What the First Ships Looked Like and How They Worked | Boring History

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Oh, what is good? 
Everyone. 

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I hope you are ready to release 
yourself from the day. 

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You had to get that well needed,
rest. 

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So, let's snuggle up and settle 
into something perfectly 

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soothing. 
Now you guys have recommended 

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something based on what the 
first ships looked like and how 

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they worked. 
So we are going to go through 

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all of it. 
Now, the rain in the background 

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and the ocean waves are placed 
here to help you feel at ease. 

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And as always, every story is a 
carefully researched and 

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thoughtfully written sleep story
shaped from historical sources. 

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So if this calm grounded boring 
history helps you achieve what 

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you came here for feel free to 
follow, leave a like and tell me

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where you're listening from and 
what time it is now dim your 

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pesky lights, grab your blanket 
and be sure to turn on a fan for

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some noise. 
Hello my tired friends. 

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Tonight, we are going back to a 
time before harbors and 

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Compasses and sales snapping in 
Ocean wind. 

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We're going to the very 
beginning when humans first 

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realized they could move across 
water without drowning. 

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And when that realization 
changed everything about how we 

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understood our world. 
Before we had cities or written 

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language, or metal tools, we had
boats the story of how we 

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learned to float is older than 
almost any other human 

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technology and it began not with
grand designs, but with simple 

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observation and desperate need. 
Your standing at the edge of a 

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river in, what will someday be 
called the Fertile Crescent? 

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The year is roughly 8,000 before
the Common Era, the water moves 

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past you with that particular 
sound rivers make when they are 

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full and confident and going 
somewhere important. 

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Your people have been following 
this River for three 

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generations. 
Now, you know its moods, you 

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know, when it floods and when it
shrinks back into itself, you 

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know which fish swim near the 
surface at dawn and which plants

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grow thick along the Muddy 
Banks? 

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But you have never been to the 
other side. 

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The river is too wide to throw a
stone across two deep to Wade, 

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too fast to swim without being 
called Downstream into Waters. 

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You do not recognize. 
On the far Bank, you can see 

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fruit trees heavy with 
something, your people have 

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never tasted. 
You can see birds nesting in 

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numbers that would feed your 
family for a moon cycle, 

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everything you want is over 
there. 

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Everything you need is here. 
Someone in your group, has been 

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watching, logs in the water. 
This Is Not Unusual logs, float,

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past every few days, torn, from 
Upstream, Banks, during storms. 

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But this person has been 
watching differently, not just 

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seeing them, but thinking about 
them. 

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One morning after a night of 
heavy rain, a massive tree trunk

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comes down the river. 
It moves slower than the water 

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around. 
It turning slightly as it 

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catches on rocks and sand bars. 
Three people from your group 

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weighed out to where the water 
reaches their chests. 

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They grab the log, they pull it 
to shore, then they do something

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that has never been done before 
in. 

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Exactly this way, they climb 
onto it. 

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The log rolls they fall off, 
they try again, the log rolls a 

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fall off by midday six people 
are attempting, this strange new

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game like evening someone 
figures out that if you like 

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flat on your belly and spread 
your way to cross the wood, the 

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log becomes more stable, you are
not that person, you're watching

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from Shore, you're the one who 
notices that when they Splash 

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their hands and kick their feet,
the log moves forward not 

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quickly, not gracefully, but 
forward, The next day someone 

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ties. 
Two logs together using Vine, 

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the lashing is crude but 
functional the double log does 

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not roll. 
You can sit on it without 

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falling. 
You can use a branch to push 

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against the river bottom and 
move yourself through shallow 

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water within a week. 
Your group has created something

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that looks less like a log and 
more like a platform 5 logs 

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bound together, side by side 
wide enough. 

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That three adults can sit 
without tilting it. 

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Stable enough that someone can 
stand, if they keep their knees 

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bent and their weight centered. 
This is not a boat, not yet. 

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But it is the great, great 
grandmother of every boat that 

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will ever exist. 
Archaeologists call these bundle

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rocks, they appear in the 
material record of cross 

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multiple. 
Continents at roughly the same 

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time, period. 
The specimens found in Peru date

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to approximately 7,000 years 
before the Common Era. 

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The examples from the Persian 
Gulf region might be older still

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You push your raft into the 
current on a morning when the 

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air smells like rain, but the 
sky is clear. 

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The water is cold. 
It's seeps up through the gaps 

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between logs and soaks into your
clothing. 

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The raft sits low with only a 
hands with between the top of 

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the logs and the river surface. 
You have a long pole cut from 

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straight, would you push it down
into the river bed? 

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And feel the mud? 
Give way beneath the tip. 

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You push harder, the raft moves 
forward, one body length You 

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pull the pole up and planted 
again push move. 

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Pull plant. 
The Rhythm becomes automatic 

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halfway across the river, the 
bottom drops away. 

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Your poll finds, no, purchase 
you pull it up and lay across 

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your lap. 
The current takes you 

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Downstream, you do not panic. 
You have expected this. you have

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watched the river long enough to
know, it will push you toward 

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the far bank if you let it The 
raft's been slowly. 

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You see your Camp from an angle?
You've never seen it before, you

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see the curve of the river 
valley. 

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You see the tree line and the 
smoke from morning fires and the

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shape of people standing at the 
water's edge? 

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What you drift away from 
everything from milia? 

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Then the bottom comes back your 
poll finds mud. 

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You push towards your raft 
scrapes onto a sandbar with a 

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sound like wooden breathing, you
step onto land that your 

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answer's of never touched. 
You walked to the fruit trees. 

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The fruit tastes like, honey and
sunlight and the future when you

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return to your people with your 
arms full of food, they ask you 

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the question that humans have 
been asking about boats, ever 

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since they asked how far you 
could go. 

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The bundle raft spreads across 
human cultures, faster than 

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agriculture, faster than 
Pottery, faster than woven 

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cloth. 
The design appears independently

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on every continent where people 
live near water. 

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The Euros people on Lake 
Titicaca, still build these rats

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today using tutorial reads Their
construction methods are likely 

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identical to methods used. 
10,000 years ago, the logic is 

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universal things that float can 
be tied together. 

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Things tied together. 
Can hold weight weight 

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distributed across floating 
things can carry people over 

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water. 
This is engineering at its most 

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fundamental. 
This is human's looking at a 

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problem and solving it with 
whatever materials happened to 

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be within Arms Reach. 
But wooden reads deteriorate, 

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they rotten water. 
They come apart when lashing 

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loosens, they work for crossing 
rivers, but not for traveling 

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Rivers. 
They work for fishing close to 

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shore, but not for following 
coastlines. 

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They work for getting across but
not for coming back. 

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You need something better. 
You need something that can be 

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shaped instead of just bundled, 
you need to stop tying things 

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together, and start making 
things whole, you're standing in

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a forest in what will someday, 
be northern Europe? 

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The year is approximately 6,000 
before the Common Era, you're 

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looking at a pine tree that fell
during the winter lightning 

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struck at the crown and split it
down to the roots. 

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Half, the tree is still 
standing, half lies on the 

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ground in front of you. 
Fall in half is longer than five

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people lying, head to toe 
thicker than your torso. 

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At the base, the wood is solid. 
The bark is still attached 

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inside the split, you can see 
the pale flesh of the trees 

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still damp with sap, you have 
been thinking about boats for 

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two seasons. 
Now, your people have bundle 

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rafts but they come apart. 
The Reeds, get waterlogged, The 

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Vines stretch and snap. 
You spend more time repairing 

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rafts than using them, but this 
tree is one piece solid. 

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All the way through. 
If you could make it Hollow, it 

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would float with nothing to come
untied. 

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If you could make it curved 
inside like a bowl, it could 

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hold people without letting 
water in. 

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You do not have metal tools. 
Metal has not been invented yet 

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in your corner of the world. 
What you have is stoned Sharps 

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stone, that can be chipped into 
edges stone. 

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That can be haft onto wooden 
handles stone that holds an edge

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just long enough to be useful 
before it needs resharpening. 

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You also have fire, you build a 
small fire on top of the log. 

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You feed it, carefully you do 
not want flames, you want colds,

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red. 
Coals that sit in one place and 

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burn downward into the wood in 
stead of spreading outward along

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the bark. 
The wood begins to char the 

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charcoal layer goes soft, you 
scrape it away with a flat stone

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you scrape until you reach 
hardwood again. 

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Then you build another small 
fire in the scraped Halo more, 

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coals, more Charming, more 
scraping. 

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This is not quick work. 
This is the kind of work 

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measured in weeks, you burn, and
scrape burn and scrape. 

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The Halo grows deeper the shape 
starts to emerge, not a perfect 

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shape, not a planned shape, a 
shape that follows the grain of 

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the wood and the patience of 
Fire. 

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The passer canoe is the oldest 
known boat in the world. 

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It was found in the Netherlands 
and dates to be between 8,000 

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and 7,500 years before the 
Common Era. 

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The canoe is 3 meters long and 
44 centimeters wide. 

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It was made from a single Scots 
pine log, using the burn and 

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scraped method. 
The wood has been preserved in 

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peat. 
Bog conditions for nearly 10,000

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years. 
When archaeologists examined the

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pesku. 
Under magnification, they found 

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tool marks Stone tool marks. 
A pattern of scraping is visible

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in the charred, wood, grain 
someone made this boat using the

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same technique you're using 
right now. 

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Someone burned and scraped for 
weeks to create a Halo that 

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could hold one person and a 
fishing Spear and nothing else. 

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Your canoe takes 20 days to 
complete when you're finished. 

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The log has been transformed 
into something that looks almost

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intentional. 
The Halo runs most of the length

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of the trunk. 
The walls are thick enough to be

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strong, but thin enough to be 
light, the bottom is rounded, 

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the ends are blunt. 
He dragged it to the water on a 

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path of rollers made from small 
logs. 

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Four people help you. 
The canoe is heavy but 

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manageable when you push it into
the lake, it floats the Halo 

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stays dry. 
The wood sits in the water, like

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it was always meant to be there.
You climb in carefully, the 

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canoe rocks you freeze its 
steady, you sit on the bottom 

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with your legs crossed and your 
weight centered. 

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You pick up a paddle made from a
flat piece of wood lash to a 

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handle. 
You dip one, side into the water

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and pull the canoe moves 
forward. 

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It does not spin. 
It does not drift sideways, it 

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goes where you point it. 
This is different from a raft, 

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this is controlled movement. 
This is intention made, 

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physical. 
You can go across the lake or 

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along the shore line or straight
into the wind. 

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You can carry more weight than 
yourself. 

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You can bring home enough, fish 
to feed your entire group but 

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more importantly you can come 
back. 

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The Dugout canoe becomes the 
dominant watercraft design for 

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the next six thousand years. 
Examples appear in Africa. 

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Asia Europe, the Americas and 
Oceania. 

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Some are small like yours some 
massive. 

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The Maori Waka Tower Walker 
news. 

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From New Zealand could be 40 
meters long and hold up to 8 

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Warriors. 
Those massive canoes started the

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same way yours did with fire and
stone and patient. 

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Scraping Scandinavian bog finds 
reveal an evolution in technique

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early. 
Canoes are rough later on 

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showing the sophisticated tool 
marks. 

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By 4,000 years before the Common
Era, humans in northern Europe 

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are using Stone ads to shape the
interior walls to even 

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thickness. 
They are carving decorative 

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patterns along the gunnels. 
They're creating vessels that 

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not just functional but 
beautiful. 

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You teach the fire and scrape 
method to your children, they 

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teach it to their children. 
The knowledge spreads along 

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waterways and coastlines 
different cultures developed 

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different refinements. 
Some people discover that if you

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make the prowl pointed in Blunt,
the canoe moves through water 

231
00:12:07,000 --> 00:12:10,400
with less resistance. 
Some people figure out that if 

232
00:12:10,400 --> 00:12:13,000
you make the side slightly 
higher, you can travel in 

233
00:12:13,000 --> 00:12:15,000
rougher conditions without 
taking on water. 

234
00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:18,800
In the Pacific Northwest 
indigenous, people's take the 

235
00:12:18,800 --> 00:12:20,800
Dugout design to extraordinary 
levels. 

236
00:12:20,800 --> 00:12:24,500
They use cedar trees that grow 
wide enough to yield canoes 

237
00:12:24,500 --> 00:12:28,400
capable of Ocean Travel. 
They heat and bend the wood to 

238
00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:31,400
widen the beam. 
They had carved figureheads that

239
00:12:31,400 --> 00:12:33,700
serve both spiritual and 
practical purposes. 

240
00:12:33,700 --> 00:12:38,200
These canoes can navigate open 
ocean swells and carry entire 

241
00:12:38,200 --> 00:12:41,600
families with their possession. 
Across hundreds of miles of 

242
00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:44,500
water. 
The oldest known canoe in 

243
00:12:44,500 --> 00:12:46,300
Africa. 
Comes from the defunct in 

244
00:12:46,300 --> 00:12:50,000
Nigeria, it dates to 
approximately 6,000 years before

245
00:12:50,000 --> 00:12:53,400
the Common Era. 
Like the pest canoe, it was made

246
00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:57,500
using fire and simple tools. 
Unlike the pest canoe, it is 

247
00:12:57,500 --> 00:13:01,300
much larger two and a half 
meters long, 70 centimeters, 

248
00:13:01,300 --> 00:13:04,800
wide built to carry multiple 
people and cargo Through 

249
00:13:04,800 --> 00:13:08,300
swampland Rivers, where 
crocodiles outnumber humans. 

250
00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:11,600
You're getting older. 
Now, your children have 

251
00:13:11,600 --> 00:13:14,800
children, your original canoe is
still in use. 

252
00:13:14,800 --> 00:13:18,400
The word is dark. 
And with age, the interior walls

253
00:13:18,400 --> 00:13:22,000
are smooth from years of wear. 
Cracks of appeared near the 

254
00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:25,300
proud but they do not leak. 
The boat has become part of your

255
00:13:25,300 --> 00:13:28,700
family's identity. 
People know you as the fire boat

256
00:13:28,700 --> 00:13:32,200
maker, the person who figured 
out how to trap air inside wood.

257
00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:36,500
One day your oldest grandchild 
asks you why you may the Halo 

258
00:13:36,500 --> 00:13:40,400
the shape it is you realize you 
do not have a good answer, you 

259
00:13:40,400 --> 00:13:41,900
may made the way it wanted to be
made. 

260
00:13:41,900 --> 00:13:46,000
You followed the woods grain? 
Stopped when the walls felt 

261
00:13:46,000 --> 00:13:48,500
right. 
But your grandchild wants to 

262
00:13:48,500 --> 00:13:51,300
understand the principles, why 
this shape works. 

263
00:13:51,300 --> 00:13:54,500
And other shape do not, you 
spend an afternoon trying to 

264
00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:56,700
explain something you learned 
through doing rather than 

265
00:13:56,700 --> 00:14:00,100
thinking You talked about how 
the rounded bottom makes the 

266
00:14:00,100 --> 00:14:03,000
canoe stable. 
How the curved sides keep water 

267
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:06,200
from pouring in when the boat 
rocks, how the pointed ends cut 

268
00:14:06,200 --> 00:14:07,800
through water, instead of 
pushing it. 

269
00:14:08,500 --> 00:14:11,300
This conversation is important. 
This is the moment when 

270
00:14:11,300 --> 00:14:13,900
boat-making stops being 
accidental and starts being 

271
00:14:13,900 --> 00:14:16,500
intentional. 
This is when humans begin to 

272
00:14:16,500 --> 00:14:19,200
understand the physics of 
floating without having words 

273
00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:22,100
for physics, yet. 
You're standing in a marsh and 

274
00:14:22,100 --> 00:14:25,500
southern Mesopotamia. 
The year is approximately 5,000.

275
00:14:25,500 --> 00:14:29,100
Before the Common Era, the water
here does not flow like a river,

276
00:14:29,100 --> 00:14:32,300
it spreads out, and shallow 
pools and channels that change 

277
00:14:32,300 --> 00:14:35,300
with the seasons reads grow 
taller than your head. 

278
00:14:35,300 --> 00:14:38,600
The mud is black and Rich, and 
smells like decomposing 

279
00:14:38,600 --> 00:14:41,300
vegetation. 
Your people do not have forests.

280
00:14:41,300 --> 00:14:44,200
Your people do not have logs. 
They cannot dug out canoes. 

281
00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:48,400
What you have is, reads, 
millions of reads, more reads 

282
00:14:48,400 --> 00:14:59,200
than you could have harvest in 
100 liters of accident, while 

283
00:14:59,200 --> 00:15:02,500
Gathering stalks for basket 
making, but those play boats 

284
00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:07,300
fall apart the Reed separate 
water gets in, they work for a 

285
00:15:07,300 --> 00:15:09,900
few minutes and then they 
stopped working the breaks 

286
00:15:09,900 --> 00:15:13,000
through comes from watching how 
your people make floor, mats the

287
00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:17,200
tight bundling, the systematic 
wrapping the way each read is 

288
00:15:17,200 --> 00:15:20,500
laid parallel to the next and 
bound at regular intervals. 

289
00:15:20,600 --> 00:15:23,300
So the whole thing holds 
together under weight, you 

290
00:15:23,300 --> 00:15:25,600
gather reads in the early 
morning when they're wet with 

291
00:15:25,600 --> 00:15:29,400
Dew and flexible, you need 
hundreds of them, you sort them 

292
00:15:29,400 --> 00:15:33,200
by length and thickness, you lay
them in parallel bundles about 

293
00:15:33,200 --> 00:15:36,600
as thick as your leg. 
Then you take smaller reads and 

294
00:15:36,600 --> 00:15:39,500
weave them around the bundle at 
intervals, pulling tight, 

295
00:15:39,500 --> 00:15:44,200
creating a bound cylinder, that 
cannot separate you make six of 

296
00:15:44,200 --> 00:15:47,100
these cylinders, each one is 
longer than you at all. 

297
00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:50,500
You lay them side by side, you 
lash them together. 

298
00:15:50,500 --> 00:15:53,800
Using more read chord. 
The result looks like a golden 

299
00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:55,600
raft. 
That curves slightly Upward at 

300
00:15:55,600 --> 00:15:59,100
both ends because that is how 
the reads naturally want to lie.

301
00:16:00,500 --> 00:16:02,500
The marsh Arabs of Southern 
Iraq. 

302
00:16:02,500 --> 00:16:05,700
Still build these boats today, 
they call them shoes. 

303
00:16:05,700 --> 00:16:09,100
The design has not changed in 
7,000 years. 

304
00:16:09,100 --> 00:16:11,400
The construction method is 
identical. 

305
00:16:11,400 --> 00:16:15,600
The materials are identical. 
These boats appear in cylinder, 

306
00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:19,500
seals and cuneiform records from
Sumerian cities, they appear in 

307
00:16:19,500 --> 00:16:22,000
Assyrian. 
Palace reliefs, they appear in 

308
00:16:22,000 --> 00:16:24,800
the Epic of Gilgamesh where the 
character Usher. 

309
00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:28,200
Now be uses a reed boat to Ferry
Gilgamesh across the Waters of 

310
00:16:28,208 --> 00:16:32,700
death, your Reed, both floats 
high on the water much higher 

311
00:16:32,700 --> 00:16:35,900
than a bundle Roth. 
The boundaries create air 

312
00:16:35,900 --> 00:16:37,600
pockets that give buoyancy 
without weight. 

313
00:16:38,300 --> 00:16:41,300
You can stand on this boat 
without its syncing, you can 

314
00:16:41,308 --> 00:16:44,900
jump on it without breaking it. 
The reads are flexible enough to

315
00:16:44,900 --> 00:16:48,400
bend with the water's movement, 
but bound tightly enough, not to

316
00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:51,200
come apart. 
You push out into the marsh 

317
00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:56,100
using a long pole, the bottom is
soft mud, the pole sinks deep 

318
00:16:56,100 --> 00:16:58,800
but provides enough resistance 
to propel you forward. 

319
00:16:59,600 --> 00:17:03,400
Small fish scatter in front of 
the boat waterbirds lift off 

320
00:17:03,400 --> 00:17:05,500
from Reed. 
Clusters, and circles, overhead 

321
00:17:05,500 --> 00:17:09,200
before landing again behind you.
The boat handles differently 

322
00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:13,400
than a Dugout canoe it rides on 
top of the water in it. 

323
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:17,599
Catches the wind in a strong 
Breeze, you can feel it, trying 

324
00:17:17,599 --> 00:17:20,400
to turn sideways. 
You learn to angle your poll to 

325
00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:23,400
compensate, you learn to read 
the water surface for current 

326
00:17:23,400 --> 00:17:25,500
Direction's. 
You learn that the boat moves 

327
00:17:25,500 --> 00:17:28,600
fastest, when you poll on 
alternating sides, instead of 

328
00:17:28,600 --> 00:17:33,000
just pushing from one side, Read
boats have one significant 

329
00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:36,400
advantage over wooden dugouts. 
There are absurdly easy to 

330
00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:39,900
repair when reads get 
waterlogged or damaged you, cut 

331
00:17:39,900 --> 00:17:41,600
them out and weave in fresh 
ones. 

332
00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:45,100
The boat never gets old because 
you are constantly replacing 

333
00:17:45,100 --> 00:17:49,000
parts of it. your boat is 
simultaneously, seven years old 

334
00:17:49,000 --> 00:17:52,100
and seven days old depending on 
which reads you are looking at, 

335
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:55,700
in Egypt, read boats, follow a 
different design. 

336
00:17:55,700 --> 00:18:01,500
The Nile gives you Papyrus and 
of March reads, Papyrus stalks a

337
00:18:01,500 --> 00:18:04,500
thicker and more rigid. 
The Egyptians bundle them into 

338
00:18:04,500 --> 00:18:08,800
boat-shaped forms with high 
curved prowse and Stearns these 

339
00:18:08,800 --> 00:18:12,600
Papyrus boats appear in Egyptian
art as early as the pre-dynastic

340
00:18:12,600 --> 00:18:16,800
period before the unification of
Upper and Lower Egypt around 

341
00:18:16,800 --> 00:18:19,800
3,100 years before the Common 
Era. 

342
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:23,700
The tomb of tea at saqqara 
contains relief carving showing 

343
00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:27,100
Papyrus boat construction. 
The images are details enough 

344
00:18:27,100 --> 00:18:30,400
that modern boat Builders of 
used them as instructions, the 

345
00:18:30,400 --> 00:18:33,700
stalks are laid lengthwise and 
bound with Papyrus cord. 

346
00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:37,400
The bundles of lashed together 
in layers, creating a thick 

347
00:18:37,400 --> 00:18:39,800
Hull. 
The ends are pulled upward and 

348
00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:42,900
bound tightly to create the 
distinctive curved shape. 

349
00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:48,100
Thor hired, two replicas Papyrus
boats in the 20th century, 

350
00:18:48,100 --> 00:18:51,200
Common Era. 
Test, whether ancient vessels 

351
00:18:51,200 --> 00:18:55,400
could make transoceanic voyages.
The first boat, Raw One, 

352
00:18:55,400 --> 00:18:57,600
partially succeeded in crossing 
the Atlantic. 

353
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:00,100
Before. 
The stern came apart, due to 

354
00:19:00,100 --> 00:19:03,300
construction errors. 
The second boat R2. 

355
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:07,000
Completed the Crossing from 
Rocko to Barbados in 57 days, 

356
00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:10,400
the design worked, the materials
worked. 

357
00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:14,100
The concept of Papyrus boats 
being seaworthy enough for ocean

358
00:19:14,100 --> 00:19:17,100
travels validated. 
But you're not thinking about 

359
00:19:17,100 --> 00:19:20,300
Ocean Travel. 
You're thinking about fishing in

360
00:19:20,300 --> 00:19:23,900
a marsh, you're thinking about 
moving, cargo from one seasonal,

361
00:19:23,900 --> 00:19:27,200
Camp to another, you're thinking
about the way your children can 

362
00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:31,300
learn to build these boats with 
minimal instruction because the 

363
00:19:31,300 --> 00:19:33,900
process is intuitive your 
daughter. 

364
00:19:33,900 --> 00:19:36,700
Learns to make Reed boats by 
watching you for three days. 

365
00:19:36,700 --> 00:19:41,000
And then building, one herself, 
hers is smaller than yours. 

366
00:19:41,000 --> 00:19:45,000
She makes mistakes. 
She binds the reads to Loosely 

367
00:19:45,000 --> 00:19:47,000
in some places and too tightly 
in others. 

368
00:19:47,000 --> 00:19:52,100
The shape is a regular, but it 
floats, it holds her weight, it 

369
00:19:52,100 --> 00:19:55,900
moves when she pulls it. 
She's 12 years old and she has 

370
00:19:55,900 --> 00:19:58,000
made a functional watercraft 
from plant. 

371
00:19:58,000 --> 00:20:02,800
She harvested this morning, This
is the power of reboot 

372
00:20:02,800 --> 00:20:06,700
technology, it is accessible, it
does not require specialized 

373
00:20:06,700 --> 00:20:09,500
tools, it does not require rare 
materials. 

374
00:20:09,500 --> 00:20:14,200
It does not require years of 
training anyone who can weave a 

375
00:20:14,200 --> 00:20:16,600
basket, can theoretically, build
a reed boat? 

376
00:20:16,600 --> 00:20:20,500
The learning curve is gentle. 
The disadvantage becomes 

377
00:20:20,500 --> 00:20:23,400
apparent over time. 
Reed boats a temporary. 

378
00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:26,500
They lost one season, maybe two,
if you maintain them obsessively

379
00:20:26,500 --> 00:20:29,600
the Reed's wrote they become 
waterlogged. 

380
00:20:29,600 --> 00:20:33,600
They lose buoyant sea. 
Cannot leave a read vote in the 

381
00:20:33,608 --> 00:20:36,200
water for months and expect it 
to still work. 

382
00:20:36,200 --> 00:20:40,200
You must pull it ashore after 
each use, you must dry it. 

383
00:20:40,200 --> 00:20:44,500
You must inspect it for damage. 
Some cultures solve this problem

384
00:20:44,500 --> 00:20:46,500
by treating Reed boats as 
disposable. 

385
00:20:46,500 --> 00:20:50,500
You build one, when you need it 
you use it for a few weeks or 

386
00:20:50,500 --> 00:20:54,100
months when it stops working 
you, let it decompose back into 

387
00:20:54,100 --> 00:20:57,100
the marsh and build. 
Another, the time investment is 

388
00:20:57,100 --> 00:21:00,800
low enough that this approach 
makes sense Three days to build 

389
00:21:00,800 --> 00:21:02,700
a boat that lasts. 
Three months is a reasonable 

390
00:21:02,700 --> 00:21:06,800
trade, other cultures, focus on 
extending Reed, boat lifespan. 

391
00:21:06,800 --> 00:21:11,400
They coat the reads with bitumen
and natural tar that seeps up 

392
00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:15,400
from the ground in places like 
Mesopotamia the bitumen 

393
00:21:15,400 --> 00:21:19,000
waterproofs, the Reeds and slows
decomposition. 

394
00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:23,500
Archaeological sites in Iraq. 
Have found bitumen coated read, 

395
00:21:23,500 --> 00:21:26,300
fragments that date back 6,000 
years. 

396
00:21:27,500 --> 00:21:30,400
The bitumen preserved the reads 
well enough that you can still 

397
00:21:30,400 --> 00:21:34,300
see the weaving pattern, he 
tried the bitch and Method we 

398
00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:37,800
collect the tar from a seat near
your village heated until it 

399
00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:41,000
becomes liquid. 
You painted onto your Bots hole 

400
00:21:41,000 --> 00:21:44,300
using a flat stick. 
The hot bitch human soaks into 

401
00:21:44,300 --> 00:21:47,800
the Reeds and hardens. 
As it cools, the boat becomes 

402
00:21:47,800 --> 00:21:50,600
darker heavier and much more 
waterproof. 

403
00:21:50,600 --> 00:21:55,300
It's still needs to be dried off
to use but the reads last twice 

404
00:21:55,300 --> 00:21:58,500
as long before needing 
replacement, The smell of 

405
00:21:58,508 --> 00:22:01,700
bitumen, becomes associated with
water, travel in your culture 

406
00:22:01,700 --> 00:22:05,300
when people return from River 
Journeys, they smell like 

407
00:22:05,300 --> 00:22:08,000
heated, tar. 
Children playing at boat, 

408
00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:11,400
building smear themselves with 
mud and pretend it is bitumen. 

409
00:22:12,000 --> 00:22:16,100
The scent becomes nostalgic. 
Generations, later your 

410
00:22:16,100 --> 00:22:18,600
descendants will smell bitumen 
and think of their great 

411
00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:22,400
grandparents, who over reads 
into floating platforms, read 

412
00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:25,000
boat culture, produces 
specialized knowledge about 

413
00:22:25,000 --> 00:22:28,900
plants you learn which reads are
strongest, which ones have the 

414
00:22:28,900 --> 00:22:32,200
right amount of flex, which 
ones, resist rot better. 

415
00:22:33,000 --> 00:22:36,000
You learn that reads harvested 
in late summer or more durable 

416
00:22:36,000 --> 00:22:38,000
than retail harvested in early 
spring. 

417
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:41,000
You learn that? 
Larger diameter stalks are 

418
00:22:41,000 --> 00:22:43,200
better for the outer layers, 
while smaller stalks are better 

419
00:22:43,208 --> 00:22:46,500
for the inner core. 
This knowledge spreads along 

420
00:22:46,500 --> 00:22:49,600
trade routes people from 
different marshes compare 

421
00:22:49,600 --> 00:22:52,500
techniques. 
Someone discovers that mixing 

422
00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:55,200
different Reed, species in 
specific ratios. 

423
00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:57,100
Create boats with Better 
Properties. 

424
00:22:57,900 --> 00:23:00,300
Someone else figures out that if
you soak certain regions in 

425
00:23:00,308 --> 00:23:03,000
water before bundling them, they
bind more tightly. 

426
00:23:04,100 --> 00:23:07,100
The accumulated wisdom of Reed 
boat building becomes a body of 

427
00:23:07,100 --> 00:23:10,800
knowledge that requires years to
fully learn but even as read 

428
00:23:10,800 --> 00:23:13,200
boats become more sophisticated,
they remain limited. 

429
00:23:13,200 --> 00:23:16,100
They are perfect for marshes and
calm Rivers. 

430
00:23:16,100 --> 00:23:19,600
They work reasonably well on 
lakes their adequate for 

431
00:23:19,600 --> 00:23:23,600
protected, Coastal Waters, but 
they are not designed for Open 

432
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:26,300
Water. 
They cannot handle large waves, 

433
00:23:26,300 --> 00:23:29,700
they cannot travel long 
distances, they cannot carry 

434
00:23:29,700 --> 00:23:34,200
truly heavy cargo. 
For those tasks, you need a 

435
00:23:34,200 --> 00:23:36,700
different approach. 
You need to stop thinking about 

436
00:23:36,700 --> 00:23:40,300
bundles and Hollows, you need to
start thinking about assembled 

437
00:23:40,300 --> 00:23:44,400
structures, you need to invent 
planks your standing on the bank

438
00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:49,000
of the Nile in Egypt. 
The year is approximately 3,500 

439
00:23:49,000 --> 00:23:52,500
years before the Common Era. 
The river flows, north with that

440
00:23:52,500 --> 00:23:55,800
steady Nile persistence that is 
defined Egyptian life since the 

441
00:23:55,800 --> 00:23:59,300
first settlements. 
The water is brown with silt. 

442
00:24:00,000 --> 00:24:02,300
Yes. 
Smells like fish and wet mud and

443
00:24:02,300 --> 00:24:05,600
distant grainfields. 
Your people have been building 

444
00:24:05,600 --> 00:24:09,500
boats from Papyrus for 
Generations, but Papyrus, boats 

445
00:24:09,500 --> 00:24:12,100
are limited, they work for 
moving up and down the river. 

446
00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:15,500
They work for fishing and 
transport but they are slow. 

447
00:24:15,500 --> 00:24:19,400
Moving cargo Upstream means 
pulling against the current for 

448
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:22,600
days, your arms, ache. 
Just thinking about it. 

449
00:24:23,800 --> 00:24:26,800
Then someone notices something 
obvious something. 

450
00:24:26,800 --> 00:24:28,400
So obvious. 
That you wonder why? 

451
00:24:28,400 --> 00:24:31,200
No one thought of it before the 
wind blows South. 

452
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:34,600
The river flows. 
North These two facts have been 

453
00:24:34,608 --> 00:24:37,600
true, your entire life, you have
never questioned them. 

454
00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:41,800
There is permanent as the sun 
rising in the East but now 

455
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:44,700
someone is looking at those two 
facts and seeing possibility 

456
00:24:44,700 --> 00:24:48,000
instead of just weather, If the 
wind blows South, then you want 

457
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:51,300
to go south, you could let the 
wind push you instead of 

458
00:24:51,300 --> 00:24:54,600
fighting the current with poles,
you would need something for the

459
00:24:54,608 --> 00:24:56,800
winter. 
Push against something light 

460
00:24:56,800 --> 00:24:58,500
enough. 
Not to sink the boat, but large 

461
00:24:58,500 --> 00:25:00,000
enough to catch enough winter 
matter. 

462
00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:03,700
First sale is probably a woven 
Reed mat. 

463
00:25:03,700 --> 00:25:07,200
The same kind of matte people 
use for roofing and walls and 

464
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:11,000
sleeping platforms. 
Someone props it up on a Papyrus

465
00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:15,100
boat using two poles as supports
the wind catchers it, the boat 

466
00:25:15,100 --> 00:25:18,700
moves backward. 
This is unexpected the person, 

467
00:25:18,700 --> 00:25:22,200
adjust the mat angle, trees, 
again, the boat moves sideways, 

468
00:25:22,200 --> 00:25:26,600
more adjustment more testing, 
eventually the boat moves in the

469
00:25:26,600 --> 00:25:30,000
intended Direction. 
This is one of those discoveries

470
00:25:30,000 --> 00:25:33,200
that seems simple in retrospect 
but represents a genuine 

471
00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:37,000
cognitive breakthrough. 
Humans have been using wind to 

472
00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:40,100
dry clothes and winnow Grain and
cool houses for thousands of 

473
00:25:40,100 --> 00:25:43,100
years. 
But using wind for propulsion 

474
00:25:43,100 --> 00:25:46,100
requires, thinking about wind as
a force, that can be directed 

475
00:25:46,100 --> 00:25:49,500
and controlled, rather than just
experienced. 

476
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:53,300
The earliest, direct evidence of
Egyptian sales comes from 

477
00:25:53,300 --> 00:25:56,000
painted, pottery and 
hieroglyphics, dating to the 

478
00:25:56,000 --> 00:26:00,800
nacada period, roughly 3,500 
years before the Common Era. 

479
00:26:01,700 --> 00:26:05,100
The images show boats with 
single rectangular sales mounted

480
00:26:05,100 --> 00:26:07,800
on masts. 
The masts are short and 

481
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:09,500
positioned near the center of 
the boat. 

482
00:26:09,500 --> 00:26:13,300
The Sails are wide relative to 
their height, creating a square 

483
00:26:13,300 --> 00:26:15,300
shape that maximizes surface 
area. 

484
00:26:15,300 --> 00:26:19,300
You build your first sales boat 
using a wooden Dugout as the 

485
00:26:19,300 --> 00:26:22,000
base. 
The Dugout is more stable than a

486
00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:24,500
Papyrus boat and less likely to 
tip. 

487
00:26:24,500 --> 00:26:28,100
When the sale catches wind, You 
last two poles together to 

488
00:26:28,100 --> 00:26:31,200
create a mask. 
You either rectangular sale, 

489
00:26:31,200 --> 00:26:34,500
from linen, strips the weaving 
takes six days. 

490
00:26:35,500 --> 00:26:37,900
The sale needs to be tight 
enough to hold its shape. 

491
00:26:37,900 --> 00:26:39,800
But flexible enough to bill with
wind. 

492
00:26:40,800 --> 00:26:43,800
You step the masked by wedging 
it into a notch, carved into the

493
00:26:43,800 --> 00:26:46,200
boat's Keel. 
The master is not tall. 

494
00:26:46,200 --> 00:26:49,800
It reaches about twice your 
height, when you're sitting, You

495
00:26:49,800 --> 00:26:54,000
attach the sales top Edge to a 
horizontal yard, pole, you tie 

496
00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:56,900
lines to the Arts end so you can
raise and lower the sail. 

497
00:26:56,900 --> 00:27:00,600
You tie additional lines to the 
bottom corners of the sails, you

498
00:27:00,608 --> 00:27:05,000
can control the angle First time
you sail, you nearly capsized, 

499
00:27:05,000 --> 00:27:09,300
the wind fills, the sail faster 
than you expect a boat tip 

500
00:27:09,300 --> 00:27:11,600
sharply. 
You release the control lines in

501
00:27:11,608 --> 00:27:16,900
panic, the sails wind and the 
boat steady your breathing hard.

502
00:27:16,900 --> 00:27:19,400
You're also grinning you try 
again. 

503
00:27:20,300 --> 00:27:23,300
This time, you're ready for the 
force, you lean, your weight, to

504
00:27:23,300 --> 00:27:26,300
the opposite side, when the wind
hits, the boat moves forward, 

505
00:27:26,300 --> 00:27:29,100
moves faster than you have ever 
moved on water. 

506
00:27:29,100 --> 00:27:33,400
The boat cuts through ripples 
small, waves, Splash against the

507
00:27:33,400 --> 00:27:35,400
hole. 
The wind makes a sound in the 

508
00:27:35,408 --> 00:27:38,800
fabric like breathing. 
This is not paddling or pulling.

509
00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:41,100
This is not powered by your 
muscles. 

510
00:27:41,100 --> 00:27:44,800
Your sitting still and the boat 
is moving the river flows. 

511
00:27:44,800 --> 00:27:48,600
North beneath you at its usual 
Pace but you're going south 

512
00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:52,100
against that current twice, the 
river's speed, your stealing, 

513
00:27:52,100 --> 00:27:55,500
the wind energy, and turning it 
into motion, the Egyptians 

514
00:27:55,500 --> 00:27:57,500
perfect. 
This technology over the next 

515
00:27:57,500 --> 00:28:00,300
1000 Years. 
The evidence appears in two 

516
00:28:00,300 --> 00:28:05,100
paintings boat models and actual
ship Remains the sale designs 

517
00:28:05,100 --> 00:28:07,800
become more. 
Sophisticated, The Mask get 

518
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:12,000
taller, the rigging gets more 
complex by the time of the Old 

519
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:14,600
Kingdom. 
Egyptians are building sailing 

520
00:28:14,600 --> 00:28:16,900
ships, large enough to transport
stone blocks. 

521
00:28:16,900 --> 00:28:22,200
Weighing hundreds of tons Khufu 
ship discovered in a sealed pit 

522
00:28:22,200 --> 00:28:27,100
near the Great Pyramid dates to 
approximately 2,500 years before

523
00:28:27,100 --> 00:28:31,600
the Common Era. 
The ship is 43 meters long and 6

524
00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:34,900
meters wide. 
It was built from Lebanon, cedar

525
00:28:34,900 --> 00:28:37,200
planks assembled, with mortise 
and Tenon joints. 

526
00:28:37,900 --> 00:28:41,600
No nails were used the planks 
were shaped and fitted so 

527
00:28:41,600 --> 00:28:44,700
precisely that the seams were 
watertight without caulking. 

528
00:28:45,600 --> 00:28:49,200
The Khufu ship had a mass socket
though the master itself was not

529
00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:52,100
found. 
The sockets size and position 

530
00:28:52,100 --> 00:28:54,000
indicate the ship carried a 
sail. 

531
00:28:54,000 --> 00:28:58,200
The ship also had multiple 
rowing stations, this dual 

532
00:28:58,200 --> 00:29:02,000
propulsion system gave sale as 
options when the wind blew 

533
00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:06,400
favorably you sailed When the 
wind died or blue from the wrong

534
00:29:06,400 --> 00:29:10,400
direction, you rode, when you 
needed precise maneuvering you 

535
00:29:10,400 --> 00:29:14,200
use both your learning to read. 
Wind the way you want to learn 

536
00:29:14,200 --> 00:29:16,800
to read. 
Water currents wind has moved. 

537
00:29:17,800 --> 00:29:21,700
morning, wind on the Nile tends 
to be gentle by midday it 

538
00:29:21,700 --> 00:29:26,400
strength and In late after noon,
it sometimes dies completely. 

539
00:29:27,500 --> 00:29:30,600
You learned to plan Journeys, 
around these patterns you leave 

540
00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:34,100
at dawn using polls or paddles. 
By mid-morning. 

541
00:29:34,100 --> 00:29:38,100
You raise the sale by evening, 
your lowering it again. 

542
00:29:38,100 --> 00:29:40,400
And looking for a place to beach
the boat. 

543
00:29:41,100 --> 00:29:43,500
Window Direction, matters more 
than wind strength. 

544
00:29:44,300 --> 00:29:47,700
The Gentle Wind from directly 
behind you, is more useful than 

545
00:29:47,700 --> 00:29:51,700
a strong wind from the side. 
You learn to angle the sail to 

546
00:29:51,700 --> 00:29:54,700
catch quartering winds. 
You learn that if the wind is 

547
00:29:54,700 --> 00:29:58,200
coming from slightly ahead, you 
can angle the boat and the sale 

548
00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:00,200
in ways that still produce 
forward motion. 

549
00:30:01,100 --> 00:30:04,200
The physics are complicated, but
the practice becomes intuitive 

550
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:07,600
with repetition. 
The technical term is tacking. 

551
00:30:08,600 --> 00:30:11,400
The Egyptians may not have had a
word for it, but they understood

552
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:14,600
the principle. 
By sailing at an angle to the 

553
00:30:14,600 --> 00:30:17,300
wind and then switching to the 
opposite angle, you can make 

554
00:30:17,300 --> 00:30:21,600
progressing Against the Wind. 
It is in direct, it takes longer

555
00:30:21,600 --> 00:30:26,100
but it works Egyptian boats. 
Evolved specialized features for

556
00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:29,300
sailing the holes, become 
narrower and longer reducing 

557
00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:33,000
water resistance, the bow and 
Stern erased to prevent waves 

558
00:30:33,000 --> 00:30:36,100
from splashing aboard. 
Steering laws are mounted at the

559
00:30:36,100 --> 00:30:40,100
stern, giving Helmsman better 
control multiple rows. 

560
00:30:40,100 --> 00:30:43,100
A positioned along the side to 
supplement sale power when 

561
00:30:43,100 --> 00:30:46,200
needed The paintings in the Tomb
of Manor. 

562
00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:49,200
A scribe who lived around 3,400 
years ago. 

563
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:52,600
Show both Papyrus boats and 
wooden sailing vessels. 

564
00:30:52,600 --> 00:30:57,000
The Papyrus boats have simple, 
rectangular sales, The Wooden 

565
00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:59,700
Ships have more elaborate 
rigging with multiple control 

566
00:30:59,700 --> 00:31:03,600
lines The artistic detail is 
precise enough that modern boat.

567
00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:07,600
Builders can identify specific 
design features, the angle of 

568
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:11,500
the yard, the placement of stays
supporting, the masked, the 

569
00:31:11,500 --> 00:31:15,000
method of furling sails, when 
not in use, you grow old with 

570
00:31:15,000 --> 00:31:18,400
sailing, your hands, develop, 
calluses in new places from 

571
00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:22,400
handling lines, your eyes learn 
to spot, wind on Water by 

572
00:31:22,400 --> 00:31:24,700
watching. 
Ripple patterns, you develop 

573
00:31:24,700 --> 00:31:28,000
opinions about sail shape and 
masked height that other Sailors

574
00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:31,300
find either insightful or 
tedious depending on their own 

575
00:31:31,300 --> 00:31:34,700
experience level. 
Your grandchildren takes sailing

576
00:31:34,700 --> 00:31:37,100
for granted. 
They have never known a time. 

577
00:31:37,100 --> 00:31:40,300
When people could not harness 
wind, they have never pulled a 

578
00:31:40,300 --> 00:31:44,000
boat Upstream for days until 
their shoulders screamed to 

579
00:31:44,000 --> 00:31:45,600
them. 
Sailing is just what boats. 

580
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:50,800
Do the innovation has become 
ordinary, but you remember You 

581
00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:53,500
remember the first time a sale 
pulled a boat against the 

582
00:31:53,500 --> 00:31:56,100
current with no effort from 
anyone aboard? 

583
00:31:56,800 --> 00:31:59,800
You remember thinking that 
humans had stolen something from

584
00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:02,200
the gods? 
Wind was supposed to be 

585
00:32:02,200 --> 00:32:05,600
uncontrollable. 
Wind was supposed to be a force 

586
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:09,100
you endured or hid from and now 
wind was something you could 

587
00:32:09,100 --> 00:32:11,800
trap and use and direct towards 
your own purposes. 

588
00:32:12,600 --> 00:32:15,700
Sailing technology spreads from 
Egypt to other Maritime 

589
00:32:15,700 --> 00:32:18,300
cultures. 
The Minoans on Crete are 

590
00:32:18,300 --> 00:32:22,100
building sailing ships by 2,500 
years before the Common Era. 

591
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:26,100
The Phoenicians mastered, a 
long-distance Sailing, by 1,000 

592
00:32:26,100 --> 00:32:29,700
years before the Common Era. 
The Greeks, the Romans and the 

593
00:32:29,700 --> 00:32:33,200
carthaginians all developed 
their own variations on sale 

594
00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:36,200
design and rigging. 
For the basic principle Remains 

595
00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:38,800
the Same. 
You catch wind in fabric. 

596
00:32:39,700 --> 00:32:44,200
The wind pushes the fabric, the 
fabric is attached to a boat, a 

597
00:32:44,200 --> 00:32:47,100
boat moves. 
This simple chain of cause and 

598
00:32:47,100 --> 00:32:50,500
effect in, Ablaze human 
exploration trade migration and 

599
00:32:50,500 --> 00:32:54,200
Empire across bodies of water. 
That were previously too vast 

600
00:32:54,200 --> 00:32:58,200
across using muscle power alone.
You have invented something that

601
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:02,600
will be refined but never 
fundamentally replaced. 10,000 

602
00:33:02,600 --> 00:33:05,900
years from now, people will 
still be using sails, the 

603
00:33:05,900 --> 00:33:08,500
materials will change, the 
designs will become 

604
00:33:08,500 --> 00:33:12,600
unrecognizable sophisticated but
the core concept of catching 

605
00:33:12,600 --> 00:33:15,500
winter move boats will endure 
because it is based on a physics

606
00:33:15,500 --> 00:33:18,500
truth that does not change with 
cultural technology. 

607
00:33:19,200 --> 00:33:23,200
The wind always blows. 
The question is whether you know

608
00:33:23,200 --> 00:33:27,000
how to use it, you're sitting in
a wooden boat, on a calm lake. 

609
00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:31,600
The ear is approximately 4,000 
years before the Common Era. 

610
00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:33,800
The location is what will 
someday. 

611
00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:37,000
Be Northern Germany. 
The water is so still that you 

612
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:40,700
can see clouds reflected on its 
surface, the boat rocks. 

613
00:33:40,700 --> 00:33:44,200
Gently you can hear birds 
calling from the Reed beds, 

614
00:33:44,200 --> 00:33:47,900
along the shore, you hold a 
paddle It carved from a single 

615
00:33:47,900 --> 00:33:51,600
piece of Ash wood, the blade is 
flat and overall shape. 

616
00:33:52,400 --> 00:33:55,400
The handle is round where you 
grip it and flattens into the 

617
00:33:55,400 --> 00:33:59,700
blade in a smooth taper. 
The wood has been smoothed with 

618
00:33:59,700 --> 00:34:04,700
Sand and Stone until there are 
no splinters it feels alive in 

619
00:34:04,700 --> 00:34:07,700
your hands. 
Paddling is the oldest form of 

620
00:34:07,708 --> 00:34:09,600
boat propulsion that requires 
tools. 

621
00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:14,900
Before paddles people use their 
hands before hands, they 

622
00:34:14,900 --> 00:34:18,400
probably kick their feet. 
But hands and feet are 

623
00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:21,500
inefficient. 
They create Splash without much 

624
00:34:21,500 --> 00:34:26,100
forward, push a paddle, extend, 
your reach and multiplies your 

625
00:34:26,100 --> 00:34:28,699
force. 
Your hold the paddle on one side

626
00:34:28,699 --> 00:34:31,300
of the boat. 
He leaned forward and placed the

627
00:34:31,300 --> 00:34:35,400
blade in the water ahead of you.
You pull back the blade catches 

628
00:34:35,400 --> 00:34:39,699
water, the water resists, the 
boat moves forward, you lift, 

629
00:34:39,699 --> 00:34:44,400
the blade out Lean Forward again
and repeat the Rhythm becomes 

630
00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:51,300
automatic reach plant pull lift.
Reach plant pull lift. 

631
00:34:51,300 --> 00:34:55,199
This is stroke mechanics. 
The power comes from your torso 

632
00:34:55,199 --> 00:34:59,300
rotation, not just your arms, 
you twist from your core, your 

633
00:34:59,300 --> 00:35:02,400
shoulders, follow your arms are 
mostly just connections between 

634
00:35:02,400 --> 00:35:05,100
your body in the paddle when you
get the motion right. 

635
00:35:05,100 --> 00:35:08,300
You can paddle for hours without
exhausting yourself, but there 

636
00:35:08,300 --> 00:35:11,100
is a problem. 
Every stroke on one side, pushes

637
00:35:11,100 --> 00:35:14,700
the boat forward but also turns 
it slightly away from that side.

638
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:17,300
After five Strokes the boat is 
angling. 

639
00:35:17,300 --> 00:35:21,500
Off course you switch sides. 
Now you are correcting the turn 

640
00:35:21,500 --> 00:35:24,100
but also creating a new turn in 
the opposite direction. 

641
00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:28,200
You zigzag across the water in 
an inefficient pattern. 

642
00:35:29,000 --> 00:35:32,700
Someone solves this by figuring 
out the J stroke at the end of 

643
00:35:32,708 --> 00:35:35,100
each pool. 
You twist the paddle blade and 

644
00:35:35,100 --> 00:35:38,800
push it slightly outward, this 
creates a small corrective force

645
00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:40,200
that counteracts the turning 
effect. 

646
00:35:41,100 --> 00:35:43,500
With practice. 
You can paddle on one side 

647
00:35:43,500 --> 00:35:45,900
indefinitely while maintaining a
straight course. 

648
00:35:46,800 --> 00:35:49,300
The technique takes weeks to 
learn properly but once 

649
00:35:49,300 --> 00:35:53,200
mastered, it feels natural. 
Archaeological evidence for 

650
00:35:53,200 --> 00:35:57,900
paddles appear, surprisingly 
early. 7,000 year old paddle was

651
00:35:57,900 --> 00:36:00,600
found at a Neolithic site in 
Yorkshire, England. 

652
00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:04,900
Paddle is complete and 
functional, the wood grain runs 

653
00:36:04,900 --> 00:36:08,400
lengthwise for strength. 
The blade width is optimized for

654
00:36:08,408 --> 00:36:12,400
the paddlers, arm span someone 
who understood hydrodynamics 

655
00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:15,200
made this tool your teaching 
your daughter to paddle. 

656
00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:17,900
She's 11 years old and strong 
for her age. 

657
00:36:17,900 --> 00:36:21,800
She understands the basic motion
but she is not getting the Torso

658
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:24,200
rotation. 
She's pulling with her arms 

659
00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:26,200
alone. 
You can see her shoulders tent 

660
00:36:26,200 --> 00:36:28,400
singing she will Tire quickly 
this way. 

661
00:36:28,400 --> 00:36:32,100
He place your hands over hers, 
on the paddle, you guide her 

662
00:36:32,100 --> 00:36:35,200
through the motion, the 
exaggerated, the Torso twist, so

663
00:36:35,200 --> 00:36:39,600
she can feel it. 
Reach plant, Paul lived. 

664
00:36:40,000 --> 00:36:43,200
Again again. 
She starts to get it. 

665
00:36:43,200 --> 00:36:47,100
A stroke's become more powerful.
The boat moves faster. 

666
00:36:47,100 --> 00:36:50,300
She looks surprised at how much 
easier it becomes when you use 

667
00:36:50,300 --> 00:36:52,400
your whole body instead of just 
your arms. 

668
00:36:53,200 --> 00:36:56,000
By the end of the afternoon, she
can paddle for 20 minutes 

669
00:36:56,000 --> 00:37:00,100
straight without stopping. 
She cannot paddle well yet, her 

670
00:37:00,100 --> 00:37:03,100
technique still needs refinement
but she has learned the 

671
00:37:03,100 --> 00:37:06,100
fundamental principle. 
The paddle is not a tool you 

672
00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:08,800
push against water with the 
paddle is a tool. 

673
00:37:08,808 --> 00:37:10,900
You use to pull yourself through
water with. 

674
00:37:10,900 --> 00:37:15,500
Then someone invents the ore And
or is different from a paddle. 

675
00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:18,700
In one critical way, nor is 
attached to the boat. 

676
00:37:18,700 --> 00:37:21,800
The attachment point is called a
fulcrum or all lock. 

677
00:37:22,500 --> 00:37:25,500
This seemingly Small Change, 
Alters everything about how 

678
00:37:25,500 --> 00:37:29,400
water propulsion works. 
With a paddle, you hold the tool

679
00:37:29,400 --> 00:37:33,300
and push it against water with 
an awe, the boat holds the tool,

680
00:37:33,300 --> 00:37:37,300
and you push it against water 
mechanical, advantage, changes, 

681
00:37:37,300 --> 00:37:40,400
you can generate more Force 
because you are pushing against 

682
00:37:40,400 --> 00:37:43,000
a fixed Point instead of just 
pulling through space. 

683
00:37:44,200 --> 00:37:47,400
The earliest evidence of alls 
comes from Mediterranean and 

684
00:37:47,400 --> 00:37:50,800
near Eastern sight dating to 
roughly 3,000 years before the 

685
00:37:50,800 --> 00:37:53,500
Common Era. 
Theories are longer than paddles

686
00:37:53,500 --> 00:37:57,100
the blades abroader. 
The handles show where patterns 

687
00:37:57,100 --> 00:37:58,900
from rubbing against fulcrum 
points. 

688
00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:02,700
He's not paddles that someone 
accidentally used as always, 

689
00:38:02,700 --> 00:38:06,000
these are purpose-built tools 
for specific rowing technique. 

690
00:38:06,900 --> 00:38:09,900
You try rowing for the first 
time on a boat, designed for it.

691
00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:13,500
The boat has notches carved into
the gunnels on both sides, 

692
00:38:13,500 --> 00:38:16,000
wooden pins, fit into these 
notches. 

693
00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:20,000
The oars rest against the pins. 
You sit facing backward with 

694
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:21,600
your back to the direction of 
travel. 

695
00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:25,800
This feels wrong initially. 
You cannot see where you're 

696
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:27,900
going. 
You hold one or in each hand. 

697
00:38:27,900 --> 00:38:31,300
The handles are behind you. 
The blades are ahead of you. 

698
00:38:31,300 --> 00:38:35,000
On either side of the boat you 
lean forward, the all blades 

699
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:36,900
lift out of the water and swing 
forward. 

700
00:38:36,900 --> 00:38:40,700
You pause with the blades 
hovering above the surface then 

701
00:38:40,700 --> 00:38:43,700
you drop them in and pull your 
whole body compresses. 

702
00:38:43,700 --> 00:38:47,300
Yours bite water. 
The boat surges forward. 

703
00:38:47,300 --> 00:38:50,400
This is different from paddling.
This is stronger. 

704
00:38:50,400 --> 00:38:53,600
The force you generate is 
transmitted through the oars 

705
00:38:53,600 --> 00:38:57,000
through the full Chrome points 
directly into the boat's Hull. 

706
00:38:57,000 --> 00:39:00,500
Nothing is lost to the flex of 
your arms or the wobble of a 

707
00:39:00,500 --> 00:39:03,600
handheld tool. 
The boat responds instantly to 

708
00:39:03,600 --> 00:39:06,200
your effort. 
The York Spring boat Found in 

709
00:39:06,200 --> 00:39:09,400
Denmark and dating to 
approximately 200300 years 

710
00:39:09,400 --> 00:39:13,100
before the Common Era shows 
sophisticated understanding of 

711
00:39:13,100 --> 00:39:17,000
all mechanics. 
The boat has 20 or locks, 20 

712
00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:19,600
rows, could sit shoulder to 
shoulder and pull in unison. 

713
00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:22,500
The warlocks are positioned to 
give each row are optimal 

714
00:39:22,500 --> 00:39:24,700
leverage. 
The boats design accounts for 

715
00:39:24,700 --> 00:39:27,900
the force vectors generated by 
20 oz, pulling simultaneously. 

716
00:39:27,900 --> 00:39:32,700
Rowing requires coordination in 
ways that paddling does not When

717
00:39:32,700 --> 00:39:35,400
you paddle, you work 
independently, when you roll 

718
00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:36,900
with others, you must 
synchronize. 

719
00:39:36,900 --> 00:39:40,800
If you pull, while the person 
behind you is recovering, yours 

720
00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:43,300
Clash. 
If you pull out of rhythm, the 

721
00:39:43,300 --> 00:39:47,000
Bots motion becomes jerky and 
inefficient you learn to row by 

722
00:39:47,000 --> 00:39:49,100
counting the person at the front
sets. 

723
00:39:49,100 --> 00:39:55,100
The pace, the count out loud. 
One, two, one, two on one you 

724
00:39:55,100 --> 00:39:59,600
Lean Forward, on two, you pull. 
The counting continues until 

725
00:39:59,600 --> 00:40:02,900
everyone is moving together. 
Eventually the counting becomes 

726
00:40:02,900 --> 00:40:05,600
unnecessary. 
You can feel the rhythm through 

727
00:40:05,600 --> 00:40:08,900
the boats movement and the 
presence of other rowers around 

728
00:40:08,900 --> 00:40:12,500
you the Greeks and Romans 
developing into a military 

729
00:40:12,500 --> 00:40:15,100
science. 
Try reams of Warships, powered 

730
00:40:15,100 --> 00:40:19,400
by 170 row. 
As a 3 tiers, yours are 

731
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:23,200
different lengths depending on 
which tier the row occupies The 

732
00:40:23,200 --> 00:40:28,000
timing must be precise, a single
Rowe out of sink and the ores of

733
00:40:28,008 --> 00:40:30,900
multiple other people. 
The Romans trained professional 

734
00:40:30,900 --> 00:40:34,000
rowing, Cruise, who can maintain
maximum speed for extended 

735
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:37,700
periods but you are not in a 
tree Rheem, you're in a small 

736
00:40:37,700 --> 00:40:41,100
fishing boat with two 
oppositions your son rose with 

737
00:40:41,100 --> 00:40:43,100
you. 
You have wrote together so many 

738
00:40:43,100 --> 00:40:45,700
times that, you know, longer 
need to coordinate consciously, 

739
00:40:45,700 --> 00:40:48,300
you both Lean Forward at the 
same moment. 

740
00:40:48,300 --> 00:40:52,300
You both drop the blades at the 
same angle, you both pull with 

741
00:40:52,300 --> 00:40:55,700
the same Force, The boat moves 
in a straight line. 

742
00:40:55,700 --> 00:40:58,000
Without either of you making 
steering adjustments. 

743
00:40:58,000 --> 00:41:00,700
This is the difference between 
rowing and paddling. 

744
00:41:00,700 --> 00:41:04,100
Paddling is individual. 
Rowing is collective. 

745
00:41:04,100 --> 00:41:07,500
Paddling is intuitive. 
Rowing is learned. 

746
00:41:07,500 --> 00:41:10,500
Paddling Works in tight spaces 
and Shallow Water. 

747
00:41:10,500 --> 00:41:13,900
Rowing Works in open water. 
And rough conditions, where 

748
00:41:13,900 --> 00:41:15,700
power matters, more than 
maneuverability. 

749
00:41:16,700 --> 00:41:18,900
Egyptian boats often, combine 
both. 

750
00:41:19,900 --> 00:41:22,200
The Khufu ship had rowing 
positions and a sail. 

751
00:41:22,200 --> 00:41:24,800
Mast. 
Sailors would row when wind was 

752
00:41:24,800 --> 00:41:28,900
unavailable and sail, when wind 
was favorable, this hybrid 

753
00:41:28,900 --> 00:41:32,200
approach gives maximum 
flexibility, you'll never 

754
00:41:32,208 --> 00:41:34,500
dependent on a single propulsion
method. 

755
00:41:34,500 --> 00:41:40,500
If the wind dies, you Roe, if 
your arms Tire you sail, if you 

756
00:41:40,508 --> 00:41:44,100
need to navigate a narrow 
channel, you paddle, The 

757
00:41:44,100 --> 00:41:46,800
mechanics of each method 
produced different wear patterns

758
00:41:46,800 --> 00:41:50,200
on the body paddlers, develop 
thick muscles in their backs and

759
00:41:50,200 --> 00:41:54,400
shoulders roast powerful legs 
and cores because proper rowing 

760
00:41:54,400 --> 00:41:58,000
technique involves pushing with 
legs while pulling with arms. 

761
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:02,200
Sailors, develop grip, strength 
from handling lines and the 

762
00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:04,600
ability to maintain balance. 
On moving platforms. 

763
00:42:04,600 --> 00:42:08,300
You have done all three for 
enough years that your body 

764
00:42:08,300 --> 00:42:12,100
shows all three patterns. 
You're shaped by the boats you 

765
00:42:12,100 --> 00:42:14,200
have. 
Used your calluses tell the 

766
00:42:14,200 --> 00:42:16,300
story of every propulsion 
method. 

767
00:42:16,300 --> 00:42:19,000
You have mastered your right 
hand has paddle. 

768
00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:23,200
Calluses, your left has rope 
burns from sail, handling, your 

769
00:42:23,200 --> 00:42:25,800
lower back, has the deep muscle 
development that comes from 

770
00:42:25,800 --> 00:42:29,700
years of rowing, your grandson 
asks, you which method is best? 

771
00:42:29,700 --> 00:42:33,800
You tell him the question is 
wrong, there is no best method. 

772
00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:36,300
There is only the method that 
fits the situation. 

773
00:42:36,300 --> 00:42:39,700
You paddle in narrow Rivers, 
where the boat must change 

774
00:42:39,700 --> 00:42:42,400
direction. 
Constantly, you Row in open 

775
00:42:42,400 --> 00:42:44,300
water when maintaining speed 
matters. 

776
00:42:44,300 --> 00:42:47,600
You sail, when the wind blows 
through and you want to arrive 

777
00:42:47,600 --> 00:42:50,400
without exhaustion. 
The best boat, Builders 

778
00:42:50,400 --> 00:42:53,700
understand all three methods, 
they design boats that. 

779
00:42:53,700 --> 00:42:55,600
Can accommodate different 
propulsion types. 

780
00:42:55,600 --> 00:42:59,300
Depending on conditions, The 
boat you fish from has paddled 

781
00:42:59,300 --> 00:43:01,600
positions all locks and a mask 
socket. 

782
00:43:01,600 --> 00:43:05,400
It is ready for anything, it 
does not care which method you 

783
00:43:05,400 --> 00:43:08,200
choose, it will move. 
However, you tell it to move. 

784
00:43:08,200 --> 00:43:12,300
This flexibility is what allows 
boats to spread across every 

785
00:43:12,300 --> 00:43:14,000
culture that has access to 
water. 

786
00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:18,200
The basic design principles 
transfer across environments. 

787
00:43:18,200 --> 00:43:22,900
You can paddle a Dugout canoe in
a jungle River or a skin kayak 

788
00:43:22,900 --> 00:43:25,900
in Arctic Waters. 
You can roll wooden boat in the 

789
00:43:25,900 --> 00:43:28,100
Mediterranean or a reed boat in 
Peru. 

790
00:43:28,900 --> 00:43:32,400
You can sail up a pyrus boat on 
the Nile or a sewn plank boat in

791
00:43:32,400 --> 00:43:35,200
the Indian Ocean. 
The mechanics of moving through 

792
00:43:35,200 --> 00:43:38,300
water, a universal. 
The implementations are 

793
00:43:38,300 --> 00:43:41,700
culturally specific. 
But the underlying physics never

794
00:43:41,700 --> 00:43:46,600
changes you push against water 
and water pushes back the 

795
00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:49,000
harder. 
You push the faster you move, 

796
00:43:49,000 --> 00:43:52,500
the more efficiently, you push 
the farther, you go before 

797
00:43:52,500 --> 00:43:55,600
exhaustion, you're standing on a
beach at dawn. 

798
00:43:55,600 --> 00:43:59,700
The year is approximately 2500 
years before the Common Era. 

799
00:44:00,500 --> 00:44:03,000
The location is the Eastern 
Mediterranean Coast. 

800
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:08,200
The sea is calm goals wheel 
overhead making their harsh 

801
00:44:08,200 --> 00:44:12,100
morning calls the smell of salt 
and kelp is strong. 

802
00:44:12,100 --> 00:44:15,100
Your people have been fishing 
these waters for Generations. 

803
00:44:15,100 --> 00:44:18,700
You know, this stretch of Coast 
intimately, you know, where the 

804
00:44:18,700 --> 00:44:22,600
rocks are, you know, which coves
have the best shellfish, you 

805
00:44:22,600 --> 00:44:25,400
know, the names of every 
Landmark visible from Shore. 

806
00:44:25,400 --> 00:44:29,400
But today, you're going farther 
today, your going Beyond sight 

807
00:44:29,400 --> 00:44:31,800
of land. 
This is not an adventure. 

808
00:44:31,800 --> 00:44:35,300
This is not exploration. 
This is economics. 

809
00:44:35,300 --> 00:44:38,900
Fish are more plentiful in 
deeper water, larger fish, 

810
00:44:38,900 --> 00:44:42,700
better, fish, fish that will 
trade for three times what 

811
00:44:42,700 --> 00:44:46,600
Coastal fish bring? 
But getting to Deep Water means,

812
00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:50,300
losing sight of land. 
And losing sight of land, means 

813
00:44:50,300 --> 00:44:52,000
you need a way to find your way 
back. 

814
00:44:52,000 --> 00:44:56,300
You have no Compass compasses 
will not be invented for 

815
00:44:56,300 --> 00:45:01,000
thousands of years, you have no 
charts nautical, charts, require

816
00:45:01,000 --> 00:45:03,900
literacy and standardized 
measurements that do not exist 

817
00:45:03,900 --> 00:45:07,700
yet in your culture. 
What you have is observation and

818
00:45:07,700 --> 00:45:11,200
memory. 
You watch the sunrise you note, 

819
00:45:11,200 --> 00:45:15,000
its exact position relative to 
the Headland to the north, the 

820
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:17,500
sun rises in the East. 
This is reliable. 

821
00:45:17,500 --> 00:45:21,100
The sun will set in the west. 
This is equally reliable. 

822
00:45:21,100 --> 00:45:24,200
As long as the sun is visible, 
you can maintain General 

823
00:45:24,200 --> 00:45:26,600
orientation. 
You push your boat in to the 

824
00:45:26,600 --> 00:45:30,400
surf and rope past the breakers.
The shore, gross smaller behind 

825
00:45:30,400 --> 00:45:32,200
you. 
The landmarks you use for 

826
00:45:32,200 --> 00:45:35,800
navigation, shrink The headlamp 
becomes less distinct 

827
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:38,000
eventually. 
You can barely make out the 

828
00:45:38,008 --> 00:45:41,500
fishing village where you live. 
You wrote for what feels like an

829
00:45:41,500 --> 00:45:47,500
hour maybe longer Time is hard 
to judge on water, you stop and 

830
00:45:47,500 --> 00:45:50,900
let the boat drift. 
You drop a weighted line. 

831
00:45:50,900 --> 00:45:55,200
The weight does not hit bottom. 
You're in water too deep for 

832
00:45:55,200 --> 00:45:57,200
your line to measure. 
This is good. 

833
00:45:57,200 --> 00:45:59,600
This is where the large fish 
live. 

834
00:45:59,600 --> 00:46:03,600
You catch three fish larger than
any, of course, in shallow 

835
00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:06,300
water. 
The fishing is everything you 

836
00:46:06,300 --> 00:46:09,000
hoped But now you have a 
problem. 

837
00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:12,600
You need to get back and you're 
not entirely certain, which 

838
00:46:12,600 --> 00:46:15,500
direction back is. 
You study the water. 

839
00:46:15,500 --> 00:46:19,000
The sea is not featureless. 
There are patterns. 

840
00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:23,000
If you know how to look for them
long, slow swells run from west 

841
00:46:23,000 --> 00:46:25,100
to east. 
These are predictable 

842
00:46:25,100 --> 00:46:28,900
wind-driven waves run at a 
slight angle to the swells. 

843
00:46:29,600 --> 00:46:32,100
Combining these two directions 
gives you a rough sense of 

844
00:46:32,108 --> 00:46:35,900
orientation. 
You look at the sky clouds are 

845
00:46:35,900 --> 00:46:39,300
building Overland, they always 
build over land during afternoon

846
00:46:39,300 --> 00:46:41,900
Heating. 
The directional with the most 

847
00:46:41,900 --> 00:46:44,100
Cloud build up must be East 
where the coast is. 

848
00:46:44,100 --> 00:46:47,200
You cannot see the coast, but 
you can see evidence of the 

849
00:46:47,200 --> 00:46:51,000
coast in the cloud formation 
patterns, you wrote toward the 

850
00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:55,200
clouds after what might be half 
an hour, you see birds, not just

851
00:46:55,200 --> 00:47:00,100
seagulls but smaller birds 
landbirds, these birds do not 

852
00:47:00,100 --> 00:47:04,100
fly far from Shore where you see
landbirds land is near. 

853
00:47:04,100 --> 00:47:08,500
He wrote The Birds the coast 
appears as a thin line. 

854
00:47:08,500 --> 00:47:11,900
Then the line resolves into 
recognizable features. 

855
00:47:11,900 --> 00:47:16,200
You are north of your village, 
father North in you intended. 

856
00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:19,600
The current must have pushed you
during the fishing, but your 

857
00:47:19,600 --> 00:47:23,200
close enough to correct Euros, 
South along the coast until you 

858
00:47:23,208 --> 00:47:27,800
recognize your home Beach. 
This is navigation. not with 

859
00:47:27,800 --> 00:47:31,100
instruments, but with 
accumulated knowledge, You have 

860
00:47:31,108 --> 00:47:34,200
learned to read water and sky 
and birds and clouds. 

861
00:47:35,100 --> 00:47:38,100
You have learned that the world 
gives constant subtle signals 

862
00:47:38,100 --> 00:47:40,800
about location and direction. 
If you pay attention to them, 

863
00:47:41,500 --> 00:47:45,000
Polynesian Navigators perfect. 
These techniques over thousands 

864
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:47,800
of years, they develop systems 
for reading. 

865
00:47:47,800 --> 00:47:51,000
Ocean swells that allow them to 
navigate thousands of miles 

866
00:47:51,000 --> 00:47:54,700
without instruments. 
They memorize star positions at 

867
00:47:54,700 --> 00:47:57,400
different times of year. 
They study bird Behavior 

868
00:47:57,400 --> 00:48:01,100
patterns, they learn which 
clouds indicate Islands Beyond 

869
00:48:01,100 --> 00:48:04,300
the Horizon. 
The stick charts of the Marshall

870
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:07,100
Islands are physical. 
Representations of navigation 

871
00:48:07,100 --> 00:48:09,800
knowledge. 
The charts are made from coconut

872
00:48:09,800 --> 00:48:11,900
fronds and shells. 
The sticks. 

873
00:48:11,900 --> 00:48:15,700
Represent ocean swells the 
shells represent Islands. 

874
00:48:15,700 --> 00:48:19,200
The charts are not maps. 
In the western sense, they are 

875
00:48:19,200 --> 00:48:22,700
teaching tools, they helped 
navigate as memorize wave 

876
00:48:22,700 --> 00:48:26,300
patterns around Island chains. 
European explorers. 

877
00:48:26,300 --> 00:48:29,900
When they first encounter 
Polynesian navigation, do not 

878
00:48:29,900 --> 00:48:33,200
believe it is possible. 
How can someone navigate across 

879
00:48:33,200 --> 00:48:36,100
2000 miles of open ocean without
instruments? 

880
00:48:37,100 --> 00:48:39,600
The Polynesian Navigators do 
exactly that. 

881
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:42,700
They do it reliably. 
They do it. 

882
00:48:42,700 --> 00:48:45,200
In conditions that would leave 
European Sailors. 

883
00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:48,200
Completely lost. 
You are not a Polynesian 

884
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:50,000
Navigator. 
You are a coastal. 

885
00:48:50,000 --> 00:48:52,000
Fishermen. 
Pushing slightly beyond your 

886
00:48:52,000 --> 00:48:54,500
comfort zone? 
But you are learning the same 

887
00:48:54,500 --> 00:48:57,700
fundamental skills. 
You're learning that navigation 

888
00:48:57,700 --> 00:49:01,900
is about pattern recognition and
inference rather than precise 

889
00:49:01,900 --> 00:49:06,000
measurement, you teach your 
daughter to read water, you 

890
00:49:06,000 --> 00:49:09,200
teacher that swells indicate, 
deep water, while chop indicates

891
00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:12,900
shallow water or nearby land, 
you teacher that watercolor 

892
00:49:12,900 --> 00:49:14,500
changes over different bottom 
types. 

893
00:49:14,500 --> 00:49:18,400
Dark blue water is deep. 
Green water is shallow. 

894
00:49:18,400 --> 00:49:22,600
Groundwater means River, outflow
like Blue Water means sand 

895
00:49:22,600 --> 00:49:24,600
bottom. 
She learns to navigate by 

896
00:49:24,600 --> 00:49:27,400
keeping the sun on her left 
shoulder in the morning and her 

897
00:49:27,400 --> 00:49:29,800
right shoulder in the afternoon.
When traveling north. 

898
00:49:30,600 --> 00:49:33,200
She learns that wind direction. 
Changes through the day. 

899
00:49:33,200 --> 00:49:37,500
In predictable patterns morning.
Wind comes from offshore 

900
00:49:37,500 --> 00:49:39,900
evening. 
Wind comes from onshore. 

901
00:49:40,600 --> 00:49:43,500
These patterns are not absolute 
but they are reliable enough to 

902
00:49:43,500 --> 00:49:46,200
use. 
You teach her to read, clouds 

903
00:49:46,200 --> 00:49:49,900
clouds that stay in one place 
while other clouds move indicate

904
00:49:49,900 --> 00:49:52,600
land. 
The land Heats and create 

905
00:49:52,600 --> 00:49:56,100
updrafts that generate 
stationary, clouds, clouds with 

906
00:49:56,108 --> 00:50:00,900
dark, bottoms indicate, rain, 
rain over distant water shows as

907
00:50:00,900 --> 00:50:02,700
a gray curtain between sea and 
sky. 

908
00:50:03,500 --> 00:50:07,900
She learns to read birds terns 
and gulls Feed close to shore. 

909
00:50:07,900 --> 00:50:11,000
If you see them in large, 
numbers land is near. 

910
00:50:11,900 --> 00:50:15,000
If you see patrols and Shear 
Waters, you're in open. 

911
00:50:15,000 --> 00:50:19,000
Ocean far from Shore. 
If you see land birds flying out

912
00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:21,800
to sea in the morning, they're 
going to feed on offshore 

913
00:50:21,800 --> 00:50:24,500
Islands. 
If you see them flying back in 

914
00:50:24,500 --> 00:50:28,300
the evening, follow them, they 
are going home, the Vikings 

915
00:50:28,300 --> 00:50:31,600
develop a reputation for 
navigation skill that exceeds 

916
00:50:31,600 --> 00:50:33,500
what their instrument technology
should allow. 

917
00:50:34,500 --> 00:50:37,700
They cross the North, Atlantic 
regularly, established 

918
00:50:37,700 --> 00:50:41,000
settlements, in Iceland and 
Greenland, they reached North 

919
00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:44,100
America. 
All of this with navigational 

920
00:50:44,100 --> 00:50:47,600
tools that consists primarily of
sun, compasses, and careful 

921
00:50:47,600 --> 00:50:50,600
observation. 
The sun Compass is a simple 

922
00:50:50,600 --> 00:50:54,900
device, a vertical pin cast to 
Shadow on a wooden disc marked 

923
00:50:54,900 --> 00:50:59,100
with Direction indicators. 
As the sun moves across the sky,

924
00:50:59,100 --> 00:51:03,700
the shadows position changes. 
By comparing the shadow position

925
00:51:03,700 --> 00:51:06,200
to known positions at certain 
times of day. 

926
00:51:06,200 --> 00:51:10,900
You can determine Direction The 
device only works when the sun 

927
00:51:10,900 --> 00:51:14,800
is visible, but in Northern 
latitudes during summer, the sun

928
00:51:14,800 --> 00:51:18,800
is almost always visible. 
You do not have a sun Compass 

929
00:51:18,800 --> 00:51:22,600
but you have a similar system, 
you have a stick mounted in your

930
00:51:22,608 --> 00:51:28,000
boat at noon, the sticks Shadow 
Points, North in mourning, the 

931
00:51:28,000 --> 00:51:31,700
shadow points, Northwest in 
evening, it points Northeast. 

