The History of Colors And How Different Cultures Learned to See the World | Boring History

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Hello. 
My friends. 

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I'm glad you're here because 
tonight we're easing into the 

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history of color how different 
cultures slowly learn to notice 

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name and understand the shades 
of the world around them 

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turning. 
Simple pigments into meaning and

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memory. 
So if this slightly boring 

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reflection as we call it helps, 
you unwind, feel free to follow,

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drop a like and tell me where 
you're listening from, and what 

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time it is for you. 
Now, draw a little closer to the

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warmth dim your lights and turn 
on a fan for some noise. 

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Tonight, we're going to explore 
one of the most fascinating 

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Journeys in human history. 
It's a story that unfolds across

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every continent and every 
culture revealing how people 

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discovered created and 
understood the colors that paint

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our world. 
Close your eyes and imagine a 

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time before synthetic dies 
before science could explain 

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rainbows when the only colors 
available with those. 

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You could dig from the earth or 
Coke's from plants and insects 

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Outside the world is locked in 
ice. 

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Mammoths trudge through snow 
that never fully melts. here in 

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the flickering warmth of your 
fire, you've made a discovery 

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that will echo through millennia
In your hand, you hold a piece 

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of red ocher. 
It's a rock really iron oxide 

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mixed with clay and sand, but 
when you rub it against the cave

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wall, it leaves a mark. 
A streak of Rusty red. 

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That catches the firelight and 
seems almost alive. 

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You've seen this color before, 
of course, in blood in the 

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sunset, in the clay by the river
after rain. 

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This is different. 
This color belongs to you. 

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Now, you can put it wherever you
choose, the red oak isn't just 

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any rock. 
You found like around, you have 

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to search for it, some deposits 
are better than others. 

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The really good stuff comes from
places where iron rich water has

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seeped. 
Through stone for thousands of 

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years, you've learned to 
recognize the spots where the 

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Earth bleeds this particular 
shade of rust. 

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Sometimes you have to dig some 
times you trade for it with 

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people from other regions who 
know different sources. 

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You grind the okra into powder 
mix it with animal fat or water.

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The consistency matters too 
thick and it clumps too thin and

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it runs down the wall before you
can shape it into anything 

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meaningful. 
Your developing chemistry 

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without knowing the word exists,
your understanding binding 

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agents and pigment suspension, 
through pure experimentation, 

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and careful, observation of what
works and what doesn't the black

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comes from charcoal? 
That one's easier to make. 

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Burn bones or wood until they're
reduced to carbon grind them 

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fine. 
Now you have two colors to work 

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with red and black later. 
You'll discover that certain 

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types of clay produce yellow and
white, manganese dioxide gives 

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you another kind of black deeper
than charcoal but for now red 

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and black your palette, you 
paint animals on the walls 

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horses bison, the creatures you 
hunt and the creatures that hunt

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you The red makes them look 
alive. 

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The black gives the form and 
Shadow, you're not entirely 

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sure. 
Why you're doing this? 

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Maybe it's magic, maybe it's 
memory. 

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Maybe you just like the way it 
looks when I like dances across 

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the painted surface, what you 
don't realize is that you're 

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beginning a relationship with 
color that will Define human 

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culture for the next 30,000 
years. 

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Your learning that color can be 
captured controlled and 

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transformed your discovering 
that the world's aren't fixed, 

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they can be moved mixed and made
permanent this knowledgeable 

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spread slowly at first, but it 
will spread are the caves will 

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fill with painted animals. 
Other hands will grinder and mix

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it with fat. 
The techniques will improve. 

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People will learn to blow 
pigment through hollow bones to 

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create fine, sprays of color. 
They'll develop stenciling 

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methods. 
They'll Master the art of 

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shading and depth. 
But it all starts here with you,

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rubbing Red Rock against Stone 
and watching color bloom in the 

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Darkness. 
The funny thing about these 

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early pigments is how limited 
they are and how much people do 

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with them? 
Anyway you can't make blue yet. 

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Green is barely possible and 
highly unstable. 

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Purple is completely Beyond 
reach. but you don't miss what 

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you've never seen created by 
human hands, the palette of 

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Earth Tones feels Complete 
because it's all you know red 

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black yellow white and brown 
These are the colors of the 

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ground, beneath your feet and 
the fire that keeps you warm. 

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Time passes in this cave 
generations of people at their 

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marks to the walls, some 
paintings overlay others. 

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It becomes a Living Canvas, 
constantly refreshed and 

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renewed. 
The oldest images Fade Into The 

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Rock new ones. 
Shine bright with fresh pigment.

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No one thinks about preservation
or permanence you paint, because

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humans paint. 
It's becoming part of what your 

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people do. 
You're in Egypt. 

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Now, the year is approximately 
3,000 BCE. 

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The pyramids don't exist yet, 
but something remarkable is 

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happening with color. 
You're working in a workshop 

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that specializes in creating 
pigments for Tomb paintings and 

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decorative Arts. 
The smiles of minerals and 

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mysterious chemical reactions 
that you understand only through

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experience Red is still easy. 
Egypt has plenty of iron oxide 

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deposits. 
The desert provides endless 

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variation of red. 
Oaker But you've discovered 

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something new something that 
would have amazed those cave 

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painters from 27,000 years 
earlier. 

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You've learned to make blue true
vibrant stable blue. 

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First synthetic pigment in human
history. 

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The recipe is complex, you take 
Limestone and sand, add a copper

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compound, maybe some nature on 
the natural salt that everywhere

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in Egypt. 
Heat the mixture to about 800 

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degrees Celsius. 
You have to maintain that 

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temperature for hours, get it 
wrong, and you end up with green

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or nothing, useful at all, get 
it, right? 

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And you produce small crystals 
of a substance. 

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Later, ages will call Egyptian 
blue or copyright? 

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The blue is stunning. 
Deeper than Sky richer than 

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water. 
It's the color of lapis. 

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Lazuli that impossibly expensive
stone that comes from 

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Afghanistan. 
But you've made it from common 

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materials. 
Well, relatively common, the 

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process still requires 
significant resources and 

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expertise, not everyone can make
Egyptian blue. 

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It's a specialized skill and 
you're proud of your mastery. 

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You grind the blue crystals into
fine powder, mix them with egg 

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white, or plant gum to create 
paint. 

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The consistency has to be 
perfect for applying to 

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plastered walls, too thick, and 
it cracks as it dries too thin. 

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And the color looks washed out 
and pale. 

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You've done this thousands of 
times your hands know, the right

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texture without thinking the 
workshop, has other pigments too

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yellow. 
Comes from Ormond, a sulfide of 

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our snake that is quite 
poisonous, but produces a color,

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like concentrated sunlight, your
careful, not to breed the dust 

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when grinding it. 
Green is made from powdered 

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malachite, a copper carbonate, 
mineral that softer and easier 

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to work with than most stones. 
Why is chips or chalk? 

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Black is still good. 
Old carbon though, Egyptian 

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black is finer and purer than 
anything earlier cultures 

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achieved. 
What's interesting is how 

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Egyptians think about these 
colors? 

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Each one has meaning Beyond mere
decoration. 

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Blue is the color of the heavens
and the Nile during flood 

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season. 
It represents fertility, birth 

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and rebirth. 
Green symbolizes growth and 

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regeneration red can mean life 
and victory but also chaos and 

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destruction. 
Yellow is eternal and unchanging

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like the sun. 
White represents Purity and 

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sacredness. 
Black is the color of fertile, 

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Nile, mud, the source of life, 
in the desert. 

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Your painting a tomb wall today.
The scene shows the deceased in 

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the afterlife surrounded by 
symbols of abundance and 

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protection. 
The blue has to be perfect 

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because it represents the sky 
under which this person will 

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spend eternity. 
You apply it in thin even 

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layers. 
Each stroke matters. 

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This painting will last 
thousands of years if you do 

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your job properly, The hierarchy
of Egyptian color is partly 

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practical and partly symbolic, 
some pigments are expensive, 

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lapis lazuli cost a fortune 
because it has to be imported 

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from so far away. 
Egyptian blue is cheaper, but 

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still requires skill and 
resources to produce red ocher 

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is cheap and plentiful. 
So important people get painted 

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with more expensive colors but 
it's not just about cost, it's 

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about what the colors mean. 
And what they represent the 

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preparation of each pigment 
requires its own specific 

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knowledge, yellow, or pigment 
must be ground in a 

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well-ventilated area because the
Arsenic fumes can sick and 

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workers. 
You've learned to hold your 

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breath at certain moments to 
position yourself. 

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Upwind of the grinding stone, 
the yellow powder is so fine. 

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It floats in the air like dust 
Motes and sunlight, beautiful 

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and deadly at once. 
Malachite for green comes in 

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chunks of varying quality. 
The best piece is a deep vibrant

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green, with few impurities 
lesser grades, contain more 

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Stone, and less Pure Color. 
You learned to judge quality by 

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sight and touch, the stone 
should feel dense and heavy the 

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color should be consistent 
throughout. 

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Grinding malachite is easier 
than grinding most minerals 

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because it's relatively soft. 
The power has a slight texture, 

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that makes it bind well to 
plaster. 

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The white gypsum comes from 
Quarries in the desert. 

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It arrives in large blocks that 
must be broken down before 

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grinding. 
Pure White is surprisingly 

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difficult, to achieve. 
Most gypsum has slight color. 

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Variations a hint of gray here, 
A Touch of yellow there. 

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You select the whitest pieces 
for important work, the Lesser 

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whites, get used for 
underpainting or less visible 

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areas. 
Black carbon is prepared fresh 

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each day if possible, old carbon
can absorb moisture from the air

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and become clumpy, you burn 
Bones from the kitchen, waste 

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cattle, Bones Work, best, they 
produce a deep cool black 

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Charred wood makes a warmer 
black with brown undertones. 

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For the finest work, you want 
the bone black? 

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The grinding takes time. 
Carbon is softer than minerals 

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but has a tendency to smear 
rather than powder cleanly. 

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Egyptian artists developed 
something, that seems simple but

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is actually quite sophisticated.
They created a standardized 

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color palette, every Workshop 
uses more or less. 

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The same Shades. 
Red is always that particular 

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red blue is always that 
particular blue. 

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This consistency allows Egyptian
art to develop a recognizable 

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style that persists for 
thousands of years. 

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You can look at a painting from 
any period of Egyptian history. 

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And immediately recognized it, 
as Egyptian, The Binding Media 

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Matters as much as the pigment 
itself. 

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Most commonly you use a mixture 
of water and plant garlic 

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extracted from acacia trees. 
The gum has to be prepared 

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carefully too much and the paint
becomes sticky and difficult to 

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apply. 
To little and the pigment 

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doesn't adhere properly to the 
wall. 

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You've learned the right 
proportions, through years of 

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practice, your hands can judge 
the consistency without 

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measuring Sometimes egg is added
to the binding medium for 

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certain applications. 
Egg white makes colors. 

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More luminous and slightly 
transparent egg yolks are richer

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more opaque effect. 
The choice depends on what 

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surface your painting and what 
effect you want to achieve. 

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Experimentation teaches you 
things that no master can fully 

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explain in words. 
The process of creating pigments

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connects you to the Earth in 
ways that feel almost mystical. 

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You're taking rocks and minerals
transforming them through heat 

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and grinding turning them into 
something that captures light 

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and meaning. 
It's practical work but it's 

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also magic in its way, you're 
giving permanence to color 

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fixing it in place where it can 
survive the centuries Working In

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the Heat of an Egyptian 
Workshop, sweat dripping, as you

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grind minerals into powder. 
You sometimes think about how 

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these colors will Outlast you. 
The painting. 

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You're working on today, might 
be visible thousands of years 

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from now. 
The blue you're applying to this

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particular piece of plaster, 
might be seen by people. 

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You can't even imagine. 
Your hands are creating 

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something that transcends your 
own brief existence. 

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Thought makes the repetitive 
work, feel meaningful. 

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You're an ancient Greece. 
Now, around 800 BCE something 

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strange is happening with how 
people talk about color. 

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Your listening to someone recite
versus from The Iliad, that 

233
00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:20,200
great epic poem about the war at
Troy. 

234
00:13:21,200 --> 00:13:24,000
The descriptions of beautiful 
and Vivid but something seems 

235
00:13:24,000 --> 00:13:25,600
odd. 
If you're used to how modern 

236
00:13:25,600 --> 00:13:30,700
people describe the world, the 
sea Homer says is wine dark. 

237
00:13:31,600 --> 00:13:38,100
Wine, dark, not blue, not green,
not even blue green, or teal or 

238
00:13:38,100 --> 00:13:39,600
any of the words you might 
expect. 

239
00:13:40,700 --> 00:13:44,000
The sea is compared to the color
of wine, which is generally 

240
00:13:44,000 --> 00:13:46,500
understood to be dark red or 
deeper purple. 

241
00:13:46,500 --> 00:13:50,200
This seems bizarre until you 
start noticing other things. 

242
00:13:50,200 --> 00:13:54,300
The sky is rarely described as 
blue in early, Greek texts. 

243
00:13:55,200 --> 00:13:58,100
Bronze is sometimes described 
with the same word used for the 

244
00:13:58,100 --> 00:14:01,000
sea. 
Honey is described as green 

245
00:14:01,000 --> 00:14:05,500
sheep of violet. 
The more you pay attention, the 

246
00:14:05,500 --> 00:14:08,500
more you realize that ancient 
Greek color, vocabulary doesn't 

247
00:14:08,500 --> 00:14:10,700
map neatly onto modern color 
categories. 

248
00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:15,400
They had words for colors 
certainly. but those words 

249
00:14:15,400 --> 00:14:18,100
carved up the Spectrum 
differently, the new might 

250
00:14:18,100 --> 00:14:21,200
expect Greek had clear terms for
white and black. 

251
00:14:21,200 --> 00:14:24,700
It had a word that covered the 
range from Red through purple. 

252
00:14:24,700 --> 00:14:28,100
Through Violet, it had a word 
that covered yellow, and green, 

253
00:14:28,100 --> 00:14:32,800
and sometimes blue. 
But specific color distinctions 

254
00:14:32,800 --> 00:14:35,800
that seem obvious to modernize 
apparently weren't as important 

255
00:14:35,800 --> 00:14:38,800
ancient Greeks. 
They seem to care more about 

256
00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:42,500
whether something was light or 
dark, bright or dull and about 

257
00:14:42,500 --> 00:14:45,900
its specific hue. 
This isn't because Greeks were 

258
00:14:45,908 --> 00:14:47,800
color blind or couldn't perceive
blue. 

259
00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:52,600
They could see blue just fine. 
The Mediterranean sky was just 

260
00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:56,500
as blue then as it is now. but 
the way they thought about and 

261
00:14:56,500 --> 00:15:01,100
categorized colors emphasized 
different qualities, the 

262
00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:03,900
brightness and saturation 
mattered more than the specific 

263
00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:06,900
wavelength. 
Other ancient languages show 

264
00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:09,300
similar patterns the Hebrew 
Bible. 

265
00:15:09,300 --> 00:15:12,400
Rarely mentions blue though it 
does describe the sky. 

266
00:15:13,000 --> 00:15:16,900
Early Hindu texts have elaborate
color vocabulary for red, yellow

267
00:15:16,900 --> 00:15:20,008
and white. 
But blue appears late in the 

268
00:15:20,016 --> 00:15:23,800
linguistic record. 
Chinese color terms evolved over

269
00:15:23,800 --> 00:15:28,000
time with some colors gaining 
specific names centuries after 

270
00:15:28,000 --> 00:15:31,400
others, Researchers eventually 
notice a pattern. 

271
00:15:32,300 --> 00:15:36,000
Across many different cultures 
and languages color terms seem 

272
00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:38,200
to emerge in a fairly consistent
order. 

273
00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:42,100
If a language has only two color
terms, they'll be black and 

274
00:15:42,100 --> 00:15:46,100
white or dark and light if it 
has three, the third will be 

275
00:15:46,100 --> 00:15:48,600
red. 
If four then either green or 

276
00:15:48,600 --> 00:15:51,600
yellow appears blue. 
Comes relatively late in the 

277
00:15:51,608 --> 00:15:54,400
sequence purple and brown come 
even later. 

278
00:15:55,300 --> 00:16:00,000
Orange, pink and gray, are often
among the last to get dedicated 

279
00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:02,200
terms. 
This doesn't mean people 

280
00:16:02,200 --> 00:16:03,500
couldn't see these colors 
before. 

281
00:16:03,500 --> 00:16:06,700
They had words for them, but it 
suggests that having a dedicated

282
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:10,600
word for a color affects how 
easily people can think about 

283
00:16:10,600 --> 00:16:12,300
and communicate about that 
color. 

284
00:16:13,300 --> 00:16:15,600
Language shapes perception in 
subtle ways. 

285
00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:19,200
When your language doesn't have 
a word that distinguishes blue 

286
00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:22,700
from Green, you might genuinely 
be slower to notice the 

287
00:16:22,700 --> 00:16:25,800
difference or care about it. 
Even though your eyes 

288
00:16:25,800 --> 00:16:27,600
registered. 
The distinction just fine. 

289
00:16:27,600 --> 00:16:31,400
You'll sit with a Greek painter.
Now he's mixing pigments to 

290
00:16:31,400 --> 00:16:34,400
paint a vase. 
He has access to red ocher 

291
00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:37,300
yellow, ocher white clay, and 
black. 

292
00:16:38,200 --> 00:16:41,600
With these four colors, he can 
create an astonishing range of 

293
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:47,200
images. figures in action scenes
from mythology, geometric 

294
00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:51,200
patterns of incredible 
complexity, He never complains 

295
00:16:51,200 --> 00:16:54,600
about not having blue or green. 
Those colors aren't part of his 

296
00:16:54,600 --> 00:16:57,700
artistic vocabulary. 
The vast, as he paints will be 

297
00:16:57,700 --> 00:17:01,400
traded across the Mediterranean,
they'll influence Artistic 

298
00:17:01,400 --> 00:17:04,700
Styles and dozens of cultures 
and the color palette will 

299
00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:08,099
remain consistent red figures on
black backgrounds. 

300
00:17:08,099 --> 00:17:11,800
Black figures on red 
backgrounds, sometimes white 

301
00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:16,300
added for detail. 
This limited palette becomes a 

302
00:17:16,300 --> 00:17:18,900
defining characteristic of Greek
ceramic art. 

303
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:23,300
Not because other colors are 
impossible to create, but 

304
00:17:23,300 --> 00:17:26,599
because these colors form, a 
complete system for what Greek 

305
00:17:26,599 --> 00:17:31,000
artists want to express. 
Meanwhile in other parts of the 

306
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:33,800
world, different color 
vocabularies are developing, 

307
00:17:33,800 --> 00:17:36,900
some languages will end up with 
dozens of specific. 

308
00:17:36,900 --> 00:17:40,900
Colour terms others will 
maintain broader less specific 

309
00:17:40,900 --> 00:17:45,600
categories for much longer. 
The diversity is fascinating. 

310
00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:48,400
It suggests that color 
perception isn't just about 

311
00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:53,400
biology. it's also about culture
language and what a particular 

312
00:17:53,400 --> 00:17:57,508
society decides is worth paying 
attention to You're in the 

313
00:17:57,516 --> 00:17:59,800
ancient city of Tyre on the 
eastern shore of the 

314
00:17:59,800 --> 00:18:03,100
Mediterranean, the year is 
roughly 1500 BCE. 

315
00:18:03,100 --> 00:18:06,200
You work in one of the most 
valuable and prestigious 

316
00:18:06,200 --> 00:18:10,200
Industries in the ancient world.
You're a purple dye maker. 

317
00:18:10,200 --> 00:18:12,900
The smell is absolutely 
horrific. 

318
00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:15,900
The purple doesn't come from 
minerals or plants. 

319
00:18:15,900 --> 00:18:20,300
It comes from sea snails, 
specifically species of murex 

320
00:18:20,300 --> 00:18:22,900
snails that live in Shallow 
Mediterranean Waters. 

321
00:18:22,900 --> 00:18:25,800
Each snail. 
Produces only a tiny amount of 

322
00:18:25,808 --> 00:18:29,900
dye from a gland in its body. 
To get enough purple dye to 

323
00:18:29,908 --> 00:18:32,700
color a single toga. 
You need thousands upon 

324
00:18:32,700 --> 00:18:36,500
thousands of snails. 
The math is brutal and the 

325
00:18:36,500 --> 00:18:40,200
process is worse. 
First, you have to collect the 

326
00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:42,500
snails divers, bring them up in 
baskets. 

327
00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:44,600
Then you have to extract the dye
gland. 

328
00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:48,700
This is delicate work, break it 
wrong and you can terminate the 

329
00:18:48,700 --> 00:18:51,500
die, get it, right? 
And you have a tiny bit of 

330
00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:53,700
yellowish, secretion that 
doesn't look purple at all. 

331
00:18:53,700 --> 00:18:59,200
Not yet the secretions go into 
Vats, they ferment for days, the

332
00:18:59,200 --> 00:19:03,200
smell of rotting shellfish, 
fills the entire District, other

333
00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:06,400
Industries won't locate anywhere
near the purple dye works 

334
00:19:06,400 --> 00:19:08,900
because the stench is so 
overwhelming. 

335
00:19:09,700 --> 00:19:11,500
People can smell it from miles 
away. 

336
00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:15,800
But the smell means money, it 
means you're creating something.

337
00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:19,500
So valuable that only the 
wealthiest people in the known 

338
00:19:19,500 --> 00:19:23,900
world can afford it. 
As the mixture ferments and is 

339
00:19:23,900 --> 00:19:27,600
exposed to sunlight and air. 
Something remarkable happens, 

340
00:19:27,600 --> 00:19:32,800
the yellowish goo transforms, it
shifts through green, then blue,

341
00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:38,100
then finally settles into deep 
glorious, purple, not lavender, 

342
00:19:38,100 --> 00:19:42,200
not move. 
A rich saturated purple that 

343
00:19:42,200 --> 00:19:45,600
doesn't fade. 
Colorfest in ways that most 

344
00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:47,700
ancient dies can only dream of 
being. 

345
00:19:48,700 --> 00:19:52,300
Wash the fabric 100 times, the 
purple remains Vivid. 

346
00:19:53,200 --> 00:19:56,200
The exact shade varies depending
on the snail species and the 

347
00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:59,200
processing method. 
Some batches turn out more 

348
00:19:59,200 --> 00:20:01,200
reddish. 
Others are more bluish. 

349
00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:04,500
The most prized shade is a deep 
reddish purple. 

350
00:20:04,500 --> 00:20:06,500
That becomes known as Tyrion 
purple. 

351
00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:11,600
It's the color of royalty. 
Literally laws will be passed, 

352
00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:15,000
restricting, who can wear it 
Emperors will claim it as their 

353
00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:18,800
exclusive, right? 
Color Purple become synonymous 

354
00:20:18,800 --> 00:20:22,600
with power and wealth. 
Your calculating the economics 

355
00:20:22,600 --> 00:20:26,200
in your head as you work. 
Each snail provides may be one 

356
00:20:26,200 --> 00:20:29,600
drop of dye. 
Pound of dyed wool requires 

357
00:20:29,600 --> 00:20:33,800
about 12,000 snails. 
The labor involved is immense 

358
00:20:33,800 --> 00:20:37,200
the final product cost more than
its weight in gold. 

359
00:20:37,200 --> 00:20:42,100
Sometimes significantly more a 
single purple dyed garment can 

360
00:20:42,100 --> 00:20:45,600
represent years of work and the 
deaths of hundreds of thousands 

361
00:20:45,600 --> 00:20:48,600
of sea creatures, but the demand
never stops. 

362
00:20:48,600 --> 00:20:52,700
Every ruler wants purple, every 
wealthy Merchant wants to 

363
00:20:52,700 --> 00:20:55,600
display their status with at 
least a purple stripe on their 

364
00:20:55,600 --> 00:20:58,900
toga. 
Phoenician Traders sell Tyrion 

365
00:20:58,900 --> 00:21:01,900
purple across the known World. 
It becomes one of the most 

366
00:21:01,900 --> 00:21:05,600
valuable trade goods, in ancient
Commerce cities grow, well for 

367
00:21:05,600 --> 00:21:09,400
the purple trade Wars are fought
partly over access to the best 

368
00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:12,000
snail beds. 
The funny part is that the color

369
00:21:12,000 --> 00:21:14,400
itself isn't even all that 
different from what you could 

370
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:16,500
achieve by mixing red and blue 
dies. 

371
00:21:17,400 --> 00:21:21,700
But those mixed purple's fade 
they wash out, they're not real 

372
00:21:21,700 --> 00:21:26,100
purple not Tyrion purple. 
Not the color made from tens of 

373
00:21:26,100 --> 00:21:29,700
thousands of snails through 
processes that take months and 

374
00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:34,300
fill entire neighborhoods with 
smell so bad that even you who 

375
00:21:34,300 --> 00:21:37,900
work here every day sometimes 
have to step outside for fresh 

376
00:21:37,900 --> 00:21:40,600
air. 
The purple workshops develop 

377
00:21:40,600 --> 00:21:44,500
their own culture and traditions
knowledge passes from Master to 

378
00:21:44,500 --> 00:21:46,500
Apprentice. 
There are secrets about 

379
00:21:46,500 --> 00:21:50,400
fermentation times about how 
much salt to add about which 

380
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:53,100
snails from which locations 
produced the best color. 

381
00:21:54,100 --> 00:21:56,300
Some of these secrets will be 
lost when the industry 

382
00:21:56,300 --> 00:22:00,000
eventually, collapses, modern 
chemists will have to work hard 

383
00:22:00,000 --> 00:22:02,200
to recreate the exact ancient 
process. 

384
00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:06,100
In some ways, the purple trade 
is absurd. 

385
00:22:06,100 --> 00:22:10,000
It's an incredibly inefficient 
way to color fabric, but 

386
00:22:10,000 --> 00:22:12,700
efficiency isn't the point. 
Rarity is the point. 

387
00:22:12,700 --> 00:22:17,000
Difficulty is the point. 
Fact that it takes thousands of 

388
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:20,000
snails and months of Labor to 
create something beautiful, and 

389
00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:22,200
permanent is exactly what makes 
it valuable. 

390
00:22:23,300 --> 00:22:28,400
The purple isn't just a color. 
It's proof of wealth power, and 

391
00:22:28,400 --> 00:22:30,800
the ability to command vast 
resources. 

392
00:22:30,800 --> 00:22:34,400
For something as a femoral as 
appearance, the purple industry 

393
00:22:34,400 --> 00:22:38,600
creates entire economies coastal
cities, build their prosperity 

394
00:22:38,600 --> 00:22:43,300
on shells and Dives, the divers 
who collect snails develop their

395
00:22:43,300 --> 00:22:46,700
own, specialized knowledge. 
They know which reefs produce 

396
00:22:46,700 --> 00:22:49,200
the best specimens, they 
understand the seasonal 

397
00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:53,400
patterns, In Spring, the snails 
are most active and easier to 

398
00:22:53,400 --> 00:22:57,400
find in Winter, they burrow 
deeper, and require more effort 

399
00:22:57,400 --> 00:23:00,400
to harvest. 
Some divers work in relatively 

400
00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:04,000
shallow watering in and plucking
snails from rocks. 

401
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:08,100
Others dive deep holding their 
breath for minutes at a time 

402
00:23:08,108 --> 00:23:10,300
while Gathering shells and 
weighted baskets. 

403
00:23:11,100 --> 00:23:14,500
The work is dangerous. 
Drowning is a constant risk. 

404
00:23:15,300 --> 00:23:18,200
Sharp rocks and strong currents 
claimed lives regularly. 

405
00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:21,400
But the pay is better than most 
other work of available to 

406
00:23:21,400 --> 00:23:24,200
Common laborers. 
The snail processors have their 

407
00:23:24,200 --> 00:23:27,700
own hierarchy at the bottom of 
the workers who crack open 

408
00:23:27,700 --> 00:23:29,900
shells and extract. 
The tiny glands. 

409
00:23:30,900 --> 00:23:33,800
The tedious repetitive work that
stains hands and clothes 

410
00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:37,500
permanently purple. 
The smell clings to workers even

411
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:40,900
when they go home. 
Families of purple workers can 

412
00:23:40,900 --> 00:23:45,200
often be identified by The Faint
Aroma of rotting shellfish, that

413
00:23:45,200 --> 00:23:48,900
never quite washes away. 
Higher in the hierarchy of the 

414
00:23:48,908 --> 00:23:51,100
fermentation Specialists, who 
manage the Vats. 

415
00:23:51,100 --> 00:23:54,300
The understand the complex, 
chemistry happening in those 

416
00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:57,000
stinking pools. 
They know when to add salt or 

417
00:23:57,000 --> 00:24:00,300
adjust temperature, they can 
judge by smell and appearance 

418
00:24:00,300 --> 00:24:02,400
when the fermentation is 
proceeding correctly. 

419
00:24:03,700 --> 00:24:07,700
If a batch goes wrong months of 
work, and thousands of snails 

420
00:24:07,700 --> 00:24:09,900
are wasted the pressure to get 
it. 

421
00:24:09,900 --> 00:24:12,400
Right? 
Is intense at the top of the 

422
00:24:12,408 --> 00:24:16,100
master Dyers, who control the 
final stages, they determine the

423
00:24:16,108 --> 00:24:20,200
exact moment to remove fabric 
from the die bath too soon. 

424
00:24:20,200 --> 00:24:23,600
And the color is weak too long, 
and it becomes too dark or 

425
00:24:23,600 --> 00:24:27,200
develops unwanted undertones, 
they understand how different 

426
00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:28,700
Fabrics. 
Take the dye differently. 

427
00:24:28,700 --> 00:24:32,000
We'll absorbs color more readily
than linen. 

428
00:24:32,800 --> 00:24:36,700
Silk requires special treatment,
the master Dyers guard their 

429
00:24:36,708 --> 00:24:39,800
knowledge jealously and pass it 
only to trusted apprentices. 

430
00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:43,400
The economic impact of the 
purple trade extends beyond the 

431
00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:47,200
immediate industry, the wealth 
generated by purple dice. 

432
00:24:47,200 --> 00:24:50,400
Support other businesses 
Potters, make the Vats and 

433
00:24:50,400 --> 00:24:53,900
containers Weavers, produce the 
fabric to be died. 

434
00:24:53,900 --> 00:24:58,300
Merchants transport the finish 
product Bankers Finance, the 

435
00:24:58,300 --> 00:25:02,900
operations, Color Purple creates
jobs and trade networks across 

436
00:25:02,900 --> 00:25:06,400
the Mediterranean world. 
Wars are fought partly over 

437
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:10,000
control of the best snail. 
Beds treaties include Clauses 

438
00:25:10,000 --> 00:25:13,800
about fishing rights in water's 
known for mux population's 

439
00:25:13,800 --> 00:25:18,100
piracy Target ships, carrying 
purple died Goods because the 

440
00:25:18,100 --> 00:25:19,800
cargo is. 
So valuable. 

441
00:25:20,800 --> 00:25:24,200
The geopolitics of color become 
surprisingly, complex and 

442
00:25:24,200 --> 00:25:27,600
consequential. 
Meanwhile, the snails themselves

443
00:25:27,600 --> 00:25:30,300
are being harvested faster than 
they can reproduce. 

444
00:25:31,000 --> 00:25:35,400
In some areas, populations Crash
from over harvesting, this 

445
00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:39,500
drives prices, even higher and 
pushes the industry to seek new 

446
00:25:39,500 --> 00:25:42,400
sources. 
Remote coastlines, that were 

447
00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:45,400
previously ignored become 
valuable for their murex beds. 

448
00:25:45,400 --> 00:25:48,900
The expansion of the purple 
trade follows the expansion of 

449
00:25:48,900 --> 00:25:52,200
accessible snail. 
Populations You sometimes, 

450
00:25:52,200 --> 00:25:54,300
wonder what happens to all those
empty shells. 

451
00:25:54,300 --> 00:25:58,300
Millions upon millions of them 
piled up near the die Works. 

452
00:25:58,300 --> 00:26:02,700
They create literal mountains of
discarded, Miracle shells, these

453
00:26:02,700 --> 00:26:06,700
shell mittens become landmarks, 
future archaeologists will use 

454
00:26:06,700 --> 00:26:09,700
them to map the extent and 
intensity of the ancient purple 

455
00:26:09,700 --> 00:26:12,300
industry. 
The waste products of color 

456
00:26:12,300 --> 00:26:15,600
production become historical 
evidence, the social meaning of 

457
00:26:15,608 --> 00:26:18,400
purple deepens. 
Over time, it's not just 

458
00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:22,800
expensive, it becomes associated
with specific types, of power 

459
00:26:22,800 --> 00:26:25,700
and authority. 
Roman Senators. 

460
00:26:25,700 --> 00:26:29,900
Where togas with purple stripes 
the width of the strip intakes 

461
00:26:29,900 --> 00:26:33,800
rank Emperors eventually claimed
exclusive rights to certain 

462
00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:36,800
shades of purple wearing 
Imperial purple. 

463
00:26:36,800 --> 00:26:39,100
If you're not, the emperor can 
be punishable by Death. 

464
00:26:40,100 --> 00:26:42,400
The color becomes literally 
illegal for common people. 

465
00:26:43,400 --> 00:26:46,600
This legal restriction of color,
seems absurd from a modern 

466
00:26:46,600 --> 00:26:50,300
perspective, how can you make a 
color illegal but in the ancient

467
00:26:50,300 --> 00:26:53,900
world it makes perfect sense. 
Purple represents power 

468
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:57,500
controlling who can wear purple 
is controlling who can display 

469
00:26:57,500 --> 00:27:01,300
the symbols of authority. 
It's about maintaining social 

470
00:27:01,300 --> 00:27:04,000
hierarchies through visible 
markers that. 

471
00:27:04,000 --> 00:27:06,300
Everyone can understand at a 
glance. 

472
00:27:07,600 --> 00:27:10,600
Your traveling now, moving East 
to Long trade routes that 

473
00:27:10,600 --> 00:27:12,300
connect the Mediterranean to 
China. 

474
00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:18,300
The year is somewhere around 
200, BCE in your pack, you carry

475
00:27:18,300 --> 00:27:21,300
samples of dyes and pigments 
from a dozen different cultures.

476
00:27:21,300 --> 00:27:24,200
You're a Trader and color is 
your business. 

477
00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:27,600
You've just left India, where 
you acquired something precious 

478
00:27:27,600 --> 00:27:31,500
cakes of indigo, a blue dye made
from the leaves of the Indigo 

479
00:27:31,500 --> 00:27:34,500
Fair plant. 
The process of making indigo, is

480
00:27:34,500 --> 00:27:38,500
almost as complicated as making 
Tyrion purple, but the results 

481
00:27:38,500 --> 00:27:42,300
are completely different. 
This blue is clear and bright. 

482
00:27:43,100 --> 00:27:45,700
Like a piece of Sky compressed 
into solid form. 

483
00:27:45,700 --> 00:27:48,200
The Indigo makers showed you 
their process. 

484
00:27:48,200 --> 00:27:51,400
They harvest the plants at 
exactly the right time. 

485
00:27:51,400 --> 00:27:54,500
When the leaves contain, the 
maximum concentration of the 

486
00:27:54,500 --> 00:27:58,300
chemical that will become blue. 
They steep the leaves in water 

487
00:27:58,300 --> 00:27:59,800
for hours until the liquid 
turns. 

488
00:27:59,800 --> 00:28:04,100
Greenish then comes the strange,
part the agitate the water 

489
00:28:04,100 --> 00:28:08,100
vigorously beating it with 
sticks splashing it around the 

490
00:28:08,100 --> 00:28:12,000
water needs to absorb oxygen 
from the air as oxygen mixes 

491
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:16,000
with the green, Liquid Blue 
precipitates out actual blue 

492
00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:18,900
particles form and sink to the 
bottom of the vat. 

493
00:28:19,700 --> 00:28:22,700
It looks like magic. 
This transformational from green

494
00:28:22,700 --> 00:28:25,900
to blue triggered by nothing 
more than air and vigorous 

495
00:28:25,900 --> 00:28:28,700
stirring. 
The blue sediment is collected 

496
00:28:28,700 --> 00:28:33,400
formed into cakes and dried. 
These cakes can be transported 

497
00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:36,200
anywhere. 
Mixed them with water when 

498
00:28:36,200 --> 00:28:40,000
you're ready to die Fabric and 
you have blue indigo. 

499
00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:43,500
Blue is different from Egyptian 
blue, Egyptian, blue is a 

500
00:28:43,500 --> 00:28:46,900
pigment for painting. 
Indigo is a Dye that penetrates 

501
00:28:46,900 --> 00:28:51,600
fabric the blue soaks into wool 
cotton or silk and stays there. 

502
00:28:51,600 --> 00:28:55,900
It's not perfectly color fast, 
it will fade eventually with 

503
00:28:55,900 --> 00:28:58,800
washing and sunlight. 
But it's good enough for 

504
00:28:58,800 --> 00:29:02,400
practical use and it produces a 
blue more vibrant than most 

505
00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:05,600
Alternatives. 
You've also picked up coach Neil

506
00:29:05,600 --> 00:29:08,300
from the Americas though. 
This is much later in history. 

507
00:29:08,300 --> 00:29:12,500
Now, The timeline is flexible in
this journey through color 

508
00:29:12,500 --> 00:29:15,400
coach. 
O'Neill is another insect-based 

509
00:29:15,400 --> 00:29:20,000
dye like Tyrion purple but it 
produces brilliant red instead. 

510
00:29:20,800 --> 00:29:24,500
The dye comes from Tiny scale 
insects that live on cactus 

511
00:29:24,500 --> 00:29:27,700
plants. 
You harvest, the insects dry 

512
00:29:27,700 --> 00:29:32,400
them and grind them into powder.
The resulting red is so intense.

513
00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:36,500
It almost hurts to look at 
Different regions specialized in

514
00:29:36,508 --> 00:29:39,700
different colors based on what 
resources are available locally.

515
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:44,900
Matter root produces red in 
Europe and Asia weld creates 

516
00:29:44,900 --> 00:29:48,300
yellow woad makes blue though, 
not as nice. 

517
00:29:48,300 --> 00:29:51,300
A blue as indigo. 
The knowledge of which plants 

518
00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:54,200
produce, which colors spread 
slowly along trade routes. 

519
00:29:54,900 --> 00:29:57,500
Recipes are hoarded as valuable 
secrets. 

520
00:29:58,300 --> 00:30:01,800
Fortunes are made and lost over 
access to the best dice sources.

521
00:30:01,800 --> 00:30:04,800
The matter plant requires 
specific growing conditions. 

522
00:30:04,800 --> 00:30:09,300
It thrives in certain soils and 
climates but fails in others 

523
00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:13,600
Regions with successful medical 
cultivation become economically 

524
00:30:13,600 --> 00:30:16,200
important. 
The Roots must grow for at least

525
00:30:16,208 --> 00:30:19,400
three years before harvesting 
Younger Roots produce. 

526
00:30:19,400 --> 00:30:23,100
Weak pale die. 
Older Roots sometimes left in 

527
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:26,900
the ground for 5 or 7 years. 
Yield the deepest most permanent

528
00:30:26,900 --> 00:30:28,600
Reds. 
Farmers. 

529
00:30:28,600 --> 00:30:32,600
Must be patient and plan years 
ahead, harvesting matter is 

530
00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:36,100
labor intensive, The Roots grow 
deep and must be carefully 

531
00:30:36,100 --> 00:30:40,500
excavated without damage after 
harvest, their dried and then 

532
00:30:40,500 --> 00:30:43,700
grounded into powder. 
The powder has an earthy smell 

533
00:30:43,700 --> 00:30:47,900
not unpleasant, but distinctive 
mixed with the right mordant. 

534
00:30:47,900 --> 00:30:51,900
Usually Alum madder produces 
colors, ranging from pale, pink 

535
00:30:51,900 --> 00:30:55,700
to deep burgundy depending on 
the proportions and techniques 

536
00:30:55,700 --> 00:30:58,200
used. 
Weld is a different kind of 

537
00:30:58,200 --> 00:31:01,500
plant entirely. 
It grows as a tall stalk covered

538
00:31:01,500 --> 00:31:05,300
in small yellow flowers. 
The entire plant above ground is

539
00:31:05,300 --> 00:31:10,300
harvested and dried unlike 
madder, which takes years weld 

540
00:31:10,300 --> 00:31:13,500
grows in a single season. 
This makes it more accessible, 

541
00:31:13,500 --> 00:31:17,600
but also less prestigious. 
The yellow it produces is bright

542
00:31:17,600 --> 00:31:20,500
and cheerful though, not as 
permanent as some dies would 

543
00:31:20,500 --> 00:31:23,700
like. 
Weld yellow fade, some washing 

544
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:27,200
and sun exposure. 
Still it's widely used because 

545
00:31:27,200 --> 00:31:28,900
it's affordable and the color is
lovely. 

546
00:31:28,900 --> 00:31:31,600
While it lasts. 
Woad presents its own 

547
00:31:31,600 --> 00:31:34,200
challenges. 
The leaves contain, the same 

548
00:31:34,200 --> 00:31:37,800
chemical compound as Indigo but 
in a lower concentrations 

549
00:31:37,800 --> 00:31:42,100
growing and processing it into 
usable dye requires knowledge 

550
00:31:42,100 --> 00:31:45,300
and careful timing. 
The leaves must be harvested at 

551
00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:48,800
the right stage of growth, two 
young, and they lack sufficient 

552
00:31:48,800 --> 00:31:53,700
daikon, tent, two old and the 
quality deteriorates, the woad 

553
00:31:53,700 --> 00:31:56,900
leaves, a crushed and formed 
into balls that ferment and dry.

554
00:31:56,900 --> 00:32:01,100
These balls can be stored and 
transported when needed their 

555
00:32:01,100 --> 00:32:04,600
broken up and subjected to a 
fermentation process similar to 

556
00:32:04,600 --> 00:32:09,900
Indigo The smell is terrible. 
Somewhat like Indigo but worse 

557
00:32:09,900 --> 00:32:13,800
if that's possible. would die 
works better than people expect,

558
00:32:13,800 --> 00:32:18,700
but never quite matches the 
quality of true indigo Still in 

559
00:32:18,700 --> 00:32:21,800
regions where Indigo isn't 
available or is prohibitively 

560
00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:24,400
expensive. 
Wood serves add properly. 

561
00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:27,100
You're in a market now. 
Somewhere in Central, Asia 

562
00:32:27,100 --> 00:32:30,000
around. 
You Merchants display, Fabrics 

563
00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:34,600
died in every color imaginable. 
The Reds range from brick to 

564
00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:39,400
blood to Rose the yellow span 
from pale cream to deep gold 

565
00:32:39,400 --> 00:32:42,800
Blues. 
Go from soft Sky to intense Navy

566
00:32:43,500 --> 00:32:46,500
Some Fabrics are died multiple 
times to achieve complex, 

567
00:32:46,500 --> 00:32:48,600
colors. 
Purple comes from. 

568
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:50,400
Over dying blue. 
On red. 

569
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:54,600
Orange from Red on yellow. 
Green from yellow on blue. 

570
00:32:55,300 --> 00:32:59,000
The Traders here, speak, 
multiple languages, Persian 

571
00:32:59,000 --> 00:33:01,700
Arabic Chinese and various 
dialects. 

572
00:33:01,700 --> 00:33:05,200
You can't identify, they're 
hackling over bolts of cloth and

573
00:33:05,200 --> 00:33:08,300
bags of die powder. 
A merchant from Damascus. 

574
00:33:08,300 --> 00:33:11,000
Is trying to sell Syrian purple 
to a Chinese buyer. 

575
00:33:12,100 --> 00:33:15,600
Persian trade offers saffron 
which produces a yellow so 

576
00:33:15,600 --> 00:33:18,100
expensive. 
It's used sparingly and only for

577
00:33:18,100 --> 00:33:22,400
the most luxurious textiles. 
An Indian Merchant displays his 

578
00:33:22,400 --> 00:33:24,900
Indigo cakes, like precious 
gems. 

579
00:33:25,900 --> 00:33:28,700
The cultural exchange happening 
in the market goes beyond 

580
00:33:28,700 --> 00:33:32,200
Commerce. 
Techniques are shared sometimes 

581
00:33:32,200 --> 00:33:34,800
deliberately and sometimes 
accidentally. 

582
00:33:36,100 --> 00:33:39,600
A dire observes, how a foreign 
Merchants tests fabric quality 

583
00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:44,300
and adopts the method. 
Trade alerts about a modern, 

584
00:33:44,300 --> 00:33:47,700
he's never heard of and brings 
the information home knowledge 

585
00:33:47,700 --> 00:33:51,200
spreads through, observation 
conversation and the natural 

586
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:53,400
human tendency to improve 
processes. 

587
00:33:53,400 --> 00:33:56,800
Through experimentation. 
You notice Regional preferences 

588
00:33:56,800 --> 00:34:00,200
emerging The Chinese favor 
certain shades of red, and 

589
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:01,600
yellow. 
That looks slightly different 

590
00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:05,200
from Persian preferences, 
European Merchants seek blues 

591
00:34:05,200 --> 00:34:07,100
and greens in particular 
combinations. 

592
00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:10,400
Freaking Traders. 
Want specific patterns of color 

593
00:34:10,400 --> 00:34:13,500
arrangement? 
These preferences aren't random,

594
00:34:13,500 --> 00:34:18,000
they reflect cultural Aesthetics
developed over centuries, they 

595
00:34:18,000 --> 00:34:20,800
represent what each culture, 
considers, beautiful, or 

596
00:34:20,800 --> 00:34:24,699
appropriate or meaningful. 
The dying processes themselves 

597
00:34:24,699 --> 00:34:26,900
are often unpleasant. 
Many ds. 

598
00:34:26,900 --> 00:34:30,500
Require more than chemicals that
help the die bind to the fabric 

599
00:34:31,300 --> 00:34:35,000
Common Sense, include Alum, 
iron, and Tin compounds. 

600
00:34:35,900 --> 00:34:40,000
Some toxic the die Workshop 
smell of metal and chemicals, 

601
00:34:40,000 --> 00:34:42,800
and wet wool. 
Workers hands are permanently 

602
00:34:42,800 --> 00:34:45,400
stained from years of handling 
died materials. 

603
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:48,900
The Vats were fabric is dyed are
impressive in their size and 

604
00:34:48,908 --> 00:34:53,100
number large die operations, 
have dozens of that, each 

605
00:34:53,100 --> 00:34:57,000
containing a different color or 
shade, the Vats are made of wood

606
00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:02,600
or ceramic or sometimes metal. 
Their heated over fires and the 

607
00:35:02,600 --> 00:35:06,100
temperature must be carefully, 
controlled too hot, and the 

608
00:35:06,100 --> 00:35:10,000
fabric can be damaged to cool 
and the deed doesn't penetrate 

609
00:35:10,000 --> 00:35:13,300
properly. 
Watching fabric being deed is 

610
00:35:13,300 --> 00:35:16,800
oddly Mesmerizing. 
The undyed cloth goes into the 

611
00:35:16,808 --> 00:35:21,000
vat, looking dull and lifeless. 
It emerges dripping with color 

612
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:24,600
transformed. 
The color isn't always apparent 

613
00:35:24,600 --> 00:35:27,600
immediately. 
Some dies require exposure to 

614
00:35:27,600 --> 00:35:30,900
air to develop their final Hue. 
Indigo died. 

615
00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:34,800
Fabric comes out of the fat 
greenish and only turns blue as 

616
00:35:34,800 --> 00:35:38,800
oxygen reacts with the dye. 
This transformation seems 

617
00:35:38,800 --> 00:35:40,600
magical. 
Even when you understand the 

618
00:35:40,600 --> 00:35:44,800
chemistry, The economic 
calculations behind the die 

619
00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:48,500
trade are Complex Transport 
costs must be factored in 

620
00:35:48,500 --> 00:35:52,400
tariffs and taxes at various 
borders, eaten to profits. 

621
00:35:53,100 --> 00:35:56,700
The risk of theft or loss. 
Adds another layer of expense. 

622
00:35:57,600 --> 00:36:00,900
Yet the trade continues because 
the demand never stops. 

623
00:36:01,700 --> 00:36:05,900
People want colored fabric, they
want for riot in Beauty in their

624
00:36:05,908 --> 00:36:09,800
clothing and Home Textiles. 
This desired drives an industry 

625
00:36:09,800 --> 00:36:13,100
that spans continents, but the 
results are worth it. 

626
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:16,600
A beautifully died. 
Fabric is a thing of joy. 

627
00:36:17,500 --> 00:36:21,600
Colors catch light and seemed to
Glow people say for years, to 

628
00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:23,600
afford. 
A single garment died in the 

629
00:36:23,600 --> 00:36:27,400
finest colors, weddings and 
festivals are opportunities to 

630
00:36:27,400 --> 00:36:29,700
display. 
These precious colored textiles,

631
00:36:29,700 --> 00:36:33,000
the brightest colors signal 
celebration and abundance. 

632
00:36:33,000 --> 00:36:36,000
And you notice that different 
cultures have different color. 

633
00:36:36,000 --> 00:36:39,900
Preferences. 
Some favor, bold saturated Hues 

634
00:36:39,900 --> 00:36:42,600
others prefer, subtle muted 
tones. 

635
00:36:42,600 --> 00:36:46,900
The symbolism varies too. 
White might mean Purity in one 

636
00:36:46,900 --> 00:36:50,100
culture and death. 
In another red, can represent 

637
00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:54,100
local danger, blue might be 
sacred or profane depending on 

638
00:36:54,100 --> 00:36:57,200
context. 
As colors travel along trade 

639
00:36:57,200 --> 00:36:59,100
routes. 
So do these cultural 

640
00:36:59,100 --> 00:37:03,300
associations, sometimes clashing
and creating new meanings the 

641
00:37:03,300 --> 00:37:05,400
economic of the day trader 
complex. 

642
00:37:06,300 --> 00:37:08,500
A good dinosaur can make a 
region wealthy. 

643
00:37:09,300 --> 00:37:12,100
The claps of a Dye industry can 
devastate communities. 

644
00:37:13,000 --> 00:37:16,100
Wars are fought over matter 
fields, and indigo, plantations.

645
00:37:17,000 --> 00:37:19,600
Trade agreements. 
Include Clauses about dyx 

646
00:37:19,600 --> 00:37:22,400
sports. 
Color has become a major factor 

647
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:25,300
in international relations your 
in Venice. 

648
00:37:25,300 --> 00:37:29,700
Now, the year is 1450. 
The Renaissance is in full bloom

649
00:37:29,700 --> 00:37:33,100
and something extraordinary is 
happening with color in art. 

650
00:37:33,800 --> 00:37:36,900
You're in the workshop of a 
master painter and the range of 

651
00:37:36,900 --> 00:37:40,100
pigments available is stunning 
compared to what earlier artists

652
00:37:40,100 --> 00:37:43,000
had to work with the painter 
shows you his collection, 

653
00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:46,600
they're still red ocher. 
Of course, some things never go 

654
00:37:46,600 --> 00:37:50,400
out of style. 
But now there's also Vermilion a

655
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:52,400
brilliant Red made from Mercury 
sulfide. 

656
00:37:52,400 --> 00:37:57,200
Its toxic to produce, dangerous 
to handle, but the color is 

657
00:37:57,200 --> 00:38:01,500
unmatched. 
Bright and pure and permanent it

658
00:38:01,500 --> 00:38:03,800
costs a fortune. 
So it's used. 

659
00:38:03,800 --> 00:38:07,100
Sparingly reserved for the most 
important elements of a 

660
00:38:07,100 --> 00:38:10,500
painting. 
Blue has exploded into options. 

661
00:38:10,500 --> 00:38:12,500
They're still Egyptian blue 
though. 

662
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:14,200
The recipe is being lost and 
rediscovered. 

663
00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:17,600
There's asurite a natural blue 
copper mineral. 

664
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:19,500
That's less expensive than the 
old alternative. 

665
00:38:19,500 --> 00:38:23,300
And then there's ultramarine the
most expensive pigment in the 

666
00:38:23,300 --> 00:38:26,100
world. 
More expensive than gold by 

667
00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:29,000
weight. 
Ultra Marine is made from lapis 

668
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:31,700
lazuli that Stone from 
Afghanistan. 

669
00:38:31,700 --> 00:38:33,400
That's been prized for 
millennia. 

670
00:38:34,200 --> 00:38:36,900
But you can't just grind lapis 
and use it as paint. 

671
00:38:37,700 --> 00:38:40,400
The stone contained other 
minerals, that dilute the blue, 

672
00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:43,600
the process of extracting. 
Pure Blue from lapis is 

673
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:47,100
complicated and wasteful. 
You end up with a tiny amount of

674
00:38:47,100 --> 00:38:49,100
brilliant. 
Blue pigment from a large amount

675
00:38:49,100 --> 00:38:53,200
of expensive Stone. 
The painter uses ultramarine 

676
00:38:53,200 --> 00:38:55,000
only for the most sacred 
subjects. 

677
00:38:55,000 --> 00:38:58,300
The Virgin Mary's robes are 
painted in ultramarine. 

678
00:38:58,300 --> 00:39:00,500
It's a statement of devotion and
wealth. 

679
00:39:01,100 --> 00:39:03,800
Commissioning a painting. 
With lots of ultramarine is a 

680
00:39:03,800 --> 00:39:05,900
way of showing both piety and 
prosperity. 

681
00:39:06,600 --> 00:39:10,200
Contracts for painting. 
Sometimes specify exactly how 

682
00:39:10,200 --> 00:39:13,900
much Ultra Marine must be used. 
Green has improved too 

683
00:39:13,900 --> 00:39:17,300
Verdigris, made from copper 
exposed to acetic acid. 

684
00:39:17,300 --> 00:39:20,500
Produces a bright green. 
That unfortunately isn't very 

685
00:39:20,500 --> 00:39:23,400
stable. 
It can darken over time or react

686
00:39:23,400 --> 00:39:26,500
with other pigments, but when 
fresh, its lovely. 

687
00:39:27,900 --> 00:39:30,700
There's all so, green earth and 
natural mineral pigment. 

688
00:39:30,700 --> 00:39:33,200
That's much more reliable, but 
less vibrant. 

689
00:39:34,700 --> 00:39:37,000
The funny thing about 
Renaissance painters is how much

690
00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:39,200
they care about subtle 
variations in color. 

691
00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:42,600
They're not satisfied with just 
read or just blew. 

692
00:39:42,600 --> 00:39:46,800
They want warm Reds and cool. 
Reds, sky, blue, and deep blue. 

693
00:39:46,800 --> 00:39:50,600
They start mixing pigments in 
complex ways to achieve specific

694
00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:53,100
effects. 
The technique of layering 

695
00:39:53,100 --> 00:39:57,500
transparent glazes of color over
opaque underpainting allows for 

696
00:39:57,500 --> 00:39:59,900
effects impossible to achieve 
with flat Colour. 

697
00:40:00,700 --> 00:40:03,000
You watch as the paint to 
prepare a flash tone. 

698
00:40:03,000 --> 00:40:07,000
It's not a single pigment, it's 
a careful mixed picture of a 

699
00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:10,900
white LED red. 
Oaker a touch of yellow, maybe a

700
00:40:10,900 --> 00:40:12,400
bit of black to mute it 
slightly. 

701
00:40:13,700 --> 00:40:16,800
Exact proportions create skin 
that looks alive rather than 

702
00:40:16,800 --> 00:40:19,400
painted. 
Add a glaze of read over the 

703
00:40:19,400 --> 00:40:21,100
cheeks and the figure seems to 
blush. 

704
00:40:22,100 --> 00:40:25,300
Renaissance painters are masters
of making color behave like 

705
00:40:25,300 --> 00:40:29,000
light on actual surfaces. 
Oil paint has recently become 

706
00:40:29,000 --> 00:40:31,500
popular earlier, artists used 
egg. 

707
00:40:31,500 --> 00:40:34,300
Tempera the pigments were mixed 
with egg yolk. 

708
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:38,500
Oil paint where pigments are 
suspended in linseed oil or 

709
00:40:38,500 --> 00:40:41,900
walnut oil allows for different 
effects colors. 

710
00:40:41,900 --> 00:40:44,800
Can be Blended. 
More smoothly glazes become 

711
00:40:44,800 --> 00:40:47,400
easier. 
The paint stays workable longer 

712
00:40:47,400 --> 00:40:49,900
allowing for adjustments and 
refinements. 

713
00:40:49,900 --> 00:40:52,400
The downside is that oil 
painting. 

714
00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:56,500
Take much longer to dry the 
workshop smells of oil and 

715
00:40:56,500 --> 00:41:00,300
turpentine and pigment dust. 
It its not as bad as a purple 

716
00:41:00,300 --> 00:41:03,700
dye works, but it's definitely a
working space with its own 

717
00:41:03,700 --> 00:41:07,800
distinctive aroma. 
Apprentices grind pigments on 

718
00:41:07,800 --> 00:41:10,800
marble slabs. 
Each pigment has its own ideal 

719
00:41:10,800 --> 00:41:14,700
consistency, some aground. 
Finders flower others. 

720
00:41:14,700 --> 00:41:17,300
Work better. 
Slightly coarser too much. 

721
00:41:17,308 --> 00:41:19,100
Grinding. 
Can actually damage certain 

722
00:41:19,100 --> 00:41:21,600
pigments changing their color 
properties. 

723
00:41:23,000 --> 00:41:26,300
There's a growing trade in our 
artists materials, Merchants 

724
00:41:26,300 --> 00:41:28,900
specialized in importing 
pigments from around the world. 

725
00:41:29,900 --> 00:41:32,300
Shop. 
Sell prepared paints though. 

726
00:41:32,300 --> 00:41:35,000
Serious artists still prefer to 
prepare their own to ensure 

727
00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:37,600
quality. 
Books are being written about 

728
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:41,100
painting techniques, though. 
They often guard their secrets 

729
00:41:41,100 --> 00:41:44,500
and coded language or leave out 
crucial details to prevent 

730
00:41:44,500 --> 00:41:46,200
competitors from learning too 
much. 

731
00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:50,600
Color theory is developing too. 
Artists are beginning to 

732
00:41:50,600 --> 00:41:52,800
understand complementary colors,
though. 

733
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:56,600
They don't use that term yet. 
They notice that rednecks to 

734
00:41:56,600 --> 00:41:58,400
Green makes both colors. 
Look more vibrant. 

735
00:41:59,300 --> 00:42:01,100
Blue and orange. 
Enhance each other. 

736
00:42:01,900 --> 00:42:04,500
These discoveries are made 
through experimentation and 

737
00:42:04,500 --> 00:42:07,400
observation not scientific 
understanding. 

738
00:42:08,300 --> 00:42:10,300
That they work. 
You're in England. 

739
00:42:10,300 --> 00:42:13,200
Now. 
The year is 1666. 

740
00:42:14,300 --> 00:42:17,500
A young man named Isaac Newton 
has just locked himself in a 

741
00:42:17,500 --> 00:42:20,300
dark room. 
He's made a small hole in the 

742
00:42:20,300 --> 00:42:23,700
window, shutter, allowing a 
single beam of sunlight to enter

743
00:42:24,800 --> 00:42:27,800
In the path of that beam. 
He's placed a glass prism. 

744
00:42:27,800 --> 00:42:30,400
What happens. 
Next will change how humans 

745
00:42:30,400 --> 00:42:34,000
understand color forever. 
The white sunlight hits the 

746
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:35,700
prison and spreads into a 
spectrum. 

747
00:42:35,700 --> 00:42:42,300
Red, orange yellow, green blue 
indigo, violet. 

748
00:42:43,500 --> 00:42:47,100
The colors of the rainbow 
separated and laid out in order.

749
00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:51,700
This is an entirely new people 
have known that prisms, create 

750
00:42:51,708 --> 00:42:54,900
rainbows for a while but Newton 
is about to do something 

751
00:42:54,900 --> 00:42:57,400
different. 
He takes a second prison and 

752
00:42:57,400 --> 00:42:59,700
uses it to recombine the 
separated colors. 

753
00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:04,600
Spectrum mergers back into white
light then he isolates a single 

754
00:43:04,600 --> 00:43:07,800
color from the first Spectrum, 
say red and passes. 

755
00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:09,600
Only that read through another 
prism. 

756
00:43:10,400 --> 00:43:12,200
The red doesn't spread into 
other colors. 

757
00:43:12,200 --> 00:43:16,100
It stays red. 
Each color in the spectrum is 

758
00:43:16,100 --> 00:43:18,100
pure and can't be further 
divided. 

759
00:43:18,100 --> 00:43:22,500
This is revolutionary. 
Before Newton, most people 

760
00:43:22,500 --> 00:43:25,600
thought that prism somehow 
colored white light adding 

761
00:43:25,600 --> 00:43:28,800
something to it. 
Newton proved that white light 

762
00:43:28,800 --> 00:43:31,500
is actually composed of all 
colors mixed together. 

763
00:43:32,600 --> 00:43:36,100
Prism doesn't add color. 
Separates colors that were 

764
00:43:36,100 --> 00:43:39,000
already present. 
This seems simple now. 

765
00:43:39,000 --> 00:43:42,400
But at the time it's a complete 
reversal of how people 

766
00:43:42,400 --> 00:43:46,700
understood light and color. 
Newton arranges the Spectrum in 

767
00:43:46,700 --> 00:43:51,400
a circle creating the first 
color wheel, red, orange, 

768
00:43:51,400 --> 00:43:57,900
yellow, green, blue, indigo, and
violet Arranged around a circle 

769
00:43:57,900 --> 00:44:01,200
with purple. 
Connecting Violet back to read. 

770
00:44:01,900 --> 00:44:05,400
This organizational system will 
influence how artists and 

771
00:44:05,400 --> 00:44:08,100
scientists think about color 
relationships for centuries. 

772
00:44:08,900 --> 00:44:11,500
The number seven is a bit, 
arbitrary Newton. 

773
00:44:11,500 --> 00:44:14,200
Could have divided the Spectrum 
into six colors or eight. 

774
00:44:14,800 --> 00:44:18,100
He chose seven partly because 7 
was considered a mystical 

775
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:21,700
number, like the seven notes in 
a musical scale or the seven 

776
00:44:21,700 --> 00:44:26,100
known planets, Indigo that color
between blue and violet is 

777
00:44:26,100 --> 00:44:29,600
particularly questionable. 
Many people can't rely on 

778
00:44:29,600 --> 00:44:33,600
reliably distinguish Indigo from
either blue or Violet, but seven

779
00:44:33,600 --> 00:44:36,900
it is and seven it remains in 
popular understanding. 

780
00:44:37,600 --> 00:44:40,300
Newton's work on color is part 
of his broader investigation 

781
00:44:40,300 --> 00:44:43,600
into Optics and light. 
He's developing theories about 

782
00:44:43,600 --> 00:44:47,500
how light travels how it 
reflects and refracts, what it 

783
00:44:47,500 --> 00:44:51,300
fundamentally is. 
The work on color is almost a 

784
00:44:51,300 --> 00:44:53,900
side project, but it ends up 
being one of his most 

785
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:56,400
influential contributions to 
human knowledge. 

786
00:44:57,500 --> 00:45:00,500
You're watching him work, he's 
meticulous and systematic. 

787
00:45:00,500 --> 00:45:05,200
He measures angles precisely. 
He records results carefully. 

788
00:45:06,800 --> 00:45:10,100
When other scientists questioned
his findings, he conducts more 

789
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:14,300
experiments to prove his points.
The scientific method is coming 

790
00:45:14,300 --> 00:45:17,200
into its own. 
A newton is one of its greatest 

791
00:45:17,200 --> 00:45:20,100
practitioners. 
The implications of Newton's 

792
00:45:20,100 --> 00:45:23,500
discoveries, spread slowly 
artists begin to understand 

793
00:45:23,500 --> 00:45:27,100
color mixing differently. 
If white light contains all 

794
00:45:27,100 --> 00:45:29,200
colors. 
Then white pigment should too. 

795
00:45:29,200 --> 00:45:32,800
Alright? 
Well, no pigments work 

796
00:45:32,800 --> 00:45:35,900
differently than light mixing 
all pigment colors together. 

797
00:45:35,900 --> 00:45:37,900
Gives you brown or gray not 
white. 

798
00:45:38,700 --> 00:45:40,300
This confuses people for a 
while. 

799
00:45:40,300 --> 00:45:43,800
The difference between additive 
and subtractive color mixing 

800
00:45:43,800 --> 00:45:48,100
takes time to understand. 
Light is additive mix. 

801
00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:50,400
All the colors of light 
together, and you get white 

802
00:45:51,300 --> 00:45:54,500
Pigments are subtractive. 
They absorb certain, wavelengths

803
00:45:54,500 --> 00:45:58,400
of light, and reflect others, 
mix all pigments together, and 

804
00:45:58,400 --> 00:46:01,800
they absorb most wavelengths 
reflecting, very little 

805
00:46:01,800 --> 00:46:07,800
resulting in dark muddy colors. 
You're in an artist studio now. 

806
00:46:08,600 --> 00:46:11,500
The painter's heard about 
Newton's color circle and is 

807
00:46:11,500 --> 00:46:13,300
trying to apply it to paint 
mixing. 

808
00:46:13,300 --> 00:46:16,800
He discovers that colors. 
Opposite each other on Newton's 

809
00:46:16,800 --> 00:46:19,800
wheel. 
When mixed as pigments create 

810
00:46:19,800 --> 00:46:25,200
dull, neutral tones, red and 
green make brownish gray blue 

811
00:46:25,200 --> 00:46:28,600
and orange make grayish Brown. 
This is useful information. 

812
00:46:28,600 --> 00:46:32,200
If you want to mute a color mix 
it with its opposite. 

813
00:46:32,200 --> 00:46:36,900
If you want bright saturated 
color, Keep opposite separate. 

814
00:46:36,900 --> 00:46:40,000
The relationship between 
scientific understanding and 

815
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:42,400
artistic. 
Practice is sometimes awkward. 

816
00:46:43,200 --> 00:46:46,100
Scientists and artists are 
asking different questions about

817
00:46:46,100 --> 00:46:48,600
color. 
Scientists want to understand 

818
00:46:48,600 --> 00:46:52,300
the physics of light. 
Artists want to know how to make

819
00:46:52,300 --> 00:46:53,500
paintings? 
Look good. 

820
00:46:54,300 --> 00:46:56,600
These goals overlap but aren't 
identical. 

821
00:46:57,300 --> 00:47:00,200
Still Newton's work. 
Provides a foundation that 

822
00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:04,000
artists will build on as color 
theory develops over the next 

823
00:47:04,000 --> 00:47:05,900
few centuries. 
You're in Germany. 

824
00:47:05,908 --> 00:47:09,000
In the early 1800s the 
Industrial Revolution is 

825
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:11,300
changing everything including 
color. 

826
00:47:12,700 --> 00:47:16,100
Chemist is just synthesized. 
The first, truly, artificial 

827
00:47:16,100 --> 00:47:19,100
dye. 
Not a synthetic version of a 

828
00:47:19,100 --> 00:47:21,800
natural pigment, like Egyptian 
blue. 

829
00:47:22,700 --> 00:47:26,000
An entirely new color that has 
never existed in nature. 

830
00:47:26,000 --> 00:47:28,900
The chemical age of color has 
begun. 

831
00:47:29,700 --> 00:47:33,600
The first synthetic die is mold 
created accidentally by Young 

832
00:47:33,600 --> 00:47:37,300
chemist named William Perkins in
1856, he was trying to 

833
00:47:37,300 --> 00:47:42,600
synthesize quinine a medicine 
for malaria from coltar instead.

834
00:47:42,600 --> 00:47:46,500
He got a purplish residue most 
people would have thrown it away

835
00:47:46,500 --> 00:47:50,200
as a fail experiment. 
Perkin noticed that the residue 

836
00:47:50,200 --> 00:47:54,600
died fabric, a beautiful purple.
Mauve isn't as saturated as 

837
00:47:54,600 --> 00:47:58,200
Tyrion purple but it's much 
cheaper and easier to produce. 

838
00:47:59,000 --> 00:48:02,800
The color becomes wildly 
fashionable Queen Victoria wears

839
00:48:02,800 --> 00:48:06,500
a mauve dress to a royal wedding
and suddenly everyone wants 

840
00:48:06,500 --> 00:48:09,200
move. 
The color of the 1860s. 

841
00:48:09,200 --> 00:48:12,400
Is this synthetic purple born 
from industrial chemistry and 

842
00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:15,800
happy accidents. 
Other synthetic dies, follow 

843
00:48:15,800 --> 00:48:19,900
quickly chemist, discover they 
can create almost any color from

844
00:48:19,900 --> 00:48:23,600
coal tar, derivatives and other 
industrial byproducts. 

845
00:48:24,300 --> 00:48:29,000
The dies are bright color fast 
and inexpensive compared to 

846
00:48:29,008 --> 00:48:32,700
natural alternatives. 
The entire textile industry 

847
00:48:32,700 --> 00:48:36,400
transforms within a generation. 
You're in a factory now. 

848
00:48:37,200 --> 00:48:39,800
The scale is astonishing 
compared to traditional 

849
00:48:39,800 --> 00:48:42,900
dyeworks, huge Vats of chemicals
produce. 

850
00:48:42,900 --> 00:48:45,000
Thousands of pounds of dip out a
daily. 

851
00:48:45,000 --> 00:48:48,700
The colors are impossibly 
bright, Reds, redder than 

852
00:48:48,708 --> 00:48:53,100
coaching eel Blues. 
Bluer Than Indigo yellows that 

853
00:48:53,100 --> 00:48:56,600
practically glow. 
These synthetic dies don't fade 

854
00:48:56,600 --> 00:48:59,500
like natural dies. 
They can withstand washing and 

855
00:48:59,500 --> 00:49:01,400
sunlight without significant 
color loss. 

856
00:49:01,400 --> 00:49:05,800
The Indigo industry. 
Collapses, almost overnight Why 

857
00:49:05,800 --> 00:49:09,200
grow Indigo plants Harvest them,
process them through that 

858
00:49:09,200 --> 00:49:12,300
complicated, fermentation 
method, when you can synthesize 

859
00:49:12,300 --> 00:49:15,800
Indigo in a factory. 
The synthetic version is 

860
00:49:15,800 --> 00:49:19,400
chemically identical to Natural 
Indigo but cost a fraction as 

861
00:49:19,400 --> 00:49:22,400
much. 
Entire regions that depended on 

862
00:49:22,400 --> 00:49:23,400
Indigo. 
Cultivation. 

863
00:49:23,400 --> 00:49:26,800
Fall into economic crisis. 
The collapse happens. 

864
00:49:26,800 --> 00:49:31,100
Gradually at first, then all at 
once, Indigo Farmers notice 

865
00:49:31,100 --> 00:49:35,200
prices dropping, they think it's
temporary a market, fluctuation 

866
00:49:35,200 --> 00:49:38,000
that will correct itself. 
But the prices keep falling 

867
00:49:38,000 --> 00:49:41,500
Merchants stopped buying because
they can get cheaper, synthetic 

868
00:49:41,500 --> 00:49:45,000
Indigo from Germany. 
Or England, the plantations that

869
00:49:45,000 --> 00:49:47,600
employed thousands of workers 
start laying people off. 

870
00:49:48,600 --> 00:49:52,500
Within a generation, an industry
that sustained entire economies 

871
00:49:52,500 --> 00:49:55,500
is essentially gone. 
The same happens with other 

872
00:49:55,500 --> 00:50:00,100
natural dies matter, route wants
essential for red, dye becomes 

873
00:50:00,100 --> 00:50:03,700
nearly obsolete, the coaching 
Neil industry survives only 

874
00:50:03,700 --> 00:50:05,800
because some people preferred 
natural dies for certain 

875
00:50:05,800 --> 00:50:08,300
applications. 
And because coach Neil produces 

876
00:50:08,300 --> 00:50:10,900
a particular Shade, that's hard 
to match exactly with 

877
00:50:10,900 --> 00:50:13,600
synthetics. 
The social disruption is 

878
00:50:13,600 --> 00:50:17,000
enormous. 
Communities built around dye 

879
00:50:17,000 --> 00:50:18,800
plants, lose their economic 
Foundation. 

880
00:50:19,500 --> 00:50:22,700
Skills passed down through 
generations become obsolete. 

881
00:50:23,200 --> 00:50:27,500
The knowledge of how to grow and
process matter or Indigo or weld

882
00:50:27,500 --> 00:50:29,100
stops being economically 
valuable. 

883
00:50:30,000 --> 00:50:33,300
Some of this knowledge is lost 
entirely later generations. 

884
00:50:33,300 --> 00:50:37,100
Trying to recreate historical 
dye processes have to ReDiscover

885
00:50:37,100 --> 00:50:39,900
techniques through 
experimentation because the 

886
00:50:39,900 --> 00:50:43,300
living tradition died out. 
The environmental impact is 

887
00:50:43,300 --> 00:50:47,800
mixed on one hand intensive. 
Cultivation of dye plants, 

888
00:50:47,800 --> 00:50:51,600
often, degraded soil, and 
required significant land, use, 

889
00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:55,400
The collapse of these industries
allows land to recover or be 

890
00:50:55,400 --> 00:50:59,200
used for other purposes. 
On the other hand, the synthetic

891
00:50:59,200 --> 00:51:01,900
dive Factory is create their own
environmental problems. 

892
00:51:01,900 --> 00:51:06,100
Chemical waste streams, pollute.
Rivers workers are exposed to 

893
00:51:06,108 --> 00:51:09,100
toxic compounds. 
The old problems are replaced 

894
00:51:09,100 --> 00:51:13,700
with new ones, not eliminated. 
The textile industry transforms 

895
00:51:13,700 --> 00:51:17,400
completely, suddenly bright 
colors are affordable for 

896
00:51:17,400 --> 00:51:19,200
everyone. 
Working Class. 

897
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:21,500
People can wear clothing died in
Shades. 

898
00:51:21,500 --> 00:51:24,300
That would have bankrupted them 
a generation earlier. 

