness 

5033
04:20:54,900 --> 04:20:59,000
however the unease remained 
sometimes the desert concealed, 

5034
04:20:59,000 --> 04:21:02,400
its perils in plain sight. 
By biting time, the Caravan 

5035
04:21:02,400 --> 04:21:05,100
pressed on anxious to leave 
those brooding columns behind 

5036
04:21:06,000 --> 04:21:07,700
that evening, they camped on the
passes. 

5037
04:21:07,700 --> 04:21:11,500
Fast side, sheltered from direct
wins by a towering rock face. 

5038
04:21:12,300 --> 04:21:15,400
After supper Al Hussein 
examined, an astral Aid, Mariam 

5039
04:21:15,400 --> 04:21:18,300
carried for navigation. 
The device is etchings 

5040
04:21:18,300 --> 04:21:22,300
mesmerized him reminiscent of 
the geometric wonders house in 

5041
04:21:22,300 --> 04:21:25,100
Baghdad. 
He wondered if the rumored codex

5042
04:21:25,100 --> 04:21:28,600
might expand upon, such 
Celestial insights as the fire 

5043
04:21:28,600 --> 04:21:32,000
died down, he sat reflecting on 
how each Horizon revealed new 

5044
04:21:32,000 --> 04:21:35,300
questions, not answers. 
Perhaps the deserts Greatest 

5045
04:21:35,300 --> 04:21:38,100
Secret was its power to Kindle 
and unending Quest. 

5046
04:21:39,200 --> 04:21:42,900
Beyond the past Dawn unveiled. 
A stark Plateau, where the wind 

5047
04:21:42,900 --> 04:21:44,600
carried? 
The faint Tang of salt? 

5048
04:21:45,300 --> 04:21:47,400
Mariam reckoned. 
They were approaching the edges 

5049
04:21:47,400 --> 04:21:49,800
of a vast Basin leading toward 
the Red Sea. 

5050
04:21:50,400 --> 04:21:53,400
Al Hussein noted, the powdery 
residue that clung to his 

5051
04:21:53,408 --> 04:21:56,600
sandals, forming a pale crust, 
whenever the wind surged, 

5052
04:21:57,400 --> 04:21:59,400
Fragments of shells, 
occasionally glittered 

5053
04:21:59,400 --> 04:22:03,100
underfoot, relics of a 
primordial sea that had long 

5054
04:22:03,100 --> 04:22:06,800
since receded in that silent 
expense, the ancient interplay 

5055
04:22:06,800 --> 04:22:09,100
of water and desert seemed to 
whisper clues of hidden 

5056
04:22:09,100 --> 04:22:12,200
transitions. 
Moving carefully, the Caravan 

5057
04:22:12,200 --> 04:22:15,100
traced a path across parked 
Flats where cracks laced the 

5058
04:22:15,108 --> 04:22:18,800
ground in a labyrinth patterns 
each Fisher, suggested the land 

5059
04:22:18,800 --> 04:22:20,900
was thirsting for a Reign that 
might never come. 

5060
04:22:22,400 --> 04:22:25,100
Al Hussein lingered, over a 
particular cleft, that formed a 

5061
04:22:25,100 --> 04:22:28,100
near-perfect star shape. 
He sketched it in his notebook 

5062
04:22:28,100 --> 04:22:31,300
contemplating how geometry 
surface in Nature's Own design. 

5063
04:22:32,200 --> 04:22:34,900
The interplay of shapes and 
lines called to mind the rumored

5064
04:22:34,900 --> 04:22:37,100
codex, possibly containing 
knowledge that bridge. 

5065
04:22:37,100 --> 04:22:39,600
The gap between the natural 
world and human understanding. 

5066
04:22:40,700 --> 04:22:44,200
By midday the heat intensified 
pressing against them, like an 

5067
04:22:44,200 --> 04:22:47,600
unseen hand water. 
Became precious currently 

5068
04:22:47,600 --> 04:22:50,500
married him. 
Where of how quickly desperation

5069
04:22:50,500 --> 04:22:51,700
could unravel. 
Unity. 

5070
04:22:51,700 --> 04:22:53,500
Kept a strict ration. 
Schedule. 

5071
04:22:54,700 --> 04:22:57,500
Observing her leadership Al 
Hussein, admired the way she 

5072
04:22:57,500 --> 04:22:59,400
balanced empathy with firm 
discipline. 

5073
04:23:00,000 --> 04:23:02,600
Under her Direction. 
No, quarrels erupted. 

5074
04:23:02,600 --> 04:23:06,900
Even as thirst prick, tempers 
The Caravan trudged on each step

5075
04:23:06,900 --> 04:23:10,000
in negotiation between body and 
environment in the shimmering 

5076
04:23:10,000 --> 04:23:12,600
distance stunted shrubs and 
dwarf occasions. 

5077
04:23:12,600 --> 04:23:17,000
Offered the only semblance of 
life in that stock domain later.

5078
04:23:17,000 --> 04:23:19,800
They spotted a solitary figure 
approaching from the south 

5079
04:23:19,800 --> 04:23:23,600
eastern Horizon. 
Cautious Mariam arrange The 

5080
04:23:23,608 --> 04:23:25,600
Travelers into a defensive 
semi-circle. 

5081
04:23:26,300 --> 04:23:27,500
The figure proved to be a 
medicine. 

5082
04:23:27,500 --> 04:23:31,000
Seller, hauling dried herbs in 
neat bundles across the back of 

5083
04:23:31,000 --> 04:23:34,600
a spindly donkey. 
He announced himself as bassim. 

5084
04:23:34,600 --> 04:23:38,200
A Wanderer of many lands in 
exchange for a pouch of dates. 

5085
04:23:38,200 --> 04:23:42,100
He spoke of rumors, swirling, 
beyond the Red Sea Coast of 

5086
04:23:42,100 --> 04:23:45,800
ports, teaming with Treasures of
inscriptions carved on Coral 

5087
04:23:45,800 --> 04:23:50,000
walls and a foreign ships 
docking with exotic cargos, the 

5088
04:23:50,000 --> 04:23:52,600
Sim then revealed he had crossed
paths with a scribe who claimed 

5089
04:23:52,600 --> 04:23:54,700
knowledge of the Hidden Library 
by the sea. 

5090
04:23:55,500 --> 04:23:57,900
This scribe rumored to be in the
port town of Jana Hall. 

5091
04:23:57,900 --> 04:24:00,300
Might hold a key to the Codex. 
Hell. 

5092
04:24:00,300 --> 04:24:03,600
Hussein's pulse quickened at the
mansion, He urged Mariam, to 

5093
04:24:03,600 --> 04:24:06,200
consider diverting their route 
towards this potential lead. 

5094
04:24:07,000 --> 04:24:08,600
Weighing the advantage. 
She agreed. 

5095
04:24:08,600 --> 04:24:11,700
Provided it did not threaten the
caravan's prime objective of 

5096
04:24:11,700 --> 04:24:14,000
trade reorienting, their 
Compass. 

5097
04:24:14,000 --> 04:24:16,900
They set out with renewed 
purpose, heading south by 

5098
04:24:16,900 --> 04:24:19,300
Southeast. 
The change in Direction, LED 

5099
04:24:19,300 --> 04:24:21,700
them to an abandoned weigh 
station of mud brick, walls 

5100
04:24:21,700 --> 04:24:26,000
caked with salt Its Courtyard 
laid choked with sand drifts but

5101
04:24:26,000 --> 04:24:27,700
a broken. 
Well hinted at what had once 

5102
04:24:27,700 --> 04:24:31,100
been a vital rest stop. 
Al Hussein wandered among the 

5103
04:24:31,100 --> 04:24:33,600
ruins spotting fainting 
descriptions along the wall 

5104
04:24:33,600 --> 04:24:35,500
names dates fragments of 
prayers. 

5105
04:24:35,500 --> 04:24:38,400
Each carving was a testament to 
fleeting presence. 

5106
04:24:39,400 --> 04:24:41,900
He stood proof that even the 
harshest Wilderness could not 

5107
04:24:41,900 --> 04:24:43,900
stifle the human urge to leave a
trace. 

5108
04:24:43,900 --> 04:24:46,800
Yet the desert had released so 
much. 

5109
04:24:48,200 --> 04:24:50,500
That evening, they made Camp 
under a sound Stone Ridge. 

5110
04:24:50,500 --> 04:24:53,000
Carved into Rippling curves by 
ancient wins. 

5111
04:24:53,000 --> 04:24:56,100
The last Raze of sunlight played
across the layered patterns, 

5112
04:24:56,100 --> 04:24:59,400
revealing color bands that range
from ocher to Rose. 

5113
04:25:00,200 --> 04:25:03,500
Al Hussein filtered distinct or 
for the land subtle art history.

5114
04:25:03,500 --> 04:25:07,000
He understood how easily 
Travelers might spin legends 

5115
04:25:07,000 --> 04:25:10,400
from these austere shapes 
Perhaps behind every myth, their

5116
04:25:10,400 --> 04:25:14,100
layer of truth about Wonder. 
Perhaps the rumored hidden city 

5117
04:25:14,100 --> 04:25:17,400
or the library derived, from 
real glimpses of Grandview 

5118
04:25:17,400 --> 04:25:21,800
swallowed by time. as the night 
grew, cool, Marianne permitted, 

5119
04:25:21,800 --> 04:25:25,400
a small fire Conversations 
around the softer now with a 

5120
04:25:25,408 --> 04:25:27,800
thread of expectancy woven into 
each word. 

5121
04:25:28,600 --> 04:25:31,200
A Sim spoke of Trade Centers 
bustling with Sailors, from 

5122
04:25:31,200 --> 04:25:35,600
distant Empires zanj Gujarat. 
Even the far-flung kingdoms 

5123
04:25:35,600 --> 04:25:38,600
beyond the Indian Ocean. 
He also mentioned the regions 

5124
04:25:38,600 --> 04:25:42,400
swirl of local Legends a half 
buried Temple near the coast, 

5125
04:25:42,400 --> 04:25:45,800
the rumored tomb of a prophet 
whose name had slipped from 

5126
04:25:45,800 --> 04:25:48,600
memory. 
Al Hussein took careful notes, 

5127
04:25:48,600 --> 04:25:51,900
determined to sift the 
improbable from the verifiable. 

5128
04:25:52,800 --> 04:25:54,500
Before sleep Al Hussein pulled 
out. 

5129
04:25:54,500 --> 04:25:57,900
Unison's cryptic question's 
scanning The Faded script by 

5130
04:25:57,900 --> 04:26:01,000
firelight they referred to 
instruments that measured the 

5131
04:26:01,000 --> 04:26:04,800
angles of stars from improbable 
Vantage points formulas that 

5132
04:26:04,800 --> 04:26:07,900
predated known treatises. 
Could the Red Sea Library? 

5133
04:26:07,900 --> 04:26:10,300
Truly, hold such ancient Feats 
of intellect. 

5134
04:26:11,000 --> 04:26:14,800
He felt the subtle of Destiny, 
the sense that each conversation

5135
04:26:14,800 --> 04:26:17,800
each Dusty ruin, brought him 
closer. 

5136
04:26:18,700 --> 04:26:21,600
The desert had not broken him 
instead. 

5137
04:26:21,600 --> 04:26:23,600
It was shaping him into 
something sharper. 

5138
04:26:23,600 --> 04:26:26,500
Morrow would carry them nearer 
to that beckoning Shoreline 

5139
04:26:27,500 --> 04:26:29,300
Dawn, lifted the Shadows from 
the ridge. 

5140
04:26:29,300 --> 04:26:32,700
Exposing a horizon line with 
Jagged Rock outcroppings. 

5141
04:26:32,700 --> 04:26:36,700
The Caravan continued toward 
Jana Hall keen on reaching its 

5142
04:26:36,700 --> 04:26:39,000
Port before supplies ran 
dangerously low. 

5143
04:26:40,100 --> 04:26:42,100
Subtle. 
But steady Breeze, carried the 

5144
04:26:42,100 --> 04:26:45,500
faint smell of salt confirming. 
They were inching closer to 

5145
04:26:45,500 --> 04:26:48,600
Coastal winds. 
Al Hussein noticed changes in 

5146
04:26:48,600 --> 04:26:51,300
the environment. 
Scattered gulls Wheeling 

5147
04:26:51,300 --> 04:26:54,600
overhead traces of sea, polished
Stones, littering the path. 

5148
04:26:54,600 --> 04:26:57,500
These small signals revive the 
group Spirits. 

5149
04:26:57,500 --> 04:27:00,100
Reminding them that a new 
chapter of their Journey layer 

5150
04:27:00,100 --> 04:27:03,100
head. 
By midday then countered. 

5151
04:27:03,100 --> 04:27:06,300
A caravan heading. 
North Maryam, negotiated a swift

5152
04:27:06,300 --> 04:27:09,300
exchange of information. 
The Travelers warned of Shifting

5153
04:27:09,300 --> 04:27:11,000
alliances among local 
Chieftains. 

5154
04:27:11,000 --> 04:27:15,400
Each vying for influence in the 
lucrative Maritime trade, Al 

5155
04:27:15,400 --> 04:27:18,900
Hussein listened carefully. 
Turbulent politics could affect 

5156
04:27:18,900 --> 04:27:20,700
access to the ports and 
libraries alike. 

5157
04:27:20,700 --> 04:27:24,200
One slip in protocol could 
transform an academic quest in 

5158
04:27:24,200 --> 04:27:27,800
to a diplomatic tangle. 
Protecting the mission and the 

5159
04:27:27,808 --> 04:27:30,800
pressure's knowledge. 
It might uncovered walking a 

5160
04:27:30,800 --> 04:27:34,100
delicate line between curiosity 
and caution intellect and 

5161
04:27:34,108 --> 04:27:36,900
survival. 
The landscape soon began, a 

5162
04:27:36,900 --> 04:27:40,300
gradual descent winding through 
low Hills with thorny scrub 

5163
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:41,900
dotted, the Earth in pale 
clusters. 

5164
04:27:42,700 --> 04:27:44,700
A time's. 
The Caravan skirted salt. 

5165
04:27:44,700 --> 04:27:47,200
Marshes. 
Each step producing a hushed 

5166
04:27:47,200 --> 04:27:50,700
crunch underfoot. 
Tiny crabs scuttled in Shallow, 

5167
04:27:50,700 --> 04:27:54,400
brine pools and the occasional 
Heron soared overhead a pale 

5168
04:27:54,408 --> 04:27:56,200
Sentinel against the shimmering 
sky. 

5169
04:27:57,200 --> 04:28:00,800
Each sign of life felt like a 
small revelation after miles of 

5170
04:28:00,800 --> 04:28:04,100
barren desert, Al Hussein found 
himself overwhelmed by the 

5171
04:28:04,100 --> 04:28:07,600
variety of forms, the natural 
world assumed even in the remote

5172
04:28:07,600 --> 04:28:10,200
margins. 
Late that afternoon. 

5173
04:28:10,200 --> 04:28:14,100
They spotted Jana in the 
distance, a sprawl of mudbrick 

5174
04:28:14,100 --> 04:28:18,300
dwellings with roofs of thatch 
or tiled clay punctuated by the 

5175
04:28:18,300 --> 04:28:20,800
tallest silhouettes of 
warehouses near the docks. 

5176
04:28:21,400 --> 04:28:24,600
Thin pillars of smoke curled 
upward and the distant clang of 

5177
04:28:24,600 --> 04:28:26,400
metal suggested blacksmiths 
plying. 

5178
04:28:26,400 --> 04:28:30,100
Their trade, seabirds circled 
the bustling Harbour where 

5179
04:28:30,100 --> 04:28:32,800
dowels and small cargo vessels 
bobbed in the tide. 

5180
04:28:33,400 --> 04:28:36,300
For Al Hussein the sights and 
sounds of a place. 

5181
04:28:36,300 --> 04:28:39,700
So, different from Baghdad were 
a vivid reminded of the Region's

5182
04:28:39,700 --> 04:28:43,900
fluid tapestry of cultures. 
Mariam led the Caravan through 

5183
04:28:43,900 --> 04:28:47,300
the towns outskirts, seeking a 
trustworthy local Factor, who 

5184
04:28:47,300 --> 04:28:49,800
could arrange Secure Storage for
their goods? 

5185
04:28:50,600 --> 04:28:53,400
Children peered out from 
doorways intrigued by the 

5186
04:28:53,400 --> 04:28:57,800
unusual, mix of Travelers. 
The air smelled a fish spice and

5187
04:28:57,800 --> 04:29:01,100
damp rope all woven together 
into a Briny perfume. 

5188
04:29:02,400 --> 04:29:05,500
Al Hussein scanned every detail 
from the chipped walls. 

5189
04:29:05,500 --> 04:29:08,300
Covered with old Maritime 
symbols to the Lively banter 

5190
04:29:08,300 --> 04:29:11,100
between dockworkers. 
He made mental notes of how 

5191
04:29:11,100 --> 04:29:14,600
Commerce thrived here. 
Bridging deserts, an ocean in a 

5192
04:29:14,600 --> 04:29:17,800
single breath. 
With Arrangements in place, the 

5193
04:29:17,800 --> 04:29:19,900
group settled, at a modest in 
near the wharf. 

5194
04:29:20,600 --> 04:29:22,500
The Sim quietly vanished among 
the Waterfront. 

5195
04:29:22,500 --> 04:29:24,900
Stalls murmuring about errands 
to run. 

5196
04:29:24,908 --> 04:29:28,500
Al Hussein felt a twinge of 
concern but was too eager about 

5197
04:29:28,500 --> 04:29:29,900
the library rumor to dwell on 
it. 

5198
04:29:30,800 --> 04:29:33,000
He quickly asked around for any 
mention of the Scribe. 

5199
04:29:33,600 --> 04:29:37,400
Locals offered conflicting 
accounts some Shrugged While 

5200
04:29:37,400 --> 04:29:39,000
others claimed. 
They had glimpsed a reclusive 

5201
04:29:39,000 --> 04:29:41,200
scholar searching for our cake 
Port records. 

5202
04:29:41,200 --> 04:29:44,700
One old fisherman, insisted The 
Scribe left for the coral stone 

5203
04:29:44,700 --> 04:29:48,200
quarter. 
Determined Al Hussein set off 

5204
04:29:48,200 --> 04:29:51,200
with Mariam and two guards 
weaving through narrow alleys 

5205
04:29:51,200 --> 04:29:53,000
that snaked between some baked 
walls. 

5206
04:29:53,700 --> 04:29:57,000
The sound of the sea crew louder
waves, rolling and crashing, in 

5207
04:29:57,000 --> 04:29:59,600
a steady Rhythm. 
They soon found the coral stone 

5208
04:29:59,600 --> 04:30:02,200
quarter. 
A cluster of buildings fashioned

5209
04:30:02,200 --> 04:30:03,900
from blocks quarried along the 
shore. 

5210
04:30:03,900 --> 04:30:07,400
The walls sparkled with flecks 
of shells embedded in pale 

5211
04:30:07,400 --> 04:30:11,000
Limestone while the architecture
and trance style, who sane it 

5212
04:30:11,000 --> 04:30:13,200
was the possibility of 
encountering, the Scribe that 

5213
04:30:13,200 --> 04:30:15,900
propelled him forward. 
Heart pounding with each, 

5214
04:30:15,900 --> 04:30:19,800
echoing footstep. 
At last, they arrived before a 

5215
04:30:19,800 --> 04:30:21,900
half collapsed structure 
perched, on The Waters Edge, 

5216
04:30:21,900 --> 04:30:24,600
broken shutters and a leaning 
doorway ball. 

5217
04:30:24,600 --> 04:30:28,500
Witness to Decades of neglect 
inside scattered manuscripts, 

5218
04:30:28,500 --> 04:30:32,200
lay in disarray at wooden table.
Candle, Stubbs had melted into 

5219
04:30:32,200 --> 04:30:34,500
curious shapes. 
Dotting, the floor, like for 

5220
04:30:34,500 --> 04:30:38,200
lawn sculptures. 
How Hussein called out receiving

5221
04:30:38,200 --> 04:30:41,100
only silence? 
Maryam gestured for the guards 

5222
04:30:41,100 --> 04:30:45,400
to remain alert then a voice 
raspy but precise emerged from 

5223
04:30:45,408 --> 04:30:48,500
behind a partition. 
If you've come for idle gossip 

5224
04:30:48,500 --> 04:30:53,200
there is none if you seek 
knowledge speak An elderly man 

5225
04:30:53,200 --> 04:30:55,300
stepped forward. 
Shoulders draped. 

5226
04:30:55,300 --> 04:30:57,900
In a thread. 
Bare shawl, his gaze, darted 

5227
04:30:57,900 --> 04:31:01,500
suspiciously among them. 
Al Hussein introduced himself 

5228
04:31:01,500 --> 04:31:04,700
and explained his search for a 
Red Sea, Library rumored to 

5229
04:31:04,708 --> 04:31:07,900
house, ancient codecs. 
At The Mention Of UNICEF, 

5230
04:31:07,900 --> 04:31:09,700
alkindi. 
The Man's eyes sparked. 

5231
04:31:09,700 --> 04:31:13,800
He introduced himself as Fahim 
once a royal archivist, who had 

5232
04:31:13,808 --> 04:31:16,500
fallen out of favor. 
For him claimed to know the 

5233
04:31:16,500 --> 04:31:18,600
Codex. 
Is General whereabouts but wand 

5234
04:31:18,600 --> 04:31:20,900
of obstacles political and 
Supernatural. 

5235
04:31:21,800 --> 04:31:24,300
Despite his guarded manner, he 
pointed to a scroll. 

5236
04:31:25,100 --> 04:31:26,900
There. 
He said, the trail begins. 

5237
04:31:28,200 --> 04:31:31,800
Under the scribes watchful glare
Al Hussein unrolled the scroll 

5238
04:31:31,800 --> 04:31:36,000
for him, indicated faded, script
described to Coastal stronghold 

5239
04:31:36,000 --> 04:31:39,400
called, Mac Chef famed. 
For its labyrinthine archives 

5240
04:31:39,400 --> 04:31:42,900
though, the text offered 
details, it named a certain 

5241
04:31:42,900 --> 04:31:46,900
scholar, Ibrahim of cool Zoom 
who had once catalogued 

5242
04:31:46,900 --> 04:31:50,500
manuscripts within its walls. 
For him revealed that a naval 

5243
04:31:50,500 --> 04:31:52,500
blockade. 
Centuries earlier had forced the

5244
04:31:52,500 --> 04:31:56,200
stronghold Into Obscurity few in
Yamaha even recalled its name. 

5245
04:31:57,700 --> 04:32:01,000
The old archivist smirked. 
If you wish to risk your neck, 

5246
04:32:01,000 --> 04:32:05,300
go. 
But be warned those Halls remain

5247
04:32:05,300 --> 04:32:09,300
unforgiving. 
Mariam standing nearby, studied 

5248
04:32:09,300 --> 04:32:11,700
the scribes demeanor. 
She had dealt with enough. 

5249
04:32:11,700 --> 04:32:14,500
Merchants and officials to read 
a man's motives though. 

5250
04:32:14,500 --> 04:32:16,300
Fahim's, bitter tone, implied, 
grudges. 

5251
04:32:16,300 --> 04:32:18,900
He seemed sincere about the 
strong holds existence. 

5252
04:32:19,800 --> 04:32:23,000
After a test negotiation, she 
coaxed him to provide a rough 

5253
04:32:23,000 --> 04:32:24,700
chart of Mac shafts, possible 
location. 

5254
04:32:25,700 --> 04:32:28,600
Al Hussein promised to mention 
for hems name, favorably in 

5255
04:32:28,600 --> 04:32:32,200
scholarly circles, if they 
succeeded, the archived them 

5256
04:32:32,200 --> 04:32:34,900
off, as though, disclaiming any.
Further responsibility for their

5257
04:32:34,900 --> 04:32:39,900
fate mystery at seemed, was his 
final currently reconvening at 

5258
04:32:39,900 --> 04:32:42,100
the Inn. 
Al Hussein, laid out the new 

5259
04:32:42,100 --> 04:32:44,500
findings. 
The strong hold of Mac for 

5260
04:32:44,500 --> 04:32:46,600
appeared to lie. 
South west along a rugged Coast 

5261
04:32:46,600 --> 04:32:48,800
where Cliffside passes met tidal
inlets. 