932
00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:34,900
You have used this stick often 
enough that you can estimate the

933
00:51:34,900 --> 00:51:36,900
time of day based on Shadow 
position. 

934
00:51:37,700 --> 00:51:40,700
This is practical astronomy. 
You're not calculating, 

935
00:51:40,700 --> 00:51:43,300
Celestial positions or plotting 
orbits. 

936
00:51:43,300 --> 00:51:46,600
You're using the Sun as a 
directional reference because 

937
00:51:46,600 --> 00:51:50,200
the sun's movement is 
predictable The sophistication 

938
00:51:50,200 --> 00:51:53,500
comes not from complex 
mathematics, but from careful 

939
00:51:53,500 --> 00:51:57,900
observation over many years. 
You learn to combine multiple 

940
00:51:57,900 --> 00:51:59,400
navigation. 
Cues simultaneously. 

941
00:51:59,400 --> 00:52:02,800
You check the sun position. 
You watch. 

942
00:52:02,800 --> 00:52:06,300
The swell Direction. 
You note the cloud formations 

943
00:52:06,300 --> 00:52:10,700
You observe bird Behavior. 
No single queue is perfectly 

944
00:52:10,700 --> 00:52:13,800
reliable. 
But when multiple cues agree, 

945
00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:16,000
you can trust the combined 
information. 

946
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:19,000
Bad weather moves. 
Many cues. 

947
00:52:19,700 --> 00:52:23,000
When clouds cover the sky, you 
cannot use the Sun. 

948
00:52:23,700 --> 00:52:27,600
When wind generates confused 
Seas, you cannot read swell 

949
00:52:27,600 --> 00:52:31,500
Direction clearly When 
visibility drops, you cannot see

950
00:52:31,500 --> 00:52:35,700
birds or clouds or land? 
You must rely on dead reckoning.

951
00:52:35,700 --> 00:52:39,900
You estimate speed and time and 
calculate approximate distance 

952
00:52:39,900 --> 00:52:42,500
traveled. 
The calculations are rough, but 

953
00:52:42,500 --> 00:52:45,300
better than nothing. 
You develop a feel for boat 

954
00:52:45,300 --> 00:52:47,900
speed. 
You can estimate how fast your 

955
00:52:47,900 --> 00:52:50,200
moving by watching the water 
flow, past the hull. 

956
00:52:50,900 --> 00:52:54,300
Fast enough to create a small 
bow wave means about five miles 

957
00:52:54,300 --> 00:52:56,900
per hour. 
Slow enough that the boat barely

958
00:52:56,900 --> 00:52:59,500
displaces water means about two 
miles per hour. 

959
00:53:00,300 --> 00:53:02,500
These estimates are 
approximately but consistent 

960
00:53:02,500 --> 00:53:05,900
enough to be useful. 
You also develop a feel for wind

961
00:53:05,900 --> 00:53:09,000
strength, light wind means, 
gentle propulsion. 

962
00:53:09,900 --> 00:53:12,900
Strong wind means you should 
Reef the sail to reduce area. 

963
00:53:13,800 --> 00:53:16,800
Dangerous wind means you should 
lower the sail completely and 

964
00:53:16,800 --> 00:53:19,700
row or drift. 
The boundaries between these 

965
00:53:19,700 --> 00:53:23,000
categories are not precise. 
They are judgment calls based on

966
00:53:23,000 --> 00:53:26,000
experience. 
Your daughter asks how, you 

967
00:53:26,000 --> 00:53:29,400
know, when to turn back, you do 
not have a good answer, you 

968
00:53:29,400 --> 00:53:32,900
know, based on some combination 
of time elapsed distance, 

969
00:53:32,900 --> 00:53:37,100
traveled fish caught weather 
conditions and something you can

970
00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:40,500
only describe as intuition. 
The intuition comes from doing 

971
00:53:40,500 --> 00:53:42,800
this often enough that the 
calculations happen 

972
00:53:42,800 --> 00:53:47,300
subconsciously, Sometimes you 
make mistakes, everyone makes 

973
00:53:47,300 --> 00:53:49,700
mistakes. 
You end up farther from home 

974
00:53:49,700 --> 00:53:53,300
than intended, you arrive at the
wrong Beach, you miss your 

975
00:53:53,308 --> 00:53:56,100
Harbor and fog, and have to wait
offshore until visibility 

976
00:53:56,100 --> 00:53:59,300
improves these mistakes. 
Teach you what not to do. 

977
00:53:59,300 --> 00:54:03,500
Next time, navigation skill is 
built from accumulated errors, 

978
00:54:03,500 --> 00:54:07,500
more than accumulated successes,
the older you get the fewer 

979
00:54:07,500 --> 00:54:10,100
mistakes. 
You make not because you become 

980
00:54:10,100 --> 00:54:14,300
infallible but because you learn
your limitations, you know, 

981
00:54:14,300 --> 00:54:17,200
which conditions you can handle 
and which conditions you should 

982
00:54:17,200 --> 00:54:20,400
avoid. 
You develop the humility to turn

983
00:54:20,400 --> 00:54:23,500
back when the weather looks 
uncertain, you develop the 

984
00:54:23,500 --> 00:54:26,100
confidence to push forward when 
conditions are favorable. 

985
00:54:26,100 --> 00:54:31,200
This knowledge is not written 
down, writing systems exist in 

986
00:54:31,200 --> 00:54:34,300
some parts of the world by now, 
but not in yours. 

987
00:54:35,100 --> 00:54:39,600
This knowledge exists in stories
and teaching and demonstration 

988
00:54:39,600 --> 00:54:42,900
of you pass it to your children 
by taking them on fishing trips 

989
00:54:42,900 --> 00:54:45,600
and pointing things out. 
They pass it to their children. 

990
00:54:45,600 --> 00:54:49,100
The same way the information 
chain remains unbroken for 

991
00:54:49,100 --> 00:54:52,500
centuries your old. 
Now the boats you build as a 

992
00:54:52,500 --> 00:54:55,200
young adult of long since rotted
away or being broken up for 

993
00:54:55,200 --> 00:54:57,700
firewood. 
The grandchildren you taught to 

994
00:54:57,700 --> 00:54:59,800
paddle a teaching their own 
grandchildren. 

995
00:54:59,800 --> 00:55:03,400
You spend most a city near the 
harbor watching boats, come and 

996
00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:05,100
go. 
The boats are different now 

997
00:55:05,100 --> 00:55:10,500
larger more sophisticated The 
coastal fishing boat you used as

998
00:55:10,500 --> 00:55:13,200
being replaced by trading 
vessels that make runs to other 

999
00:55:13,200 --> 00:55:16,800
Villages up and down the coast. 
The Papyrus boats have been 

1000
00:55:16,808 --> 00:55:20,700
supplemented by Wooden Ships 
with proper hulls and multiple 

1001
00:55:20,700 --> 00:55:23,800
sails. 
The technology has advanced even

1002
00:55:23,800 --> 00:55:27,200
within your lifetime, but the 
basic principles remain 

1003
00:55:27,200 --> 00:55:32,300
unchanged boats float because 
they displace water boats move 

1004
00:55:32,300 --> 00:55:35,600
because people push them boats 
navigate because people read the

1005
00:55:35,608 --> 00:55:38,000
world around them. 
There are refinements and 

1006
00:55:38,000 --> 00:55:40,800
elaborations do not alter these 
fundamental truths. 

1007
00:55:40,800 --> 00:55:43,400
You think about what boats have 
made possible? 

1008
00:55:44,400 --> 00:55:47,100
When you were young your people 
traded only with the neighboring

1009
00:55:47,100 --> 00:55:50,500
Village a half day walk inland. 
Now, you have trade 

1010
00:55:50,500 --> 00:55:53,600
relationships with communities, 
two days sale up the coast. 

1011
00:55:53,600 --> 00:55:57,100
You have seen Goods that 
originated from places you will 

1012
00:55:57,100 --> 00:55:59,100
never visit. 
Pottery style. 

1013
00:55:59,100 --> 00:56:03,200
You do not recognize metal tools
made from techniques. 

1014
00:56:03,200 --> 00:56:06,600
Your people do not possess. 
Fabric died colors. 

1015
00:56:06,600 --> 00:56:08,700
That do not occur in local 
plants. 

1016
00:56:08,700 --> 00:56:13,200
All of this movement, all of 
this exchange, all of this 

1017
00:56:13,200 --> 00:56:17,200
cultural mixing it happens 
because boats allow people to 

1018
00:56:17,200 --> 00:56:21,700
travel farther and faster than 
walking permits Rivers, become 

1019
00:56:21,700 --> 00:56:26,900
highways coastlines become trade
routes Islands, become connected

1020
00:56:26,900 --> 00:56:29,400
networks and stead of isolated 
communities. 

1021
00:56:30,600 --> 00:56:32,900
The archaeological record shows 
the impact? 

1022
00:56:33,800 --> 00:56:38,400
Before boats human settlements 
cluster and small areas after 

1023
00:56:38,400 --> 00:56:42,700
boats settlements spread along 
waterways trade goods appear, 

1024
00:56:42,700 --> 00:56:44,700
hundreds of miles from their 
origin points. 

1025
00:56:44,700 --> 00:56:48,100
Pottery from one culture, 
appears in archaeological layers

1026
00:56:48,100 --> 00:56:51,400
of another culture. 
Stone from specific, quarries 

1027
00:56:51,400 --> 00:56:55,700
shows up in distant locations, 
these material signatures prove 

1028
00:56:55,700 --> 00:56:58,300
that people were moving and 
trading and connecting across 

1029
00:56:58,300 --> 00:57:00,700
distances that would be 
impractical by foot. 

1030
00:57:01,600 --> 00:57:04,900
The Lapita people spread across 
the Pacific starting around, 

1031
00:57:04,900 --> 00:57:09,400
3,000 years before the Common 
Era. the island hopped from New 

1032
00:57:09,400 --> 00:57:14,500
Guinea to Fiji Tonga and Samoa 
the journey covered thousands of

1033
00:57:14,500 --> 00:57:17,700
miles of open ocean. 
The Lapita did this using 

1034
00:57:17,700 --> 00:57:20,800
Outrigger canoes and 
sophisticated navigation skills.

1035
00:57:20,800 --> 00:57:23,900
Their distinctive Pottery 
appears across this entire 

1036
00:57:23,900 --> 00:57:26,700
range. 
The pottery Styles evolved 

1037
00:57:26,700 --> 00:57:29,600
regionally but retaining enough 
similarity to prove cultural 

1038
00:57:29,600 --> 00:57:33,000
connection without boats. 
The Pacific Islands. 

1039
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:38,000
Remain isolated with boats, they
become a dispersed civilization 

1040
00:57:39,100 --> 00:57:40,700
The technology enables the 
culture. 

1041
00:57:41,600 --> 00:57:45,600
Culture refines the technology, 
the feedback loop drives 

1042
00:57:45,600 --> 00:57:48,700
expansion, you watch a trading 
ship being loaded. 

1043
00:57:48,700 --> 00:57:52,100
The ship is longer than 10 
people, laid into end. 

1044
00:57:52,800 --> 00:57:56,000
The hull is made from planks 
carefully shaped and fitted. 

1045
00:57:56,700 --> 00:58:00,300
The sale is woven linen that has
been treated with oil, to make 

1046
00:58:00,300 --> 00:58:03,200
it more durable. 
The rigging is complex enough 

1047
00:58:03,200 --> 00:58:05,300
that it takes three people to 
manage it properly. 

1048
00:58:05,300 --> 00:58:08,800
This ship will carry grain down 
the coast to a village that 

1049
00:58:08,800 --> 00:58:12,800
grows mostly fish and dates. 
It will return with dried fish 

1050
00:58:12,800 --> 00:58:16,800
and baskets of dates and 
probably some pottery from a 

1051
00:58:16,808 --> 00:58:18,900
third location West skilled 
crafts. 

1052
00:58:18,900 --> 00:58:23,300
People trade their work for food
The ship makes this run twice a 

1053
00:58:23,300 --> 00:58:26,800
month during good weather. 
The economic impact is larger 

1054
00:58:26,800 --> 00:58:29,700
than the physical cargo. 
The ship creates relationships. 

1055
00:58:29,700 --> 00:58:35,100
It creates dependence, sees it 
creates a web of obligation and 

1056
00:58:35,100 --> 00:58:38,500
exchange, that binds distant 
communities together. 

1057
00:58:38,500 --> 00:58:41,300
Your grandson owns part of this 
ship. 

1058
00:58:41,300 --> 00:58:45,000
He is a merchant now. 
He stopped fishing years ago 

1059
00:58:45,000 --> 00:58:47,700
after realizing that moving 
other people's Goods was more 

1060
00:58:47,700 --> 00:58:49,300
profitable than catching his 
own. 

1061
00:58:50,200 --> 00:58:53,900
He speaks three dialects. 
You can calculate exchange rates

1062
00:58:53,900 --> 00:58:56,900
in his head, he knows which 
goods are scarce in, which 

1063
00:58:56,908 --> 00:58:59,500
locations and how to profit from
that scarceness. 

1064
00:59:00,300 --> 00:59:02,400
None of this would be possible 
without boats. 

1065
00:59:03,300 --> 00:59:06,500
The entire economic structure 
depends on the ability to move 

1066
00:59:06,500 --> 00:59:09,800
cargo across water. 
The boats are not the economy 

1067
00:59:09,800 --> 00:59:13,100
but they enable the economy. 
They are the infrastructure on 

1068
00:59:13,100 --> 00:59:17,800
which everything else builds You
think about Warfare 2 your old 

1069
00:59:17,800 --> 00:59:20,800
enough, to remember the raid 
from the northern Village armed.

1070
00:59:20,800 --> 00:59:25,000
Men arrived by boat Before Dawn.
They moved along the coast 

1071
00:59:25,000 --> 00:59:27,800
quietly. 
They landed at the Village Beach

1072
00:59:27,800 --> 00:59:30,500
and attacked while most people 
were still asleep. 

1073
00:59:30,500 --> 00:59:33,700
They stole grain and tools and 
several young women. 

1074
00:59:34,600 --> 00:59:37,400
They were gone before any 
organized resistance could fall.

1075
00:59:38,200 --> 00:59:39,800
Vote to make raids like this 
possible. 

1076
00:59:40,900 --> 00:59:44,300
For boats enemies must approach 
on foot through known paths. 

1077
00:59:44,300 --> 00:59:48,800
There is warning time there is 
opportunities for defense with 

1078
00:59:48,800 --> 00:59:52,000
boats enemies can appear 
anywhere along a coast at any 

1079
00:59:52,008 --> 00:59:54,500
time. 
The defense of problem becomes 

1080
00:59:54,500 --> 00:59:58,800
much more complex, the response 
to boat based raiding is to 

1081
00:59:58,800 --> 01:00:01,700
develop boat-based defense, your
village. 

1082
01:00:01,700 --> 01:00:04,300
Now, maintains a watch boat 
crude by young men who take 

1083
01:00:04,300 --> 01:00:08,100
turns staying alert. 
When strange boats are spotted 

1084
01:00:08,100 --> 01:00:12,100
the watch boat alerts The 
Village when necessary the watch

1085
01:00:12,100 --> 01:00:16,900
boat intercepts, this changes 
social structure, it creates a 

1086
01:00:16,900 --> 01:00:20,300
warrior class. 
It creates hierarchies, it 

1087
01:00:20,300 --> 01:00:25,800
creates political complexity, 
Cities develop a natural Harbor 

1088
01:00:25,800 --> 01:00:30,300
locations, the cities that 
control Harbors control trade. 

1089
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:33,600
The cities that control, trade 
accumulate wealth. 

1090
01:00:34,400 --> 01:00:37,600
Cities that accumulate wealth 
build walls, and temples and 

1091
01:00:37,600 --> 01:00:41,900
administrative buildings. 
Civilization, as a recognizable 

1092
01:00:41,900 --> 01:00:43,900
phenomenon. 
Seems to correlate with water 

1093
01:00:43,900 --> 01:00:46,900
access. 
The great early civilizations, 

1094
01:00:46,900 --> 01:00:48,800
all develop along rivers or 
coasts. 

1095
01:00:49,500 --> 01:00:52,800
Egypt on the Nile Mesopotamia 
between the Tigris and 

1096
01:00:52,808 --> 01:00:55,600
Euphrates. 
The Indus Valley Civilization 

1097
01:00:55,600 --> 01:00:58,600
along the Indus River the 
Chinese dynasties along. 

1098
01:00:58,600 --> 01:01:02,100
The Yellow River. 
This is not coincidental water 

1099
01:01:02,100 --> 01:01:05,400
provides Transportation, 
irrigation, and food. 

1100
01:01:06,400 --> 01:01:10,300
But transportation might be the 
most important water allows 

1101
01:01:10,300 --> 01:01:13,800
ideas and goods and people to 
move in ways that Overland 

1102
01:01:13,800 --> 01:01:17,500
travel does not. 
Cart on a road, can carry may be

1103
01:01:17,508 --> 01:01:20,800
400 pounds. 
A small boat can carry ten times

1104
01:01:20,800 --> 01:01:25,400
that a large boat can carry 
hundreds of times that The 

1105
01:01:25,400 --> 01:01:28,500
economic efficiency is obvious. 
Your great granddaughter, asked 

1106
01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:31,100
you what it was like before 
boats, you do not have a good 

1107
01:01:31,100 --> 01:01:35,100
answer, you're not old enough to
remember before boats boats, 

1108
01:01:35,100 --> 01:01:37,200
have been part of your world 
since before, you formed 

1109
01:01:37,200 --> 01:01:40,100
memories but you have heard 
stories from the elders, who 

1110
01:01:40,100 --> 01:01:43,600
raised you, they spoke of a time
when the opposite River Bank was

1111
01:01:43,600 --> 01:01:46,100
foreign territory when the 
village across the lake. 

1112
01:01:46,100 --> 01:01:49,200
Might as well have been on the 
moon when the entire world 

1113
01:01:49,200 --> 01:01:52,400
consisted of the territory you 
could reach on foot in a Long 

1114
01:01:52,400 --> 01:01:55,500
Day's walking. 
That world was smaller not 

1115
01:01:55,500 --> 01:01:58,500
physically smaller, but 
experientially smaller. 

1116
01:01:59,800 --> 01:02:02,300
The number of people you could 
meet in your life, time was 

1117
01:02:02,300 --> 01:02:04,700
limited. 
The number of places you could 

1118
01:02:04,700 --> 01:02:08,200
visit was constrained the amount
of new information you could 

1119
01:02:08,208 --> 01:02:12,100
encounter was finite. 
Boats expanded that world. 

1120
01:02:12,900 --> 01:02:15,500
Not just for you. 
But for every human culture that

1121
01:02:15,500 --> 01:02:19,100
adopted them, the expansion was 
not always positive. 

1122
01:02:19,800 --> 01:02:23,100
Boats, brought, Raiders and 
diseases, and invasive species 

1123
01:02:23,100 --> 01:02:24,900
along with trade goods and new 
ideas. 

1124
01:02:25,900 --> 01:02:29,100
But the expansion was 
transformative, you tell your 

1125
01:02:29,100 --> 01:02:31,600
great granddaughter, the boats 
are one of the most important 

1126
01:02:31,600 --> 01:02:36,000
inventions humans ever made. 
More important than agriculture 

1127
01:02:36,000 --> 01:02:38,700
because boats in able 
agricultural products to reach 

1128
01:02:38,700 --> 01:02:41,600
markets. 
More important than writing 

1129
01:02:41,600 --> 01:02:45,700
because boats carry the 
materials writing requires more 

1130
01:02:45,700 --> 01:02:48,800
important than metalworking 
because boats transport metal 

1131
01:02:48,800 --> 01:02:52,000
ores and finished Metal Goods. 
She looks skeptical. 

1132
01:02:52,900 --> 01:02:56,400
She has grown up with boats. 
He takes them for granted. 

1133
01:02:56,400 --> 01:02:59,700
The way you take breathing for 
granted, they are just there. 

1134
01:02:59,700 --> 01:03:03,700
They have always been there. 
The idea that the world could 

1135
01:03:03,700 --> 01:03:08,500
function without them seem 
strange, you try to explain you 

1136
01:03:08,500 --> 01:03:10,700
tell her to imagine her world 
without boats. 

1137
01:03:10,700 --> 01:03:14,700
No trade goods from up the coast
no fish from deep water. 

1138
01:03:14,700 --> 01:03:20,300
No raids from northern enemies. 
No trading Expeditions no family

1139
01:03:20,300 --> 01:03:24,500
visits to the Island community. 
Her world becomes very small, 

1140
01:03:24,500 --> 01:03:28,500
very quickly. 
She starts to understand the 

1141
01:03:28,500 --> 01:03:30,100
boats are invisible 
infrastructure. 

1142
01:03:30,100 --> 01:03:34,300
They are so fundamental to how 
her Society functions that she 

1143
01:03:34,300 --> 01:03:38,100
never consciously thinks about 
them, but remove them, and 

1144
01:03:38,100 --> 01:03:41,200
everything changes. 
This is the legacy of those 

1145
01:03:41,200 --> 01:03:45,400
first experimental wraths, those
crude log bundles, that barely 

1146
01:03:45,400 --> 01:03:47,900
floated. 
Those early Dugout, canoes 

1147
01:03:47,900 --> 01:03:51,200
scraped out with fire and Stone 
Those Reed boats. 

1148
01:03:51,200 --> 01:03:55,500
Woven in marshes, those first 
sails catching wind each 

1149
01:03:55,500 --> 01:03:59,600
Innovation on the previous one 
each Improvement, expanded what 

1150
01:03:59,600 --> 01:04:02,800
was possible? 
The progression was not linear 

1151
01:04:02,800 --> 01:04:06,200
different, cultures developed 
different solutions to the same 

1152
01:04:06,200 --> 01:04:08,700
problems. 
But the trajectory was 

1153
01:04:08,700 --> 01:04:14,200
consistent boats became larger 
faster, more capable more 

1154
01:04:14,200 --> 01:04:17,100
reliable by the time of the 
Common Era. 

1155
01:04:17,100 --> 01:04:20,200
Humans are building ships 
capable of Crossing oceans. 

1156
01:04:21,000 --> 01:04:24,800
The Roman grain ships that 
Supply Rome can carry 1,000 tons

1157
01:04:24,800 --> 01:04:27,600
of cargo. 
The Chinese treasure ships of 

1158
01:04:27,600 --> 01:04:31,600
the 1500s Common Era are among 
the largest Wooden Ships ever 

1159
01:04:31,600 --> 01:04:34,200
built. 
The European Age of Exploration 

1160
01:04:34,200 --> 01:04:37,800
Maps, the entire world using 
progressively refined sailing 

1161
01:04:37,800 --> 01:04:40,600
ships. 
But all of it traces back to 

1162
01:04:40,600 --> 01:04:42,600
someone noticing that logs 
float. 

1163
01:04:43,500 --> 01:04:47,000
Someone thinking that floating 
logs could hold weight, someone 

1164
01:04:47,000 --> 01:04:48,700
figuring out how to tie logs 
together. 

1165
01:04:48,700 --> 01:04:52,000
Someone discovering that 
hallowed Woodworks better than 

1166
01:04:52,000 --> 01:04:55,300
bundled logs. 
Someone experimenting with reeds

1167
01:04:55,300 --> 01:04:59,200
and finding they work too. 
Someone seeing a mat catch wind 

1168
01:04:59,200 --> 01:05:00,900
and realizing wind could be 
useful. 

1169
01:05:00,900 --> 01:05:04,600
Someone attaching a blade to a 
stick and calling it a paddle. 

1170
01:05:04,600 --> 01:05:08,800
Someone attaching a paddle to a 
boat and calling it or someone 

1171
01:05:08,800 --> 01:05:11,600
combining all these elements. 
And to vessels that could cross 

1172
01:05:11,600 --> 01:05:14,600
Horizon's, you're not 
responsible for any of these 

1173
01:05:14,600 --> 01:05:16,900
Innovations. 
You came along thousands of 

1174
01:05:16,900 --> 01:05:19,500
years too late. 
But you have spent your life 

1175
01:05:19,500 --> 01:05:21,900
using the technology these 
Innovations created. 

1176
01:05:21,900 --> 01:05:24,900
You have built boats, you have 
sailed boats. 

1177
01:05:24,900 --> 01:05:27,200
You have taught boat skills to 
younger Generations. 

1178
01:05:27,200 --> 01:05:30,700
You are part of the continuity. 
The Sun is setting. 

1179
01:05:30,700 --> 01:05:33,900
Now, the harbor is quieting. 
The trading ship has finished, 

1180
01:05:33,900 --> 01:05:35,900
loading and will depart with the
Morning Tide. 

1181
01:05:35,900 --> 01:05:38,800
The fishing boats have returned 
and been pulled onto the beach. 

1182
01:05:38,800 --> 01:05:42,700
The watch boat crew is changing 
shifts, everything is routine, 

1183
01:05:42,700 --> 01:05:46,300
everything is ordinary, but 
ordinary is extraordinary when 

1184
01:05:46,300 --> 01:05:48,800
you think about it. 
The simple fact that boats 

1185
01:05:48,800 --> 01:05:52,600
exist, the simple fact that 
humans figured out how to move 

1186
01:05:52,600 --> 01:05:56,700
across water, the simple fact 
that this technology spread an 

1187
01:05:56,700 --> 01:05:59,400
evolved in enabled civilization 
as we understand it. 

1188
01:06:00,300 --> 01:06:03,700
None of this was inevitable. 
It required observation 

1189
01:06:03,700 --> 01:06:09,500
experimentation Innovation 
teaching, and refinement, across

1190
01:06:09,500 --> 01:06:12,800
thousands of years. 
And countless cultures, you head

1191
01:06:12,800 --> 01:06:16,100
home as the last like, Fadez 
your joints, ache. 

1192
01:06:16,100 --> 01:06:18,200
Your eyes are not what they used
to be. 

1193
01:06:19,300 --> 01:06:20,600
But you can still hear the 
water. 

1194
01:06:20,600 --> 01:06:24,800
You can still smell the salt. 
You can still remember the 

1195
01:06:24,800 --> 01:06:28,700
feeling of a boat moving beneath
you and wind filling a sale. 

1196
01:06:28,700 --> 01:06:32,200
And the endless possibility of 
the Horizon you've drifted 

1197
01:06:32,200 --> 01:06:36,200
through 10,000 years of humans 
learning to float tonight. 

1198
01:06:37,100 --> 01:06:40,400
From the first tentative log 
Riders to the confidence Sailors

1199
01:06:40,400 --> 01:06:43,200
catching wind. 
You have followed the story is 

1200
01:06:43,200 --> 01:06:46,400
fundamentally about humans 
refusing to let water stop them 

1201
01:06:46,400 --> 01:06:47,900
from going where they wanted to 
go. 

1202
01:06:49,300 --> 01:06:51,300
You found this interesting. 
My tired dumplings. 

1203
01:06:51,300 --> 01:06:55,000
You might consider subscribing. 
More history. 

1204
01:06:55,000 --> 01:06:58,900
Waits in the archive, more quiet
Voices From the Past, ready to 

1205
01:06:58,908 --> 01:07:02,400
walk you through their worlds, 
until sleep arrives, but that 

1206
01:07:02,400 --> 01:07:04,400
decision is entirely yours to 
make. 

1207
01:07:05,300 --> 01:07:08,700
The boats are still out there. 
The wind still blows the water, 

1208
01:07:08,700 --> 01:07:12,400
still flows and somewhere, 
probably right now. 

1209
01:07:12,400 --> 01:07:16,000
Someone is figuring out a better
way to move across at all sleep.

1210
01:07:16,000 --> 01:07:23,700
Well, the smell reaches you 
before anything else. 

1211
01:07:24,500 --> 01:07:28,400
Barley, porridge warming slowly 
in a clay pot and underneath 

1212
01:07:28,400 --> 01:07:30,200
that the oldest smell of the 
house itself. 

1213
01:07:31,100 --> 01:07:34,900
A packed Earth and wool and the 
particular darkness of a room 

1214
01:07:34,900 --> 01:07:38,000
that has held a family for a 
long time somewhere outside. 

1215
01:07:38,000 --> 01:07:41,200
A rooster is complaining about 
the hour and the city of Athens 

1216
01:07:41,200 --> 01:07:43,500
is just beginning to make. 
Its first sound of the morning. 

1217
01:07:44,400 --> 01:07:47,100
You were placed into this life. 
The way a seed is placed into 

1218
01:07:47,100 --> 01:07:51,100
soil, not by your own hand and 
the soil you landed in was 

1219
01:07:51,100 --> 01:07:54,500
ordinary, which is to say it was
the soil that most people in the

1220
01:07:54,500 --> 01:07:58,200
ancient world landed in. 
Not Noble, not destitute. 

1221
01:07:58,200 --> 01:08:02,800
Just the vast and celebrated 
middle of human existence, where

1222
01:08:02,800 --> 01:08:05,400
the work was constant, and the 
rewards were modest, and the 

1223
01:08:05,400 --> 01:08:09,400
life taken as a whole was not 
without its satisfactions. 

1224
01:08:10,100 --> 01:08:13,900
The house you were born into his
small, that is the first fact of

1225
01:08:13,908 --> 01:08:16,500
your existence, the one that 
shapes everything else. 

1226
01:08:16,500 --> 01:08:20,600
It is a single structure of mud 
brick plastered over on the 

1227
01:08:20,600 --> 01:08:24,100
outside with a pale clay wash. 
That has been slowly returning 

1228
01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:28,100
to dust for as long as anyone in
your family can remember, The 

1229
01:08:28,100 --> 01:08:30,300
walls are thick which is the one
luxury. 

1230
01:08:30,300 --> 01:08:33,500
They offer, keeping the worst of
the summer heat outside and 

1231
01:08:33,500 --> 01:08:36,100
holding, whatever warmth the 
Brazier produces on cold winter 

1232
01:08:36,100 --> 01:08:39,000
nights. 
The floor is beaten Earth. 

1233
01:08:39,800 --> 01:08:43,500
Hacked so hard and for so long 
that it has the quality of stone

1234
01:08:43,500 --> 01:08:46,200
underfoot smooth and faintly 
cool evening. 

1235
01:08:46,200 --> 01:08:48,300
In August, there is one main 
room. 

1236
01:08:48,300 --> 01:08:53,300
This is where your family sleeps
Cooks eats Works argues and 

1237
01:08:53,300 --> 01:08:56,399
spends the long evening's. 
There may be a small courtyard 

1238
01:08:56,399 --> 01:08:59,800
attached open to the sky, where 
a little light falls in the 

1239
01:08:59,800 --> 01:09:02,300
middle of the day and where your
mother keeps a few clay pots of 

1240
01:09:02,308 --> 01:09:05,300
herbs. 
And in good years, a small fig 

1241
01:09:05,300 --> 01:09:08,200
tree and a large cracked and for
that has outlasted two 

1242
01:09:08,200 --> 01:09:10,399
generations. 
If your family is slightly 

1243
01:09:10,399 --> 01:09:13,899
better off than its neighbors, 
there is a second room, a 

1244
01:09:13,899 --> 01:09:16,800
storage room, where the grain 
jar sit and where the smell of 

1245
01:09:16,808 --> 01:09:19,700
dried things of lentils and 
figs. 

1246
01:09:19,700 --> 01:09:22,200
And the sharp Dusty scent of 
stored. 

1247
01:09:22,200 --> 01:09:26,100
Barley is constant and faintly 
comforting, the way childhood 

1248
01:09:26,100 --> 01:09:29,300
smells always are. 
The roof is a lattice of wooden 

1249
01:09:29,300 --> 01:09:33,300
beams covered with terracotta 
tiles and when it rains which in

1250
01:09:33,300 --> 01:09:35,800
Attica it does mostly in Winter 
and not nearly enough. 

1251
01:09:36,500 --> 01:09:39,600
The sound on those tiles is a 
particular sound that you'll 

1252
01:09:39,600 --> 01:09:41,800
carry in your memory for the 
rest of your life. 

1253
01:09:42,600 --> 01:09:46,500
Not the sound of rain on Stone 
which is harder not the sound of

1254
01:09:46,500 --> 01:09:49,700
rain on leaves. 
Which Is softa something in 

1255
01:09:49,700 --> 01:09:53,500
between the sound that says the 
system is filling and the fields

1256
01:09:53,500 --> 01:09:56,000
are drinking. 
And for now, at least the worry 

1257
01:09:56,000 --> 01:10:00,300
about water can rest. your house
in the way all people arrive 

1258
01:10:00,300 --> 01:10:03,700
everywhere with no knowledge of 
where you were and no ability to

1259
01:10:03,700 --> 01:10:07,300
ask what you would have known in
the wordless way that newborns 

1260
01:10:07,300 --> 01:10:13,400
know things was warmth or cold 
hunger or fullness held or not 

1261
01:10:13,400 --> 01:10:18,000
held your mother held you That 
much is certain because across 

1262
01:10:18,000 --> 01:10:22,200
all the distance of 2,500 years 
and all the silences of a 

1263
01:10:22,200 --> 01:10:24,300
culture that did not write down 
the lives of people like your 

1264
01:10:24,300 --> 01:10:26,700
family. 
That much remains constant. 

1265
01:10:27,300 --> 01:10:30,400
Mothers held their children. 
The ancient world was not 

1266
01:10:30,400 --> 01:10:33,700
sentimental about infancy in the
way that later centuries would 

1267
01:10:33,708 --> 01:10:37,800
become He sued writing several 
centuries before your birth in a

1268
01:10:37,800 --> 01:10:40,900
poem called works and days that 
reads less like poetry and more 

1269
01:10:40,900 --> 01:10:43,300
like a very tired farmer. 
Giving very good advice 

1270
01:10:43,300 --> 01:10:47,000
describes, the life of Mortals 
as one of Labor and difficulty 

1271
01:10:47,000 --> 01:10:50,200
from the beginning, not as 
punishment, but as the plane 

1272
01:10:50,200 --> 01:10:54,100
condition of Being Human, There 
is something almost comforting 

1273
01:10:54,100 --> 01:10:56,500
in that framing. 
Once you sit with it, the 

1274
01:10:56,500 --> 01:10:59,700
difficulty is not a mistake. 
It is not something that has 

1275
01:10:59,700 --> 01:11:02,200
gone wrong. 
It is simply what a life is made

1276
01:11:02,200 --> 01:11:05,100
of and you work within it the 
same way you work within the 

1277
01:11:05,100 --> 01:11:08,400
season without expecting the 
season to apologize for being 

1278
01:11:08,400 --> 01:11:11,800
what it is. 
Your family new in a practical 

1279
01:11:11,800 --> 01:11:15,100
rather than philosophical way 
that early life was fragile. 

1280
01:11:16,200 --> 01:11:19,100
Infant mortality in ancient 
Athens and across the Greek 

1281
01:11:19,100 --> 01:11:21,000
world. 
Was significant enough that the 

1282
01:11:21,008 --> 01:11:24,300
first week of a child's life was
treated with a kind of careful 

1283
01:11:24,300 --> 01:11:27,100
restraint. 
The name naming ceremony, the 

1284
01:11:27,100 --> 01:11:29,900
amphithere didn't happen until 
the child. 

1285
01:11:29,900 --> 01:11:32,900
Had survived that first week, 
which tells you something about 

1286
01:11:32,900 --> 01:11:34,900
the emotional arithmetic of the 
time. 

1287
01:11:35,600 --> 01:11:38,400
You love the child, while also 
knowing that love might need to 

1288
01:11:38,400 --> 01:11:41,300
be survived. 
You name the child when it 

1289
01:11:41,300 --> 01:11:43,500
seemed reasonable to believe, 
the child would be there to grow

1290
01:11:43,500 --> 01:11:46,500
into the name. 
The rooster outside continued to

1291
01:11:46,500 --> 01:11:48,900
complain. 
The Barley porridge continued to

1292
01:11:48,908 --> 01:11:52,300
cook Before Dawn, you would 
survive the first week and now 

1293
01:11:52,300 --> 01:11:55,200
you had a name to grow into the 
house, you grew up in had a 

1294
01:11:55,208 --> 01:11:56,700
smell, that was entirely its 
own. 

1295
01:11:56,708 --> 01:11:59,500
And that you would not have been
able to describe to anyone 

1296
01:11:59,500 --> 01:12:02,700
because it was simply the smell 
of home, which is to say it was 

1297
01:12:02,700 --> 01:12:05,000
invisible to you in the way that
the air is invisible. 

1298
01:12:05,700 --> 01:12:08,400
It was only later leaving the 
house for the first time and 

1299
01:12:08,400 --> 01:12:11,700
coming back hours later that you
would catch it briefly as 

1300
01:12:11,700 --> 01:12:14,900
something, distinct. 
Smoke from the half, which was 

1301
01:12:14,900 --> 01:12:18,500
not a fireplace in any Grand 
sense, but a low clay structure 

1302
01:12:18,500 --> 01:12:21,100
in the center of the main room 
with a hole in the roof of it, 

1303
01:12:21,100 --> 01:12:24,800
that was supposed to let the 
smoke out and did mostly the 

1304
01:12:24,800 --> 01:12:29,400
oily warmth of wool. 
Faint sweetness of dried figs in

1305
01:12:29,400 --> 01:12:32,100
the storage room. 
The particular mineral smell of 

1306
01:12:32,100 --> 01:12:34,800
clay pots that have been filled 
and emptied and filled a game 

1307
01:12:34,808 --> 01:12:37,700
many times. 
The objects in that house were 

1308
01:12:37,700 --> 01:12:40,300
not decorative. 
Every object, served a purpose. 

1309
01:12:40,300 --> 01:12:43,400
And if it stopped serving a 
purpose, it was either prepared 

1310
01:12:43,400 --> 01:12:46,700
or repurposed. 
The large storage jars, the ones

1311
01:12:46,700 --> 01:12:49,900
your family called pithoi, with 
the most important objects in 

1312
01:12:49,900 --> 01:12:53,500
the house, more important than 
any piece of furniture, because 

1313
01:12:53,500 --> 01:12:56,100
they held what the household 
needed to survive the months 

1314
01:12:56,100 --> 01:12:58,900
between harvests. 
Grain went into the biggest 

1315
01:12:58,900 --> 01:13:01,500
ones. 
Olive oil into others sealed at 

1316
01:13:01,500 --> 01:13:05,600
the top dried legumes chickpeas,
and lentils and dried fava beans

1317
01:13:05,600 --> 01:13:08,800
into the smaller ones. 
You from a very young age. 

1318
01:13:08,800 --> 01:13:11,100
What was in each jar and roughly
how full it was? 

1319
01:13:11,100 --> 01:13:14,500
Because in a household without 
Surplus that knowledge mattered?

1320
01:13:15,100 --> 01:13:17,800
the furniture was minimal by any
standard you would recognize 

1321
01:13:17,800 --> 01:13:20,600
from the world you live in now, 
A few low. 

1322
01:13:20,600 --> 01:13:23,800
Wooden stools, sleeping pallets 
that were rolled or stacked 

1323
01:13:23,800 --> 01:13:27,000
against the wall during the day 
and spread out at night, filled 

1324
01:13:27,000 --> 01:13:30,300
with wool or dried grass a 
wooden chest that held the 

1325
01:13:30,300 --> 01:13:33,400
households cloth the tunics and 
cloaks that your mother wove. 

1326
01:13:33,400 --> 01:13:36,900
On the upright Loom that stood 
against one wall and was never 

1327
01:13:36,900 --> 01:13:38,800
in your memory ever entirely 
finished. 

1328
01:13:38,800 --> 01:13:41,600
The loom was always in some 
stage of production. 

1329
01:13:42,500 --> 01:13:45,300
Cloth in ancient Athens was not 
cheap to buy and not quick to 

1330
01:13:45,300 --> 01:13:48,500
make and a family like yours 
made most of what it War. 

1331
01:13:49,100 --> 01:13:52,200
There was no table in the way 
you might imagine one food was 

1332
01:13:52,200 --> 01:13:55,400
eaten from bowls sitting on 
stools, or on the floor, in a 

1333
01:13:55,408 --> 01:13:57,000
way that would look informal to 
later. 

1334
01:13:57,000 --> 01:14:01,100
Rise, but which carried its own 
unspoken rituals, who ate first 

1335
01:14:01,100 --> 01:14:03,900
how much what was saved and what
was shared. 

1336
01:14:04,800 --> 01:14:08,000
The archeology of small daily 
decisions that no one thought to

1337
01:14:08,000 --> 01:14:11,400
write down the neighborhood 
around your house was not quiet.

1338
01:14:12,100 --> 01:14:14,900
Athens in The Classical, period 
was a city of somewhere between 

1339
01:14:14,900 --> 01:14:19,200
100,000 and 300,000 people, 
depending on which historian you

1340
01:14:19,208 --> 01:14:21,900
consult, and which period, they 
are describing and the 

1341
01:14:21,900 --> 01:14:23,900
residential districts were 
ordinary families. 

1342
01:14:23,900 --> 01:14:26,100
Lived were dense but close 
together. 

1343
01:14:26,100 --> 01:14:28,700
A long lanes that were narrow 
enough for two people to pass 

1344
01:14:28,700 --> 01:14:31,100
each other only. 
If one of them turned sideways, 

1345
01:14:31,100 --> 01:14:34,900
the house is shared walls, New 
York neighbor's, not because you

1346
01:14:34,900 --> 01:14:38,800
chose to but because you had no 
option There are arguments came 

1347
01:14:38,800 --> 01:14:41,200
through the mud brick as clearly
as if they were in the room. 

1348
01:14:41,200 --> 01:14:44,400
They're cooking smells arrived 
before your own meals. 

1349
01:14:44,400 --> 01:14:49,200
Did This proximity was not only 
an inconvenience, it was also 

1350
01:14:49,200 --> 01:14:52,800
how information moves moved who 
had work of available who had 

1351
01:14:52,800 --> 01:14:56,600
grain to sell which Merchants at
the Agora had been shortchanging

1352
01:14:56,600 --> 01:14:59,400
customers which family had new 
trouble. 

1353
01:15:01,200 --> 01:15:05,000
Street outside your door, was a 
slow constant River of this kind

1354
01:15:05,000 --> 01:15:07,200
of information and learning to 
read. 

1355
01:15:07,200 --> 01:15:09,900
It was one of the early skills a
child in your neighborhood 

1356
01:15:09,900 --> 01:15:14,500
acquired The sounds of the city 
started before light. the 

1357
01:15:14,500 --> 01:15:17,300
baker's who worked through the 
night to have bread, ready by 

1358
01:15:17,300 --> 01:15:21,200
morning with the first, Then the
coppersmiths whose workshops 

1359
01:15:21,200 --> 01:15:24,500
were concentrated in certain 
districts and whose hammering 

1360
01:15:24,500 --> 01:15:29,600
began early and continued long. 
The sound of a city waking up in

1361
01:15:29,600 --> 01:15:32,100
the ancient world was not an 
alarm or a signal. 

1362
01:15:32,100 --> 01:15:35,800
It was a gradual accumulation of
individual sounds that added 

1363
01:15:35,800 --> 01:15:38,700
together into something that 
meant the day had begun and 

1364
01:15:38,700 --> 01:15:40,100
there was no point trying to 
stop it. 

1365
01:15:40,100 --> 01:15:44,200
You did not know in those early 
years that your life was a 

1366
01:15:44,200 --> 01:15:46,900
particular kind of life rather 
than just life in general. 

1367
01:15:47,800 --> 01:15:50,500
Children do not arrive with 
comparisons already made. 

1368
01:15:51,500 --> 01:15:54,500
The philosopher Aristotle had a 
great deal to say about the 

1369
01:15:54,500 --> 01:15:57,800
proper ordering of households. 
And of society, spent 

1370
01:15:57,800 --> 01:16:00,800
considerably more of his time 
writing about the households of 

1371
01:16:00,808 --> 01:16:04,900
citizens with property and about
how households like yours, which

1372
01:16:04,900 --> 01:16:07,300
is itself. 
A kind of evidence about what 

1373
01:16:07,300 --> 01:16:10,800
the ancient world considered 
worth recording, the life of the

1374
01:16:10,800 --> 01:16:13,500
ordinary working family, in 
Athens, was not the life that 

1375
01:16:13,500 --> 01:16:16,900
ended up in the written record, 
not because it was invisible to 

1376
01:16:16,900 --> 01:16:19,400
the people living it. 
But because the people with the 

1377
01:16:19,400 --> 01:16:22,400
tools and the time, and the 
education to write things down, 

1378
01:16:22,400 --> 01:16:25,100
were mostly not the people who 
spent their mornings at the 

1379
01:16:25,108 --> 01:16:27,200
communal. 
Well, all their afternoon's 

1380
01:16:27,200 --> 01:16:30,200
repairing sandals or carrying 
him for of olive oil from the 

1381
01:16:30,200 --> 01:16:33,800
press to the market. 
What you had in a written record

1382
01:16:33,800 --> 01:16:37,200
was a passed down. 
One knowledge that moved from 

1383
01:16:37,200 --> 01:16:40,100
person to person hand-to-hand 
season to season. 

1384
01:16:40,100 --> 01:16:44,200
How to read the sky for weather.
How to know when grain was dry 

1385
01:16:44,200 --> 01:16:47,800
enough to store without rotting,
how to stretch the contents of a

1386
01:16:47,800 --> 01:16:50,000
storage jar across more weeks 
than it was supposed to cover. 

1387
01:16:50,900 --> 01:16:53,300
How to keep a household running 
on the edge of enough without 

1388
01:16:53,300 --> 01:16:56,700
tipping over into not enough. 
This was the education that 

1389
01:16:56,700 --> 01:16:59,900
waited for you. 
Not a school room, not a scroll,

1390
01:16:59,900 --> 01:17:02,600
not a teacher who had studied in
the manner of the wealthy. 

1391
01:17:02,600 --> 01:17:05,700
The education of the ordinary 
ancient Greek child was the 

1392
01:17:05,700 --> 01:17:09,100
education of paying attention to
the people around you, and 

1393
01:17:09,100 --> 01:17:11,900
learning to do what they did 
before, anyone had to ask you 

1394
01:17:11,900 --> 01:17:14,600
twice. 
The adage educational was about 

1395
01:17:14,600 --> 01:17:17,500
to begin. 
And The Barley porridge, which 

1396
01:17:17,500 --> 01:17:20,400
had been warming since before 
the city woke up was finally 

1397
01:17:20,400 --> 01:17:23,300
ready? 
First thing, you notice is the 

1398
01:17:23,300 --> 01:17:26,800
legs, everyone at the Agora has 
legs obviously. 

1399
01:17:26,800 --> 01:17:30,100
But when you're small enough, 
that the average adults belt, 

1400
01:17:30,100 --> 01:17:33,800
buckle is roughly at your eye 
level legs are what the world is

1401
01:17:33,800 --> 01:17:37,600
mostly made of. 
Bare legs, sandaled feet. 

1402
01:17:38,400 --> 01:17:43,300
Of a wool tunic swinging passed 
the thick cars of a man carrying

1403
01:17:43,300 --> 01:17:46,600
an amphora on his shoulder. 
The quick steps of a woman, 

1404
01:17:46,600 --> 01:17:49,900
moving through the crowd with a 
basket pressed against her hip, 

1405
01:17:49,900 --> 01:17:53,800
not browsing, going somewhere, 
specific because women with 

1406
01:17:53,800 --> 01:17:56,500
somewhere, specific to go move 
differently than everyone else. 

1407
01:17:57,300 --> 01:18:00,000
You are holding your father's 
hand or rather. 

1408
01:18:00,000 --> 01:18:04,300
He is holding yours, which is a 
different thing because you're 

1409
01:18:04,300 --> 01:18:08,000
not holding on so much as being 
held pulled gently forward 

1410
01:18:08,000 --> 01:18:11,700
through the Press of bodies and 
noise and smell, that is the 

1411
01:18:11,700 --> 01:18:14,100
Agora on a busy morning in 
Athens. 

1412
01:18:14,600 --> 01:18:20,000
The smell is the second thing. 
Fish is the loudest of the 

1413
01:18:20,000 --> 01:18:23,800
smells sharp and insistent 
coming from the section of the 

1414
01:18:23,800 --> 01:18:27,600
market where the fishmongers 
have their slabs of stone and 

1415
01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:31,300
their mourning. 
Catch laid out in rows, behind 

1416
01:18:31,300 --> 01:18:34,800
that the smoke from a brassiere 
where someone is selling hot 

1417
01:18:34,800 --> 01:18:37,300
food. 
Something with onions in it. 

1418
01:18:37,300 --> 01:18:40,500
Something that makes your 
stomach speak up, regardless of,

1419
01:18:40,500 --> 01:18:45,000
whether you're hungry. 
Further in the mineral smell of 

1420
01:18:45,000 --> 01:18:49,100
fresh, cut stone from a Mason's 
Store, The Greene bite of herbs.

1421
01:18:49,100 --> 01:18:53,100
Piled in bundles, the warm Dusty
Center of grain being poured 

1422
01:18:53,100 --> 01:18:55,300
from one container into another 
somewhere nearby. 

1423
01:18:56,300 --> 01:18:58,400
The Agora does not smell like 
one thing. 

1424
01:18:58,400 --> 01:19:00,500
It smells like everything at 
once. 

1425
01:19:00,500 --> 01:19:03,600
And when you're small standing 
in the middle of it, the effect 

1426
01:19:03,600 --> 01:19:06,400
is not unpleasant so much as 
genuinely overwhelming. 

1427
01:19:07,100 --> 01:19:09,400
Like being submerged in 
something that has too many 

1428
01:19:09,408 --> 01:19:11,900
temperatures. 
The noise is constant and 

1429
01:19:11,900 --> 01:19:15,000
layered vendors calling out, not
to you. 

1430
01:19:15,000 --> 01:19:18,700
Not to anyone in particular, 
just into the air, the ancient 

1431
01:19:18,700 --> 01:19:22,400
equivalent of a sign that moves 
and makes sound two men. 

1432
01:19:22,408 --> 01:19:24,800
Near a pottery stall, arguing 
about a price with the 

1433
01:19:24,800 --> 01:19:27,800
particular energy of people who 
are enjoying the argument as 

1434
01:19:27,800 --> 01:19:29,700
much as they care about its 
outcome. 

1435
01:19:30,400 --> 01:19:33,400
A donkey somewhere expressing 
its feelings about, its current 

1436
01:19:33,400 --> 01:19:36,400
situation. 
The clatter of bronze weights on

1437
01:19:36,400 --> 01:19:39,900
a merchant scale. 
Children who are not, you older 

1438
01:19:39,900 --> 01:19:42,700
children moving through the 
crowd with a confidence. 

1439
01:19:42,700 --> 01:19:45,600
You have not yet earned, running
errands with the practice 

1440
01:19:45,600 --> 01:19:48,700
efficiently of people who have 
done this enough times. 

1441
01:19:48,700 --> 01:19:52,400
That the crowd no longer feels 
large, your father stops. 

1442
01:19:52,400 --> 01:19:55,700
He's looking at something a 
stall with Empress stacked. 

1443
01:19:55,700 --> 01:19:59,100
In careful Rose, and he is doing
the thing adults do at markets. 

1444
01:19:59,100 --> 01:20:03,200
The slowest assessment, the 
calculation behind the eyes that

1445
01:20:03,200 --> 01:20:05,600
you cannot yet, read, but are 
already learning to watch for. 

1446
01:20:06,800 --> 01:20:09,800
He picks up a small jar turns. 
It sets it down. 

1447
01:20:09,800 --> 01:20:12,500
He picks up another, the 
merchant. 

1448
01:20:12,500 --> 01:20:15,200
A man with a beard going grey at
the Edge's and the unhurried 

1449
01:20:15,200 --> 01:20:16,800
manner of someone who has been 
doing this. 

1450
01:20:16,800 --> 01:20:20,600
For 30 years, says something. 
Your father says something back.

1451
01:20:20,600 --> 01:20:24,900
You do not follow all of it yet 
you follow the tone, which is 

1452
01:20:24,900 --> 01:20:26,700
careful and neutral on both 
sides. 

1453
01:20:26,700 --> 01:20:29,300
Two people who each want the 
other to believe they are less 

1454
01:20:29,308 --> 01:20:32,500
interested than they are. 
You're watching your first 

1455
01:20:32,500 --> 01:20:36,100
economics lesson without knowing
it has a name, nobody in a 

1456
01:20:36,100 --> 01:20:39,300
family like yours sits down and 
decides to educate a child, the 

1457
01:20:39,300 --> 01:20:42,200
education simply happens. 
The way whether happens around 

1458
01:20:42,200 --> 01:20:45,600
you and to you, because you are 
present in a life that requires 

1459
01:20:45,600 --> 01:20:49,000
knowledge to navigate, and the 
knowledge is everywhere, if you 

1460
01:20:49,000 --> 01:20:52,600
are paying attention. 
Hazard whose works and days 

1461
01:20:52,600 --> 01:20:56,100
reads in places like a letter 
from a father to a son, about 

1462
01:20:56,100 --> 01:20:59,300
the non-negotiable realities of 
agricultural, existence 

1463
01:20:59,300 --> 01:21:01,800
understood this without needing 
to name it. 

1464
01:21:02,900 --> 01:21:05,600
The farmers child, learns 
farming, by being a farmer's 

1465
01:21:05,600 --> 01:21:08,900
child, the Craftsman's child, 
learns the craft, by being 

1466
01:21:08,900 --> 01:21:12,000
underfoot in the workshop long 
before anyone has the material. 

1467
01:21:12,900 --> 01:21:16,000
What this meant in practice was 
that your education had no 

1468
01:21:16,000 --> 01:21:20,600
beginning and no end it did not 
start at a particular age or 

1469
01:21:20,600 --> 01:21:24,200
finish with any sermon. 
He was the slow, accumulation of

1470
01:21:24,200 --> 01:21:26,600
things you had watched enough 
times that you could eventually 

1471
01:21:26,600 --> 01:21:30,100
do them yourself and then the 
slow refinement of doing them 

1472
01:21:30,100 --> 01:21:33,900
badly and doing them adequately 
and the very gradual, and never 

1473
01:21:33,900 --> 01:21:35,800
quite complete process of doing 
them. 

1474
01:21:35,800 --> 01:21:39,200
Well, before you old enough to 
be useful, you are old enough to

1475
01:21:39,200 --> 01:21:43,200
watch You watched your mother's 
hands at the Quan Stone the way 

1476
01:21:43,200 --> 01:21:45,800
she leaned in to the grinding 
with her whole upper body, 

1477
01:21:45,800 --> 01:21:49,300
rather than just her arms 
because her arms alone would 

1478
01:21:49,300 --> 01:21:52,900
have give out by mid-morning. 
He watched your father assess 

1479
01:21:52,900 --> 01:21:56,200
the condition of the soil by 
crouching down and pressing two 

1480
01:21:56,200 --> 01:21:59,700
fingers into it. 
Not deeply, just at the surface 

1481
01:21:59,700 --> 01:22:03,500
and reading something from the 
resistance and the color and the

1482
01:22:03,500 --> 01:22:06,400
smell that you could not yet 
decode but filed away anyway, 

1483
01:22:07,100 --> 01:22:09,900
You watch the way your neighbor 
carried heavy and thori. 

1484
01:22:09,900 --> 01:22:13,100
Not gripped in the hands, but 
balanced against the hip and 

1485
01:22:13,100 --> 01:22:16,100
shoulder, the body doing the 
work instead of the arms. 

1486
01:22:16,100 --> 01:22:18,600
Because the arms were not the 
strongest part of a person. 

1487
01:22:18,600 --> 01:22:21,600
And anyone who would carry 
things long enough and figure 

1488
01:22:21,600 --> 01:22:25,100
that out the Agora taught, you 
things that no one in your 

1489
01:22:25,108 --> 01:22:28,200
family could have taught you at 
home, because the Agora was 

1490
01:22:28,200 --> 01:22:31,100
where the wider world was 
compressed into one loud and 

1491
01:22:31,100 --> 01:22:34,400
smelly place. 
You learned early that not all 

1492
01:22:34,400 --> 01:22:38,400
Merchants were equally honest 
not because anyone sat you down 

1493
01:22:38,400 --> 01:22:41,900
and explained the concept of 
commercial dishonesty but 

1494
01:22:41,900 --> 01:22:46,000
because you watched it happen, a
scale that sat slightly wrong. 

1495
01:22:47,000 --> 01:22:50,500
Thumb resting with suspicious 
lightness against the edge of 

1496
01:22:50,500 --> 01:22:54,500
the weighing pan. 
Faint hesitation before a price 

1497
01:22:54,500 --> 01:22:58,000
was named the kind of hesitation
that meant the first prize was 

1498
01:22:58,000 --> 01:23:02,100
not the real price. 
Aristotle's, whose comedy is 

1499
01:23:02,100 --> 01:23:05,100
were performed for audience's. 
That included people very much 

1500
01:23:05,100 --> 01:23:08,400
like your family built entire 
scenes around this kind of 

1501
01:23:08,400 --> 01:23:12,000
marketplace cunning because it 
was funny precisely because it 

1502
01:23:12,008 --> 01:23:14,800
was familiar. 
The audience laughed because 

1503
01:23:14,800 --> 01:23:17,700
they recognized it. 
You learned it because you were 

1504
01:23:17,700 --> 01:23:20,600
there. 
The Agora and classical Athens 

1505
01:23:20,600 --> 01:23:23,900
was not only a Marketplace. 
It was the civic center of the 

1506
01:23:23,908 --> 01:23:26,900
city, the place, where political
announcements were made and 

1507
01:23:26,900 --> 01:23:30,500
legal notices posted and where 
the general Business of Being a 

1508
01:23:30,500 --> 01:23:34,000
city happened in public View. 
For a child from a working 

1509
01:23:34,000 --> 01:23:36,900
household, though, most of that 
Civic architecture was 

1510
01:23:36,900 --> 01:23:39,700
background. 
What mattered was the commercial

1511
01:23:39,700 --> 01:23:43,100
layer, the part of the Agora 
that intersected directly with 

1512
01:23:43,100 --> 01:23:44,700
the daily survival of your 
family. 

1513
01:23:45,800 --> 01:23:49,100
The market was organized in 
loose sections, not by any 

1514
01:23:49,100 --> 01:23:52,100
formal regulation, but by the 
kind of organic sorting that 

1515
01:23:52,100 --> 01:23:53,800
happens. 
When vendors congregate over 

1516
01:23:53,800 --> 01:23:57,800
years and the customers learn 
where to go for, what Fish in 

1517
01:23:57,800 --> 01:24:01,400
one area meeting another 
vegetables and herbs clustered 

1518
01:24:01,400 --> 01:24:05,400
together bread and green toward 
one Edge pottery and household 

1519
01:24:05,400 --> 01:24:08,500
goods along a Colonnade. 
You learned the layout, the way 

1520
01:24:08,500 --> 01:24:11,400
you learn the layout of any 
familiar place, not by being 

1521
01:24:11,400 --> 01:24:14,700
taught it, but by moving through
it enough times, that your feet 

1522
01:24:14,700 --> 01:24:17,800
knew where to go before your 
mind caught up the vendors. 

1523
01:24:17,800 --> 01:24:20,900
You saw most often were not 
wealthy people, the fishmonger 

1524
01:24:20,900 --> 01:24:23,400
who called out in a voice 
roughened by years of outdoor 

1525
01:24:23,400 --> 01:24:25,800
work. 
The old woman selling dried 

1526
01:24:25,800 --> 01:24:29,500
herbs and medicinal plants from 
a cloth on the ground sitting on

1527
01:24:29,500 --> 01:24:32,100
a low stall, with the patience 
of someone whose business model 

1528
01:24:32,100 --> 01:24:36,000
relied entirely on outlasting 
the morning, The bread seller, 

1529
01:24:36,000 --> 01:24:38,000
whose loaves were stacked in a 
shallow basket. 

1530
01:24:38,000 --> 01:24:41,000
And who always seemed to know 
exactly how many she had sold 

1531
01:24:41,000 --> 01:24:44,000
without Counting. 
These were people of the same 

1532
01:24:44,000 --> 01:24:47,500
broad stratum as your family 
people who are managing, rather 

1533
01:24:47,500 --> 01:24:50,500
than prospering who were at the 
Agora, because they had to be 

1534
01:24:50,500 --> 01:24:53,200
and not because it was where 
they preferred to spend their 

1535
01:24:53,200 --> 01:24:55,300
time. 
You absorb this without 

1536
01:24:55,300 --> 01:24:58,500
commentary. 
The market was not a spectacle 

1537
01:24:58,500 --> 01:25:00,200
to you. 
It was infrastructure. 

1538
01:25:00,200 --> 01:25:02,200
It was where the household 
stored. 

1539
01:25:02,200 --> 01:25:05,900
Goods met the outside world, 
where Surplus became coin and 

1540
01:25:05,900 --> 01:25:08,400
coin became the things. 
The household could not produce 

1541
01:25:08,400 --> 01:25:11,500
itself. 
Salt, certain tools, the fish 

1542
01:25:11,500 --> 01:25:14,100
that your family could not catch
because you did not live near 

1543
01:25:14,100 --> 01:25:16,200
the sea and could not afford to 
send anyone. 

1544
01:25:16,200 --> 01:25:20,600
There, the occasional small 
luxury, a handful of dried figs 

1545
01:25:20,600 --> 01:25:23,700
from somewhere south of Attica. 
Bought because your mother 

1546
01:25:23,700 --> 01:25:25,900
decided that the week warranted 
it. 

1547
01:25:25,900 --> 01:25:30,500
And because the decision was 
hers to make, First time you 

1548
01:25:30,500 --> 01:25:33,500
were sent to the Agora alone, 
you are probably somewhere 

1549
01:25:33,500 --> 01:25:37,100
between 8 and 10 years old 
though, the exact age mattered 

1550
01:25:37,100 --> 01:25:40,100
less than the redness and the 
redness was not announced. 

1551
01:25:41,000 --> 01:25:42,900
It arrived. 
The way most things arrived in 

1552
01:25:42,900 --> 01:25:46,900
your childhood without ceremony 
as a simple expectation. 

1553
01:25:47,800 --> 01:25:50,700
Your mother handed you a small 
coin and named what she needed 

1554
01:25:50,700 --> 01:25:54,000
and sent you out the door. 
And the fact that she did not 

1555
01:25:54,000 --> 01:25:57,800
come with you meant, she decided
you were capable which was its 

1556
01:25:57,800 --> 01:26:01,300
own kind of recognition. 
Quiet and practical and more 

1557
01:26:01,300 --> 01:26:04,400
meaningful than praise. 
The coin was an awful. 

1558
01:26:04,400 --> 01:26:07,300
The smallest common denomination
in Athenian. 

1559
01:26:07,300 --> 01:26:11,600
Currency worth roughly a sixth 
of a drachma, which was itself. 

1560
01:26:11,600 --> 01:26:14,100
Roughly what an unskilled 
laborer might earn for a full 

1561
01:26:14,108 --> 01:26:17,700
day's work. 
It was not a large sum, it was 

1562
01:26:17,700 --> 01:26:18,900
enough for what your mother 
needed. 

1563
01:26:18,900 --> 01:26:22,600
And the margin for error was 
approximately nothing which 

1564
01:26:22,600 --> 01:26:25,800
meant you had better, not lose 
it, not be cheated out of it, 

1565
01:26:25,800 --> 01:26:29,500
not make the wrong purchase and 
not take long enough that the 

1566
01:26:29,500 --> 01:26:31,600
good portions were gone by the 
time you got there. 

1567
01:26:32,400 --> 01:26:34,500
You went found what you were 
sent for. 

1568
01:26:34,500 --> 01:26:37,400
Made the transaction with the 
careful suspicion. 

1569
01:26:37,400 --> 01:26:40,400
Your mother had not needed to 
teach you came back with what 

1570
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:42,200
she asked for in the change 
accounted for. 

1571
01:26:43,500 --> 01:26:47,300
A crowd that did not adjust 
itself for you to conduct a 

1572
01:26:47,300 --> 01:26:50,600
transaction with an adult who 
had no particular obligation to 

1573
01:26:50,600 --> 01:26:54,800
treat you fairly to make change 
in your head and verify it with 

1574
01:26:54,800 --> 01:26:56,600
a suspicion that you have been 
practicing. 

1575
01:26:56,600 --> 01:26:58,300
Since. 
The first time you watched your 

1576
01:26:58,300 --> 01:27:01,900
father at that time for a stall 
it required you to hold the coin

1577
01:27:01,900 --> 01:27:04,900
the entire way without losing 
it, which meant it was in your 

1578
01:27:04,900 --> 01:27:08,400
fist the whole walk there, 
leaving a small circular 

1579
01:27:08,400 --> 01:27:11,300
impression in your palm that had
Faded by the time you got home. 

1580
01:27:12,200 --> 01:27:15,400
Your mother took what you 
brought her checked it and went 

1581
01:27:15,400 --> 01:27:16,600
back to whatever she'd been 
doing. 

1582
01:27:16,600 --> 01:27:21,300
This was approval, the work got 
heavier as you got older in the 

1583
01:27:21,308 --> 01:27:25,400
most literal sense. 
There is a particular moment in 

1584
01:27:25,400 --> 01:27:27,300
the physical life of a working 
child. 

1585
01:27:27,300 --> 01:27:30,800
When the loads that the adults 
around you carry daily are 

1586
01:27:30,800 --> 01:27:34,500
transferred to you, not all at 
once but incrementally each new 

1587
01:27:34,500 --> 01:27:38,400
task slightly beyond what you 
did last season calibrated to 

1588
01:27:38,400 --> 01:27:42,400
what your body can now do by 
people who know your body better

1589
01:27:42,400 --> 01:27:45,600
than you do yourself. 
The first time you carry 

1590
01:27:45,600 --> 01:27:47,400
something genuinely too heavy 
for you. 

1591
01:27:47,400 --> 01:27:51,400
You carry it any way. 
This is not a piece of wisdom, 

1592
01:27:51,400 --> 01:27:54,900
or a lesson that anyone in your 
family would have felt the need 

1593
01:27:54,900 --> 01:27:57,800
to articulate. 
Simply the condition. 

1594
01:27:59,000 --> 01:28:02,100
Thing needed to be carried. 
You were the one of available to

1595
01:28:02,100 --> 01:28:04,900
carry it. 
The weight was not interested in

1596
01:28:04,900 --> 01:28:08,100
your age, or your preference, 
and the ground between where the

1597
01:28:08,100 --> 01:28:09,700
thing was, and where it needed 
to be. 

1598
01:28:09,700 --> 01:28:12,400
Did not shortened itself on your
behalf. 

1599
01:28:13,600 --> 01:28:15,900
What happened in your body 
during that carry was the 

1600
01:28:15,900 --> 01:28:18,100
beginning of something not 
strength. 

1601
01:28:18,100 --> 01:28:19,600
Exactly. 
Not yet. 

1602
01:28:20,400 --> 01:28:23,000
More like the knowledge that 
your body could be asked to do 

1603
01:28:23,000 --> 01:28:24,400
more than it. 
Thought it could. 

1604
01:28:24,400 --> 01:28:28,000
And that the asking though 
unpleasant did not break 

1605
01:28:28,000 --> 01:28:31,200
anything. 
This knowledge once acquired 

1606
01:28:31,200 --> 01:28:34,600
does not leave. 
It settles into the muscles and 

1607
01:28:34,608 --> 01:28:37,200
the posture. 
And the particular way, a person

1608
01:28:37,200 --> 01:28:39,400
from a working background moves 
through the world. 

1609
01:28:40,500 --> 01:28:43,900
Hesiod wrote about the body of a
laboring man with the matter of 

1610
01:28:43,900 --> 01:28:45,800
fact, respect of someone who 
lived in one. 

1611
01:28:46,700 --> 01:28:50,400
The ideal farmer in works and 
days is not graceful or refined.

1612
01:28:50,400 --> 01:28:55,000
He is capable, his value is in 
what he can sustain a long 

1613
01:28:55,000 --> 01:28:58,600
season, and what he can do, when
the work arrives, whether he is 

1614
01:28:58,600 --> 01:29:02,200
ready for it or not, you are 
learning in the small daily 

1615
01:29:02,200 --> 01:29:06,300
accumulation of effort and 
repetition what it meant to be 

1616
01:29:06,300 --> 01:29:09,800
that kind of person. 
Not a person who accomplished 

1617
01:29:09,800 --> 01:29:15,400
great things, once a person who 
did necessary things over and 

1618
01:29:15,400 --> 01:29:19,400
over without requiring the 
necessity to First justify 

1619
01:29:19,400 --> 01:29:22,300
itself. 
The Agora was still there every 

1620
01:29:22,300 --> 01:29:24,500
morning. 
The fish still smelled the same 

1621
01:29:24,500 --> 01:29:29,000
way the scales still needed 
watching and every time you went

1622
01:29:29,000 --> 01:29:32,400
you were a little less lost in 
the crowd, then you had been the

1623
01:29:32,400 --> 01:29:35,400
time before a little less held 
and little more holding your 

1624
01:29:35,400 --> 01:29:38,000
own. 
The pithos in the corner of the 

1625
01:29:38,000 --> 01:29:39,400
storage. 
Room is not empty. 

1626
01:29:40,300 --> 01:29:43,700
You check it every few days now 
not because checking it changes 

1627
01:29:43,700 --> 01:29:46,500
anything. 
But because not knowing Phil's 

1628
01:29:46,500 --> 01:29:49,600
worse than knowing you, press 
your hand down into the grain, 

1629
01:29:49,600 --> 01:29:53,700
feel the cool dry resistance of 
it against your palm and make 

1630
01:29:53,700 --> 01:29:57,100
the same rough calculation. 
You've been making since the 

1631
01:29:57,100 --> 01:30:01,200
solstice how much is left? 
How many weeks remain before the

1632
01:30:01,200 --> 01:30:03,400
spring? 
Barley comes in whether those 

1633
01:30:03,400 --> 01:30:05,100
two numbers are going to agree 
with each other? 

1634
01:30:05,100 --> 01:30:08,800
It is February. 
In Attica, the February Skies, 

1635
01:30:08,800 --> 01:30:12,200
low and gray and the fields are 
still bare from the winter 

1636
01:30:12,200 --> 01:30:16,300
plowing, the soil turned and 
waiting doing the invisible 

1637
01:30:16,300 --> 01:30:17,800
work. 
That soil does before. 

1638
01:30:17,800 --> 01:30:19,500
Anything is visible above 
ground. 

1639
01:30:20,400 --> 01:30:23,800
The olive Harvest is finished. 
The Grain Stores from last 

1640
01:30:23,800 --> 01:30:25,700
Autumn are passed their halfway 
point. 

1641
01:30:26,500 --> 01:30:28,000
There are months between where 
you are. 

1642
01:30:28,000 --> 01:30:30,300
And the next time this jar will 
be full. 

1643
01:30:30,300 --> 01:30:34,100
And the distance between those 
two points is not only time. 

1644
01:30:34,100 --> 01:30:38,000
It is a calculation, your entire
household is running constantly 

1645
01:30:38,000 --> 01:30:43,500
in the background of every meal.
Every portion, every decision 

1646
01:30:43,500 --> 01:30:47,100
about whether today is a day for
a little more or a day for a 

1647
01:30:47,100 --> 01:30:49,700
little less. 
The central fact of food in the 

1648
01:30:49,700 --> 01:30:52,700
ancient world was not what you 
ate, but how you manage what you

1649
01:30:52,700 --> 01:30:55,800
had. 
The Grain in that jar is barley 

1650
01:30:55,800 --> 01:30:59,500
almost certainly not wheat which
grew in Attica but not 

1651
01:30:59,500 --> 01:31:03,000
abundantly, which was harder to 
process and more expensive to 

1652
01:31:03,000 --> 01:31:06,500
buy, which was the grain that 
showed up at a wealthier table. 

1653
01:31:07,400 --> 01:31:10,200
Bali was the grain of ordinary 
Greek life in the Classical 

1654
01:31:10,200 --> 01:31:14,200
period hardier than wheat and 
more tolerant of the thin rocky,

1655
01:31:14,200 --> 01:31:16,400
soil, that covered most of the 
attic Countryside. 

1656
01:31:16,400 --> 01:31:21,200
It grew, where wheat struggled, 
it yielded reliably where wheat 

1657
01:31:21,200 --> 01:31:23,700
was uncertain. 
It was not the more desirable 

1658
01:31:23,700 --> 01:31:27,500
grain and everyone knew it. 
But desirability is a luxury 

1659
01:31:27,500 --> 01:31:30,200
that a household running 
calculations in February, cannot

1660
01:31:30,200 --> 01:31:33,800
afford to prioritize. 
The primary thing you may made 

1661
01:31:33,800 --> 01:31:36,400
from barley was MRSA. 
And if he lived an ordinary 

1662
01:31:36,400 --> 01:31:39,800
working life, in ancient Athens,
marzu was the foundation of 

1663
01:31:39,800 --> 01:31:43,000
almost every meal. 
You ate not bread, exactly. 

1664
01:31:43,000 --> 01:31:48,300
The Greeks had bread, otos made 
from wheat flour and 11 and bake

1665
01:31:48,300 --> 01:31:51,700
baked and it was good and it 
existed, but it was not what 

1666
01:31:51,700 --> 01:31:55,600
most people in your situation. 
8, most of the time was simpler 

1667
01:31:55,600 --> 01:31:58,300
and cheaper and required less 
fuel to prepare. 

1668
01:31:59,300 --> 01:32:02,600
To make it, you roasted the 
barley grain first, which dried 

1669
01:32:02,600 --> 01:32:05,600
it further and gave it a faint 
nutty smell, that would follow 

1670
01:32:05,600 --> 01:32:08,300
you out of whatever room. 
The Roasting happened in and 

1671
01:32:08,300 --> 01:32:11,600
into the street and stay in your
clothes for the rest of the day.

1672
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:16,400
And you ground it either on a 
saddle, Quan or a rotary quirin,

1673
01:32:16,400 --> 01:32:19,800
depending on the period. 
And the households equipment, a 

1674
01:32:19,800 --> 01:32:23,100
physical task that your mother 
or older sisters, or you 

1675
01:32:23,100 --> 01:32:26,500
yourself spent real time on 
every day, the grain feeding in,

1676
01:32:26,500 --> 01:32:29,400
at the top, and the course 
flower coming out at the side 

1677
01:32:29,400 --> 01:32:32,600
your whole body involved in the 
motion, the way, all handling 

1678
01:32:32,600 --> 01:32:35,500
required. 
The flower you produced was not 

1679
01:32:35,500 --> 01:32:39,200
fine, it was not supposed to be 
fine, it was supposed to be 

1680
01:32:39,200 --> 01:32:42,000
enough from there. 
You mixed, The Barley flour with

1681
01:32:42,000 --> 01:32:44,600
water, sometimes with a little 
olive oil, if there was olive 

1682
01:32:44,600 --> 01:32:48,300
oil to spare, sometimes with 
nothing more than water and a 

1683
01:32:48,300 --> 01:32:51,800
pinch of salt and you worked it 
into a flat dense cake, that 

1684
01:32:51,800 --> 01:32:55,300
could be eaten as it was or 
briefly heated on hot stone. 

1685
01:32:55,300 --> 01:32:58,700
The texture was Heavy 
substantially heavier than 

1686
01:32:58,700 --> 01:33:02,500
bread, it sat in the body, with 
the serious weight of something 

1687
01:33:02,500 --> 01:33:06,900
that understood its function was
not to Delight but to sustain 

1688
01:33:08,200 --> 01:33:12,200
Mazda tasted of barley, which is
to say it, tasted of grain and 

1689
01:33:12,200 --> 01:33:15,400
Earth and the faint bitterness 
that barley carries. 

1690
01:33:15,400 --> 01:33:19,100
And if you ate it every day of 
your life from childhood onward,

1691
01:33:19,100 --> 01:33:22,600
you did not taste that 
bitterness anymore because it 

1692
01:33:22,600 --> 01:33:25,300
was simply the taste of food. 
Cato. 

1693
01:33:25,300 --> 01:33:29,300
The Elder writing from a Roman 
rather than a Greek context but 

1694
01:33:29,300 --> 01:33:32,200
describing a Mediterranean 
agricultural world that shared 

1695
01:33:32,200 --> 01:33:35,500
many of the same conditions. 
Recorded barley cake 

1696
01:33:35,500 --> 01:33:37,800
preparations. 
With the matter of fact, brevity

1697
01:33:37,800 --> 01:33:40,800
of someone documenting the 
obvious This year does not 

1698
01:33:40,808 --> 01:33:44,600
describe Masa directly, but his 
entire framing of the farming 

1699
01:33:44,600 --> 01:33:47,800
life assumes it. 
The way you assume the existence

1700
01:33:47,800 --> 01:33:51,200
of bread, when you describe a 
kitchen, it was not worth 

1701
01:33:51,200 --> 01:33:55,200
describing because it was simply
there every day, the way the 

1702
01:33:55,200 --> 01:33:59,000
floor was there. 
Alongside the barley olive oil, 

1703
01:33:59,000 --> 01:34:02,800
these two things, barley and oil
were the structural poles of 

1704
01:34:02,808 --> 01:34:05,100
your diet. 
The things around, which 

1705
01:34:05,100 --> 01:34:08,500
everything else was arranged. 
The olive trees on the family, 

1706
01:34:08,500 --> 01:34:12,500
plot if your family had a plot 
or the oil purchased at the 

1707
01:34:12,500 --> 01:34:15,800
market, from the seasons 
pressing arrived in a smaller, 

1708
01:34:15,800 --> 01:34:19,300
clay, jar than the Grain pizza 
sauce sealed at the top with a 

1709
01:34:19,308 --> 01:34:22,000
cloth or a plug of clay to slow 
the oxidation. 