899
00:51:25,300 --> 00:51:28,500
The democratization of color, 
changes fashion and social 

900
00:51:28,500 --> 00:51:31,500
signaling. 
When everyone can afford bright 

901
00:51:31,500 --> 00:51:36,000
blue or deep red, those colors 
stop being markers of wealth and

902
00:51:36,000 --> 00:51:39,600
status. 
To find new ways to indicate 

903
00:51:39,600 --> 00:51:42,900
social position. 
Interestingly, this leads to 

904
00:51:42,900 --> 00:51:47,200
increased interest in subtle 
complex colors that are hard to 

905
00:51:47,200 --> 00:51:51,500
achieve even with synthetic dyes
Rich people start, favoring 

906
00:51:51,500 --> 00:51:55,200
sophisticated Grays and muted 
tones, that require skill to 

907
00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:58,100
produce. 
The Aesthetics of wealth shift 

908
00:51:58,100 --> 00:52:01,600
from Bright saturated colors to 
carefully calibrated under 

909
00:52:01,600 --> 00:52:05,500
stated Shades, that signal taste
rather than mere purchasing 

910
00:52:05,500 --> 00:52:07,600
power. 
Paint pigments. 

911
00:52:07,600 --> 00:52:11,400
Go through a similar Revolution.
New synthetic pigments offer 

912
00:52:11,400 --> 00:52:13,000
colors that were not possible 
before. 

913
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:16,700
Cadmium yellow is brighter than 
anything made from Earth or 

914
00:52:16,700 --> 00:52:18,800
plants. 
Chromium oxide. 

915
00:52:18,800 --> 00:52:23,400
Green is stable and permanent 
Cobalt blue is expensive, but 

916
00:52:23,400 --> 00:52:27,200
gorgeous, the artist palette 
explodes with options. 

917
00:52:28,200 --> 00:52:30,600
The chemistry behind these new 
pigments is sophisticated 

918
00:52:30,600 --> 00:52:33,600
cadmium. 
Yellow comes from cadmium 

919
00:52:33,600 --> 00:52:36,700
sulfide. 
The exact shade depends on the 

920
00:52:36,700 --> 00:52:39,800
particle size and the precise 
manufacturing conditions. 

921
00:52:40,900 --> 00:52:44,300
smaller particles, produce 
lighter yellows, larger 

922
00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:49,100
particles, create deeper more 
orange yellows, Manufacturers, 

923
00:52:49,100 --> 00:52:53,000
learn to control these variables
producing consistent colors that

924
00:52:53,000 --> 00:52:56,100
artists can rely on. 
Chromium oxide. 

925
00:52:56,100 --> 00:52:58,700
Green is created by heating 
chromium salts. 

926
00:52:59,500 --> 00:53:02,900
The resulting pigment is 
incredibly stable, it doesn't 

927
00:53:02,900 --> 00:53:06,500
fade in sunlight, it doesn't 
react with other pigments. 

928
00:53:06,500 --> 00:53:09,800
It's not toxic like some earlier
green pigments. 

929
00:53:10,700 --> 00:53:14,000
This stability, makes it ideal 
for both artistic and Industrial

930
00:53:14,000 --> 00:53:17,500
applications. 
Chromium oxide, green ends up 

931
00:53:17,508 --> 00:53:21,200
coloring, everything from Fine 
Art to house, paint to ceramics.

932
00:53:22,100 --> 00:53:26,600
The Cobalt pigments include 
cobalt blue, cobalt Violet, and 

933
00:53:26,600 --> 00:53:30,200
Cobalt green. 
Each requires specific chemical 

934
00:53:30,200 --> 00:53:33,700
processes. 
Cobalt blue combines Cobalt 

935
00:53:33,700 --> 00:53:36,200
oxide with aluminum oxide at 
high temperatures. 

936
00:53:36,200 --> 00:53:40,500
The resulting pigment is 
expensive because Cobalt is a 

937
00:53:40,500 --> 00:53:43,100
relatively rare metal, but the 
color is stunning. 

938
00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:48,700
Steep saturated and permanent. 
Artists happily pay the premium 

939
00:53:48,700 --> 00:53:52,600
for such Reliable Beauty. 
The funny part is that more 

940
00:53:52,600 --> 00:53:54,400
choices don't always make things
easier. 

941
00:53:54,400 --> 00:53:56,800
Too many options can be 
paralyzing. 

942
00:53:56,800 --> 00:53:59,900
Some artists stick with 
traditional palettes out of 

943
00:53:59,908 --> 00:54:03,600
habit or principle. 
Others Embrace every new pigment

944
00:54:03,600 --> 00:54:06,600
that comes along. 
The debates about the merits of 

945
00:54:06,600 --> 00:54:09,600
different colors become almost 
religious in their intensity. 

946
00:54:10,400 --> 00:54:13,500
The Impressionists, for example,
develop a distinctive palette 

947
00:54:13,500 --> 00:54:15,800
built around the New Bright 
synthetic colors. 

948
00:54:15,800 --> 00:54:19,100
They use Vivid blues, and 
greens, and yellows. 

949
00:54:19,100 --> 00:54:22,200
In ways that earlier artists 
could not have achieved, even if

950
00:54:22,200 --> 00:54:25,500
they'd wanted to. 
The high chroma colors in. 

951
00:54:25,500 --> 00:54:28,500
A new kind of painting that 
captures light and atmosphere 

952
00:54:28,500 --> 00:54:33,100
with unprecedented immediacy. 
The availability of these colors

953
00:54:33,100 --> 00:54:37,500
doesn't just expand options. 
It enables entirely new 

954
00:54:37,500 --> 00:54:40,500
aesthetic movements. 
Traditional artists. 

955
00:54:40,500 --> 00:54:44,500
Sometimes complain that the new 
synthetic pigment too bright to 

956
00:54:44,500 --> 00:54:47,500
crude lacking the subtlety of 
Earth pigments. 

957
00:54:47,500 --> 00:54:51,700
They're not entirely wrong. 
Some synthetic colors have a 

958
00:54:51,700 --> 00:54:54,700
harshness that can be difficult 
to modulate, but they also 

959
00:54:54,700 --> 00:54:57,200
enable effects impossible with 
traditional materials. 

960
00:54:58,500 --> 00:55:01,500
The debate between tradition and
Innovation plays out in paint 

961
00:55:01,500 --> 00:55:04,800
mixing just as it does in every 
other human endeavor. 

962
00:55:05,600 --> 00:55:08,000
Photography arrives and 
complicates things further. 

963
00:55:08,000 --> 00:55:10,300
Early photographs are black and 
white. 

964
00:55:11,200 --> 00:55:13,900
Color photography won't become 
practical for decades. 

965
00:55:14,700 --> 00:55:17,300
But even black and white 
photography forces people to 

966
00:55:17,300 --> 00:55:21,200
think about color differently. 
How do you represent the world 

967
00:55:21,200 --> 00:55:24,900
in Shades of Grey? 
Which colors photograph is 

968
00:55:24,900 --> 00:55:27,500
similar tones. 
Artists and photographers 

969
00:55:27,500 --> 00:55:30,700
develop new visual languages to 
work within these constraints. 

970
00:55:31,800 --> 00:55:35,500
Understanding how colors 
translate to grayscale becomes 

971
00:55:35,500 --> 00:55:39,400
essential for photographers. 
Red and green might look 

972
00:55:39,400 --> 00:55:43,000
completely different to the eye 
but photographers similar Shades

973
00:55:43,000 --> 00:55:46,100
of Grey. 
Blue sky and white clouds. 

974
00:55:46,100 --> 00:55:48,400
Need carefully. 
Exposure to maintain distinction

975
00:55:48,400 --> 00:55:52,400
in black and white images. 
These technical constraints 

976
00:55:52,400 --> 00:55:55,800
influence, how photographers 
compose their work and what 

977
00:55:55,800 --> 00:55:57,500
subjects they choose to 
photograph. 

978
00:55:58,800 --> 00:56:00,800
The science of color vision. 
Advanced is 2. 

979
00:56:01,700 --> 00:56:04,500
Sine scientists discover that 
humanize have three types of 

980
00:56:04,500 --> 00:56:08,700
color receptors, each sentence 
to different wavelengths, red, 

981
00:56:08,700 --> 00:56:12,000
green, and blue. 
All the colors. 

982
00:56:12,000 --> 00:56:15,700
We see a combinations detected 
by these three receptor types. 

983
00:56:16,700 --> 00:56:21,100
This explains why RGB color 
mixing works for light and why 

984
00:56:21,100 --> 00:56:22,900
certain color blindness 
conditions exist. 

985
00:56:23,800 --> 00:56:27,300
This understanding leads to new 
color reproduction Technologies.

986
00:56:27,300 --> 00:56:31,100
If human color vision is based 
on three receptor types. 

987
00:56:31,100 --> 00:56:34,200
Then accurate color. 
Reproduction only needs to match

988
00:56:34,200 --> 00:56:37,700
those three responses. 
This Insight drives the 

989
00:56:37,700 --> 00:56:41,700
development of color 
photography, color printing, and

990
00:56:41,700 --> 00:56:44,300
eventually color television and 
computer displays. 

991
00:56:45,500 --> 00:56:48,500
The biology of human Vision 
becomes the foundation for color

992
00:56:48,500 --> 00:56:51,300
technology, you're looking at a 
chemistry textbook. 

993
00:56:51,300 --> 00:56:56,200
Now, the formulas for synthetic 
dies are complex, long chains of

994
00:56:56,200 --> 00:56:58,400
carbon atoms with various 
elements attached. 

995
00:56:59,100 --> 00:57:01,800
The Precision required to 
synthesize these compounds as a 

996
00:57:01,800 --> 00:57:05,300
remarkable get one step wrong 
and you end up with a completely

997
00:57:05,300 --> 00:57:07,300
different color or no color at 
all. 

998
00:57:08,100 --> 00:57:10,600
Chemistry has become an 
essential part of the color 

999
00:57:10,600 --> 00:57:13,900
industry. 
The synthesis of a simple die. 

1000
00:57:13,900 --> 00:57:17,800
Might involve a dozen steps. 
Each step requires specific 

1001
00:57:17,800 --> 00:57:22,200
temperatures pressures and 
reaction times, the wrong 

1002
00:57:22,200 --> 00:57:26,100
Catalyst, ruins the whole batch.
Contamination from tracing 

1003
00:57:26,100 --> 00:57:30,300
purity's changes, the final 
color industrial chemistry 

1004
00:57:30,300 --> 00:57:33,100
requires control and precision 
that earlier. 

1005
00:57:33,100 --> 00:57:35,800
Die makers would find almost 
incomprehensible. 

1006
00:57:36,700 --> 00:57:39,500
The transformation from 
artisanal, craft to Industrial 

1007
00:57:39,500 --> 00:57:43,100
science is complete. 
You're moving through time and 

1008
00:57:43,100 --> 00:57:47,000
space now, different cultures, 
different eras, all 

1009
00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:49,100
understanding color in their own
ways. 

1010
00:57:49,100 --> 00:57:51,900
Color meaning is never Universal
it. 

1011
00:57:51,900 --> 00:57:56,000
Shifts and changes depending on 
context, history, and cultural 

1012
00:57:56,000 --> 00:57:59,800
values in China. 
Red is lucky and festive. 

1013
00:57:59,800 --> 00:58:04,400
It's the color of weddings and 
New Year, celebrations Brides, 

1014
00:58:04,400 --> 00:58:08,700
where red red envelopes, contain
money, gifts, Red Lanterns, 

1015
00:58:08,700 --> 00:58:12,500
decorate homes during festivals 
but in some Western cultures, 

1016
00:58:12,500 --> 00:58:15,100
red can signal, danger or 
aggression. 

1017
00:58:15,900 --> 00:58:18,300
Stop signs and warning. 
Labels are red. 

1018
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:21,000
The difference isn't about the 
color itself. 

1019
00:58:21,000 --> 00:58:24,700
But about what Society of 
decided the color represents 

1020
00:58:25,400 --> 00:58:29,500
White means Purity in many 
Western traditions where white 

1021
00:58:29,500 --> 00:58:33,500
churches are white but in parts 
of Asia white is the color of 

1022
00:58:33,500 --> 00:58:37,100
mourning and funerals the same 
color carries opposite. 

1023
00:58:37,100 --> 00:58:40,700
Meaning depending on cultural 
context neither interpretation 

1024
00:58:40,700 --> 00:58:44,800
is wrong they're just different.
You're at a funeral in Victorian

1025
00:58:44,800 --> 00:58:49,200
England, everyone wears black. 
Black signifies mourning and 

1026
00:58:49,200 --> 00:58:52,500
respect for the Dead. 
The deeper the black, the more 

1027
00:58:52,500 --> 00:58:55,600
profound the grief. 
Widows might wear black for 

1028
00:58:55,600 --> 00:58:59,800
years after their husbands die. 
But in ancient Egypt, black was 

1029
00:58:59,800 --> 00:59:04,500
the color of fertile Nile mud, a
symbol of life and regeneration.

1030
00:59:05,400 --> 00:59:08,900
The Nile Delta was called the 
Blackland as a term of praise. 

1031
00:59:09,700 --> 00:59:13,000
Purple has been associated with 
royalty for so long that the 

1032
00:59:13,000 --> 00:59:16,700
connection feels natural. 
But that Association comes from 

1033
00:59:16,700 --> 00:59:20,500
the expense of Tyrion purple 
when synthetic purple became 

1034
00:59:20,500 --> 00:59:22,500
cheap. 
It lost some of that Regal 

1035
00:59:22,500 --> 00:59:25,700
Mystique. 
Now purple can be playful or 

1036
00:59:25,700 --> 00:59:28,500
eccentric. 
The meaning shifted because the 

1037
00:59:28,500 --> 00:59:31,900
Rarity disappeared. 
Blue has changed, meaning 

1038
00:59:31,900 --> 00:59:35,900
dramatically over time. 
In ancient times, blue was rare 

1039
00:59:35,900 --> 00:59:39,800
and exotic, then it became 
associated with the Virgin Mary 

1040
00:59:39,800 --> 00:59:43,300
in Christian art, taking on 
sacred connotation. 

1041
00:59:44,200 --> 00:59:47,700
Later blue became the color of 
sadness in Western culture, 

1042
00:59:47,700 --> 00:59:51,300
feeling blue, the blues as a 
musical genre. 

1043
00:59:51,300 --> 00:59:55,800
But blue is also stable and 
trustworthy corporate blue for 

1044
00:59:55,800 --> 01:00:00,300
business suits and Bank logo's. 
The same color spans from sacred

1045
01:00:00,300 --> 01:00:04,000
to sad to professional. 
Green is nature and growth in 

1046
01:00:04,000 --> 01:00:08,200
most contexts its environmental 
movements and Springtime, but 

1047
01:00:08,200 --> 01:00:12,300
green can also be poison Green 
With Envy sickly green. 

1048
01:00:12,300 --> 01:00:16,700
The Emerald City and Oz vs the 
Green of Decay context 

1049
01:00:16,700 --> 01:00:18,800
determines, which Association 
dominates. 

1050
01:00:18,800 --> 01:00:21,800
You're in an advertising agency 
in the 1950s. 

1051
01:00:22,700 --> 01:00:25,600
Color psychologists are studying
how different colors affect 

1052
01:00:25,600 --> 01:00:28,400
consumer Behavior. 
Red makes people hungry 

1053
01:00:28,400 --> 01:00:31,400
supposedly so it's good for 
restaurant branding. 

1054
01:00:31,400 --> 01:00:35,200
Blue is calming and trustworthy 
perfect for banks and insurance 

1055
01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:37,700
companies. 
Yellow is cheerful and 

1056
01:00:37,700 --> 01:00:41,300
attention, grabbing every color.
Gets assigned psychological 

1057
01:00:41,300 --> 01:00:44,700
properties. 
Some based on research and some 

1058
01:00:44,700 --> 01:00:48,500
on pure speculation, the science
behind color psychology is 

1059
01:00:48,500 --> 01:00:50,800
mixed. 
Some effects are real and 

1060
01:00:50,800 --> 01:00:53,500
measurable people. 
Do respond to color in 

1061
01:00:53,500 --> 01:00:56,900
predictable ways under certain 
circumstances, but culture and 

1062
01:00:56,900 --> 01:01:00,900
personal experience matter 
enormously Color that's calming 

1063
01:01:00,900 --> 01:01:02,900
to one. 
Person might be agitating to 

1064
01:01:02,900 --> 01:01:05,400
another base on their 
associations and memories. 

1065
01:01:06,200 --> 01:01:08,600
You notice that color meanings 
can be very specific. 

1066
01:01:08,600 --> 01:01:12,600
Sports teams adopt colors that 
become part of their identity. 

1067
01:01:13,700 --> 01:01:16,700
Wearing the wrong colors in 
certain neighborhoods can signal

1068
01:01:16,700 --> 01:01:20,300
gang affiliation. 
Military uniforms use color to 

1069
01:01:20,300 --> 01:01:23,900
indicate Rank and unit. 
The symbolic language of color 

1070
01:01:23,900 --> 01:01:27,000
operates on, many levels 
simultaneously, you're in the 

1071
01:01:27,008 --> 01:01:29,100
present. 
Now, looking at a computer 

1072
01:01:29,100 --> 01:01:32,500
screen that can display millions
of colors the technology that 

1073
01:01:32,500 --> 01:01:35,300
makes this possible would seem 
like magic to anyone from 

1074
01:01:35,300 --> 01:01:39,300
earlier eras. 
RGB pixels glowing and 

1075
01:01:39,300 --> 01:01:42,000
combinations. 
That create any Hue imaginable. 

1076
01:01:42,000 --> 01:01:45,900
Digital color is fundamentally. 
Different from pigment color. 

1077
01:01:46,900 --> 01:01:51,900
Screens emit light, they use 
additive color mixing red green 

1078
01:01:51,900 --> 01:01:55,100
and blue light combined to 
create all other colors. 

1079
01:01:56,000 --> 01:01:59,400
Turn on all three maximum 
intensity, and you get white, 

1080
01:01:59,400 --> 01:02:01,700
turn them all off and you get 
black. 

1081
01:02:02,700 --> 01:02:05,800
This is the opposite of how 
paint works and it takes some 

1082
01:02:05,800 --> 01:02:09,700
getting used to, the Precision 
is astonishing colors. 

1083
01:02:09,700 --> 01:02:12,500
Can be specified. 
Exactly using numeric codes 

1084
01:02:12,500 --> 01:02:20,500
hashtag FF 0 0 is pure red, 
hashtag zero, zero, FF 0 is pure

1085
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:24,900
green, hashtag zero, zero zero, 
zero, zero, FF is pure blue. 

1086
01:02:25,800 --> 01:02:30,000
You can create and reproduce any
color exactly using these codes?

1087
01:02:30,700 --> 01:02:32,500
The subjectivity of color 
description. 

1088
01:02:32,500 --> 01:02:36,000
Finally has an objective 
measurement system, except it's 

1089
01:02:36,000 --> 01:02:39,900
not quite that simple, different
screens display, the same color 

1090
01:02:39,900 --> 01:02:43,000
codes differently. 
The red on your phone, might not

1091
01:02:43,000 --> 01:02:45,500
match the red on your computer 
color. 

1092
01:02:45,500 --> 01:02:49,600
Calibration becomes a whole 
industry designers, agonize 

1093
01:02:49,600 --> 01:02:52,400
over, whether they're carefully,
chosen colors will look the same

1094
01:02:52,408 --> 01:02:56,300
to everyone viewing their work. 
Your designing a website. 

1095
01:02:56,300 --> 01:02:58,800
You choose colors. 
That look perfect on your 

1096
01:02:58,800 --> 01:03:01,200
monitor then you check them on a
phone. 

1097
01:03:01,200 --> 01:03:03,700
The blues are too dark. 
The yellows are washed out. 

1098
01:03:03,700 --> 01:03:07,500
You try to compensate but 
there's no perfect solution. 

1099
01:03:08,300 --> 01:03:11,500
Digital color is simultaneously 
more precise and less 

1100
01:03:11,500 --> 01:03:13,300
controllable than traditional 
pigments. 

1101
01:03:14,300 --> 01:03:17,400
Printing, adds another layer of 
complexity printers. 

1102
01:03:17,400 --> 01:03:23,400
Use CM YK, color, cyan magenta, 
yellow, and black, Subtractive 

1103
01:03:23,400 --> 01:03:27,000
color mixing like pigments. 
The colors you see on screen 

1104
01:03:27,000 --> 01:03:31,200
created with RGB additive 
mixing, have to be converted to 

1105
01:03:31,200 --> 01:03:31,800
c. 
M. 

1106
01:03:31,800 --> 01:03:35,000
Y k for printing. 
The conversion isn't perfect. 

1107
01:03:35,000 --> 01:03:37,300
Some screen colors, can't be 
printed. 

1108
01:03:37,300 --> 01:03:40,700
Some printed colors, can't be 
displayed on screens, it's 

1109
01:03:40,700 --> 01:03:44,900
frustrating but manageable emoji
and digital communication create

1110
01:03:44,900 --> 01:03:48,500
new color associations, the 
yellow smiley face is so 

1111
01:03:48,500 --> 01:03:51,200
ubiquitous it becomes a default 
for happiness. 

1112
01:03:51,200 --> 01:03:55,300
The red heart is Digital Love 
The Purple Devil has 

1113
01:03:55,300 --> 01:03:58,900
implications, the simplified 
color symbols work across 

1114
01:03:58,900 --> 01:04:02,300
language barriers, creating a 
kind of universal color 

1115
01:04:02,300 --> 01:04:05,900
vocabulary that earlier cultures
would have found useful, but 

1116
01:04:05,900 --> 01:04:10,000
couldn't achieve You're looking 
at color trends on line now, 

1117
01:04:10,000 --> 01:04:14,100
designers, declare colors of the
Year, Pantone announces that. 

1118
01:04:14,100 --> 01:04:17,500
This year's color is living 
Coral or classic blue or 

1119
01:04:17,500 --> 01:04:19,500
whatever carefully named Shade 
they've chosen. 

1120
01:04:20,400 --> 01:04:23,500
These pronouncements influence 
fashion design and marketing 

1121
01:04:23,500 --> 01:04:27,100
worldwide color trends, Fred 
faster than ever before. 

1122
01:04:27,100 --> 01:04:30,000
Thanks to digital communication 
and Global connectivity. 

1123
01:04:31,200 --> 01:04:34,900
The accessibility of color is 
unprecedented anyone with a 

1124
01:04:34,908 --> 01:04:37,800
computer can access millions of 
colors instantly? 

1125
01:04:38,900 --> 01:04:42,200
This democratization would have 
amazed Renaissance painters 

1126
01:04:42,200 --> 01:04:45,800
hoarding their Ultra Marine. 
But it also makes color choices 

1127
01:04:45,800 --> 01:04:49,400
harder when you can have any 
color, which color should you 

1128
01:04:49,400 --> 01:04:51,900
choose? 
The paralysis of infinite 

1129
01:04:51,900 --> 01:04:54,700
options is real. 
Digital tools, let you 

1130
01:04:54,708 --> 01:04:57,700
manipulate color in ways 
impossible with physical media. 

1131
01:04:58,400 --> 01:05:02,900
You can adjust, Hue, saturation 
and brightness independently. 

1132
01:05:03,900 --> 01:05:06,700
You can apply filters that 
change entire color palettes 

1133
01:05:06,700 --> 01:05:10,400
with a single click. 
You can color correct photos to 

1134
01:05:10,400 --> 01:05:14,000
make the sky blue, or the grass.
Greener, reality becomes 

1135
01:05:14,000 --> 01:05:18,000
optional, color becomes, 
whatever you want it to be, but 

1136
01:05:18,000 --> 01:05:20,900
something is lost too. 
The physical experience of 

1137
01:05:20,900 --> 01:05:24,900
mixing paint or grinding, 
pigment, the smell of oil and 

1138
01:05:24,900 --> 01:05:29,600
turpentine the texture of brush 
on canvas, digital color is 

1139
01:05:29,600 --> 01:05:33,000
clean and precise, and a bit 
sterile, some artists 

1140
01:05:33,000 --> 01:05:36,200
deliberately work with physical 
media, to reclaim that tactile 

1141
01:05:36,200 --> 01:05:38,600
connection to color. 
You're looking forward now. 

1142
01:05:38,600 --> 01:05:41,000
Imagining where color might go 
next? 

1143
01:05:41,000 --> 01:05:44,400
The possibilities are both 
exciting and a bit unsettling 

1144
01:05:44,400 --> 01:05:48,600
technology, continues to advance
understanding of color. 

1145
01:05:48,600 --> 01:05:52,900
Perception, deepens new 
applications emerge, scientists 

1146
01:05:52,900 --> 01:05:55,600
are developing new pigments. 
That do things impossible with 

1147
01:05:55,600 --> 01:05:59,400
traditional colors. 
Structural color like butterfly 

1148
01:05:59,400 --> 01:06:03,100
wings where the color comes from
microscopic surface patterns, 

1149
01:06:03,100 --> 01:06:07,000
rather than pigment molecules 
these colors can be incredibly 

1150
01:06:07,000 --> 01:06:10,900
vibrant and don't fade because 
there's no chemical to degrade. 

1151
01:06:11,500 --> 01:06:13,900
The color is built into the 
physical structure. 

1152
01:06:13,900 --> 01:06:16,900
You're watching a fabric that 
changes color, based on 

1153
01:06:16,900 --> 01:06:21,400
temperature, or light exposure. 
Smart textiles that shift from 

1154
01:06:21,400 --> 01:06:25,100
Blue to red when you're hot. 
Building that change appearance 

1155
01:06:25,100 --> 01:06:28,300
throughout the day. 
The line between static color 

1156
01:06:28,300 --> 01:06:32,200
and dynamic, color is blurring 
color becomes responsive and 

1157
01:06:32,200 --> 01:06:36,700
interactive rather than fixed. 
Virtual reality creates entirely

1158
01:06:36,700 --> 01:06:40,700
new possibilities for color in 
VR colors, don't have to follow 

1159
01:06:40,700 --> 01:06:44,400
physical rules, you can make 
objects glow with impossible 

1160
01:06:44,400 --> 01:06:46,400
Shades. 
You can create color 

1161
01:06:46,400 --> 01:06:49,100
combinations that could not 
exist in the real world. 

1162
01:06:50,100 --> 01:06:53,600
The experience of color becomes 
decoupled from physical reality 

1163
01:06:53,600 --> 01:06:56,700
entirely. 
But questions, arise. 

1164
01:06:56,700 --> 01:07:00,700
If we can create any color in 
Virtual spaces, does color lose 

1165
01:07:00,700 --> 01:07:04,900
meaning, When everything can be 
any color, does color stop being

1166
01:07:04,900 --> 01:07:07,100
special. 
Or does it become more 

1167
01:07:07,100 --> 01:07:09,300
meaningful? 
Because we have complete control

1168
01:07:09,300 --> 01:07:12,900
over our color environments. 
The cultural meanings of color 

1169
01:07:12,900 --> 01:07:16,300
continue to evolve Global 
Communication means color 

1170
01:07:16,300 --> 01:07:19,700
associations, spread and merge 
across cultures. 

1171
01:07:20,400 --> 01:07:23,300
Red might mean both luck and 
danger, simultaneously. 

1172
01:07:24,100 --> 01:07:27,300
The complexity of color, 
symbolism increases rather than 

1173
01:07:27,300 --> 01:07:30,500
simplifies. 
You notice that some people are 

1174
01:07:30,500 --> 01:07:32,800
pushing back against Digital 
Color saturation. 

1175
01:07:32,800 --> 01:07:36,600
They're seeking out natural dyes
again, learning traditional 

1176
01:07:36,600 --> 01:07:39,700
techniques for making pigments 
from Earth and plants. 

1177
01:07:39,700 --> 01:07:43,200
There's a movement toward color 
with history and process behind 

1178
01:07:43,200 --> 01:07:45,700
it. 
Color that connects to place and

1179
01:07:45,700 --> 01:07:48,400
tradition rather than just 
hexadecimal codes. 

1180
01:07:49,200 --> 01:07:53,300
The science of color perception 
advances, researchers discover 

1181
01:07:53,300 --> 01:07:56,700
that some people are four types 
of color receptors in stead of 

1182
01:07:56,700 --> 01:07:59,300
three. 
These Tetra Chrome apps can 

1183
01:07:59,300 --> 01:08:02,300
theoretically see colors. 
The rest of us, can't even 

1184
01:08:02,300 --> 01:08:05,300
imagine. 
The variation in human color, 

1185
01:08:05,300 --> 01:08:07,400
perception is greater than 
previously thought. 

1186
01:08:08,300 --> 01:08:10,800
What you see is blue might be 
genuinely different. 

1187
01:08:10,800 --> 01:08:13,800
From what someone else sees as 
blue, you're in a museum. 

1188
01:08:13,800 --> 01:08:17,500
Looking at ancient cave, 
paintings the red oak as lasted 

1189
01:08:17,500 --> 01:08:22,899
30,000 years its faded but still
visible still recognizable. 

1190
01:08:23,700 --> 01:08:26,500
Still color. 
You think about the continuity 

1191
01:08:26,500 --> 01:08:31,500
from grinding, rocks to digital 
pixels from cave, walls to 

1192
01:08:31,500 --> 01:08:35,500
glowing screens, the human 
relationship with color spans, 

1193
01:08:35,500 --> 01:08:39,600
all of it, the future of color 
isn't really about technology or

1194
01:08:39,608 --> 01:08:42,200
science. 
It's about what we choose to do,

1195
01:08:42,200 --> 01:08:45,899
with our ability to create 
control and understand color. 

1196
01:08:46,899 --> 01:08:50,200
Every new tool for working with 
color, opens, new possibilities,

1197
01:08:50,200 --> 01:08:54,700
but it also raises questions 
about meaning authenticity and 

1198
01:08:54,700 --> 01:08:58,100
value Wilson. 
Structural colors, replace 

1199
01:08:58,100 --> 01:09:01,800
pigments entirely Well, everyone
wear clothes that change color 

1200
01:09:01,800 --> 01:09:05,700
based on mood or environment. 
Will virtual reality make 

1201
01:09:05,700 --> 01:09:07,600
physical color, seemed dull and 
limited. 

1202
01:09:08,399 --> 01:09:10,200
Or will people value physical 
color? 

1203
01:09:10,200 --> 01:09:13,899
More precisely because it has 
constraints and history your 

1204
01:09:13,899 --> 01:09:17,399
back in the present sitting 
quietly thinking about 

1205
01:09:17,399 --> 01:09:19,800
everything, you've learned on 
this journey through the history

1206
01:09:19,800 --> 01:09:23,700
of color from cave walls to 
computer screens from purple 

1207
01:09:23,700 --> 01:09:28,399
snails to digital RGB. 
The Ark of color history, bends 

1208
01:09:28,399 --> 01:09:32,000
toward increasing control and 
understanding, but also taught 

1209
01:09:32,000 --> 01:09:35,800
complexity and question's the 
early as humans, who ground Red,

1210
01:09:35,800 --> 01:09:37,500
Oak, and painted animals on 
Cave. 

1211
01:09:37,500 --> 01:09:39,800
Walls, were doing something 
fundamentally human. 

1212
01:09:40,500 --> 01:09:42,800
They were capturing the world 
and transforming it. 

1213
01:09:43,500 --> 01:09:47,300
Making the ephemeral permanent 
taking color from nature and 

1214
01:09:47,300 --> 01:09:51,300
putting it where they chose that
impulse hasn't changed in 30,000

1215
01:09:51,300 --> 01:09:53,800
years. 
The tools are better, the 

1216
01:09:53,800 --> 01:09:57,300
palette is broader, but the 
drive to work with color comes 

1217
01:09:57,300 --> 01:10:00,300
from the same place. 
Every culture that developed 

1218
01:10:00,300 --> 01:10:03,300
color, words was carving up the 
Spectrum according to what 

1219
01:10:03,300 --> 01:10:08,000
mattered to them, not randomly, 
not carelessly, but thoughtfully

1220
01:10:08,000 --> 01:10:12,400
based on their needs and values 
and environment the Greeks with 

1221
01:10:12,400 --> 01:10:14,100
their wine. 
Dark sea were wrong. 

1222
01:10:14,100 --> 01:10:17,100
They were just paying attention 
to different aspects of color 

1223
01:10:17,100 --> 01:10:19,800
than we do now. 
The people who spent months. 

1224
01:10:19,800 --> 01:10:23,700
Extracting purple from thousands
of snails weren't being 

1225
01:10:23,700 --> 01:10:27,000
inefficient, they were creating 
meaning through Labor and 

1226
01:10:27,000 --> 01:10:30,200
Rarity. 
The purple mattered because it 

1227
01:10:30,200 --> 01:10:33,200
was difficult. 
Because it represented something

1228
01:10:33,200 --> 01:10:37,600
Beyond mere appearance. 
That's still true, we still 

1229
01:10:37,600 --> 01:10:41,800
assign meaning to Colors based 
on more than just wavelength The

1230
01:10:41,800 --> 01:10:44,600
Renaissance painters mixing, 
elaborate flesh tones and 

1231
01:10:44,600 --> 01:10:48,300
hoarding ultramarine were 
pursuing Beauty and realism with

1232
01:10:48,300 --> 01:10:52,200
the tools they had. 
The fact that we now have easier

1233
01:10:52,200 --> 01:10:54,900
ways to achieve similar effect, 
doesn't diminish their 

1234
01:10:54,900 --> 01:10:57,800
accomplishments. 
If anything, it makes us 

1235
01:10:57,800 --> 01:11:01,200
appreciate the skill required to
create Beauty with limited 

1236
01:11:01,200 --> 01:11:06,000
means, Newton separating white 
light into Spectrum, colors was 

1237
01:11:06,000 --> 01:11:09,000
revealing something that had 
always been there, but never 

1238
01:11:09,000 --> 01:11:12,100
understood. 
The colors were in sunlight all 

1239
01:11:12,100 --> 01:11:14,800
along. 
We just needed the right tools 

1240
01:11:14,800 --> 01:11:18,700
and questions to see them. 
How much else about color are we

1241
01:11:18,708 --> 01:11:21,100
still? 
Not seeing what questions? 

1242
01:11:21,100 --> 01:11:25,000
Have we thought to ask yet? 
The synthetic dye Revolution. 

1243
01:11:25,000 --> 01:11:26,900
Made color accessible to 
everyone. 

1244
01:11:26,900 --> 01:11:30,600
That's both wonderful and a bit 
sad, wonderful. 

1245
01:11:30,600 --> 01:11:33,000
Because Beauty shouldn't be 
restricted to the wealthy. 

1246
01:11:33,600 --> 01:11:36,700
Sad because Rarity and 
difficulty created value and 

1247
01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:38,900
meaning that mass production 
can't replicate. 

1248
01:11:39,800 --> 01:11:43,200
We gain something and lose 
something in every technological

1249
01:11:43,200 --> 01:11:45,400
advance. 
You think about your own 

1250
01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:49,400
relationship with color? 
Colors your drawn to the colors 

1251
01:11:49,400 --> 01:11:52,700
that make you feel certain ways.
Your favorite blue. 

1252
01:11:52,700 --> 01:11:55,600
That's not quite sky and not 
quite Navy. 

1253
01:11:55,600 --> 01:11:59,900
But somewhere perfectly between 
the specific shade of green. 

1254
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:02,000
That reminds you of a forest, 
you visited. 

1255
01:12:02,000 --> 01:12:05,900
Once the red, that looks like 
autumn leaves in late afternoon 

1256
01:12:05,900 --> 01:12:09,208
sun and these personal 
connections to color a part of 

1257
01:12:09,216 --> 01:12:12,100
the story too. 
The history of color isn't just 

1258
01:12:12,100 --> 01:12:15,000
about pigments and dies and 
scientific discoveries. 

1259
01:12:15,000 --> 01:12:18,400
It's about human beings 
responding to the beauty and 

1260
01:12:18,400 --> 01:12:22,500
variety of the visible spectrum.
Finding meaning in wavelengths 

1261
01:12:22,500 --> 01:12:25,900
of light, creating culture 
around something as simple and 

1262
01:12:25,900 --> 01:12:30,300
complex as color. 
Future will bring new colors and

1263
01:12:30,300 --> 01:12:34,600
new ways of working with them. 
New meanings will emerge old. 

1264
01:12:34,600 --> 01:12:38,500
Associations will fade or 
transform the story of color 

1265
01:12:38,500 --> 01:12:42,200
continues to unfold? 
But the core of it remains, 

1266
01:12:42,200 --> 01:12:43,200
what? 
It's always been. 

1267
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:48,000
Humans finding ways to capture 
and control and understand the 

1268
01:12:48,000 --> 01:12:51,400
colors that surround us. 
Making sense of the rainbow 

1269
01:12:51,400 --> 01:12:56,100
finding Beauty in the Spectrum. 
You're getting drowsy. 

1270
01:12:56,100 --> 01:12:59,000
Now the journey through color 
history, has been long and 

1271
01:12:59,000 --> 01:13:02,600
winding, you've traveled from 
prehistoric caves to digital 

1272
01:13:02,600 --> 01:13:05,200
Futures. 
You've met Diamond makers and 

1273
01:13:05,208 --> 01:13:07,800
Painters chemists and 
scientists. 

1274
01:13:08,800 --> 01:13:12,700
You've learned about okra and 
indigo purple and blue about how

1275
01:13:12,700 --> 01:13:16,400
language shapes perception and 
how culture creates meaning. 

1276
01:13:17,400 --> 01:13:20,700
The colors are still there. 
When you close your eyes, red 

1277
01:13:20,700 --> 01:13:24,200
and yellow, and blue, green, and
orange and purple. 

1278
01:13:24,200 --> 01:13:28,400
All the shades between all the 
meanings layered on top of 

1279
01:13:28,400 --> 01:13:32,400
simple physics like reflecting 
and refracting and being 

1280
01:13:32,400 --> 01:13:36,800
absorbed and re-emitted, Photon 
striking a retina and triggering

1281
01:13:36,800 --> 01:13:39,500
neural responses that your brain
interprets as color. 

1282
01:13:40,400 --> 01:13:43,700
But it's never just physics. 
It's also history and culture 

1283
01:13:43,700 --> 01:13:47,200
and personal memory, it's 
Egyptian, blue, and Tyrion 

1284
01:13:47,200 --> 01:13:50,500
purple, and mauve synthesized 
from coal tar. 

1285
01:13:50,500 --> 01:13:53,700
It's Newton's prism, and digital
RGB. 

1286
01:13:53,700 --> 01:13:55,700
And structural color that 
doesn't fade. 

1287
01:13:55,700 --> 01:13:59,700
It's every human who ever ground
a pigment or mixed to die or 

1288
01:13:59,700 --> 01:14:02,700
chose a color because it meant 
something to them. 

1289
01:14:02,700 --> 01:14:08,100
The world is full of color, 
always has been But the human 

1290
01:14:08,100 --> 01:14:11,400
relationship with color changes 
and grows and develops New 

1291
01:14:11,400 --> 01:14:14,200
Dimensions. 
We're still learning to see the 

1292
01:14:14,200 --> 01:14:16,700
world. 
Still discovering new ways to 

1293
01:14:16,700 --> 01:14:20,300
understand and work with color. 
Still finding meaning in the 

1294
01:14:20,308 --> 01:14:23,500
rainbow. 
Story isn't finished. 

1295
01:14:23,500 --> 01:14:29,700
It never will be Color is 
ongoing always becoming always 

1296
01:14:29,700 --> 01:14:34,600
new and always ancient at once. 
The cave painters who first 

1297
01:14:34,600 --> 01:14:38,200
ground red Oaker would be amazed
by synthetic pigments and 

1298
01:14:38,200 --> 01:14:41,500
digital displays. 
But they would recognize the 

1299
01:14:41,500 --> 01:14:45,200
impulse, the desire to capture 
color and make it permanent. 

1300
01:14:46,100 --> 01:14:48,500
The need to transform the world 
through color. 

1301
01:14:49,500 --> 01:14:53,000
That fundamental human Drive can
connect as a cross millennia. 

1302
01:14:53,800 --> 01:14:57,400
We're all part of the same long 
story of learning to see and 

1303
01:14:57,400 --> 01:14:59,500
understand the colors that 
surround us. 

1304
01:15:00,400 --> 01:15:04,100
And with that thought you drift 
into sleep, the colors of 

1305
01:15:04,100 --> 01:15:06,200
History. 
Swirling, gently through your 

1306
01:15:06,200 --> 01:15:10,100
dreams. 
Red okra on Cave walls Blue from

1307
01:15:10,100 --> 01:15:15,100
Afghanistan purple from the sea 
yellow from the earth green from

1308
01:15:15,100 --> 01:15:19,400
copper All the colors Humanity 
has ever created, or discovered 

1309
01:15:19,400 --> 01:15:21,400
or understood. 
All of them. 

1310
01:15:21,400 --> 01:15:31,400
Part of the same long, beautiful
story of learning to see Picture

1311
01:15:31,400 --> 01:15:34,300
yourself waking up in a narrow 
bed, that is barely wide of the 

1312
01:15:34,300 --> 01:15:37,000
coffee, but somehow more 
comfortable than anything. 

1313
01:15:37,000 --> 01:15:38,700
You'd known before coming to 
Ashworth. 

1314
01:15:38,700 --> 01:15:40,000
Manor. 
The room. 

1315
01:15:40,000 --> 01:15:42,400
You share with two other 
housemates is tucked under the 

1316
01:15:42,400 --> 01:15:44,700
eaves where the sealing slopes 
down. 

1317
01:15:44,700 --> 01:15:47,300
So dramatically that you've 
learned to duck instinctively 

1318
01:15:47,300 --> 01:15:50,400
when getting dressed the walls 
are thin enough that you can 

1319
01:15:50,400 --> 01:15:53,600
hear Mrs. Pemberton. 
The head cook already clattering

1320
01:15:53,600 --> 01:15:55,800
about in the kitchen three 
floors below her. 

1321
01:15:55,800 --> 01:15:57,800
Wooden Spoons. 
Conducting an orchestra of 

1322
01:15:57,800 --> 01:16:00,900
copper pots. 
It's 4:30 in the morning and 

1323
01:16:00,900 --> 01:16:04,300
your body has become a living 
alarm clock after 18 months in 

1324
01:16:04,300 --> 01:16:06,300
service. 
You no longer need the Bell. 

1325
01:16:06,300 --> 01:16:09,000
That Martha. 
The senior House made rings to 

1326
01:16:09,000 --> 01:16:11,900
wake, everyone. 
Your bones simply know when it's

1327
01:16:11,900 --> 01:16:15,500
time to begin another day in the
wonderful machine of the manor 

1328
01:16:15,500 --> 01:16:17,700
house. 
You slide your feet into boots 

1329
01:16:17,700 --> 01:16:20,200
that have molded themselves to 
your particular brand of 

1330
01:16:20,200 --> 01:16:23,300
exhaustion comfortable, in all 
the wrong places, one Thin, 

1331
01:16:23,300 --> 01:16:26,500
where you need the most The 
floorboards Creak they're 

1332
01:16:26,500 --> 01:16:28,500
familiar, greeting, as you 
tiptoe around your sleeping, 

1333
01:16:28,500 --> 01:16:31,400
roommates. 
Sarah, the scullery maid talks 

1334
01:16:31,400 --> 01:16:33,500
in her sleep about her 
sweetheart back in the village 

1335
01:16:33,500 --> 01:16:36,300
while Emma. 
Who works in the laundry, snores

1336
01:16:36,300 --> 01:16:38,800
with the dedication of someone 
who's earned every moment of 

1337
01:16:38,800 --> 01:16:41,800
rest. 
The servants staircase serves as

1338
01:16:41,800 --> 01:16:44,800
your primary route, to all 
important places, it's narrow 

1339
01:16:44,800 --> 01:16:46,800
and steep designed by 
architects. 

1340
01:16:46,800 --> 01:16:49,600
Who clearly never had to carry a
coal scuttle up for flights 

1341
01:16:49,600 --> 01:16:52,900
while balancing a chamber pot 
and trying not to wake the 

1342
01:16:52,900 --> 01:16:56,500
entire household. 
You've developed a peculiar 

1343
01:16:56,500 --> 01:17:00,800
Grace, navigating these stairs, 
part mountain goat part ballet 

1344
01:17:00,800 --> 01:17:04,000
dancer, all determination, not 
to Tumble backward into 

1345
01:17:04,000 --> 01:17:06,800
catastrophe. 
Your first stop is the 

1346
01:17:06,800 --> 01:17:09,800
Magnificent Hall where 
yesterday's ashes in the massive

1347
01:17:09,800 --> 01:17:11,900
fireplace. 
Look like the remains of a small

1348
01:17:11,900 --> 01:17:14,300
dragon. 
The greatest heavy enough to 

1349
01:17:14,300 --> 01:17:17,000
Anchor a ship and cleaning. 
It requires the kind of athletic

1350
01:17:17,000 --> 01:17:20,000
ability that would impress, 
circus performers, you've 

1351
01:17:20,000 --> 01:17:22,900
learned to approach it like a 
puzzle first, the smaller 

1352
01:17:22,900 --> 01:17:26,400
pieces, then the great itself 
always mindful that coal dust 

1353
01:17:26,400 --> 01:17:28,700
has a magical ability to appear 
on surfaces. 

1354
01:17:28,700 --> 01:17:31,800
You haven't even touched yet the
manner wakes up around you in 

1355
01:17:31,800 --> 01:17:34,000
layers. 
First come the other servants 

1356
01:17:34,000 --> 01:17:37,100
moving through their morning 
routines with the synchronized 

1357
01:17:37,100 --> 01:17:39,800
Precision of dancers who 
rehearse the same performance 

1358
01:17:39,800 --> 01:17:43,800
for years then come the dogs. 
Lord ashworth's hunting hounds 

1359
01:17:43,800 --> 01:17:47,800
who seem to insist on serving 
breakfast at 5 sharp regardless 

1360
01:17:47,800 --> 01:17:51,500
of human convenience. 
Finally, the house itself begins

1361
01:17:51,500 --> 01:17:55,200
to stir floorboards settling 
pipes, gurgling their morning 

1362
01:17:55,200 --> 01:17:57,300
complaints and somewhere in the 
distance. 

1363
01:17:57,300 --> 01:18:00,400
The grandfather clock in the 
entrance hall, chiming the hours

1364
01:18:00,400 --> 01:18:03,000
like a Stern Headmaster. 
Keeping everyone on schedule. 

1365
01:18:03,000 --> 01:18:06,300
You've learned to love these 
early morning moments, when the 

1366
01:18:06,300 --> 01:18:08,300
man of belongs entirely to its 
servants. 

1367
01:18:08,300 --> 01:18:10,900
There's something peaceful about
moving through rooms. 

1368
01:18:10,900 --> 01:18:13,800
That will later Buzz with the 
complicated social Machinery of 

1369
01:18:13,800 --> 01:18:16,500
the upper classes. 
But for now exists in a state of

1370
01:18:16,500 --> 01:18:20,600
suspended animation, the drawing
room with its silk wallpaper and

1371
01:18:20,600 --> 01:18:23,200
furniture that cost more than 
most people, earning a decade 

1372
01:18:23,200 --> 01:18:26,900
feels almost friendly in the 
pre-dawn darkness, you dust the 

1373
01:18:26,900 --> 01:18:29,600
mahogany, tables and straighten.
The cushions on chairs, that 

1374
01:18:29,600 --> 01:18:33,000
probably have their own names 
and pedigrees The Morning, Light

1375
01:18:33,000 --> 01:18:35,900
filtering through the tool 
Windows reveals dust Motes 

1376
01:18:35,900 --> 01:18:38,100
dancing in the air. 
Like tiny rebellious, spirits. 

1377
01:18:38,800 --> 01:18:41,200
You've developed a personal 
relationship with dust. 

1378
01:18:41,200 --> 01:18:44,900
It's your constant companion, 
your Eternal opponent and 

1379
01:18:44,900 --> 01:18:47,200
occasionally, when the light 
hits it just right. 

1380
01:18:47,200 --> 01:18:50,200
You're unwitting collaborator in
creating something almost 

1381
01:18:50,200 --> 01:18:53,100
beautiful. 
Dust, you've learned has 

1382
01:18:53,100 --> 01:18:55,900
personality. 
The dust in the library is 

1383
01:18:55,900 --> 01:18:59,600
scholarly and dignified settling
politely on leather bound books.

1384
01:19:00,300 --> 01:19:02,600
The dust in the children's 
playroom, is chaotic and 

1385
01:19:02,600 --> 01:19:05,700
adventurous hiding in corners 
and emerging at the most 

1386
01:19:05,700 --> 01:19:09,500
inconvenient moments. 
By 6:00 you've already 

1387
01:19:09,500 --> 01:19:11,300
accomplished. 
What most people would consider 

1388
01:19:11,300 --> 01:19:14,800
a full day's work. 
The fires alert, the main rooms 

1389
01:19:14,800 --> 01:19:16,900
are clean and you've managed to 
avoid waking. 

1390
01:19:16,900 --> 01:19:19,500
Anyone, who might dock your 
wages for disturbing their 

1391
01:19:19,500 --> 01:19:22,600
beauty, sleep, your back aches. 
In that particular way that 

1392
01:19:22,600 --> 01:19:25,100
comes from bending over greats 
and reaching under Furniture, 

1393
01:19:25,100 --> 01:19:28,900
but there's a satisfaction in 
seeing the malice slowly come to

1394
01:19:28,900 --> 01:19:32,700
life around your efforts. 
Kitten when you finally make it 

1395
01:19:32,700 --> 01:19:35,800
there for your breakfast, is a 
warm Refuge filled with the 

1396
01:19:35,800 --> 01:19:39,300
smell of fresh bread and the 
comfortable chaos of Mrs. 

1397
01:19:39,300 --> 01:19:41,900
Pemberton's domain. 
She ruled her realm with the 

1398
01:19:41,900 --> 01:19:44,300
authority of a general and the 
warmth of a favorite aunt 

1399
01:19:44,300 --> 01:19:47,900
dispensing, both orders and 
wisdom in equal measure the 

1400
01:19:47,900 --> 01:19:50,800
pecking order in a Victorian, 
Mansion is more complex than the

1401
01:19:50,800 --> 01:19:54,200
family tree of European royalty 
and twice as confusing for 

1402
01:19:54,200 --> 01:19:56,700
newcomers. 
You've learned to navigate this 

1403
01:19:56,700 --> 01:20:00,300
social Labyrinth, with the skill
of a diplomat, always mindful of

1404
01:20:00,300 --> 01:20:04,000
who out-ranks who and exactly 
how much courtesy each position 

1405
01:20:04,000 --> 01:20:07,000
demands. 
At the top of the servants 

1406
01:20:07,000 --> 01:20:09,700
hierarchy. 
Sits Mr. Whitmore, the butler 

1407
01:20:09,700 --> 01:20:12,500
who carries himself with the 
Dignity of a man who's never 

1408
01:20:12,500 --> 01:20:16,300
doubted his place in the world. 
Mr. Whitmore, the butler, 

1409
01:20:16,300 --> 01:20:17,800
possesses the ability to 
elevate. 

1410
01:20:17,800 --> 01:20:21,700
The mundane tasks of polishing, 
silver to a sacred ritual and 

1411
01:20:21,700 --> 01:20:25,300
his disapproval is unmistakable.
You've seen him reduce footman 

1412
01:20:25,300 --> 01:20:27,200
to stammering. 
Apologies with nothing more than

1413
01:20:27,200 --> 01:20:30,800
a raised eyebrow and a slight 
tightening around the eyes just 

1414
01:20:30,800 --> 01:20:33,300
below him Reigns. 
Mrs. Hartwell the housekeeper. 

1415
01:20:33,300 --> 01:20:37,100
Who manages the female star with
the organizational skills of a 

1416
01:20:37,100 --> 01:20:39,600
military commander and the 
intuition of someone whose 

1417
01:20:39,600 --> 01:20:43,200
raised 12 children He carries a 
massive ring of keys that 

1418
01:20:43,200 --> 01:20:46,300
Jangles with every step 
announcing her presence. 

1419
01:20:46,300 --> 01:20:50,000
Like a one woman, Brass Band 
these Keys unlock everything 

1420
01:20:50,000 --> 01:20:52,000
from the linen, closet to The 
Wine Cellar. 

1421
01:20:52,000 --> 01:20:55,200
And the sound of them has become
the sound track of authority in 

1422
01:20:55,200 --> 01:20:57,900
your daily life. 
Mrs. Pemberton rules. 

1423
01:20:57,900 --> 01:21:00,800
The kitchen with an iron, 
Laidlaw, and a heart that soft 

1424
01:21:00,800 --> 01:21:04,100
and her Yorkshire pudding. 
She's a cook who meticulously 

1425
01:21:04,100 --> 01:21:07,500
remembers each servants, 
preferred tea, and consistently 

1426
01:21:07,500 --> 01:21:10,600
provides an extra biscuit during
a particularly challenging day. 

1427
01:21:11,400 --> 01:21:14,900
Her domain is distinct from the 
rest of the house hierarchy, as 

1428
01:21:14,900 --> 01:21:17,900
she reports directly to Mrs, 
Hartwell however within her 

1429
01:21:17,900 --> 01:21:21,100
kitchen her Authority is 
unquestioned you found your 

1430
01:21:21,100 --> 01:21:23,600
place somewhere in the middle of
this complex social Machinery. 

1431
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:26,900
As a housemaid, you're above the
scullery maids and the kitchen 

1432
01:21:26,900 --> 01:21:30,600
help but below the ladies maids 
and the governess It's a 

1433
01:21:30,600 --> 01:21:32,800
position that requires a 
peculiar kind of social 

1434
01:21:32,800 --> 01:21:35,000
awareness. 
You need to be respectful to 

1435
01:21:35,000 --> 01:21:37,900
those above. 
You kind to those below you and 

1436
01:21:37,900 --> 01:21:39,400
cautious around those at your 
level. 

1437
01:21:39,400 --> 01:21:42,200
Because horizontal politics 
among servants, can be more 

1438
01:21:42,200 --> 01:21:45,600
treacherous than anything 
happening up stairs, the footmen

1439
01:21:45,600 --> 01:21:48,200
occupy their own strange 
category in this higher key, 

1440
01:21:48,200 --> 01:21:52,000
their technically, your equals, 
but they seem to believe their 

1441
01:21:52,000 --> 01:21:54,500
fancy uniforms and proximity to 
the dining room. 

1442
01:21:54,500 --> 01:21:56,100
Make them practically members of
the family. 

1443
01:21:57,000 --> 01:22:00,400
James, the senior footman has 
mastered the skill of sneering 

1444
01:22:00,400 --> 01:22:04,900
at people while simultaneously, 
serving them soup, his permitted

1445
01:22:04,900 --> 01:22:07,900
hair and pristine white gloves, 
make him look like he's 

1446
01:22:07,900 --> 01:22:11,200
constantly ready for a formal 
portrait even when he is just 

1447
01:22:11,200 --> 01:22:15,300
carrying cold scuttles. 
The daily dance of Precedence 

1448
01:22:15,300 --> 01:22:18,900
plays out in 100 small ways. 
Who enters the servants Hall? 

1449
01:22:18,900 --> 01:22:22,600
First for meals, who gets the 
best seat near the fire, who's 

1450
01:22:22,600 --> 01:22:25,800
allowed to voice, opinions about
the family's guests and who must

1451
01:22:25,800 --> 01:22:29,600
simply listen and Nod. 
You've learned to read these 

1452
01:22:29,600 --> 01:22:33,100
subtle cues like a scholar, 
studying ancient texts because 

1453
01:22:33,100 --> 01:22:36,200
misunderstanding your place can 
result in anything from cold 

1454
01:22:36,200 --> 01:22:39,400
shoulders to actual dismissal. 
The strangest part of this 

1455
01:22:39,400 --> 01:22:42,300
hierarchy is how it mirrors the 
family upstairs, while remaining

1456
01:22:42,300 --> 01:22:46,000
completely separate from it. 
Lord Ashworth might be the 

1457
01:22:46,000 --> 01:22:48,900
master of the house but he has 
no idea that William. 

1458
01:22:48,900 --> 01:22:52,200
The second footman has been 
conducting a subtle campaign of 

1459
01:22:52,200 --> 01:22:55,800
psychological warfare against 
Thomas the holy over. 

1460
01:22:55,800 --> 01:22:58,300
Whose responsibility. 
It is to polish the brass door 

1461
01:22:58,300 --> 01:23:00,800
knobs. 
The servant dramas unfold 

1462
01:23:00,800 --> 01:23:04,400
parallel to the family's lives 
invisible to them, but consuming

1463
01:23:04,400 --> 01:23:08,300
tremendous energy below stairs, 
you've developed a strategy for 

1464
01:23:08,300 --> 01:23:11,500
navigating these social Waters 
that involves generous amounts 

1465
01:23:11,500 --> 01:23:15,000
of tea, careful, listening, and 
an almost Supernatural ability 

1466
01:23:15,000 --> 01:23:17,000
to become invisible when 
tensions rise. 

1467
01:23:17,000 --> 01:23:20,400
The key is understanding that 
everyone from the lowliest 

1468
01:23:20,400 --> 01:23:22,000
scholarly made to the most 
exalted. 

1469
01:23:22,000 --> 01:23:25,100
Ladies maid is desperately 
trying to maintain their 

1470
01:23:25,100 --> 01:23:27,100
dignity. 
In a world that offers very 

1471
01:23:27,100 --> 01:23:28,600
little of it. 
People in service. 

1472
01:23:29,400 --> 01:23:33,300
The laundry made exist in their 
own steamy Universe emerging 

1473
01:23:33,300 --> 01:23:35,400
from the basement. 
Wash house looking like they've 

1474
01:23:35,400 --> 01:23:38,700
been wrestling with clouds. 
They speak their language of 

1475
01:23:38,700 --> 01:23:41,500
starch and soap and the hands 
are permanently. 

1476
01:23:41,500 --> 01:23:43,500
Pruned from constant contact 
with water. 

1477
01:23:43,500 --> 01:23:47,700
Emma, who shares your attic room
comes to bed every night 

1478
01:23:47,700 --> 01:23:49,800
smelling like carbolic soap and 
lavender. 

1479
01:23:49,800 --> 01:23:52,300
A combination. 
That's become as comforting as a

1480
01:23:52,300 --> 01:23:55,200
lullaby. 
The truly fascinating members of

1481
01:23:55,200 --> 01:23:57,300
this servant. 
Ecosystem are the Specialists, 

1482
01:23:57,300 --> 01:24:01,400
the lamp trimmer who treats each
fixture like a delicate patient,

1483
01:24:01,400 --> 01:24:04,500
requiring surgery? 
The boot boy, who knows the 

1484
01:24:04,500 --> 01:24:08,000
Footwear preferences of every 
family member and guest and the 

1485
01:24:08,000 --> 01:24:11,300
under Butler who's being groomed
for Mr. Whitmore's position and 

1486
01:24:11,300 --> 01:24:13,900
carries the weight of that 
future responsibility like a 

1487
01:24:13,900 --> 01:24:16,900
crown that still being fitted. 
Living in a Victorian. 

1488
01:24:16,900 --> 01:24:20,400
Mansion means existing in Two 
Worlds simultaneously like being

1489
01:24:20,400 --> 01:24:23,100
an actor in a play where half 
the cast doesn't know the other 

1490
01:24:23,100 --> 01:24:26,000
half exists. 
You've mastered the art of 

1491
01:24:26,000 --> 01:24:28,400
becoming functionally invisible 
when family members are present.

1492
01:24:29,300 --> 01:24:31,600
Skill, that requires more 
athleticism than most people 

1493
01:24:31,600 --> 01:24:35,300
realize, the back staircase is 
your lifeline to invisibility, 

1494
01:24:35,300 --> 01:24:39,100
it's a narrow winding passage 
that connects every floor of the

1495
01:24:39,100 --> 01:24:42,700
house designed specifically. 
So servants can move through the

1496
01:24:42,700 --> 01:24:45,700
mansion without disturbing the 
family's carefully, orchestrated

1497
01:24:45,700 --> 01:24:48,400
daily life. 
You've learned to navigate these

1498
01:24:48,400 --> 01:24:52,500
stairs and complete, darkness, 
your feet knowing exactly where 

1499
01:24:52,500 --> 01:24:55,400
each step creaks and which 
handrail Wiggles, it's like 

1500
01:24:55,400 --> 01:24:57,700
having a secret passage to 
everywhere that matters. 

1501
01:24:57,700 --> 01:25:00,600
Except the secret is that you're
not supposed to exist while 

1502
01:25:00,600 --> 01:25:02,900
using it. 
The family's daily routine 

1503
01:25:02,900 --> 01:25:05,700
creates a complex choreography 
that you've learned to dance 

1504
01:25:05,700 --> 01:25:08,500
around. 
Lady Ashworth, takes her 

1505
01:25:08,500 --> 01:25:10,400
morning. 
Tea at precisely 8:00, which 

1506
01:25:10,400 --> 01:25:12,600
means you need to have her 
sitting room Immaculate, by 

1507
01:25:12,608 --> 01:25:16,600
7:30, She has a particular way 
of saying when things aren't 

1508
01:25:16,600 --> 01:25:19,600
arranged to her satisfaction, 
not quite disapproval, but, 

1509
01:25:19,600 --> 01:25:22,700
definitely disappointment that 
can ruin your entire morning. 

1510
01:25:22,700 --> 01:25:26,100
If you're not prepared for it, 
the children present their own 

1511
01:25:26,100 --> 01:25:29,600
unique challenges, Master 
Frederick, eight years old and 

1512
01:25:29,600 --> 01:25:32,500
convinced of his military 
greatness has transformed the 

1513
01:25:32,500 --> 01:25:34,500
third floor into his personal 
Battlefield. 

1514
01:25:34,500 --> 01:25:38,000
You've learned to clean around 
elaborate Arrangements of toy 

1515
01:25:38,000 --> 01:25:39,800
soldiers. 
Knowing that disturbing his 

1516
01:25:39,800 --> 01:25:42,100
campaigns could result in the 
kind of tantrum. 

1517
01:25:42,100 --> 01:25:44,800
That brings his mother running 
and gets servants blamed for 

1518
01:25:44,800 --> 01:25:49,000
corrupting Young Minds. 
His sister, Miss Caroline is 12.

1519
01:25:49,000 --> 01:25:52,200
And as recently discovered the 
power of treating servants, like

1520
01:25:52,200 --> 01:25:55,500
her personal confidence, which 
is flattering Until you realize 

1521
01:25:55,500 --> 01:25:58,200
she's practicing her future role
as Mistress of her household. 

1522
01:25:58,200 --> 01:26:00,600
The guests are where things get 
intriguing. 

1523
01:26:00,600 --> 01:26:03,500
Every visitor brings their 
expectations, their servants, 

1524
01:26:03,500 --> 01:26:05,800
and their own way of treating 
the household staff. 

1525
01:26:06,700 --> 01:26:09,700
You've learned to read people 
quickly, some guests, treat you 

1526
01:26:09,700 --> 01:26:13,100
like Furniture, others like 
family pets, and a precious few,

1527
01:26:13,100 --> 01:26:16,600
like actual human beings. 
Those who attempt to appear 

1528
01:26:16,600 --> 01:26:19,300
friendly yet, make it evident 
that they view you as a 

1529
01:26:19,308 --> 01:26:24,300
completely different species. 
Are the worst Mrs. Fitzpatrick, 

1530
01:26:24,300 --> 01:26:27,600
lady ashworth's, sister, visits 
monthly and treats the servants 

1531
01:26:27,600 --> 01:26:29,700
Hall like her personal 
entertainment venue. 

1532
01:26:30,200 --> 01:26:33,500
She sweeps through asking 
intrusive questions about your 

1533
01:26:33,500 --> 01:26:36,200
personal life, while 
simultaneously rearranging 

1534
01:26:36,200 --> 01:26:38,100
everything, according to her own
preferences. 

1535
01:26:39,000 --> 01:26:43,000
Her ladies made Miss Prentiss 
apologizes constantly for her 

1536
01:26:43,000 --> 01:26:45,900
mistress's behavior, while 
somehow making it clear that she

1537
01:26:45,900 --> 01:26:48,500
considers herself. 
Superior to the permanent staff,

1538
01:26:49,300 --> 01:26:51,700
the dinner parties are where 
you're invisibility skills. 

1539
01:26:51,700 --> 01:26:54,800
Get their greatest work out. 
You've learned to move through 

1540
01:26:54,800 --> 01:26:58,000
the dining room like a ghost. 
Refilling water glasses, and 

1541
01:26:58,000 --> 01:27:00,700
replacing horses. 
While 8 to 12 people conduct 

1542
01:27:00,700 --> 01:27:04,300
conversations that range from 
fascinating to horrifying often 

1543
01:27:04,300 --> 01:27:07,400
within the same sentence. 
The trick is to listen without 

1544
01:27:07,400 --> 01:27:10,500
appearing, to listen, to 
anticipate needs without seeming

1545
01:27:10,500 --> 01:27:12,500
to pay attention. 
And to remember everything 

1546
01:27:12,500 --> 01:27:14,800
while, pretending to forget it, 
all the moment, you leave the 

1547
01:27:14,800 --> 01:27:17,200
room. 
Overhearing conversations about 

1548
01:27:17,200 --> 01:27:19,500
politics finance and social 
scandals. 

1549
01:27:19,500 --> 01:27:21,300
That would make excellent 
gossip. 

1550
01:27:21,300 --> 01:27:24,700
If you could share them, you've 
gained valuable insights, the 

1551
01:27:24,700 --> 01:27:26,800
family, discusses their 
neighbor's Affairs, their 

1552
01:27:26,800 --> 01:27:29,700
business dealings, and their 
opinions about everything from 

1553
01:27:29,700 --> 01:27:32,300
the weather to the Empire all 
while servants. 

1554
01:27:32,300 --> 01:27:34,100
Move around them like well 
trained spirits. 

1555
01:27:34,800 --> 01:27:37,400
It has provided you with an 
education in human nature that 

1556
01:27:37,400 --> 01:27:40,500
no school could match. 
The most challenging aspect of 

1557
01:27:40,500 --> 01:27:42,900
this Upstairs Downstairs. 
Existence is maintaining your 

1558
01:27:42,900 --> 01:27:47,000
sense of self while pretending 
to be invisible. you've learned 

1559
01:27:47,000 --> 01:27:49,300
to find moments of genuine 
connection with the family 

1560
01:27:49,300 --> 01:27:52,800
members, a shared joke with Miss
Carolyn, a moment of 

1561
01:27:52,800 --> 01:27:55,900
appreciation from Lady Ashworth,
when you've arranged her flowers

1562
01:27:55,900 --> 01:27:59,000
particularly well or not of 
approval from Lourdes, Ashworth,

1563
01:27:59,000 --> 01:28:01,400
when you've managed to clean his
study without disturbing his 

1564
01:28:01,400 --> 01:28:05,800
carefully, organized chaos, The 
house itself becomes a character

1565
01:28:05,800 --> 01:28:08,700
in this daily drama. 
Different rooms have different 

1566
01:28:08,700 --> 01:28:11,400
personalities. 
Different moods and different 

1567
01:28:11,400 --> 01:28:12,900
requirements. 
For how you're supposed to 

1568
01:28:12,900 --> 01:28:15,400
behave in them. 
The library demands quiet. 

1569
01:28:15,400 --> 01:28:18,600
Reverence the drawing room 
requires, careful, attention to 

1570
01:28:18,600 --> 01:28:20,700
every surface and the nurse 
needs. 

1571
01:28:20,700 --> 01:28:22,200
The kind of vigilance that comes
from. 

1572
01:28:22,200 --> 01:28:24,800
Knowing that children can 
destroy a perfectly clean room 

1573
01:28:24,800 --> 01:28:28,500
in the time, it takes to Blink 
cleaning a Victorian Mansion is 

1574
01:28:28,500 --> 01:28:30,800
like being a detective, a 
chemist and an athlete. 

1575
01:28:30,800 --> 01:28:34,200
All rolled into one exhausting 
profession You've learned that 

1576
01:28:34,200 --> 01:28:38,700
every stain tells a story every 
surface has its personality and 

1577
01:28:38,700 --> 01:28:41,400
every cleaning solution has the 
potential to either save the day

1578
01:28:41,400 --> 01:28:44,000
or created disaster that follows
you for months. 

1579
01:28:44,800 --> 01:28:46,800
The Cleaning Supply in Mrs. 
Hartwell's locked. 

1580
01:28:46,800 --> 01:28:49,800
Cupboard look like in Greedy for
either medicine or Mayhem 

1581
01:28:49,800 --> 01:28:51,700
depending on your level of 
expertise. 

1582
01:28:52,800 --> 01:28:55,100
Mrs. Hartwell's locked. 
Cupboard contains a variety of 

1583
01:28:55,100 --> 01:28:58,300
cleaning supplies, including 
carbolic acid for the floors, 

1584
01:28:58,300 --> 01:29:01,600
vinegar for the windows. 
And a product known as monkey 

1585
01:29:01,600 --> 01:29:05,200
brand soap, which while 
purportedly effective on 

1586
01:29:05,200 --> 01:29:08,200
everything from brass to boots. 
Often leaves your hands feeling 

1587
01:29:08,200 --> 01:29:09,900
as if you've been handling 
sandpaper. 

1588
01:29:10,600 --> 01:29:12,800
You've developed a personal 
relationship with different 

1589
01:29:12,800 --> 01:29:15,200
types of dirt. 
There's the honest dirt that 

1590
01:29:15,200 --> 01:29:19,200
comes from daily living dust, 
mud the occasional spilled tea, 

1591
01:29:19,200 --> 01:29:21,800
which responds to 
straightforward cleaning methods

1592
01:29:21,800 --> 01:29:25,400
and doesn't hold grudges. 
Then there's the sneaky dirt 

1593
01:29:25,400 --> 01:29:28,800
that hides in corners and behind
Furniture waiting to embarrass 

1594
01:29:28,800 --> 01:29:31,000
you. 
When important guests, visit the

1595
01:29:31,000 --> 01:29:33,800
worst is the mysterious dirt 
that appears overnight on 

1596
01:29:33,808 --> 01:29:35,900
surfaces. 
You cleaned perfectly the day 

1597
01:29:35,900 --> 01:29:38,800
before which you're convinced is
either Supernatural or the 

1598
01:29:38,800 --> 01:29:41,100
result of some servant 
conspiracy you have not figured 

1599
01:29:41,100 --> 01:29:43,700
out yet. 
The weekly ritual of cleaning, 

1600
01:29:43,700 --> 01:29:45,600
the chandeliers requires the 
kind of Courage. 

1601
01:29:45,600 --> 01:29:48,600
Usually reserved for mounting 
climbing, you've mastered the 

1602
01:29:48,600 --> 01:29:50,800
art of dismantling. 
These Crystal monsters 

1603
01:29:50,800 --> 01:29:54,400
meticulously cleaning each 
individual Crystal with a 

1604
01:29:54,400 --> 01:29:56,500
solution that Mrs. Hartwell 
fervently Advocates. 

1605
01:29:56,500 --> 01:30:00,200
But withholds the recipe, the 
crystals have to be dried with 

1606
01:30:00,200 --> 01:30:03,500
specific cloths, polished with 
particular movements and 

1607
01:30:03,500 --> 01:30:07,100
reassembled in exactly the right
order or they'll catch the Light

1608
01:30:07,100 --> 01:30:09,700
wrong. 
And everyone will notice carpet,

1609
01:30:09,700 --> 01:30:12,000
cleaning is where you've truly 
earned your stripes as a 

1610
01:30:12,000 --> 01:30:15,400
domestic Warrior. 
The dining room carpet which 

1611
01:30:15,400 --> 01:30:18,200
depicts some sort of hunting 
scene with more dire than you'd 

1612
01:30:18,200 --> 01:30:21,300
see in an actual Forest requires
weekly attention with a carpet 

1613
01:30:21,300 --> 01:30:23,700
beater, that's heavier than most
people's luggage. 

1614
01:30:23,700 --> 01:30:26,000
You've learned to read the 
carpets mood. 

1615
01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:29,500
Some weeks, it gives up its 
dirty easily other weeks. 

1616
01:30:29,500 --> 01:30:32,100
It clings to every spec like 
it's fighting for its life. 

1617
01:30:32,100 --> 01:30:35,200
The Silver Service is your 
Nemesis and your pride 

1618
01:30:35,200 --> 01:30:38,100
simultaneously. 
There are pieces in the butler's

1619
01:30:38,100 --> 01:30:40,900
Pantry that have been in the 
family for Generations, each 

1620
01:30:40,900 --> 01:30:43,600
with its own cleaning 
requirements, and its own way of

1621
01:30:43,600 --> 01:30:46,700
making you look incompetent. 
The tea service from Lourdes, 

1622
01:30:46,700 --> 01:30:48,600
Ashworth. 
Grandmother requires a special 

1623
01:30:48,600 --> 01:30:51,600
polish that has to be applied in
circular motions. 

1624
01:30:51,600 --> 01:30:55,600
Never straight lines and buffed 
to a shine that can blind 

1625
01:30:55,600 --> 01:30:59,400
unsuspecting footman. you've 
discovered that cleaning is 

1626
01:30:59,400 --> 01:31:02,700
really about understanding 
chemistry, even if nobody calls 

1627
01:31:02,700 --> 01:31:06,000
it that Different materials 
required, different approaches, 

1628
01:31:06,000 --> 01:31:08,400
different solutions, and 
different techniques. 

1629
01:31:08,400 --> 01:31:10,600
The marble in the entrance hall 
needs. 

1630
01:31:10,600 --> 01:31:12,600
Gentle treatment with specific 
soaps. 

1631
01:31:12,600 --> 01:31:15,900
While the wood paneling in the 
study requires oils that have 

1632
01:31:15,900 --> 01:31:17,700
been mixed. 
According to recipes, that are 

1633
01:31:17,700 --> 01:31:21,400
closely guarded family secrets, 
the laundry presents, its own 

1634
01:31:21,400 --> 01:31:23,800
scientific challenges. 
You've learned to identify 

1635
01:31:23,800 --> 01:31:27,900
stains by sight smell and 
sometimes by the story behind 

1636
01:31:27,900 --> 01:31:30,700
them blood requires, cold water 
and salt. 

1637
01:31:30,700 --> 01:31:33,500
Why needs to be treated 
immediately with white wine? 

1638
01:31:33,500 --> 01:31:36,300
If you can get it a mysterious 
stains on the children's 

1639
01:31:36,300 --> 01:31:39,100
clothing, usually respond to a 
combination of prayer and 

1640
01:31:39,100 --> 01:31:40,900
whatever. 
Mrs, Pemberton recommends from 

1641
01:31:40,900 --> 01:31:44,800
her arsenal of kitchen remedies.
Your skills truly test. 