5262
04:32:49,500 --> 04:32:52,700
This was no typical trade route 
and Maryam recognized that 

5263
04:32:52,700 --> 04:32:56,600
Curiosity, pulled them for 
forward, treasure for her 

5264
04:32:56,600 --> 04:33:00,000
knowledge for Al Hussain. 
To minimize complications. 

5265
04:33:00,000 --> 04:33:03,100
She decided that only a smaller 
Detachment would continue. 

5266
04:33:03,900 --> 04:33:07,099
The main Caravan could remain in
Yamaha selling goods and 

5267
04:33:07,099 --> 04:33:10,300
provisioning for the journey 
back to Baghdad, Al Hussain and 

5268
04:33:10,300 --> 04:33:12,300
a handful of companions would 
venture on. 

5269
04:33:13,800 --> 04:33:17,500
Evening found Al Hussein pacing.
The ins modest Courtyard pouring

5270
04:33:17,500 --> 04:33:21,900
over for hims chart. tiny notes,
etched beside rough sketches of 

5271
04:33:21,900 --> 04:33:26,099
landforms hinted at Old 
conflicts ruined watchtowers and

5272
04:33:26,099 --> 04:33:29,800
rumored pirate hideouts He 
traced the shoreline with his 

5273
04:33:29,800 --> 04:33:33,000
fingertip, Imagining the waves, 
crashing against the walls of 

5274
04:33:33,000 --> 04:33:35,000
Max shaft. 
What secrets? 

5275
04:33:35,000 --> 04:33:38,800
Might that strong holds archives
hold remnants of civilization's 

5276
04:33:38,800 --> 04:33:41,599
unknown, or Advanced theories, 
lost to time. 

5277
04:33:41,599 --> 04:33:45,200
The Moonlight made, the 
parchment glow as if enticing 

5278
04:33:45,200 --> 04:33:48,200
him to see beyond its faded 
lines into Uncharted Territory. 

5279
04:33:48,900 --> 04:33:51,200
By Dawn, Marion had secured a 
light Coastal. 

5280
04:33:51,200 --> 04:33:55,500
Vessel from a local Captain 
named taufiq, whose family 

5281
04:33:55,500 --> 04:33:59,000
specialized in short-haul 
voyages, along the Red Sea, with

5282
04:33:59,000 --> 04:34:01,500
the seams help. 
He had returned with unusual 

5283
04:34:01,500 --> 04:34:05,500
timeliness, they loaded 
supplies, water barrels, salted 

5284
04:34:05,500 --> 04:34:09,099
fish, a few goats for milk. 
Al Hussein, brought his 

5285
04:34:09,099 --> 04:34:12,900
notebooks Eunice's letter and 
whatever references for him 

5286
04:34:12,900 --> 04:34:15,800
would be willing to share. 
A hush fell over them as they 

5287
04:34:15,808 --> 04:34:19,000
boarded The Vessel, the humid, 
Sea Breeze are welcome change 

5288
04:34:19,000 --> 04:34:21,200
from Desert dryness. 
A head. 

5289
04:34:21,200 --> 04:34:23,800
Lay the Open Sea, half 
illuminated by the Rising Sun, 

5290
04:34:23,800 --> 04:34:26,700
The Boat rocked gently. 
As they navigated away. 

5291
04:34:26,700 --> 04:34:30,099
From Yanni Harbor, leaving 
behind the tangle of masks and 

5292
04:34:30,099 --> 04:34:33,400
Dockside. 
Chatter overhead, seabirds woven

5293
04:34:33,400 --> 04:34:36,300
intricate patterns, while the 
Horizon stretched Indigo and 

5294
04:34:36,300 --> 04:34:39,400
gold. 
Al has seen inhaled, the Briney 

5295
04:34:39,400 --> 04:34:41,500
are feeling a subtle 
exhilaration. 

5296
04:34:42,400 --> 04:34:45,500
This watery expanse was a far 
cry from the Dusty Rhodes. 

5297
04:34:45,500 --> 04:34:49,000
He had known Maryam stood at the
prowl scanning for hazards, 

5298
04:34:49,000 --> 04:34:51,900
despite the calm surface. 
She understood storms, could 

5299
04:34:51,900 --> 04:34:55,300
blow in with devastating Force, 
the Red Sea, like the desert 

5300
04:34:55,300 --> 04:35:00,000
demanded vigilantes During the 
voyage recounted local lore 

5301
04:35:00,000 --> 04:35:03,099
about hidden coves, were pirates
on stashed, plunder or reefs 

5302
04:35:03,099 --> 04:35:04,700
that glowed with phosphorescent 
at night. 

5303
04:35:05,700 --> 04:35:09,099
The Sims listened occasionally 
offering a Sly anecdote of his 

5304
04:35:09,099 --> 04:35:11,599
own. 
Al Hussein jotted down each 

5305
04:35:11,599 --> 04:35:14,400
tale. 
Yo uncertain which threads might

5306
04:35:14,400 --> 04:35:17,400
lead to truth, the swirl of 
rumor, only deepened his 

5307
04:35:17,400 --> 04:35:19,900
conviction that knowledge often 
lurked in the unlikely as 

5308
04:35:19,900 --> 04:35:22,200
corners. 
Meanwhile, the coastline 

5309
04:35:22,200 --> 04:35:25,500
revealed layers of cliffs dotted
with vegetation clinging to 

5310
04:35:25,500 --> 04:35:28,599
cracks in the rock. 
Small Huts or fishing camps, 

5311
04:35:28,599 --> 04:35:29,900
occasionally dotted. 
The beaches. 

5312
04:35:30,800 --> 04:35:34,400
On the second day at Sea dark 
class, Dowd, and as brood on the

5313
04:35:34,408 --> 04:35:37,300
horizon, tufik urged them, to 
find shelter. 

5314
04:35:37,300 --> 04:35:40,400
Before the Squall hit, they 
steered toward a narrow, inlet 

5315
04:35:40,400 --> 04:35:43,400
sheltered by Limestone. 
Bluffs, waves churned with 

5316
04:35:43,400 --> 04:35:46,599
increasing ferocity and the wind
whipped spray across the deck. 

5317
04:35:46,599 --> 04:35:50,200
Marianne Basim helped secure the
sails while Al Hussein clung to 

5318
04:35:50,200 --> 04:35:51,500
the Bots railing. 
Heart pounding. 

5319
04:35:52,200 --> 04:35:54,900
Thunder boomed overhead as they 
finally slipped into the inlet 

5320
04:35:54,900 --> 04:35:57,200
there. 
The water remained calmer 

5321
04:35:57,200 --> 04:36:00,099
though, the storm raged just 
beyond the protective Cliffs 

5322
04:36:00,099 --> 04:36:02,800
huddled against the rain. 
They waited for the Tempest to 

5323
04:36:02,800 --> 04:36:07,400
subside, Al Hussein's mind. 
Raced, if the Codex contained 

5324
04:36:07,400 --> 04:36:10,599
Advanced understanding of 
astronomy, it might also hint at

5325
04:36:10,608 --> 04:36:13,700
meteorological patterns, could 
ancient Scholars have 

5326
04:36:13,700 --> 04:36:16,099
deciphered, the deserts, or the 
Seas hidden rhythms. 

5327
04:36:16,099 --> 04:36:19,300
The storms Fury felt like a 
primeval test warning. 

5328
04:36:19,300 --> 04:36:21,099
Him of the forces that shape the
rail. 

5329
04:36:21,099 --> 04:36:24,200
Perhaps Max shafts, long sealed,
archives held, not just 

5330
04:36:24,200 --> 04:36:27,900
forgotten texts but an entire 
worldview alien to their era as 

5331
04:36:27,900 --> 04:36:30,099
Lightning flared. 
Overhead, he vowed that had 

5332
04:36:30,099 --> 04:36:31,800
neither fear nor storm would 
deter him. 

5333
04:36:32,800 --> 04:36:36,300
With the morning, sun came a 
deceptive, calm Cloud still 

5334
04:36:36,300 --> 04:36:40,800
hovered that the wind hoodies. 
Topic, guided the boat 

5335
04:36:40,808 --> 04:36:44,000
cautiously out of the inlet 
skirting churning Waters. 

5336
04:36:44,000 --> 04:36:46,599
The storm had left. 
Deborah afloat. 

5337
04:36:46,599 --> 04:36:50,300
Broken branches, strips of torn 
sale from some unlucky. 

5338
04:36:50,300 --> 04:36:55,800
Craft Mariam eyed The Horizon. 
though the worst seemed past the

5339
04:36:55,800 --> 04:36:59,900
sea remained unsettled each 
wave, a reminder of Nature's 

5340
04:36:59,900 --> 04:37:05,099
Caprices Al Hussein Pages. 
Damp but intact felt A Renewed 

5341
04:37:05,099 --> 04:37:07,700
urgency. 
The storms violence had 

5342
04:37:07,700 --> 04:37:10,800
sharpened his resolve to reach 
back and uncover its secrets. 

5343
04:37:11,599 --> 04:37:15,000
As they followed the coastline 
steep Cliffs Rose their bases 

5344
04:37:15,000 --> 04:37:17,900
Nord by waves. 
Occasionally they glimpsed 

5345
04:37:17,900 --> 04:37:22,200
narrow, Ledges or goat paths 
exacting upward suggesting that 

5346
04:37:22,200 --> 04:37:23,800
people once traversed, these 
Heights. 

5347
04:37:24,599 --> 04:37:27,800
Tarik pointed out a distance 
structure, atop a cliff a 

5348
04:37:27,800 --> 04:37:31,300
toppled watch tower, perhaps a 
remnant of Macks old defense's. 

5349
04:37:32,300 --> 04:37:33,800
The site quick and everyone's 
Pace. 

5350
04:37:33,800 --> 04:37:37,000
If that Tower marked, the 
outskirts of the stronghold they

5351
04:37:37,000 --> 04:37:38,599
were closed. 
Still the approach. 

5352
04:37:38,599 --> 04:37:41,900
Look treacherous with no easy 
Landing Place visible among the 

5353
04:37:41,900 --> 04:37:45,200
rocks and swirling currents. 
They eventually located a craggy

5354
04:37:45,200 --> 04:37:48,599
Beach where erosion had carved 
out a small pebbled Cove and 

5355
04:37:48,599 --> 04:37:51,200
loading, the vessel was a 
precarious dance of timing. 

5356
04:37:51,200 --> 04:37:54,500
Each waves Retreat, Mariam 
directed the transfer of 

5357
04:37:54,508 --> 04:37:57,500
Provisions, while taufiq, secure
the boat, to a natural cleft in 

5358
04:37:57,500 --> 04:38:01,500
the rock, Overhead seabird 
screeched and the wind whipped 

5359
04:38:01,500 --> 04:38:05,300
salt Laden, spray against their 
faces, Al Hussein carefully, 

5360
04:38:05,300 --> 04:38:08,400
shielded the charts and 
manuscripts mindful, that a 

5361
04:38:08,400 --> 04:38:10,400
single misstep. 
Could end his entire Quest. 

5362
04:38:11,099 --> 04:38:13,700
This Shoreline felt like a 
threshold between rumor and 

5363
04:38:13,700 --> 04:38:17,500
tangible discovery. 
A short climb, Inland revealed a

5364
04:38:17,500 --> 04:38:20,300
rocky Plateau dotted with tough 
grasses and Scattered boulders. 

5365
04:38:21,200 --> 04:38:23,800
Amid the distant Cliffs 
fragments of a fortification, 

5366
04:38:23,800 --> 04:38:28,200
jutted Skyward tumbled walls and
half collapsed, arches the 

5367
04:38:28,200 --> 04:38:31,200
similar to how to low whistle 
marveling that such ruins still 

5368
04:38:31,200 --> 04:38:32,900
lingered after centuries of 
neglect. 

5369
04:38:34,099 --> 04:38:36,599
Marion maintained her measured 
composure though. 

5370
04:38:36,599 --> 04:38:38,700
Who sang guest. 
She shared the groups Rising 

5371
04:38:38,700 --> 04:38:41,000
anticipation. 
Max shafts. 

5372
04:38:41,000 --> 04:38:44,400
Silent outline beckoned. 
For all anyone knew they were 

5373
04:38:44,400 --> 04:38:46,300
the first to set foot here in 
generation's. 

5374
04:38:46,300 --> 04:38:49,099
Perhaps they stood at the edge 
of a dormant Legacy. 

5375
04:38:49,099 --> 04:38:53,000
They Advance through a Steep 
Ravine, its side etched with old

5376
04:38:53,000 --> 04:38:56,000
chisel marks. 
Al Hussein pause to examine 

5377
04:38:56,000 --> 04:38:57,800
them. 
Suspecting the early inhabitants

5378
04:38:57,800 --> 04:39:00,300
had stone for the strongholds 
construction. 

5379
04:39:00,300 --> 04:39:04,300
The Ravine opened in to a Hidden
Valley where an arched Gateway. 

5380
04:39:04,300 --> 04:39:05,900
They partially buried by 
Deborah. 

5381
04:39:06,599 --> 04:39:09,700
Time and storms had battered, 
its Keystone leaving a sizable 

5382
04:39:09,700 --> 04:39:12,300
Gap carefully. 
They picked their way through 

5383
04:39:12,300 --> 04:39:15,400
Fallen Stones, each footstep, 
sending Echoes through. 

5384
04:39:15,400 --> 04:39:18,900
The still are a faint Tang of 
seaweed, permeated the ruins. 

5385
04:39:18,900 --> 04:39:22,700
As if the ocean had invaded, 
this Bastion long ago, Beyond 

5386
04:39:22,700 --> 04:39:24,900
The Gateway stretched, a 
courtyard, choked with rubble 

5387
04:39:24,900 --> 04:39:28,400
and invasive plants broken 
pillars hinted at what might 

5388
04:39:28,400 --> 04:39:30,200
once have been an open 
Colonnade. 

5389
04:39:31,500 --> 04:39:34,099
A series of corridors branched 
off from The Far Side. 

5390
04:39:34,099 --> 04:39:37,500
One leading to a stone staircase
to sending Underground. 

5391
04:39:38,800 --> 04:39:43,200
Al Hussein's pulse fluttered 
Subterranean vaults often served

5392
04:39:43,200 --> 04:39:44,800
as archives or storage 
facilities. 

5393
04:39:44,800 --> 04:39:48,000
In older fortifications he 
imagined shelves of manuscripts 

5394
04:39:48,000 --> 04:39:52,000
layered with a dust a waiting 
rediscovery, Maryam tested a 

5395
04:39:52,000 --> 04:39:54,400
cracked step with her boot 
finding its stable enough. 

5396
04:39:54,400 --> 04:39:57,600
They lit torches bracing 
themselves for whatever labor 

5397
04:39:57,600 --> 04:39:59,800
low. 
The descending passage felt 

5398
04:39:59,800 --> 04:40:02,700
claustrophobic each Echo 
magnified by The Damp walls. 

5399
04:40:02,700 --> 04:40:06,000
A battered iron gate at the 
bottom yielded to the seams 

5400
04:40:06,000 --> 04:40:09,400
determined shove within layer. 
Series, of vaulted, Chambers 

5401
04:40:09,400 --> 04:40:12,600
water trickled from hairline 
cracks in the ceiling, pooling, 

5402
04:40:12,600 --> 04:40:15,100
on the floor in a regular 
puddles, their Torchlight 

5403
04:40:15,100 --> 04:40:18,900
flicked over broken crates 
corroded lanterns and scraps of 

5404
04:40:18,900 --> 04:40:22,000
rotting cloth. 
How Hussein's eyes dotted around

5405
04:40:22,000 --> 04:40:24,100
desperate to find any sign of 
Records? 

5406
04:40:24,100 --> 04:40:27,700
Then in a corner he spotted, 
what appeared to be a carved 

5407
04:40:27,700 --> 04:40:31,600
Stone plaque, emblazoned with 
geometric designs approaching it

5408
04:40:31,600 --> 04:40:35,100
he realized the plaque was part 
of a larger fixture a sealed. 

5409
04:40:35,100 --> 04:40:38,900
Doorway intricate lines, found 
outward from a central Motif 

5410
04:40:38,900 --> 04:40:41,800
echoing, the patterns in 
Eunice's cryptic notes. 

5411
04:40:42,500 --> 04:40:45,800
Could this be a hidden archive 
within the stronghold eagerly? 

5412
04:40:45,800 --> 04:40:49,400
Al Hussein traced the grooves 
with a fingertip Mariam hovered 

5413
04:40:49,400 --> 04:40:53,000
scanning for potential threats. 
The Sim ran his hand, along the 

5414
04:40:53,000 --> 04:40:56,400
walls perimeter, eventually 
finding the faint outline of a 

5415
04:40:56,400 --> 04:40:59,200
release mechanism when he 
pressed it the plaque shuddered 

5416
04:40:59,200 --> 04:41:02,000
revealing a narrow Gap. 
Stay alessi. 

5417
04:41:02,000 --> 04:41:04,500
Seeped out carrying hints of 
mold, ancient parchment. 

5418
04:41:05,400 --> 04:41:08,200
Torchlight spilling through the 
Gap, illuminated a cramped 

5419
04:41:08,200 --> 04:41:12,100
chamber line with stone shells. 
Al Hussein's Hearts sword, 

5420
04:41:12,100 --> 04:41:14,600
rolled manuscripts like 
scattered. 

5421
04:41:14,600 --> 04:41:17,200
Some disintegrating at the touch
of the moist air. 

5422
04:41:18,100 --> 04:41:21,100
Gingerly lifted a small codex 
Bound in faded leather. 

5423
04:41:22,000 --> 04:41:25,600
Cover, emblazoned with 
unfamiliar symbols though, the 

5424
04:41:25,600 --> 04:41:29,100
text was partially illegible 
diagrams of star charts and 

5425
04:41:29,108 --> 04:41:31,900
geometric constructs were 
visible aware that he was 

5426
04:41:31,900 --> 04:41:35,800
Crossing into the realm of 
Legends made real. with mounting

5427
04:41:35,800 --> 04:41:38,600
excitement, Al Hussein and 
Mariam inspected the shelves, 

5428
04:41:38,600 --> 04:41:43,100
hoping for a more complete find 
Many manuscripts had succumb to 

5429
04:41:43,108 --> 04:41:46,000
rot or water damage. 
Leaving a legible stains where 

5430
04:41:46,000 --> 04:41:51,200
words once lived Still glimpses 
of diagrams star maps, and 

5431
04:41:51,200 --> 04:41:54,900
cryptic, notations sparked, Al 
Hussein's imagination, each 

5432
04:41:54,900 --> 04:41:58,400
surviving scrap offered a puzzle
references to advanced 

5433
04:41:58,400 --> 04:42:02,500
mathematics mentions of distant 
lands and hints of medical 

5434
04:42:02,500 --> 04:42:06,000
treatises. 
The Codex, Eunice had mentioned 

5435
04:42:06,000 --> 04:42:09,400
might lie deeper within or be 
scattered among these fragile 

5436
04:42:09,400 --> 04:42:11,800
Scrolls that teetered on the 
brink of disintegration. 

5437
04:42:12,900 --> 04:42:15,800
Bassim lessened by the written 
page. 

5438
04:42:15,800 --> 04:42:19,700
It explored a Json Chambers in 
search of anything valuable 

5439
04:42:19,700 --> 04:42:23,700
coins jewelry or historical 
artifacts that might fetch a 

5440
04:42:23,700 --> 04:42:25,800
price. 
He returned empty-handed 

5441
04:42:25,800 --> 04:42:29,500
muttering about collapsed 
tunnels and corridors blocked by

5442
04:42:29,500 --> 04:42:32,200
a rebel. 
From one Corridor, a trickle of 

5443
04:42:32,208 --> 04:42:35,500
brackish water flowed implying. 
That parts of the stronghold 

5444
04:42:35,500 --> 04:42:40,500
might be submerged or entirely 
inaccessible. the group decided 

5445
04:42:40,500 --> 04:42:43,600
to work methodically 
prioritizing the driest sections

5446
04:42:43,600 --> 04:42:47,900
first, Mario posted a guard 
outside aware that local Pirates

5447
04:42:47,900 --> 04:42:51,200
were treasure Hunters. 
Could still pose a threat Hour 

5448
04:42:51,200 --> 04:42:54,100
after hour, Al Hussein 
catalogued each fragment, they 

5449
04:42:54,100 --> 04:42:56,600
could Salvage. 
He recognized partial 

5450
04:42:56,600 --> 04:42:59,900
translations from Greek Coptic 
and even Sanskrit. 

5451
04:43:00,500 --> 04:43:03,200
Whoever had curated these 
archives, clearly embraced the 

5452
04:43:03,200 --> 04:43:06,200
same Zeal for knowledge that 
fueled the House of Wisdom in. 

5453
04:43:06,200 --> 04:43:09,900
Baghdad, Occasionally, he 
stumbled upon a page detailing 

5454
04:43:09,900 --> 04:43:12,900
astronomical, observations far, 
more advanced than anything. 

5455
04:43:12,900 --> 04:43:14,800
He'd encountered he dreamed 
that. 

5456
04:43:14,800 --> 04:43:17,700
If he Could reconstruct these 
texts, they might reshape 

5457
04:43:17,700 --> 04:43:20,800
contemporary understanding of 
the cosmos, bridging centuries 

5458
04:43:20,800 --> 04:43:24,000
of lost scholarship. 
He remembered Eunice's cryptic 

5459
04:43:24,000 --> 04:43:27,400
list and felt a surge of 
vindication progress, was slow 

5460
04:43:27,400 --> 04:43:30,500
the air in the buried Chambers 
remained thick occasionally, 

5461
04:43:30,500 --> 04:43:33,600
forcing them to retreat, above 
ground for fresh air in the 

5462
04:43:33,600 --> 04:43:35,500
process. 
They discovered an intact 

5463
04:43:35,500 --> 04:43:38,100
storeroom near the courtyard, 
containing clay jars. 

5464
04:43:38,100 --> 04:43:41,700
Sealed with ancient wax. 
The Sim Pride One open revealing

5465
04:43:41,700 --> 04:43:45,200
well-preserved grains that while
impossible to eat Illustrated 

5466
04:43:45,200 --> 04:43:47,700
that this Fortress once hosted a
thriving community. 

5467
04:43:48,900 --> 04:43:51,800
Al Hussein Marvel at the notion 
that the inhabitants of Mack 

5468
04:43:51,800 --> 04:43:53,300
shaft had walked these same 
corridors. 

5469
04:43:53,300 --> 04:43:56,400
The daily routines taking place 
above a trove of hidden 

5470
04:43:56,400 --> 04:43:58,400
knowledge. 
Then Vanishing into history. 

5471
04:43:59,300 --> 04:44:01,800
On the second evening. 
Maryam insisted, they organized 

5472
04:44:01,800 --> 04:44:03,700
a secure Campsite in the 
courtyard. 

5473
04:44:04,400 --> 04:44:07,600
Setting up canvas tarps where 
partial walls offered shelter 

5474
04:44:07,600 --> 04:44:11,300
from Ocean winds, they 
established a routine nights. 

5475
04:44:11,300 --> 04:44:14,100
Spent guarding the perimeter 
days spent rummaging the 

5476
04:44:14,100 --> 04:44:17,600
archives, the only sounds were 
the distant Roar of the Sea, and

5477
04:44:17,608 --> 04:44:20,800
the shuffle of footsteps. 
Echoing in stone Halls that 

5478
04:44:20,800 --> 04:44:23,900
times the place felt haunted by 
old aspirations, a new ones 

5479
04:44:23,900 --> 04:44:26,600
colliding. 
Al Hussein often caught himself 

5480
04:44:26,600 --> 04:44:28,500
wishing. 
They had more time better 

5481
04:44:28,500 --> 04:44:32,100
resources or just a few extra 
hands to preserve these fragile 

5482
04:44:32,100 --> 04:44:34,900
Legacies. 
That last amid a heap of 

5483
04:44:34,900 --> 04:44:37,300
decaying Scrolls in a far corner
of the sealed chamber. 

5484
04:44:37,300 --> 04:44:41,900
Al Hussein found it a manuscript
carefully wrapped in oil cloth 

5485
04:44:41,900 --> 04:44:43,800
protected from the worst 
dampness. 