1710
01:34:22,900 --> 01:34:26,600
Used it carefully not sparingly 
in the way that suggests 

1711
01:34:26,600 --> 01:34:29,500
rationing as a conscious choice,
but sparingly in the way that 

1712
01:34:29,500 --> 01:34:32,200
suggests oil was understood to 
be finite. 

1713
01:34:32,200 --> 01:34:35,200
And the jar was understood to be
the whole of what there was 

1714
01:34:35,208 --> 01:34:38,500
until the next pressing or the 
next Market Day. 

1715
01:34:38,500 --> 01:34:41,800
Olive oil in a lower class, 
Greek household, did not only go

1716
01:34:41,800 --> 01:34:46,500
on food, it went on the body. 
Used after exercise or work to 

1717
01:34:46,500 --> 01:34:49,900
clean the skin in the absence of
soap, which did not exist in the

1718
01:34:49,908 --> 01:34:52,600
modern sense. 
Burned in a lamps for light 

1719
01:34:52,600 --> 01:34:55,200
though. 
The cheap oil used for lamps was

1720
01:34:55,200 --> 01:34:58,900
lower quality than the oil, used
for cooking cloudier and 

1721
01:34:58,900 --> 01:35:03,000
stronger smelling. 
Kind that left a faint Haze in a

1722
01:35:03,000 --> 01:35:07,100
room after an evening's burning.
the same substance serving three

1723
01:35:07,100 --> 01:35:10,800
distinct household functions 
that the jars contents were 

1724
01:35:10,800 --> 01:35:14,200
always being drawn from in 
multiple Direction's, which 

1725
01:35:14,200 --> 01:35:17,300
meant the calculation of how 
much was left was slightly more 

1726
01:35:17,300 --> 01:35:20,400
complicated than it appeared, 
The olives themselves. 

1727
01:35:20,400 --> 01:35:24,300
Not just the oil, were a regular
Presence at the table. 

1728
01:35:25,200 --> 01:35:27,800
Cured in brine, or in dry sold. 
They were among the most 

1729
01:35:27,800 --> 01:35:30,300
reliable of the everyday 
accompaniments to MRSA. 

1730
01:35:31,200 --> 01:35:33,800
The thing, you ate alongside the
barley cake that gave the meal 

1731
01:35:33,800 --> 01:35:36,800
something to taste. 
They were salty and dense and 

1732
01:35:36,800 --> 01:35:39,000
slightly bitter in the way that 
cured things are. 

1733
01:35:39,000 --> 01:35:42,500
And they kept well, which in a 
world without Refrigeration was 

1734
01:35:42,500 --> 01:35:44,900
a quality worth more than any 
refinement of flavor. 

1735
01:35:45,700 --> 01:35:47,900
You ate them with your fingers 
from a shared Bowl. 

1736
01:35:47,900 --> 01:35:51,200
The way the whole family ate 
everything from shared vessels 

1737
01:35:51,200 --> 01:35:53,900
the meal being a collective act 
rather than a sequence of 

1738
01:35:53,900 --> 01:35:57,600
individual portions What else 
was on the table depended 

1739
01:35:57,600 --> 01:36:00,700
heavily on the time of year and 
what the family had managed to 

1740
01:36:00,700 --> 01:36:03,900
store and on what was affordable
at the market on any given week.

1741
01:36:04,800 --> 01:36:09,000
Dried figs appeared off, figs 
grew throughout Attica and were 

1742
01:36:09,000 --> 01:36:12,300
dried in the Summer sun in 
quantity pressed into dense, 

1743
01:36:12,300 --> 01:36:15,400
blocks that lasted through the 
winter, and provided, a 

1744
01:36:15,400 --> 01:36:17,700
sweetness, that was otherwise 
largely absent from the daily 

1745
01:36:17,700 --> 01:36:20,400
diet. 
The sweetness of a dried fig is 

1746
01:36:20,400 --> 01:36:24,100
concentrated and serious. 
Not the Airy sweetness of honey,

1747
01:36:24,100 --> 01:36:27,400
but something darker and more. 
Insistent the fruit sugar 

1748
01:36:27,400 --> 01:36:30,400
intense of fired by the removal 
of the water that originally 

1749
01:36:30,400 --> 01:36:33,000
carried it. 
You ate them as part of a meal 

1750
01:36:33,000 --> 01:36:36,300
or between meals or instead of a
meal if the meal was not 

1751
01:36:36,300 --> 01:36:39,300
available. 
Aristophanes mentioned figs 

1752
01:36:39,300 --> 01:36:41,900
often enough in his comedies 
that you understand. 

1753
01:36:41,900 --> 01:36:44,800
They were part of the texture of
ordinary, Athenian, life. 

1754
01:36:44,800 --> 01:36:48,400
The way bread is part of the 
texture of ordinary life almost 

1755
01:36:48,400 --> 01:36:51,500
anywhere. 
Background essential 

1756
01:36:51,500 --> 01:36:53,800
unremarkable until they are 
gone. 

1757
01:36:54,800 --> 01:36:58,600
Legumes were the other pillar 
dried, lentils chick peas. 

1758
01:36:58,600 --> 01:37:02,300
Dried Fairview beans stored in 
the smaller jars in the back of 

1759
01:37:02,300 --> 01:37:06,100
the storage room, cooked slowly 
with water and sometimes onion. 

1760
01:37:06,100 --> 01:37:09,500
And sometimes a little oil into 
a thick paste or soup that was 

1761
01:37:09,500 --> 01:37:11,300
hot and filling and cheap to 
produce. 

1762
01:37:11,900 --> 01:37:14,500
Lentil soup in particular 
appears throughout ancient 

1763
01:37:14,500 --> 01:37:17,000
sources as a standard food of 
Ordinary People. 

1764
01:37:17,900 --> 01:37:22,200
Associated so consistently with 
modest circumstances that the 

1765
01:37:22,200 --> 01:37:25,800
word for it became shorthand for
frugality in several ancient 

1766
01:37:25,800 --> 01:37:29,200
writers. 
You ate it without embarrassment

1767
01:37:29,200 --> 01:37:31,400
because embarrassment requires 
comparison. 

1768
01:37:31,400 --> 01:37:34,300
And the comparison was not 
present at your table. 

1769
01:37:34,300 --> 01:37:37,800
It was just dinner. 
Fish arrived, when it could. 

1770
01:37:38,700 --> 01:37:42,300
Athens was close enough to the 
Sea and to the pyrus fishing 

1771
01:37:42,300 --> 01:37:46,000
trade, that fish were available 
at the Agora, but fresh fish 

1772
01:37:46,000 --> 01:37:49,200
spoiled quickly and the better 
Cuts went to people who could 

1773
01:37:49,200 --> 01:37:52,700
pay for them first. 
What reached a table like yours 

1774
01:37:52,700 --> 01:37:56,100
was more likely to be salted, 
fish dried and preserved, 

1775
01:37:56,100 --> 01:38:00,300
Yankton Mediterranean equivalent
of a shelf, stable protein, 

1776
01:38:00,300 --> 01:38:04,000
intensely salty and needing to 
be soaked before cooking. 

1777
01:38:05,100 --> 01:38:08,800
It was not luxurious it was 
useful which was the same thing.

1778
01:38:08,800 --> 01:38:13,300
Under the circumstances. 
Meet was occasional at festivals

1779
01:38:13,300 --> 01:38:16,200
when animals were sacrificed and
the meat distributed, your 

1780
01:38:16,200 --> 01:38:19,600
family ate it at other times, if
a neighborhood slaughtered a 

1781
01:38:19,600 --> 01:38:23,300
goat or a pig and was selling 
portions the decision of whether

1782
01:38:23,300 --> 01:38:26,400
to buy some was a real decision 
weighed against other things, 

1783
01:38:26,400 --> 01:38:29,100
the money could do. 
Meat was not a daily 

1784
01:38:29,100 --> 01:38:32,000
expectation. 
It was an event marked as such 

1785
01:38:32,000 --> 01:38:35,400
without anyone needing to say. 
So the way a meal slightly 

1786
01:38:35,400 --> 01:38:38,100
better than usual is always 
noticed even when nothing is 

1787
01:38:38,100 --> 01:38:41,800
said about it. the psychology of
the storage jar, is not 

1788
01:38:41,800 --> 01:38:44,700
something that shows up in the 
written sources, because the 

1789
01:38:44,700 --> 01:38:47,300
people who wrote things down, 
were not generally, the people 

1790
01:38:47,300 --> 01:38:52,100
staring into a half empty pithos
in February But it was real and 

1791
01:38:52,100 --> 01:38:55,700
it was constant and if you grew 
up in a household, like yours, 

1792
01:38:55,700 --> 01:38:58,500
it shaped the way you thought 
about food for the rest of your 

1793
01:38:58,500 --> 01:39:01,400
life. 
The jar represented time. 

1794
01:39:01,400 --> 01:39:03,800
What was in? 
It was not only grain. 

1795
01:39:03,800 --> 01:39:07,300
It was the number of weeks 
between now and the next Harvest

1796
01:39:07,300 --> 01:39:11,500
made physical made possible to 
look at and touch and measure 

1797
01:39:11,500 --> 01:39:14,200
with your hand. 
When the jar was full in 

1798
01:39:14,200 --> 01:39:17,100
October, after the Harvest came 
in, there was something in the 

1799
01:39:17,100 --> 01:39:20,100
household that relaxed. 
Collective exhaled. 

1800
01:39:20,100 --> 01:39:22,600
That was not named or 
celebrated, but the change the 

1801
01:39:22,600 --> 01:39:26,100
feeling of the rooms. 
And the jar was low as it was 

1802
01:39:26,100 --> 01:39:29,900
now in February, the opposite 
thing happened, not panic 

1803
01:39:29,900 --> 01:39:33,700
nothing. 
So dramatic just to tightening a

1804
01:39:33,700 --> 01:39:37,500
recalibration, a series of 
smaller adjustments in how much 

1805
01:39:37,500 --> 01:39:41,100
went into each meal made without
Announcement by the person. 

1806
01:39:41,100 --> 01:39:44,400
Usually, your mother who 
understood the jar better than 

1807
01:39:44,400 --> 01:39:47,100
anyone. 
He's your addresses this 

1808
01:39:47,100 --> 01:39:50,100
directly and works and days in 
the context of emerging, the 

1809
01:39:50,100 --> 01:39:52,200
farmer to store, properly and 
plan carefully. 

1810
01:39:53,000 --> 01:39:57,100
Not as moral instruction, but as
practical survival guidance 

1811
01:39:57,100 --> 01:40:00,700
delivered with the particular 
and patience of someone who has 

1812
01:40:00,700 --> 01:40:02,000
seen. 
What happens when people do? 

1813
01:40:02,000 --> 01:40:05,200
Not listen, the pithos is 
Central to his framing of a 

1814
01:40:05,200 --> 01:40:08,200
well-run household. 
He describes The Man Who harvest

1815
01:40:08,200 --> 01:40:10,800
well and stores properly as 
someone who can eat his own 

1816
01:40:10,800 --> 01:40:13,500
bread. 
In the world Hesse orders. 

1817
01:40:13,500 --> 01:40:15,900
Describing that is exactly 
enough. 

1818
01:40:15,900 --> 01:40:18,100
You press your hand into the 
grain. 

1819
01:40:18,100 --> 01:40:22,800
One more time, it is enough. 
Not comfortably enough, not 

1820
01:40:22,800 --> 01:40:26,500
enough with room to spare, but 
enough which in February and 

1821
01:40:26,500 --> 01:40:28,100
Attica is what you were hoping 
for. 

1822
01:40:28,100 --> 01:40:30,900
When you came in here and the 
same thing, you will be hoping 

1823
01:40:30,900 --> 01:40:34,200
for when you come back in a 
week, you put the lid back on 

1824
01:40:34,200 --> 01:40:37,300
the jar, you go back into the 
main room where the lamp is 

1825
01:40:37,300 --> 01:40:39,100
burning and the evening is 
settling in. 

1826
01:40:39,800 --> 01:40:42,800
And you sit down to the meal 
that is ready, which is MRSA and

1827
01:40:42,800 --> 01:40:44,700
olives. 
And the last of the lentil soup 

1828
01:40:44,700 --> 01:40:47,900
from yesterday, still good still
warm enough. 

1829
01:40:47,900 --> 01:40:50,100
Still the taste of the life, you
are living. 

1830
01:40:51,400 --> 01:40:54,900
Tonight, it is enough. 
The leather smell hits you 

1831
01:40:54,900 --> 01:40:59,000
before you sit down, it is not 
unpleasant exactly more like the

1832
01:40:59,000 --> 01:41:01,800
smell of something that has been
worked on for a long time by 

1833
01:41:01,800 --> 01:41:05,200
hands that knew what they were 
doing a warm animal smell 

1834
01:41:05,200 --> 01:41:08,800
underneath and the sharper 
chemical edge of the tanning 

1835
01:41:08,800 --> 01:41:12,300
process on top. 
And underneath both of those the

1836
01:41:12,300 --> 01:41:15,900
faint mineral smell of the stone
floor and the particular Dusty 

1837
01:41:15,900 --> 01:41:19,400
warmth of a small room that 
faces South and catches the 

1838
01:41:19,400 --> 01:41:21,600
morning sun, full in the face 
from the moment. 

1839
01:41:21,600 --> 01:41:25,300
It clears the buildings across 
the lane You're at the front of 

1840
01:41:25,300 --> 01:41:27,700
the shop which is to say, you're
essentially in the street 

1841
01:41:27,700 --> 01:41:31,500
because the shop has no front 
wall in any meaningful sense. 

1842
01:41:32,300 --> 01:41:36,200
There is a beam overhead and a 
roof behind you and walls on 

1843
01:41:36,200 --> 01:41:39,400
three sides but the fourth side,
the one that faces. 

1844
01:41:39,400 --> 01:41:43,500
The lane is open, the work 
happens here in this Borderland 

1845
01:41:43,500 --> 01:41:46,700
between inside and outside, 
where the light is best and 

1846
01:41:46,700 --> 01:41:50,200
where the passing trade, can see
what you're doing and stop. 

1847
01:41:50,200 --> 01:41:53,700
If they need what you make, the 
all is in your hand, the leather

1848
01:41:53,700 --> 01:41:57,200
strip is on the last, the 
morning has maybe two good hours

1849
01:41:57,200 --> 01:41:59,700
of this quality of light before 
the sun moves and you have to 

1850
01:41:59,700 --> 01:42:03,200
shift position or light the lamp
and you've learned over years of

1851
01:42:03,200 --> 01:42:06,700
in the spot exactly how to use 
those two hours before they 

1852
01:42:06,700 --> 01:42:09,600
change on you. 
The lane outside is already 

1853
01:42:09,600 --> 01:42:13,900
moving a woman with a water jar,
balanced on her head walking 

1854
01:42:13,900 --> 01:42:17,200
with the careful upright, 
posture of someone who has done 

1855
01:42:17,200 --> 01:42:20,400
this 10,000 times and stop 
thinking about it. 

1856
01:42:21,200 --> 01:42:24,600
Two men arguing in the unhurried
way that suggests neither of 

1857
01:42:24,600 --> 01:42:28,400
them is actually in a hurry. 
A boy running with the specific 

1858
01:42:28,400 --> 01:42:32,500
purposeful speed of someone, 
carrying a message already gone 

1859
01:42:32,500 --> 01:42:34,200
before. 
You can see where he came from. 

1860
01:42:35,300 --> 01:42:38,600
The city moves past the open 
front of your shop, the way a 

1861
01:42:38,600 --> 01:42:42,000
river moves, past a fixed Stone 
continuously without 

1862
01:42:42,000 --> 01:42:45,400
acknowledgment and you are part 
of it and apart from it at the 

1863
01:42:45,408 --> 01:42:49,300
same time, seeing who wrote 
about household management and 

1864
01:42:49,300 --> 01:42:52,800
the organization of Labor, with 
the careful interest of a Man 

1865
01:42:52,808 --> 01:42:56,300
Who Thought deeply about how 
things ought to work, had a 

1866
01:42:56,300 --> 01:42:58,200
fairly dim view of the kind of 
work you do. 

1867
01:42:59,200 --> 01:43:02,800
He recorded the opinion shared 
by much of the Athenian citizens

1868
01:43:02,800 --> 01:43:06,000
and Elite that the crafts 
practiced in Workshops. 

1869
01:43:06,000 --> 01:43:10,200
The binati trades were corrosive
to the body and therefore to the

1870
01:43:10,200 --> 01:43:13,900
character The work kept you 
indoors or in one fixed 

1871
01:43:13,900 --> 01:43:17,600
position. 
It made you round shouldered, it

1872
01:43:17,600 --> 01:43:20,700
narrowed the range of motion in 
your hands to the specific, 

1873
01:43:20,700 --> 01:43:23,800
repeated gesture of whatever 
your craft required. 

1874
01:43:23,800 --> 01:43:27,100
And over years, it changed the 
shape of those hands. 

1875
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:31,800
Thickened some joints stiffened 
others, so that the body became 

1876
01:43:31,800 --> 01:43:35,300
a record of its own occupational
in ways that were visible to 

1877
01:43:35,300 --> 01:43:39,100
anyone, who knew how to look. 
You look at your hands. 

1878
01:43:39,100 --> 01:43:42,800
Now mid-morning, while the 
leather is soaking in water to 

1879
01:43:42,800 --> 01:43:46,200
make it pliable. 
Xenophon was not entirely wrong.

1880
01:43:46,200 --> 01:43:49,600
Your hands, do not look like the
hands of a man who spends his 

1881
01:43:49,600 --> 01:43:51,700
days in the gymnasium or the 
wrestling ground. 

1882
01:43:52,500 --> 01:43:55,200
The knuckle on your right index 
finger is larger than it should 

1883
01:43:55,200 --> 01:43:59,200
be from years of gripping. 
The all the skin on your palms 

1884
01:43:59,200 --> 01:44:02,500
is not rough in the general way 
of outdoor workers, but rough in

1885
01:44:02,500 --> 01:44:06,400
specific places The Ridge at the
base of each finger, the heel of

1886
01:44:06,408 --> 01:44:10,700
the thumb, a hardness that Maps.
Exactly to the grip required by 

1887
01:44:10,700 --> 01:44:14,900
the tools of your trade. 
What xenophon did not write. 

1888
01:44:15,700 --> 01:44:18,100
Because it was not the kind of 
thing, a man of his background 

1889
01:44:18,100 --> 01:44:21,700
would have thought to note. 
Was what the work felt like from

1890
01:44:21,700 --> 01:44:25,400
the inside, the satisfaction of 
the piece of leather cut, 

1891
01:44:25,400 --> 01:44:27,300
cleanly along a line you drew 
by. 

1892
01:44:27,300 --> 01:44:30,700
I The particular pleasure of a 
soul fitted. 

1893
01:44:30,700 --> 01:44:35,000
Well, The upper attached with, 
without puckering, the whole 

1894
01:44:35,000 --> 01:44:38,700
object, functional and balanced 
in a way that required judgment 

1895
01:44:38,700 --> 01:44:41,800
to achieve. 
And that could not be fake to 

1896
01:44:41,800 --> 01:44:43,900
the Craftsman's knowledge that a
thing. 

1897
01:44:43,908 --> 01:44:47,300
Well, made will Outlast the 
person who made it carried in 

1898
01:44:47,300 --> 01:44:50,800
the hands rather than in any 
written record was not the kind 

1899
01:44:50,800 --> 01:44:53,400
of knowledge that appeared in 
the philosophical literature of 

1900
01:44:53,400 --> 01:44:56,100
the period. 
It was simply the texture of a 

1901
01:44:56,100 --> 01:44:59,700
working day. 
Your neighbor to shops down is a

1902
01:44:59,700 --> 01:45:02,200
bronze worker. 
His shop sounds different from 

1903
01:45:02,200 --> 01:45:04,500
yours. 
The rhythmic ring of hammer on 

1904
01:45:04,508 --> 01:45:08,400
metal that starts shortly after 
Dawn and continues with very few

1905
01:45:08,400 --> 01:45:10,500
interruptions until the light 
fails. 

1906
01:45:10,500 --> 01:45:14,100
You have worked next to that 
sound for so long that you no 

1907
01:45:14,100 --> 01:45:16,400
longer hear it as sound, 
exactly. 

1908
01:45:17,600 --> 01:45:20,100
It has become part of the 
texture of the morning, the way 

1909
01:45:20,100 --> 01:45:23,400
the smell of leather has become 
part of the texture of the shop.

1910
01:45:24,300 --> 01:45:27,400
When he is sick and hammering 
does not start the morning feels

1911
01:45:27,400 --> 01:45:29,600
wrong, in a way that takes your 
moment to locate. 

1912
01:45:30,700 --> 01:45:33,400
Not everyone who worked with 
their hands in classical Athens 

1913
01:45:33,400 --> 01:45:36,700
worked in a shop. 
The city in the countryside were

1914
01:45:36,700 --> 01:45:39,400
not as separate as late as 
secretaries would make them seem

1915
01:45:39,400 --> 01:45:43,800
many families held both the 
small Workshop or trade in the 

1916
01:45:43,800 --> 01:45:47,300
city and a plot of land outside.
It moving between the two as the

1917
01:45:47,300 --> 01:45:51,100
season required Urban in Winter 
and Rural at planting and 

1918
01:45:51,100 --> 01:45:55,900
harvest, neither one Identity or
the other entirely. the line 

1919
01:45:55,900 --> 01:45:58,600
between the Craftsmen and the 
farm in ancient Attica was 

1920
01:45:58,608 --> 01:46:02,400
permeable in ways that the 
surviving sources, which tend to

1921
01:46:02,400 --> 01:46:06,900
sort people into categories do 
not always capture If your 

1922
01:46:06,900 --> 01:46:10,900
family had land and many 
families of your kind did, it 

1923
01:46:10,900 --> 01:46:14,000
was probably not much. 
A few acres in the Attic 

1924
01:46:14,000 --> 01:46:17,100
Countryside and enough for 
olives, and a little grain. 

1925
01:46:17,100 --> 01:46:20,200
And perhaps some vegetables, in 
a kitchen plot near the house, 

1926
01:46:20,200 --> 01:46:24,200
not enough to make you wealthy 
enough to matter. 

1927
01:46:25,100 --> 01:46:28,300
The difference between a family 
with a small plot and a family. 

1928
01:46:28,300 --> 01:46:31,000
Without one was the difference 
between having something to fall

1929
01:46:31,000 --> 01:46:34,900
back on and having nothing to 
fall back on which in a world 

1930
01:46:34,908 --> 01:46:38,000
without safety nets of any 
institutional kind was a 

1931
01:46:38,000 --> 01:46:40,600
difference that could determine 
everything in a bad year. 

1932
01:46:40,600 --> 01:46:44,400
The farming calendar that heard 
laid out in works and days with 

1933
01:46:44,400 --> 01:46:46,500
a methodical patients of someone
who had learned it. 

1934
01:46:46,500 --> 01:46:49,700
The hard way organized the 
agricultural year in to a 

1935
01:46:49,700 --> 01:46:53,800
sequence of tasks. 
So specific and so timed that 

1936
01:46:53,800 --> 01:46:57,300
deviation from the carried. 
Real consequences plowing 

1937
01:46:57,300 --> 01:47:00,100
happened in Autumn after the 
first rained, softened, the 

1938
01:47:00,100 --> 01:47:02,100
ground. 
When you followed the ox across 

1939
01:47:02,100 --> 01:47:05,200
the field in the particular 
slow, rhythm of a man and an 

1940
01:47:05,200 --> 01:47:07,700
animal who have worked together 
long enough to have an 

1941
01:47:07,700 --> 01:47:10,700
understanding. 
The soil in attic is not 

1942
01:47:10,700 --> 01:47:13,400
generous. 
It's thin and Stony over much of

1943
01:47:13,400 --> 01:47:16,400
the region and working it 
required coaxing rather than 

1944
01:47:16,400 --> 01:47:18,200
Force. 
Plow. 

1945
01:47:18,200 --> 01:47:20,800
Finding the line of least 
resistance between the Rocks. 

1946
01:47:20,800 --> 01:47:24,100
While you steered from behind 
your weight on the handles, your

1947
01:47:24,100 --> 01:47:29,000
eyes, reading the ground ahead. 
Smell of freshly turned attic 

1948
01:47:29,000 --> 01:47:31,800
soil. 
In October is specific try on 

1949
01:47:31,800 --> 01:47:34,600
the surface from the summer and 
then suddenly dampened dark 

1950
01:47:34,608 --> 01:47:36,700
below. 
Where the moisture that went 

1951
01:47:36,700 --> 01:47:39,700
down in last Winter's. 
Rain has been sitting in the 

1952
01:47:39,700 --> 01:47:43,700
cool of the subsoil all through 
the hot months waiting. 

1953
01:47:45,000 --> 01:47:47,200
When the plow breaks that 
surface opened. 

1954
01:47:47,200 --> 01:47:52,200
The smell comes up all at once, 
sharp and green and ancient the 

1955
01:47:52,200 --> 01:47:55,000
smell of something that has been
closed being opened. 

1956
01:47:55,000 --> 01:47:58,200
And it carries in it. 
If you are a person who is 

1957
01:47:58,200 --> 01:48:02,100
plowed this ground before the 
memory of every other October, 

1958
01:48:02,100 --> 01:48:05,600
you have stood in this field, 
pruning came in late winter. 

1959
01:48:05,600 --> 01:48:09,000
When the olive trees needed to 
be cut back to encourage the new

1960
01:48:09,000 --> 01:48:11,200
growth that would carry next 
Autumn's fruit. 

1961
01:48:12,100 --> 01:48:14,300
Olive pruning is slow and cold 
work. 

1962
01:48:14,300 --> 01:48:18,500
The trees in an old attic Grove 
are not tall but they are dents 

1963
01:48:18,500 --> 01:48:21,800
their branches grown in on the 
themselves over decades in the 

1964
01:48:21,800 --> 01:48:24,900
way that all of trees do and 
getting into them requires 

1965
01:48:24,900 --> 01:48:28,800
patience and a pruning hook, and
a tolerance for the particular 

1966
01:48:28,800 --> 01:48:32,100
cold of February morning in the 
Hills outside Athens when the 

1967
01:48:32,108 --> 01:48:36,000
wind comes down from the north. 
And has not yet decided to stop.

1968
01:48:37,000 --> 01:48:39,300
The Olive Tree is one of the 
slow commitments of 

1969
01:48:39,300 --> 01:48:43,100
Mediterranean agricultural life.
It takes years to begin 

1970
01:48:43,100 --> 01:48:46,600
producing and decades to 
produce, well, which means that 

1971
01:48:46,600 --> 01:48:48,800
the trees. 
You pruned were almost certainly

1972
01:48:48,800 --> 01:48:52,100
planted by someone before. 
You your father or your 

1973
01:48:52,100 --> 01:48:55,100
grandfather or someone further 
back whose name you may or may 

1974
01:48:55,108 --> 01:48:57,200
not have known when you worked 
among them. 

1975
01:48:57,200 --> 01:49:00,800
You were working in a landscape 
that other hands had shaped, and

1976
01:49:00,800 --> 01:49:03,400
the trees themselves. 
Carried that history in the way 

1977
01:49:03,400 --> 01:49:08,200
old trees, carry everything. 
Silently in the thickness of the

1978
01:49:08,200 --> 01:49:11,700
trunk and the particular angle 
of the branches and the places 

1979
01:49:11,700 --> 01:49:14,900
where old Cuts had healed over 
into smooth gray wood. 

1980
01:49:15,800 --> 01:49:19,800
Heated specific about the timing
of pruning and the importance of

1981
01:49:19,808 --> 01:49:21,800
not. 
Letting the trees go too long 

1982
01:49:21,800 --> 01:49:25,000
between cutting's because none, 
pruned Olive Tree puts his 

1983
01:49:25,000 --> 01:49:28,600
energy into would rather than 
fruit and a tree putting its 

1984
01:49:28,600 --> 01:49:30,800
energy into would rather than 
fruit is a tree. 

1985
01:49:30,800 --> 01:49:32,500
Not earning its place in the 
plan. 

1986
01:49:33,600 --> 01:49:36,400
This is the agricultural 
calculus that ran underneath 

1987
01:49:36,400 --> 01:49:40,800
every task in the farming year, 
nothing wasted nothing done for 

1988
01:49:40,800 --> 01:49:44,600
its own sake, every action, in 
service of the yield that would 

1989
01:49:44,600 --> 01:49:48,800
fill the storage jars in Autumn.
The Harvest itself when it came 

1990
01:49:48,800 --> 01:49:52,700
in October was the one moment in
the farming year that felt like 

1991
01:49:52,700 --> 01:49:55,500
a resolution. 
Not a celebration exactly 

1992
01:49:55,500 --> 01:49:58,300
nothing. 
So organized as that but a 

1993
01:49:58,300 --> 01:50:00,200
collective release of the 
tension that had been building 

1994
01:50:00,200 --> 01:50:03,500
since the previous harvest. 
The years long question about 

1995
01:50:03,500 --> 01:50:04,900
whether the land had done 
enough. 

1996
01:50:04,900 --> 01:50:08,800
Finally answered You pick the 
olives by hand or knock them 

1997
01:50:08,800 --> 01:50:12,100
from the branches with long 
poles, onto cloth spread beneath

1998
01:50:12,100 --> 01:50:16,000
the trees working from first 
light until the light failed 

1999
01:50:16,000 --> 01:50:19,300
your arms aching by mid-morning 
and aching differently by 

2000
01:50:19,300 --> 01:50:21,700
afternoon. 
The soreness shifting is 

2001
01:50:21,700 --> 01:50:23,600
different. 
Muscles took over from the ones 

2002
01:50:23,600 --> 01:50:27,500
that are given up complaining. 
What you carried home from that 

2003
01:50:27,500 --> 01:50:31,100
Harvest and what went into the 
press and what came out of the 

2004
01:50:31,100 --> 01:50:35,400
press as oil and how much of 
that oil was yours and how much 

2005
01:50:35,400 --> 01:50:37,800
went to whatever obligations the
land carried? 

2006
01:50:37,800 --> 01:50:41,500
Determined, the shape of the 
coming year in ways that nothing

2007
01:50:41,500 --> 01:50:43,800
else could adjust for a good 
harvest. 

2008
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:48,000
The pithos fall in October, the 
February calculation, coming out

2009
01:50:48,000 --> 01:50:51,600
in your favor, the evening meal 
arriving, without the particular

2010
01:50:51,600 --> 01:50:54,500
anxiety that the same food 
carried in a thin year. 

2011
01:50:55,300 --> 01:50:58,300
In Winter, you are mostly in the
shop the days too. 

2012
01:50:58,300 --> 01:51:00,600
Short and too cold for much 
outdoor work. 

2013
01:51:01,500 --> 01:51:04,300
The leather filling the hours. 
When the fields are nothing of 

2014
01:51:04,300 --> 01:51:06,600
you. 
In Spring and Summer and Autumn 

2015
01:51:06,600 --> 01:51:10,100
the balance, shifted the land, 
making its demands in the 

2016
01:51:10,100 --> 01:51:13,100
sequence. 
He sealed described the all set 

2017
01:51:13,100 --> 01:51:16,700
aside for the pruning hook. 
The shop quiet while the Harvest

2018
01:51:16,700 --> 01:51:19,100
happened and resumed when the 
Harvest was done. 

2019
01:51:20,100 --> 01:51:22,900
You moved between these versions
of your working life. 

2020
01:51:22,900 --> 01:51:25,800
The way you move between the 
rooms of your house without 

2021
01:51:25,800 --> 01:51:29,400
thinking of the movement as 
transition, the year turned, and

2022
01:51:29,400 --> 01:51:32,200
the land turned with it and you 
turned with both of them as you 

2023
01:51:32,208 --> 01:51:34,900
always had. 
The leather smell hits you 

2024
01:51:34,900 --> 01:51:39,000
before you sit down, it is not 
unpleasant exactly more like the

2025
01:51:39,000 --> 01:51:41,900
smell of something that has been
worked on for a long time by 

2026
01:51:41,900 --> 01:51:45,400
hands that knew what they were 
doing a warm animal smell 

2027
01:51:45,400 --> 01:51:48,700
underneath and the sharper 
chemical edge of the tanning 

2028
01:51:48,700 --> 01:51:51,800
process on top. 
And underneath both of those the

2029
01:51:51,800 --> 01:51:56,000
faint mineral smell of the stone
floor and the particular Dusty 

2030
01:51:56,000 --> 01:52:00,200
warmth of a small room that 
faces South and catches the 

2031
01:52:00,200 --> 01:52:03,200
morning sun, full in the face 
from the moment it clears the 

2032
01:52:03,200 --> 01:52:06,500
building's across the lane 
You're at the front of the shop 

2033
01:52:06,500 --> 01:52:08,600
which is to say you are 
essentially in the street 

2034
01:52:08,600 --> 01:52:12,400
because the shop has no front 
wall in any meaningful sense. 

2035
01:52:13,300 --> 01:52:16,600
There is a Bim overhead and a 
roof behind you and walls on 

2036
01:52:16,600 --> 01:52:20,900
three sides but the fourth side,
the one that faces the lane is 

2037
01:52:20,900 --> 01:52:24,500
open. 
The work happens here in this 

2038
01:52:24,500 --> 01:52:28,200
Borderland between inside and 
outside, where the light is best

2039
01:52:28,200 --> 01:52:31,600
and where the passing trade, can
see what you're doing and stop. 

2040
01:52:31,600 --> 01:52:34,400
If they need what you make, the 
all is in your hair. 

2041
01:52:34,400 --> 01:52:36,600
The leather strip is on the 
last. 

2042
01:52:36,600 --> 01:52:40,300
The morning has made me two good
hours of these quality of light 

2043
01:52:40,300 --> 01:52:43,000
before the sun moves and you 
have to shift position or light 

2044
01:52:43,000 --> 01:52:45,700
the lamp. 
And you have learned over years 

2045
01:52:45,700 --> 01:52:49,000
of sitting in this spot exactly 
how to use those two hours 

2046
01:52:49,000 --> 01:52:52,700
before they change on you. 
The lane outside is already 

2047
01:52:52,700 --> 01:52:57,000
moving a woman with a water jar,
balanced on her head walking 

2048
01:52:57,000 --> 01:53:00,100
with the careful upright, 
posture of someone who has done 

2049
01:53:00,100 --> 01:53:03,800
this 10,000 times, and stopped 
thinking about it. 

2050
01:53:04,700 --> 01:53:07,900
Two men arguing in the unhurried
way that suggests neither of 

2051
01:53:07,900 --> 01:53:11,500
them is actually in a hurry. 
A boy running with the specific 

2052
01:53:11,500 --> 01:53:15,300
purposeful speed of someone, 
carrying a message already gone 

2053
01:53:15,300 --> 01:53:16,800
before. 
You can see where he came from. 

2054
01:53:17,900 --> 01:53:21,200
The city moves past the open 
front of your shop, the way a 

2055
01:53:21,200 --> 01:53:24,800
river moves, past a fixed Stone 
continuously without 

2056
01:53:24,800 --> 01:53:29,100
acknowledgment, you are part of 
it and apart from it at the same

2057
01:53:29,100 --> 01:53:32,800
time Zenfone, who wrote about 
household Management in the 

2058
01:53:32,800 --> 01:53:36,200
organization of Labor, with the 
careful interest of a Man Who 

2059
01:53:36,200 --> 01:53:40,200
Thought deeply about how things 
ought to work, had a fairly dim 

2060
01:53:40,200 --> 01:53:44,500
view of the kind of work you do.
He recorded the opinion shared 

2061
01:53:44,500 --> 01:53:48,500
by much of the Athenian citizen 
Elite that the craft practiced 

2062
01:53:48,500 --> 01:53:52,300
in Workshops. 
The bernic trades were corrosive

2063
01:53:52,300 --> 01:53:56,400
to the body and therefore to the
character The work kept, you 

2064
01:53:56,400 --> 01:53:59,700
indoors or in one fixed 
position, it made, you round 

2065
01:53:59,700 --> 01:54:03,100
shouldered, it narrowed the 
range of motion in your hands to

2066
01:54:03,100 --> 01:54:06,700
the specific repeated gesture of
whatever your craft required. 

2067
01:54:07,400 --> 01:54:09,900
And over years, it changed the 
shape of those hands. 

2068
01:54:09,900 --> 01:54:14,600
Thickened some joints stiffened 
others so that the body became a

2069
01:54:14,600 --> 01:54:17,500
record of its own occupation in 
ways that were visible to anyone

2070
01:54:17,500 --> 01:54:20,400
who knew how to look. 
You look at your hands. 

2071
01:54:20,400 --> 01:54:24,400
Now mid-morning, while the 
leather is soaking in water to 

2072
01:54:24,400 --> 01:54:28,000
make it pliable. 
Xenophon was not entirely wrong.

2073
01:54:28,000 --> 01:54:31,500
Your hands, do not look like the
hands of a man who spent his 

2074
01:54:31,500 --> 01:54:33,700
days in the gymnasium or the 
wrestling ground. 

2075
01:54:34,500 --> 01:54:37,400
The knuckle on your right index 
finger is larger than it should 

2076
01:54:37,400 --> 01:54:41,100
be from years of gripping. 
The all the skin on your palms 

2077
01:54:41,100 --> 01:54:44,200
is not rough in the general way 
of outdoor workers, but rough in

2078
01:54:44,208 --> 01:54:47,400
specific places. 
The Ridge at the base of each 

2079
01:54:47,400 --> 01:54:51,200
finger, the heel of the thumb, a
hardness that Maps. 

2080
01:54:51,200 --> 01:54:54,600
Exactly to the grip required by 
the tools of your trade. 

2081
01:54:55,400 --> 01:54:58,800
What xenophon did not write 
because it was not the kind of 

2082
01:54:58,800 --> 01:55:01,800
thing, a man of his background 
would have thought to note was 

2083
01:55:01,800 --> 01:55:04,000
what the work felt like from the
inside. 

2084
01:55:04,900 --> 01:55:08,100
The satisfaction of a piece of 
leather cut, cleanly along a 

2085
01:55:08,100 --> 01:55:11,200
line you drew by. 
I The particular pleasure of a 

2086
01:55:11,200 --> 01:55:14,100
soul fitted. 
Well, the upper attached without

2087
01:55:14,100 --> 01:55:17,700
puckering, the whole object, 
functional and balanced in a way

2088
01:55:17,708 --> 01:55:20,500
that required judgment to 
achieve, and that could not be 

2089
01:55:20,500 --> 01:55:23,300
faked. 
Craftsman's knowledge that a 

2090
01:55:23,300 --> 01:55:24,700
thing. 
Well, made will Outlast the 

2091
01:55:24,700 --> 01:55:28,400
person who made it carried in 
the hands rather than in any 

2092
01:55:28,400 --> 01:55:31,600
written record was not the kind 
of knowledge that appeared in 

2093
01:55:31,608 --> 01:55:33,400
the philosophical literature of 
the period. 

2094
01:55:34,200 --> 01:55:36,300
It was simply the texture of a 
working day. 

2095
01:55:37,400 --> 01:55:39,700
Your neighbor to shops down as a
bronze worker. 

2096
01:55:39,700 --> 01:55:41,900
His shop sounds different from 
yours. 

2097
01:55:41,900 --> 01:55:45,200
The rhythmic ring of hammer on 
metal that starts shortly after 

2098
01:55:45,200 --> 01:55:49,100
Dawn and continues with very few
interruptions until the light 

2099
01:55:49,100 --> 01:55:52,100
fails. 
You've worked next to that sound

2100
01:55:52,100 --> 01:55:54,900
for so long that you know, no 
longer here to sound exactly. 

2101
01:55:55,900 --> 01:55:58,600
It has become part of the 
texture of the morning, the way 

2102
01:55:58,608 --> 01:56:01,500
the smell of leather has become 
part of the texture of the shop.

2103
01:56:02,300 --> 01:56:04,700
When he is sick and the 
hammering does not start the 

2104
01:56:04,700 --> 01:56:07,800
morning feels wrong, in a way 
that takes you a moment to 

2105
01:56:07,800 --> 01:56:10,400
locate. 
Not everyone who worked with 

2106
01:56:10,400 --> 01:56:14,400
their hands in classical Athens 
worked in a shop, the city and 

2107
01:56:14,400 --> 01:56:16,800
the countryside were not as 
separate as later. 

2108
01:56:16,800 --> 01:56:21,200
Centuries would make them seem 
many families held both Small 

2109
01:56:21,200 --> 01:56:24,200
Workshop or trade in the city 
and a plot of land outside. 

2110
01:56:24,200 --> 01:56:28,600
It moving between, the two is 
the season required Urban in 

2111
01:56:28,600 --> 01:56:32,600
Winter and Rural at planting and
harvest, neither one identity, 

2112
01:56:32,600 --> 01:56:36,900
nor the other entirely the line 
between the Craftsman and the 

2113
01:56:36,900 --> 01:56:40,000
farmer in ancient Attica was 
permeable in ways that the 

2114
01:56:40,000 --> 01:56:44,100
surviving sources, which tend to
sort people into categories do 

2115
01:56:44,100 --> 01:56:48,500
not always capture If your 
family had land and many 

2116
01:56:48,500 --> 01:56:51,400
families of your kind did, it 
was probably not much. 

2117
01:56:52,500 --> 01:56:55,500
Few acres in the Attic 
Countryside enough for Olive's 

2118
01:56:55,500 --> 01:56:58,200
and a little grain. 
And perhaps some vegetables, in 

2119
01:56:58,200 --> 01:57:01,500
a kitchen plot near the house 
not enough to make you wealthy 

2120
01:57:01,500 --> 01:57:05,300
enough to matter. 
The difference between a family 

2121
01:57:05,300 --> 01:57:08,200
with a small plot and a family 
with out, one was the difference

2122
01:57:08,200 --> 01:57:11,900
between having something to fall
back on and having nothing to 

2123
01:57:11,900 --> 01:57:15,500
fall back on which in a world 
without safety nets of any 

2124
01:57:15,500 --> 01:57:18,400
institutional kind was a 
difference that could determine 

2125
01:57:18,400 --> 01:57:22,000
everything in a bad year. 
The farming calendar that he had

2126
01:57:22,000 --> 01:57:25,000
laid out in works and days with 
the methodical patients of 

2127
01:57:25,000 --> 01:57:27,800
someone who had learned at the 
Hard Way, organized the 

2128
01:57:27,800 --> 01:57:30,400
agricultural year into a 
sequence of tasks. 

2129
01:57:30,400 --> 01:57:34,600
So specific and so timed that 
deviation from the carried. 

2130
01:57:34,600 --> 01:57:38,800
Real consequence is plowing 
happened in Autumn after the 

2131
01:57:38,800 --> 01:57:41,900
first range, soften the ground. 
When you followed the ox across 

2132
01:57:41,900 --> 01:57:46,000
the field, in the particular 
slow, rhythm of a man and an 

2133
01:57:46,000 --> 01:57:48,500
animal who have worked together 
long enough to have an 

2134
01:57:48,500 --> 01:57:51,400
understanding. 
The soil in Attica is not 

2135
01:57:51,400 --> 01:57:54,300
generous. 
It is thin and Stony over much 

2136
01:57:54,300 --> 01:57:57,400
of the region and working, it 
required coaxing rather than 

2137
01:57:57,400 --> 01:58:00,000
Force. 
The plow, finding the line of 

2138
01:58:00,000 --> 01:58:01,800
least resistance between the 
Rocks. 

2139
01:58:01,800 --> 01:58:05,000
While you steered from behind 
your weight on the handles, your

2140
01:58:05,000 --> 01:58:09,200
eyes, reading the ground ahead. 
Smell of freshly turned attic 

2141
01:58:09,200 --> 01:58:12,400
soil in October. 
A specific dry on the surface 

2142
01:58:12,400 --> 01:58:16,000
from the summer and then 
suddenly dampen dark below where

2143
01:58:16,000 --> 01:58:18,000
the moisture that went down in 
last Winter's. 

2144
01:58:18,000 --> 01:58:21,700
Rain has been sitting in the 
cool of the subsoil all through 

2145
01:58:21,700 --> 01:58:26,100
the hot months waiting. 
When the plow breaks that 

2146
01:58:26,100 --> 01:58:28,600
surface open, the smell comes up
all at once. 

2147
01:58:29,500 --> 01:58:33,200
Sharp and green and ancient the 
smell of something that has been

2148
01:58:33,200 --> 01:58:35,900
closed being opened and it 
carries in it. 

2149
01:58:36,700 --> 01:58:39,900
If you are a person who has 
plowed this ground before the 

2150
01:58:39,900 --> 01:58:42,900
memory of every other October, 
you have stood in this field, 

2151
01:58:44,300 --> 01:58:47,600
pruning came in late winter. 
When the olive trees needed to 

2152
01:58:47,600 --> 01:58:50,500
be cut back to encourage the new
growth that would carry next 

2153
01:58:50,500 --> 01:58:54,400
Autumn's fruit. 
Olive pruning is slow and cold 

2154
01:58:54,400 --> 01:58:57,100
work. 
The trees in an old attic Grove 

2155
01:58:57,100 --> 01:59:00,700
are not tall but they are dense 
their branches grown in on the 

2156
01:59:00,700 --> 01:59:04,400
cells over decades in the way 
that olive trees do and getting 

2157
01:59:04,400 --> 01:59:08,400
into them requires patience and 
a pruning hook and a tolerance 

2158
01:59:08,400 --> 01:59:11,200
for the particular cold of a 
February morning in the Hills 

2159
01:59:11,200 --> 01:59:14,400
outside Athens when the wind 
comes down from the north and 

2160
01:59:14,400 --> 01:59:18,700
has not yet decided to stop. 
The Olive Tree is one of the 

2161
01:59:18,700 --> 01:59:22,000
slow commitments of 
Mediterranean agricultural life.

2162
01:59:22,800 --> 01:59:26,100
It takes years to begin 
producing and decades to 

2163
01:59:26,100 --> 01:59:29,800
produce, well, which means that 
the trees you pruned will almost

2164
01:59:29,800 --> 01:59:31,600
certainly planted by someone 
before. 

2165
01:59:31,600 --> 01:59:34,900
You your father or your 
grandfather or someone further 

2166
01:59:34,900 --> 01:59:38,500
back whose name you may or may 
not have known when you worked 

2167
01:59:38,500 --> 01:59:40,400
among them. 
You were working in a landscape 

2168
01:59:40,400 --> 01:59:42,900
that other hands had shaped, and
the trees themselves. 

2169
01:59:42,900 --> 01:59:45,800
Carried that history. 
In the way old trees, carry 

2170
01:59:45,800 --> 01:59:48,300
everything. 
Silently, in the thickness of 

2171
01:59:48,300 --> 01:59:51,200
the trunk and the particular 
angle of the branches and the 

2172
01:59:51,200 --> 01:59:54,500
places where old Cuts had healed
over into smooth gray wood. 

2173
01:59:55,400 --> 01:59:58,700
He seated specific about the 
timing of pruning and the 

2174
01:59:58,700 --> 02:00:01,400
importance of not. 
Letting the trees go too long 

2175
02:00:01,400 --> 02:00:05,200
between cuttings because an 
unproven olive tree, puts its 

2176
02:00:05,200 --> 02:00:09,200
energy into would rather than 
fruit and a tree putting its 

2177
02:00:09,200 --> 02:00:11,800
energy into would rather than 
fruit is a tree. 

2178
02:00:11,800 --> 02:00:13,600
Not earning its place in the 
plan. 

2179
02:00:14,500 --> 02:00:17,300
This is the agricultural 
calculus that ran underneath 

2180
02:00:17,300 --> 02:00:22,500
every task in the farming year, 
nothing wasted nothing done for 

2181
02:00:22,500 --> 02:00:26,400
its own sake, every action, in 
service of the yield that would 

2182
02:00:26,400 --> 02:00:31,100
fill the storage jars in Autumn.
The Harvest itself when it came 

2183
02:00:31,100 --> 02:00:35,000
in October was the one moment in
the farming year that felt like 

2184
02:00:35,000 --> 02:00:37,500
a resolution. 
Not a celebration exactly 

2185
02:00:37,500 --> 02:00:40,500
nothing. 
So organized as that but a 

2186
02:00:40,500 --> 02:00:42,700
collective release of the 
tension that had been building 

2187
02:00:42,700 --> 02:00:46,000
since the previous Harvest. 
Years-long question about 

2188
02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:47,600
whether the land had done 
enough. 

2189
02:00:47,600 --> 02:00:51,200
Finally answered you pick the 
olives by hand or knock them 

2190
02:00:51,200 --> 02:00:54,200
from the branches with long 
poles, onto cloth spread beneath

2191
02:00:54,200 --> 02:00:57,900
the trees working from first 
light until the light failed 

2192
02:00:57,900 --> 02:01:01,400
your arms aching by mid-morning 
and aching differently by 

2193
02:01:01,400 --> 02:01:03,900
afternoon. 
The soreness shifting as 

2194
02:01:03,908 --> 02:01:06,700
different muscles took over from
the ones that had given up 

2195
02:01:06,700 --> 02:01:09,900
complaining. 
What you carried home from that 

2196
02:01:09,900 --> 02:01:13,500
Harvest and what went into the 
press and what came out of the 

2197
02:01:13,500 --> 02:01:17,600
presses oil and how much of that
oil was yours and how much went 

2198
02:01:17,600 --> 02:01:19,800
to whatever obligations the land
carried? 

2199
02:01:19,800 --> 02:01:23,600
Determined, the shape of the 
coming year in ways that nothing

2200
02:01:23,600 --> 02:01:26,200
else could adjust for a good 
harvest meant. 

2201
02:01:26,200 --> 02:01:30,000
The pithos full in October, The 
February calculation coming out 

2202
02:01:30,000 --> 02:01:33,400
in your favor, the evening meal 
arriving, without the particular

2203
02:01:33,400 --> 02:01:36,300
anxiety that the same food 
carried in a thin year. 

2204
02:01:37,600 --> 02:01:41,700
In Winter, you are mostly in the
shop the days two short and too 

2205
02:01:41,700 --> 02:01:45,000
cold for much outdoor work. 
The leather filling the hours. 

2206
02:01:45,000 --> 02:01:46,800
When the fields are nothing of 
you. 

2207
02:01:47,400 --> 02:01:51,100
In Spring and Summer and Autumn 
the balance, shifted the land, 

2208
02:01:51,100 --> 02:01:53,200
making its demands in the 
sequence. 

2209
02:01:53,200 --> 02:01:57,400
He's your described the old set 
aside for the pruning hook. 

2210
02:01:57,400 --> 02:02:01,600
The shop quiet while the Harvest
happened and resumed when the 

2211
02:02:01,600 --> 02:02:05,100
Harvest was done. 
You moved between these versions

2212
02:02:05,100 --> 02:02:07,200
of your working life. 
The way you move between the 

2213
02:02:07,200 --> 02:02:10,800
rooms of your house without 
thinking of the movement as a 

2214
02:02:10,800 --> 02:02:13,800
transition, the year turned, and
the land turned with it. 

2215
02:02:13,800 --> 02:02:16,500
And you turned with both of them
as you always had. 

2216
02:02:16,500 --> 02:02:20,200
You smell it before you turn the
corner would smoke. 

2217
02:02:20,200 --> 02:02:25,000
Yes, but underneath the smoke, 
something richer and darker and 

2218
02:02:25,000 --> 02:02:27,800
more serious. 
The smell of animal fat 

2219
02:02:27,800 --> 02:02:30,800
rendering over a fire that has 
been burning long enough to know

2220
02:02:30,800 --> 02:02:34,000
what it is doing. 
It reaches you in the Narrow 

2221
02:02:34,000 --> 02:02:36,100
Lane to streets before the 
source of it. 

2222
02:02:36,800 --> 02:02:39,100
Carried on a morning Breeze. 
That is picked it up from 

2223
02:02:39,100 --> 02:02:41,800
wherever the sacrificial fires 
are burning and brought it here 

2224
02:02:41,800 --> 02:02:44,500
to you before, you were ready 
for it. 

2225
02:02:45,300 --> 02:02:48,100
You turn the corner and the 
square opens up and the city is 

2226
02:02:48,100 --> 02:02:49,800
changed overnight in to 
something. 

2227
02:02:49,800 --> 02:02:52,300
It only becomes a few times a 
year. 

2228
02:02:53,400 --> 02:02:56,700
More people than a normal 
morning dressed in clothes that 

2229
02:02:56,700 --> 02:02:59,700
not their working clothes. 
Moving with the particular 

2230
02:02:59,700 --> 02:03:02,400
looseness of people who have 
know where they are required, to

2231
02:03:02,400 --> 02:03:06,500
be by specific hour, Children 
running in the purposeless way 

2232
02:03:06,500 --> 02:03:09,000
that children run when they have
been released from the structure

2233
02:03:09,000 --> 02:03:12,500
that normally contains them old 
men sitting on the steps of a 

2234
02:03:12,500 --> 02:03:15,800
story in a line, talking with 
the unhurried quality of people 

2235
02:03:15,800 --> 02:03:19,100
who have decided that today, the
conversation is the point. 

2236
02:03:20,100 --> 02:03:22,900
The animals sacrificed at the 
great altars earlier this 

2237
02:03:22,900 --> 02:03:24,200
morning are being distributed 
now. 

2238
02:03:25,000 --> 02:03:27,800
Portions moved outward from the 
sanctuary into the surrounding 

2239
02:03:27,800 --> 02:03:30,800
streets. 
And the city of Athens is for 

2240
02:03:30,800 --> 02:03:34,300
this one day, feeding, everyone 
not lavishly. 

2241
02:03:34,300 --> 02:03:37,600
Not in a way that would 
embarrass a wealthy man's table,

2242
02:03:37,600 --> 02:03:40,500
but meat. 
She will meet. 

2243
02:03:41,100 --> 02:03:43,300
The thing that appears on your 
family's table. 

2244
02:03:43,300 --> 02:03:47,100
Only when circumstances arrange 
themselves favorably is 

2245
02:03:47,100 --> 02:03:50,700
available to day without 
Arrangement without calculation 

2246
02:03:50,700 --> 02:03:54,000
without the weight of what it 
costs set against waddells. 

2247
02:03:54,000 --> 02:03:57,200
The money could do you take your
portion and eat it standing in 

2248
02:03:57,200 --> 02:03:59,500
the street with the sun on your 
face and the noise of the 

2249
02:03:59,500 --> 02:04:02,500
festival around you and the 
taste of it is different from 

2250
02:04:02,500 --> 02:04:05,800
how you remember meat tasting 
richer and simpler at the same 

2251
02:04:05,800 --> 02:04:08,900
time or maybe it is just that, 
you are eating it without the 

2252
02:04:08,900 --> 02:04:10,900
slight anxiety that accompanies 
it. 

2253
02:04:10,900 --> 02:04:13,500
When it is a purchase rather 
than a gift. 

2254
02:04:14,600 --> 02:04:17,200
The great festivals of Athens 
were not holidays, in the way. 

2255
02:04:17,200 --> 02:04:20,100
The word is used. 
Now they subtracted from the 

2256
02:04:20,100 --> 02:04:22,400
working calendar, as a 
concession to leisure. 

2257
02:04:23,100 --> 02:04:27,200
They were religious occasions, 
first Civic, occasion second and

2258
02:04:27,200 --> 02:04:30,200
the fact that they all so happen
to involve days off, work and 

2259
02:04:30,200 --> 02:04:35,700
free food was not incidental. 
The panatha Naya held every year

2260
02:04:35,700 --> 02:04:39,600
in Midsummer in honor of Athena 
and the greater panatha Nair 

2261
02:04:39,600 --> 02:04:43,100
held every four years, with 
additional ceremony, organized, 

2262
02:04:43,100 --> 02:04:45,900
processions, and athletic 
competitions and musical. 

2263
02:04:45,900 --> 02:04:49,800
Contests around a central Act of
sacrifice and offering that the 

2264
02:04:49,800 --> 02:04:53,400
whole city participated in 
regardless of economic standing,

2265
02:04:53,400 --> 02:04:58,000
the thesmophoria, celebrated by 
women in, Autumn close the 

2266
02:04:58,000 --> 02:05:01,000
city's male-dominated. 
Public life out entirely for 

2267
02:05:01,000 --> 02:05:04,300
several days and gave the women 
who ran the households, their 

2268
02:05:04,300 --> 02:05:08,200
own ritual space, their own 
Festival, their own claim on the

2269
02:05:08,200 --> 02:05:11,500
religious calendar. 
For a family like yours. 

2270
02:05:11,500 --> 02:05:14,700
These occasions with the 
punctuation of the year in a way

2271
02:05:14,708 --> 02:05:17,700
that the agricultural calendar 
though, more practically 

2272
02:05:17,700 --> 02:05:22,800
significant was not quite. 
The harvested more to survival 

2273
02:05:22,800 --> 02:05:26,900
that the festivals mattered to 
something else, to the sense of 

2274
02:05:26,908 --> 02:05:30,100
belonging to something, larger 
than the household in the street

2275
02:05:30,100 --> 02:05:33,800
and the daily circuit between 
home and work and Market. 

2276
02:05:34,800 --> 02:05:38,900
On Festival days, you are not a 
sandal maker or a farmer's son, 

2277
02:05:38,900 --> 02:05:41,400
or a person managing, a storage 
jar. 

2278
02:05:42,400 --> 02:05:45,800
You are an Athenian, which was a
category that included you 

2279
02:05:45,800 --> 02:05:49,100
regardless of what you owned and
the city made that inclusion 

2280
02:05:49,100 --> 02:05:53,200
visible by feeding you alongside
everyone else Aristotle, who 

2281
02:05:53,200 --> 02:05:56,000
thought carefully about what 
made a policy function as a 

2282
02:05:56,000 --> 02:05:59,100
polis, rather than simply as a 
collection of people living near

2283
02:05:59,100 --> 02:06:02,400
each other understood the 
festivals as part of the Civic 

2284
02:06:02,400 --> 02:06:06,300
glue the mechanisms by, which a 
city reminded itself. 

2285
02:06:06,300 --> 02:06:09,200
That it was one thing rather 
than many separate things. 

2286
02:06:10,500 --> 02:06:14,400
Free distributions of meat and 
grain public sacrifices, the 

2287
02:06:14,400 --> 02:06:17,700
shared participation in 
procession and ceremony the 

2288
02:06:17,700 --> 02:06:20,200
collective experience of 
watching the same athletic 

2289
02:06:20,200 --> 02:06:24,100
contests from the same Hillside.
These were not generous gestures

2290
02:06:24,100 --> 02:06:27,200
from the wealthy to the poor. 
They were the City performing 

2291
02:06:27,200 --> 02:06:31,300
its own Unity to itself on the 
days between festivals, the 

2292
02:06:31,300 --> 02:06:34,800
Agora served of version of the 
same function in a lower 

2293
02:06:34,800 --> 02:06:37,800
register. 
You have seen it as a child over

2294
02:06:37,800 --> 02:06:41,300
Welling and Loud from knee-high.
You have moved through it as an 

2295
02:06:41,300 --> 02:06:44,700
adult with errands to run and 
calculations to make. 

2296
02:06:44,700 --> 02:06:48,100
But there's another way to be in
the Agora one that requires 

2297
02:06:48,100 --> 02:06:51,700
neither money nor purpose and it
is available on any morning, 

2298
02:06:51,700 --> 02:06:55,200
when the work can wait, You 
stand somewhere near the middle 

2299
02:06:55,200 --> 02:06:56,700
of the open space and you 
listen. 

2300
02:06:56,700 --> 02:07:01,100
Not for anything specific. 
The Agora generates information 

2301
02:07:01,100 --> 02:07:05,800
the way the sea generates noise 
continuously from every 

2302
02:07:05,800 --> 02:07:10,400
direction at once a constant 
low, Roar of individual voices 

2303
02:07:10,400 --> 02:07:14,300
that adds up to something larger
than any of its parts, Who has 

2304
02:07:14,300 --> 02:07:16,500
grained to sell and at what 
price. 

2305
02:07:17,400 --> 02:07:20,200
Which general has done something
that someone finds outrageous 

2306
02:07:20,200 --> 02:07:23,400
whether the harbor at the 
Pirates is expecting a 

2307
02:07:23,400 --> 02:07:27,200
particular shipment who has died
who has married who has been 

2308
02:07:27,208 --> 02:07:31,700
seen somewhere surprising. 
The Agora In classical Athens 

2309
02:07:31,700 --> 02:07:35,000
was the fastest Information 
Network of available to anyone 

2310
02:07:35,000 --> 02:07:38,000
who did not have the resources 
to employ a private messenger 

2311
02:07:38,000 --> 02:07:41,300
and standing in it for an hour. 
On a slow morning was the 

2312
02:07:41,300 --> 02:07:43,900
equivalent of reading several 
days of news at once. 

2313
02:07:43,900 --> 02:07:47,800
Harriston, is understood this 
Agora, the one that existed 

2314
02:07:47,800 --> 02:07:49,800
below the level of official 
Civic business. 

2315
02:07:49,800 --> 02:07:53,200
The one made of gossip and 
complained and the particular 

2316
02:07:53,200 --> 02:07:56,800
political frustration of people 
who had opinions about how the 

2317
02:07:56,800 --> 02:08:00,300
city was being run, but limited 
means of acting on those 

2318
02:08:00,300 --> 02:08:03,100
opinions. 
His comedies are full of 

2319
02:08:03,100 --> 02:08:05,400
characters who are recognizably 
from your world. 

2320
02:08:06,300 --> 02:08:10,100
Farmers irritated about the cost
of the war Craftsman being 

2321
02:08:10,100 --> 02:08:14,000
short-changed by Merchants 
ordinary Athenians suspicious of

2322
02:08:14,000 --> 02:08:16,300
politicians who spoke 
beautifully and delivered 

2323
02:08:16,300 --> 02:08:19,100
poorly. 
The audiences who sat in the 

2324
02:08:19,108 --> 02:08:21,900
theater of Dionysus and laughed 
at these characters were 

2325
02:08:21,900 --> 02:08:25,200
laughing at themselves and the 
laughter had an edge to it, that

2326
02:08:25,200 --> 02:08:27,300
made it more satisfying than 
ordinary comedy. 

2327
02:08:28,000 --> 02:08:31,200
The luff of recognition of 
seeing your own frustration, 

2328
02:08:31,200 --> 02:08:35,800
given a mask in a stage. 
Theater of Dionysus, sat on the 

2329
02:08:35,808 --> 02:08:39,300
Southern Slope of the Acropolis.
And on the days of the dramatic 

2330
02:08:39,300 --> 02:08:42,600
festivals you were in it, not in
the front rows, which went to 

2331
02:08:42,600 --> 02:08:44,800
officials and Priests and Men of
standing. 

2332
02:08:45,700 --> 02:08:48,400
Further back on the wooden 
benches that climb the hillside 

2333
02:08:48,400 --> 02:08:51,700
in tears, packed in among your 
neighbors in the neighbor's of 

2334
02:08:51,700 --> 02:08:54,100
your neighbor's. 
And people you'd never seen 

2335
02:08:54,100 --> 02:08:57,500
before and would not see again, 
all of you facing the same 

2336
02:08:57,500 --> 02:09:01,700
circular Orchestra and the same 
stage and the same actors in 

2337
02:09:01,700 --> 02:09:03,900
their masks and their elevated 
boots. 

2338
02:09:04,900 --> 02:09:07,800
The experience of watching a 
play in that theater was nothing

2339
02:09:07,800 --> 02:09:09,900
like sitting quietly in a dark 
and Drew. 

2340
02:09:11,200 --> 02:09:14,900
The theater held, thousands of 
people and thousands of people 

2341
02:09:14,900 --> 02:09:18,800
do not sit quietly. 
They responded, they called out 

2342
02:09:18,800 --> 02:09:22,600
expressed approval and 
occasionally disapproval with 

2343
02:09:22,600 --> 02:09:25,700
the directness of an audience 
that understood itself to be a 

2344
02:09:25,700 --> 02:09:28,300
participant in the event rather 
than merely a witness to it. 

2345
02:09:28,300 --> 02:09:31,800
When Aristophanes made a joke 
about the price of fish or the 

2346
02:09:31,800 --> 02:09:35,300
duplicity of a particular 
politician, the laugh that came 

2347
02:09:35,300 --> 02:09:38,300
back from the hillside was not 
the polite of an audience being 

2348
02:09:38,300 --> 02:09:40,900
entertained. 
It was the laugh of people being

2349
02:09:40,900 --> 02:09:45,500
seen you laughed too. 
At the fish joke which was funny

2350
02:09:45,500 --> 02:09:48,800
because fish was expensive and 
everyone on that Hillside New it

2351
02:09:48,800 --> 02:09:52,200
at the politician joke, which 
was funny for reasons. 

2352
02:09:52,200 --> 02:09:55,800
That did not require explanation
to anyone who'd been standing in

2353
02:09:55,800 --> 02:09:58,600
the Agora, the previous week, 
listening to what people were 

2354
02:09:58,600 --> 02:10:01,300
saying. 
The comedy worked because it was

2355
02:10:01,300 --> 02:10:04,900
made of the materials of your 
actual life, not elevated above 

2356
02:10:04,900 --> 02:10:08,700
them or transformed into 
something more dignified, just 

2357
02:10:08,700 --> 02:10:12,400
your life arranged slightly 
differently, given a mask and a 

2358
02:10:12,400 --> 02:10:15,300
stage and permission to say the 
things that were true, but that 

2359
02:10:15,300 --> 02:10:18,200
you did not usually say out loud
after the play. 

2360
02:10:18,200 --> 02:10:22,300
The day was still open. 
The sun was still in the sky. 

2361
02:10:23,500 --> 02:10:26,700
Festival was still going, you 
are not tired yet in the way, 

2362
02:10:26,700 --> 02:10:29,900
you would be tired by evening 
and the city around you was 

2363
02:10:29,900 --> 02:10:33,700
still in its loosened State. 
The normal rules of hurry, and 

2364
02:10:33,700 --> 02:10:35,700
purpose, suspended for a few 
more hours. 

2365
02:10:36,600 --> 02:10:38,900
Someone nearby was selling 
something sweet. 

2366
02:10:38,900 --> 02:10:43,400
Honeyed Sesame, the smell of it,
reaching you before you decided,

2367
02:10:43,400 --> 02:10:46,900
whether you wanted it, you stood
there in the afternoon, light 

2368
02:10:46,900 --> 02:10:50,100
outside, the theater with the 
laughter, still somewhere in 

2369
02:10:50,100 --> 02:10:53,600
your chest and for a little 
while the calculation of what 

2370
02:10:53,600 --> 02:10:55,200
was in the storage jar, could 
wait. 

2371
02:10:56,000 --> 02:10:59,300
These were the hours that did 
not fill the pithos or finish 

2372
02:10:59,300 --> 02:11:03,100
the sandal or turn the soil, the
ones that left, no mark on any 

2373
02:11:03,100 --> 02:11:08,100
seasonal accounting and yet they
were in some way that you could 

2374
02:11:08,100 --> 02:11:11,000
not have put into words and that
no one in your life would have 

2375
02:11:11,008 --> 02:11:14,600
asked you to the hours that made
the other hours, bearable, the 

2376
02:11:14,600 --> 02:11:18,100
city fed you today. 
Play made you laugh. 

2377
02:11:18,100 --> 02:11:22,300
The afternoon held nothing. 
It required of you tomorrow. 

2378
02:11:22,300 --> 02:11:24,200
The work would resume its 
ordinary. 

2379
02:11:24,200 --> 02:11:27,500
Wait, the lamp would go out and 
the loom would start and the 

2380
02:11:27,500 --> 02:11:30,300
lane outside, the shop would 
fill again, with its moving, 

2381
02:11:30,300 --> 02:11:32,600
River of legs and Aaron and 
noises. 

2382
02:11:33,300 --> 02:11:36,500
The pithos would need checking. 
The leather would need cutting. 

2383
02:11:37,400 --> 02:11:40,500
A calendar would turn toward the
next task in his idiots, patient

2384
02:11:40,500 --> 02:11:43,700
sequence, the one that had been 
waiting while you stood in the 

2385
02:11:43,708 --> 02:11:47,300
Sun and ate your meat and 
laughed at the fish joke with a 

2386
02:11:47,308 --> 02:11:49,700
hillside full of people who 
already knew the punchline. 

2387
02:11:50,500 --> 02:11:53,200
Tonight, the festival fires were
still burning somewhere in the 

2388
02:11:53,208 --> 02:11:55,300
direction. 
Of the Acropolis, they're like 

2389
02:11:55,300 --> 02:11:58,900
faint against the darkening sky 
and the city was still making 

2390
02:11:58,900 --> 02:12:01,900
the sound it made on days when 
it was given itself permission 

2391
02:12:01,900 --> 02:12:03,900
to be something other than 
serious. 

2392
02:12:04,600 --> 02:12:07,100
You walked home through streets 
that smelled of smoke and 

2393
02:12:07,100 --> 02:12:09,400
roasting. 
And the particular sweetness of 

2394
02:12:09,408 --> 02:12:13,000
a day that had asked very little
and give more than expected. 

2395
02:12:13,800 --> 02:12:16,200
The Joint in your right knee has
its own weather system. 

2396
02:12:16,200 --> 02:12:19,300
Now, you know, when rain is 
coming not by looking at the 

2397
02:12:19,300 --> 02:12:22,300
sky, but by the particular 
quality of the ache that settles

2398
02:12:22,300 --> 02:12:24,900
into the knee, sometime in the 
hour before the clouds. 

2399
02:12:24,900 --> 02:12:28,300
Arrived a deep and patient 
pressure that is not sharp 

2400
02:12:28,300 --> 02:12:31,000
enough to stop you, but present 
enough that you're never quite 

2401
02:12:31,000 --> 02:12:33,900
unaware of it. 
You have had this knee for 60 

2402
02:12:33,900 --> 02:12:36,300
years or more you have asked a 
great deal of it. 

2403
02:12:36,300 --> 02:12:40,900
It has kept its own record. 
The mornings are slow than they 

2404
02:12:40,900 --> 02:12:44,200
used to be, not because you have
decided to move slowly. 

2405
02:12:44,200 --> 02:12:47,900
The decision was made for you by
a body that has strong opinions 

2406
02:12:47,900 --> 02:12:51,300
about Pace. 
Now, pinions, it did not feel 

2407
02:12:51,300 --> 02:12:54,200
the need to express when you 
were younger and the morning 

2408
02:12:54,200 --> 02:12:56,200
simply began without 
negotiation. 

2409
02:12:57,100 --> 02:12:59,300
You sit at the edge of the 
pallet for a moment before 

2410
02:12:59,300 --> 02:13:03,100
standing you let the night 
stiffness work itself out before

2411
02:13:03,100 --> 02:13:06,200
you ask the days, first thing of
your legs, the work is 

2412
02:13:06,200 --> 02:13:08,800
different. 
Now of a body that has learned 

2413
02:13:08,800 --> 02:13:12,600
across 60 years or more of 
winters, exactly what it can and

2414
02:13:12,600 --> 02:13:16,300
cannot be asked to do before it 
has had time to remember what it

2415
02:13:16,300 --> 02:13:21,100
is for the work is different 
now, not gone because work does 

2416
02:13:21,100 --> 02:13:24,700
not go not in a household like 
yours not while they're a hands 

2417
02:13:24,700 --> 02:13:28,000
that can still do something 
useful, but it's character has 

2418
02:13:28,000 --> 02:13:31,300
changed the heavy carrying Falls
to young people. 

2419
02:13:31,300 --> 02:13:35,700
The field work at harvest. 
The long days behind the plow in

2420
02:13:35,700 --> 02:13:39,400
Autumn those belong to your son 
now or to whoever in the 

2421
02:13:39,408 --> 02:13:42,500
household. 
Has the back for the what 

2422
02:13:42,500 --> 02:13:45,300
remains for you is the work that
requires knowledge more than 

2423
02:13:45,308 --> 02:13:49,100
strength. the slow and more 
patient, kinds of usefulness 

2424
02:13:49,100 --> 02:13:53,400
that a life of Labor, eventually
produces in a person if they 

2425
02:13:53,400 --> 02:13:57,100
have been paying attention the 
whole time, He's here did not 

2426
02:13:57,100 --> 02:13:58,800
write a cheerful account of 
Aging. 

2427
02:13:58,800 --> 02:14:02,200
He was not that kind of writer 
in works and days. 

2428
02:14:02,200 --> 02:14:04,000
He describes the last of the 
five. 

2429
02:14:04,000 --> 02:14:08,400
Ages of man, the Iron Age, the 
one, he himself, inhabited, and 

2430
02:14:08,400 --> 02:14:11,500
the one you inhabit. 
Now, as a time of Labor and 

2431
02:14:11,500 --> 02:14:14,500
sorrow in, which the good is 
always mixed with the difficult,

2432
02:14:14,500 --> 02:14:17,100
and the difficult is always 
present. 

2433
02:14:18,000 --> 02:14:21,900
He does not dress this up. 
He does not suggest that the 

2434
02:14:21,900 --> 02:14:25,000
difficulty will resolve or that.
The good will eventually 

2435
02:14:25,000 --> 02:14:28,300
outweigh it. 
He simply describes the shape of

2436
02:14:28,300 --> 02:14:31,900
a mortal life. 
The patient accuracy of someone 

2437
02:14:31,900 --> 02:14:34,800
who has looked at it long enough
to stop expecting it to be 

2438
02:14:34,800 --> 02:14:36,900
otherwise. 
There is something in that 

2439
02:14:36,900 --> 02:14:40,200
framing that settles once you 
have lived long enough to 

2440
02:14:40,200 --> 02:14:43,500
receive it properly. 
The difficulty was not a 

2441
02:14:43,500 --> 02:14:46,600
mistake, it was not something 
that happened to you in stead of

2442
02:14:46,608 --> 02:14:48,100
the life, you were supposed to 
have. 

2443
02:14:48,800 --> 02:14:53,100
It was the life, the jar running
low, in February, the knee that 

2444
02:14:53,100 --> 02:14:55,700
predicts rain. 
The mornings that require 

2445
02:14:55,700 --> 02:14:59,200
negotiation, the harvests that 
were not always enough. 

2446
02:14:59,200 --> 02:15:02,500
The festivals that briefly made,
everything feel like more than 

2447
02:15:02,508 --> 02:15:06,600
it was all of it was the life, 
the whole of it, not the 

2448
02:15:06,600 --> 02:15:08,900
background against, which the 
real story was happening. 

2449
02:15:08,900 --> 02:15:13,000
But the story itself You know, 
things now that you did not know

2450
02:15:13,000 --> 02:15:16,000
when the work was new. 
You know, which soil in the 

2451
02:15:16,008 --> 02:15:20,400
family plot drains quickly after
rain, which holds water to long,

2452
02:15:20,400 --> 02:15:23,500
you know, the particular angle 
at which the pruning hook needs 

2453
02:15:23,500 --> 02:15:26,400
to meet an olive branch, to make
a clean cut rather than a 

2454
02:15:26,400 --> 02:15:29,400
tearing one. 
You know, from Decades of 

2455
02:15:29,400 --> 02:15:33,000
watching the Aurora's price, 
fluctuation roughly what grain 

2456
02:15:33,000 --> 02:15:35,800
will cost in Spring based on 
what it costs the previous order

2457
02:15:35,800 --> 02:15:38,400
and how the Harvest looked in 
the fields around the city. 

2458
02:15:39,300 --> 02:15:42,300
This knowledge has no place to 
be written down it. 

2459
02:15:42,300 --> 02:15:45,000
Lives in you and its 
destination. 

2460
02:15:45,000 --> 02:15:48,700
If it has one is the person in 
your household who is young 

2461
02:15:48,700 --> 02:15:51,300
enough to still be learning and 
paying attention enough to 

2462
02:15:51,300 --> 02:15:55,500
receive it. your grandchild is, 
at an age where learning happens

2463
02:15:55,500 --> 02:15:59,700
sideways, not from instruction 
not from anything announced as a

2464
02:15:59,700 --> 02:16:03,500
lesson, but from proximity from 
watching a pair of older hands 

2465
02:16:03,500 --> 02:16:06,600
do something, often enough that 
the hands of eventually want to 

2466
02:16:06,600 --> 02:16:10,900
try You have not sat the child 
down and explained how to read 

2467
02:16:10,900 --> 02:16:14,400
soil or how to hold a tool, or 
how to move through the Agora 

2468
02:16:14,400 --> 02:16:18,200
without being short changed. you
have simply done these things in

2469
02:16:18,200 --> 02:16:21,900
the child's presents over and 
over for long enough that the 

2470
02:16:21,900 --> 02:16:25,800
watching has become its own kind
of knowing from your mother's 

2471
02:16:25,800 --> 02:16:29,800
hands at the Kern Stone. 
From your father's posture 

2472
02:16:29,800 --> 02:16:33,500
behind the plow from the old 
woman at the Agora Who Sold 

2473
02:16:33,500 --> 02:16:36,700
herbs from a cloth on the 
ground, knew the price of 

2474
02:16:36,700 --> 02:16:39,100
everything without writing any 
of it down. 