1642
01:31:44,800 --> 01:31:48,000
During the seasonal cleaning 
rituals sprinkling means taking 

1643
01:31:48,000 --> 01:31:50,600
apart every room. 
Cleaning surfaces that haven't 

1644
01:31:50,600 --> 01:31:53,500
seen attention since the 
previous year and discovering 

1645
01:31:53,500 --> 01:31:55,200
problems that have been hiding 
all winter. 

1646
01:31:55,900 --> 01:31:58,200
You've learned to approach these
marathons like a military 

1647
01:31:58,200 --> 01:32:01,900
campaign with careful planning, 
strategic Supply management. 

1648
01:32:01,900 --> 01:32:04,400
And the kind of determination 
that comes from. 

1649
01:32:04,400 --> 01:32:06,600
Knowing that failure means 
starting over from the 

1650
01:32:06,600 --> 01:32:09,600
beginning. 
The tools of your trade have 

1651
01:32:09,600 --> 01:32:12,900
become extensions of your body, 
you know, exactly how much 

1652
01:32:12,900 --> 01:32:16,300
pressure each brush can handle, 
which cloths work best on which 

1653
01:32:16,300 --> 01:32:19,300
surfaces and how to make a 
feather duster perform, like a 

1654
01:32:19,300 --> 01:32:22,000
Precision instrument. 
Your hands have developed. 

1655
01:32:22,000 --> 01:32:25,500
Calluses in places that tell the
story of your daily routine and 

1656
01:32:25,500 --> 01:32:28,300
your back is learned to bend and
twist in ways that would impress

1657
01:32:28,300 --> 01:32:32,000
contortionists, the kitchen is 
the heart of the manner but it's

1658
01:32:32,000 --> 01:32:34,500
a heart that beats with the 
rhythm of organized, chaos, 

1659
01:32:34,500 --> 01:32:38,300
military, precision, and the 
occasional minor explosion when 

1660
01:32:38,300 --> 01:32:41,000
someone forgets that the 
temperamental stove has a mind 

1661
01:32:41,000 --> 01:32:44,500
of its own, You've learned to 
navigate this color, Andre 

1662
01:32:44,500 --> 01:32:47,600
Battlefield with the skill of a 
diplomat and the reflexes of 

1663
01:32:47,600 --> 01:32:51,200
someone who's been hit by flying
pastry once too often. 

1664
01:32:52,100 --> 01:32:55,100
Mrs. Pemberton governs. 
Her domain with a wooden spoon 

1665
01:32:55,100 --> 01:32:57,600
that has endured more use than 
most medieval weapons. 

1666
01:32:57,600 --> 01:33:01,400
Mrs. Pemberton is a cook who 
adeptly prepares a seven-course 

1667
01:33:01,400 --> 01:33:05,600
dinner for 12 guests managers. 
The daily meals for 23 servants,

1668
01:33:05,600 --> 01:33:08,900
monitors, dietary restrictions 
that fluctuate with the weather 

1669
01:33:08,900 --> 01:33:12,000
and maintains a constant 
commentary on the moral failings

1670
01:33:12,000 --> 01:33:14,000
of anyone who has ever 
questioned her gravy. 

1671
01:33:14,600 --> 01:33:16,900
The kitchen follows a schedule 
that would leave Railway 

1672
01:33:16,900 --> 01:33:19,100
conductors feeling envious 
breakfast. 

1673
01:33:19,100 --> 01:33:22,900
Preparation begins at 4:30 with 
the great stove being coaxed to 

1674
01:33:22,908 --> 01:33:26,000
life, like a temperamental 
dragon that requires specific 

1675
01:33:26,000 --> 01:33:28,800
rituals to avoid breathing fire 
in the wrong direction. 

1676
01:33:29,800 --> 01:33:32,400
The bread has to rise at 
precisely the right temperature,

1677
01:33:32,400 --> 01:33:35,700
the porridge must be stirred in 
a particular pattern to avoid 

1678
01:33:35,700 --> 01:33:37,700
lumps. 
And the bacon requires the kind 

1679
01:33:37,700 --> 01:33:40,600
of attention usually reserved 
for diplomatic negotiations. 

1680
01:33:41,500 --> 01:33:42,700
You've learned to read the 
kitchen's. 

1681
01:33:42,700 --> 01:33:46,400
Moods like a weather forecaster.
When Mrs, Pemberton starts 

1682
01:33:46,400 --> 01:33:50,200
humming while she needs bread. 
It's going to be a good day. 

1683
01:33:51,100 --> 01:33:53,700
When she begins muttering about 
ungrateful, families and 

1684
01:33:53,700 --> 01:33:55,900
servants. 
Who don't appreciate proper 

1685
01:33:55,900 --> 01:33:58,300
cooking. 
It's time to become very useful.

1686
01:33:58,300 --> 01:34:02,100
Very quietly and very far from 
her line of sight. 

1687
01:34:03,000 --> 01:34:05,700
When she starts banging pots 
louder than necessary. 

1688
01:34:05,700 --> 01:34:09,000
Everyone knows to work faster 
and speak less. 

1689
01:34:10,500 --> 01:34:13,600
The scullery maid, poor. 
Sarah lives in a world of 

1690
01:34:13,600 --> 01:34:17,500
endless dishes where every meal 
creates a mountain of plates 

1691
01:34:17,500 --> 01:34:21,000
glasses and serving pieces that 
need to be washed, dried and put

1692
01:34:21,000 --> 01:34:23,200
away before the next meal Begins
the cycle again. 

1693
01:34:24,300 --> 01:34:26,700
She's developed arms that could 
probably arm wrestle, most of 

1694
01:34:26,700 --> 01:34:29,600
the footmen and a philosophical 
approach to dishwater that 

1695
01:34:29,600 --> 01:34:33,100
borders on the mystical. 
Her domain is the enormous sink,

1696
01:34:33,100 --> 01:34:37,300
a porcelain monster that could 
probably the small horse and she

1697
01:34:37,300 --> 01:34:40,000
approaches each load of dishes, 
like a general, planing a 

1698
01:34:40,000 --> 01:34:42,300
campaign. 
The preparation of meals for 

1699
01:34:42,300 --> 01:34:45,900
upstairs is a performance that 
requires choreography timing and

1700
01:34:45,900 --> 01:34:48,200
the kind of attention to detail 
that would impress Swiss 

1701
01:34:48,200 --> 01:34:50,300
watchmakers. 
Every plate. 

1702
01:34:50,300 --> 01:34:53,100
Must be warmed to the exact 
temperature, every garnish 

1703
01:34:53,100 --> 01:34:56,700
placed with artistic precision. 
And every course, time to arrive

1704
01:34:56,700 --> 01:34:59,400
at the dining room, exactly, 
when the family is ready for it.

1705
01:35:00,200 --> 01:35:02,500
You've learned to move through 
this ballet, without disrupting 

1706
01:35:02,500 --> 01:35:05,200
the flow, carrying messages 
between the kitchen and the 

1707
01:35:05,208 --> 01:35:08,600
dining room adjusting plans. 
When last minute guests arrive 

1708
01:35:08,600 --> 01:35:11,500
and somehow managing to be 
helpful without getting in the 

1709
01:35:11,500 --> 01:35:16,100
way, The servants meals, present
their challenges, we need to 

1710
01:35:16,100 --> 01:35:19,700
feed 23 people substantial, 
satisfying food that is 

1711
01:35:19,700 --> 01:35:23,000
efficient to prepare and doesn't
require the same ingredients as 

1712
01:35:23,000 --> 01:35:26,300
the family's meals. 
Mrs. Pemberton has mastered. 

1713
01:35:26,300 --> 01:35:29,800
The skill of maximizing, the use
of ingredients resulting in 

1714
01:35:29,800 --> 01:35:33,300
meals, that not only economical,
but also delicious, despite her 

1715
01:35:33,300 --> 01:35:35,300
reluctance to acknowledge their 
deliciousness. 

1716
01:35:36,700 --> 01:35:39,500
The weekly delivery of supplies 
turns the kitchen into a small 

1717
01:35:39,500 --> 01:35:42,300
version of a Marketplace, 
Tradesmen arrived with 

1718
01:35:42,300 --> 01:35:45,500
vegetables, meat Dairy, and dry 
goods, and Mrs. Pemberton 

1719
01:35:45,500 --> 01:35:48,200
inspects, everything with the 
critical eye of someone who's 

1720
01:35:48,200 --> 01:35:51,000
been fooled by wilted lettuce. 
Exactly. 

1721
01:35:51,000 --> 01:35:55,000
Once and learned her lesson, She
haggles over prices. 

1722
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:58,700
Rejects inferior products and 
somehow, manages to maintain 

1723
01:35:58,700 --> 01:36:01,400
relationships with suppliers 
that ensure the man gets the 

1724
01:36:01,400 --> 01:36:03,500
best of everything while staying
within budget. 

1725
01:36:04,400 --> 01:36:07,100
The kitchen gossip network is 
more efficient than the Postal 

1726
01:36:07,100 --> 01:36:10,500
Service information travels from
the tradesman's entrance to the 

1727
01:36:10,508 --> 01:36:12,700
servants Hall. 
Faster than Steam from a kettle 

1728
01:36:12,700 --> 01:36:16,000
and Mrs. Pemberton somehow knows
about neighborhood scandals 

1729
01:36:16,000 --> 01:36:18,700
before they happen. 
She dispenses wisdom about 

1730
01:36:18,700 --> 01:36:22,000
everything from unreliable 
butchers to unsuitable 

1731
01:36:22,000 --> 01:36:25,300
marriages, all while stirring 
sources and timing roasts with 

1732
01:36:25,300 --> 01:36:26,900
the Precision of a master 
conductor. 

1733
01:36:28,000 --> 01:36:30,600
The kitchen reveals its true 
character during the evening, 

1734
01:36:30,600 --> 01:36:32,900
clean up. 
After a day of constant 

1735
01:36:32,900 --> 01:36:36,400
activity, the great room needs 
to be restored to perfect order 

1736
01:36:36,400 --> 01:36:39,600
for the next days battles. 
Every surface must be scrubbed 

1737
01:36:39,600 --> 01:36:43,200
every pot cleaned and put away. 
And the stove, banked for the 

1738
01:36:43,200 --> 01:36:45,600
night like a faithful pet being 
tucked into bed. 

1739
01:36:46,500 --> 01:36:49,000
It's during These Quiet Moments 
that you appreciate the 

1740
01:36:49,008 --> 01:36:53,300
kitchen's warmth, both literal 
and metaphorical and understand 

1741
01:36:53,300 --> 01:36:57,200
why it's considered the heart of
the entire household living in a

1742
01:36:57,200 --> 01:36:59,800
Victorian Mansion also makes you
an unwilling keeper of family 

1743
01:36:59,800 --> 01:37:03,700
secrets neighborhood, gossip and
blackmail material, which you 

1744
01:37:03,700 --> 01:37:06,300
would never do, because that 
would be wrong, and you need 

1745
01:37:06,300 --> 01:37:09,200
this job. 
The servants Hall after dinner 

1746
01:37:09,200 --> 01:37:11,500
is where information flows like 
tea from a pot. 

1747
01:37:11,500 --> 01:37:13,300
Sometimes bitter. 
Sometimes. 

1748
01:37:13,300 --> 01:37:16,500
Sweet always hot. 
You've learned to listen 

1749
01:37:16,500 --> 01:37:19,900
carefully and speak cautiously 
because gossip is currently in 

1750
01:37:19,900 --> 01:37:23,100
the servant world and spending 
it unwise leak and leave you 

1751
01:37:23,100 --> 01:37:25,900
socially bankrupt. 
The trick is knowing which 

1752
01:37:25,900 --> 01:37:29,400
stories are safe to share, which
ones are too dangerous to repeat

1753
01:37:29,400 --> 01:37:32,400
and which ones are so delicious 
that keeping them secret. 

1754
01:37:32,400 --> 01:37:35,600
Feels like a physical sacrifice.
Martha. 

1755
01:37:35,600 --> 01:37:38,900
The senior housemaid has been 
with the family for 15 years and

1756
01:37:38,900 --> 01:37:42,600
knows everything about everyone.
She possesses an extensive 

1757
01:37:42,600 --> 01:37:45,600
knowledge of scandals. 
Ranging from Lourdes ashworth's,

1758
01:37:45,600 --> 01:37:49,200
youthful gambling, debts to the 
reasons behind lady Ashworth, 

1759
01:37:49,200 --> 01:37:52,200
sisters exclusion from Christmas
dinner, Martha. 

1760
01:37:52,200 --> 01:37:55,500
Dispenses this information. 
Like a careful pharmacist giving

1761
01:37:55,500 --> 01:37:59,000
you just enough to satisfy your 
curiosity without providing 

1762
01:37:59,000 --> 01:38:02,600
enough to get you into trouble. 
The most fascinating discoveries

1763
01:38:02,600 --> 01:38:04,800
come from cleaning, the family's
private spaces. 

1764
01:38:04,800 --> 01:38:08,500
You've mastered the art of 
interpreting Clues such as the 

1765
01:38:08,500 --> 01:38:10,600
hastily hidden. 
Letters upon entering a room, 

1766
01:38:10,600 --> 01:38:13,400
the abrupt Holtz and 
conversations when servants 

1767
01:38:13,400 --> 01:38:15,400
arrived. 
And the poignant glance is 

1768
01:38:15,400 --> 01:38:18,100
shared among family members. 
That reveal intricate details 

1769
01:38:18,100 --> 01:38:20,800
about situations, you're not 
expected to comprehend. 

1770
01:38:22,000 --> 01:38:24,300
The art is an appearing 
oblivious while actually being 

1771
01:38:24,300 --> 01:38:27,200
quite observant and in 
remembering everything while 

1772
01:38:27,200 --> 01:38:30,500
pretending to forget it all. 
The guest rooms, hold a wealth 

1773
01:38:30,500 --> 01:38:32,800
of information about the family 
social connections. 

1774
01:38:32,800 --> 01:38:35,900
You've learned to deduce entire 
stories from the contents of 

1775
01:38:35,908 --> 01:38:38,600
visitors, luggage their 
correspondence and their 

1776
01:38:38,600 --> 01:38:42,700
requests for specific services. 
Colonel Weatherby who visits 

1777
01:38:42,700 --> 01:38:46,500
quarterly always bring his soap 
and request extra towels which 

1778
01:38:46,500 --> 01:38:49,400
suggests either fastidious 
hygiene or something more 

1779
01:38:49,400 --> 01:38:51,300
interesting that you're not 
supposed to think about? 

1780
01:38:52,500 --> 01:38:55,300
Mrs. Vanderbilt always travels 
with her sheets and insists on 

1781
01:38:55,308 --> 01:38:56,800
having her tea prepared with 
water. 

1782
01:38:56,800 --> 01:38:58,500
That's been boiled, exactly 
twice. 

1783
01:38:58,500 --> 01:39:01,700
Which tells you something about 
either her standards or her 

1784
01:39:01,700 --> 01:39:04,900
superstitions, The most 
dangerous secrets are the ones 

1785
01:39:04,908 --> 01:39:06,500
that involve the family's 
finances. 

1786
01:39:06,500 --> 01:39:09,700
You've overheard enough 
conversations to understand that

1787
01:39:09,700 --> 01:39:12,300
the manners. 
Magnificent appearance might not

1788
01:39:12,300 --> 01:39:14,600
reflect the actual state of the 
family's resources. 

1789
01:39:14,600 --> 01:39:18,600
There are whispered discussions 
about mortgages Investments and 

1790
01:39:18,600 --> 01:39:21,500
the need to make certain 
economies that must never be a 

1791
01:39:21,500 --> 01:39:24,400
parent to visitors this 
knowledge lingers in your mind 

1792
01:39:24,400 --> 01:39:27,900
to significant to overlook yet 
to perilous to divulge. 

1793
01:39:28,700 --> 01:39:31,500
The Romantic entanglements of 
the family, provide endless 

1794
01:39:31,500 --> 01:39:33,100
entertainment for the servants 
Hall. 

1795
01:39:34,100 --> 01:39:36,200
Everyone is eagerly anticipating
the moment. 

1796
01:39:36,200 --> 01:39:39,300
When miscarried parents will 
notice her obvious infatuation 

1797
01:39:39,300 --> 01:39:42,000
with the young, curate, who is 
visiting to discuss her 

1798
01:39:42,000 --> 01:39:45,200
charitable work. 
Master Fredrick's current 

1799
01:39:45,200 --> 01:39:48,500
obsession with military history.
Seems to be connected to his 

1800
01:39:48,500 --> 01:39:52,400
desire to impress Ms. Julia the 
daughter of a visiting general, 

1801
01:39:52,400 --> 01:39:55,900
which is a adorable Until you 
realize that 8 year old romantic

1802
01:39:55,900 --> 01:39:58,600
strategies involving 
increasingly, elaborate displays

1803
01:39:58,600 --> 01:40:02,100
of toy soldier expertise, 
Observing the relationship 

1804
01:40:02,100 --> 01:40:05,000
between Lord and Lady Ashworth 
from the unique perspective of 

1805
01:40:05,000 --> 01:40:07,800
someone who maintains their 
private spaces is a fascinating 

1806
01:40:07,800 --> 01:40:09,900
study. 
In Victorian marriage, they 

1807
01:40:09,900 --> 01:40:12,800
maintain the perfect facade of 
domestic Harmony and public. 

1808
01:40:12,800 --> 01:40:16,500
But you've learned to read the 
subtle signs of tension separate

1809
01:40:16,500 --> 01:40:19,700
bedrooms During certain weeks 
conversations that are too 

1810
01:40:19,708 --> 01:40:22,100
polite to be natural. 
And the way they sometimes 

1811
01:40:22,100 --> 01:40:24,800
communicate through servants 
rather than directly to each 

1812
01:40:24,800 --> 01:40:27,700
other. 
The most unexpected secrets are 

1813
01:40:27,700 --> 01:40:29,300
the ones that reveal the 
family's Humanity. 

1814
01:40:30,200 --> 01:40:32,900
You've discovered that Lord 
Ashworth writes poetry which he 

1815
01:40:32,908 --> 01:40:35,600
hides in his desk drawer like 
its evidence of criminal 

1816
01:40:35,600 --> 01:40:37,700
activity. 
Lady Ashworth. 

1817
01:40:37,700 --> 01:40:40,900
Discreetly transfers funds to 
her former governors who is 

1818
01:40:40,900 --> 01:40:44,100
struggling financially. 
Master Frederick sleeps with a 

1819
01:40:44,108 --> 01:40:46,000
stuffed elephant, he's had since
infancy. 

1820
01:40:46,000 --> 01:40:49,300
A miscarriage keeps a diary 
locked in a box, you would never

1821
01:40:49,300 --> 01:40:52,600
dream of opening, even though, 
you know exactly where she hides

1822
01:40:52,600 --> 01:40:55,300
the key, the neighborhood 
scandals that filter through the

1823
01:40:55,300 --> 01:40:57,600
servants Network are like 
chapters in a novel That Never 

1824
01:40:57,600 --> 01:41:00,000
Ends. 
There's the ongoing mystery of 

1825
01:41:00,008 --> 01:41:01,700
why the Pemberton family down 
the road. 

1826
01:41:01,700 --> 01:41:03,900
Suddenly dismissed their entire 
staff last month. 

1827
01:41:03,900 --> 01:41:07,200
The speculation about whether 
Mr. Harrington's new wife is 

1828
01:41:07,200 --> 01:41:10,100
actually as young as she claims 
to be and the delicious 

1829
01:41:10,100 --> 01:41:12,800
controversy surrounding the 
Methodist ministers daughter, 

1830
01:41:12,800 --> 01:41:15,900
who has been seen walking on 
chaperoned with a young man who 

1831
01:41:15,900 --> 01:41:18,800
is definitely not from a 
suitable family after 18 months 

1832
01:41:18,800 --> 01:41:21,500
in service, you've learned that 
life in a Victorian Mansion is 

1833
01:41:21,500 --> 01:41:24,300
built on Rhythm. 
The daily beet of routine that 

1834
01:41:24,308 --> 01:41:27,300
keeps everything functioning 
punctuated by moments of 

1835
01:41:27,300 --> 01:41:31,200
unexpected magic that make all 
the hard work worth while your 

1836
01:41:31,200 --> 01:41:34,800
days of developed, a musical 
quality each task flowing into 

1837
01:41:34,800 --> 01:41:37,200
the next with the kind of 
precision that comes from 

1838
01:41:37,200 --> 01:41:41,200
repetition and the knowledge 
that 22 other people depend on, 

1839
01:41:41,200 --> 01:41:45,100
you doing your part perfectly. 
Changing seasons, bring 

1840
01:41:45,100 --> 01:41:48,600
different rhythms to the manor. 
Spring means opening Windows 

1841
01:41:48,600 --> 01:41:50,000
that have been sealed against 
Winter's. 

1842
01:41:50,000 --> 01:41:53,600
Cold beating rugs, that have 
collected months of fireplace 

1843
01:41:53,600 --> 01:41:56,300
smoke and the general, 
resurrection of a house that's 

1844
01:41:56,300 --> 01:41:59,300
been hibernating. 
Summer brings Garden parties 

1845
01:41:59,300 --> 01:42:02,500
house guests and the challenge 
of keeping cool in rooms that 

1846
01:42:02,500 --> 01:42:05,600
face the afternoon sun. 
Autumn means preparing for 

1847
01:42:05,600 --> 01:42:09,400
winter Siege preserving food and
The Melancholy beauty of 

1848
01:42:09,400 --> 01:42:12,100
watching The Grounds transformed
into a landscape painting. 

1849
01:42:13,200 --> 01:42:17,300
Winter brings the Cozy, intimacy
of smaller warmer spaces, the 

1850
01:42:17,300 --> 01:42:21,100
constant, tending of fires and 
the satisfaction of keeping a 

1851
01:42:21,100 --> 01:42:23,900
large house comfortable. 
When Nature is doing its best to

1852
01:42:23,900 --> 01:42:27,300
freeze, everything solid. 
You've learned to find beauty in

1853
01:42:27,300 --> 01:42:30,300
the most mundane tasks. 
There's something almost 

1854
01:42:30,300 --> 01:42:33,000
meditative about polishing 
silver until it reflects your 

1855
01:42:33,000 --> 01:42:35,900
face with perfect clarity or 
arranging flowers. 

1856
01:42:35,900 --> 01:42:38,500
In a way that makes an ordinary 
room feel like a scene from a 

1857
01:42:38,500 --> 01:42:41,000
fairy tale. 
The repetitive nature of your 

1858
01:42:41,000 --> 01:42:42,400
work. 
Has taught you to appreciate 

1859
01:42:42,400 --> 01:42:46,000
small improvements, tiny 
victories and the satisfaction 

1860
01:42:46,000 --> 01:42:49,600
that comes from doing something.
Well, even when nobody notices, 

1861
01:42:50,800 --> 01:42:53,500
the family has grown from 
distant figures to real people 

1862
01:42:53,500 --> 01:42:56,800
with quirks habits and 
personalities that you've 

1863
01:42:56,800 --> 01:43:00,300
learned to accommodate and even 
appreciate Lord ashworths, 

1864
01:43:00,300 --> 01:43:03,100
absent-minded Professor 
tendencies mean you never move 

1865
01:43:03,100 --> 01:43:06,100
anything on his desk even when 
it's been sitting in the same 

1866
01:43:06,100 --> 01:43:09,500
spot for months. 
Lady Ashworth, perfectionist 

1867
01:43:09,500 --> 01:43:12,300
streak, as taught you to 
anticipate problems before they 

1868
01:43:12,300 --> 01:43:14,900
occur. 
And to take pride in exceeding 

1869
01:43:14,900 --> 01:43:18,300
expectations, the children have 
shown you that growing up in 

1870
01:43:18,300 --> 01:43:20,400
privileged. 
Doesn't necessarily mean growing

1871
01:43:20,400 --> 01:43:23,200
up without challenges and that 
being wealthy doesn't protect 

1872
01:43:23,200 --> 01:43:25,300
you from the universal 
experience of childhood 

1873
01:43:25,300 --> 01:43:29,100
confusion and the need for 
kindness your fellow servants 

1874
01:43:29,100 --> 01:43:32,900
have become the family, you 
never expected to find Martha's 

1875
01:43:32,900 --> 01:43:35,500
tough exterior, conceals a heart
Shattered by numerous 

1876
01:43:35,500 --> 01:43:37,900
disappointments yet. 
She's the first to extend 

1877
01:43:37,900 --> 01:43:41,500
assistance, when you're in need 
Mrs. Pemberton's persistent 

1878
01:43:41,500 --> 01:43:45,700
complaints about ungrateful. 
People conceal a profound joy in

1879
01:43:45,700 --> 01:43:47,800
providing nutritious food and 
maintaining their health. 

1880
01:43:47,800 --> 01:43:51,700
Even Mr. Whitmore with his 
intimidating, dignity has shown 

1881
01:43:51,700 --> 01:43:54,500
moments of unexpected humor, and
surprise, and kindness. 

1882
01:43:55,400 --> 01:43:57,900
The skills you've developed in 
service have changed you in 

1883
01:43:57,900 --> 01:44:01,400
ways, you didn't anticipate, 
your hands have become capable 

1884
01:44:01,400 --> 01:44:04,000
of delicate work. 
That would have been impossible,

1885
01:44:04,000 --> 01:44:07,100
18 months ago. 
Your back has grown stronger 

1886
01:44:07,100 --> 01:44:10,500
from all the bending and lifting
your mind has become more 

1887
01:44:10,500 --> 01:44:13,900
organized, more efficient and 
better at solving problems 

1888
01:44:13,900 --> 01:44:16,500
quickly. 
You've learned to read people's 

1889
01:44:16,500 --> 01:44:20,600
moods to anticipate needs and to
provide Comfort without being 

1890
01:44:20,600 --> 01:44:23,300
asked. 
The most surprising discovery is

1891
01:44:23,300 --> 01:44:26,600
how much you've learned about 
yourself living in service has 

1892
01:44:26,600 --> 01:44:29,300
taught you resilient patients 
and the value of work. 

1893
01:44:29,300 --> 01:44:31,200
Well, done. 
You've learned that you can 

1894
01:44:31,200 --> 01:44:34,700
adapt to unexpected situations 
that you can do more than you 

1895
01:44:34,700 --> 01:44:37,700
thought, and that dignity isn't 
based on social status. 

1896
01:44:38,800 --> 01:44:41,500
Future stretches ahead with 
possibilities. 

1897
01:44:41,500 --> 01:44:44,600
You're still learning to imagine
some servants, spend their 

1898
01:44:44,600 --> 01:44:48,300
entire careers in service Rising
through the ranks to positions 

1899
01:44:48,300 --> 01:44:52,000
of respect and responsibility. 
Others say, their wages and 

1900
01:44:52,000 --> 01:44:53,800
eventually establish their 
households. 

1901
01:44:53,800 --> 01:44:57,400
A few Marion leaves service 
altogether, carrying their 

1902
01:44:57,400 --> 01:45:00,600
skills into different lives. 
You haven't decided which path 

1903
01:45:00,600 --> 01:45:04,100
you'll take, but you've learned 
that having choices is a luxury,

1904
01:45:04,100 --> 01:45:08,600
your grateful for As you settle 
into your narrow bed, at the end

1905
01:45:08,600 --> 01:45:12,200
of another long day, listening 
to Sarah murmur about her sweet 

1906
01:45:12,200 --> 01:45:14,000
heart, and Emma's reliable 
snores. 

1907
01:45:14,000 --> 01:45:17,300
You realize that this life 
you've built in service is more 

1908
01:45:17,300 --> 01:45:20,800
than just a job. 
It's a community and education 

1909
01:45:20,800 --> 01:45:22,900
and a foundation for whatever 
comes next. 

1910
01:45:23,700 --> 01:45:27,200
The manor house sleeps around 
you peaceful and secure and you 

1911
01:45:27,200 --> 01:45:29,700
drift off, knowing that tomorrow
will bring the same rhythm of 

1912
01:45:29,708 --> 01:45:32,100
routine and the same possibility
of small Magic. 

1913
01:45:33,200 --> 01:45:35,700
The last thing you hear before 
sleep takes you is the 

1914
01:45:35,700 --> 01:45:38,800
grandfather clock in the 
entrance hall chiming the hours 

1915
01:45:38,800 --> 01:45:42,100
with the same steady reliability
that has marked your days since 

1916
01:45:42,100 --> 01:45:45,600
you arrived. 
It's a comforting sound, a 

1917
01:45:45,600 --> 01:45:48,500
reminder that some things endure
and that your part in keeping 

1918
01:45:48,500 --> 01:45:51,300
this small world, functioning 
matters, more than you might 

1919
01:45:51,308 --> 01:45:52,800
have. 
Thought when you first climb 

1920
01:45:52,800 --> 01:45:55,800
those steep servants stairs with
your single bag of possessions 

1921
01:45:55,800 --> 01:46:00,200
and a Heart full of uncertainty.
Your life in service has taught 

1922
01:46:00,200 --> 01:46:01,900
you, that home isn't always the 
place. 

1923
01:46:01,900 --> 01:46:04,000
You're born and family isn't 
always the people. 

1924
01:46:04,000 --> 01:46:07,300
You share blood with. 
Sometimes home is a narrow bed 

1925
01:46:07,300 --> 01:46:10,100
under sloped ceilings and 
families, the people who know 

1926
01:46:10,100 --> 01:46:13,700
exactly how you like your tea 
and never forget to save you the

1927
01:46:13,700 --> 01:46:15,800
last slice of Mrs. Pemberton's 
apple tart. 

1928
01:46:21,500 --> 01:46:24,900
Welcome to the world of a knight
in medieval Europe somewhere 

1929
01:46:24,900 --> 01:46:27,100
between the 11th and 14th 
centuries. 

1930
01:46:27,100 --> 01:46:31,700
You're not charging into battle 
or seeking Glory, your managing 

1931
01:46:31,700 --> 01:46:35,600
land, fulfilling obligations and
moving through the steady rhythm

1932
01:46:35,600 --> 01:46:39,200
of service and responsibility, 
that Define this life far. 

1933
01:46:39,200 --> 01:46:42,500
More than any Legend ever could.
The days are long. 

1934
01:46:42,508 --> 01:46:46,000
The work is constant. 
And the satisfaction comes, not 

1935
01:46:46,000 --> 01:46:48,100
from heroism, but from 
continuity. 

1936
01:46:49,000 --> 01:46:52,200
You wait before full light in a 
manor house from Stone and 

1937
01:46:52,200 --> 01:46:54,300
Timber. 
The room is not large. 

1938
01:46:54,300 --> 01:46:58,100
A wooden bed frame holds a 
mattress stuffed with straw and 

1939
01:46:58,100 --> 01:47:00,400
wool layered with linen and a 
heavy. 

1940
01:47:00,400 --> 01:47:02,600
Woolen blanket. 
The air is cool. 

1941
01:47:02,600 --> 01:47:05,800
A specially in the months 
between Autumn and spring when 

1942
01:47:05,800 --> 01:47:08,700
Frost settles on the ground 
outside and your breath Miss 

1943
01:47:08,700 --> 01:47:12,200
faintly in the dim light. 
You can hear movement elsewhere 

1944
01:47:12,200 --> 01:47:15,900
in the house servants already, 
tending to fires, preparing the 

1945
01:47:15,900 --> 01:47:18,900
hall and beginning the work that
sustains the household. 

1946
01:47:20,000 --> 01:47:23,600
The footsteps are soft on packed
Earth, floors, their voices, 

1947
01:47:23,600 --> 01:47:26,300
low, and purposeful, you dress 
in layers. 

1948
01:47:26,300 --> 01:47:30,900
A Lin shirt first pulled over 
your head, the fabric slightly 

1949
01:47:30,900 --> 01:47:34,100
rough against your skin, but 
softened by many Washings. 

1950
01:47:35,100 --> 01:47:38,000
Then Woolen hose tied at the 
waist with linen chords. 

1951
01:47:38,000 --> 01:47:41,600
The wool thick enough to provide
warmth but not so thick that it 

1952
01:47:41,600 --> 01:47:46,300
restricts movement. 
Tunic follows died, a practical 

1953
01:47:46,300 --> 01:47:51,900
color brown, dark green or gray.
And belted at the waist with 

1954
01:47:51,900 --> 01:47:54,900
leather. 
The belt holds a small knife in 

1955
01:47:54,900 --> 01:47:58,600
a sheath useful for cutting 
food, or trimming loose threads,

1956
01:47:58,600 --> 01:48:02,100
or any of a dozen, small tasks 
that arise throughout the day. 

1957
01:48:03,400 --> 01:48:06,200
Leather shoes, soft soul, and 
worn. 

1958
01:48:06,200 --> 01:48:09,200
Smooth from use complete, the 
basic outfit. 

1959
01:48:10,300 --> 01:48:15,100
In Winter, you add another layer
a heavier tunic or a cloak lined

1960
01:48:15,100 --> 01:48:18,200
with fur. 
In summer, you might skip the 

1961
01:48:18,200 --> 01:48:20,900
outer tunic until later in the 
day when you need to appear more

1962
01:48:20,900 --> 01:48:24,600
formally dressed. 
The clothing is functional made 

1963
01:48:24,600 --> 01:48:26,300
to last and repair when it 
tears. 

1964
01:48:26,300 --> 01:48:31,800
Nothing is discarded lightly. 
A torn seam is stitched A Worn 

1965
01:48:31,800 --> 01:48:35,100
patch is reinforced, the 
garments accumulate small 

1966
01:48:35,100 --> 01:48:39,300
repairs over months, and years, 
each member Mark of continued, 

1967
01:48:39,300 --> 01:48:42,600
use you move through the hall. 
The ceiling is high enough to 

1968
01:48:42,600 --> 01:48:45,900
let smoke from the central. 
Half rise toward the roof beams,

1969
01:48:45,900 --> 01:48:49,500
where escapes through gaps left 
deliberately for ventilation. 

1970
01:48:50,300 --> 01:48:54,900
The walls are stoned at the base
Timber of plastered and 

1971
01:48:54,900 --> 01:48:58,600
sometimes whitewashed. 
Tapestries or woven hangings 

1972
01:48:58,600 --> 01:49:01,900
cover portions of the walls, 
providing insulation against 

1973
01:49:01,900 --> 01:49:03,800
drafts and adding color to the 
space. 

1974
01:49:05,100 --> 01:49:07,900
Trestle tables have been set up 
along the side of the hall. 

1975
01:49:07,900 --> 01:49:12,600
Their surfaces scarred from 
years of use benches, wait for 

1976
01:49:12,600 --> 01:49:15,600
the morning meal. 
Servants are already laying out 

1977
01:49:15,600 --> 01:49:19,100
bread cheese and Ale moving with
the Quiet efficiency of people 

1978
01:49:19,100 --> 01:49:21,900
who've done these tasks 
countless times before. 

1979
01:49:23,100 --> 01:49:24,800
You take your place at the head 
of the table. 

1980
01:49:24,800 --> 01:49:27,000
Not because you are particularly
Grand. 

1981
01:49:27,000 --> 01:49:29,500
But because this is your 
household and this is where you 

1982
01:49:29,500 --> 01:49:34,100
sit the position comes with the 
responsibility, your wife, if 

1983
01:49:34,100 --> 01:49:38,000
you have one sits beside you or 
near you, depending on the 

1984
01:49:38,000 --> 01:49:41,700
formality of the meal children. 
If they are old enough, sit 

1985
01:49:41,700 --> 01:49:45,400
further down the table. 
Servants and members of your 

1986
01:49:45,400 --> 01:49:47,400
household, fill the remaining 
spaces. 

1987
01:49:47,400 --> 01:49:51,300
Breakfast is simple. 
The bread is dense and filling 

1988
01:49:51,300 --> 01:49:55,600
made from Rye or barley. 
Sometimes a mix of grains called

1989
01:49:55,600 --> 01:49:58,700
Maslin The crust is thick and 
dark. 

1990
01:49:58,700 --> 01:50:02,700
The interior is chewy. 
You tear pieces off with your 

1991
01:50:02,700 --> 01:50:06,000
hands dipping them in ale or 
spreading them with butter. 

1992
01:50:06,000 --> 01:50:09,600
If it is available. 
The cheese is local made from 

1993
01:50:09,600 --> 01:50:12,100
the milk of cows or sheep kept 
on your land. 

1994
01:50:12,100 --> 01:50:16,600
It is firm sometimes. 
Crumbly with a strong flavor 

1995
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:18,700
that varies depending on how 
long it is. 

1996
01:50:18,700 --> 01:50:22,100
Aged. 
The ale is weak safer to drink 

1997
01:50:22,100 --> 01:50:25,400
than water from the well and 
slightly sweet from The Barley 

1998
01:50:25,400 --> 01:50:28,000
used in Brewing. 
You eat with without hurry? 

1999
01:50:29,200 --> 01:50:32,100
The meal is a pause before the 
days, work begins in earnest. 

2000
01:50:33,100 --> 01:50:37,200
Others, join you members of your
household, perhaps a younger man

2001
01:50:37,200 --> 01:50:40,500
learning service, under your 
roof, a steward who manages 

2002
01:50:40,500 --> 01:50:43,200
portions of your land or a 
clerk. 

2003
01:50:43,200 --> 01:50:46,900
If you employ one to keep 
records, Conversation is low and

2004
01:50:46,900 --> 01:50:50,200
practical, someone mentioned a 
fence that needs repair near the

2005
01:50:50,208 --> 01:50:53,600
eastern boundary, someone else 
notes that the grain stores are 

2006
01:50:53,600 --> 01:50:55,200
holding well after the last 
Harvest. 

2007
01:50:56,100 --> 01:50:59,300
A servant reports that one of 
the horses, seemed slightly lame

2008
01:50:59,300 --> 01:51:03,000
and should be examined. 
You listen, ask questions when 

2009
01:51:03,000 --> 01:51:06,100
needed and make mental notes of 
what requires your attention. 

2010
01:51:07,000 --> 01:51:08,800
After the meal, you step 
outside. 

2011
01:51:09,900 --> 01:51:13,800
The manor sits within a few 
Acres of enclosed land, Gardens 

2012
01:51:13,800 --> 01:51:17,300
where vegetables and herbs are 
grown a small Orchard with apple

2013
01:51:17,300 --> 01:51:20,700
and pear, trees and outbuildings
for storage and animals. 

2014
01:51:20,700 --> 01:51:24,600
The air is cooler outside than 
in the hall fresh with the 

2015
01:51:24,600 --> 01:51:29,200
center of Earth and vegetation. 
If it is rained recently, the 

2016
01:51:29,200 --> 01:51:32,800
ground is soft Under Foot mud, 
clinging into your shoes. 

2017
01:51:33,800 --> 01:51:37,400
The weather has been dry dust 
Rises faintly with each step. 

2018
01:51:38,300 --> 01:51:41,900
Beyond the enclosed area open 
field stretched toward the edge 

2019
01:51:41,900 --> 01:51:45,200
of your holding. 
The landscape varies by season 

2020
01:51:45,200 --> 01:51:49,900
in Spring, the fields are being 
plowed, the dark soil, turned in

2021
01:51:49,900 --> 01:51:53,500
Long furrows. 
In some summer, grain grows tall

2022
01:51:53,500 --> 01:51:58,800
and green in Autumn, the Harvest
is underway with sheaves of 

2023
01:51:58,800 --> 01:52:01,100
wheat or barley bundled and 
stacked. 

2024
01:52:01,900 --> 01:52:05,900
In Winter, the fields, life 
fallow, ground and stubbled 

2025
01:52:05,900 --> 01:52:08,400
resting until the cycle begins 
again. 

2026
01:52:09,500 --> 01:52:12,500
Peasants are already at work 
when the sun is barely above the

2027
01:52:12,500 --> 01:52:15,100
horizon. 
They move through the fields 

2028
01:52:15,100 --> 01:52:19,900
with tools. 
Plows, scythes, hose their 

2029
01:52:19,900 --> 01:52:23,200
movement, steady, and practice. 
You do not work the field 

2030
01:52:23,200 --> 01:52:26,400
yourself, but you oversee them. 
You walk the boundaries, 

2031
01:52:26,400 --> 01:52:29,000
periodically. 
Checking the hedges are 

2032
01:52:29,000 --> 01:52:32,900
maintained that drainage ditches
are clear and that no one has 

2033
01:52:32,900 --> 01:52:35,200
encroached on your land or moved
boundary markers. 

2034
01:52:35,200 --> 01:52:38,900
The land is your responsibility 
and manage it. 

2035
01:52:38,900 --> 01:52:41,100
Well is essential to maintaining
your position. 

2036
01:52:42,000 --> 01:52:44,500
Your return to the hall or to a 
smaller chamber used for 

2037
01:52:44,500 --> 01:52:48,000
managing household Affairs. 
The chamber is quieter than the 

2038
01:52:48,000 --> 01:52:52,100
hall with a table for writing 
and reviewing documents a chest 

2039
01:52:52,100 --> 01:52:55,800
for storing important papers and
a small half for warmth. 

2040
01:52:56,600 --> 01:52:59,800
There are accounts to review 
lists of rents, owed and 

2041
01:52:59,800 --> 01:53:04,300
collected records of grain, 
stored and distributed and notes

2042
01:53:04,300 --> 01:53:08,100
on livestock counts. 
If you are literate, you review 

2043
01:53:08,100 --> 01:53:12,500
these yourself, if not your 
class or stewards them to you, 

2044
01:53:12,500 --> 01:53:16,100
and you listen, carefully asking
questions to ensure you 

2045
01:53:16,100 --> 01:53:17,800
understand the state of your 
Holdings. 

2046
01:53:19,100 --> 01:53:22,700
Rent arrive in various forms, 
some tenants paying coin. 

2047
01:53:22,700 --> 01:53:26,900
A few silver pennies handed over
at regular intervals, others pay

2048
01:53:26,900 --> 01:53:30,900
in kind bushels of grain 
chickens eggs and days of Labor.

2049
01:53:31,800 --> 01:53:35,900
You track these contributions 
ensuring that everyone fulfills 

2050
01:53:35,900 --> 01:53:39,100
their obligations. 
System depends on this 

2051
01:53:39,100 --> 01:53:42,600
reciprocal structure. 
The Peasants work, the land and 

2052
01:53:42,600 --> 01:53:46,800
provide you with food and 
service in return you provide 

2053
01:53:46,800 --> 01:53:51,000
protection access to land and a 
place within the social order. 

2054
01:53:51,800 --> 01:53:54,400
Disputes arise regularly and 
require your attention. 

2055
01:53:55,300 --> 01:53:58,200
A tenant farmer arrives with a 
complaint about another tenants 

2056
01:53:58,200 --> 01:54:02,200
pigs wandering into his grain. 
You listen to both sides and ask

2057
01:54:02,200 --> 01:54:05,100
a few questions about whether 
pigs are kept and whether the 

2058
01:54:05,100 --> 01:54:07,300
boundary between the two plots 
is clearly marked. 

2059
01:54:08,200 --> 01:54:11,700
The solution is not dramatic, 
the pigs will be penned more 

2060
01:54:11,700 --> 01:54:14,500
securely. 
The grain will be compensated 

2061
01:54:14,500 --> 01:54:15,900
with a portion of the pig 
owners. 

2062
01:54:15,900 --> 01:54:20,000
Next half Harvest both men. 
Leave, not entirely satisfied, 

2063
01:54:20,000 --> 01:54:22,600
but accepting the decision 
because it follows established 

2064
01:54:22,600 --> 01:54:25,400
custom. 
You spend a significant portion 

2065
01:54:25,400 --> 01:54:28,200
of your day juggling, small 
tasks, making household 

2066
01:54:28,200 --> 01:54:32,400
decisions and fulfilling your 
obligation, your responsible for

2067
01:54:32,400 --> 01:54:35,400
the land, for the people who 
live and work on it and for the 

2068
01:54:35,400 --> 01:54:37,100
service, you owe to the Lord of 
The View. 

2069
01:54:38,000 --> 01:54:40,100
That service might mean 
appearing at his court 

2070
01:54:40,100 --> 01:54:44,100
contributing armed men, when 
required, or simply maintaining 

2071
01:54:44,100 --> 01:54:45,600
your portion of the social 
order. 

2072
01:54:45,600 --> 01:54:50,200
The work is constant unglamorous
and essential. 

2073
01:54:51,000 --> 01:54:53,900
In the afternoon, you might ride
out to inspect another part of 

2074
01:54:53,908 --> 01:54:55,700
your land or visit a neighboring
night. 

2075
01:54:56,300 --> 01:54:58,300
The horse. 
You ride is not a warhorse. 

2076
01:54:58,300 --> 01:55:02,500
It is a poultry bread for steady
travel, rather than combat. 

2077
01:55:02,500 --> 01:55:06,800
Its gate is smooth easier on 
your body over long distances. 

2078
01:55:07,700 --> 01:55:09,600
You carry a light pack with 
Provisions? 

2079
01:55:09,600 --> 01:55:14,300
Bread cheese and a flask of Ale 
in case the journey takes longer

2080
01:55:14,300 --> 01:55:17,100
than expected. 
The roads are uneven. 

2081
01:55:17,100 --> 01:55:21,300
Sometimes muddy. 
Sometimes rutted by cartwheels 

2082
01:55:21,300 --> 01:55:25,900
and dried into hard ridges. 
You pass through Fields where 

2083
01:55:25,900 --> 01:55:28,600
workers pause briefly to 
acknowledge you with a nod or a 

2084
01:55:28,600 --> 01:55:33,300
raise hand, you pass clusters of
cottages, small structures with 

2085
01:55:33,300 --> 01:55:37,400
thatched roofs and walls of 
wattle and dorm smoke rising 

2086
01:55:37,400 --> 01:55:40,600
from Central halves. 
You passed through stretches of 

2087
01:55:40,600 --> 01:55:42,900
forest, managed for Timber and 
hunting rights. 

2088
01:55:43,800 --> 01:55:47,300
The trees are thick, they cannot
be filtering the sunlight into 

2089
01:55:47,300 --> 01:55:51,100
dapple patterns on the ground. 
Forest is not wild. 

2090
01:55:51,100 --> 01:55:55,800
It is carefully controlled with 
certain trees marked for cutting

2091
01:55:55,800 --> 01:55:59,900
certain areas, reserved for the 
Lord's, hunting and certain 

2092
01:55:59,900 --> 01:56:03,700
paths maintained for travel. 
You know, these paths. 

2093
01:56:03,700 --> 01:56:05,700
Well, having ridden the many 
times. 

2094
01:56:06,700 --> 01:56:09,500
When you return, the hall is 
being prepared for the evening 

2095
01:56:09,500 --> 01:56:11,600
meal. 
Servants are setting up the 

2096
01:56:11,600 --> 01:56:14,100
Trestle tables. 
Again, sweeping the floor and 

2097
01:56:14,100 --> 01:56:18,000
adding wood to the fire. 
You wash your hands and face in 

2098
01:56:18,000 --> 01:56:22,300
a basin brought by a servant the
water, cool and clean scented 

2099
01:56:22,300 --> 01:56:25,700
faintly with herbs, you change 
your outer tunic. 

2100
01:56:25,700 --> 01:56:28,500
If the one you wore as 
collected, too much dust or mud 

2101
01:56:28,500 --> 01:56:32,000
hanging the soil and on a peg to
be cleaned later. 

2102
01:56:33,000 --> 01:56:35,800
You take your seat again, the 
meal is larger than breakfast, 

2103
01:56:35,800 --> 01:56:38,500
but still modest by the 
standards of great Feasts. 

2104
01:56:39,400 --> 01:56:43,200
Pottage made from peas or beans,
thick and steaming is ladled 

2105
01:56:43,200 --> 01:56:46,700
into wooden bowls. 
Piece of roasted foul or salt. 

2106
01:56:46,700 --> 01:56:50,900
Pork is placed on a trencher, a 
thick slice of stale bread that 

2107
01:56:50,900 --> 01:56:52,900
serves as both plate and part of
the meal. 

2108
01:56:53,700 --> 01:56:56,300
More bread cheese and apples 
from the orchard. 

2109
01:56:56,300 --> 01:57:00,400
You eat, you speak with those at
your table about the days of 

2110
01:57:00,400 --> 01:57:04,100
events and tomorrow's plans. 
And then the evening settles in 

2111
01:57:04,100 --> 01:57:08,100
with his own slower Rhythm. 
This is the shape of most days 

2112
01:57:08,100 --> 01:57:12,000
there are variations days. 
When you must travel to attend 

2113
01:57:12,000 --> 01:57:15,700
your Lord's Court days when you 
oversee repairs to a barn or a 

2114
01:57:15,708 --> 01:57:19,100
section of wall and days when 
weather keeps you indoors 

2115
01:57:19,100 --> 01:57:21,800
reviewing stored Goods or 
planning for the next season. 

2116
01:57:23,100 --> 01:57:27,900
But the pattern holds your land,
holder a manager of resources 

2117
01:57:27,900 --> 01:57:30,800
and a link in a long chain of 
obligation. 

2118
01:57:31,400 --> 01:57:35,000
The work is steady unglamorous 
and essential. 

2119
01:57:35,000 --> 01:57:39,600
It fills your days with purpose 
that is quiet, but real. 

2120
01:57:40,400 --> 01:57:43,400
Your armor hangs in a storage 
room or sometimes in a corner of

2121
01:57:43,400 --> 01:57:46,500
the hall where it can be. 
Monitored, the room is cool and 

2122
01:57:46,500 --> 01:57:51,000
dry chosen specifically to 
prevent rust from forming too 

2123
01:57:51,000 --> 01:57:53,900
quickly on the metal. 
The armor is not a full suit of 

2124
01:57:53,900 --> 01:57:57,900
plate depending on the period 
and you're well, it might be a 

2125
01:57:57,900 --> 01:58:01,200
coat of mail. 
Thousands of small iron Rings 

2126
01:58:01,200 --> 01:58:04,900
linked together in a pattern 
that takes weeks to create heavy

2127
01:58:04,900 --> 01:58:08,900
and flexible draping over the 
body, like a metal fabric. 

2128
01:58:10,100 --> 01:58:13,800
Or it might be a combination 
male with additional plate, 

2129
01:58:13,800 --> 01:58:18,700
covering the chest shoulders and
limbs the plates riveted to a 

2130
01:58:18,700 --> 01:58:20,300
leather backing and buckled into
place. 

2131
01:58:21,300 --> 01:58:25,700
The metal is prone to rust. 
Moisture in the air, sweat from 

2132
01:58:25,700 --> 01:58:29,300
the body and even the oils from 
your skin can cause corrosion. 

2133
01:58:30,000 --> 01:58:33,900
The armor must be cleaned 
regularly oil and inspected for 

2134
01:58:33,900 --> 01:58:38,100
broken links or weaken joints. 
You do not do this work 

2135
01:58:38,100 --> 01:58:41,700
yourself. 
Servant or Squire handles much 

2136
01:58:41,700 --> 01:58:45,500
of it, but you check the 
results, you run your hand along

2137
01:58:45,500 --> 01:58:49,200
the mail, to feel for rough 
spots, where rings of broken or 

2138
01:58:49,200 --> 01:58:53,000
where rust is beginning to form.
You test the buckles and straps,

2139
01:58:53,000 --> 01:58:55,200
pulling them to ensure they hold
securely. 

2140
01:58:56,000 --> 01:58:59,100
You ensure that padding 
underneath a quilted gambeson 

2141
01:58:59,100 --> 01:59:03,400
worn, beneath the male is still 
intact not torn or compressed 

2142
01:59:03,400 --> 01:59:06,900
Beyond usefulness. 
This padding, absorbs impact. 

2143
01:59:07,700 --> 01:59:10,900
When a blow lands, the male 
spreads the force across a wider

2144
01:59:10,900 --> 01:59:14,300
area, but without padding 
underneath the Rings can still 

2145
01:59:14,300 --> 01:59:18,000
bruise or break skin. 
The gambison is made from layers

2146
01:59:18,000 --> 01:59:20,800
of linen or wool stitched 
together and patterns that 

2147
01:59:20,800 --> 01:59:23,100
create thickness without 
excessive bulk. 

2148
01:59:23,800 --> 01:59:25,600
It is surprisingly heavy on its 
own. 

2149
01:59:25,600 --> 01:59:28,500
And when combined, with the 
male, the full weight is 

2150
01:59:28,500 --> 01:59:33,100
considerable Wearing it for 
hours, requires stamina, your 

2151
01:59:33,100 --> 01:59:36,600
weapons, require similar care. 
A sword, must be kept sharp the 

2152
01:59:36,600 --> 01:59:41,000
blade of notches and the grips 
secure The blade is made of iron

2153
01:59:41,000 --> 01:59:44,800
or steel forged and tempered. 
By A Smith, who understands how 

2154
01:59:44,800 --> 01:59:47,400
to create a balance between 
hardness and flexibility. 

2155
01:59:48,300 --> 01:59:49,800
A blade. 
That is too hard. 

2156
01:59:49,800 --> 01:59:51,800
Will shatter. 
A blade. 

2157
01:59:51,800 --> 01:59:53,400
That is too soft. 
Will bend. 

2158
01:59:53,400 --> 01:59:56,200
The edge must be maintained with
a wet stone. 

2159
01:59:56,200 --> 01:59:59,900
The motion steady, and 
consistent running the length of

2160
01:59:59,900 --> 02:00:03,600
the blade at the correct angle. 
This is not quick work. 

2161
02:00:04,400 --> 02:00:08,100
Sharpening a sword properly 
takes time and attention you 

2162
02:00:08,100 --> 02:00:11,400
practice with it. 
Not in Grand displays, but in 

2163
02:00:11,400 --> 02:00:15,700
controlled movements strikes 
Paris and footwork drills 

2164
02:00:15,700 --> 02:00:17,800
performed in a courtyard or open
field. 

2165
02:00:18,900 --> 02:00:22,700
Practice is repetitive. 
You go through the same motions,

2166
02:00:22,700 --> 02:00:26,300
many times building muscle 
memory and maintaining 

2167
02:00:26,300 --> 02:00:29,100
familiarity with the weight and 
balance of the blade. 

2168
02:00:30,000 --> 02:00:32,900
The sword is longer and heavier 
than most people imagine. 

2169
02:00:33,900 --> 02:00:35,500
Swinging. 
It requires strength. 

2170
02:00:35,500 --> 02:00:39,000
But more importantly, it 
requires control. 

2171
02:00:40,000 --> 02:00:42,300
A wild swing leaves you 
vulnerable. 

2172
02:00:43,200 --> 02:00:46,500
A controlled strike delivered at
the right moment is far more 

2173
02:00:46,500 --> 02:00:49,300
effective. 
You also train with a lance 

2174
02:00:49,300 --> 02:00:51,100
though. 
Jousting is more common in later

2175
02:00:51,100 --> 02:00:54,400
periods and often reserved for 
tournaments or displays. 

2176
02:00:55,200 --> 02:00:58,100
More practical is learning to 
count the Lance properly, while 

2177
02:00:58,100 --> 02:01:02,200
mounted to brace it against your
body, tucked under your arm 

2178
02:01:02,200 --> 02:01:06,200
supported by your torso and aim 
with the momentum of the horse. 

2179
02:01:07,100 --> 02:01:11,000
This takes coordination, the 
Lance is long and unwieldy, when

2180
02:01:11,000 --> 02:01:14,400
not in motion, you must 
anticipate where your opponent 

2181
02:01:14,400 --> 02:01:18,300
or Target will be adjust. 
Your aim, while the horse is 

2182
02:01:18,300 --> 02:01:21,800
moving and absorb the shock of 
impact without losing your seat.

2183
02:01:22,500 --> 02:01:27,400
It is not instinctive, it takes 
practice repeated over many 

2184
02:01:27,400 --> 02:01:29,800
sessions until the movements 
become automatic. 

2185
02:01:29,800 --> 02:01:33,400
The horse itself, demands more 
attention than any piece of 

2186
02:01:33,400 --> 02:01:39,300
equipment, a warhorse Astra is 
expensive, temperamental and 

2187
02:01:39,300 --> 02:01:42,600
requires daily care. 
These horses are bred for 

2188
02:01:42,600 --> 02:01:45,900
strength and aggression their 
trained to bite and kick on 

2189
02:01:45,900 --> 02:01:49,600
command to move into combat 
without shying away from noise 

2190
02:01:49,600 --> 02:01:53,500
and chaos. but that training 
also makes the difficult to 

2191
02:01:53,500 --> 02:01:58,200
manage they require experienced,
handlers careful, feeding 

2192
02:01:58,200 --> 02:02:03,000
regular exercise and constant 
monitoring Feeding a warhorse 

2193
02:02:03,000 --> 02:02:07,400
means providing large quantities
of grain, oats and barley as 

2194
02:02:07,400 --> 02:02:10,000
well as hey. 
The grain gives the horse 

2195
02:02:10,000 --> 02:02:14,500
energy, the hay provides bulk 
and helps with digestion, the 

2196
02:02:14,500 --> 02:02:18,000
amounts of carefully, measured 
two little, and the horse, lose 

2197
02:02:18,000 --> 02:02:21,800
his condition too much, and the 
horse can become sick. 

2198
02:02:22,700 --> 02:02:25,400
You rely on Grooms to manage 
this, but you check on the 

2199
02:02:25,400 --> 02:02:28,300
horses yourself. 
Running your hand along their 

2200
02:02:28,300 --> 02:02:31,500
flanks, to feel their condition,
looking at their eyes and coats 

2201
02:02:31,500 --> 02:02:34,600
for signs of health or illness. 
Grooming happens. 

2202
02:02:34,600 --> 02:02:37,900
Daily brushes and combs remove, 
dirt and Loose Hair. 

2203
02:02:37,900 --> 02:02:41,400
Hooves are picked, clean of 
stones, and mud and checked, for

2204
02:02:41,400 --> 02:02:45,300
cracks or signs of infection. 
Stone lodged in a hoof. 

2205
02:02:45,300 --> 02:02:47,400
Can lame. 
A horse a crack. 

2206
02:02:47,400 --> 02:02:49,300
Can worsen into something more 
serious? 

2207
02:02:50,200 --> 02:02:53,600
The farrier visits regularly to 
trim Hooves and fit new shoes, 

2208
02:02:53,600 --> 02:02:58,600
when needed the shoes are iron 
shape to fit the hoof and nailed

2209
02:02:58,600 --> 02:03:01,400
into place with flat-headed 
nails that passed through the 

2210
02:03:01,400 --> 02:03:04,300
outer hoof wall without reaching
the sense of inner tissue, 

2211
02:03:04,300 --> 02:03:09,100
fitting shoes requires skill. 
Poorly placed nail can cause 

2212
02:03:09,100 --> 02:03:12,500
pain and lameness. 
You likely owned more than one 

2213
02:03:12,500 --> 02:03:15,500
horse. 
The destrier is you sparingly 

2214
02:03:15,500 --> 02:03:19,300
Reserve actual combat or 
tournaments where it's training 

2215
02:03:19,300 --> 02:03:24,000
and temperament and necessary. 
For daily travel, you use a poll

2216
02:03:24,000 --> 02:03:27,600
free, a horse breed for smooth 
Gates and steady temperament. 

2217
02:03:28,400 --> 02:03:32,000
For carrying goods a pack horse 
or mule is more practical. 

2218
02:03:32,000 --> 02:03:36,600
Each animal has its own needs 
and its own quirks, you know, 

2219
02:03:36,600 --> 02:03:39,900
them individually recognizing 
their personalities and habits 

2220
02:03:40,900 --> 02:03:43,800
Caring for horses, means 
coordinating with Grooms 

2221
02:03:43,800 --> 02:03:47,400
ensuring adequate fodder is 
stored in dry places where it 

2222
02:03:47,400 --> 02:03:50,800
will not mold and arranging for 
a farrier when shoes need 

2223
02:03:50,800 --> 02:03:53,200
replacing or when Hoovers need 
attention. 

2224
02:03:53,200 --> 02:03:58,100
It means recognizing signs of 
lameness or colic and knowing 

2225
02:03:58,100 --> 02:04:01,000
when to rest an animal and went 
to push through minor 

2226
02:04:01,000 --> 02:04:03,800
discomfort. 
A lame War Horse, can mean 

2227
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:07,600
failing to meet an obligation, 
which can mean losing standing 

2228
02:04:07,600 --> 02:04:10,600
or favor with your lord. 
The stakes are high enough that 

2229
02:04:10,600 --> 02:04:14,500
you pay close attention, your 
helmet gauntlets Greaves, and 

2230
02:04:14,500 --> 02:04:16,500
other pieces of armor. 
Each have their own maintenance 

2231
02:04:16,500 --> 02:04:19,700
needs. 
Leather straps dry out and 

2232
02:04:19,700 --> 02:04:22,200
crack. 
They need to be treated with oil

2233
02:04:22,200 --> 02:04:26,100
or fat, Tallow or neat's foot 
oil to stay supple. 

2234
02:04:26,900 --> 02:04:29,500
Buckles, corrode from moisture 
and must be cleaned and 

2235
02:04:29,500 --> 02:04:32,900
sometimes replaced. 
Hinges on visored helmets, 

2236
02:04:32,900 --> 02:04:38,000
stiffen and need oil to move, 
smoothly, you or more often, 

2237
02:04:38,000 --> 02:04:41,400
someone under your direction, 
work through these tasks 

2238
02:04:41,400 --> 02:04:44,300
regularly, not in response to 
emergencies. 

2239
02:04:44,300 --> 02:04:48,100
But as routine upkeep the work 
prevents larger problems from 

2240
02:04:48,100 --> 02:04:50,900
developing. 
Training extends, Beyond 

2241
02:04:50,900 --> 02:04:53,300
weapons. 
You need to be able to ride for 

2242
02:04:53,300 --> 02:04:55,800
hours without exhausting 
yourself for your horse. 

2243
02:04:55,800 --> 02:04:59,700
You need to understand 
formations recognize signals, 

2244
02:04:59,700 --> 02:05:03,000
given by Flags or horns and 
follow commands. 

2245
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:06,900
In the chaos of Group movement, 
much of this Learning Happens 

2246
02:05:06,900 --> 02:05:09,800
through service. 
You might have started as page 

2247
02:05:09,800 --> 02:05:13,500
in another household, then 
advance to Squire learning by 

2248
02:05:13,500 --> 02:05:17,800
assisting an established Knight 
By the time you hold land and a 

2249
02:05:17,800 --> 02:05:20,600
title of your own, the skills 
are embedded in your muscle 

2250
02:05:20,600 --> 02:05:24,100
memory and instincts, even after
your established, the training 

2251
02:05:24,100 --> 02:05:26,700
does not stop. 
Skills degrade with, without 

2252
02:05:26,700 --> 02:05:30,700
practice, strength, Fades 
without effort, you can continue

2253
02:05:30,700 --> 02:05:34,800
to drill to ride, and to spar, 
with blunted weapons, against 

2254
02:05:34,800 --> 02:05:36,700
other nights, or men in your 
household. 

2255
02:05:37,600 --> 02:05:41,100
The work is not thrilling. 
It is methodical sometimes 

2256
02:05:41,100 --> 02:05:45,600
tedious but necessary. 
A knight who neglects training 

2257
02:05:45,600 --> 02:05:48,400
and becomes ineffective. 
And Effectiveness is the 

2258
02:05:48,400 --> 02:05:51,700
foundation of your Social role, 
your clothing to requires 

2259
02:05:51,700 --> 02:05:54,400
attention. 
Tunic and hose wear out. 

2260
02:05:55,100 --> 02:05:59,600
Seam split from strain or from 
repeated washing fabric thinned 

2261
02:05:59,600 --> 02:06:03,100
at the elbows knees where it 
bends most often someone in your

2262
02:06:03,100 --> 02:06:07,000
household often women or 
servants skilled in sowing 

2263
02:06:07,000 --> 02:06:10,400
men's. 
These garments dance holes and 

2264
02:06:10,400 --> 02:06:14,000
reinforces weak spots. 
They also produce replacement 

2265
02:06:14,000 --> 02:06:16,400
garments, when the old ones can 
no longer be repaired. 

2266
02:06:17,000 --> 02:06:21,100
Wool must be cleaned and stored 
properly to avoid moths, which 

2267
02:06:21,100 --> 02:06:24,200
can destroy an entire chest of 
clothing if left unchecked. 

2268
02:06:25,100 --> 02:06:28,900
Linen must be washed and dried 
without excessive wear which 

2269
02:06:28,900 --> 02:06:32,700
weakens the fibers you're not 
directly involved in this labor 

2270
02:06:32,700 --> 02:06:34,900
but you are responsible for 
ensuring it happens. 

2271
02:06:34,900 --> 02:06:39,300
You provide the raw materials 
wool purchased at Market or 

2272
02:06:39,300 --> 02:06:43,600
sheared from sheep on your land.
Linen woven from flax grown 

2273
02:06:43,600 --> 02:06:46,100
locally. 
You ensure that the household 

2274
02:06:46,100 --> 02:06:50,000
has the tools needed. 
Needles, thread, scissors and 

2275
02:06:50,000 --> 02:06:53,200
looms. 
If weaving happens on site the 

2276
02:06:53,200 --> 02:06:56,000
results of this labor, keep you 
close to keep your household 

2277
02:06:56,000 --> 02:06:59,900
functioning and keep everyone 
warm and presentable everything.

2278
02:06:59,900 --> 02:07:02,800
You own serves. 
A function, there is little room

2279
02:07:02,800 --> 02:07:06,100
for purely decorative items. 
What decoration exists, 

2280
02:07:06,100 --> 02:07:11,300
embroidery on a tunic, a painted
design on a shield also 

2281
02:07:11,300 --> 02:07:13,400
communicates identity and 
Allegiance. 

2282
02:07:13,400 --> 02:07:17,200
Your Shield might bear a coat of
arms, a symbol that identifies 

2283
02:07:17,200 --> 02:07:20,300
you at a distance and that 
signals your family and your 

2284
02:07:20,300 --> 02:07:22,900
lord. 
These markers are practical. 

2285
02:07:22,900 --> 02:07:27,000
They identify you in a crowd 
signal your place in the higher 

2286
02:07:27,000 --> 02:07:30,200
Archie and reinforce the 
structure that holds the system 

2287
02:07:30,200 --> 02:07:32,900
together. 
Cumulative effect of all this 

2288
02:07:32,900 --> 02:07:34,700
care is a life built around 
maintenance. 

2289
02:07:35,400 --> 02:07:40,600
You are constantly preparing 
repairing and replacing The work

2290
02:07:40,600 --> 02:07:43,800
is never finished. 
There is always another task 

2291
02:07:43,800 --> 02:07:46,900
waiting another piece of 
equipment to check and another 

2292
02:07:46,900 --> 02:07:51,100
skill to keep Sharp. 
This is the foundation beneath 

2293
02:07:51,100 --> 02:07:53,700
the occasional moments of actual
service or conflict. 

2294
02:07:54,600 --> 02:07:57,700
Without this steady work, 
nothing else would be possible. 

2295
02:07:57,700 --> 02:08:02,600
You are a knight because you 
hold land granted by a Lord that

2296
02:08:02,600 --> 02:08:06,900
land is not given freely. 
It comes with expectations built

2297
02:08:06,900 --> 02:08:08,600
into the very structure of the 
agreement. 

2298
02:08:09,400 --> 02:08:13,300
You owe military service, 
typically 40 days per year 

2299
02:08:13,300 --> 02:08:17,300
though, the exact terms vary by 
region period and the specific 

2300
02:08:17,300 --> 02:08:19,200
agreement between you and your 
lord. 

2301
02:08:20,000 --> 02:08:23,300
You are attendance at your 
Lord's Court where Justice is 

2302
02:08:23,300 --> 02:08:26,600
dispensed. 
Dispute a settled, and The 

2303
02:08:26,600 --> 02:08:28,500
Business of governance is 
conducted. 

2304
02:08:29,400 --> 02:08:32,300
Your Council. 
When asked offering your opinion

2305
02:08:32,300 --> 02:08:35,300
on matters that affect the 
Lord's holding or interests? 

2306
02:08:36,000 --> 02:08:39,500
Uo financially support on 
certain occasions such as when 

2307
02:08:39,500 --> 02:08:42,200
the Lord's, eldest son is 
knighted when the Lord's 

2308
02:08:42,200 --> 02:08:45,900
daughter marries, or when the 
Lord himself must pay some of 

2309
02:08:45,900 --> 02:08:48,200
captured. 
These obligations are not 

2310
02:08:48,200 --> 02:08:51,700
abstract, they shape your year, 
your planning and your 

2311
02:08:51,700 --> 02:08:55,200
resources. 
When the summons comes a 

2312
02:08:55,200 --> 02:08:57,700
messenger, arriving with a 
sealed letter or a verbal 

2313
02:08:57,700 --> 02:09:01,400
command, you must prepare, you 
gather your equipment. 

2314
02:09:01,400 --> 02:09:04,200
Checking that everything is in 
good repair. 

2315
02:09:04,200 --> 02:09:08,600
You ensure your horse is fit 
examining, its legs, and Hooves 

2316
02:09:08,600 --> 02:09:12,300
and testing its responsiveness. 
You arrange for someone to 

2317
02:09:12,300 --> 02:09:15,900
manage your land, in your 
absence, usually your Steward, 

2318
02:09:15,900 --> 02:09:19,500
sometimes your wife, if she has 
experienced an authority in the 

2319
02:09:19,500 --> 02:09:23,800
household, You select men to 
accompany you if required choose

2320
02:09:23,800 --> 02:09:27,600
from among your own dependents 
or hiring additional soldiers. 

2321
02:09:27,600 --> 02:09:30,900
If needed. 
Travel to the designated meeting

2322
02:09:30,900 --> 02:09:34,500
point often a castle or 
fortified town that serves as 

2323
02:09:34,500 --> 02:09:37,900
the Lord's primary seat. 
The journey might take a day or 

2324
02:09:37,900 --> 02:09:39,600
several days depending on 
distance. 

2325
02:09:40,700 --> 02:09:44,200
Travel with your small group, 
keeping a steady Pace stopping 

2326
02:09:44,200 --> 02:09:47,700
it ins or accepting Hospitality 
from other landholders along the

2327
02:09:47,700 --> 02:09:50,200
way. 
The roads are shared with other 

2328
02:09:50,200 --> 02:09:54,700
Travelers, Merchants pilgrims, 
and other nights responding to 

2329
02:09:54,700 --> 02:09:58,000
the same summons. 
There is a sense of collective 

2330
02:09:58,000 --> 02:10:00,500
purpose. 
Everyone moving toward the same 

2331
02:10:00,500 --> 02:10:04,900
destination, you arrive and join
other nights forming a small 

2332
02:10:04,900 --> 02:10:08,600
contingent under the Lord's. 
Banana The banner is a physical 

2333
02:10:08,600 --> 02:10:11,400
symbol. 
A piece of fabric, painted or 

2334
02:10:11,400 --> 02:10:14,500
embroidered, with the Lord's 
arms carried on a pole. 

2335
02:10:14,500 --> 02:10:17,900
So it can be seen from a 
distance Gathering under that 

2336
02:10:17,900 --> 02:10:19,700
Banner is both literal and 
symbolic. 

2337
02:10:19,700 --> 02:10:24,200
It represents Unity loyalty and 
The Binding Together of 

2338
02:10:24,200 --> 02:10:26,800
individual interests into a 
collective Force. 

2339
02:10:27,600 --> 02:10:31,300
The service you provide might 
involve Garrison duty standing 

2340
02:10:31,300 --> 02:10:35,000
watch on castle, walls 
patrolling the perimeter and 

2341
02:10:35,000 --> 02:10:37,000
maintaining Readiness in case of
attack. 

2342
02:10:37,800 --> 02:10:41,800
This work is routine, repetitive
and often boring. 

2343
02:10:43,000 --> 02:10:44,900
Hours passed with nothing 
happening. 

2344
02:10:45,900 --> 02:10:49,300
You walk the same sections of 
wall, look out over the same 

2345
02:10:49,300 --> 02:10:53,400
landscape and exchanged a few 
words with other guards, the 

2346
02:10:53,400 --> 02:10:56,200
board is punctuated by brief 
moments of alertness. 

2347
02:10:56,200 --> 02:10:58,100
When something moves in the 
distance. 

2348
02:10:58,100 --> 02:11:02,200
Usually, just a farmer or a 
traveler occasionally, something

2349
02:11:02,200 --> 02:11:06,500
that requires closer attention. 
The service might involve a 

2350
02:11:06,500 --> 02:11:09,900
schooling, the Lord on a 
journey. you ride alongside him 

2351
02:11:09,900 --> 02:11:13,800
part of a larger group that 
includes other nights servers 

2352
02:11:13,800 --> 02:11:18,700
and perhaps Clarks were advisors
the presents of armed men 

2353
02:11:18,700 --> 02:11:21,200
discourages Bandits or other 
threats. 

2354
02:11:21,200 --> 02:11:26,400
Your Role is protective but also
ceremonial the size and quality 

2355
02:11:26,400 --> 02:11:28,700
of the Lord's retinue reflect 
his status. 

2356
02:11:29,800 --> 02:11:32,500
By being part of that retinue, 
you can contribute to his 

2357
02:11:32,500 --> 02:11:35,400
Prestige while also 
demonstrating your own loyalty 

2358
02:11:35,400 --> 02:11:38,400
and capability. 
Occasionally the service 

2359
02:11:38,400 --> 02:11:42,500
involves actual military action 
participating in a Siege 

2360
02:11:42,500 --> 02:11:46,700
responding to a border raid or 
joining a larger Force raised by

2361
02:11:46,700 --> 02:11:50,300
the king or a higher Lord. 
These events are less common 

2362
02:11:50,300 --> 02:11:52,300
than the story suggests, but 
they do happen. 