5486
04:44:43,800 --> 04:44:47,600
Its cover for a pattern 
identical to the sketches in 

5487
04:44:47,600 --> 04:44:50,800
unison's instructions, heart 
hammering, he peeled back, the 

5488
04:44:50,800 --> 04:44:54,300
cloth, inside pages of 
surprisingly durable, parchment 

5489
04:44:54,300 --> 04:44:57,200
were covered in scripts that 
merged geometric diagrams, with 

5490
04:44:57,200 --> 04:45:01,000
flowing text, Marginal notes in 
a secondary hand suggested 

5491
04:45:01,000 --> 04:45:03,300
commentary, possibly added by 
later Scholars. 

5492
04:45:03,300 --> 04:45:07,500
This had to be the Codex. 
A quick survey revealed passages

5493
04:45:07,500 --> 04:45:10,700
on astronomical alignments 
references to mathematical 

5494
04:45:10,700 --> 04:45:14,200
proofs that predated known 
treatises and Arcane symbols. 

5495
04:45:14,200 --> 04:45:17,000
That defied immediate 
interpretation one section. 

5496
04:45:17,000 --> 04:45:20,200
Even described medical herbs 
rumored to thrive in remote 

5497
04:45:20,200 --> 04:45:22,600
regions. 
Al Hussein felt as though he 

5498
04:45:22,600 --> 04:45:25,100
were holding an entire lost 
Epoch in his hands. 

5499
04:45:25,900 --> 04:45:29,400
Mariam seeing his ore asked, if 
this was truly what they had, 

5500
04:45:29,400 --> 04:45:33,100
risked so much to find, he 
nodded tears brimming. 

5501
04:45:33,100 --> 04:45:37,600
Unbidden the Codex might reshape
fields of learning if only it 

5502
04:45:37,600 --> 04:45:41,700
could be safely transported and 
studied next came the Dilemma of

5503
04:45:41,700 --> 04:45:45,200
extraction, the Codex was too 
precious to leave behind but the

5504
04:45:45,208 --> 04:45:48,400
path back was fraught with 
uncertainty, the sea Journey, 

5505
04:45:48,400 --> 04:45:51,300
the threat of Storms and the 
watchful eyes of potential 

5506
04:45:51,300 --> 04:45:55,200
Bandits, all loomed large Marion
proposed packing the Codex in 

5507
04:45:55,200 --> 04:45:58,300
multiple layers, of protective 
cloth and assigning it Round the

5508
04:45:58,300 --> 04:46:01,700
Clock guards. the Sim chimed in 
with a plan to mask, their 

5509
04:46:01,700 --> 04:46:04,900
departure by spreading rumors of
a fruitless search hoping to 

5510
04:46:04,900 --> 04:46:09,100
deter opportunists Al Hussein, 
agreed recognizing that 

5511
04:46:09,100 --> 04:46:11,400
knowledge could be as dangerous,
a Treasurer as gold. 

5512
04:46:12,200 --> 04:46:14,700
With their plans set, they 
gathered what manuscripts, they 

5513
04:46:14,700 --> 04:46:18,000
could carry focusing on the 
codecs and a few other promising

5514
04:46:18,000 --> 04:46:20,800
relics. 
Standing at the Fortress 

5515
04:46:20,800 --> 04:46:23,200
threshold. 
Al Hussein took one last 

5516
04:46:23,200 --> 04:46:25,000
Reverend, look at the silent 
corridors. 

5517
04:46:25,000 --> 04:46:28,300
He imagined the generations who 
might have come here, seeking 

5518
04:46:28,300 --> 04:46:31,600
truth, only to vanish beneath 
times shifting, Sands. 

5519
04:46:32,500 --> 04:46:35,400
Now he helped proof that there 
are not faded entirely. 

5520
04:46:36,100 --> 04:46:39,300
As the group stepped out into 
the Briny dust, he realized his 

5521
04:46:39,300 --> 04:46:42,900
journey was far from complete, 
the desert had tested him and 

5522
04:46:42,900 --> 04:46:45,600
the Sea had threatened him. 
But this Triumph opened 

5523
04:46:45,600 --> 04:46:48,100
countless new doors. 
History was not a fixed. 

5524
04:46:48,100 --> 04:46:51,000
Tapestry it was ever unfolding 
waiting for those willing to 

5525
04:46:51,000 --> 04:46:52,900
Traverse the unknown in search 
of revelry. 

5526
04:46:55,900 --> 04:46:58,600
Paul Revere's name. 
Evokes images of a midnight ride

5527
04:46:58,600 --> 04:47:02,200
urgent calls for malicious and 
the onset of the American 

5528
04:47:02,200 --> 04:47:05,400
Revolution. 
Yet few realized the full scope 

5529
04:47:05,400 --> 04:47:07,200
of The Man Behind that iconic 
alarm. 

5530
04:47:07,200 --> 04:47:12,300
He was a silver myth engraver, 
early industrialists, and a 

5531
04:47:12,300 --> 04:47:15,200
shrewd networker who navigated 
Boston Circles of our towns 

5532
04:47:15,200 --> 04:47:17,800
merchants and political 
agitators. 

5533
04:47:18,700 --> 04:47:24,000
Born on January the 1st 1735 old
style to Apollo's rivoire, a 

5534
04:47:24,000 --> 04:47:27,100
French, Hugo, immigrant and 
Deborah hitch, born a Boston 

5535
04:47:27,100 --> 04:47:29,800
native. 
Revere was destined to bridge 

5536
04:47:29,800 --> 04:47:33,100
cultures and communities at a 
time when colonial society 

5537
04:47:33,100 --> 04:47:37,100
seethed with discontent under 
British rule Apollo's revoir, 

5538
04:47:37,100 --> 04:47:40,300
who soon anglicized his name to 
Paul Revere taught his son, the 

5539
04:47:40,300 --> 04:47:43,400
art of silver work. 
This trade anchored, the younger

5540
04:47:43,400 --> 04:47:46,000
Paul's, Fortune's. 
He grew up in Boston's North 

5541
04:47:46,000 --> 04:47:49,000
End. 
Surrounded by Wolves taverns and

5542
04:47:49,000 --> 04:47:52,100
religious meeting house is 
absorbing The rhythms of a busy 

5543
04:47:52,108 --> 04:47:54,500
Port City while modern 
retellings. 

5544
04:47:54,500 --> 04:47:56,700
Jumped straight to his 
patriotic, escapades. 

5545
04:47:56,700 --> 04:48:01,300
His formative years, shake his 
deaths in more subtle Ways by 

5546
04:48:01,300 --> 04:48:04,800
age, 15, the death of his father
thrust into the role of family 

5547
04:48:04,800 --> 04:48:07,500
provider. 
The teenage Apprentice had to 

5548
04:48:07,508 --> 04:48:11,400
complete his training managed. 
The families Affairs and Forge 

5549
04:48:11,400 --> 04:48:14,000
connections, with established 
silversmiths and Merchants 

5550
04:48:14,000 --> 04:48:18,300
during the 1750s. 
Revere served briefly in the 

5551
04:48:18,300 --> 04:48:20,400
provincial Army in the French 
and Indian War. 

5552
04:48:21,500 --> 04:48:24,300
And experience that gave him a 
glimpse of Britain's broader. 

5553
04:48:24,300 --> 04:48:27,000
Colonial entanglements Upon 
returning to Boston. 

5554
04:48:27,000 --> 04:48:29,900
He embraced the trade of 
silversmithing, wholeheartedly 

5555
04:48:29,900 --> 04:48:33,000
creating not just decorative 
pieces, but also practical 

5556
04:48:33,000 --> 04:48:34,800
items, like buckles and 
utensils. 

5557
04:48:35,600 --> 04:48:38,900
He prided himself on detail 
marketing, his Wares to a 

5558
04:48:38,900 --> 04:48:41,100
clientele that spanned, from 
Modest Craftsman, to the 

5559
04:48:41,100 --> 04:48:44,600
colonies, Rising middle class 
invoices preserve from this 

5560
04:48:44,600 --> 04:48:49,300
period revealed that revealed 
credit Advance, new designs and 

5561
04:48:49,300 --> 04:48:52,200
constantly hustled for 
commission's, that brand of 

5562
04:48:52,208 --> 04:48:54,900
entrepreneurial Spirit would 
later fuel, his ability to 

5563
04:48:54,908 --> 04:48:57,200
mobilize networks for 
revolutionary purposes. 

5564
04:48:58,200 --> 04:49:01,200
By the early 1760s tension 
simmered throughout 

5565
04:49:01,200 --> 04:49:04,800
Massachusetts. 
The Sugar Act, the Stamp Act and

5566
04:49:04,800 --> 04:49:06,800
subsequent taxes. 
Outraged merchants and 

5567
04:49:06,800 --> 04:49:10,000
tradespeople alike. 
Revere found himself among a 

5568
04:49:10,000 --> 04:49:12,900
group of Boston artists who 
gather at local taverns, to vent

5569
04:49:12,900 --> 04:49:15,800
frustration. 
These enclaves brewed that early

5570
04:49:15,800 --> 04:49:19,100
as forms of organized protests, 
Revere soon. 

5571
04:49:19,100 --> 04:49:21,800
Discovered he possessed a knack 
for articulating grievances 

5572
04:49:21,800 --> 04:49:24,700
through his Engravings. 
It was not only an art form but 

5573
04:49:24,700 --> 04:49:28,000
also a political tool 
effectively circulating ideas 

5574
04:49:28,000 --> 04:49:31,200
and stoking public sentiment 
against perceived British ovary 

5575
04:49:31,200 --> 04:49:35,100
his iconic, Engravings of the 
Boston Massacre, albeit 

5576
04:49:35,100 --> 04:49:39,100
dramatized helped radicalize 
many colonists Apart from 

5577
04:49:39,100 --> 04:49:42,500
engraving, Revere proved 
versatile and forging social 

5578
04:49:42,500 --> 04:49:44,600
bonds. 
He was active in the Masonic 

5579
04:49:44,600 --> 04:49:47,200
Lodge of Saint Andrew, where he 
crossed paths with influential 

5580
04:49:47,200 --> 04:49:51,200
figures, like Joseph Warren. 
He joined local fire clubs and 

5581
04:49:51,200 --> 04:49:54,000
essential Community fixture at a
time when a wooden buildings, 

5582
04:49:54,000 --> 04:49:57,200
pose constant, fire hazards, the
same network that helped keep 

5583
04:49:57,200 --> 04:50:00,100
Boston from Flames. 
Also functioned as a 

5584
04:50:00,100 --> 04:50:02,200
communication Hub. 
When secrecy was Paramount 

5585
04:50:02,200 --> 04:50:06,300
reverse involvement in such 
clubs, honed his skills at 

5586
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:08,900
organizing committees and 
planing contingencies. 

5587
04:50:10,100 --> 04:50:12,500
Revere witness, the growing 
tension between the British 

5588
04:50:12,500 --> 04:50:14,200
authorities and Colonial 
protesters. 

5589
04:50:14,200 --> 04:50:17,200
As the decade progressed. 
He witnessed the formation of 

5590
04:50:17,200 --> 04:50:20,100
the Sons of Liberty, a 
loosely-knit group bent on 

5591
04:50:20,108 --> 04:50:23,100
resisting British policy, 
through boycotts demonstrations 

5592
04:50:23,100 --> 04:50:26,700
and occasionally more aggressive
tactics, while Samuel Adams and 

5593
04:50:26,700 --> 04:50:28,400
John Hancock corner of the 
spotlight. 

5594
04:50:28,400 --> 04:50:33,000
Revere operated just beneath it 
linking Tradesmen, printers and 

5595
04:50:33,000 --> 04:50:36,500
Mariners to the, cause he 
carried messages across town 

5596
04:50:36,500 --> 04:50:39,500
utilized, his Network to 
fundraise for boycotts and 

5597
04:50:39,508 --> 04:50:43,200
orchestrated covid. 
Gatherings in summary, the man 

5598
04:50:43,208 --> 04:50:45,600
played a significant role in the
turbulent of events that 

5599
04:50:45,600 --> 04:50:49,200
preceded the revolution. 
His silver shot bustled by day 

5600
04:50:49,200 --> 04:50:52,500
forging items for well to do 
Patron's while by night. 

5601
04:50:52,500 --> 04:50:54,800
He frequently huddled with 
Patriots in back rooms. 

5602
04:50:54,800 --> 04:50:58,700
This dual existence. 
Both an honest Craftsman in 

5603
04:50:58,700 --> 04:51:02,300
broad daylight in a clandestine 
activists in the Twilight gave 

5604
04:51:02,300 --> 04:51:04,100
Revere and uncommon advantage 
point. 

5605
04:51:05,000 --> 04:51:07,800
He understood the Grievances of 
merchants taxed by Parliament 

5606
04:51:07,800 --> 04:51:11,100
and the resentments of sailors 
Harris by British Naval patrols.

5607
04:51:11,100 --> 04:51:15,100
He also grasped the precarious, 
existence of apprentices who 

5608
04:51:15,100 --> 04:51:17,700
found themselves. 
Jobless whenever tensions flared

5609
04:51:18,500 --> 04:51:22,600
In the early 1770s, Revere face 
to crucial decision, he could 

5610
04:51:22,600 --> 04:51:25,600
either maintain his status as a 
respected Craftsman and avoid 

5611
04:51:25,600 --> 04:51:28,600
radical elements or we could 
fully dedicate himself to the 

5612
04:51:28,600 --> 04:51:30,300
resistance that was forming 
around him. 

5613
04:51:31,100 --> 04:51:33,600
That choice would Define his 
role in the uncertain months 

5614
04:51:33,600 --> 04:51:37,200
ahead, as Britain tightened, its
grip, and Boston, braced for 

5615
04:51:37,200 --> 04:51:40,100
confrontation, his decision to 
lean into activism. 

5616
04:51:40,100 --> 04:51:42,800
Would soon thrust him into 
history's pages, though. 

5617
04:51:42,800 --> 04:51:45,000
He never guessed that. 
A single midnight ride would 

5618
04:51:45,000 --> 04:51:47,300
overshadow Decades of other 
contributions. 

5619
04:51:48,400 --> 04:51:51,200
As Britain stepped up, the 
enforcement of colonial policies

5620
04:51:51,200 --> 04:51:53,500
Revere in his compatriots 
adapted. 

5621
04:51:54,200 --> 04:51:58,100
No single figure commanded the 
burgeoning movement instead it 

5622
04:51:58,100 --> 04:52:01,400
operated through committees 
correspondences and Loosely 

5623
04:52:01,400 --> 04:52:05,500
Affiliated networks of Tradesmen
small merchants and outspoken 

5624
04:52:05,500 --> 04:52:08,500
Patriots. 
Revere proved instrumental in 

5625
04:52:08,500 --> 04:52:11,300
Bridging the circle's. 
He was neither the wealthiest 

5626
04:52:11,300 --> 04:52:14,900
Merchants, nor the most fiery 
orator, but his profound 

5627
04:52:14,900 --> 04:52:17,800
knowledge of Boston's geography,
and his wide array of personal 

5628
04:52:17,800 --> 04:52:19,800
relationships made him 
indispensable. 

5629
04:52:20,500 --> 04:52:22,600
He played a key role in the 
intelligence game, that 

5630
04:52:22,600 --> 04:52:26,200
developed as tensions, Rose the 
British, suspecting the colonies

5631
04:52:26,200 --> 04:52:30,000
of seditious intent, planted 
informants and seized letters. 

5632
04:52:30,000 --> 04:52:33,000
Meanwhile Patriot leaders, 
formed Committees of 

5633
04:52:33,000 --> 04:52:36,000
Correspondence in every town, 
forging a parallel Information 

5634
04:52:36,000 --> 04:52:37,900
Network that bypassed Royal 
officials. 

5635
04:52:37,900 --> 04:52:41,900
Revere often served as a courier
riding to distant towns. 

5636
04:52:41,900 --> 04:52:45,400
Worcester Salem, even Portsmouth
to update them on the latest 

5637
04:52:45,400 --> 04:52:47,500
developments. 
These Journeys were not 

5638
04:52:47,500 --> 04:52:50,800
glamorous winter roads, were 
treacherous lodgings minimal. 

5639
04:52:51,400 --> 04:52:54,600
But reverse Skillet traveling, 
in cognito, changing routes, 

5640
04:52:54,600 --> 04:52:57,900
unpredictably and winning, trust
at local, taverns, kept the 

5641
04:52:57,908 --> 04:53:01,300
chain of communication robust. 
Beyond his Courier work 

5642
04:53:01,300 --> 04:53:06,200
continuing political cartoons, 
his depiction of the Boston Tea 

5643
04:53:06,200 --> 04:53:10,100
Party, for instance, circulated 
widely, capturing the moment 

5644
04:53:10,100 --> 04:53:14,000
when Patriot's dumped British 
tea into the harbor, The 

5645
04:53:14,000 --> 04:53:16,600
incident itself was more chaotic
than Revere's engraving 

5646
04:53:16,600 --> 04:53:20,500
suggested. 
He presented her today has a 

5647
04:53:20,500 --> 04:53:24,000
unified discipline act in an 
image that bolstered the Patriot

5648
04:53:24,000 --> 04:53:27,700
of moral High Ground. 
He also contributed subtly 

5649
04:53:27,700 --> 04:53:29,800
altered, Prince of the 
government, or British officers 

5650
04:53:29,800 --> 04:53:32,500
turning them into caricatures 
for distribution among 

5651
04:53:32,500 --> 04:53:36,600
synthesizers these images up in 
Prince shops or posted in 

5652
04:53:36,600 --> 04:53:39,400
meeting Halls, served a rallying
symbols. 

5653
04:53:40,600 --> 04:53:43,400
One lesser known chapter in 
Revere's life involved. 

5654
04:53:43,400 --> 04:53:48,400
The Suffolk resolves, drafted in
1774 by Boston leaders, these 

5655
04:53:48,400 --> 04:53:51,000
resolutions rejected the 
coercive acts and called for 

5656
04:53:51,000 --> 04:53:54,100
civil disobedience. 
Rivera was entrusted with 

5657
04:53:54,100 --> 04:53:56,400
delivering a copy to the First 
Continental Congress. 

5658
04:53:56,400 --> 04:54:00,000
In Philadelphia, the journey 
South exposed him to a broader 

5659
04:54:00,000 --> 04:54:02,100
Colonial landscape. 
Forging connections with their 

5660
04:54:02,100 --> 04:54:05,700
early lures from other colonies.
He returned more convinced than 

5661
04:54:05,700 --> 04:54:08,300
ever that Massachusetts was not 
alone in protesting. 

5662
04:54:08,300 --> 04:54:12,100
Meanwhile his reliability as a 
messenger sword in the eyes of 

5663
04:54:12,100 --> 04:54:14,500
figures. 
Like John Adams, yet Revere was 

5664
04:54:14,500 --> 04:54:16,200
not purely a political 
operative. 

5665
04:54:16,200 --> 04:54:20,100
He had a family. 
His first wife, Sarah orne and 

5666
04:54:20,100 --> 04:54:24,300
born him several children before
passing away in 1773 and he 

5667
04:54:24,300 --> 04:54:27,200
later married, Rachel Walker, 
who all became part of the 

5668
04:54:27,200 --> 04:54:30,500
extended, Revere Clan. 
Balancing domestic life with 

5669
04:54:30,500 --> 04:54:33,300
clandestine Patriot activity, 
proved stressful. 

5670
04:54:34,100 --> 04:54:37,000
Friends recalled that reverse 
silver shop sometimes functioned

5671
04:54:37,000 --> 04:54:40,900
as an unofficial meeting site. 
Though it remained primarily a 

5672
04:54:40,900 --> 04:54:45,600
commercial Venture, he might sit
at his workbench forging spools 

5673
04:54:45,600 --> 04:54:49,300
or teapots while Patriots 
gathered in a small side room to

5674
04:54:49,300 --> 04:54:51,000
whisper about British 
treatments. 

5675
04:54:51,800 --> 04:54:56,200
By 1775 British authorities 
began to suspect that Boston's 

5676
04:54:56,200 --> 04:54:58,900
Artisans played a larger role in
the unrest than previously 

5677
04:54:58,900 --> 04:55:01,700
assumed regular army officers 
roamed. 

5678
04:55:01,700 --> 04:55:05,800
The city searching for hidden 
arms, Depots rumors swirled of 

5679
04:55:05,800 --> 04:55:09,000
British plans, to arrest key, 
Rebel leaders, particularly John

5680
04:55:09,000 --> 04:55:12,100
Hancock and Samuel Adams who had
left Boston for the relative 

5681
04:55:12,100 --> 04:55:14,800
safety in Lexington. 
And Concord, meanwhile, 

5682
04:55:14,800 --> 04:55:18,400
Massachusetts Patriots, had 
stored, gunpowder in Concord, a 

5683
04:55:18,400 --> 04:55:21,400
small town, west of Boston and 
anticipating a confrontation. 

5684
04:55:22,400 --> 04:55:25,800
As both sides prepared for the 
potential next move, tensions 

5685
04:55:25,800 --> 04:55:28,800
escalated. 
During this turbulent period, 

5686
04:55:28,800 --> 04:55:32,400
the Patriot leadership developed
a signal system, should the 

5687
04:55:32,400 --> 04:55:35,300
British launcher Southern strike
Watchers at the old. 

5688
04:55:35,300 --> 04:55:38,400
North Church would hangeland to 
indicate where the troops moved 

5689
04:55:38,400 --> 04:55:40,600
by land or by boat across the 
Charles River. 

5690
04:55:41,500 --> 04:55:44,000
Revere was part of the group 
that set this plan in motion, 

5691
04:55:44,000 --> 04:55:48,900
but to reduce risk, it was a 
friend Robert Newman, who would 

5692
04:55:48,900 --> 04:55:51,800
hang the lanterns. 
Revere himself, would undertake 

5693
04:55:51,800 --> 04:55:54,800
the Hazardous ride to warn 
Hancock and Adams and Rouse the 

5694
04:55:54,800 --> 04:55:58,500
militias along the Route. 
In the days, leading to that 

5695
04:55:58,500 --> 04:56:01,200
famous night, reverse guest, 
ghastly slept. 

5696
04:56:02,700 --> 04:56:04,500
He conferred with Dr. Joseph 
Warren. 

5697
04:56:05,300 --> 04:56:07,800
Who was privy to Fresh 
intelligence, suggesting British

5698
04:56:07,800 --> 04:56:10,300
movements were imminent. 
The plan was bold. 

5699
04:56:10,300 --> 04:56:13,200
The stakes enormous. 
If the British discovered it, 

5700
04:56:13,200 --> 04:56:15,500
Revere faced, imprisonment or 
worse. 

5701
04:56:16,300 --> 04:56:19,400
But he recognized that a swift 
warning might unify thousands of

5702
04:56:19,400 --> 04:56:21,100
militiamen before the Royal 
troops. 

5703
04:56:21,100 --> 04:56:22,800
Could seize arms or arrest 
leaders. 

5704
04:56:22,800 --> 04:56:25,900
No, single Courier. 
Could accomplish the entire job 

5705
04:56:25,900 --> 04:56:28,300
alone. 
Others, like William doors. 

5706
04:56:28,300 --> 04:56:32,600
Shared the load still reverse 
role would become legendary 

5707
04:56:32,600 --> 04:56:36,100
overshadowing. 
The fact that a network, not one

5708
04:56:36,100 --> 04:56:42,800
man, fueled that night alert. 
Hence as April 1775 stood on a 

5709
04:56:42,800 --> 04:56:46,500
precipice all the clandestine 
work, the rides to scattered 

5710
04:56:46,500 --> 04:56:48,300
towns and the coded signals at 
church. 

5711
04:56:48,300 --> 04:56:52,300
Steeples led to the junker. 
The next house would test his 

5712
04:56:52,300 --> 04:56:55,800
resourcefulness bravery and 
knack for quiet coordination 

5713
04:56:55,800 --> 04:56:59,600
traits honed over years. 
Now, culminating in a midnight 

5714
04:56:59,600 --> 04:57:03,000
Dash that would echo through 
American law on the evening of 

5715
04:57:03,000 --> 04:57:07,200
April 18th, 1775 Paul, Revere 
prepared to leave. 