2475
02:16:40,100 --> 02:16:43,900
None of the statue down all of 
them taught you. 

2476
02:16:44,700 --> 02:16:50,200
The knowledge moved person to 
person, not recorded, but 

2477
02:16:50,200 --> 02:16:54,200
carried alive, in the people who
held it and passed it forward. 

2478
02:16:55,400 --> 02:16:58,100
What you're passing forward is 
the knowledge of how to manage 

2479
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:01,600
well on very little how to 
whether the grandchild 

2480
02:17:01,600 --> 02:17:04,200
remembered what you showed them 
last week about the soil near, 

2481
02:17:04,200 --> 02:17:08,000
the Eastern edge of the plot. 
Street outside is the street, it

2482
02:17:08,000 --> 02:17:10,600
has always been different people
moving through it. 

2483
02:17:10,600 --> 02:17:13,600
Now, many of them, born after 
you were already in ways, you 

2484
02:17:13,600 --> 02:17:17,799
did not recognize at the time. 
The fishmongers stall is tended 

2485
02:17:17,799 --> 02:17:21,000
by someone younger than the 
person who tended it, when you 

2486
02:17:21,000 --> 02:17:22,700
were bringing your own children 
to the market. 

2487
02:17:23,600 --> 02:17:26,600
The voices through the walls at 
night are different voices. 

2488
02:17:26,600 --> 02:17:30,100
The arguments different 
arguments that the tone of them 

2489
02:17:30,100 --> 02:17:33,400
is the same tone tired, and 
practical and occasionally 

2490
02:17:33,400 --> 02:17:35,600
lifted by something genuinely 
funny. 

2491
02:17:35,600 --> 02:17:39,299
But comes through the mud brick 
as a sound, rather than a word 

2492
02:17:40,500 --> 02:17:42,900
You have watched this street 
from this doorway for longer 

2493
02:17:42,900 --> 02:17:45,299
than most of the people 
currently moving through it have

2494
02:17:45,299 --> 02:17:48,100
been alive. 
The street will keep moving 

2495
02:17:48,100 --> 02:17:51,299
after you've stopped watching 
it, the lamp will be lit, and 

2496
02:17:51,299 --> 02:17:53,600
the loom will start. 
And the pithos will be checked 

2497
02:17:53,600 --> 02:17:57,299
and The Barley will be ground 
Before Dawn by hands that are 

2498
02:17:57,299 --> 02:17:59,700
not yours anymore. 
And the household will go 

2499
02:17:59,700 --> 02:18:03,600
forward the way households go 
forward by the same daily acts 

2500
02:18:03,600 --> 02:18:06,600
repeated by different people in 
the same small rooms. 

2501
02:18:07,299 --> 02:18:09,000
The afternoon sun is on the 
doorway. 

2502
02:18:09,000 --> 02:18:12,700
Now it reaches the threshold in 
a particular way at this hour 

2503
02:18:12,700 --> 02:18:15,600
low enough to come under the 
overhang and fall Across The 

2504
02:18:15,600 --> 02:18:19,500
Pact of the floor just inside 
the door, a warm rectangle of 

2505
02:18:19,508 --> 02:18:23,000
light, that moves slowly across 
the afternoon and that you have 

2506
02:18:23,000 --> 02:18:27,299
watched move across a thousand 
afternoon's without ever finding

2507
02:18:27,299 --> 02:18:28,500
it. 
Less worth watching. 

2508
02:18:29,299 --> 02:18:31,700
In it. 
Not doing it. 

2509
02:18:32,799 --> 02:18:35,900
The work that needed doing today
has been done or has been left 

2510
02:18:35,900 --> 02:18:39,100
and either way the afternoon has
arrived at the hour when it asks

2511
02:18:39,100 --> 02:18:42,299
nothing of you and you have 
arrived at the age when the hour

2512
02:18:42,299 --> 02:18:44,500
that asks nothing of you as not 
a gap in the day. 

2513
02:18:44,500 --> 02:18:48,500
But the thing itself, It's 
streak goes by a woman with a 

2514
02:18:48,508 --> 02:18:50,900
water jar. 
Walking with the careful upright

2515
02:18:50,900 --> 02:18:53,500
posture of someone who has done 
this 10,000 times. 

2516
02:18:54,500 --> 02:18:57,299
Two men, talking with the 
unhurried quality of people who 

2517
02:18:57,299 --> 02:19:00,299
are not in a hurry. 
Child running for the specific 

2518
02:19:00,299 --> 02:19:03,200
purposeful speed of someone 
carrying a message somewhere. 

2519
02:19:04,100 --> 02:19:07,799
The city in its ordinary motion,
neither hurrying or pouring 

2520
02:19:07,799 --> 02:19:11,000
neither noticing you nor 
requiring you to notice it. 

2521
02:19:12,000 --> 02:19:15,600
He's here to understood this. 
Not the doorway, not your 

2522
02:19:15,600 --> 02:19:18,799
particular doorway but the shape
of the life that leads to it. 

2523
02:19:19,700 --> 02:19:22,799
the labor and the Harvest and 
the thin years and the festival 

2524
02:19:22,799 --> 02:19:26,200
days and the jar checked in 
February and the knee that 

2525
02:19:26,200 --> 02:19:29,600
predicts rain all of it, adding 
up to this. 

2526
02:19:29,600 --> 02:19:34,600
And after noon, in a doorway, 
the Sun moving slowly Across the

2527
02:19:34,600 --> 02:19:39,900
Threshold, the streak going by 
the day, asking nothing more. 

2528
02:19:40,700 --> 02:19:45,299
Your eyes are heavy, the sun is 
warm, the streak continues, its 

2529
02:19:45,299 --> 02:19:49,800
motion and you watch it. 
And the watching is enough and 

2530
02:19:49,800 --> 02:19:54,200
the day is nearly done and there
is no way left to be rest. 

2531
02:19:54,200 --> 02:19:58,300
Now, my tired dumpling's, you 
have worked a very long time and

2532
02:19:58,300 --> 02:20:00,100
the doorway will still be there 
when you wait. 

2533
02:20:04,800 --> 02:20:08,700
Pickering in the early 1500s and
try to forget everything you 

2534
02:20:08,700 --> 02:20:12,200
think you know about it, this 
isn't the England of Empire and 

2535
02:20:12,200 --> 02:20:15,100
Industry of T and parliamentary 
democracy. 

2536
02:20:15,900 --> 02:20:19,200
This is an island nation, still 
finding its footing still 

2537
02:20:19,200 --> 02:20:20,600
figuring out what it wants to 
be. 

2538
02:20:20,600 --> 02:20:23,700
When it grows up the Morning, 
Light filters, through the small

2539
02:20:23,700 --> 02:20:26,500
thick glass, windows of a Manor 
House in the Cotswolds 

2540
02:20:26,500 --> 02:20:30,000
Illuminating dust that dance in 
the cold air. 

2541
02:20:30,800 --> 02:20:34,300
You can smell the wood smoke 
from cooking fires, mixing with 

2542
02:20:34,300 --> 02:20:36,800
the earthy Ascent of Russia's 
covering the floor. 

2543
02:20:37,500 --> 02:20:40,900
Rushes, that need changing, but 
probably won't be replaced for 

2544
02:20:40,900 --> 02:20:43,700
another week. 
The herb scattered among them 

2545
02:20:43,700 --> 02:20:47,500
lavender, Rosemary and mint 
release their fragrance. 

2546
02:20:47,500 --> 02:20:50,700
When you step on them, a 
medieval attempt at air 

2547
02:20:50,700 --> 02:20:53,000
freshening that works better in 
theory than in practice. 

2548
02:20:53,000 --> 02:20:56,500
England. 
In 1509 is a nation of about 3 

2549
02:20:56,600 --> 02:21:00,200
million Souls, which means it 
has fewer people than modern Los

2550
02:21:00,200 --> 02:21:01,900
Angeles spread across an entire 
country. 

2551
02:21:03,000 --> 02:21:04,700
Most of those Souls live in 
villages. 

2552
02:21:04,700 --> 02:21:07,600
So small you could walk from one
end of the other. 

2553
02:21:07,600 --> 02:21:10,100
In the time it takes to finish 
your morning coffee. 

2554
02:21:11,100 --> 02:21:15,200
The largest city London houses. 
Perhaps 50,000 people crowded 

2555
02:21:15,200 --> 02:21:18,700
along the Thames their Timber 
framed houses leaning into 

2556
02:21:18,700 --> 02:21:20,800
narrow streets. 
Where the upper is nearly 

2557
02:21:20,800 --> 02:21:23,300
touched across the way. 
Blocking out the sky. 

2558
02:21:23,300 --> 02:21:26,100
The Rhythm of Life follows the 
church bells at. 

2559
02:21:26,100 --> 02:21:29,800
Punctuating each day with their 
bronze voices, you wake to the 

2560
02:21:29,800 --> 02:21:33,100
sound of prime. 
The first morning prayer, and 

2561
02:21:33,100 --> 02:21:38,500
move through your day, guide by 
tours, sexed none Vespers, and 

2562
02:21:38,500 --> 02:21:41,200
finally compliment as Darkness 
Falls. 

2563
02:21:42,200 --> 02:21:43,800
The bells aren't just 
timekeepers. 

2564
02:21:43,800 --> 02:21:46,800
They're the heartbeat of a 
society where the church isn't 

2565
02:21:46,800 --> 02:21:50,400
separate from daily life. 
But woven into every aspect of 

2566
02:21:50,400 --> 02:21:54,600
it, like threads in the very 
fabric you wear and what fabric 

2567
02:21:54,600 --> 02:21:56,900
it is. 
If you're wealthy enough you 

2568
02:21:56,900 --> 02:22:00,400
might own Woolen cloth in deep 
Reds or Blues colors that cost 

2569
02:22:00,400 --> 02:22:02,300
more than a labor earns in 
months. 

2570
02:22:03,700 --> 02:22:06,700
The wool itself. 
Tells a story England's economy 

2571
02:22:06,700 --> 02:22:10,000
runs on sheep. 
Those Placid creatures grazing 

2572
02:22:10,000 --> 02:22:13,300
on every available Hillside 
their fleece, transformed in 

2573
02:22:13,300 --> 02:22:15,100
workshops and sold across 
Europe. 

2574
02:22:16,000 --> 02:22:18,600
When you wear wool in Tudor 
England, you're wearing the 

2575
02:22:18,600 --> 02:22:22,900
nation's primary export, its 
economic engine, and its claim 

2576
02:22:22,900 --> 02:22:26,300
to International relevance, the 
Catholic Church dominates the 

2577
02:22:26,300 --> 02:22:28,100
landscape, both literally and 
figuratively. 

2578
02:22:29,100 --> 02:22:33,000
Parish churches, anchor every 
Community, their Stone Towers 

2579
02:22:33,000 --> 02:22:36,200
Rising above, thatched Cottages 
like parents watching over 

2580
02:22:36,200 --> 02:22:39,400
children. 
Monasteries and Abby's dot the 

2581
02:22:39,400 --> 02:22:42,200
countryside. 
There are nearly 900 religious 

2582
02:22:42,200 --> 02:22:46,400
houses in England home to 
perhaps 10,000 monks nuns and 

2583
02:22:46,400 --> 02:22:48,700
fryers. 
These aren't just places of 

2584
02:22:48,700 --> 02:22:53,000
prayer, their hospitals, schools
hostels for travelers and 

2585
02:22:53,000 --> 02:22:55,200
landlords controlling, vast 
Estates. 

2586
02:22:55,800 --> 02:22:58,600
The Abbot Glastonbury owns land 
in several counties. 

2587
02:22:58,600 --> 02:23:02,400
The monastery at Westminster 
practically is a small town unto

2588
02:23:02,400 --> 02:23:04,300
itself. 
Your relationship with the 

2589
02:23:04,308 --> 02:23:06,300
church is an optional or 
occasional. 

2590
02:23:06,300 --> 02:23:10,400
It's as fundamental as 
breathing, you're born into it, 

2591
02:23:10,400 --> 02:23:13,800
literally with baptism, washing 
Away, original sin within days 

2592
02:23:13,800 --> 02:23:16,000
of birth. 
You marry in it? 

2593
02:23:16,800 --> 02:23:19,800
The priest blessing transforming
a private arrangement in to a 

2594
02:23:19,808 --> 02:23:23,900
public sacrament. 
You'll die in it, receiving last

2595
02:23:23,900 --> 02:23:28,400
rites that determine your souls 
to destination in between you 

2596
02:23:28,400 --> 02:23:32,000
attend Mass regularly confess 
your sins to a priest. 

2597
02:23:32,000 --> 02:23:33,500
Who knows all your neighbor's 
business too. 

2598
02:23:33,500 --> 02:23:38,600
Pay your tithes observe the fast
days and purchase Indulgence is 

2599
02:23:38,600 --> 02:23:42,600
to reduce time in purgatory. 
The Pope in Rome that distant 

2600
02:23:42,600 --> 02:23:46,000
figure in his Vatican Palace 
holds more practical power over 

2601
02:23:46,000 --> 02:23:47,800
English daily life than you 
might imagine. 

2602
02:23:47,800 --> 02:23:51,100
He can, annul. 
Marriage is the Jitter mized 

2603
02:23:51,100 --> 02:23:54,300
children and grants special, 
dispensation for everything from

2604
02:23:54,300 --> 02:23:56,700
eating meat on Friday, to 
marrying your cousin. 

2605
02:23:57,500 --> 02:24:00,000
He appoints Bishops, who become 
major political figures. 

2606
02:24:00,000 --> 02:24:04,600
He can excommunicate anyone from
King to Peasant, which in this 

2607
02:24:04,600 --> 02:24:08,400
society means cutting them off 
from all social connection and 

2608
02:24:08,400 --> 02:24:12,200
condemning this soul to hell. 
It's a threat that carries real 

2609
02:24:12,200 --> 02:24:13,800
weight. 
When every one, you know, 

2610
02:24:13,800 --> 02:24:18,700
believes it absolutely but there
are grumbles in the taverns 

2611
02:24:18,700 --> 02:24:22,400
those dims smoke-filled rooms 
where ale flows and inhibitions 

2612
02:24:22,400 --> 02:24:25,000
loosen. 
You might hear men complain 

2613
02:24:25,000 --> 02:24:27,800
about how much land the church 
owns while paying no taxes. 

2614
02:24:27,800 --> 02:24:30,800
You might hear Merchants 
frustrated by religious 

2615
02:24:30,800 --> 02:24:32,600
restrictions on business 
practices. 

2616
02:24:33,600 --> 02:24:36,600
You might even hear whispers 
about church corruption though. 

2617
02:24:36,600 --> 02:24:39,600
No one speaks too loudly because
heresy is a burning offense. 

2618
02:24:39,600 --> 02:24:42,800
Literally, the political 
landscape is equally complex. 

2619
02:24:42,800 --> 02:24:46,100
England Has a King. 
Henry, the seventh, who won his 

2620
02:24:46,108 --> 02:24:48,400
crown by killing the previous 
King on a battlefield. 

2621
02:24:48,400 --> 02:24:51,800
New spent his Reign 
consolidating power and filling 

2622
02:24:51,800 --> 02:24:54,900
the treasury. 
Parliament exists, but it meets 

2623
02:24:54,900 --> 02:24:56,600
a regularly when the king needs 
money. 

2624
02:24:57,600 --> 02:25:00,800
Local Administration happens 
through a patchwork of nobles 

2625
02:25:00,800 --> 02:25:05,500
Bishops sheriffs and Justice of 
the Peace A system that works 

2626
02:25:05,500 --> 02:25:08,700
mostly because everyone's known 
everyone else's families for 

2627
02:25:08,700 --> 02:25:11,200
Generations. 
England's place in The Wider. 

2628
02:25:11,200 --> 02:25:14,700
European world is complicated. 
It's not quite the Backwater. 

2629
02:25:14,700 --> 02:25:16,500
Some Continental Scholars 
dismiss. 

2630
02:25:17,400 --> 02:25:21,000
It's not a major power either. 
Spain and France are the real 

2631
02:25:21,008 --> 02:25:24,600
players with their larger 
population, stronger economies, 

2632
02:25:24,600 --> 02:25:28,300
and more assertive. 
King's the Holy Roman Empire 

2633
02:25:28,300 --> 02:25:32,000
sprawls across Central Europe. 
A complicated Patchwork that 

2634
02:25:32,000 --> 02:25:33,900
makes England administrative 
system. 

2635
02:25:33,900 --> 02:25:38,000
Look elegantly simple. 
The Italian city-states control 

2636
02:25:38,000 --> 02:25:42,600
trade and banking. 
England England makes good wool 

2637
02:25:42,600 --> 02:25:44,600
and occasionally causes trouble 
when its Kings. 

2638
02:25:44,600 --> 02:25:47,200
Remember they technically 
claimed the French throne, 

2639
02:25:47,200 --> 02:25:51,300
technology is beginning to stir 
printing, presses are starting 

2640
02:25:51,300 --> 02:25:54,500
to appear the books, remain 
expensive, and most people can't

2641
02:25:54,500 --> 02:25:57,500
read anyway. 
Navigation techniques are 

2642
02:25:57,500 --> 02:26:00,200
improving making longer sea 
voyages possible. 

2643
02:26:01,000 --> 02:26:03,300
Gunpowder is changing Warfare 
though. 

2644
02:26:03,300 --> 02:26:06,500
Knights in armor still write a 
battle as if nothing has changed

2645
02:26:06,500 --> 02:26:09,800
its a world caught between 
medieval traditions and 

2646
02:26:09,800 --> 02:26:13,800
something new, trying to be born
in the England of 1509. 

2647
02:26:13,800 --> 02:26:17,300
No one imagines, the 
transformation coming, the 

2648
02:26:17,300 --> 02:26:20,900
monasteries seemed Eternal, the 
Pope's Authority unquestionable 

2649
02:26:20,900 --> 02:26:24,600
and the rhythm of Catholic life,
as unchanging as the seasons. 

2650
02:26:25,500 --> 02:26:28,000
If you could tell an English 
Village villager, that within 30

2651
02:26:28,000 --> 02:26:31,400
years, their local Abbey would 
be torn down their Latin Mass 

2652
02:26:31,400 --> 02:26:34,600
replaced with English prayer and
their spiritual connection to 

2653
02:26:34,600 --> 02:26:38,500
Rome severed forever. 
They would think you mad the 

2654
02:26:38,500 --> 02:26:42,800
changes coming carried, not by 
armies or philosophers by one 

2655
02:26:42,800 --> 02:26:44,900
young man's desperate desire for
something. 

2656
02:26:44,900 --> 02:26:48,900
He cannot have a legitimate son 
on an April day. 

2657
02:26:48,900 --> 02:26:53,000
In 1509 17 year old Prince Henry
became King Henry the 8th. 

2658
02:26:53,800 --> 02:26:56,200
In england, got a ruler who 
looked like he'd been ordered 

2659
02:26:56,200 --> 02:26:59,500
from a royal catalog featuring 
only the most impressive 

2660
02:26:59,500 --> 02:27:03,900
specifications. picture him at 
his coronation, six feet, two 

2661
02:27:03,900 --> 02:27:07,108
inches tall in an era, when most
men, barely reached 5 and a half

2662
02:27:07,116 --> 02:27:10,800
feet Shoulders broad enough to 
fill out the elaborate doublets.

2663
02:27:10,800 --> 02:27:15,100
He favors legs muscular from 
years of hunting and jousting. 

2664
02:27:15,800 --> 02:27:18,800
His hair catches, the light 
through Westminster Abbey 

2665
02:27:18,800 --> 02:27:22,300
stained glass reddish gold, 
Warren long enough to curl at 

2666
02:27:22,300 --> 02:27:25,100
his neck. 
His face hasn't yet acquired. 

2667
02:27:25,100 --> 02:27:27,100
The Jolie heaviness of his later
years. 

2668
02:27:27,100 --> 02:27:31,900
Instead, it's all Youth and 
confidence with blue eyes that 

2669
02:27:31,900 --> 02:27:35,200
sparkle, when his pleased and 
turned cold, when he's not Henry

2670
02:27:35,200 --> 02:27:37,800
moves through his coronation 
ceremony with the grace of 

2671
02:27:37,800 --> 02:27:39,600
someone who has been preparing 
for this moment. 

2672
02:27:39,600 --> 02:27:42,600
His entire life, which isn't 
quite accurate. 

2673
02:27:43,400 --> 02:27:47,200
He was actually the spare are 
the insurance policy while. 

2674
02:27:47,200 --> 02:27:49,300
His older brother Arthur was 
groomed for King ship. 

2675
02:27:50,100 --> 02:27:54,800
But Arthur died at 15 7 years. 
Early leaving Henry to inherit, 

2676
02:27:54,800 --> 02:27:59,200
not just a crowd but also as 
Widow Catherine of Aragon, the 

2677
02:27:59,200 --> 02:28:02,300
young king is what we might call
a renaissance, man, though that 

2678
02:28:02,300 --> 02:28:05,500
term won't be coined for 
centuries. speaks Latin, 

2679
02:28:05,500 --> 02:28:09,700
fluently reads, French knows 
enough, Spanish to charm his 

2680
02:28:09,700 --> 02:28:13,000
wife and his learning Italian 
because educated people should 

2681
02:28:13,000 --> 02:28:18,000
know Italian He writes poetry 
not particularly good poetry but

2682
02:28:18,000 --> 02:28:22,000
enthusiastic poetry that scans 
properly and occasionally hits 

2683
02:28:22,000 --> 02:28:26,000
on a decent metaphor. 
He composes music playing the 

2684
02:28:26,000 --> 02:28:29,700
lute virginals and recorder with
genuine skill. 

2685
02:28:30,700 --> 02:28:34,500
His song Pastime with good 
company will still be performed 

2686
02:28:34,500 --> 02:28:37,800
500 years later though. 
Mostly by people who enjoys 

2687
02:28:37,800 --> 02:28:41,500
singing in Period costume Henry 
jousts with the aggressive 

2688
02:28:41,500 --> 02:28:45,500
confidence of someone who's very
good at sports and knows it He 

2689
02:28:45,500 --> 02:28:49,100
hunts almost obsessively 
sometimes riding for 8:10 hours 

2690
02:28:49,100 --> 02:28:52,800
straight, wearing out horses and
companions with equal ease. 

2691
02:28:52,800 --> 02:28:56,200
He dances with the kind of vigor
that makes watching him 

2692
02:28:56,200 --> 02:28:59,200
exhausting at his coronation 
celebration. 

2693
02:28:59,200 --> 02:29:01,800
He reportedly went through, 
malt, multiple partners because 

2694
02:29:01,800 --> 02:29:04,800
he kept wearing them out. 
Henry's, most impressive feature

2695
02:29:04,800 --> 02:29:08,600
might be his mind. 
He's genuinely intelligent with 

2696
02:29:08,600 --> 02:29:10,800
that particular, kind of 
intelligence, that loves 

2697
02:29:10,800 --> 02:29:13,100
learning new things, and showing
off that knowledge. 

2698
02:29:13,800 --> 02:29:17,400
He can debate theology with 
Scholars, discussed tactics with

2699
02:29:17,400 --> 02:29:20,500
military commanders and hold 
forth on everything from 

2700
02:29:20,500 --> 02:29:24,400
architecture to astronomy. 
He's also convinced he's right 

2701
02:29:24,400 --> 02:29:27,600
about everything which will 
become more problematic as the 

2702
02:29:27,600 --> 02:29:29,800
ages. 
But at 17 just seems like 

2703
02:29:29,808 --> 02:29:34,600
confidence his father left him a
full treasury unprecedented for 

2704
02:29:34,600 --> 02:29:38,000
an English king and young Henry 
approaches spending this money 

2705
02:29:38,000 --> 02:29:40,600
with the enthusiasm of someone 
who's just discovered their 

2706
02:29:40,600 --> 02:29:42,900
parents credit card has no 
limit. 

2707
02:29:43,800 --> 02:29:47,000
He throws tournaments that cost 
more than the annual income for 

2708
02:29:47,000 --> 02:29:50,500
small counties. 
His coronation festivities last 

2709
02:29:50,500 --> 02:29:54,300
for days and include enough food
to feed a small army which is 

2710
02:29:54,300 --> 02:29:56,800
appropriate since he's 
essentially feeding his entire 

2711
02:29:56,800 --> 02:30:01,000
court plus, hundreds of guests. 
The new King's household is a 

2712
02:30:01,000 --> 02:30:04,100
world unto itself. 
A mobile Village of 100s of 

2713
02:30:04,108 --> 02:30:06,900
people who exist solely to 
maintain Royal comfort and 

2714
02:30:06,900 --> 02:30:09,700
dignity. 
There are Gentlemen of the privy

2715
02:30:09,700 --> 02:30:13,100
chamber who helped him dress him
Grooms, who manages extensive 

2716
02:30:13,100 --> 02:30:17,700
wardrobe servers, who bring his 
meals musicians, who provide 

2717
02:30:17,700 --> 02:30:22,000
entertainment chaplains, who 
lead prayers, Physicians, who 

2718
02:30:22,000 --> 02:30:25,700
monitor his health and countless
others, whose jobs have titles, 

2719
02:30:25,700 --> 02:30:29,200
like, Yeoman of the mouth and 
make perfect sense and context. 

2720
02:30:29,200 --> 02:30:32,200
Henry's daily routine would 
exhaust most people. 

2721
02:30:32,200 --> 02:30:36,500
He rises around six or seven 
hearing Mass almost immediately 

2722
02:30:36,500 --> 02:30:39,400
because religious devotion of 
political display conveniently 

2723
02:30:39,400 --> 02:30:44,000
overlap, He conducts business in
the morning, signing documents, 

2724
02:30:44,000 --> 02:30:47,800
receiving ambassadors Consulting
with counselors. 

2725
02:30:48,500 --> 02:30:51,800
But never so much business that 
it interferes with dinner at 10 

2726
02:30:51,800 --> 02:30:55,100
or 11. 
After dinner comes the real Joy 

2727
02:30:55,100 --> 02:31:00,100
of his day. 
Hunting Hawking tennis or 

2728
02:31:00,100 --> 02:31:02,900
jousting? 
Depending on whether and mood. 

2729
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:07,000
Supper arrives around five or 
six followed by entertainment 

2730
02:31:07,000 --> 02:31:12,100
music cards, dice dance, dancing
that can continue until midnight

2731
02:31:12,100 --> 02:31:15,900
his marriage to Catherine of 
Aragon seems initially quite 

2732
02:31:15,900 --> 02:31:20,900
successful. 
In his 23 to Henry 17, which 

2733
02:31:20,900 --> 02:31:23,900
makes her practically an older 
woman in an era where most Royal

2734
02:31:23,900 --> 02:31:27,400
Brides a teenagers. 
She is intelligent educated. 

2735
02:31:27,400 --> 02:31:31,900
Deeply religious genuinely seems
to love her young husband. 

2736
02:31:33,000 --> 02:31:37,300
Henry appears equally devoted 
calling her his true wife and 

2737
02:31:37,300 --> 02:31:41,000
clearly enjoying her company. 
Their Crown together ruled 

2738
02:31:41,000 --> 02:31:45,700
together and seem to share both 
affection and respect Catherine 

2739
02:31:45,700 --> 02:31:49,300
comes from impressive stock. 
She's the daughter of Ferdinand 

2740
02:31:49,300 --> 02:31:52,300
and Isabella of Spain, the 
monarchs who completed the 

2741
02:31:52,300 --> 02:31:55,200
Reconquista and funded 
Columbus's voyage. 

2742
02:31:56,100 --> 02:31:59,500
Her upbringing emphasized, 
education and piety in equal 

2743
02:31:59,500 --> 02:32:02,600
measure. 
She reads Latin speaks multiple 

2744
02:32:02,600 --> 02:32:06,100
languages and understands 
politics with the sophistication

2745
02:32:06,100 --> 02:32:08,900
of someone raised in one of 
Europe's, most powerful courts. 

2746
02:32:09,600 --> 02:32:13,300
She's Not Just decorative. 
She's competent, which Tudor 

2747
02:32:13,300 --> 02:32:14,900
England actually values in its 
Queen. 

2748
02:32:14,900 --> 02:32:18,200
Consorts the court. 
Henry creates around himself is 

2749
02:32:18,200 --> 02:32:20,200
magnificent by English 
standards. 

2750
02:32:20,200 --> 02:32:23,200
The Continental observers 
sometimes find it a bit 

2751
02:32:23,208 --> 02:32:26,400
provincial. 
The Great Hall at any of his 

2752
02:32:26,400 --> 02:32:29,500
palaces fills with courtiers 
wearing their finest clothes. 

2753
02:32:30,300 --> 02:32:33,700
Doublets in Rich Fabrics gowns 
with the elaborate sleeves and 

2754
02:32:33,700 --> 02:32:36,600
hats sporting feathers that cost
small fortunes. 

2755
02:32:37,700 --> 02:32:41,900
The tables grown under roasted 
Meats, pies elaborate sugar 

2756
02:32:41,900 --> 02:32:44,600
sculptures and wine from France 
and Spain. 

2757
02:32:45,500 --> 02:32:48,500
Musicians play from galleries 
while gestures and acrobats 

2758
02:32:48,500 --> 02:32:50,300
provide entertainment between 
courses. 

2759
02:32:50,300 --> 02:32:54,400
But beneath the magnifiscents 
Henry's court is a place of 

2760
02:32:54,400 --> 02:32:58,000
careful calculation. 
Every favor granted creates 

2761
02:32:58,000 --> 02:33:01,200
obligation. 
Every position, filled affects 

2762
02:33:01,200 --> 02:33:04,100
the balance of power between 
competing noble families. 

2763
02:33:04,100 --> 02:33:08,800
Every smile or frown from the 
King can make or break careers. 

2764
02:33:09,700 --> 02:33:12,000
The men and women surrounding 
Henry are playing a complex 

2765
02:33:12,000 --> 02:33:14,900
game, where the rules aren't 
written down, but everyone knows

2766
02:33:14,900 --> 02:33:17,500
them. 
And the penalty for mistakes can

2767
02:33:17,500 --> 02:33:20,200
be severe. 
Henry's approach to kingship in 

2768
02:33:20,200 --> 02:33:23,700
these early years is energetic 
but not particularly focused. 

2769
02:33:23,700 --> 02:33:28,000
He wants to be a great king 
certainly but his understanding 

2770
02:33:28,000 --> 02:33:32,000
of greatness comes partly from 
medieval romance and partly from

2771
02:33:32,000 --> 02:33:35,300
his father's example, great 
Kings, go to war. 

2772
02:33:35,300 --> 02:33:38,300
So Henry will go to war. 
Great kings are learned. 

2773
02:33:38,300 --> 02:33:42,000
So, Henry will be learned, great
kings are Pious, so Henry will 

2774
02:33:42,000 --> 02:33:44,700
be Pious. 
It's King ship as performance 

2775
02:33:44,700 --> 02:33:47,000
and Henry is a natural 
performer. 

2776
02:33:47,000 --> 02:33:51,300
His counselors particularly the 
brilliant Thomas Wolsey who 

2777
02:33:51,300 --> 02:33:54,700
Rises rapidly to become Lord, 
Chancellor and Kartel handle. 

2778
02:33:54,700 --> 02:33:58,600
Most, actual governance. 
Wolves as everything, Henry 

2779
02:33:58,600 --> 02:34:03,300
isn't lowborn detail oriented 
and willing to do the boring 

2780
02:34:03,300 --> 02:34:05,000
administrative work. 
That keeps the kingdom 

2781
02:34:05,000 --> 02:34:09,800
functioning He's also ambitious 
clever and completely devoted to

2782
02:34:09,800 --> 02:34:13,300
managing Henry's Affairs, in 
ways that keep his royal master 

2783
02:34:13,300 --> 02:34:17,300
happy while accumulating power 
for himself, the relationship 

2784
02:34:17,300 --> 02:34:20,400
between Henry and Woolsey works 
because it's satisfies both 

2785
02:34:20,400 --> 02:34:24,300
men's needs. 
Henry gets to play King fighting

2786
02:34:24,300 --> 02:34:27,700
Wars, hosting tournaments 
impressing foreign ambassadors 

2787
02:34:27,700 --> 02:34:32,200
while Woolsey runs the country. 
Woolsey gets wealth power and 

2788
02:34:32,200 --> 02:34:35,600
influence far beyond what his 
butcher's, son background, would

2789
02:34:35,600 --> 02:34:38,700
normally allow It's a 
partnership that will last for 

2790
02:34:38,700 --> 02:34:43,100
two decades and accomplish 
remarkable things, until the 

2791
02:34:43,100 --> 02:34:45,300
moment, it doesn't in these 
early years. 

2792
02:34:45,300 --> 02:34:48,000
Henry, occasionally mentions his
desire for his son. 

2793
02:34:48,800 --> 02:34:51,400
Through him becomes pregnant 
multiple times, but the babies 

2794
02:34:51,400 --> 02:34:53,900
don't survive. 
Stillborn daughter. 

2795
02:34:53,900 --> 02:34:58,400
A son who lives only weeks and 
more heartbreak, this is common 

2796
02:34:58,400 --> 02:35:01,600
in the 16th century. 
When infant mortality claims, at

2797
02:35:01,600 --> 02:35:04,900
least a third of all babies. 
That is particularly significant

2798
02:35:04,900 --> 02:35:06,800
when you're trying to secure a 
dynasty. 

2799
02:35:07,700 --> 02:35:09,800
Still Henry and Catherine a 
young. 

2800
02:35:09,800 --> 02:35:14,200
There's time. 
Everyone says this time Henry's 

2801
02:35:14,200 --> 02:35:16,600
Inland in these early years hums
with optimism. 

2802
02:35:17,600 --> 02:35:19,800
King is Young energetic and 
generous? 

2803
02:35:20,600 --> 02:35:25,200
Treasury is full the walls with 
France, while expensive and not 

2804
02:35:25,200 --> 02:35:28,400
particularly successful. 
At least make England feel 

2805
02:35:28,400 --> 02:35:32,100
important on the European stage.
The monasteries continue their 

2806
02:35:32,100 --> 02:35:35,700
centuries old routines the 
parish churches, anchor their 

2807
02:35:35,700 --> 02:35:39,100
communities, the Pope's 
Authority remains unquestioned, 

2808
02:35:39,100 --> 02:35:43,300
everything seems stable 
permanent and part of a natural 

2809
02:35:43,300 --> 02:35:45,100
order that will continue 
indefinitely. 

2810
02:35:45,100 --> 02:35:49,400
No one yet imagines that this 
golden young king So devoted to 

2811
02:35:49,400 --> 02:35:52,100
his Spanish. 
Catholic wife will become the 

2812
02:35:52,100 --> 02:35:54,200
man who breaks England away from
Rome. 

2813
02:35:54,200 --> 02:35:58,200
No one suspects that his 
desperate desire for a son will 

2814
02:35:58,200 --> 02:36:01,500
reshaping English, religion, 
politics, and daily life. 

2815
02:36:02,300 --> 02:36:06,600
The revolution is coming, but it
approaches quietly disguised as 

2816
02:36:06,600 --> 02:36:10,800
personal frustration rather than
ideological conviction as the 

2817
02:36:10,800 --> 02:36:14,000
1520s on fold. 
You might notice subtle changes 

2818
02:36:14,000 --> 02:36:16,800
and how England's King speaks 
about Authority and Power. 

2819
02:36:17,600 --> 02:36:20,700
It's nothing. 
Dramatic at first, just a young 

2820
02:36:20,700 --> 02:36:23,500
man in his thirties. 
Growing more confident about his

2821
02:36:23,500 --> 02:36:27,000
own judgment and less interested
in deferring to others. 

2822
02:36:27,000 --> 02:36:31,400
Even others, wearing people TRS 
Henry's theological, education 

2823
02:36:31,400 --> 02:36:35,000
is impressive for a king. 
Most monks content themselves 

2824
02:36:35,000 --> 02:36:37,500
with the tending mass and 
letting clergy handle the 

2825
02:36:37,500 --> 02:36:40,200
complicated stuff. 
But Henry, actually reads 

2826
02:36:40,200 --> 02:36:43,500
theology. 
His Library contains volumes by 

2827
02:36:43,500 --> 02:36:48,200
Church fathers like Augustine 
and Jerome medieval Scholars, 

2828
02:36:48,200 --> 02:36:51,100
like Thomas Aquinas and 
contemporary humanists. 

2829
02:36:52,000 --> 02:36:55,200
He doesn't just read them, he 
makes notes in the margins 

2830
02:36:55,200 --> 02:36:58,400
arguing with long-dead 
theologians as if they're 

2831
02:36:58,400 --> 02:36:59,400
sitting across from him at 
dinner. 

2832
02:36:59,400 --> 02:37:03,700
In 1521 Henry writes a book. 
Defending the seven sacraments 

2833
02:37:03,700 --> 02:37:06,300
against Martin Luther's attacks?
Yes. 

2834
02:37:06,300 --> 02:37:10,500
Rights not commissions, not 
takes credit for but actually 

2835
02:37:10,500 --> 02:37:14,200
writes complete with crossed out
sections and revisions that 

2836
02:37:14,200 --> 02:37:16,200
Scholars will examine centuries 
later. 

2837
02:37:17,400 --> 02:37:21,400
A book earns him, the title 
defender of the Pope, Leo X. 

2838
02:37:22,100 --> 02:37:24,400
Which is deliciously ironic 
given what's coming. 

2839
02:37:25,300 --> 02:37:27,600
Henry's genuinely proud of this 
title. 

2840
02:37:27,600 --> 02:37:32,000
Wearing it like a teenager wears
their first bossy letter, but 

2841
02:37:32,000 --> 02:37:33,400
here's what makes Henry 
Dangerous. 

2842
02:37:33,400 --> 02:37:37,700
He's smart enough to understand 
complex, theological arguments, 

2843
02:37:37,700 --> 02:37:41,000
but convinced enough of his own 
righteousness to believe that 

2844
02:37:41,000 --> 02:37:43,600
when he understands something 
differently than traditional 

2845
02:37:43,600 --> 02:37:46,100
interpretation tradition must be
wrong. 

2846
02:37:46,100 --> 02:37:49,600
It's the Dunning Kruger effect 
in a crowd and it's going to 

2847
02:37:49,608 --> 02:37:52,300
reshape a nation. 
The issue of his marriage to 

2848
02:37:52,300 --> 02:37:55,000
Catherine begins, noring at 
Henry like a persistent. 

2849
02:37:55,000 --> 02:37:57,200
Toothache. 
By the mid-15th. 

2850
02:38:08,700 --> 02:38:11,700
Henry starts wondering if 
perhaps his marriage was cursed 

2851
02:38:11,700 --> 02:38:13,800
from the beginning. 
He finds his answer in 

2852
02:38:13,800 --> 02:38:16,800
Leviticus, That Old Testament, 
book of laws that most people 

2853
02:38:16,800 --> 02:38:19,300
skip over. 
Chapter 20. 

2854
02:38:19,300 --> 02:38:22,000
Verse 20:1. 
If a man shall take his 

2855
02:38:22,000 --> 02:38:26,300
brother's wife, it is an unclean
thing, they should be childless.

2856
02:38:27,300 --> 02:38:30,300
Never mind that he has a 
daughter, the Hebrew word Henry 

2857
02:38:30,300 --> 02:38:34,600
decides really means sunless. 
Never mind that the pope granted

2858
02:38:34,600 --> 02:38:37,600
a dispensation specifically 
allowing him to marry his 

2859
02:38:37,600 --> 02:38:40,600
brother's widow. 
Henry's convinced himself that 

2860
02:38:40,600 --> 02:38:43,200
God is punishing him for 
violating Divine Law. 

2861
02:38:43,200 --> 02:38:47,000
This conclusion isn't entirely 
self-serving though it 

2862
02:38:47,000 --> 02:38:50,800
conveniently aligns with his 
desires, Henry genuinely 

2863
02:38:50,800 --> 02:38:53,500
believes in Divine judgment and 
biblical Authority. 

2864
02:38:53,500 --> 02:38:57,300
He also genuinely wants a 
legitimate male heir to prevent 

2865
02:38:57,300 --> 02:38:59,800
the Civil War. 
That could, erupt, if he dies 

2866
02:38:59,800 --> 02:39:03,300
with without one, and he very 
definitely wants to marry and 

2867
02:39:03,300 --> 02:39:06,500
Berlin the dark eyed lady in 
waiting who was captured his 

2868
02:39:06,500 --> 02:39:10,600
attention and refuses, to become
his mistress, and Berlin is not 

2869
02:39:10,600 --> 02:39:12,400
the conventional Beauty, you 
might expect. 

2870
02:39:13,300 --> 02:39:15,200
Contemporary descriptions 
suggests. 

2871
02:39:15,200 --> 02:39:17,100
She's interesting looking rather
than pretty. 

2872
02:39:17,900 --> 02:39:23,200
Long neck dark hair, dark eyes, 
and an extra finger on one hand 

2873
02:39:23,200 --> 02:39:26,800
that she carefully conceals with
long sleeves but she's 

2874
02:39:26,800 --> 02:39:31,100
sophisticated having spent years
at the French Court educated 

2875
02:39:31,100 --> 02:39:34,400
Beyond most women of her time 
and possessed of that quality. 

2876
02:39:34,400 --> 02:39:38,000
That is impossible to Define but
instantly recognizable. 

2877
02:39:38,000 --> 02:39:42,200
She's fascinating more 
importantly and refuses to sleep

2878
02:39:42,200 --> 02:39:45,400
with Henry without marriage. 
Her sister Mary had been the 

2879
02:39:45,408 --> 02:39:48,300
king's mistress and had been 
discarded when he lost interest.

2880
02:39:49,400 --> 02:39:52,300
And has observed this lesson and
drawn conclusions. 

2881
02:39:53,500 --> 02:39:57,900
She'll be queen or nothing. 
Which drives Henry absolutely 

2882
02:39:57,900 --> 02:40:01,300
mad with desire and frustration 
in equal measure, Henry's 

2883
02:40:01,300 --> 02:40:03,500
approached to solving his great 
matter. 

2884
02:40:03,500 --> 02:40:07,300
As the proposed annulment 
becomes known reveals both his 

2885
02:40:07,300 --> 02:40:11,900
intelligent and his limitations.
He deploys theologians to argue 

2886
02:40:11,900 --> 02:40:15,500
his case commission, scholarly 
opinions from universities 

2887
02:40:15,500 --> 02:40:19,300
across Europe, and has his agent
search libraries for presidents.

2888
02:40:19,900 --> 02:40:22,900
He's treating his marriage like 
a legal case to be one through 

2889
02:40:22,900 --> 02:40:27,100
Superior argument and evidence. 
Cardinal Woolsey that brilliant 

2890
02:40:27,100 --> 02:40:31,000
administrator who's managed 
England for years finds himself.

2891
02:40:31,000 --> 02:40:33,700
Tasked with accomplishing 
something nearly impossible. 

2892
02:40:33,700 --> 02:40:37,300
Convincing Pope Clement, the 
seven to a null Henry's. 

2893
02:40:37,300 --> 02:40:39,700
Marriage to Catherine, who 
happens to be the art of 

2894
02:40:39,708 --> 02:40:42,600
Charles, the fifth, the Holy 
Roman Emperor who recently 

2895
02:40:42,600 --> 02:40:46,000
sacked, Rome and has the pope 
essentially, under house arrest.

2896
02:40:46,000 --> 02:40:49,600
It's like asking someone to 
convince their captor to anger 

2897
02:40:49,600 --> 02:40:50,500
their captors. 
Aunt. 

2898
02:40:51,300 --> 02:40:56,900
Woolsey tries everything, 
negotiation persuasion legal 

2899
02:40:56,900 --> 02:41:01,800
arguments, implied threats. 
But it's a chess game with the 

2900
02:41:01,800 --> 02:41:05,100
opposing player controls, most 
of the board, the annulment 

2901
02:41:05,100 --> 02:41:08,700
process drags on for years. 
And during these years, you can 

2902
02:41:08,700 --> 02:41:13,700
feel England beginning to shift.
Subtle at first like the change 

2903
02:41:13,700 --> 02:41:17,100
in air pressure before a storm 
Henri starts, questioning 

2904
02:41:17,100 --> 02:41:19,900
people, Authority and ways that 
would have shocked his youngest 

2905
02:41:19,900 --> 02:41:22,400
self. 
If the pope won't Grant, what 

2906
02:41:22,400 --> 02:41:26,400
Henry knows is just perhaps the 
Pope's Authority isn't as 

2907
02:41:26,400 --> 02:41:29,600
absolute. 
As everyone assumed Protestant 

2908
02:41:29,600 --> 02:41:32,900
ideas have been filtering into 
England like water seeping 

2909
02:41:32,900 --> 02:41:36,200
through cracks in a damn. 
Merchants traveling to the 

2910
02:41:36,208 --> 02:41:38,500
continent. 
Bring back books by Luther and 

2911
02:41:38,500 --> 02:41:42,200
other reformers. 
University Scholars, debate, new

2912
02:41:42,200 --> 02:41:45,900
theological Concepts. 
Someone keeps smuggling English 

2913
02:41:45,900 --> 02:41:48,900
translations of the Bible into 
the country though. 

2914
02:41:48,900 --> 02:41:52,300
Possessing them is heresy. 
These aren't mainstream views, 

2915
02:41:52,300 --> 02:41:56,800
most English people remain 
thoroughly Catholic, but they're

2916
02:41:56,800 --> 02:41:59,100
creating intellectual space for 
questioning traditional 

2917
02:41:59,100 --> 02:42:02,200
Authority. 
Henry's, personal piety remains 

2918
02:42:02,200 --> 02:42:04,700
intense even as he questions, 
papal power. 

2919
02:42:05,500 --> 02:42:09,700
He still hears multiple masses 
Daly, still observes fasts and 

2920
02:42:09,700 --> 02:42:13,100
holy days and still makes 
pilgrimages to important 

2921
02:42:13,100 --> 02:42:15,900
shrines. 
But he is developing a distinct 

2922
02:42:15,900 --> 02:42:20,000
in his mind between the Eternal 
truths of Christianity, and the 

2923
02:42:20,000 --> 02:42:22,400
institutional structures of the 
Catholic Church. 

2924
02:42:23,400 --> 02:42:26,300
If those structures stand 
between him and what, he's 

2925
02:42:26,300 --> 02:42:31,000
convinced God wants, perhaps the
structures needed justement the 

2926
02:42:31,000 --> 02:42:33,700
English clergy finds itself in 
an impossible position. 

2927
02:42:33,700 --> 02:42:37,700
There were Legions to both their
King and their Pope, which works

2928
02:42:37,700 --> 02:42:40,100
fine, until those two 
authorities, want opposite 

2929
02:42:40,100 --> 02:42:43,400
things, Some clergy, 
particularly those who have 

2930
02:42:43,400 --> 02:42:46,700
studied reformed theology, 
starts suggesting that perhaps 

2931
02:42:46,700 --> 02:42:48,700
National churches should govern 
themselves. 

2932
02:42:48,700 --> 02:42:53,200
Others, remain firmly committed 
to people Supremacy, which is 

2933
02:42:53,300 --> 02:42:57,800
brave but increasingly dangerous
Thomas, Kramer a Cambridge 

2934
02:42:57,800 --> 02:43:01,600
scholar with quiet manners, and 
radical ideas, enters Henry, 

2935
02:43:01,600 --> 02:43:05,600
Circle during this period, 
Kramer suggests that instead of 

2936
02:43:05,600 --> 02:43:08,800
asking the pope for permission, 
Henry should simply declare 

2937
02:43:08,800 --> 02:43:10,400
that. 
English religious matters should

2938
02:43:10,400 --> 02:43:13,500
be decided in England. 
It's a revolutionary idea 

2939
02:43:13,500 --> 02:43:16,900
wrapped in reasonable sounding 
language and Henry loves it. 

2940
02:43:17,800 --> 02:43:20,000
Here's someone telling him that 
he's not rebelling against 

2941
02:43:20,000 --> 02:43:23,300
proper Authority, his claiming 
Authority, that was rightfully 

2942
02:43:23,300 --> 02:43:27,600
his all along the break with 
Rome when it comes won't happen 

2943
02:43:27,600 --> 02:43:31,800
in a single dramatic moment. 
Instead it will unfold across 

2944
02:43:31,800 --> 02:43:34,900
several years through a series 
of parliamentary acts and Royal 

2945
02:43:34,900 --> 02:43:38,400
declaration's each one. 
Taking another step away from 

2946
02:43:38,400 --> 02:43:42,000
people Authority, while claiming
to restore a ancient English 

2947
02:43:42,000 --> 02:43:46,000
Liberties its revolution 
discussed as restoration, 

2948
02:43:46,000 --> 02:43:50,400
radical change presented as a 
return to proper order, but 

2949
02:43:50,400 --> 02:43:53,100
before the formal break, you can
feel English society 

2950
02:43:53,100 --> 02:43:57,400
recalibrating conversations in 
taverns, include speculation 

2951
02:43:57,400 --> 02:44:00,800
about the king's marriage. 
Sermons from pulpits begin, 

2952
02:44:00,800 --> 02:44:03,600
carefully exploring questions 
about religious Authority. 

2953
02:44:03,600 --> 02:44:06,600
Nobles calculate which side. 
They should support. 

2954
02:44:07,600 --> 02:44:09,900
Families divided by religious 
conviction. 

2955
02:44:09,900 --> 02:44:12,100
Navigating increasingly awkward 
dinners. 

2956
02:44:12,900 --> 02:44:14,700
The foundations are shifting 
though. 

2957
02:44:14,700 --> 02:44:16,700
The building still looks solid 
from outside. 

2958
02:44:16,700 --> 02:44:20,500
Henry himself becomes more 
unpredictable during these years

2959
02:44:20,500 --> 02:44:23,300
of frustration. 
He's in his 30s now. 

2960
02:44:23,300 --> 02:44:28,300
No longer the golden youth of 
his coronation, his leg injured 

2961
02:44:28,300 --> 02:44:31,600
in a jousting accident, 
troubles, him increasingly His 

2962
02:44:31,600 --> 02:44:34,100
temper always quick. 
Becomes quicker. 

2963
02:44:35,100 --> 02:44:38,100
He's used to getting what he 
wants and the continued 

2964
02:44:38,100 --> 02:44:41,000
resistance to his annulment 
offense in both politically and 

2965
02:44:41,000 --> 02:44:44,700
personally He's the king 
shouldn't that mean something 

2966
02:44:44,700 --> 02:44:48,700
the thing about Henry that makes
him particularly dangerous as a 

2967
02:44:48,700 --> 02:44:52,100
religious revolutionary is that 
he doesn't think of himself as 

2968
02:44:52,100 --> 02:44:55,600
revolutionary. 
In his mind, he's defending 

2969
02:44:55,600 --> 02:44:57,900
proper order against people 
overreach. 

2970
02:44:58,800 --> 02:45:01,900
Claiming rights that English 
kings always possessed but 

2971
02:45:01,900 --> 02:45:05,300
previous generations. 
Fail, to exercise, he's not 

2972
02:45:05,300 --> 02:45:08,400
breaking with Catholic Doctrine.
His breaking with people 

2973
02:45:08,400 --> 02:45:11,800
authority over England which in 
his increasingly firm, 

2974
02:45:11,800 --> 02:45:15,300
conviction are entirely 
different things, the 

2975
02:45:15,300 --> 02:45:17,700
transformation of England's, 
religious life, doesn't happen 

2976
02:45:17,700 --> 02:45:20,900
with trumpets and proclamations 
announcing that everything has 

2977
02:45:20,900 --> 02:45:23,800
changed. 
Instead it arrives. 

2978
02:45:23,800 --> 02:45:29,000
Quietly almost apologetically. 
Skies does administrative reform

2979
02:45:29,000 --> 02:45:32,300
and legal clarification in 1531 
Henry. 

2980
02:45:32,300 --> 02:45:35,100
Has Parliament declared him. 
Supreme head of the Church of 

2981
02:45:35,100 --> 02:45:38,600
England with the careful 
qualifier as far as the law of 

2982
02:45:38,600 --> 02:45:42,200
Christ allows Which is just 
vague enough to let everyone 

2983
02:45:42,200 --> 02:45:43,800
interpret it. 
However, they need to. 

2984
02:45:44,600 --> 02:45:47,100
Clergy who find this 
uncomfortable can focus on the 

2985
02:45:47,100 --> 02:45:49,900
qualifier. 
Reformers can focus on the main 

2986
02:45:49,900 --> 02:45:54,000
Clause Henry can present it to 
simple recognition of existing 

2987
02:45:54,000 --> 02:45:56,600
reality. 
The act of Supremacy in 1534 

2988
02:45:56,600 --> 02:45:59,300
removes the qualifier and makes 
it official. 

2989
02:46:00,100 --> 02:46:02,800
A king not. 
The pope is the Supreme head of 

2990
02:46:02,800 --> 02:46:05,800
the church in England. 
If you're a parish priest, 

2991
02:46:05,800 --> 02:46:08,500
reading this proclamation to 
your congregation, you might 

2992
02:46:08,500 --> 02:46:11,800
notice the awkward silence. 
That follows your prisoners 

2993
02:46:11,800 --> 02:46:13,700
aren't sure how to react 
nothing. 

2994
02:46:13,700 --> 02:46:16,900
Looks different, same church, 
building same vestments. 

2995
02:46:16,900 --> 02:46:21,300
Same Latin Mass but somehow, 
Everything Has Changed Thomas 

2996
02:46:21,300 --> 02:46:23,000
Cromwell, who is become Henry's 
chief. 

2997
02:46:23,000 --> 02:46:26,800
Minister of his fall, approaches
the transformation of England, 

2998
02:46:26,800 --> 02:46:30,900
with the official of a modern 
corporate restructure, Where 

2999
02:46:30,900 --> 02:46:33,500
will he was a cardinal first and
an administrator. 

3000
02:46:33,500 --> 02:46:37,600
Second Cromwell is purely 
practical, a blacksmith's son, 

3001
02:46:37,600 --> 02:46:40,900
who understands that power comes
not from Noble birth or church 

3002
02:46:40,900 --> 02:46:43,300
office. 
But from controlling information

3003
02:46:43,300 --> 02:46:46,600
and process, Cromwell sends 
Commissioners across England. 

3004
02:46:46,600 --> 02:46:49,900
To inventory, Church property a 
process called The Valor 

3005
02:46:49,900 --> 02:46:53,800
ecclesiasticus. 
Imagine teams of men with paper 

3006
02:46:53,800 --> 02:46:57,300
and pens, visiting your local 
Monastery, counting every 

3007
02:46:57,300 --> 02:47:00,300
Candlestick measuring. 
Every acre of land and 

3008
02:47:00,300 --> 02:47:02,800
calculating every pound of 
income. 

3009
02:47:03,700 --> 02:47:07,300
Creating a database of 
ecclesiastical wealth though. 

3010
02:47:07,300 --> 02:47:10,800
Nobody uses that term yet. 
The monks and nuns watch, this 

3011
02:47:10,800 --> 02:47:14,600
inventory process with growing 
unease, sensing that you don't 

3012
02:47:14,600 --> 02:47:16,300
count things. 
This carefully, unless you're 

3013
02:47:16,300 --> 02:47:19,300
planning to take them the 
dissolution of the monasteries 

3014
02:47:19,300 --> 02:47:24,200
begins in 1536 with the smaller 
houses those with annual incomes

3015
02:47:24,200 --> 02:47:27,100
under $200. 
The official justification 

3016
02:47:27,100 --> 02:47:32,100
involves moral failing laziness 
and Corruption though. 

3017
02:47:32,100 --> 02:47:35,300
Most monasteries probably 
function no better or worse than

3018
02:47:35,300 --> 02:47:38,500
they have for centuries. 
The real reason is simpler. 

3019
02:47:38,500 --> 02:47:42,300
Henry needs money. 
Wars with France have depleted, 

3020
02:47:42,300 --> 02:47:45,500
his father's carefully 
accumulated Treasury and 

3021
02:47:45,500 --> 02:47:48,200
hundreds of monasteries 
collectively owned somewhere 

3022
02:47:48,200 --> 02:47:50,400
between a quarter and a third of
England's land. 

3023
02:47:50,400 --> 02:47:54,400
If you're living near a 
monastery in 1536, you watch 

3024
02:47:54,400 --> 02:47:56,900
with mixed feelings. 
As the Commissioners arrived, 

3025
02:47:56,900 --> 02:48:00,200
the monastery provided 
employment for local people, 

3026
02:48:00,200 --> 02:48:04,200
bought supplies from local, 
Merchants operated, a hospital 

3027
02:48:04,200 --> 02:48:08,200
that treated anyone who showed 
up ran a school, where boys, 

3028
02:48:08,200 --> 02:48:11,500
learned to read and write and 
gave food to the poor every 

3029
02:48:11,500 --> 02:48:14,400
week. 
It's also wealthy while paying 

3030
02:48:14,400 --> 02:48:18,600
no taxes holds ancient rites 
that sometimes burden the 

3031
02:48:18,600 --> 02:48:22,300
community and houses monks whose
behavior isn't always a 

3032
02:48:22,300 --> 02:48:25,900
spiritual as their vows suggest.
The dissolution process is 

3033
02:48:25,900 --> 02:48:28,900
surprisingly bureaucratic, 
Commissioners. 

3034
02:48:28,900 --> 02:48:33,600
Inventory, the property pension 
off the monks and nuns and sell 

3035
02:48:33,600 --> 02:48:36,400
the value of items, gold and 
silver plate. 

3036
02:48:36,400 --> 02:48:40,900
LED from the roofs Bells from 
the towers and even the Stone 

3037
02:48:40,900 --> 02:48:44,900
from the buildings themselves. 
Local people sometimes buy 

3038
02:48:44,900 --> 02:48:48,600
chunks of Monastery, to build 
their own houses which means 600

3039
02:48:48,600 --> 02:48:52,200
years later, someone will be 
living in a cottage whose walls 

3040
02:48:52,200 --> 02:48:56,400
include stones that once echoed 
with Gregorian chant the speed 

3041
02:48:56,400 --> 02:49:00,300
of physical transformation is 
darkling a monastery that stood 

3042
02:49:00,300 --> 02:49:03,800
for 400 years can be stripped, 
and partially demolished in 

3043
02:49:03,800 --> 02:49:07,500
months. 
Visit the site year later and 

3044
02:49:07,500 --> 02:49:09,200
you'll find ruins open to the 
sky. 

3045
02:49:09,200 --> 02:49:13,700
Ivy already beginning to reclaim
walls and locals using the old 

3046
02:49:13,700 --> 02:49:17,700
chapter house as a sheep pen. 
The destruction is so complete 

3047
02:49:17,700 --> 02:49:20,300
that people will later assumed 
these ruins must be ancient. 

3048
02:49:21,200 --> 02:49:24,200
Surely nothing so recent could 
look so thoroughly lost 

3049
02:49:24,200 --> 02:49:27,300
transformation. 
Goes deeper than dismantling 

3050
02:49:27,300 --> 02:49:30,200
buildings. 
The dissolution eliminates the 

3051
02:49:30,200 --> 02:49:33,900
entire monastic Network that 
provided Social Services across 

3052
02:49:33,900 --> 02:49:37,100
England. 
Hospitals closed schools 

3053
02:49:37,100 --> 02:49:41,100
disappear regular distribution 
of food, the poor stops. 

3054
02:49:41,800 --> 02:49:45,200
Travelers lose their free. 
Accommodation, monasteries that 

3055
02:49:45,208 --> 02:49:48,000
copied manuscripts and preserved
learning are gone. 

3056
02:49:48,700 --> 02:49:52,200
It's like simultaneously 
shutting down hospitals, hotels 

3057
02:49:52,200 --> 02:49:56,300
schools, libraries and social 
welfare offices across an entire

3058
02:49:56,300 --> 02:49:59,400
nation. 
Some communities resist In 

3059
02:49:59,400 --> 02:50:02,000
northern England, the pilgrimage
of Grace brings together. 

3060
02:50:02,000 --> 02:50:06,600
Thousands of people, not just 
monks but Farmers Merchants and 

3061
02:50:06,600 --> 02:50:10,000
local Nobles demanding 
restoration of the monasteries 

3062
02:50:10,000 --> 02:50:13,100
and the old ways. 
It's the largest popular 

3063
02:50:13,100 --> 02:50:16,600
uprising of Tudor England and 
Henry handles it with his 

3064
02:50:16,600 --> 02:50:19,500
characteristic combination of 
promises and ruthlessness. 

3065
02:50:20,600 --> 02:50:23,500
He makes concession waits for 
the rebels to disperse. 

3066
02:50:23,500 --> 02:50:26,100
Then arrest, the leaders and 
execute them. 

3067
02:50:26,800 --> 02:50:29,100
By the time he's finished nobody
else wants to lead her 

3068
02:50:29,100 --> 02:50:32,700
Rebellion, the larger 
monasteries fall between 1538 

3069
02:50:32,700 --> 02:50:36,100
and 1540. 
Even the great houses like 

3070
02:50:36,100 --> 02:50:39,100
Glastonbury Abbey. 
That once seemed as permanent as

3071
02:50:39,100 --> 02:50:43,000
the hills themselves. 
The dissolution transfers an 

3072
02:50:43,000 --> 02:50:46,700
enormous amount of property into
Royal hands, which Henry 

3073
02:50:46,700 --> 02:50:50,100
immediately begins selling or 
granting to Loyal supporters. 

3074
02:50:50,100 --> 02:50:53,800
It's the largest redistribution 
of property in England since the

3075
02:50:53,800 --> 02:50:57,700
Norman conquest, and it creates 
a class of landowners whose 

3076
02:50:57,700 --> 02:51:00,600
wealth depends on the religious 
changes continuing. 

3077
02:51:01,400 --> 02:51:03,900
You can't go back to the old 
system without dispossessing 

3078
02:51:03,900 --> 02:51:06,600
thousands of newly wealthy 
families who now have strong 

3079
02:51:06,600 --> 02:51:10,300
interests in maintaining the New
Order religious practice itself.

3080
02:51:10,300 --> 02:51:14,100
Changes more gradually, the 
Latin Mass continues in most 

3081
02:51:14,100 --> 02:51:17,700
parishes looking and sounding 
almost identical to what it's 

3082
02:51:17,700 --> 02:51:20,400
always been. 
But small changes appear like 

3083
02:51:20,400 --> 02:51:24,100
cracks and familiar surfaces, 
certain feast days are 

3084
02:51:24,100 --> 02:51:28,300
eliminated shrines to Saints or 
dismantled and their Treasures 

3085
02:51:28,300 --> 02:51:30,400
seized. 
Pilgrimages. 

3086
02:51:30,400 --> 02:51:33,300
Once a standard part of 
religious life are discouraged. 

3087
02:51:34,000 --> 02:51:37,600
The veneration of relics, those 
bits of bone and cloth. 

3088
02:51:37,600 --> 02:51:41,100
Supposedly from Saints is 
criticized as Superstition. 

3089
02:51:41,100 --> 02:51:45,700
English Bibles, begin appearing 
in churches, enormous volume's, 

3090
02:51:45,700 --> 02:51:47,800
chained electrons, so nobody can
steal them. 

3091
02:51:48,600 --> 02:51:51,200
For people who can read, this is
revolutionary. 

3092
02:51:52,000 --> 02:51:54,900
They can now check whether the 
priest Latin sermon actually 

3093
02:51:54,900 --> 02:51:58,500
reflects what the text says. 
For people who can't read, which

3094
02:51:58,500 --> 02:52:01,500
is most people. 
Someone in the community usually

3095
02:52:01,500 --> 02:52:04,400
can and Bible reading become a 
communal activity. 

3096
02:52:04,400 --> 02:52:07,000
As people gather to hear 
scripture in their own language,

3097
02:52:07,000 --> 02:52:11,600
the theological changes are more
subtle Henry insist he's 

3098
02:52:11,600 --> 02:52:14,900
maintained Catholic Doctrine, 
even while rejecting people or 

3099
02:52:14,900 --> 02:52:18,400
authority. 
The six articles of 1539, 

3100
02:52:18,400 --> 02:52:21,200
reaffirm traditional beliefs 
about transubstantiation 

3101
02:52:21,200 --> 02:52:24,700
clerical, celibacy and 
confession. 

3102
02:52:25,700 --> 02:52:27,500
That the door has been open to 
questioning. 

3103
02:52:27,500 --> 02:52:31,200
And once you start questioning 
one form of authority, it 

3104
02:52:31,200 --> 02:52:34,100
becomes harder to insist on 
unquestioning acceptance of 

3105
02:52:34,100 --> 02:52:38,200
others, Thomas cranmer. 
Now, Archbishop of Canterbury 

3106
02:52:38,200 --> 02:52:42,900
begins carefully, cautiously 
pushing England, toward more 

3107
02:52:42,900 --> 02:52:46,200
Protestant positions, He's a 
brilliant politician. 

3108
02:52:46,200 --> 02:52:49,200
Who understands that Henry? 
Won't accept dramatic changes. 

3109
02:52:49,200 --> 02:52:53,600
So he works incrementally a 
modification to the Liturgy 

3110
02:52:53,600 --> 02:52:56,600
here. 
A revised prayer there slowly 

3111
02:52:56,600 --> 02:52:59,600
Shifting the service away from 
medieval Catholic practice 

3112
02:52:59,600 --> 02:53:03,600
towards something more reformed,
the chantries come under 

3113
02:53:03,600 --> 02:53:06,200
scrutiny. 
Next these are endowments for 

3114
02:53:06,200 --> 02:53:09,500
priests to say masses for the 
dead based on the Catholic 

3115
02:53:09,500 --> 02:53:13,400
doctrine of purgatory. wealthy 
people have for centuries left 

3116
02:53:13,400 --> 02:53:16,600
money to pay for prayers, that 
will shorten their time in 

3117
02:53:16,600 --> 02:53:20,700
purgatory's, purifying fires, If
you question Purgatory, 

3118
02:53:20,700 --> 02:53:24,600
existence, these endowments 
become pointless and the 

3119
02:53:24,600 --> 02:53:27,500
property supporting them becomes
available for other purposes, 

3120
02:53:27,500 --> 02:53:29,600
like funding the king's 
government. 

3121
02:53:29,600 --> 02:53:32,900
Daily life ordinary English, 
people become a religiously 

3122
02:53:32,900 --> 02:53:35,700
confusing. 
Your grandparents taught you to 

3123
02:53:35,708 --> 02:53:39,200
pray to Saints, to make 
pilgrimages and to purchase 

3124
02:53:39,200 --> 02:53:43,300
indulgences. the old priest 
emphasized, these practices as 

3125
02:53:43,300 --> 02:53:46,900
essential for salvation, the new
priest says, their Superstition,

3126
02:53:46,900 --> 02:53:50,400
you're supposed to stop 
venerating relics, but continue 

3127
02:53:50,400 --> 02:53:53,900
believing in transubstantiation,
You should read the Bible in 

3128
02:53:53,900 --> 02:53:56,300
English but maintain traditional
liturgy and Latin. 

3129
02:53:56,300 --> 02:53:59,300
It's like trying to follow rules
that keep changing without 

3130
02:53:59,300 --> 02:54:01,200
anyone. 
Quite explaining the new system,

3131
02:54:01,200 --> 02:54:04,400
the destruction of religious art
represents a particularly 

3132
02:54:04,400 --> 02:54:07,600
visible loss. 
Parish churches contained, 

3133
02:54:07,600 --> 02:54:11,700
centuries of accumulated, Beauty
painted walls showing biblical 

3134
02:54:11,700 --> 02:54:15,200
scenes stained glass windows 
depicting Saints. 

3135
02:54:15,200 --> 02:54:20,200
Elaborate wooden screens carved 
by local Craftsmen and statues 

3136
02:54:20,200 --> 02:54:23,500
that children had always known 
commissioner's order. 

3137
02:54:23,500 --> 02:54:27,400
This art destroyed as idolatrous
and people watch as Beauty 

3138
02:54:27,400 --> 02:54:31,400
accumulated over Generations, is
whitewashed smashed or carted 

3139
02:54:31,400 --> 02:54:34,600
away. 
Something about this destruction

3140
02:54:34,600 --> 02:54:37,900
feels wrong even to people who 
support reform must 

3141
02:54:37,900 --> 02:54:39,800
Transformations. 
Require such comprehensive 

3142
02:54:39,800 --> 02:54:43,500
elimination of the past, the 
religious upheaval reshapes, 

3143
02:54:43,500 --> 02:54:47,500
English daily life in ways, both
obvious and subtle Like water, 

3144
02:54:47,500 --> 02:54:50,400
changing course, and cutting new
channels through a familiar 

3145
02:54:50,400 --> 02:54:52,200
landscape. 
Your morning. 

3146
02:54:52,200 --> 02:54:56,600
Still begins with bells but 
fewer Bells than before the 

3147
02:54:56,600 --> 02:54:59,300
monastic hours that once 
punctuated each day with their 

3148
02:54:59,308 --> 02:55:03,000
bronze voices, have fallen 
silent leaving, only Parish 

3149
02:55:03,000 --> 02:55:05,100
church bells to Mark the passing
time. 

3150
02:55:05,100 --> 02:55:08,500
The absence is like, missing 
teeth in a smile. 

3151
02:55:08,500 --> 02:55:12,000
You don't notice until you do 
and then you can't stop 

3152
02:55:12,000 --> 02:55:14,900
noticing. 
The calendar itself has changed.

3153
02:55:15,800 --> 02:55:18,900
Those feast days that once 
dotted the year like raisins in 

3154
02:55:18,900 --> 02:55:22,600
a, putting giving breaks from 
labor and reasons for Community 

3155
02:55:22,600 --> 02:55:25,500
celebration have been 
drastically reduced. 

3156
02:55:26,500 --> 02:55:29,600
The new religious Authority is 
consider many Saints days to be 

3157
02:55:29,600 --> 02:55:33,300
superstitious success, but to 
working people, they were 

3158
02:55:33,300 --> 02:55:35,400
welcome breaks in the grinding 
routine of Labor. 

3159
02:55:36,300 --> 02:55:38,400
Fewer. 
Holy days means more work days 

3160
02:55:38,400 --> 02:55:43,000
which pleases employers but not 
employees, food culture shifts 

3161
02:55:43,000 --> 02:55:46,700
in unexpected ways Catholic 
Church required fasting on 

3162
02:55:46,700 --> 02:55:50,100
Fridays. 
And during Lent, no meat though 

3163
02:55:50,100 --> 02:55:54,000
fish was permitted, this created
a huge market for fish 

3164
02:55:54,000 --> 02:55:57,400
supporting Coastal communities 
and providing nutrition to 

3165
02:55:57,400 --> 02:55:59,300
people who might not otherwise 
afford protein. 

3166
02:56:00,400 --> 02:56:03,700
Protestant idea spread and 
fasting requirements of 

3167
02:56:03,700 --> 02:56:05,200
questions. 
The fish trade suffers 

3168
02:56:05,200 --> 02:56:07,700
Parliament, eventually has to 
pass laws. 

3169
02:56:07,700 --> 02:56:11,600
Requiring fish consumption on 
certain days for purely economic

3170
02:56:11,600 --> 02:56:14,900
reasons, which creates the odd 
situation of enforcing, 

3171
02:56:14,900 --> 02:56:17,300
religious dietary rules for 
commercial purposes. 

3172
02:56:17,300 --> 02:56:21,700
After abandoning them for 
Spiritual reasons, the poor feel

3173
02:56:21,700 --> 02:56:25,500
the dissolution of monasteries 
most acutely. that Weekly 

3174
02:56:25,500 --> 02:56:29,100
distribution of food, from the 
Abbey, is gone hospital that 

3175
02:56:29,100 --> 02:56:33,300
treated anyone who arrived no 
longer exists, The monks Who 

3176
02:56:33,300 --> 02:56:36,500
provided education to clever 
children from poor families of 

3177
02:56:36,500 --> 02:56:39,900
dispersed, The Travelers. 
Accommodation has closed. 

3178
02:56:39,900 --> 02:56:43,800
The result is more people with 
nowhere to turn when times are 

3179
02:56:43,800 --> 02:56:47,700
hard, which in the 16th century 
is frequently parishes. 

3180
02:56:47,700 --> 02:56:50,000
Find themselves responsible for 
poor relief without the 

3181
02:56:50,000 --> 02:56:53,000
resources. 
Monasteries once provided The 

3182
02:56:53,000 --> 02:56:56,200
parish has to care for its own 
poor, which sounds reasonable 

3183
02:56:56,200 --> 02:56:59,600
Until you realize poor people 
can't travel to find work 

3184
02:56:59,600 --> 02:57:02,500
without losing their, Parish 
residents, effectively trapping 

3185
02:57:02,500 --> 02:57:05,800
them in poverty. 
Like deleting the social safety 

3186
02:57:05,800 --> 02:57:08,900
net and replacing it with a 
smaller less effective. 

3187
02:57:08,900 --> 02:57:13,200
Local version while pretending 
you've improved things education

3188
02:57:13,200 --> 02:57:16,700
transforms from religious to 
secular control though. 

3189
02:57:16,700 --> 02:57:19,100
The transition takes decades and
leaves gaps. 

3190
02:57:20,000 --> 02:57:21,700
Monastery, schools have 
vanished. 

3191
02:57:22,500 --> 02:57:26,400
Seadrill schools continue, but 
with different emphasis, grammar

3192
02:57:26,400 --> 02:57:29,700
schools, begin appearing funded 
by Merchants money or wealthy 

3193
02:57:29,700 --> 02:57:31,600
individuals rather than 
religious houses. 

3194
02:57:32,400 --> 02:57:34,400
The education is still heavily 
religious. 

3195
02:57:34,400 --> 02:57:38,500
You can't escape that in Tudor 
England but its purpose shifts 

3196
02:57:38,500 --> 02:57:40,700
from training. 
Clergy to training gentlemen and

3197
02:57:40,700 --> 02:57:42,700
professionals. 
The English language itself 

3198
02:57:42,700 --> 02:57:45,900
begins changing as religious 
vocabulary transforms. 

3199
02:57:46,600 --> 02:57:50,500
Words like priests acquire 
different implications depending

3200
02:57:50,500 --> 02:57:52,100
on whether your Protestant or 
Catholic. 

3201
02:57:53,600 --> 02:57:57,400
Church might mean the building 
the community of Believers or 

3202
02:57:57,400 --> 02:58:01,100
the institutional structure and 
which meaning you intend, says 

3203
02:58:01,100 --> 02:58:02,600
something about your religious 
position. 

3204
02:58:04,300 --> 02:58:07,600
The Bible in English, introduces
Hebrew and Greek Concepts 

3205
02:58:07,600 --> 02:58:11,400
directly into common speech. 
Enriching the language even as 

3206
02:58:11,400 --> 02:58:15,300
religious controversy, divides 
communities, women's roles shift

3207
02:58:15,300 --> 02:58:19,700
in complex ways the dissolution 
of nunnery is eliminates the one

3208
02:58:19,700 --> 02:58:23,200
respectable option for women who
didn't want to marry or whose 

3209
02:58:23,200 --> 02:58:24,900
families could not provide 
dowries. 

3210
02:58:25,800 --> 02:58:29,000
Before the dissolution, an 
educated woman could become a 

3211
02:58:29,000 --> 02:58:32,300
prior arrest or Abby's managing 
substantial property and 

3212
02:58:32,300 --> 02:58:36,900
wielding real Authority. 
After the dissolution that path 

3213
02:58:36,900 --> 02:58:40,400
no longer exists. 
Marriage becomes more thoroughly

3214
02:58:40,400 --> 02:58:42,700
compulsory which isn't 
Liberation. 

3215
02:58:42,700 --> 02:58:46,500
Even if Protestant, theology 
emphasizes companionate marriage

3216
02:58:46,500 --> 02:58:50,100
over Catholic acceptance of 
celibacy architecture begins 

3217
02:58:50,100 --> 02:58:53,900
changing though. 
Gradually new houses built by 

3218
02:58:53,900 --> 02:58:55,700
families who bought Monastery 
lands. 

3219
02:58:55,700 --> 02:58:59,000
Look different from medieval 
Styles more Renaissance, 

3220
02:58:59,000 --> 02:59:03,000
influence more classical 
proportions and larger Windows. 

3221
02:59:03,000 --> 02:59:05,300
Now that clear glass is becoming
more available. 

3222
02:59:06,200 --> 02:59:08,400
The country house is rising on 
former Monastery. 

3223
02:59:08,400 --> 02:59:12,000
Land represent a new class of 
gentry whose comes from Royal 

3224
02:59:12,000 --> 02:59:15,600
favor and land speculation 
rather than ancient inheritance 

3225
02:59:15,600 --> 02:59:18,700
the art of dying changes 
significantly. 