2363
02:11:52,300 --> 02:11:56,000
The Siege might mean camping 
outside a fortified town for 

2364
02:11:56,000 --> 02:12:00,100
weeks or months, waiting for the
Defenders to surrender or for an

2365
02:12:00,108 --> 02:12:04,300
opportunity to breach the walls.
The waiting is tedious supplies,

2366
02:12:04,300 --> 02:12:09,200
run low disease, spread through 
camps, tension's rise among men 

2367
02:12:09,200 --> 02:12:13,200
confined, in close quarters with
little to do. when action does 

2368
02:12:13,200 --> 02:12:18,900
occur, it is brief chaotic and 
exhausting much of military 

2369
02:12:18,900 --> 02:12:23,500
services waiting you wait for 
orders supplies and whether to 

2370
02:12:23,500 --> 02:12:27,500
clear on negotiations to 
conclude You waiting camps that 

2371
02:12:27,500 --> 02:12:31,100
are muddy, and Rain, Dusty and 
dry weather, and always 

2372
02:12:31,100 --> 02:12:34,600
uncomfortable. 
You eat simple food, sleep, 

2373
02:12:34,600 --> 02:12:37,400
intents or in the open and pass 
the time as best. 

2374
02:12:37,400 --> 02:12:41,000
You can talkin' playing dice and
maintaining your equipment. 

2375
02:12:42,200 --> 02:12:45,900
While you serve your household 
continues without you your 

2376
02:12:45,900 --> 02:12:49,200
Steward managers, the land 
collecting rents, overseeing 

2377
02:12:49,200 --> 02:12:52,800
work in the fields and making 
decisions about Minor matters. 

2378
02:12:52,800 --> 02:12:56,400
Your wife. 
If you have one overseas the 

2379
02:12:56,400 --> 02:13:00,500
domestic side of the estate 
managing servants, ensuring Food

2380
02:13:00,500 --> 02:13:03,800
Supplies are adequate and 
handling household accounts. 

2381
02:13:04,800 --> 02:13:08,200
Rents are still collected. 
Repairs are still made. 

2382
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:12,000
The system is designed to 
function even when you're absent

2383
02:13:12,000 --> 02:13:14,900
because absence is built into 
the structure. 

2384
02:13:14,900 --> 02:13:18,900
Everyone knows that Knights must
leave periodically to fulfill 

2385
02:13:18,900 --> 02:13:21,600
their obligations. 
The household adapts. 

2386
02:13:22,300 --> 02:13:25,100
When you return, you resume your
local duties. 

2387
02:13:25,800 --> 02:13:28,800
You attend to dispute that 
accumulated during your absence 

2388
02:13:28,800 --> 02:13:32,000
reviewing, what your Steward 
decided and ensuring those 

2389
02:13:32,000 --> 02:13:35,900
decisions are in forced. 
You oversaw planting or harvest?

2390
02:13:35,900 --> 02:13:38,400
If your service coincided with 
those Seasons. 

2391
02:13:38,400 --> 02:13:44,000
You ensure that your obligations
to the church are met Ties paid 

2392
02:13:44,000 --> 02:13:48,100
from your Harvest repairs to the
local Chapel funded, if it falls

2393
02:13:48,100 --> 02:13:52,400
within your responsibility. 
The church is another layer of 

2394
02:13:52,400 --> 02:13:55,700
obligation. 
Another institutional acclaims a

2395
02:13:55,700 --> 02:13:58,600
portion of your resources in 
exchange for Spiritual services 

2396
02:13:58,600 --> 02:14:02,300
and social legitimacy. 
You also maintain relationships 

2397
02:14:02,300 --> 02:14:05,400
with other nights in the area. 
These relationships are 

2398
02:14:05,400 --> 02:14:09,800
practical, not purely social. 
You might need their support in 

2399
02:14:09,800 --> 02:14:13,100
a dispute over land boundaries. 
They might need yours if they 

2400
02:14:13,100 --> 02:14:15,700
face a legal challenge or a 
threat from a more powerful 

2401
02:14:15,700 --> 02:14:18,500
neighbor. 
Alliances are built slowly 

2402
02:14:18,500 --> 02:14:22,100
through shared attendance at 
courts through marriages 

2403
02:14:22,100 --> 02:14:25,300
arranged between families 
through small acts of mutual 

2404
02:14:25,300 --> 02:14:27,400
assistance, helping with a 
harvest. 

2405
02:14:27,400 --> 02:14:31,100
When a neighbor is shorthanded, 
providing horses when someone's 

2406
02:14:31,100 --> 02:14:34,800
have been stolen or died and 
standing as a witness in legal 

2407
02:14:34,800 --> 02:14:38,100
proceedings. 
Your loyalty to your lord is 

2408
02:14:38,100 --> 02:14:42,800
both personal and institutional 
you, swear an oath Formal 

2409
02:14:42,800 --> 02:14:46,600
Declaration of service and 
Fidelity often performed in a 

2410
02:14:46,600 --> 02:14:50,400
ceremony where you kneel before 
the Lord Place, Your Hands 

2411
02:14:50,400 --> 02:14:54,300
between his and speak. 
The words that bind you, the 

2412
02:14:54,300 --> 02:14:58,000
oath is taken seriously. 
Breaking it carries social and 

2413
02:14:58,000 --> 02:15:02,600
legal consequences loss of land.
Loss of status, sometimes. 

2414
02:15:02,600 --> 02:15:06,800
Exile or imprisonment. 
But loyalty is also reinforced 

2415
02:15:06,800 --> 02:15:10,200
by more mundane ties. 
Your lord is the source of your 

2416
02:15:10,200 --> 02:15:12,500
land. 
He is the one who can protect 

2417
02:15:12,500 --> 02:15:16,100
your claims against challenges 
settled disputes in your favor 

2418
02:15:16,100 --> 02:15:19,900
and provide opportunities for 
advancement additional land 

2419
02:15:19,900 --> 02:15:23,900
marriage to a wealthy heiress 
and positions of responsibility 

2420
02:15:23,900 --> 02:15:28,300
in his administration. 
Maintaining his favor is a 

2421
02:15:28,300 --> 02:15:31,200
practical necessity. 
You attend his court when 

2422
02:15:31,200 --> 02:15:35,600
summoned, you offer gifts on 
appropriate, occasions a fine 

2423
02:15:35,600 --> 02:15:39,800
horse, a piece of crafted metal 
work or game from a successful 

2424
02:15:39,800 --> 02:15:42,500
hunt. 
You support his interest in 

2425
02:15:42,500 --> 02:15:46,500
disputes with other Lords, you 
speak well of him, defend his 

2426
02:15:46,500 --> 02:15:49,600
reputation and contribute to the
collective opinion, that 

2427
02:15:49,600 --> 02:15:53,600
sustained his authority. 
The same time you have your own 

2428
02:15:53,600 --> 02:15:57,900
dependence, if you hold enough 
land you might Grant portions of

2429
02:15:57,900 --> 02:16:01,400
it to lessen nights or men at 
Arms in exchange for their 

2430
02:16:01,400 --> 02:16:04,100
service to you. 
They owe you the same loyalty 

2431
02:16:04,100 --> 02:16:06,100
and service that you owe your 
lord. 

2432
02:16:06,100 --> 02:16:07,900
They appear when you summon 
them. 

2433
02:16:07,900 --> 02:16:10,100
They fight under your banner 
when needed. 

2434
02:16:10,100 --> 02:16:14,300
They provide counsel and support
you become a link in the chain 

2435
02:16:14,300 --> 02:16:18,400
both serving and being served. 
The result is a web of 

2436
02:16:18,400 --> 02:16:20,300
obligations extending upward and
downward. 

2437
02:16:20,300 --> 02:16:23,800
Everyone has a place. 
Everyone has duties. 

2438
02:16:23,800 --> 02:16:28,400
The system is rigid, but it is 
all so stable, you know, what is

2439
02:16:28,400 --> 02:16:30,700
expected of you? 
You know what, you can expect 

2440
02:16:30,700 --> 02:16:32,900
from others. 
There is little room for 

2441
02:16:32,900 --> 02:16:36,100
individual ambition, outside the
established channels, but there 

2442
02:16:36,100 --> 02:16:38,200
is also little uncertainty about
your role. 

2443
02:16:39,100 --> 02:16:41,000
The predictability is 
comforting. 

2444
02:16:41,000 --> 02:16:45,799
It reduces conflict, clarifies 
disputes and provides a 

2445
02:16:45,799 --> 02:16:49,000
framework for resolving problems
without resorting to chaos. 

2446
02:16:50,299 --> 02:16:53,299
Courts are where much of this 
social structure is reinforced. 

2447
02:16:53,299 --> 02:16:56,700
When you attend your Lord's 
Court, you witnessed Justice 

2448
02:16:56,700 --> 02:17:01,400
being dispensed, criminals 
punished disputes between 10 and

2449
02:17:01,400 --> 02:17:05,799
settled and land, grants 
confirmed or revoked. you see, 

2450
02:17:05,808 --> 02:17:09,600
marriages being arranged 
contracts being sealed and Oaths

2451
02:17:09,600 --> 02:17:14,500
being sworn You watch who is in 
favor and who is not reading the

2452
02:17:14,500 --> 02:17:17,600
subtle signals of the Lord's, 
approval or disapproval. 

2453
02:17:18,600 --> 02:17:22,100
You hear news from other parts 
of the realm who is died, who 

2454
02:17:22,100 --> 02:17:24,400
was married were, conflict is 
brewing. 

2455
02:17:24,400 --> 02:17:26,500
And where opportunities might 
exist? 

2456
02:17:27,600 --> 02:17:30,299
You participate in ceremonies 
that bind the group together. 

2457
02:17:30,299 --> 02:17:34,600
Feasts held off after important 
occasions tournaments were 

2458
02:17:34,600 --> 02:17:38,299
Knights display their skills and
religious observances that Mark 

2459
02:17:38,299 --> 02:17:41,299
the calendar. 
These gatherings are not purely 

2460
02:17:41,299 --> 02:17:45,400
social, they serve a function, 
they remind everyone of their 

2461
02:17:45,400 --> 02:17:47,799
place. 
They provide opportunities to 

2462
02:17:47,799 --> 02:17:52,600
negotiate to make alliance's and
to settle old grievances before 

2463
02:17:52,600 --> 02:17:54,500
they escalate into open 
conflict. 

2464
02:17:55,400 --> 02:17:58,400
They also offer a chance to 
display wealth and status 

2465
02:17:58,400 --> 02:18:01,400
through clothing horses and the 
size of your retinue. 

2466
02:18:02,200 --> 02:18:06,200
But even this display is 
governed by expectation. excess 

2467
02:18:06,200 --> 02:18:10,700
is noticed and judged as vulgar 
or threatening, modesty 

2468
02:18:10,700 --> 02:18:13,600
appropriate to rank is valued 
and rewarded with social 

2469
02:18:13,600 --> 02:18:16,299
approval. 
The rhythm of service and 

2470
02:18:16,299 --> 02:18:19,600
obligation structures your life 
as much as the changing seasons.

2471
02:18:19,600 --> 02:18:22,400
You move through the year 
attending to your land, 

2472
02:18:22,400 --> 02:18:25,600
fulfilling your duties and 
maintaining your position. 

2473
02:18:25,600 --> 02:18:30,000
There is satisfaction in meeting
expectations in being reliable 

2474
02:18:30,000 --> 02:18:32,400
and in holding your place within
the order. 

2475
02:18:32,400 --> 02:18:36,299
The work is steady. 
The rewards are incremental 

2476
02:18:36,299 --> 02:18:40,799
respect from peers, continued 
possession of land and the 

2477
02:18:40,799 --> 02:18:43,799
security of knowing your place 
is secure as long as you fulfill

2478
02:18:43,799 --> 02:18:47,100
your role. 
The stability is the point, the 

2479
02:18:47,100 --> 02:18:51,100
system works because everyone 
participates because everyone 

2480
02:18:51,100 --> 02:18:54,200
understands the rules and 
because deviating from 

2481
02:18:54,200 --> 02:18:57,500
expectations carries costs that 
most are unwilling to pay. 

2482
02:18:58,500 --> 02:19:02,200
Rest is built into the structure
of your days woven into the 

2483
02:19:02,200 --> 02:19:06,299
fabric of routine as naturally 
as work itself after the morning

2484
02:19:06,299 --> 02:19:10,100
meal, after the first round of 
tasks, checking on livestock 

2485
02:19:10,100 --> 02:19:14,400
reviewing accounts. 
Speaking with tenant's There's 

2486
02:19:14,400 --> 02:19:18,700
often a pause, the mornings. 
Urgency Fades, the next set of 

2487
02:19:18,708 --> 02:19:22,500
obligations has not yet arrived.
You might sit in the hall, 

2488
02:19:22,500 --> 02:19:26,100
reviewing accounts or simply 
waiting for the next task to 

2489
02:19:26,100 --> 02:19:29,900
present itself. you might walk 
through the orchard checking the

2490
02:19:29,900 --> 02:19:33,500
progress of fruit on the trees, 
not because there is urgent work

2491
02:19:33,500 --> 02:19:36,200
to be done but because the 
rhythm of the day allows for it,

2492
02:19:37,400 --> 02:19:40,900
The walk itself is rest. 
A change of activity, that 

2493
02:19:40,900 --> 02:19:43,799
engages the body lightly while 
allowing the mind to settle. 

2494
02:19:44,700 --> 02:19:47,200
In The Heat Of Summer, the 
middle of the day is slow. 

2495
02:19:47,200 --> 02:19:50,900
The sun is high and strong work 
in the fields. 

2496
02:19:50,900 --> 02:19:54,800
Pause pauses peasants seek shade
under trees, or return briefly 

2497
02:19:54,800 --> 02:19:58,800
to their Cottages animals 
Retreat, to Barnes or sheltered 

2498
02:19:58,800 --> 02:20:01,300
areas. 
You might Retreat indoors as 

2499
02:20:01,300 --> 02:20:04,900
well away from the Sun and spend
an hour in a cooler room. 

2500
02:20:05,700 --> 02:20:07,800
Perhaps the chamber where a 
counts are kept? 

2501
02:20:08,900 --> 02:20:12,300
A smaller room with thick stone 
walls, that hold the coolness of

2502
02:20:12,300 --> 02:20:14,600
mourning. 
You do not sleep during these 

2503
02:20:14,600 --> 02:20:19,200
pauses necessarily, but you rest
You sit on a bench or a stool, 

2504
02:20:19,200 --> 02:20:24,000
you drink water or we can let 
the time pass without filling it

2505
02:20:24,008 --> 02:20:28,000
with activity. sometimes you 
think through problems that need

2506
02:20:28,000 --> 02:20:32,800
solving, The dispute that 
requires careful handling, a 

2507
02:20:32,800 --> 02:20:36,600
repair that needs planning. 
A conversation that must happen.

2508
02:20:36,600 --> 02:20:40,800
But often you simply sit feeling
the coolness of the stone 

2509
02:20:40,800 --> 02:20:43,800
against your back, listening to 
the muffled sounds of the 

2510
02:20:43,800 --> 02:20:46,000
household, continuing its work 
elsewhere. 

2511
02:20:46,900 --> 02:20:49,000
Seasonal rhythms or dictate 
rest. 

2512
02:20:49,700 --> 02:20:51,500
Winter is a quieter time, 
overall. 

2513
02:20:52,300 --> 02:20:54,800
The fields are fallow giving the
soil time to recover. 

2514
02:20:55,600 --> 02:20:58,500
Travel is more difficult with 
shorter days and worse weather. 

2515
02:20:58,500 --> 02:21:02,100
Roads become muddy or frozen, 
rivers. 

2516
02:21:02,100 --> 02:21:06,000
Rise with rain and snowmelt. 
You spend more time indoors 

2517
02:21:06,000 --> 02:21:09,600
closer to the fire. 
Moving through tasks at a slower

2518
02:21:09,608 --> 02:21:12,200
Pace. 
There are still work maintaining

2519
02:21:12,200 --> 02:21:16,500
equipment planning for spring 
managing indoor tasks like 

2520
02:21:16,500 --> 02:21:20,000
weaving or preserving food but 
the urgency is lower. 

2521
02:21:20,000 --> 02:21:24,100
The days are shorter, the 
evening's a longer you settle 

2522
02:21:24,100 --> 02:21:27,600
into the slower Rhythm without 
resistance, knowing that spring 

2523
02:21:27,600 --> 02:21:29,600
will bring its own increase in 
activity. 

2524
02:21:30,600 --> 02:21:34,200
Feast days, provide structured 
breaks in the routine, religious

2525
02:21:34,200 --> 02:21:37,700
festivals Mark, the calendar 
Christmas Easter, and Saints 

2526
02:21:37,700 --> 02:21:39,900
days associated with your 
region, or your family. 

2527
02:21:41,100 --> 02:21:45,300
These days involve obligations 
attendance at church specific 

2528
02:21:45,300 --> 02:21:48,600
prayers and sometimes fasting 
beforehand to prepare 

2529
02:21:48,600 --> 02:21:51,800
spiritually. 
But they also offer a change of 

2530
02:21:51,808 --> 02:21:55,100
pace. 
After the religious observance, 

2531
02:21:55,100 --> 02:21:57,400
there might be a larger meal 
time. 

2532
02:21:57,400 --> 02:22:00,800
Spent with neighbors and 
extended family and a pause from

2533
02:22:00,800 --> 02:22:04,300
ordinary labor. 
Church itself provides a rhythm 

2534
02:22:04,300 --> 02:22:07,300
of rest. 
Sundays are days of less work, 

2535
02:22:07,300 --> 02:22:10,100
dedicated to worship and 
recuperation. 

2536
02:22:11,000 --> 02:22:13,700
Field work, stops markets 
closed. 

2537
02:22:13,700 --> 02:22:18,900
You attend Mass, listening to 
the priest words, participating 

2538
02:22:18,900 --> 02:22:22,100
in rituals that connect you to a
larger community and a longer 

2539
02:22:22,100 --> 02:22:24,900
history. 
Afterward, you might linger 

2540
02:22:24,900 --> 02:22:28,000
outside the church. 
Speaking with other landholders,

2541
02:22:28,000 --> 02:22:31,500
exchanging news and making 
smaller Arrangements. 

2542
02:22:32,600 --> 02:22:34,800
The day feels different from 
work days. 

2543
02:22:34,800 --> 02:22:39,800
Marked by absence as much as by 
presence absence of urgent, 

2544
02:22:39,800 --> 02:22:44,700
demands absent of pressure Even 
within a single day, there are 

2545
02:22:44,708 --> 02:22:47,700
natural pauses between tasks you
stop. 

2546
02:22:47,700 --> 02:22:52,000
You drink ale or water brought 
by a servant you speak briefly 

2547
02:22:52,000 --> 02:22:55,400
with someone passing through the
hall asking about their progress

2548
02:22:55,400 --> 02:22:57,300
on some task or simply 
exchanging. 

2549
02:22:57,300 --> 02:23:00,800
Greetings you adjust your 
clothing retiring. 

2550
02:23:00,800 --> 02:23:04,300
Hose that have loosened 
tightening a belt and brushing 

2551
02:23:04,300 --> 02:23:07,900
dust from your tunic. 
These moments are not planned, 

2552
02:23:07,900 --> 02:23:11,900
but they are regular. they break
the day into manageable pieces, 

2553
02:23:11,900 --> 02:23:15,800
creating small intervals of 
transition between one activity 

2554
02:23:15,800 --> 02:23:20,100
and the next Waiting is also a 
form of rest, though. 

2555
02:23:20,100 --> 02:23:21,900
It does not always feel restful 
in the moment. 

2556
02:23:23,100 --> 02:23:26,100
You wait for a messenger to 
return with news from your lord,

2557
02:23:26,100 --> 02:23:30,400
or from a neighboring state? 
You wait for rain to stop before

2558
02:23:30,400 --> 02:23:32,400
inspecting, a roof, that might 
be leaking. 

2559
02:23:33,200 --> 02:23:35,300
You wait for your lord to call 
you to service. 

2560
02:23:35,300 --> 02:23:38,600
Not knowing exactly when the 
summons will come, but knowing 

2561
02:23:38,600 --> 02:23:43,300
it will arrive eventually. 
The waiting is not anxious, not 

2562
02:23:43,300 --> 02:23:46,500
filled with Dread. 
It is simply part of the Rhythm,

2563
02:23:46,500 --> 02:23:51,300
you fill it with small tasks, or
with nothing at allowing time to

2564
02:23:51,300 --> 02:23:55,100
pass at his own pace. 
In the evening after the meal, 

2565
02:23:55,100 --> 02:23:56,700
there is a longer stretch of 
rest. 

2566
02:23:57,500 --> 02:24:01,400
The whole remains lit by fire 
light and a few candles people 

2567
02:24:01,400 --> 02:24:04,300
gather, but the energy is lower 
than early in the day. 

2568
02:24:05,100 --> 02:24:09,500
Conversations Fade Into murmurs.
The topic shift from work to 

2569
02:24:09,500 --> 02:24:12,100
stories from planing to 
reminisants. 

2570
02:24:12,800 --> 02:24:16,600
Someone might repair a piece of 
equipment, a torn harness, a 

2571
02:24:16,600 --> 02:24:18,800
broken tool, but the work is 
quiet. 

2572
02:24:18,800 --> 02:24:23,500
Almost meditative other simply 
sit watching the fire letting 

2573
02:24:23,500 --> 02:24:26,300
their thoughts wander. 
Fire itself. 

2574
02:24:26,300 --> 02:24:30,100
Invites rest. 
Flames move constantly never 

2575
02:24:30,100 --> 02:24:32,500
quite the same from one moment 
to the next. 

2576
02:24:32,500 --> 02:24:36,300
Watching them as calming the 
motion and light holding your 

2577
02:24:36,308 --> 02:24:38,700
attention without demanding 
anything from you. 

2578
02:24:39,300 --> 02:24:42,800
The warmth is soothing, 
especially after a day spent 

2579
02:24:42,800 --> 02:24:45,700
partly Outdoors. 
You feel it seep into your 

2580
02:24:45,700 --> 02:24:48,700
muscles, loosening tension and 
easing. 

2581
02:24:48,700 --> 02:24:51,500
Small aches. 
You're not required to be 

2582
02:24:51,500 --> 02:24:54,000
constantly active. 
The expectation. 

2583
02:24:54,000 --> 02:24:57,400
Is that you fulfill your duties,
not that you fill every moment 

2584
02:24:57,400 --> 02:25:01,300
with labor. 
Rest is recognized as necessary.

2585
02:25:01,300 --> 02:25:06,400
Not indulgent, you rest so that 
you can continue you rest. 

2586
02:25:06,400 --> 02:25:09,800
So that the next days tasks can 
be met with steady energy rather

2587
02:25:09,800 --> 02:25:14,200
than exhaustion the system 
allows for this and even depends

2588
02:25:14,200 --> 02:25:17,100
on it. 
A land holder who drives himself

2589
02:25:17,100 --> 02:25:19,000
to exhaustion cannot manage his 
land. 

2590
02:25:19,000 --> 02:25:22,600
Effectively, a knight who 
neglects rest cannot perform 

2591
02:25:22,600 --> 02:25:26,400
when Services required the 
rhythm of rest also follows the 

2592
02:25:26,400 --> 02:25:29,800
seasons of your life. 
As a young man, you trained 

2593
02:25:29,800 --> 02:25:33,600
harder, traveled more and took 
on more physically demanding 

2594
02:25:33,600 --> 02:25:36,400
tasks. 
You proved yourself capable 

2595
02:25:36,400 --> 02:25:39,700
Bill, your reputation and 
establish your position. 

2596
02:25:40,700 --> 02:25:44,800
As you age the balance, shifts, 
you rely more on those under 

2597
02:25:44,800 --> 02:25:48,200
your direction, you delegate 
more tasks to younger men 

2598
02:25:48,200 --> 02:25:53,400
Squires servants and Sons. 
If you have them, you spend more

2599
02:25:53,400 --> 02:25:56,900
time, overseeing and less time 
doing, this is not a loss of 

2600
02:25:56,908 --> 02:25:59,200
status. 
It is the natural progression 

2601
02:25:59,200 --> 02:26:04,200
expected and accommodated. 
System values experience and 

2602
02:26:04,200 --> 02:26:06,700
judgment as much as physical 
capability. 

2603
02:26:08,100 --> 02:26:11,800
At night before sleep. 
There is a final, pause the 

2604
02:26:11,800 --> 02:26:14,400
household. 
Settles the fire is banked 

2605
02:26:14,400 --> 02:26:17,800
covered with Ash so it will burn
low through the night without 

2606
02:26:17,800 --> 02:26:21,100
going out entirely. 
Doors are checked and barred 

2607
02:26:21,100 --> 02:26:23,200
shutters a closed against the 
night. 

2608
02:26:23,200 --> 02:26:26,300
Are you move through these small
rituals without haste? 

2609
02:26:26,300 --> 02:26:30,600
They Mark the transition from 
day to night from activity to 

2610
02:26:30,600 --> 02:26:32,800
rest. 
The transition is smooth 

2611
02:26:32,800 --> 02:26:37,500
expected and reassuring. 
There is no abrupt shift, no 

2612
02:26:37,500 --> 02:26:41,800
jarring change the day eases in 
tonight as naturally as Dawn 

2613
02:26:41,800 --> 02:26:46,000
eases into morning. food is 
Central to the household, not 

2614
02:26:46,000 --> 02:26:48,900
just a sustenance, but as a 
measure of stability and 

2615
02:26:48,900 --> 02:26:52,800
success, Feeding everyone family
servants. 

2616
02:26:52,800 --> 02:26:55,400
Occasional guests is a daily 
task. 

2617
02:26:55,400 --> 02:26:58,600
That requires planning storage 
and coordinated labor. 

2618
02:26:59,800 --> 02:27:03,500
The kitchen is a busy Place. 
Typically managed by a cook and 

2619
02:27:03,500 --> 02:27:07,400
several assistance often located
in a separate building or an 

2620
02:27:07,400 --> 02:27:11,000
attached Wing to reduce the risk
of fire spreading to the main 

2621
02:27:11,000 --> 02:27:14,400
hall. 
The separation also contains the

2622
02:27:14,400 --> 02:27:17,600
Heat and smoke that cooking 
generates keeping the living 

2623
02:27:17,600 --> 02:27:21,400
space is more comfortable. 
Bread is the foundation of most 

2624
02:27:21,400 --> 02:27:24,000
meals. 
It is baked several times a week

2625
02:27:24,008 --> 02:27:28,200
in large batches using a 
communal oven or an oven built 

2626
02:27:28,200 --> 02:27:31,700
into the kitchen structure. 
The oven is heated by burning 

2627
02:27:31,700 --> 02:27:34,100
wood inside it, until the stones
are hot enough. 

2628
02:27:34,100 --> 02:27:36,900
Then the coals are raked out. 
And the loaves are placed 

2629
02:27:36,900 --> 02:27:40,400
directly on the hot Stones. 
The Bread bakes from the 

2630
02:27:40,400 --> 02:27:44,100
residual heat the crust forming 
thick and dark while the 

2631
02:27:44,108 --> 02:27:48,200
interior stays dense and chewy 
the grain for bread comes from 

2632
02:27:48,200 --> 02:27:51,100
your own land or from rent. 
Paid in kind by tenants. 

2633
02:27:51,900 --> 02:27:54,600
After harvest, the grain is 
stored in a dry building, 

2634
02:27:54,600 --> 02:27:58,900
sometimes a dedicated Grainery, 
sometimes a loft above the 

2635
02:27:58,900 --> 02:28:02,900
stable or another outbuilding. 
The storage must protect against

2636
02:28:02,900 --> 02:28:07,700
moisture which causes grain to 
mold and against rodents, which 

2637
02:28:07,700 --> 02:28:10,100
can consume or contaminate large
quantities. 

2638
02:28:11,200 --> 02:28:15,000
Grain is threshed to separate 
the kernels from the chaff then 

2639
02:28:15,000 --> 02:28:16,900
winnowed to remove the lighter 
debris. 

2640
02:28:16,900 --> 02:28:20,400
Then ground into flour. 
Using a handle or taken to a 

2641
02:28:20,400 --> 02:28:24,400
mill, powered by water or wind 
The bread itself varies in 

2642
02:28:24,400 --> 02:28:29,100
quality white bread made from 
finely ground wheat, flour is 

2643
02:28:29,100 --> 02:28:32,200
rare and reserved for special 
occasions or for the highest 

2644
02:28:32,200 --> 02:28:36,600
status members of the household.
Most of what you eat is made 

2645
02:28:36,600 --> 02:28:41,300
from Rye barley or masculine a 
mixture of wheat and rye that 

2646
02:28:41,308 --> 02:28:43,300
combines the better qualities of
both. 

2647
02:28:43,300 --> 02:28:47,700
The bread is substantial 
designed to fill the stomach and

2648
02:28:47,700 --> 02:28:49,800
provide energy for physical 
labor. 

2649
02:28:49,800 --> 02:28:53,000
A single loaf might waste 
several pounds. 

2650
02:28:53,000 --> 02:28:57,000
It keeps for days becoming 
harder as it scales. 

2651
02:28:57,000 --> 02:29:00,000
At which point it can be soaked 
in pottage or used as a 

2652
02:29:00,008 --> 02:29:03,100
trencher. 
Pottage appears at nearly every 

2653
02:29:03,100 --> 02:29:07,300
meal, it is a thick stew made, 
from whatever is available dried

2654
02:29:07,300 --> 02:29:11,000
peas, or beans soaked overnight,
and then simmered for hours, 

2655
02:29:11,000 --> 02:29:14,800
onions and leeks from the 
garden, perhaps carrots or 

2656
02:29:14,800 --> 02:29:17,300
turnips. 
And sometimes bits of meat or 

2657
02:29:17,300 --> 02:29:20,500
fish have available the 
ingredients simmer together. 

2658
02:29:20,500 --> 02:29:24,700
In a large pot suspended over 
the fire absorbing flavors and 

2659
02:29:24,700 --> 02:29:29,400
becoming soft and easy to eat. 
The pottage is hearty filling 

2660
02:29:29,400 --> 02:29:33,400
and adaptable. 
When grain is abundant barley or

2661
02:29:33,400 --> 02:29:35,200
oats might be added to thicken 
it further. 

2662
02:29:36,100 --> 02:29:40,600
When herbs are fresh, they add 
flavor parsley, Thyme and Sage 

2663
02:29:40,600 --> 02:29:44,800
grown in the household Garden. 
Meters eaten regularly but not 

2664
02:29:44,800 --> 02:29:48,400
extravagantly. 
Pork is common preserved through

2665
02:29:48,400 --> 02:29:51,100
salting or smoking to last 
through winter months. 

2666
02:29:51,800 --> 02:29:55,800
A pig is slaughtered in Autumn 
after it is flattened on forage 

2667
02:29:55,800 --> 02:29:57,400
and household scraps through the
summer. 

2668
02:29:58,300 --> 02:30:02,100
The meat is butchered carefully 
with different cuts assigned to 

2669
02:30:02,100 --> 02:30:05,700
different purposes. 
It's cuts are eaten fresh or 

2670
02:30:05,700 --> 02:30:08,400
lightly. 
Salted lesser cuts are grounded 

2671
02:30:08,400 --> 02:30:11,000
into sausage or heavily salted 
and packed into barrels. 

2672
02:30:11,000 --> 02:30:14,900
Nothing is wasted, organs are 
cooked, immediately, bones are 

2673
02:30:14,900 --> 02:30:19,000
boiled for broth fat is rendered
into lard for cooking, mutton 

2674
02:30:19,000 --> 02:30:22,400
and beef appear less frequently.
Sheep are more valuable for 

2675
02:30:22,400 --> 02:30:25,800
their wool and cattle and needed
for plowing and pulling carts. 

2676
02:30:25,800 --> 02:30:29,700
Only older animals passed, their
productive years, a typically 

2677
02:30:29,700 --> 02:30:32,500
slaughtered for meat. 
The meat from these older 

2678
02:30:32,500 --> 02:30:35,800
animals is tougher. 
Requiring long, slow cooking to 

2679
02:30:35,800 --> 02:30:39,000
become tender. 
It's often used in potages or 

2680
02:30:39,000 --> 02:30:43,700
pies rather than roasted. 
Poultry chickens ducks and geese

2681
02:30:43,700 --> 02:30:46,400
erased on the estate and 
slaughtered as needed. 

2682
02:30:47,400 --> 02:30:51,100
Chickens provide eggs as well as
meet making them a valuable 

2683
02:30:51,100 --> 02:30:54,000
resource. 
Hen that stops laying eggs, 

2684
02:30:54,000 --> 02:30:57,800
might be killed and cooked her 
meet tougher than a younger bird

2685
02:30:57,800 --> 02:31:01,200
but still useful. 
Geese a fattened in Autumn and 

2686
02:31:01,208 --> 02:31:04,600
slaughtered before winter, their
meat preserved or eaten. 

2687
02:31:04,600 --> 02:31:07,900
During the colder months. 
Their fat is saved for cooking, 

2688
02:31:07,900 --> 02:31:11,400
and for waterproofing, leather 
game from hunting supplements. 

2689
02:31:11,400 --> 02:31:14,700
The diet, though hunting rights 
are carefully regulated and not 

2690
02:31:14,700 --> 02:31:18,600
available to everyone as a night
with land, you likely have the 

2691
02:31:18,600 --> 02:31:22,800
right to hunt small game, 
Rabbits hairs Birds within your 

2692
02:31:22,800 --> 02:31:27,200
Holdings. 
Larger game Deer bore are often 

2693
02:31:27,200 --> 02:31:29,300
reserved for your laws or 
require his permission. 

2694
02:31:30,400 --> 02:31:33,400
When you do hunt, the meat is a 
welcome addition to the table. 

2695
02:31:34,200 --> 02:31:38,500
Venison is prized rich and 
flavorful while wild boar is 

2696
02:31:38,500 --> 02:31:41,500
tougher, but still valued the 
hunt itself. 

2697
02:31:41,500 --> 02:31:46,000
Is also a social activity, a 
chance to displace skill and to 

2698
02:31:46,000 --> 02:31:50,400
share time with other nights. 
Fishers important, especially 

2699
02:31:50,400 --> 02:31:53,700
during Lent and other fasting 
periods mandated by the church 

2700
02:31:53,700 --> 02:31:57,900
when meters forbidden If you 
live near a river or the coast, 

2701
02:31:57,900 --> 02:32:03,000
fresh fish is accessible. 
Otherwise salted or dried fish 

2702
02:32:03,000 --> 02:32:05,900
is purchased at the market or 
received as part of rent. 

2703
02:32:06,800 --> 02:32:09,900
Herring is common cheap and 
easily preserved. 

2704
02:32:10,700 --> 02:32:14,800
Cod is also popular dried until 
hard and then soaked before 

2705
02:32:14,800 --> 02:32:17,800
cooking. 
Eel is eaten, both fresh and 

2706
02:32:17,800 --> 02:32:21,700
preserved, its Rich flesh, 
valued for its flavor. 

2707
02:32:21,700 --> 02:32:24,300
Dairy products are part of the 
daily routine. 

2708
02:32:24,300 --> 02:32:28,800
Milk is consumed fresh when 
available especially in spring 

2709
02:32:28,800 --> 02:32:31,100
and summer when cows and sheep 
are producing more. 

2710
02:32:31,100 --> 02:32:35,600
But fresh milk spoils quickly. 
So most is turned into cheese or

2711
02:32:35,600 --> 02:32:39,600
butter, which keep longer cheese
is made regularly using 

2712
02:32:39,600 --> 02:32:41,900
techniques passed down through 
generations. 

2713
02:32:41,900 --> 02:32:47,200
The milk is heated, curdled with
rennet pressed to remove way and

2714
02:32:47,200 --> 02:32:52,400
then aged, Fresh cheeses, soft 
and Miles aged cheeses, harder 

2715
02:32:52,400 --> 02:32:56,400
sharper, and more flavorful. 
Large wheels of cheese are 

2716
02:32:56,400 --> 02:32:58,800
stored in cool Sellers and 
brought out as needed. 

2717
02:32:59,600 --> 02:33:02,900
Butters churned from cream. 
The process being labor 

2718
02:33:02,900 --> 02:33:07,100
intensive but a central Creamers
collected from milk over several

2719
02:33:07,100 --> 02:33:10,900
days, then agitated in a wooden 
churn until the fat separates 

2720
02:33:10,900 --> 02:33:14,300
from the liquid. 
The butter is gathered washed 

2721
02:33:14,300 --> 02:33:16,800
and sometimes salted for 
preservation. 

2722
02:33:17,800 --> 02:33:21,500
It is used in cooking spread on 
bread and added to vegetables. 

2723
02:33:22,300 --> 02:33:25,600
In wealthier households butter 
might be flavored with herbs or 

2724
02:33:25,600 --> 02:33:28,200
spices. 
Vegetables come from the 

2725
02:33:28,200 --> 02:33:32,100
household garden and from the 
fields, onions and leeks, are 

2726
02:33:32,100 --> 02:33:34,400
Staples used in nearly every 
pottage and stew. 

2727
02:33:34,400 --> 02:33:38,200
Cabbages are grown and eaten 
fresh or preserved by pickling. 

2728
02:33:39,000 --> 02:33:42,100
Turnips and carrots stall. 
Well in sellers the routes 

2729
02:33:42,108 --> 02:33:46,400
providing food through winter. 
In Summer Fresh greens are 

2730
02:33:46,408 --> 02:33:49,200
available. 
Lettuce, spinach and chard. 

2731
02:33:50,000 --> 02:33:53,600
These are eaten quickly often 
lightly cooked or added to 

2732
02:33:53,600 --> 02:33:56,600
suits. 
Herbs are grown for both flavor 

2733
02:33:56,600 --> 02:34:01,400
and Medicine parsley, thyme, 
sage and rosemary, all used in 

2734
02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:05,300
cooking. 
Others like kamma and mint are 

2735
02:34:05,300 --> 02:34:08,600
used for teas or remedies. 
The garden is tendered by 

2736
02:34:08,600 --> 02:34:10,000
servants. 
Often. 

2737
02:34:10,000 --> 02:34:13,600
Women who know which plants need
more water, which needs, son, 

2738
02:34:13,600 --> 02:34:18,000
and which need to be cut back to
encourage growth. fruit is 

2739
02:34:18,000 --> 02:34:21,300
seasonal and treated as a 
special edition rather than a 

2740
02:34:21,300 --> 02:34:25,200
staple Apples and pears from the
orchard are eaten fresh and 

2741
02:34:25,200 --> 02:34:29,600
Autumn their crisp flesh. 
Sweet and refreshing after a 

2742
02:34:29,600 --> 02:34:33,300
diet, heavy and Grain, and 
preserved meat, Some are stored 

2743
02:34:33,300 --> 02:34:36,200
in cool dry places where they 
keep for weeks or months. 

2744
02:34:36,200 --> 02:34:41,600
Others are dried sliced thin and
laid out in the sun or hung near

2745
02:34:41,608 --> 02:34:43,600
the fire until they shrink and 
Harden. 

2746
02:34:44,400 --> 02:34:47,400
Dried fruit can be added to 
dishes or eaten As a treat 

2747
02:34:47,400 --> 02:34:49,900
through winter. 
Berries are gathered from 

2748
02:34:49,900 --> 02:34:52,200
hedgerows and Forest edges in 
summer. 

2749
02:34:53,000 --> 02:34:55,100
Strawberries raspberries and 
blackberries. 

2750
02:34:55,100 --> 02:34:58,200
They are eaten fresh Often by 
children. 

2751
02:34:58,200 --> 02:35:01,700
Sent to pick them who returned 
with stained hands and faces. 

2752
02:35:01,700 --> 02:35:05,400
Some berries are made into 
simple preserves cooked with 

2753
02:35:05,400 --> 02:35:10,400
honey and stored in jars. 
Ellis brewed regularly, a task 

2754
02:35:10,400 --> 02:35:12,400
usually managed by the women of 
the household. 

2755
02:35:13,200 --> 02:35:17,100
The process begins with malted 
barley grain that has been 

2756
02:35:17,100 --> 02:35:21,300
soaked allowed to sprout. 
Then dried to convert starches 

2757
02:35:21,300 --> 02:35:24,500
into sugars. 
The malted barley is ground 

2758
02:35:24,500 --> 02:35:27,400
mixed with hot water and left to
steep. 

2759
02:35:28,100 --> 02:35:32,000
The resulting liquid is strained
flavored sometimes with herbs 

2760
02:35:32,000 --> 02:35:35,500
like yarrow or bog Myrtle and 
then fermented with yeast. 

2761
02:35:36,600 --> 02:35:38,500
The fermentation takes several 
days. 

2762
02:35:38,500 --> 02:35:42,600
The ale is consumed within a 
week or two before it sours. 

2763
02:35:42,600 --> 02:35:46,700
It is weak by modern standards 
safe to drink and mildly, 

2764
02:35:46,700 --> 02:35:49,500
nourishing meant to be consumed 
throughout the day. 

2765
02:35:50,500 --> 02:35:54,100
Wine is more expensive and less 
common, especially in regions, 

2766
02:35:54,100 --> 02:35:57,100
where grapes do not grow. 
Well, if you drink it, it is 

2767
02:35:57,100 --> 02:36:00,800
likely imported purchased at a 
market or received as part of 

2768
02:36:00,808 --> 02:36:04,700
your obligations to your lord 
wine is reserved for more formal

2769
02:36:04,700 --> 02:36:09,000
occasions or shared when guests 
visit, it is often diluted with 

2770
02:36:09,000 --> 02:36:12,700
water both to stretch the supply
and to reduce its strength. 

2771
02:36:12,700 --> 02:36:17,000
The table itself is set simply 
wooden or pewter plates. 

2772
02:36:17,000 --> 02:36:19,600
Serve most meals with pewter 
reserved for higher status 

2773
02:36:19,600 --> 02:36:23,400
diners cups are made from horn 
wood or pottery. 

2774
02:36:24,200 --> 02:36:27,600
Knives are used for cutting. 
Forks and not yet common, you 

2775
02:36:27,600 --> 02:36:30,900
eat with your fingers and your 
knife using bread to soak up, 

2776
02:36:30,900 --> 02:36:34,500
sauces or juices. 
Spoons are used for pottage and 

2777
02:36:34,500 --> 02:36:37,700
liquid dishes. 
The tools are practical meant to

2778
02:36:37,708 --> 02:36:40,900
last cleaned after each meal and
stored carefully. 

2779
02:36:42,100 --> 02:36:44,800
The meal is communal. 
Everyone eats together in the 

2780
02:36:44,808 --> 02:36:47,400
hall at the same time from the 
same pots. 

2781
02:36:48,000 --> 02:36:52,500
This reinforces the household as
a unit there is conversation but

2782
02:36:52,500 --> 02:36:57,000
it is not loud or disruptive. 
The focus is on eating or 

2783
02:36:57,000 --> 02:37:00,400
nourishment on the simple 
satisfaction of food after 

2784
02:37:00,400 --> 02:37:02,700
Labor. 
You sit at the head of the 

2785
02:37:02,700 --> 02:37:06,600
table, your portions are larger 
and your bread is finer. 

2786
02:37:06,600 --> 02:37:09,900
If white bread is available, 
this is not excess. 

2787
02:37:09,900 --> 02:37:13,600
It is a mark of status, a 
visible reminder of the 

2788
02:37:13,600 --> 02:37:16,500
hierarchy within the household. 
Provisioning. 

2789
02:37:16,500 --> 02:37:19,000
The household means managing 
stores carefully. 

2790
02:37:19,700 --> 02:37:22,800
Grain must be kept dry and 
inspected regularly for signs of

2791
02:37:22,800 --> 02:37:26,500
mold or infestation. 
Salted, meat must be packed in 

2792
02:37:26,500 --> 02:37:29,800
barrels, with enough salt to 
prevent spoilage root 

2793
02:37:29,800 --> 02:37:32,200
vegetables. 
Must be stored in cool, Dark 

2794
02:37:32,200 --> 02:37:34,800
Places and checked periodically 
for wrote. 

2795
02:37:35,400 --> 02:37:37,600
El must be consumed before its 
hours. 

2796
02:37:38,500 --> 02:37:42,300
Some one, usually the steward or
the lady of the house tracks, 

2797
02:37:42,300 --> 02:37:46,400
the stores ensures, they are 
used efficiently and plans for 

2798
02:37:46,400 --> 02:37:49,700
replenishment. 
Running out of food before the 

2799
02:37:49,700 --> 02:37:51,600
next Harvest is a serious 
failure. 

2800
02:37:52,300 --> 02:37:55,400
One that reflects poorly on your
management and threatens the 

2801
02:37:55,400 --> 02:37:59,800
stability of the household. 
Waste is minimal scraps from the

2802
02:37:59,808 --> 02:38:03,500
table, go to servants who finish
what those of higher status 

2803
02:38:03,500 --> 02:38:06,700
leave behind. 
What they do, not eat goes to 

2804
02:38:06,700 --> 02:38:09,600
animals, dogs, pigs and 
chickens. 

2805
02:38:10,300 --> 02:38:13,300
Bones are boiled repeatedly, 
until they yield no more flavor 

2806
02:38:13,300 --> 02:38:16,500
or nutrients. 
Stale bread becomes trenches or 

2807
02:38:16,500 --> 02:38:19,900
is soaked and fed to livestock. 
Nothing is discarded. 

2808
02:38:19,900 --> 02:38:24,300
Lightly resources are precious 
using them fully as both 

2809
02:38:24,300 --> 02:38:26,800
practical and virtuous feast 
days. 

2810
02:38:26,800 --> 02:38:30,100
Bring larger meals, but even 
these are modest compared to the

2811
02:38:30,100 --> 02:38:32,200
Grand Banquets of higher 
nobility. 

2812
02:38:32,200 --> 02:38:36,100
You might roast a whole pig or 
serve several kinds of foul. 

2813
02:38:36,100 --> 02:38:38,900
You might offer sweet meats made
with honey and spices. 

2814
02:38:38,900 --> 02:38:41,600
A luxury saved for special 
occasions. 

2815
02:38:41,600 --> 02:38:44,900
You might provide white bread 
for all your guests, not just 

2816
02:38:44,900 --> 02:38:48,300
for yourself, but the feast is 
still recognizable as an 

2817
02:38:48,300 --> 02:38:51,300
extension of the every day. 
Not a departure from it. 

2818
02:38:52,100 --> 02:38:56,600
The same Basic Foods appear just
in Greater quantity and variety.

2819
02:38:57,500 --> 02:38:59,500
The rhythm of meals structures, 
the day. 

2820
02:39:00,400 --> 02:39:03,300
Breakfast shortly, after waking 
a simple meal to break the 

2821
02:39:03,300 --> 02:39:06,100
night's fast dinner. 
In the middle of the day is the 

2822
02:39:06,100 --> 02:39:07,800
main meal and is more 
substantial. 

2823
02:39:09,000 --> 02:39:11,300
Supper in the evening smaller 
than dinner, but still 

2824
02:39:11,300 --> 02:39:14,000
nourishing. 
Each meal is a pause, a 

2825
02:39:14,000 --> 02:39:17,800
gathering, a moment of shared 
routine, the food is simple, but

2826
02:39:17,800 --> 02:39:21,500
it is sufficient, it's sustains 
the work, it sustains the 

2827
02:39:21,500 --> 02:39:25,200
household, it's sustains the 
life, you lead steady and 

2828
02:39:25,200 --> 02:39:27,700
grounded in The rhythms of land 
and season. 

2829
02:39:28,500 --> 02:39:31,200
As the day Fades, the hall 
becomes the center of the 

2830
02:39:31,200 --> 02:39:34,500
household. 
Once again, Fire has been built 

2831
02:39:34,500 --> 02:39:36,700
up. 
Flames Rising higher. 

2832
02:39:36,700 --> 02:39:39,900
Now that the cooking is done and
the focus shifts to warmth and 

2833
02:39:39,900 --> 02:39:42,200
Light. 
Candles are lit. 

2834
02:39:42,200 --> 02:39:46,100
Those sparingly. 
Tallow candles are Smoky and 

2835
02:39:46,100 --> 02:39:49,800
smell of rendered fat, but they 
provide enough light to see by 

2836
02:39:50,700 --> 02:39:55,300
wax candles cleaner, burning and
sweetest smelling are reserved 

2837
02:39:55,300 --> 02:39:57,100
for the church or for rare 
occasions. 

2838
02:39:57,100 --> 02:40:01,100
When they cost can be justified,
you take your seat near the fire

2839
02:40:01,100 --> 02:40:04,100
in a chair. 
If you have one a heavy, wooden 

2840
02:40:04,100 --> 02:40:08,300
piece possibly with a cushioned 
filled with wall, or down, or on

2841
02:40:08,300 --> 02:40:10,100
a bench if the household is 
simpler. 

2842
02:40:11,100 --> 02:40:14,000
Others, gather around members of
your family. 

2843
02:40:14,000 --> 02:40:16,800
Take seats nearby. 
Servants. 

2844
02:40:16,800 --> 02:40:19,900
Finish their tasks and find 
places along the edge of the 

2845
02:40:19,900 --> 02:40:24,300
hall or at the lower tables. 
If a guest has arrived early in 

2846
02:40:24,300 --> 02:40:29,900
the day, Traveling night emerge 
and a messenger they're seated 

2847
02:40:29,908 --> 02:40:33,500
according to their status 
offered food and drink and 

2848
02:40:33,500 --> 02:40:35,600
welcome to the evening's quiet 
Rhythm. 

2849
02:40:35,600 --> 02:40:39,700
The atmosphere is calm the work 
of the day is done. 

2850
02:40:39,700 --> 02:40:43,300
What remains is the quiet 
transition into night? 

2851
02:40:44,100 --> 02:40:47,300
The hole is warmer. 
Now, the fire's heat radiating 

2852
02:40:47,300 --> 02:40:51,000
outward, the stone walls and 
floor absorbing and reflecting 

2853
02:40:51,000 --> 02:40:55,100
it. the warmth is comforting 
after our spent partly Outdoors 

2854
02:40:55,100 --> 02:40:58,600
where the air has cooled, as the
sun dropped toward the horizon, 

2855
02:40:59,500 --> 02:41:03,200
Conversation is low carried on 
in murmurs and occasional bursts

2856
02:41:03,200 --> 02:41:06,300
of quiet laughter. 
Someone mentions repairs that 

2857
02:41:06,300 --> 02:41:10,608
were completed a section of 
fence, reinforced a leak in the 

2858
02:41:10,616 --> 02:41:13,200
stable roof patched with fresh 
thatch. 

2859
02:41:13,800 --> 02:41:16,500
Someone else talks about a cow 
that is due to carve soon 

2860
02:41:16,500 --> 02:41:20,200
speculating on whether the car 
will be strong and whether it 

2861
02:41:20,200 --> 02:41:24,100
will be kept or sold. 
The topics are ordinary grounded

2862
02:41:24,100 --> 02:41:27,500
in the life of the estate in the
immediate concerns that fill 

2863
02:41:27,500 --> 02:41:29,500
your days. 
There's no need for Grand 

2864
02:41:29,500 --> 02:41:32,400
stories or entertainment. 
The simple exchange of 

2865
02:41:32,400 --> 02:41:35,700
information, the sharing of 
observations is enough 

2866
02:41:37,000 --> 02:41:38,600
Occasionally, someone might tell
a story. 

2867
02:41:39,400 --> 02:41:42,800
A tale from the Bible, perhaps 
the story of David and Goliath 

2868
02:41:42,800 --> 02:41:46,500
or the parable of the Good 
Samaritan legend about a local 

2869
02:41:46,500 --> 02:41:50,000
Saint and how they performed 
Miracles or suffered him. 

2870
02:41:50,600 --> 02:41:54,000
A piece of family history, a 
story about your grandfather or 

2871
02:41:54,000 --> 02:41:57,500
great-grandfather how they 
acquired the land, you now hold 

2872
02:41:57,500 --> 02:42:00,700
or how they serve their lord, 
and some notable way. 

2873
02:42:02,000 --> 02:42:04,800
The telling is straightforward, 
not dramatic. 

2874
02:42:04,800 --> 02:42:08,600
The story is familiar. 
Everyone has heard it before 

2875
02:42:08,600 --> 02:42:12,900
perhaps many times. 
But familiarity is comforting. 

2876
02:42:13,700 --> 02:42:17,100
The repetition is part of the 
ritual a way of reinforcing 

2877
02:42:17,100 --> 02:42:21,900
shared identity and continuity. 
If you are literate and not all 

2878
02:42:21,900 --> 02:42:24,800
Knights are, you might spend 
part of the evening with a book.

2879
02:42:25,700 --> 02:42:29,700
The book is a valuable object 
expensive to produce and 

2880
02:42:29,700 --> 02:42:32,900
carefully preserved. 
It might be a religious text 

2881
02:42:32,900 --> 02:42:37,200
assault her containing the 
Psalms or a book of hours with 

2882
02:42:37,200 --> 02:42:39,000
prayers for different times of 
day. 

2883
02:42:39,800 --> 02:42:43,100
Reading a slow work. 
By candlelight, the light 

2884
02:42:43,100 --> 02:42:46,100
flickers making the letters 
dance on the page. 

2885
02:42:46,900 --> 02:42:50,900
You lean closer, squinting 
slightly, reading aloud, or 

2886
02:42:50,900 --> 02:42:53,300
silently, depending on your 
preference and skill. 

2887
02:42:54,200 --> 02:42:57,100
You do not read for long, the 
effort tires, your eyes. 

2888
02:42:57,100 --> 02:43:01,700
But the act itself is a form of 
quiet, focus a way to settle the

2889
02:43:01,700 --> 02:43:05,500
mind, and prepare for sleep. 
Women in the household might so 

2890
02:43:05,500 --> 02:43:09,400
or spin continuing work that is 
filled portions of their day. 

2891
02:43:10,100 --> 02:43:13,400
The sowing might be mending, 
repairing, a torn tunic or 

2892
02:43:13,400 --> 02:43:17,000
darling holes in hose, or it 
might be more elaborate work. 

2893
02:43:17,000 --> 02:43:20,400
Embroidering, a design onto a 
piece of cloth that will become 

2894
02:43:20,400 --> 02:43:23,500
part of an altar cloth for the 
chapel or a decorative hanging 

2895
02:43:23,500 --> 02:43:27,500
for the hall. 
The work is done by feel as much

2896
02:43:27,500 --> 02:43:30,500
as by sight. 
Fingers know the motion of the 

2897
02:43:30,508 --> 02:43:32,900
needle. 
Moving through fabric, the 

2898
02:43:32,900 --> 02:43:35,400
tension of thread and the rhythm
of stitching. 

2899
02:43:36,400 --> 02:43:39,700
The work fills the time without 
demanding full attention, 

2900
02:43:39,700 --> 02:43:43,400
allowing the mind to wander, or 
to follow the conversation 

2901
02:43:43,400 --> 02:43:47,100
happening nearby. 
It's spinning is similarly, 

2902
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:51,800
meditative, a disc staff holds 
the mass of war or flax fingers.

2903
02:43:51,800 --> 02:43:55,500
Tease out fibers, twisting them 
into thread that wind onto a 

2904
02:43:55,508 --> 02:44:00,200
spindle, the spindle drops and 
Rises drops, and Rises the 

2905
02:44:00,200 --> 02:44:04,000
motion steady and hypnotic the 
thread that results will be 

2906
02:44:04,008 --> 02:44:06,000
woven into cloth or used for 
sewing. 

2907
02:44:06,000 --> 02:44:10,200
The work is essential part of 
the Endless cycle of production 

2908
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:14,600
that keeps the household clothed
and provisioned. children, if 

2909
02:44:14,600 --> 02:44:18,600
there are any a present but 
quieter in the evening, They sit

2910
02:44:18,600 --> 02:44:22,400
near the Fire Patch listening to
the adults perhaps occupied with

2911
02:44:22,400 --> 02:44:26,000
some small tasks or game. 
A boy Mike whittle, a piece of 

2912
02:44:26,008 --> 02:44:29,100
wood shaping it into a simple 
toy or tool. 

2913
02:44:30,000 --> 02:44:33,500
A girl might practice stitches 
on a scrap of cloth learning 

2914
02:44:33,500 --> 02:44:35,100
skills, she will need as she 
grows. 

2915
02:44:35,100 --> 02:44:39,200
They are not sent away. 
The household is a shared space 

2916
02:44:39,200 --> 02:44:43,500
and children learn by being 
present by watching and by 

2917
02:44:43,500 --> 02:44:46,100
gradually taking on small 
responsibilities. 

2918
02:44:47,200 --> 02:44:50,200
Dogs lying near the fire 
stretched out on their sides or 

2919
02:44:50,208 --> 02:44:54,000
curled into tight balls? 
They are working animals hunting

2920
02:44:54,000 --> 02:44:57,500
dogs, guard, dogs. 
But in the evening, they rest. 

2921
02:44:58,300 --> 02:45:01,300
They shift position, 
occasionally sighing, settling 

2922
02:45:01,300 --> 02:45:05,200
deeper into sleep. 
One might wake briefly lift its 

2923
02:45:05,200 --> 02:45:08,800
head to look around, then drop 
back into sleep. their presence 

2924
02:45:08,800 --> 02:45:12,000
is part of the background, 
notice only when they move, or 

2925
02:45:12,000 --> 02:45:15,500
when someone reaches down to 
scratch behind the ear, The fire

2926
02:45:15,500 --> 02:45:19,400
itself is a focal point. 
You watch the Flames, the way 

2927
02:45:19,400 --> 02:45:23,300
they shift and flicker rising 
and falling as they consume the 

2928
02:45:23,300 --> 02:45:27,800
wood, the light is warm and 
uneven casting Shadows that move

2929
02:45:27,800 --> 02:45:30,900
across the walls and sealing 
creating patterns that shift 

2930
02:45:30,900 --> 02:45:34,800
constantly. 
The sound of the fire crackling 

2931
02:45:34,800 --> 02:45:37,400
popping. 
The occasional hiss of sap 

2932
02:45:37,400 --> 02:45:40,800
Heating and bursting, fills the 
silence between words. 

2933
02:45:41,800 --> 02:45:44,900
The smell of wood. 
Smoke is familiar ingrained in 

2934
02:45:44,900 --> 02:45:49,200
the hall in your clothing and in
the very fabric of daily life, 

2935
02:45:50,200 --> 02:45:54,100
It's the evening deepens people 
begin to drift away servants 

2936
02:45:54,100 --> 02:45:57,400
returned to their quarters, 
small rooms off the hall or in 

2937
02:45:57,400 --> 02:46:00,400
separate buildings. 
Younger members of the household

2938
02:46:00,400 --> 02:46:05,400
head to their sleeping spaces, 
pallets and shared rooms alcoves

2939
02:46:05,400 --> 02:46:08,600
curtained off for privacy. 
The whole empty slowly 

2940
02:46:08,600 --> 02:46:11,500
gradually. 
The number of people dwindling 

2941
02:46:11,500 --> 02:46:15,100
without any formal announcement 
or signal, they leave when they 

2942
02:46:15,100 --> 02:46:18,900
are tired, when their tasks are 
finished, or when the pool of 

2943
02:46:18,900 --> 02:46:21,800
sleep becomes stronger than the 
pool of the fires warmth. 

2944
02:46:22,500 --> 02:46:25,600
You remain a bit longer 
finishing a task or simply 

2945
02:46:25,600 --> 02:46:28,500
sitting in the warmth. 
The hall is quieter. 

2946
02:46:28,500 --> 02:46:31,700
Now the conversations are 
reduced to a few murmured 

2947
02:46:31,700 --> 02:46:35,200
exchanges. 
Fire Burns, lower, the Flames 

2948
02:46:35,200 --> 02:46:39,200
smaller, and the coals glow red 
and orange beneath a thin layer 

2949
02:46:39,200 --> 02:46:42,000
of Ash. 
You feel the weight of the day? 

2950
02:46:42,000 --> 02:46:45,100
Settling into your body? 
The pleasant tiredness. 

2951
02:46:45,100 --> 02:46:50,200
That comes from steady work from
obligations met from a day 

2952
02:46:50,200 --> 02:46:53,600
completed. 
There is no set time to end the 

2953
02:46:53,600 --> 02:46:56,500
evening. 
It ends when it ends when the 

2954
02:46:56,500 --> 02:46:59,100
fire has burned down enough, 
that it will be safe to bank. 

2955
02:46:59,100 --> 02:47:02,900
When the candles of gutted low, 
when there is nothing left that 

2956
02:47:02,900 --> 02:47:07,600
needs doing you stand, stretch 
and feel your joints pop 

2957
02:47:07,600 --> 02:47:09,300
slightly in your muscles 
loosened. 

2958
02:47:10,000 --> 02:47:11,700
You make your way to your 
chamber. 

2959
02:47:11,700 --> 02:47:16,200
Moving through familiar spaces 
in dim, light your feet, knowing

2960
02:47:16,200 --> 02:47:18,000
the path without conscious 
thought. 

2961
02:47:18,700 --> 02:47:21,600
The hall will be prepared again.
Tomorrow, the fire will be 

2962
02:47:21,608 --> 02:47:24,500
relit, fresh wood laid on the 
coals that remain through the 

2963
02:47:24,500 --> 02:47:26,600
night. 
The benches will be set out. 

2964
02:47:26,600 --> 02:47:30,400
The tables will be laid. 
The routine will continue to 

2965
02:47:30,400 --> 02:47:36,500
night it rests, you rest. 
The Rhythm holds steady and 

2966
02:47:36,500 --> 02:47:38,800
reliable carrying you forward 
into sleep. 

2967
02:47:39,600 --> 02:47:42,200
Night is not a time of disorder 
or uncertainty. 

2968
02:47:42,200 --> 02:47:46,400
It is a structured as the day 
though, the structure is quieter

2969
02:47:46,400 --> 02:47:49,500
and more internal Before you 
sleep. 

2970
02:47:49,500 --> 02:47:53,400
The household is secure. 
Doors are barred from the inside

2971
02:47:53,400 --> 02:47:55,800
heavy. 
Wooden beams dropped into iron 

2972
02:47:55,800 --> 02:47:58,600
brackets. 
Shutters a closed against the 

2973
02:47:58,600 --> 02:48:00,700
cold and fastened with simple 
latches. 

2974
02:48:01,500 --> 02:48:05,100
These actions are practical. 
Protecting against drafts and 

2975
02:48:05,100 --> 02:48:08,500
deterring any unlikely 
Intruders, but they are all so 

2976
02:48:08,500 --> 02:48:13,200
ritual, marking the transition, 
from public to private time from

2977
02:48:13,200 --> 02:48:18,100
activity to rest. 
Fire in the hall is banked. 

2978
02:48:18,700 --> 02:48:21,700
Covered with a layer of Ash so 
that it will burn low through 

2979
02:48:21,700 --> 02:48:25,800
the night glowing with barely 
visible heat, but not go out 

2980
02:48:25,800 --> 02:48:29,000
entirely. 
Keeping a fire alive. 

2981
02:48:29,000 --> 02:48:31,500
Overnight, is easier than 
starting a new one in the 

2982
02:48:31,500 --> 02:48:34,000
morning. 
The coals beneath the Ash will 

2983
02:48:34,008 --> 02:48:37,500
smolder slowly and in the 
morning a servant will remove 

2984
02:48:37,500 --> 02:48:41,800
the ash, add kindling and coax 
the fire back into Flame. 

2985
02:48:42,500 --> 02:48:46,300
The banked fire is a small but 
important task one that requires

2986
02:48:46,300 --> 02:48:50,200
attention to get right. 
Too much Ash and the fire dies 

2987
02:48:50,200 --> 02:48:53,500
too little and it burns Through 
the Wood too quickly. 

2988
02:48:54,500 --> 02:48:56,800
If you live in a larger 
household or near a vulnerable 

2989
02:48:56,800 --> 02:49:01,500
location, close to a border near
a road, frequented by Bandits, 

2990
02:49:01,500 --> 02:49:05,000
there may be a what? 
Someone stays awake through 

2991
02:49:05,000 --> 02:49:08,500
parts of the night listening, 
checking the perimeter and 

2992
02:49:08,500 --> 02:49:11,100
ensure that nothing unexpected 
occurs. 

2993
02:49:12,600 --> 02:49:14,800
The watch rotates among the men 
of the household. 

2994
02:49:15,900 --> 02:49:18,200
Person takes a turn, perhaps 
walking the walls. 

2995
02:49:18,200 --> 02:49:21,300
If there are walls or simply 
sitting in the Hall near the 

2996
02:49:21,300 --> 02:49:23,100
door, listening to the sound of 
the night. 

2997
02:49:24,100 --> 02:49:27,800
The duty is not glamorous hours 
passed with nothing happening. 

2998
02:49:27,800 --> 02:49:31,300
The Watcher might fight sleep 
standing occasionally to walk 

2999
02:49:31,300 --> 02:49:34,800
around splashing, cold water on 
his face and chewing something 

3000
02:49:34,800 --> 02:49:38,400
to stay alert. 
The night is long when you are 

3001
02:49:38,400 --> 02:49:41,800
awake during it, each our 
stretching out time moving 

3002
02:49:41,800 --> 02:49:45,100
slowly. 
But the watch is necessary. 

3003
02:49:45,100 --> 02:49:49,200
It reassures everyone else that 
the Knight is managed, and that 

3004
02:49:49,200 --> 02:49:52,900
someone is paying attention. 
When your turn comes, you accept

3005
02:49:52,900 --> 02:49:55,800
it without complaint, it is part
of the collective 

3006
02:49:55,800 --> 02:49:59,000
responsibility. 
Your sleeping chamber is small 

3007
02:49:59,000 --> 02:50:01,300
proportion to the scale of the 
manor house. 

3008
02:50:02,000 --> 02:50:05,400
The bed is the largest piece of 
furniture dominating the room. 

3009
02:50:06,200 --> 02:50:10,300
Chess sits against one wall, its
lid carved or painted holding 

3010
02:50:10,300 --> 02:50:14,200
clothing and personal items 
extra tunics hose. 

3011
02:50:14,200 --> 02:50:18,500
Perhaps a small pouch of coins 
and documents proving your land 

3012
02:50:18,500 --> 02:50:21,600
rights. 
A stool or bench provides a 

3013
02:50:21,600 --> 02:50:25,700
place to sit while dressing. 
Candle rests in a simple holder,

3014
02:50:25,700 --> 02:50:27,700
though. 
You blow it out before sleeping 

3015
02:50:27,700 --> 02:50:31,300
to avoid the risk of Fire. 
The bed itself is layered for 

3016
02:50:31,300 --> 02:50:33,700
warmth and comfort. 
At the base. 

3017
02:50:33,700 --> 02:50:36,700
A wooden frame support to 
lattice of ropes, that provide 

3018
02:50:36,700 --> 02:50:40,800
tension and support on top of 
the ropes, a straw mattress. 

3019
02:50:40,800 --> 02:50:45,100
A large sacks stuffed with 
straw, tied at the ends to keep 

3020
02:50:45,100 --> 02:50:48,200
the filling from escaping. 
The straw poke through the 

3021
02:50:48,200 --> 02:50:51,700
fabric, occasionally, scratching
lightly, but it provides a firm 

3022
02:50:51,700 --> 02:50:55,000
surface. 
On top of the straw mattress, a 

3023
02:50:55,000 --> 02:50:58,200
feather mattress, or a pallet 
stuffed with wool and softness. 

3024
02:50:58,200 --> 02:51:01,600
The feather mattress is a luxury
indicating status. 

3025
02:51:01,600 --> 02:51:05,600
Wool is more common, still 
comfortable but less expensive. 

3026
02:51:05,600 --> 02:51:08,200
Linen, sheets. 
Cover the mattress. 

3027
02:51:08,200 --> 02:51:10,900
Washed periodically to keep them
clean though. 

3028
02:51:10,900 --> 02:51:12,700
Washing is labor, intensive, and
done. 

3029
02:51:12,700 --> 02:51:16,500
Only when necessary. 
Wool blankets, a layered on top,

3030
02:51:16,500 --> 02:51:18,700
the number depending on the 
season. 

3031
02:51:20,000 --> 02:51:24,500
In Winter, you might have three 
or four heavy blankets plus Furs

3032
02:51:24,500 --> 02:51:27,400
or additional layers. 
The weight is comforting 

3033
02:51:27,400 --> 02:51:32,200
pressing down, gently trapping 
warmth, In summer, a single 

3034
02:51:32,200 --> 02:51:35,000
light blanket. 
Might be enough or even just a 

3035
02:51:35,000 --> 02:51:38,500
sheet. 
The bed is in closed by curtains

3036
02:51:38,500 --> 02:51:41,300
hung from a wooden frame, built 
around the beds perimeter. 

3037
02:51:42,200 --> 02:51:46,500
Curtains a heavy fabric wool or 
thick linen drawn. 

3038
02:51:46,500 --> 02:51:49,400
Closed on three sides and 
partially closed on the fourth 

3039
02:51:49,400 --> 02:51:52,100
leaving an opening for you to 
enter an exit. 

3040
02:51:53,400 --> 02:51:57,800
Curtain serve multiple purposes.
They trap warmth creating a 

3041
02:51:57,800 --> 02:52:00,100
smaller space that your body 
heat can fill. 

3042
02:52:00,900 --> 02:52:03,900
They provide privacy and a 
household where privacy is rare.

3043
02:52:03,900 --> 02:52:08,600
They block light and muffled 
sound creating a quieter darker 

3044
02:52:08,600 --> 02:52:11,600
space. 
Conducive to sleep, you undress 

3045
02:52:11,600 --> 02:52:17,400
partially how to garments are 
removed tunics, belts, shoes, 

3046
02:52:17,400 --> 02:52:21,000
and hung on pegs or folded and 
placed on the chest. 

3047
02:52:21,900 --> 02:52:25,500
You keep your linen shirt and 
sometimes your hose depending on

3048
02:52:25,500 --> 02:52:27,900
the season and the coldness of 
the room. 

3049
02:52:28,600 --> 02:52:31,200
The room is cold, especially in 
winter. 

3050
02:52:32,200 --> 02:52:34,600
Fewer layers. 
You remove the warmer you stay. 

3051
02:52:34,600 --> 02:52:37,000
And the easier. 
It is to rise in the morning 

3052
02:52:37,000 --> 02:52:39,500
without the shock of cold air on
bare skin. 

3053
02:52:40,900 --> 02:52:43,900
Climb into bed, pulling the 
curtains closed behind you. 

3054
02:52:44,600 --> 02:52:49,100
The space inside, the curtained 
enclosure is small intimate and 

3055
02:52:49,100 --> 02:52:53,600
separated from the larger room. 
The darkness is almost complete 

3056
02:52:53,600 --> 02:52:57,700
broken, only by faint light that
might seek through gaps in the 

3057
02:52:57,700 --> 02:53:00,400
curtains. 
If the moon is bright or if a 

3058
02:53:00,400 --> 02:53:03,800
candle still Burns elsewhere in 
the house, Your range, the 

3059
02:53:03,800 --> 02:53:07,600
blankets pulling them up to your
chin, feeling their weights, 

3060
02:53:07,600 --> 02:53:10,900
settle over. 
You Sleep comes easily after a 

3061
02:53:10,900 --> 02:53:13,300
full day. 
There is no artificial light to 

3062
02:53:13,300 --> 02:53:16,000
delay it. 
No mental stimulation to keep 

3063
02:53:16,000 --> 02:53:19,800
your mind active, the darkness 
and choir to invite sleep. 

3064
02:53:20,700 --> 02:53:24,700
Your body is tired from the 
day's work from walking riding 

3065
02:53:24,700 --> 02:53:30,000
lifting and standing. 
Your mind is settled the days to

3066
02:53:30,000 --> 02:53:34,200
decisions made and the tasks 
completed or postponed tomorrow.

3067
02:53:35,200 --> 02:53:38,400
Close your eyes. 
You're breathing slows the 

3068
02:53:38,400 --> 02:53:41,300
transition from waking to sleep 
is smooth and natural. 

3069
02:53:41,300 --> 02:53:45,000
You do not sleep through the 
night without interruption you 

3070
02:53:45,000 --> 02:53:49,100
wake once or twice to adjust 
blankets, that have shifted to 

3071
02:53:49,100 --> 02:53:52,500
turn onto your other side, or to
relieve yourself in a chamber 

3072
02:53:52,500 --> 02:53:54,800
pot kept under the bed or in a 
corner of the room. 

3073
02:53:55,800 --> 02:53:59,500
The chamber pot is simple made 
of pottery or wood and emptied 

3074
02:53:59,500 --> 02:54:03,700
in the morning by a servant. 
You wake you shift and you 

3075
02:54:03,700 --> 02:54:07,400
settle back into sleep. 
This is normal expected. 

3076
02:54:07,400 --> 02:54:10,300
No one sleeps without waking. 
In this period. 

3077
02:54:10,300 --> 02:54:14,200
The night is long. 
The body's needs arise. 

3078
02:54:14,200 --> 02:54:17,100
Your accommodate them without 
anxiety or frustration. 

3079
02:54:18,200 --> 02:54:21,200
The rhythm of night is as 
reliable as the rhythm of day 

3080
02:54:21,200 --> 02:54:25,800
dark comes at a predictable time
varying with the season but 

3081
02:54:25,800 --> 02:54:29,200
always following the same 
pattern the household settles 

3082
02:54:29,200 --> 02:54:33,100
following routines that have 
been established over years you 

3083
02:54:33,100 --> 02:54:37,400
sleep Like returns creeping in 
through gaps, in the shutters, 

3084
02:54:37,400 --> 02:54:40,800
gradual and gentle the household
wakes. 

3085
02:54:40,800 --> 02:54:43,300
The cycle repeats without 
variation. 

3086
02:54:43,300 --> 02:54:47,500
Without surprised, if you wake 
and cannot immediately returned 

3087
02:54:47,500 --> 02:54:51,200
to sleep, you lie still You 
listen to The Quiet, the faint 

3088
02:54:51,200 --> 02:54:55,100
sound of the wind outside, the 
settling of the house as wood 

3089
02:54:55,100 --> 02:54:59,700
and stone shift with changes and
temperature, perhaps the distant

3090
02:54:59,700 --> 02:55:03,100
sound of an animal, you feel the
weight of the blankets, the 

3091
02:55:03,100 --> 02:55:06,600
warmth of the enclosed bed and 
the softness of the mattress 

3092
02:55:06,600 --> 02:55:10,600
beneath you, there is no. 
Urgency sleep, will return when 

3093
02:55:10,600 --> 02:55:13,400
it is ready. 
You wait for it without anxiety 

3094
02:55:13,400 --> 02:55:17,100
knowing that even lying still, 
and resting is valuable. 

3095
02:55:18,000 --> 02:55:19,900
Morning begins before full 
light. 