5716
04:57:07,200 --> 04:57:10,500
Boston British officers had 
become conspicuous near the 

5717
04:57:10,500 --> 04:57:13,200
docks though. 
Many bastions, loyalists 

5718
04:57:13,200 --> 04:57:16,000
included, believe the troops 
would attempt to show. 

5719
04:57:16,200 --> 04:57:20,400
Force the next day, Revere. 
However, suspected otherwise. 

5720
04:57:21,300 --> 04:57:24,300
Navigated through dark streets 
to the Charles River's Edge. 

5721
04:57:24,300 --> 04:57:27,900
Where a small boat awaited two 
friends wrote him quite a 

5722
04:57:27,900 --> 04:57:31,000
Crossing all locks with cloth to
avoid drawing the attention of 

5723
04:57:31,000 --> 04:57:32,800
the British warship anchored to 
nearby. 

5724
04:57:33,900 --> 04:57:36,600
Revere reached the Charles Town 
side and found a borrowed horse 

5725
04:57:36,600 --> 04:57:39,800
waiting. 
Simultaneously Robert Newman 

5726
04:57:39,800 --> 04:57:42,400
stood at the old. 
North Church Tower prepared to 

5727
04:57:42,400 --> 04:57:44,100
hoist. 
Two lanterns in the event of 

5728
04:57:44,100 --> 04:57:45,600
British troops, launching from 
the water. 

5729
04:57:46,400 --> 04:57:49,200
Those signals would inform 
watches in Charles Town, who 

5730
04:57:49,200 --> 04:57:51,300
would then sprayed the Alarm by 
alternative routes. 

5731
04:57:52,100 --> 04:57:55,200
Reverse task was to ride 
directly to Lexington railing. 

5732
04:57:55,200 --> 04:57:58,900
The countryside as he went 
Another ride, William Dawes 

5733
04:57:58,900 --> 04:58:01,200
would take a separate path in 
Turing. 

5734
04:58:01,200 --> 04:58:03,700
That if one was stopped the 
other might succeed. 

5735
04:58:04,800 --> 04:58:07,800
Mounting his horse. 
Revere began the journey at 

5736
04:58:07,800 --> 04:58:11,400
first, the roads lay eerily 
quiet, it only By Moonlight or 

5737
04:58:11,400 --> 04:58:12,700
the occasional Lantern in a 
window. 

5738
04:58:12,700 --> 04:58:15,900
He knocked on Farmhouse doors, 
calling to sleeping Patriots. 

5739
04:58:15,900 --> 04:58:19,700
The regulars are on the move or 
words to that effect, he never 

5740
04:58:19,708 --> 04:58:22,200
actually shouted. 
The British are coming since 

5741
04:58:22,200 --> 04:58:26,100
many colonists, still considered
themselves British instead, he 

5742
04:58:26,100 --> 04:58:29,700
typically used phrases like the 
regulars are out to alert local,

5743
04:58:29,700 --> 04:58:33,500
militias families, woke groggy 
but recognized Revere by name, 

5744
04:58:33,500 --> 04:58:36,700
or from prior visits, swiftly, 
they dressed collected. 

5745
04:58:36,700 --> 04:58:39,200
Muskets began passing word to 
neighbors. 

5746
04:58:39,200 --> 04:58:42,800
Further, Inland the ride was not
free of peril at one point. 

5747
04:58:42,800 --> 04:58:46,100
Reverse spotted, two British 
offers on Horseback fearing 

5748
04:58:46,100 --> 04:58:49,600
capture, he evaded them by 
dashing off on the side path 

5749
04:58:49,600 --> 04:58:51,600
relying on his memory of the 
terrain. 

5750
04:58:52,400 --> 04:58:55,500
The nearing counter heightened, 
his urgency, every minute 

5751
04:58:55,500 --> 04:58:57,700
counted. 
If the British marched swiftly, 

5752
04:58:57,700 --> 04:59:00,900
they could seize the arms and 
conquered or intercept Hancock 

5753
04:59:00,900 --> 04:59:02,900
and Adams perform local militias
mustard. 

5754
04:59:04,300 --> 04:59:07,700
Arriving in Lexington around 
midnight, Revere found Hancock 

5755
04:59:07,700 --> 04:59:11,000
and Adams lodging at the home of
Reverend Jonas Clark. 

5756
04:59:11,900 --> 04:59:14,900
He delivered his News, British 
forces would soon move to 

5757
04:59:14,900 --> 04:59:17,900
confiscate Colonial weapons and 
possibly arrest Patriot leaders,

5758
04:59:17,900 --> 04:59:21,500
the two men, hesitated uncertain
whether the threat was 

5759
04:59:21,500 --> 04:59:24,100
immediate, meanwhile locals 
debated. 

5760
04:59:24,100 --> 04:59:26,900
The best course having done his 
duty of warning them. 

5761
04:59:26,900 --> 04:59:30,300
Revere prepared to continue on 
to conquer to spread the alarm 

5762
04:59:30,300 --> 04:59:33,700
further by coincidence. 
Doors arrived in Lexington. 

5763
04:59:33,700 --> 04:59:37,500
Shortly after Revere having 
navigated a separate route, they

5764
04:59:37,500 --> 04:59:41,100
connected with another Rider to 
Samuel Prescott who agreed to 

5765
04:59:41,108 --> 04:59:43,700
guide them to Concord being 
intimately familiar with the 

5766
04:59:43,700 --> 04:59:48,800
area the trio set off to alert. 
The entire region not far along 

5767
04:59:48,800 --> 04:59:52,200
a British Patrol in weight. 
The Red Coats tried to block 

5768
04:59:52,200 --> 04:59:55,700
them on an arrow Road doors. 
Managed to slip away though, he 

5769
04:59:55,708 --> 04:59:59,200
lost his horse soon after 
Prescott and agile ride a 

5770
04:59:59,200 --> 05:00:03,200
voltage offense into the woods 
in Escape captivity successfully

5771
05:00:03,200 --> 05:00:06,900
reaching Concorde. 
Revere however was detained. 

5772
05:00:07,800 --> 05:00:11,000
The officers integrated Revere 
suspects and he carried vital 

5773
05:00:11,000 --> 05:00:13,300
intelligence. 
He admitted British troops were 

5774
05:00:13,300 --> 05:00:15,400
heading to Concord but did not 
conceal that. 

5775
05:00:15,400 --> 05:00:19,300
The militia had been four warned
By his Candor, the officers 

5776
05:00:19,300 --> 05:00:21,700
tried to hustle him along to 
figure out the scope of the 

5777
05:00:21,700 --> 05:00:24,600
Patriots plan. 
He soon heard gunfire in the 

5778
05:00:24,600 --> 05:00:28,400
distant, the sound of militiamen
already mobilizing alarm, that 

5779
05:00:28,400 --> 05:00:30,500
their mission was compromised. 
The officers. 

5780
05:00:30,500 --> 05:00:33,000
Let Revere go. 
He found his way back to 

5781
05:00:33,000 --> 05:00:36,200
Lexington on foot arriving. 
Just in time to witness the 

5782
05:00:36,200 --> 05:00:39,600
earliest skirmishes on 
Lexington, Green at dawn, thus, 

5783
05:00:39,600 --> 05:00:43,100
ended Revere's ride and thus 
began open conflict in the war. 

5784
05:00:43,100 --> 05:00:46,200
That would shape a nation. 
The malicious converged as 

5785
05:00:46,200 --> 05:00:49,600
intended though, the British 
pressed onto Concorde, then 

5786
05:00:49,600 --> 05:00:52,900
counted, a growing throng of 
armed colonists, the day ended 

5787
05:00:52,900 --> 05:00:56,200
in a chaotic Retreat for the red
coats and event that echoed far 

5788
05:00:56,200 --> 05:00:59,400
beyond Massachusetts news of 
this standoff, would spark the 

5789
05:00:59,400 --> 05:01:02,500
colonies transformation from 
scattered protests into a full 

5790
05:01:02,500 --> 05:01:05,200
blown Revolution. 
Paul Revere's role on the 

5791
05:01:05,200 --> 05:01:07,900
pivotal Knight was, merely one 
component of a larger chain 

5792
05:01:07,900 --> 05:01:12,100
others doors Prescott local, 
Watchers played equally critical

5793
05:01:12,100 --> 05:01:14,800
roles yet. 
Over time, popular mythology. 

5794
05:01:14,800 --> 05:01:18,100
Spotlighted Revere as the Lone 
Hero Galloping through the 

5795
05:01:18,100 --> 05:01:21,100
countryside decades. 
Later, Henry rewards with 

5796
05:01:21,100 --> 05:01:24,400
Longfellows poem, which condense
the story into a stirring to 

5797
05:01:24,400 --> 05:01:27,300
Arms, greatly contributed to 
reverse Fame. 

5798
05:01:28,100 --> 05:01:31,500
In reality Revere's Ride was, 
but one expression of a complex 

5799
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:34,600
strategy, however, it was 
sufficient to permanently 

5800
05:01:34,600 --> 05:01:37,200
inscribed him in America's 
Collective Consciousness as the 

5801
05:01:37,200 --> 05:01:40,800
individual who raise the alarm, 
thereby altering the course of 

5802
05:01:40,808 --> 05:01:43,600
history. 
Once the battles at Lexington 

5803
05:01:43,600 --> 05:01:48,200
and Concord ignited Warfare. 
Paul Revere's story did not 

5804
05:01:48,200 --> 05:01:50,400
pause. 
He continued serving the 

5805
05:01:50,400 --> 05:01:52,300
Revolutionary cores in Myriad 
ways. 

5806
05:01:52,300 --> 05:01:56,900
Some unsung others overshadowed 
by the flash of his midnight 

5807
05:01:56,900 --> 05:02:00,800
ride in the following months, 
Boston became a hotbed of 

5808
05:02:00,800 --> 05:02:02,600
tension, the British held the 
city. 

5809
05:02:02,608 --> 05:02:06,600
While Colonial forces encircled.
It Revere worked on intelligence

5810
05:02:06,600 --> 05:02:10,700
and logistical tasks using his 
expertise in messaging and crowd

5811
05:02:10,700 --> 05:02:12,800
coordination to keep Patriots, 
informed. 

5812
05:02:13,900 --> 05:02:16,800
One key project saw him turning 
from Silver to metal of another 

5813
05:02:16,800 --> 05:02:20,400
kind. 
Massachusetts needed Canon shot 

5814
05:02:20,400 --> 05:02:23,600
another who other Munitions as a
skilled artist. 

5815
05:02:23,600 --> 05:02:27,600
Anne Revere adapted his workshop
for manufacturing though. 

5816
05:02:27,600 --> 05:02:30,900
Not a large scale operation. 
His Foundry, contributed metal 

5817
05:02:30,900 --> 05:02:32,500
fittings and Small Arms 
components. 

5818
05:02:32,500 --> 05:02:36,000
He tinkered with the ways to 
produce gunpowder though that 

5819
05:02:36,000 --> 05:02:39,000
challenge required. 
Specialized Mills Meanwhile, 

5820
05:02:39,000 --> 05:02:41,500
Revere participated in local 
committees that govern the 

5821
05:02:41,500 --> 05:02:44,800
region in the absence of British
Authority in daily life. 

5822
05:02:44,800 --> 05:02:49,000
Continued amid chaos. 
Amid these labors tragedy struck

5823
05:02:49,800 --> 05:02:53,700
Dock to Joseph, Warren reverse 
friend and fellow Patriots was 

5824
05:02:53,700 --> 05:02:57,200
killed in June 1775 at the 
Battle of Bunker Hill. 

5825
05:02:58,100 --> 05:03:02,000
Warren's death, hit Revere hard,
the two had collaborated closely

5826
05:03:02,000 --> 05:03:03,900
and vocalizing the earliest 
resistance. 

5827
05:03:04,800 --> 05:03:07,900
And Warren's medical skill had 
saved, countless lives in Prior 

5828
05:03:07,900 --> 05:03:11,000
skirmishes, the Heartbreak, 
sharp and Revere's resolve. 

5829
05:03:11,000 --> 05:03:13,200
The cost of Independence was 
high. 

5830
05:03:13,200 --> 05:03:16,000
Yet men like Warren believed in 
it, passionately. 

5831
05:03:16,700 --> 05:03:19,300
Revere channeled that sorrow 
into further commitments, 

5832
05:03:19,300 --> 05:03:22,600
traveling frequently between 
revolutionary committees in 

5833
05:03:22,600 --> 05:03:26,000
Cambridge and outlying towns. 
The British finally evacuated 

5834
05:03:26,000 --> 05:03:30,700
Boston in March, 1776, a turning
point that caused Jubilation 

5835
05:03:30,700 --> 05:03:33,600
among the Patriots. 
Revere moved back into the city 

5836
05:03:33,600 --> 05:03:36,500
reclaiming, his silver shop. 
But founded in disarray, after 

5837
05:03:36,500 --> 05:03:39,300
months, of occupation repairs 
were needed before. 

5838
05:03:39,300 --> 05:03:42,600
Normal business could resume, 
however, normal business had 

5839
05:03:42,600 --> 05:03:45,800
become a distant memory by that 
point, the Warhead shifted to 

5840
05:03:45,800 --> 05:03:48,800
other colonies and reverse 
skill, set remained valuable. 

5841
05:03:49,500 --> 05:03:51,900
You volunteered for militia 
service and was appointed a 

5842
05:03:51,900 --> 05:03:54,500
lieutenant colonel of artillery.
In the Massachusetts militia 

5843
05:03:54,500 --> 05:03:57,300
this role combined 
administrative oversight, 

5844
05:03:57,300 --> 05:04:00,800
ensuring troops had supplies and
equipment with strategic input 

5845
05:04:00,800 --> 05:04:03,300
drawing on his knowledge of 
local fortifications. 

5846
05:04:04,100 --> 05:04:07,200
In 1778. 
Revere participated in the 

5847
05:04:07,208 --> 05:04:11,700
ill-fated Expedition, an attempt
by the Massachusetts militia to 

5848
05:04:11,700 --> 05:04:13,800
oust British forces in 
present-day, Maine. 

5849
05:04:14,600 --> 05:04:18,700
The Expedition ended in disaster
with the colonial Fleet scuttled

5850
05:04:18,700 --> 05:04:20,800
and troops forced to Retreat 
through the wilderness. 

5851
05:04:21,600 --> 05:04:23,700
Revere faced criticism for his 
actions. 

5852
05:04:23,700 --> 05:04:26,900
There the specially regarding 
disputes over the chain of 

5853
05:04:26,908 --> 05:04:31,100
command, a court, martial ensued
questioning whether he had 

5854
05:04:31,100 --> 05:04:32,800
disobeyed orders or abandoned 
his post. 

5855
05:04:32,800 --> 05:04:36,900
While eventually exonerated the 
incident left, a sour note in 

5856
05:04:36,900 --> 05:04:40,800
his military career, contrasting
sharply with the heroic Aura of 

5857
05:04:40,808 --> 05:04:45,100
his earlier ride Undeterred, he 
continued assisting in local 

5858
05:04:45,100 --> 05:04:48,200
defenses, forging, new 
connections, with revolutionary 

5859
05:04:48,200 --> 05:04:50,600
leaders, and the final years of 
the war. 

5860
05:04:50,600 --> 05:04:54,200
Revere balanced militia duties 
with attempts to stabilize his 

5861
05:04:54,200 --> 05:04:57,500
personal livelihood. 
The prolonged conflict had 

5862
05:04:57,500 --> 05:05:00,300
disrupted, normal Commerce, and 
Craftsmen across the colonies 

5863
05:05:00,300 --> 05:05:03,300
struggled, reverse adaptability,
Sean wants more. 

5864
05:05:03,300 --> 05:05:07,000
He introduced new techniques 
such as rolling, copper sheets 

5865
05:05:07,000 --> 05:05:10,100
for Naval, use precursor to his 
later, achievements in 

5866
05:05:10,100 --> 05:05:11,900
metalworking. 
That would flourish post war. 

5867
05:05:13,000 --> 05:05:15,500
Throughout these years. 
Revere also engaged in the 

5868
05:05:15,508 --> 05:05:17,300
social fabric of the budding 
Republic. 

5869
05:05:18,200 --> 05:05:20,800
He joined societies, discussing 
ways to structure the new 

5870
05:05:20,800 --> 05:05:23,100
nation's governance. 
He was active in the movement 

5871
05:05:23,100 --> 05:05:25,700
that eventually produced the 
Massachusetts Constitution. 

5872
05:05:26,800 --> 05:05:29,600
Among his lesson known efforts 
was involvement with the local 

5873
05:05:29,600 --> 05:05:33,600
intelligence apparatus to verify
rumors of British Espionage or 

5874
05:05:33,600 --> 05:05:36,200
infiltration. 
He was not a central spymaster, 

5875
05:05:36,200 --> 05:05:39,200
but he knew the city intimately 
and could trace suspicious 

5876
05:05:39,200 --> 05:05:41,700
activity. 
The same street smarts that 

5877
05:05:41,708 --> 05:05:44,600
fueled his 1775 ride. 
Aided him once again. 

5878
05:05:45,600 --> 05:05:48,200
When the Treaty of Paris finally
ended the Revolutionary War in 

5879
05:05:48,200 --> 05:05:53,500
1783 Revere was approaching 50. 
He had served as Craftsmen 

5880
05:05:53,500 --> 05:05:56,000
Courier militia officer and 
Community. 

5881
05:05:56,000 --> 05:05:59,600
Organizer Rolls overshadowed by 
that single night's Gallop into 

5882
05:05:59,600 --> 05:06:02,300
Legend. 
Yet he emerged from the war with

5883
05:06:02,300 --> 05:06:05,600
a moderate standing, his 
Workshop battered but not 

5884
05:06:05,600 --> 05:06:09,000
ruined. 
Boston's economy was in flux but

5885
05:06:09,000 --> 05:06:12,500
reverse or opportunities ahead. 
You recognized that the new 

5886
05:06:12,500 --> 05:06:16,500
United States short on domestic.
Manufacturing would need local 

5887
05:06:16,500 --> 05:06:19,100
Industries to replace Imports 
once applied by Britain. 

5888
05:06:19,900 --> 05:06:24,100
Thus as the guns fell silent 
Revere pivoted from the chaos of

5889
05:06:24,108 --> 05:06:27,400
War to the prospect of Peace. 
He had learned about 

5890
05:06:27,400 --> 05:06:29,700
large-scale, metal work from 
wartime demands. 

5891
05:06:29,700 --> 05:06:32,700
Now he sought to Parlay that 
knowledge into a business 

5892
05:06:32,700 --> 05:06:35,600
Advantage. 
He opened new Ventures, such as 

5893
05:06:35,600 --> 05:06:38,700
a hardware store and a Foundry 
capable of casting bells and 

5894
05:06:38,700 --> 05:06:41,100
cannons. 
This transformation signaled. 

5895
05:06:41,100 --> 05:06:44,100
His next chapter, a shift from 
revolutionary operative to 

5896
05:06:44,100 --> 05:06:48,100
pioneering industrialist despite
everything he held onto the 

5897
05:06:48,100 --> 05:06:50,100
memory of Bunker Hill lost 
friends. 

5898
05:06:50,100 --> 05:06:53,100
And that ride on a moonlit 
night, which shaped him into a 

5899
05:06:53,100 --> 05:06:56,800
man determined to help Forge a 
stable prosperous future for the

5900
05:06:56,800 --> 05:06:58,100
Republic. 
He helped birth. 

5901
05:06:58,900 --> 05:07:00,400
In the postwar era. 
Paul. 

5902
05:07:00,400 --> 05:07:02,500
Revere, harnessed his 
entrepreneurial Spirit to 

5903
05:07:02,500 --> 05:07:04,700
elevate Boston's manufacturing 
capabilities. 

5904
05:07:04,700 --> 05:07:08,300
While many Americans clung to 
small-scale artisanal methods, 

5905
05:07:08,300 --> 05:07:11,900
he envisioned something grander,
an industrial growth that could 

5906
05:07:11,900 --> 05:07:15,500
rival, Europe's established 
foundries, His experience is 

5907
05:07:15,500 --> 05:07:18,500
role in Copper for Naval uses 
and casting small cannons during

5908
05:07:18,500 --> 05:07:22,800
the war prime him for expansion 
through determined trial and 

5909
05:07:22,800 --> 05:07:25,000
error. 
Revere, built a thriving copper 

5910
05:07:25,000 --> 05:07:28,800
Works in Enterprise, it began 
with smaller tasks producing 

5911
05:07:28,800 --> 05:07:32,100
copper bolts Spike's and 
fittings for local shipyards. 

5912
05:07:32,100 --> 05:07:35,900
Boston, a bustling Maritime Hub,
offered a ready Market? 

5913
05:07:36,800 --> 05:07:39,600
Over time Revere realized the 
potential for roofing large 

5914
05:07:39,600 --> 05:07:42,900
buildings with copper sheets. 
A technique popular in European 

5915
05:07:42,900 --> 05:07:45,100
Cathedrals but rare in the young
United States. 

5916
05:07:45,100 --> 05:07:48,000
He also recognized the 
possibility of sheathing. 

5917
05:07:48,000 --> 05:07:51,000
The hulls of Wooden Ships with 
copper to prevent wood-boring. 

5918
05:07:51,000 --> 05:07:55,300
Pests and reduce Marine growth 
If widely adopted, copper 

5919
05:07:55,300 --> 05:07:56,900
sheathing. 
Could dramatically enhance a 

5920
05:07:56,900 --> 05:08:00,200
vessels speed and lifespan. 
Improving profitability for 

5921
05:08:00,200 --> 05:08:04,600
shipping companies yet Capital 
was scarce, reverse searched for

5922
05:08:04,600 --> 05:08:09,500
partners or backers but often 
found skepticism most believed 

5923
05:08:09,500 --> 05:08:12,600
large-scale work, too risky, 
unfazed. 

5924
05:08:12,600 --> 05:08:16,700
Revere used his personal savings
accumulated from Decades of 

5925
05:08:16,708 --> 05:08:19,400
silver work taking on loans at 
high interest. 

5926
05:08:19,400 --> 05:08:23,100
He arranged shipments of raw 
Copper from mines and kinetic or

5927
05:08:23,100 --> 05:08:26,600
further afield. 
By the late 1780s, the operated 

5928
05:08:26,600 --> 05:08:28,900
a modest Rolling Mill though. 
It struggled to match the 

5929
05:08:28,900 --> 05:08:33,100
consistency of British Imports 
undeterred, he labored to refine

5930
05:08:33,100 --> 05:08:35,900
techniques tinkering with 
furnace temperatures and rolling

5931
05:08:35,900 --> 05:08:40,500
Machinery designs alongside 
forging a copper Empire Riviera 

5932
05:08:40,500 --> 05:08:43,400
remained active in Civic life. 
He joined the Massachusetts 

5933
05:08:43,400 --> 05:08:46,700
charitable mechanical 
Association which championed 

5934
05:08:46,700 --> 05:08:49,300
tradesman's rights and Advanced 
Mechanical Innovations. 

5935
05:08:49,300 --> 05:08:52,700
In addition, he oversaw 
Community initiatives aimed at 

5936
05:08:52,700 --> 05:08:56,500
improving infrastructure, 
Boston's roads, Bridges and fire

5937
05:08:56,500 --> 05:08:58,800
services. 
This Synergy of public service 

5938
05:08:58,800 --> 05:09:01,400
and private Enterprise mirrored.
The developing ethos of the new 

5939
05:09:01,400 --> 05:09:05,000
Republic where personal success 
and Collective wellbeing into 

5940
05:09:05,000 --> 05:09:08,800
twine, his family. 
So expanded father to a large 

5941
05:09:08,800 --> 05:09:12,200
brood Revere, expected his 
children to learn a trade or 

5942
05:09:12,200 --> 05:09:15,200
assist in the family. 
Businesses Sons began, helping 

5943
05:09:15,200 --> 05:09:18,100
in The Foundry, learning 
practical skills from their 

5944
05:09:18,100 --> 05:09:21,600
father daughter's were often 
educated enough to maintain 

5945
05:09:21,600 --> 05:09:25,900
household finance's and even 
dabble in commercial tasks, the 

5946
05:09:25,900 --> 05:09:28,500
Revere Clan became a microcosm 
of the emergent middle class 

5947
05:09:28,500 --> 05:09:31,900
part tradition. 
Bound part 4, looking at a time 

5948
05:09:31,908 --> 05:09:34,500
dinner discussions, like in 
compassed everything from 

5949
05:09:34,500 --> 05:09:36,400
forging technique to local 
politics. 