3226
02:59:19,800 --> 02:59:22,200
Catholic traditionally included,
elaborate rituals surrounding 

3227
02:59:22,200 --> 02:59:25,400
death. 
Last rites prayers for the dead 

3228
02:59:25,400 --> 02:59:28,500
and masses purchased to shorten 
time in purgatory. 

3229
02:59:29,600 --> 02:59:32,500
Protestant theology. 
Question's Purgatory is 

3230
02:59:32,500 --> 02:59:35,700
existence which removes the 
urgency around death bed, 

3231
02:59:35,700 --> 02:59:38,500
preparation while also 
eliminating the Comfort. 

3232
02:59:38,500 --> 02:59:42,400
Many people found in believing, 
they could help deceased loved 

3233
02:59:42,400 --> 02:59:45,600
ones through prayer and paid 
masses guilds and 

3234
02:59:45,600 --> 02:59:48,500
confraternities. 
Those medieval organizations 

3235
02:59:48,500 --> 02:59:51,100
that combined Professional 
Organization with religious 

3236
02:59:51,100 --> 02:59:54,500
Brotherhood, find their 
religious functions questioned. 

3237
02:59:55,200 --> 02:59:58,300
The guild still regulates who 
can practice certain trades. 

3238
02:59:58,300 --> 03:00:02,600
But the shared masses, the 
processions on patron, saints 

3239
03:00:02,600 --> 03:00:04,500
days and the religious 
obligations. 

3240
03:00:04,500 --> 03:00:07,400
That bound members together. 
These are increasingly 

3241
03:00:07,400 --> 03:00:12,500
problematic Some guilds adapt. 
Others decline, an urban 

3242
03:00:12,508 --> 03:00:14,400
community. 
Life becomes somehow more 

3243
03:00:14,400 --> 03:00:17,800
commercial and less communal 
publishing explodes. 

3244
03:00:17,800 --> 03:00:21,200
As religious controversy creates
demand for books and pamphlets. 

3245
03:00:21,200 --> 03:00:25,100
Arguing different positions, 
print shops in London, and other

3246
03:00:25,100 --> 03:00:30,000
cities turn out, Bibles prayer, 
books, theological treaties, and

3247
03:00:30,000 --> 03:00:33,400
controversial pamphlets. 
The government tries to control 

3248
03:00:33,400 --> 03:00:36,500
this through licensing and 
censorship, but books are small 

3249
03:00:36,500 --> 03:00:40,300
and smuggling is easy. 
Ideas spread faster than the 

3250
03:00:40,300 --> 03:00:43,000
Authority's can suppress them 
which is both thrilling and 

3251
03:00:43,000 --> 03:00:46,200
frightening depending on which 
ideas you support music in 

3252
03:00:46,200 --> 03:00:49,900
churches, shifts from elaborate 
cliffony sung by trained choirs 

3253
03:00:49,900 --> 03:00:52,900
to simpler hymns. 
The conjugation can actually 

3254
03:00:52,900 --> 03:00:56,400
sing together. 
The Glorious complexity of late 

3255
03:00:56,400 --> 03:00:59,400
medieval church music as being 
replaced by something more 

3256
03:00:59,400 --> 03:01:02,100
participatory but perhaps less 
transcended. 

3257
03:01:03,100 --> 03:01:06,100
If you love that soaring 
polyphony, this feels like loss.

3258
03:01:06,800 --> 03:01:09,600
If you always felt excluded by 
Latin hymns, you couldn't 

3259
03:01:09,600 --> 03:01:11,300
understand sung by 
professionals. 

3260
03:01:11,300 --> 03:01:15,200
You couldn't match the change. 
Feels like finally being invited

3261
03:01:15,200 --> 03:01:18,200
to participate. 
The rhythm of the weak changes 

3262
03:01:18,200 --> 03:01:22,300
as Sunday becomes more strictly 
observed Protest in emphasis on 

3263
03:01:22,308 --> 03:01:25,500
Sabbath, rest means fewer of the
entertainments that once 

3264
03:01:25,500 --> 03:01:30,100
accompanied holy days. 
No dancing, no plays, and no 

3265
03:01:30,100 --> 03:01:32,200
excessive Mary Making on the 
Lord's Day. 

3266
03:01:33,200 --> 03:01:38,200
This creates peculiarly English 
Sunday, quiet sober and boring 

3267
03:01:38,200 --> 03:01:41,000
to Children, then. 
And now, but also theoretically 

3268
03:01:41,000 --> 03:01:44,600
a day of rest that even servants
and apprentices should receive 

3269
03:01:44,600 --> 03:01:47,400
legal changes, Ripple, through 
daily life. 

3270
03:01:48,100 --> 03:01:50,200
Church courts. 
Which once handled cases 

3271
03:01:50,200 --> 03:01:54,600
involving morality married wills
and deformation lose your 

3272
03:01:54,600 --> 03:01:58,700
restrictions to secular courts. 
This sounds technical Until you 

3273
03:01:58,700 --> 03:02:02,100
realize it affects where you go,
if your neighbor's land as you 

3274
03:02:02,100 --> 03:02:05,800
how you can test a will or how 
you prove your marriage is 

3275
03:02:05,800 --> 03:02:08,300
valid. 
The Familiar systems, people 

3276
03:02:08,300 --> 03:02:11,500
relied on for Generations are 
being replaced with new 

3277
03:02:11,500 --> 03:02:15,200
structures that work differently
and required different expertise

3278
03:02:15,200 --> 03:02:18,800
Market Days. 
Continuous always the need to 

3279
03:02:18,808 --> 03:02:23,000
buy himself predicts any 
religious controversy Character 

3280
03:02:23,000 --> 03:02:24,200
of markets. 
Shifts. 

3281
03:02:24,200 --> 03:02:27,600
Subtly Fewer. 
Religious festivals means fewer.

3282
03:02:27,600 --> 03:02:30,900
Special Market Days. 
The dissolution of monasteries 

3283
03:02:30,900 --> 03:02:34,600
eliminates major institutional 
buyers of agricultural products.

3284
03:02:35,900 --> 03:02:39,000
former Monastery land being 
converted to sheep pasture by 

3285
03:02:39,008 --> 03:02:43,400
new owners changes, what's being
produced The Invisible Hand of 

3286
03:02:43,400 --> 03:02:46,800
the market is adjusting to 
religious upheaval in ways 

3287
03:02:46,800 --> 03:02:49,300
economists won't theorize about 
for centuries. 

3288
03:02:49,300 --> 03:02:53,700
Travel becomes simultaneously 
easier and harder easier because

3289
03:02:53,700 --> 03:02:55,900
you no longer have to 
coordinate, pilgrimages around 

3290
03:02:55,900 --> 03:02:58,600
the religious, calendar, or 
obtained permissions from 

3291
03:02:58,600 --> 03:03:02,200
church, authorities harder. 
Because the network of monastic,

3292
03:03:02,200 --> 03:03:05,800
guest houses as vanished leaving
Travelers dependent on 

3293
03:03:05,800 --> 03:03:09,600
Commercial ins, that cost money.
The highways are more crowded 

3294
03:03:09,600 --> 03:03:12,400
with people seeking work. 
After losing positions in 

3295
03:03:12,400 --> 03:03:16,000
dissolved religious houses, 
which makes roads both busier 

3296
03:03:16,000 --> 03:03:19,100
and potentially more dangerous 
Family Life. 

3297
03:03:19,100 --> 03:03:23,100
Absorbs, these changes like a 
sponge absorbs water, gradually 

3298
03:03:23,100 --> 03:03:25,400
pervasively, changing texture in
the process. 

3299
03:03:26,300 --> 03:03:28,200
Parents who grew up in 
Thoroughly Catholic? 

3300
03:03:28,200 --> 03:03:29,900
England must raise children in 
this. 

3301
03:03:29,900 --> 03:03:32,200
New confused religious 
landscape. 

3302
03:03:33,000 --> 03:03:35,600
Do you teach your daughter to 
pray to the Virgin Mary, as you 

3303
03:03:35,608 --> 03:03:39,300
were taught or is that now? 
A dangerous Superstition, do you

3304
03:03:39,308 --> 03:03:42,700
tell your son about purgatory or
is that been definitively 

3305
03:03:42,700 --> 03:03:45,300
rejected? 
The answers depend on which 

3306
03:03:45,300 --> 03:03:48,600
priest is currently preaching, 
which faction is currently 

3307
03:03:48,600 --> 03:03:51,200
dominant and how willing you are
to risk? 

3308
03:03:51,200 --> 03:03:53,100
Being labeled either heretic or 
papers. 

3309
03:03:53,100 --> 03:03:56,200
The English language of a 
religion is creating unexpected 

3310
03:03:56,200 --> 03:03:59,400
intimacy with scripture. 
When you hear the Bible in 

3311
03:03:59,400 --> 03:04:02,400
Latin, it sounds sacred 
mysterious and authoritative 

3312
03:04:02,400 --> 03:04:06,900
when you hear it in English, it 
sometimes sounds strange or even

3313
03:04:06,900 --> 03:04:10,000
shocking. 
The Song of Solomon is quite 

3314
03:04:10,000 --> 03:04:11,800
explicit. 
Once you understand it? 

3315
03:04:12,500 --> 03:04:15,400
The prophets complaints about, 
Israel's unfaithfulness use 

3316
03:04:15,400 --> 03:04:18,100
metaphors that make sense. 
But aren't exactly polite dinner

3317
03:04:18,100 --> 03:04:22,600
conversation, Suddenly scripture
as both more accessible and more

3318
03:04:22,600 --> 03:04:26,300
difficult to explain to Children
neighborliness grows complicated

3319
03:04:26,300 --> 03:04:29,300
as religious divisions. 
Cut through communities, your 

3320
03:04:29,300 --> 03:04:31,300
neighbor with whom you've lived 
peaceful for years. 

3321
03:04:31,300 --> 03:04:34,400
Turns out to hold different 
views about trans of stanchion, 

3322
03:04:34,400 --> 03:04:37,400
which shouldn't matter accepting
does. 

3323
03:04:38,300 --> 03:04:40,900
Do you associate with known 
Catholics at risk of being 

3324
03:04:40,900 --> 03:04:44,200
suspect yourself? 
Do you shun reformers even 

3325
03:04:44,200 --> 03:04:45,400
though you've known them since 
childhood? 

3326
03:04:46,500 --> 03:04:48,100
These aren't theoretical 
questions. 

3327
03:04:48,100 --> 03:04:51,700
They are the stuff of daily 
social navigation, in a time 

3328
03:04:51,700 --> 03:04:55,600
when religious positions, carry 
political consequences clothes, 

3329
03:04:55,600 --> 03:04:58,800
don't change dramatically, but 
they become markers of religious

3330
03:04:58,800 --> 03:05:03,000
affiliation in subtle ways. 
Sober colors and simple Cuts, 

3331
03:05:03,000 --> 03:05:06,800
suggest Protestant sympathies 
while elaborate decoration might

3332
03:05:06,800 --> 03:05:09,100
indicate. 
Catholic, leanings though, these

3333
03:05:09,100 --> 03:05:13,100
associations are fluid and 
unreliable looking to Catholic 

3334
03:05:13,100 --> 03:05:16,000
can be dangerous but looking to 
Protestant, can also attract 

3335
03:05:16,000 --> 03:05:19,300
negative attention. 
Fashion becomes a negotiation 

3336
03:05:19,300 --> 03:05:23,300
between personal preference and 
political Prudence entertainment

3337
03:05:23,300 --> 03:05:25,400
adapts to the new religious 
landscape. 

3338
03:05:26,200 --> 03:05:29,400
The mystery plays that once 
dramatized biblical stories, 

3339
03:05:29,400 --> 03:05:32,100
during religious festivals are 
increasingly problematic. 

3340
03:05:33,200 --> 03:05:37,000
Their religious instruction, but
also performance Catholic in 

3341
03:05:37,000 --> 03:05:40,100
origin, but popular with 
everyone traditional but 

3342
03:05:40,100 --> 03:05:43,400
potentially heretical depending 
on current theological position.

3343
03:05:44,500 --> 03:05:48,800
Some continue with modification 
others disappear leaving gaps 

3344
03:05:48,800 --> 03:05:52,300
and community life that nothing 
quite replaces furniture and 

3345
03:05:52,300 --> 03:05:56,000
homes gradually changes as 
Protestant theology emphasizes 

3346
03:05:56,000 --> 03:05:59,600
word over image. 
That small altar in the corner 

3347
03:05:59,600 --> 03:06:01,800
where your grandmother kept 
candles and a picture of the 

3348
03:06:01,800 --> 03:06:05,100
Virgin becomes awkward. 
Do you remove it and risk, 

3349
03:06:05,100 --> 03:06:08,600
offending older, family members 
or keep it and risk visits from 

3350
03:06:08,600 --> 03:06:10,700
officials checking for Catholic 
sympathies. 

3351
03:06:11,500 --> 03:06:15,500
Many families compromise. 
The altar is quietly dismantled,

3352
03:06:15,500 --> 03:06:20,300
but the picture is kept in a 
draw just in case the pub that 

3353
03:06:20,300 --> 03:06:23,200
is Central English. 
Institution becomes more 

3354
03:06:23,200 --> 03:06:26,000
important as Church, centered 
Community Life diminishes. 

3355
03:06:26,000 --> 03:06:29,800
When holy days, no longer 
provide regular Community, 

3356
03:06:29,800 --> 03:06:34,400
Gatherings people need other 
places to meet talk and maintain

3357
03:06:34,400 --> 03:06:37,800
social bonds. 
The Ale House serves this 

3358
03:06:37,800 --> 03:06:41,400
function, the religious 
authorities frequently, complain

3359
03:06:41,400 --> 03:06:45,100
about how much time people spend
drinking, instead of attending 

3360
03:06:45,100 --> 03:06:48,900
services or reading scripture 
children growing up in this era 

3361
03:06:48,900 --> 03:06:51,500
of transformation experience, a 
different England than their 

3362
03:06:51,500 --> 03:06:54,200
parents knew. 
They learn English prayers. 

3363
03:06:54,200 --> 03:06:58,500
Instead of Latin ones read 
English Bible's and church and 

3364
03:06:58,500 --> 03:07:01,600
never know a world with 
monasteries to them. 

3365
03:07:01,600 --> 03:07:05,100
The changes, their parents 
describes sound like fairy tales

3366
03:07:05,100 --> 03:07:08,600
about a lost world. 
I can't quite imagine what was 

3367
03:07:08,600 --> 03:07:10,800
lost, because they've only known
what replaced it. 

3368
03:07:10,800 --> 03:07:14,700
Seasonal Rhythm shift, as 
agricultural, practice adapt to 

3369
03:07:14,700 --> 03:07:19,400
new land ownership patterns. 
The great monastic Estates once 

3370
03:07:19,400 --> 03:07:22,300
managed for long-term 
sustainability and Community 

3371
03:07:22,300 --> 03:07:26,900
Support are being divided. 
Sold Consolidated and managed 

3372
03:07:26,900 --> 03:07:29,600
for profit. 
Former common lands are being 

3373
03:07:29,608 --> 03:07:33,200
enclosed and former Monastery 
fields are being converted to 

3374
03:07:33,200 --> 03:07:36,200
more. 
Lucrative uses The landscape 

3375
03:07:36,200 --> 03:07:39,500
itself is being reorganized 
according to economic logic, 

3376
03:07:39,500 --> 03:07:41,900
rather than traditional usage 
rights. 

3377
03:07:43,400 --> 03:07:45,900
Always a constant companion in 
the 16th century. 

3378
03:07:45,900 --> 03:07:50,600
Becomes religiously uncertain. 
The elaborate Catholic funeral 

3379
03:07:50,600 --> 03:07:53,100
rites the prayers, the paid 
masses. 

3380
03:07:53,100 --> 03:07:56,600
The belief that the living could
help the dead, provide both 

3381
03:07:56,600 --> 03:08:01,100
comfort and structure for grief.
Protestant theology offers 

3382
03:08:01,100 --> 03:08:04,500
different Comfort. 
The deceased is in God's hands 

3383
03:08:04,500 --> 03:08:06,200
prayer. 
Can't change their fate. 

3384
03:08:06,900 --> 03:08:09,700
Which some find liberating and 
others, find cold. 

3385
03:08:10,500 --> 03:08:14,000
Grief remains, but the approved 
ways of expressing and 

3386
03:08:14,000 --> 03:08:17,500
addressing it have changed. 
By the time Henry, the 8th dies 

3387
03:08:17,500 --> 03:08:22,800
in 1547, England has become 
something unprecedented a nation

3388
03:08:22,800 --> 03:08:25,800
that's Catholic industry, but 
Protestant in governance, 

3389
03:08:25,800 --> 03:08:30,500
traditional in practice, but 
radical in theory, conservative 

3390
03:08:30,500 --> 03:08:34,600
by Royal Decree, but unsettled 
in popular opinion, the England 

3391
03:08:34,600 --> 03:08:37,500
Henry leaves behind is 
thoroughly confused about its 

3392
03:08:37,500 --> 03:08:41,300
religious identity. 
Which is partly his doing and 

3393
03:08:41,300 --> 03:08:44,400
partly the inevitable result of 
trying to maintain Catholic 

3394
03:08:44,400 --> 03:08:46,600
theology. 
While rejecting people 

3395
03:08:46,600 --> 03:08:49,400
Authority. 
It's like trying to follow a 

3396
03:08:49,400 --> 03:08:51,700
recipe while substituting 
different ingredients and 

3397
03:08:51,700 --> 03:08:54,000
insisting. 
The result is the original dish,

3398
03:08:54,000 --> 03:08:57,800
but something deeper has shifted
beyond the specific theological 

3399
03:08:57,800 --> 03:09:01,000
positions. 
England has discovered that it 

3400
03:09:01,000 --> 03:09:04,500
can exist independently of 
Continental approval, To 

3401
03:09:04,500 --> 03:09:08,800
centuries English kings, look to
the pope for legitimacy to 

3402
03:09:08,800 --> 03:09:12,300
France, for cultural standards 
and to roam for intellectual 

3403
03:09:12,300 --> 03:09:15,400
Authority. 
Henry's break with Rome, 

3404
03:09:15,400 --> 03:09:19,600
whatever its motivation. 
Has forced England to develop 

3405
03:09:19,600 --> 03:09:22,200
its own Answers, to Religious 
and political questions. 

3406
03:09:22,200 --> 03:09:24,700
The English Bible which Henry 
authorized. 

3407
03:09:24,700 --> 03:09:28,300
Despite his conservative 
theology proves transformative 

3408
03:09:28,300 --> 03:09:30,400
in ways. 
Nobody initially anticipated. 

3409
03:09:31,300 --> 03:09:34,500
Now, that ordinary people can 
read scripture themselves, they 

3410
03:09:34,500 --> 03:09:36,900
start developing their own 
interpretations. 

3411
03:09:37,800 --> 03:09:41,600
Religious Authority becomes less
about receiving instruction and 

3412
03:09:41,600 --> 03:09:44,400
more about individual 
understanding, which is 

3413
03:09:44,400 --> 03:09:47,100
fundamentally Protestant. 
Even when the reader doesn't 

3414
03:09:47,100 --> 03:09:50,700
identify as Protestant, the 
dissolution of monasteries is 

3415
03:09:50,700 --> 03:09:53,800
redistributed. 
So much property, that thousands

3416
03:09:53,800 --> 03:09:55,800
of families. 
Now are vested interest in 

3417
03:09:55,800 --> 03:10:00,000
preventing Catholic restoration,
They've bought Monastery lands, 

3418
03:10:00,000 --> 03:10:03,500
built houses on them and 
established their fortunes 

3419
03:10:03,500 --> 03:10:05,000
through Henry's religious 
policies. 

3420
03:10:05,700 --> 03:10:07,800
Going back to the old system 
would impoverish them. 

3421
03:10:07,800 --> 03:10:10,900
So they become committed to 
Defenders of the New Order, even

3422
03:10:10,900 --> 03:10:13,000
if they don't particularly care 
about theology. 

3423
03:10:13,000 --> 03:10:16,300
Parliament has grown stronger 
through its role in authorizing 

3424
03:10:16,300 --> 03:10:20,000
religious changes. 
Henry needed parliamentary acts 

3425
03:10:20,000 --> 03:10:24,000
to break with Rome dissolved, 
monasteries and establish Royal 

3426
03:10:24,000 --> 03:10:27,200
Supremacy. 
Each acting priest, parliaments 

3427
03:10:27,200 --> 03:10:30,100
in Portland's, and set 
precedence for legislative 

3428
03:10:30,100 --> 03:10:32,800
authority over matters that were
previously considered Royal 

3429
03:10:32,800 --> 03:10:35,800
prerogative. 
England is accidentally 

3430
03:10:35,800 --> 03:10:38,700
developing constitutional 
government while trying to 

3431
03:10:38,700 --> 03:10:42,300
manage religious transformation.
The English language is gained 

3432
03:10:42,300 --> 03:10:46,700
Prestige through its religious 
use When the Bible prayer book 

3433
03:10:46,708 --> 03:10:49,400
and religious instruction all 
appear in English rather than 

3434
03:10:49,400 --> 03:10:53,600
Latin the language stops, being 
merely vernacular and becomes 

3435
03:10:53,600 --> 03:10:55,700
worthy of serious literature and
scholarship. 

3436
03:10:56,500 --> 03:10:59,600
This linguistic nationalism will
eventually contribute to an 

3437
03:10:59,600 --> 03:11:01,400
extraordinary flowering of 
English. 

3438
03:11:01,400 --> 03:11:04,700
Literature though, Shakespeare 
is still decades in the future. 

3439
03:11:04,700 --> 03:11:08,300
National identity is forming 
around these religious changes 

3440
03:11:08,300 --> 03:11:12,400
in ways that were last centuries
to be English will increase the 

3441
03:11:12,400 --> 03:11:15,400
mean to be Protestant, while to 
be Catholic. 

3442
03:11:15,400 --> 03:11:20,300
Will seem somehow foreign This 
Association is unfair to English

3443
03:11:20,300 --> 03:11:24,200
Catholics who are as thoroughly 
English as anyone but it becomes

3444
03:11:24,200 --> 03:11:25,800
embedded in National 
consciousness. 

3445
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:29,900
English patriotism and 
Protestant identity becoming to 

3446
03:11:29,900 --> 03:11:32,800
twined in ways that shape 
everything from politics to 

3447
03:11:32,800 --> 03:11:36,400
poetry, the Royal Navy, which 
will eventually make England. 

3448
03:11:36,400 --> 03:11:40,100
A global power is growing During
the period partly because 

3449
03:11:40,100 --> 03:11:43,800
Henry's break with Rome makes 
Continental Catholic Powers 

3450
03:11:43,800 --> 03:11:47,600
potential enemies. 
Island nations need strong, 

3451
03:11:47,600 --> 03:11:50,900
navies, and England is learning 
this lesson through religious 

3452
03:11:50,900 --> 03:11:53,900
controversy. 
The ships being built during 

3453
03:11:53,900 --> 03:11:56,400
Henry's later years will 
defending England against Spain 

3454
03:11:56,400 --> 03:11:59,700
and eventually control sea 
lanes, that connect continents 

3455
03:11:59,700 --> 03:12:04,100
education is expanding even as 
its religious character shifts. 

3456
03:12:04,800 --> 03:12:06,300
Grammar schools are being 
founded. 

3457
03:12:06,300 --> 03:12:08,100
Sometimes on the property of 
dissolved. 

3458
03:12:08,100 --> 03:12:12,400
Monasteries teaching Latin Greek
and increasingly English to boys

3459
03:12:12,400 --> 03:12:14,000
whose fathers can afford to send
them. 

3460
03:12:14,700 --> 03:12:17,000
These schools will produce the 
next generation of 

3461
03:12:17,000 --> 03:12:20,800
Administrators clergy, lawyers 
and writers, who will run 

3462
03:12:20,800 --> 03:12:24,400
Elizabethan England and create 
its cultural achievements, the 

3463
03:12:24,400 --> 03:12:27,000
printing press, which arrived in
England, just decades before. 

3464
03:12:27,000 --> 03:12:30,200
Henry's break, with Rome has 
become a tool of religious 

3465
03:12:30,200 --> 03:12:33,700
transformation. 
Every theological pamphlet, 

3466
03:12:33,700 --> 03:12:37,500
every English Bible and every 
prayer book represents 

3467
03:12:37,500 --> 03:12:41,100
technology enabling religious 
change in an era without 

3468
03:12:41,100 --> 03:12:45,100
electronic media, printers 
revolutionary making ideas 

3469
03:12:45,100 --> 03:12:49,000
portable permanent and 
reproducible in ways that oral 

3470
03:12:49,000 --> 03:12:52,200
culture never allowed English, 
cooking loses. 

3471
03:12:52,200 --> 03:12:55,400
Some of its medieval complexity 
as fish days are reduced and 

3472
03:12:55,400 --> 03:12:57,900
spices, become less essential 
for preserving meat. 

3473
03:12:58,900 --> 03:13:01,600
The elaborate Cuisine of the 
late Middle Ages with its 

3474
03:13:01,600 --> 03:13:05,200
emphasis on strong flavors and 
exotic ingredients, gradually 

3475
03:13:05,200 --> 03:13:09,500
gives way to something simpler 
heartier and more focused on the

3476
03:13:09,500 --> 03:13:13,700
quality of basic ingredients. 
English food is developing its 

3477
03:13:13,700 --> 03:13:16,200
reputation for plainness. 
The weather. 

3478
03:13:16,200 --> 03:13:19,900
This is progress is debatable. 
Architecture is creating a 

3479
03:13:19,900 --> 03:13:23,700
distinctly English style that 
combines medieval Gothic 

3480
03:13:23,700 --> 03:13:27,100
Traditions with Renaissance 
classical influences and 

3481
03:13:27,100 --> 03:13:31,100
Protestants implicitly. 
The great house is being built 

3482
03:13:31,100 --> 03:13:34,700
by Henry's courtiers and their 
successes will Define English 

3483
03:13:34,700 --> 03:13:36,800
architectural taste for 
centuries. 

3484
03:13:37,600 --> 03:13:41,700
Those long galleries, those 
symmetrical facades, and those 

3485
03:13:41,700 --> 03:13:44,900
elaborate Gardens designed for 
entertaining rather than 

3486
03:13:44,900 --> 03:13:48,900
monastic, contemplation, music 
is diverging from Continental 

3487
03:13:48,900 --> 03:13:51,500
Catholic Traditions, while 
developing its own character. 

3488
03:13:52,300 --> 03:13:55,100
English composers are creating 
works that reflect the 

3489
03:13:55,100 --> 03:13:58,300
Protestant emphasis on text 
comprehension while. 

3490
03:13:58,300 --> 03:14:01,900
Maintaining the sophisticated 
musical tradition, that England 

3491
03:14:01,900 --> 03:14:05,600
has always possessed the music 
of Thomas Tallis in his 

3492
03:14:05,608 --> 03:14:09,400
contemporaries sounds distinctly
English in ways that earlier 

3493
03:14:09,400 --> 03:14:13,900
church music based on 
Continental models, did not the 

3494
03:14:13,900 --> 03:14:16,200
concept of loyalty is being 
redefined. 

3495
03:14:17,200 --> 03:14:21,100
For centuries English people 
odeon's to King country and Pope

3496
03:14:21,100 --> 03:14:23,600
in a hierarchy that usually 
didn't conflict. 

3497
03:14:24,500 --> 03:14:26,700
Henry's. 
Break with Rome forced a choice.

3498
03:14:27,700 --> 03:14:31,200
When King and Pope disagreed, 
which authority was Supreme? 

3499
03:14:32,200 --> 03:14:35,100
England, chose the king 
establishing, a pattern of 

3500
03:14:35,108 --> 03:14:38,100
national loyalty over religious 
obedience, that will shake 

3501
03:14:38,100 --> 03:14:40,400
English identity through future 
centuries. 

3502
03:14:40,400 --> 03:14:44,000
Women literacy is slowly 
increasing as Protestant and 

3503
03:14:44,000 --> 03:14:47,200
emphasis on Bible reading 
extends to daughter's as well as

3504
03:14:47,200 --> 03:14:49,800
Sons. 
If everyone should read 

3505
03:14:49,800 --> 03:14:53,500
scripture and girls need 
education, too, at least enough 

3506
03:14:53,500 --> 03:14:55,000
to read the Bible and prayer 
book. 

3507
03:14:55,000 --> 03:14:59,200
This isn't a quality girls, 
education remains limited 

3508
03:14:59,200 --> 03:15:02,800
compared to boys, but it's a 
foundation that future 

3509
03:15:02,800 --> 03:15:06,000
Generations will build upon the 
merchant class is growing 

3510
03:15:06,000 --> 03:15:09,400
wealthier and more confident. 
The men who bought Monastery 

3511
03:15:09,400 --> 03:15:12,300
lands who trade with the 
continent and who financed 

3512
03:15:12,300 --> 03:15:16,300
Ventures to the Americas are 
developing economic power that 

3513
03:15:16,300 --> 03:15:18,900
will eventually translate into 
political influence. 

3514
03:15:19,700 --> 03:15:23,000
Tudor England is accidentally, 
creating the conditions for 

3515
03:15:23,000 --> 03:15:26,400
capitalism while trying to solve
religious controversies. 

3516
03:15:26,400 --> 03:15:29,300
Regional distinctions are 
becoming more pronounced as 

3517
03:15:29,300 --> 03:15:33,600
religious changes affect 
different areas, unevenly The 

3518
03:15:33,600 --> 03:15:37,600
north more conservative and more
attached to monasteries resist 

3519
03:15:37,600 --> 03:15:39,700
changes. 
That the South accept more 

3520
03:15:39,700 --> 03:15:42,700
redly. 
Wales and Cornwall with their 

3521
03:15:42,700 --> 03:15:46,100
distinct languages and cultures 
experience religious 

3522
03:15:46,100 --> 03:15:48,000
transformation differently than 
England. 

3523
03:15:48,000 --> 03:15:51,700
Proper Unity is more 
aspirational than reality. 

3524
03:15:51,700 --> 03:15:55,300
The legal professional expands 
as religious changes create 

3525
03:15:55,300 --> 03:15:59,000
endlessly negation Question 
about property rights from 

3526
03:15:59,000 --> 03:16:02,300
dissolved, monasteries, the 
latest of marriage is under 

3527
03:16:02,300 --> 03:16:06,400
changing rules and enforcement 
of religious Conformity, all 

3528
03:16:06,400 --> 03:16:09,400
require lawyers. 
The ends of Court training 

3529
03:16:09,400 --> 03:16:11,300
lawyers in London are becoming 
more important. 

3530
03:16:11,300 --> 03:16:14,900
Creating a professional class, 
that will influence England's, 

3531
03:16:14,900 --> 03:16:18,400
political development, for 
centuries, Henry's, personal 

3532
03:16:18,400 --> 03:16:21,200
life continues chaotically, 
through these years of national 

3533
03:16:21,200 --> 03:16:24,800
transformation. 
He marries Jane Seymour, who 

3534
03:16:24,800 --> 03:16:26,900
gives him the son? 
He desperately wanted. 

3535
03:16:27,700 --> 03:16:30,100
Edward. 
But dies shortly after 

3536
03:16:30,100 --> 03:16:33,300
childbirth. 
He marries Anne of Cleves in a 

3537
03:16:33,300 --> 03:16:35,900
political Alliance that fails 
immediately because Henry finds 

3538
03:16:35,900 --> 03:16:39,400
her unattractive. 
He marries, Catherine Howard who

3539
03:16:39,400 --> 03:16:42,300
is young enough to be his 
granddaughter, then executes her

3540
03:16:42,300 --> 03:16:45,500
for adultery. 
Finally, he marries Catherine, 

3541
03:16:45,500 --> 03:16:48,900
Parr who manages to outlive him 
partly through extraordinary 

3542
03:16:48,900 --> 03:16:53,100
Tack and partly through luck. 
Each marriage, each divorce or 

3543
03:16:53,100 --> 03:16:56,800
each execution reinforces that 
the king's personal life and 

3544
03:16:56,800 --> 03:17:00,700
England's, religious policies 
are inseparable Henry wanted an 

3545
03:17:00,700 --> 03:17:04,900
annulment, couldn't get paper, 
permission broke with Rome and 

3546
03:17:04,900 --> 03:17:06,800
in the process. 
Transformed a nation. 

3547
03:17:06,800 --> 03:17:10,600
Its cause an effect operating on
a scale, usually reserved for 

3548
03:17:10,600 --> 03:17:14,000
Wars or plagues. 
Except the Catalyst was one 

3549
03:17:14,000 --> 03:17:17,900
man's desperate desire for a 
legitimate son and his equally 

3550
03:17:17,900 --> 03:17:21,300
strong conviction that God 
supported his claim as you 

3551
03:17:21,300 --> 03:17:23,600
settled deeper into your 
comfortable spot, perhaps 

3552
03:17:23,600 --> 03:17:25,000
refreshing. 
That warm drink. 

3553
03:17:25,000 --> 03:17:27,000
Let's contemplate, what? 
Henry? 

3554
03:17:27,000 --> 03:17:31,000
The 8th left behind Not just the
obvious political and religious 

3555
03:17:31,000 --> 03:17:34,600
changes but the subtle ways his 
Reign reshaped. 

3556
03:17:34,600 --> 03:17:39,500
How England thought about itself
and its place in the world Henry

3557
03:17:39,500 --> 03:17:45,500
died in January 1547 enormously 
fat. probably weighing over 300 

3558
03:17:45,500 --> 03:17:50,400
pounds in constant pain from his
ulcerated leg and convinced of 

3559
03:17:50,400 --> 03:17:54,400
his own righteousness, until the
end, His will provided for 

3560
03:17:54,400 --> 03:17:57,900
elaborate prayers for his soul, 
despite Protestant questioning 

3561
03:17:57,900 --> 03:18:00,700
of prayers for the dead because 
Henry never stopped being 

3562
03:18:00,700 --> 03:18:04,200
Catholic in his own mind, even 
as he destroyed Catholic, 

3563
03:18:04,200 --> 03:18:08,500
institutional power in England, 
his son Edward, the sixth that 

3564
03:18:08,500 --> 03:18:12,800
desperately wanted male Heir. 
Ruled for only six years before 

3565
03:18:12,800 --> 03:18:16,200
dying at 15. 
During Edwards brief Reign, 

3566
03:18:16,200 --> 03:18:19,500
Protestant reformers pushed 
England further from Catholic 

3567
03:18:19,500 --> 03:18:21,500
practices than Henry ever 
intended. 

3568
03:18:22,300 --> 03:18:26,300
The Latin Mast disappeared with 
English prayer services. 

3569
03:18:26,300 --> 03:18:29,300
Priests were allowed to marry 
Church. 

3570
03:18:29,300 --> 03:18:31,800
Interiors were whitewashed, and 
stripped of remaining 

3571
03:18:31,800 --> 03:18:34,800
decoration. 
Henry's attempt to maintain 

3572
03:18:34,800 --> 03:18:38,200
Catholic theology. 
While rejecting people Authority

3573
03:18:38,200 --> 03:18:42,100
collapsed into something much 
more thoroughly, Protestant Then

3574
03:18:42,100 --> 03:18:44,600
Came Mary. 
Henry's daughter by Catherine of

3575
03:18:44,600 --> 03:18:48,100
Aragon who tried desperately to 
reverse her father's religious 

3576
03:18:48,100 --> 03:18:51,200
policies and restore England to 
Catholic obedience. 

3577
03:18:52,200 --> 03:18:55,600
Her five-year Reigns or the 
return of paper Authority, the 

3578
03:18:55,600 --> 03:18:59,400
restoration of some monasteries 
and the burning of protestant 

3579
03:18:59,400 --> 03:19:03,900
Heretics which earned her the 
nickname Bloody Mary and ensure 

3580
03:19:03,900 --> 03:19:06,100
that her religious policies 
would die with her. 

3581
03:19:06,800 --> 03:19:09,900
You can't reverse a generation 
of change through Force. 

3582
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:13,400
Especially when so many people 
have economic interest in 

3583
03:19:13,400 --> 03:19:16,800
maintaining the new system, 
finally Elizabeth. 

3584
03:19:16,800 --> 03:19:21,400
The first Henry's daughter by 
Anne Boleyn, Created what became

3585
03:19:21,400 --> 03:19:23,200
known as the Elizabethan 
settlement. 

3586
03:19:23,200 --> 03:19:27,000
A moderate Protestant church 
that retained some traditional 

3587
03:19:27,000 --> 03:19:32,600
practices while firmly rejecting
people Authority, Elizabeth 

3588
03:19:32,600 --> 03:19:36,900
understood what her father 
brother and sister had not that 

3589
03:19:36,900 --> 03:19:39,900
most English people wanted 
religious stability more than 

3590
03:19:39,900 --> 03:19:43,800
doctrinal Purity. 
They were exhausted by change, 

3591
03:19:43,800 --> 03:19:47,200
frightened by a religious 
violence and ready for someone 

3592
03:19:47,200 --> 03:19:49,200
to Simply make decisions and 
stick with them. 

3593
03:19:49,200 --> 03:19:52,700
The Church of England that 
emerged from this Tudor, tumult 

3594
03:19:52,700 --> 03:19:56,200
was something unique. 
Protestant in theology but 

3595
03:19:56,200 --> 03:20:00,500
Catholic instructure reformed in
Doctrine, but traditional in 

3596
03:20:00,500 --> 03:20:03,700
practice, independent of Rome, 
but connected to Christian 

3597
03:20:03,700 --> 03:20:06,400
history. 
It was Henry's compromise, 

3598
03:20:06,400 --> 03:20:10,200
extended and elaborated, made 
workable through Elizabeth's, 

3599
03:20:10,200 --> 03:20:13,100
political genius, and the 
English people's practical 

3600
03:20:13,100 --> 03:20:16,100
acceptance that this was 
preferable to continued turmoil,

3601
03:20:16,100 --> 03:20:19,400
the dissolution of monasteries 
permanently, altered the English

3602
03:20:19,400 --> 03:20:22,100
landscape. 
Those ruins, you can still visit

3603
03:20:22,100 --> 03:20:26,100
revolve fountains Tintin a 
monuments to this 

3604
03:20:26,100 --> 03:20:30,500
transformation. 600 years of 
Benedictine cistern and 

3605
03:20:30,500 --> 03:20:34,900
Augustine life ended in a decade
and the physical remnants became

3606
03:20:34,900 --> 03:20:37,300
romantic ruins. 
That later generations would 

3607
03:20:37,300 --> 03:20:39,700
paint and photograph. 
Forgetting. 

3608
03:20:39,700 --> 03:20:42,700
They represented the violent 
destruction of an entire way of 

3609
03:20:42,708 --> 03:20:46,700
life, the Landry distribution, 
created a Gentry class that 

3610
03:20:46,700 --> 03:20:49,000
would dominating English 
politics for centuries. 

3611
03:20:50,100 --> 03:20:52,600
Families who bought Monastery 
lands became the country's 

3612
03:20:52,600 --> 03:20:56,300
governing class. 
Serving as Justice of the Peace 

3613
03:20:56,300 --> 03:21:00,000
City in Parliament and providing
local Administration. 

3614
03:21:00,900 --> 03:21:03,700
English governments became less 
centralized and more based on 

3615
03:21:03,700 --> 03:21:06,300
local Elites who had both 
Authority and property. 

3616
03:21:07,200 --> 03:21:08,500
A system that works 
surprisingly. 

3617
03:21:08,500 --> 03:21:13,000
Well, until it didn't English, 
national identity crystallized 

3618
03:21:13,000 --> 03:21:15,700
around these religious changes 
in ways that Henry couldn't have

3619
03:21:15,700 --> 03:21:20,100
predicted To be English came to 
mean being Protestant being 

3620
03:21:20,100 --> 03:21:23,800
independent of Continental 
Catholic powers and being loyal 

3621
03:21:23,800 --> 03:21:27,500
to the crown over the Pope. 
This identity would shape 

3622
03:21:27,500 --> 03:21:31,200
inland's conflicts with Spain 
and France, its eventual 

3623
03:21:31,200 --> 03:21:35,800
overseas expansion, and its 
internal politics for centuries.

3624
03:21:35,800 --> 03:21:38,800
The act of Supremacy 
established, the principle that 

3625
03:21:38,800 --> 03:21:42,100
Parliament could legislate on 
religious matters, which was 

3626
03:21:42,100 --> 03:21:45,300
revolutionary even if nobody 
quite realized it at the time. 

3627
03:21:46,200 --> 03:21:49,700
Religious Authority came from 
law rather than traditional, or 

3628
03:21:49,700 --> 03:21:52,600
Divine appointment. 
This principle would eventually 

3629
03:21:52,600 --> 03:21:55,800
extend to all areas of 
governance, making Parliament 

3630
03:21:55,800 --> 03:21:59,800
Supreme and establishing the 
constitutional monarchy that 

3631
03:21:59,800 --> 03:22:02,200
England. 
Still technically maintains 

3632
03:22:02,200 --> 03:22:05,500
English Bible, proved perhaps 
the most lasting of Henry's 

3633
03:22:05,500 --> 03:22:08,800
unintended legacies, the 
authorized it for political 

3634
03:22:08,800 --> 03:22:11,300
reasons. 
But once Ordinary, People could 

3635
03:22:11,300 --> 03:22:14,700
read scripture themselves. 
Religious Authority could never 

3636
03:22:14,700 --> 03:22:19,300
be purely hierarchical again. 
Every reader became potentially 

3637
03:22:19,300 --> 03:22:22,600
a theologian every 
interpretation created potential

3638
03:22:22,600 --> 03:22:25,900
controversy. 
Authority had to be justified 

3639
03:22:25,900 --> 03:22:28,800
through persuasion rather than 
simply imposed through position.

3640
03:22:28,800 --> 03:22:32,900
The destruction of Catholic art,
and religious culture left gaps,

3641
03:22:32,900 --> 03:22:37,500
that took generations to fill 
English music visual art and 

3642
03:22:37,500 --> 03:22:40,600
literature had to develop new 
forms that reflected Protestant 

3643
03:22:40,600 --> 03:22:45,600
values while satisfying, 
humanistic needs this eventually

3644
03:22:45,600 --> 03:22:49,300
produced extraordinary 
achievements Shakespeare's plays

3645
03:22:49,300 --> 03:22:53,700
the King James Bible English 
madrigals but represented a 

3646
03:22:53,700 --> 03:22:55,800
break with medieval artistic 
Traditions. 

3647
03:22:55,800 --> 03:22:57,800
That was both liberating and 
costly. 

3648
03:22:57,800 --> 03:23:01,500
The social welfare system never 
recovered from the dissolution 

3649
03:23:01,500 --> 03:23:05,000
of monasteries in England 
developed Paul laws that made 

3650
03:23:05,000 --> 03:23:07,200
parishes responsible for their 
own poor. 

3651
03:23:07,800 --> 03:23:10,800
But this system was less 
comprehensive and less generous 

3652
03:23:10,800 --> 03:23:12,800
than what monasteries had 
provided. 

3653
03:23:14,600 --> 03:23:17,300
Poorest English. 
People were probably worse off 

3654
03:23:17,300 --> 03:23:18,900
after the dissolution than 
before. 

3655
03:23:19,900 --> 03:23:22,900
Which is an irony, given the 
Protestant emphasis on charity 

3656
03:23:22,900 --> 03:23:26,700
and social responsibility, women
lost options without recovering 

3657
03:23:26,700 --> 03:23:30,400
equivalent alternatives. 
The convents that once provided 

3658
03:23:30,400 --> 03:23:33,000
respectable Life Choices, for 
women, who didn't marry 

3659
03:23:33,000 --> 03:23:35,900
disappeared? 
While Protestant emphasis on 

3660
03:23:35,908 --> 03:23:38,100
marriage made spinster Hood more
problematic. 

3661
03:23:39,100 --> 03:23:41,800
Some women gained from the 
Protestant emphasis on Bible, 

3662
03:23:41,800 --> 03:23:45,700
reading and spiritual equality. 
But institutional opportunity is

3663
03:23:45,700 --> 03:23:49,100
actually decreased Henry's 
personal reputation. 

3664
03:23:49,100 --> 03:23:51,600
Underwent fascinating 
Transformations over the 

3665
03:23:51,600 --> 03:23:53,700
centuries. 
Protestants. 

3666
03:23:53,700 --> 03:23:57,100
He became the hero who freading 
England from papal tyranny. 

3667
03:23:57,100 --> 03:24:01,600
Despite his conservative 
theology to catholic's, he 

3668
03:24:01,600 --> 03:24:04,600
became the villain who destroyed
England's, Catholic Heritage for

3669
03:24:04,600 --> 03:24:08,100
personal reasons, despite his 
initial defense of Catholic 

3670
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:10,100
Doctrine. 
To moderns. 

3671
03:24:10,100 --> 03:24:14,600
He is often that fascinating 
monster, brilliant charismatic 

3672
03:24:14,600 --> 03:24:18,800
ruthless and ultimately tragic 
in his desperate quest for 

3673
03:24:18,800 --> 03:24:21,200
dynasty. 
The historical debate about 

3674
03:24:21,200 --> 03:24:24,900
where the Henry was a reformer 
or opportunist a hero or villain

3675
03:24:24,900 --> 03:24:27,900
and a Visionary or eager to 
continue because he was 

3676
03:24:27,900 --> 03:24:31,700
genuinely all of these things. 
He broke with Rome for personal 

3677
03:24:31,700 --> 03:24:35,000
reasons, but created space for 
genuine religious reform. 

3678
03:24:35,800 --> 03:24:38,300
He brutally suppressed 
opposition but was sincerely 

3679
03:24:38,300 --> 03:24:41,900
convinced of his righteousness. 
He destroyed monasteries for 

3680
03:24:41,900 --> 03:24:44,600
money but believed he was 
correcting religious error. 

3681
03:24:45,200 --> 03:24:48,400
His motives were selfish, his 
consequences were 

3682
03:24:48,400 --> 03:24:52,300
transformative, the Tudor 
periods religious turmoil taught

3683
03:24:52,300 --> 03:24:55,900
England lessons about tolerance.
That wouldn't be fully learned 

3684
03:24:55,900 --> 03:24:59,000
and for Generations. 
The burning of Heretics under 

3685
03:24:59,000 --> 03:25:02,800
Mary, the persecution of 
Catholics under Elizabeth and 

3686
03:25:02,800 --> 03:25:06,300
the continued conflicts over 
religious Conformity all 

3687
03:25:06,300 --> 03:25:09,400
demonstrated that religious, 
uniformity enforced through 

3688
03:25:09,400 --> 03:25:13,500
violence creates resentment, 
rather than genuine agreement. 

3689
03:25:14,300 --> 03:25:17,100
Eventually centuries. 
Later, England would develop 

3690
03:25:17,100 --> 03:25:19,900
religious tolerance, though. 
The path would be long and 

3691
03:25:19,900 --> 03:25:23,500
painful, the expansion of 
literacy that began with English

3692
03:25:23,500 --> 03:25:26,000
Bible and prayer. 
Books, created a reading public.

3693
03:25:26,000 --> 03:25:28,600
That would have eventually 
demand more than religious 

3694
03:25:28,600 --> 03:25:31,700
texts. 
By Elizabeth reign printing, 

3695
03:25:31,700 --> 03:25:36,300
presses were producing plays, 
poems history is and practical 

3696
03:25:36,300 --> 03:25:39,100
manuals. 
The culture of literacy that 

3697
03:25:39,100 --> 03:25:41,000
merged from religious control 
for sea laid. 

3698
03:25:41,000 --> 03:25:43,400
The groundwork for England's 
literary achievements, 

3699
03:25:43,400 --> 03:25:46,900
architecture, and landscape 
design reflecting Protestant 

3700
03:25:46,900 --> 03:25:49,700
values, simpler more focused on 
function. 

3701
03:25:49,700 --> 03:25:54,200
Let's concerned with religious 
symbolism created, distinctly 

3702
03:25:54,200 --> 03:25:58,400
English aesthetic preferences. 
The great houses with their long

3703
03:25:58,400 --> 03:26:02,000
Galleries and Protestants 
implicity the gardens designed 

3704
03:26:02,000 --> 03:26:05,500
for pleasure, rather than 
contemplation and the church's 

3705
03:26:05,500 --> 03:26:08,300
stripped of statutory, but 
retaining their basic Gothic 

3706
03:26:08,300 --> 03:26:11,200
structure. 
All reflected this Protestant 

3707
03:26:11,200 --> 03:26:12,900
transformation of physical 
space. 

3708
03:26:12,900 --> 03:26:16,100
The Royal Navy's development 
during an after Henry's. 

3709
03:26:16,100 --> 03:26:19,400
Reign partly motivated by the 
need to defend Protestant 

3710
03:26:19,400 --> 03:26:23,000
England against Catholic Powers,
the eventually made England, a 

3711
03:26:23,000 --> 03:26:26,600
global power. 
The same religious controverses 

3712
03:26:26,600 --> 03:26:29,400
that destroyed monasteries and 
persecuted, dissenters. 

3713
03:26:29,400 --> 03:26:32,300
All super built the ships that 
were defeat the Spanish Armada 

3714
03:26:32,300 --> 03:26:35,800
and eventually created a 
worldwide Empire legal 

3715
03:26:35,800 --> 03:26:38,900
developments during Henry's 
Reign, particularly Parliament, 

3716
03:26:38,900 --> 03:26:42,000
increased Authority. 
And the expansion of secular 

3717
03:26:42,000 --> 03:26:45,700
courts of the expense of church 
courts, laid foundations for 

3718
03:26:45,700 --> 03:26:48,800
English. 
Common laws development, The 

3719
03:26:48,800 --> 03:26:51,900
legal system that emerged from 
Tudor religious controversies 

3720
03:26:51,900 --> 03:26:54,800
would eventually be exported to 
England colonies? 

3721
03:26:54,800 --> 03:26:58,400
Influencing legal Traditions 
across multiple continents? 

3722
03:26:58,400 --> 03:27:02,500
The Scientific Revolution that 
would flourish in 17th century. 

3723
03:27:02,500 --> 03:27:05,700
England was partly enabled by 
Henry's religious changes. 

3724
03:27:06,700 --> 03:27:10,700
Once religious Authority became 
questionable all authority 

3725
03:27:10,700 --> 03:27:14,000
became potentially questionable.
The habit of questioning 

3726
03:27:14,000 --> 03:27:17,800
established truths in religion, 
transfer to questioning 

3727
03:27:17,800 --> 03:27:20,800
established truths in natural, 
philosophy, creating 

3728
03:27:20,800 --> 03:27:24,200
intellectual space, for 
scientific inquiry, as your 

3729
03:27:24,200 --> 03:27:25,900
warm, drink cools and your eyes,
grow heavy. 

3730
03:27:25,900 --> 03:27:29,800
Consider one final thought about
Henry the 8th and his 

3731
03:27:29,800 --> 03:27:32,600
transformation of England. 
Changes. 

3732
03:27:32,600 --> 03:27:36,000
He initiated evolving long after
his death. 

3733
03:27:36,700 --> 03:27:40,300
Creating consequences he never 
imagined and solving problems. 

3734
03:27:40,300 --> 03:27:43,100
He didn't know existed, the 
Church of England. 

3735
03:27:43,100 --> 03:27:45,500
He created became the foundation
for worldwide. 

3736
03:27:45,500 --> 03:27:49,300
Anglican communion spreading 
across continents as England 

3737
03:27:49,300 --> 03:27:53,100
expanded overseas. 
Churches from Nigeria to 

3738
03:27:53,100 --> 03:27:56,900
Australia to Canada Trace their 
institutional ancestry to 

3739
03:27:56,900 --> 03:28:00,200
Henry's break with Rome though. 
They might emphasize Thomas 

3740
03:28:00,200 --> 03:28:03,600
theology over Henry's, Politics,
the English language. 

3741
03:28:03,600 --> 03:28:06,600
He elevated through biblical 
translation became a global 

3742
03:28:06,600 --> 03:28:10,400
language carried by English 
speakers across Ocean's and 

3743
03:28:10,400 --> 03:28:14,100
continents eventually becoming 
the international language of 

3744
03:28:14,100 --> 03:28:19,500
business science and diplomacy. 
The King James Bible published 

3745
03:28:19,500 --> 03:28:22,400
60 years after Henry's. 
Death shaped English pro-style 

3746
03:28:22,400 --> 03:28:24,300
for centuries and remains in 
print today. 

3747
03:28:25,000 --> 03:28:27,700
Principle of parliamentary 
Supremacy, he accidentally, 

3748
03:28:27,700 --> 03:28:30,400
strengthened by using 
Parliament, authorized religious

3749
03:28:30,400 --> 03:28:34,000
changes, became the foundation, 
of English, constitutional 

3750
03:28:34,000 --> 03:28:37,500
government, when American 
colonists argued that Parliament

3751
03:28:37,500 --> 03:28:40,900
had no authority to tax them 
without representation, they 

3752
03:28:40,900 --> 03:28:44,000
were invoking principles, that 
emerged partly from Tudor 

3753
03:28:44,000 --> 03:28:46,200
religious controversies, the 
nationalism. 

3754
03:28:46,200 --> 03:28:49,000
He fostered by making England, 
religiously independent 

3755
03:28:49,000 --> 03:28:51,400
contributed to England's 
resistance to various 

3756
03:28:51,400 --> 03:28:55,700
Continental threats. 
Spanish Armada, Napoleon's, 

3757
03:28:55,700 --> 03:28:57,900
Empire, and Hitler's Invasion 
plans. 

3758
03:28:59,000 --> 03:29:00,700
English identity. 
Formed around. 

3759
03:29:00,700 --> 03:29:03,700
This idea of Independence became
a resource during times of 

3760
03:29:03,700 --> 03:29:07,600
Christ's, but Henry's Legacy 
includes religious divisions 

3761
03:29:07,600 --> 03:29:11,200
that persisted for centuries. 
Catholic's, faced discrimination

3762
03:29:11,200 --> 03:29:14,800
and legal disabilities in 
England until the 19th century. 

3763
03:29:16,200 --> 03:29:18,600
The tensions between Protestant 
and Catholic. 

3764
03:29:18,600 --> 03:29:21,500
In Northern Ireland, Trace 
partly to the Tudor 

3765
03:29:21,500 --> 03:29:24,900
transformation of religion. 
Religious Strife that Henry's 

3766
03:29:24,900 --> 03:29:27,900
actions initiated killed 
thousands across multiple 

3767
03:29:27,900 --> 03:29:30,700
Generations. 
The destruction of monasteries 

3768
03:29:30,700 --> 03:29:34,100
and religious art represents 
cultural loss that can never be 

3769
03:29:34,100 --> 03:29:37,500
fully calculated. 
Will never hear the music that 

3770
03:29:37,500 --> 03:29:39,900
was lost. 
Read the manuscripts that were 

3771
03:29:39,900 --> 03:29:41,700
burned. 
Will see the art, that was 

3772
03:29:41,708 --> 03:29:44,900
smashed. 
Every whitewashed Church wall 

3773
03:29:44,900 --> 03:29:48,600
represents not just religious 
transformation but cultural 

3774
03:29:48,600 --> 03:29:51,700
impoverishment. 
However necessary reformers 

3775
03:29:51,700 --> 03:29:54,900
considered it, the social 
welfare gaps created by 

3776
03:29:54,900 --> 03:29:58,000
monastic, dissolution took 
centuries, to address through 

3777
03:29:58,000 --> 03:30:02,800
alternative institutions, Modern
social security systems are 

3778
03:30:02,800 --> 03:30:06,400
attempting to solve problems. 
That Tudor England created when 

3779
03:30:06,400 --> 03:30:09,400
it destroyed medieval Catholic 
Social infrastructure without 

3780
03:30:09,400 --> 03:30:12,500
providing adequate Replacements 
without Henry's. 

3781
03:30:12,500 --> 03:30:16,000
Break with Rome, England might 
have remained a minor European 

3782
03:30:16,000 --> 03:30:19,500
power, culturally derivative and
politically subordinate. 

3783
03:30:20,400 --> 03:30:24,300
The Independents political 
religious and intellectual that 

3784
03:30:24,300 --> 03:30:27,800
emerged from Tudor religious 
controversies created space for 

3785
03:30:27,800 --> 03:30:30,200
English achievements. 
In everything from literature to

3786
03:30:30,200 --> 03:30:34,300
science to political philosophy.
Shakespeare's play is Rick and 

3787
03:30:34,300 --> 03:30:37,900
during Elizabeth's Reign emerge 
from a culture transformed by 

3788
03:30:37,900 --> 03:30:41,000
Henry's actions. 
The English identity, 

3789
03:30:41,000 --> 03:30:44,300
Shakespeare explored and 
celebrated in his history and 

3790
03:30:44,300 --> 03:30:48,300
comedies was partly created by 
his grandfather's generation's 

3791
03:30:48,300 --> 03:30:50,200
experience of religious 
transformation. 

3792
03:30:51,200 --> 03:30:53,600
The language Shakespeare 
perfected was enriched by 

3793
03:30:53,600 --> 03:30:56,400
religious controversy and 
biblical translation. 

3794
03:30:57,000 --> 03:31:01,100
The Scientific Revolution that 
produced Newton boil and other 

3795
03:31:01,100 --> 03:31:03,600
English scientists emerged 
partly from habits of 

3796
03:31:03,600 --> 03:31:06,600
questioning Authority, that 
began with religious 

3797
03:31:06,600 --> 03:31:10,100
Reformation. 
Once people questioned, papal, 

3798
03:31:10,100 --> 03:31:13,800
Authority, intellectual 
authority of all kinds became 

3799
03:31:13,800 --> 03:31:16,500
potentially questionable 
creating space. 

3800
03:31:16,500 --> 03:31:19,700
For empirical investigation over
traditional, explanations 

3801
03:31:19,700 --> 03:31:23,100
England's, distinctive, 
political development, its 

3802
03:31:23,100 --> 03:31:26,400
constitutional monarchy its 
parliamentary Supremacy. 

3803
03:31:26,400 --> 03:31:31,300
Its gradual extension of 
political rights, Connects in 

3804
03:31:31,300 --> 03:31:35,200
complicated ways to religious 
controversies that began with 

3805
03:31:35,200 --> 03:31:38,800
Henry. 
Religious tolerance emerged 

3806
03:31:38,800 --> 03:31:42,700
slowly from religious strife. 
Limited government emerged 

3807
03:31:42,700 --> 03:31:45,300
partly from centuries of 
negotiating religious 

3808
03:31:45,300 --> 03:31:49,200
settlements that required 
compromise rather than absolute 

3809
03:31:49,200 --> 03:31:52,300
Authority. 
As you drift towards sleep, you 

3810
03:31:52,300 --> 03:31:55,300
might reflect the Henry's 
setting, never intended, most of

3811
03:31:55,300 --> 03:31:59,200
his actions produced. 
He wanted a son and an 

3812
03:31:59,200 --> 03:32:02,700
annulment. 
Instead he triggered changes 

3813
03:32:02,700 --> 03:32:07,400
that reshaped religion politics 
culture and national identity 

3814
03:32:07,400 --> 03:32:09,600
across centuries. 
History. 

3815
03:32:09,600 --> 03:32:13,900
Rarely unfolds as anyone plans, 
small decisions combined with 

3816
03:32:13,900 --> 03:32:15,900
structural forces to produce 
outcomes. 

3817
03:32:15,900 --> 03:32:20,300
Nobody predicted the young king 
Who Loved Theology and wanted to

3818
03:32:20,300 --> 03:32:24,000
defend, Catholic Orthodoxy 
became the man who broke England

3819
03:32:24,000 --> 03:32:28,500
from Rome The desperate father 
seeking a legitimate male Heir, 

3820
03:32:28,500 --> 03:32:31,000
became the Catalyst for 
religious Revolution. 

3821
03:32:32,000 --> 03:32:35,000
The Monarch trying to maintain 
tradition while solving a 

3822
03:32:35,000 --> 03:32:38,300
personal problem became an agent
of transformation England. 

3823
03:32:38,300 --> 03:32:42,600
Before Henry was one kind of 
place medieval Catholic looking 

3824
03:32:42,600 --> 03:32:44,500
to the continent for cultural 
leadership. 

3825
03:32:44,500 --> 03:32:46,800
England. 
After Henry was something 

3826
03:32:46,800 --> 03:32:50,700
different Protestant independent
developing. 

3827
03:32:50,700 --> 03:32:55,400
Its own cultural confidence. 
The transition was painful and 

3828
03:32:55,400 --> 03:33:00,400
costly independent and produced 
winners and losers across every 

3829
03:33:00,400 --> 03:33:03,500
social class. 
But it created the foundation 

3830
03:33:03,500 --> 03:33:06,000
for the England that would 
eventually emerge as a global 

3831
03:33:06,000 --> 03:33:09,300
power for better and worse 
tonight. 

3832
03:33:09,300 --> 03:33:12,900
As you drift off to sleep, your 
part of a world, Henry helped 

3833
03:33:12,900 --> 03:33:16,700
create The English language used
speak was elevated partly 

3834
03:33:16,700 --> 03:33:20,200
through his religious policies. 
The ideas about limited 

3835
03:33:20,200 --> 03:33:22,900
government and individual 
rights, that shape modern to 

3836
03:33:22,900 --> 03:33:26,400
democracies emerged partly from 
the English experience of 

3837
03:33:26,400 --> 03:33:30,200
religious transformation. 
Scientific world view that 

3838
03:33:30,200 --> 03:33:33,600
produced modern technology 
developed partly in the 

3839
03:33:33,608 --> 03:33:37,100
intellectual space created by 
questioning religious Authority.

3840
03:33:37,100 --> 03:33:42,600
Henry, The Wraith died over 470 
years ago but his decisions Echo

3841
03:33:42,600 --> 03:33:46,000
forward into our present. 
Every time someone questions 

3842
03:33:46,000 --> 03:33:49,900
Authority, read scripture in 
their own language or argues 

3843
03:33:49,900 --> 03:33:51,400
that National sovereignty 
matters. 

3844
03:33:51,400 --> 03:33:55,600
Their continuing conversations, 
Henry helped begin though, 

3845
03:33:55,600 --> 03:33:57,300
usually without knowing it 
sleep. 

3846
03:33:57,300 --> 03:34:01,000
Well knowing that history is 
made not just by great plans and

3847
03:34:01,000 --> 03:34:04,800
Noble intentions but by human 
beings pursuing very human 

3848
03:34:04,800 --> 03:34:08,800
desires. 
Love legitimacy Authority. 

3849
03:34:08,800 --> 03:34:13,700
Certainly in ways that produce 
consequences, far beyond their 

3850
03:34:13,700 --> 03:34:18,700
imagining Henry, wanted a son in
Stead, he got a legacy. 

3851
03:34:19,400 --> 03:34:21,700
Whether that's tragedy or 
Triumph depends on your 

3852
03:34:21,700 --> 03:34:25,800
perspective and which aspects of
the Legacy or measuring the 

3853
03:34:25,800 --> 03:34:29,300
bells that wants marked monastic
hours a silent now but you can 

3854
03:34:29,300 --> 03:34:32,700
still hear church bells. 
If you listen, the monasteries 

3855
03:34:32,700 --> 03:34:36,000
are ruin's but their Stones 
built houses people still 

3856
03:34:36,000 --> 03:34:38,800
inhabit. 
The old Faith disappeared, 

3857
03:34:38,800 --> 03:34:42,700
officially but traces remain in 
language culture and memory 

3858
03:34:42,700 --> 03:34:46,600
everything changed, nothing 
completely disappeared. 

3859
03:34:47,400 --> 03:34:50,500
That's perhaps the real lesson 
of Henry's Reformation. 

3860
03:34:51,500 --> 03:34:55,100
Transformation is never as 
complete as revolutionaries hope

3861
03:34:55,100 --> 03:34:58,200
or conservatives fear. 
Rest, now and dream. 

3862
03:34:58,200 --> 03:35:01,800
Perhaps of a younger simpler 
England, where Stone monasteries

3863
03:35:01,800 --> 03:35:05,500
caught the morning, light and 
bells marked the hours were 

3864
03:35:05,500 --> 03:35:08,000
change came slowly. 
In the old ways, seemed eternal,

3865
03:35:09,000 --> 03:35:13,000
or dream of the England that 
emerged confident, independent 

3866
03:35:13,000 --> 03:35:15,900
finding its own voice and 
identity. 

3867
03:35:17,700 --> 03:35:20,300
Both England's existed. 
One after the other. 

3868
03:35:21,000 --> 03:35:25,300
Separated by a few Decades of 
tumultuous transformation led by

3869
03:35:25,300 --> 03:35:28,600
an unlikely revolutionary King, 
who never quite meant to 

3870
03:35:28,600 --> 03:35:32,300
revolutionize anything tomorrow.
When you wake your rise into a 

3871
03:35:32,300 --> 03:35:35,400
world still shape by Those 
Distant Tudor Transformations. 

3872
03:35:35,400 --> 03:35:40,200
Still resting with questions 
about Authority, identity and 

3873
03:35:40,200 --> 03:35:42,500
faith. 
That Henry's choices made urgent

3874
03:35:42,500 --> 03:35:45,800
five centuries ago. 
But to night, rest. 

3875
03:35:46,700 --> 03:35:50,500
Let history become a story and 
let the story become the gentle 

3876
03:35:50,500 --> 03:35:59,600
companion of sleep. 
You're settling in to the late 

3877
03:35:59,600 --> 03:36:03,700
1800s, and early 1900s. 
And people first began studying 

3878
03:36:03,700 --> 03:36:05,500
the mind and not through 
philosophy alone. 

3879
03:36:05,500 --> 03:36:08,500
But through careful observation 
and quiet. 

3880
03:36:08,500 --> 03:36:12,500
Experimentation. 
This was a time when Psychology 

3881
03:36:12,500 --> 03:36:16,900
was new uncertain, and filled 
with more questions than 

3882
03:36:16,900 --> 03:36:19,700
answers. 
When researchers worked in small

3883
03:36:19,700 --> 03:36:24,200
rooms with simple tools, trying 
to understand something that had

3884
03:36:24,200 --> 03:36:26,200
never been systematically 
studied before. 

3885
03:36:27,400 --> 03:36:30,200
Before psychology existed, as a 
formal discipline. 

3886
03:36:30,900 --> 03:36:34,500
People already knew their own 
minds quite well, you woke each 

3887
03:36:34,500 --> 03:36:37,100
morning with thoughts forming. 
Before you opened your eyes. 

3888
03:36:37,100 --> 03:36:41,000
You noticed how attention 
shifted from task to task 

3889
03:36:41,000 --> 03:36:43,900
throughout the day? 
You felt emotions. 

3890
03:36:43,900 --> 03:36:46,600
Rise, and fade. 
You remembered, yes. 

3891
03:36:46,600 --> 03:36:50,200
Today, while planning tomorrow 
all of this happened naturally 

3892
03:36:50,200 --> 03:36:54,500
without textbooks, or laboratory
is In the middle 1800s. 

3893
03:36:54,500 --> 03:36:58,300
If you wanted to understand 
thinking, you simply observed 

3894
03:36:58,300 --> 03:37:00,600
yourself and others going about 
ordinary life. 

3895
03:37:01,300 --> 03:37:04,500
You noticed that some memory 
stayed, clear While others faded

3896
03:37:04,500 --> 03:37:07,700
within hours. 
You recognize the concentrating 

3897
03:37:07,700 --> 03:37:09,800
on one thing, meant other things
Slipped Away. 

3898
03:37:10,700 --> 03:37:12,500
You understood that tiredness 
changed? 

3899
03:37:12,500 --> 03:37:15,900
How you thought making simple 
decisions, feel Difficult by 

3900
03:37:15,900 --> 03:37:18,600
evening? 
People describe these 

3901
03:37:18,600 --> 03:37:22,000
experiences to one another 
constantly, a teacher might 

3902
03:37:22,000 --> 03:37:24,400
mention how students seem to 
learn better in the morning. 

3903
03:37:24,400 --> 03:37:28,500
A shopkeeper might notice that 
familiar customers faces came to

3904
03:37:28,500 --> 03:37:30,300
mind more easily than their 
names. 

3905
03:37:31,400 --> 03:37:34,400
Apparent might observe that 
children remembered stories 

3906
03:37:34,400 --> 03:37:37,700
better when they were calm and 
rested, these observations 

3907
03:37:37,700 --> 03:37:41,000
weren't scientific, but they 
were accurate in their own way. 

3908
03:37:41,900 --> 03:37:45,100
The idea that thoughts could be 
studied systematically seems 

3909
03:37:45,100 --> 03:37:49,200
strange at first. 
Thinking felt private invisible 

3910
03:37:49,200 --> 03:37:53,900
and impossible to measure. 
Unlike the heart or lungs the 

3911
03:37:53,900 --> 03:37:57,100
Mind produced nothing you could 
weigh or see under a microscope,

3912
03:37:57,100 --> 03:38:01,200
it's simply existed creating 
experience is that only? 

3913
03:38:01,200 --> 03:38:04,400
You could know directly. 
Yet, people had always been 

3914
03:38:04,400 --> 03:38:06,600
curious about why they thought 
the way they did. 

3915
03:38:07,400 --> 03:38:11,000
Why did some faces seem 
instantly familiar While others 

3916
03:38:11,000 --> 03:38:13,600
remain strangers? 
Even after multiple meetings, 

3917
03:38:13,600 --> 03:38:16,600
why could you remember a song 
from childhood? 

3918
03:38:16,600 --> 03:38:18,500
But forget what you ate three 
days ago. 

3919
03:38:19,300 --> 03:38:22,300
Why did Solving a puzzle 
sometimes require stepping away 

3920
03:38:22,300 --> 03:38:24,200
and returning later with fresh 
eyes? 

3921
03:38:25,300 --> 03:38:26,900
These questions didn't feel 
urgent. 

3922
03:38:26,900 --> 03:38:30,600
It was simply part of Being 
Human notice, during Quiet 

3923
03:38:30,600 --> 03:38:32,600
Moments or mentioned in passing 
conversation? 

3924
03:38:32,600 --> 03:38:37,700
No one expected to finish. 
The mind was just something you 

3925
03:38:37,700 --> 03:38:41,900
lived with accepting its quirks 
and patterns as part of daily 

3926
03:38:41,900 --> 03:38:47,000
existence, By the mid-1800s. 
A few people began wondering if 

3927
03:38:47,000 --> 03:38:49,700
these everyday observations 
could lead somewhere more 

3928
03:38:49,700 --> 03:38:52,900
organized. 
Perhaps patterns existed that 

3929
03:38:52,900 --> 03:38:56,500
applied to everyone. 
Perhaps memory attention and 

3930
03:38:56,500 --> 03:38:59,200
thought followed rules that 
could be discovered through 

3931
03:38:59,200 --> 03:39:02,800
patient study. 
Perhaps the Mind despite being 

3932
03:39:02,800 --> 03:39:04,900
invisible, could still be 
understood. 

3933
03:39:05,800 --> 03:39:09,400
This shift happened gradually. 
It wasn't a sudden Revelation 

3934
03:39:09,400 --> 03:39:14,500
but a slow accumulation of 
curiosity. someone might keep a 

3935
03:39:14,500 --> 03:39:16,400
journal noting when they 
remembered things, clearly 

3936
03:39:16,400 --> 03:39:20,900
versus when details blurred 
Another person might wonder why 

3937
03:39:20,900 --> 03:39:25,000
certain tusks felt automatic 
While others required constant 

3938
03:39:25,000 --> 03:39:27,900
attention. 
These small questions began 

3939
03:39:27,900 --> 03:39:31,200
Gathering into something larger.
The people asking these 

3940
03:39:31,200 --> 03:39:35,100
questions were revolutionaries. 
They were teachers doctors 

3941
03:39:35,100 --> 03:39:38,500
philosophers and simply 
thoughtful individuals who 

3942
03:39:38,500 --> 03:39:42,300
notice patterns in daily life. 
They had no special equipment 

3943
03:39:42,300 --> 03:39:46,000
and no established methods. 
They just had questions and the 

3944
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:49,600
patience to sit with them. 
What made this period 

3945
03:39:49,600 --> 03:39:53,100
interesting was how little 
anyone actually knew there were 

3946
03:39:53,100 --> 03:39:56,900
no textbooks explaining how 
memory worked, no diagrams 

3947
03:39:56,900 --> 03:39:59,900
showing how attention 
functioned, no theories about 

3948
03:39:59,900 --> 03:40:02,000
why practice made some tasks 
easier. 

3949
03:40:03,000 --> 03:40:06,100
Just people noticing wondering 
and occasionally writing down 

3950
03:40:06,100 --> 03:40:09,800
what they observed. this 
uncertainty created a kind of 

3951
03:40:09,800 --> 03:40:13,700
openness without established 
answers, people could explore 

3952
03:40:13,700 --> 03:40:19,000
freely They could propose ideas,
test them gently and revise them

3953
03:40:19,000 --> 03:40:21,700
without feeling they were 
contradicting established truth.

3954
03:40:22,500 --> 03:40:25,500
The mind was a mystery but it 
was a mystery, they lived with 

3955
03:40:25,500 --> 03:40:28,800
every day, making it familiar 
even while remaining 

3956
03:40:28,800 --> 03:40:32,400
unexplained. 
Daily life provided constant 

3957
03:40:32,400 --> 03:40:34,500
opportunities for informal 
observation. 

3958
03:40:35,300 --> 03:40:38,300
Walking through a city, you 
noticed how quickly you stopped 

3959
03:40:38,300 --> 03:40:41,100
hearing the constant noise of 
traffic and conversation. 

3960
03:40:42,100 --> 03:40:45,200
Your mind filtered out, the 
familiar attending only to 

3961
03:40:45,200 --> 03:40:49,000
unusual sound or sudden changes.
This happened automatically 

3962
03:40:49,000 --> 03:40:52,800
without conscious decision, 
reading a book, demonstrated 

3963
03:40:52,800 --> 03:40:56,700
similar patterns your eyes. 
Moved across words, but you 

3964
03:40:56,700 --> 03:40:58,500
won't aware of each individual 
letter. 

3965
03:40:59,300 --> 03:41:02,800
Somehow meaning emerged directly
from the marks on the page. 

3966
03:41:03,700 --> 03:41:06,600
Only when you encountered an 
unfamiliar word to the process 

3967
03:41:06,600 --> 03:41:09,200
slowed down becoming deliberate 
and conscious. 

3968
03:41:10,400 --> 03:41:13,800
Conversations revealed other 
aspects of thinking. you could 

3969
03:41:13,808 --> 03:41:16,500
follow what someone said, while 
simultaneously planning your 

3970
03:41:16,500 --> 03:41:20,100
response, You remembered earlier
parts of the conversation while 

3971
03:41:20,100 --> 03:41:23,800
hearing new information, you 
interpreted tone and expression.

3972
03:41:23,800 --> 03:41:27,900
Alongside actual words, all of 
this happened smoothly, 

3973
03:41:27,900 --> 03:41:32,600
requiring, no apparent effort 
yet certain mental tasks, felt 

3974
03:41:32,600 --> 03:41:36,300
genuinely difficult. 
Learning a new skill, demanded 

3975
03:41:36,300 --> 03:41:39,900
concentration. 
Remembering long sequences of 

3976
03:41:39,900 --> 03:41:43,100
information took work. 
Maintaining attention on 

3977
03:41:43,100 --> 03:41:45,500
something. 
Boring required constant effort.

3978
03:41:46,300 --> 03:41:49,300
These difficulties were just as 
much a part of mental life as 

3979
03:41:49,300 --> 03:41:53,200
the effortless aspects. people 
noticed that moods affected 

3980
03:41:53,200 --> 03:41:57,800
thinking, when cheerful problems
seemed to manageable an ideas 

3981
03:41:57,800 --> 03:42:02,900
flowed easily, When sad or 
worried even simple tasks felt 

3982
03:42:02,900 --> 03:42:05,400
burdensome and concentration 
became difficult. 

3983
03:42:06,500 --> 03:42:09,400
The connection between emotion 
and thought was obvious though. 

3984
03:42:09,400 --> 03:42:11,500
No one understood the mechanisms
behind it. 

3985
03:42:12,400 --> 03:42:16,000
Physical state mattered to 
hunger, made thinking harder 

3986
03:42:16,000 --> 03:42:19,600
illness disrupted concentration.
Pain. 

3987
03:42:19,600 --> 03:42:23,300
Drew attention away from other 
concerns, the Mind clearly 

3988
03:42:23,300 --> 03:42:26,900
depended on the body though, the
exact nature of that dependence 

3989
03:42:26,900 --> 03:42:30,900
remained on clear Age brought 
changes in mental abilities that

3990
03:42:30,900 --> 03:42:34,600
everyone could observe. 
Children learned quickly but 

3991
03:42:34,600 --> 03:42:38,500
struggled with abstract ideas. 
Adults could think through 

3992
03:42:38,500 --> 03:42:42,100
complex problems that sometimes,
had trouble learning new skills,

3993
03:42:42,100 --> 03:42:45,800
older people accumulated, vast 
knowledge but might struggle to 

3994
03:42:45,800 --> 03:42:49,000
remember recent events. 
These patterns were familiar, 

3995
03:42:49,000 --> 03:42:53,100
noticed across Generations. 
Individual differences, were 

3996
03:42:53,100 --> 03:42:56,200
equally apparent. 
Some people seem to naturally 

3997
03:42:56,200 --> 03:43:00,000
good with numbers, others had 
exceptional memories for faces 

3998
03:43:00,000 --> 03:43:02,500
or names. 
Still others could learn 

3999
03:43:02,500 --> 03:43:05,800
languages easily or show talent 
for music or art. 