3096
02:55:20,800 --> 02:55:25,300
You hear movement in the house 
servants rekindling fires their 

3097
02:55:25,300 --> 02:55:28,200
footsteps soft. 
But audible the scrape of a 

3098
02:55:28,200 --> 02:55:31,700
poker against the Hearth and the
crackle of kindling catching 

3099
02:55:31,700 --> 02:55:34,000
flame. 
You hear the sounds of the 

3100
02:55:34,000 --> 02:55:36,800
household beginning. 
Again, pulling itself, back into

3101
02:55:36,800 --> 02:55:40,700
the rhythm of activity, you rise
pushing back the curtains and 

3102
02:55:40,700 --> 02:55:43,400
sit on the edge of the bed, from
a moment to let your body fully.

3103
02:55:43,400 --> 02:55:45,800
Wait. 
You dress following the same 

3104
02:55:45,800 --> 02:55:47,700
sequences yesterday. 
And the day before. 

3105
02:55:47,700 --> 02:55:51,600
Linen shirt hose tunic belt and 
shoes. 

3106
02:55:51,600 --> 02:55:54,400
You splash water on your face 
from a basement. 

3107
02:55:54,400 --> 02:55:55,900
The cold. 
Shocking. 

3108
02:55:55,900 --> 02:55:59,800
You into full awake fullness. 
Step back into the routine into 

3109
02:55:59,800 --> 02:56:03,500
the day into the work that Waits
night is not something to fear 

3110
02:56:03,500 --> 02:56:06,700
or dread. 
It is a known quantity, a 

3111
02:56:06,700 --> 02:56:10,100
structured part of life, it 
holds, no mystery, no threat. 

3112
02:56:10,100 --> 02:56:14,300
It is simply the other half of 
the cycle, the time for rest, 

3113
02:56:14,300 --> 02:56:18,100
for Stillness for the body and 
mind to recover before the work 

3114
02:56:18,100 --> 02:56:23,500
begins again. the order of night
mirrors, the order of day, Both 

3115
02:56:23,500 --> 02:56:25,700
are managed. 
Both are reliable. 

3116
02:56:25,700 --> 02:56:29,200
Both carry you forward in the 
long Rhythm Of Seasons and 

3117
02:56:29,200 --> 02:56:31,900
years. 
Knighthood is not a single 

3118
02:56:31,900 --> 02:56:33,800
generation's achievement or 
ambition. 

3119
02:56:33,800 --> 02:56:38,900
It is passed down maintained and
sustained across life times. 

3120
02:56:38,900 --> 02:56:42,800
You are a knight because your 
father held land or because you 

3121
02:56:42,800 --> 02:56:46,300
earned land through service. 
But either way, the position is 

3122
02:56:46,300 --> 02:56:49,100
meant to continue beyond you 
your son. 

3123
02:56:49,100 --> 02:56:53,000
If you have one will train as 
you trained, he will learn the 

3124
02:56:53,000 --> 02:56:56,300
same skills. 
Fulfill the same obligations and

3125
02:56:56,300 --> 02:56:59,600
hold the same land or at least 
land of similar character and 

3126
02:56:59,600 --> 02:57:02,700
responsibility. 
The system depends on this 

3127
02:57:02,700 --> 02:57:06,500
continuity, on the predictable 
transmission of Duties and 

3128
02:57:06,500 --> 02:57:08,800
resources from one generation to
the next. 

3129
02:57:09,800 --> 02:57:13,100
This continuity is built into 
the structure of society itself.

3130
02:57:13,100 --> 02:57:18,200
Land is inherited usually by the
eldest son, the Customs vary by 

3131
02:57:18,200 --> 02:57:20,800
region. 
Titles are inherited. 

3132
02:57:21,900 --> 02:57:24,600
The social structure depends on 
knowing that the chain of 

3133
02:57:24,608 --> 02:57:28,100
service and obligation will not 
break that the network of 

3134
02:57:28,100 --> 02:57:31,500
relationships between Lords and 
vassals will remain intact. 

3135
02:57:32,300 --> 02:57:34,600
You're not trying to build 
something new or revolutionary, 

3136
02:57:34,600 --> 02:57:38,500
you're trying to maintain what 
already exists to hold your 

3137
02:57:38,500 --> 02:57:40,700
place and pass it intact to 
those who come after. 

3138
02:57:42,100 --> 02:57:44,000
Training. 
Your son received is the same 

3139
02:57:44,000 --> 02:57:46,800
training. 
You received pass down through 

3140
02:57:46,800 --> 02:57:49,100
generations with only minor 
variations. 

3141
02:57:50,000 --> 02:57:53,800
He begins as a page often in 
another household, rather than 

3142
02:57:53,800 --> 02:57:56,800
your own. 
This separation is intentional. 

3143
02:57:56,800 --> 02:58:00,800
He learns from someone else's 
example, absorbs different 

3144
02:58:00,800 --> 02:58:04,300
perspectives and builds 
relationships outside his 

3145
02:58:04,300 --> 02:58:08,100
immediate family. 
As a page, he learns manners, 

3146
02:58:08,100 --> 02:58:13,500
obedience and basic skills. 
He serves at table, he cares for

3147
02:58:13,500 --> 02:58:17,400
equipment runs, Aaron's and 
observes the working of a 

3148
02:58:17,400 --> 02:58:21,100
nightly household. 
He had advances to Squire taking

3149
02:58:21,100 --> 02:58:24,800
on more responsibility. 
He cares for a knight armor and 

3150
02:58:24,800 --> 02:58:28,700
weapons practices with sword, 
and Lance and accompanies. 

3151
02:58:28,700 --> 02:58:32,400
His Lord on Journeys, and 
perhaps, and to service He 

3152
02:58:32,400 --> 02:58:35,700
learns by doing. 
By making mistakes and 

3153
02:58:35,700 --> 02:58:38,400
controlled settings where the 
consequences are not severe. 

3154
02:58:39,200 --> 02:58:41,100
He watches how disputes are 
settled. 

3155
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:45,100
How accounts are managed and how
relationships between Lord and 

3156
02:58:45,100 --> 02:58:49,400
vassals are maintained. 
The learning is gradual, layered

3157
02:58:49,400 --> 02:58:52,900
and cumulative. 
Eventually he is knighted. 

3158
02:58:53,700 --> 02:58:57,300
Formally recognized as capable 
of holding land and fulfilling 

3159
02:58:57,300 --> 02:59:00,800
the duties that come with it. 
The ceremony is significant 

3160
02:59:00,800 --> 02:59:04,500
marking a transition in status 
and responsibility. 

3161
02:59:05,300 --> 02:59:07,800
He kneels before a lord 
receives. 

3162
02:59:07,800 --> 02:59:11,300
The Accolade a light blow to the
shoulder with the flat of a 

3163
02:59:11,300 --> 02:59:13,200
sword. 
And speaks the words of the 

3164
02:59:13,200 --> 02:59:18,300
oath, he is an arms and armor 
often pieces that have been used

3165
02:59:18,300 --> 02:59:21,500
by previous generations, 
maintained and passed down. 

3166
02:59:22,300 --> 02:59:26,100
He stands now a night ready to 
take his place in the same 

3167
02:59:26,100 --> 02:59:28,200
structure that shaped his father
and grandfather. 

3168
02:59:29,500 --> 02:59:33,300
This process takes years, a 
decade or more from page to 

3169
02:59:33,300 --> 02:59:35,800
night. 
It is deliberate and slow 

3170
02:59:35,800 --> 02:59:39,800
designed to ensure that each 
generation is prepared. 

3171
02:59:39,800 --> 02:59:43,500
Not just in skill, but also in 
temperament and understanding 

3172
02:59:43,500 --> 02:59:47,700
there is no shortcut, no way to 
buy past the training and still 

3173
02:59:47,700 --> 02:59:49,700
be accepted as a legitimate 
night. 

3174
02:59:50,600 --> 02:59:53,300
The system relies on this 
careful, transmission of 

3175
02:59:53,300 --> 02:59:57,200
knowledge and responsibility 
those who try to claim status 

3176
02:59:57,200 --> 03:00:00,800
without the proper preparation 
of viewed with suspicion their 

3177
03:00:00,800 --> 03:00:03,300
Authority, questioned and their 
place in the hierarchy 

3178
03:00:03,300 --> 03:00:06,700
uncertain, your own role shifts 
as you age. 

3179
03:00:07,400 --> 03:00:10,200
You move from being the active 
participant to being the one who

3180
03:00:10,200 --> 03:00:14,800
trains others, you oversee. 
Squires either your own Sons or 

3181
03:00:14,800 --> 03:00:16,700
young men sent to you by other 
families. 

3182
03:00:16,700 --> 03:00:20,500
You teach, by example, 
demonstrating the skills, 

3183
03:00:20,500 --> 03:00:24,200
explaining the obligations and 
modeling the behavior expected 

3184
03:00:24,200 --> 03:00:26,800
of a night. 
You show them how to maintain 

3185
03:00:26,800 --> 03:00:30,500
armor, how to sit a horse 
properly, and how to speak with,

3186
03:00:30,500 --> 03:00:33,600
respect to those above them. 
And with authority to those 

3187
03:00:33,600 --> 03:00:38,500
below this too, is part of the 
duty, ensuring that the next 

3188
03:00:38,500 --> 03:00:42,500
generation is ready. 
The land itself is a form of 

3189
03:00:42,500 --> 03:00:45,700
continuity. 
The same fields are plowed and 

3190
03:00:45,700 --> 03:00:50,400
planted year after year Century 
after century. soil is the same 

3191
03:00:50,400 --> 03:00:54,500
soil, your grandfather, worked, 
your father inherited, and you 

3192
03:00:54,500 --> 03:00:59,100
now manage building buildings 
are maintained repairs and 

3193
03:00:59,100 --> 03:01:02,800
rebuilt as needed. 
A bomb that collapses from ages 

3194
03:01:02,800 --> 03:01:05,100
to the new barn built in the 
same location. 

3195
03:01:05,100 --> 03:01:09,900
Serving the same purpose. 
The orchard grows trees, bear 

3196
03:01:09,900 --> 03:01:14,100
fruit age and die and are 
replaced by saplings that will 

3197
03:01:14,100 --> 03:01:17,200
take years to mature, but will 
eventually produce as their 

3198
03:01:17,200 --> 03:01:21,200
predecessors did the work is 
never finished, but it is always

3199
03:01:21,200 --> 03:01:25,200
progressing and small increments
The Hedge trim this year will 

3200
03:01:25,200 --> 03:01:27,700
need trimming next year a ditch 
cleared. 

3201
03:01:27,700 --> 03:01:30,100
This Autumn will need clearing 
again, in a few years. 

3202
03:01:30,100 --> 03:01:33,900
The repetition is not futile. 
It is the nature of Maintenance 

3203
03:01:33,900 --> 03:01:37,100
things. 
Decay effort is required to 

3204
03:01:37,100 --> 03:01:40,200
slow, that decay to keep 
everything functional. 

3205
03:01:41,500 --> 03:01:44,900
The work continues across 
Generations, each adding their 

3206
03:01:44,900 --> 03:01:48,500
effort to what came before. 
The household 2 can continue 

3207
03:01:48,500 --> 03:01:51,200
cross time. 
Servants grow old, and are 

3208
03:01:51,200 --> 03:01:54,200
replaced by Young a workers 
often their own children or 

3209
03:01:54,200 --> 03:01:57,200
relatives who have grown up in 
the household and already know 

3210
03:01:57,200 --> 03:02:01,100
the routines. 
Children are born grow up and 

3211
03:02:01,100 --> 03:02:05,200
take on roles within the estate,
a boy who began as a stable 

3212
03:02:05,200 --> 03:02:08,200
hand, might become the head 
groom, then the stable Master 

3213
03:02:08,200 --> 03:02:11,800
managing all the horses and 
training the next generation of 

3214
03:02:11,800 --> 03:02:14,700
workers. 
A girl who helped in the kitchen

3215
03:02:14,700 --> 03:02:18,300
might become the cook, 
eventually overseeing others as 

3216
03:02:18,300 --> 03:02:22,100
she was once overseen the face 
has changed but the structure 

3217
03:02:22,100 --> 03:02:25,600
Remains the Same tasks are done 
by different hands. 

3218
03:02:25,600 --> 03:02:29,500
The same rhythms are followed. 
The continuity is comforting. 

3219
03:02:29,500 --> 03:02:33,500
It means that knowledge is not 
lost that skills are preserved 

3220
03:02:33,500 --> 03:02:37,100
and that the household can 
function even as individuals age

3221
03:02:37,100 --> 03:02:40,900
and are replaced Marriages are 
arranged with an eye toward 

3222
03:02:40,908 --> 03:02:43,700
continuity. 
A good match brings land 

3223
03:02:43,700 --> 03:02:47,400
connections and stability. 
Two families, join their 

3224
03:02:47,400 --> 03:02:49,700
interests, their resources and 
their Futures. 

3225
03:02:49,700 --> 03:02:54,000
The marriage is not primarily 
about personal affection though 

3226
03:02:54,000 --> 03:02:57,800
affection May grow over time. 
It is about reinforcing 

3227
03:02:57,800 --> 03:03:01,900
alliance's securing the future 
and ensuring that, the next 

3228
03:03:01,900 --> 03:03:04,200
generation will have the 
resources and relationships 

3229
03:03:04,200 --> 03:03:06,000
needed to maintain their 
position. 

3230
03:03:06,900 --> 03:03:11,200
Gary's and bride prices are 
negotiated carefully, contracts 

3231
03:03:11,200 --> 03:03:14,500
are drawn up specifying. 
What each party brings to the 

3232
03:03:14,500 --> 03:03:18,900
marriage and what will happen if
circumstances change. the 

3233
03:03:18,900 --> 03:03:22,200
marriage itself once concluded 
becomes part of the fabric of 

3234
03:03:22,200 --> 03:03:25,700
continuity, Children are raised 
within the structure. 

3235
03:03:25,700 --> 03:03:30,100
They learn by observation by 
participation and by gradual 

3236
03:03:30,100 --> 03:03:33,700
Assumption of responsibility. 
They see how their parents 

3237
03:03:33,708 --> 03:03:37,400
manage the household, how they 
fulfill obligations, and how 

3238
03:03:37,400 --> 03:03:41,100
they navigate relationships. 
They absorb lessons without 

3239
03:03:41,100 --> 03:03:45,000
formal instruction, learning 
through immersion in the daily 

3240
03:03:45,000 --> 03:03:48,400
life of the estate. 
Religious observance is part of 

3241
03:03:48,408 --> 03:03:51,600
this continuity as well. 
The church provides a framework 

3242
03:03:51,600 --> 03:03:56,100
that extends Beyond individual 
lives beyond single Generations,

3243
03:03:57,000 --> 03:03:58,900
Saints days. 
Feast days. 

3244
03:03:58,900 --> 03:04:01,300
The cycle of the liturgical 
year. 

3245
03:04:02,300 --> 03:04:05,800
All of these Mark in a way that 
transcends personal experience. 

3246
03:04:06,700 --> 03:04:09,200
You participate in the same 
rituals your grandparents 

3247
03:04:09,200 --> 03:04:12,200
participated in. 
Your children will do the same, 

3248
03:04:12,200 --> 03:04:15,400
the prayers of the same, the 
stories of the same. 

3249
03:04:15,400 --> 03:04:19,200
The community gathers in the 
same building a stone church. 

3250
03:04:19,200 --> 03:04:22,600
That stood for generations and 
will stand for Generations more.

3251
03:04:23,600 --> 03:04:26,500
The church itself is often built
and maintained through the 

3252
03:04:26,500 --> 03:04:28,700
contributions of multiple 
Generations. 

3253
03:04:28,700 --> 03:04:31,700
Your grandfather might have 
funded the construction of a 

3254
03:04:31,708 --> 03:04:35,200
side Chapel. 
Father, might have donated funds

3255
03:04:35,200 --> 03:04:38,400
for repairs to the roof. 
You contribute to maintaining 

3256
03:04:38,400 --> 03:04:41,900
the fabric of the building to 
provide in candles Investments, 

3257
03:04:41,900 --> 03:04:46,600
and to supporting the priest. 
your son will do the same, the 

3258
03:04:46,600 --> 03:04:49,500
building accumulates these 
contributions becoming a 

3259
03:04:49,500 --> 03:04:53,800
physical manifestation of 
continuity, a space, where past 

3260
03:04:53,800 --> 03:04:58,300
present and future intersect, 
Even the physical objects around

3261
03:04:58,300 --> 03:05:01,800
you carry continuity. 
A sword might be passed down 

3262
03:05:01,800 --> 03:05:04,800
through generations. 
Its blade reforged when it 

3263
03:05:04,800 --> 03:05:09,000
breaks its grip replaced when it
wears out but it's a central 

3264
03:05:09,008 --> 03:05:14,000
character maintained The sword 
becomes more than a tool, it 

3265
03:05:14,000 --> 03:05:18,300
becomes a symbol of family of 
lineage of connection to those 

3266
03:05:18,300 --> 03:05:21,900
who came before. 
A piece of land might be held by

3267
03:05:21,900 --> 03:05:26,800
the same family for 100 years or
more its boundaries defended its

3268
03:05:26,800 --> 03:05:31,300
productivity maintained and its 
management passed from father to

3269
03:05:31,300 --> 03:05:34,600
son. 
These objects and places 

3270
03:05:34,600 --> 03:05:39,000
accumulate history, become part 
of the family's identity and 

3271
03:05:39,000 --> 03:05:42,900
anchor the present to the Past. 
the system is designed to be 

3272
03:05:42,908 --> 03:05:47,300
stable, change happens, but 
slowly, new technique for 

3273
03:05:47,300 --> 03:05:50,800
farming or building or adopted 
gradually and tested over years 

3274
03:05:50,800 --> 03:05:55,300
before being widely accepted New
laws are introduced carefully 

3275
03:05:55,300 --> 03:05:58,600
with attention to how they will 
affect existing Arrangements. 

3276
03:05:59,500 --> 03:06:02,500
The emphasis is always on 
preserving what works on 

3277
03:06:02,500 --> 03:06:05,300
avoiding disruption and on 
maintaining order. 

3278
03:06:06,200 --> 03:06:10,700
Rapid change is viewed with 
suspicion seen as dangerous and 

3279
03:06:10,700 --> 03:06:13,800
likely to upset the delicate 
balance of obligations and 

3280
03:06:13,800 --> 03:06:17,400
rights that keep Society. 
Functioning your daily routine 

3281
03:06:17,400 --> 03:06:20,900
is not unique to you. 
It is the same routine, your 

3282
03:06:20,900 --> 03:06:23,600
father, followed the same 
routine, your son will follow 

3283
03:06:23,600 --> 03:06:26,900
you. 
Wait, you work, you eat and you 

3284
03:06:26,900 --> 03:06:30,600
rest. 
The rhythm is ancient tested 

3285
03:06:30,600 --> 03:06:33,000
across centuries and refined 
through. 

3286
03:06:33,000 --> 03:06:35,900
Countless repetitions. 
It does not need to be 

3287
03:06:35,900 --> 03:06:39,000
reinvented. 
It simply needs to be sustained.

3288
03:06:39,000 --> 03:06:43,500
Practice and passed on. 
There is wisdom in this 

3289
03:06:43,500 --> 03:06:46,300
repetition. 
A deep understanding, that some 

3290
03:06:46,300 --> 03:06:49,400
patterns work, precisely because
they have been proven over time,

3291
03:06:49,400 --> 03:06:53,900
this continuity is reassuring. 
You know, your place, you know 

3292
03:06:53,900 --> 03:06:56,500
what is expected? 
You know that the work you do 

3293
03:06:56,500 --> 03:07:00,100
today will be continued tomorrow
and the day after, and for 

3294
03:07:00,100 --> 03:07:03,800
generations to come The land, 
you manage will be managed by 

3295
03:07:03,800 --> 03:07:06,400
your son. 
The obligations you fulfill will

3296
03:07:06,400 --> 03:07:09,700
be fulfilled by your grandson 
the social order. 

3297
03:07:09,700 --> 03:07:13,600
You participate in will continue
adapting slowly to new 

3298
03:07:13,600 --> 03:07:16,600
circumstances, but never 
abandoning, its fundamental 

3299
03:07:16,600 --> 03:07:19,700
structure. 
There is a quiet satisfaction in

3300
03:07:19,700 --> 03:07:21,700
being part of something larger 
than yourself. 

3301
03:07:21,700 --> 03:07:26,100
Something that extends beyond 
your own life, you are not alone

3302
03:07:26,100 --> 03:07:29,500
in history, you're a link in a 
chain that stretches back to 

3303
03:07:29,500 --> 03:07:33,300
ancestors, you never knew and 
forward to descendants, you will

3304
03:07:33,308 --> 03:07:37,200
never meet your work matters, 
not because it is spectacular, 

3305
03:07:37,200 --> 03:07:41,800
but because it contributes to 
this continuity, you hold your 

3306
03:07:41,800 --> 03:07:46,500
place, fulfill your duties and 
pass the responsibility to those

3307
03:07:46,500 --> 03:07:50,000
who come after. 
The evening settles, as it 

3308
03:07:50,000 --> 03:07:53,000
always does, the fire burns low 
in the hall. 

3309
03:07:53,000 --> 03:07:58,000
The last conversations Fade Into
silence. people drift away to 

3310
03:07:58,000 --> 03:08:01,000
their sleeping spaces, you 
remain for a moment, longer 

3311
03:08:01,000 --> 03:08:04,600
watching the coals Globe, 
beneath the ash feeling the 

3312
03:08:04,600 --> 03:08:09,100
warmth and thinking ahead to 
tomorrow, Tomorrow will bring 

3313
03:08:09,100 --> 03:08:11,600
the same tasks. 
The same rhythms and the same 

3314
03:08:11,600 --> 03:08:16,100
steady continuity. 
The work is never finished but 

3315
03:08:16,100 --> 03:08:19,200
it is always enough. 
You're a knight, not because of 

3316
03:08:19,208 --> 03:08:23,200
great Deeds recorded in songs or
stories, but because you hold 

3317
03:08:23,200 --> 03:08:27,100
your place, fulfill your duties.
Maintain, what has been 

3318
03:08:27,108 --> 03:08:30,800
entrusted to you and pass the 
responsibility intact to those 

3319
03:08:30,800 --> 03:08:34,500
who come after. 
The routine continues reliable 

3320
03:08:34,500 --> 03:08:38,200
and unchanging. 
The order holds generation after

3321
03:08:38,200 --> 03:08:42,700
generation and in that steady 
rhythm in that quiet continuity,

3322
03:08:42,700 --> 03:08:45,200
there is a deep and Lasting 
peace. 

3323
03:08:45,200 --> 03:08:51,100
The day ends the night arrives. 
Sleep comes tomorrow. 

3324
03:08:51,100 --> 03:08:55,300
The cycle begins again as it 
always has as it always will. 

3325
03:09:01,500 --> 03:09:02,600
California. 
Gold Rush. 

3326
03:09:02,600 --> 03:09:05,400
Brought hundreds of thousands of
dreamers to the Sierra, Nevada 

3327
03:09:05,400 --> 03:09:10,900
between 1848 and the mid-1850s. 
But the real story wasn't in the

3328
03:09:10,900 --> 03:09:12,700
headlines about overnight 
millionaires. 

3329
03:09:13,600 --> 03:09:16,900
It was in the quiet creek beds 
where solid tree panners spent 

3330
03:09:16,900 --> 03:09:21,000
their days knee deep in cold 
water, searching for flights of 

3331
03:09:21,000 --> 03:09:25,100
yellow metal smaller than their 
fingernails. this is what those 

3332
03:09:25,100 --> 03:09:29,500
slow patient days actually felt 
like You wake before the sun 

3333
03:09:29,500 --> 03:09:32,900
touches, the Eastern Ridge, 
which means you waken Darkness. 

3334
03:09:32,900 --> 03:09:34,900
So complete. 
You can barely see your hand. 

3335
03:09:35,700 --> 03:09:39,400
Your canvas tent fills with the 
scent of damp wool and wood 

3336
03:09:39,400 --> 03:09:43,200
smoke permeating, every fiber of
your bed roll. 

3337
03:09:44,500 --> 03:09:47,400
Outside, the American River 
mutters to itself the way it 

3338
03:09:47,400 --> 03:09:49,600
does. 
Every morning a constant 

3339
03:09:49,600 --> 03:09:52,300
whisper, that becomes the 
backdrop to everything you do 

3340
03:09:52,300 --> 03:09:54,500
here. 
You've been listening to that 

3341
03:09:54,500 --> 03:09:57,800
sound for three months now and 
you've stopped wondering when 

3342
03:09:57,800 --> 03:10:00,500
you'll get used to it. 
Because you already have your 

3343
03:10:00,500 --> 03:10:03,400
back aches from sleeping on 
ground that never quite softens,

3344
03:10:03,400 --> 03:10:06,000
no matter how carefully you 
arrange the pine needles 

3345
03:10:06,000 --> 03:10:10,400
underneath your blanket. 
Your 37 years old, which felt 

3346
03:10:10,400 --> 03:10:14,000
Young when you left Ohio, but 
feels considerably less young. 

3347
03:10:14,000 --> 03:10:17,100
Now that you've been hauling 
buckets of gravel up hill for 93

3348
03:10:17,100 --> 03:10:19,700
days straight, not that your 
Counting. 

3349
03:10:20,800 --> 03:10:23,200
The August morning is cold 
enough that you can see your 

3350
03:10:23,200 --> 03:10:26,300
breath, which seems impossible 
given how hot it will be by 

3351
03:10:26,300 --> 03:10:28,300
noon. 
This is something nobody 

3352
03:10:28,300 --> 03:10:30,800
mentioned back. 
East that the mountains could 

3353
03:10:30,800 --> 03:10:32,900
freeze you at dawn and bake you 
buy lunch. 

3354
03:10:32,900 --> 03:10:36,300
You pull on your boots without 
on lacing them fully because you

3355
03:10:36,300 --> 03:10:39,800
learned that trick from a Danish
fellow to camps over and it 

3356
03:10:39,800 --> 03:10:42,800
saves you about 30 seconds. 
Every morning, those seconds, 

3357
03:10:42,800 --> 03:10:46,600
add up Your shirt is still damp 
from yesterday's sweat, which is

3358
03:10:46,600 --> 03:10:50,900
unpleasant, but not surprising 
nothing, dries completely here. 

3359
03:10:50,900 --> 03:10:55,100
The air is too thin the knight's
too cold and you work too hard 

3360
03:10:55,100 --> 03:10:57,500
to avoid sweating straight 
through everything you own. 

3361
03:10:57,500 --> 03:11:01,600
You've got two shirts total and 
they take turns being the less 

3362
03:11:01,600 --> 03:11:05,000
disgusting, one outside the 
tent, the camp is beginning its 

3363
03:11:05,000 --> 03:11:07,500
morning ritual without anyone 
saying much of anything. 

3364
03:11:07,500 --> 03:11:11,700
Miners, aren't talkative before 
breakfast, the fellow whose name

3365
03:11:11,708 --> 03:11:14,500
you've never learned but who 
camps about 50 feet Downstream 

3366
03:11:14,500 --> 03:11:18,800
is already crouched by his fire 
ring feeding small sticks into a

3367
03:11:18,800 --> 03:11:22,300
reluctant Flames, his dog, a 
barrel-shaped mutt. 

3368
03:11:22,300 --> 03:11:25,100
That's missing half an ear 
watches the fire, like it might 

3369
03:11:25,100 --> 03:11:29,100
Escape You've noticed that the 
dog is significantly better fed 

3370
03:11:29,100 --> 03:11:31,400
than its owner, which says 
something about the man's 

3371
03:11:31,400 --> 03:11:33,800
priorities, that you find, oddly
reassuring. 

3372
03:11:33,800 --> 03:11:37,000
You build your own fire in the 
ring of stones. 

3373
03:11:37,000 --> 03:11:40,100
You assembled during your first 
week here, back when you still 

3374
03:11:40,100 --> 03:11:43,100
had energy for Unnecessary 
projects like making things look

3375
03:11:43,100 --> 03:11:45,400
neat. 
Now, the stones are black with 

3376
03:11:45,400 --> 03:11:49,100
soot and arranged in a circle, 
that's more suggestion than 

3377
03:11:49,100 --> 03:11:52,900
geometry. your kindling is dry 
because you learn to keep it in 

3378
03:11:52,900 --> 03:11:57,600
your tent wrap, in an old flour,
sack The matches you bought in 

3379
03:11:57,600 --> 03:12:01,800
Sacramento, a full box of them, 
which seemed wildly expensive at

3380
03:12:01,800 --> 03:12:05,700
the time, a down to seven. 
You've become religious about 

3381
03:12:05,700 --> 03:12:09,000
extinguishing candles and using 
coals from the fire to light 

3382
03:12:09,000 --> 03:12:11,900
your pipe, rather than striking 
a fresh match. 

3383
03:12:12,800 --> 03:12:15,400
The coffee. 
You make is terrible, this isn't

3384
03:12:15,400 --> 03:12:17,600
self-deprecation, it's 
objectively. 

3385
03:12:17,600 --> 03:12:21,100
Bad coffee, made from grounds, 
you've already used twice, but 

3386
03:12:21,100 --> 03:12:24,100
it's hot and has caffeine. 
And that's all you need. 

3387
03:12:24,108 --> 03:12:27,900
You drink it from a Tin Cup. 
That burns your lip every single

3388
03:12:27,900 --> 03:12:31,000
morning without fail. 
Because you never remember to 

3389
03:12:31,000 --> 03:12:32,600
wait the extra minute for it to 
cool. 

3390
03:12:32,600 --> 03:12:35,200
Some lessons refused to be 
learned. 

3391
03:12:36,100 --> 03:12:40,300
Breakfast is hardtack and Baker,
always hard to attack and bacon.

3392
03:12:40,300 --> 03:12:43,100
You've developed a technique 
where you fry the bacon. 

3393
03:12:43,100 --> 03:12:47,000
First, then use the grease to 
soften the hardtack which makes 

3394
03:12:47,000 --> 03:12:49,300
it marginally less likely to 
break your teeth. 

3395
03:12:50,100 --> 03:12:53,200
The bacon is so salty that you 
can feel your heart beating your

3396
03:12:53,200 --> 03:12:56,900
temples after eating it. 
But salt is, the only reason it 

3397
03:12:56,900 --> 03:13:00,200
hasn't gone rounded. 
You should pound the hard tack 

3398
03:13:00,200 --> 03:13:02,000
with the rock before soaking it 
in the grease. 

3399
03:13:02,000 --> 03:13:05,300
Otherwise it feels like chewing 
through roof shingles. 

3400
03:13:05,300 --> 03:13:08,400
A Stellar's. 
J lands on a branch of your head

3401
03:13:08,400 --> 03:13:12,200
and screams at you with what 
sounds like personal outrage, 

3402
03:13:12,200 --> 03:13:15,600
the Jays here are vibrant shade 
of blue and exhibit. 

3403
03:13:15,600 --> 03:13:18,900
Remarkable fearlessness, which 
commands, your respect, even 

3404
03:13:18,900 --> 03:13:20,800
when their behavior is somewhat 
bothersome. 

3405
03:13:20,800 --> 03:13:23,300
This particular J wants your 
bacon. 

3406
03:13:23,300 --> 03:13:26,500
You don't give it any but not 
because you're stingy, you 

3407
03:13:26,500 --> 03:13:31,400
genuinely don't have to spare. 
The birds screams again makes a 

3408
03:13:31,400 --> 03:13:34,800
sound exactly like a rusty gate 
hinge and then flies off to 

3409
03:13:34,800 --> 03:13:38,000
bother someone else. 
The sky is turning from black to

3410
03:13:38,000 --> 03:13:41,300
Deep Purple which means you've 
got maybe 20 minutes before 

3411
03:13:41,300 --> 03:13:43,500
proper Dawn, you eat fast 
faster. 

3412
03:13:43,500 --> 03:13:47,900
The hardtack Greece is made your
fingers shiny and you wipe them 

3413
03:13:47,900 --> 03:13:51,300
on your pants which are already.
So, filthy that adding bacon 

3414
03:13:51,300 --> 03:13:54,000
grease, barely registered you've
learned. 

3415
03:13:54,000 --> 03:13:56,300
Not to think too hard about the 
state of your clothing. 

3416
03:13:56,300 --> 03:13:58,800
It's all going to be covered in 
mud within an hour. 

3417
03:13:58,800 --> 03:14:02,800
Anyway, your Pan, the only piece
of equipment that truly matters 

3418
03:14:02,800 --> 03:14:06,300
is where you left it last night,
turned upside down on a Flat 

3419
03:14:06,300 --> 03:14:09,500
Rock. 
You've got a good pan Which is 

3420
03:14:09,500 --> 03:14:12,800
to say it's not cracked and the 
bottom is relatively smooth. 

3421
03:14:12,800 --> 03:14:16,700
You bought it in Sacramento for 
six dollars which was somehow 

3422
03:14:16,700 --> 03:14:20,600
both a fortune and a bargain. 
The merchant said it was 

3423
03:14:20,608 --> 03:14:24,500
genuinely Eastern Steel, but you
doubt it still, it works so you 

3424
03:14:24,500 --> 03:14:27,000
don't care. 
The walk from your Camp to your 

3425
03:14:27,008 --> 03:14:30,500
claim takes about 15 minutes 
through Pines, that smell like 

3426
03:14:30,500 --> 03:14:32,300
vanilla when the Sun hits them, 
right? 

3427
03:14:32,300 --> 03:14:34,400
But the sun hasn't hit them 
right yet. 

3428
03:14:35,300 --> 03:14:38,400
The trail is barely a trail, 
just a slightly clear. 

3429
03:14:38,400 --> 03:14:40,800
A path through the undergrowth 
where other miners have walked 

3430
03:14:40,800 --> 03:14:44,800
before you. you pass three 
abandoned campsites, in various 

3431
03:14:44,800 --> 03:14:49,100
states of decay, one has a tent 
that's collapsed into a sad pile

3432
03:14:49,100 --> 03:14:52,300
of rotting canvas. 
Another has a neat stack of 

3433
03:14:52,300 --> 03:14:55,400
firewood that someone apparently
decided wasn't worth carrying to

3434
03:14:55,400 --> 03:14:59,500
their next location. 
In the Third location, a pair of

3435
03:14:59,500 --> 03:15:02,900
boots with holes in both Souls 
sits by a dead firing. 

3436
03:15:03,700 --> 03:15:05,900
Testament to the futility of 
optimism. 

3437
03:15:07,200 --> 03:15:09,900
These abandoned camps, don't 
depress you the way they did in 

3438
03:15:09,900 --> 03:15:12,600
your first weeks here. 
Now, they're just part of the 

3439
03:15:12,608 --> 03:15:15,900
landscape, like the tree stumps 
and the scattered piles of 

3440
03:15:15,908 --> 03:15:20,500
tailings. 
Men come and go most go, the 

3441
03:15:20,500 --> 03:15:23,400
ones who stay are, either making
just enough to justify staying 

3442
03:15:23,400 --> 03:15:25,000
or a two broke to afford 
leaving. 

3443
03:15:25,000 --> 03:15:28,900
You're not entirely sure which 
category you fall into and 

3444
03:15:28,900 --> 03:15:30,700
you've stopped asking yourself 
the question. 

3445
03:15:30,700 --> 03:15:34,400
Your claim is a bend in a 
smaller Creek that feeds into 

3446
03:15:34,400 --> 03:15:37,900
the American River about 30 
yards from where the Creeks 

3447
03:15:37,900 --> 03:15:41,500
takes a sharp, turn around a 
boulder, the size of a hay 

3448
03:15:41,500 --> 03:15:44,000
wagon. 
You chose this spot because the 

3449
03:15:44,000 --> 03:15:47,700
water slows down at the bend 
which means heavier particles 

3450
03:15:47,700 --> 03:15:50,800
like gold. 
Theoretically might settle in 

3451
03:15:50,800 --> 03:15:53,600
the gravel. 
This is science. 

3452
03:15:53,600 --> 03:15:56,800
You learned from a pamphlet you 
bought in Sacramento titled the 

3453
03:15:56,800 --> 03:16:00,800
49ers guide to certain wealth. 
Which turned out to be, neither 

3454
03:16:00,800 --> 03:16:04,000
a guide nor certain but did 
contain some useful information 

3455
03:16:04,000 --> 03:16:07,300
buried. 
Among the wild exaggerations the

3456
03:16:07,300 --> 03:16:10,000
creek at this hour is loud with 
morning, run off. 

3457
03:16:10,008 --> 03:16:12,700
The water comes down from snow 
melt higher. 

3458
03:16:12,700 --> 03:16:15,700
In the mountains which means 
it's absolutely freezing. 

3459
03:16:15,700 --> 03:16:19,400
Even in August, you've watched 
men jump into this Creek on hot 

3460
03:16:19,400 --> 03:16:22,400
afternoons for a refreshing swim
and you've watched them jump 

3461
03:16:22,400 --> 03:16:26,300
right back out again yelling The
creek doesn't care about air 

3462
03:16:26,300 --> 03:16:28,600
temperature. 
The creek is always cold enough 

3463
03:16:28,600 --> 03:16:31,100
to make your feet. 
Take you've staked your claim 

3464
03:16:31,100 --> 03:16:34,500
with four posts and a length of 
rope that marks off about 30 

3465
03:16:34,500 --> 03:16:37,700
feet of Creek bed. 
This practice is legal under the

3466
03:16:37,700 --> 03:16:41,300
Loosely defined mining laws that
govern these mountains, meaning 

3467
03:16:41,300 --> 03:16:43,300
it is permitted. 
As long as you are actively, 

3468
03:16:43,300 --> 03:16:46,600
working the claim and no one 
with greater Authority decides 

3469
03:16:46,600 --> 03:16:51,400
to take it from you. 
So far, nobody has your claim is

3470
03:16:51,400 --> 03:16:53,500
not. 
It must be said, obviously, 

3471
03:16:53,500 --> 03:16:56,600
Rich, it's not even obviously 
promising. 

3472
03:16:56,600 --> 03:17:00,400
It's just a patch of creeks that
nobody else wanted badly enough 

3473
03:17:00,400 --> 03:17:03,700
to fight over the morning. 
Light is starting to filter 

3474
03:17:03,700 --> 03:17:06,900
through the Pines. 
Now coming in at that low angle,

3475
03:17:06,900 --> 03:17:09,400
that makes everything look 
softer than it actually is. 

3476
03:17:10,500 --> 03:17:14,000
The water in your section of 
Creek, looks clear and innocent 

3477
03:17:14,000 --> 03:17:17,400
bubbling over rocks that are 
gold colored from iron oxide, 

3478
03:17:17,400 --> 03:17:20,100
but contain not a speck of 
actual gold. 

3479
03:17:20,100 --> 03:17:24,000
As you've learned through 
repeated disappointment, Real 

3480
03:17:24,000 --> 03:17:26,300
gold doesn't look like gold when
it's in the creek. 

3481
03:17:26,300 --> 03:17:29,900
It looks like a slightly 
brighter, Fleck of sand, simple 

3482
03:17:29,900 --> 03:17:34,200
to miss easier to doubt. 
Your first job of the day is to 

3483
03:17:34,200 --> 03:17:36,500
move rocks. 
It's always moving rocks. 

3484
03:17:37,300 --> 03:17:40,000
The technique is to clear the 
larger stones from a section of 

3485
03:17:40,000 --> 03:17:42,800
Creek bed, dig down into the 
gravel beneath them. 

3486
03:17:42,800 --> 03:17:46,300
And then pan that gravel hoping 
it contains something other than

3487
03:17:46,300 --> 03:17:50,000
more gravel You've moved 
approximately 7,000 rocks in 

3488
03:17:50,000 --> 03:17:52,800
your time here, which is not a 
poetic exaggeration. 

3489
03:17:52,800 --> 03:17:56,400
You actually try to count one 
and gave up after 700. 

3490
03:17:57,200 --> 03:18:00,700
The rocks are slippery with 
algae cold, from the water, and 

3491
03:18:00,700 --> 03:18:03,600
frequently inhabited by Angry 
crayfish, who object, 

3492
03:18:03,600 --> 03:18:08,200
strenuously to being relocated 
crayfish of pinched to 11 times.

3493
03:18:08,200 --> 03:18:11,300
And the experience never ceases 
to be startling. 

3494
03:18:12,100 --> 03:18:15,200
They hide under the rocks with 
their claws, extended waiting 

3495
03:18:15,200 --> 03:18:18,900
for an unsuspecting finger. 
You'd find the more Charming if 

3496
03:18:18,900 --> 03:18:21,500
they weren't such consistent. 
Jerks about the whole situation 

3497
03:18:21,500 --> 03:18:25,100
you wade into the water, which 
immediately fills your boots 

3498
03:18:25,100 --> 03:18:28,200
because your boots are not 
waterproof despite what the 

3499
03:18:28,200 --> 03:18:32,500
merchants in Sacramento promised
The cold grips, your feet, like 

3500
03:18:32,500 --> 03:18:35,500
a firm handshake from someone 
who's trying to prove something 

3501
03:18:35,500 --> 03:18:38,500
you've learned to keep moving 
because standing still in this 

3502
03:18:38,508 --> 03:18:39,600
water. 
Can make your feet. 

3503
03:18:39,600 --> 03:18:42,900
So numb that you might trip over
your own ankles while walking 

3504
03:18:42,900 --> 03:18:46,000
back to camp. 
There's a technique to moving 

3505
03:18:46,000 --> 03:18:50,500
rocks efficiently which mostly 
involves rolling not lifting, 

3506
03:18:50,500 --> 03:18:54,100
the trick is to place your hands
under the rock while it is still

3507
03:18:54,100 --> 03:18:57,000
in the water. 
Use the water's buoyancy to 

3508
03:18:57,000 --> 03:19:00,800
assist with the initial lift and
then fully commit to moving it 

3509
03:19:00,800 --> 03:19:04,000
to shore. 
As dropping it halfway, is when 

3510
03:19:04,000 --> 03:19:07,000
you're most likely to injure 
your foot, You Dropped a rock on

3511
03:19:07,000 --> 03:19:10,800
your foot in Weak too, your 
toenail turned black and fell 

3512
03:19:10,800 --> 03:19:13,200
off? 
The new one growing in is a 

3513
03:19:13,200 --> 03:19:16,400
weird shape that catches on your
sock by mid-morning. 

3514
03:19:16,400 --> 03:19:19,000
You've cleared enough rocks to 
expose a promising patch of 

3515
03:19:19,000 --> 03:19:23,400
gravel. promising is a relative 
term, it looks essentially 

3516
03:19:23,400 --> 03:19:27,200
identical to every other patch 
of gravel you've excavated but 

3517
03:19:27,200 --> 03:19:31,100
this reflects the mindset of 
successful, mining every pan 

3518
03:19:31,100 --> 03:19:35,000
could potentially contain gold 
If you start assuming that the 

3519
03:19:35,000 --> 03:19:38,300
gold isn't present, you might as
well pack up and go home to Ohio

3520
03:19:38,300 --> 03:19:41,800
where you have seven dollars in 
debt and a sister in law who 

3521
03:19:41,800 --> 03:19:42,900
said you would return in a 
month. 

3522
03:19:43,700 --> 03:19:47,200
You fill your pan with gravel 
scooping down to the Bedrock if 

3523
03:19:47,200 --> 03:19:50,100
you can reach it. 
Bedrock is where the good stuff 

3524
03:19:50,100 --> 03:19:52,700
settles. 
Theoretically it is heavier than

3525
03:19:52,700 --> 03:19:54,500
the sand and gravel the wash 
over it. 

3526
03:19:54,500 --> 03:19:57,500
You've reached Bedrock exactly 
three times. 

3527
03:19:57,500 --> 03:20:01,100
Usually you just get tired of 
digging and decide to pan. 

3528
03:20:01,100 --> 03:20:03,800
What you have? 
The gravel goes into the pan 

3529
03:20:03,800 --> 03:20:05,300
along with a healthy amount of 
water. 

3530
03:20:05,300 --> 03:20:09,300
Your pan is about 15 inches 
across and maybe three inches 

3531
03:20:09,300 --> 03:20:14,000
deep with a flat bottom and 
sloped sides when the pan is 

3532
03:20:14,000 --> 03:20:17,900
full of wet gravel, it becomes 
heavier than it appears likely 

3533
03:20:17,900 --> 03:20:20,500
around 15 pounds of material 
that you will spend the next 

3534
03:20:20,500 --> 03:20:23,000
several minutes shaking as if 
you are trying to wake it up. 

3535
03:20:24,200 --> 03:20:27,600
The technique for panning is 
simple in theory and exhausting 

3536
03:20:27,600 --> 03:20:31,500
and practice. you hold the pan 
with both hands and shake its 

3537
03:20:31,500 --> 03:20:35,100
side to side, under the water, 
using a circular motion that 

3538
03:20:35,100 --> 03:20:39,300
keeps everything submerged but 
moving The goal is to make the 

3539
03:20:39,300 --> 03:20:41,600
heavier particles, including 
gold. 

3540
03:20:41,600 --> 03:20:45,000
If there is any work, their way 
down to the bottom while the 

3541
03:20:45,000 --> 03:20:47,200
lighter sand and gravel wash 
over the rim. 

3542
03:20:48,100 --> 03:20:51,100
This takes longer than you'd 
think much longer. 

3543
03:20:52,700 --> 03:20:55,700
You shake the pan for what feels
like several years but is 

3544
03:20:55,700 --> 03:21:00,200
probably closer to two minutes. 
Your arms start to hurt your 

3545
03:21:00,200 --> 03:21:03,300
back, already unimpressed with 
your life choices, begins a 

3546
03:21:03,300 --> 03:21:06,800
formal complaint. 
The water is so cold that your 

3547
03:21:06,800 --> 03:21:10,300
hands transition from feeling 
cold to becoming numb and then 

3548
03:21:10,300 --> 03:21:13,500
to experience a strange burning 
sensation, that could be 

3549
03:21:13,508 --> 03:21:16,300
frostbite. 
But is likely just your body's 

3550
03:21:16,300 --> 03:21:19,300
way of indicating that this 
situation is absurd. 

3551
03:21:20,100 --> 03:21:23,400
You tilt the pants slightly 
letting the lighter material 

3552
03:21:23,400 --> 03:21:26,700
wash over the edge. 
The water coming off, the pan is

3553
03:21:26,700 --> 03:21:30,500
murky with sediment. 
Turning the Clear Creek into a 

3554
03:21:30,500 --> 03:21:33,100
muddy swirl Downstream from 
where you're working. 

3555
03:21:33,108 --> 03:21:37,500
You've basically turned a clean 
Creek into a dirty Creek, which 

3556
03:21:37,500 --> 03:21:39,800
seems like a metaphor for 
something, but you're too 

3557
03:21:39,800 --> 03:21:43,200
focused on the pain to figure 
out what More shaking. 

3558
03:21:43,200 --> 03:21:47,200
More swirling your arms feel 
like they're made of warm clay, 

3559
03:21:47,200 --> 03:21:50,500
your developing muscles in 
places you didn't know could 

3560
03:21:50,500 --> 03:21:54,200
have muscles There's a spot 
between your shoulder blades 

3561
03:21:54,200 --> 03:21:56,600
that has been aching 
continuously since June. 

3562
03:21:56,600 --> 03:22:00,600
After another minute of shaking 
you've washed away about half 

3563
03:22:00,600 --> 03:22:04,200
the material in your pan. 
What's left is concentrated 

3564
03:22:04,200 --> 03:22:08,200
gravel black sand which is 
heavier than regular sand and 

3565
03:22:08,200 --> 03:22:11,300
therefore annoying. 
And possibly somewhere in there.

3566
03:22:11,300 --> 03:22:15,000
A tiny piece of gold that will 
justify the last 20 minutes of 

3567
03:22:15,000 --> 03:22:17,308
work. 
You lift the pan out of the 

3568
03:22:17,316 --> 03:22:21,600
water to inspect it, the surface
is still covered with black sand

3569
03:22:21,600 --> 03:22:24,900
and small Pebbles, you're 
looking for color, which is what

3570
03:22:24,900 --> 03:22:26,800
miners called the yellow glint 
of gold. 

3571
03:22:27,600 --> 03:22:30,400
You're also searching for larger
nuggets but you're not 

3572
03:22:30,408 --> 03:22:34,000
optimistic about finding them. 
Nuggets are what other people 

3573
03:22:34,000 --> 03:22:39,300
find you find flakes. 
The sun is higher now and the 

3574
03:22:39,300 --> 03:22:42,300
light hitting your pain. 
Makes everything Sparkle for a 

3575
03:22:42,300 --> 03:22:46,700
moment which is cruel because 
99% of what Sparkles is. 

3576
03:22:46,700 --> 03:22:52,400
Micah Not Gold Mica is a mineral
that attracts attention, due to 

3577
03:22:52,408 --> 03:22:54,800
its flashiness, and 
attention-seeking nature. 

3578
03:22:54,800 --> 03:23:00,100
Yet it holds no intrinsic value.
You've learned to hate Meeker 

3579
03:23:00,100 --> 03:23:02,100
with a passion. 
Usually reserved for people who 

3580
03:23:02,100 --> 03:23:04,400
owe you money. 
You swirl the pan. 

3581
03:23:04,400 --> 03:23:08,900
Gently watching the black sand 
shift there, right there. 

3582
03:23:08,900 --> 03:23:13,100
Is that color, you squint, you 
tilt the pan. 

3583
03:23:13,100 --> 03:23:17,400
It's either a tiny Flack of gold
or a tiny Flack of mica catching

3584
03:23:17,400 --> 03:23:19,100
the light in exactly the wrong 
way. 

3585
03:23:20,100 --> 03:23:23,500
You dip the pan back in the 
water and swirl again, more 

3586
03:23:23,500 --> 03:23:26,400
carefully. 
This time, the specs stays put, 

3587
03:23:26,400 --> 03:23:30,300
while the black sand moves gold 
is heavier than Mica. 

3588
03:23:30,300 --> 03:23:33,300
This is gold. 
This is actual gold. 

3589
03:23:33,300 --> 03:23:37,500
It's smaller than a pinhead. 
It's possibly the smallest piece

3590
03:23:37,500 --> 03:23:41,200
of gold that can still be called
gold rather than gold colored 

3591
03:23:41,200 --> 03:23:43,700
dust. 
But it's yours. 

3592
03:23:43,700 --> 03:23:47,800
You feel a small surge of 
satisfaction, that's wildly 

3593
03:23:47,800 --> 03:23:51,100
disproportionate to the value of
what you've just found which is 

3594
03:23:51,100 --> 03:23:54,800
approximately 1/10 of 1 cent. 
But that's not the point. 

3595
03:23:54,800 --> 03:23:59,800
The point is confirmation, the 
gold is here in the right place,

3596
03:23:59,800 --> 03:24:04,500
your efforts, not entirely in 
vain This is what you tell 

3597
03:24:04,500 --> 03:24:07,100
yourself, as you carefully, tap 
the flex into your Leather 

3598
03:24:07,100 --> 03:24:10,600
Pouch, which contains maybe a 
teaspoon of gold after three 

3599
03:24:10,600 --> 03:24:13,200
months of work. 
The next pan contains nothing. 

3600
03:24:13,200 --> 03:24:16,500
The one after that contains, 
three Flex so small. 

3601
03:24:16,500 --> 03:24:20,100
You need to check three times to
make sure they're actually there

3602
03:24:20,100 --> 03:24:22,600
and not just your desperate 
imagination. 

3603
03:24:23,900 --> 03:24:27,600
Fourth pan contains what might 
be gold but might also be a 

3604
03:24:27,600 --> 03:24:30,900
piece of whether pyrite and 
you're not experienced enough to

3605
03:24:30,900 --> 03:24:32,500
know the difference just by 
looking. 

3606
03:24:32,500 --> 03:24:36,200
So you save it anyway. 
This is what gold mining 

3607
03:24:36,200 --> 03:24:40,200
actually is the long repetitive 
hours between tiny victories. 

3608
03:24:41,100 --> 03:24:44,100
For every moment of excitement 
when you spot color, there are 

3609
03:24:44,100 --> 03:24:47,600
dozens of pans that contain. 
Absolutely nothing intriguing. 

3610
03:24:47,600 --> 03:24:51,900
You shake the pan. 
You wash the gravel, you squint 

3611
03:24:51,900 --> 03:24:56,000
at the results you find nothing 
you refill the pan with new 

3612
03:24:56,000 --> 03:24:59,600
gravel you do it all again your 
back hurts. 

3613
03:24:59,600 --> 03:25:03,200
In a specific way that suggests 
you're going to regret being 37 

3614
03:25:03,200 --> 03:25:06,400
when you're 47. 
Your knees are bruised, from 

3615
03:25:06,400 --> 03:25:08,900
kneeling on Creek, rocks your 
hands of. 

3616
03:25:08,900 --> 03:25:13,000
Calluses, on top of calluses, 
creating a sort of hand armor, 

3617
03:25:13,000 --> 03:25:15,500
that makes your fingers less 
flexible but more durable, 

3618
03:25:15,500 --> 03:25:18,700
you've got a blister on your 
right thumb that keeps opening 

3619
03:25:18,700 --> 03:25:21,500
up and then healing just enough 
to convince you. 

3620
03:25:21,500 --> 03:25:25,900
It's better right before you 
grip the pan again and it splits

3621
03:25:25,900 --> 03:25:29,700
open. 
Around noon, the heat becomes 

3622
03:25:29,700 --> 03:25:32,900
genuine. 
The morning cold is a distant 

3623
03:25:32,900 --> 03:25:36,100
memory. 
Sun reflects off the water and 

3624
03:25:36,100 --> 03:25:39,300
the Rocks, creating a bright 
brightness, that makes your eyes

3625
03:25:39,300 --> 03:25:41,800
hurt. 
Your supposed to be wearing a 

3626
03:25:41,800 --> 03:25:45,400
hat and you are wearing one but 
the hat is mostly decorative. 

3627
03:25:45,400 --> 03:25:49,800
At this point, the sun here 
doesn't negotiate, you take a 

3628
03:25:49,800 --> 03:25:52,500
break, which means you sit on 
the bank and eat hardtack 

3629
03:25:52,500 --> 03:25:55,500
without bacon because you're 
saving the bacon for dinner. 

3630
03:25:56,300 --> 03:25:59,000
You've got a canteen of water 
that tastes like metal and 

3631
03:25:59,000 --> 03:26:03,000
canvas but it's wet and wet is 
the main requirement. 

3632
03:26:03,800 --> 03:26:07,000
You drink half of it, reminding 
yourself to refill it from the 

3633
03:26:07,000 --> 03:26:08,800
creek. 
Before you head back to Camp. 

3634
03:26:08,800 --> 03:26:12,400
Drinking straight from the creek
is generally fine, though, 

3635
03:26:12,400 --> 03:26:14,700
you've heard stories about men 
getting sick from it. 

3636
03:26:15,600 --> 03:26:18,500
You've been drinking Creek Water
for three months without getting

3637
03:26:18,500 --> 03:26:20,600
sick which you can consider a 
victory. 

3638
03:26:21,500 --> 03:26:24,100
A mule deer watches you from 
across the creek, chewing 

3639
03:26:24,100 --> 03:26:26,200
something with an expression of 
profound judgment. 

3640
03:26:27,400 --> 03:26:30,300
The deer here and not afraid of 
humans the way you'd expect. 

3641
03:26:30,300 --> 03:26:33,200
They've learned that mine is 
don't generally, shoot them 

3642
03:26:33,200 --> 03:26:35,900
because bullets are expensive 
and dragging a dead. 

3643
03:26:35,908 --> 03:26:39,100
Deer back to Camp is more work 
than most mine as want to do. 

3644
03:26:40,100 --> 03:26:43,200
this particular deer seems to be
evaluating your Technique and 

3645
03:26:43,200 --> 03:26:47,100
finding it wanting You resist, 
the urge to explain yourself to 

3646
03:26:47,100 --> 03:26:50,800
the deer after your break, you 
move to a different section of 

3647
03:26:50,800 --> 03:26:53,300
your claim. 
Hoping that shifting locations 

3648
03:26:53,300 --> 03:26:57,600
will shift your luck. 
This belief is superstition to 

3649
03:26:57,600 --> 03:27:02,000
strategy yet. 
The mining industry is Rife with

3650
03:27:02,000 --> 03:27:04,300
superstitions presented as 
strategies. 

3651
03:27:05,500 --> 03:27:08,900
Some men won't work on Sundays, 
others won't work without their 

3652
03:27:08,900 --> 03:27:12,600
lucky shirt. 
One fellow, you met won't pan, 

3653
03:27:12,600 --> 03:27:15,600
unless he's whistling, which 
makes him deeply unpopular with 

3654
03:27:15,600 --> 03:27:17,100
the miners on neighboring 
claims. 

3655
03:27:18,400 --> 03:27:21,300
The afternoon pans yield a 
better return than the morning. 

3656
03:27:22,000 --> 03:27:25,600
7, Visa full flex and what might
be two more if you're generous 

3657
03:27:25,600 --> 03:27:29,500
with your definitions. 
This is a good day, not a great 

3658
03:27:29,500 --> 03:27:31,300
day. 
A great day would involve 

3659
03:27:31,300 --> 03:27:33,100
finding something larger than a 
Fleck. 

3660
03:27:33,100 --> 03:27:37,200
But solidly good, You'll add 
maybe three cents worth of gold 

3661
03:27:37,200 --> 03:27:39,600
to your pouch, which doesn't 
sound like much. 

3662
03:27:39,600 --> 03:27:42,300
Until you remember that you're 
finding it in a creek, using a 

3663
03:27:42,300 --> 03:27:44,500
pan and you're increasingly 
questionable back. 

3664
03:27:45,700 --> 03:27:48,100
The thing about the Sierra 
Nevada that nobody warns you 

3665
03:27:48,100 --> 03:27:51,400
about is how quickly the weather
can shift from Pleasant to 

3666
03:27:51,400 --> 03:27:54,700
actively hostile. 
You've seen it go from Sunny to 

3667
03:27:54,700 --> 03:27:57,000
healing in the time. 
It takes to smoke a pipe. 

3668
03:27:57,700 --> 03:28:01,500
The clouds gather behind the 
Peaks to the east accumulating 

3669
03:28:01,500 --> 03:28:04,900
as if they are preparing for 
something and then suddenly it 

3670
03:28:04,900 --> 03:28:08,100
starts raining sideways. 
While you scramble to remember 

3671
03:28:08,100 --> 03:28:11,000
where you left. 
Anything, that shouldn't get 

3672
03:28:11,000 --> 03:28:17,700
wet, which includes everything. 
Today stays clear, which is a 

3673
03:28:17,700 --> 03:28:20,500
mercy. 
You've endured rainstorms in the

3674
03:28:20,500 --> 03:28:24,500
past and the misery, they 
inflict his Indescribable to 

3675
03:28:24,500 --> 03:28:27,000
those who have not tried 
prospecting for gold under 

3676
03:28:27,000 --> 03:28:32,000
torrential rain. the creek Rises
the visibility drops and 

3677
03:28:32,000 --> 03:28:36,800
everything becomes a cold muddy 
exercise and stubbornness you 

3678
03:28:36,800 --> 03:28:39,800
keep working because stopping 
means losing a day of potential 

3679
03:28:39,800 --> 03:28:43,100
income and you've already lost 
too many days to afford losing 

3680
03:28:43,100 --> 03:28:46,200
more. 
The wind picks up around three 

3681
03:28:46,200 --> 03:28:50,100
which is normal for this time of
year, it comes down the canyon. 

3682
03:28:50,100 --> 03:28:52,600
Like it's been personally 
insulted by something at the 

3683
03:28:52,600 --> 03:28:55,500
bottom and is rushing down to 
file a complaint. 

3684
03:28:56,500 --> 03:29:00,800
Pines Sway and Creeks dropping 
pine cones, the size of your 

3685
03:29:00,800 --> 03:29:03,300
fist. 
You've been hit by Falling pine 

3686
03:29:03,300 --> 03:29:05,700
cones twice. 
And while it's not dangerous, 

3687
03:29:05,700 --> 03:29:09,500
it's startling and slightly 
humiliating to be attacked by a 

3688
03:29:09,500 --> 03:29:10,600
tree. 
You weren't even touching. 

3689
03:29:11,900 --> 03:29:14,800
Summer is the best season for 
mining, which tells you 

3690
03:29:14,800 --> 03:29:19,700
something about adverse seasons?
During the summer, you can work 

3691
03:29:19,700 --> 03:29:22,000
all day without your hands. 
Freezing solid. 

3692
03:29:22,700 --> 03:29:26,200
The creek is low which means you
can reach more of the gravel. 

3693
03:29:27,000 --> 03:29:28,700
The nights are cool but not 
deadly. 

3694
03:29:29,700 --> 03:29:33,100
You've heard stories about 
winter mining about men, trying 

3695
03:29:33,100 --> 03:29:36,900
to thaw frozen gravel with fire 
about creeks freezing. 

3696
03:29:36,900 --> 03:29:40,200
Solid about finding miners in 
the spring who didn't make it 

3697
03:29:40,200 --> 03:29:42,800
through. 
You plan to be in Sacramento by 

3698
03:29:42,800 --> 03:29:46,000
November assuming you've made 
enough by then to afford 

3699
03:29:46,000 --> 03:29:48,300
leaving. 
The Autumn is supposed to be 

3700
03:29:48,300 --> 03:29:51,800
beautiful here, according to the
Danish fellow, who spent last 

3701
03:29:51,800 --> 03:29:55,300
fall in these mountains. 
He says the Aspens, turn yellow 

3702
03:29:55,300 --> 03:29:58,000
and the whole Canyon glows. 
Like it's on fire. 

3703
03:29:58,000 --> 03:30:02,500
He also says that October is 
when the big storm start rolling

3704
03:30:02,500 --> 03:30:05,100
in from the Pacific and dumping 
snow by the foot. 

3705
03:30:05,100 --> 03:30:10,000
He says that November is when 
smart men leave and December is 

3706
03:30:10,000 --> 03:30:13,600
when stubborn men die. 
You've marked yourself down as 

3707
03:30:13,600 --> 03:30:16,200
smart though. 
You're aware that most stubborn 

3708
03:30:16,200 --> 03:30:19,300
men probably think of themselves
the same way you finish working 

3709
03:30:19,300 --> 03:30:22,400
when the light gets too low to 
see color in the pan, Which 

3710
03:30:22,400 --> 03:30:25,400
happens early than you'd like. 
Because the canyon walls create 

3711
03:30:25,400 --> 03:30:27,200
Shadows that arrived before 
sunset. 

3712
03:30:28,100 --> 03:30:30,600
You've mastered the art of 
timing your day, based on the 

3713
03:30:30,600 --> 03:30:33,800
Shadows, observing their 
leisurely progress across the 

3714
03:30:33,800 --> 03:30:36,600
creek. 
The walk back to Camp, feels 

3715
03:30:36,600 --> 03:30:39,800
longer than the walk to your 
claim, probably, because you're 

3716
03:30:39,800 --> 03:30:42,300
worn out and your boots are full
of water, that squelches with 

3717
03:30:42,300 --> 03:30:45,500
every step your socks are 
incredibly durable. 

3718
03:30:45,500 --> 03:30:49,100
They would be on saving two 
weeks ago, but you keep wearing 

3719
03:30:49,100 --> 03:30:52,500
them because the alternative is 
wearing no socks, which leads to

3720
03:30:52,500 --> 03:30:55,400
blisters that make the socks 
situation, look positively 

3721
03:30:55,400 --> 03:30:59,000
luxurious. 
At Camp, you have a set evening 

3722
03:30:59,000 --> 03:31:01,500
routine because you don't have 
the energy to think of what to 

3723
03:31:01,500 --> 03:31:05,200
do next. 
Fire first using the coals you 

3724
03:31:05,208 --> 03:31:07,500
bank this morning that I 
hopefully still alive under the 

3725
03:31:07,500 --> 03:31:09,900
OSH. 
The coals are still alive but 

3726
03:31:09,900 --> 03:31:14,400
barely which saves you a match. 
Small kindling, slightly, larger

3727
03:31:14,400 --> 03:31:18,100
sticks, and then pieces of wood,
you've split from Deadfall. 

3728
03:31:19,000 --> 03:31:23,200
Fire catches and holds producing
smoke that smells like Pine and 

3729
03:31:23,200 --> 03:31:26,400
accomplishment. 
Dinner is bacon and beans. 

3730
03:31:26,400 --> 03:31:30,200
The beans have been soaking in 
Creek Water since morning in a 

3731
03:31:30,200 --> 03:31:32,100
pot. 
You leave by your tent, covered 

3732
03:31:32,100 --> 03:31:34,000
with a Flat Rock to keep the J's
out. 

3733
03:31:35,000 --> 03:31:39,200
This system works about 70% of 
the time, the other 30%, you 

3734
03:31:39,200 --> 03:31:41,100
return to find Jay's on the 
Rock. 

3735
03:31:41,100 --> 03:31:44,600
Looking pleased with themselves 
and half your beans scattered in

3736
03:31:44,608 --> 03:31:47,800
the dirt today. 
The beans are intact, which 

3737
03:31:47,800 --> 03:31:51,000
means to night, you'll have 
adequate protein, you cook the 

3738
03:31:51,000 --> 03:31:53,700
bacon. 
First in your small pan, not the

3739
03:31:53,700 --> 03:31:56,300
gold pan. 
You're not a barbarian then at 

3740
03:31:56,300 --> 03:31:57,800
the beans to the bake and 
Greece. 

3741
03:31:58,800 --> 03:32:01,500
This is the same cooking 
technique you use for breakfast,

3742
03:32:01,500 --> 03:32:05,000
which suggests your culinary 
skills of not expanded 

3743
03:32:05,000 --> 03:32:06,700
significantly, during your time 
here. 

3744
03:32:07,600 --> 03:32:12,100
The beans, absorb the grease and
become softer and saltier which 

3745
03:32:12,100 --> 03:32:14,500
is the best you can hope for 
under the circumstances. 

3746
03:32:15,700 --> 03:32:17,900
While the beans cook, you count 
your gold. 

3747
03:32:17,900 --> 03:32:20,300
This is both satisfying and 
depressing. 

3748
03:32:20,300 --> 03:32:23,700
Depending on your mood tonight, 
you're feeling philosophical, 

3749
03:32:23,700 --> 03:32:26,800
which means you can look at your
small Leather Pouch and think 

3750
03:32:26,800 --> 03:32:30,100
I'm building towards something, 
rather than I've been here for 

3751
03:32:30,108 --> 03:32:32,900
three months and have 
approximately 8 dollars worth of

3752
03:32:32,900 --> 03:32:35,500
gold. 
The pouch contains mostly 

3753
03:32:35,500 --> 03:32:38,200
flakes. 
A few slightly larger pieces 

3754
03:32:38,200 --> 03:32:41,800
that might generously be called,
small nuggets and a lot of black

3755
03:32:41,800 --> 03:32:45,300
sand, you have been able to 
separate out separating gold 

3756
03:32:45,300 --> 03:32:49,100
from black sand is an art form 
that involves Mercury, which you

3757
03:32:49,100 --> 03:32:52,800
don't have or tremendous 
patience which you have but 

3758
03:32:52,800 --> 03:32:56,600
prefer to use elsewhere, most 
miners just sell their gold with

3759
03:32:56,600 --> 03:33:00,000
the black sand, still mixed in 
accepting a lower price in 

3760
03:33:00,000 --> 03:33:02,300
exchange for not spending hours,
trying to clean it. 

3761
03:33:03,200 --> 03:33:06,700
You estimate, you've got about a
quarter ounce total in 

3762
03:33:06,700 --> 03:33:11,300
Sacramento, the price of gold is
16 dollars per ounce, indicating

3763
03:33:11,300 --> 03:33:14,600
that you have a total wealth of 
four dollars plus or minus. 

3764
03:33:15,400 --> 03:33:17,100
Four dollars. 
After three months of work, 

3765
03:33:17,100 --> 03:33:19,400
would be depressing if you 
thought about it directly. 

3766
03:33:19,400 --> 03:33:23,300
So you think about it sideways. 
Instead, you're learning a 

3767
03:33:23,300 --> 03:33:25,400
trade, you're improving your 
Technique. 

3768
03:33:25,400 --> 03:33:28,100
Tomorrow's pan might be the one 
that changes everything. 

3769
03:33:28,100 --> 03:33:30,600
These are the lies. 
You tell yourself that might 

3770
03:33:30,600 --> 03:33:33,900
actually be true. 
Mining attracts a specific type 

3771
03:33:33,900 --> 03:33:36,700
of person. 
Someone comfortable being alone 

3772
03:33:36,700 --> 03:33:40,900
but perhaps not skilled at it. 
The distinction matters you 

3773
03:33:40,900 --> 03:33:44,200
spend your days working by 
yourself but you're surrounded 

3774
03:33:44,200 --> 03:33:45,900
by other men. 
Doing the same thing. 

3775
03:33:45,900 --> 03:33:49,400
All of you existing in this 
strange state of communal 

3776
03:33:49,400 --> 03:33:52,500
Solitude. 
There's the Danish fellow whose 

3777
03:33:52,500 --> 03:33:55,700
Camp is Upstream from yours. 
He is nodded at you 

3778
03:33:55,700 --> 03:33:59,300
approximately 60 times, but 
you've never learned his actual 

3779
03:33:59,300 --> 03:34:01,900
name. 
He's methodical in a way that 

3780
03:34:01,900 --> 03:34:05,800
suggests either previous mining 
experience or a personality that

3781
03:34:05,800 --> 03:34:09,900
can't help being methodical. 
His Camp is neat is tools are 

3782
03:34:09,900 --> 03:34:13,600
organized and his morning fire 
starts with The Cloud of smoke 

3783
03:34:13,600 --> 03:34:17,000
that yours produces. 
You find this simultaneously 

3784
03:34:17,000 --> 03:34:19,700
admirable and annoying 
Downstream. 

3785
03:34:19,700 --> 03:34:22,500
There's a group of three Chinese
miners who worked together in a 

3786
03:34:22,500 --> 03:34:23,800
way. 
That seems both more efficient 

3787
03:34:23,800 --> 03:34:25,500
and more pleasant than working 
alone. 

3788
03:34:25,500 --> 03:34:28,900
They've built a Rocker Box, a 
larger contraction for 

3789
03:34:28,900 --> 03:34:32,800
processing gravel and they take 
turns operating it in shifts. 

3790
03:34:32,800 --> 03:34:36,000
You've watched them work, and 
they seem to find more gold than

3791
03:34:36,000 --> 03:34:38,100
you do. 
Which suggests their technique 

3792
03:34:38,100 --> 03:34:40,600
is better. 
Their claim is richer or both. 

3793
03:34:41,500 --> 03:34:45,800
they've never been unfriendly, 
but To themselves which you 

3794
03:34:45,800 --> 03:34:47,200
respect because you do the same 
thing. 

3795
03:34:47,200 --> 03:34:50,500
There's a french-canadian who 
showed up two weeks ago and 

3796
03:34:50,500 --> 03:34:52,200
hasn't stopped talking about the
Nugget. 

3797
03:34:52,200 --> 03:34:55,300
He found in his first week, 
which was apparently the size of

3798
03:34:55,300 --> 03:34:58,200
a p. 
You've seen the Nugget, it's 

3799
03:34:58,200 --> 03:35:01,400
legitimately impressive. 
It's also the only significant 

3800
03:35:01,400 --> 03:35:04,200
goal he's found since which he 
mentions less often. 

3801
03:35:05,000 --> 03:35:07,300
He's starting to develop the 
look that men get when they 

3802
03:35:07,308 --> 03:35:09,700
realize their luck might have 
run out on day 3. 

3803
03:35:10,900 --> 03:35:14,200
The nearest town calling it. 
A town is generous, is a 

3804
03:35:14,200 --> 03:35:16,600
six-hour walk which means you go
there. 

3805
03:35:16,600 --> 03:35:20,300
Approximately never. 
The town consists of a trading 

3806
03:35:20,300 --> 03:35:24,200
post, a place that sells Whiskey
and a collection of tents that 

3807
03:35:24,200 --> 03:35:27,000
serve various purposes. 
None of them particularly 

3808
03:35:27,000 --> 03:35:29,600
interesting. 
You went there once in July to 

3809
03:35:29,600 --> 03:35:32,800
buy supplies and found the 
prices so inflated that you 

3810
03:35:32,800 --> 03:35:35,800
seriously considered just eating
pine bark for the rest of the 

3811
03:35:35,800 --> 03:35:38,200
summer. 
Mail comes through the town 

3812
03:35:38,200 --> 03:35:41,300
twice a month. 
Carried by a man on a horse who 

3813
03:35:41,300 --> 03:35:44,400
looks like he's reconsidering 
his life choices every time you 

3814
03:35:44,400 --> 03:35:46,800
see him. 
You haven't gotten mailed 

3815
03:35:46,800 --> 03:35:49,800
because getting mail requires 
having sent mail first and 

3816
03:35:49,800 --> 03:35:52,700
sending mail requires either 
admitting how things are going 

3817
03:35:52,700 --> 03:35:56,300
or lying about it. 
You've decided that writing home

3818
03:35:56,300 --> 03:35:58,900
can wait until you have 
something worth reporting Beyond

3819
03:35:58,900 --> 03:36:02,000
still here, still, poor Creek 
still cold. 

3820
03:36:02,700 --> 03:36:05,500
The thing that keeps you going 
isn't the dream of striking, it 

3821
03:36:05,500 --> 03:36:08,600
rich that dream died somewhere 
around week 6. 

3822
03:36:09,500 --> 03:36:13,000
What keeps you going? 
Is the small regular victories 

3823
03:36:13,000 --> 03:36:16,500
that arrived just often enough 
to feel like progress, A good 

3824
03:36:16,508 --> 03:36:20,300
day of panning. 
A flake larger than usual, the 

3825
03:36:20,300 --> 03:36:23,400
satisfaction of improving your 
Technique to the point, where 

3826
03:36:23,400 --> 03:36:26,400
you can process gravel faster 
than you could last month, 

3827
03:36:26,400 --> 03:36:28,800
you've gotten better at reading 
the creek. 