5950
05:09:36,400 --> 05:09:39,400
During this period, the new 
federal government sought to 

5951
05:09:39,400 --> 05:09:41,200
strengthen America's Naval 
capacity. 

5952
05:09:42,100 --> 05:09:45,700
Threats loomed off the Barbary 
Coast where Pirates, seized 

5953
05:09:45,700 --> 05:09:48,500
Merchant ships. 
The US Navy, needed, warships, 

5954
05:09:48,500 --> 05:09:51,600
and reverse saw his chance, he 
pitched. 

5955
05:09:51,600 --> 05:09:54,300
His copper sheathing to the 
government arguing, that 

5956
05:09:54,300 --> 05:09:56,800
adopting homegrown manufacturing
would reduce dependence on 

5957
05:09:56,808 --> 05:09:59,100
foreign supplies. 
Despite initial. 

5958
05:09:59,100 --> 05:10:01,900
Reservations officials 
recognized the Strategic 

5959
05:10:01,900 --> 05:10:05,600
Advantage by the mid-1790s 
Revere's. 

5960
05:10:05,600 --> 05:10:09,400
Copper found its way onto the 
USS Constitution nicknamed Old 

5961
05:10:09,400 --> 05:10:13,400
Ironsides a famed frigate. 
Built in Boston. this success 

5962
05:10:13,400 --> 05:10:16,800
was huge, it demonstrated that 
domestic production could match 

5963
05:10:16,800 --> 05:10:19,700
or exceed British quality, With 
pride. 

5964
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:22,800
Revere marched his workers to 
the Charlestown Navy. 

5965
05:10:22,800 --> 05:10:25,800
Yard to see the Constitution, 
outfitted the event. 

5966
05:10:25,800 --> 05:10:27,700
Symbolized. 
The Synergy of industrial 

5967
05:10:27,700 --> 05:10:31,500
progress in National Defense. 
In an era when many still saw 

5968
05:10:31,500 --> 05:10:34,700
the us as an agrarian 
Confederation Revere's. 

5969
05:10:34,700 --> 05:10:37,100
Pursuits hinted at a more 
industrial future. 

5970
05:10:37,900 --> 05:10:41,500
He began receiving more orders 
for Bell, casting too churches. 

5971
05:10:41,500 --> 05:10:44,700
Across New England wanted bells 
that combined pleasing acoustics

5972
05:10:44,700 --> 05:10:47,500
with durability, Revere's 
Foundry, delivered. 

5973
05:10:47,500 --> 05:10:49,600
Some of these bells still ring 
today. 

5974
05:10:50,400 --> 05:10:53,700
Even as reverse renowned grew in
manufacturing circles, he 

5975
05:10:53,700 --> 05:10:55,500
remained. 
Surprisingly modest about the 

5976
05:10:55,500 --> 05:10:58,600
famous midnight ride. 
The occasionally recounted it 

5977
05:10:58,600 --> 05:11:01,400
for new acquaintances, 
especially if they recognized 

5978
05:11:01,400 --> 05:11:04,400
his name from rumors. 
But he never wrote a grand 

5979
05:11:04,400 --> 05:11:07,900
Memoir or boasted publicly. 
He seemed more captivated by 

5980
05:11:07,900 --> 05:11:10,600
forging new Wares. 
And it's improving, his 

5981
05:11:10,600 --> 05:11:13,400
foundries output. 
The ride that would define him 

5982
05:11:13,400 --> 05:11:16,900
for posterity was just one 
chapter in his own eyes by the 

5983
05:11:16,900 --> 05:11:20,100
early 1800s. 
Paul Revere was recognized as a 

5984
05:11:20,108 --> 05:11:22,100
leading industrial innovator in 
Massachusetts. 

5985
05:11:22,100 --> 05:11:26,000
The Aging Patriot was no longer 
the lean Courier bounding off 

5986
05:11:26,000 --> 05:11:28,700
into the night. 
Instead he was a solid figure 

5987
05:11:28,700 --> 05:11:31,900
with graying hair strolling 
through a noisy Foundry. 

5988
05:11:31,900 --> 05:11:35,200
Checking the quality of molten 
copper and guiding younger 

5989
05:11:35,200 --> 05:11:39,100
Craftsmen, he remained engaged 
in local politics advocating for

5990
05:11:39,100 --> 05:11:42,700
a balanced approach to Connor's.
Occasionally, he accepted 

5991
05:11:42,700 --> 05:11:45,500
invitations to speak at 
association's of mechanics, or 

5992
05:11:45,500 --> 05:11:48,200
veterans groups though. 
These gatherings rarely match 

5993
05:11:48,200 --> 05:11:51,700
the Grandeur of modern Rally's. 
Kept the focus on practical 

5994
05:11:51,700 --> 05:11:54,600
improvements and communal 
responsibilities values. 

5995
05:11:54,600 --> 05:11:57,700
Forged in a life that bridge 
Revolution and the forging of a 

5996
05:11:57,700 --> 05:12:01,500
new economic order. 
Thus, Paul revered Advanced from

5997
05:12:01,500 --> 05:12:05,200
revolutionary Messenger to full 
fledged industrial Pioneer where

5998
05:12:05,200 --> 05:12:06,800
once he had hammered silver, the
teapots. 

5999
05:12:06,800 --> 05:12:10,000
He now, shaped the nation's 
Naval might the drive for 

6000
05:12:10,000 --> 05:12:13,000
Independence which once 
motivated him to ride overnight.

6001
05:12:13,000 --> 05:12:17,000
Now fueled, an economic vision 
for a stable, self-reliant to 

6002
05:12:17,000 --> 05:12:20,400
America an ambition that amply 
demonstrated, the Synergy 

6003
05:12:20,400 --> 05:12:22,100
between Enterprise and 
patriotism. 

6004
05:12:22,900 --> 05:12:25,500
Paul Revere's. 
Final decades saw him celebrated

6005
05:12:25,500 --> 05:12:28,600
in local circles as an 
accomplished businessman and 

6006
05:12:28,600 --> 05:12:31,300
Stallworth in civic affairs. 
Yet. 

6007
05:12:31,300 --> 05:12:34,200
Ironically, his renowned as a 
revolutionary hero was 

6008
05:12:34,200 --> 05:12:36,300
comparatively subdued during his
lifetime. 

6009
05:12:37,200 --> 05:12:38,900
Public commemorations of the 
war. 

6010
05:12:38,900 --> 05:12:42,300
Typically highlighted generals 
like Washington or statesmanlike

6011
05:12:42,300 --> 05:12:44,900
Franklin. 
The intricacies of Revere's, 

6012
05:12:44,900 --> 05:12:48,000
midnight ride were known amongst
certain bostonians, but no 

6013
05:12:48,000 --> 05:12:50,600
single poem, or widely 
circulated account. 

6014
05:12:50,600 --> 05:12:53,800
Yet enshrined his role As the 
19th century. 

6015
05:12:53,800 --> 05:12:58,300
Dawned River watched Boston 
transform the City's population,

6016
05:12:58,300 --> 05:13:01,700
swelled new commercial 
opportunities arose, along the 

6017
05:13:01,700 --> 05:13:04,500
waterfront. 
He kept pace with these changes 

6018
05:13:04,500 --> 05:13:07,300
updating his foundries 
techniques and occasionally 

6019
05:13:07,300 --> 05:13:10,800
patenting Innovations. 
He also mentored Young Artists 

6020
05:13:10,800 --> 05:13:13,600
passing along the same ethos of 
diligence and 

6021
05:13:13,600 --> 05:13:15,300
community-mindedness that guided
him. 

6022
05:13:16,200 --> 05:13:19,500
In Quiet Moments, he reflected 
on Friends lost or scattered by 

6023
05:13:19,500 --> 05:13:23,500
War on how an unassuming 
silversmith like him once walked

6024
05:13:23,500 --> 05:13:27,300
a perilous line between colonial
law and Rebellion, his personal 

6025
05:13:27,300 --> 05:13:31,300
life remained anchored in family
by now, multiple children 

6026
05:13:31,300 --> 05:13:35,100
assisted in The Foundry. 
grandchildren scampered through 

6027
05:13:35,100 --> 05:13:39,100
the workshop yard, occasionally,
mesmerized by glowing furnaces 

6028
05:13:39,100 --> 05:13:43,400
Revere those Stern about safety 
allowed them, glimpses of the 

6029
05:13:43,400 --> 05:13:47,100
molten copper hoping to spark 
curiosity rather than fear 

6030
05:13:47,900 --> 05:13:51,200
Letters from this period reveal 
a man juggling paternal Pride 

6031
05:13:51,200 --> 05:13:55,500
Financial concerns and deep 
gratitude for living to see an 

6032
05:13:55,500 --> 05:13:58,000
independent republic. 
Flourish, the occasionally 

6033
05:13:58,000 --> 05:13:59,900
traveled to observe new 
industrial sites. 

6034
05:14:00,600 --> 05:14:03,600
One visit to Philadelphia's Iron
Works fascinated him. 

6035
05:14:03,600 --> 05:14:08,000
He swapped notes with other 
entrepreneurs about scale costs 

6036
05:14:08,000 --> 05:14:10,400
and workforce management 
everywhere. 

6037
05:14:10,400 --> 05:14:14,200
He went people recognized him as
that Boston craftsmen who had 

6038
05:14:14,200 --> 05:14:16,200
helped found an American 
manufacturing base. 

6039
05:14:17,000 --> 05:14:20,300
A dinners or taverns, he 
sometimes heard Recollections of

6040
05:14:20,300 --> 05:14:23,900
the Revolution with others. 
Praising famous generals while 

6041
05:14:23,900 --> 05:14:27,500
Revere, politely listened If 
asked directly about April 18th 

6042
05:14:27,500 --> 05:14:32,600
1775, he shared details, but 
mostly he avoided embellishment.

6043
05:14:32,600 --> 05:14:36,100
He never sought to overshadow. 
The memory of the many patriot 

6044
05:14:36,100 --> 05:14:38,200
who fought and fell after that 
fateful night. 

6045
05:14:39,400 --> 05:14:42,600
In 1811 Revere decided to retire
officially from daily 

6046
05:14:42,600 --> 05:14:45,000
management. 
Handing control of The Foundry 

6047
05:14:45,000 --> 05:14:48,200
to his sons and other trusted 
Associates by that point. 

6048
05:14:48,200 --> 05:14:52,000
His name carried in commercial 
contracts, the Revere brand as 

6049
05:14:52,000 --> 05:14:55,800
it were gave Assurance of 
quality Freed From The Grind of 

6050
05:14:55,800 --> 05:14:57,900
business. 
He spent more time reflecting on

6051
05:14:57,900 --> 05:15:01,400
the young nation's political 
evolution, The War of 1812 

6052
05:15:01,400 --> 05:15:04,400
erupted soon. 
After pitting, the US again 

6053
05:15:04,400 --> 05:15:07,600
against Britain from his Vantage
Revere, found it both 

6054
05:15:07,600 --> 05:15:10,600
disheartening and validating 
disheartening that conflict 

6055
05:15:10,600 --> 05:15:13,700
re-emerged yet validating 
because it underscored the 

6056
05:15:13,700 --> 05:15:16,200
importance of domestic industry 
in times of strife. 

6057
05:15:17,100 --> 05:15:20,400
Despite his Advanced age Revere,
occasionally wrote letters of 

6058
05:15:20,400 --> 05:15:23,400
encouragement to militia 
officers, reminding them of the 

6059
05:15:23,400 --> 05:15:25,600
vital role. 
Local defense played during the 

6060
05:15:25,600 --> 05:15:28,800
early Revolution. 
He also supported volunteer 

6061
05:15:28,800 --> 05:15:32,400
committees raising funds for 
fortifications, not being active

6062
05:15:32,400 --> 05:15:35,700
on the front lines, he 
remembered the lessons of 1775, 

6063
05:15:35,700 --> 05:15:39,000
local preparedness could 
significantly influence the 

6064
05:15:39,000 --> 05:15:41,200
outcome. 
Some historians note, that 

6065
05:15:41,200 --> 05:15:44,300
behind the scenes, reverse 
Foundry, contributed Canon 

6066
05:15:44,300 --> 05:15:47,000
parts, for the war effort 
though, on a smaller scale than 

6067
05:15:47,000 --> 05:15:49,700
before. 
Paul Revere died on May the 10th

6068
05:15:49,700 --> 05:15:55,000
1818 at the age of 83, 
obituaries in Boston newspapers.

6069
05:15:55,000 --> 05:15:57,700
Praise him as a master 
silversmith, an industrious 

6070
05:15:57,700 --> 05:16:00,300
founder and a patriot of the 
Revolution. 

6071
05:16:00,300 --> 05:16:03,500
But they offered only cursory 
mention of his midnight ride 

6072
05:16:03,500 --> 05:16:06,800
instead of mourning. 
A legendary figure, the city 

6073
05:16:06,800 --> 05:16:08,600
mourned a respected Community 
pillar. 

6074
05:16:08,600 --> 05:16:13,000
Indeed, Revere's funeral was a 
modest Affair attended by family

6075
05:16:13,000 --> 05:16:16,200
friends and fellow artists to 
them. 

6076
05:16:16,200 --> 05:16:19,800
He was old Mr. Revere wise in 
Council and wavering and 

6077
05:16:19,800 --> 05:16:22,400
principles. 
Over the ensuing decades, 

6078
05:16:22,400 --> 05:16:25,400
memories of the Revolution 
Consolidated into a national 

6079
05:16:25,400 --> 05:16:28,400
myth. 
Monumental events, overshadowed 

6080
05:16:28,400 --> 05:16:30,900
the gritty day-to-day 
contributions of ordinary 

6081
05:16:30,900 --> 05:16:34,300
Patriots. 
Then in 1860 Henry, Wadsworth 

6082
05:16:34,300 --> 05:16:38,200
Longfellow published Paul 
Revere's Ride immortalizing. 

6083
05:16:38,200 --> 05:16:40,500
Riviera is the Lone Hero, who 
raised the alarm. 

6084
05:16:41,200 --> 05:16:44,600
The poem while stirring took 
Liberties omitting the network 

6085
05:16:44,600 --> 05:16:47,700
of compatriots and crediting 
Revere with Feats shared among 

6086
05:16:47,700 --> 05:16:50,900
multiple Riders. 
Its dramatic lines though. 

6087
05:16:50,900 --> 05:16:54,600
Historically imprecise resonated
with American on the brink of 

6088
05:16:54,608 --> 05:16:58,700
Civil War, reminding them of the
unity once forged in crisis. 

6089
05:16:58,700 --> 05:17:03,200
Thus ironically Revere's, 
posthumous Fame soared to 

6090
05:17:03,200 --> 05:17:04,900
Heights, he never experienced 
while alive. 

6091
05:17:05,700 --> 05:17:08,700
Statues Rose textbooks 
proclaimed him the prime 

6092
05:17:08,700 --> 05:17:12,800
minister of the revolution's 
opening, Salvo the complexity of

6093
05:17:12,800 --> 05:17:15,200
his broader life. 
His industrial Ventures. 

6094
05:17:15,200 --> 05:17:20,100
His engraving, his lesser known 
military Fiasco's, often Faded 

6095
05:17:20,100 --> 05:17:23,100
by the single story of a 
midnight dash yet. 

6096
05:17:23,100 --> 05:17:26,000
Reverse life exemplifies, more 
than an iconic ride. 

6097
05:17:26,000 --> 05:17:30,500
It reflects the Synergy of 
Kraft, Commerce activism and 

6098
05:17:30,500 --> 05:17:34,700
civic responsibility, in shaping
a fledgling Nation. that Synergy

6099
05:17:34,700 --> 05:17:37,200
perhaps is the greatest 
Testament to the man who ended 

6100
05:17:38,100 --> 05:17:42,000
as an unassuming elderly 
industrialist yet endures in 

6101
05:17:42,000 --> 05:17:45,300
Collective memory of Strider. 
Galloping horse long after Paul 

6102
05:17:45,300 --> 05:17:48,700
Revere's passing historians 
pieced together a fuller 

6103
05:17:48,700 --> 05:17:50,500
portrait of his life. 
Transcending. 

6104
05:17:50,500 --> 05:17:54,800
The narrow lens of that famous 
ride, documents emerged shop, 

6105
05:17:54,800 --> 05:17:57,800
Ledges personal letters Court. 
Martial records from the 

6106
05:17:57,800 --> 05:18:00,900
Penobscot Expedition. 
Showcasing a man constantly 

6107
05:18:00,900 --> 05:18:04,300
evolving with the times. 
Such evidence clarified that 

6108
05:18:04,300 --> 05:18:07,600
Revere significance. 
Lay not in one heroic Knight but

6109
05:18:07,600 --> 05:18:11,200
in a sustained commitment to 
building Community ties, forging

6110
05:18:11,200 --> 05:18:15,600
new Industries and championing a
cause he believed just in modern

6111
05:18:15,600 --> 05:18:17,900
Boston. 
Tourists throng, the Freedom 

6112
05:18:17,900 --> 05:18:21,200
Trail winding pass sights. 
Like the old North Church where 

6113
05:18:21,200 --> 05:18:24,100
docents recount the signal 
lanterns Revere's. 

6114
05:18:24,100 --> 05:18:28,700
House painstakingly preserved 
Stan's an example of 17th 

6115
05:18:28,700 --> 05:18:32,100
century architecture adapted by 
an 18th century Craftsman. 

6116
05:18:32,100 --> 05:18:35,900
Visitors, Marvel at the cramped 
rooms where children must have 

6117
05:18:35,908 --> 05:18:38,400
crowded together. 
And at the workshop. 

6118
05:18:38,400 --> 05:18:41,500
Space out back where Revere 
chased creative ideas, that 

6119
05:18:41,500 --> 05:18:46,400
shape Silva into everything from
teapots to intricate Buckles in 

6120
05:18:46,400 --> 05:18:49,600
the yard one can almost imagine 
him confirming with secret 

6121
05:18:49,600 --> 05:18:52,500
committees or stepping out at 
dusk for a quiet conversation 

6122
05:18:52,500 --> 05:18:54,400
with a fellow Sons of Liberty 
member. 

6123
05:18:55,200 --> 05:18:59,500
Reverse industrial Legacy. 
Also lingers the copper, clad 

6124
05:18:59,500 --> 05:19:03,600
USS Constitution still floats. 
In the Charlestown Navy Yard a 

6125
05:19:03,600 --> 05:19:05,600
testament to his metallurgical 
foresight. 

6126
05:19:06,200 --> 05:19:09,000
Bells cast in his Foundry 
continued to ring in churches, 

6127
05:19:09,000 --> 05:19:12,100
across New England. 
These artifacts speak to a 

6128
05:19:12,100 --> 05:19:15,500
principal Revere championed that
self-sufficiency and local 

6129
05:19:15,500 --> 05:19:18,100
craftsmanship. 
Buttress, freedom in a young 

6130
05:19:18,100 --> 05:19:19,800
Republic uncertain of its 
future. 

6131
05:19:19,800 --> 05:19:23,900
He demonstrated that made in 
America was not a pipe dream but

6132
05:19:23,900 --> 05:19:26,700
a workable reality. 
Given enough Ingenuity and 

6133
05:19:26,700 --> 05:19:30,400
perseverance. 
Academic discourse is also. 

6134
05:19:30,400 --> 05:19:32,500
Refined Revere's place in 
Revolutionary history. 

6135
05:19:33,400 --> 05:19:36,000
While Longfellows poem, 
romanticized Alone, Rider. 

6136
05:19:36,600 --> 05:19:39,800
Scholarship highlights a broader
Network known as the intelligent

6137
05:19:39,800 --> 05:19:43,700
and alarm system dozens of 
riders, Watchers and committee 

6138
05:19:43,700 --> 05:19:48,000
members, made that April 1775 
next to success Revere's role 

6139
05:19:48,000 --> 05:19:50,300
was crucial, but not singular, 
even. 

6140
05:19:50,300 --> 05:19:53,800
So the poems popularity stuck, 
capturing the hearts of 

6141
05:19:53,800 --> 05:19:56,200
generations who found 
inspiration in the notion that 

6142
05:19:56,200 --> 05:20:00,200
one person fueled by conviction,
might Rouse a people to defend 

6143
05:20:00,200 --> 05:20:02,600
Liberty, some argue that the 
Legends. 

6144
05:20:02,600 --> 05:20:05,000
Implicitly overshadowed the 
truth of collective action, 

6145
05:20:05,000 --> 05:20:08,700
While others contend it provided
a rallying cymbal more powerful 

6146
05:20:08,700 --> 05:20:13,000
than any purely factual account.
Contemporary portrayals whether 

6147
05:20:13,000 --> 05:20:16,000
in children's books or 
historical dramas, balance the 

6148
05:20:16,000 --> 05:20:19,500
factual Paul Revere, with the 
Mythic figure, they mentioned 

6149
05:20:19,500 --> 05:20:22,600
his silver shop, his involvement
in the Boston Tea Party, and his

6150
05:20:22,600 --> 05:20:24,900
lesson known Feats beyond the 
famed ride. 

6151
05:20:24,900 --> 05:20:29,100
They know how he bridged 
multiple roles Artisan, father 

6152
05:20:29,100 --> 05:20:33,000
activist Soldier, and 
entrepreneur, Teachers use his 

6153
05:20:33,000 --> 05:20:35,400
story to illustrate how 
revolutions depend on every day.

6154
05:20:35,400 --> 05:20:39,600
Citizens stepping forward not 
just charismatic, generals In 

6155
05:20:39,600 --> 05:20:42,800
this sense, Revere embodies the 
idea that significant changes 

6156
05:20:42,800 --> 05:20:47,000
fueled by many hands each 
contributing specialized talents

6157
05:20:47,000 --> 05:20:51,200
reverse transformation into a 
national icon, carries lessons 

6158
05:20:51,200 --> 05:20:54,400
about how history and memory 
intersect he left behind, no 

6159
05:20:54,400 --> 05:20:58,600
bombastic, Diaries rather, his 
records were pragmatic receipts 

6160
05:20:58,600 --> 05:21:00,800
for silver items. 
Letters about shipments of 

6161
05:21:00,800 --> 05:21:04,300
copper, brief notes on local, 
militia tasks, the shift from 

6162
05:21:04,300 --> 05:21:06,900
Modest business documents to 
Mythic status suggests. 

6163
05:21:06,900 --> 05:21:08,900
That wants a narrative. 
Resonates with national 

6164
05:21:08,900 --> 05:21:13,200
sentiment, it acquires a life of
its own Paul Revere, the stands 

6165
05:21:13,200 --> 05:21:17,400
as both a historical figure 
verifiable multifaceted and a 

6166
05:21:17,400 --> 05:21:20,400
cultural emblem shaped by 
poetry, public monuments, and 

6167
05:21:20,400 --> 05:21:22,800
retellings, the emphasized drama
over nuance. 

6168
05:21:23,400 --> 05:21:25,400
For people reflecting on the 
Revere's life. 

6169
05:21:25,400 --> 05:21:29,000
Today he offers a model of 
adaptability he was not locked 

6170
05:21:29,000 --> 05:21:32,200
into a single path facing 
challenges where the paternal 

6171
05:21:32,200 --> 05:21:35,600
loss in adolescence British 
crackdowns a post-war economic 

6172
05:21:35,600 --> 05:21:38,900
chaos. 
He recalibrated that 

6173
05:21:38,900 --> 05:21:41,100
adaptability underscores. 
A universal truth. 

6174
05:21:41,800 --> 05:21:45,600
The capacity to Pivot in crises 
Foster's resilience whether in 

6175
05:21:45,600 --> 05:21:48,800
the forging of a new nation or 
in personal life transitions. 

6176
05:21:49,600 --> 05:21:52,300
Ultimately, the Paul Revere 
story is more than an evening 

6177
05:21:52,308 --> 05:21:54,300
Dash. 
It's a tapestry of 

6178
05:21:54,300 --> 05:21:57,600
craftsmanship. 
Activism community building and 

6179
05:21:57,600 --> 05:22:00,900
Industrial ambition. 
Each thread adds depth to the 

6180
05:22:00,900 --> 05:22:04,800
Revolutionary narrative. 
And while the phrase one, if by 

6181
05:22:04,800 --> 05:22:08,300
land two, if by Sea Rings 
Through the Ages The Reel. 