4000
03:43:06,700 --> 03:43:10,200
These variations suggested that 
mines while sharing basic 

4001
03:43:10,200 --> 03:43:12,900
features also differed in 
significant ways. 

4002
03:43:14,200 --> 03:43:17,600
All of these observations 
existed before formal psychology

4003
03:43:17,600 --> 03:43:21,300
accumulated through ordinary 
living rather than systematic 

4004
03:43:21,300 --> 03:43:24,000
study. 
They formed a foundation of 

4005
03:43:24,000 --> 03:43:27,000
common knowledge about mental 
life, reliable enough for 

4006
03:43:27,008 --> 03:43:30,200
practical purposes, even without
scientific explanation. 

4007
03:43:31,100 --> 03:43:34,400
What early psychologists would 
attempt was taking this informal

4008
03:43:34,400 --> 03:43:37,600
knowledge and making it precise.
They wanted to move from 

4009
03:43:37,600 --> 03:43:40,800
noticing patterns to 
understanding why those patterns

4010
03:43:40,800 --> 03:43:43,800
existed. 
They hope to transform everyday 

4011
03:43:43,800 --> 03:43:45,900
observations into systematic 
knowledge. 

4012
03:43:45,900 --> 03:43:52,100
That could be tested refined and
extended. this ambition faced an

4013
03:43:52,100 --> 03:43:55,500
immediate problem unlike 
studying rocks or plants or 

4014
03:43:55,500 --> 03:43:59,700
chemical reactions studying the 
Mind meant studying the very 

4015
03:43:59,700 --> 03:44:03,400
thing doing the studying your 
mind had to observe itself, 

4016
03:44:03,400 --> 03:44:06,900
creating a kind of circularity 
that made objective 

4017
03:44:06,900 --> 03:44:11,200
investigation, difficult, 
Despite this challenge, the 

4018
03:44:11,200 --> 03:44:15,400
attempt seemed worth making the 
mine shaped every aspect of 

4019
03:44:15,400 --> 03:44:19,400
human life under standing, it 
better might improve education. 

4020
03:44:19,400 --> 03:44:23,300
Help people think more clearly 
and address the suffering caused

4021
03:44:23,300 --> 03:44:26,800
by mental, difficulties the 
potential benefits Justified 

4022
03:44:26,800 --> 03:44:28,900
working through methodological 
problems. 

4023
03:44:29,700 --> 03:44:33,300
So in small rooms and quiet, 
Laboratories with simple 

4024
03:44:33,300 --> 03:44:37,200
equipment and careful notes. 
The first psychologists began 

4025
03:44:37,200 --> 03:44:41,100
their work building on everyday 
observations, but trying to go 

4026
03:44:41,100 --> 03:44:43,800
beyond them. 
Seeking patterns and principles.

4027
03:44:43,800 --> 03:44:47,700
That could explain the rich 
complex frustrating and 

4028
03:44:47,700 --> 03:44:51,400
fascinating experience of being 
a conscious thinking person. 

4029
03:44:53,200 --> 03:44:56,200
The first people who try to 
study psychology formerly worked

4030
03:44:56,200 --> 03:44:58,000
in small rooms with simple 
tools. 

4031
03:44:58,000 --> 03:45:02,000
They use pocket watches to 
measure reaction times they 

4032
03:45:02,000 --> 03:45:04,300
created, basic puzzles to test 
memory. 

4033
03:45:04,300 --> 03:45:08,300
They kept detailed notebooks 
recording observations in neat 

4034
03:45:08,300 --> 03:45:10,100
handwriting by Lamplight. 
Each evening. 

4035
03:45:11,000 --> 03:45:13,700
Wilhelm wundt opened a 
laboratory in Leipzig, Germany 

4036
03:45:13,700 --> 03:45:17,200
in 1879. 
This wasn't a laboratory in the 

4037
03:45:17,208 --> 03:45:20,600
modern sense with gleaming 
equipment and computer screens. 

4038
03:45:20,600 --> 03:45:25,200
It was a room with tables chairs
paper and a few instruments for 

4039
03:45:25,200 --> 03:45:28,000
measuring time and basic sensory
responses. 

4040
03:45:29,000 --> 03:45:31,300
The work done. 
There was quiet and repetitive. 

4041
03:45:32,300 --> 03:45:34,900
Researchers would sit with 
volunteers and ask them to 

4042
03:45:34,900 --> 03:45:37,600
describe their thoughts. 
While performing simple tasks. 

4043
03:45:38,500 --> 03:45:41,500
Someone might look at a colored 
card and try to explain exactly 

4044
03:45:41,500 --> 03:45:45,400
what they experienced. 
Another person might listen to a

4045
03:45:45,400 --> 03:45:48,400
tone and describe how it felt 
different from another tone. 

4046
03:45:49,000 --> 03:45:51,100
These descriptions were recorded
carefully. 

4047
03:45:51,100 --> 03:45:54,300
And then reviewed later, the 
goal was to break Consciousness 

4048
03:45:54,300 --> 03:45:58,100
into its smallest parts. 
If thinking was made up of 

4049
03:45:58,100 --> 03:46:01,600
Basics and Sensations feeling 
and images, perhaps 

4050
03:46:01,600 --> 03:46:04,500
understanding those pieces would
reveal how the whole mind 

4051
03:46:04,500 --> 03:46:06,700
worked. 
It seemed logical. 

4052
03:46:07,400 --> 03:46:10,300
Scientists had been breaking 
physical matter into smaller 

4053
03:46:10,300 --> 03:46:13,200
elements for decades. 
Why not do the same with 

4054
03:46:13,200 --> 03:46:15,700
thought? 
This approach called 

4055
03:46:15,700 --> 03:46:19,900
introspection required. 
Patience volunteers has to pay 

4056
03:46:19,900 --> 03:46:22,900
very close attention to their 
own mental processes and 

4057
03:46:22,900 --> 03:46:26,100
describe them accurately. 
Researchers had to listen 

4058
03:46:26,100 --> 03:46:28,300
carefully in a record. 
Everything precisely. 

4059
03:46:29,100 --> 03:46:32,300
Then they had to compare notes 
looking for patterns across 

4060
03:46:32,300 --> 03:46:34,000
different people and different 
tasks. 

4061
03:46:34,800 --> 03:46:38,100
The work was slow. 
A single experiment might take 

4062
03:46:38,100 --> 03:46:41,100
weeks to complete with the same 
simple task. 

4063
03:46:41,100 --> 03:46:45,100
Repeated hundreds of times 
researchers wanted to be 

4064
03:46:45,100 --> 03:46:48,100
thorough to make sure their 
observation were consistent. 

4065
03:46:48,100 --> 03:46:52,500
The avoided rushing toward 
conclusions, the problems 

4066
03:46:52,500 --> 03:46:55,500
appeared quickly. 
When different people described 

4067
03:46:55,500 --> 03:46:59,300
the same experience, there are 
accounts often differed one 

4068
03:46:59,300 --> 03:47:01,400
person. 
Might report seeing a color as a

4069
03:47:01,400 --> 03:47:04,900
simple sensation. 
Another might immediately think 

4070
03:47:04,900 --> 03:47:09,300
of an object that color mixing 
memory with pure perception. 

4071
03:47:10,700 --> 03:47:14,400
Third, might feel an emotion 
connected to the color adding 

4072
03:47:14,400 --> 03:47:17,400
yet another layer. 
These differences were 

4073
03:47:17,400 --> 03:47:20,300
confusing. 
If everyone's mind worked the 

4074
03:47:20,308 --> 03:47:22,700
same way, shouldn't their 
descriptions match. 

4075
03:47:23,500 --> 03:47:26,500
The researchers tried being more
precise with their instructions,

4076
03:47:26,500 --> 03:47:29,000
they trained volunteers more 
carefully. 

4077
03:47:29,000 --> 03:47:31,600
They repeated experiments again 
and again. 

4078
03:47:32,300 --> 03:47:36,400
Still, the variations persisted.
Some researchers began to 

4079
03:47:36,400 --> 03:47:39,300
suspect that asking people to 
describe their thoughts, might 

4080
03:47:39,300 --> 03:47:44,000
actually change those thoughts. 
The act of observing your own 

4081
03:47:44,000 --> 03:47:47,400
thinking, seem to interfere with
natural mental processes. 

4082
03:47:47,400 --> 03:47:50,800
It was like trying to study how 
you walked by thinking about 

4083
03:47:50,800 --> 03:47:54,200
every step, The attention 
required for observation. 

4084
03:47:54,200 --> 03:47:56,000
Altered? 
What you were trying to observe?

4085
03:47:56,900 --> 03:48:00,900
This created a genuine dilemma. 
How can you study something that

4086
03:48:00,900 --> 03:48:05,600
changed when you looked at it? 
The problem felt fundamental not

4087
03:48:05,600 --> 03:48:08,400
something that better equipment 
or more careful methods could 

4088
03:48:08,400 --> 03:48:12,000
solve it was built in to the 
nature of Consciousness itself. 

4089
03:48:13,100 --> 03:48:14,900
Other scientists tried different
approaches. 

4090
03:48:14,900 --> 03:48:18,200
Her Manning house decided to 
study memory using something 

4091
03:48:18,200 --> 03:48:22,200
that had no prior meaning. 
He created nonsense, syllables 

4092
03:48:22,200 --> 03:48:25,700
combinations of letters that 
form no real words. 

4093
03:48:26,500 --> 03:48:30,100
Then he memorized lists at the 
syllables testing himself. 

4094
03:48:30,100 --> 03:48:33,500
Repeatedly to see how memory 
changed over time. 

4095
03:48:34,300 --> 03:48:38,100
This work was tedious. 
Ebbinghaus, sat alone, 

4096
03:48:38,100 --> 03:48:42,200
memorizing lists, testing 
himself recording results, then 

4097
03:48:42,200 --> 03:48:43,600
doing it all. 
Again, the next day. 

4098
03:48:44,800 --> 03:48:48,600
He continued for months building
a careful record of how quickly 

4099
03:48:48,600 --> 03:48:50,900
he forgot and how repetition 
helped him remember. 

4100
03:48:52,000 --> 03:48:55,700
The data accumulated slowly 
filling notebook after notebook.

4101
03:48:56,700 --> 03:49:00,200
What he discovered was both 
interesting and limited memory 

4102
03:49:00,200 --> 03:49:04,600
did follow certain patterns. 
Information faded quickly at 

4103
03:49:04,600 --> 03:49:09,900
first then more slowly over time
repetition helped but with 

4104
03:49:09,900 --> 03:49:12,700
diminishing returns spacing 
practice. 

4105
03:49:12,700 --> 03:49:15,300
Session's worked better than 
cramming everything at once. 

4106
03:49:16,100 --> 03:49:20,300
These findings were genuine, but
they also felt narrow memorizing

4107
03:49:20,300 --> 03:49:21,900
nonsense. 
Syllables wasn't like, 

4108
03:49:21,900 --> 03:49:25,400
remembering your childhood 
learning a skill or recognizing 

4109
03:49:25,400 --> 03:49:28,600
a friend's face. 
Controlled Simplicity, that made

4110
03:49:28,600 --> 03:49:31,900
the experiment possible also 
made, it feels distant from real

4111
03:49:31,900 --> 03:49:34,600
mental life. 
Still the work. 

4112
03:49:34,600 --> 03:49:38,600
Demonstrated that memory could 
be studied quantitatively You 

4113
03:49:38,600 --> 03:49:41,300
could measure how much was 
remembered, how long it took to 

4114
03:49:41,300 --> 03:49:45,900
learn and how quickly forgetting
occurred. these measurements 

4115
03:49:45,900 --> 03:49:49,800
provided something solid to work
with, even if they captured only

4116
03:49:49,800 --> 03:49:54,500
a tiny slice of what memory 
actually was, Other researchers,

4117
03:49:54,500 --> 03:49:56,400
explored different aspects of 
thinking. 

4118
03:49:57,200 --> 03:50:00,900
Some studied how people reacted 
to unexpected sounds or lights. 

4119
03:50:00,900 --> 03:50:05,000
Others investigated how practice
improved performance on simple 

4120
03:50:05,000 --> 03:50:09,500
tasks, each study, added a small
piece of information, but no 

4121
03:50:09,500 --> 03:50:12,900
Grand picture emerged. 
The early psychologists kept 

4122
03:50:12,900 --> 03:50:14,500
working despite this 
uncertainty. 

4123
03:50:15,500 --> 03:50:17,700
They revised their methods when 
problems appeared. 

4124
03:50:17,700 --> 03:50:21,000
They borrowed ideas from each 
other, they published their 

4125
03:50:21,000 --> 03:50:24,700
findings in new journals created
specifically for psychological 

4126
03:50:24,700 --> 03:50:28,200
research. 
The field grew but slowly 

4127
03:50:28,200 --> 03:50:32,400
without dramatic breakthroughs. 
What sustained them was genuine 

4128
03:50:32,400 --> 03:50:36,100
curiosity and the belief that 
patients would eventually yield 

4129
03:50:36,100 --> 03:50:39,400
under standing. 
They weren't expecting quick 

4130
03:50:39,400 --> 03:50:41,500
answers. 
They were building something 

4131
03:50:41,500 --> 03:50:45,400
from nothing. establishing basic
methods and questions that 

4132
03:50:45,400 --> 03:50:50,100
future researchers could refine 
and expand Equipment remains 

4133
03:50:50,100 --> 03:50:52,600
simple. 
Throughout this early period, a 

4134
03:50:52,600 --> 03:50:55,900
chronometer for measuring time 
cards with colors or shapes 

4135
03:50:55,900 --> 03:51:00,300
lists of words or syllables 
simple mechanical devices for 

4136
03:51:00,300 --> 03:51:02,400
presenting. 
Stimuli at controlled intervals.

4137
03:51:02,400 --> 03:51:04,700
Nothing required advanced 
technology? 

4138
03:51:04,700 --> 03:51:08,500
Or significant expense. 
This Simplicity had advantages 

4139
03:51:08,500 --> 03:51:11,700
experiments could be replicated 
easily in different 

4140
03:51:11,700 --> 03:51:14,200
Laboratories. 
Students could learn methods 

4141
03:51:14,200 --> 03:51:17,000
quickly. 
The focus stayed on observations

4142
03:51:17,000 --> 03:51:19,700
rather than getting distracted 
by complex apparatus. 

4143
03:51:20,700 --> 03:51:23,400
The questions being asked were 
fundamental enough, that simple 

4144
03:51:23,400 --> 03:51:26,400
tools to fight. 
Funding for this work came 

4145
03:51:26,400 --> 03:51:30,200
primarily from University's 
which supported research as part

4146
03:51:30,200 --> 03:51:33,300
of their educational mission. 
A mounts were modest. 

4147
03:51:34,000 --> 03:51:37,400
A laboratory might operate on 
the equivalent of a few thousand

4148
03:51:37,400 --> 03:51:41,300
modern dollars per year. 
Researchers didn't expect wealth

4149
03:51:41,300 --> 03:51:43,900
from their work. 
Just enough support to continue.

4150
03:51:44,900 --> 03:51:47,600
The pace of publication was 
slowed by later standards. 

4151
03:51:47,600 --> 03:51:51,200
A researcher might publish two 
or three papers in a good year. 

4152
03:51:51,200 --> 03:51:55,400
Each paper reported carefully 
conducted studies, often 

4153
03:51:55,400 --> 03:51:59,200
representing months of work, the
emphasis was on quality and 

4154
03:51:59,200 --> 03:52:01,100
thoroughness rather than 
quantity of output. 

4155
03:52:02,200 --> 03:52:05,100
Reviewing others work for 
journals was taken seriously. 

4156
03:52:05,900 --> 03:52:09,900
Researchers read submissions 
carefully, checking methods and 

4157
03:52:09,900 --> 03:52:13,500
questioning interpretations they
provided detailed feedback 

4158
03:52:13,500 --> 03:52:15,800
helping authors improve their 
work. 

4159
03:52:16,600 --> 03:52:19,900
This peer review helped maintain
standards, even as the field was

4160
03:52:19,900 --> 03:52:21,900
still defining, what those 
standards should be. 

4161
03:52:22,700 --> 03:52:25,800
Mistakes were common and 
acknowledged openly and 

4162
03:52:25,800 --> 03:52:28,200
experiment, might fail to 
produce clear results. 

4163
03:52:28,200 --> 03:52:32,900
A method, might prove unreliable
Theory might be contradicted by 

4164
03:52:32,900 --> 03:52:36,300
new observations researchers 
reported these failures 

4165
03:52:36,300 --> 03:52:39,900
alongside successes treating 
them as valuable information 

4166
03:52:39,900 --> 03:52:43,800
about what didn't work. 
This honesty created a culture 

4167
03:52:43,800 --> 03:52:46,600
where admitting difficulty or 
uncertainty was acceptable. 

4168
03:52:47,500 --> 03:52:50,300
No one expected researchers to 
always be right? 

4169
03:52:50,300 --> 03:52:53,400
They expected them to be 
careful, honest. 

4170
03:52:53,400 --> 03:52:56,400
And willing to revise their 
thinking when evidence demanded 

4171
03:52:56,400 --> 03:53:01,300
it, Debate occurred regularly. 
Researchers disagreed about 

4172
03:53:01,300 --> 03:53:05,100
methods interpretations, and the
fields proper direction. 

4173
03:53:06,000 --> 03:53:08,400
These disagreements were 
conducted through Journal 

4174
03:53:08,400 --> 03:53:09,800
articles and Conference 
presentations. 

4175
03:53:09,800 --> 03:53:13,200
With each side presenting 
arguments and evidence. 

4176
03:53:13,200 --> 03:53:17,600
The tone was generally 
respectful focused on ideas 

4177
03:53:17,600 --> 03:53:22,500
rather than personal criticism. 
Some debates continued for years

4178
03:53:22,500 --> 03:53:25,600
without resolution. 
Different Laboratories use 

4179
03:53:25,600 --> 03:53:27,700
different methods and reach 
different conclusions. 

4180
03:53:29,000 --> 03:53:32,000
Without clear ways to decide 
between competing approaches, 

4181
03:53:32,000 --> 03:53:35,800
both might persist each 
Gathering supporters and 

4182
03:53:35,800 --> 03:53:40,300
continuing to produce research. 
This theoretical, diversity, 

4183
03:53:40,300 --> 03:53:43,900
could be frustrating but it also
protected against premature 

4184
03:53:43,900 --> 03:53:47,100
consensus. 
The field had settled too 

4185
03:53:47,100 --> 03:53:49,000
quickly on particular methods or
theories. 

4186
03:53:49,000 --> 03:53:51,900
It might have locked itself into
a later. 

4187
03:53:51,900 --> 03:53:55,100
Proved Limited. 
Ongoing disagreement kept 

4188
03:53:55,100 --> 03:53:58,000
options. 
Open what unified researchers 

4189
03:53:58,000 --> 03:54:00,900
despite their differences was 
commitment to empirically 

4190
03:54:00,900 --> 03:54:04,700
investigation whatever their 
theoretical preferences, they 

4191
03:54:04,700 --> 03:54:08,600
agree that observation should 
Guide Understanding speculation 

4192
03:54:08,600 --> 03:54:11,800
alone wasn't enough, ideas 
needed, testing through, 

4193
03:54:11,800 --> 03:54:15,900
systematic study, this empirical
commitment, didn't eliminate 

4194
03:54:15,900 --> 03:54:19,700
bias or error, but it provided a
standard for evaluation 

4195
03:54:20,600 --> 03:54:23,200
Theories, that could not be 
tested or that contradicted. 

4196
03:54:24,000 --> 03:54:26,300
Repeated observations lost 
credibility. 

4197
03:54:27,400 --> 03:54:31,200
Those supported by consistent 
evidence gained acceptance, at 

4198
03:54:31,200 --> 03:54:34,400
least provisionally. 
The relationship between 

4199
03:54:34,400 --> 03:54:37,100
psychology and philosophy 
remained closed during this 

4200
03:54:37,100 --> 03:54:40,000
period. 
Many psychologists had trained 

4201
03:54:40,000 --> 03:54:43,300
in philosophy and continued 
reading philosophical work. 

4202
03:54:44,100 --> 03:54:47,100
They borrowed Concepts and 
questions from philosophical 

4203
03:54:47,100 --> 03:54:48,800
discussions of mind and 
knowledge. 

4204
03:54:49,500 --> 03:54:52,400
But Psychology was trying to 
establish independence from 

4205
03:54:52,400 --> 03:54:55,600
Philosophy by emphasizing 
empirical methods. 

4206
03:54:56,400 --> 03:54:59,100
Philosophers might debate. 
The nature of Consciousness in, 

4207
03:54:59,100 --> 03:55:01,600
definitely. 
Psychologists wanted 

4208
03:55:01,600 --> 03:55:04,900
observations that could settle 
disagreements or at least 

4209
03:55:04,908 --> 03:55:08,400
constrained speculation. 
This tension between 

4210
03:55:08,400 --> 03:55:11,600
philosophical questions and 
empirical methods would persist 

4211
03:55:11,600 --> 03:55:13,200
throughout psychologies 
development. 

4212
03:55:14,100 --> 03:55:17,000
The deepest questions about mind
and Consciousness, often, 

4213
03:55:17,000 --> 03:55:21,200
resisted experimental 
investigation Yet focusing only 

4214
03:55:21,200 --> 03:55:23,200
on what could be measured risked
missing. 

4215
03:55:23,200 --> 03:55:27,300
What was most important? 
Early psychologists navigated 

4216
03:55:27,300 --> 03:55:29,500
this tension with varying 
degrees of success. 

4217
03:55:29,500 --> 03:55:33,000
Some maintained broad 
philosophical perspectives while

4218
03:55:33,000 --> 03:55:37,300
conducting careful experiments 
Others focused narrowly on what 

4219
03:55:37,300 --> 03:55:39,100
could be measured. 
Setting aside. 

4220
03:55:39,100 --> 03:55:42,500
Larger questions. 
Both approaches contributed to 

4221
03:55:42,500 --> 03:55:45,800
the fields development. 
As psychology developed 

4222
03:55:45,800 --> 03:55:49,600
researchers gathered in 
universities forming small 

4223
03:55:49,600 --> 03:55:52,800
communities of people interested
in the same questions. 

4224
03:55:53,600 --> 03:55:57,900
These weren't large departments,
often psychology existed as a 

4225
03:55:57,908 --> 03:56:01,400
corner of philosophy or 
physiology with just one or two 

4226
03:56:01,400 --> 03:56:03,200
people pursuing it. 
Seriously. 

4227
03:56:04,100 --> 03:56:06,700
Students came to study with 
established researchers, 

4228
03:56:06,700 --> 03:56:10,000
learning, methods, through 
direct apprenticeship, they 

4229
03:56:10,000 --> 03:56:13,500
attended lectures, observed 
experiments, and eventually 

4230
03:56:13,500 --> 03:56:17,200
designed their own studies. 
The teaching was personal and 

4231
03:56:17,200 --> 03:56:19,900
informal with much of the 
learning happening through 

4232
03:56:19,900 --> 03:56:22,400
conversation rather than formal 
instruction. 

4233
03:56:23,300 --> 03:56:26,300
University's in Germany became 
early centers for this work 

4234
03:56:26,300 --> 03:56:30,600
light Sig where vent worked 
attracted students from a cross 

4235
03:56:30,600 --> 03:56:34,300
Europe and America People 
traveled considerable distance 

4236
03:56:34,300 --> 03:56:37,200
is to spend a year or two. 
Learning cycleogical research 

4237
03:56:37,200 --> 03:56:40,300
methods. 
They lived simply attended 

4238
03:56:40,300 --> 03:56:44,200
lectures, worked in a laboratory
trees and discussed ideas during

4239
03:56:44,200 --> 03:56:45,900
long, walks or evening 
Gathering. 

4240
03:56:46,900 --> 03:56:50,500
This created Networks. 
Students, who study together. 

4241
03:56:50,500 --> 03:56:53,100
Stayed in contact, after 
returning to their home 

4242
03:56:53,100 --> 03:56:57,000
countries, they wrote letters, 
sharing observations and asking 

4243
03:56:57,000 --> 03:57:00,900
questions when someone developed
a new experimental technique 

4244
03:57:00,900 --> 03:57:04,000
others heard about it through 
correspondence and tried to 

4245
03:57:04,000 --> 03:57:08,300
adapt it for their own research.
Academic conferences began to 

4246
03:57:08,300 --> 03:57:11,500
include psychology. 
Researchers presented their 

4247
03:57:11,500 --> 03:57:15,300
findings to small audiences 
often, just a dozen or 20 

4248
03:57:15,300 --> 03:57:17,700
people. 
These presentations spark 

4249
03:57:17,700 --> 03:57:20,400
discussions that continued, 
informally afterward. 

4250
03:57:21,100 --> 03:57:23,300
Someone might mention a problem,
they encountered in their 

4251
03:57:23,300 --> 03:57:26,500
research and others would 
suggest possible solutions or 

4252
03:57:26,500 --> 03:57:29,900
alternative approaches. 
The atmosphere was collegial 

4253
03:57:29,900 --> 03:57:33,500
rather than competitive. 
Everyone recognized that the 

4254
03:57:33,500 --> 03:57:37,600
field was too new and uncertain 
for rivalry to make sense, they 

4255
03:57:37,600 --> 03:57:40,400
needed each other's ideas and 
insights, they were all 

4256
03:57:40,400 --> 03:57:42,900
struggling with the same 
fundamental challenge of how to 

4257
03:57:42,900 --> 03:57:44,900
study something as elusive as 
thought. 

4258
03:57:45,900 --> 03:57:49,300
Professional journals dedicated 
to psychology started, appearing

4259
03:57:49,300 --> 03:57:53,100
in the late 1800s. 
These provided formal channels 

4260
03:57:53,100 --> 03:57:56,000
for sharing research Beyond 
personal correspondence. 

4261
03:57:57,100 --> 03:58:00,600
Articles were typically short, 
and descriptive reporting 

4262
03:58:00,600 --> 03:58:04,000
observations and methods without
much theoretical speculation. 

4263
03:58:05,000 --> 03:58:08,200
The emphasis was on careful 
documentation rather than bold 

4264
03:58:08,200 --> 03:58:11,900
claims reading these journals 
meant encountering a mixture of 

4265
03:58:11,908 --> 03:58:14,500
promising findings and 
acknowledged failures. 

4266
03:58:15,400 --> 03:58:18,900
Researchers routinely reported 
experiments that didn't work as 

4267
03:58:18,900 --> 03:58:21,700
expected. 
They described problems with 

4268
03:58:21,700 --> 03:58:24,300
their methods. 
Question their own 

4269
03:58:24,300 --> 03:58:28,300
interpretations, this honesty 
reflected the fields uncertainty

4270
03:58:28,300 --> 03:58:31,700
but also its commitment to 
gradual, honest progress. 

4271
03:58:32,600 --> 03:58:35,200
Teaching psychology to 
undergraduates required 

4272
03:58:35,200 --> 03:58:39,400
developing new courses. 
What should be included, how 

4273
03:58:39,400 --> 03:58:42,600
should it be organized? 
Professors tried different 

4274
03:58:42,600 --> 03:58:45,400
approaches. 
Some emphasizing philosophical 

4275
03:58:45,400 --> 03:58:48,300
questions about the Mind. 
Others focussing on 

4276
03:58:48,300 --> 03:58:51,900
experimental, methods and 
findings core structures. 

4277
03:58:51,900 --> 03:58:55,900
Varied considerably from one 
University to another Students 

4278
03:58:55,900 --> 03:58:58,800
often found psychology, 
interesting but frustrating. 

4279
03:58:59,800 --> 03:59:04,700
Field had few definitive answers
to offer unlike a natami, which 

4280
03:59:04,700 --> 03:59:06,800
could show you exactly how the 
heart works. 

4281
03:59:07,700 --> 03:59:11,700
Psychology in probabilities 
tendency and ongoing debates. 

4282
03:59:12,700 --> 03:59:16,400
This uncertainty could feel 
unsatisfying, but it also 

4283
03:59:16,400 --> 03:59:19,100
attracted, students who enjoyed 
open questions. 

4284
03:59:20,400 --> 03:59:22,500
The growth of academic 
psychology, created 

4285
03:59:22,500 --> 03:59:25,800
opportunities, University's 
began, hiring people 

4286
03:59:25,800 --> 03:59:29,400
specifically, to teach and 
research psychology rather than 

4287
03:59:29,400 --> 03:59:30,900
fitting it into other 
departments. 

4288
03:59:31,900 --> 03:59:35,700
Laboratory is expanded Beyond 
single rooms to include multiple

4289
03:59:35,700 --> 03:59:37,700
spaces for different types of 
research. 

4290
03:59:38,600 --> 03:59:42,700
Funding though, modest became 
more available as institutions 

4291
03:59:42,700 --> 03:59:45,900
recognize psychology as a 
legitimate field of study. 

4292
03:59:46,600 --> 03:59:50,100
International connections, 
strengthened, researchers 

4293
03:59:50,100 --> 03:59:53,500
visited Laboratories in other 
countries, observing different 

4294
03:59:53,500 --> 03:59:56,400
approaches, and techniques, they
discovered that. 

4295
03:59:56,400 --> 04:00:00,500
While fundamental questions were
Universal, cultural context 

4296
04:00:00,500 --> 04:00:02,400
shaped how those questions were 
explored. 

4297
04:00:03,100 --> 04:00:06,500
A researcher in America, might 
emphasize practical applications

4298
04:00:06,500 --> 04:00:10,300
while someone in Germany focuses
on theoretical foundations. 

4299
04:00:11,200 --> 04:00:14,100
This exchange of ideas happen, 
through multiple channels 

4300
04:00:14,100 --> 04:00:18,300
simultaneously. letters Journal 
articles conference 

4301
04:00:18,300 --> 04:00:22,900
presentations, and personal 
visits all contributed Field 

4302
04:00:22,900 --> 04:00:26,300
developed unevenly with some 
areas advancing faster than 

4303
04:00:26,300 --> 04:00:29,100
others. 
The overall direction was toward

4304
04:00:29,100 --> 04:00:31,500
greater sophistication and wider
participation. 

4305
04:00:32,800 --> 04:00:35,900
What held these communities 
together was a shared commitment

4306
04:00:35,900 --> 04:00:39,800
to understanding the Mind 
through observation rather than 

4307
04:00:39,800 --> 04:00:43,500
speculation alone? 
They value careful methods 

4308
04:00:43,500 --> 04:00:47,000
honest reporting and patients 
with uncertainly. 

4309
04:00:48,000 --> 04:00:50,800
They recognized that answers 
would come slowly if they came 

4310
04:00:50,800 --> 04:00:54,200
at all, but the process of 
searching seemed worth in 

4311
04:00:54,200 --> 04:00:56,700
itself. 
Language differences. 

4312
04:00:56,700 --> 04:00:59,900
Created some barriers. 
Much important work was 

4313
04:00:59,900 --> 04:01:03,100
published in German. 
Requiring researchers elsewhere 

4314
04:01:03,100 --> 04:01:05,400
to learn the language or wait 
for translations. 

4315
04:01:06,300 --> 04:01:09,200
French and English also served 
as languages of psychological 

4316
04:01:09,200 --> 04:01:12,200
research but no single language 
dominated. 

4317
04:01:12,200 --> 04:01:15,900
This meant ideas, spread more 
slowly than they might have. 

4318
04:01:15,900 --> 04:01:19,100
Otherwise translation work 
became important. 

4319
04:01:19,100 --> 04:01:23,200
Researchers who knew multiple 
languages help to make findings 

4320
04:01:23,200 --> 04:01:25,100
accessible across linguistic 
boundaries. 

4321
04:01:25,900 --> 04:01:29,400
They translated our articles, 
summarized foreign work for 

4322
04:01:29,400 --> 04:01:32,700
local audiences, and facilitated
correspondence. 

4323
04:01:32,700 --> 04:01:35,200
Between researchers who didn't 
share a common language. 

4324
04:01:36,900 --> 04:01:40,200
Women face significant barriers 
entering psychology during this 

4325
04:01:40,200 --> 04:01:43,200
period. 
University's often excluded them

4326
04:01:43,200 --> 04:01:46,100
from formal programs, or 
restricted, their participation 

4327
04:01:46,100 --> 04:01:49,400
despite these obstacles. 
Some women pursued, 

4328
04:01:49,400 --> 04:01:52,900
psychological research often 
working informally or in 

4329
04:01:52,900 --> 04:01:56,500
subordinate positions, their 
contributions were frequently 

4330
04:01:56,500 --> 04:01:59,100
overlooked or attributed to male
colleague's. 

4331
04:01:59,900 --> 04:02:02,800
If you women managed to 
establish themselves as serious 

4332
04:02:02,800 --> 04:02:06,200
researchers, they had to be 
exceptionally talented and 

4333
04:02:06,200 --> 04:02:08,600
persistent to overcome the 
barriers they face. 

4334
04:02:09,400 --> 04:02:12,200
The presence gradually began 
changing assumptions. 

4335
04:02:12,200 --> 04:02:15,600
About who could do psychological
research, though. 

4336
04:02:15,600 --> 04:02:17,700
Full inclusion would take many 
more decades. 

4337
04:02:18,900 --> 04:02:21,500
The social class background of 
early psychologists was 

4338
04:02:21,500 --> 04:02:23,600
typically middle or upper-middle
class. 

4339
04:02:24,400 --> 04:02:27,500
University education required 
resources, that working-class 

4340
04:02:27,500 --> 04:02:31,500
families rarely had. 
This limited the diversity of 

4341
04:02:31,500 --> 04:02:35,000
perspectives in the field. 
Research questions and 

4342
04:02:35,000 --> 04:02:38,900
interpretations reflected the 
backgrounds and concerns of 

4343
04:02:38,900 --> 04:02:43,200
relatively privileged academics.
Awareness of these limitations 

4344
04:02:43,200 --> 04:02:47,300
was minimal During the period. 
Researchers generally assume 

4345
04:02:47,300 --> 04:02:50,500
their findings applied 
universally without considering 

4346
04:02:50,500 --> 04:02:53,800
how class culture or other 
factors might matter. 

4347
04:02:54,700 --> 04:02:57,200
This assumption would be 
questioned more thoroughly in a 

4348
04:02:57,208 --> 04:03:00,500
later decades, but early 
psychologists worked within it 

4349
04:03:00,500 --> 04:03:03,100
unconsciously. 
Academic hierarchy. 

4350
04:03:03,100 --> 04:03:07,000
Shaped research practices, 
Established professors held 

4351
04:03:07,000 --> 04:03:10,600
significant Authority and their 
theoretical preferences 

4352
04:03:10,600 --> 04:03:12,900
influenced what? 
Kinds of research seemed 

4353
04:03:12,900 --> 04:03:16,300
worthwhile Junior. 
Researchers often worked on 

4354
04:03:16,300 --> 04:03:19,800
problems, their mentors 
considered important gaining 

4355
04:03:19,800 --> 04:03:22,000
independence. 
Only gradually as they establish

4356
04:03:22,000 --> 04:03:26,400
their own reputation. 
This hierarchical structure had 

4357
04:03:26,400 --> 04:03:29,800
both advantages and 
disadvantages, it provided 

4358
04:03:29,800 --> 04:03:31,700
mentorship and maintained 
standards. 

4359
04:03:31,700 --> 04:03:35,300
It also sometimes stifled 
Innovation when established 

4360
04:03:35,300 --> 04:03:38,900
figures rejected new approaches 
The balance between tradition 

4361
04:03:38,900 --> 04:03:43,000
and Innovation remained, a 
constant negotiation informal. 

4362
04:03:43,000 --> 04:03:47,000
Gatherings were, as important as
formal ones, researchers met for

4363
04:03:47,000 --> 04:03:51,400
coffee or tea, discussing ideas 
in relaxed settings, they dine 

4364
04:03:51,400 --> 04:03:54,700
together took walks and visited 
each other's homes. 

4365
04:03:55,400 --> 04:03:58,900
The social interactions built 
trust and understanding the 

4366
04:03:58,900 --> 04:04:01,800
facilitated intellectual 
exchange, personal 

4367
04:04:01,800 --> 04:04:04,000
relationships, influenced, 
intellectual ones. 

4368
04:04:04,900 --> 04:04:07,600
Friendships formed during 
student years often, lasted 

4369
04:04:07,600 --> 04:04:10,900
throughout Korea's creating 
networks of mutual support. 

4370
04:04:11,900 --> 04:04:15,000
People helped each other find 
positions reviewed each other's 

4371
04:04:15,000 --> 04:04:17,100
work and collaborated on 
research projects. 

4372
04:04:18,700 --> 04:04:20,900
The academic years Rhythm shape,
research. 

4373
04:04:21,900 --> 04:04:24,700
Terms filled with teaching left,
less time for experiments. 

4374
04:04:25,500 --> 04:04:28,300
Breaks Allowed intense of focus 
on research and writing. 

4375
04:04:29,100 --> 04:04:32,000
Summers might be spent traveling
to visit other laboratory or 

4376
04:04:32,000 --> 04:04:35,600
attending conferences. 
This cyclical pattern became the

4377
04:04:35,600 --> 04:04:37,900
framework within which 
psychology developed. 

4378
04:04:38,600 --> 04:04:43,000
Universities valued research but
also demanded teaching balancing

4379
04:04:43,000 --> 04:04:46,500
both required careful time 
management. some researchers 

4380
04:04:46,500 --> 04:04:50,300
excelled at both others found 
one or the other more congenial,

4381
04:04:50,300 --> 04:04:54,000
most did, what was necessary to 
maintain their positions, while 

4382
04:04:54,000 --> 04:04:57,600
pursuing, the work that 
interested the most Researched 

4383
04:04:57,600 --> 04:05:00,700
students provided essential 
assistance, they helped conduct 

4384
04:05:00,700 --> 04:05:04,100
experiments organized data and 
maintain equipment. 

4385
04:05:04,900 --> 04:05:08,200
In return, they learned methods 
and eventually developed 

4386
04:05:08,200 --> 04:05:10,200
Independence as researchers 
themselves. 

4387
04:05:11,200 --> 04:05:13,800
This apprenticeship model 
ensured continuity across 

4388
04:05:13,800 --> 04:05:17,200
Generations, the relationship 
between research and teaching 

4389
04:05:17,200 --> 04:05:21,600
was seen as mutually beneficial.
Teaching Force researchers to 

4390
04:05:21,600 --> 04:05:25,200
organize their knowledge. 
Clearly research provided fresh 

4391
04:05:25,200 --> 04:05:28,600
material for teaching and 
demonstrated the active nature 

4392
04:05:28,600 --> 04:05:31,600
of the field. 
Students benefited from learning

4393
04:05:31,600 --> 04:05:34,100
from active researchers, rather 
than just textbooks. 

4394
04:05:35,000 --> 04:05:37,000
Public interest in Psychology 
was growing. 

4395
04:05:37,000 --> 04:05:41,000
But remained limited, occasional
lectures for General audience is

4396
04:05:41,000 --> 04:05:45,300
introduced psychological ideas 
to non-specialists Newspapers 

4397
04:05:45,300 --> 04:05:47,400
sometimes reported on Research 
findings. 

4398
04:05:48,500 --> 04:05:51,400
But psychology hadn't yet 
captured widespread popular 

4399
04:05:51,400 --> 04:05:55,300
attention the way it would. 
In later decades, this relative 

4400
04:05:55,300 --> 04:05:59,100
obscurity, had Advantage is 
researchers could work without 

4401
04:05:59,100 --> 04:06:02,400
excessive scrutiny or pressure 
for immediate practical results.

4402
04:06:03,100 --> 04:06:06,000
They could pursue questions that
interested them without worrying

4403
04:06:06,000 --> 04:06:09,200
about public opinion or funding 
pressures, Beyond basic 

4404
04:06:09,200 --> 04:06:12,700
institutional support. 
The communities forming around 

4405
04:06:12,700 --> 04:06:15,700
psychology were small enough 
that most active researchers 

4406
04:06:15,700 --> 04:06:18,100
knew each other. 
At least by reputation. 

4407
04:06:19,300 --> 04:06:23,100
This created a sense of shared 
Enterprise, everyone was 

4408
04:06:23,100 --> 04:06:26,500
contributing to something new 
building a field that hadn't 

4409
04:06:26,500 --> 04:06:30,800
existed a generation earlier. 
Early psychologists notice 

4410
04:06:30,800 --> 04:06:32,800
quickly that mental work, 
required rest. 

4411
04:06:33,700 --> 04:06:36,700
After several hours of 
concentration, attention 

4412
04:06:36,700 --> 04:06:39,500
wandered. 
Memory became less reliable, 

4413
04:06:39,500 --> 04:06:43,800
simple tasks. 
Took longer the mind like the 

4414
04:06:43,800 --> 04:06:46,700
body had limits. 
Research sessions were 

4415
04:06:46,700 --> 04:06:50,100
typically, kept short. 
An hour of focused work was 

4416
04:06:50,100 --> 04:06:53,700
often the maximum before 
researchers and volunteers both 

4417
04:06:53,700 --> 04:06:56,900
needed breaks. 
Continuing past that point 

4418
04:06:56,900 --> 04:07:01,000
produced diminishing returns, 
Fatigue introduced errors and 

4419
04:07:01,000 --> 04:07:02,800
made observations less 
trustworthy. 

4420
04:07:03,700 --> 04:07:07,100
This wasn't seen as a problem to
overcome, but as a basic fact, 

4421
04:07:07,100 --> 04:07:11,100
about how mine's worked, Just as
muscles needed recovery after 

4422
04:07:11,100 --> 04:07:14,100
exertion thinking required 
periods, of rest. 

4423
04:07:15,000 --> 04:07:17,900
Pushing Beyond natural limits. 
Didn't produce better results. 

4424
04:07:17,900 --> 04:07:21,000
It just produced tired people 
making mistakes. 

4425
04:07:22,200 --> 04:07:24,900
Researchers built rest into 
their schedules deliberately. 

4426
04:07:24,900 --> 04:07:28,200
They worked in the morning. 
When Minds were fresh, they took

4427
04:07:28,200 --> 04:07:31,300
long lunch breaks often, 
including walks Outdoors. 

4428
04:07:32,100 --> 04:07:35,600
After noon sessions were shorter
and focused on less demanding 

4429
04:07:35,600 --> 04:07:38,400
tasks, like reviewing notes or 
discussing findings. 

4430
04:07:39,700 --> 04:07:41,500
Evening work was typically 
light. 

4431
04:07:42,300 --> 04:07:44,800
Perhaps some reading or 
organizing materials for the 

4432
04:07:44,800 --> 04:07:49,800
next day, this Rhythm, felt 
natural it matched, how people 

4433
04:07:49,800 --> 04:07:53,100
had always worked before 
electric lights and demanding 

4434
04:07:53,100 --> 04:07:55,400
schedules. 
Made continuous activity seemed 

4435
04:07:55,400 --> 04:07:58,700
normal. 
Early psychologists trusted that

4436
04:07:58,700 --> 04:08:01,600
their best thinking happened 
when they were not forcing it 

4437
04:08:01,600 --> 04:08:05,000
when they allowed ideas to 
settle and clarify through 

4438
04:08:05,000 --> 04:08:08,200
patient reflection. 
University supported this 

4439
04:08:08,200 --> 04:08:11,600
approach through their 
structures, academic schedules, 

4440
04:08:11,600 --> 04:08:14,600
included long periods between 
terms when research could 

4441
04:08:14,600 --> 04:08:16,200
proceed without teaching 
obligations. 

4442
04:08:17,500 --> 04:08:21,100
These breaks were seen as 
vacations, but as essential time

4443
04:08:21,100 --> 04:08:24,000
for deep work, writing and 
careful thought. 

4444
04:08:24,800 --> 04:08:27,500
Walking became an important part
of intellectual life. 

4445
04:08:28,200 --> 04:08:31,700
Many researchers took daily 
walks using the time to think 

4446
04:08:31,700 --> 04:08:34,400
through problems without the 
pressure of producing immediate 

4447
04:08:34,400 --> 04:08:37,500
answers. 
The gentle repetitive motion of 

4448
04:08:37,500 --> 04:08:41,100
walking seemed to help ideas 
flow more freely than sitting at

4449
04:08:41,100 --> 04:08:44,100
a desk. 
Trying to force solutions, some 

4450
04:08:44,100 --> 04:08:46,500
discoveries happened during 
these walks or during other 

4451
04:08:46,500 --> 04:08:50,000
restful activities, a researcher
might struggle with a problem 

4452
04:08:50,000 --> 04:08:53,700
for days, then suddenly see a 
solution while lying in bed 

4453
04:08:53,708 --> 04:08:57,100
before sleep. 
This pattern, reinforced the 

4454
04:08:57,108 --> 04:09:00,300
value of stepping away from work
rather than grinding through 

4455
04:09:00,300 --> 04:09:03,600
difficulty. 
Sleep itself became a subject of

4456
04:09:03,600 --> 04:09:08,400
Interest, researchers noticed 
that sleep changed thinking a 

4457
04:09:08,400 --> 04:09:09,600
problem. 
That seemed impossible in the 

4458
04:09:09,600 --> 04:09:12,000
evening might appear manageable 
after a night's rest. 

4459
04:09:12,800 --> 04:09:15,900
This wasn't magical but 
reflected how sleep allowed 

4460
04:09:15,900 --> 04:09:18,800
mental processes to continue 
working without conscious 

4461
04:09:18,800 --> 04:09:21,300
effort. 
Dreams were noted but not yet. 

4462
04:09:21,300 --> 04:09:24,400
Deeply studied. 
They seem to reflect daily 

4463
04:09:24,400 --> 04:09:27,500
concerns mixed with random 
images and feelings. 

4464
04:09:28,400 --> 04:09:31,900
Some researchers kept dream 
journals curious about patterns.

4465
04:09:31,900 --> 04:09:35,900
But without methods for 
systematic study dreams remained

4466
04:09:35,900 --> 04:09:40,700
mostly personal experiences 
rather than scientific data, The

4467
04:09:40,700 --> 04:09:44,500
importance of rest extended to 
longer time scales, researchers 

4468
04:09:44,500 --> 04:09:47,800
took summer holidays. 
Seriously using the time to 

4469
04:09:47,800 --> 04:09:49,500
recover from intense academic 
work. 

4470
04:09:49,500 --> 04:09:54,500
They traveled visited, family, 
pursued, hobbies and generally 

4471
04:09:54,500 --> 04:09:57,400
let their minds wander away from
professional concerns. 

4472
04:09:58,400 --> 04:10:01,900
Returning, an Autumn, they often
found themselves refreshed and 

4473
04:10:01,900 --> 04:10:05,900
ready for new projects. 
This approach contrasted sharply

4474
04:10:05,900 --> 04:10:08,900
with later, academic culture. 
Which would emphasize 

4475
04:10:08,900 --> 04:10:12,600
productivity output, and 
constant activity? 

4476
04:10:13,600 --> 04:10:17,600
Early psychologists worked hard,
but they also trusted that rest 

4477
04:10:17,600 --> 04:10:21,500
was productive in its own way 
ideas needed time to develop 

4478
04:10:21,500 --> 04:10:25,500
understanding required patience.
Not just effort the same 

4479
04:10:25,500 --> 04:10:28,000
principles. 
Apply to students cramming for 

4480
04:10:28,000 --> 04:10:31,200
exams was recognized as 
ineffective compared to steady 

4481
04:10:31,200 --> 04:10:36,400
with regular breaks. 
Teachers encouraged students to 

4482
04:10:36,400 --> 04:10:40,000
maintain balance schedules 
warning against the exhaustion 

4483
04:10:40,000 --> 04:10:42,200
that came from excessive work 
without rest. 

4484
04:10:43,100 --> 04:10:45,100
None of this was formalized into
Theory. 

4485
04:10:45,900 --> 04:10:48,800
It was simply accepted wisdom 
based on observation and 

4486
04:10:48,800 --> 04:10:52,200
experience. 
People knew that tired Minds 

4487
04:10:52,200 --> 04:10:55,800
didn't work well so they avoided
becoming unnecessarily tired. 

4488
04:10:56,600 --> 04:10:58,800
This seemed obvious rather than 
insightful. 

4489
04:10:58,800 --> 04:11:02,300
What made it noteworthy was how 
it shaped the pace of research. 

4490
04:11:03,100 --> 04:11:06,300
Psychology developed slowly 
partly because researchers 

4491
04:11:06,300 --> 04:11:09,800
refused to rush. 
They worked carefully rested, 

4492
04:11:09,800 --> 04:11:12,800
thoroughly and accepted that 
understanding would come 

4493
04:11:12,800 --> 04:11:16,800
gradually. 
This patience wasn't laziness 

4494
04:11:16,800 --> 04:11:21,100
but recognition that the Mind 
including their own minds, had 

4495
04:11:21,100 --> 04:11:24,600
natural rhythms that should be 
respected rather than fought. 

4496
04:11:25,700 --> 04:11:29,400
seasonal changes influenced 
work, patterns winter, brought 

4497
04:11:29,400 --> 04:11:33,800
longer periods, in doors, suited
to reading and writing, Spring 

4498
04:11:33,800 --> 04:11:36,400
invited more outdoor activity 
and social interaction. 

4499
04:11:37,500 --> 04:11:41,000
Summer allowed travel and rest, 
Autumn marked returns to 

4500
04:11:41,000 --> 04:11:45,500
teaching and intensive research.
This natural cycle was accepted 

4501
04:11:45,500 --> 04:11:47,700
and incorporated into academic 
life. 

4502
04:11:48,500 --> 04:11:51,300
The quality of rested as much as
its quantity. 

4503
04:11:52,100 --> 04:11:53,900
Simply stopping work, wasn't 
enough. 

4504
04:11:54,800 --> 04:11:59,100
Rest needed to involve genuine 
disengagement, allowing the mind

4505
04:11:59,100 --> 04:12:02,500
to turn toward different 
concerns or simply wander 

4506
04:12:02,500 --> 04:12:06,000
without purpose. 
This kind of restored mental 

4507
04:12:06,000 --> 04:12:09,600
energy, more effectively than 
forced and activity, while still

4508
04:12:09,600 --> 04:12:12,600
thinking about work. 
Some researchers found 

4509
04:12:12,600 --> 04:12:16,600
particular activities, 
restorative music gardening 

4510
04:12:16,600 --> 04:12:19,300
conversation with friends and 
light. 

4511
04:12:19,300 --> 04:12:22,300
Physical exercise, all provided 
relief from mental labor. 

4512
04:12:23,000 --> 04:12:26,500
These activities weren't seen as
distractions from important work

4513
04:12:26,500 --> 04:12:30,200
but is necessary components of a
sustainable intellectual life. 

4514
04:12:31,100 --> 04:12:33,500
The relationship between 
physical and mental rest was 

4515
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:37,200
acknowledged, but not fully 
understood. exercise seem to 

4516
04:12:37,200 --> 04:12:41,700
help mental Clarity, perhaps by 
improving circulation or simply 

4517
04:12:41,700 --> 04:12:45,300
by providing a break from 
thinking Fresh air and natural. 

4518
04:12:45,300 --> 04:12:48,500
Light were valued with many 
researchers preferring to work 

4519
04:12:48,500 --> 04:12:50,800
near windows or taking breaks 
Outdoors. 

4520
04:12:51,700 --> 04:12:54,500
Time away from research, often 
lead to Fresh perspectives, 

4521
04:12:54,500 --> 04:12:58,700
returning to a problem after 
days or weeks away researchers 

4522
04:12:58,700 --> 04:13:01,100
sometimes noticed aspects they 
had missed before. 

4523
04:13:02,000 --> 04:13:05,100
Distance provided Clarity that 
close attention of skewed. 

4524
04:13:05,800 --> 04:13:08,200
This made vacations and 
sabbaticals not just 

4525
04:13:08,200 --> 04:13:10,300
restorative, but intellectually 
productive. 

4526
04:13:11,200 --> 04:13:15,100
Academic calendar structure 
supported these patterns long 

4527
04:13:15,100 --> 04:13:18,100
summer, breaks shorter, winter 
holidays, and periodic, 

4528
04:13:18,100 --> 04:13:21,900
sabbaticals allowed researchers 
to step back from immediate 

4529
04:13:21,900 --> 04:13:24,300
concerns. 
They could read broadly, 

4530
04:13:24,300 --> 04:13:28,400
consider new, Direction's, or 
simply rest without feeling they

4531
04:13:28,400 --> 04:13:30,100
were neglecting 
responsibilities. 

4532
04:13:31,000 --> 04:13:34,000
Conversations about research 
often happen during restful 

4533
04:13:34,000 --> 04:13:36,300
activities. 
Walking with a colleague, 

4534
04:13:36,300 --> 04:13:41,000
sharing a meal sitting in a 
comfortable room with tea, these

4535
04:13:41,000 --> 04:13:44,200
settings facilitated discussion 
that felt less pressured than 

4536
04:13:44,200 --> 04:13:47,500
formal meetings. 
Ideas could be explored 

4537
04:13:47,500 --> 04:13:50,600
tentatively without commitment 
to particular positions. 

4538
04:13:50,600 --> 04:13:53,600
The value placed on rest 
reflected. 

4539
04:13:53,600 --> 04:13:56,600
A broader understanding of 
intellectual work as requiring, 

4540
04:13:56,600 --> 04:14:00,900
the whole person, not just 
focused concentration. physical 

4541
04:14:00,900 --> 04:14:05,500
health, emotional balance, 
social connection, and mental 

4542
04:14:05,500 --> 04:14:09,500
rest, all contributed to 
thinking, clearly neglecting any

4543
04:14:09,500 --> 04:14:13,600
of these diminished intellectual
capacity, This holistic view 

4544
04:14:13,600 --> 04:14:16,700
would be challenged by later 
emphasis on productivity and 

4545
04:14:16,700 --> 04:14:20,600
specialization. 
But for early psychologists, it 

4546
04:14:20,600 --> 04:14:24,100
remained a guiding principle. 
They were whole people trying to

4547
04:14:24,100 --> 04:14:27,000
understand the whole mind and 
that required attending to all 

4548
04:14:27,000 --> 04:14:31,200
aspects of human life, including
the fundamental need for rest 

4549
04:14:31,200 --> 04:14:34,100
and renewal. 
In early psychologists developed

4550
04:14:34,100 --> 04:14:37,400
simple experiments to understand
how Minds processed information.

4551
04:14:38,300 --> 04:14:41,200
These studies used ordinary 
materials and straightforward 

4552
04:14:41,200 --> 04:14:45,300
tasks nothing. 
Complex or intimidating memory 

4553
04:14:45,300 --> 04:14:49,300
research, often involved. 
Lists a researcher would read a 

4554
04:14:49,300 --> 04:14:52,500
series of words or numbers then 
are asked volunteers to recall 

4555
04:14:52,500 --> 04:14:56,100
as many as possible. 
By varying, the length of lists,

4556
04:14:56,100 --> 04:14:59,400
the speed of presentation. 
And the time before testing 

4557
04:14:59,400 --> 04:15:02,400
researchers mapped basic 
patterns of remembering and 

4558
04:15:02,408 --> 04:15:05,500
forgetting. 
What they found was that memory 

4559
04:15:05,500 --> 04:15:08,900
had clear limits. 
Most people could remember about

4560
04:15:08,900 --> 04:15:11,300
seven items after a single 
presentation. 

4561
04:15:12,200 --> 04:15:15,000
Longer list required repetition 
items. 

4562
04:15:15,000 --> 04:15:17,600
At the beginning and end of 
lists were remembered better 

4563
04:15:17,600 --> 04:15:20,500
than items in the middle. 
These patterns appeared 

4564
04:15:20,500 --> 04:15:24,200
consistently across different 
people and different types of 

4565
04:15:24,200 --> 04:15:26,900
material. 
This consistently was 

4566
04:15:26,900 --> 04:15:30,200
encouraging, it suggested 
memory, followed regular 

4567
04:15:30,200 --> 04:15:32,200
principles, not random 
processes. 

4568
04:15:33,000 --> 04:15:35,600
If you could predict memory 
Performance Based on simple 

4569
04:15:35,600 --> 04:15:38,900
variables like list length and 
position, perhaps deeper 

4570
04:15:38,900 --> 04:15:42,300
understanding was possible. 
Researchers tested, many 

4571
04:15:42,300 --> 04:15:46,300
variations did meaningful words 
work differently than nonsense 

4572
04:15:46,300 --> 04:15:48,900
syllables. 
Did pictures produce better 

4573
04:15:48,900 --> 04:15:52,200
memory Than Words? 
Did emotional content affect 

4574
04:15:52,200 --> 04:15:55,400
recall? 
Each question, led to careful 

4575
04:15:55,400 --> 04:16:00,600
studies producing a gradual 
accumulation of finding proved 

4576
04:16:00,600 --> 04:16:04,200
as interesting as remembering. 
Epping houses work showed that 

4577
04:16:04,200 --> 04:16:07,900
most forgetting happened quickly
within the first hours or days 

4578
04:16:07,900 --> 04:16:10,900
after learning. 
After that, the rate of 

4579
04:16:10,908 --> 04:16:14,900
forgetting slowed, considerably.
Material that survived a few 

4580
04:16:14,908 --> 04:16:16,800
days often persisted for much 
longer. 

4581
04:16:17,700 --> 04:16:19,900
This pattern made sense of 
common experience. 

4582
04:16:19,900 --> 04:16:23,400
As you might forget a name 
minutes after hearing it, but 

4583
04:16:23,400 --> 04:16:26,100
information, you still 
remembered a week later would 

4584
04:16:26,100 --> 04:16:28,100
likely stay accessible for 
months or years. 

4585
04:16:29,100 --> 04:16:32,400
The initial consolidation. 
Period was crucial repetition 

4586
04:16:32,400 --> 04:16:34,800
helped memory, but not in simple
ways. 

4587
04:16:35,800 --> 04:16:38,900
Spacing repetitions over time, 
worked better than massing them 

4588
04:16:38,900 --> 04:16:43,300
together. 10 practice sessions 
spread, across 10 days, produced

4589
04:16:43,300 --> 04:16:46,200
better attention than 10 
sessions in a single day. 

4590
04:16:47,700 --> 04:16:50,400
This space in effect appeared, 
reliably across different 

4591
04:16:50,400 --> 04:16:54,400
materials and tasks. 
Understanding why spacing helped

4592
04:16:54,400 --> 04:16:58,600
required speculation? 
Perhaps memory needed time to 

4593
04:16:58,600 --> 04:17:02,100
consolidate between practice. 
Session's, perhaps bassing 

4594
04:17:02,100 --> 04:17:05,700
reduced interference between 
similar memories Perhaps, it's 

4595
04:17:05,700 --> 04:17:08,900
simply maintained motivation, 
better than tedious repetition. 

4596
04:17:09,900 --> 04:17:13,600
The mechanisms remained unclear,
but the effect was consistent. 

4597
04:17:14,700 --> 04:17:18,100
Perception studies, examined how
people noticed and interpreted 

4598
04:17:18,100 --> 04:17:21,800
sensory information? 
Researchers presented, simple 

4599
04:17:21,800 --> 04:17:26,900
stimuli like lights sounds or 
touches then asked volunteers to

4600
04:17:26,900 --> 04:17:31,200
report what they experienced? 
By varying intensity duration 

4601
04:17:31,200 --> 04:17:33,500
and context. 
They explored how Minds 

4602
04:17:33,500 --> 04:17:38,300
translated physical Sensations 
into conscious experience One 

4603
04:17:38,300 --> 04:17:40,900
persistent finding was the 
perception wasn't passive. 

4604
04:17:40,900 --> 04:17:44,400
People didn't simply receive 
sensory information like blank 

4605
04:17:44,400 --> 04:17:50,200
pages, accepting ink instead, 
expectations attention, and 

4606
04:17:50,200 --> 04:17:53,400
prior experience shape what 
people notice and how they 

4607
04:17:53,400 --> 04:17:56,800
interpreted it. 
Same sound might be heard 

4608
04:17:56,800 --> 04:17:59,300
differently depending on what 
the listener expected? 

4609
04:17:59,300 --> 04:18:01,100
Or what else was happening 
around them? 

4610
04:18:01,900 --> 04:18:03,500
Context affect appeared 
everywhere. 

4611
04:18:04,300 --> 04:18:07,500
A gray patch looked lighter 
against a dark background and 

4612
04:18:07,500 --> 04:18:08,900
darker against a light 
background. 

4613
04:18:10,200 --> 04:18:13,100
A tone sounded different when 
preceded by other tones that 

4614
04:18:13,100 --> 04:18:16,700
when presented alone. 
A touch felt different depending

4615
04:18:16,700 --> 04:18:18,400
on what area of skin received 
it. 

4616
04:18:19,300 --> 04:18:23,000
Perception was always relative 
always influenced by surrounding

4617
04:18:23,000 --> 04:18:27,800
this relatively complicated 
attempts to identify simple laws

4618
04:18:27,800 --> 04:18:30,500
of perception. 
What seemed like a 

4619
04:18:30,500 --> 04:18:33,800
straightforward relationship 
between stimulus and sensation 

4620
04:18:33,800 --> 04:18:36,100
turned out to involve multiple 
factors. 

4621
04:18:36,900 --> 04:18:39,800
Researchers had to control 
context carefully to get 

4622
04:18:39,800 --> 04:18:43,600
consistent results. 
Tension itself, became a focus 

4623
04:18:43,600 --> 04:18:47,700
of study, researchers noticed 
that concentrating on one thing 

4624
04:18:47,700 --> 04:18:51,500
meant missing others. they 
tested this with simple tasks, 

4625
04:18:51,500 --> 04:18:55,300
while focusing on Counting 
sounds, people might fail to 

4626
04:18:55,300 --> 04:18:59,500
notice a light flashing, While 
watching one object move, they 

4627
04:18:59,500 --> 04:19:01,300
might miss another object 
appearing nearby. 

4628
04:19:02,200 --> 04:19:04,600
This revealed attention a 
selective and limited. 

4629
04:19:04,600 --> 04:19:08,000
You couldn't pay full attention 
to everything simultaneously 

4630
04:19:08,000 --> 04:19:13,300
instead Focus moved from one 
thing to another with most 

4631
04:19:13,300 --> 04:19:17,100
sensory information going 
unnoticed, this wasn't a flaw, 

4632
04:19:17,100 --> 04:19:21,400
but a necessary feature of how 
mind worked Filtering. 

4633
04:19:21,400 --> 04:19:24,200
Vast amounts of information to 
manage what seemed most 

4634
04:19:24,200 --> 04:19:27,300
relevant. 
Capacity limits of attention 

4635
04:19:27,300 --> 04:19:31,000
were measured in various ways. 
How many objects could someone 

4636
04:19:31,000 --> 04:19:34,600
tracks simultaneously how 
quickly could attention shift 

4637
04:19:34,600 --> 04:19:38,000
between different tasks? 
How did dividing attention 

4638
04:19:38,000 --> 04:19:40,600
between multiple things affect 
performance on each? 

4639
04:19:41,400 --> 04:19:44,500
The answers varied somewhat. 
But showed consistent patterns 

4640
04:19:44,500 --> 04:19:49,200
visual attention was studied, 
using simple displays arrays of 

4641
04:19:49,208 --> 04:19:52,500
letters, or symbols were 
presented briefly and people 

4642
04:19:52,500 --> 04:19:56,700
reported what they saw. 
Results showed that only a few 

4643
04:19:56,708 --> 04:19:59,200
items could be consciously 
perceived at once. 

4644
04:19:59,200 --> 04:20:02,100
Even though the, I received 
information about the entire 

4645
04:20:02,100 --> 04:20:06,700
display, most visual information
never reached conscious 

4646
04:20:06,700 --> 04:20:11,700
awareness, Auditory attention 
showed similar selectivity in a 

4647
04:20:11,700 --> 04:20:14,800
room full of conversation. 
You could focus on one speaker 

4648
04:20:14,800 --> 04:20:18,100
and follow what they said. 
While other voices became 

4649
04:20:18,100 --> 04:20:22,300
background noise. 
This selective listening later 

4650
04:20:22,300 --> 04:20:25,500
called the cocktail, party 
effect, demonstrated, how 

4651
04:20:25,500 --> 04:20:27,700
powerful attention could filter 
information? 

4652
04:20:29,000 --> 04:20:32,500
learning through practice showed
interesting patterns, when 

4653
04:20:32,500 --> 04:20:36,200
people first attempted, an 
unfamiliar tasks, they needed to

4654
04:20:36,200 --> 04:20:40,000
Think Through each step 
deliberately With repetition, 

4655
04:20:40,000 --> 04:20:43,500
the task became smoother and 
required less conscious 

4656
04:20:43,500 --> 04:20:45,500
attention. 
The Venturi. 

4657
04:20:45,500 --> 04:20:47,700
It could be performed. 
Almost automatically 

4658
04:20:47,700 --> 04:20:50,100
researchers. 
Traced this progression 

4659
04:20:50,100 --> 04:20:52,600
carefully. 
They had volunteers practice 

4660
04:20:52,600 --> 04:20:55,600
simple activities like tapping 
patterns, or solving basic 

4661
04:20:55,600 --> 04:20:59,300
problems, measuring speed and 
accuracy of cross many sessions.

4662
04:21:00,200 --> 04:21:04,900
The improvements were consistent
quick gains at first then 

4663
04:21:04,900 --> 04:21:08,100
gradual refinement, the Venturi 
reaching a plateau, where 

4664
04:21:08,100 --> 04:21:10,200
further practice produced little
change. 

4665
04:21:10,900 --> 04:21:13,400
This suggested that learning 
involved forming habits. 

4666
04:21:14,300 --> 04:21:17,300
Stable patterns of action that 
required minimal thought once 

4667
04:21:17,300 --> 04:21:20,600
established. 
Habits free detention for other 

4668
04:21:20,600 --> 04:21:23,300
things. 
And experience piano player 

4669
04:21:23,300 --> 04:21:26,100
could focus on expression. 
While fingers found notes 

4670
04:21:26,100 --> 04:21:29,200
automatically. 
A skilled reader could attend to

4671
04:21:29,200 --> 04:21:32,200
meaning while recognizing words 
without conscious effort. 

4672
04:21:33,500 --> 04:21:36,200
The role of mistakes in learning
was noticed early. 

4673
04:21:36,900 --> 04:21:40,000
When people made errors during 
practice the often corrected 

4674
04:21:40,000 --> 04:21:41,800
themselves on subsequent 
attempts. 

4675
04:21:42,700 --> 04:21:45,500
This self-correction seemed 
important for improvement. 

4676
04:21:46,300 --> 04:21:49,800
Simply repeating actions without
noticing and adjusting mistakes 

4677
04:21:49,800 --> 04:21:51,000
didn't lead to better 
performance. 

4678
04:21:52,100 --> 04:21:53,800
Feedback proved essential for 
learning. 

4679
04:21:54,800 --> 04:21:57,600
When people received clear 
information about whether their 

4680
04:21:57,600 --> 04:22:00,500
responses were correct, they 
improved faster than when 

4681
04:22:00,500 --> 04:22:04,400
practicing without feedback. 
This applied to both simple 

4682
04:22:04,400 --> 04:22:06,900
motor tasks and more complex 
problem solving. 

4683
04:22:07,700 --> 04:22:10,700
Researchers also studied how 
people grouped information to 

4684
04:22:10,700 --> 04:22:14,900
make it easier to remember? 
Instead of memorizing, 15 random

4685
04:22:14,900 --> 04:22:18,300
numbers, someone might notice 
patterns or break the sequence 

4686
04:22:18,300 --> 04:22:22,000
into smaller chunks, this 
organizational strategy helped 

4687
04:22:22,000 --> 04:22:24,500
memory even though the amount of
information remained the same 

4688
04:22:24,508 --> 04:22:28,000
the capacity to organize 
information seem to distinguish 

4689
04:22:28,000 --> 04:22:32,400
expert from novice performance. 
Experts didn't necessarily have 

4690
04:22:32,400 --> 04:22:35,300
better or memory. 
They organized information, more

4691
04:22:35,300 --> 04:22:39,100
efficiently, recognizing 
patterns and chunking details 

4692
04:22:39,100 --> 04:22:42,700
into meaningful units. 
This reduced the memory load and

4693
04:22:42,700 --> 04:22:46,400
made information easier to 
retrieve context, affected 

4694
04:22:46,400 --> 04:22:49,000
everything. 
People remembered information 

4695
04:22:49,000 --> 04:22:51,900
better when tested in the same 
environment where they learned 

4696
04:22:51,900 --> 04:22:54,100
it. 
They performed tasks more 

4697
04:22:54,100 --> 04:22:56,800
successfully when conditions 
match their practice session. 

4698
04:22:56,800 --> 04:23:00,200
This suggested that memory 
wasn't just about storing 

4699
04:23:00,200 --> 04:23:03,400
information, but about 
connecting it to circumstances 

4700
04:23:03,400 --> 04:23:06,600
and surroundings. 
Physical state during learning. 

4701
04:23:08,300 --> 04:23:11,500
Being tired or uncomfortable 
during study made later recall 

4702
04:23:11,500 --> 04:23:14,200
more difficult. 
Being alert and comfortable 

4703
04:23:14,200 --> 04:23:17,100
helped. 
The body's condition influenced 

4704
04:23:17,100 --> 04:23:19,900
the minds function in ways that 
were obvious but not yet 

4705
04:23:19,900 --> 04:23:23,000
understood. 
Researchers noted individual 

4706
04:23:23,000 --> 04:23:24,500
differences throughout these 
studies. 

4707
04:23:24,500 --> 04:23:28,600
Some people had naturally better
memory others, learned motor 

4708
04:23:28,600 --> 04:23:31,400
skills more quickly. 
Still others showed Superior 

4709
04:23:31,400 --> 04:23:35,700
attention or faster perception. 
These variations were documented

4710
04:23:35,700 --> 04:23:39,000
but not easily explained. 
The question of whether practice

4711
04:23:39,000 --> 04:23:41,900
could overcome natural 
differences, remained uncertain.

4712
04:23:42,700 --> 04:23:45,700
Some evidence suggested that 
extensive practice could bring 

4713
04:23:45,700 --> 04:23:47,900
almost anyone to high levels of 
performance. 

4714
04:23:48,900 --> 04:23:51,900
Other evidence suggested limits 
that practice couldn't fully 

4715
04:23:51,900 --> 04:23:54,700
overcome. 
The interaction between talent 

4716
04:23:54,700 --> 04:23:58,200
and training remained complex. 
Fatigue effects appeared 

4717
04:23:58,200 --> 04:24:01,700
repeatedly and studies. 
The performance decline after 

4718
04:24:01,700 --> 04:24:06,200
extended periods of workers 
became more common reaction 

4719
04:24:06,200 --> 04:24:09,400
times. 
Slowed restored abilities, 

4720
04:24:09,400 --> 04:24:13,600
sometimes even improving them 
Beyond prefer T levels as if the

4721
04:24:13,600 --> 04:24:15,600
brake allowed consolidation of 
learning. 

4722
04:24:16,500 --> 04:24:19,300
This made long experimental 
sessions in practical. 

4723
04:24:20,000 --> 04:24:22,600
After an hour or two 
participants showed clear signs 

4724
04:24:22,600 --> 04:24:25,900
of tiredness. 
Continuing produced unreliable 

4725
04:24:25,900 --> 04:24:29,200
data. 
Better to stop rest and resume 

4726
04:24:29,200 --> 04:24:32,400
the next day than to push 
through declining performance. 

4727
04:24:33,600 --> 04:24:36,600
The accumulated findings from 
memory perception and learning 

4728
04:24:36,600 --> 04:24:38,800
studies. 
Created a picture of mine as 

4729
04:24:38,800 --> 04:24:43,400
active limited and shaped by 
experience. people didn't 

4730
04:24:43,400 --> 04:24:46,600
passively receive information, 
but actively processed it, 

4731
04:24:46,600 --> 04:24:52,200
filtered by attention organized,
by prior knowledge and stored in

4732
04:24:52,200 --> 04:24:55,100
forms that made later retrieval 
possible but not guaranteed 

4733
04:24:56,000 --> 04:24:59,800
these findings were modest but 
genuine, they described real 

4734
04:24:59,800 --> 04:25:03,500
regularities and how Minds 
worked They could be replicated 

4735
04:25:03,500 --> 04:25:05,600
in different Laboratories by 
different researchers. 

4736
04:25:05,600 --> 04:25:09,600
They formed a foundation of 
reliable knowledge even though 

4737
04:25:09,600 --> 04:25:13,800
much about underlying mechanisms
remained unknown as daylight 

4738
04:25:13,800 --> 04:25:17,700
faded, early psychologists often
turned from active research to 

4739
04:25:17,700 --> 04:25:21,800
work, evenings were for 
reviewing the days observations 

4740
04:25:21,800 --> 04:25:24,900
organizing notes and writing up 
findings. 

4741
04:25:25,900 --> 04:25:29,200
This transition from doing to 
reflecting was built into the 

4742
04:25:29,200 --> 04:25:33,100
rhythm of scholarly life. 
Laboratories emptied as evening 

4743
04:25:33,100 --> 04:25:35,500
approached, volunteers went 
home. 

4744
04:25:35,500 --> 04:25:39,600
Equipment was put away carefully
cleaned and prepared for the 

4745
04:25:39,600 --> 04:25:42,200
next day. 
Researchers gathered their 

4746
04:25:42,200 --> 04:25:45,300
notebooks and returned to 
offices or personal studies to 

4747
04:25:45,300 --> 04:25:47,000
continue working in a different 
mode. 

4748
04:25:47,800 --> 04:25:50,700
Writing was done by hand, 
sometimes by Lamplight or 

4749
04:25:50,700 --> 04:25:53,500
Gaslight before. 
Electric lighting, became 

4750
04:25:53,500 --> 04:25:55,900
common. 
The physical act of writing was 

4751
04:25:55,900 --> 04:25:59,700
slow requiring thought of about 
each sentence before committing 

4752
04:25:59,700 --> 04:26:03,200
it to paper. 
Revisions meant recopy entire 

4753
04:26:03,200 --> 04:26:05,600
Pages. 
This enforced, deliberation 

4754
04:26:05,600 --> 04:26:09,300
match, the careful nature of the
research itself, notes from 

4755
04:26:09,300 --> 04:26:13,500
experiments needed organization,
raw observations had to be 

4756
04:26:13,500 --> 04:26:17,800
sorted, patterns identified, and
preliminary interpretations 

4757
04:26:17,800 --> 04:26:20,600
considered. 
This work required 

4758
04:26:20,600 --> 04:26:23,900
concentration, but was less 
mentally taxing than conducting 

4759
04:26:23,900 --> 04:26:26,700
experiments. 
It felt more contemplative 

4760
04:26:26,700 --> 04:26:29,700
allowing researchers to see 
their findings from a slight 

4761
04:26:29,700 --> 04:26:32,200
distance. 
Many researchers. 

4762
04:26:32,200 --> 04:26:35,600
Kept detailed research journals 
separate from their experimental

4763
04:26:35,600 --> 04:26:38,500
notes. 
These journals included thoughts

4764
04:26:38,500 --> 04:26:43,300
about methodology questions that
arose during the day ideas for 

4765
04:26:43,300 --> 04:26:47,100
future studies and Reflections 
on challenges and countered. 

4766
04:26:47,800 --> 04:26:51,300
they served as private spaces 
for working through uncertainty,

4767
04:26:51,300 --> 04:26:55,800
without the pressure of formal 
presentation, Writing for 

4768
04:26:55,800 --> 04:26:59,900
publication, was a different 
task entirely articles needed to

4769
04:26:59,900 --> 04:27:01,900
clear structure and precise 
language. 

4770
04:27:02,800 --> 04:27:06,500
Finding had to be presented 
objectively without overstating 

4771
04:27:06,500 --> 04:27:10,000
their significant. 
Methods required enough detail 

4772
04:27:10,000 --> 04:27:11,700
that others could replicate the 
work. 

4773
04:27:11,700 --> 04:27:15,100
This demanded Clarity that was 
harder to achieve from the 

4774
04:27:15,108 --> 04:27:18,300
original research. 
The process usually began with 

4775
04:27:18,300 --> 04:27:22,400
an outline main findings would 
be identified then organized 

4776
04:27:22,400 --> 04:27:26,100
into a logical sequence. 
Supporting evidence would be a 

4777
04:27:26,100 --> 04:27:28,600
ranged. 
Connections to previous research

4778
04:27:28,600 --> 04:27:32,600
would be noted only after this 
organizational work would actual

4779
04:27:32,600 --> 04:27:35,600
writing begin. 
First drafts were often rough. 

4780
04:27:36,400 --> 04:27:39,000
Getting ideas onto paper 
mattered, more than polish. 

4781
04:27:39,600 --> 04:27:43,100
Later revisions would refine 
language, clarify, arguments, 

4782
04:27:43,100 --> 04:27:47,200
and correct errors. 
Multiple drafts were normal each

4783
04:27:47,200 --> 04:27:49,500
improving on the last through 
careful editing. 