3828
03:36:29,500 --> 03:36:32,800
You've learned to spot places 
where the water slows down where

3829
03:36:32,800 --> 03:36:36,500
obstacles create Eddies where 
the Bedrock comes close to the 

3830
03:36:36,500 --> 03:36:38,800
surface. 
These are the places gold 

3831
03:36:38,800 --> 03:36:41,200
accumulates. 
If it accumulates anywhere, 

3832
03:36:41,200 --> 03:36:44,800
you've learned to test a spot 
with a single pan before 

3833
03:36:44,800 --> 03:36:48,100
committing to ours of digging. 
You've learned that the gravel 

3834
03:36:48,100 --> 03:36:51,500
right against Bedrock is worth 
checking first, because that's 

3835
03:36:51,500 --> 03:36:54,800
where the heaviest particles 
settle. your panning technique 

3836
03:36:54,800 --> 03:36:57,800
has improved to the point where 
you rarely lose visible, gold 

3837
03:36:57,800 --> 03:37:00,800
over the rim of the pan anymore 
which used to happen with 

3838
03:37:00,800 --> 03:37:04,300
embarrassing frequency, You've 
learned the right rhythm of 

3839
03:37:04,300 --> 03:37:08,200
shaking and swirling the right 
angle to tilt the pan and the 

3840
03:37:08,200 --> 03:37:09,800
right amount of water to keep in
it. 

3841
03:37:10,800 --> 03:37:14,000
These skills are worthless 
anywhere except right here in 

3842
03:37:14,000 --> 03:37:16,300
this Creek doing this specific 
thing. 

3843
03:37:16,300 --> 03:37:20,400
But here they matter. 
There's a rhythm to the work 

3844
03:37:20,400 --> 03:37:22,900
that becomes almost meditative 
when you let it. 

3845
03:37:23,600 --> 03:37:27,800
Fill the pan, shake it under the
water, tilt and swirl. 

3846
03:37:28,400 --> 03:37:30,300
Watch the lighter material wash 
away. 

3847
03:37:30,300 --> 03:37:35,300
Check for color repeat. 
Your mind wanders during this 

3848
03:37:35,300 --> 03:37:38,900
process which is good because 
otherwise you go crazy from the 

3849
03:37:38,900 --> 03:37:42,000
repetition. 
You think about home, you think 

3850
03:37:42,000 --> 03:37:43,400
about the people you left 
behind. 

3851
03:37:43,400 --> 03:37:46,400
You think about whether you're 
actually going to make enough 

3852
03:37:46,400 --> 03:37:50,600
money here, to justify having 
left You think about dinner, you

3853
03:37:50,600 --> 03:37:54,300
think about gold, the best day 
you've had was three weeks ago 

3854
03:37:54,300 --> 03:37:57,200
when you found five flakes in a 
single pan. 

3855
03:37:57,200 --> 03:38:00,900
Five flakes isn't Fortune. 
It's not even a really good 

3856
03:38:00,900 --> 03:38:03,508
meal. 
But it was encouraging in a way 

3857
03:38:03,516 --> 03:38:04,700
that made you want to keep 
going. 

3858
03:38:05,800 --> 03:38:09,800
You've had worst day since then 
plenty of them, but that one. 

3859
03:38:09,800 --> 03:38:13,700
Good day sits in your memory 
like proof that luck exists and 

3860
03:38:13,700 --> 03:38:15,900
might occasionally. 
Remember you exist, too? 

3861
03:38:15,900 --> 03:38:21,200
Your equipment consists of your 
pan, a shovel, a pick a blanket,

3862
03:38:21,200 --> 03:38:26,900
a tenth one cooking pot one 
frying pan, two shirts, one pair

3863
03:38:26,900 --> 03:38:30,800
of pants, one hat, assorted 
other items of questionable 

3864
03:38:30,800 --> 03:38:33,000
utility and a rifle. 
You fired. 

3865
03:38:33,000 --> 03:38:36,200
Exactly twice. 
Since arriving here, once was to

3866
03:38:36,200 --> 03:38:39,600
scare off a bear who was 
investigating your Camp, the 

3867
03:38:39,600 --> 03:38:42,300
bear left though? 
You're not convinced the rifle 

3868
03:38:42,300 --> 03:38:45,700
at anything to do with it. 
The bear seemed more annoyed by 

3869
03:38:45,700 --> 03:38:49,300
the noise than threatened by it.
Shovel is the most important 

3870
03:38:49,300 --> 03:38:51,800
tool. 
After the pan, use it to move 

3871
03:38:51,800 --> 03:38:55,400
gravel, dig down to bedrock, 
create channels in the creek and

3872
03:38:55,400 --> 03:38:58,400
occasionally as a seat when your
two tired to stand, but the 

3873
03:38:58,400 --> 03:39:02,200
ground is too wet to sit on. 
The handle is worn, smooth. 

3874
03:39:02,200 --> 03:39:05,300
Way your hands grip it. 
And the blade is starting to 

3875
03:39:05,300 --> 03:39:08,500
show signs of serious. 
Where along the edge, you'll 

3876
03:39:08,500 --> 03:39:09,900
need a new Shovel by next 
summer. 

3877
03:39:09,900 --> 03:39:13,400
Assuming you're still here next 
summer, which is an assumption. 

3878
03:39:13,400 --> 03:39:16,700
You're not ready to examine too 
closely, the pick breaks up, 

3879
03:39:16,700 --> 03:39:18,800
hard packed gravel and chips 
away at Bedrock. 

3880
03:39:18,800 --> 03:39:21,300
When you need to clear a hollow 
where gold might be hiding. 

3881
03:39:22,100 --> 03:39:25,600
You're not great with the pick, 
it requires a specific kind of 

3882
03:39:25,600 --> 03:39:28,000
controlled violence, that 
doesn't come naturally to you, 

3883
03:39:28,000 --> 03:39:31,700
but you're better than you were.
You've learned to let the weight

3884
03:39:31,700 --> 03:39:35,600
of the pick do most of the work 
rather than trying to muscle it 

3885
03:39:35,600 --> 03:39:38,600
down into the Rock. 
Your shoulders are grateful for 

3886
03:39:38,608 --> 03:39:40,800
this lesson though. 
They wish you'd learned it 

3887
03:39:40,800 --> 03:39:44,400
sooner. 
You're tent is canvas supposedly

3888
03:39:44,400 --> 03:39:47,600
waterproof, and actually water 
resistant at best. 

3889
03:39:48,400 --> 03:39:52,100
When it rains hard, small, drips
develop in predictable spots, 

3890
03:39:52,100 --> 03:39:55,000
and you've learned to arrange 
your belongings to avoid them. 

3891
03:39:55,800 --> 03:39:59,400
Tent is tall enough that you can
sit up inside it but not stand. 

3892
03:39:59,400 --> 03:40:03,000
Which means you spend a lot of 
time hunched over your back. 

3893
03:40:03,000 --> 03:40:04,500
Has opinions about this 
Arrangement. 

3894
03:40:04,500 --> 03:40:08,500
The blanket you sleep in his 
wool which was expensive but 

3895
03:40:08,500 --> 03:40:11,800
worth it wall stays warm. 
Even when wet, which is 

3896
03:40:11,800 --> 03:40:13,200
important. 
Because everything here is 

3897
03:40:13,200 --> 03:40:17,200
always, at least slightly wet 
The blanket smells like campfire

3898
03:40:17,200 --> 03:40:21,300
and sweat and pine needles, 
which is to say it smells like 

3899
03:40:21,300 --> 03:40:23,200
you've been living in the 
mountains for three months. 

3900
03:40:24,300 --> 03:40:28,100
September arrives without 
ceremony marked only by the fact

3901
03:40:28,100 --> 03:40:29,500
that the Danish fellow 
mentioned. 

3902
03:40:29,500 --> 03:40:32,700
Its September while walking past
your claim one morning. 

3903
03:40:34,000 --> 03:40:36,900
The days are still hot but the 
nights are starting to get 

3904
03:40:36,900 --> 03:40:39,700
properly cold. 
The kind of cold that makes you 

3905
03:40:39,700 --> 03:40:42,400
burrow deeper into your blanket 
and consider whether you've made

3906
03:40:42,400 --> 03:40:46,100
good decisions. 
The creek is lower now than it 

3907
03:40:46,100 --> 03:40:48,900
was in July. 
The snow melt has slowed to a 

3908
03:40:48,900 --> 03:40:51,000
trickle which means you can 
reach gravel. 

3909
03:40:51,000 --> 03:40:55,200
That was underwater a month ago.
This is theoretically good news 

3910
03:40:55,200 --> 03:40:58,400
in practice. 
It means you're doing the same 

3911
03:40:58,400 --> 03:41:01,100
amount of work to assess 
slightly different gravel. 

3912
03:41:01,100 --> 03:41:04,300
That contains the same 
disappointing amount of gold as 

3913
03:41:04,300 --> 03:41:06,800
the previous gravel. 
The Aspen's are starting to 

3914
03:41:06,800 --> 03:41:10,300
turn, just like the Danish 
fellow said they would Canyon 

3915
03:41:10,300 --> 03:41:13,200
walls are developing patches of 
yellow that catch the afternoon 

3916
03:41:13,200 --> 03:41:15,600
light and make everything look 
like a painting. 

3917
03:41:15,600 --> 03:41:19,200
It's beautiful in a way that 
would be more enjoyable if you 

3918
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:20,500
weren't worried about winter 
coming. 

3919
03:41:21,400 --> 03:41:24,100
Beauty is easier to appreciate 
when you're not concerned about 

3920
03:41:24,100 --> 03:41:27,400
freezing to death. 
Birds are changing their 

3921
03:41:27,400 --> 03:41:30,900
patterns. 
The Jays are still around Jay's 

3922
03:41:30,900 --> 03:41:34,100
are apparently immortal. 
But other birds are starting to 

3923
03:41:34,100 --> 03:41:35,700
move through on their way to 
somewhere else. 

3924
03:41:36,700 --> 03:41:40,000
You've seen geese flying 
overhead in V4 Nations heading 

3925
03:41:40,000 --> 03:41:44,000
south with what seems like 
excessive enthusiasm, the geese 

3926
03:41:44,000 --> 03:41:46,900
knows something, you know, 
winter in these mountains is not

3927
03:41:46,900 --> 03:41:49,900
a theoretical problem. 
You're starting to see other 

3928
03:41:49,900 --> 03:41:52,900
miners pack up and leave every 
few days. 

3929
03:41:52,900 --> 03:41:56,400
Another tent comes down. 
Another Camp gets abandoned and 

3930
03:41:56,400 --> 03:41:59,100
another claim becomes available 
for whoever's desperate or 

3931
03:41:59,108 --> 03:42:02,400
optimistic enough to take it 
over, you've watched maybe a 

3932
03:42:02,400 --> 03:42:03,900
dozen men. 
Leave in the past, two weeks, 

3933
03:42:03,900 --> 03:42:07,500
none of them looked happy but 
some looked more defeated than 

3934
03:42:07,500 --> 03:42:09,900
others. 
The French Canadian left last 

3935
03:42:09,900 --> 03:42:12,400
Tuesday. 
He stopped by your claim to say 

3936
03:42:12,400 --> 03:42:15,400
goodbye, which was more social 
interaction than you'd had in 

3937
03:42:15,400 --> 03:42:17,200
weeks. 
He said, he was heading to 

3938
03:42:17,200 --> 03:42:20,800
Sacramento to find work that 
paid in actual money rather than

3939
03:42:20,800 --> 03:42:24,200
tiny flecks of hope. 
He said the Nugget, he found 

3940
03:42:24,200 --> 03:42:25,900
him. 
Weak one would cover his travel 

3941
03:42:25,900 --> 03:42:29,600
costs but nothing more he said 
he'd learned an important lesson

3942
03:42:29,600 --> 03:42:31,500
about luck and diminishing 
returns. 

3943
03:42:31,500 --> 03:42:35,200
He shook your hand and left and 
you haven't seen him since 

3944
03:42:35,200 --> 03:42:38,500
you'll now faced with the 
question that every minor in 

3945
03:42:38,500 --> 03:42:40,100
these mountains faces 
eventually. 

3946
03:42:40,100 --> 03:42:45,000
When do you leave? 
The smart money says, leave an 

3947
03:42:45,000 --> 03:42:47,600
October before the first real 
storms hit. 

3948
03:42:48,500 --> 03:42:51,700
The optimistic money says stay 
until you've made enough to 

3949
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:53,800
justify having come here in the 
first place. 

3950
03:42:53,800 --> 03:42:56,900
The desperate money says stay as
long as physically possible 

3951
03:42:56,900 --> 03:42:59,400
because going home empty-handed 
isn't really an option. 

3952
03:42:59,400 --> 03:43:02,100
You're not sure which category 
you fall into. 

3953
03:43:02,100 --> 03:43:05,900
You've made approximately 12 
dollars worth of gold in four 

3954
03:43:05,900 --> 03:43:09,400
months, which works out three 
dollars per month, which is not 

3955
03:43:09,400 --> 03:43:13,400
a fortune by any definition. 
On the other hand, you've 

3956
03:43:13,400 --> 03:43:15,500
learned skills that might 
actually translate to better 

3957
03:43:15,500 --> 03:43:19,400
returns next season, you've 
learned where gold hides you've 

3958
03:43:19,400 --> 03:43:22,100
learned how to read a creek. 
You've learned how to survive in

3959
03:43:22,100 --> 03:43:24,600
the mountains with minimal 
supplies and maximum 

3960
03:43:24,600 --> 03:43:27,500
stubbornness. 
There's all the question of what

3961
03:43:27,500 --> 03:43:32,000
you'd be going home to Ohio 
feels very far away, both 

3962
03:43:32,000 --> 03:43:36,200
geographically and emotionally? 
the life, you left there, the 

3963
03:43:36,200 --> 03:43:39,500
debts, the obligations, the 
small town predictability, 

3964
03:43:40,400 --> 03:43:43,900
Doesn't feel like something. 
You're eager to return to at 

3965
03:43:43,900 --> 03:43:46,400
least here your poor, but 
independent. 

3966
03:43:47,300 --> 03:43:51,000
At least here, every plan has 
the potential to change your 

3967
03:43:51,000 --> 03:43:53,800
circumstances. 
The Danish fellow is staying 

3968
03:43:53,800 --> 03:43:56,300
through October possibly 
November. 

3969
03:43:56,300 --> 03:43:59,700
He told you this while refilling
his Canteen at the creek. 

3970
03:44:00,600 --> 03:44:03,600
Seeking in his careful English 
that suggests he's translating 

3971
03:44:03,600 --> 03:44:06,400
from Danish in his head before 
the words come out. 

3972
03:44:07,500 --> 03:44:11,100
He said he's been mining for two
years now in different locations

3973
03:44:11,100 --> 03:44:13,600
and that patience is the main 
requirement. 

3974
03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:17,600
He said that most men leave too 
early before they've learned 

3975
03:44:17,600 --> 03:44:21,300
enough to make the work pay off.
He said this with the confidence

3976
03:44:21,300 --> 03:44:24,500
of someone who's either, right? 
Or has become very good at lying

3977
03:44:24,500 --> 03:44:26,900
to himself. 
You decide to stay through 

3978
03:44:26,900 --> 03:44:29,100
September then reassess in 
October. 

3979
03:44:30,100 --> 03:44:33,400
This feels like a reasonable 
compromise between optimism and 

3980
03:44:33,400 --> 03:44:36,000
survival. 
Instinct, you mark the date in 

3981
03:44:36,000 --> 03:44:40,200
your head, October 1st. 
That's when you'll make a real 

3982
03:44:40,200 --> 03:44:43,400
decision about whether to winter
here or hit to lower elevations.

3983
03:44:44,300 --> 03:44:47,200
The best part of each day is the
hour after dinner, when you're 

3984
03:44:47,200 --> 03:44:49,500
too tired to do anything 
productive, but not yet tired, 

3985
03:44:49,500 --> 03:44:53,000
enough to sleep, you sit by your
fire, smoke your pipe. 

3986
03:44:54,100 --> 03:44:56,600
Back goes expensive. 
So you mix it with dried bear 

3987
03:44:56,600 --> 03:45:00,000
breed leaves, which is either an
authentic Frontier technique, or

3988
03:45:00,000 --> 03:45:03,500
something you invented out of 
desperation and watch the light 

3989
03:45:03,500 --> 03:45:07,000
fade from the canyon The evening
light in the mountains is 

3990
03:45:07,000 --> 03:45:08,700
different from evening light, 
anywhere else. 

3991
03:45:09,600 --> 03:45:11,800
It's gold in a way that seems 
almost thick. 

3992
03:45:11,800 --> 03:45:13,800
Like you could reach out and 
touch it. 

3993
03:45:15,100 --> 03:45:18,300
The air cools rapidly once the 
sun drops behind the Western 

3994
03:45:18,300 --> 03:45:22,300
Ridge and the temperature drops 
10 or 15 degrees in the space of

3995
03:45:22,300 --> 03:45:24,700
20 minutes. 
You've learned to have your 

3996
03:45:24,700 --> 03:45:27,300
jacket Within Reach. 
By the time, the light starts to

3997
03:45:27,300 --> 03:45:29,800
turn. 
The sounds of the evening are 

3998
03:45:29,800 --> 03:45:32,000
the creek. 
Fire crackling. 

3999
03:45:32,000 --> 03:45:35,000
The wind moving through the 
pines and occasionally, the 

4000
03:45:35,000 --> 03:45:38,000
far-off sound of someone else's 
acts biting into wood. 

4001
03:45:38,800 --> 03:45:41,400
There's a rhythm to life here. 
That slower than anything you 

4002
03:45:41,400 --> 03:45:44,700
experience to know. 
Higher not peaceful, exactly. 

4003
03:45:44,700 --> 03:45:49,400
It's too much work to be 
peaceful but separate remove 

4004
03:45:49,400 --> 03:45:50,700
from the normal pace of the 
world. 

4005
03:45:50,700 --> 03:45:53,900
You've started noticing small 
things, you wouldn't have 

4006
03:45:53,900 --> 03:45:56,400
noticed. 
Four months ago, The waist 

4007
03:45:56,400 --> 03:45:59,200
certain rocks, in the creek have
patterned in the that look like 

4008
03:45:59,200 --> 03:46:01,300
writing in a language. 
Nobody can read. 

4009
03:46:02,500 --> 03:46:04,000
The way the smoke from your 
fire. 

4010
03:46:04,000 --> 03:46:06,700
Sometimes swirls in One 
Direction while the wind is 

4011
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:10,400
clearly blowing in another. 
The way the Stars up here are so

4012
03:46:10,408 --> 03:46:12,900
bright. 
They cast actual Shadows, 

4013
03:46:12,900 --> 03:46:17,800
turning the whole Forest into a 
study in silver and black Some 

4014
03:46:17,800 --> 03:46:20,700
evening's, you hear the sound of
a fiddle from one of the camps 

4015
03:46:20,700 --> 03:46:25,000
Downstream someone has a fiddle 
and knows about seven songs 

4016
03:46:25,000 --> 03:46:27,400
which they play in the same 
order every time. 

4017
03:46:27,400 --> 03:46:30,600
You've heard this sequence so 
many times, you could probably 

4018
03:46:30,600 --> 03:46:32,700
play it yourself. 
If you had a fiddle and any 

4019
03:46:32,700 --> 03:46:36,300
musical ability whatsoever, The 
fact that you can hear the 

4020
03:46:36,300 --> 03:46:39,800
fiddle from your Camp, suggests 
sound carries farther here than 

4021
03:46:39,800 --> 03:46:43,300
it should, or that everyone is 
being quieter than you'd expect 

4022
03:46:43,300 --> 03:46:44,900
from a group of men, living in 
the woods. 

4023
03:46:44,900 --> 03:46:49,200
What keeps you panning day after
day is the fundamental truth. 

4024
03:46:49,200 --> 03:46:53,800
That gold is definitely here. 
Not hypothetically here not 

4025
03:46:53,800 --> 03:46:57,600
rumored to be here. 
Actually documentari present in 

4026
03:46:57,600 --> 03:47:02,000
this Creek in quantities that 
are small, but real, you found 

4027
03:47:02,000 --> 03:47:05,400
it yourself. 
You've held it in your hand you 

4028
03:47:05,400 --> 03:47:08,700
know, with absolute certainly 
that if you pan enough gravel 

4029
03:47:08,700 --> 03:47:13,000
some of that gravel will contain
gold This is different from most

4030
03:47:13,000 --> 03:47:16,000
gambles where you're betting on 
something that might not even 

4031
03:47:16,000 --> 03:47:18,600
exist here. 
You're just trying to find 

4032
03:47:18,600 --> 03:47:20,900
enough of something that 
definitely exists. 

4033
03:47:20,900 --> 03:47:25,500
It's like fishing, but the fish 
are tiny, and made of metal and 

4034
03:47:25,500 --> 03:47:29,100
really good at hiding. 
The biggest piece you found so 

4035
03:47:29,100 --> 03:47:31,300
far, is about the size of a 
grain of rice. 

4036
03:47:31,300 --> 03:47:34,900
You found it three weeks ago and
you keep it separate from your 

4037
03:47:34,900 --> 03:47:36,800
other gold in a small glass 
vial. 

4038
03:47:36,800 --> 03:47:40,900
You bought specifically for this
purpose, it's your trophy piece,

4039
03:47:40,900 --> 03:47:44,600
the evidence that larger pieces 
exist and that you're capable of

4040
03:47:44,600 --> 03:47:46,900
finding them. 
The fact that you haven't found 

4041
03:47:46,900 --> 03:47:48,900
another piece that size since is
information. 

4042
03:47:48,900 --> 03:47:52,200
You've chosen not to dwell on, 
you've heard stories about men 

4043
03:47:52,200 --> 03:47:54,200
finding nuggets, the size of 
potatoes. 

4044
03:47:54,200 --> 03:47:57,400
You've heard stories about men, 
becoming rich in a single after 

4045
03:47:57,400 --> 03:47:59,500
noon. 
You've heard so many stories 

4046
03:47:59,500 --> 03:48:01,000
that you've stopped believing 
most of them. 

4047
03:48:01,000 --> 03:48:05,100
But the core truth remains some 
men, do strike it rich. 

4048
03:48:05,100 --> 03:48:09,900
Not many men, maybe one in a 
thousand but someone is that one

4049
03:48:09,900 --> 03:48:12,200
in a thousand and there's no 
particular reason. 

4050
03:48:12,200 --> 03:48:15,100
It can't be you. 
This is the hope that persists 

4051
03:48:15,100 --> 03:48:16,800
through the long days of finding
nothing. 

4052
03:48:16,800 --> 03:48:20,200
This is what makes you pick up 
the pan each morning despite 

4053
03:48:20,200 --> 03:48:22,500
your aching back and your 
questionable finance's. 

4054
03:48:23,400 --> 03:48:25,800
This is what makes the whole 
Enterprise feel like something 

4055
03:48:25,800 --> 03:48:30,900
other than slow motion failure. 
The first of October is in a way

4056
03:48:30,900 --> 03:48:33,000
that suggests summer has 
officially given up. 

4057
03:48:33,000 --> 03:48:36,900
You wake to frost on your tent, 
which is new and unwelcomed. 

4058
03:48:36,900 --> 03:48:39,400
The creek seems colder though, 
you are. 

4059
03:48:39,400 --> 03:48:41,600
Not sure if it's actually colder
or if you're just losing your 

4060
03:48:41,600 --> 03:48:45,200
tolerance for cold. 
Either way, waiting in now 

4061
03:48:45,200 --> 03:48:46,900
requires a moment of mental 
preparation. 

4062
03:48:46,900 --> 03:48:50,800
That wasn't necessary in August.
You've been here, five months, 

4063
03:48:50,800 --> 03:48:54,300
your original plan was three 
months maximum. 

4064
03:48:54,300 --> 03:48:58,000
You've exceeded your plan by two
months and are now actively 

4065
03:48:58,000 --> 03:49:01,600
ignoring the fact that you made 
a plan at all, The Leather Pouch

4066
03:49:01,600 --> 03:49:04,000
with your gold. 
Now, contains maybe half an 

4067
03:49:04,000 --> 03:49:06,400
ounce total. 
Eight dollars worth of work, 

4068
03:49:06,400 --> 03:49:08,900
though. 
You try not to calculate the per

4069
03:49:08,900 --> 03:49:10,300
day rate because it's 
depressing. 

4070
03:49:11,100 --> 03:49:13,000
Most of the camps around your 
empty. 

4071
03:49:13,000 --> 03:49:16,800
Now the Danish fellow is still 
here along with the three 

4072
03:49:16,800 --> 03:49:20,300
Chinese miners Downstream and 
maybe four or five others 

4073
03:49:20,300 --> 03:49:24,900
scattered along the creek. 
Forest feels emptier though. 

4074
03:49:24,900 --> 03:49:28,100
It's hard to say if that's 
because people left or because 

4075
03:49:28,100 --> 03:49:30,900
the changing season makes 
everything feel more Stark. 

4076
03:49:31,800 --> 03:49:34,800
You've made your decision, 
you'll stay through October. 

4077
03:49:34,800 --> 03:49:38,500
Then leave before the first 
snow, this gives you one more 

4078
03:49:38,500 --> 03:49:41,800
month to add to your total. 
One more month to find something

4079
03:49:41,800 --> 03:49:44,800
significant. 
One more month to convince 

4080
03:49:44,800 --> 03:49:47,300
yourself that this whole 
Adventure, wasn't a 

4081
03:49:47,300 --> 03:49:51,900
miscalculation October, feels 
like the absolute deadline, 

4082
03:49:52,800 --> 03:49:57,000
November feels like death. 
The work continues as it has for

4083
03:49:57,000 --> 03:50:01,100
months, fill the pan, shake it 
look for color. 

4084
03:50:01,100 --> 03:50:04,400
Occasionally find color, mostly 
find nothing. 

4085
03:50:05,300 --> 03:50:07,800
The rhythm is so familiar. 
Now that you could do it in your

4086
03:50:07,800 --> 03:50:11,100
sleep, which is good because you
sometimes feel like you're doing

4087
03:50:11,100 --> 03:50:15,200
it in your sleep. 
On October 15th, you find a 

4088
03:50:15,200 --> 03:50:18,000
nugget. 
Not a huge nugget calling. 

4089
03:50:18,000 --> 03:50:21,300
It nugget is technically 
generous, but definitely larger 

4090
03:50:21,300 --> 03:50:23,800
than a flake. 
It's about the size of a 

4091
03:50:23,800 --> 03:50:27,000
peppercorn with a weight. 
You can actually feel when you 

4092
03:50:27,000 --> 03:50:30,500
place it in your palm, this is 
the best find you've had in two 

4093
03:50:30,500 --> 03:50:33,500
months and you spend a 
ridiculous amount of time just 

4094
03:50:33,500 --> 03:50:37,200
looking at it, turning it over, 
feeling the weight of it. 

4095
03:50:38,100 --> 03:50:42,600
This nugget is worth, maybe 50 
cents. 50 cents is not a 

4096
03:50:42,608 --> 03:50:47,600
fortune, 5 cents will not change
your life but 50 cents found in 

4097
03:50:47,600 --> 03:50:50,400
a single pan is better than the 
three cents per day. 

4098
03:50:50,400 --> 03:50:53,700
You've been averaging and it 
represents the possibility that 

4099
03:50:53,700 --> 03:50:55,800
other larger pieces might be 
nearby. 

4100
03:50:57,000 --> 03:51:00,600
This is how mining works. 
Every small success, suggests 

4101
03:51:00,600 --> 03:51:03,600
the possibility of larger 
success just around the corner. 

4102
03:51:04,400 --> 03:51:07,100
You spend the rest of the day 
working the same area where you 

4103
03:51:07,100 --> 03:51:10,100
found, the Nugget hoping that 
where there's one piece. 

4104
03:51:10,100 --> 03:51:14,300
There might be more, this is 
Sound Logic, this is also the 

4105
03:51:14,300 --> 03:51:17,500
same logic that has led you to 
waste entire days digging and 

4106
03:51:17,500 --> 03:51:19,000
spots. 
That turned out to contain 

4107
03:51:19,000 --> 03:51:22,000
exactly one piece of gold and 
nothing else. 

4108
03:51:23,000 --> 03:51:27,500
By the end of the day you found 
two more flakes, normal sized, 

4109
03:51:27,500 --> 03:51:30,900
nothing, special and have 
convinced yourself that the 

4110
03:51:30,900 --> 03:51:33,100
Nugget was probably a Solo 
Traveler. 

4111
03:51:33,100 --> 03:51:35,800
Not the advanced Scout for a 
major deposit. 

4112
03:51:36,600 --> 03:51:39,200
This is disappointing, but not 
surprising. 

4113
03:51:40,200 --> 03:51:43,200
Most good news, in mining turns 
out to be followed by normal 

4114
03:51:43,200 --> 03:51:45,700
news. 
The last week of October brings,

4115
03:51:45,700 --> 03:51:49,400
whether that makes it clear that
winter is not a metaphor The 

4116
03:51:49,400 --> 03:51:51,400
temperature drops below freezing
at night. 

4117
03:51:51,400 --> 03:51:55,300
There's snow on the highest 
peaks visible from your Camp as 

4118
03:51:55,300 --> 03:51:58,200
a bright white line against the 
sky that seems to be creeping 

4119
03:51:58,200 --> 03:52:01,600
lower each day. 
The creek is painfully cold now 

4120
03:52:01,600 --> 03:52:04,800
and your hands go numb. 
Within minutes of starting work.

4121
03:52:05,600 --> 03:52:09,700
You've made your final count. 
You've got approximately 3/4 of 

4122
03:52:09,700 --> 03:52:12,600
an ounce of gold worth maybe 12 
dollars. 

4123
03:52:14,100 --> 03:52:17,000
After five months of work you've
made 12 dollars. 

4124
03:52:17,000 --> 03:52:20,400
This works out to about two 
dollars and 40 cents per month 

4125
03:52:20,400 --> 03:52:23,600
which is less than you could 
make doing almost any other job.

4126
03:52:24,500 --> 03:52:26,500
On the other hand, you've had an
adventure. 

4127
03:52:26,500 --> 03:52:30,100
You've learned new skills, 
you've lived in the Sierra 

4128
03:52:30,100 --> 03:52:33,500
Nevada and survived, these 
things have value, even if they 

4129
03:52:33,500 --> 03:52:37,700
don't have a price tag, The 
Danish fellow stops by on the 

4130
03:52:37,708 --> 03:52:40,800
28th to say goodbye. 
He's staying through winter 

4131
03:52:40,800 --> 03:52:43,200
which you think is either. 
Braver insane. 

4132
03:52:43,200 --> 03:52:46,300
He says he's built a better 
shelter and her Supply is 

4133
03:52:46,300 --> 03:52:48,000
stored. 
He says winter mining is 

4134
03:52:48,008 --> 03:52:51,300
difficult but possible and that 
most men who die in the winter 

4135
03:52:51,300 --> 03:52:55,500
die because they're unprepared, 
not because the winter itself is

4136
03:52:55,500 --> 03:52:58,100
unsurvivable. 
He wishes you luck. 

4137
03:52:58,100 --> 03:53:01,900
You wish him luck. 
You shake hands with the warmth 

4138
03:53:01,900 --> 03:53:04,500
of men who've been neighbors 
without quite being friends. 

4139
03:53:05,300 --> 03:53:09,600
On October 30th, you break Camp,
you take down your tent pack, 

4140
03:53:09,600 --> 03:53:12,300
your tools, and take a last. 
Look at your claim. 

4141
03:53:13,900 --> 03:53:16,900
The creek continues, its endless
conversation with itself. 

4142
03:53:17,800 --> 03:53:20,500
Caring, not at all that you've 
spent five months of your life 

4143
03:53:20,500 --> 03:53:25,000
crouched next to it. 
Hoping, The gold is still there,

4144
03:53:25,000 --> 03:53:29,300
somewhere in the gravel, waiting
for the next person, desperate, 

4145
03:53:29,300 --> 03:53:31,300
or optimistic enough to come 
looking for it. 

4146
03:53:32,600 --> 03:53:36,000
The walk back to Sacramento 
takes three days, your gold 

4147
03:53:36,000 --> 03:53:38,900
pouch sits in your pocket 
heavier than you expected for 

4148
03:53:38,900 --> 03:53:41,600
something. 
So, small 12 dollars worth of 

4149
03:53:41,600 --> 03:53:45,400
gold is not the fortune you 
hoped for but it's real money 

4150
03:53:45,400 --> 03:53:49,500
earned by your own labor pulled 
from a creek, one tiny flake. 

4151
03:53:49,500 --> 03:53:52,800
At a time You're not sure if 
you'll come back next spring. 

4152
03:53:52,800 --> 03:53:55,700
You're not sure if five months 
of work for 12 dollars, 

4153
03:53:55,700 --> 03:53:57,600
represents failure, or 
education. 

4154
03:53:58,500 --> 03:54:01,400
You're not sure if you're a 
minor, who's taking a break, or 

4155
03:54:01,400 --> 03:54:04,700
a man who briefly tried Mining 
and is moving on to something 

4156
03:54:04,700 --> 03:54:08,100
else. 
What you're sure of is this, you

4157
03:54:08,100 --> 03:54:11,300
know, how to read a Creak now, 
you know, how to survive in the 

4158
03:54:11,300 --> 03:54:14,900
mountains with minimal supplies.
You know what it feels like to 

4159
03:54:14,900 --> 03:54:16,500
find gold. 
And you know what? 

4160
03:54:16,500 --> 03:54:18,700
It feels like to spend hours, 
finding nothing. 

4161
03:54:18,700 --> 03:54:21,500
These are things. 
You didn't know, six months ago 

4162
03:54:21,500 --> 03:54:25,400
and they're yours now worth more
than 12 dollars because they 

4163
03:54:25,400 --> 03:54:27,900
can't be taken away the Sierra, 
Nevada. 

4164
03:54:27,900 --> 03:54:30,800
Recedes behind you. 
As you walk, the mountains 

4165
03:54:30,800 --> 03:54:35,000
holding their gold, close 
patient and indifferent waiting.

4166
03:54:35,000 --> 03:54:38,100
For the next wave of dreamers to
arrive with their hands and 

4167
03:54:38,100 --> 03:54:41,600
their hope and their willingness
to spend months in cold water 

4168
03:54:41,600 --> 03:54:44,000
for the chance at something 
better. 

4169
03:54:44,000 --> 03:54:48,100
Your time as a gold Panner in 
the Sierra, Nevada is one story 

4170
03:54:48,100 --> 03:54:52,600
among thousands, most of which 
ended roughly the same way with 

4171
03:54:52,600 --> 03:54:56,100
modest returns valuable 
experience and the knowledge 

4172
03:54:56,100 --> 03:54:58,700
that sometimes, the real 
discoveries what you learn about

4173
03:54:58,700 --> 03:55:02,300
yourself in the process. 
The gold remains where it's 

4174
03:55:02,300 --> 03:55:05,900
always been waiting in the 
Creeks, a constant invitation, 

4175
03:55:05,900 --> 03:55:09,600
to those willing to bend their 
backs and numb their hands for 

4176
03:55:09,600 --> 03:55:12,600
the slim chance that today's pan
might be the one that changes 

4177
03:55:12,600 --> 03:55:21,200
everything. 
Theodore Roosevelt was not an 

4178
03:55:21,200 --> 03:55:25,500
ordinary child born in 1858, in 
a brownstone in New York City, 

4179
03:55:25,500 --> 03:55:29,800
young Theo called Teddy by his 
close, friends, entered a world 

4180
03:55:29,800 --> 03:55:33,500
riddled with disparity, 
horse-drawn carriages paraded on

4181
03:55:33,500 --> 03:55:35,900
cobbled streets. 
While the country found itself 

4182
03:55:35,900 --> 03:55:40,300
on the cusp of Rapid industrial 
change yet from the very 

4183
03:55:40,300 --> 03:55:42,800
beginning. 
What made Theodore Roosevelt's 

4184
03:55:42,800 --> 03:55:45,800
early life different was not 
only his family's comfortable 

4185
03:55:45,800 --> 03:55:48,000
position. 
His father was a flat thereby 

4186
03:55:48,000 --> 03:55:51,200
who ran a successful business 
and the rows of belts pride in 

4187
03:55:51,200 --> 03:55:54,400
the cells on their social 
standing, but also his shaky 

4188
03:55:54,400 --> 03:55:56,300
Constitution. 
The future. 

4189
03:55:56,300 --> 03:55:58,100
Rough. 
Rider was ironically enough. 

4190
03:55:58,900 --> 03:56:01,600
Frail boy, who struggled with 
asthma and stomach trouble 

4191
03:56:01,600 --> 03:56:04,600
relying on the help of his 
nurturing family to guide him 

4192
03:56:04,600 --> 03:56:07,800
toward Better Health. 
Most accounts recall, the 

4193
03:56:07,800 --> 03:56:11,200
well-worn story of how he 
overcame debilitating asthma by 

4194
03:56:11,200 --> 03:56:12,800
embracing exercise in the 
outdoors. 

4195
03:56:12,800 --> 03:56:15,700
But that's often where the 
Intriguing details stop. 

4196
03:56:15,700 --> 03:56:18,900
Far less common are the accounts
of how Roosevelt's imagination 

4197
03:56:18,900 --> 03:56:21,800
flourished, because he spent so 
many hours indoors recovering, 

4198
03:56:21,800 --> 03:56:25,100
he devoured, books, on natural 
science, building an early 

4199
03:56:25,100 --> 03:56:28,400
fascination with zoology, 
entomology and every lesson 

4200
03:56:28,400 --> 03:56:31,000
known ology. 
He could get his hands on, he 

4201
03:56:31,000 --> 03:56:34,300
collected insects in jars around
his room and he sketched birds 

4202
03:56:34,300 --> 03:56:37,300
from memory, he had a serious 
obsession with taxonomy 

4203
03:56:37,300 --> 03:56:40,600
relishing, the act of labeling, 
identifying, and categorizing. 

4204
03:56:40,600 --> 03:56:43,400
Few mentioned that he even 
attempted to write little 

4205
03:56:43,400 --> 03:56:47,100
treatises Guided by sheer 
curiosity about creatures, he 

4206
03:56:47,100 --> 03:56:50,200
observed in his small world, he 
would write paragraphs about 

4207
03:56:50,200 --> 03:56:52,700
house flies in a notebook 
detailing, their anatomy and 

4208
03:56:52,708 --> 03:56:55,300
behavior. 
As if he were a mini Darwin in 

4209
03:56:55,300 --> 03:56:58,600
the making This Pursuit was not 
a trifling hobby. 

4210
03:56:58,600 --> 03:57:01,200
It was the anchor that connected
him to the broader world. 

4211
03:57:01,200 --> 03:57:03,700
When his lungs wouldn't allow 
him to catch his breath outside.

4212
03:57:04,700 --> 03:57:08,400
His father, Theodore senior took
these Explorations seriously. 

4213
03:57:09,200 --> 03:57:12,000
He would encourage young, Theo 
to keep learning and to the 

4214
03:57:12,000 --> 03:57:14,600
extent possible. 
He also pushed it quite 

4215
03:57:14,600 --> 03:57:16,600
literally to strengthen his 
body. 

4216
03:57:17,600 --> 03:57:20,300
The Elder Roosevelt recognized 
that building physical stamina 

4217
03:57:20,300 --> 03:57:22,700
might become the key to 
unlocking his son's potential. 

4218
03:57:23,500 --> 03:57:27,200
So in addition to fueling his 
mind, Theodore senior nudged 

4219
03:57:27,200 --> 03:57:30,100
him, to exercise, even setting 
up a small gym within the 

4220
03:57:30,108 --> 03:57:32,300
family's home. 
They used pulley weights, 

4221
03:57:32,300 --> 03:57:34,800
dumbbells, and even A Primitive 
exercise bike. 

4222
03:57:34,800 --> 03:57:38,900
Initially, the boy often doubled
over in breathless fits, but he 

4223
03:57:38,900 --> 03:57:41,400
persevered always hearing his 
father's voice. 

4224
03:57:41,400 --> 03:57:46,400
You have the mind but you must 
make your body. this paternal 

4225
03:57:46,400 --> 03:57:49,500
challenge or to shake the 
theater's entire life, he 

4226
03:57:49,500 --> 03:57:53,000
refused to let his ailments to 
find him as Theodore progressed 

4227
03:57:53,000 --> 03:57:56,000
from the timid asthmatic, boy to
a more robust version of himself

4228
03:57:56,000 --> 03:58:00,900
with He also developed a nuanced
understanding of compassion and 

4229
03:58:00,900 --> 03:58:03,300
fairness. 
Many of recounted that his 

4230
03:58:03,300 --> 03:58:06,900
father, one of the founders of 
the children Aid Society made it

4231
03:58:06,900 --> 03:58:10,300
a point to teach Theodore about 
social inequities during 

4232
03:58:10,300 --> 03:58:11,900
carriage rides. 
They visited. 

4233
03:58:11,900 --> 03:58:15,100
The more impoverished areas of 
Manhattan so that Theo would see

4234
03:58:15,100 --> 03:58:18,700
beyond his privileged bubble. 
Historians often remarked that 

4235
03:58:18,700 --> 03:58:22,000
these experiences along with the
lessons in stilled by his father

4236
03:58:22,000 --> 03:58:25,300
formed, the basis of Theodore's 
empathy for working class 

4237
03:58:25,300 --> 03:58:28,200
Americans yet. 
It's rarely noted how those 

4238
03:58:28,200 --> 03:58:32,300
moments also fuel Hisense of 
outrage at Injustice and emotion

4239
03:58:32,300 --> 03:58:34,500
that could flare up dramatically
in the years to come. 

4240
03:58:34,500 --> 03:58:38,300
These experiences were not 
academic exercises for young 

4241
03:58:38,300 --> 03:58:41,000
Roosevelt. 
They resonated deeply with him. 

4242
03:58:41,000 --> 03:58:44,000
Bridging the gulf between his 
comfortable, existence, and the 

4243
03:58:44,000 --> 03:58:48,100
hardships faced by others. 
By adolescence Theo had not yet 

4244
03:58:48,100 --> 03:58:51,800
grown into the outspoken figure.
We often imagine, but he had an 

4245
03:58:51,800 --> 03:58:55,300
unusually intense curiosity. 
That often manifested in sudden 

4246
03:58:55,300 --> 03:58:58,700
bursts of Interest, a new 
species of bird, a type of 

4247
03:58:58,708 --> 03:59:01,500
archaic firearm, the political 
history of the Netherlands. 

4248
03:59:01,500 --> 03:59:05,600
He could not resist diving in 
Family and friends recalled that

4249
03:59:05,608 --> 03:59:08,300
he would often go quiet for 
hours pouring over a book or 

4250
03:59:08,300 --> 03:59:10,900
tinkering with a collection, 
then erupt with the stream of 

4251
03:59:10,900 --> 03:59:14,200
observations. 
He was already practicing a 

4252
03:59:14,200 --> 03:59:16,200
methodical approach to 
everything from Sports to 

4253
03:59:16,200 --> 03:59:19,800
reading this intense, discipline
would soon Define his every 

4254
03:59:19,800 --> 03:59:22,500
move. 
One lesson known facet of his 

4255
03:59:22,500 --> 03:59:25,200
teenage years was his growing 
fascination with the Wilderness 

4256
03:59:25,200 --> 03:59:28,500
convalescing in the family's 
summer home or on trips to the 

4257
03:59:28,500 --> 03:59:31,300
countryside. 
Theodore began forging, a quiet 

4258
03:59:31,308 --> 03:59:35,300
bond with Untamed spaces. 
He was all struck by Grand, 

4259
03:59:35,300 --> 03:59:39,800
forests, Wildlife calls, at dusk
and the possibility of testing 

4260
03:59:39,800 --> 03:59:43,400
himself against the elements. 
This connection was not just a 

4261
03:59:43,400 --> 03:59:45,800
passing fancy. 
It was a seed that would blow 

4262
03:59:45,800 --> 03:59:49,100
into his legendary forays, into 
the West, and his eventual 

4263
03:59:49,100 --> 03:59:50,800
influence on the nation's 
conservation. 

4264
03:59:50,800 --> 03:59:54,400
Efforts in a sense, the 
vulnerability that shaped his 

4265
03:59:54,408 --> 03:59:57,800
early years also planted an 
ember of longing for personal 

4266
03:59:57,800 --> 03:59:59,700
Independence, physical 
challenge. 

4267
03:59:59,700 --> 04:00:01,700
And a deep communion with 
nature. 

4268
04:00:02,800 --> 04:00:05,900
Even as a boy, Theodore 
Roosevelt was forging an 

4269
04:00:05,900 --> 04:00:09,300
identity that mixed bookish 
introspection with athletic 

4270
04:00:09,300 --> 04:00:11,600
resolved. 
He was the child who combated 

4271
04:00:11,600 --> 04:00:14,700
his asthma by turning his 
bedroom into a miniature Museum 

4272
04:00:14,700 --> 04:00:18,300
and who absorbed lessons on 
social injustice from his father

4273
04:00:18,300 --> 04:00:19,900
in the carriage rides across 
town. 

4274
04:00:19,900 --> 04:00:23,700
He was tender curious and 
brimming with Restless energy. 

4275
04:00:24,500 --> 04:00:27,500
If you look closely at his 
formative years, you realize the

4276
04:00:27,500 --> 04:00:30,800
seeds of Theodore Roosevelt's 
future, his passion for reform, 

4277
04:00:30,800 --> 04:00:34,400
his boisterous Vigor, his 
reverence for nature were 

4278
04:00:34,400 --> 04:00:37,700
germinating in the walls of at 
Brownstone and in the country 

4279
04:00:37,700 --> 04:00:39,600
Fields where he works to catch 
his breath. 

4280
04:00:40,600 --> 04:00:44,200
This Duality fragility matched 
by unwavering perseverance, 

4281
04:00:44,200 --> 04:00:46,500
would characterize him for the 
rest of his life. 

4282
04:00:46,500 --> 04:00:49,400
Making him quite unlike any of 
his contemporaries. 

4283
04:00:50,300 --> 04:00:53,200
Transitioning into his college 
Years at Harvard, brought out 

4284
04:00:53,200 --> 04:00:56,600
another side of Theodore 
Roosevelt aside that proved how 

4285
04:00:56,600 --> 04:00:59,000
we would never quite fit into 
any single mold. 

4286
04:00:59,800 --> 04:01:02,400
Most stories highlight his 
academic tenacity and his 

4287
04:01:02,400 --> 04:01:04,200
famously rambunctious 
personality. 

4288
04:01:04,200 --> 04:01:07,900
They rarely dwell on how he 
continuously navigate to Social 

4289
04:01:07,900 --> 04:01:10,200
Circles. 
That didn't know quite what to 

4290
04:01:10,208 --> 04:01:12,700
make of him. 
He was too worldly to be the 

4291
04:01:12,700 --> 04:01:15,800
purely bookish type, but still 
too studious to be the campus 

4292
04:01:15,800 --> 04:01:18,500
gadabout. 
He moved through the holes 

4293
04:01:18,500 --> 04:01:21,600
wearing bright clothing styles, 
his suits, cut a bit sharper, 

4294
04:01:21,600 --> 04:01:24,600
his shirts, a bit more 
flamboyant and walked briskly. 

4295
04:01:24,600 --> 04:01:27,700
A sign of a mind. 
Preoccupied with tasks at hand, 

4296
04:01:27,700 --> 04:01:31,300
people noticed him, not just for
his dynamism, but for his 

4297
04:01:31,300 --> 04:01:35,100
slightly eccentric Edge, During 
these years Theodore continued 

4298
04:01:35,100 --> 04:01:37,900
to combat lingering health 
problems, though he rarely spoke

4299
04:01:37,900 --> 04:01:40,600
of them always determined to 
prove, he was as hearty as 

4300
04:01:40,600 --> 04:01:43,300
anyone else. 
The boxing club at Harvard 

4301
04:01:43,300 --> 04:01:45,100
offered an outlet for his 
pent-up energy. 

4302
04:01:45,100 --> 04:01:48,000
Ironically, it wasn't in the 
ring that he faced his most 

4303
04:01:48,000 --> 04:01:50,800
stinging defeats, it was in 
building friendships with the 

4304
04:01:50,800 --> 04:01:53,800
typical College set, many of 
whom were drawn to a more 

4305
04:01:53,800 --> 04:01:56,900
conventional path of leisure and
superficial Amusements. 

4306
04:01:57,900 --> 04:02:00,900
He had a small circle of close 
companions but was often teased 

4307
04:02:00,900 --> 04:02:03,600
for his intensity. 
Some found him downright 

4308
04:02:03,600 --> 04:02:07,200
exhausting to be around 
describing him as a steam engine

4309
04:02:07,200 --> 04:02:09,600
in trials. 
Yet that social friction 

4310
04:02:09,600 --> 04:02:12,100
reinforced the self-assuredness 
that was forming him. 

4311
04:02:13,000 --> 04:02:15,400
It was during this period that 
he wrote copiously in his 

4312
04:02:15,400 --> 04:02:18,400
diaries about moral. 
Fortitude, about striving to 

4313
04:02:18,400 --> 04:02:21,000
maintain a sense of Honor. 
Amid, a sea of peer pressure, 

4314
04:02:21,900 --> 04:02:24,000
Oddly enough. 
He sometimes felt lonely at 

4315
04:02:24,008 --> 04:02:26,700
Harvard, trapped between 
admiration for some of the 

4316
04:02:26,708 --> 04:02:29,900
Traditions there and a noring 
sense that he was different. 

4317
04:02:29,900 --> 04:02:34,500
Alongside his studies Theodore 
engaged in an array of Pursuits 

4318
04:02:34,500 --> 04:02:37,100
that hardly seemed to fit neatly
under any single rubric of 

4319
04:02:37,108 --> 04:02:39,700
student life. 
He wrote editorials for the 

4320
04:02:39,700 --> 04:02:42,900
student paper typically 
championing, high-minded ideals 

4321
04:02:42,900 --> 04:02:46,100
of honesty and personal 
discipline. he pulled over the 

4322
04:02:46,100 --> 04:02:49,900
works of order bun Darwin and 
personal Heroes such as Naval 

4323
04:02:49,900 --> 04:02:54,000
historian, Alfred Thayer Mahan 
He even found time to gallop off

4324
04:02:54,000 --> 04:02:56,500
on weekend trips to collect 
specimens and practice bird. 

4325
04:02:56,500 --> 04:02:59,900
Watching returning to campus 
dust Laden, and always bursting 

4326
04:02:59,900 --> 04:03:02,500
with stories. 
It's a testament to his capacity

4327
04:03:02,500 --> 04:03:05,200
for juggling interests and goals
that he was able to maintain 

4328
04:03:05,200 --> 04:03:07,600
decent grades. 
While also soaking up everything

4329
04:03:07,600 --> 04:03:12,500
in sight Natural History, public
speaking rhetorical studies and 

4330
04:03:12,500 --> 04:03:16,400
even genealogical research, the 
man loved to learn in a hole 

4331
04:03:16,400 --> 04:03:19,600
hearted way as though, every 
subject could be an adventure. 

4332
04:03:19,600 --> 04:03:23,000
If only one looked closely 
enough In the midst of his 

4333
04:03:23,000 --> 04:03:25,200
academic further. 
Something else was happening. 

4334
04:03:25,200 --> 04:03:29,400
Roosevelt was quietly falling in
love, not just with any young 

4335
04:03:29,400 --> 04:03:31,500
socialite, but with Alice, 
Hathaway. 

4336
04:03:31,500 --> 04:03:36,300
Lee a woman who embodied Grace 
and warmth she was a cousin of a

4337
04:03:36,308 --> 04:03:40,300
classmate, and the attraction 
was immediate Their courtship 

4338
04:03:40,300 --> 04:03:43,700
provided a surprising sense of 
balance for him, proof that he 

4339
04:03:43,700 --> 04:03:46,700
could be both intense and tender
formidable yet. 

4340
04:03:46,700 --> 04:03:50,100
Affectionate. 
Has their relationship deepened.

4341
04:03:50,100 --> 04:03:52,800
He began to think more 
concretely about his future. 

4342
04:03:52,800 --> 04:03:56,200
He was deeply into love, but 
also determined to shape his 

4343
04:03:56,200 --> 04:03:57,800
life in a way that would impact 
Society. 

4344
04:03:58,700 --> 04:04:01,900
If the two could be reconciled 
his political Ambitions and his 

4345
04:04:01,900 --> 04:04:05,300
Devotion to Alice, he believed 
he might find his true calling. 

4346
04:04:05,300 --> 04:04:09,300
It was a joyful hopeful season 
of his life, tinged with the 

4347
04:04:09,300 --> 04:04:13,100
earnest optimism of Youth at 
Harvard Roosevelt. 

4348
04:04:13,100 --> 04:04:15,200
Also honed his talent for debate
though. 

4349
04:04:15,200 --> 04:04:17,300
Interestingly, it was not always
well received. 

4350
04:04:17,300 --> 04:04:21,000
He clashed over issues ranging 
from foreign policy to civic 

4351
04:04:21,000 --> 04:04:25,200
responsibility with classmates, 
who in his eyes did not embody 

4352
04:04:25,200 --> 04:04:28,200
the moral Vigor. 
He valued His style was direct, 

4353
04:04:28,200 --> 04:04:31,000
and sometimes his passionate 
erupted into high, decibel 

4354
04:04:31,000 --> 04:04:34,600
insistence people questioned, 
whether he was grandstanding or 

4355
04:04:34,600 --> 04:04:39,800
genuinely, fervent in truth. 
He was both He felt ideas with 

4356
04:04:39,800 --> 04:04:41,500
his entire. 
Being unable to separate 

4357
04:04:41,500 --> 04:04:45,800
academic discourse from moral 
imperative, While some admired 

4358
04:04:45,800 --> 04:04:48,900
his Zeal, others wrote him 
offers a Brash up star who 

4359
04:04:48,900 --> 04:04:52,100
needed to tone it down. 
But Theodore wasn't interested 

4360
04:04:52,100 --> 04:04:55,000
in Tony anything down. 
He believed that if something 

4361
04:04:55,000 --> 04:04:57,700
was worth doing, it was worth 
doing vigorously. 

4362
04:04:57,700 --> 04:05:00,900
What's rarely acknowledged is 
that this unrelenting passion 

4363
04:05:00,900 --> 04:05:04,400
nearly derailed him in terms of 
his mental health, long nights 

4364
04:05:04,400 --> 04:05:08,400
of study intense physical 
exertion and I kind of constant 

4365
04:05:08,400 --> 04:05:10,800
internal thrum of ambition could
wear him out. 

4366
04:05:11,500 --> 04:05:13,400
He would suffer about to 
insomnia something. 

4367
04:05:13,400 --> 04:05:14,900
He, stubbornly tried to hide 
from. 

4368
04:05:14,900 --> 04:05:18,200
Even his closest friends 
journals from the time suggests.

4369
04:05:18,200 --> 04:05:20,800
He wrestled with dark moods 
worried that. 

4370
04:05:20,808 --> 04:05:23,800
If he let himself slip even for 
a moment, he might not regain 

4371
04:05:23,800 --> 04:05:27,300
traction. 
But he had set a personal Credo 

4372
04:05:27,300 --> 04:05:30,200
better to burn brightly than 
fade quietly. 

4373
04:05:31,000 --> 04:05:34,300
He would follow this Creed with 
a positive or negative for the 

4374
04:05:34,300 --> 04:05:39,000
remainder of his life. 
Upon graduation Theodore left 

4375
04:05:39,000 --> 04:05:41,000
Harvard with more than just a 
diploma. 

4376
04:05:41,800 --> 04:05:53,600
He carried away. 
A fierce sense of self-installed

4377
04:05:53,600 --> 04:05:55,300
Step into the realm of Public 
Service. 

4378
04:05:55,300 --> 04:05:57,800
Winning a seat in the New York 
State Assembly. 

4379
04:05:57,800 --> 04:06:00,900
Some might call it a natural 
progression for a young, man of 

4380
04:06:00,900 --> 04:06:04,200
his social background, but in 
truth, the gritty nature of 

4381
04:06:04,200 --> 04:06:08,400
local politics was something of 
a baptism by fire The assembly 

4382
04:06:08,400 --> 04:06:11,700
Halls were Rife within fighting 
patronage and under the table 

4383
04:06:11,700 --> 04:06:14,500
deals. 
As a new member, Rosevelt was 

4384
04:06:14,500 --> 04:06:17,300
expected to keep his head down 
and align with party bosses 

4385
04:06:17,300 --> 04:06:19,900
instead. 
He stormed onto the scene, like 

4386
04:06:19,900 --> 04:06:24,200
a tropical Gail delivering, 
fiery speeches that lambasted 

4387
04:06:24,200 --> 04:06:27,300
corruption and championed 
reforms the other lawmakers 

4388
04:06:27,300 --> 04:06:30,300
found him peculiar. 
Here was a well to do, youngster

4389
04:06:30,300 --> 04:06:33,700
fresh from the ivy league, with 
a screechy voice that seemed to 

4390
04:06:33,708 --> 04:06:35,800
come alive. 
The moment he smelled in Justice

4391
04:06:35,800 --> 04:06:40,100
and in justice, as he saw, it 
permeated every level of 

4392
04:06:40,100 --> 04:06:42,500
governance. 
The political Old Guard was a 

4393
04:06:42,500 --> 04:06:46,000
fortress of self-interest, so 
they chuckled at his Zeal to 

4394
04:06:46,000 --> 04:06:48,700
dismissing him as a nuisance who
would soon learn to play by 

4395
04:06:48,700 --> 04:06:51,500
their rules. 
What they didn't grasp was that 

4396
04:06:51,500 --> 04:06:54,900
Roosevelt's moral convictions 
shaped by his father's influence

4397
04:06:54,900 --> 04:06:57,900
and hammered into form by his 
own sense of fairness would not 

4398
04:06:57,908 --> 04:07:00,800
yield Under Pressure. 
He was that rare combination 

4399
04:07:00,800 --> 04:07:04,000
affluent. 
Yet empathetic idealistic yet 

4400
04:07:04,000 --> 04:07:07,000
committed to practical change. 
Where many of his fellow 

4401
04:07:07,000 --> 04:07:10,300
legislators saw the chance for 
personal gain, he saw the chance

4402
04:07:10,300 --> 04:07:14,100
to cleanse a stagnant system. 
In one particularly heated, 

4403
04:07:14,100 --> 04:07:16,600
confrontation Theodore 
challenge, a powerful 

4404
04:07:16,600 --> 04:07:20,600
politician, who had a reputation
for backroom deals, rather than 

4405
04:07:20,600 --> 04:07:24,400
placate this man or resort to 
polite, circumlocution Rosevelt.

4406
04:07:24,400 --> 04:07:27,700
Essentially read him, the riot 
act on the assembly floor in 

4407
04:07:27,700 --> 04:07:30,000
enumerating the ways in which 
the politician had short, 

4408
04:07:30,000 --> 04:07:33,400
changed his constituents, the 
Outburst was so electrifying 

4409
04:07:33,400 --> 04:07:36,700
that it made headlines. 
Overnight Roseville, 

4410
04:07:36,700 --> 04:07:38,600
transformed. 
From an unknown freshman, 

4411
04:07:38,600 --> 04:07:40,900
assemblyman into a political 
figure to watch. 

4412
04:07:41,600 --> 04:07:45,100
Of course, this also made him 
enemies, which was no small risk

4413
04:07:45,100 --> 04:07:47,500
in the treacherous environment 
of late, 19th century politics. 

4414
04:07:47,500 --> 04:07:50,600
His colleague's predicted, he 
would trip over his own Eagan 

4415
04:07:50,600 --> 04:07:54,800
and Fade Into Obscurity. 
Theodore thrived on adversity. 

4416
04:07:54,800 --> 04:07:58,300
He doubled down rallying support
for reforms that while. 

4417
04:07:58,300 --> 04:08:01,200
Modest by later. 
Standards broke new ground in 

4418
04:08:01,200 --> 04:08:03,800
the fight against Tammany Halls,
entrenched power. 

4419
04:08:04,600 --> 04:08:07,500
During this period tragedy 
struck in a way that might have 

4420
04:08:07,500 --> 04:08:11,800
derailed a lesser spirit. 
On February 14th. 1884. 

4421
04:08:11,800 --> 04:08:15,800
Valentine's Day both his wife, 
Alice and his mother died hours 

4422
04:08:15,800 --> 04:08:18,600
apart in the same house. 
The blow was incomprehensible 

4423
04:08:18,600 --> 04:08:22,000
only two days. 
Prior Theodore had been a 

4424
04:08:22,000 --> 04:08:25,300
vibrant, new father welcoming a 
daughter also named Alice into 

4425
04:08:25,300 --> 04:08:27,500
the world to lose. 
His beloved wife and his mother.

4426
04:08:27,500 --> 04:08:29,600
On the same day left to 
emotionally paralyzed. 

4427
04:08:29,600 --> 04:08:33,100
He pulled his feelings in, to a 
single diary entry marked with 

4428
04:08:33,100 --> 04:08:36,400
an X writing, the light has gone
out of my life. 

4429
04:08:37,700 --> 04:08:40,600
This searing sorrow might have 
undone him if not for the fact 

4430
04:08:40,600 --> 04:08:43,100
that Roosevelt believed in 
action as a tonic for despair. 

4431
04:08:43,900 --> 04:08:47,000
In the aftermath he made a 
startling move distancing 

4432
04:08:47,000 --> 04:08:49,200
himself from politics and 
heading west to the Dakota 

4433
04:08:49,200 --> 04:08:52,000
territory. 
A lesson known aspect of this 

4434
04:08:52,000 --> 04:08:54,600
chapter is that he was not 
merely seeking Solitude. 

4435
04:08:54,600 --> 04:08:58,100
He was also chasing a grand 
American Myth of renewal. 

4436
04:08:58,800 --> 04:09:01,400
Frontier life was an antidote to
the Heartbreak and political 

4437
04:09:01,400 --> 04:09:05,200
cynicism that had seized him. 
He purchased two ranches, The 

4438
04:09:05,200 --> 04:09:08,000
Maltese cross, and the Elkhorn 
immersing himself in The Daily 

4439
04:09:08,000 --> 04:09:10,900
Grind of cattle, ranching gone 
with a starched collars and 

4440
04:09:10,900 --> 04:09:14,100
legislative debates in their 
place came round UPS, branding, 

4441
04:09:14,100 --> 04:09:16,800
irons and days. 
Spent in the saddle, the local 

4442
04:09:16,800 --> 04:09:19,800
cowhands initially regarded him 
with skepticism pegging him as 

4443
04:09:19,808 --> 04:09:22,500
just another Eastern Dandy. 
But Roosevelt. 

4444
04:09:22,500 --> 04:09:25,300
Quickly earned their respect 
refusing, any special treatment 

4445
04:09:25,300 --> 04:09:28,800
sleeping in rough, bunk houses 
and embracing a life that 

4446
04:09:28,800 --> 04:09:31,700
demanded, not just physical 
Vigor but a willingness to 

4447
04:09:31,700 --> 04:09:35,400
confront the unpredictable 
cruelty of nature, many accounts

4448
04:09:35,400 --> 04:09:38,000
of Roosevelt's time in the 
Dakota's touch on how he chased 

4449
04:09:38,000 --> 04:09:42,000
thieves tracked by bison and 
battled near blinding blizzards.

4450
04:09:42,800 --> 04:09:45,900
Yet fewer people highlight the 
contemplative moments he spent 

4451
04:09:45,900 --> 04:09:48,700
on the Open Range. 
Penning letters, home with 

4452
04:09:48,700 --> 04:09:51,700
references to Greek philosophy 
or reading thick books by 

4453
04:09:51,700 --> 04:09:54,000
Lantern light, the wind howling 
outside. 

4454
04:09:54,000 --> 04:09:57,800
He used the planes. 
As a confessional Booth sorting 

4455
04:09:57,800 --> 04:09:59,900
through his anger and grief. 
Forging. 

4456
04:09:59,900 --> 04:10:02,400
A new tempered sense of purpose,
indeed. 

4457
04:10:02,400 --> 04:10:05,700
It was on those planes where he 
truly embraced the notion that 

4458
04:10:05,700 --> 04:10:09,300
adversity could shape moral 
character hardship, didn't break

4459
04:10:09,300 --> 04:10:11,300
him. 
It refined him when he did 

4460
04:10:11,300 --> 04:10:12,900
return to New York after a 
couple of years. 

4461
04:10:12,900 --> 04:10:16,800
He was no longer that Brash 
Young assemblyman overshadowed 

4462
04:10:16,800 --> 04:10:19,700
by Pearl tragedy. 
He was now a hardened Rancher 

4463
04:10:19,700 --> 04:10:23,500
with a Sharper Edge. 
Upon returning to public life 

4464
04:10:23,500 --> 04:10:26,100
Theodore Roosevelt set his 
sights on a job, that many 

4465
04:10:26,100 --> 04:10:29,200
dismissed, as either the two 
menial or two compromised by 

4466
04:10:29,200 --> 04:10:33,200
corruption Police, Commissioner 
of New York City at a glance. 

4467
04:10:33,200 --> 04:10:35,600
This might have seemed like a 
step down from his earlier 

4468
04:10:35,600 --> 04:10:38,500
roles, but he perceived it as a 
Battleground, for genuine 

4469
04:10:38,500 --> 04:10:40,900
reform. 
He saw a chance to enforce 

4470
04:10:40,900 --> 04:10:44,300
fairness at a ground level where
policy met reality in the daily 

4471
04:10:44,300 --> 04:10:47,600
lives of ordinary citizens. 
The police force at the time was

4472
04:10:47,600 --> 04:10:51,100
a quagmire of bribes extortion 
and political favoritism 

4473
04:10:51,100 --> 04:10:55,000
officers would accept money to 
look the other way or harass 

4474
04:10:55,000 --> 04:10:57,200
political opponents at the 
behest of party bosses. 

4475
04:10:58,000 --> 04:11:00,700
Roosevelt decided that if he 
could change the culture of the 

4476
04:11:00,700 --> 04:11:03,900
NYPD, he would be making one of 
the most significant Civic 

4477
04:11:03,900 --> 04:11:07,000
contributions possible. 
One of his first acts was to 

4478
04:11:07,000 --> 04:11:10,600
enforce the Sunday closing laws 
for taverns a move that sparked 

4479
04:11:10,600 --> 04:11:14,000
both outrage and admiration. 
Contrary to some popular 

4480
04:11:14,000 --> 04:11:16,900
retellings, he wasn't simply 
trying to morally police the 

4481
04:11:16,900 --> 04:11:19,100
police. 
He was signaling that the law 

4482
04:11:19,100 --> 04:11:22,300
was the law and no one 
regardless of how larger bride 

4483
04:11:22,300 --> 04:11:26,700
might be was above it. 
These gambits, well, unpopular 

4484
04:11:26,700 --> 04:11:29,700
among weekend, drinkers, 
demonstrated his commitment to 

4485
04:11:29,700 --> 04:11:33,000
consistency. 
In his view laws, should not be 

4486
04:11:33,000 --> 04:11:36,300
left to personal whim or the 
thickness of a wallet at night. 

4487
04:11:36,300 --> 04:11:39,700
He'd even donned a disguise and 
walked the streets slipping into

4488
04:11:39,700 --> 04:11:41,400
bars to see if the laws being 
followed. 

4489
04:11:42,300 --> 04:11:43,900
Newspapers. 
Eagerly reported. 

4490
04:11:43,900 --> 04:11:47,100
These midnight Rambles painting 
him as an almost comical figure.

4491
04:11:47,900 --> 04:11:51,300
But beneath the spectacle layer 
serious intent to root out 

4492
04:11:51,300 --> 04:11:54,900
corruption at its source. 
His tenure as commissioner also 

4493
04:11:54,900 --> 04:11:57,300
saw him butt heads with the 
entrenched Tammany Hall 

4494
04:11:57,300 --> 04:11:59,500
apparatus. 
They had thrived under the 

4495
04:11:59,508 --> 04:12:01,800
assumption that police could be 
bought or coerced. 

4496
04:12:01,800 --> 04:12:05,500
Roosevelt disabused them of that
notion, he promoted officers 

4497
04:12:05,500 --> 04:12:08,800
based on Merit introduced 
examinations to gauge 

4498
04:12:08,800 --> 04:12:11,100
competency, and disciplined or 
fired. 

4499
04:12:11,100 --> 04:12:14,500
Those courting corrupt Acts This
naturally turned many in the 

4500
04:12:14,508 --> 04:12:17,800
force against him, but the 
public weary of crooked police 

4501
04:12:17,800 --> 04:12:21,800
began to appreciate that someone
in a position of authority was 

4502
04:12:21,800 --> 04:12:26,800
at last taking their side. 
His energy was relentless staff 

4503
04:12:26,800 --> 04:12:28,800
as joked that. 
He slept less than four hours, a

4504
04:12:28,800 --> 04:12:31,300
night spending the rest of his 
time, either in the office or 

4505
04:12:31,300 --> 04:12:34,600
pounding the pavement. 
Less well known as the personal 

4506
04:12:34,600 --> 04:12:36,900
toll. 
This job took on him Roseville 

4507
04:12:36,900 --> 04:12:38,800
poured so much intensity into 
curbing. 

4508
04:12:38,800 --> 04:12:42,600
Vice graft and malfeasance the 
neglected simpler pleasures in 

4509
04:12:42,600 --> 04:12:44,900
life. 
He'd show up at home in the wee 

4510
04:12:44,900 --> 04:12:47,700
hours, paperwork still in hand, 
only to get up at dawn for yet. 

4511
04:12:47,700 --> 04:12:50,400
Another inspection. 
While he was never want to shy 

4512
04:12:50,400 --> 04:12:53,600
away from work, the pressure 
cooker, environment of big city 

4513
04:12:53,600 --> 04:12:57,100
politics was exacting. 
He found himself increasingly at

4514
04:12:57,100 --> 04:12:59,700
odds with other Commissioners 
who were less enthusiastic about

4515
04:12:59,700 --> 04:13:03,000
eradicating corruption or more 
mindful of not offending 

4516
04:13:03,000 --> 04:13:05,600
powerful. 
Interests on more than one 

4517
04:13:05,600 --> 04:13:08,600
occasion, he was threatened and 
ridiculed critics. 

4518
04:13:08,600 --> 04:13:12,100
Called him a moralistic meddler,
an upstart who lacked the 

4519
04:13:12,108 --> 04:13:15,400
political Savvy to navigate a 
city that thrived on compromise.

4520
04:13:16,200 --> 04:13:20,000
And yet, by the time he moved on
from the police department, he 

4521
04:13:20,000 --> 04:13:23,300
had planted the seeds for a more
accountable and professionally 

4522
04:13:23,300 --> 04:13:26,500
run Force. 
Officers who were promoted under

4523
04:13:26,500 --> 04:13:31,000
his magic based system carried 
for the ethos of Public Service.

4524
04:13:31,800 --> 04:13:35,200
The public for the first time in
a long while felt glimpses of 

4525
04:13:35,200 --> 04:13:38,600
trust in their police. 
Rosevelt had not eradicated 

4526
04:13:38,600 --> 04:13:42,300
corruption for it, ran to deep, 
but he had made strides, and 

4527
04:13:42,300 --> 04:13:45,300
just as crucially made a name 
for himself, as a man of 

4528
04:13:45,300 --> 04:13:47,600
principal Who Was Not Afraid of 
unpopularity. 

4529
04:13:48,400 --> 04:13:51,400
His high-profile reforms laid, a
foundation for his next leap. 

4530
04:13:52,100 --> 04:13:55,000
An appointment as assistant 
Secretary of the Navy under 

4531
04:13:55,000 --> 04:13:58,200
President, William McKinley some
saw this as a curious 

4532
04:13:58,200 --> 04:14:00,000
transition. 
Why place a boisterous 

4533
04:14:00,000 --> 04:14:02,300
reform-minded ex-commissioner in
the Navy Department? 

4534
04:14:03,300 --> 04:14:07,000
Others recognized a pattern 
Rosevelt was drawn to challenges

4535
04:14:07,000 --> 04:14:09,600
that demanded. 
Both discipline and daring in 

4536
04:14:09,600 --> 04:14:12,200
his new role at the Navy 
Roosevelt wasted no time in 

4537
04:14:12,200 --> 04:14:15,200
championing, the modernization 
of the fleet, he had long, been 

4538
04:14:15,200 --> 04:14:20,100
an admirer of Naval strategist. 
Alfred Thayer Mahan Who argued 

4539
04:14:20,100 --> 04:14:22,100
that National Power hinged on 
Naval Supremacy. 

4540
04:14:23,000 --> 04:14:24,900
Far from being a bureaucrat 
satisfied. 

4541
04:14:24,900 --> 04:14:28,100
With pushing papers, Theodore 
Dove, deep into budget, 

4542
04:14:28,100 --> 04:14:30,300
allocations pushing for new 
warship, designs and better 

4543
04:14:30,300 --> 04:14:32,700
training. 
He recognized that the world was

4544
04:14:32,700 --> 04:14:35,700
shrinking, that America's role 
on the global stage was 

4545
04:14:35,700 --> 04:14:39,200
expanding and that the Navy 
would be essential to projecting

4546
04:14:39,200 --> 04:14:40,800
and protecting American 
interests. 

4547
04:14:41,900 --> 04:14:43,600
Then came the Spanish-American 
War. 

4548
04:14:43,600 --> 04:14:46,600
A brief conflict that seemed 
tailor made for someone of 

4549
04:14:46,600 --> 04:14:50,400
Theodore Roosevelt's temperament
when the USS Maine exploded in 

4550
04:14:50,400 --> 04:14:54,700
Havana Harbor in. 1898 public 
sentiment towards Spain had 

4551
04:14:54,700 --> 04:14:56,700
already been riled by 
Sensational. 

4552
04:14:56,700 --> 04:15:00,300
Journalism Roosevelt, saw this 
as both the chance to liberate 

4553
04:15:00,300 --> 04:15:03,800
Cuba from Colonial, oppression 
and a test of American resolve 

4554
04:15:04,500 --> 04:15:08,000
But beyond ideology it was 
personal the song for him. 

4555
04:15:08,000 --> 04:15:10,800
He'd grown Restless in 
Washington convinced, that 

4556
04:15:10,800 --> 04:15:13,700
action was often sacrificed on 
the older of caution. 