6182
05:22:08,300 --> 05:22:11,500
Revere thrived on forging 
alliances and relentlessly 

6183
05:22:11,500 --> 05:22:15,700
solving problems his memory in 
dues in hammered silver in The 

6184
05:22:15,708 --> 05:22:18,400
Echoes of church bells and in 
the forging of a collective 

6185
05:22:18,400 --> 05:22:20,400
identity. 
That transcends, any single 

6186
05:22:20,400 --> 05:22:24,200
heroic moment. 
In that sense, reverse life. 

6187
05:22:24,200 --> 05:22:28,100
Exemplifies how a determined 
citizen can indeed shape 

6188
05:22:28,100 --> 05:22:31,200
history, quietly, weaving, 
purpose into every role. 

6189
05:22:31,200 --> 05:22:34,400
He fills leaving behind an 
imprint that resonates well 

6190
05:22:34,400 --> 05:22:35,900
beyond the midnight calls of 
War. 

6191
05:22:39,900 --> 05:22:42,500
Eleanor Roosevelt's name, 
evokes, images of a dignified. 

6192
05:22:42,500 --> 05:22:46,200
First lady championing human 
rights and redefining the role 

6193
05:22:46,200 --> 05:22:49,600
of women in politics. 
Yet her Story begins in an era 

6194
05:22:49,600 --> 05:22:52,100
marked by hushed assumptions 
about what women could and 

6195
05:22:52,100 --> 05:22:54,200
should do. 
And her journey from shy, 

6196
05:22:54,200 --> 05:22:56,600
orphaned Global influencer was 
no predictable progression. 

6197
05:22:57,600 --> 05:23:01,400
Born Anna Eleanor Roosevelt on 
October 11th 1884. 

6198
05:23:01,400 --> 05:23:04,900
She entered a family steeped in 
Prestige but also riddled with 

6199
05:23:04,900 --> 05:23:09,000
private, heartbreak her mother 
and a halt rows of elt was 

6200
05:23:09,000 --> 05:23:12,400
renowned for beauty and social 
graces while her father Elliott.

6201
05:23:12,400 --> 05:23:15,900
Roosevelt was the charismatic. 
But troubled younger, brother of

6202
05:23:15,900 --> 05:23:17,500
future president, Theodore 
Roosevelt. 

6203
05:23:18,400 --> 05:23:22,000
Some narratives cast her parents
in Stark contrasts her mother's 

6204
05:23:22,000 --> 05:23:27,000
alif Manor, her father's erratic
Behavior yet Eleanor called them

6205
05:23:27,000 --> 05:23:29,800
both with a child's longing, 
craving acceptance. 

6206
05:23:30,800 --> 05:23:33,100
Her mother's criticisms of her 
looks haunted her. 

6207
05:23:33,100 --> 05:23:36,800
And her father struggles with 
alcohol often overshadowed his 

6208
05:23:36,800 --> 05:23:40,500
tender devotion, these paradoxes
shape Ellen as early as 

6209
05:23:40,500 --> 05:23:44,200
perceptions of self-worth. 
By age 10, she had lost both 

6210
05:23:44,200 --> 05:23:48,700
parents, her mother died of 
diphtheria and her father, long 

6211
05:23:48,700 --> 05:23:50,800
embroiled in personal turmoil 
passed away. 

6212
05:23:50,800 --> 05:23:53,900
Two years later left without 
their protective presence. 

6213
05:23:53,900 --> 05:23:57,100
Eleanor moved in with relatives,
who maintained the typical 

6214
05:23:57,100 --> 05:23:58,800
decorum of New York, High 
Society. 

6215
05:23:58,800 --> 05:24:02,000
She was a timid Child 
overshadowed by cousins, who 

6216
05:24:02,000 --> 05:24:05,000
found her seriousness 
perplexing, she found some 

6217
05:24:05,000 --> 05:24:08,300
solace in reading stories of 
Daring heroines and moral. 

6218
05:24:08,300 --> 05:24:12,100
Dilemmas her maternal, 
grandmother Mary Ludlow Hall 

6219
05:24:12,100 --> 05:24:15,300
insisted on conventional. 
Decorum, with the hope that 

6220
05:24:15,300 --> 05:24:19,400
Eleanor would Bloom into a 
proper debutant. stead the girl 

6221
05:24:19,400 --> 05:24:23,400
quietly internalized, a sense of
Duty and self-consciousness, she

6222
05:24:23,400 --> 05:24:26,600
learned how to host tease and 
navigate social niceties, but 

6223
05:24:26,600 --> 05:24:30,200
she also developed in a resolve 
The gulf between The Confident 

6224
05:24:30,200 --> 05:24:33,000
girls around her and her 
insecurities never fully 

6225
05:24:33,000 --> 05:24:35,400
disappeared. 
But she forged a methodical 

6226
05:24:35,400 --> 05:24:40,200
approach to self-improvement At 
age 15 she was shipped to Alan's

6227
05:24:40,200 --> 05:24:42,400
would Academy. 
A boarding school at outside 

6228
05:24:42,400 --> 05:24:45,500
London there? 
Under the guidance of Marie 

6229
05:24:45,500 --> 05:24:48,900
souvestre and educator known for
fostering independent thought, 

6230
05:24:48,900 --> 05:24:52,100
Ellen Found A nurturing 
environment for the first time 

6231
05:24:52,100 --> 05:24:55,400
since her parents deaths, 
souvestre saw potential in her 

6232
05:24:55,400 --> 05:24:57,400
seriousness and urged her to 
speak her mind. 

6233
05:24:58,300 --> 05:25:00,900
Gone with the constraints of 
superficial Society. 

6234
05:25:00,900 --> 05:25:04,500
Gatherings, instead classes 
focused on world affairs, 

6235
05:25:04,500 --> 05:25:08,600
literature and critical thinking
Eleanor traveled across Europe 

6236
05:25:08,600 --> 05:25:12,600
absorbing cultural differences, 
forging friendships, and 

6237
05:25:12,600 --> 05:25:13,900
learning to question 
assumptions. 

6238
05:25:14,900 --> 05:25:17,800
The timid girl from New York 
high society was Awakening to 

6239
05:25:17,800 --> 05:25:21,000
the world's complexity returning
to the United States. 

6240
05:25:21,000 --> 05:25:25,000
At age 18, she struggled to 
react to the rigid expectations 

6241
05:25:25,000 --> 05:25:29,300
of debutant life Gowns balls and
polite, suitors. 

6242
05:25:29,300 --> 05:25:32,700
Filled her schedule yet. 
She yearned for deeper substance

6243
05:25:32,700 --> 05:25:36,700
family members urged. 
Her to embrace tradition marry. 

6244
05:25:36,700 --> 05:25:40,200
Well, produce heirs and carry on
the rows of elk name with 

6245
05:25:40,200 --> 05:25:44,000
appropriate, decorum internally.
She felt her convictions 

6246
05:25:44,000 --> 05:25:46,200
hardening. 
There was a broader realm where 

6247
05:25:46,200 --> 05:25:49,200
she might be of use. 
She began volunteering and 

6248
05:25:49,200 --> 05:25:52,100
settlement houses, encountering 
immigrants grappling with 

6249
05:25:52,100 --> 05:25:55,700
poverty and discrimination. 
It was her first intimate brush 

6250
05:25:55,700 --> 05:25:59,500
with social injustice. 
Around this time she reconnected

6251
05:25:59,500 --> 05:26:01,700
with her distant cousin. 
Franklyn, Dello Roosevelt. 

6252
05:26:02,500 --> 05:26:05,900
A Dashing Young Man set on a 
political career, their shared 

6253
05:26:05,900 --> 05:26:08,900
family name and ties to Theodore
Roosevelt, added certain 

6254
05:26:08,900 --> 05:26:10,700
inevitability to their 
courtship. 

6255
05:26:10,700 --> 05:26:13,000
Yet. 
Their bond was more complex than

6256
05:26:13,000 --> 05:26:16,300
a convenient match. 
Franklin admired her seriousness

6257
05:26:16,300 --> 05:26:18,600
and warmth. 
She found in him a lively 

6258
05:26:18,600 --> 05:26:20,200
optimism that promised 
Adventure. 

6259
05:26:20,900 --> 05:26:22,900
Despite concerns from his 
domineering mother. 

6260
05:26:23,700 --> 05:26:26,800
Sara Delano Roosevelt, they 
married in 1905. 

6261
05:26:27,600 --> 05:26:31,000
Theodore Roosevelt then 
president gave away the bride 

6262
05:26:31,000 --> 05:26:33,800
and event that overshadowed the 
couples day with national 

6263
05:26:33,800 --> 05:26:36,500
headlines. 
Early married life plunged 

6264
05:26:36,500 --> 05:26:39,300
Eleanor into the complexities of
the extended Roosevelt Clan. 

6265
05:26:40,000 --> 05:26:43,300
Dominated by Sara strict ideas 
about household and social 

6266
05:26:43,300 --> 05:26:45,300
status. 
As she bought children, 

6267
05:26:45,300 --> 05:26:49,500
eventually six one in infancy. 
Ellen has struggled to maintain 

6268
05:26:49,500 --> 05:26:52,300
her identity. 
She discovered that her new role

6269
05:26:52,300 --> 05:26:56,400
often felt like a performance, 
the shy orphan recast as the 

6270
05:26:56,400 --> 05:26:58,700
society Hostess and beautiful, 
political wife. 

6271
05:26:59,500 --> 05:27:03,700
Yet beneath the formalities. 
She was observing learning and 

6272
05:27:03,700 --> 05:27:05,500
quietly resolving to find her 
voice. 

6273
05:27:06,400 --> 05:27:10,200
Her childhood taught her to 
survive, an isolation marriage, 

6274
05:27:10,200 --> 05:27:14,600
would teach her to navigate Duty
and compromised by her mid-20s 

6275
05:27:14,600 --> 05:27:17,200
Eleanor Roosevelt. 
Stood at a Crossroads 

6276
05:27:17,200 --> 05:27:21,300
respectable wife in a prominent 
family yet, privately aware of 

6277
05:27:21,300 --> 05:27:23,300
how little she truly belonged to
herself. 

6278
05:27:24,100 --> 05:27:26,700
She endured tragedy and 
internalized criticism. 

6279
05:27:26,700 --> 05:27:29,800
And now balanced motherhood with
a sense that she was meant for 

6280
05:27:29,800 --> 05:27:33,600
more. as her husband's political
Ambitions gathered momentum, she

6281
05:27:33,600 --> 05:27:36,800
would face new tests of 
resilience and discover just how

6282
05:27:36,800 --> 05:27:40,500
profound her influence could 
become, In her first years of 

6283
05:27:40,500 --> 05:27:43,800
married life, Eleanor Roosevelt 
found her space and autonomy 

6284
05:27:43,800 --> 05:27:46,400
overshadowed by the imposing 
figure of her mother-in-law. 

6285
05:27:47,100 --> 05:27:51,100
Sara Delano Roosevelt, Sarah 
managed, the household finances 

6286
05:27:51,100 --> 05:27:53,200
and even designed to joining 
living quarters. 

6287
05:27:53,200 --> 05:27:55,700
So she could oversee Eleanor's 
management of the children. 

6288
05:27:56,700 --> 05:27:59,900
This Arrangement stifled 
Eleanor's Independence leaving 

6289
05:27:59,900 --> 05:28:03,200
her feeling perpetually 
monitored Franklin seemed 

6290
05:28:03,200 --> 05:28:06,300
comfortable with his mother's 
involvement and this tacit 

6291
05:28:06,300 --> 05:28:08,300
acceptance. 
Further isolated Eleanor, 

6292
05:28:08,300 --> 05:28:11,300
nevertheless, she made the best 
of her circumstances. 

6293
05:28:11,300 --> 05:28:15,200
She immersed herself in child. 
Rearing determined that her 

6294
05:28:15,200 --> 05:28:16,800
children would experience a 
warmth. 

6295
05:28:16,800 --> 05:28:19,600
She had too often lacked 
simultaneously. 

6296
05:28:19,600 --> 05:28:23,800
She sought outlets for curiosity
about social issues volunteering

6297
05:28:23,800 --> 05:28:26,500
for the Junior League. 
She assisted in settlement work 

6298
05:28:26,500 --> 05:28:29,700
on Manhattan's Lower East Side. 
Coming face to face with poverty

6299
05:28:29,700 --> 05:28:32,800
and labor and justices. 
Observing the hardships of 

6300
05:28:32,800 --> 05:28:35,700
immigrant families. 
Eleanor recognized, the start 

6301
05:28:35,700 --> 05:28:38,900
gap between her privilege 
Circle, and those struggling at 

6302
05:28:38,900 --> 05:28:43,400
America's margins around 1910 
Franklins political career began

6303
05:28:43,400 --> 05:28:45,600
elected to the New York State 
Senate. 

6304
05:28:45,600 --> 05:28:49,400
He moved the family to Albany, 
though, still reluctant to step 

6305
05:28:49,400 --> 05:28:52,400
into the public Spotlight, 
Eleanor gleaned, insights into 

6306
05:28:52,400 --> 05:28:54,300
legislative processes and 
networking. 

6307
05:28:55,100 --> 05:28:57,300
She watched as lawmakers engaged
in the negotiations. 

6308
05:28:57,300 --> 05:29:00,700
Formed alliances and face 
seemingly insurmountable 

6309
05:29:00,700 --> 05:29:03,100
challenges that social 
Gatherings. 

6310
05:29:03,100 --> 05:29:06,100
She was the dutiful wife 
exchanging pleasantries while 

6311
05:29:06,100 --> 05:29:08,000
quietly absorbing the 
undercurrents of power. 

6312
05:29:08,000 --> 05:29:11,200
Her Vantage Point revealed a 
system in dire need of 

6313
05:29:11,208 --> 05:29:13,800
empathetic leadership tragedy 
soon. 

6314
05:29:13,800 --> 05:29:18,200
Intervened in 1912 Ellen's world
was rocked when her eldest 

6315
05:29:18,200 --> 05:29:20,800
daughter. 
Anna nearly died of illness 

6316
05:29:20,800 --> 05:29:24,000
shortly thereafter. 
She endured her health scares 

6317
05:29:24,000 --> 05:29:27,000
and a complicated birth. 
The precariousness of life 

6318
05:29:27,000 --> 05:29:30,000
combined with the Relentless 
swirl of political obligations 

6319
05:29:30,000 --> 05:29:33,000
freed her nerves. 
Sarah's hovering presence 

6320
05:29:33,000 --> 05:29:37,000
exacerbated tension. 
Yet adversity stirred in Eleanor

6321
05:29:37,000 --> 05:29:40,200
a growing resolve. 
She ventured Beyond polite Tea 

6322
05:29:40,200 --> 05:29:43,400
Room talk forging, links with 
Progressive women, seeking to 

6323
05:29:43,400 --> 05:29:46,700
address, glaring, social 
inequities, She admired 

6324
05:29:46,700 --> 05:29:49,700
activists who battled for child 
labor laws and workplace, safety

6325
05:29:49,700 --> 05:29:53,600
reforms by 1913. 
Frankly was appointed assistant 

6326
05:29:53,600 --> 05:29:55,800
Secretary of the Navy by 
President Woodrow Wilson. 

6327
05:29:56,600 --> 05:29:58,900
Prompting a move to Washington 
DC. 

6328
05:30:00,500 --> 05:30:03,300
The capitals Elite Social Scene,
revolved around formal 

6329
05:30:03,300 --> 05:30:07,000
receptions and ranking protocols
neither of which thrilled their 

6330
05:30:07,000 --> 05:30:09,300
owner. 
Still, she recognized the city 

6331
05:30:09,300 --> 05:30:11,200
as a crucible of national 
decision-making. 

6332
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:14,700
She developed friendships with 
progressive-minded officials and

6333
05:30:14,700 --> 05:30:19,000
activists, exchanging ideas 
about wages education and 

6334
05:30:19,000 --> 05:30:23,400
women's suffrage. 
World War one broke out in 1914,

6335
05:30:23,400 --> 05:30:28,200
drawing America in by 1917. 
Washington became a hive of 

6336
05:30:28,200 --> 05:30:32,500
wartime mobilization hospitals, 
overflowed and soldiers returned

6337
05:30:32,500 --> 05:30:35,800
with devastating injuries 
Eleanor volunteered at the Red 

6338
05:30:35,800 --> 05:30:38,600
Cross, canteens and Naval 
hospitals and experience. 

6339
05:30:38,600 --> 05:30:41,500
That brought her face to face 
with Wars human toll. 

6340
05:30:42,200 --> 05:30:44,800
She found it impossible to 
return to trivial chatter at 

6341
05:30:44,800 --> 05:30:48,300
lavish parties after seeing 
wounded veterans struggled to 

6342
05:30:48,300 --> 05:30:51,400
rebuild their lives. 
Even as she navigated demands 

6343
05:30:51,400 --> 05:30:54,600
for appearances by Franklin 
side, she yearned to channel her

6344
05:30:54,600 --> 05:30:56,400
growing empathy into concrete 
action. 

6345
05:30:57,300 --> 05:31:02,000
Meanwhile, her personal life. 
Took a shocking, turn in 1918, 

6346
05:31:02,000 --> 05:31:04,500
she discovered Franklin's 
romantic letters to Lucy, 

6347
05:31:04,500 --> 05:31:08,100
Mercer, her social secretary 
betrayal, Rockdale and has 

6348
05:31:08,100 --> 05:31:10,500
foundation's. 
She confronted her husband and 

6349
05:31:10,500 --> 05:31:13,600
while divorce was considered 
Sara Rosevelt threatened to cut 

6350
05:31:13,600 --> 05:31:17,100
off financial support. 
The Scandal never fully reached 

6351
05:31:17,100 --> 05:31:20,000
the public here but it jolted 
Eleanor into rethinking. 

6352
05:31:20,000 --> 05:31:22,600
Her marriage. 
Well though she remained married

6353
05:31:22,600 --> 05:31:25,000
the emotional bond between them 
changed. 

6354
05:31:25,700 --> 05:31:28,000
She began cultivating, her 
identity separate from him, 

6355
05:31:28,000 --> 05:31:31,100
forging alliances, and 
friendships that didn't revolve 

6356
05:31:31,100 --> 05:31:32,900
solely around, Franklin's 
ambitions. 

6357
05:31:33,700 --> 05:31:36,600
As the war ended, Washington 
shifted back to peacetime 

6358
05:31:36,600 --> 05:31:39,900
routines, the Roosevelt's 
returned to New York where 

6359
05:31:39,900 --> 05:31:43,500
Franklin resumed, his political 
climb, however, Ellen's 

6360
05:31:43,500 --> 05:31:46,508
worldview, had expanded no 
longer content to linger in the 

6361
05:31:46,516 --> 05:31:48,500
background. 
She immersed herself in 

6362
05:31:48,500 --> 05:31:51,800
political clubs, particularly 
the League of Women Voters and 

6363
05:31:51,800 --> 05:31:53,500
the new women's Trade Union 
League. 

6364
05:31:54,200 --> 05:31:57,600
She devoured reports on social 
conditions labor rights and 

6365
05:31:57,600 --> 05:32:00,500
civil liberties. 
She overcame her shyness when 

6366
05:32:00,500 --> 05:32:03,300
speaking in public fueled by the
conviction that she had 

6367
05:32:03,300 --> 05:32:06,700
something to contribute. 
This Evolution coincided with 

6368
05:32:06,700 --> 05:32:10,300
the ratification of the 19th. 
Amendment in 1920, granting 

6369
05:32:10,300 --> 05:32:14,000
women, the right to vote. 
Energized by this Milestone, 

6370
05:32:14,000 --> 05:32:17,400
Eleanor campaigned for franklyn 
when he ran as the Democratic 

6371
05:32:17,400 --> 05:32:20,200
vice presidential candidate at 
that same year, though. 

6372
05:32:20,200 --> 05:32:22,700
They lost the experience 
broadened, her political 

6373
05:32:22,700 --> 05:32:25,200
Network. 
She saw how campaigns were 

6374
05:32:25,200 --> 05:32:29,900
orchestrated, how messages were 
spun and most importantly, how 

6375
05:32:29,900 --> 05:32:32,700
public opinion could be swayed 
toward Progressive ideals. 

6376
05:32:32,700 --> 05:32:38,200
If approached with authenticity,
By the early 1920s Eleanor 

6377
05:32:38,200 --> 05:32:41,100
Roosevelt had traversed, 
heartbreak War, volunteerism and

6378
05:32:41,100 --> 05:32:43,300
political initiation. 
She had begun. 

6379
05:32:43,300 --> 05:32:46,900
Forging her path shaped by the 
direct encounters with suffering

6380
05:32:46,900 --> 05:32:50,500
and by her growing circle of 
reform-minded peers, her 

6381
05:32:50,500 --> 05:32:52,600
marriage. 
Once the axis of her existence 

6382
05:32:52,600 --> 05:32:56,800
now became just one facet of a 
broader calling As she 

6383
05:32:56,808 --> 05:33:00,100
discovered adversity often 
planted the seeds of purpose. 

6384
05:33:00,100 --> 05:33:04,100
The once quiet shy girl. 
Now determined to stand on her 

6385
05:33:04,100 --> 05:33:08,300
own terms Guided by a conscience
that refused to stay silent was 

6386
05:33:08,300 --> 05:33:11,600
emerging. 
The 1920s brought both hardship 

6387
05:33:11,600 --> 05:33:14,600
and opportunity to Eleanor 
Roosevelt Franklins political 

6388
05:33:14,600 --> 05:33:18,000
career stalled when he lost the 
vice presidential race in 1920, 

6389
05:33:18,000 --> 05:33:22,400
but his future seemed boundless 
until polio struck him in 1921 

6390
05:33:22,400 --> 05:33:25,100
that summer during a vacation in
Tampa. 

6391
05:33:25,100 --> 05:33:28,200
Bello, he suddenly found himself
paralyzed from the waist down. 

6392
05:33:29,000 --> 05:33:31,100
Doctors, offered little hope for
complete recovery. 

6393
05:33:32,200 --> 05:33:34,800
The family, rallied yet. 
The crisis triggered. 

6394
05:33:34,800 --> 05:33:37,300
Another shift in his life 
overnight. 

6395
05:33:37,300 --> 05:33:41,700
She transformed into Franklin's 
indispensable Ally, juggling 

6396
05:33:41,700 --> 05:33:45,300
therapy, regimens household 
Logistics, and public relations.

6397
05:33:46,300 --> 05:33:49,000
Many within the Roosevelt Clan 
believed Franklin's, political 

6398
05:33:49,000 --> 05:33:52,400
days were over. 
Sarah Delano Roosevelt pressed 

6399
05:33:52,400 --> 05:33:55,200
him to retire quietly but 
Eleanor discerned that 

6400
05:33:55,208 --> 05:33:57,600
relinquishing, his Ambitions 
would crush his spirit. 

6401
05:33:58,500 --> 05:34:01,800
He supported his determination 
to regain Mobility, helping him 

6402
05:34:01,800 --> 05:34:05,300
navigate new routines. 
She also shouldered tasks 

6403
05:34:05,300 --> 05:34:07,200
Franklin. 
Previously handled from 

6404
05:34:07,200 --> 05:34:10,800
correspondence to scheduling 
Suddenly, she was more than a 

6405
05:34:10,800 --> 05:34:13,100
supportive spouse. 
She was a gatekeeper, an 

6406
05:34:13,100 --> 05:34:15,600
intermediary, and an architect 
of her husband's comeback. 

6407
05:34:16,400 --> 05:34:20,300
Her own organizational skills, 
flourished Franklins Affairs, 

6408
05:34:20,300 --> 05:34:22,900
and dedicated time to 
committee's that, advanced her 

6409
05:34:22,900 --> 05:34:25,400
interests, she joined the 
women's division of the New York

6410
05:34:25,400 --> 05:34:28,400
state democratic committee, 
recruiting Women, Voters and 

6411
05:34:28,400 --> 05:34:31,200
championing issues that aligned 
with social reforms. 