4784
04:27:50,400 --> 04:27:53,600
Reading drafts, allowed helped, 
catch, awkward phrasing and 

4785
04:27:53,600 --> 04:27:56,900
logical gaps here. 
In the words, revealed problems 

4786
04:27:56,900 --> 04:28:00,800
that silent reading missed. 
Many researchers made this part 

4787
04:28:00,800 --> 04:28:03,800
of their revision process. 
Speaking their writing to the 

4788
04:28:03,800 --> 04:28:07,100
themselves in quiet rooms 
colleague sometimes reviewed 

4789
04:28:07,100 --> 04:28:10,900
drafts before submission to 
journals Trusted friend, might 

4790
04:28:10,900 --> 04:28:12,300
read a paper and offer 
suggestions. 

4791
04:28:12,300 --> 04:28:16,800
This informal of you helped 
strengthen arguments and catch 

4792
04:28:16,800 --> 04:28:19,500
oversights. 
It also provided emotional 

4793
04:28:19,500 --> 04:28:22,100
support reassuring. 
Authors that their work had 

4794
04:28:22,100 --> 04:28:25,500
value. 
Researchers typically worked on 

4795
04:28:25,500 --> 04:28:27,300
several writing projects and 
retaining. 

4796
04:28:28,400 --> 04:28:32,200
The paper describing a completed
study might be in revision while

4797
04:28:32,200 --> 04:28:35,800
another was being drafted and a 
third was still just an outline 

4798
04:28:35,800 --> 04:28:38,600
with notes. 
This allowed them to shift 

4799
04:28:38,600 --> 04:28:41,400
between projects depending on 
energy and inspiration. 

4800
04:28:42,500 --> 04:28:47,100
Some days writing float easily. 
Ideas, connected naturally 

4801
04:28:47,100 --> 04:28:51,200
arguments assembled themselves 
and the right words appeared. 

4802
04:28:51,900 --> 04:28:55,800
Other days, every sentence 
required effort and nothing 

4803
04:28:55,800 --> 04:28:57,100
seemed to come together 
properly. 

4804
04:28:58,100 --> 04:29:02,200
Researchers learn to accept this
variation working, when writing 

4805
04:29:02,200 --> 04:29:04,400
came easily and doing other 
tasks. 

4806
04:29:04,400 --> 04:29:07,400
When it didn't. 
Even evening, writing sessions 

4807
04:29:07,400 --> 04:29:10,700
offer included, correspondence, 
let us to colleagues. 

4808
04:29:10,700 --> 04:29:14,400
Discussing research responding 
to questions about published 

4809
04:29:14,400 --> 04:29:17,700
work or simply maintaining 
professional friendships for 

4810
04:29:17,700 --> 04:29:20,400
common. 
These exchanges kept researchers

4811
04:29:20,400 --> 04:29:23,900
connected to the broader 
community and provided informal 

4812
04:29:23,900 --> 04:29:27,700
feedback on developing ideas. 
The tone of letters was 

4813
04:29:27,700 --> 04:29:31,300
typically warm and personal 
researchers shared, not just 

4814
04:29:31,300 --> 04:29:35,900
findings, but also struggles 
uncertainties and questions. 

4815
04:29:35,900 --> 04:29:38,700
They offered encouragement and 
suggestions. 

4816
04:29:38,700 --> 04:29:41,800
They build relationships that 
went beyond purely, professional

4817
04:29:41,800 --> 04:29:45,300
interaction, Some researchers 
preferred dictating to 

4818
04:29:45,300 --> 04:29:47,400
assistance rather than writing 
directly. 

4819
04:29:48,600 --> 04:29:51,300
He can thoughts aloud. 
Sometimes made arguments clearer

4820
04:29:51,300 --> 04:29:55,200
assistance would transcribe then
researchers would review. 

4821
04:29:55,200 --> 04:29:59,200
And revise the written text this
collaboration was practical but 

4822
04:29:59,200 --> 04:30:03,200
also shaped how ideas were 
expressed Reading, others work 

4823
04:30:03,200 --> 04:30:06,500
was an essential evening 
activity, new Journal issues, 

4824
04:30:06,500 --> 04:30:09,900
arrived, regularly, requiring 
review, books from colleagues, 

4825
04:30:09,900 --> 04:30:12,700
needed attention. 
Staying current with the field 

4826
04:30:12,700 --> 04:30:14,500
meant spending considerable 
time. 

4827
04:30:14,500 --> 04:30:18,100
Reading considering others 
methods and findings and 

4828
04:30:18,100 --> 04:30:20,700
thinking about how they related 
to one's own research. 

4829
04:30:21,700 --> 04:30:25,600
This reading wasn't passive, 
researchers took notes wrote, 

4830
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:29,700
marginal comments and sometimes 
drafted responses or critiques. 

4831
04:30:30,400 --> 04:30:34,000
Engaging actively with others, 
ideas helped clarify their own 

4832
04:30:34,000 --> 04:30:36,700
thinking. 
It also revealed gaps in the 

4833
04:30:36,700 --> 04:30:39,200
field that might suggest new 
research directions. 

4834
04:30:40,500 --> 04:30:44,100
Haisley reading sparked, 
immediate inspiration, an 

4835
04:30:44,100 --> 04:30:46,300
article might mention a method 
that could be adapted or 

4836
04:30:46,300 --> 04:30:49,800
described a finding that 
connected unexpectedly to the 

4837
04:30:49,800 --> 04:30:53,000
Red Zone work. 
These moments of recognition 

4838
04:30:53,000 --> 04:30:56,900
felt valuable worth the hours of
routine, reading that proceeded 

4839
04:30:56,900 --> 04:31:01,300
them Evenings also brought 
administrative work teaching 

4840
04:31:01,300 --> 04:31:04,000
needed. 
Preparation laboratory supplies 

4841
04:31:04,000 --> 04:31:07,000
had to be ordered students 
papers required reading and 

4842
04:31:07,000 --> 04:31:09,600
feedback. 
These practical tasks 

4843
04:31:09,600 --> 04:31:12,900
interrupted, intellectual work 
but were necessary parts of 

4844
04:31:12,900 --> 04:31:16,900
academic life. 
Despite these demands evenings, 

4845
04:31:16,900 --> 04:31:20,100
generally felt calmer than days,
the pressure to produce 

4846
04:31:20,100 --> 04:31:23,500
immediate results eased There 
was space for thinking that 

4847
04:31:23,500 --> 04:31:27,200
wandered Beyond current projects
for considering larger questions

4848
04:31:27,200 --> 04:31:30,400
about the fields Direction and 
for wondering about problems, 

4849
04:31:30,400 --> 04:31:32,300
that have no Clear Solutions 
yet. 

4850
04:31:33,300 --> 04:31:36,000
Some researchers worked late 
into the night when particularly

4851
04:31:36,000 --> 04:31:38,900
engaged with the righting 
project or interesting problem. 

4852
04:31:39,800 --> 04:31:43,700
Others maintain strict schedules
stopping work at a set, our 

4853
04:31:43,700 --> 04:31:45,500
regardless of what remained 
undone. 

4854
04:31:46,300 --> 04:31:48,700
Both approaches reflected 
different temperaments, but 

4855
04:31:48,700 --> 04:31:52,100
similar recognition that 
sustainable work required 

4856
04:31:52,100 --> 04:31:54,800
boundaries. 
The physical setting of evening.

4857
04:31:54,800 --> 04:31:59,300
Work mattered, a comfortable, 
chair, adequate light, and 

4858
04:31:59,300 --> 04:32:02,400
minimal distraction. 
All contributed to sustained 

4859
04:32:02,400 --> 04:32:05,800
concentration of Many 
researchers, cultivated 

4860
04:32:05,800 --> 04:32:09,600
particular spaces for writing 
places that felt conducive to 

4861
04:32:09,600 --> 04:32:12,900
focused thought. 
Temperature and air quality 

4862
04:32:12,900 --> 04:32:16,900
affected evening, productivity 
rooms, that were too warm made 

4863
04:32:16,900 --> 04:32:21,300
concentration difficult, poor 
ventilation created stuffiness, 

4864
04:32:21,300 --> 04:32:25,100
that interfered with thinking. 
Researchers learned to maintain 

4865
04:32:25,100 --> 04:32:28,900
comfortable conditions, opening 
Windows or adjusting heating as 

4866
04:32:28,900 --> 04:32:31,500
needed. 
Some people worked better with 

4867
04:32:31,500 --> 04:32:34,800
complete silence others, 
preferred soft background. 

4868
04:32:34,800 --> 04:32:39,600
Sounds A few worked in cafes or 
libraries finding that ambient 

4869
04:32:39,600 --> 04:32:44,300
activity, help them Focus. 
Personal preferences buried, but

4870
04:32:44,300 --> 04:32:46,600
everyone recognized the 
environment influenced work 

4871
04:32:46,600 --> 04:32:48,900
quality. 
The force sleep, many 

4872
04:32:48,900 --> 04:32:51,500
researchers spent time with 
non-professional, reading or 

4873
04:32:51,500 --> 04:32:54,900
family activities. 
They recognize that stepping 

4874
04:32:54,900 --> 04:32:58,000
fully away from work, help them 
return to it refreshed. 

4875
04:32:58,700 --> 04:33:00,000
The Mind needed. 
Variety. 

4876
04:33:00,000 --> 04:33:03,900
Not just rest. 
Like reading before bed help 

4877
04:33:03,900 --> 04:33:07,300
transition towards sleep, 
nothing too engaging or 

4878
04:33:07,300 --> 04:33:09,900
thought-provoking just Pleasant 
material. 

4879
04:33:09,900 --> 04:33:12,200
That didn't demand intense 
concentration. 

4880
04:33:13,000 --> 04:33:18,099
Novels essays poetry, anything 
that felt relaxing rather than 

4881
04:33:18,099 --> 04:33:22,000
stimulating evening routines, 
often included reviewing the 

4882
04:33:22,000 --> 04:33:25,900
next day's planes, what 
experiments was scheduled, what 

4883
04:33:25,900 --> 04:33:29,599
writing needed attention, what 
meetings or teaching obligations

4884
04:33:29,599 --> 04:33:32,599
existed. 
This brief preview helped 

4885
04:33:32,599 --> 04:33:35,099
organize, the thoughts and 
reduced morning uncertainty. 

4886
04:33:36,000 --> 04:33:39,400
transition from evening, work to
rest was gradual rather than 

4887
04:33:39,400 --> 04:33:42,800
abrupt work intensity decreased 
in stages. 

4888
04:33:43,599 --> 04:33:47,300
Demanding writing, gave way to 
lighter reading, which gave way 

4889
04:33:47,300 --> 04:33:50,800
to Casual activities, which gave
way to prepare for sleep. 

4890
04:33:50,800 --> 04:33:54,300
This gentle progression 
respected, natural rhythms 

4891
04:33:54,300 --> 04:33:57,500
rather than fighting them. 
This evening rhythm of 

4892
04:33:57,508 --> 04:34:02,099
reflection writing reading and 
gradual disengagement created 

4893
04:34:02,099 --> 04:34:06,200
continuity, between active 
research and restorative rest. 

4894
04:34:07,099 --> 04:34:10,700
Work didn't stop abruptly, but 
transitioned through stages of 

4895
04:34:10,700 --> 04:34:13,800
decreasing intensity until sleep
could arrive naturally. 

4896
04:34:14,800 --> 04:34:17,300
Sleep was understood as 
essential for mental function. 

4897
04:34:17,300 --> 04:34:20,800
Long before psychologist studied
its systematically. 

4898
04:34:21,599 --> 04:34:25,599
Everyone knew that poorly made 
thinking difficult and that 

4899
04:34:25,599 --> 04:34:28,500
adequate rest improved 
concentration and memory. 

4900
04:34:29,300 --> 04:34:32,000
This common knowledge shaped how
researchers approached their 

4901
04:34:32,008 --> 04:34:34,900
work. 
Evening routines often included,

4902
04:34:34,900 --> 04:34:38,599
winding down deliberately. 
After finishing work researchers

4903
04:34:38,599 --> 04:34:41,500
might read something under 
demanding, take an evening, walk

4904
04:34:41,500 --> 04:34:46,200
or engage in like conversation. 
These activities help transition

4905
04:34:46,200 --> 04:34:49,800
from the focused attention of 
work to the relaxed State 

4906
04:34:49,800 --> 04:34:53,400
conducive to sleep. 
The importance of regular sleep 

4907
04:34:53,400 --> 04:34:57,200
schedules was recognized early. 
Going to bed at roughly the same

4908
04:34:57,200 --> 04:34:58,900
time. 
Each night made falling asleep, 

4909
04:34:58,900 --> 04:35:02,200
easier. 
Waking it consistent times, made

4910
04:35:02,200 --> 04:35:05,099
mornings less difficult. 
The body seemed to function 

4911
04:35:05,099 --> 04:35:09,099
better with predictable rhythms 
bedrooms were kept simple and 

4912
04:35:09,099 --> 04:35:11,800
comfortable. 
Heavy curtains blocked light. 

4913
04:35:12,500 --> 04:35:16,099
Bedding was clean and warm 
temperatures were kept moderate.

4914
04:35:16,800 --> 04:35:20,000
These practical Arrangements, 
reflected and understanding that

4915
04:35:20,000 --> 04:35:22,200
the environment affected Sleep 
Quality. 

4916
04:35:23,099 --> 04:35:26,300
Dreams were acknowledged as part
of mental life, but remained 

4917
04:35:26,300 --> 04:35:30,000
largely unexplored. 
People remembered dreams with 

4918
04:35:30,000 --> 04:35:33,300
varying clarity. 
Some mornings brought Vivid 

4919
04:35:33,300 --> 04:35:35,800
recall of strange, narratives, 
and images. 

4920
04:35:35,800 --> 04:35:39,300
Other more mornings dreams, 
disappeared immediately upon 

4921
04:35:39,300 --> 04:35:41,900
waking leaving only vague 
impressions. 

4922
04:35:42,900 --> 04:35:46,099
Researchers occasionally kept 
dream journals recording what 

4923
04:35:46,099 --> 04:35:50,300
they remembered upon waking. 
Hackins emerged dreams. 

4924
04:35:50,300 --> 04:35:53,500
Often included elements from 
recent experience is mixed with 

4925
04:35:53,500 --> 04:35:56,000
older memories and impossible 
combination. 

4926
04:35:56,000 --> 04:35:59,900
They felt real while happening 
but became obviously irrational 

4927
04:35:59,900 --> 04:36:03,000
upon waking. 
What dreams meant or how they 

4928
04:36:03,000 --> 04:36:05,300
related to waking thought 
remained unclear. 

4929
04:36:06,400 --> 04:36:09,099
Some researchers suspected 
dreams might reveal something 

4930
04:36:09,099 --> 04:36:12,599
about how memory worked. 
Showing how the mind combined 

4931
04:36:12,599 --> 04:36:16,200
information in unusual ways, 
others thought dreams might 

4932
04:36:16,200 --> 04:36:18,700
simply be random, mental 
activity during sleep. 

4933
04:36:18,700 --> 04:36:21,000
Meaningful. 
Only in their meaninglessness. 

4934
04:36:22,300 --> 04:36:25,900
The content of Dreams varied 
enormously between individuals 

4935
04:36:25,900 --> 04:36:29,700
and across nights. 
Some dreams felt coherent with 

4936
04:36:29,700 --> 04:36:32,400
recognizable narratives and 
clear sequences. 

4937
04:36:33,200 --> 04:36:36,800
Others were fragmentary jumping 
between scenes without 

4938
04:36:36,800 --> 04:36:39,800
connection. 
Emotions in dreams could be 

4939
04:36:39,800 --> 04:36:42,400
intense. 
Sometimes, more Vivid than 

4940
04:36:42,400 --> 04:36:46,099
waking feeling's, recurring 
dreams were noted, as curious 

4941
04:36:46,099 --> 04:36:50,099
phenomena the same scenes or 
situations might appear 

4942
04:36:50,099 --> 04:36:54,599
repeatedly over months or years.
These repetitions suggested some

4943
04:36:54,599 --> 04:36:58,000
kind of significant but what 
they meant remained mysterious. 

4944
04:36:58,900 --> 04:37:00,700
Nightmares. 
Occasionally troubled, sleep. 

4945
04:37:01,700 --> 04:37:04,599
Most people experience the 
occasionally they typically 

4946
04:37:04,599 --> 04:37:08,099
involved threats or danger, 
creating anxiety that could wake

4947
04:37:08,099 --> 04:37:11,400
the sleeper. 
On waking the threat revealed 

4948
04:37:11,400 --> 04:37:14,099
itself as imaginary. 
But the emotional impact, 

4949
04:37:14,099 --> 04:37:18,200
lingard Without methods for 
studying dreams systematically, 

4950
04:37:18,200 --> 04:37:21,099
they remained personal 
experiences rather than 

4951
04:37:21,099 --> 04:37:24,700
scientific data. 
Researchers, noted them with 

4952
04:37:24,700 --> 04:37:27,300
interest but didn't build 
theories around them. 

4953
04:37:28,099 --> 04:37:30,900
The focus stayed on aspects of 
mental life, that could be 

4954
04:37:30,908 --> 04:37:33,099
observed and measured during 
waking hours. 

4955
04:37:33,099 --> 04:37:38,000
The quality of sleep, affected 
research directly, After a poor 

4956
04:37:38,000 --> 04:37:42,200
night's rest experiments. 
Took longer mistakes increased 

4957
04:37:42,200 --> 04:37:46,500
and Patience wore thin. 
Researchers learned to postpone 

4958
04:37:46,500 --> 04:37:50,200
difficult work, when they felt 
tired, recognizing that forcing 

4959
04:37:50,200 --> 04:37:53,700
concentration when exhausted 
produced unreliable results. 

4960
04:37:54,599 --> 04:37:57,500
This meant treating sleep as a 
professional necessity, rather 

4961
04:37:57,500 --> 04:38:00,900
than a personal weakness. 
Taking time to rest properly, 

4962
04:38:00,900 --> 04:38:03,900
wasn't indulgent, but practical 
requirement for good work. 

4963
04:38:05,099 --> 04:38:08,300
University's generally supported
this through reasonable schedule

4964
04:38:08,300 --> 04:38:10,099
that didn't demand constant 
availability. 

4965
04:38:11,500 --> 04:38:14,900
Seasonal patterns influence, 
sleep and work winter, Darkness 

4966
04:38:14,900 --> 04:38:17,500
meant longer evening's and later
mornings. 

4967
04:38:18,200 --> 04:38:21,300
Summer, light, extended, active 
hours, but at all, so invited 

4968
04:38:21,300 --> 04:38:24,500
more time Outdoors. 
Researchers are just adjusted 

4969
04:38:24,500 --> 04:38:27,500
their shared Jewels with Seasons
rather than fighting natural 

4970
04:38:27,500 --> 04:38:30,200
rhythms. 
The relationship between mental 

4971
04:38:30,200 --> 04:38:33,500
work and physical, rest was 
noted, but not fully understood.

4972
04:38:34,400 --> 04:38:37,400
Thinking hard seemed to require 
physical recovery just as 

4973
04:38:37,400 --> 04:38:38,400
manual. 
Labor did. 

4974
04:38:39,200 --> 04:38:42,700
The day of intense mental 
effort, left people genuinely 

4975
04:38:42,700 --> 04:38:45,700
tired needing sleep. 
As much as someone who had 

4976
04:38:45,700 --> 04:38:48,500
worked physically. 
Some researchers wondered 

4977
04:38:48,500 --> 04:38:50,800
whether different types of 
mental work required. 

4978
04:38:50,800 --> 04:38:54,800
Different kinds of rest. did 
creative thinking deplete 

4979
04:38:54,800 --> 04:38:58,700
resources differently than 
memorization, or calculation did

4980
04:38:58,700 --> 04:39:01,700
some activities actually restore
mental energy rather than 

4981
04:39:01,700 --> 04:39:05,800
consuming it These questions 
were raised but not answered. 

4982
04:39:06,599 --> 04:39:09,800
What was clear was that regular 
sleep pattern supported better 

4983
04:39:09,800 --> 04:39:12,700
thinking? 
Going to bed and waking at 

4984
04:39:12,700 --> 04:39:16,599
consistent Times, May daily work
easier irregularly sleep 

4985
04:39:16,599 --> 04:39:20,900
disrupted concentration and mood
making routine tasks feel harder

4986
04:39:20,900 --> 04:39:24,099
than they should. 
Physical activity during the day

4987
04:39:24,099 --> 04:39:26,200
seem to promote better sleep at 
night. 

4988
04:39:27,000 --> 04:39:30,000
Researchers who took walks or 
engaged in light exercise, 

4989
04:39:30,000 --> 04:39:33,800
reported sleeping more soundly 
than those who remained set 

4990
04:39:33,800 --> 04:39:36,400
entry. 
This suggested connections 

4991
04:39:36,400 --> 04:39:38,700
between physical and mental 
states that were yet. 

4992
04:39:38,700 --> 04:39:43,600
Understood Diet affected sleep, 
as well, heavy Meals, late in 

4993
04:39:43,608 --> 04:39:45,000
the evening, made, rest 
uncomfortable. 

4994
04:39:45,700 --> 04:39:49,000
Stimulating drinks, like coffee 
or tea interfere with falling 

4995
04:39:49,000 --> 04:39:51,100
asleep if consumed too close to 
bedtime. 

4996
04:39:51,900 --> 04:39:55,700
Moderation and timing mattered 
naps, occasionally appeared in 

4997
04:39:55,700 --> 04:39:59,100
researchers schedules. 
A brief afternoon, rest could 

4998
04:39:59,100 --> 04:40:01,000
Restore alertness for evening 
work. 

4999
04:40:01,800 --> 04:40:05,200
This wasn't seen as laziness, 
but as an efficient use of 

5000
04:40:05,200 --> 04:40:09,500
Natural Energy patterns. 
Some people felt renewed after 

5001
04:40:09,500 --> 04:40:14,100
20 minutes of rest, others 
needed longer but the principal 

5002
04:40:14,100 --> 04:40:16,800
of midday recovery was widely 
accepted. 

5003
04:40:18,100 --> 04:40:21,100
The practice of napping varied 
by culture and individual 

5004
04:40:21,100 --> 04:40:23,700
preference. 
Some researchers found them 

5005
04:40:23,708 --> 04:40:25,800
essential others. 
Never napped. 

5006
04:40:26,900 --> 04:40:30,600
Both groups recognized that What
mattered was total rest quality,

5007
04:40:30,600 --> 04:40:34,400
over a full day and night noted 
here in to any particular 

5008
04:40:34,400 --> 04:40:37,600
pattern. 
The transition to sleep was 

5009
04:40:37,600 --> 04:40:39,800
sometimes described in the 
research notes. 

5010
04:40:40,500 --> 04:40:43,700
People noticed the drift from 
waking thought to sleeps Edge, 

5011
04:40:43,700 --> 04:40:47,200
when ideas became less 
controlled and logic, loosened. 

5012
04:40:48,000 --> 04:40:51,100
This transitional State felt 
distinct from both alert 

5013
04:40:51,100 --> 04:40:55,100
Consciousness and false sleep. 
Suggesting that mental States 

5014
04:40:55,100 --> 04:40:59,000
existed on a Continuum rather 
than a sharp categories. 

5015
04:41:00,100 --> 04:41:03,000
Thoughts while falling asleep 
often had a dream-like quality 

5016
04:41:03,000 --> 04:41:06,200
more associative and less 
constrained than normal 

5017
04:41:06,200 --> 04:41:08,500
thinking. 
Images might appear, 

5018
04:41:08,500 --> 04:41:13,600
spontaneously ideas, might 
connect in unexpected ways, this

5019
04:41:13,600 --> 04:41:16,400
state could occasionally yield 
insights, that more focused 

5020
04:41:16,400 --> 04:41:19,900
thinking missed. 
Some researchers kept paper and 

5021
04:41:19,900 --> 04:41:23,500
Pen beside their beds to capture
late night, thoughts, And idea 

5022
04:41:23,500 --> 04:41:26,200
that seemed important while 
falling asleep, might vanish by 

5023
04:41:26,200 --> 04:41:28,100
morning. 
Writing it down. 

5024
04:41:28,100 --> 04:41:31,000
Preserved it though. 
Morning often revealed that the 

5025
04:41:31,000 --> 04:41:34,000
Insight was less significant 
than it seemed in the moment. 

5026
04:41:35,000 --> 04:41:36,900
Morning. 
Waking brought his own patterns.

5027
04:41:36,900 --> 04:41:40,300
Some people woke alert 
immediately others needed. 

5028
04:41:40,300 --> 04:41:42,100
Time for full Consciousness to 
return. 

5029
04:41:43,500 --> 04:41:45,900
These different seemed stable 
for each individual. 

5030
04:41:45,900 --> 04:41:50,200
Another example of variation, 
within General patterns, The 

5031
04:41:50,200 --> 04:41:52,800
first thoughts upon waking 
sometimes addressed problems 

5032
04:41:52,800 --> 04:41:54,400
that have been troubling the day
before. 

5033
04:41:55,200 --> 04:41:57,200
The mine seemed to have worked 
on them during sleep, 

5034
04:41:57,200 --> 04:42:00,600
occasionally producing Solutions
or New Perspective. 

5035
04:42:01,400 --> 04:42:04,300
This wasn't guaranteed, but it 
happened off in enough to be 

5036
04:42:04,300 --> 04:42:07,600
noticed and valued. 
The role of sleep in memory was 

5037
04:42:07,600 --> 04:42:11,400
suspected but not proven. 
Researchers noticed that 

5038
04:42:11,400 --> 04:42:14,900
material studied before sleep, 
sometimes seemed clearer than 

5039
04:42:14,900 --> 04:42:17,800
the next morning. 
This suggested sleep might help 

5040
04:42:17,800 --> 04:42:21,400
organize or strengthen memories 
though the mechanisms remain 

5041
04:42:21,400 --> 04:42:25,900
unknown, some evidence supported
this information review. 

5042
04:42:25,900 --> 04:42:29,000
Just before sleeping was often 
recalled, better than 

5043
04:42:29,000 --> 04:42:31,000
information reviewed earlier in 
the day. 

5044
04:42:32,500 --> 04:42:35,300
Whether this reflected the 
absence of interference after 

5045
04:42:35,300 --> 04:42:38,400
sleep or some active 
consolidation process remained 

5046
04:42:38,400 --> 04:42:41,600
uncertain. 
Sleep deprivation experiments 

5047
04:42:41,600 --> 04:42:45,200
were rare during this period, as
deliberately disrupting sleep, 

5048
04:42:45,200 --> 04:42:46,800
seemed unethical and 
impractical. 

5049
04:42:47,600 --> 04:42:51,800
Researchers relied instead on 
natural variations, observing 

5050
04:42:51,800 --> 04:42:54,000
how performance changed after 
Poor vs? 

5051
04:42:54,000 --> 04:42:56,600
Good sleep, the results were 
consistent. 

5052
04:42:57,400 --> 04:43:01,500
Sleep loss impaired. 
Everything memory, attention, 

5053
04:43:01,500 --> 04:43:04,500
learning, mood, and physical 
coordination. 

5054
04:43:04,500 --> 04:43:08,700
All suffered when people didn't 
sleep adequately recovery. 

5055
04:43:08,700 --> 04:43:11,200
Required time. 
A single good night, didn't 

5056
04:43:11,200 --> 04:43:13,500
fully reverse the effects of 
several poor ones. 

5057
04:43:13,500 --> 04:43:17,100
These observations reinforced, 
the Practical importance of 

5058
04:43:17,100 --> 04:43:19,800
sleep. 
Researchers, who wanted to do 

5059
04:43:19,800 --> 04:43:24,000
good work needed to sleep. 
Well, this seemed obvious but it

5060
04:43:24,000 --> 04:43:26,400
was worth remembering when 
pressures to work longer hours 

5061
04:43:26,400 --> 04:43:29,900
appeared, Overall sleep was 
treated with respect as a 

5062
04:43:29,908 --> 04:43:32,900
fundamental requirement for 
mental health and intellectual 

5063
04:43:32,900 --> 04:43:35,300
work. 
It wasn't something to minimize 

5064
04:43:35,300 --> 04:43:38,500
or overcome, but something to 
honor as essential. 

5065
04:43:39,500 --> 04:43:42,500
This attitude shaped how 
research was conducted and how 

5066
04:43:42,500 --> 04:43:46,700
academic life was structured. 
Psychology is a formal field, 

5067
04:43:46,700 --> 04:43:50,700
didn't emerge through Sutton 
Revelation instead, it developed

5068
04:43:50,700 --> 04:43:53,600
through Decades of patient 
accumulation with each 

5069
04:43:53,600 --> 04:43:56,500
generation of researchers 
building modestly on what came 

5070
04:43:56,500 --> 04:43:59,400
before while remaining uncertain
about fundamental questions. 

5071
04:44:00,600 --> 04:44:04,000
By the early 1900s psychology at
established itself in 

5072
04:44:04,000 --> 04:44:06,000
universities across Europe and 
America. 

5073
04:44:07,100 --> 04:44:12,100
Laboratory is existed journals 
published regularly and students

5074
04:44:12,100 --> 04:44:16,400
could pursue formal training. 
Yet the field still struggled 

5075
04:44:16,400 --> 04:44:19,100
with basic problems that had 
plagued it from the beginning. 

5076
04:44:19,900 --> 04:44:21,900
Introspection remained 
unreliable. 

5077
04:44:22,600 --> 04:44:25,800
Despite refinements in method 
and training, people's 

5078
04:44:25,800 --> 04:44:28,600
descriptions of their thoughts, 
can continue to vary and ways 

5079
04:44:28,600 --> 04:44:30,100
that could not be fully 
resolved. 

5080
04:44:30,900 --> 04:44:33,700
This limitation pushed 
researchers toward approaches. 

5081
04:44:33,700 --> 04:44:37,800
That didn't rely on self-report 
emphasizing observable behavior 

5082
04:44:37,800 --> 04:44:39,400
and measurable performance 
instead. 

5083
04:44:40,200 --> 04:44:44,500
This shift happened gradually. 
No single researcher or moment 

5084
04:44:44,500 --> 04:44:46,400
created it. 
Different. 

5085
04:44:46,400 --> 04:44:49,700
Laboratories began emphasizing 
different aspects of mental, 

5086
04:44:49,700 --> 04:44:52,200
life. 
Some focusing on learning in 

5087
04:44:52,200 --> 04:44:55,700
animals others on Child 
Development and still others on 

5088
04:44:55,700 --> 04:44:59,800
perception and sensation. 
The field Diversified as people 

5089
04:44:59,800 --> 04:45:02,400
sought areas where progress 
seemed more achievable. 

5090
04:45:03,300 --> 04:45:06,100
What United these varied 
approaches was commitment to 

5091
04:45:06,100 --> 04:45:09,800
observation and measurement. 
Even when studying something as 

5092
04:45:09,800 --> 04:45:14,000
internal as emotional thought, 
researchers looked for external 

5093
04:45:14,000 --> 04:45:17,100
indicators. 
Behavior physiological. 

5094
04:45:17,100 --> 04:45:21,400
Response is performance on tasks
and anything that could be 

5095
04:45:21,400 --> 04:45:24,200
observed repeatedly and 
measured, consistently became 

5096
04:45:24,200 --> 04:45:26,800
valuable. 
This emphasis on objectivity 

5097
04:45:26,800 --> 04:45:29,800
meant giving up some of the 
original ambition to understand 

5098
04:45:29,800 --> 04:45:33,500
conscious experience directly. 
You couldn't measure what it 

5099
04:45:33,508 --> 04:45:36,000
felt like to see red. 
Or remember your childhood. 

5100
04:45:36,000 --> 04:45:40,400
You could only measure responses
choices and patterns of behavior

5101
04:45:40,400 --> 04:45:44,100
related to those experiences, 
the sum this felt like a 

5102
04:45:44,108 --> 04:45:46,800
necessary compromise. 
For others. 

5103
04:45:46,800 --> 04:45:49,700
It seemed like a abandoning 
psychology is most important 

5104
04:45:49,700 --> 04:45:52,500
questions. 
These tensions, persisted 

5105
04:45:52,500 --> 04:45:56,600
creating ongoing debates about 
what psychology should study and

5106
04:45:56,600 --> 04:46:00,200
how it should proceed despite 
these disagreements research 

5107
04:46:00,200 --> 04:46:04,100
continued steadily. studies 
accumulated in journals 

5108
04:46:04,100 --> 04:46:09,200
findings, were replicated, 
questioned, or extended, Slowly 

5109
04:46:09,200 --> 04:46:13,500
reliable knowledge emerged about
learning memory, perception 

5110
04:46:13,500 --> 04:46:15,500
development and many other 
topics. 

5111
04:46:16,500 --> 04:46:19,300
The knowledge was limited and 
provisional but it was so 

5112
04:46:19,300 --> 04:46:22,500
genuine progress from the near 
total ignorance of 50 years 

5113
04:46:22,500 --> 04:46:25,400
earlier. 
Teaching psychology, became more

5114
04:46:25,400 --> 04:46:30,000
standardized textbooks, appeared
organizing the fields finding 

5115
04:46:30,000 --> 04:46:34,000
into coherent presentation. 
these texts are acknowledged 

5116
04:46:34,000 --> 04:46:37,100
uncertainty while also showing 
how much had been learned 

5117
04:46:37,100 --> 04:46:40,800
students could now study 
psychology without feeling they 

5118
04:46:40,800 --> 04:46:44,800
were entering completely 
unmapped territory Application's

5119
04:46:44,800 --> 04:46:48,300
began to emerge. 
Psychological principles 

5120
04:46:48,300 --> 04:46:52,000
informed education, helping 
teachers understand how children

5121
04:46:52,000 --> 04:46:54,400
learned. 
They shaped industrial 

5122
04:46:54,400 --> 04:46:59,100
practices, improving training 
and working conditions. the 

5123
04:46:59,100 --> 04:47:01,600
influence clinical work with 
people experiencing mental 

5124
04:47:01,600 --> 04:47:05,500
difficulties, Psychology was 
becoming useful even while 

5125
04:47:05,500 --> 04:47:08,900
remaining incomplete The methods
developed during this early 

5126
04:47:08,900 --> 04:47:11,300
period established patterns, 
that would persist. 

5127
04:47:12,000 --> 04:47:16,200
Controlled experiments, 
systematic observation, careful 

5128
04:47:16,200 --> 04:47:20,100
measurement statistical 
analysis, all became standard 

5129
04:47:20,100 --> 04:47:23,800
practices. 
These tools weren't perfect but 

5130
04:47:23,800 --> 04:47:26,800
they provided structure for 
investigating questions about 

5131
04:47:26,800 --> 04:47:30,000
mind and behavior. 
Collaboration across 

5132
04:47:30,000 --> 04:47:33,800
institutions, strength and 
researchers, shared methods 

5133
04:47:33,800 --> 04:47:37,500
replicated. 
Each other's finding on previous

5134
04:47:37,500 --> 04:47:40,200
work. 
This Collective Enterprise made 

5135
04:47:40,200 --> 04:47:43,300
progress more reliable than 
isolated individual. 

5136
04:47:43,300 --> 04:47:46,200
Efforts could achieve 
International cooperation 

5137
04:47:46,200 --> 04:47:48,200
continued despite political 
tensions. 

5138
04:47:49,300 --> 04:47:52,400
Scientific communication crossed
National boundaries more easily 

5139
04:47:52,400 --> 04:47:56,600
than other forms of exchange, 
researchers maintained contact 

5140
04:47:56,600 --> 04:47:59,000
with colleagues in other 
countries even when their 

5141
04:47:59,000 --> 04:48:02,300
governments were in conflict. 
The growth of graduate education

5142
04:48:02,300 --> 04:48:04,900
created pipeline of new 
researchers. 

5143
04:48:05,800 --> 04:48:09,400
Students trained in established 
Laboratories then started their 

5144
04:48:09,400 --> 04:48:12,900
own programs elsewhere. 
Spreading methods and standards 

5145
04:48:12,900 --> 04:48:17,200
across institutions. 
This geographical expansion 

5146
04:48:17,200 --> 04:48:20,400
Diversified the field while 
maintaining some coherence in 

5147
04:48:20,408 --> 04:48:23,500
approach. 
Women gradually gained greater 

5148
04:48:23,500 --> 04:48:27,100
access to psychology though. 
Barriers remain significant. 

5149
04:48:28,000 --> 04:48:31,500
Their presence began changing 
the fields culture and expanding

5150
04:48:31,500 --> 04:48:34,400
the range of questions, 
considered worthy of study. 

5151
04:48:35,100 --> 04:48:38,700
Full equality was still far in 
the future but progress was 

5152
04:48:38,700 --> 04:48:40,900
visible. 
Funding for psychological 

5153
04:48:40,900 --> 04:48:43,800
research, remained modest 
compared to physical sciences. 

5154
04:48:44,800 --> 04:48:48,500
This limited the scale and 
complexity of studies, but also 

5155
04:48:48,500 --> 04:48:51,700
kept researchers focused on 
questions that could be 

5156
04:48:51,700 --> 04:48:55,800
addressed with simple methods. 
Creativity in designing and 

5157
04:48:55,800 --> 04:48:59,300
formative experiments with 
minimal resources became valued.

5158
04:49:00,100 --> 04:49:01,800
What early psychologists got 
right? 

5159
04:49:01,800 --> 04:49:04,600
Was their patients. 
They didn't rush to conclusions 

5160
04:49:04,600 --> 04:49:09,100
or more than evidence supported 
accepted on certainly. 

5161
04:49:09,100 --> 04:49:12,400
As part of scientific work, they
revised ideas. 

5162
04:49:12,400 --> 04:49:15,800
When observations demanded it, 
they collaborated across 

5163
04:49:15,800 --> 04:49:19,200
distances and traditions. 
They built institutions that 

5164
04:49:19,200 --> 04:49:22,900
could sustain research across 
Generations their willingness to

5165
04:49:22,900 --> 04:49:25,900
publish negative results and 
acknowledge failures created 

5166
04:49:25,900 --> 04:49:28,400
realistic. 
Expectations about scientific 

5167
04:49:28,400 --> 04:49:32,700
progress, not every experiment. 
Succeeded not every Theory 

5168
04:49:32,700 --> 04:49:36,000
proved correct. 
Dishonesty made the positive 

5169
04:49:36,000 --> 04:49:39,700
findings more trustworthy. 
The culture they established 

5170
04:49:39,700 --> 04:49:42,500
valued careful. 
Work over dramatic, claims 

5171
04:49:42,500 --> 04:49:45,600
replication mattered as much as 
novelty. 

5172
04:49:46,400 --> 04:49:49,700
Clear description mattered as 
much as theoretical brilliance. 

5173
04:49:50,400 --> 04:49:53,300
These priorities helped 
psychology, develop solid 

5174
04:49:53,300 --> 04:49:56,700
foundations, even if they didn't
produce exciting headlines. 

5175
04:49:57,600 --> 04:50:00,600
What they got wrong or at least 
struggled with was 

5176
04:50:00,600 --> 04:50:03,400
underestimating how complex the 
Mind actually was? 

5177
04:50:04,400 --> 04:50:07,500
They hoped to find simple laws 
governing thought and behavior 

5178
04:50:07,500 --> 04:50:10,500
analogous to physical laws 
governing matter. 

5179
04:50:11,600 --> 04:50:15,200
Reality. 
Proved Messier. mental life 

5180
04:50:15,200 --> 04:50:19,300
involved, layers of interaction,
between biology experience, 

5181
04:50:19,300 --> 04:50:23,400
culture, development, and 
individual variation, that 

5182
04:50:23,400 --> 04:50:28,200
resisted simple formulation This
complexity didn't invalidate 

5183
04:50:28,200 --> 04:50:31,400
their work but didn't mean that 
grand unified theories, remained

5184
04:50:31,400 --> 04:50:34,100
elusive. 
Psychology would develop as a 

5185
04:50:34,100 --> 04:50:37,800
collection of specialized areas 
each with its own methods and 

5186
04:50:37,808 --> 04:50:40,800
findings. 
Rather than as a single coherent

5187
04:50:40,800 --> 04:50:44,200
science with universal 
principles, the assumption that 

5188
04:50:44,200 --> 04:50:47,300
findings from studies of 
University, students in Western 

5189
04:50:47,300 --> 04:50:50,700
countries, applied universally 
proved problematic. 

5190
04:50:52,000 --> 04:50:55,100
Culture shaped cognition in 
profound ways that early 

5191
04:50:55,100 --> 04:51:00,000
researchers barely recognized. 
Expanding psychology Beyond its 

5192
04:51:00,000 --> 04:51:02,800
limited cultural Origins would 
take many decades. 

5193
04:51:03,800 --> 04:51:06,600
Ethical concerns about research 
practices, weren't always 

5194
04:51:06,608 --> 04:51:10,300
adequately addressed. 
Some studies cause discomfort or

5195
04:51:10,300 --> 04:51:14,000
distress to participants. 
Animals used in research, 

5196
04:51:14,000 --> 04:51:16,900
sometimes suffered 
unnecessarily, these issues 

5197
04:51:16,900 --> 04:51:20,700
would eventually lead to formal 
ethical guidelines but early 

5198
04:51:20,700 --> 04:51:23,500
psychology proceeded with less 
oversight than would later. 

5199
04:51:23,500 --> 04:51:26,200
Seemed acceptable. 
The relationship between 

5200
04:51:26,200 --> 04:51:28,900
psychology and social issues 
remained underdeveloped. 

5201
04:51:29,900 --> 04:51:32,500
While some researchers believed 
psychology should address 

5202
04:51:32,500 --> 04:51:35,800
practical problems, others, 
preferred focusing on basic 

5203
04:51:35,800 --> 04:51:38,900
science. 
This tension between pure and 

5204
04:51:38,900 --> 04:51:41,600
applied research would continue 
throughout the fields history. 

5205
04:51:41,600 --> 04:51:45,100
Later, generations would 
introduce new approaches 

5206
04:51:45,100 --> 04:51:48,300
Neuroscience, would reveal brain
mechanisms? 

5207
04:51:48,300 --> 04:51:51,600
Underlying mental processes, 
computers would provide 

5208
04:51:51,600 --> 04:51:53,300
metaphors and tools for 
modeling. 

5209
04:51:53,300 --> 04:51:57,600
Cognition cultural psychology 
would show how context shaped 

5210
04:51:57,600 --> 04:52:01,100
thinking and profound ways each 
Innovation added to 

5211
04:52:01,100 --> 04:52:03,700
understanding while also 
revealing how much remained 

5212
04:52:03,700 --> 04:52:08,400
unknown The cognitive revolution
in the mid-20th century would 

5213
04:52:08,400 --> 04:52:11,500
rehabilitate, the study of 
mental processes that 

5214
04:52:11,500 --> 04:52:15,900
behaviorism had marginalized. 
Researchers were develop new 

5215
04:52:15,900 --> 04:52:19,500
methods for investigating 
thought, attention and memory 

5216
04:52:19,500 --> 04:52:22,300
without relying on problematic 
introspection. 

5217
04:52:23,200 --> 04:52:26,400
This represented both the 
continuation and revision of 

5218
04:52:26,400 --> 04:52:30,300
early psychologies goals. 
Biological approaches would 

5219
04:52:30,300 --> 04:52:33,100
connect psychology to the 
broader Sciences of the brain 

5220
04:52:33,100 --> 04:52:36,000
and body. 
Understanding neural mechanisms 

5221
04:52:36,000 --> 04:52:39,800
didn't eliminate the need for 
psychological explanation. but 

5222
04:52:39,800 --> 04:52:42,900
it provided complimentary levels
of analysis that enriched 

5223
04:52:42,900 --> 04:52:46,500
understanding Developmental 
perspectives which show how 

5224
04:52:46,500 --> 04:52:49,600
psychological processes changed 
across the lifespan. 

5225
04:52:49,600 --> 04:52:53,800
What was true of adults wasn't 
necessarily true of children or 

5226
04:52:53,800 --> 04:52:56,800
infant's? 
Age-related changes revealed how

5227
04:52:56,808 --> 04:52:59,500
experienced mental capacity is 
over time. 

5228
04:53:00,600 --> 04:53:03,400
Social psychology would 
demonstrate how profoundly other

5229
04:53:03,400 --> 04:53:05,800
people influenced individual, 
thought, and behavior. 

5230
04:53:06,600 --> 04:53:10,200
Many findings from research on 
isolated individuals turned out 

5231
04:53:10,200 --> 04:53:14,900
not to apply when social context
was considered understanding 

5232
04:53:14,900 --> 04:53:17,600
Minds meant understanding their 
social nature. 

5233
04:53:18,500 --> 04:53:21,700
Clinical applications would both
benefit from and contribute to 

5234
04:53:21,700 --> 04:53:25,500
basic psychological knowledge. 
Practical work with people 

5235
04:53:25,500 --> 04:53:29,000
experiencing psychological 
difficulties raised questions 

5236
04:53:29,000 --> 04:53:31,800
and provided observations that 
informed Theory. 

5237
04:53:32,500 --> 04:53:34,800
Theory theory in terms 
suggested, new therapeutic 

5238
04:53:34,800 --> 04:53:37,900
approaches, but all these later 
developments built on 

5239
04:53:37,900 --> 04:53:40,300
foundations laid by early 
psychologists. 

5240
04:53:41,100 --> 04:53:44,100
Their methods though. 
Refined remained recognizable. 

5241
04:53:45,000 --> 04:53:47,400
Their questions. 
They reformulated stayed 

5242
04:53:47,400 --> 04:53:49,700
relevant. 
A commitment to empirical 

5243
04:53:49,700 --> 04:53:52,800
investigation over pure 
speculation, continued, guiding 

5244
04:53:52,800 --> 04:53:55,600
the field. 
The field they created was in 

5245
04:53:55,600 --> 04:53:59,400
perfect, limited by available 
methods and shaped by the 

5246
04:53:59,400 --> 04:54:03,100
assumptions of their time. 
Yet it represented genuine 

5247
04:54:03,100 --> 04:54:06,200
progress in Humanity's long 
attempt to understand itself. 

5248
04:54:07,300 --> 04:54:10,500
Questions that once seemed 
purely philosophical became 

5249
04:54:10,500 --> 04:54:12,700
addressable through systematic 
investigation. 

5250
04:54:13,700 --> 04:54:16,000
As you rest. 
Now you can think of those early

5251
04:54:16,000 --> 04:54:19,400
researchers working in quiet. 
Laboratories writing, careful 

5252
04:54:19,400 --> 04:54:22,000
notes. 
Dusting ideas with colleagues 

5253
04:54:22,000 --> 04:54:24,600
like accepting the slow pace of 
discovery. 

5254
04:54:26,400 --> 04:54:29,100
They understood that knowledge 
comes gradually through patient,

5255
04:54:29,100 --> 04:54:32,400
accumulation rather than 
dramatic breakthroughs. 

5256
04:54:32,400 --> 04:54:35,300
Their work continues in 
Laboratories around the world 

5257
04:54:35,300 --> 04:54:37,300
today. 
Still pursuing the same 

5258
04:54:37,300 --> 04:54:41,300
fundamental questions about how 
minds work Still using 

5259
04:54:41,300 --> 04:54:45,200
observation and measurement 
still accepting uncertainty as 

5260
04:54:45,200 --> 04:54:48,500
part of the process. 
The methods of improved, the 

5261
04:54:48,500 --> 04:54:51,500
questions have become more 
refined but the basic approach 

5262
04:54:51,500 --> 04:54:55,300
remains recognizable. 
Psychology almost failed. 

5263
04:54:55,300 --> 04:54:58,600
Not because the researchers lack
Talent OR dedication, but 

5264
04:54:58,600 --> 04:55:02,700
because the task was harder than
anyone imagined The mind's 

5265
04:55:02,700 --> 04:55:06,900
complexity exceeded early 
expectations methods, proved 

5266
04:55:06,900 --> 04:55:10,500
more limited than hoped. 
Progress came more slowly than 

5267
04:55:10,500 --> 04:55:14,300
anticipated that psychology 
succeeded at all. 

5268
04:55:14,300 --> 04:55:16,800
Reflects the researchers 
willingness to proceed without 

5269
04:55:16,800 --> 04:55:20,900
certainly building understanding
one careful observation at a 

5270
04:55:20,900 --> 04:55:23,000
time. 
Trusting that patience and 

5271
04:55:23,000 --> 04:55:25,000
honesty would have eventually 
yield insight. 

5272
04:55:25,900 --> 04:55:30,600
They worked within constraints, 
accepted setbacks revised ideas 

5273
04:55:30,600 --> 04:55:33,900
and maintained commitment to 
empirical investigation. 

5274
04:55:33,900 --> 04:55:38,300
Even when dramatic breakthroughs
remained elusive, The 

5275
04:55:38,300 --> 04:55:40,500
institutions they build 
survived, their individual 

5276
04:55:40,500 --> 04:55:43,200
careers. 
University's maintain 

5277
04:55:43,200 --> 04:55:46,400
psychology. 
Departments journals continued 

5278
04:55:46,400 --> 04:55:50,500
publishing research programs 
persisted across Generations. 

5279
04:55:50,500 --> 04:55:55,000
This continuity allowed 
knowledge to accumulate despite 

5280
04:55:55,000 --> 04:55:58,300
the fields difficulties 
Students, trained by early 

5281
04:55:58,300 --> 04:56:01,000
psychologists became the next 
generation of researchers 

5282
04:56:01,000 --> 04:56:04,600
carrying forward, methods and 
standards, while also 

5283
04:56:04,600 --> 04:56:08,100
introducing Innovations. 
This transmission across 

5284
04:56:08,100 --> 04:56:11,000
Generations, created both 
stability and evolution 

5285
04:56:11,000 --> 04:56:13,800
preserving. 
What worked while adapting to 

5286
04:56:13,800 --> 04:56:17,900
New Challenges, The community, 
they formed provided Mutual 

5287
04:56:17,900 --> 04:56:21,900
support and critical feedback. 
Researchers were not isolated, 

5288
04:56:21,900 --> 04:56:24,800
but connected through 
correspondence, conferences and 

5289
04:56:24,800 --> 04:56:28,200
publications. 
This network helps sustain 

5290
04:56:28,200 --> 04:56:31,400
individual effort and maintain 
Collective standards. 

5291
04:56:32,200 --> 04:56:35,900
Their legacy includes, not just 
specific findings, but also 

5292
04:56:35,900 --> 04:56:40,200
approaches to studying the mind.
The idea that mental processes 

5293
04:56:40,200 --> 04:56:43,300
could be investigated 
empirically, but careful, 

5294
04:56:43,300 --> 04:56:45,800
observation and measurement 
could yield understanding. 

5295
04:56:46,700 --> 04:56:49,300
That patience and honesty 
mattered more than brilliant or 

5296
04:56:49,300 --> 04:56:52,100
creativity. 
These principles shape, 

5297
04:56:52,100 --> 04:56:55,900
psychologies development. 
The questions they raise often 

5298
04:56:55,900 --> 04:56:57,500
mattered more than the answers 
they found. 

5299
04:56:58,400 --> 04:57:01,600
How does attention work? 
What determines what we 

5300
04:57:01,600 --> 04:57:03,500
remember? 
How do we learn? 

5301
04:57:03,500 --> 04:57:08,500
Why do people differ these 
questions guided Decades of 

5302
04:57:08,500 --> 04:57:12,200
subsequent research, even when 
initial answers proved in 

5303
04:57:12,208 --> 04:57:15,300
complete, Humility about? 
What could be known? 

5304
04:57:15,300 --> 04:57:18,800
Served psychology. 
Well, By acknowledging limits 

5305
04:57:18,800 --> 04:57:22,300
and uncertainties, they created 
realistic expectations. 

5306
04:57:23,000 --> 04:57:26,500
Progress didn't require solving 
all problems immediately, but 

5307
04:57:26,500 --> 04:57:29,000
merely advancing understanding 
incrementally. 

5308
04:57:29,900 --> 04:57:33,300
The Rhythm they established 
balancing active research with 

5309
04:57:33,300 --> 04:57:37,600
reflection and rest, recognize 
that intellectual work, required

5310
04:57:37,600 --> 04:57:41,600
the whole person. 
Sustainable productivity came 

5311
04:57:41,600 --> 04:57:45,900
from respecting natural limits 
building in recovery time and 

5312
04:57:45,900 --> 04:57:48,400
trusting that answers would 
emerge through patient 

5313
04:57:48,400 --> 04:57:50,600
engagement, rather than forced 
effort. 

5314
04:57:51,300 --> 04:57:53,800
So sleep. 
Now knowing that even the most 

5315
04:57:53,800 --> 04:57:59,000
complex questions can yield to 
Gentle persistent inquiry that 

5316
04:57:59,000 --> 04:58:02,700
understanding develops through 
rest as much as effort and that 

5317
04:58:02,708 --> 04:58:05,900
the slow accumulation of 
careful, thought creates lasting

5318
04:58:05,900 --> 04:58:08,500
knowledge that serves 
generations to come. 

5319
04:58:09,500 --> 04:58:13,600
The first psychologist worked 
within uncertainty making room 

5320
04:58:13,600 --> 04:58:16,600
for what they didn't know. 
And in that patient, space of 

5321
04:58:16,600 --> 04:58:18,900
not, knowing they began to 
understand. 

5322
04:58:24,700 --> 04:58:26,700
Picture yourself on a wooden 
ship in the middle of the 

5323
04:58:26,700 --> 04:58:30,300
Atlantic Ocean in the year. 1700
the water. 

5324
04:58:30,300 --> 04:58:33,000
Looks like a wrinkled blue bed 
sheet with no edges. 

5325
04:58:33,700 --> 04:58:37,300
It goes on forever. 
The sales made of canvas above, 

5326
04:58:37,300 --> 04:58:40,800
you snap and below in the wind 
making sounds like thunder in 

5327
04:58:40,800 --> 04:58:42,900
the distance. 
You can hear the wood creaking 

5328
04:58:42,900 --> 04:58:46,600
all the time below deck. 
Ships, wouldn't bones, Bend and 

5329
04:58:46,600 --> 04:58:49,600
grown as the waves lift and drop
the ship in a never-ending 

5330
04:58:49,600 --> 04:58:51,400
Rhythm, that makes your stomach 
feel bad. 

5331
04:58:52,400 --> 04:58:55,300
Now, here's the scary part. 
You have no idea where you are. 

5332
04:58:55,300 --> 04:58:58,400
You have a pretty good idea of 
how far north or south you've 

5333
04:58:58,400 --> 04:59:00,000
gone. 
That's not too hard. 

5334
04:59:00,000 --> 04:59:03,900
A Sextant can tell you the angle
of the Sun at noon, when it is 

5335
04:59:03,908 --> 04:59:07,900
at its highest point in the sky.
To find your latitude compare 

5336
04:59:07,900 --> 04:59:10,400
that angle to tables in a book 
and do some math. 

5337
04:59:10,400 --> 04:59:13,400
That would make your high school
geometry, teacher proud the 

5338
04:59:13,400 --> 04:59:16,400
hundreds of years Sailors, have 
been doing this and it worked 

5339
04:59:16,400 --> 04:59:18,700
great. 
But what about the eastern West 

5340
04:59:18,700 --> 04:59:22,500
that's when things got hard 
Scarry and very hard to 

5341
04:59:22,500 --> 04:59:25,800
understand to find out how far 
east or west you've traveled 

5342
04:59:25,800 --> 04:59:29,100
your longitude you need to know 
what time it is back home. 

5343
04:59:29,100 --> 04:59:32,100
This may seem easy but it's 
actually very hard. 

5344
04:59:32,100 --> 04:59:35,400
You can figure out that you're 
about 60 degrees west of London,

5345
04:59:35,400 --> 04:59:37,900
if you know that it's noon where
you are now and that, it's four 

5346
04:59:37,900 --> 04:59:41,900
in the afternoon back in London.
15 degrees of longitude is equal

5347
04:59:41,900 --> 04:59:45,300
to one hour of time, difference 
is really beautiful math. 

5348
04:59:45,300 --> 04:59:48,300
The kind that makes you feel 
smart, just thinking about it. 

5349
04:59:49,300 --> 04:59:52,800
The problem is that clocks from 
the 1700s were Moody and worked 

5350
04:59:52,800 --> 04:59:55,700
great in your living room but as
soon as you put them on a ship, 

5351
04:59:55,700 --> 04:59:59,300
they became useless. 
Lumps of metal and gears the 

5352
04:59:59,300 --> 05:00:02,100
metal parts of the device 
expanded and contracted when the

5353
05:00:02,100 --> 05:00:05,300
temperature changed the moisture
in the air caused their delicate

5354
05:00:05,300 --> 05:00:09,000
parts to rust, the constant 
rocking motion messed up their 

5355
05:00:09,000 --> 05:00:11,700
pendulums, which were the 
weights that kept time steady. 

5356
05:00:12,400 --> 05:00:16,100
And what about Salt Air? 
Salt Air was like, poisoned a 

5357
05:00:16,100 --> 05:00:18,600
machines, it ate away at brass 
and steel. 

5358
05:00:18,600 --> 05:00:21,300
Like the ocean waves, that 
slowly wear down a cliff. 

5359
05:00:23,000 --> 05:00:25,100
Sailors in the Age of 
Exploration were basically 

5360
05:00:25,100 --> 05:00:27,200
driving across a flat desert 
with? 

5361
05:00:27,200 --> 05:00:30,100
No GPS. 
Compass or map. 

5362
05:00:30,700 --> 05:00:33,000
They had to guess where they 
were by looking at the sun and 

5363
05:00:33,000 --> 05:00:36,400
making educated guesses, and as 
you might expect, this caused 

5364
05:00:36,400 --> 05:00:38,400
disaster, that would haunt 
Maritime history. 

5365
05:00:39,400 --> 05:00:42,300
Ships would sail confidently 
toward what they thought was a 

5366
05:00:42,300 --> 05:00:45,200
safe harbor, only to find 
themselves grinding onto rocks. 

5367
05:00:45,200 --> 05:00:47,400
That shouldn't have been there 
for another 100 miles. 

5368
05:00:48,400 --> 05:00:51,300
Hopefully would miss their 
destinations by hundreds of 

5369
05:00:51,308 --> 05:00:54,500
miles and sailors would run out 
of food and water, as they 

5370
05:00:54,500 --> 05:00:56,900
desperately searched, the 
Horizon for land, that was 

5371
05:00:56,900 --> 05:01:00,300
actually far behind them. 
The ocean was hiding things. 

5372
05:01:00,300 --> 05:01:04,100
Those things were dangerous. 
On a foggy October night in 

5373
05:01:04,100 --> 05:01:07,400
1707, a British naval fleet led 
by Admiral. 

5374
05:01:07,400 --> 05:01:10,200
Sir, cloudsley shovel was 
sailing home from Gibraltar. 

5375
05:01:10,200 --> 05:01:13,200
This was the worst Maritime 
disaster of the time. 

5376
05:01:13,200 --> 05:01:15,100
The Admirals Navigators told 
him. 

5377
05:01:15,100 --> 05:01:16,900
They were safely to the west of 
the dangerous. 

5378
05:01:16,900 --> 05:01:19,700
Rocks off the Isles of scilly, 
which are near the southwestern 

5379
05:01:19,700 --> 05:01:21,500
tip of England. 
They were wrong 

5380
05:01:21,500 --> 05:01:24,300
catastrophically. 
It was wrong in the past. 

5381
05:01:25,200 --> 05:01:27,800
Four ships, hit the rocks that 
night and went down in a matter 

5382
05:01:27,800 --> 05:01:30,100
of hours. 
Their screams were lost in the 

5383
05:01:30,100 --> 05:01:33,600
fog and wind as almost 2000 men.
Drowned in the cold, Atlantic 

5384
05:01:33,600 --> 05:01:36,400
Waters, Admiral shovell was one 
of them. 

5385
05:01:36,400 --> 05:01:39,600
He made it to shore alive but a 
local woman killed him because 

5386
05:01:39,600 --> 05:01:42,700
she wanted his emerald ring. 
It was the kind of tragedy that 

5387
05:01:42,700 --> 05:01:45,900
shows you how cruel it can be 
when people make mistakes and 

5388
05:01:45,900 --> 05:01:49,200
nature Acts. 
Britain was shocked, the country

5389
05:01:49,200 --> 05:01:51,800
that was building an empire that
stretched around the world could

5390
05:01:51,800 --> 05:01:53,700
not even safely. 
Get his own ship's home. 

5391
05:01:53,700 --> 05:01:56,700
It was like being a great race 
car driver, who couldn't always 

5392
05:01:56,700 --> 05:01:59,900
Park in their own garage. the 
embarrassment was only worse 

5393
05:01:59,900 --> 05:02:02,400
than the rising death toll in 
the money lost, when Merchant 

5394
05:02:02,400 --> 05:02:06,000
ships disappeared into the 
ocean's, vast anonymity, There 

5395
05:02:06,000 --> 05:02:08,300
had to be a change. 
The question was what? 

5396
05:02:08,300 --> 05:02:11,700
And who would be smart enough to
figure out problem that had 

5397
05:02:11,700 --> 05:02:13,600
stumped the smartest people of 
the time? 

5398
05:02:14,700 --> 05:02:17,400
In the village of falbi. 
In Yorkshire England, a boy 

5399
05:02:17,400 --> 05:02:20,600
named John Harrison grew up in a
world where the Sun moved across

5400
05:02:20,600 --> 05:02:22,900
the sky, and the seasons 
changed. 

5401
05:02:23,600 --> 05:02:27,700
John was born in 1693 and was 
the kind of kid who noticed 

5402
05:02:27,700 --> 05:02:30,700
things that other kids didn't 
like how Shadows moved across 

5403
05:02:30,700 --> 05:02:33,000
the floor. 
How birds seemed to know exactly

5404
05:02:33,000 --> 05:02:35,900
when Dawn would break and the 
exact rhythm of his own 

5405
05:02:35,900 --> 05:02:38,800
heartbeat. 
His dad was a carpenter which 

5406
05:02:38,800 --> 05:02:42,000
meant he was a Craftsmen and 
artists and a problem solver all

5407
05:02:42,000 --> 05:02:45,200
at the same time. 
When people needed a door that 

5408
05:02:45,200 --> 05:02:48,700
fit just right a table, that 
wouldn't wobble, or a beam that 

5409
05:02:48,700 --> 05:02:50,300
could hold up a roof for 100 
years. 

5410
05:02:50,300 --> 05:02:53,800
They came to you carpentry, 
required an eye for detail, and 

5411
05:02:53,800 --> 05:02:57,200
a feel for how materials worked.
Young John, learned the skills 

5412
05:02:57,200 --> 05:03:01,000
quickly like a sponge soaking up
water but what really interested

5413
05:03:01,000 --> 05:03:03,300
John was something that most 
Carpenters didn't think about 

5414
05:03:03,300 --> 05:03:06,900
very much time. 
He would watch his dad work and 

5415
05:03:06,900 --> 05:03:10,100
pay attention to how long each 
job took how the quality of the 

5416
05:03:10,100 --> 05:03:13,000
wood affected, how fast it could
be cut and how is Dad's 

5417
05:03:13,000 --> 05:03:15,200
experience helped him? 
Guess how long a project would 

5418
05:03:15,200 --> 05:03:18,900
take with amazing accuracy? 
John was thinking about 

5419
05:03:18,900 --> 05:03:22,800
measurement, precision and the 
Unseen rhythms that controlled 

5420
05:03:22,800 --> 05:03:25,800
everything around him while 
other boys, his age were playing

5421
05:03:25,800 --> 05:03:28,800
games or doing things that made 
their parents sigh heavily. 

5422
05:03:28,800 --> 05:03:32,700
When John was about seven years 
old, he got smallpox a disease 

5423
05:03:32,708 --> 05:03:35,600
that killed millions of people 
and left those who survived with

5424
05:03:35,600 --> 05:03:39,100
scars for life. 
John lived, but the sickness 

5425
05:03:39,100 --> 05:03:42,200
kept him in bed for weeks 
someone gave him a watch while 

5426
05:03:42,200 --> 05:03:43,900
he was recovering and it changed
his life. 

5427
05:03:43,900 --> 05:03:47,100
You might think that a watch as 
a boring gift for a sick kid, 

5428
05:03:47,100 --> 05:03:50,100
there were no flashing lights 
moving Parts. 

5429
05:03:50,100 --> 05:03:54,200
You could see or bells and 
whistles that watch though was a

5430
05:03:54,200 --> 05:03:56,000
window into a world of 
precision. 

5431
05:03:56,000 --> 05:03:58,800
For John Harrison. 
He would put it to his ear and 

5432
05:03:58,800 --> 05:04:01,900
listen to the steady Tick, Tock 
of brass and steel like a 

5433
05:04:01,900 --> 05:04:04,200
heartbeat. 
He would watch the hands move 

5434
05:04:04,200 --> 05:04:08,100
slowly around the dial turning 
seconds into minutes minutes 

5435
05:04:08,100 --> 05:04:12,300
into hours and hours into days. 
He took it apart which is the 

5436
05:04:12,300 --> 05:04:15,400
most amazing thing. 
Imagine being seven years old 

5437
05:04:15,400 --> 05:04:18,100
sick, with a disease. 
That is killing people all 

5438
05:04:18,100 --> 05:04:21,000
around you and deciding that. 
The most interesting thing you 

5439
05:04:21,000 --> 05:04:24,200
could do is take apart, a 
complicated machine to see how 

5440
05:04:24,200 --> 05:04:27,600
it works. 
John took out each tiny screw 

5441
05:04:27,600 --> 05:04:31,100
gear and piece of metal with 
great care and put them on his 

5442
05:04:31,100 --> 05:04:34,200
bedside table. 
Then with a level of focus, that

5443
05:04:34,200 --> 05:04:36,800
seems almost impossible for a 
child, he put it all back 

5444
05:04:36,800 --> 05:04:40,300
together and it still worked. 
This wasn't just mechanical 

5445
05:04:40,300 --> 05:04:42,600
skill. 
It was a kind of Genius that 

5446
05:04:42,600 --> 05:04:46,800
shows itself early and loudly 
John Harrison newly wanted to do

5447
05:04:46,800 --> 05:04:48,700
before most kids could spell 
their own names. 

5448
05:04:49,500 --> 05:04:51,500
John's interesting clocks didn't
fade. 

5449
05:04:51,500 --> 05:04:54,000
As he got older, he didn't make 
it less deep. 

5450
05:04:54,000 --> 05:04:57,100
He made it deeper, he started 
making clocks. 

5451
05:04:57,100 --> 05:05:00,900
Not as a business at first, but 
as a hobby that took up all of 

5452
05:05:00,900 --> 05:05:04,300
his free time, he worked in his 
father's, carpentry, shop and 

5453
05:05:04,300 --> 05:05:07,500
tried out different materials 
designs and ways to fix the 

5454
05:05:07,500 --> 05:05:09,800
basic problems that made clocks 
inaccurate. 

5455
05:05:10,600 --> 05:05:12,700
Wood was the first thing he 
chose that changed. 

5456
05:05:12,700 --> 05:05:15,600
Everything. 
Other clockmakers used Metal 

5457
05:05:15,600 --> 05:05:17,900
Gears, that changed shape with 
temperature changes. 

5458
05:05:17,900 --> 05:05:22,000
John on the other hand, found 
that certain types of wood like 

5459
05:05:22,000 --> 05:05:24,400
Oak and boxwood had amazing 
qualities. 

5460
05:05:24,400 --> 05:05:27,200
If you cut them the right way 
and put them together the right 

5461
05:05:27,200 --> 05:05:31,000
way, they would naturally adjust
to changes in temperature when 

5462
05:05:31,000 --> 05:05:33,800
one part got bigger, the other 
part got smaller which kept the 

5463
05:05:33,800 --> 05:05:36,600
clocks accuracy stable. 
It was the kind of insight that 

5464
05:05:36,600 --> 05:05:39,700
seems clear in retrospect but 
takes Real Genius to find. 

5465
05:05:40,700 --> 05:05:43,100
John was learning about physics 
and Engineering on his own. 

5466
05:05:43,100 --> 05:05:46,100
Even though these ideas wouldn't
be written down for decades. 

5467
05:05:46,100 --> 05:05:49,500
He did this while working in a 
small Workshop, in Yorkshire by 

5468
05:05:49,500 --> 05:05:53,100
candlelight, by the time he was 
in his twenties, John had made 

5469
05:05:53,108 --> 05:05:54,800
clocks. 
That was so accurate that they 

5470
05:05:54,800 --> 05:05:56,200
only lost about one second a 
month. 

5471
05:05:57,000 --> 05:05:58,800
This was an amazing feat for the
time. 

5472
05:05:58,800 --> 05:06:02,900
People would travel for miles to
see his clocks, which were local

5473
05:06:02,900 --> 05:06:06,300
wanders, but John wasn't happy. 
He could tell that there was 

5474
05:06:06,300 --> 05:06:09,200
something bigger that his skills
could do some bigger problem 

5475
05:06:09,200 --> 05:06:11,200
that only his unique genius 
could solve. 

5476
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:14,000
He didn't know yet. 
That the problem was waiting for

5477
05:06:14,000 --> 05:06:17,000
him in the form of a 
parliamentary prize, a maritime 

5478
05:06:17,000 --> 05:06:20,300
crisis, and the task of making a
clock, that could keep perfect 

5479
05:06:20,300 --> 05:06:25,200
time, while being tossed around 
on Angry, seas, in 1714 when 

5480
05:06:25,200 --> 05:06:28,400
John Harrison was only 21 and 
still making wooden clocks in 

5481
05:06:28,400 --> 05:06:30,800
Yorkshire. 
The British Parliament, did 

5482
05:06:30,800 --> 05:06:33,000
something strange. 
They asked for help. 

5483
05:06:33,900 --> 05:06:36,500
The longitude act said that 
anyone who could figure out the 

5484
05:06:36,500 --> 05:06:40,100
longitude problem would get a 
prize of 20,000 pounds, which is

5485
05:06:40,100 --> 05:06:44,600
about the same as several 
million pounds today. 20,000 

5486
05:06:44,600 --> 05:06:46,800
pounds. 
Take a moment to think about 

5487
05:06:46,800 --> 05:06:49,000
that. 
Parliament was offering enough 

5488
05:06:49,000 --> 05:06:52,600
money to buy a smaller State, 
live comfortably for life and 

5489
05:06:52,600 --> 05:06:55,100
still have enough left over to 
pay for your grandchildren's 

5490
05:06:55,100 --> 05:06:57,800
education. 
At the time, a skilled 

5491
05:06:57,800 --> 05:07:00,000
Craftsman, could only make 50 
pounds a year. 

5492
05:07:00,008 --> 05:07:03,300
People quit their jobs and spent
their lives trying to solve 

5493
05:07:03,300 --> 05:07:05,400
problems. 
That seemed impossible because 

5494
05:07:05,400 --> 05:07:08,200
of the prize. 
But there were some rules for 

5495
05:07:08,200 --> 05:07:11,000
the prize, Your solution had to 
be able to figure out the 

5496
05:07:11,000 --> 05:07:14,400
longitude within half a degree 
after a ship at sailed, to the 

5497
05:07:14,408 --> 05:07:16,600
West Indies and back which could
take months. 

5498
05:07:17,500 --> 05:07:19,800
That might not sound very exact 
until you remember. 

5499
05:07:19,800 --> 05:07:22,900
That half a degree of longitude,
at the equator is about 34 

5500
05:07:22,900 --> 05:07:25,600
miles. 
Your method had to tell ship's 

5501
05:07:25,600 --> 05:07:27,800
Captain where he was to within 
the distance. 

5502
05:07:27,800 --> 05:07:30,800
A person could walk in a day 
after months, at Sea, through 

5503
05:07:30,800 --> 05:07:35,000
storms and calm, heat and cold. 
Parliament set up the board of 

5504
05:07:35,008 --> 05:07:38,200
longitude to look at the 
proposed Solutions, this group 

5505
05:07:38,200 --> 05:07:41,400
of scientists naval officers and
government officials were decide

5506
05:07:41,400 --> 05:07:44,300
who should get the prize. 
Some of the smartest people in 

5507
05:07:44,300 --> 05:07:47,100
Britain were on this board. 
Including astronomers who liked 

5508
05:07:47,100 --> 05:07:51,000
the lunar distance method for 
finding longitude The lunar 

5509
05:07:51,000 --> 05:07:54,600
distance method was beautiful in
math and very hard in astronomy.

5510
05:07:55,300 --> 05:07:58,400
Theoretically Navigators could 
figure out their longitude, by 

5511
05:07:58,400 --> 05:08:01,600
measuring the exact position of 
the Moon against background 

5512
05:08:01,600 --> 05:08:04,700
stars and comparing that to 
tables made by astronomers. 

5513
05:08:04,700 --> 05:08:09,900
It took clear skies accurate 
tools, complicated math, and at 

5514
05:08:09,900 --> 05:08:11,700
least an hour of work for each 
measurement. 

5515
05:08:12,800 --> 05:08:14,200
Astronomers were happy with the 
solution. 

5516
05:08:15,100 --> 05:08:17,600
The sailors who were practical 
wanted to throw their sex and 

5517
05:08:17,600 --> 05:08:20,000
overboard. 
A lot of the board members 

5518
05:08:20,000 --> 05:08:22,900
specially the astronomers 
thought that the answer to the 

5519
05:08:22,900 --> 05:08:24,800
longitude problem had to come 
from the Stars. 

5520
05:08:25,700 --> 05:08:29,200
After all, navigation has always
been about looking at the stars.

5521
05:08:29,200 --> 05:08:32,500
They thought it was unlike at 
best and ridiculous at worst 

5522
05:08:32,500 --> 05:08:34,900
that someone could fix this 
problem with a mechanical device

5523
05:08:34,900 --> 05:08:37,300
which was basically a very fancy
clock. 

5524
05:08:38,200 --> 05:08:40,700
John Harrison would have to deal
with this bias for most of his 

5525
05:08:40,700 --> 05:08:42,600
life, but he didn't know that 
yet. 

5526
05:08:43,700 --> 05:08:48,800
John made a choice in 1728 when 
he was 35, that would shape the 

5527
05:08:48,800 --> 05:08:51,600
rest of his life. 
He would go to London, show the 

5528
05:08:51,600 --> 05:08:54,800
board of longitude his ideas for
a sea clock, and when the prize 

5529
05:08:54,800 --> 05:08:58,900
that no one else had been able 
to get In the 1700s. 

5530
05:08:58,900 --> 05:09:01,200
It wasn't easy to get from 
Yorkshire to London. 

5531
05:09:01,200 --> 05:09:04,500
It took days of travel on roads 
that were barely improved. 

5532
05:09:04,500 --> 05:09:07,000
Dirt paths. 
Staying in coaching Inns where 

5533
05:09:07,000 --> 05:09:09,100
the beds had more previous 
occupants than you wanted to 

5534
05:09:09,108 --> 05:09:11,800
think about and spending money 
that John didn't really have to 

5535
05:09:11,808 --> 05:09:15,400
spare, but he went on the trip, 
bringing with him drawings and 

5536
05:09:15,400 --> 05:09:17,800
descriptions of a clock that no 
one had ever seen before. 

5537
05:09:18,600 --> 05:09:22,000
John went to London to find 
Edmond Halley the same Halle who

5538
05:09:22,000 --> 05:09:25,200
has a comet named after him. 
Halle was the astronomer Royal 

5539
05:09:25,200 --> 05:09:27,200
and a member of the board of 
longitude. 

5540
05:09:27,200 --> 05:09:30,000
This meant that he could either 
help or hurt. 

5541
05:09:30,000 --> 05:09:33,100
John's goals, John was lucky 
that Hallie was the kind of 

5542
05:09:33,100 --> 05:09:35,500
scientist, who valued, smart 
answers, no matter where they 

5543
05:09:35,500 --> 05:09:37,900
came from. 
Haley. 

5544
05:09:37,900 --> 05:09:40,500
Looked at John's plans and saw 
that they were truly unique. 

5545
05:09:40,500 --> 05:09:44,600
This wasn't a crazy person with 
vague ideas and crazy claims. 

5546
05:09:44,600 --> 05:09:47,400
This was a Craftsman who had 
spent a lot of time thinking 

5547
05:09:47,400 --> 05:09:50,500
about how hard it was to keep 
track of time at Sea and come up

5548
05:09:50,500 --> 05:09:54,800
with specific useful Solutions. 
Halle introduced John to George 

5549
05:09:54,800 --> 05:09:57,100
Graham London's. 
Best clockmaker. 

5550
05:09:57,700 --> 05:10:00,700
Graham was also smart enough to 
know when genius came to his 

5551
05:10:00,700 --> 05:10:02,900
shop. 
Graham spent the whole day with 

5552
05:10:02,900 --> 05:10:06,100
John listening to his ideas, 
looking at his drawings and 

5553
05:10:06,100 --> 05:10:09,200
slowly realizing that this 
country Carpenter had ideas that

5554
05:10:09,200 --> 05:10:11,200
London's best instrument makers 
at missed. 

5555
05:10:12,100 --> 05:10:14,500
Crime did something amazing by 
the end of their meeting. 