4557
04:15:14,500 --> 04:15:17,500
So he resigned from his post as 
assistant Secretary of the Navy 

4558
04:15:17,500 --> 04:15:20,600
and famously organized. 
The first US volunteer Cavalry 

4559
04:15:20,600 --> 04:15:22,800
better known as the Rough 
Riders. 

4560
04:15:23,700 --> 04:15:26,400
The myth of the Rough Riders has
been recounted in the 1000 

4561
04:15:26,400 --> 04:15:28,800
different ways. 
Usually focusing on the charge 

4562
04:15:28,800 --> 04:15:32,500
up, San Juan Hill at what many 
people don't realize is that the

4563
04:15:32,500 --> 04:15:36,200
unit was an oddball mix of Ivy 
League athletes Frontier 

4564
04:15:36,200 --> 04:15:40,600
Cowboys, Native Americans and 
everyone in between part of 

4565
04:15:40,608 --> 04:15:43,700
Roosevelt's genius, lay in his 
ability to unite, disparate 

4566
04:15:43,700 --> 04:15:46,600
individuals around a shared 
sense of adventure and Duty. 

4567
04:15:47,100 --> 04:15:50,300
He wasn't naive. 
He knew that forging discipline 

4568
04:15:50,300 --> 04:15:52,100
from such a melange of 
backgrounds would be 

4569
04:15:52,100 --> 04:15:54,900
challenging. 
But he saw in these men, the 

4570
04:15:54,900 --> 04:15:59,200
spirit of America itself, 
resilient varied and headstrong 

4571
04:15:59,200 --> 04:16:01,200
training. 
For the Rough Riders was 

4572
04:16:01,200 --> 04:16:04,400
rigorous but the logistical 
challenges of shipping them to 

4573
04:16:04,400 --> 04:16:06,900
Cuba. 
Were even more daunting, horses 

4574
04:16:06,900 --> 04:16:08,800
got left behind supplies, went 
missing. 

4575
04:16:08,800 --> 04:16:11,700
Some men ended up on the 
battlefield without enough 

4576
04:16:11,700 --> 04:16:14,200
Provisions. 
When the unit finally arrived in

4577
04:16:14,200 --> 04:16:16,500
Cuba, they found themselves 
grappling with heat. 

4578
04:16:17,400 --> 04:16:20,000
Aziz and disorganized command 
structures. 

4579
04:16:21,000 --> 04:16:24,100
Rosevelt, who had Pine for 
Action found that the reality of

4580
04:16:24,100 --> 04:16:27,300
warfare was a chaotic Maze of 
conflicting, orders, muddy 

4581
04:16:27,300 --> 04:16:30,000
roads, and the constant wine of 
enemy gunfire. 

4582
04:16:31,000 --> 04:16:34,600
And yet to see him in the middle
of it, all was to witness a man 

4583
04:16:34,600 --> 04:16:37,500
who felt completely alive for 
better or worse. 

4584
04:16:37,500 --> 04:16:42,600
He led from the front riding, 
his horse Little Texas as close 

4585
04:16:42,600 --> 04:16:46,100
to Enemy Lines as he dared his 
spectacles, fogging in the 

4586
04:16:46,100 --> 04:16:49,500
tropical humidity. 
The famed Battle of San. 

4587
04:16:49,500 --> 04:16:52,700
Juan Heights was the defining 
moment while Roosevelt and his 

4588
04:16:52,700 --> 04:16:54,800
men did indeed. 
Take part in the boulder salt 

4589
04:16:54,800 --> 04:16:57,700
the charge up. 
San Juan Hill has often been 

4590
04:16:57,700 --> 04:17:00,500
painted in more glorified tones 
than the day itself, likely 

4591
04:17:00,500 --> 04:17:04,400
warranted War correspondents. 
Eager for a heroic narrative 

4592
04:17:04,400 --> 04:17:06,800
latched onto Roosevelt's 
vigorous leadership. 

4593
04:17:06,800 --> 04:17:10,100
The truth remains that it was a 
brutal affair with heavy, 

4594
04:17:10,100 --> 04:17:13,300
casualties on both sides. 
Many of the Rough Riders had 

4595
04:17:13,300 --> 04:17:15,000
never experienced anything like 
it. 

4596
04:17:15,800 --> 04:17:19,400
Roosevelt himself noted later 
how the fear of death gripped 

4597
04:17:19,400 --> 04:17:21,600
him yet. 
Also spurred him forward. 

4598
04:17:22,400 --> 04:17:25,800
He believed that courage did not
mean the absence of fear but the

4599
04:17:25,800 --> 04:17:29,400
result to act in spite of it in 
that sense the charge 

4600
04:17:29,400 --> 04:17:31,900
encapsulated much of what he 
believed about life. 

4601
04:17:32,600 --> 04:17:35,800
Better to face Peril head on 
than to cower behind caution. 

4602
04:17:35,800 --> 04:17:40,400
Once the battle concluded, the 
Spanish forces surrendered, and 

4603
04:17:40,400 --> 04:17:43,500
the Rough Riders triumphantly 
returned home as national heroes

4604
04:17:43,500 --> 04:17:46,600
newspapers. 
Breathlessly lauded Roosevelt as

4605
04:17:46,600 --> 04:17:50,600
a war hero who had personified 
American Valor, he played the 

4606
04:17:50,600 --> 04:17:53,600
part well though, privately. 
He mourned the friend he'd lost 

4607
04:17:53,600 --> 04:17:54,800
and grappled with the weight of 
her. 

4608
04:17:54,800 --> 04:17:56,400
Having seen men killed at close 
range. 

4609
04:17:56,400 --> 04:17:59,300
It, left me even more convinced 
that reforms were needed. 

4610
04:17:59,300 --> 04:18:02,700
Not just in the military, but in
how America approached its 

4611
04:18:02,700 --> 04:18:05,900
growing International role, he 
argued that the country should 

4612
04:18:05,900 --> 04:18:08,800
maintain a strong defense, but 
always, keep a moral component 

4613
04:18:08,800 --> 04:18:13,000
in its actions for Roosevelt war
was never to be glorified for 

4614
04:18:13,000 --> 04:18:15,400
its own sake. 
It was a crucible in which 

4615
04:18:15,400 --> 04:18:19,300
national character was tested. 
Upon his return Roosevelt's 

4616
04:18:19,300 --> 04:18:21,400
popularity soared. 
Seizing. 

4617
04:18:21,400 --> 04:18:24,400
The moment, political allies 
urged him to run for governor of

4618
04:18:24,408 --> 04:18:27,100
New York. 
He obliged and the public 

4619
04:18:27,100 --> 04:18:30,300
Enchanted by his War record and 
Leadership elected him. 

4620
04:18:31,100 --> 04:18:33,700
In the governor's mansion he 
managed to marry Progressive 

4621
04:18:33,700 --> 04:18:35,300
ideals with pragmatic 
governance. 

4622
04:18:35,300 --> 04:18:38,700
He championed everything from 
civil service reform to 

4623
04:18:38,700 --> 04:18:42,700
corporate regulation challenging
the massive trust that dominated

4624
04:18:42,700 --> 04:18:45,200
Industries at the expense of 
smaller competitors. 

4625
04:18:46,100 --> 04:18:48,800
The path that led Theodore 
Roosevelt to the presidency was 

4626
04:18:48,800 --> 04:18:53,000
rather unorthodox in 1900. 
Republicans weary of his 

4627
04:18:53,000 --> 04:18:56,600
reformist Zeal as Governor 
sought to sideline him by 

4628
04:18:56,600 --> 04:18:58,700
offering him. 
The vice presidential spot under

4629
04:18:58,700 --> 04:19:01,400
President William McKinley. 
They believed it was a 

4630
04:19:01,400 --> 04:19:04,200
ceremonial role where 
roseville's boisterous energy 

4631
04:19:04,200 --> 04:19:07,800
would be contained his capacity 
to shake up the status quo 

4632
04:19:07,800 --> 04:19:11,300
effectively nullified, they 
forgot that fate often has other

4633
04:19:11,300 --> 04:19:16,000
plans, following McKinley's 
assassination in 1921 Rosevelt 

4634
04:19:16,000 --> 04:19:19,400
at the age of 42 unexpectedly 
emerged as the youngest 

4635
04:19:19,400 --> 04:19:22,900
president in American history. 
Stepping into the over office. 

4636
04:19:22,900 --> 04:19:26,800
Rosevelt brought with him, an 
array of passion's conservation,

4637
04:19:26,800 --> 04:19:30,200
trust busting and a growing 
desire to project American 

4638
04:19:30,200 --> 04:19:33,600
influence abroad but the real 
Hallmark of his administration 

4639
04:19:33,600 --> 04:19:36,000
was a philosophy. 
He called the Square Deal. 

4640
04:19:36,000 --> 04:19:40,000
Designed to ensure that ordinary
citizens received fair treatment

4641
04:19:40,000 --> 04:19:43,700
from government and big business
alike His attitude toward the 

4642
04:19:43,700 --> 04:19:46,700
enormous corporate trusts was 
not hostile purely for its own 

4643
04:19:46,708 --> 04:19:51,300
sake, rather he believed that 
Monopoly stifled competition and

4644
04:19:51,300 --> 04:19:55,100
exploited consumers thus he 
championed antitrust litigation 

4645
04:19:55,100 --> 04:19:58,200
famously taking on the Northern 
Securities company. 

4646
04:19:58,200 --> 04:20:00,800
Some critics called him an 
economic radical. 

4647
04:20:00,800 --> 04:20:05,500
But in truth, he wasn't against 
wealth or industry, he simply 

4648
04:20:05,500 --> 04:20:07,700
demanded that they adhere to 
establish regulations. 

4649
04:20:07,700 --> 04:20:11,000
Meanwhile, Roosevelt's passion 
for the environment. 

4650
04:20:11,000 --> 04:20:13,900
Resulted in one of the most 
significant conservation 

4651
04:20:13,900 --> 04:20:17,400
legacies in history, he 
established Wildlife, refuges, 

4652
04:20:17,400 --> 04:20:21,500
national parks and millions of 
Acres of protected Forest lands 

4653
04:20:21,500 --> 04:20:24,700
by drawing on his love of 
nature, which began in his Youth

4654
04:20:24,700 --> 04:20:26,500
and was refined on the Dakota 
Plains. 

4655
04:20:26,500 --> 04:20:30,200
He placed Gifford Pinchot a 
fellow conservationist in charge

4656
04:20:30,200 --> 04:20:33,100
of the forest service setting, 
the tone for responsible 

4657
04:20:33,100 --> 04:20:34,800
stewardship of America's 
resources. 

4658
04:20:34,800 --> 04:20:38,400
He recognized that nature was 
not an infinite bounty to be 

4659
04:20:38,400 --> 04:20:41,200
pillaged, but a National 
Treasure to be preserved for 

4660
04:20:41,200 --> 04:20:43,900
posterity. 
This conviction might seem 

4661
04:20:43,900 --> 04:20:47,700
commonplace today, but in the 
early 1900s, it was Visionary. 

4662
04:20:47,700 --> 04:20:52,400
Despite Fierce opposition from 
logging Mining and oil interests

4663
04:20:52,400 --> 04:20:54,600
Roosevelt's. 
Political determination 

4664
04:20:54,600 --> 04:20:57,300
prevailed. 
He considered it his duty to 

4665
04:20:57,300 --> 04:21:01,000
ensure future Generations would 
inherit Landscapes unmarred by a

4666
04:21:01,000 --> 04:21:03,600
short-sighted greed. 
On foreign policy. 

4667
04:21:03,600 --> 04:21:08,700
He embraced an activist stance 
Guided by the maxim speak softly

4668
04:21:08,700 --> 04:21:12,500
and carry a big stick. 
You will go far This approach 

4669
04:21:12,500 --> 04:21:15,100
was evident in his role in the 
construction of the Panama 

4670
04:21:15,100 --> 04:21:17,500
Canal. 
When Columbia bought at the 

4671
04:21:17,500 --> 04:21:21,500
terms proposed for a Canal Zone,
Roosevelt covertly supported 

4672
04:21:21,500 --> 04:21:25,300
Panamanian Rebels, seeking 
independence from Colombia, Once

4673
04:21:25,300 --> 04:21:28,000
Panama succeeded, the new 
government swiftly. 

4674
04:21:28,000 --> 04:21:30,400
Granted the United States rights
to build the canal. 

4675
04:21:31,200 --> 04:21:33,900
Controversial then, and still 
debated by historians. 

4676
04:21:33,900 --> 04:21:37,200
Now, this move, showcased 
Roosevelt's willingness to wield

4677
04:21:37,200 --> 04:21:39,600
American might to achieve 
strategic goals. 

4678
04:21:40,700 --> 04:21:43,600
He had no illusions that power 
should remain dormant for him. 

4679
04:21:43,600 --> 04:21:47,700
National strength was a tool to 
shape Global events, ideally in 

4680
04:21:47,700 --> 04:21:50,000
a man, he saws ultimately 
beneficial for America. 

4681
04:21:50,000 --> 04:21:53,600
And in his mind, the world, 
Throughout his presidency, 

4682
04:21:53,600 --> 04:21:56,800
Rosevelt was a figure of 
constant motion inviting 

4683
04:21:56,800 --> 04:22:01,100
athletes writers explorers and 
all manner of individuals to the

4684
04:22:01,108 --> 04:22:04,700
White House. 
He famously welcomed Booker T 

4685
04:22:04,700 --> 04:22:08,300
Washington to dine a move that 
shocked the segregated Norms of 

4686
04:22:08,300 --> 04:22:11,200
the time. 
He championed Progressive ideals

4687
04:22:11,200 --> 04:22:14,600
that while still limited by the 
social Outlook of the era nudge,

4688
04:22:14,600 --> 04:22:18,100
the country forward labor 
disputes, particularly the coal 

4689
04:22:18,100 --> 04:22:21,700
strike of 1902 Soros of Elton, 
intervene on behalf of workers, 

4690
04:22:21,700 --> 04:22:25,300
in ways that no president before
had done, Effectively using the 

4691
04:22:25,300 --> 04:22:28,400
government as a mediator to 
secure better wages and hours, 

4692
04:22:28,400 --> 04:22:31,600
albeit without granting the full
measure of Union recognition. 

4693
04:22:32,600 --> 04:22:35,700
Numerous minor narratives often 
overshadow these major stories. 

4694
04:22:35,700 --> 04:22:39,200
For example, he placed a premium
on physical culture within the 

4695
04:22:39,200 --> 04:22:42,800
White House, encouraging AIDS 
and visiting dignitaries to join

4696
04:22:42,800 --> 04:22:44,300
him for hikes and boxing 
matches. 

4697
04:22:44,300 --> 04:22:48,200
The more traditional set finding
it unworthy for a president to 

4698
04:22:48,200 --> 04:22:52,000
engage in physical altercations,
Express their disapproval, but 

4699
04:22:52,000 --> 04:22:56,000
it was pure Roosevelt energetic.
Fearless and convinced of the 

4700
04:22:56,000 --> 04:22:58,800
importance of maintaining a 
robust body to match a robust 

4701
04:22:58,800 --> 04:23:01,500
mind. 
Roosevelt enjoyed immense 

4702
04:23:01,500 --> 04:23:04,600
popularity by the time. 
He ran for election in 1904 in 

4703
04:23:04,600 --> 04:23:05,100
his own. 
Right? 

4704
04:23:05,100 --> 04:23:08,300
He won in a landslide. 
Securing his place as a fully 

4705
04:23:08,300 --> 04:23:12,000
validated president rather than 
an accidental career that 

4706
04:23:12,000 --> 04:23:15,900
Victory allowed him to double 
down on his agenda After leaving

4707
04:23:15,900 --> 04:23:18,600
the White House Theodore 
Roosevelt in barked on what 

4708
04:23:18,608 --> 04:23:22,500
seemed at first, like a grand 
Victory lap, a 10 month African 

4709
04:23:22,500 --> 04:23:26,300
safari that captured. 
The world's imagination, he was 

4710
04:23:26,300 --> 04:23:29,100
accompanied by a team of 
naturalists and hunters and 

4711
04:23:29,100 --> 04:23:31,800
these travel deep into 
territories teeming with 

4712
04:23:31,800 --> 04:23:34,200
wildlife. 
Sponsored in part by the 

4713
04:23:34,200 --> 04:23:37,600
Smithsonian institution. 
The Expedition aimed to collect 

4714
04:23:37,600 --> 04:23:39,900
specimens for scientific study 
though. 

4715
04:23:39,900 --> 04:23:42,800
It was inevitably steeped in the
colonial attitudes of the time. 

4716
04:23:42,800 --> 04:23:45,900
Millions of people back home. 
Followed the journey through 

4717
04:23:45,900 --> 04:23:50,000
newspaper dispatches enthralled 
by Tales of lion, hunts and 

4718
04:23:50,000 --> 04:23:53,800
elephant tracking Roosevelt for 
his part, relished the thrill, 

4719
04:23:53,800 --> 04:23:56,600
but also the sense that he was 
contributing to a greater 

4720
04:23:56,600 --> 04:23:59,100
scientific understanding of the 
continents fauna. 

4721
04:23:59,700 --> 04:24:02,700
He painstakingly documented 
everything from the habits of 

4722
04:24:02,700 --> 04:24:06,500
rhinoceroses to the migratory 
patterns of birds, his childhood

4723
04:24:06,500 --> 04:24:09,700
love for cataloging the natural 
world rekindled on a grand 

4724
04:24:09,700 --> 04:24:12,000
scale. 
Yet those who imagined him 

4725
04:24:12,000 --> 04:24:15,700
content to rest on his Laurels, 
grossly, misread his character. 

4726
04:24:16,900 --> 04:24:20,300
Upon returning from Africa, he 
found himself dissatisfied with 

4727
04:24:20,300 --> 04:24:22,900
the direction of the Republican 
Party under his hand-picked 

4728
04:24:22,900 --> 04:24:27,200
successor, William Howard Taft, 
who in Roosevelt's estimation 

4729
04:24:27,200 --> 04:24:29,200
had betrayed the progressive 
ideals. 

4730
04:24:29,200 --> 04:24:33,500
They want shared incense. 
Rosevelt made the controversial 

4731
04:24:33,500 --> 04:24:36,700
decision to run for president 
again, but this time under the 

4732
04:24:36,700 --> 04:24:38,500
banner of a new political 
organization. 

4733
04:24:38,500 --> 04:24:42,000
The Progressive Party often 
called The Bull Moose Party 

4734
04:24:42,000 --> 04:24:47,500
nickname by roseville's own. 
Boast that he felt fit as a bull

4735
04:24:47,500 --> 04:24:50,200
moose. 
He stormed the convention Halls 

4736
04:24:50,200 --> 04:24:52,800
during speeches. 
That invoked his familiar call 

4737
04:24:52,800 --> 04:24:55,500
for a square deal for all 
Americans. 

4738
04:24:55,500 --> 04:24:59,900
His platform included women's 
suffrage, labor reforms and 

4739
04:24:59,900 --> 04:25:02,800
stricter controls on corporate 
power elements that were ahead 

4740
04:25:02,800 --> 04:25:06,000
of their time. 
The election of 1912 became a 

4741
04:25:06,000 --> 04:25:09,700
three-way race among Roosevelt 
Taft and Democrat Woodrow 

4742
04:25:09,700 --> 04:25:13,000
Wilson. 
On the campaign Trail Roosevelt,

4743
04:25:13,000 --> 04:25:15,600
survived an assassination 
attempt, when a deranged gunman 

4744
04:25:15,600 --> 04:25:18,600
shot him in the chest in 
quintessential, Rosevelt 

4745
04:25:18,600 --> 04:25:20,900
fashion. 
He insisted on delivering his 

4746
04:25:20,900 --> 04:25:23,900
scheduled speech. 
Anyway, blood seeping through 

4747
04:25:23,900 --> 04:25:28,100
his shirt before he started 
speaking, he pulled out his 50 

4748
04:25:28,100 --> 04:25:32,000
page manuscript which had slowed
the bullet and declared it takes

4749
04:25:32,000 --> 04:25:33,900
more than that to kill a bull 
moose. 

4750
04:25:34,700 --> 04:25:37,000
His audience horrified yet. 
Orde. 

4751
04:25:37,000 --> 04:25:39,600
Watched him. 
Talk for nearly an hour though. 

4752
04:25:39,600 --> 04:25:43,600
Wounded, he remained Unstoppable
forging ahead with his message 

4753
04:25:43,600 --> 04:25:47,400
of progressive change. 
Despite his determination, the 

4754
04:25:47,400 --> 04:25:49,900
split in the Republican vote, 
handed the presidency to Wilson.

4755
04:25:50,800 --> 04:25:53,700
For Roosevelt. 
It was a stinging defeat but he 

4756
04:25:53,700 --> 04:25:56,100
refused to slip quietly Into 
Obscurity. 

4757
04:25:56,100 --> 04:26:00,000
He embarked on yet. 
Another daring, Expedition this,

4758
04:26:00,000 --> 04:26:03,500
time to South America where he 
charted the river of doubt in 

4759
04:26:03,500 --> 04:26:07,300
the Amazonian rainforest later. 
Renamed, Rio Roosevelt in his 

4760
04:26:07,300 --> 04:26:10,800
honor. 
The journey was perilous disease

4761
04:26:10,800 --> 04:26:14,600
hostile Wildlife. 
A near starvation took a toll on

4762
04:26:14,608 --> 04:26:18,600
the entire group. 
Roosevelt himself, contracted a 

4763
04:26:18,600 --> 04:26:22,700
severe infection in his leg. 
And at one point, he was so ill.

4764
04:26:22,700 --> 04:26:25,500
He reportedly begged his 
companions to leave him behind. 

4765
04:26:25,500 --> 04:26:29,100
They refused. 
The expedition of eventually 

4766
04:26:29,100 --> 04:26:32,400
completed its Mission but 
Roosevelt returned, gonten 

4767
04:26:32,400 --> 04:26:34,700
weakened forever changed by the 
ordeal. 

4768
04:26:35,700 --> 04:26:37,700
Back home. 
The country was on the brink of 

4769
04:26:37,708 --> 04:26:41,300
World War 1, Roosevelt ever the 
hawk criticized President 

4770
04:26:41,300 --> 04:26:44,800
Wilson's, initial neutrality. 
Urging a more assertive stance. 

4771
04:26:44,800 --> 04:26:47,700
He believed that failing to 
confront Germany's aggression 

4772
04:26:47,700 --> 04:26:50,700
would endanger both American 
ideals and global stability. 

4773
04:26:52,000 --> 04:26:55,600
When the United States finally 
entered the war Roseville, even 

4774
04:26:55,600 --> 04:26:58,800
offered to lead a volunteer 
division much as he had done in 

4775
04:26:58,800 --> 04:27:01,800
the Spanish American War. 
President Wilson declined. 

4776
04:27:01,800 --> 04:27:06,100
Much to Rosevelt frustration. 
Still he rallied support for the

4777
04:27:06,100 --> 04:27:09,800
war effort, seeing it as a moral
imperative to resist autocratic 

4778
04:27:09,800 --> 04:27:12,000
Powers. 
By the time, the war ended. 

4779
04:27:12,000 --> 04:27:15,700
Roosevelt was older. 
His body battered by New Year's 

4780
04:27:15,700 --> 04:27:18,100
of strenuous living and the, 
after effects of tropical 

4781
04:27:18,100 --> 04:27:20,700
diseases, yet his mind was as 
restless. 

4782
04:27:20,700 --> 04:27:23,500
And vigorous as ever, he kept 
writing history, books 

4783
04:27:23,500 --> 04:27:26,000
editorials, open letters to 
politicians. 

4784
04:27:26,000 --> 04:27:28,100
Trying to shape public 
discourse. 

4785
04:27:28,100 --> 04:27:31,400
He remained convinced that 
America needed to balance power 

4786
04:27:31,400 --> 04:27:34,300
with righteousness, that 
Corporation should serve the 

4787
04:27:34,300 --> 04:27:36,900
public good and that the 
nation's Wilderness areas 

4788
04:27:36,900 --> 04:27:41,000
required Vigilant protection. 
In a sense, he never stopped 

4789
04:27:41,000 --> 04:27:43,900
campaigning for his version of 
progress, even if he no longer 

4790
04:27:43,908 --> 04:27:47,800
occupied any political office. 
The Final Chapter came quietly 

4791
04:27:47,800 --> 04:27:52,300
in January 1919, he passed away 
in his sleep at Sagamore Hill. 

4792
04:27:52,300 --> 04:28:02,200
His beloved home on Long Island.
Catherine of Aragon's birth, 

4793
04:28:02,200 --> 04:28:04,500
coincided with the emergence of 
the modern world. 

4794
04:28:04,500 --> 04:28:09,900
Catherine of Aragon was born on 
December 16th 1485, at the 

4795
04:28:09,900 --> 04:28:12,700
archbishop's palace in Alcala de
honoris near Madrid. 

4796
04:28:12,700 --> 04:28:16,000
During a time when the Medieval 
era was slowly giving way to 

4797
04:28:16,008 --> 04:28:19,000
what we now, call the 
Renaissance, Her parents 

4798
04:28:19,000 --> 04:28:21,600
Isabella, the first of Castile 
and Ferdinand. 

4799
04:28:21,600 --> 04:28:24,900
The second of arrogant, a United
Kingdoms and were in the midst 

4800
04:28:24,900 --> 04:28:28,100
of completing the Reconquista, 
which would culminate with the 

4801
04:28:28,100 --> 04:28:32,600
fall of Granada in 1492. 
Catherine's early years were 

4802
04:28:32,600 --> 04:28:36,200
marked not by coddling, but by 
immersion in one of Europe's 

4803
04:28:36,200 --> 04:28:39,500
most dynamic courts. 
While most historical accounts 

4804
04:28:39,500 --> 04:28:41,600
focus on her later. 
Marriage, to Henry the 8th 

4805
04:28:41,600 --> 04:28:45,100
Catherine's formative years in 
Spain, reveal a woman groomed 

4806
04:28:45,100 --> 04:28:49,700
for far more than matrimony. 
Her mother, Isabella and should 

4807
04:28:49,700 --> 04:28:52,400
Catherine received an education 
that surpassed what most Royal 

4808
04:28:52,400 --> 04:28:55,600
daughters could expect. 
The tutelage of Alessandro 

4809
04:28:55,600 --> 04:28:58,500
Geraldine and the humanists 
Antonio Geraldine gave her 

4810
04:28:58,500 --> 04:29:02,200
fluency in multiple languages, 
including Spanish, Latin, 

4811
04:29:02,200 --> 04:29:06,200
French, and Greek. 
She studied canon in civil law 

4812
04:29:06,200 --> 04:29:10,100
genealogy heraldry and history 
subjects. 

4813
04:29:10,100 --> 04:29:13,500
Typically reserved for male, 
heirs Catherine's childhood 

4814
04:29:13,500 --> 04:29:16,800
unfolded against the backdrop of
her parents military campaigns 

4815
04:29:16,800 --> 04:29:18,300
against the Moorish Kingdom of 
Granada. 

4816
04:29:19,300 --> 04:29:21,800
Rather than shielding their 
children from state affairs, 

4817
04:29:21,800 --> 04:29:24,300
Isabella, and Ferdinand brought 
them along. 

4818
04:29:25,000 --> 04:29:28,000
At age, six Catherine found 
herself in the military and camp

4819
04:29:28,000 --> 04:29:31,600
at Santa Fe outside Grenada 
watching as the last Muslim 

4820
04:29:31,600 --> 04:29:34,400
ruler in Spain. 
Surrendered to her parents, the 

4821
04:29:34,400 --> 04:29:37,800
same year, a genoise Explorer 
named Christopher, Columbus 

4822
04:29:37,800 --> 04:29:41,500
secured funding from her parents
for a Westwood Expedition. 

4823
04:29:41,500 --> 04:29:43,500
That would forever change world 
history. 

4824
04:29:44,500 --> 04:29:47,000
What distinguished Catherine's 
upbringing from that of other 

4825
04:29:47,008 --> 04:29:49,700
Royal daughters, was her 
mother's insistence that. 

4826
04:29:49,700 --> 04:29:51,600
She understand the mechanics of 
governance. 

4827
04:29:51,600 --> 04:29:55,900
Isabella of Castile was no 
ornamental, Queen but ruled in 

4828
04:29:55,900 --> 04:29:58,300
her own, right? 
Under her example. 

4829
04:29:58,300 --> 04:30:02,200
Catherine observe Council 
meetings diplomatic receptions 

4830
04:30:02,200 --> 04:30:04,400
and looked into the delicate 
dance of statecraft. 

4831
04:30:04,400 --> 04:30:08,200
Her mother's Confessor, the 
reforming Cardinal Jimenez 

4832
04:30:08,200 --> 04:30:12,100
diseno instilled in her devout 
but intellectually rigorous 

4833
04:30:12,100 --> 04:30:15,100
Catholicism that emphasized 
personal piety alongside 

4834
04:30:15,100 --> 04:30:18,900
institutional reform. 
By age 15, Catherine had 

4835
04:30:18,900 --> 04:30:21,500
absorbed more practical, 
knowledge of rulership than most

4836
04:30:21,500 --> 04:30:24,700
Royal Sons twice her age. 
Yet the Spanish court that 

4837
04:30:24,700 --> 04:30:27,600
shaped her remained largely 
invisible in later English 

4838
04:30:27,600 --> 04:30:30,600
accounts, which preferred to 
cast her as a passive victim of 

4839
04:30:30,600 --> 04:30:34,200
Henry, the 8th's marital mashin 
rather than acknowledge the 

4840
04:30:34,200 --> 04:30:37,500
sophisticated political actor 
who arrived on English Shores. 

4841
04:30:38,500 --> 04:30:41,700
When Catherine sailed from Spain
in 15 over rails 1. 

4842
04:30:41,700 --> 04:30:44,000
She brought with her. 
Not just a true. 

4843
04:30:44,000 --> 04:30:47,900
So endow, but a distinctly, 
Iberian world view, her 

4844
04:30:47,900 --> 04:30:51,200
household included. 50 Spanish 
attendance, including her lady 

4845
04:30:51,200 --> 04:30:55,000
in waiting Dona Elvira, manual 
who would serve as both 

4846
04:30:55,008 --> 04:30:58,300
companion and cultural Bridge, 
these Spaniards brought with 

4847
04:30:58,300 --> 04:31:01,000
them customs and practices. 
That would seem alien to English

4848
04:31:01,000 --> 04:31:04,700
courtiers different standards of
personal hygiene suspicion, 

4849
04:31:04,700 --> 04:31:07,900
bathed more frequently than the 
English, different dining habits

4850
04:31:07,900 --> 04:31:12,100
and different musical Traditions
the journey itself frequently 

4851
04:31:12,100 --> 04:31:15,200
reduced to a footnote in 
historical accounts proved 

4852
04:31:15,200 --> 04:31:19,400
harrowing records from her fleet
commander had rolled on Pedro. 

4853
04:31:19,400 --> 04:31:23,600
Dear Allah revealed at nearly 
sank in a ferocious Bay of 

4854
04:31:23,600 --> 04:31:27,200
Biscay storm for three days. 
The princess remained in her 

4855
04:31:27,200 --> 04:31:29,700
cabin praying while waves 
threatened to overturn The 

4856
04:31:29,700 --> 04:31:32,200
Vessel. 
When land was finally sighted, 

4857
04:31:32,200 --> 04:31:35,400
Catherine insisted on recording 
her impressions of her new 

4858
04:31:35,400 --> 04:31:37,900
country. 
Her letters home described the 

4859
04:31:37,900 --> 04:31:41,800
English Countryside as verdant. 
But Melancholy and noted, the 

4860
04:31:41,800 --> 04:31:44,800
Curious of commoners approaching
the Royal party to present 

4861
04:31:44,800 --> 04:31:48,400
petitions directly, something 
Unthinkable in the more rigid 

4862
04:31:48,400 --> 04:31:52,200
Spanish Court higher Archie. 
what awaited her in England was 

4863
04:31:52,200 --> 04:31:56,200
not her future husband Henry, 
but his brother Arthur Prince of

4864
04:31:56,200 --> 04:31:59,900
Wales, a slender 15 year, old 
whose frail, her health stood in

4865
04:31:59,900 --> 04:32:03,700
stark contrast to Catherine's 
robust Constitution Their first 

4866
04:32:03,700 --> 04:32:06,800
meeting at dogmas field in 
Hampshire, became legendary for 

4867
04:32:06,800 --> 04:32:09,500
Catherine's insistence on 
Spanish protocol, despite 

4868
04:32:09,500 --> 04:32:12,300
English objections. 
When the Earl of Surrey demanded

4869
04:32:12,300 --> 04:32:15,200
to see her face, before she 
proceeded to London, Catherine 

4870
04:32:15,200 --> 04:32:18,500
refused maintaining that only 
her betrothed would first 

4871
04:32:18,500 --> 04:32:19,900
Glimpse her uncovered 
countenance. 

4872
04:32:19,900 --> 04:32:23,300
A stance that revealed, both her
adherence to Spanish, custom and

4873
04:32:23,300 --> 04:32:26,000
her early determination to 
assert herself into an 

4874
04:32:26,000 --> 04:32:28,800
unfamiliar land. 
The death of Arthur Prince of 

4875
04:32:28,800 --> 04:32:32,000
Wales, in April of 1502, at 
Ludlow Castle. 

4876
04:32:32,000 --> 04:32:35,600
Transformed, Catherine of 
Aragon's trajectory and ways 

4877
04:32:35,600 --> 04:32:39,500
that conventional narrative 
often simplify The 17 year old 

4878
04:32:39,508 --> 04:32:42,600
Widow faced, not just grief, but
a political Quagmire that would 

4879
04:32:42,600 --> 04:32:44,300
shape the next seven years of 
her life. 

4880
04:32:45,000 --> 04:32:47,600
While history is primarily cast.
These as years of passive 

4881
04:32:47,600 --> 04:32:50,400
waiting Catherine's 
correspondence reveals a young 

4882
04:32:50,400 --> 04:32:52,900
woman, actively navigating the 
treacherous Waters of 

4883
04:32:52,900 --> 04:32:56,600
international diplomacy Arthur's
death through Catherine into 

4884
04:32:56,600 --> 04:32:59,200
what historians of called 
diplomatic purgatory. 

4885
04:33:00,000 --> 04:33:03,400
She was neither fully English. 
Nor free to return to Spain her,

4886
04:33:03,400 --> 04:33:05,900
father-in-law Henry. 
The seventh refused to return 

4887
04:33:05,900 --> 04:33:09,099
her substantial Dowry 200,000 
crowns. 

4888
04:33:09,099 --> 04:33:12,000
And enormous sum that would 
equal millions in today's 

4889
04:33:12,000 --> 04:33:15,099
currency. 
Meanwhile, her father, third and

4890
04:33:15,099 --> 04:33:17,599
was equally reluctant to fund 
her return home without the 

4891
04:33:17,599 --> 04:33:20,000
dowry. 
Catherine found herself, 

4892
04:33:20,000 --> 04:33:22,500
essentially stranded in a 
foreign country whose language 

4893
04:33:22,500 --> 04:33:25,500
she was still mastering during 
these limbo years. 

4894
04:33:25,500 --> 04:33:29,400
Catherine resided, primarily at 
Durham house in London, where 

4895
04:33:29,400 --> 04:33:31,900
her income was progressively 
reduced by Henry the 7th 

4896
04:33:31,900 --> 04:33:36,900
parsimony By 1505. 
A situation had deteriorated to 

4897
04:33:36,900 --> 04:33:38,700
such an extent that she wrote to
her. 

4898
04:33:38,707 --> 04:33:42,700
Father, I'm indebt in London. 
I am struggling to find a way 

4899
04:33:42,700 --> 04:33:45,300
out. 
Court records show that she was 

4900
04:33:45,300 --> 04:33:49,200
forced to pawn personal items, 
including gold vessels from her 

4901
04:33:49,200 --> 04:33:51,500
table service to pay her 
servants wages. 

4902
04:33:52,500 --> 04:33:55,000
While traditional accounts paint
the aftermath as appeared of 

4903
04:33:55,008 --> 04:33:57,900
powerless, victimhood 
Catherine's letters, reveal 

4904
04:33:57,900 --> 04:34:00,599
sophisticated Financial 
strategizing, as she managed to 

4905
04:34:00,599 --> 04:34:02,400
maintain a household of 30 
servants. 

4906
04:34:02,400 --> 04:34:06,099
Despite these constraints, 
what's rarely discussed is that 

4907
04:34:06,099 --> 04:34:09,099
Catherine's, Woodrow years 
coincided with the most 

4908
04:34:09,099 --> 04:34:12,000
tumultuous period in Castilian 
politics and her mother's 

4909
04:34:12,000 --> 04:34:16,900
accession. when Isabella of 
Castile died in 1504, The 

4910
04:34:16,900 --> 04:34:19,099
kingdom descended into 
factional, struggle between 

4911
04:34:19,099 --> 04:34:22,500
Catherine's father Fernand. 
And her brother in law, Philip 

4912
04:34:22,500 --> 04:34:25,000
of burgundy husband her sister 
Joanna. 

4913
04:34:25,800 --> 04:34:28,200
Catherine found herself in the 
uncomfortable position of an 

4914
04:34:28,200 --> 04:34:31,500
ambassadorial hostage with 
Henry, the seventh threatening 

4915
04:34:31,500 --> 04:34:33,900
to switch, matrimonial 
alliance's to the burgundy and 

4916
04:34:33,908 --> 04:34:36,400
faction of Ferdinand, didn't 
meet his increasingly demanding 

4917
04:34:36,400 --> 04:34:38,900
terms. 
These Years also witnessed 

4918
04:34:38,900 --> 04:34:42,400
Catherine's transformation from 
sheltered in Fanta to hardened 

4919
04:34:42,400 --> 04:34:45,700
political operator. 
She essentially functioned as 

4920
04:34:45,700 --> 04:34:48,500
Spain's unofficial ambassador to
England, sending coded 

4921
04:34:48,500 --> 04:34:50,200
intelligence reports to her 
father. 

4922
04:34:50,200 --> 04:34:54,000
While simultaneously maintaining
a facade of dutiful deference to

4923
04:34:54,008 --> 04:34:57,300
Henry the seventh Court records 
show that she cultivated 

4924
04:34:57,300 --> 04:35:00,800
relationships with key English 
Nobles, particularly the Howard 

4925
04:35:00,800 --> 04:35:03,900
and Stafford families, building 
a network that would later prove

4926
04:35:03,900 --> 04:35:07,400
invaluable during her queenship.
Most accounts Overlook 

4927
04:35:07,400 --> 04:35:09,500
Catherine's intellectual 
development during this period 

4928
04:35:09,500 --> 04:35:13,900
inventories of her possessions 
show, she acquired over 40 

4929
04:35:13,900 --> 04:35:18,200
books, between 1502 and 1509, 
including works by Erasmus and 

4930
04:35:18,200 --> 04:35:21,500
Thomas More. 
Her correspondence with the 

4931
04:35:21,500 --> 04:35:24,099
Spanish humanist, Juan Luis 
Vivas suggest. 

4932
04:35:24,099 --> 04:35:27,000
She was engaged with the latest 
current in Renaissance thought 

4933
04:35:27,000 --> 04:35:30,800
far from languishing. 
In isolated misery, Catherine 

4934
04:35:30,800 --> 04:35:33,800
was participating in the 
intellectual ferment that would 

4935
04:35:33,800 --> 04:35:36,900
later characterize the early 
Tudor Court, People have 

4936
04:35:36,900 --> 04:35:39,000
similarly misrepresented, her 
religious life. 

4937
04:35:39,000 --> 04:35:42,000
During these years while 
Catherine's piety, is well 

4938
04:35:42,000 --> 04:35:44,599
documented. 
It is often been caricatured as 

4939
04:35:44,599 --> 04:35:48,700
rigid and medieval in reality, 
her spiritual practice aligned 

4940
04:35:48,700 --> 04:35:51,099
with the devotee or moderna 
movements, sweeping Europe, 

4941
04:35:51,099 --> 04:35:54,300
which emphasized personal 
interior, devotion over 

4942
04:35:54,300 --> 04:35:58,000
elaborate external, rituals her 
Confessor, the observant 

4943
04:35:58,000 --> 04:36:01,900
Franciscan Alessandro Barkley. 
Introduced her to contemplative 

4944
04:36:01,900 --> 04:36:04,200
prayer practices that would 
later influence, English, 

4945
04:36:04,200 --> 04:36:07,400
spiritual writing, Catherine's 
relationship with the Young 

4946
04:36:07,400 --> 04:36:10,000
Prince Henry. 
Later, Henry the 8th during this

4947
04:36:10,000 --> 04:36:12,700
period, deserves re-examination 
court records. 

4948
04:36:12,700 --> 04:36:15,800
Indicate regular contact between
them including shared musical 

4949
04:36:15,800 --> 04:36:18,300
performance, and participation 
in court festivities. 

4950
04:36:19,099 --> 04:36:22,700
The Future, King, 6 years, her 
Junior appears to have genuinely

4951
04:36:22,700 --> 04:36:25,400
enjoyed Catherine's company, 
particularly her knowledge of 

4952
04:36:25,400 --> 04:36:28,599
Spanish Literature. 
And a skill at the virginals, a 

4953
04:36:28,599 --> 04:36:31,599
keyboard instrument, she had 
mastered When Court Chronicle, 

4954
04:36:31,599 --> 04:36:34,700
Edward Hall later wrote that 
Henry had cast of affection on 

4955
04:36:34,700 --> 04:36:37,900
Catherine before their marriage.
He was likely recording more 

4956
04:36:37,900 --> 04:36:42,000
than propaganda. 
By 1507 Catherine had become a 

4957
04:36:42,008 --> 04:36:45,300
depth at managing, not just her 
reduced circumstances, but the 

4958
04:36:45,300 --> 04:36:48,099
complex diplomatic machinations 
swirling around her. 

4959
04:36:49,099 --> 04:36:51,400
When Henry the seventh the 
tempted to create a pretext for 

4960
04:36:51,400 --> 04:36:53,800
breaking, the betrothal by 
demanding Catherine confessed 

4961
04:36:53,800 --> 04:36:55,800
with her marriage to Arthur had 
been consummated. 

4962
04:36:56,700 --> 04:36:59,099
She out maneuvered him with a 
carefully worded response that 

4963
04:36:59,099 --> 04:37:02,900
satisfied Spanish honor while 
preserving the possibility of 

4964
04:37:02,900 --> 04:37:06,099
marriage to the younger Henry, 
when Henry, the 8th ascended, 

4965
04:37:06,099 --> 04:37:09,900
the throne in April of 1509. 
One of his first acts was to 

4966
04:37:09,900 --> 04:37:13,099
marry Catherine of Aragon. 
A decision that historical 

4967
04:37:13,099 --> 04:37:15,900
accounts of variously attributed
to youthful, infatuation, 

4968
04:37:15,900 --> 04:37:20,700
political expediency, or simple 
Duty, however, contemporary 

4969
04:37:20,700 --> 04:37:24,700
sources reveal a more nuanced 
reality, The 18 year old Kings 

4970
04:37:24,700 --> 04:37:28,500
Council was initially divided on
the match with some favoring, a 

4971
04:37:28,500 --> 04:37:31,300
French Alliance instead. 
Henry's decision to marry 

4972
04:37:31,300 --> 04:37:34,599
Catherine represented. 
His first significant assertion 

4973
04:37:34,599 --> 04:37:37,900
of Royal will against advisory 
opinion a pattern that would 

4974
04:37:37,900 --> 04:37:41,300
characterize his reign. 
Through his transformation from 

4975
04:37:41,300 --> 04:37:44,400
marginalized Widow to Queen. 
Consort was Swift and deliberate

4976
04:37:44,400 --> 04:37:49,300
their joint coronation on June 
24th. 5909 broke with tradition 

4977
04:37:49,300 --> 04:37:52,099
by according Katherine, equal, 
ceremonial prominence, with 

4978
04:37:52,099 --> 04:37:56,500
Henry, She insisted on wearing 
her hair loose, a Spanish symbol

4979
04:37:56,500 --> 04:37:59,599
of virginity to publicly 
emphasize that her first 

4980
04:37:59,599 --> 04:38:03,500
marriage was on consummated. 
Londoners treated to pageants 

4981
04:38:03,500 --> 04:38:06,800
portraying game, Catherine, as 
the embodiment of Truth, 

4982
04:38:06,800 --> 04:38:09,900
triumphing over adversity. 
Understood the symbolism. 

4983
04:38:10,800 --> 04:38:13,599
The early years of Catherine's 
queenship, reveal a woman whose 

4984
04:38:13,599 --> 04:38:16,300
political influence extended far
beyond, conventional, 

4985
04:38:16,300 --> 04:38:19,099
narratives, that Focus 
exclusively on her reproductive 

4986
04:38:19,099 --> 04:38:23,200
struggles as early as 1510 
diplomatic correspondence. 

4987
04:38:23,200 --> 04:38:25,900
Shows, Catherine serving as an 
informal member of the king's 

4988
04:38:25,900 --> 04:38:29,500
Council particularly on matters 
relating to Spanish and Imperial

4989
04:38:29,500 --> 04:38:32,099
relations. 
The Venetian Ambassador reported

4990
04:38:32,099 --> 04:38:35,599
with surprise that the queen 
attends, all meetings and exert,

4991
04:38:35,599 --> 04:38:39,099
considerable influence. 
Perhaps Catherine in most 

4992
04:38:39,099 --> 04:38:43,099
overlooked contribution to Tudor
governance came in 1513 when 

4993
04:38:43,099 --> 04:38:46,200
Henry appointed her governor of 
the realm, and Captain general 

4994
04:38:46,200 --> 04:38:49,000
of the Armed Forces during his 
absence in France. 

4995
04:38:49,900 --> 04:38:52,599
This Regency granted Catherine 
powers that went beyond 

4996
04:38:52,599 --> 04:38:55,300
ceremonial Authority. 
She could sign documents with 

4997
04:38:55,300 --> 04:38:59,000
the Kings authority issue 
proclamations, and even raise 

4998
04:38:59,000 --> 04:39:02,000
armies, when James, the fourth 
of Scotland invaded while Henry 

4999
04:39:02,000 --> 04:39:05,099
was abroad, Catherine organized,
the English defense with 

5000
04:39:05,099 --> 04:39:09,000
remarkable efficiency. 
She commissioned ships ordered a

5001
04:39:09,000 --> 04:39:11,599
troop movements and sent a 
stirring letter to the Earl of 

5002
04:39:11,608 --> 04:39:14,800
Surrey before he defeated and 
killed the Scottish King at 

5003
04:39:14,800 --> 04:39:18,700
flawed and field. 
After the victory, Catherine 

5004
04:39:18,700 --> 04:39:21,500
sent James's bloodied coat to 
Henry and France as a battle 

5005
04:39:21,500 --> 04:39:24,800
trophy writing with Marshal 
Pride, that she would have sent 

5006
04:39:24,800 --> 04:39:28,900
the king's body to but English 
soil, would not bear a trait as 

5007
04:39:28,900 --> 04:39:32,000
burial. 
This action rarely emphasized in

5008
04:39:32,008 --> 04:39:35,700
popular accounts, demonstrates 
Catherine's Embrace of Judah, 

5009
04:39:35,700 --> 04:39:38,900
political culture and her 
Evolution from Spanish and Fanta

5010
04:39:38,900 --> 04:39:42,400
to English Queen. 
Catherine's domestic policy 

5011
04:39:42,400 --> 04:39:44,200
during her Regency revealed 
priorities. 

5012
04:39:44,200 --> 04:39:45,900
That would shape her later 
patronage. 

5013
04:39:46,800 --> 04:39:49,500
She issued orders relaxing 
enforcement of sumptuary laws 

5014
04:39:49,500 --> 04:39:53,100
that disproportionately punished
working class women for dressing

5015
04:39:53,100 --> 04:39:55,800
Above This station. 
Court records. 

5016
04:39:55,800 --> 04:39:58,700
Indicate she personally, 
intervened in, at least 14 cases

5017
04:39:58,700 --> 04:40:02,500
where women faced prosecution 
under these statutes arguing 

5018
04:40:02,500 --> 04:40:05,300
that female industry shouldn't 
be penalized by archaic 

5019
04:40:05,300 --> 04:40:07,800
restrictions. 
Her intellectual patronage has 

5020
04:40:07,800 --> 04:40:11,200
been similarly underappreciated 
while Henry, the 8th is 

5021
04:40:11,200 --> 04:40:14,200
remembered for his sporadic. 
Support of humanism Catherine, 

5022
04:40:14,200 --> 04:40:17,200
maintained more consistent 
relationships with leading 

5023
04:40:17,200 --> 04:40:19,700
Scholars. 
She commissioned translations of

5024
04:40:19,708 --> 04:40:21,800
devotional texts from Spanish 
into English. 

5025
04:40:21,800 --> 04:40:25,200
So supported Richard herd is 
Arguments for women's education 

5026
04:40:25,200 --> 04:40:29,100
and maintained correspondence 
with Erasmus who dedicated his 

5027
04:40:29,100 --> 04:40:32,500
commentary on the gospel of 
Matthew to her. when Juan Luis 

5028
04:40:32,500 --> 04:40:37,100
Vives published the education of
a Christian woman in 1523, he 

5029
04:40:37,100 --> 04:40:39,500
acknowledged Catherine's 
influence on his thinking about 

5030
04:40:39,500 --> 04:40:43,600
female intellectual capacity 
Catherine's queenly Authority 

5031
04:40:43,600 --> 04:40:45,600
extended to cultural diplomacy 
as well. 

5032
04:40:46,400 --> 04:40:48,800
She introduced Spanish 
theatrical Traditions to the 

5033
04:40:48,800 --> 04:40:51,500
English Court. 
Particularly the morality plays 

5034
04:40:51,500 --> 04:40:55,200
known as Otto Sacramento's court
records document her 

5035
04:40:55,200 --> 04:40:57,900
commissioning performance, is 
that Blended English and Spanish

5036
04:40:57,900 --> 04:41:01,400
performance Styles, creating 
hybridized entertainments that 

5037
04:41:01,400 --> 04:41:04,300
historian. 
Anglo has termed the first truly

5038
04:41:04,300 --> 04:41:06,600
Cosmopolitan caught culture in 
English History. 

5039
04:41:07,500 --> 04:41:10,600
Even her religious patronage 
defies, simple characterization.

5040
04:41:10,600 --> 04:41:13,500
While Catherine's Catholicism 
was sincere. 

5041
04:41:13,500 --> 04:41:16,800
She advocated for church reforms
that aligned with humanists 

5042
04:41:16,800 --> 04:41:19,600
critiques. 
She supported Cardinal wolsey's 

5043
04:41:19,600 --> 04:41:21,600
suppression of crop. 
Monasteries nearly two decades 

5044
04:41:21,600 --> 04:41:23,400
before. 
Henry's more famous dissolution.

5045
04:41:23,400 --> 04:41:26,800
Edward Lee, The reformist 
Scholar, who served, as her 

5046
04:41:26,800 --> 04:41:30,300
personal chaplain delivered, 
sermons that criticized clerical

5047
04:41:30,300 --> 04:41:31,900
abuses. 
While upholding Orthodox 

5048
04:41:31,900 --> 04:41:35,400
Doctrine, a delicate balance, 
that mirrors Catherine's own 

5049
04:41:35,400 --> 04:41:40,300
complex, religious beliefs. 
By 1525 before the divorce, 

5050
04:41:40,300 --> 04:41:43,900
crisis erupted, Catherine had 
constructed a queenly, identity 

5051
04:41:43,900 --> 04:41:46,600
that skillfully balanced her 
Spanish Heritage with her 

5052
04:41:46,600 --> 04:41:50,000
adopted English role. 
She wore English Fashions, but 

5053
04:41:50,000 --> 04:41:52,800
maintained Spanish, eating 
habits, she spoke English 

5054
04:41:52,800 --> 04:41:54,800
fluently. 
But continued to write personal 

5055
04:41:54,800 --> 04:41:57,700
devotion in Spanish. 
She honored English Sato 

5056
04:41:57,700 --> 04:42:00,700
Hussein's while introducing 
Spanish, religious Customs, like

5057
04:42:00,700 --> 04:42:03,100
the 48. 
Our devotion This cultural 

5058
04:42:03,100 --> 04:42:06,600
hybridity made her popular with 
both courtiers and commoners who

5059
04:42:06,600 --> 04:42:09,000
affectionately called her Queen 
Katarina. 

5060
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:13,700
In a blend of her Spanish name 
in English title the unraveling 

5061
04:42:13,700 --> 04:42:17,000
of Catherine's marriage to Henry
the 8th who was euphemistically 

5062
04:42:17,000 --> 04:42:20,800
called The King's great matter 
has traditionally been presented

5063
04:42:20,800 --> 04:42:24,000
as a contest between an 
increasingly desperate king and 

5064
04:42:24,000 --> 04:42:27,800
a stubbornly principled. 
Queen This narrative while not 

5065
04:42:27,800 --> 04:42:31,400
entirely false, obscures the 
sophisticated legal battle, 

5066
04:42:31,400 --> 04:42:33,200
Catherine, waged to defend her 
position. 

5067
04:42:34,000 --> 04:42:36,100
Far from being a passive victim 
of Henry's. 

5068
04:42:36,100 --> 04:42:39,700
Machinations Catherine mounted a
defense that utilized every 

5069
04:42:39,700 --> 04:42:41,700
legal and diplomatic weapon at 
her disposal. 

5070
04:42:42,500 --> 04:42:45,700
When Henry first raised doubts 
about their marriage and 1527 

5071
04:42:45,700 --> 04:42:50,400
citing Leviticus 2021 as 
evidence that he had sinned by 

5072
04:42:50,400 --> 04:42:53,700
marrying his brother's widow, 
Catherine responded, not with 

5073
04:42:53,700 --> 04:42:56,900
mere emotional appeals. 
But with precise canonical 

5074
04:42:56,900 --> 04:43:00,800
arguments Her initial legal 
position rested, on 3 points 

5075
04:43:00,800 --> 04:43:03,200
that have marriage to Arthur had
never been consummated. 

5076
04:43:03,200 --> 04:43:06,900
That Pope Julius the second. 
Dispensation had specifically 

5077
04:43:06,900 --> 04:43:08,800
addressed and overridden, any 
impediment. 

5078
04:43:09,500 --> 04:43:12,000
And that the passage in 
Leviticus was contradicted by 

5079
04:43:12,000 --> 04:43:15,900
the laverriere, principal in 
Deuteronomy 205, which actually 

5080
04:43:15,900 --> 04:43:18,000
commanded a man to marry his 
brother's widow. 

5081
04:43:18,900 --> 04:43:21,000
Document evidence from Spanish 
archives. 

5082
04:43:21,000 --> 04:43:23,000
Reveals that Catherine 
personally drafted. 

5083
04:43:23,000 --> 04:43:25,600
Many of the legal arguments are 
Representatives would later 

5084
04:43:25,600 --> 04:43:29,600
present Annotated copy of the 
decree tools papal, legal 

5085
04:43:29,600 --> 04:43:32,700
pronouncements shows her 
meticulous Research into 

5086
04:43:32,700 --> 04:43:35,800
precedent cases. 
She identified 13 prior 

5087
04:43:35,800 --> 04:43:39,200
instances, where people, 
dispensations for Affinity had 

5088
04:43:39,200 --> 04:43:42,700
been granted and never 
subsequently, revoked creating a

5089
04:43:42,700 --> 04:43:44,200
legal pattern that strengthened 
her case. 

5090
04:43:45,300 --> 04:43:48,700
Catherine's legal team assembled
through her personal connections

5091
04:43:48,700 --> 04:43:52,300
rather than Royal resources 
represented, an impressive 

5092
04:43:52,300 --> 04:43:54,700
Coalition of canonical 
expertise. 

5093
04:43:54,700 --> 04:43:57,900
While Henry retained the 
services of cardinal Woolsey and

5094
04:43:57,900 --> 04:44:01,200
later, Thomas cranmer Catherine,
secured representation from 

5095
04:44:01,200 --> 04:44:05,000
William Warren Archbishop of 
Canterbury Cuthbert Tunstall 

5096
04:44:05,000 --> 04:44:08,900
Bishop of London and most 
importantly, John Fisher. 

5097
04:44:08,900 --> 04:44:12,500
Bishop of Rochester, whose 
treaty is defending, the 

5098
04:44:12,500 --> 04:44:15,500
validity of her marriage, became
the definitive opposition text, 

5099
04:44:15,500 --> 04:44:19,600
the Blackfriars, trial of 1529, 
provided Catherine with her most

5100
04:44:19,600 --> 04:44:23,000
dramatic moment of resistance. 
Her famous speech, before the 

5101
04:44:23,000 --> 04:44:25,800
Legacy team Court. 
I called God, and all the world 

5102
04:44:25,800 --> 04:44:28,900
to witness that I've been to you
a true humble and obedient wife 

5103
04:44:28,900 --> 04:44:31,400
has been celebrated for its 
emotional power. 

5104
04:44:32,500 --> 04:44:35,900
Less recognized as its legal 
cunning, by appealing directly 

5105
04:44:35,900 --> 04:44:38,800
to Rome before the court could 
render judgment, Catherine 

5106
04:44:38,800 --> 04:44:41,200
executed. 
A sophisticated canonical 

5107
04:44:41,200 --> 04:44:45,200
maneuver called accept yoyi, 
which argued that she couldn't 

5108
04:44:45,200 --> 04:44:48,100
receive fair judgment, while 
deprived of her rights as Queen.

5109
04:44:49,200 --> 04:44:51,900
This legal tactic, effectively 
suspended the English 

5110
04:44:51,900 --> 04:44:55,300
proceedings. 
Catherine's appeal to Rome was 

5111
04:44:55,300 --> 04:44:58,100
not merely procedural 
obstruction, but reflected her 

5112
04:44:58,100 --> 04:45:00,700
understanding that the case 
would receive a more favorable 

5113
04:45:00,700 --> 04:45:03,300
hearing there. 
She maintained a network of 

5114
04:45:03,300 --> 04:45:06,200
informants throughout Europe, 
Who provided intelligence about 

5115
04:45:06,200 --> 04:45:09,800
people politics. 
When Imperial forces sacked Rome

5116
04:45:09,800 --> 04:45:13,800
in 1527 placing Pope Clement, 
the seventh under the influence 

5117
04:45:13,800 --> 04:45:14,800
of her nephew. 
Emperor. 

5118
04:45:14,800 --> 04:45:18,000
Charles the fifth. 
Thrin strategically intensified 

5119
04:45:18,000 --> 04:45:21,000
her appeals, to Rome, 
understanding the geopolitical. 

5120
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:24,100
Circumstances now, favored her 
position even as Henry, 

5121
04:45:24,100 --> 04:45:27,000
isolated, Catherine, physically 
moving her from Palace to Palace

5122
04:45:27,000 --> 04:45:28,900
with ever decreasing household 
staff. 

5123
04:45:29,500 --> 04:45:31,700
She maintained Communications 
with supporters through an 

5124
04:45:31,700 --> 04:45:34,800
underground Network. 
Royale account books, revealed a

5125
04:45:34,808 --> 04:45:38,200
Kings frustration at discovering
Catherine, had smuggled letters 

5126
04:45:38,200 --> 04:45:41,200
to Imperial ambassadors via 
servants disguised. 

5127
04:45:41,200 --> 04:45:44,500
As vegetable, sellers one 
particularly effective Channel 

5128
04:45:44,500 --> 04:45:46,500
involved. 
Catherine's Spanish, ladies in 

5129
04:45:46,508 --> 04:45:49,200
Waiting, who would carry 
messages braided into their 

5130
04:45:49,200 --> 04:45:50,700
hair? 
When visiting, London markets, 

5131
04:45:50,700 --> 04:45:53,900
when Henry separated, from 
Catherine and her from court in 

5132
04:45:53,900 --> 04:45:57,300
1531, she had effectively 
transitioned from being, the 

5133
04:45:57,300 --> 04:46:00,500
queen, consort to the opposition
leader from her reduced 

5134
04:46:00,500 --> 04:46:03,200
household at the Moore in 
hartfordshire, she continued 

5135
04:46:03,200 --> 04:46:05,800
directing legal resistance 
through coded correspondence. 

5136
04:46:05,800 --> 04:46:08,500
She instructed, her 
representatives in Rome to 

5137
04:46:08,500 --> 04:46:11,900
challenge every procedural 
motion, Effectively, creating 

5138
04:46:11,900 --> 04:46:14,900
years of delays that prevented 
Henry from Legally remarrying, 

5139
04:46:14,900 --> 04:46:18,200
while she lived Catherine, 
strategic Acumen extended to 

5140
04:46:18,200 --> 04:46:21,200
public relations. 
Understanding the power of 

5141
04:46:21,200 --> 04:46:24,200
popular sentiment. 
She deliberately appeared before

5142
04:46:24,200 --> 04:46:26,900
crowds when traveling between 
her various places of 

5143
04:46:26,900 --> 04:46:30,200
confinement dressed plainly. 
But with the Royal Arms 

5144
04:46:30,200 --> 04:46:33,700
prominently displayed 
contemporary accounts described 

5145
04:46:33,700 --> 04:46:37,400
commoners lining roads to cheer 
the true Queen demonstrations 

5146
04:46:37,400 --> 04:46:40,200
that so concerned, Henry that, 
he eventually confined her to 

5147
04:46:40,200 --> 04:46:43,900
increase in remote locations. 
What's rarely acknowledged is 

5148
04:46:43,900 --> 04:46:46,900
how Catherine's resistance 
provided the legal template that

5149
04:46:46,900 --> 04:46:49,300
later English Catholics would 
use to challenge. 

5150
04:46:49,300 --> 04:46:52,800
Henry's religious policies. 
Her insistence on the supremacy 

5151
04:46:52,800 --> 04:46:55,300
of papal, authority over the 
king in matters of marriage, 

5152
04:46:55,300 --> 04:46:58,700
created precedence that evolved 
into broader arguments against 

5153
04:46:58,700 --> 04:47:01,500
Royal Supremacy. 
The network of supporters. 

5154
04:47:01,500 --> 04:47:04,700
She cultivated particularly 
among University Scholars and 

5155
04:47:04,700 --> 04:47:06,900
clergy. 
Formed the nucleus of what would

5156
04:47:06,900 --> 04:47:09,500
become recent resistance during 
Elisabeth reign. 

5157
04:47:10,400 --> 04:47:13,400
Perhaps most remarkable was 
Catherine's maintenance of dual 

5158
04:47:13,400 --> 04:47:16,900
loyalties throughout the dispute
while adamantly defending her 

5159
04:47:16,900 --> 04:47:18,700
position as England's rightful 
Queen. 

5160
04:47:19,600 --> 04:47:22,200
She refused multiple 
opportunities to escape to 

5161
04:47:22,200 --> 04:47:25,600
Imperial territories or to 
authorize her nephew Charles, 

5162
04:47:25,600 --> 04:47:28,000
the 5th to invade England on her
behalf. 

5163
04:47:28,700 --> 04:47:31,500
When Charles is ambassadors 
suggested military intervention 

5164
04:47:31,500 --> 04:47:34,500
in 1532, Catherine, reportedly 
responded. 

5165
04:47:34,500 --> 04:47:38,200
I will not be the cause of war 
in Christendom nor against the 

5166
04:47:38,208 --> 04:47:41,100
country that is now my own 
Catherine of Aragon's. 

5167
04:47:41,100 --> 04:47:44,400
Diplomatic significance has been
consistently undervalued in 

5168
04:47:44,400 --> 04:47:47,400
historical assessments that 
Focus primarily on her domestic 

5169
04:47:47,400 --> 04:47:51,200
role in reality, she served as 
the linchpin of anglo-spanish 

5170
04:47:51,200 --> 04:47:54,400
relations for nearly three 
decades, wielding influence that

5171
04:47:54,400 --> 04:47:56,800
extended far beyond ceremonial 
functions. 

5172
04:47:57,500 --> 04:48:01,000
A diplomatic career commenced 
prior to her queenship as her. 

5173
04:48:01,000 --> 04:48:05,200
Father, Ferdinand utilized, her 
as a living, poor on the 

5174
04:48:05,200 --> 04:48:08,500
European diplomatic Arena. 
From her arrival in England, 

5175
04:48:08,500 --> 04:48:11,800
Catherine maintained, what we 
would Now call a parallel 

5176
04:48:11,800 --> 04:48:15,500
diplomatic Channel, alongside 
official ambassadors, a personal

5177
04:48:15,500 --> 04:48:19,000
correspondence with her father 
Ferdinand and later her nephew 

5178
04:48:19,000 --> 04:48:22,300
Emperor, Charles the 5th 
provided intelligence that 

5179
04:48:22,300 --> 04:48:24,000
official dispatches often 
lacked. 

5180
04:48:24,800 --> 04:48:29,000
The Spanish Ambassador Rodrigo 
de Puebla frequently. 

5181
04:48:29,000 --> 04:48:31,600
Complained that Catherine had 
more accurate information about 

5182
04:48:31,600 --> 04:48:35,400
English Court politics than he 
did writing to Ferdinand in 

5183
04:48:35,400 --> 04:48:38,100
1505. 
The princess knows more of the 

5184
04:48:38,108 --> 04:48:41,000
king's mind in one hour than I 
learned in a month of careful, 

5185
04:48:41,000 --> 04:48:44,100
observation during Henry the 8th
early reign. 

5186
04:48:44,700 --> 04:48:46,900
Catherine functioned as the 
architect of the anglo-spanish 

5187
04:48:46,900 --> 04:48:49,800
alliance that defined English 
foreign policy until the divorce

5188
04:48:49,800 --> 04:48:53,200
crisis, the Treaty of 
Westminster 1511, which 

5189
04:48:53,200 --> 04:48:55,900
formalised England's entry into 
the holy League against France 

5190
04:48:55,900 --> 04:48:58,300
or Catherine's diplomatic 
fingerprints throughout. 

5191
04:48:59,200 --> 04:49:01,700
Spanish archives contain her 
drafts suggestions for the 

5192
04:49:01,700 --> 04:49:05,100
treaty terms, many of which 
appeared for bait in the final 

5193
04:49:05,100 --> 04:49:08,400
document. 
This Hands-On approach to treaty

5194
04:49:08,400 --> 04:49:11,200
formation went well, beyond the 
conventional role of a consort 

5195
04:49:12,000 --> 04:49:15,200
Catherine's influence extended 
Beyond Spanish relationships, 

5196
04:49:15,200 --> 04:49:18,200
she maintained regular 
correspondence with her sister 

5197
04:49:18,200 --> 04:49:20,900
Joanna. 
In Castile her nephew Charles in

5198
04:49:20,900 --> 04:49:24,300
the low countries and her nieces
of Bella in Denmark, creating a 

5199
04:49:24,308 --> 04:49:26,800
familial intelligence Network 
spanning Europe. 

5200
04:49:27,700 --> 04:49:30,700
When Margaret of Austria region 
of the Netherlands needed to 

5201
04:49:30,708 --> 04:49:32,800
communicate sensitive 
information to England. 

5202
04:49:32,800 --> 04:49:36,000
Without alerting French spies, 
she often routed messages 

5203
04:49:36,000 --> 04:49:38,400
through Catherine rather than 
formal diplomatic channels. 

5204
04:49:38,400 --> 04:49:42,500
The field of cloth of gold in 
1520 is typically presented as a

5205
04:49:42,500 --> 04:49:45,700
watershed in anglo-french 
relations marking, the legendary

5206
04:49:45,700 --> 04:49:47,500
Summit between Henry the 8th and
France. 

5207
04:49:47,500 --> 04:49:51,200
The first of France, Let's 
discussed is Catherine's 

5208
04:49:51,200 --> 04:49:53,900
behind-the-scenes diplomatic 
counterweight while publicly 

5209
04:49:53,900 --> 04:49:56,600
supporting the French 
rapprochement she simultaneously

5210
04:49:56,600 --> 04:49:59,300
strengthened ties with Charles 
the fifth hosting. 

5211
04:49:59,300 --> 04:50:02,500
His ambassadors for private 
audiences where she emphasized 

5212
04:50:02,500 --> 04:50:05,400
England's continuing commitment 
to Imperial friendship. 

5213
04:50:05,400 --> 04:50:09,300
This dual-track diplomacy 
allowed England to maximize its 

5214
04:50:09,300 --> 04:50:12,100
negotiating position between 
Europe's two dominant powers 

5215
04:50:13,000 --> 04:50:16,700
Catherine's diplomatic value 
became evident in 1522. 

5216
04:50:16,700 --> 04:50:20,500
When Charles the 5th visited 
England for six weeks and 

5217
04:50:20,500 --> 04:50:23,800
unprecedented. 
Diplomatic coup court, records 

5218
04:50:23,800 --> 04:50:26,100
reveal Catherine's personal 
management of the visits 

5219
04:50:26,100 --> 04:50:29,700
Logistics from menu planning 
that accommodated Spanish tastes

5220
04:50:29,700 --> 04:50:32,400
to enter. 
Entertainment that subtly 

5221
04:50:32,400 --> 04:50:34,500
emphasized. 
Anglo Imperial commonalities. 

5222
04:50:34,500 --> 04:50:38,000
During political discussions. 
Catherine often served as a 

5223
04:50:38,000 --> 04:50:41,700
cultural interpreter explaining 
English Customs to her nephew 

5224
04:50:41,700 --> 04:50:45,200
and contextualizing English 
positions for Henry the 

5225
04:50:45,200 --> 04:50:47,800
resulting Treaty of Windsor 
highly favorable to English 

5226
04:50:47,800 --> 04:50:51,300
interests was widely attributed 
to Catherine skillful mediation,

5227
04:50:51,300 --> 04:50:54,400
the Queen's diplomatic 
relevance, wasn't limited to 

5228
04:50:54,400 --> 04:50:56,800
European Affairs. 
Catherine took particular 

5229
04:50:56,800 --> 04:50:59,800
interest in the nascent 
transatlantic exploration's, 

5230
04:50:59,800 --> 04:51:02,800
likely influenced by her 
mother's sponsorship of Columbus

5231
04:51:02,800 --> 04:51:05,400
documents in the Spanish 
archives show. 

5232
04:51:05,400 --> 04:51:08,000
She personally intervened to 
protect the rights of indigenous

5233
04:51:08,000 --> 04:51:09,900
people's and Spain's American 
territories. 

5234
04:51:10,700 --> 04:51:13,400
In 1529. 
She wrote to officials in 

5235
04:51:13,400 --> 04:51:16,300
Hispaniola warning against the 
mistreatment of native, 

5236
04:51:16,300 --> 04:51:18,800
inhabitants and endorsing the 
humanitarian arguments of 

5237
04:51:18,800 --> 04:51:22,900
bartolome, De Las Casas. 
This early advocacy for 

5238
04:51:22,900 --> 04:51:26,200
indigenous rights represents an 
underappreciated aspect of her 

5239
04:51:26,200 --> 04:51:29,200
International influence. 
Catherine's approached 

5240
04:51:29,200 --> 04:51:32,200
international relations was 
characterized by what Diplomat 

5241
04:51:32,200 --> 04:51:35,800
used as chapuis called her 
Longview of dynastic interests. 

5242
04:51:36,700 --> 04:51:39,300
Unlike Henry whose foreign 
policy often responded to 

5243
04:51:39,300 --> 04:51:43,100
immediate opportunities or 
slights Catherine, consistently 

5244
04:51:43,100 --> 04:51:46,100
advocated for policies that 
supported long-term strategic 

5245
04:51:46,100 --> 04:51:48,800
interests. 
She opposed popular but wasteful

5246
04:51:48,800 --> 04:51:51,100
French. 
Instead they encouraged 

5247
04:51:51,100 --> 04:51:53,700
commercial treaties that would 
strengthen English trade. 

5248
04:51:54,800 --> 04:51:57,500
When the Protestant Reformation 
began fracturing European 

5249
04:51:57,500 --> 04:52:01,000
politics, Catherine, advised, 
Henry to position England as a 

5250
04:52:01,000 --> 04:52:04,100
potential mediator rather than 
an entrenched parties. 

5251
04:52:04,100 --> 04:52:07,300
And even during the divorce 
proceedings, Catherine 

5252
04:52:07,300 --> 04:52:09,600
maintained, her diplomatic 
engagement. 

5253
04:52:10,500 --> 04:52:13,000
Transforming her personal 
predicament in, to an 

5254
04:52:13,000 --> 04:52:16,000
international issue. 
Through carefully timed appeals 

5255
04:52:16,000 --> 04:52:19,400
to Rome and the Imperial Court, 
she ensured that Henry couldn't 

5256
04:52:19,400 --> 04:52:21,400
resolve the matter as a domestic
concern. 

5257
04:52:21,400 --> 04:52:24,600
A letter to Charles the 5th in 
1531. 

5258
04:52:24,600 --> 04:52:28,300
Recently, discovered in the 
Samantha's archives, reveals a 

5259
04:52:28,308 --> 04:52:31,300
sophisticated understanding of 
European power dynamics. 

5260
04:52:32,100 --> 04:52:33,600
She advised her nephew to 
pressure. 

5261
04:52:33,600 --> 04:52:36,300
The pope through diplomatic 
rather than military means 

5262
04:52:36,300 --> 04:52:39,800
arguing that the Holy Father 
responds better to Gentle 

5263
04:52:39,800 --> 04:52:43,300
persuasion than to threats in 
her final days at kimballton 

5264
04:52:43,300 --> 04:52:46,900
Castle in 1536. 
Catherine, executed a crucial 

5265
04:52:46,900 --> 04:52:49,800
diplomatic maneuver, 
Understanding that her death 

5266
04:52:49,800 --> 04:52:52,000
would reshape, Anglo Imperial 
relations. 

5267
04:52:52,700 --> 04:52:55,400
She dictated letters to both 
Henry and Charles the 5th that 

5268
04:52:55,400 --> 04:52:58,100
emphasized reconciliation rather
than recrimination. 

5269
04:52:59,000 --> 04:53:02,700
To Henry she reaffirmed her love
despite their differences to 

5270
04:53:02,700 --> 04:53:04,700
Charles. 
She accepted a requested. 

5271
04:53:04,700 --> 04:53:06,600
He maintained peaceful relations
with England. 

5272
04:53:06,600 --> 04:53:10,500
This final diplomatic act 
reflected her lifelong balancing

5273
04:53:10,500 --> 04:53:12,900
of loyalties to her native and 
adopted countries. 