6412
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:35,000
This dual Role Family Care and 
political operator. 

6413
05:34:35,000 --> 05:34:36,900
Displayed in emerging 
confidence. 

6414
05:34:36,900 --> 05:34:41,100
She shared the last vestiges of 
social committee speaking at 

6415
05:34:41,100 --> 05:34:43,200
rallies and forging alliances 
with Party leaders. 

6416
05:34:43,200 --> 05:34:46,600
While some ridiculed her for 
lacking classic oratory Flair 

6417
05:34:46,600 --> 05:34:50,600
others appreciated, her 
sincerity in 1924. 

6418
05:34:50,600 --> 05:34:53,700
Franklyn ventured back into 
politics by supporting Al Smith 

6419
05:34:53,700 --> 05:34:56,400
for the position. 
Of governor of New York behind 

6420
05:34:56,400 --> 05:35:00,000
the scenes Eleanor, arranged 
events wrote letters and 

6421
05:35:00,000 --> 05:35:03,000
networked on his behalf. 
She began to see how her 

6422
05:35:03,000 --> 05:35:06,700
initiatives merged with broader 
political Machinery, the women's

6423
05:35:06,700 --> 05:35:09,300
City Club and the League of 
Women Voters offered her 

6424
05:35:09,300 --> 05:35:12,000
platforms to discuss labor 
issues and child welfare. 

6425
05:35:12,700 --> 05:35:15,500
Her voice carried an 
authenticity rooted in hands-on 

6426
05:35:15,500 --> 05:35:18,400
experience. 
And she found an audience eager 

6427
05:35:18,400 --> 05:35:21,400
for that perspective. 
Yet her personal Journey, wasn't

6428
05:35:21,400 --> 05:35:24,200
all smooth. 
Living under the same roof as 

6429
05:35:24,200 --> 05:35:26,500
Sarah. 
She faced constant friction 

6430
05:35:26,500 --> 05:35:28,100
about how to manage Franklin's 
care. 

6431
05:35:28,100 --> 05:35:31,700
Moreover Echoes of the Lucy 
Mercer Affair, lingard 

6432
05:35:31,700 --> 05:35:35,900
complicating, the emotional bond
with her husband their marriage 

6433
05:35:35,900 --> 05:35:39,600
though in outward appearance 
evolved into more of a 

6434
05:35:39,600 --> 05:35:41,600
partnership than a traditional 
Romance. 

6435
05:35:42,400 --> 05:35:44,600
Trusted friends, such as 
journalists Lorena. 

6436
05:35:44,600 --> 05:35:47,400
Hickok, entered her life, 
providing emotional support. 

6437
05:35:48,300 --> 05:35:51,000
Speculation about the nature of 
these friendships arose later, 

6438
05:35:51,000 --> 05:35:55,200
but at the time, they served as 
life lines, anchoring Ellen's 

6439
05:35:55,200 --> 05:35:58,600
sense of self-worth. 
As Franklin's Mobility, improved

6440
05:35:58,600 --> 05:36:02,100
incrementally, supported by 
crutches, braces, and daily 

6441
05:36:02,100 --> 05:36:04,200
exercises. 
His political aspirations 

6442
05:36:04,200 --> 05:36:09,500
reignited, he ran for governor 
of New York in 1928 and 1.00. 

6443
05:36:09,500 --> 05:36:13,400
Had to navigate her new role as 
the governor's wife. she 

6444
05:36:13,400 --> 05:36:16,800
disliked the ceremonials of the 
executive mansion in Albany but 

6445
05:36:16,800 --> 05:36:20,300
she saw an Avenue to shape 
policy from within she was no 

6446
05:36:20,300 --> 05:36:22,800
longer content with simply 
greeting dignitaries at 

6447
05:36:22,800 --> 05:36:26,100
reception instead, she turned 
the governor's residence into a 

6448
05:36:26,100 --> 05:36:29,800
meeting point for activists and 
policymakers Under her watch 

6449
05:36:29,800 --> 05:36:33,300
Progressive agendas on labor 
laws and social welfare found an

6450
05:36:33,300 --> 05:36:36,100
informal forum. 
Meanwhile, she continued 

6451
05:36:36,100 --> 05:36:39,100
building her own reputation, she
wrote articles, for women's 

6452
05:36:39,100 --> 05:36:42,700
magazines pushing readers to 
engage in Civic matters in one 

6453
05:36:42,700 --> 05:36:45,800
piece and she insisted that the 
success of democracy depended on

6454
05:36:45,800 --> 05:36:48,800
informed citizens. 
Especially newly and franchise 

6455
05:36:48,800 --> 05:36:51,400
women. 
A rating style was direct and 

6456
05:36:51,400 --> 05:36:54,700
personal resonating with readers
tired of lofty rhetoric 

6457
05:36:54,700 --> 05:36:57,500
critically. 
She believed that compassion and

6458
05:36:57,500 --> 05:37:01,100
practical Solutions, not empty, 
slogans made politics 

6459
05:37:01,100 --> 05:37:05,300
meaningful, By the close of the 
1920s, the rows of belts have 

6460
05:37:05,300 --> 05:37:08,500
become a for Middle team. 
Franklins charismatic optimism, 

6461
05:37:08,500 --> 05:37:12,000
Drew public admiration, while 
Ellen has growing expertise on 

6462
05:37:12,000 --> 05:37:15,300
social issues, injected 
substance in his political 

6463
05:37:15,300 --> 05:37:19,800
image, the 1929 stock market. 
Crash sent the nation reeling. 

6464
05:37:19,800 --> 05:37:23,100
Intensifying scrutiny of 
legislative efforts to alleviate

6465
05:37:23,100 --> 05:37:26,700
economic despair as Governor. 
Frankling, grappled with the 

6466
05:37:26,700 --> 05:37:30,000
relief measures for the 
unemployed Eleanor for her part 

6467
05:37:30,000 --> 05:37:33,800
travel, the state for visiting 
factories tenaments and Rural 

6468
05:37:33,800 --> 05:37:37,700
communities to assess problems 
first town, Her dispatchers back

6469
05:37:37,700 --> 05:37:41,100
to Albany shaped policy debates 
ensuring that the voices of 

6470
05:37:41,100 --> 05:37:43,600
ordinary citizens, didn't get 
lost in the shuffle of 

6471
05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:45,900
bureaucracy. 
It was during this period that 

6472
05:37:45,900 --> 05:37:48,800
Eleanor solidified her belief in
the potential of government to 

6473
05:37:48,800 --> 05:37:52,000
uplift the vulnerable. 
While critics accused her of 

6474
05:37:52,008 --> 05:37:55,300
meddling in Affairs, Beyond a 
spouse's domain, she brushed off

6475
05:37:55,300 --> 05:37:58,500
the barbs. 
If democracy was to thrive, she 

6476
05:37:58,500 --> 05:38:02,000
reasoned it needed more than 
figureheads it needed. 

6477
05:38:02,000 --> 05:38:05,200
Informed Advocates willing to 
engage directly with citizens 

6478
05:38:05,200 --> 05:38:08,400
struggles. 
As the 1932 presidential 

6479
05:38:08,400 --> 05:38:11,500
election approached, franklyn 
emerged as the Democratic 

6480
05:38:11,500 --> 05:38:13,700
front-runner. 
With the Great Depression. 

6481
05:38:13,700 --> 05:38:17,100
Tightening its grip American's 
craved leadership that promised 

6482
05:38:17,100 --> 05:38:20,200
hope and decisive action. 
Eleanor, steeled the steel 

6483
05:38:20,208 --> 05:38:23,600
herself for the next stage. 
Little did she know the White 

6484
05:38:23,600 --> 05:38:25,900
House would offer an even 
broader platform yet? 

6485
05:38:25,900 --> 05:38:28,600
Also test her capacity to 
balance public influence with 

6486
05:38:28,600 --> 05:38:31,900
private conviction. 
When Franklin D Roosevelt won, 

6487
05:38:31,900 --> 05:38:35,800
the 1932 presidential election, 
America was in the throes of the

6488
05:38:35,800 --> 05:38:39,100
Great Depression lines for bread
and soup stretched across city. 

6489
05:38:39,100 --> 05:38:42,400
Blocks Farms were for clothes 
and unemployment soared. 

6490
05:38:42,400 --> 05:38:45,600
Millions look to the incoming 
president for salvation. 

6491
05:38:46,600 --> 05:38:49,700
Amid the frenzied national 
attention, Eleanor Roosevelt, 

6492
05:38:49,700 --> 05:38:52,200
stepped into the role of first 
lady with an approach that 

6493
05:38:52,200 --> 05:38:55,600
defied convention. 
Rather than focusing on high 

6494
05:38:55,600 --> 05:38:57,400
society. 
Receptions, she resolved to 

6495
05:38:57,400 --> 05:38:59,300
become the eyes and ears of the 
administration. 

6496
05:39:00,100 --> 05:39:03,700
Traveling extensively to gauge 
people's realities from the 

6497
05:39:03,700 --> 05:39:06,100
onset. 
She carved out an unprecedented 

6498
05:39:06,100 --> 05:39:08,300
public profile. 
She held weekly. 

6499
05:39:08,300 --> 05:39:11,400
Press conferences for female 
reporters ensuring that women in

6500
05:39:11,400 --> 05:39:13,900
journalism retained access to 
the political heart of the 

6501
05:39:13,900 --> 05:39:16,600
nation. 
This move sparked controversy 

6502
05:39:16,600 --> 05:39:18,800
know, first lady had ever done 
something. 

6503
05:39:18,800 --> 05:39:23,000
So openly proactive critics 
labeled her a meddler but 

6504
05:39:23,000 --> 05:39:26,500
Eleanor persisted explaining 
that women's voices deserved 

6505
05:39:26,500 --> 05:39:29,400
inclusion in National discourse.
She believed that an 

6506
05:39:29,400 --> 05:39:32,000
Administration ignoring half of 
the population's perspective was

6507
05:39:32,000 --> 05:39:35,400
doomed to fail. 
She also launched a syndicated 

6508
05:39:35,400 --> 05:39:38,600
newspaper column my day. 
In it. 

6509
05:39:38,600 --> 05:39:42,300
She chronicled her observations 
on policy, social conditions, 

6510
05:39:42,300 --> 05:39:45,600
and even personal Reflections, 
while some columns, offered 

6511
05:39:45,600 --> 05:39:47,800
daily glimpses into her travels,
or family life. 

6512
05:39:47,800 --> 05:39:51,300
Others pushed readers to 
consider labor issues, civil 

6513
05:39:51,300 --> 05:39:55,100
rights, and youth programs. 
The column garnered a massive 

6514
05:39:55,100 --> 05:39:59,600
following America's specialty. 
Women found an advocate in the 

6515
05:39:59,600 --> 05:40:02,300
White House who spoke plainly 
about, societal injustice 

6516
05:40:02,300 --> 05:40:05,000
detractors. 
How old about an overstepping 

6517
05:40:05,000 --> 05:40:07,700
spouse? 
But she refused to see the 

6518
05:40:07,700 --> 05:40:10,500
platform. 
Her pain became a conduit for 

6519
05:40:10,500 --> 05:40:13,300
the unheard. 
Meanwhile, the Roosevelt 

6520
05:40:13,300 --> 05:40:16,400
administration rolled out the 
New Deal an array of programs 

6521
05:40:16,400 --> 05:40:18,600
aimed at relief recovery and 
reform. 

6522
05:40:19,600 --> 05:40:22,100
While Franklin handled the 
sweeping political Maneuvers. 

6523
05:40:22,100 --> 05:40:26,600
Eleanor visited factories slums 
and Rural backwaters reporting 

6524
05:40:26,600 --> 05:40:29,400
her findings back to him and 
other officials her input 

6525
05:40:29,400 --> 05:40:31,700
influenced initiatives like the 
National Youth Administration 

6526
05:40:31,700 --> 05:40:35,900
which provided jobs in education
for young people Eleanor 

6527
05:40:35,900 --> 05:40:38,700
believed that social welfare 
wasn't about handouts but about 

6528
05:40:38,700 --> 05:40:40,600
giving people the tools to 
regain dignity. 

6529
05:40:41,600 --> 05:40:44,300
She pressed agencies to ensure 
these programs reached women 

6530
05:40:44,300 --> 05:40:48,600
minorities and rural families 
often sidelined in bureaucratic 

6531
05:40:48,600 --> 05:40:51,800
distribution. 
Activism Court attention outside

6532
05:40:51,800 --> 05:40:54,100
Washington. 
Labor leaders, praised her to 

6533
05:40:54,108 --> 05:40:55,800
empathy. 
While some conservatives accuse,

6534
05:40:55,800 --> 05:40:59,300
Cerny of championing socialism 
unions. 

6535
05:40:59,300 --> 05:41:01,600
Specially the newly. 
Formed Congress of industrial 

6536
05:41:01,600 --> 05:41:05,500
organizations CIO. 
Saw her as an ally willing to 

6537
05:41:05,500 --> 05:41:07,500
bring work as grievances to her 
husband's ear. 

6538
05:41:08,300 --> 05:41:11,000
Civil rights groups led by 
African American leaders like 

6539
05:41:11,000 --> 05:41:14,400
Mary McLeod Bethune found in 
Eleanor a rare White House. 

6540
05:41:14,400 --> 05:41:16,800
Allah who would openly address 
racial Injustice? 

6541
05:41:17,800 --> 05:41:21,900
she famously defined segregation
Norms in 1938 by sitting in the 

6542
05:41:21,900 --> 05:41:24,800
middle aisle between black and 
white delegates at a Southern 

6543
05:41:24,800 --> 05:41:28,700
Conference critics deemed it a 
publicity stunt, but for many 

6544
05:41:28,700 --> 05:41:32,300
African-Americans it was a 
symbolic stand by someone in 

6545
05:41:32,300 --> 05:41:35,100
power in private though, she 
battled frustration and 

6546
05:41:35,100 --> 05:41:38,700
loneliness Franklin's polio 
limited his mobility and the 

6547
05:41:38,700 --> 05:41:41,100
Relentless demands of the 
presidency deepened, the 

6548
05:41:41,100 --> 05:41:45,300
emotional Gulf between them The 
White House brimmed with staff 

6549
05:41:45,300 --> 05:41:48,100
and visitors leaving little time
for introspection. 

6550
05:41:49,000 --> 05:41:52,100
She relied on friendships with 
women like Lorena, Hickok, Who 

6551
05:41:52,100 --> 05:41:54,700
provided an emotional Outlet. 
She really found in her 

6552
05:41:54,700 --> 05:41:57,400
marriage. 
Historians later, scrutinized 

6553
05:41:57,400 --> 05:41:59,900
these relationships. 
But at the time, they served as 

6554
05:41:59,900 --> 05:42:03,000
islands of understanding and 
affection in a sea of political 

6555
05:42:03,000 --> 05:42:06,200
chaos. 
Despite the strain, Eleanor 

6556
05:42:06,200 --> 05:42:09,400
recognized her unique influence,
she championed the Arts through 

6557
05:42:09,400 --> 05:42:11,700
projects under the works 
progress administration. 

6558
05:42:12,500 --> 05:42:16,300
Believe in creativity spurred. 
Hope she publicly supported 

6559
05:42:16,300 --> 05:42:19,700
Progressive, women in office, 
including Secretary of Labor, 

6560
05:42:19,700 --> 05:42:23,500
Frances Perkins, the first woman
to hold a US cabinet position, 

6561
05:42:24,500 --> 05:42:27,700
In doing so she Advanced the 
notion that women could excel in

6562
05:42:27,700 --> 05:42:30,500
governance. 
Skeptic snared at the idea of 

6563
05:42:30,500 --> 05:42:34,200
female leadership, but Ellen has
Karma Assurance backed by real 

6564
05:42:34,200 --> 05:42:36,000
accomplishments. 
Counted their doubts. 

6565
05:42:36,000 --> 05:42:38,800
She also found herself. 
Entangled and controversies 

6566
05:42:38,800 --> 05:42:42,600
around housing, reforms, Rural 
electrification, and migrant 

6567
05:42:42,600 --> 05:42:44,000
labor camps. 
In each case. 

6568
05:42:44,000 --> 05:42:47,600
Her approach was consistent 
travel to the site, talk to 

6569
05:42:47,600 --> 05:42:50,600
affected families and push her 
husband's advisors to craft 

6570
05:42:50,600 --> 05:42:53,100
Solutions. 
If she couldn't persuade through

6571
05:42:53,100 --> 05:42:56,300
formal channels, she sometimes 
appealed directly to the public 

6572
05:42:56,300 --> 05:42:58,100
through her column or radio 
addresses. 

6573
05:42:58,100 --> 05:43:01,500
She skillfully balanced between 
being a supportive first lady 

6574
05:43:01,500 --> 05:43:04,600
and being an independent 
political actor by the late 

6575
05:43:04,600 --> 05:43:07,100
1930s. 
The Rosevelt Administration, 

6576
05:43:07,100 --> 05:43:11,100
confronted new challenges 
fashioning in Europe and are 

6577
05:43:11,100 --> 05:43:14,700
still wobbly economy at home 
through it all Eleanor schedule 

6578
05:43:14,700 --> 05:43:17,400
remained Relentless. 
She believed in direct 

6579
05:43:17,400 --> 05:43:20,900
engagement convinced that a 
leader unaware of suffering, had

6580
05:43:20,900 --> 05:43:23,600
no moral right to shape policy 
though. 

6581
05:43:23,600 --> 05:43:26,300
She never held official office, 
Her counsel influenced 

6582
05:43:26,300 --> 05:43:28,500
decisions, that altered millions
of lives. 

6583
05:43:29,100 --> 05:43:30,800
With war clouds gathering 
overseas. 

6584
05:43:30,800 --> 05:43:34,100
She would soon discover that her
role required, not just empathy,

6585
05:43:34,100 --> 05:43:37,800
but a Steely resolve to face a 
global crisis poisoned to test 

6586
05:43:37,800 --> 05:43:42,300
America's ideals as the 1930s 
ended and World War Two loomed. 

6587
05:43:42,300 --> 05:43:45,400
Eleanor, Roosevelt sensed a 
shifting Global landscape. 

6588
05:43:45,400 --> 05:43:49,100
She saw fascism trampling human 
rights in Europe and Asia. 

6589
05:43:49,100 --> 05:43:51,500
While America debated isolation 
versus intervention. 

6590
05:43:52,700 --> 05:43:56,400
Both Franklin initially focused 
on domestic recovery by 1940. 

6591
05:43:56,400 --> 05:43:59,700
It was clear the nation couldn't
ignore International turmoil, 

6592
05:43:59,700 --> 05:44:03,400
Eleanor never shy about voicing 
her stance argued, that 

6593
05:44:03,400 --> 05:44:06,800
America's moral responsibility 
extended Beyond its borders. 

6594
05:44:07,600 --> 05:44:09,200
She wrote passionately in my 
day. 

6595
05:44:09,208 --> 05:44:11,500
Warning readers, that Democratic
Values. 

6596
05:44:11,500 --> 05:44:14,300
Needed defending lest they 
perish in the onslaught of 

6597
05:44:14,308 --> 05:44:16,700
tyranny? 
When Franklin won an 

6598
05:44:16,700 --> 05:44:20,300
unprecedented, third term, in 
1940, the Roosevelt steal 

6599
05:44:20,300 --> 05:44:21,900
themselves for a tumultuous 
period. 

6600
05:44:22,700 --> 05:44:25,500
Eleanor accelerated her advocacy
for civil rights and women's 

6601
05:44:25,500 --> 05:44:28,400
involvement in war preparedness 
with men, joining the military. 

6602
05:44:28,400 --> 05:44:32,300
She championed female workers to
fill industrial, roles touring 

6603
05:44:32,300 --> 05:44:35,400
factories, she highlighted the 
contributions of Rosie, the 

6604
05:44:35,400 --> 05:44:39,400
Riveter types, urging Americans 
to shed old prejudices about A 

6605
05:44:39,400 --> 05:44:42,900
Woman's Place. 
Her stance was pragmatic the 

6606
05:44:42,900 --> 05:44:45,400
nation required every capable 
hand to be looming. 

6607
05:44:45,400 --> 05:44:47,900
Threats yet. 
Pearl Harbor's bombing in 

6608
05:44:47,900 --> 05:44:52,100
December 1941 brought to us 
soil, igniting frantic 

6609
05:44:52,100 --> 05:44:55,200
mobilization. 
Eleanor plunged into morale. 

6610
05:44:55,200 --> 05:44:58,400
Building efforts visiting troops
meeting with families of 

6611
05:44:58,400 --> 05:45:01,400
servicemen and pushing for 
improved conditions in military 

6612
05:45:01,400 --> 05:45:03,900
camps. 
Eleanor believed that even small

6613
05:45:03,900 --> 05:45:08,800
actions, like providing decent 
food, Medical Care and pay could

6614
05:45:08,800 --> 05:45:11,000
demonstrate the country's 
commitment to those who served 

6615
05:45:11,000 --> 05:45:13,700
despite the war department 
having its structures. 

6616
05:45:13,700 --> 05:45:17,900
Her personal visits, frequently 
revealed, areas of concern, such

6617
05:45:17,900 --> 05:45:21,400
as segregated facilities, 
limited Mental, Health Services 

6618
05:45:21,400 --> 05:45:24,400
or insufficient resources in 
remote training sites. 

6619
05:45:25,100 --> 05:45:27,600
She penned Frank memos to 
generals and even her husband 

6620
05:45:27,600 --> 05:45:31,500
demanding improvements on the 
home front war fever, sometimes 

6621
05:45:31,500 --> 05:45:35,100
fueled racism Japanese-Americans
were forced into internment 

6622
05:45:35,100 --> 05:45:37,500
camps. 
A policy, Ellen are struggled to

6623
05:45:37,500 --> 05:45:40,600
reconcile with her belief in 
Democratic principles, she 

6624
05:45:40,600 --> 05:45:43,600
quietly lobbied behind the 
scenes, but her opposition to 

6625
05:45:43,600 --> 05:45:46,200
the policy never gained enough 
traction to reverse it. 

6626
05:45:46,900 --> 05:45:49,500
Critics later labeled her 
substance on internment as one 

6627
05:45:49,500 --> 05:45:53,000
of her greatest moral failures. 
Still she strove to mitigate 

6628
05:45:53,000 --> 05:45:55,700
conditions by visiting camps and
advocating for educational 

6629
05:45:55,700 --> 05:45:59,100
programs inside them. 
Mindful that these efforts fell 

6630
05:45:59,100 --> 05:46:03,200
short of outright Justice. 
Meanwhile, civil rights leaders 

6631
05:46:03,200 --> 05:46:05,700
urged, the administration to 
address discrimination in 

6632
05:46:05,700 --> 05:46:09,000
defense Industries, Ellen became
their conduit in the White 

6633
05:46:09,000 --> 05:46:11,600
House. 
Franklyn issued executive order 

6634
05:46:11,600 --> 05:46:14,700
8802, Banning racial 
discrimination, in defense 

6635
05:46:14,700 --> 05:46:17,500
contracts partly due to her 
persistent urging. 

6636
05:46:18,100 --> 05:46:20,700
Though enforcement was patchy it
set a precedent. 

6637
05:46:20,700 --> 05:46:24,700
She continued, her bold stands 
like publicly supporting the 

6638
05:46:24,700 --> 05:46:28,000
Tuskegee Airmen, and ensuring 
African-American nurses were 

6639
05:46:28,000 --> 05:46:29,900
integrated into the Army Nurse 
Corps. 

6640
05:46:29,900 --> 05:46:32,900
Each symbolic action fanned 
controversy among 

6641
05:46:32,900 --> 05:46:36,800
segregationists but to her, the 
quality was non-negotiable 

6642
05:46:36,800 --> 05:46:40,100
especially in a war, purportedly
fought for freedom. 

6643
05:46:41,100 --> 05:46:43,500
Abroad. 
Ellen has reach extended through

6644
05:46:43,500 --> 05:46:46,400
her Goodwill tours. 
She traveled to Britain, and the

6645
05:46:46,400 --> 05:46:49,400
South Pacific meeting soldiers, 
and Allied Leaders, her 

6646
05:46:49,400 --> 05:46:51,100
presence, was more than 
ceremonial. 