5556
05:10:14,500 --> 05:10:17,300
He offered to lend John money 
without charging him interest to

5557
05:10:17,300 --> 05:10:19,900
help him build. 
His first Marine timekeeper, it 

5558
05:10:19,900 --> 05:10:22,700
was a leap of faith in what 
people could do and it changed 

5559
05:10:22,700 --> 05:10:25,700
everything. 
John went back to Yorkshire with

5560
05:10:25,700 --> 05:10:28,500
enough money to start building a
clock that could work at Sea. 

5561
05:10:28,500 --> 05:10:31,300
He was about to enter a part of 
his life that would last for 

5562
05:10:31,300 --> 05:10:33,500
decades. 
Drive him, insane and change the

5563
05:10:33,500 --> 05:10:36,300
world. 
But first he had to make the 

5564
05:10:36,300 --> 05:10:38,400
thing. 
Think about how long it would 

5565
05:10:38,400 --> 05:10:41,900
take to make just one clock, not
as a hobby or a side project. 

5566
05:10:41,900 --> 05:10:45,400
But as your main focus for five 
years of calculating adjusting 

5567
05:10:45,400 --> 05:10:49,100
testing and improving. 
That's what John Harrison did 

5568
05:10:49,100 --> 05:10:53,000
from 1730 to 1735. 
He made his first Marine time 

5569
05:10:53,000 --> 05:10:55,300
keeper which would later be 
called H1. 

5570
05:10:56,100 --> 05:10:58,300
H1 was not a delicate pocket. 
Watch. 

5571
05:10:58,300 --> 05:11:01,700
It was a huge machine that 
weighed about 75 pounds and was 

5572
05:11:01,700 --> 05:11:04,700
about two feet tall. 
Your first thought when you saw 

5573
05:11:04,700 --> 05:11:07,200
it in a museum today would 
probably be at it. 

5574
05:11:07,200 --> 05:11:10,200
Looks like a steampunk sculpture
with all the brass gears and 

5575
05:11:10,208 --> 05:11:14,000
strange moving Parts. 
But every part of H1s design, 

5576
05:11:14,000 --> 05:11:17,400
had a specific purpose in the 
fight against the forces that 

5577
05:11:17,400 --> 05:11:19,300
had stopped. 
Every other attempt at making a 

5578
05:11:19,300 --> 05:11:21,800
sea clock. 
John's main problem was figuring

5579
05:11:21,800 --> 05:11:24,700
out how to make a clock, that 
keeps accurate time, even when 

5580
05:11:24,700 --> 05:11:29,400
it is moved shaking. 
Heated, cool, and hit by salty 

5581
05:11:29,400 --> 05:11:31,900
are all the time. 
It was like asking someone to 

5582
05:11:31,900 --> 05:11:34,200
play a violin while riding a 
roller coaster during an 

5583
05:11:34,200 --> 05:11:36,800
earthquake. 
The main task is hard enough 

5584
05:11:36,800 --> 05:11:38,700
without all those extra things 
getting in the way. 

5585
05:11:38,700 --> 05:11:41,600
John's ideas were brilliant 
because he had spent years 

5586
05:11:41,600 --> 05:11:44,500
thinking about how mechanisms 
work when they are under stress.

5587
05:11:45,400 --> 05:11:48,200
John used a balance mechanism 
with two weighted bars, 

5588
05:11:48,200 --> 05:11:50,300
connected by Springs and of a 
pendulum. 

5589
05:11:51,100 --> 05:11:54,300
A pendulum needs gravity to work
all the time, but it didn't work

5590
05:11:54,300 --> 05:11:55,500
on a ship. 
That was tilting. 

5591
05:11:56,200 --> 05:11:59,200
One bar would swing one way and 
the other would swing the other 

5592
05:11:59,200 --> 05:12:02,400
way, when the ship rolled which 
stopped the ship from moving, it

5593
05:12:02,400 --> 05:12:05,000
was a mechanical genius that was
turned into brass and steel. 

5594
05:12:05,900 --> 05:12:08,500
The two balances were like 
dancers moving in perfect 

5595
05:12:08,500 --> 05:12:11,700
opposition, their movement. 
So perfectly timed, that the 

5596
05:12:11,708 --> 05:12:15,000
ship's rocking didn't matter. 
The ship pitched and rolled 

5597
05:12:15,000 --> 05:12:18,000
through the waves but inside 
each one's mechanism time moved 

5598
05:12:18,000 --> 05:12:21,400
forward with calm precision. the
temperature was another problem 

5599
05:12:21,400 --> 05:12:26,300
when you heat metal it expands, 
and when you cool it, it shrinks

5600
05:12:27,100 --> 05:12:29,900
You may have noticed this when 
you run hot water over a jar lid

5601
05:12:29,900 --> 05:12:33,700
to make it easier to open these 
tiny changes in size can mess up

5602
05:12:33,700 --> 05:12:36,100
the timing of a clock so much 
that it stops working. 

5603
05:12:37,100 --> 05:12:39,200
John used by metallic strips to 
fix this. 

5604
05:12:39,200 --> 05:12:43,100
The strips were made of brass 
and steal and reacted to changes

5605
05:12:43,100 --> 05:12:47,000
in temperature in ways making up
for each other, then there was 

5606
05:12:47,000 --> 05:12:50,900
friction which is bad for all 
moving Parts frictional was 

5607
05:12:50,900 --> 05:12:53,300
trying to slow things down and 
make them less accurate. 

5608
05:12:53,300 --> 05:12:56,900
Every time gear teeth, meshed 
together or a bearing turned in 

5609
05:12:56,900 --> 05:12:59,600
its housing. 
Most clockmakers of the time 

5610
05:12:59,600 --> 05:13:02,700
used oil to reduce friction but 
oil thickened in the cold 

5611
05:13:02,700 --> 05:13:05,700
thinned in the Heat and 
eventually turned into sticky 

5612
05:13:05,700 --> 05:13:07,400
residue that gummed up the 
works. 

5613
05:13:07,400 --> 05:13:11,700
John's answer was to use lignum.
Vitae a very hard heavy wood 

5614
05:13:11,700 --> 05:13:15,000
that has its own natural oils. 
His bearings were made from the 

5615
05:13:15,000 --> 05:13:17,700
wood that doesn't need oil so he
didn't need any at all. 

5616
05:13:18,400 --> 05:13:20,900
John knew a lot about how 
materials acted when they were 

5617
05:13:20,900 --> 05:13:26,000
under stress and every problem 
had a solution H1 was more than 

5618
05:13:26,000 --> 05:13:28,300
just a clock. 
It was a dissertation in 

5619
05:13:28,300 --> 05:13:30,700
mechanical engineering that a 
man who had never gone to 

5620
05:13:30,700 --> 05:13:32,200
college wrote in brass and 
steal. 

5621
05:13:33,000 --> 05:13:36,000
Each one was ready for its trial
in 1735. 

5622
05:13:36,900 --> 05:13:40,200
The board of longitude sent John
on the HMS, Centurion to Lisbon,

5623
05:13:40,200 --> 05:13:43,200
Portugal and back. 
This trip would test whether 

5624
05:13:43,200 --> 05:13:46,000
this complicated machine could 
really do what John said, it 

5625
05:13:46,000 --> 05:13:49,100
could. 
Think about how John felt as he 

5626
05:13:49,100 --> 05:13:52,000
watched his five years of work. 
Being carefully, loaded onto a 

5627
05:13:52,008 --> 05:13:55,200
royal Navy warship. 
The open ocean was about to 

5628
05:13:55,200 --> 05:13:57,700
judge everything. 
He had given up every hour. 

5629
05:13:57,700 --> 05:14:00,700
He had spent in his workshop and
every calculation and adjustment

5630
05:14:00,700 --> 05:14:04,100
he had made. 
The trip was hard, the Atlantic 

5631
05:14:04,100 --> 05:14:06,800
doesn't care about your precise 
tools or the work you've done 

5632
05:14:06,800 --> 05:14:10,300
for the rest of your life. 
The centurion's deck was covered

5633
05:14:10,300 --> 05:14:13,700
in waves and the ship rolled at 
angles that made even 

5634
05:14:13,700 --> 05:14:15,900
experienced Sailors. 
Hold onto the railings. 

5635
05:14:17,200 --> 05:14:21,500
Below in the captain's cabin, H1
sat quietly ticking away, 

5636
05:14:21,500 --> 05:14:24,200
seemingly unaffected by the 
chaos around it. 

5637
05:14:25,000 --> 05:14:27,400
The ship's Navigators thought 
they were getting closer to 

5638
05:14:27,400 --> 05:14:29,400
England from a certain place on 
the way back. 

5639
05:14:30,100 --> 05:14:33,100
John's clock said they were 
really about 90 miles east of 

5640
05:14:33,100 --> 05:14:34,700
Where The Navigators thought 
they were. 

5641
05:14:35,400 --> 05:14:37,800
John told the captain that they 
were getting close to England 

5642
05:14:37,800 --> 05:14:39,200
near The Dangerous Waters 
around. 

5643
05:14:39,200 --> 05:14:42,400
Start point, he did this with 
the confidence of someone who 

5644
05:14:42,400 --> 05:14:44,800
trusted his own work more than 
what most people thought. 

5645
05:14:46,000 --> 05:14:49,000
Roger Wills the captain believed
what John said enough to change 

5646
05:14:49,000 --> 05:14:52,500
course and when the fog cleared 
start point was right, where 

5647
05:14:52,500 --> 05:14:55,700
John's clock said, it would be. 
The Navigators had made a 

5648
05:14:55,700 --> 05:14:58,300
mistake that could have easily 
sunk the ship by almost 100 

5649
05:14:58,300 --> 05:15:00,200
miles. 
Each one was correct. 

5650
05:15:00,200 --> 05:15:03,300
You might think that this 
successful trial would have won 

5651
05:15:03,300 --> 05:15:04,900
John the longitude prize right 
away. 

5652
05:15:06,100 --> 05:15:08,500
His clock had just showed that 
it could do exactly what 

5653
05:15:08,500 --> 05:15:11,900
Parliament had promised to pay 
20,000 pounds to do. 

5654
05:15:12,900 --> 05:15:15,400
But you would be underestimated,
how hard it is to convince 

5655
05:15:15,400 --> 05:15:18,000
experts who are dealt that 
someone has solved a problem. 

5656
05:15:18,008 --> 05:15:19,700
They thought was almost 
impossible. 

5657
05:15:20,800 --> 05:15:23,600
The board of longitudes said 
that H1 had potential. 

5658
05:15:24,400 --> 05:15:28,000
Which in bureaucratic language 
means this is interesting but 

5659
05:15:28,000 --> 05:15:29,700
we're not ready to give you all 
that money yet. 

5660
05:15:30,500 --> 05:15:33,500
They gave John 500 pounds to 
keep working on it, and make a 

5661
05:15:33,508 --> 05:15:36,300
better version. 
It was both encouragement and a 

5662
05:15:36,300 --> 05:15:38,700
clear message show me again and 
do it better. 

5663
05:15:38,700 --> 05:15:42,500
John might have been feeling 
down, he went back to his shop 

5664
05:15:42,500 --> 05:15:44,400
and started making plans for H2 
instead. 

5665
05:15:44,400 --> 05:15:47,700
You might think that H2 would 
take less time now that John, 

5666
05:15:47,700 --> 05:15:50,600
you how to do it, because it 
took him five years to build H1.

5667
05:15:50,600 --> 05:15:54,300
You would be very wrong. 
It took John almost 20 years to 

5668
05:15:54,300 --> 05:15:56,600
finish H2, but not because he 
worked slowly. 

5669
05:15:56,600 --> 05:15:58,500
He kept coming up with better 
ideas. 

5670
05:15:58,500 --> 05:16:01,400
This is the time in John 
Harrison's, life that will test 

5671
05:16:01,400 --> 05:16:03,100
your patience just to hear about
it. 

5672
05:16:04,000 --> 05:16:07,000
Imagine spending your whole 
adult life trying to solve one 

5673
05:16:07,000 --> 05:16:10,800
problem getting close and then 
realizing you could do better 

5674
05:16:10,800 --> 05:16:16,800
and starting over over and over 
for 40 years, H2, which was 

5675
05:16:16,800 --> 05:16:21,900
finished in. 1741 was heavier 
than 81 about 86 pounds. 

5676
05:16:22,700 --> 05:16:24,600
But it had changes that made it 
more accurate. 

5677
05:16:24,600 --> 05:16:27,800
In theory, John had fine-tuned 
his temperature compensation 

5678
05:16:27,800 --> 05:16:31,000
system improved, his balance 
mechanism and made a lot of 

5679
05:16:31,000 --> 05:16:34,200
small changes that when added 
together made a difference, it 

5680
05:16:34,208 --> 05:16:37,200
was like seeing a perfectionist 
change a document changing the 

5681
05:16:37,200 --> 05:16:40,600
words and punctuation until each
sentence was as clear as glass 

5682
05:16:41,400 --> 05:16:45,200
But before H2 could be tested at
C, John realized, something that

5683
05:16:45,200 --> 05:16:48,300
worried him he had already come 
up with ways to make it better. 

5684
05:16:49,500 --> 05:16:53,100
The world of ships was also 
changing the board of longitude 

5685
05:16:53,100 --> 05:16:56,000
had paid for the creation of a 
new way to measure the distance 

5686
05:16:56,000 --> 05:16:58,200
to the Moon. 
An astronomers were publishing 

5687
05:16:58,200 --> 05:17:00,800
tables that made navigating by 
the Stars easier. 

5688
05:17:01,600 --> 05:17:04,100
John's chance to prove his 
mechanical solution was running 

5689
05:17:04,100 --> 05:17:07,500
out. 
John started working on H3 in 

5690
05:17:07,500 --> 05:17:11,200
1749. 
It would take him 17 years to 

5691
05:17:11,200 --> 05:17:14,800
finish this version during that 
time he hardly left his 

5692
05:17:14,800 --> 05:17:19,200
Workshop, rarely saw friends and
focused so hard that his friends

5693
05:17:19,200 --> 05:17:22,500
and family were worried. 
William his son who had grown up

5694
05:17:22,500 --> 05:17:25,700
watching his father's Obsession 
became his assistant and later 

5695
05:17:25,700 --> 05:17:28,300
his Advocate when he had to deal
with the board of longitude. 

5696
05:17:29,200 --> 05:17:32,800
H3 was smaller than the ones 
that came before it, but it was 

5697
05:17:32,808 --> 05:17:36,100
much more complicated. 
John added new features like a 

5698
05:17:36,108 --> 05:17:40,100
bimetallic strip to adjust for 
temperature and a caged roller 

5699
05:17:40,100 --> 05:17:43,400
bearing mechanism. 
This design was so ahead of its 

5700
05:17:43,400 --> 05:17:46,200
time that it wasn't rediscovered
and widely used until the 

5701
05:17:46,200 --> 05:17:48,900
Industrial Revolution, more than
100 years later. 

5702
05:17:50,000 --> 05:17:53,300
You benefit from something. 
John Harrison came up with while

5703
05:17:53,300 --> 05:17:55,800
trying to solve the longitude 
problem, every time you ride in 

5704
05:17:55,800 --> 05:18:00,000
a car or use a machine with 
roller bearings, But there was a

5705
05:18:00,000 --> 05:18:02,400
problem with H3 that John 
couldn't completely fix. 

5706
05:18:02,400 --> 05:18:05,600
It was more sensitive to the 
ship's movement than his other 

5707
05:18:05,600 --> 05:18:08,300
designs. 
The changes he made in some 

5708
05:18:08,308 --> 05:18:10,200
areas had made other areas 
weaker. 

5709
05:18:10,200 --> 05:18:12,700
It was the kind of trade-off in 
engineering that keeps 

5710
05:18:12,700 --> 05:18:16,000
perfectionists up at night and 
John was definitely a 

5711
05:18:16,000 --> 05:18:18,600
perfectionist. 
John was in his 60s by the 

5712
05:18:18,600 --> 05:18:21,800
middle of the 1750s. 
He had been working on sea 

5713
05:18:21,800 --> 05:18:25,000
clocks for more than 30 years. 
His first try was good enough to

5714
05:18:25,000 --> 05:18:27,800
show that the idea worked but 
not good enough to win. 

5715
05:18:27,800 --> 05:18:31,200
The longitude prize, his later 
attempts had been better in some

5716
05:18:31,208 --> 05:18:34,000
ways but he still hadn't reached
the level of perfection. 

5717
05:18:34,000 --> 05:18:37,600
He wanted a lot of people would 
have given up the right thing to

5718
05:18:37,608 --> 05:18:40,000
do would have been to admit that
he had made in Port and 

5719
05:18:40,000 --> 05:18:41,900
contributions, take whatever 
money. 

5720
05:18:41,900 --> 05:18:44,800
The board of longitude was 
willing to give him and then a 

5721
05:18:44,800 --> 05:18:46,600
retire knowing that he had 
helped people learn more. 

5722
05:18:47,500 --> 05:18:50,500
John Harrison was not like most 
people and he was not being 

5723
05:18:50,500 --> 05:18:53,600
reasonable about this problem. 
John made a choice in his 

5724
05:18:53,600 --> 05:18:56,200
Workshop that must have seemed a
little crazy even to him. 

5725
05:18:56,200 --> 05:18:59,900
He would stop working on H3 and 
start over from scratch with a 

5726
05:18:59,900 --> 05:19:02,700
very different method. 
His new clock will be nothing 

5727
05:19:02,700 --> 05:19:04,400
like the big complicated 
machine. 

5728
05:19:04,400 --> 05:19:08,900
He had spent years building, it 
would be small elegant and based

5729
05:19:08,900 --> 05:19:11,200
on ideas, he had learned while 
working on the other ones, but 

5730
05:19:11,200 --> 05:19:15,200
had never fully used He would 
make H4 which would be a watch 

5731
05:19:15,200 --> 05:19:17,600
think of a pocket watch from the
1700s. 

5732
05:19:17,600 --> 05:19:21,200
Like the kind you might see in a
period drama is hanging from a 

5733
05:19:21,200 --> 05:19:22,900
gold chain on a gentleman's 
waistcoat. 

5734
05:19:22,900 --> 05:19:27,400
Fancy classy and small enough to
fit in your hand Now picture 

5735
05:19:27,400 --> 05:19:30,400
this watch being so accurate and
well made that it will lose less

5736
05:19:30,400 --> 05:19:32,700
than a minute. 
After months, at Sea, through 

5737
05:19:32,700 --> 05:19:38,400
storms and calm, heat and cold. 
That was H4. 

5738
05:19:39,300 --> 05:19:42,400
John Harrison started working on
H4 in 1755. 

5739
05:19:42,400 --> 05:19:46,000
And by 1759, he had made 
something that looks simple but 

5740
05:19:46,000 --> 05:19:49,700
wasn't It was about five inches 
across, which is big for a 

5741
05:19:49,700 --> 05:19:51,200
pocket, watch by today's 
standards. 

5742
05:19:51,200 --> 05:19:55,600
But small compared to H1 H2 or 
H3, it was only three pounds 

5743
05:19:55,600 --> 05:19:57,800
heavy. 
You could easily hold it in both

5744
05:19:57,800 --> 05:20:01,600
hands and admire its clean white
face, elegant, Roman numerals 

5745
05:20:01,600 --> 05:20:04,700
and the way its hands moves 
smoothly to Mark second and 

5746
05:20:04,700 --> 05:20:09,300
minutes with perfect timing. 
But the ease was a trick inside 

5747
05:20:09,300 --> 05:20:11,100
H4. 
Silver case was a world of 

5748
05:20:11,100 --> 05:20:14,000
exactness. 
John had put together everything

5749
05:20:14,000 --> 05:20:16,300
he had learned about 
clock-making over the past 30 

5750
05:20:16,300 --> 05:20:19,000
years into a package that could 
fit in your pocket. 

5751
05:20:20,100 --> 05:20:21,700
The balance wheel moved back and
forth. 

5752
05:20:21,700 --> 05:20:25,100
Five times per second, which was
faster than any other Marine. 

5753
05:20:25,100 --> 05:20:28,900
Timekeeper This meant that small
mistakes in each oscillation 

5754
05:20:28,900 --> 05:20:30,900
would average out of getting 
worse. 

5755
05:20:31,600 --> 05:20:34,100
It was the application of 
statistical smoothing to 

5756
05:20:34,100 --> 05:20:36,100
mechanical engineering long 
before. 

5757
05:20:36,100 --> 05:20:38,200
Anyone had put these ideas into 
writing. 

5758
05:20:38,900 --> 05:20:41,900
The escapement mechanism which 
turns the Springs energy into. 

5759
05:20:41,900 --> 05:20:45,200
The regular tiktok motion was a 
work of art in terms of 

5760
05:20:45,208 --> 05:20:49,100
mineralization and accuracy. 
John had made sure that every 

5761
05:20:49,100 --> 05:20:52,500
tooth on every gear fit together
perfectly, which cut down on 

5762
05:20:52,500 --> 05:20:55,500
friction to almost nothing while
still keeping the right ratios 

5763
05:20:55,500 --> 05:20:59,100
for keeping time. 
The craftsmanship was so good 

5764
05:20:59,100 --> 05:21:02,900
that when you look at H4 under a
magnifying glass, you can see 

5765
05:21:02,900 --> 05:21:05,300
details that shouldn't have been
possible with tools from the 

5766
05:21:05,300 --> 05:21:07,900
18th century. 
The temperature compensation 

5767
05:21:07,900 --> 05:21:11,800
system used by metallic balance 
that grew and shrank in just the

5768
05:21:11,800 --> 05:21:15,300
right amounts to keep the watch 
accurate in both, arctic cold 

5769
05:21:15,300 --> 05:21:19,500
and tropical heat, The jeweled 
bearing which were tiny Ruby 

5770
05:21:19,500 --> 05:21:21,900
bearings that John used at 
important friction points. 

5771
05:21:21,900 --> 05:21:25,500
Kept the machine from wearing 
down and kept it accurate for a 

5772
05:21:25,500 --> 05:21:28,300
long time. 
Every part of H4 was the most 

5773
05:21:28,300 --> 05:21:30,200
advanced thing that could be 
done with machines. 

5774
05:21:30,200 --> 05:21:35,900
At the time H4 was ready for its
trial in 1761 when John was 68 

5775
05:21:35,900 --> 05:21:39,100
years old, The board of 
longitude sent the watch on a 

5776
05:21:39,100 --> 05:21:43,100
trip to Jamaica to test it. 
The trip would take months and 

5777
05:21:43,100 --> 05:21:45,500
put the watch through all kinds 
of weather and conditions that 

5778
05:21:45,500 --> 05:21:49,500
could happen in the Atlantic. 
William John's son offered to go

5779
05:21:49,500 --> 05:21:52,400
with H4 on the trip. 
This was partly because his 

5780
05:21:52,400 --> 05:21:55,600
father was too old for such a 
long and hard journey and partly

5781
05:21:55,600 --> 05:21:58,200
because someone needed to wind 
the watch every day and keep an 

5782
05:21:58,200 --> 05:22:01,200
eye on how it was working. 
Can you picture how William felt

5783
05:22:01,200 --> 05:22:04,200
as HMS Deptford? 
Got ready to leave, he had his 

5784
05:22:04,208 --> 05:22:07,200
father's whole life's work. 
In a silver case, that was small

5785
05:22:07,200 --> 05:22:11,200
enough to fit in his pocket. 
If H4 didn't work all the work, 

5786
05:22:11,200 --> 05:22:13,800
the house and family had done 
for decades would have been for 

5787
05:22:13,800 --> 05:22:16,300
nothing. 
If they were successful they 

5788
05:22:16,300 --> 05:22:19,900
would gain Fame wealth and the 
satisfaction of solving. 

5789
05:22:19,900 --> 05:22:22,000
One of the biggest scientific 
problems of the time. 

5790
05:22:22,000 --> 05:22:24,900
The trip to Jamaica took 81 
days. 

5791
05:22:24,900 --> 05:22:28,800
And during that time, William 
wound, H4 every day and kept 

5792
05:22:28,800 --> 05:22:30,300
careful records of how it 
worked. 

5793
05:22:30,300 --> 05:22:33,800
The watch kept ticking through 
the heat of the Caribbean and 

5794
05:22:33,800 --> 05:22:36,800
the storms of the Atlantic, as 
well as the calm times. 

5795
05:22:36,800 --> 05:22:39,800
When the ship barely moved, and 
the gaels when experienced 

5796
05:22:39,800 --> 05:22:44,000
Sailors prayed for deliverance. 
William compared h4s. 

5797
05:22:44,000 --> 05:22:47,100
Time to local astronomical 
observations when the depth 

5798
05:22:47,100 --> 05:22:50,100
foot, finally got to Jamaica H4.
Had lost five seconds. 

5799
05:22:50,100 --> 05:22:54,900
Five seconds, the watch was off 
by 5 Seconds after 81 days at 

5800
05:22:54,900 --> 05:22:58,300
Sea during which it traveled, 
thousands of miles in all kinds 

5801
05:22:58,300 --> 05:23:00,700
of weather. 
That mistake meant that the 

5802
05:23:00,700 --> 05:23:04,000
longitude calculation was off by
just over one nautical mile, 

5803
05:23:04,000 --> 05:23:06,300
which is a lot better than the 
34 miles. 

5804
05:23:06,300 --> 05:23:10,100
The longitude prize needed, The 
trip back was just as amazing. 

5805
05:23:10,100 --> 05:23:14,400
The Deptford came back to 
England after 161 days at Sea 

5806
05:23:14,400 --> 05:23:17,000
and h4s. 
Total error was one minute and 

5807
05:23:17,000 --> 05:23:20,600
54.5 seconds. 
There should have been no doubt 

5808
05:23:20,600 --> 05:23:23,300
that John Harrison had solved 
the longitude problem because it

5809
05:23:23,300 --> 05:23:25,600
had gone so far beyond what was 
needed to win. 

5810
05:23:25,600 --> 05:23:27,400
The highest level of the 
longitude prize. 

5811
05:23:28,500 --> 05:23:30,700
At this point, you might think 
that the board of longitude 

5812
05:23:30,700 --> 05:23:33,700
would have given John the full 
20,000 pounds prize, right away,

5813
05:23:33,700 --> 05:23:37,900
ordered several copies of H4 and
celebrated British creativity. 

5814
05:23:39,000 --> 05:23:41,500
That is not what happened. 
Not even close. 

5815
05:23:41,500 --> 05:23:44,600
If you've ever had to deal with 
red tape, you know how annoying 

5816
05:23:44,600 --> 05:23:47,300
it is, when rules change, goals,
change and committees, ask for 

5817
05:23:47,308 --> 05:23:48,800
more proof before they make a 
decision. 

5818
05:23:49,600 --> 05:23:53,000
Now, multiply that frustration 
by a few decades and add the 

5819
05:23:53,000 --> 05:23:55,100
bitter disappointment of seeing 
lesser solution. 

5820
05:23:55,100 --> 05:23:58,200
Get support, while your own work
is met with endless Stout. 

5821
05:23:59,500 --> 05:24:01,800
John Harrison had that 
experience after he falls 

5822
05:24:01,800 --> 05:24:04,500
successful trial. 
The board of longitude said that

5823
05:24:04,500 --> 05:24:08,200
H4 had done very well but in 
giving them the prize, they are 

5824
05:24:08,200 --> 05:24:10,600
asked for another trial. 
They said that the first trip 

5825
05:24:10,600 --> 05:24:13,700
might have been a fluke. 
We had to test the watch again 

5826
05:24:13,700 --> 05:24:15,100
to make sure it worked the same 
way. 

5827
05:24:15,100 --> 05:24:18,300
Every time. 
John who is now 70 years old had

5828
05:24:18,300 --> 05:24:23,100
to agree. the second trial 
happened in 1764 on a trip to 

5829
05:24:23,100 --> 05:24:26,400
Barbados the board of longitude 
sent Neville masculine this 

5830
05:24:26,400 --> 05:24:29,800
time, he was an astronomer who 
was very interested in the lunar

5831
05:24:29,800 --> 05:24:33,100
distance method of finding 
longitude Masculine was smart 

5832
05:24:33,100 --> 05:24:36,100
and dedicated, but 
unfortunately, for John, who was

5833
05:24:36,100 --> 05:24:38,600
completely sure that 
astronomical methods were better

5834
05:24:38,600 --> 05:24:42,300
than mechanical ones. 
H4 worked perfectly during the 

5835
05:24:42,300 --> 05:24:45,300
trip but mass killings report 
focused on small problems and 

5836
05:24:45,300 --> 05:24:48,800
theoretical issues instead of 
the watches overall accuracy. 

5837
05:24:48,800 --> 05:24:52,700
It was like complaining that the
cup holder is an inch too small.

5838
05:24:52,700 --> 05:24:55,400
When you review a car that gets 
100 miles per gallon. 

5839
05:24:56,200 --> 05:24:59,000
When they got back to England, 
the board decided that even 

5840
05:24:59,000 --> 05:25:02,200
though H4 had done a great job, 
they couldn't give him the full 

5841
05:25:02,200 --> 05:25:04,800
prize until John showed 
everyone, how he built things, 

5842
05:25:04,800 --> 05:25:06,600
and let other watchmakers copy 
his work. 

5843
05:25:07,400 --> 05:25:09,400
This request, put John in a bad 
spot. 

5844
05:25:09,400 --> 05:25:12,500
He didn't want to share his 
Secrets because other makers 

5845
05:25:12,500 --> 05:25:15,000
could copy his design and he 
would lose his Edge in the 

5846
05:25:15,000 --> 05:25:17,300
market. 
He would not get the prize, he'd

5847
05:25:17,300 --> 05:25:19,400
worked his whole adult life for 
if he said no. 

5848
05:25:20,700 --> 05:25:23,500
It was a bureaucratic Catch 22, 
that looked like, it was meant 

5849
05:25:23,500 --> 05:25:27,500
to keep him from getting the 
credit he deserved. the board 

5850
05:25:27,500 --> 05:25:31,100
finally gave John half of the 
prize money 10,000 pounds, but 

5851
05:25:31,100 --> 05:25:33,700
only if he explained how he did 
it and made sure that the 

5852
05:25:33,700 --> 05:25:37,200
duplicate watches were built It 
was like winning an Olympic gold

5853
05:25:37,200 --> 05:25:39,500
medal and being told, you could 
only have it if you taught 

5854
05:25:39,500 --> 05:25:41,000
everyone else how to do it 
first. 

5855
05:25:41,700 --> 05:25:44,300
If they were happy with how you 
taught them, you might get the 

5856
05:25:44,300 --> 05:25:46,000
rest of your prize later 
Neville. 

5857
05:25:46,000 --> 05:25:48,900
Masculine had become the 
astronomer Royal and a senior 

5858
05:25:48,900 --> 05:25:50,000
member of the board of 
longitude. 

5859
05:25:50,000 --> 05:25:53,300
By this point, he kept pushing 
for the lunar distance method by

5860
05:25:53,300 --> 05:25:55,900
publishing tables and 
instructions that made 

5861
05:25:55,900 --> 05:25:58,800
navigating the Stars easier, it 
was good work. 

5862
05:25:58,800 --> 05:26:01,400
That helped a lot of sailors, 
but it also meant that the 

5863
05:26:01,400 --> 05:26:05,100
person judging John's mechanical
method had spent years working 

5864
05:26:05,100 --> 05:26:09,300
on a competing solution The 
scientific Community had a 

5865
05:26:09,300 --> 05:26:11,400
strong bias against Mechanical 
Solutions. 

5866
05:26:11,400 --> 05:26:14,300
A lot of astronomers thought 
that navigation was an 

5867
05:26:14,300 --> 05:26:17,500
astronomical problem at its core
and should be sold with 

5868
05:26:17,500 --> 05:26:20,200
astronomical tools. 
They were offended that a 

5869
05:26:20,200 --> 05:26:23,000
Craftsman who was not even a 
real scientist or mathematician 

5870
05:26:23,000 --> 05:26:27,000
could use gears and Springs to 
figure out, longitude, For 

5871
05:26:27,000 --> 05:26:29,600
years, John built duplicate 
watches under the boards 

5872
05:26:29,600 --> 05:26:32,300
watchful eye. 
He showed other watchmakers how 

5873
05:26:32,300 --> 05:26:35,100
to do it and gave them more and 
more details explanations of his

5874
05:26:35,100 --> 05:26:37,900
work. 
Will William his son, became his

5875
05:26:37,900 --> 05:26:40,300
lawyer, publicist and moral 
support all at once. 

5876
05:26:41,000 --> 05:26:43,400
He argued John's case. 
Before the board wrote 

5877
05:26:43,400 --> 05:26:45,300
pamphlets. 
Explaining how unfair their 

5878
05:26:45,300 --> 05:26:47,100
treatment was and did all of 
these things? 

5879
05:26:48,800 --> 05:26:52,900
John was in his late 70s by the 
early 1770s and he still hadn't 

5880
05:26:52,900 --> 05:26:54,400
won the full. 
Longitude prize. 

5881
05:26:54,400 --> 05:26:58,100
It had turned into a bit of a 
public Scandal, this man had 

5882
05:26:58,100 --> 05:27:01,100
clearly solved the problem that 
Parliament had asked him to, but

5883
05:27:01,100 --> 05:27:03,300
he couldn't get the promised 
reward because of technical 

5884
05:27:03,300 --> 05:27:07,100
issues, bureaucratic delays, and
what seemed to be professional 

5885
05:27:07,100 --> 05:27:11,900
jealousy, from the astronomical 
establishment, In 1772 John was 

5886
05:27:11,900 --> 05:27:14,500
desperate, knew he didn't have 
much time left because he was 

5887
05:27:14,500 --> 05:27:16,900
getting older. 
He did something strange. 

5888
05:27:16,900 --> 05:27:20,600
He wrote to King George. 
The third directly, it was a 

5889
05:27:20,608 --> 05:27:22,300
brave. 
Move to go straight to the Royal

5890
05:27:22,300 --> 05:27:24,900
Authority and stead of going 
through the board of longitude. 

5891
05:27:26,000 --> 05:27:28,900
King George, the third liked 
science, and was a specially 

5892
05:27:28,900 --> 05:27:31,100
interested in tools that were 
very accurate. 

5893
05:27:31,100 --> 05:27:34,100
The King was said to be very 
angry when he found out about 

5894
05:27:34,100 --> 05:27:37,400
John's situation. 
A man has spent 50 years working

5895
05:27:37,400 --> 05:27:39,900
on an important problem and 
still hadn't gotten the promised

5896
05:27:39,900 --> 05:27:42,200
reward. 
He had his four brought to his 

5897
05:27:42,200 --> 05:27:44,800
private Observatory or he 
watched it worked for weeks. 

5898
05:27:45,700 --> 05:27:49,200
The King was sure that John had 
been treated unfairly George the

5899
05:27:49,200 --> 05:27:51,000
third used his power to make 
Parliament. 

5900
05:27:51,000 --> 05:27:53,000
Give John Harrison the rest of 
the prize money. 

5901
05:27:53,800 --> 05:27:56,300
John finally got the full 20,000
pounds. 

5902
05:27:56,300 --> 05:27:59,600
He had been promised almost 60 
years earlier in 1773 when he 

5903
05:27:59,600 --> 05:28:03,000
was 80 years old, it was a win. 
But it was a sad one. 

5904
05:28:03,700 --> 05:28:05,400
John one. 
Not because the scientific 

5905
05:28:05,400 --> 05:28:09,000
Community recognized his work, 
but because the royal family had

5906
05:28:09,000 --> 05:28:11,100
stepped in and stopped them from
objecting any longer. 

5907
05:28:11,900 --> 05:28:14,500
The board of longitude never 
officially said that John had 

5908
05:28:14,500 --> 05:28:16,600
won. 
The longitude prize instead. 

5909
05:28:16,600 --> 05:28:19,100
They made the payment as a 
special Grant from Parliament, 

5910
05:28:19,100 --> 05:28:22,400
which was worded in such a way, 
as to avoid suggesting that the 

5911
05:28:22,400 --> 05:28:27,200
board had made a mistake. 
Three years later in 1776, John 

5912
05:28:27,200 --> 05:28:31,000
Harrison died at the age of 83, 
he had lived long enough to see 

5913
05:28:31,000 --> 05:28:34,500
his work at praised to know that
his sea clocks worked and could 

5914
05:28:34,500 --> 05:28:37,800
save lives and to see the start 
of a revolution in how ships 

5915
05:28:37,800 --> 05:28:40,300
navigated that would last for 
the next 200 years. 

5916
05:28:41,300 --> 05:28:44,100
But he died without ever getting
a formal letter from the board 

5917
05:28:44,100 --> 05:28:46,100
of longitudes, saying that he 
had solved. 

5918
05:28:46,100 --> 05:28:49,000
The problem that they had asked 
him to solve, you might not feel

5919
05:28:49,000 --> 05:28:50,900
like you've won even when you do
win. 

5920
05:28:51,600 --> 05:28:54,400
As you get more comfortable in 
your blankets and the stress of 

5921
05:28:54,408 --> 05:28:57,400
the day starts to fade. 
Let's talk about what happened 

5922
05:28:57,400 --> 05:29:00,900
after John Harrison died. 
This is when his story goes from

5923
05:29:00,900 --> 05:29:03,500
being about a personal Victory 
to a global change. 

5924
05:29:03,500 --> 05:29:07,900
By the 1780s, other watchmakers 
were making Marine chronometers,

5925
05:29:07,900 --> 05:29:11,500
based on John's ideas, these 
watches were very expensive. 

5926
05:29:11,500 --> 05:29:14,900
A good Marine chronometer could 
cost more than the captain of 

5927
05:29:14,900 --> 05:29:18,300
the ship made in a year. 
The for long trips, they quickly

5928
05:29:18,300 --> 05:29:21,300
became very useful. 
Ship owners learned that the 

5929
05:29:21,308 --> 05:29:24,500
price of a chronometer was 
nothing compared to the value of

5930
05:29:24,508 --> 05:29:28,100
the cargo they could lose if 
they got lost. the standard 

5931
05:29:28,100 --> 05:29:30,800
equipment, the British Navy 
started, giving Shipps Marine 

5932
05:29:30,800 --> 05:29:34,200
chronometers Captain James Cook 
took a chronometer made by 

5933
05:29:34,200 --> 05:29:36,600
larcom. 
Kendall on his famous Pacific 

5934
05:29:36,600 --> 05:29:41,600
voyages in the 1770s, it was 
basically a copy of H4 cook 

5935
05:29:41,600 --> 05:29:44,400
wrote with great, enthusiasm 
about how accurate and 

5936
05:29:44,400 --> 05:29:46,700
dependable the chronometer was 
calling it. 

5937
05:29:46,700 --> 05:29:49,600
His trusty friend and never 
failing guide. 

5938
05:29:50,400 --> 05:29:52,700
People pay attention when the 
man who mapped more of the 

5939
05:29:52,700 --> 05:29:54,700
Pacific Ocean than anyone else 
before him. 

5940
05:29:54,700 --> 05:29:59,100
Praise your navigation tool. 
By the beginning of the 1800s 

5941
05:29:59,100 --> 05:30:01,300
Marine, chronometers were the 
most common way to find 

5942
05:30:01,300 --> 05:30:04,200
longitude at sea. 
The board of longitudes. 

5943
05:30:04,200 --> 05:30:06,700
Preferred astronomical, methods 
were still used as a backup. 

5944
05:30:06,700 --> 05:30:09,400
Good Navigators. 
Used every tool they could find 

5945
05:30:09,400 --> 05:30:13,200
but John Harrison's mechanical 
solution became the main way to 

5946
05:30:13,200 --> 05:30:15,500
navigate for the next 100 and 
150 years. 

5947
05:30:16,500 --> 05:30:18,600
The effect on trade by sea was 
huge. 

5948
05:30:18,600 --> 05:30:21,700
Now, ships could plan their 
routes with confidence knowing 

5949
05:30:21,700 --> 05:30:24,200
that they could always find out 
where they were on the trip. 

5950
05:30:25,000 --> 05:30:27,400
Marine chronometers, that came 
from John Harrison's. 

5951
05:30:27,400 --> 05:30:30,600
Designs were used by clipper 
ships that raced tea from China 

5952
05:30:30,600 --> 05:30:33,400
to England. 
Merchants ships that connected 

5953
05:30:33,400 --> 05:30:36,400
Europe with the Americas. 
And Naval Expeditions that 

5954
05:30:36,400 --> 05:30:38,000
matched. 
The world's remaining Coastline 

5955
05:30:38,000 --> 05:30:40,700
the changes to safety were just 
as big. 

5956
05:30:40,700 --> 05:30:43,500
There were a lot fewer 
shipwrecks caused by navigation,

5957
05:30:43,500 --> 05:30:47,300
mistakes. now captains could 
safely get close to dangerous 

5958
05:30:47,300 --> 05:30:51,300
coastlines at night or in fog 
knowing where they were The 

5959
05:30:51,300 --> 05:30:54,300
ocean was still dangerous 
because storms icebergs, broken 

5960
05:30:54,300 --> 05:30:56,800
equipment, and human mistakes 
still sank ships. 

5961
05:30:57,500 --> 05:31:00,800
However, one major cause of 
Maritime disasters, had mostly 

5962
05:31:00,800 --> 05:31:03,600
been removed. 
More subtly being able to keep 

5963
05:31:03,600 --> 05:31:06,600
track of time accurately at Sea 
led to the creation of accurate 

5964
05:31:06,600 --> 05:31:10,800
charts and maps. 
Now every Harbor entrance, every

5965
05:31:10,800 --> 05:31:13,900
dangerous Shola, and every 
Coastline could be found with 

5966
05:31:13,900 --> 05:31:15,900
precision and saved for Future 
Sailors. 

5967
05:31:15,900 --> 05:31:19,200
The oceans of the world were 
slowly, but surely changing from

5968
05:31:19,200 --> 05:31:23,100
vast unknown areas where 
positions were unclear to mapped

5969
05:31:23,100 --> 05:31:24,400
areas where locations were 
known. 

5970
05:31:25,600 --> 05:31:28,500
The ideas about technology that 
John came up with had an effect 

5971
05:31:28,500 --> 05:31:31,600
on clock-making. 
Well, into the 20th century, his

5972
05:31:31,600 --> 05:31:34,300
new ideas for temperature, 
compensation, friction 

5973
05:31:34,300 --> 05:31:37,300
reduction, and precision, 
balance mechanisms became 

5974
05:31:37,300 --> 05:31:39,000
standard parts of high-quality 
watches. 

5975
05:31:40,300 --> 05:31:43,400
Watchmakers studied his designs 
the same way musicians study 

5976
05:31:43,400 --> 05:31:47,300
back or Architects. 
Study old temples as examples of

5977
05:31:47,300 --> 05:31:50,000
how to use basic ideas with 
genius level skill. 

5978
05:31:50,900 --> 05:31:53,400
Left tenant Commander Rupert. 
Goold said that restoring, the 

5979
05:31:53,400 --> 05:31:56,700
original Harrison sea clocks, 
which had fallen into disrepair 

5980
05:31:56,700 --> 05:31:59,100
was one of the best things that 
ever happened to him. 

5981
05:32:00,000 --> 05:32:03,400
When I opened H1 and saw John's,
wooden gears and carefully 

5982
05:32:03,400 --> 05:32:06,200
planned mechanisms. 
It was like talking to a Master 

5983
05:32:06,200 --> 05:32:08,100
Craftsman from hundreds of years
ago. 

5984
05:32:08,900 --> 05:32:10,700
The clocks were more than just 
old things. 

5985
05:32:10,700 --> 05:32:14,000
They were also working examples 
of ideas that were still useful.

5986
05:32:14,800 --> 05:32:17,400
The Harrison sea clocks made it 
through World War Two in London.

5987
05:32:17,400 --> 05:32:20,100
They were kept safe in a vault 
during the blitz. 

5988
05:32:20,100 --> 05:32:23,300
When German bombs fell on the 
city every night, they were 

5989
05:32:23,300 --> 05:32:26,300
cleaned restored and then put on
display at the Royal 

5990
05:32:26,300 --> 05:32:28,300
Observatory. 
In Greenwich where they still 

5991
05:32:28,300 --> 05:32:31,500
are today, you can see them 
ticking away, just like they did

5992
05:32:31,500 --> 05:32:34,700
hundreds of years ago. 
If you ever go to London H1 

5993
05:32:34,700 --> 05:32:38,100
through H5, and a few of John's,
other clocks are there, but the 

5994
05:32:38,100 --> 05:32:40,700
Marine chronometer was not the 
best navigation tool for all 

5995
05:32:40,708 --> 05:32:43,200
time. 
By the end of the 20th century 

5996
05:32:43,200 --> 05:32:46,800
GPS systems, that use satellite 
started to take the place of 

5997
05:32:46,800 --> 05:32:50,000
mechanical navigation tools. 
Ships could now tell where they 

5998
05:32:50,000 --> 05:32:53,000
were within feet instead of 
miles and they could do it all 

5999
05:32:53,000 --> 05:32:54,900
the time instead of having to do
it once a day. 

6000
05:32:56,200 --> 05:32:59,900
The change happened slowly, but 
by the early 2000s Marine 

6001
05:32:59,900 --> 05:33:02,800
chronometers were no longer the 
main tools for navigation, they 

6002
05:33:02,800 --> 05:33:04,800
were used as backups and safety 
devices. 

6003
05:33:05,700 --> 05:33:08,100
But even this technological 
advancement doesn't take away 

6004
05:33:08,100 --> 05:33:11,400
from what Harrison did. 
GPS satellites need very 

6005
05:33:11,400 --> 05:33:13,800
accurate, clocks. 
Like atomic clocks that make 

6006
05:33:13,800 --> 05:33:15,800
John's chronometers look rough 
by comparison. 

6007
05:33:17,300 --> 05:33:21,200
But the basic idea is still the 
same to navigate correctly, you 

6008
05:33:21,200 --> 05:33:22,800
need to keep track of time 
correctly. 

6009
05:33:23,600 --> 05:33:26,600
John Harrison knew this truth so
well that he spent his whole 

6010
05:33:26,600 --> 05:33:29,500
life trying to make it better. 
And every navigation system, 

6011
05:33:29,500 --> 05:33:33,100
since then has been built on 
that, the story of Harrison also

6012
05:33:33,100 --> 05:33:36,200
changed, how we think about 
scientific recognition and the 

6013
05:33:36,200 --> 05:33:39,100
link between practical skills 
and theoretical science. 

6014
05:33:40,100 --> 05:33:43,400
John was not a mathematician 
with a degree from a university 

6015
05:33:43,400 --> 05:33:46,000
or a natural philosopher from 
the upper class. 

6016
05:33:46,000 --> 05:33:49,500
He was a working class craftsmen
who solved a problem by trying 

6017
05:33:49,500 --> 05:33:53,400
different things over and over 
using his mechanical intuition 

6018
05:33:53,400 --> 05:33:57,000
and being very stubborn. 
His success called into 

6019
05:33:57,000 --> 05:33:59,000
question. 
The idea that only traditional 

6020
05:33:59,000 --> 05:34:01,400
academic sources can lead to 
important scientific 

6021
05:34:01,400 --> 05:34:04,500
breakthroughs, Historians have 
been both embarrassed and 

6022
05:34:04,500 --> 05:34:06,200
fascinated. 
By the way, the board of 

6023
05:34:06,200 --> 05:34:09,000
longitude treated Harrison in 
the last few decades. 

6024
05:34:10,000 --> 05:34:13,000
How could smart well-meaning? 
People not see that the answer 

6025
05:34:13,000 --> 05:34:15,300
to the problem. 
They had defined was so clear. 

6026
05:34:16,100 --> 05:34:19,400
The answer has to do with class 
bias jealousy among 

6027
05:34:19,400 --> 05:34:21,800
professionals institutional, 
inertia. 

6028
05:34:21,800 --> 05:34:25,200
And the fact that people tend to
prefer solutions that come from 

6029
05:34:25,200 --> 05:34:27,800
people who are like them, 
instead of people who are not. 

6030
05:34:28,500 --> 05:34:32,000
today several museums have 
working copies of Harrisons 

6031
05:34:32,000 --> 05:34:34,900
chronometers that were made by 
skilled craftsmen, who followed 

6032
05:34:34,900 --> 05:34:38,400
his original plans, these 
replicas still work as well as 

6033
05:34:38,400 --> 05:34:41,400
they did, in the 1700s losing 
only a few seconds. 

6034
05:34:41,400 --> 05:34:43,800
A month, even though they were 
made with tools and methods from

6035
05:34:43,800 --> 05:34:47,500
that time, it shows how well 
John's designed worked and how 

6036
05:34:47,500 --> 05:34:49,300
well he understood the 
underlying ideas. 

6037
05:34:50,100 --> 05:34:53,800
The story of Harrison has 
inspired books movies and even a

6038
05:34:53,800 --> 05:34:57,100
best-selling novel by David, 
Sobel called longitude, which 

6039
05:34:57,100 --> 05:34:59,700
told millions of people about 
John's fight and victory 

6040
05:34:59,700 --> 05:35:02,200
students. 
Learn about him as a role model 

6041
05:35:02,200 --> 05:35:04,800
for hard work in new ideas 
Engineers. 

6042
05:35:04,800 --> 05:35:07,400
Look at his mechanisms as 
examples of how to solve 

6043
05:35:07,400 --> 05:35:10,800
problems in a smart way. 
And anyone who has ever felt 

6044
05:35:10,800 --> 05:35:12,300
like an expert, didn't believe 
in them. 

6045
05:35:12,308 --> 05:35:15,400
Can find something inspiring in 
his refusal to give up. 

6046
05:35:16,100 --> 05:35:19,100
As you start to feel sleepy, 
let's take a step back and think

6047
05:35:19,100 --> 05:35:22,000
about what John Harrison's work 
really means in the grand scheme

6048
05:35:22,000 --> 05:35:24,500
of things. 
It's not just about one man, 

6049
05:35:24,500 --> 05:35:27,500
making fancy clocks. 
It's also about how we, as 

6050
05:35:27,500 --> 05:35:30,200
people relate to time space and 
our place in the universe. 

6051
05:35:31,000 --> 05:35:33,600
Time was mostly a local thing 
for most of human history. 

6052
05:35:33,600 --> 05:35:37,300
Noon was when the sun was at its
highest point where you were 

6053
05:35:37,300 --> 05:35:41,100
standing the sun's path across 
each Village City and Valley Sky

6054
05:35:41,100 --> 05:35:45,100
set the time for each place. 
This worked well when most 

6055
05:35:45,100 --> 05:35:47,700
people didn't go more than a few
miles from where they were born.

6056
05:35:48,500 --> 05:35:51,600
But as societies grew and 
communication got better, this 

6057
05:35:51,600 --> 05:35:54,800
way of keeping time caused 
problems, what time does the 

6058
05:35:54,800 --> 05:35:57,200
morning coach leave. 
When should we get together? 

6059
05:35:57,200 --> 05:36:00,200
The absence of a standardized 
time became progressively, 

6060
05:36:00,200 --> 05:36:02,800
problematic, when organizing 
activities, requiring 

6061
05:36:02,800 --> 05:36:06,500
coordination across distant 
locations, The longitude problem

6062
05:36:06,500 --> 05:36:08,800
made people rethink how they 
thought about time. 

6063
05:36:09,400 --> 05:36:12,600
To use Harrison's chronometers 
to find your way, you needed to 

6064
05:36:12,600 --> 05:36:15,300
know the time in both your area 
and at a reference point, 

6065
05:36:15,300 --> 05:36:19,500
granich England became that 
reference point and this is how 

6066
05:36:19,500 --> 05:36:22,900
we got Greenwich Mean Time. 
All of a sudden time wasn't just

6067
05:36:22,900 --> 05:36:24,800
something that people in one 
place, could see. 

6068
05:36:24,800 --> 05:36:28,300
It was a global standard that 
linked far away places on Earth.

6069
05:36:29,100 --> 05:36:32,200
This change in how people 
thought about time eventually 

6070
05:36:32,200 --> 05:36:34,100
led to the time zones were used 
now. 

6071
05:36:35,100 --> 05:36:37,800
In the 19th century. 
When railroad started linking 

6072
05:36:37,800 --> 05:36:40,800
far off cities, it became 
impossible to keep track of 

6073
05:36:40,800 --> 05:36:43,000
local times. 
It was a nightmare to 

6074
05:36:43,000 --> 05:36:45,900
coordinated train schedule that 
used dozens of different local 

6075
05:36:45,900 --> 05:36:48,000
times. 
The answer was to break the 

6076
05:36:48,000 --> 05:36:51,400
world up into time zones, Each 
of which was set to a standard 

6077
05:36:51,400 --> 05:36:53,800
time. 
Greenwich was the main Meridian,

6078
05:36:53,800 --> 05:36:56,200
which is the point from which 
all other longitudes are 

6079
05:36:56,200 --> 05:36:58,200
measured. 
When you look at your watch to 

6080
05:36:58,200 --> 05:37:01,200
see if your late for a meeting 
or to help a friend on the other

6081
05:37:01,200 --> 05:37:03,100
side of the world, figure out 
what time it is. 

6082
05:37:03,100 --> 05:37:06,700
You're using a way of thinking 
that came from John Harrison's 

6083
05:37:06,700 --> 05:37:10,500
work on the longitude problem. 
Standardization of time was 

6084
05:37:10,500 --> 05:37:13,900
necessary for navigation, which 
is why it became the same all 

6085
05:37:13,900 --> 05:37:15,900
over the world. 
Harrison's. 

6086
05:37:15,900 --> 05:37:18,200
Chronometers were also an 
important step in the history of

6087
05:37:18,200 --> 05:37:20,600
human precision. 
Before the Industrial 

6088
05:37:20,600 --> 05:37:23,200
Revolution, most things were 
made by hand. 

6089
05:37:23,200 --> 05:37:26,800
It fit the frame of the door. 
The wheel was round enough 

6090
05:37:26,800 --> 05:37:29,800
people used their eyes and 
experience to make measurements 

6091
05:37:29,800 --> 05:37:33,700
instead of exact tools, the work
of John Harrison required and 

6092
05:37:33,700 --> 05:37:36,500
showed a level of accuracy that 
was not needed before. 

6093
05:37:36,500 --> 05:37:40,200
And was almost impossible to 
imagine, it was necessary to 

6094
05:37:40,200 --> 05:37:43,300
shape each gear tooth in H4 to 
within a few millimeters. 

6095
05:37:43,300 --> 05:37:46,000
Every Spring had to have the 
right amount of tension. 

6096
05:37:46,000 --> 05:37:48,700
Each bearing needed to be the 
right size. 

6097
05:37:48,700 --> 05:37:52,300
This wasn't rough craftsmanship.
It was Precision Engineering 

6098
05:37:52,300 --> 05:37:53,800
before. 
That word, even existed. 

6099
05:37:54,500 --> 05:37:57,000
John had to come up with new 
ways and tools to get the 

6100
05:37:57,000 --> 05:38:01,000
accuracy his designs needed. 
This focus on accuracy spread 

6101
05:38:01,000 --> 05:38:04,200
from clock-making to other 
areas, the Industrial Revolution

6102
05:38:04,200 --> 05:38:07,300
was based on machines that got 
better and better at making cars

6103
05:38:07,300 --> 05:38:08,700
that fit together better and 
better. 

6104
05:38:09,600 --> 05:38:12,000
The tolerance standards that 
modern manufacturing takes for 

6105
05:38:12,000 --> 05:38:16,800
granted Parts machine to 1,000 
of an inch components designed 

6106
05:38:16,800 --> 05:38:18,500
to fit together with minimal 
gaps. 

6107
05:38:18,500 --> 05:38:22,100
These ideas came about in part 
because of the Precision culture

6108
05:38:22,100 --> 05:38:26,000
that clockmakers like Harrison 
started, Harrison's life also 

6109
05:38:26,000 --> 05:38:29,200
shows how strong people can be, 
which is very moving. 

6110
05:38:29,200 --> 05:38:33,200
He started making C locks when 
he was in his 30s, but it wasn't

6111
05:38:33,200 --> 05:38:36,000
until he was 80 that he got full
credit for them. 

6112
05:38:37,300 --> 05:38:41,300
That's a lot of work on one 
problem over 50 years 50 years 

6113
05:38:41,300 --> 05:38:45,300
of math changes let downs and 
little wins believing that what 

6114
05:38:45,300 --> 05:38:48,600
he was doing mattered for 50 
years even when powerful people 

6115
05:38:48,600 --> 05:38:49,400
told him. 
It didn't. 

6116
05:38:50,100 --> 05:38:53,400
Think about how much you want to
achieve that goal, most of us 

6117
05:38:53,400 --> 05:38:56,700
have trouble staying focused on 
a project for a few months when 

6118
05:38:56,700 --> 05:38:59,400
results don't come quickly. 
When others don't immediately, 

6119
05:38:59,400 --> 05:39:02,500
notice our hard work, or when 
the way forward seems unclear, 

6120
05:39:02,500 --> 05:39:05,500
we get discouraged. 
John Harris and had to deal with

6121
05:39:05,500 --> 05:39:08,200
all of these problems for 
decades but he never gave up. 

6122
05:39:09,000 --> 05:39:10,800
There were a lot of things that 
made him keep going. 

6123
05:39:10,800 --> 05:39:14,800
There was Pride for sure the 
pride of the Craftsmen in making

6124
05:39:14,800 --> 05:39:19,100
something that works perfectly. 
There was ambition the chance to

6125
05:39:19,100 --> 05:39:21,500
win, the longitude prize and get
recognition for it. 

6126
05:39:22,300 --> 05:39:25,500
But there was also something 
deeper a belief that the problem

6127
05:39:25,500 --> 05:39:28,900
could be fixed that it was 
possible to keep time accurately

6128
05:39:28,900 --> 05:39:31,500
at Sea and that he was the one 
who could do it. 

6129
05:39:32,300 --> 05:39:35,000
It's not common to find someone 
who has this mix of technical 

6130
05:39:35,000 --> 05:39:38,200
skill, stopping us an unshakable
self-confidence. 

6131
05:39:38,200 --> 05:39:41,800
A lot of people have one or two 
of these traits, but having all 

6132
05:39:41,800 --> 05:39:44,400
three for a long time, creates 
the kind of focused intense 

6133
05:39:44,400 --> 05:39:46,600
entity that can solve problems, 
that others think are 

6134
05:39:46,600 --> 05:39:49,100
impossible. 
As your breathing slows and your

6135
05:39:49,108 --> 05:39:50,900
mind starts to Drift Off to 
Sleep. 

6136
05:39:50,900 --> 05:39:54,600
Let's think about what we can 
learn from John Harrison's story

6137
05:39:54,600 --> 05:39:57,900
today in a world that seems very
different from 18th century 

6138
05:39:57,900 --> 05:40:00,900
England, but still has many of 
the same basic problems. 

6139
05:40:01,700 --> 05:40:03,800
The first lesson is about being 
an expert and having 

6140
05:40:03,800 --> 05:40:06,400
credibility. 
There were a lot of smart people

6141
05:40:06,400 --> 05:40:09,800
on the board of longitude like 
Royal astronomers mathematicians

6142
05:40:09,800 --> 05:40:12,400
and naval officers. 
They really thought they knew 

6143
05:40:12,400 --> 05:40:15,100
the best way to solve the 
longitude problem, they weren't 

6144
05:40:15,100 --> 05:40:18,500
mean or dumb. 
But they were so sure that 

6145
05:40:18,500 --> 05:40:21,800
astronomy had to be the answer 
that they couldn't fully see the

6146
05:40:21,800 --> 05:40:25,600
value of mechanical answer. 
Its specialty once suggested by 

6147
05:40:25,600 --> 05:40:26,900
someone who wasn't in their 
field. 

6148
05:40:27,900 --> 05:40:30,700
We see this happen. 
A lot in history, experts in a 

6149
05:40:30,700 --> 05:40:33,800
field become so attached to 
certain methods that they 

6150
05:40:33,800 --> 05:40:36,900
refused to consider other 
options, especially those 

6151
05:40:36,900 --> 05:40:39,100
suggested by people who aren't 
experts. 

6152
05:40:40,000 --> 05:40:43,000
This is a reminder that having 
credentials and an education and

6153
05:40:43,000 --> 05:40:44,500
doesn't mean you're open to new 
ideas. 

6154
05:40:45,400 --> 05:40:47,800
Sometimes the person who make 
the Breakthrough, doesn't know 

6155
05:40:47,800 --> 05:40:49,500
that what they're trying to do 
is impossible. 

6156
05:40:50,300 --> 05:40:52,800
Second, there's the lesson about
how to be perfect and keep 

6157
05:40:52,800 --> 05:40:55,200
going. 
John Harrison could have stopped

6158
05:40:55,200 --> 05:40:57,700
after H1 showed that the basic 
idea worked. 

6159
05:40:58,400 --> 05:41:01,400
He could have taken his partial 
payment and fame and lived 

6160
05:41:01,400 --> 05:41:04,700
comfortably in his later years. 
Instead, he kept asking for 

6161
05:41:04,700 --> 05:41:07,600
better more polished and more 
perfect answers. 

6162
05:41:08,800 --> 05:41:12,100
H4 was his fifth, major Triad 
fixing a problem, that his first

6163
05:41:12,100 --> 05:41:15,200
try had mostly fixed. 
It's good that you're trying to 

6164
05:41:15,200 --> 05:41:17,500
be perfect, but it's also a 
little worrying. 

6165
05:41:17,500 --> 05:41:19,600
When does the search for 
improvement? 

6166
05:41:19,600 --> 05:41:21,900
Make it hard to put a good 
enough solution into action, 

6167
05:41:21,900 --> 05:41:25,800
Harrison worked on his designs 
for decades, but Sailors, kept 

6168
05:41:25,800 --> 05:41:28,300
dying because of navigation, 
mistakes that H1 could have 

6169
05:41:28,308 --> 05:41:30,600
fixed. 
People who work on hard 

6170
05:41:30,600 --> 05:41:33,400
problems, have to deal with the 
tension between wanting 

6171
05:41:33,400 --> 05:41:35,900
everything to be perfect and 
being practical. 

6172
05:41:36,700 --> 05:41:38,500
Third. 
There's the lesson about getting

6173
05:41:38,500 --> 05:41:42,800
credit and being recognized John
Harris needed outside proof that

6174
05:41:42,800 --> 05:41:45,700
he had sold the problem. 
Like the longitude Prize or 

6175
05:41:45,700 --> 05:41:47,300
official recognition from the 
board. 

6176
05:41:48,000 --> 05:41:50,600
He got most of what he wanted 
but not always in the way he 

6177
05:41:50,600 --> 05:41:52,900
wanted the board. 
Never said, he was the winner, 

6178
05:41:52,900 --> 05:41:56,000
in an official way instead of 
being recognized by the 

6179
05:41:56,000 --> 05:41:58,300
institution. 
The prize money came from the 

6180
05:41:58,300 --> 05:42:01,000
Royal Family. 
His Vindication was both 

6181
05:42:01,000 --> 05:42:04,100
complete and incomplete. 
Many of us spend our lives 

6182
05:42:04,100 --> 05:42:07,400
looking for recognition for our 
work, whether it's getting a 

6183
05:42:07,400 --> 05:42:10,800
promotion getting good reviews, 
making a lot of money or just 

6184
05:42:10,800 --> 05:42:14,400
getting praise from people. 
We look up to Harrison's Story 

6185
05:42:14,400 --> 05:42:17,700
shows that validation can come 
in surprising ways, and may not 

6186
05:42:17,708 --> 05:42:19,500
be as satisfying as we thought 
it would be. 

6187
05:42:20,300 --> 05:42:23,600
The work itself, the joy of 
solving the problem and making 

6188
05:42:23,600 --> 05:42:26,400
something that works. 
Well might have to be the reward

6189
05:42:26,400 --> 05:42:29,100
forth. 
There's the lesson about how 

6190
05:42:29,100 --> 05:42:32,100
things get better. 
There wasn't one brilliant idea 

6191
05:42:32,100 --> 05:42:35,400
or lucky find that solved the 
longitude problem it was fixed 

6192
05:42:35,400 --> 05:42:37,500
over the course of Decades of 
small changes. 

6193
05:42:37,500 --> 05:42:40,600
Each one building on the last 
Harrison's. 

6194
05:42:40,600 --> 05:42:43,100
First clock taught him things 
that he used to make his second 

6195
05:42:43,100 --> 05:42:46,000
clock, which taught him things 
that he used to make his third 

6196
05:42:46,000 --> 05:42:48,600
clock. 
Progress was made up of a lot of

6197
05:42:48,600 --> 05:42:52,100
small steps forward. 
Not one big jump, this pattern 

6198
05:42:52,100 --> 05:42:54,200
holds true for most major 
accomplishments. 

6199
05:42:54,200 --> 05:42:57,000
We like to think that 
breakthroughs happen in dramatic

6200
05:42:57,000 --> 05:42:59,300
Eureka moments but real 
progress. 

6201
05:42:59,300 --> 05:43:01,100
Usually looks more like John 
Harrison's. 

6202
05:43:01,100 --> 05:43:04,500
Workshop years of careful 
testing countless small changes 

6203
05:43:04,500 --> 05:43:06,500
and slowly building up knowledge
and skill. 

6204
05:43:07,200 --> 05:43:09,300
Fifth. 
There's the lesson about picking

6205
05:43:09,300 --> 05:43:12,000
your problems. 
John Harrison could have made a 

6206
05:43:12,000 --> 05:43:14,700
good living as a clockmaker by 
making regular clocks, for 

6207
05:43:14,700 --> 05:43:18,200
regular people. 
Instead he decided to take on 

6208
05:43:18,200 --> 05:43:20,500
one of the hardest, technical 
problems of his time. 

6209
05:43:21,200 --> 05:43:24,600
This decision shaped his whole 
life, leading him to Victory but

6210
05:43:24,600 --> 05:43:28,500
also to years of anger and 
disappointment We all pick 

6211
05:43:28,500 --> 05:43:32,600
problems to work on even if we 
don't mean to some people, pick 

6212
05:43:32,600 --> 05:43:34,800
problems that are both solvable 
and rewarding. 

6213
05:43:34,800 --> 05:43:39,200
Some people choose problems that
are hard but important Some 

6214
05:43:39,200 --> 05:43:42,300
people like Harrison pick 
problems that seem almost 

6215
05:43:42,300 --> 05:43:45,600
impossible but a very important.
There isn't one right? 

6216
05:43:45,600 --> 05:43:48,500
Answer for what kind of problem 
to solve, but the choice, you 

6217
05:43:48,500 --> 05:43:49,800
make will affect the way you 
live. 

6218
05:43:49,800 --> 05:43:54,700
Last but not least, there's the 
lesson about time, John Harrison

6219
05:43:54,700 --> 05:43:58,100
devoted his life to accurately 
measuring time recording, its 

6220
05:43:58,100 --> 05:44:01,200
Passage through Springs, and 
gears and making its flow 

6221
05:44:01,200 --> 05:44:04,000
visible and measurable. 
But his own sense of time was 

6222
05:44:04,000 --> 05:44:07,700
shaped by Decades of hard work, 
the slower accumulation of skill

6223
05:44:07,700 --> 05:44:10,600
and knowledge, and a level of 
patience that most of us can't 

6224
05:44:10,600 --> 05:44:13,400
even begin to. 
Imagine, in this age of instant 

6225
05:44:13,400 --> 05:44:16,500
communication and quick change, 
it's hard to believe that 

6226
05:44:16,500 --> 05:44:20,000
Harrison would spend 50 years. 
On one problem, we used to get 

6227
05:44:20,000 --> 05:44:23,000
in quick results, quick 
feedback, and instant 

6228
05:44:23,000 --> 05:44:27,000
satisfaction Harrison story 
reminds us that some goals, take

6229
05:44:27,000 --> 05:44:30,300
a different kind of time instead
of days or months. 

6230
05:44:30,300 --> 05:44:32,500
They take decades and progresses
slow. 

6231
05:44:32,500 --> 05:44:35,500
Recognition may not come until 
the end if at all. 

6232
05:44:36,700 --> 05:44:39,300
As you start to fall asleep, 
picture yourself visiting John 

6233
05:44:39,300 --> 05:44:41,300
Harrison's Workshop in the 
1750s. 

6234
05:44:42,100 --> 05:44:45,900
The room would smell like metal 
filings and oil would shavings 

6235
05:44:45,900 --> 05:44:49,600
and the smell of a place where 
people work hard candles. 

6236
05:44:49,600 --> 05:44:51,600
And the little bit of sunlight 
that came through the small 

6237
05:44:51,600 --> 05:44:55,000
Windows would give off light, it
was so dim that it barely lit up

6238
05:44:55,008 --> 05:44:56,900
the incredibly fine work. 
John did. 

6239
05:44:57,500 --> 05:44:59,500
Squinting at tiny gears and 
Springs. 

6240
05:45:00,600 --> 05:45:03,800
You would hear the ticking of 
many clocks, not just one each 

6241
05:45:03,800 --> 05:45:05,200
clock. 
Mark time in a slightly 

6242
05:45:05,200 --> 05:45:08,300
different way, as John tested 
changed and improved his 

6243
05:45:08,300 --> 05:45:12,100
designs, The Sounds would mix 
and get in each other's way, 

6244
05:45:12,100 --> 05:45:15,100
making complicated rhythms, that
never quite fit together. 

6245
05:45:15,900 --> 05:45:18,600
Tick tock tick tock a dozen 
different voices are measuring 

6246
05:45:18,600 --> 05:45:21,900
the same invisible river that 
flows by all the time and there 

6247
05:45:21,900 --> 05:45:24,600
would be John himself, probably 
in his 60s or 70s. 

6248
05:45:24,600 --> 05:45:28,000
By the time before was being 
built his eyesight, wasn't what 

6249
05:45:28,000 --> 05:45:30,400
it used to be but his hands were
still steady. 

6250
05:45:30,400 --> 05:45:33,600
His mind was still sharp and his
determination was still strong. 

6251
05:45:33,600 --> 05:45:36,400
He would have tools, he made 
himself for jobs, that no one 

6252
05:45:36,400 --> 05:45:39,200
else had ever done before. 
Like specialized files, 

6253
05:45:39,200 --> 05:45:42,700
custom-made measuring tools 
Jigs, and fixtures to hold small

6254
05:45:42,700 --> 05:45:45,900
parts while he worked on them. 
If you asked him, why he kept 

6255
05:45:45,900 --> 05:45:49,200
going after 30 or 40 years 
without full recognition, he 

6256
05:45:49,200 --> 05:45:51,000
probably wouldn't have a 
dramatic answer. 

6257
05:45:51,000 --> 05:45:54,400
He might just say that. 
The problem could be fixed the 

6258
05:45:54,400 --> 05:45:57,600
new, how to fix it and that the 
world needed The Fixx. 

6259
05:45:57,600 --> 05:46:00,800
It might have been that easy for
John Harris and his story is 

6260
05:46:00,800 --> 05:46:04,000
ultimately about what people can
do, what can happen when 

6261
05:46:04,000 --> 05:46:06,800
intelligent skill and 
determination come together and 

6262
05:46:06,800 --> 05:46:09,900
stay together for a lifetime. 
It's about believing in your own

6263
05:46:09,900 --> 05:46:11,200
work. 
Even when others don't. 

6264
05:46:12,000 --> 05:46:14,900
About trying to be perfect, not 
for the sake of being perfect 

6265
05:46:14,900 --> 05:46:17,500
but because lives depend on 
getting it right? 

6266
05:46:17,500 --> 05:46:21,300
And about being happy with the 
work itself, even when you don't

6267
05:46:21,300 --> 05:46:25,400
get recognition right away, The 
Marine chronometer changed 

6268
05:46:25,400 --> 05:46:28,800
navigation, which changed 
exploration, which changed 

6269
05:46:28,800 --> 05:46:31,900
trade, which changed how people 
in different parts of the world 

6270
05:46:31,900 --> 05:46:34,200
interacted and connected with 
each other? 

6271
05:46:35,100 --> 05:46:38,500
These changes sent waves through
time that changed many lives in 

6272
05:46:38,500 --> 05:46:40,500
ways that can never be fully 
traced. 

6273
05:46:41,100 --> 05:46:44,100
John Harrison's Legacy lives on 
in every ship that arrived 

6274
05:46:44,100 --> 05:46:47,300
safely at its destination, 
because it's Captain knew where 

6275
05:46:47,300 --> 05:46:51,100
he was every person who crossed 
Ocean's with confidence and said

6276
05:46:51,100 --> 05:46:53,300
of fear. 
And every map that was drawn 

6277
05:46:53,300 --> 05:46:56,000
correctly, because positions 
could be determined exactly. 

6278
05:46:57,700 --> 05:47:00,100
The Harrison sea clocks are 
still ticking with the same 

6279
05:47:00,100 --> 05:47:02,200
accuracy. 
They did hundreds of years ago. 

6280
05:47:02,200 --> 05:47:06,200
They are now in glass cases at 
Greenwich, people stand and 

6281
05:47:06,200 --> 05:47:09,800
watch the hands move counting 
seconds that turn into minutes 

6282
05:47:09,800 --> 05:47:12,900
that turn into hours. 
The clocks have been around for 

6283
05:47:12,900 --> 05:47:15,400
hundreds of years longer than 
their maker and they will 

6284
05:47:15,400 --> 05:47:17,400
probably outlive everyone who 
sees them today. 

6285
05:47:17,400 --> 05:47:21,200
It's deep that a device made by 
human hands can keep measuring 

6286
05:47:21,200 --> 05:47:23,600
time long after those hands of 
stopped working. 

6287
05:47:24,600 --> 05:47:27,800
Maybe the only real kind of 
immortality is to make something

6288
05:47:27,800 --> 05:47:31,200
so well that it keeps working 
serving its purpose and showing 

6289
05:47:31,200 --> 05:47:33,800
off its creative skill and 
vision long after the creator 

6290
05:47:33,800 --> 05:47:37,000
has passed away. 
Let that thought drift with you 

6291
05:47:37,000 --> 05:47:40,200
into dreams as you finally give 
in to sleep, that John 

6292
05:47:40,200 --> 05:47:42,600
Harrison's clocks are still 
ticking somewhere in London 

6293
05:47:42,600 --> 05:47:45,700
right now. 
Keeping time with accuracy that 

6294
05:47:45,700 --> 05:47:48,400
seemed impossible when he first 
started working on them. 

6295
05:47:49,200 --> 05:47:51,500
Problems. 
He fixed are still fixed the 

6296
05:47:51,500 --> 05:47:53,300
rules. 
He found still hold true. 

6297
05:47:53,300 --> 05:47:55,300
His dedication is still 
inspiring. 

6298
05:47:55,300 --> 05:47:58,400
And maybe the most comforting 
thing of all is that his story 

6299
05:47:58,400 --> 05:48:02,400
shows us that patience hard work
and skill can help us solve even

6300
05:48:02,400 --> 05:48:06,000
the hardest problems that it is 
possible to make progress that 

6301
05:48:06,000 --> 05:48:08,100
with enough time and effort, 
people can measure the 

6302
05:48:08,100 --> 05:48:11,300
unmeasurable find their way 
through the unfindable and do 

6303
05:48:11,300 --> 05:48:12,900
the impossible. 
Sleep. 

6304
05:48:12,900 --> 05:48:16,200
Well, knowing that while you 
sleep, countless descendants of 

6305
05:48:16,200 --> 05:48:18,000
Harrisons. 
Clocks are measuring time all 

6306
05:48:18,000 --> 05:48:21,000
over the world. 
Each Tick Tock is a small echo 

6307
05:48:21,000 --> 05:48:22,400
of your Yorkshire. 
Carpenter's son. 

6308
05:48:22,408 --> 05:48:24,800
Who refused to believe that 
anything was truly impossible 

6309
05:48:24,800 --> 05:48:27,800
and proved himself. 
Right through 50 years of hard 

6310
05:48:27,800 --> 05:48:30,800
work in a small Workshop 
solving, a problem that had 

6311
05:48:30,800 --> 05:48:34,500
stumped everyone else John 
Harrison made the world easier 

6312
05:48:34,500 --> 05:48:37,800
to understand, he didn't give up
which made the ocean safer. 

6313
05:48:38,800 --> 05:48:41,800
One man thought with complete 
certainty, that gears and 

6314
05:48:41,800 --> 05:48:44,800
springs could measure time so 
accurately that they could guide

6315
05:48:44,800 --> 05:48:49,300
ships across trackless, Seas 
tick, tock tick tock the 

6316
05:48:49,300 --> 05:48:51,900
measurement goes on. 
As it has 400 of years and will 

6317
05:48:51,900 --> 05:48:55,300
for hundreds more, it is a 
legacy of accuracy left behind 

6318
05:48:55,300 --> 05:48:58,900
by a man who knew that solving 
impossible problems is mostly a 

6319
05:48:58,900 --> 05:49:01,500
matter of patient skill and not 
believing in the impossible. 

6320
05:49:02,300 --> 05:49:04,700
Of good dreams. 
May your own problems seem 

6321
05:49:04,700 --> 05:49:07,300
easier to solve in the morning 
and may you find a little of 

6322
05:49:07,300 --> 05:49:10,500
John Harrison's, quiet, 
stubborn, determination to see 

6323
05:49:10,508 --> 05:49:12,200
things through to the end when 
you need it.