6647
05:46:51,100 --> 05:46:54,800
She asked probing questions 
about troop morale, supply lines

6648
05:46:54,800 --> 05:46:57,400
and local tensions often she 
cabled. 

6649
05:46:57,400 --> 05:47:00,100
Back suggestions for 
improvements from British prime 

6650
05:47:00,100 --> 05:47:02,000
minister Winston, Churchill, 
praised her empathy. 

6651
05:47:02,000 --> 05:47:06,100
Even if some in his Entourage 
found her activism unorthodox 

6652
05:47:06,100 --> 05:47:09,000
for a first lady. 
She reassured War weary 

6653
05:47:09,000 --> 05:47:11,300
civilians that American Aid, 
wasn't just strategic. 

6654
05:47:11,300 --> 05:47:13,900
It was driven by genuine 
commitment to Liberty. 

6655
05:47:15,000 --> 05:47:17,100
At home. 
She confronted a personal 

6656
05:47:17,100 --> 05:47:20,200
heartbreak, her brother. 
Paul Rose of elks struggled with

6657
05:47:20,200 --> 05:47:23,200
alcoholism echoing. 
The family's tragic Legacy. 

6658
05:47:23,200 --> 05:47:26,000
She tried to arrange support and
discreet care. 

6659
05:47:26,000 --> 05:47:30,000
Balancing private loyalties with
public responsibilities, a 

6660
05:47:30,000 --> 05:47:32,400
circle of intimate friends, 
provided emotional ballast, 

6661
05:47:33,200 --> 05:47:35,400
Lorena Hickok. 
Remained a confidant though. 

6662
05:47:35,400 --> 05:47:39,300
War Logistics limited their time
together through letters Eleanor

6663
05:47:39,300 --> 05:47:41,600
confided. 
Her exhaustion admitting that 

6664
05:47:41,600 --> 05:47:45,600
the Public's expectations, often
felt insurmountable As the 

6665
05:47:45,600 --> 05:47:49,300
conflict raged on Franklin's 
Health waned, his blood pressure

6666
05:47:49,300 --> 05:47:52,800
Rose and stress weighed heavily.
Elena stepped in more 

6667
05:47:52,800 --> 05:47:55,300
assertively bridging gaps in his
schedule. 

6668
05:47:56,000 --> 05:47:59,500
She delivered radio addresses, 
championing, war, bonds visited 

6669
05:47:59,500 --> 05:48:02,400
hospitals, treating wounded, 
veterans, and comforted, 

6670
05:48:02,400 --> 05:48:05,600
grieving families. 
Some cynics dismissed her as 

6671
05:48:05,600 --> 05:48:08,600
Madame do good. 
But many others found solace in 

6672
05:48:08,608 --> 05:48:11,000
a leader unafraid to see 
suffering first-hand. 

6673
05:48:11,900 --> 05:48:15,300
By 1944, the Allied Forces were 
making significant progress. 

6674
05:48:15,300 --> 05:48:17,900
Victory seemed a complicated 
Prospect. 

6675
05:48:17,900 --> 05:48:20,300
The wars. 
Devastation would require not 

6676
05:48:20,300 --> 05:48:23,700
just triumph over access powers 
but a blueprint for peace. 

6677
05:48:24,700 --> 05:48:27,400
Ellen has mined buzzed with 
questions about refugees 

6678
05:48:27,400 --> 05:48:30,700
post-war reconstruction? 
And a reimagined global 

6679
05:48:30,700 --> 05:48:32,600
framework that might prevent 
future catastrophes. 

6680
05:48:32,600 --> 05:48:36,500
She saw glimpses of a potential 
role for the United States. 

6681
05:48:36,500 --> 05:48:39,600
As a moral leader though. 
She worried domestic politics 

6682
05:48:39,600 --> 05:48:42,700
might hamper that vision. 
In the final year of the war, 

6683
05:48:42,700 --> 05:48:45,700
she began hinting that the world
needed a robust International 

6684
05:48:45,700 --> 05:48:48,400
body to maintain peace for 
shadowing. 

6685
05:48:48,400 --> 05:48:50,700
Her eventual pivotal role in the
United Nations. 

6686
05:48:51,700 --> 05:48:55,600
Franklin D, Roosevelt died, in 
April, 1945 mere weeks before 

6687
05:48:55,600 --> 05:48:59,000
Germany, surrender the nation, 
mourned a four-term president, 

6688
05:48:59,000 --> 05:49:02,100
whose New Deal and wartime 
leadership had reshaped America 

6689
05:49:02,100 --> 05:49:05,500
for Eleanor Roosevelt. 
The loss was both intimate and 

6690
05:49:05,500 --> 05:49:08,200
public while she and Franklin 
had forged a practical 

6691
05:49:08,200 --> 05:49:11,000
partnership over the years, she 
grieved the passing of a 

6692
05:49:11,008 --> 05:49:14,300
companion who had despite all 
their marital complexities had 

6693
05:49:14,300 --> 05:49:17,300
walked beside her through 
Monumental Transformations when 

6694
05:49:17,300 --> 05:49:19,400
Harry Truman succeeded to the 
presidency. 

6695
05:49:19,400 --> 05:49:22,900
He recognized Ellen as unique 
standing at first. 

6696
05:49:22,900 --> 05:49:25,100
Many assumed she would Retreat 
from public life. 

6697
05:49:25,100 --> 05:49:29,600
Instead, she showed no sign of 
Disappearing into widowhood She 

6698
05:49:29,600 --> 05:49:32,900
considered her husband's death, 
a passing of the Baton, a moment

6699
05:49:32,900 --> 05:49:37,300
demanding continued engagement, 
the war with Japan, still raged 

6700
05:49:37,300 --> 05:49:39,200
and global politics were in 
flux. 

6701
05:49:39,200 --> 05:49:43,300
She quietly rebuffed suggestions
to retire stating famously. 

6702
05:49:43,300 --> 05:49:45,900
The story is over but not the 
journey. 

6703
05:49:47,600 --> 05:49:51,000
In May 1945 v-day victory in 
Europe. 

6704
05:49:51,000 --> 05:49:54,000
Arrived overshadowed by the 
looming. 

6705
05:49:54,000 --> 05:49:57,300
Final battles against Japan. 
Ellen, Eleanor immersed herself 

6706
05:49:57,300 --> 05:50:00,800
in relief, efforts focusing on 
wounded, veterans returning from

6707
05:50:00,800 --> 05:50:04,400
both theaters, she visited 
hospitals, consulted families, 

6708
05:50:04,400 --> 05:50:08,600
and championed bills aimed at 
their rehabilitation While 

6709
05:50:08,600 --> 05:50:11,300
Truman's Administration tackled 
the complexities of forming a 

6710
05:50:11,300 --> 05:50:13,700
post-war order. 
She used her platform to 

6711
05:50:13,700 --> 05:50:16,000
advocate for a strong 
Cooperative, International 

6712
05:50:16,000 --> 05:50:19,100
Community. 
One of Truman's defining acts 

6713
05:50:19,100 --> 05:50:21,800
was to appoint Eleanor to the 
first American delegation to the

6714
05:50:21,800 --> 05:50:26,000
United Nations in 1945. 
Many in Washington questioned. 

6715
05:50:26,000 --> 05:50:29,300
The choice could a former first 
lady or be at well-traveled 

6716
05:50:29,300 --> 05:50:33,900
effectively navigate high stakes
diplomacy Truman saw something, 

6717
05:50:33,900 --> 05:50:38,200
others overlooked her blend of 
empathy and pragmatism the 

6718
05:50:38,200 --> 05:50:40,000
appointment. 
Signaled, a fresh chapter for 

6719
05:50:40,000 --> 05:50:42,500
both the UN. 
And Eleanor she approached the 

6720
05:50:42,500 --> 05:50:45,700
role with disciplined, study 
brushing up, on parliamentary 

6721
05:50:45,700 --> 05:50:49,000
rules, international law, and 
economic recovery. 

6722
05:50:49,000 --> 05:50:52,400
Proposals attending the un's 
early session in London. 

6723
05:50:52,400 --> 05:50:54,700
And then at Lake Success, New 
York. 

6724
05:50:54,700 --> 05:50:57,500
She immersed herself in the 
complexities of post-war. 

6725
05:50:57,500 --> 05:51:00,700
Negotiations nation's wrestled 
with forming stable. 

6726
05:51:00,700 --> 05:51:04,100
Governments in war, ravaged 
regions setting up structures to

6727
05:51:04,100 --> 05:51:07,400
prevent future conflicts. 
While seasoned diplomats haggled

6728
05:51:07,400 --> 05:51:10,600
over boundaries and reparations 
Elena centered her efforts on 

6729
05:51:10,600 --> 05:51:13,000
human rights. 
She found common cause with 

6730
05:51:13,000 --> 05:51:15,000
delegate is from smaller 
Nations. 

6731
05:51:15,000 --> 05:51:18,600
Forging, Alliance is that 
transcended cold war lines just 

6732
05:51:18,600 --> 05:51:21,500
beginning to emerge. 
In 1946. 

6733
05:51:21,500 --> 05:51:24,500
She chaired the newly formed un 
Commission on human rights. 

6734
05:51:24,500 --> 05:51:28,200
Initially, some delegates saw 
her as an American figurehead 

6735
05:51:28,200 --> 05:51:32,700
polite, but lacking intellectual
heft a swiftly learned otherwise

6736
05:51:32,700 --> 05:51:36,700
she steered discussions with 
firmness, ensuring smaller 

6737
05:51:36,700 --> 05:51:39,300
Nations had their say, She 
insisted the commission. 

6738
05:51:39,300 --> 05:51:42,400
Draft not just broad statements 
but actionable principles. 

6739
05:51:43,400 --> 05:51:46,400
This laborious process, required
reconciling different cultural 

6740
05:51:46,400 --> 05:51:50,100
values, economic realities, and 
political ideologies. 

6741
05:51:51,400 --> 05:51:53,300
Hours of debate tested. 
Her resolve. 

6742
05:51:53,300 --> 05:51:55,700
She found an ally in French 
philosopher. 

6743
05:51:55,700 --> 05:51:59,900
Renee cassette among others, who
appreciated her unwavering focus

6744
05:51:59,900 --> 05:52:03,200
on practical outcomes. 
The commission's, most famous 

6745
05:52:03,200 --> 05:52:05,900
product, the universal 
Declaration of Human Rights, 

6746
05:52:05,900 --> 05:52:09,300
emerged as a collaborative 
Masterpiece though it bore 

6747
05:52:09,300 --> 05:52:12,100
Ellen, has imprint. 
She reminded delegates that 

6748
05:52:12,100 --> 05:52:14,400
lofty words meant little and 
less every day. 

6749
05:52:14,400 --> 05:52:17,500
People could understand them. 
She pushed for language, that 

6750
05:52:17,500 --> 05:52:21,700
was clear, Universal and free 
from legalistic clutter late 

6751
05:52:21,700 --> 05:52:23,200
night. 
Session's often ended with her 

6752
05:52:23,200 --> 05:52:25,900
scribbling revisions by 
Lamplight fueled by an 

6753
05:52:25,900 --> 05:52:29,000
unshakeable belief that each 
article mattered to someone's 

6754
05:52:29,000 --> 05:52:32,700
dignity Her experience among the
poor and marginalized during the

6755
05:52:32,700 --> 05:52:35,700
Depression shaped her commitment
to ensuring each Clause, 

6756
05:52:35,700 --> 05:52:38,500
addressed fundamental human 
needs. 

6757
05:52:39,200 --> 05:52:41,800
Throughout these intense 
negotiations, she maintained a 

6758
05:52:41,808 --> 05:52:44,600
public speaking schedule 
traveling to universities and 

6759
05:52:44,600 --> 05:52:46,500
women's clubs to explain the 
un's mission. 

6760
05:52:47,300 --> 05:52:49,400
To tractors at home accused of 
naivete. 

6761
05:52:49,400 --> 05:52:52,600
Suggesting the Soviet Union's, 
looming, power rendered human 

6762
05:52:52,600 --> 05:52:56,100
rights talk meaningless. 
She counted that precisely 

6763
05:52:56,100 --> 05:52:57,800
because of geopolitical 
tensions. 

6764
05:52:57,800 --> 05:52:59,700
A moral framework was 
indispensable. 

6765
05:53:00,500 --> 05:53:02,600
She refused to let cynicism 
overshadow. 

6766
05:53:02,600 --> 05:53:04,000
The potential of collective 
action. 

6767
05:53:05,000 --> 05:53:08,000
By 1948, the commission 
finalized, the universal 

6768
05:53:08,000 --> 05:53:11,600
Declaration of Human Rights. 
The UN General assembly's 

6769
05:53:11,600 --> 05:53:13,300
adoption of it. 
Marked a significant Milestone 

6770
05:53:13,300 --> 05:53:17,800
though, not legally binding, its
set a moral standard, Eleanor 

6771
05:53:17,800 --> 05:53:20,500
delivered speeches, describing 
it as a Magna Carta For All 

6772
05:53:20,508 --> 05:53:23,600
Mankind, and showing the public 
understood it as a tool to 

6773
05:53:23,600 --> 05:53:27,700
uplift the disenfranchise. 
International media, credited, 

6774
05:53:27,700 --> 05:53:31,000
her leadership, albeit, 
sometimes grudgingly as she had 

6775
05:53:31,000 --> 05:53:33,200
shattered prior assumptions 
about a first lady's 

6776
05:53:33,200 --> 05:53:35,700
capabilities. 
In the aftermath she found 

6777
05:53:35,700 --> 05:53:38,600
little time for rest. 
The world was shifting into the 

6778
05:53:38,600 --> 05:53:41,400
Cold War era. 
Economic reconstruction, 

6779
05:53:41,400 --> 05:53:44,800
decolonization and ideological 
battles. 

6780
05:53:44,800 --> 05:53:48,500
Now, to find global relations. 
Even as she stepped away from 

6781
05:53:48,500 --> 05:53:51,500
the commission, she continued to
serve as a roving ambassador of 

6782
05:53:51,500 --> 05:53:54,500
sorts championing human rights 
across continents. 

6783
05:53:55,900 --> 05:53:59,100
Elinor saw her late husband's 
passing as an opportunity to 

6784
05:53:59,100 --> 05:54:02,500
forge her own unique Legacy, 
rooted not in being a 

6785
05:54:02,500 --> 05:54:06,400
president's wife, but in shaping
International Norms at a pivotal

6786
05:54:06,400 --> 05:54:09,700
moment in history, In the final 
decade of her life. 

6787
05:54:09,700 --> 05:54:12,900
Eleanor Roosevelt, continued as 
an indefatigable voice for 

6788
05:54:12,900 --> 05:54:16,300
social justice, human rights and
democratic ideals. 

6789
05:54:16,300 --> 05:54:20,500
The universal Declaration of 
Human Rights, adopted in 1948 

6790
05:54:20,500 --> 05:54:22,600
remained her crowning 
achievement. 

6791
05:54:22,600 --> 05:54:26,600
However, she refused to rest on 
her past achievements with the 

6792
05:54:26,600 --> 05:54:29,700
onset of the Cold War critics, 
claimed the un's ideals would 

6793
05:54:29,700 --> 05:54:32,900
crumble under superpower 
rivalry, Eleanor believed, 

6794
05:54:32,900 --> 05:54:35,900
otherwise maintaining that 
shared principles could mitigate

6795
05:54:35,900 --> 05:54:40,400
conflict even if progress 
unfolded slowly, She returned to

6796
05:54:40,400 --> 05:54:44,300
private citizenship in 1953, but
State active in public 

6797
05:54:44,300 --> 05:54:47,600
discourse. 
Writing, lecturing and 

6798
05:54:47,600 --> 05:54:49,900
advocating. 
She championed civil rights at 

6799
05:54:49,900 --> 05:54:52,300
home. 
When African-American students, 

6800
05:54:52,300 --> 05:54:55,300
integrated previously, all white
schools under court orders. 

6801
05:54:56,100 --> 05:54:59,200
She lent moral support, 
reminding Americans that 

6802
05:54:59,200 --> 05:55:01,000
equality was part of their 
National fabric. 

6803
05:55:01,900 --> 05:55:05,400
The Columns remained, 
unflinching calling out racism 

6804
05:55:05,400 --> 05:55:08,900
poverty and the complacency of 
those who benefited from the 

6805
05:55:08,900 --> 05:55:11,600
status quo. 
Some saw her as anachronistic 

6806
05:55:11,600 --> 05:55:14,800
others discovered in her words. 
A beacon for an America 

6807
05:55:14,800 --> 05:55:17,600
struggling to reconcile its 
ideals with its realities. 

6808
05:55:17,600 --> 05:55:21,100
Her personal network, still 
included political, heavyweights

6809
05:55:21,100 --> 05:55:23,900
enabling her to press for a 
forms behind the scenes. 

6810
05:55:23,900 --> 05:55:26,900
She served under President John 
F Kennedy as chair of the 

6811
05:55:26,900 --> 05:55:29,900
presidential commission on the 
status of women established in 

6812
05:55:29,900 --> 05:55:35,300
1961 at an age, when many retire
Elena dissected legal codes 

6813
05:55:35,300 --> 05:55:38,800
Employment Practices and 
educational barriers hindering 

6814
05:55:38,800 --> 05:55:41,600
women. 
She demanded data case studies 

6815
05:55:41,600 --> 05:55:45,100
and policy recommendations 
aiming to transform rhetoric. 

6816
05:55:45,100 --> 05:55:48,400
Into tangible steps that the 
commission's final report 

6817
05:55:48,400 --> 05:55:51,800
spurred legislative changes. 
Under scored her ability to 

6818
05:55:51,800 --> 05:55:54,400
channel moral Vision in to Legal
Frameworks. 

6819
05:55:55,100 --> 05:55:57,000
Throughout the 1950s and early 
1960s. 

6820
05:55:57,000 --> 05:56:00,700
She traveled the globe. 
Invitations poured in, from 

6821
05:56:00,700 --> 05:56:03,100
countries, wanting to meet the 
woman, behind the Declaration of

6822
05:56:03,100 --> 05:56:06,000
Human Rights in India. 
She walked through Villages, 

6823
05:56:06,000 --> 05:56:08,600
discussing rural development in 
Israel. 

6824
05:56:08,600 --> 05:56:11,400
She Marvel's communities in 
Africa. 

6825
05:56:11,400 --> 05:56:14,400
She observed newly independent 
nations grappling with 

6826
05:56:14,400 --> 05:56:18,000
post-colonial reconstruction, 
where American ambassadors might

6827
05:56:18,000 --> 05:56:22,100
exude, formality Elena, embraced
dialogues with every day people.

6828
05:56:23,000 --> 05:56:26,800
She returned from each Journey, 
energized writing extensive 

6829
05:56:26,800 --> 05:56:29,500
notes for policymakers, 
cautioning, against 

6830
05:56:29,500 --> 05:56:32,000
condescending attitudes toward 
emerging Nations. 

6831
05:56:32,900 --> 05:56:36,000
Her willingness to learn from 
other cultures became a Hallmark

6832
05:56:36,000 --> 05:56:39,200
of her diplomacy time. 
And again, she confronted 

6833
05:56:39,200 --> 05:56:42,700
critics who branded her a 
busybody She was neither a 

6834
05:56:42,700 --> 05:56:44,100
scholar or a government 
official. 

6835
05:56:44,100 --> 05:56:46,600
Why should she meddle in foreign
or domestic affairs? 

6836
05:56:47,500 --> 05:56:50,900
She answered that democracy was 
every Citizens Business and 

6837
05:56:50,900 --> 05:56:53,900
moral responsibility didn't 
vanish with the end of official 

6838
05:56:53,900 --> 05:56:57,000
appointments observers noted, 
that her brand of activism 

6839
05:56:57,000 --> 05:57:00,400
hinged, on practical empathy 
nurtured from her earliest. 

6840
05:57:00,400 --> 05:57:03,500
Volunteer days where the 
lecturing at a university or 

6841
05:57:03,500 --> 05:57:07,400
chatting with aural cooperative.
She asked questions and listened

6842
05:57:07,400 --> 05:57:11,500
her convictions were firm yet. 
She respected the complexity of 

6843
05:57:11,500 --> 05:57:14,100
local struggles. 
She also mentored Rising 

6844
05:57:14,100 --> 05:57:17,700
figures, both men and women 
urging them to wield compassion 

6845
05:57:17,700 --> 05:57:21,900
as a strength, not a weakness. 
From civil rights activists in 

6846
05:57:21,900 --> 05:57:23,800
the American South to Young 
diplomats. 

6847
05:57:23,800 --> 05:57:27,600
In the end, she encouraged them 
to merge policy with Humanity. 

6848
05:57:28,500 --> 05:57:31,500
People, she mentored often 
recalled her direct manner, no 

6849
05:57:31,500 --> 05:57:34,400
Idol flattery just pointed 
questions, that force them to 

6850
05:57:34,400 --> 05:57:37,900
clarify their own beliefs 
rarely, did she scold in public 

6851
05:57:37,900 --> 05:57:41,400
but in private she offered 
candid criticisms designed to 

6852
05:57:41,408 --> 05:57:44,900
Sharp and strategies. 
It's a health began to decline 

6853
05:57:44,900 --> 05:57:48,500
in the early 1960s. 
She scaled back her demanding 

6854
05:57:48,500 --> 05:57:50,900
itinerary though. 
Not her convictions. 

6855
05:57:50,900 --> 05:57:53,800
President Kennedy valued her 
Council on international 

6856
05:57:53,800 --> 05:57:57,500
relations and domestic policy. 
She remained a fixture in press 

6857
05:57:57,500 --> 05:58:00,800
interviews, her voice steady 
even if her physical stamina 

6858
05:58:00,800 --> 05:58:02,800
waned. 
She firmly believed in 

6859
05:58:02,800 --> 05:58:06,200
transferring the responsibility 
to the Next Generation in. 

6860
05:58:06,200 --> 05:58:09,400
One of her final interviews, she
expressed hope that the seeds 

6861
05:58:09,400 --> 05:58:12,000
planted by the universal 
declaration would bear fruit, 

6862
05:58:12,000 --> 05:58:15,300
even if it took centuries for 
Humanity to fully embrace the 

6863
05:58:15,300 --> 05:58:21,300
ideals of Justice, Liberty and 
equality Eleanor Roosevelt died 

6864
05:58:21,300 --> 05:58:26,100
on November the 7th 1962. 
Tributes poured in from heads of

6865
05:58:26,108 --> 05:58:29,800
state and ordinary citizens 
alike, many lauded her as the 

6866
05:58:29,800 --> 05:58:33,300
first lady of the world, a title
first coined in recognition of 

6867
05:58:33,300 --> 05:58:37,100
her Global humanitarian work 
over the coming years, her 

6868
05:58:37,100 --> 05:58:40,800
Legacy would be Revisited by 
historians feminists diplomats 

6869
05:58:40,800 --> 05:58:44,200
and human rights advocates. 
Unlike fleeting political 

6870
05:58:44,200 --> 05:58:47,100
personalities, she left a 
lasting moral imprint that 

6871
05:58:47,100 --> 05:58:50,700
transcended parties. 
And geography today her words 

6872
05:58:50,700 --> 05:58:53,500
still resonate. 
Where after all do Universal 

6873
05:58:53,500 --> 05:58:56,700
human rights begin in small 
places close to home. 

6874
05:58:57,800 --> 05:59:00,800
Her famous advocacy statement, 
encapsulates, the essence of her

6875
05:59:00,800 --> 05:59:03,100
life. 
She believed real change took 

6876
05:59:03,108 --> 05:59:07,100
root in neighborhoods, schools 
and local governments only, then

6877
05:59:07,100 --> 05:59:09,200
scaling up to National and 
international levels. 

6878
05:59:09,900 --> 05:59:12,100
Born into privilege. 
She grew into a figure who 

6879
05:59:12,100 --> 05:59:14,900
championed the powerless 
overcoming shyness and 

6880
05:59:14,900 --> 05:59:16,900
heartbreak. 
She constructed a role for 

6881
05:59:16,900 --> 05:59:18,500
herself that few imagined 
possible. 

6882
05:59:18,500 --> 05:59:22,100
And in that process, she altered
the global Dialogue on rights 

6883
05:59:22,100 --> 05:59:24,700
dignity and what it means to 
serve Humanity,