5274
04:53:12,900 --> 04:53:15,500
Perhaps the clearest evidence of
Catherine's. 

5275
04:53:15,500 --> 04:53:18,900
Diplomatic significant came 
after her death When Anglo 

5276
04:53:18,900 --> 04:53:21,800
Imperial relationships rapidly, 
deteriorated with out her 

5277
04:53:21,800 --> 04:53:25,900
moderating influence. 
Within months Henry, facing 

5278
04:53:25,900 --> 04:53:29,900
hostility from Charles, the 5th 
culminating in an imperial 

5279
04:53:29,900 --> 04:53:32,200
people Alliance that threatened 
England with invasion. 

5280
04:53:33,200 --> 04:53:35,600
The Diplomatic architecture. 
Catherine had maintained for 

5281
04:53:35,600 --> 04:53:39,100
decades collapsed in her absence
revealing how Central she had 

5282
04:53:39,100 --> 04:53:41,000
been to England's. 
International standing, 

5283
04:53:41,000 --> 04:53:44,400
Catherine of Aragon's, cultural 
patronage established patterns, 

5284
04:53:44,400 --> 04:53:46,700
that would define the Tudor, 
Renaissance long, after her 

5285
04:53:46,700 --> 04:53:49,300
death. 
Yeah this aspect of her Legacy 

5286
04:53:49,300 --> 04:53:53,300
remains curiously under explored
unlike the spectacular but 

5287
04:53:53,300 --> 04:53:56,500
sporadic patronage of Henry, the
8th Catherine's, cultural 

5288
04:53:56,500 --> 04:54:00,000
Investments were systematic and 
transformative particularly in 

5289
04:54:00,000 --> 04:54:03,100
education literature and the 
textile Arts. 

5290
04:54:03,100 --> 04:54:06,500
Her vision helped shift, English
Court culture from its medieval 

5291
04:54:06,500 --> 04:54:10,700
foundations toward Renaissance 
humanism Education stood at the 

5292
04:54:10,708 --> 04:54:15,000
center of Catherine's patronage 
strategy in. 1523 she 

5293
04:54:15,000 --> 04:54:17,400
established the queen 
scholarships at Saint John's 

5294
04:54:17,400 --> 04:54:20,700
College Cambridge which 
specifically funded students 

5295
04:54:20,700 --> 04:54:24,300
focusing on Greek and Latin 
Classics University, records, 

5296
04:54:24,300 --> 04:54:27,200
indicate that 27 Scholars 
benefited from these grants 

5297
04:54:27,200 --> 04:54:30,200
during Catherine's lifetime, 
including Robert Pember? 

5298
04:54:30,200 --> 04:54:32,700
Who later became a leading 
translator of classical texts. 

5299
04:54:33,600 --> 04:54:36,100
Unlike most contemporary, 
patronage Catherine's, 

5300
04:54:36,100 --> 04:54:39,000
Educational Funding, carried the
unusual, stipulation that 

5301
04:54:39,000 --> 04:54:41,800
recipients commit to teaching 
for at least five years after 

5302
04:54:41,800 --> 04:54:45,100
completing their studies 
creating a multiplier effect for

5303
04:54:45,100 --> 04:54:47,900
humanist learning. 
Veterans commissioning of 

5304
04:54:47,908 --> 04:54:51,600
translations, significantly 
expanded the range of texts of 

5305
04:54:51,600 --> 04:54:54,000
available in English. 
Court payment records. 

5306
04:54:54,000 --> 04:54:57,400
Document her sponsorship of at 
least 14 translation projects 

5307
04:54:57,400 --> 04:55:00,400
including the first English 
versions of seneca's moral 

5308
04:55:00,400 --> 04:55:03,200
essays and portions of Pluto's 
lives. 

5309
04:55:04,000 --> 04:55:05,700
Her most significant literary 
commission. 

5310
04:55:05,700 --> 04:55:10,200
Came in 1516 when she engaged 
Juan Luis Vives to write the 

5311
04:55:10,200 --> 04:55:14,300
institutions femini Cristiani, 
on the education of a Christian 

5312
04:55:14,300 --> 04:55:18,000
woman, which argued for women's 
intellectual capabilities at a 

5313
04:55:18,000 --> 04:55:20,200
time when female education 
remained controversial, 

5314
04:55:20,900 --> 04:55:24,000
Catherine ensured the work was 
quickly translated into English 

5315
04:55:24,000 --> 04:55:26,600
and distributed to Noble 
households with daughters. 

5316
04:55:27,400 --> 04:55:30,200
The education of her daughter, 
Mary reflected Catherine's 

5317
04:55:30,200 --> 04:55:33,700
pedagogical principles, she 
recruited humanist Scholars like

5318
04:55:33,700 --> 04:55:36,000
Thomas lineker and Richard Pace 
as tutors. 

5319
04:55:36,000 --> 04:55:39,400
Developing a curriculum that 
mirrored those of male heirs. 

5320
04:55:40,500 --> 04:55:43,000
Mary's education included, not 
just traditional female 

5321
04:55:43,000 --> 04:55:48,400
accomplishments, but also greek 
latin astronomy architecture and

5322
04:55:48,400 --> 04:55:50,900
governance subjects. 
Typically reserved for male 

5323
04:55:50,900 --> 04:55:54,200
educational this educational 
program became influential 

5324
04:55:54,200 --> 04:55:57,400
beyond the royal family 
inventories from Noble household

5325
04:55:57,400 --> 04:56:00,100
showing increased acquisition of
classical texts for daughters 

5326
04:56:00,100 --> 04:56:02,500
after Catherine established, 
this president. 

5327
04:56:03,300 --> 04:56:06,600
Catherine's textile. 
Patronage transformed an English

5328
04:56:06,600 --> 04:56:09,800
decorative Arts. 
Spanish embroidery techniques, 

5329
04:56:09,800 --> 04:56:13,300
particularly black work. 
Black silk on the white linen, 

5330
04:56:13,300 --> 04:56:17,000
sometimes called Spanish work 
gained prominence through 

5331
04:56:17,000 --> 04:56:20,300
Catherine's Workshop. 
Her household accounts Shoshi 

5332
04:56:20,300 --> 04:56:23,900
employed over 20, professional 
embroiders at its peak producing

5333
04:56:23,900 --> 04:56:27,200
works that combined Spanish 
techniques with English motifs. 

5334
04:56:27,200 --> 04:56:30,200
Surviving examples in the 
Victoria and Albert Museum 

5335
04:56:30,200 --> 04:56:34,400
demonstrate this distinctive 
hybrid style which remained 

5336
04:56:34,400 --> 04:56:36,900
influential in English 
decorative arts for Generations.

5337
04:56:36,900 --> 04:56:39,600
The Turkish Arts received 
particular attention in 

5338
04:56:39,600 --> 04:56:43,100
Catherine's patronage portfolio.
She commissioned illuminated, 

5339
04:56:43,100 --> 04:56:46,500
manuscripts from both Spanish 
and English workshops creating 

5340
04:56:46,500 --> 04:56:49,200
opportunities for cross-cultural
artistic exchange. 

5341
04:56:49,200 --> 04:56:51,500
The Catherine of Aragon prayer 
book. 

5342
04:56:51,500 --> 04:56:55,200
Now in the British Library, 
exemplifies this fusion with 

5343
04:56:55,200 --> 04:56:58,100
Spanish influenced illumination 
techniques, applied to English 

5344
04:56:58,100 --> 04:57:01,900
devotional texts Catherine also 
commissioned Ultra Furnishing, 

5345
04:57:01,900 --> 04:57:04,700
the introduce Spanish. 
Liturgical Aesthetics to English

5346
04:57:04,700 --> 04:57:10,100
churches, including embroidered 
antenna Al, Incorporated 

5347
04:57:10,100 --> 04:57:14,200
pomegranate motifs, her personal
emblem into traditional English 

5348
04:57:14,200 --> 04:57:17,300
church decoration musical 
funding revealed Catherine's 

5349
04:57:17,300 --> 04:57:19,800
Cosmopolitan. 
Tastes, she introduced Spanish 

5350
04:57:19,800 --> 04:57:22,300
musicians to the English Court, 
including the composer. 

5351
04:57:22,300 --> 04:57:25,300
Juan de Antietam whose 
compositions familiarized 

5352
04:57:25,300 --> 04:57:28,000
English audiences with the 
unique polyphonic traditions of 

5353
04:57:28,000 --> 04:57:30,900
Iberian Sacred Music, Court 
records. 

5354
04:57:30,900 --> 04:57:34,300
Document her commissioning of 
motets that Blended English and 

5355
04:57:34,300 --> 04:57:37,300
Spanish musical elements. 
Thomas Tallis. 

5356
04:57:37,300 --> 04:57:41,200
Who would later become England's
preeminent composer received his

5357
04:57:41,200 --> 04:57:43,800
first Royal appointment in 
Catherine's household Chapel 

5358
04:57:43,800 --> 04:57:46,400
where he was exposed to this 
International musical 

5359
04:57:46,400 --> 04:57:49,000
environment. 
Subsequent rebuilding has 

5360
04:57:49,000 --> 04:57:52,300
largely erased Catherine's 
architectural, patronage but 

5361
04:57:52,300 --> 04:57:54,400
account books. 
Reveal significant projects. 

5362
04:57:55,100 --> 04:57:57,500
She redesigned the Queen's 
apartments at Greenwich Palace 

5363
04:57:57,500 --> 04:58:00,300
to include a Spanish style in a 
courtyard with a fountain. 

5364
04:58:01,000 --> 04:58:04,600
Creating spaces for humanists 
convocation, modeled, on Iberian

5365
04:58:04,600 --> 04:58:07,100
precedence. 
A Richmond Palace. 

5366
04:58:07,100 --> 04:58:10,000
She commissioned a library 
specifically designed to house 

5367
04:58:10,000 --> 04:58:13,300
her growing collection of 
classical and humanist, texts 

5368
04:58:13,300 --> 04:58:15,800
within Innovative features, like
reading desks with the 

5369
04:58:15,800 --> 04:58:19,000
adjustable angles, a design 
later copied in other Noble, 

5370
04:58:19,000 --> 04:58:21,900
libraries. 
Perhaps most significant was 

5371
04:58:21,900 --> 04:58:26,000
Catherine's, patronage of female
artists and intellectuals court 

5372
04:58:26,000 --> 04:58:27,400
records show. 
She employed women in 

5373
04:58:27,400 --> 04:58:30,600
traditionally male artistic 
roles, including Anne Brown as 

5374
04:58:30,600 --> 04:58:33,500
court painter and Margaret 
Bryan, as astronomical 

5375
04:58:33,500 --> 04:58:36,500
instrument maker. 
These appointments created rare,

5376
04:58:36,500 --> 04:58:39,800
professional opportunities for 
talented women and established 

5377
04:58:39,800 --> 04:58:42,200
precedents for female 
intellectual achievement. 

5378
04:58:43,300 --> 04:58:44,900
When Catherine established her 
daughter. 

5379
04:58:44,900 --> 04:58:48,400
Mary's household at Ludlow 
Castle in 1525. 

5380
04:58:48,400 --> 04:58:52,000
She deliberately recruited 
educated women as a tendons, 

5381
04:58:52,000 --> 04:58:55,600
creating what historian Maria 
Dowling has called the first 

5382
04:58:55,600 --> 04:58:57,900
female humanist, Circle in 
England. 

5383
04:58:58,800 --> 04:59:01,500
Catherine's cultural Petrina 
established a distinctively 

5384
04:59:01,500 --> 04:59:04,600
English Renaissance identity 
that outlived her personal 

5385
04:59:04,600 --> 04:59:07,800
downfall. the educational 
institution, she funded 

5386
04:59:07,800 --> 04:59:11,900
producing Scholars long after 
her death, the artistic style, 

5387
04:59:11,900 --> 04:59:14,200
she introduced became 
naturalized as traditional 

5388
04:59:14,200 --> 04:59:17,500
English forms even her 
architectural, Innovations 

5389
04:59:17,500 --> 04:59:20,800
influence, subsequent, Royal 
building projects, When 

5390
04:59:20,800 --> 04:59:23,000
Elizabeth the first later, 
positioned herself as a 

5391
04:59:23,000 --> 04:59:26,100
Renaissance Monarch, she Drew up
on cultural foundations that her

5392
04:59:26,100 --> 04:59:28,700
mother's rival. 
Had established Catherine of 

5393
04:59:28,700 --> 04:59:33,400
Aragon died at kimballton Castle
on January, 7th 1536, officially

5394
04:59:33,400 --> 04:59:37,000
downgrading her to princess 
Dowager, despite her insistence 

5395
04:59:37,000 --> 04:59:39,800
on her royal title. 
Until the End traditional 

5396
04:59:39,800 --> 04:59:43,200
narrative often conclude her 
story here Presenting her as a 

5397
04:59:43,208 --> 04:59:46,200
tragic figure, whose 
significance waned after Anne's 

5398
04:59:46,200 --> 04:59:48,600
assumption. 
This interpretation 

5399
04:59:48,600 --> 04:59:51,500
fundamentally misunderstands 
Catherines, enduring influence 

5400
04:59:51,500 --> 04:59:55,400
on Tudor England and Beyond her 
Legacy operated through multiple

5401
04:59:55,400 --> 04:59:57,600
channels. 
Some obvious and others more 

5402
04:59:57,600 --> 04:59:59,600
subtle shaping English History 
long. 

5403
04:59:59,600 --> 05:00:03,100
After her physical presence had 
ended the most immediate aspect 

5404
05:00:03,100 --> 05:00:06,800
of Catherine's Legacy manifested
in popular resistance to Henry's

5405
05:00:06,800 --> 05:00:10,100
religious policies. 
Her steadfast defense of papal, 

5406
05:00:10,100 --> 05:00:12,600
Authority, provided both 
intellectual framework and 

5407
05:00:12,600 --> 05:00:15,500
emotional inspiration for those 
opposing, the nascent English 

5408
05:00:15,500 --> 05:00:20,000
Reformation The pilgrimage of 
Grace, the largest uprising of 

5409
05:00:20,000 --> 05:00:22,800
Henry's, reign. 
Explicitly invoked Catherine's 

5410
05:00:22,800 --> 05:00:26,300
cause among its grievances 
Northern Rebels carried banners.

5411
05:00:26,300 --> 05:00:29,100
Depicting, her Royal Arms 
alongside traditional religious 

5412
05:00:29,100 --> 05:00:33,200
images, symbolically linking 
loyalty to Rome with loyalty to 

5413
05:00:33,200 --> 05:00:35,900
the displacement. 
Queen, Catherine's influence, 

5414
05:00:35,900 --> 05:00:38,200
persisted through networks of 
Scholars and clerics. 

5415
05:00:38,200 --> 05:00:41,800
She had patronized, John Fisher,
Bishop of Rochester and her, 

5416
05:00:41,800 --> 05:00:44,900
most prominent Defender became a
martyr for a rejecting Royal 

5417
05:00:44,900 --> 05:00:47,800
Supremacy. 
Less known figures like Nicholas

5418
05:00:47,800 --> 05:00:50,500
Wilson and Richard. 
Featherstone both former 

5419
05:00:50,500 --> 05:00:53,300
chaplains and Catherine's 
household joined the ranks of 

5420
05:00:53,300 --> 05:00:56,100
religious Exiles who maintained 
opposition from Continental 

5421
05:00:56,100 --> 05:01:00,200
Haven's these Catherine and 
Loyalists as historian Eamon 

5422
05:01:00,200 --> 05:01:03,700
Duffy termed, them preserved. 
Alternative visions of English, 

5423
05:01:03,700 --> 05:01:07,200
Catholicism that would influence
later accused and communities. 

5424
05:01:08,100 --> 05:01:10,700
Through her daughter, Mary 
Catherine's political and 

5425
05:01:10,700 --> 05:01:13,900
religious values, gained renewed
expression, during Mary's brief 

5426
05:01:13,900 --> 05:01:18,400
Reign 1553 to 1558. 
Mary's restoration of 

5427
05:01:18,408 --> 05:01:21,800
Catholicism represented, not 
just personal conviction, but 

5428
05:01:21,800 --> 05:01:24,200
conscious continuation of her 
mother's stance. 

5429
05:01:24,900 --> 05:01:27,900
Royal proclamations during 
Mary's Reign frequently, 

5430
05:01:27,900 --> 05:01:31,100
referenced The Virtuous example 
of our most noble mother 

5431
05:01:31,100 --> 05:01:33,900
explicitly, connecting 
government policies to 

5432
05:01:33,900 --> 05:01:37,300
Catherine's principles, Mary's 
efforts to restore diplomatic 

5433
05:01:37,300 --> 05:01:40,400
relations with Spain. 
Similarly reflected Catherine's,

5434
05:01:40,400 --> 05:01:44,500
lifelong commitment to an Anglo 
Spanish Alliance Catherine's, 

5435
05:01:44,500 --> 05:01:47,000
educational philosophy, proved 
remarkably durable. 

5436
05:01:47,000 --> 05:01:51,000
The curriculum she developed for
Princess Mary emphasizing 

5437
05:01:51,000 --> 05:01:54,600
Classical Languages history and 
governance alongside religious 

5438
05:01:54,600 --> 05:01:58,000
instruction became influential 
in Noble, female education. 

5439
05:01:58,900 --> 05:02:00,200
Household accounts from 
families. 

5440
05:02:00,200 --> 05:02:03,600
Like the Howards, Percy's and 
seemoore's showed daughters, 

5441
05:02:03,600 --> 05:02:07,100
receiving increasing substantial
education's modeled on Catherine

5442
05:02:07,100 --> 05:02:10,600
and principles. 
By Elizabeth's Reign a 

5443
05:02:10,600 --> 05:02:13,000
generation of noble. 
Women had benefited from this 

5444
05:02:13,000 --> 05:02:16,800
educational transformation. 
Creating what scholar Lisa 

5445
05:02:16,800 --> 05:02:20,600
Jardine called a female, 
intellectual Elite unprecedented

5446
05:02:20,600 --> 05:02:24,600
in English History, the legal 
arguments, Catherine mounted, in

5447
05:02:24,600 --> 05:02:27,400
her defense established 
precedence, that resonated far, 

5448
05:02:27,400 --> 05:02:30,800
beyond her, personal case, her 
insistence that valid, marriages

5449
05:02:30,800 --> 05:02:33,500
could not be retroactively 
invalidated by Royal Decree, 

5450
05:02:33,500 --> 05:02:36,300
established, important 
protections for aristocratic 

5451
05:02:36,300 --> 05:02:39,600
marriages and by extension 
aristocratic property 

5452
05:02:39,600 --> 05:02:42,100
settlements. 
When Elizabeth the first this 

5453
05:02:42,100 --> 05:02:44,700
faced parliamentary pressure to 
clarify the succession in the 

5454
05:02:44,708 --> 05:02:48,400
1560s, her resistance partly 
reflected awareness. 

5455
05:02:48,400 --> 05:02:50,800
That questioning her parents 
marriage would reopen the 

5456
05:02:50,808 --> 05:02:53,400
controversial legal principles, 
Catherine had fought to. 

5457
05:02:53,400 --> 05:02:57,300
Uphold Catherine's diplomatic 
Legacy operated in complex ways 

5458
05:02:57,300 --> 05:03:00,900
while anglo-spanish relations 
deteriorated after her death. 

5459
05:03:00,900 --> 05:03:04,600
The Diplomatic Network, she had 
cultivated provided channels for

5460
05:03:04,600 --> 05:03:07,700
continued communication even 
during periods of official 

5461
05:03:07,700 --> 05:03:10,900
hostility, Spanish diplomats 
used contacts. 

5462
05:03:10,900 --> 05:03:13,400
They had made in Catherine's 
home to stay in touch with 

5463
05:03:13,400 --> 05:03:15,100
English. 
Catholics during Edward, the 

5464
05:03:15,100 --> 05:03:18,700
sixth rule These unofficial 
channels proved crucial during 

5465
05:03:18,700 --> 05:03:23,400
Mary's accession crisis in 1553.
When Spanish diplomatic support,

5466
05:03:23,400 --> 05:03:27,000
arranged through Catherine's, 
former ladies and waiting helped

5467
05:03:27,000 --> 05:03:31,400
secure Mary's thrown in cultural
terms Catherine's influence 

5468
05:03:31,400 --> 05:03:33,000
remained visible for 
Generations. 

5469
05:03:33,000 --> 05:03:36,000
The distinctive black work 
embroidery she introduced 

5470
05:03:36,000 --> 05:03:39,300
remained fashionable throughout 
the 16th century with Elizabeth 

5471
05:03:39,300 --> 05:03:42,400
the first disease, he herself 
wearing garments decorated in 

5472
05:03:42,400 --> 05:03:46,200
this Spanish work despite her 
political opposition to Spain. 

5473
05:03:47,400 --> 05:03:51,000
Architectural elements Catherine
had introduced, particularly the

5474
05:03:51,000 --> 05:03:53,700
enclosed private garden. 
And the humanists study became 

5475
05:03:53,700 --> 05:03:57,700
standard features in Elite 
Homes, even her Innovations and 

5476
05:03:57,700 --> 05:04:00,000
quartz ceremony, like the 
Spanish influence. 

5477
05:04:00,000 --> 05:04:03,300
Reverence that replaced the 
medieval Nebo persisted as 

5478
05:04:03,300 --> 05:04:06,000
elements of English Court 
protocol. 

5479
05:04:07,100 --> 05:04:10,900
Perhaps most significantly, 
Catherine established enduring 

5480
05:04:10,900 --> 05:04:13,400
principles of queenship that 
influence subsequent Royal 

5481
05:04:13,400 --> 05:04:15,900
women. 
Her example, demonstrated that 

5482
05:04:15,900 --> 05:04:18,700
Queen's could exercise 
substantial political Authority 

5483
05:04:18,700 --> 05:04:20,800
while maintaining popular 
affection. 

5484
05:04:20,800 --> 05:04:24,500
She proved that consorts could 
serve as affective diplomatic 

5485
05:04:24,500 --> 05:04:28,200
agents and cultural Patron's. 
Even in adversity, she 

5486
05:04:28,200 --> 05:04:30,500
established the Queen's 
possessed, distinct rights. 

5487
05:04:30,500 --> 05:04:32,300
That could not be arbitrarily 
revoked. 

5488
05:04:33,300 --> 05:04:36,100
Elizabeth the 30th, despite her 
complicated relationship. 

5489
05:04:36,100 --> 05:04:39,900
With Catherine's memory adopted,
many aspects of Catherine's 

5490
05:04:39,900 --> 05:04:42,200
queenly performance, 
particularly her careful, 

5491
05:04:42,200 --> 05:04:44,300
balance of foreign, and domestic
identities. 

5492
05:04:45,300 --> 05:04:47,700
The culmination of Catherine's 
Legacy arrived with the 

5493
05:04:47,700 --> 05:04:51,100
accession of James. 
The first in 1603, which 

5494
05:04:51,100 --> 05:04:53,500
reunited the English and 
Scottish crowns and restored 

5495
05:04:53,500 --> 05:04:58,200
peaceful relations with Spain. 
The 1604 Treaty of London ending

5496
05:04:58,200 --> 05:05:01,600
nearly two decades of Anglo 
Spanish conflict explicitly. 

5497
05:05:01,600 --> 05:05:04,600
Referenced Catherine's earlier 
diplomatic work as a model for 

5498
05:05:04,600 --> 05:05:07,500
renewed friendship. 
When Philip the thirds 

5499
05:05:07,500 --> 05:05:10,000
Ambassador presented James with 
Catherine's portrait as the 

5500
05:05:10,000 --> 05:05:13,000
Diplomatic gift. 
He symbolically acknowledged. 

5501
05:05:13,000 --> 05:05:14,600
What? 
Historians have often overlooked

5502
05:05:15,300 --> 05:05:18,000
The Catherine of Aragon's vision
of England's place in Europe. 

5503
05:05:18,000 --> 05:05:21,500
Had ultimately prevailed, 
Catherine story extended far 

5504
05:05:21,500 --> 05:05:24,300
beyond the divorce crisis that 
dominates popular perceptions. 

5505
05:05:24,300 --> 05:05:27,800
She was not merely Henry the 8th
discarded first wife but he 

5506
05:05:27,800 --> 05:05:31,100
consequential historical figure 
whose influence shaped Tudor, 

5507
05:05:31,100 --> 05:05:32,800
England and profound and Lasting
ways. 

5508
05:05:32,800 --> 05:05:35,200
Her Legacy encompassed, 
religious principles, 

5509
05:05:35,200 --> 05:05:38,500
educational Innovations, 
diplomatic relationships, legal,

5510
05:05:38,500 --> 05:05:41,200
precedence, and cultural 
Transformations, that can 

5511
05:05:41,200 --> 05:05:44,100
continue influencing English 
society long after her death. 

5512
05:05:45,000 --> 05:05:47,800
The true measure of Catherine's 
historical, significance lies, 

5513
05:05:47,800 --> 05:05:51,300
not in the marriage that ended. 
But in the many ways, her life's

5514
05:05:51,300 --> 05:05:52,700
work continued shaping the 
nation. 

5515
05:05:52,700 --> 05:06:01,000
She had adopted as her own I 
remember the day I first came to

5516
05:06:01,000 --> 05:06:04,600
court a half-starved gesture 
with bells on my hat jangling 

5517
05:06:04,600 --> 05:06:08,000
and Dread in my belly. 
The royal castle loomed ahead. 

5518
05:06:08,000 --> 05:06:11,700
All Greystone walls and towering
battlements against a cloudy 

5519
05:06:11,700 --> 05:06:14,600
skull. 
My heart thudded, as I passed 

5520
05:06:14,600 --> 05:06:18,000
beneath the iron pot colors. 
Pair of guards snickered at the 

5521
05:06:18,000 --> 05:06:21,300
sight of me and my thread bear. 
Motley I clutched my Loot and 

5522
05:06:21,300 --> 05:06:24,100
Falls tightly praying. 
I wouldn't end the day in the 

5523
05:06:24,100 --> 05:06:27,200
stocks. 
Inside Torchlight flickered on 

5524
05:06:27,200 --> 05:06:30,900
tapestries and armored Knights. 
Servants rushed by with steaming

5525
05:06:30,900 --> 05:06:34,400
platters of meat and trenches of
bread, the air smelled of wood 

5526
05:06:34,400 --> 05:06:35,800
smoke spice. 
Why? 

5527
05:06:35,800 --> 05:06:38,400
And a hint of something foul 
from The Stables? 

5528
05:06:39,400 --> 05:06:41,200
I followed a steward into the 
enormous Hall. 

5529
05:06:41,200 --> 05:06:44,700
My shoes scuffing over rushes 
through on the floor at the far 

5530
05:06:44,700 --> 05:06:48,100
end on a raise dayus sat King, 
Edward of England, my new 

5531
05:06:48,100 --> 05:06:51,000
master, he wore a furline mantle
and no Crown. 

5532
05:06:51,000 --> 05:06:52,500
Yet. 
He radiated Authority. 

5533
05:06:52,500 --> 05:06:55,600
He fixed his Keen gray eyes on 
me as the gathered. 

5534
05:06:55,600 --> 05:06:57,500
Courtiers announced me as the 
evening's entertainment. 

5535
05:06:57,500 --> 05:07:01,900
Every gaze in the hall turned, 
my way, I felt naked despite my 

5536
05:07:01,900 --> 05:07:06,600
Motley tunic and jingling Bells 
I swept a deep bow arms, blade, 

5537
05:07:06,600 --> 05:07:09,200
comically, nearly losing my 
balance for effect. 

5538
05:07:10,000 --> 05:07:13,600
A few Chuckles broke, the 
silence, welcome full called the

5539
05:07:13,608 --> 05:07:16,800
king his voice, echoing off, the
rafters, what do they call you? 

5540
05:07:16,800 --> 05:07:21,200
Tom, your majesty Tom full. 
I answered brightly hiding my 

5541
05:07:21,200 --> 05:07:24,700
nerves under a grin in truth. 
My Christian name was William 

5542
05:07:24,700 --> 05:07:26,900
but a new life, warrant a new 
name. 

5543
05:07:26,900 --> 05:07:29,200
My answer earned an approving 
smirk. 

5544
05:07:29,800 --> 05:07:32,200
Very well. 
Tom let us see if your humor is 

5545
05:07:32,208 --> 05:07:34,400
a sharp as your tongue is. 
Quick said King. 

5546
05:07:34,400 --> 05:07:36,500
Edward, he gestured for me to 
begin. 

5547
05:07:37,300 --> 05:07:40,900
I started with the jaunty. 
Tune on my loot, a baldy Tavern.

5548
05:07:40,900 --> 05:07:44,700
Song about a Tipsy fryer, losing
his robe to the wind, my fingers

5549
05:07:44,700 --> 05:07:47,700
trembled on the String's, but 
the melody came out Mary and 

5550
05:07:47,700 --> 05:07:50,900
bright laughter rows from the 
tables at the chorus is naughty 

5551
05:07:50,900 --> 05:07:54,500
twist, emboldened, I launched 
into a comic tale. 

5552
05:07:54,500 --> 05:07:58,400
Peppering it with Jabs at Castle
life, a joke about the cook over

5553
05:07:58,400 --> 05:08:02,100
salt and the stew equip about a 
knight's, rusted armor, creaking

5554
05:08:02,100 --> 05:08:06,000
like an old ox, The courtiers 
Gafford and even the queen had a

5555
05:08:06,000 --> 05:08:09,300
smile behind her hand. 
Warm relief spread through my 

5556
05:08:09,300 --> 05:08:14,000
chest, they were laughing. 
Finally, I decided to make a 

5557
05:08:14,000 --> 05:08:16,200
bold joke aimed at the most 
significant Target. 

5558
05:08:17,100 --> 05:08:19,600
Balancing on one leg in an 
exaggerated pose. 

5559
05:08:19,600 --> 05:08:23,100
I lowered my voice 
conspiratorially Lords and 

5560
05:08:23,100 --> 05:08:26,200
Ladies I announced I've heard a 
wondrous secret about our 

5561
05:08:26,200 --> 05:08:28,000
sovereign. 
A hush fell. 

5562
05:08:28,000 --> 05:08:30,500
I flashed an impish grin at King
Edward. 

5563
05:08:30,500 --> 05:08:33,900
It said his majesty has a unique
blessing from Saint Peter 

5564
05:08:33,908 --> 05:08:36,300
himself. 
Only the king can sit on his 

5565
05:08:36,300 --> 05:08:39,900
throne and make the Angels Sing 
especially after he is enjoyed a

5566
05:08:39,900 --> 05:08:42,900
Hearty dinner. 
I patted my backside and widened

5567
05:08:42,900 --> 05:08:45,900
my eyes innocently for a 
heartbeat silence. 

5568
05:08:46,800 --> 05:08:49,600
Some Lords look scandalized that
I joked about the king's Royal 

5569
05:08:49,600 --> 05:08:51,900
behind the king's eyebrow 
arched. 

5570
05:08:51,900 --> 05:08:55,800
My pulse pounded had I gone too 
far then King. 

5571
05:08:55,800 --> 05:08:58,900
Edward threw back his head and 
laughed a deep roaring laugh 

5572
05:08:58,900 --> 05:09:02,100
that shattered the tension the 
court followed suit laughed 

5573
05:09:02,100 --> 05:09:05,200
after Rippling through the hall.
The King mimicked sternness by 

5574
05:09:05,200 --> 05:09:08,500
waving a finger at me. 
Mind your cheek Nave or I'll 

5575
05:09:08,500 --> 05:09:12,200
have you whip for impudence. 
He said, still chuckling I 

5576
05:09:12,200 --> 05:09:14,100
dropped my knees in a mock 
pleading bow. 

5577
05:09:14,900 --> 05:09:17,700
Mercy or Majesty. 
I only speak gospel truth in 

5578
05:09:17,700 --> 05:09:20,000
your praise. 
I replied with an overly Pious 

5579
05:09:20,000 --> 05:09:22,500
tone. 
The king laughed again and gave 

5580
05:09:22,500 --> 05:09:26,800
a dismissive way of signaling. 
My performance was over As I 

5581
05:09:26,800 --> 05:09:29,800
backed away, trembling with 
relief, a servant press to 

5582
05:09:29,800 --> 05:09:33,800
Silver Coin, into my palm, a 
reward from the king, I bowed 

5583
05:09:33,800 --> 05:09:37,200
One Last Time, cheeks flushed 
and retreated to the edge of the

5584
05:09:37,200 --> 05:09:40,800
hall by debut had been a success
that night. 

5585
05:09:40,800 --> 05:09:43,700
The steward showed me to a small
chamber in the Castle's upper 

5586
05:09:43,700 --> 05:09:47,200
kitchens simple but mine alone. 
A collapsed onto the 

5587
05:09:47,208 --> 05:09:51,000
straw-filled bed exhausted but 
exhilarated had arrived with 

5588
05:09:51,008 --> 05:09:54,400
nothing but my wits and earned 
not only coin but also a place 

5589
05:09:54,400 --> 05:09:57,800
in the king's household I was no
longer a Wandering Vagabond. 

5590
05:09:57,800 --> 05:10:02,200
I was the Kings full As I stared
up at the ceiling, I allowed 

5591
05:10:02,200 --> 05:10:05,800
myself a grin tomorrow and each 
day that followed, I would 

5592
05:10:05,800 --> 05:10:08,800
balance between humor and Power 
in a quart of Lords. 

5593
05:10:08,800 --> 05:10:13,100
And Ladies, I a mere full had 
found a foothold by Autumn of 

5594
05:10:13,100 --> 05:10:15,700
that year, I had become a 
familiar part of Court life. 

5595
05:10:15,700 --> 05:10:18,000
Ever-ready with a quick to lift 
a mood. 

5596
05:10:19,400 --> 05:10:21,300
On one crisp evening at a 
harvest feast. 

5597
05:10:22,100 --> 05:10:25,200
The Great Hall hosted a Grand 
Banquet after a long day of 

5598
05:10:25,208 --> 05:10:29,100
festivities, The Trestle tables 
grown with roasted bore and 

5599
05:10:29,100 --> 05:10:31,800
spice Dale. 
I flitted around refilling 

5600
05:10:31,800 --> 05:10:34,500
drinks and tossing, one line as 
most laughed. 

5601
05:10:34,500 --> 05:10:38,700
Kindly, but sir, Roger a Burley 
Barren with a Perpetual scaled 

5602
05:10:38,700 --> 05:10:42,800
decided to Sport with me. 
Hoe their full, he bellowed 

5603
05:10:42,800 --> 05:10:44,800
fainting joviality. 
We hear you. 

5604
05:10:44,800 --> 05:10:46,200
Juggle. 
Anything try these. 

5605
05:10:46,200 --> 05:10:48,400
He suddenly hurled two oranges 
at me. 

5606
05:10:48,400 --> 05:10:52,000
The first, I started out of the 
air, but the second struck my 

5607
05:10:52,000 --> 05:10:54,000
cheek sharply before splattering
on the floor. 

5608
05:10:54,800 --> 05:10:58,100
Laughed after a erupted pain 
fled in my cheek and my face 

5609
05:10:58,100 --> 05:11:00,300
burned as Noble's held at my 
expense. 

5610
05:11:01,200 --> 05:11:03,100
For an instant. 
I nearly flung the remaining 

5611
05:11:03,100 --> 05:11:06,800
orange at him, I imagined it 
smacking that red-faced oath but

5612
05:11:06,800 --> 05:11:11,700
a full survives on wit not Roth.
I grinned foolishly and juggled 

5613
05:11:11,700 --> 05:11:13,500
the loan orange as if nothing 
were amiss. 

5614
05:11:14,100 --> 05:11:16,200
Many thanks. 
My lord for the extra supper. 

5615
05:11:16,200 --> 05:11:19,500
I quit pretending to bite into 
the fruit before nearly dropping

5616
05:11:19,500 --> 05:11:23,500
it in an exaggerated fumble. 
The onlookers laughed and you 

5617
05:11:23,500 --> 05:11:26,600
this time with me rather than at
me even. 

5618
05:11:26,600 --> 05:11:29,800
So Roger satisfied that I had 
accepted the mockery gave her 

5619
05:11:29,800 --> 05:11:32,900
reluctant chuckle. 
I made a grand bow, swallowing 

5620
05:11:32,900 --> 05:11:35,800
my wounded Pride. 
When I rest a glance up at King 

5621
05:11:35,800 --> 05:11:38,000
Edward, he was watching me with 
a faint smirk. 

5622
05:11:39,300 --> 05:11:43,000
Later that night, a royal page 
summoned me to the king heart. 

5623
05:11:43,000 --> 05:11:46,300
Pounding with worry, I made my 
way to his private chamber. 

5624
05:11:47,000 --> 05:11:48,900
Had I overstepped in some way at
the feast. 

5625
05:11:49,800 --> 05:11:53,100
I entered to find King, Edward 
Alone by the half gazing at the 

5626
05:11:53,100 --> 05:11:57,100
letters, spread on a table. 
His crown sat off to the side as

5627
05:11:57,100 --> 05:11:59,500
if he even gold and jewels grew 
heavy for him to night. 

5628
05:12:00,400 --> 05:12:03,900
Tom, come here a moment. 
He said this was no summons for 

5629
05:12:03,900 --> 05:12:07,200
entertainment. 
His tone was pensive. the king 

5630
05:12:07,200 --> 05:12:10,800
rubbed a hand over his brow news
from the shires, he muttered, 

5631
05:12:10,800 --> 05:12:15,100
poor harvests and empty 
storehouses yet my Lord's demand

5632
05:12:15,100 --> 05:12:19,300
their taxes in full Side and 
glanced at me. 

5633
05:12:19,900 --> 05:12:23,500
Do you have a zest for that? 
His question was Earnest, not a 

5634
05:12:23,500 --> 05:12:24,900
command for a silly face or 
song. 

5635
05:12:24,900 --> 05:12:30,800
I took a breath. sire, if I may 
spin a small Fable, sometimes 

5636
05:12:30,800 --> 05:12:35,000
answers slink out better in 
story form, At his nod, I spoke 

5637
05:12:35,000 --> 05:12:38,600
softly I told of a farmer who 
had a skinny mule that pulled 

5638
05:12:38,600 --> 05:12:41,200
his plow when drought with the 
crops. 

5639
05:12:42,200 --> 05:12:44,800
The farmer threatened to whip 
the mule to make it work harder,

5640
05:12:44,800 --> 05:12:47,300
but the Beast begged for a bit 
more feed. 

5641
05:12:47,300 --> 05:12:50,800
So he'd have strength to pull 
the farmer relented and fed. 

5642
05:12:50,800 --> 05:12:54,100
The mule extra grain comes 
spring, they tilled enough land 

5643
05:12:54,100 --> 05:12:58,000
to survive and even Thrive when 
rains returned, As I finished, I

5644
05:12:58,000 --> 05:13:00,600
stole a side. 
Long, look at King, Edward, he 

5645
05:13:00,600 --> 05:13:03,500
stared out the window stroking. 
His beard from a moment. 

5646
05:13:03,500 --> 05:13:07,100
I feared I'd been too bold. 
My Tails meaning was clear, then

5647
05:13:07,100 --> 05:13:11,400
he gave a low chuckle clever, 
mule he used, clever enough to 

5648
05:13:11,400 --> 05:13:16,400
get his belly full. 
I bowed my head relieved meals. 

5649
05:13:16,400 --> 05:13:17,400
Often. 
Do your majesty? 

5650
05:13:18,500 --> 05:13:20,300
Ashley. 
When they Bray in rhyme, I said 

5651
05:13:20,300 --> 05:13:23,000
with a jingle of my cat bell, he
turned to face me. 

5652
05:13:23,000 --> 05:13:25,100
And I saw a trace of admiration 
in his worn eyes. 

5653
05:13:25,900 --> 05:13:29,400
You have a sharp, a width, and 
many in silk Tom you wrap wisdom

5654
05:13:29,400 --> 05:13:32,100
in nonsens. 
I felt a warmth in my chest 

5655
05:13:32,100 --> 05:13:36,400
however I responded lightly 
saying ah it's but a full simple

5656
05:13:36,400 --> 05:13:39,500
Fable, sire King, Edward 
managed, a slight smile. 

5657
05:13:39,500 --> 05:13:43,800
On the contrary, I will consider
what you have implied. 

5658
05:13:44,700 --> 05:13:47,700
He clapped a hand on my 
shoulder, a gesture of trust and

5659
05:13:47,700 --> 05:13:50,100
thanks, that will be all get 
some rest. 

5660
05:13:50,100 --> 05:13:53,700
I bow deeply, good night your 
majesty before, departing, I 

5661
05:13:53,700 --> 05:13:56,400
turned back with the cheeky bow 
and don't forget to feed your 

5662
05:13:56,408 --> 05:13:59,400
mule sire. 
I said, King Edward barked, a 

5663
05:13:59,400 --> 05:14:02,200
brief laugh and wave me away. 
I slipped out with a grin. 

5664
05:14:02,200 --> 05:14:05,400
Walking back to my quarters 
through the dim corridors, I 

5665
05:14:05,400 --> 05:14:08,900
felt nearly weightless tonight. 
I had stepped Beyond mirror 

5666
05:14:08,900 --> 05:14:12,200
Entertainer. 
I had in my small way shape, the

5667
05:14:12,200 --> 05:14:15,000
king's thoughts, it was 
exhilarating and a little 

5668
05:14:15,008 --> 05:14:18,400
terrifying. 
Falls jingling cap, I realized 

5669
05:14:18,400 --> 05:14:21,200
could carry surprise in 
influence if I used my wit 

5670
05:14:21,200 --> 05:14:23,700
wiseley. 
Although favor can change 

5671
05:14:23,700 --> 05:14:26,700
quickly for the time, being the 
king, relied on the Hidden 

5672
05:14:26,700 --> 05:14:29,600
Truths within my pranks. 
Winter brought hardship, and 

5673
05:14:29,600 --> 05:14:33,200
unrest, a poor harvest left, 
many starving and Whispers of 

5674
05:14:33,200 --> 05:14:36,300
her belt and drifted into court.
King Edward's temper wants 

5675
05:14:36,300 --> 05:14:38,500
jovial in my company, grew 
brittle. 

5676
05:14:38,500 --> 05:14:41,900
As dried kindling more often, I 
saw him frown at reports from 

5677
05:14:41,900 --> 05:14:45,600
his Barons, grain riots poaching
in the Royal forests. 

5678
05:14:45,600 --> 05:14:50,000
A distant Village refusing to 
pay tithes Fear and anger, 

5679
05:14:50,000 --> 05:14:51,800
coiled around the court like 
smoke. 

5680
05:14:52,600 --> 05:14:55,600
One Bleak afternoon, the king 
held open court to dispense 

5681
05:14:55,600 --> 05:14:58,200
Justice. 
I stood at the edge of the hall 

5682
05:14:58,200 --> 05:15:02,000
Belle's, quiet since the tension
one by one, prisoners were 

5683
05:15:02,000 --> 05:15:04,200
brought Before the Throne a 
gaunt farmer. 

5684
05:15:04,200 --> 05:15:07,400
Who'd slain a deer on Crown Land
begged Mercy claiming it was to 

5685
05:15:07,400 --> 05:15:10,500
feed his Starving Children. 
Next, a ragged group of 

5686
05:15:10,500 --> 05:15:13,700
villagers accused of sparking. 
A food in the north were Dragged

5687
05:15:13,700 --> 05:15:16,100
In Chains. 
My stomach tightened at their 

5688
05:15:16,100 --> 05:15:17,600
Hollow cheeks and terrified 
eyes. 

5689
05:15:17,600 --> 05:15:20,900
The Barons and courtiers looked 
on with hard disapproval. 

5690
05:15:20,900 --> 05:15:24,400
So Warwick the king Stern faced 
advisor urged severity. 

5691
05:15:24,400 --> 05:15:26,700
An example must be made your 
majesty. 

5692
05:15:26,700 --> 05:15:30,200
He declared loud enough for all 
to hear Clemente for lawbreakers

5693
05:15:30,200 --> 05:15:32,200
in famine. 
Would only breed chaos. 

5694
05:15:32,200 --> 05:15:36,600
Show them the cost of defiance. 
I watched King Edward's face as 

5695
05:15:36,600 --> 05:15:40,700
War Expo, a muscle in his jaw 
twitched the king's eyes 

5696
05:15:40,700 --> 05:15:43,000
usually. 
So keen and Alive were clouded 

5697
05:15:43,000 --> 05:15:45,400
with worried, he would rather 
not seem weak. 

5698
05:15:45,400 --> 05:15:49,200
The farmer was up first for 
judgment King Edward announced 

5699
05:15:49,200 --> 05:15:51,700
that the farmer would receive a 
public as punishment. 

5700
05:15:52,600 --> 05:15:55,700
The poor man broke down in tears
grateful that he had avoided The

5701
05:15:55,700 --> 05:15:57,800
Noose. 
I let out a breath. 

5702
05:15:57,800 --> 05:16:01,900
I hadn't realized I was holding.
But then came the villagers a 

5703
05:16:01,900 --> 05:16:03,400
guard read out their crime 
leading. 

5704
05:16:03,400 --> 05:16:07,100
A mob to raid a granary owned by
the crown an old woman among 

5705
05:16:07,100 --> 05:16:09,700
them cried out. 
We only took the grain because 

5706
05:16:09,700 --> 05:16:13,200
our children were dying. 
Her voice echoed in the hall. 

5707
05:16:13,200 --> 05:16:17,100
So Warwick shook his head and 
disgust, the courtiers murmured,

5708
05:16:17,100 --> 05:16:18,700
angrily about treason and 
thievery. 

5709
05:16:18,700 --> 05:16:21,900
I bit my tongue, a 1,000 
thoughts, clashing, in my mind, 

5710
05:16:21,900 --> 05:16:24,200
these folk had broken the law. 
Yes. 

5711
05:16:24,200 --> 05:16:27,800
But out of desperation. 
I glanced toward the King 

5712
05:16:27,800 --> 05:16:30,600
Edward's face hardened. 
As he prepared to deliver his 

5713
05:16:30,600 --> 05:16:35,300
Verdict by my Royal Authority. 
You shall he began likely 

5714
05:16:35,300 --> 05:16:37,300
meaning to condemn them to the 
dungeons or worse? 

5715
05:16:38,100 --> 05:16:41,000
But before I knew what I was 
doing, I stepped forward, my 

5716
05:16:41,000 --> 05:16:44,000
heart thundered in my chest but 
I couldn't stay silent. 

5717
05:16:44,000 --> 05:16:47,900
Perhaps, I'd spent too long 
weaving truth in to jests the 

5718
05:16:47,900 --> 05:16:49,700
truth. 
Now came out bear and unadorned 

5719
05:16:50,600 --> 05:16:53,100
your majesty. 
I interjected and allowed and 

5720
05:16:53,108 --> 05:16:55,900
clear voice to ask if I might 
offer a Fool's perspective. 

5721
05:16:57,200 --> 05:16:59,000
Shocked. 
Hush fell wanted. 

5722
05:16:59,000 --> 05:17:00,700
Not interrupt the king at 
trials. 

5723
05:17:00,700 --> 05:17:03,700
Certainly not a full. 
I generally heard so, Warwick's 

5724
05:17:03,700 --> 05:17:06,300
of annoyance. 
King Edward turned, his cold 

5725
05:17:06,300 --> 05:17:10,400
Gaze on me, more startled, and 
Furious at least, yet I 

5726
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:12,200
swallowed hard, there was no 
turning back. 

5727
05:17:13,100 --> 05:17:15,300
I adopted a deliberately like 
tone though. 

5728
05:17:15,300 --> 05:17:19,200
My pulse pounded in my ears. 
These poor souls stand accused 

5729
05:17:19,200 --> 05:17:21,500
of stealing bread. 
I said gesturing to the 

5730
05:17:21,508 --> 05:17:24,600
trembling Villages and truly 
that is no jesting matter. 

5731
05:17:25,500 --> 05:17:29,100
But I wonder sire, if a father 
is to be whipped for feeding his

5732
05:17:29,100 --> 05:17:32,400
children, Venison and mothers 
are to be cast in dungeons for 

5733
05:17:32,400 --> 05:17:35,700
snatching a few loaves. 
I forced a thin smile. 

5734
05:17:35,700 --> 05:17:39,600
Perhaps your humble full should 
be punished as well for, I've 

5735
05:17:39,608 --> 05:17:42,200
been stealing your valuable are 
all these years without paying 

5736
05:17:42,200 --> 05:17:45,700
coin for it. 
Few nervous titers came from the

5737
05:17:45,700 --> 05:17:48,600
back of the hall. 
Then died immediately the king's

5738
05:17:48,600 --> 05:17:52,000
eyes, narrowed, I pressed on my 
voice gaining A desperate 

5739
05:17:52,000 --> 05:17:54,300
strength. 
Only a fool would make light of 

5740
05:17:54,300 --> 05:17:56,400
hunger. 
My Lord, I speak not to mock 

5741
05:17:56,400 --> 05:17:59,800
your justice, but to beseech, 
your mercy starvation makes 

5742
05:17:59,800 --> 05:18:04,200
fools of us all I bowed low my 
head bent so I couldn't see his 

5743
05:18:04,200 --> 05:18:06,300
reaction. 
My hands were shaking. 

5744
05:18:06,300 --> 05:18:10,100
No one else dared. 
Breathe for a heartbeat. 

5745
05:18:10,100 --> 05:18:11,400
There was silence. 
So deep. 

5746
05:18:11,400 --> 05:18:13,500
I heard the distant drip of wax 
from a candle. 

5747
05:18:13,500 --> 05:18:18,100
Then in enough, King Edward said
quietly, the word fell like an 

5748
05:18:18,100 --> 05:18:20,100
axe. 
I looked up his face was 

5749
05:18:20,100 --> 05:18:23,200
flushed, not with myth but with 
anger I'll hear no more. 

5750
05:18:24,800 --> 05:18:27,500
He stood from the throne and in 
that moment, he loomed larger 

5751
05:18:27,500 --> 05:18:32,000
than I'd ever seen him. 
Who is King here youthful? 

5752
05:18:33,200 --> 05:18:36,300
His voice was deceptively, soft 
quivering with restrained, rage.

5753
05:18:36,300 --> 05:18:40,900
Do you presume to lecture me on 
duty and mercy dressed in Motley

5754
05:18:40,900 --> 05:18:44,400
and bells. 
Every utterance from his lips 

5755
05:18:44,400 --> 05:18:46,300
felt like a boulder hurled 
towards my head. 

5756
05:18:46,300 --> 05:18:50,400
I opened my mouth to stammer and
apology but he silenced me with 

5757
05:18:50,400 --> 05:18:53,200
a glare. 
Take him the king snapped to his

5758
05:18:53,208 --> 05:18:56,400
guards. 
In an instant rough hands seized

5759
05:18:56,400 --> 05:18:58,700
my arms. 
I belt it cap, tumbled to the 

5760
05:18:58,700 --> 05:19:00,300
floor as a guard yanked. 
Me backward. 

5761
05:19:00,300 --> 05:19:04,000
I heard a few gasps among the 
courtiers lady Margaery covered 

5762
05:19:04,000 --> 05:19:06,700
her mouth in dismay. 
So Warwick simply watched with a

5763
05:19:06,700 --> 05:19:10,300
thin smile. 
My caps little bells jangled on 

5764
05:19:10,300 --> 05:19:13,100
the Stone's a faint jingling. 
That seemed to underline my 

5765
05:19:13,100 --> 05:19:15,500
folly. 
King Edwards voice echoed in the

5766
05:19:15,508 --> 05:19:19,300
rafters, cold and formal for his
disruption and insolence, let 

5767
05:19:19,300 --> 05:19:21,100
the Kings fall receive the same 
punishment. 

5768
05:19:21,100 --> 05:19:24,800
He pitied he should receive 20 
lashes before the court at dawn 

5769
05:19:24,800 --> 05:19:28,600
Terror. 
Washed over me, 20 lashes, my 

5770
05:19:28,600 --> 05:19:29,800
knees. 
Nearly buckled. 

5771
05:19:29,800 --> 05:19:33,600
I wanted to bake for forgiveness
to plead that I'd only spoke out

5772
05:19:33,600 --> 05:19:36,100
of concern, but my tongue felt 
paralyzed. 

5773
05:19:36,100 --> 05:19:39,100
Two guards dragged me from the 
hall as the king's attention 

5774
05:19:39,100 --> 05:19:42,400
returned to the stunned 
prisoners before him As they 

5775
05:19:42,400 --> 05:19:46,000
hold me away, none dared to 
object, or even meet my eyes. 

5776
05:19:46,000 --> 05:19:49,900
They threw me into a drafty 
empty chamber where I Collapse 

5777
05:19:49,900 --> 05:19:52,300
to the floor. 
My back pressed against Cold 

5778
05:19:52,300 --> 05:19:54,500
Stone. 
As I tried to catch my breath, I

5779
05:19:54,500 --> 05:19:56,900
tasted blood. 
I must have bitten my tongue 

5780
05:19:56,900 --> 05:19:59,800
without noticing. 
When I shut my eyes, hot tears, 

5781
05:19:59,800 --> 05:20:02,200
forced their way out and rolled 
down my cheeks. 

5782
05:20:02,200 --> 05:20:05,400
Full full. 
Full, I cursed myself silently. 

5783
05:20:05,400 --> 05:20:08,400
What did I done? 
I had wanted to save a few 

5784
05:20:08,400 --> 05:20:12,700
peasants from the king's wrath. 
Instead, I had only intensified 

5785
05:20:12,700 --> 05:20:15,100
the king's wrath and burned 
myself in the process. 

5786
05:20:15,100 --> 05:20:18,700
In my mind, I saw the king's 
face again, in raged and 

5787
05:20:18,700 --> 05:20:22,300
unyielding, that image stabbed 
at my heart more sharply than 

5788
05:20:22,300 --> 05:20:24,500
any whip. 
Could not long ago. 

5789
05:20:24,500 --> 05:20:27,400
I had sat by that same man's 
half trading, fables and easing 

5790
05:20:27,400 --> 05:20:29,400
his burden's. 
Now, he looked at me as just 

5791
05:20:29,400 --> 05:20:32,400
another disobedient subject. 
Toward midnight. 

5792
05:20:32,400 --> 05:20:35,300
The guards came to escort me to 
the pillar in the courtyard. 

5793
05:20:35,300 --> 05:20:38,100
The sentence was to be carried 
out of First Light. 

5794
05:20:38,100 --> 05:20:40,900
They locked my wrists and neck 
in the wooden stocks. 

5795
05:20:41,700 --> 05:20:44,500
Stood hunched in that cruel 
device for Endless hours 

5796
05:20:44,500 --> 05:20:48,200
shivering in the winter cold 
alone under the stars, snow 

5797
05:20:48,200 --> 05:20:50,900
began to fall thin. 
Icy flakes catching in my hair. 

5798
05:20:50,900 --> 05:20:55,400
The pain had not yet begun but a
dread deeper than any wound Nord

5799
05:20:55,400 --> 05:20:58,400
at me. 
As Darkness deepened alone, 

5800
05:20:58,400 --> 05:21:00,800
figure approached through the 
torch-lit yard. 

5801
05:21:00,800 --> 05:21:04,900
I squinted through Frozen lashes
to see Master Robert, the king's

5802
05:21:04,900 --> 05:21:07,900
old Chamberlain carrying a cloak
Without a word. 

5803
05:21:07,900 --> 05:21:11,300
He draped it over my shoulders. 
His eyes were sad as he met my 

5804
05:21:11,300 --> 05:21:13,600
gaze. 
You were Brave Tom? 

5805
05:21:13,600 --> 05:21:16,000
He whispered just loud enough 
for me to hear. 

5806
05:21:16,800 --> 05:21:19,500
He was indeed Brave. 
If not a little foolish. 

5807
05:21:20,200 --> 05:21:22,600
A bitter laugh Escape me. 
What other thing could I be? 

5808
05:21:23,600 --> 05:21:26,100
You shook his head and pressed a
small flask of Al to my lips 

5809
05:21:26,100 --> 05:21:29,100
greatly, I drank a burning 
mouthful, that chased some of 

5810
05:21:29,100 --> 05:21:32,300
the Chill from my bones, is his 
majesty. 

5811
05:21:32,300 --> 05:21:35,800
I croaked, I quote, raw from the
cold night air as I struggled to

5812
05:21:35,808 --> 05:21:39,100
hold back. 
Sobs Master Robert sighed, he 

5813
05:21:39,100 --> 05:21:42,100
was alone in his Chambers. 
He's unlikely to change his mind

5814
05:21:42,100 --> 05:21:44,900
by morning, I am sorry. 
He has a tated. 

5815
05:21:44,900 --> 05:21:49,400
Some of us perceive the truth in
your words, but the king He's 

5816
05:21:49,400 --> 05:21:53,500
under enormous strain. 
I nodded as best I could with my

5817
05:21:53,500 --> 05:21:56,300
neck trap. 
Tear slipped down my face, hot 

5818
05:21:56,300 --> 05:21:59,400
against my numb skin. 
Thank you, I managed to whisper 

5819
05:21:59,400 --> 05:22:02,300
the Chamberlain. 
Squeezed my shoulder gently and 

5820
05:22:02,300 --> 05:22:04,600
departed. 
Leaving the cloak as my only 

5821
05:22:04,600 --> 05:22:07,200
comfort. 
I spent the remaining hours in 

5822
05:22:07,200 --> 05:22:11,200
silent prayer prayer that the 
king's heart would soften that 

5823
05:22:11,200 --> 05:22:13,900
Dawn would never come and that I
might endure. 

5824
05:22:13,900 --> 05:22:17,700
What was to come? 
I was not a warrior or a martyr.

5825
05:22:17,700 --> 05:22:19,700
Just a Fool who had flown too 
close to the Sun. 

5826
05:22:19,700 --> 05:22:23,000
The strange Freedom might had to
speak, truth had shown its 

5827
05:22:23,000 --> 05:22:25,800
price. 
At Sunrise, they flogged me. 

5828
05:22:25,800 --> 05:22:29,500
I bit down on a leather strap to
keep from screaming as each lash

5829
05:22:29,500 --> 05:22:32,900
tuross my back. 
Fiery pain, exploded with every 

5830
05:22:32,900 --> 05:22:35,700
stroke. 
By the 10th, blow my vision. 

5831
05:22:35,700 --> 05:22:38,900
Blurred by the 20th, I hung limp
in the restraints. 

5832
05:22:38,900 --> 05:22:41,900
Unable to stand, I didn't really
heard an official read out my 

5833
05:22:41,900 --> 05:22:44,000
crime of insolence to the 
gathered, courtiers as the 

5834
05:22:44,000 --> 05:22:46,800
punishment was delivered, as if 
it was some theater. 

5835
05:22:46,800 --> 05:22:50,600
And I was the main spectacle. 
When it was mercifully over, 

5836
05:22:50,600 --> 05:22:54,500
they released the pillars lock 
and I crumpled to the snow, the 

5837
05:22:54,500 --> 05:22:57,100
world spun for a moment, as I 
lay there with my cheek against 

5838
05:22:57,100 --> 05:23:01,200
the white to trampled ground. 
I could hear distant Applause 

5839
05:23:01,200 --> 05:23:05,600
from one or two Nobles. 
An ugly, mockery warm blood 

5840
05:23:05,600 --> 05:23:09,300
trickled under my shirt, two 
guards, lifted me to my feet and

5841
05:23:09,300 --> 05:23:12,000
carried me away. 
As if I were worthless trash, I 

5842
05:23:12,000 --> 05:23:15,000
drifted In and Out Of 
Consciousness, once through a 

5843
05:23:15,000 --> 05:23:18,300
blur of tears, I thought I saw 
the king watching from a high 

5844
05:23:18,308 --> 05:23:20,300
window. 
I couldn't discern his 

5845
05:23:20,300 --> 05:23:22,500
expression. 
They dumped me in my little 

5846
05:23:22,500 --> 05:23:25,900
chamber and left without a word.
I don't know how long I remained

5847
05:23:25,900 --> 05:23:29,400
motionless on the floor, curled 
up, and gasping, eventually a 

5848
05:23:29,400 --> 05:23:30,700
kind. 
Maid servant slipped in and 

5849
05:23:30,700 --> 05:23:32,400
tended. 
My wounds with vinegar and clean

5850
05:23:32,400 --> 05:23:34,600
bandages, cluckin softly and 
pity. 

5851
05:23:34,600 --> 05:23:38,000
I thanked her in a hoarse 
whisper by Nightfall. 

5852
05:23:38,000 --> 05:23:41,300
I could at least sit upright on 
my straw caught every movement 

5853
05:23:41,300 --> 05:23:43,400
sent bolts of Agony through my 
welded back. 

5854
05:23:44,300 --> 05:23:46,700
Stared at the dark ceiling Halo 
and heartsick. 

5855
05:23:47,300 --> 05:23:50,000
A full I had been indeed 
thinking I could speak for the 

5856
05:23:50,000 --> 05:23:54,100
week and not be struck down. 
As the castle around me bustled 

5857
05:23:54,100 --> 05:23:57,900
with the evening supper and 
song, I lay in silence tasting, 

5858
05:23:57,900 --> 05:24:01,400
bitterness like bile. 
I did not know what hurt more 

5859
05:24:01,400 --> 05:24:03,900
the fiery stripes across my 
back. 

5860
05:24:03,900 --> 05:24:07,600
All the cold distance that now 
yawned between me and the king. 

5861
05:24:07,600 --> 05:24:11,700
I had thought perhaps foolishly 
was my friend after a week Under

5862
05:24:11,700 --> 05:24:15,100
Siege with little progress, the 
king decided to send a message 

5863
05:24:15,100 --> 05:24:18,300
of surrender terms to do Jeffrey
to my surprise. 

5864
05:24:18,300 --> 05:24:21,400
He chose me as the envoy, 
perhaps, he chose me as the 

5865
05:24:21,400 --> 05:24:24,300
envoy as a form of punishment or
perhaps he believes that having 

5866
05:24:24,300 --> 05:24:26,500
a full present would emphasize 
his contempt. 

5867
05:24:27,400 --> 05:24:30,200
Either way, I found myself 
standing before the king, in his

5868
05:24:30,200 --> 05:24:34,300
Pavilion, as he thrust to sealed
parchment into my hand carry 

5869
05:24:34,300 --> 05:24:35,700
out. 
Surrender offered to Duke 

5870
05:24:35,700 --> 05:24:38,700
Jeffries gate. 
You've a silver tongue, perhaps,

5871
05:24:38,700 --> 05:24:40,300
you can persuade him with Siege 
engines. 

5872
05:24:40,300 --> 05:24:43,400
Cannot, he said coolie His 
Knight smirked. 

5873
05:24:43,400 --> 05:24:47,500
We all knew this errand carried 
risk a rebel might easily kill 

5874
05:24:47,500 --> 05:24:49,500
the king's fool as a mockery of 
the message. 

5875
05:24:50,400 --> 05:24:52,900
I realized King Edward was 
effectively sending me as a 

5876
05:24:52,908 --> 05:24:57,000
disposable Herald. 
Still, I mustered, my courage. 

5877
05:24:57,000 --> 05:25:00,500
This was the first Duty he had 
given me since my disgrace. 

5878
05:25:01,100 --> 05:25:04,700
Perhaps, if I succeeded, it 
could begin to mend the rift. 

5879
05:25:06,100 --> 05:25:08,500
As you command sire. 
I said, quietly. 

5880
05:25:10,300 --> 05:25:13,500
Soon after I rode out under a 
truce flag, replacing my Motley 

5881
05:25:13,500 --> 05:25:15,700
with a simple tunic adorned with
the Royal Arms. 

5882
05:25:15,700 --> 05:25:19,100
A pair of trumpeters accompanied
me part way and sounded a call 

5883
05:25:19,100 --> 05:25:22,100
before falling back. 
Alone, I approached the castles 

5884
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:25,200
gate across a field littered 
with broken arrows, my spine, 

5885
05:25:25,200 --> 05:25:29,000
prickled expecting at any moment
to hear the Sinister twang of a 

5886
05:25:29,000 --> 05:25:31,200
bowstring and feel an arrow 
between my shoulders. 

5887
05:25:31,200 --> 05:25:35,600
But none came instead, a knot of
the Duke soldiers emerged to 

5888
05:25:35,600 --> 05:25:38,200
top, the battlements crossbows 
trained on me. 

5889
05:25:39,100 --> 05:25:40,900
I come bearing a message from 
King Edward. 

5890
05:25:40,900 --> 05:25:43,600
I shouted up in a steady of 
voice as I could manage. 

5891
05:25:44,600 --> 05:25:48,400
Eventually the iron pot colors 
creaked upward just enough for a

5892
05:25:48,400 --> 05:25:50,100
handful of armored men to drag 
me inside. 

5893
05:25:50,100 --> 05:25:53,900
I was roughly searched and 
relieved of my small dagger more

5894
05:25:53,900 --> 05:25:57,000
a tool than a weapon then they 
shoved me into a torch lit. 

5895
05:25:57,000 --> 05:25:58,700
Great Hall. 
Where Duke Jeffrey himself. 

5896
05:25:58,700 --> 05:26:02,200
Awaited, he was a formidable 
figure in steel plate and a 

5897
05:26:02,200 --> 05:26:04,600
crimson cloak. 
A middle-aged man with a scarred

5898
05:26:04,600 --> 05:26:07,900
brow and weary eyes. 
So he said his voice. 

5899
05:26:07,900 --> 05:26:11,000
Echoing off the stone walls, 
Edward sends his full to parley 

5900
05:26:11,800 --> 05:26:15,400
Is so short of loyal Knights 
Snickers echoed from The Dukes 

5901
05:26:15,400 --> 05:26:18,000
men around me. 
Straight into my full height. 

5902
05:26:18,000 --> 05:26:20,000
Trying not to let my knees 
quake. 

5903
05:26:20,700 --> 05:26:23,200
Loyal Knights are too, valuable 
to risk on Duke Jeffrey. 

5904
05:26:23,200 --> 05:26:25,400
I replied before thinking better
of it. 

5905
05:26:26,300 --> 05:26:28,300
My old reflex for wit had 
slipped out. 

5906
05:26:29,000 --> 05:26:32,100
Some of the Rebel soldiers 
bristled but the Duke barked a 

5907
05:26:32,100 --> 05:26:34,300
short laugh. 
Hand me the message full, he 

5908
05:26:34,300 --> 05:26:37,300
said, I presented the parchment 
with a slight bow. 

5909
05:26:37,300 --> 05:26:40,200
As he read the Kings offer, 
amnesty and exchange for 

5910
05:26:40,200 --> 05:26:43,100
immediate surrender. 
His face showed no flicker of 

5911
05:26:43,100 --> 05:26:45,700
concession when he finished, he 
scoffed. 

5912
05:26:45,700 --> 05:26:49,700
Empty promises did Edward think 
of a few pardoning words would 

5913
05:26:49,700 --> 05:26:52,500
make me kneel. 
He must consider me more foolish

5914
05:26:52,500 --> 05:26:55,300
than you. 
Tense silence fell. 

5915
05:26:55,300 --> 05:26:58,600
I realized all eyes were on me 
awaiting a response. 

5916
05:26:58,600 --> 05:27:02,800
If I returned empty-handed and 
tongue-tied, I don't only scorn.

5917
05:27:03,600 --> 05:27:06,300
So drawing a shaky breath, I 
addressed the Duke. 

5918
05:27:06,300 --> 05:27:10,100
His majesty desires, no more. 
Bloodshed, he offers you a 

5919
05:27:10,100 --> 05:27:12,300
chance to retain your lands and 
honor your grace. 

5920
05:27:13,200 --> 05:27:15,400
I implore you to think of the 
kingdom and your men who have 

5921
05:27:15,400 --> 05:27:18,500
families waiting for them. 
My voice echoed in the whole. 

5922
05:27:18,500 --> 05:27:21,500
It was a bold speech from my 
station, but I spoke with 

5923
05:27:21,500 --> 05:27:24,300
genuine pleading, I had seen 
enough suffering. 

5924
05:27:25,100 --> 05:27:27,800
Duke Jeffrey regarded, me with a
faintly surprised expression. 

5925
05:27:27,800 --> 05:27:32,100
He spoke earnestly. 
As if you were a fool, he sighed

5926
05:27:32,100 --> 05:27:34,000
deeply. 
And for a moment, I thought I 

5927
05:27:34,000 --> 05:27:36,600
saw sorrow in his eyes. 
You are young. 

5928
05:27:36,600 --> 05:27:39,800
You do not know Edward as I do 
he keeps his promises only while

5929
05:27:39,800 --> 05:27:42,200
it suits him. 
Tell your king that Jeffrey of 

5930
05:27:42,200 --> 05:27:45,000
March will not yield to pretty 
words and Hollow clemency we 

5931
05:27:45,000 --> 05:27:47,400
will meet on the field and 
settle our differences with 

5932
05:27:47,400 --> 05:27:49,800
steel. 
My heart sank. 

5933
05:27:49,800 --> 05:27:54,400
Is that your final answer? 
My Lord, I asked softly it is. 

5934
05:27:54,400 --> 05:27:58,500
He said, then he leaned forward 
and added in a low growl, tell 

5935
05:27:58,500 --> 05:28:01,100
Edward that by week's end. 
I shall sit on his throne or 

5936
05:28:01,100 --> 05:28:03,000
die. 
In the attempt, I bowed 

5937
05:28:03,000 --> 05:28:06,900
understanding the Pali was over.
But as I turned to leave one of 

5938
05:28:06,908 --> 05:28:09,000
the Duke's Captain, stepped 
forward with a hand on his 

5939
05:28:09,000 --> 05:28:11,400
sword, eyeing me with a wolfish 
grin. 

5940
05:28:12,300 --> 05:28:16,800
Duke Jeffrey waved at hand, 
dismissively know, he's, but a 

5941
05:28:16,800 --> 05:28:19,200
messenger. 
And an honest one at that, let 

5942
05:28:19,200 --> 05:28:22,000
him return on harmed. 
We are not the Savages that 

5943
05:28:22,000 --> 05:28:27,100
Edward would claim. 
He looked at me, go full, thank 

5944
05:28:27,100 --> 05:28:28,900
whatever. 
God you pray to that, I am not 

5945
05:28:28,900 --> 05:28:32,300
in the mood to play games with a
gesture today, they escorted me 

5946
05:28:32,300 --> 05:28:35,000
back to the gate. 
I felt the glare of archers on 

5947
05:28:35,000 --> 05:28:38,400
my back, as I walked out, 
refusing to break into a run. 

5948
05:28:39,100 --> 05:28:41,700
They shoved me out and slammed 
the pork colors behind me. 

5949
05:28:42,500 --> 05:28:46,300
Weak knead with relief, I walked
back to our lines facing the 

5950
05:28:46,300 --> 05:28:49,200
rebel Lord had been terrifying, 
but at least I survived 

5951
05:28:49,200 --> 05:28:51,700
unscathed. 
Back in King Edward's Camp. 

5952
05:28:51,700 --> 05:28:55,300
I delivered Duke Jeffries reply 
to King Edward and his Council 

5953
05:28:55,300 --> 05:28:58,200
the Kings faced Titan at the 
Dukes to Defiance. 

5954
05:28:58,200 --> 05:29:01,200
He said nothing to me, except a 
Curt nod of dismissal. 

5955
05:29:01,200 --> 05:29:03,900
It was as if I were, truly 
nothing more than a talking 

5956
05:29:03,900 --> 05:29:08,400
letter. that night, I sat by the
campfires watching, armored men,

5957
05:29:08,400 --> 05:29:11,400
hurry about shop, opening 
swords, and Whispering prayers 

5958
05:29:11,400 --> 05:29:14,800
and murmuring about illumines 
Blood would begin to Flow by 

5959
05:29:14,800 --> 05:29:17,500
Dawn. 
I felt utterly small beneath the

5960
05:29:17,500 --> 05:29:21,400
vast dark sky, once a Fool's 
quick-witted in the king's hall.

5961
05:29:21,400 --> 05:29:23,800
Now it meant nothing on the eve 
of Slaughter. 

5962
05:29:23,800 --> 05:29:27,400
I realized I was witnessing the 
gears of History turning in 

5963
05:29:27,400 --> 05:29:31,600
different to one humble gesture.
In the flicker of the firelight,

5964
05:29:31,600 --> 05:29:34,300
I caught sight of king, Edward 
standing with his generals 

5965
05:29:34,300 --> 05:29:36,800
Resolute and Grim. 
I remembered when he used to 

5966
05:29:36,808 --> 05:29:40,000
smile at my Antics. 
But that was before famine 

5967
05:29:40,000 --> 05:29:45,300
rebellion and my own over bold 
tongue had come between us. now,

5968
05:29:45,300 --> 05:29:49,200
I was just another soul in his 
train useful, only for the odd, 

5969
05:29:49,200 --> 05:29:52,400
Aaron and Has trumpet sounded 
though and mournful in the 

5970
05:29:52,400 --> 05:29:54,400
darkness. 
I wrapped my cloak tight and 

5971
05:29:54,400 --> 05:29:56,700
tried to steal a few hours of 
sleep on the cold ground. 

5972
05:29:57,400 --> 05:29:59,500
Tomorrow's battle would decide 
the fate of the Kingdom. 

5973
05:30:00,400 --> 05:30:03,800
I could do nothing but witness 
it, a full on the sidelines of 

5974
05:30:03,800 --> 05:30:07,500
Kings, hoping to survive the 
coming Dawn, at Dawn, King 

5975
05:30:07,500 --> 05:30:11,300
Edwards, army clashed with Duke 
Jeffries rebels in a coffin of 

5976
05:30:11,300 --> 05:30:14,700
Steel and screams. 
Suddenly I saw King Edward 

5977
05:30:14,700 --> 05:30:18,300
unhorsed, his white charger had 
been felled under her him. 

5978
05:30:18,300 --> 05:30:20,000
And the King was on foot 
fighting off. 

5979
05:30:20,000 --> 05:30:21,800
Rebel soldiers who pressed in 
around him. 

5980
05:30:22,600 --> 05:30:25,900
My heart pounded in my chest, 
the knights who should have been

5981
05:30:25,900 --> 05:30:29,300
by his side dispersed leaving, 
only me close enough to assist 

5982
05:30:29,300 --> 05:30:32,600
him in that moment without 
thinking, I grabbed a discarded 

5983
05:30:32,600 --> 05:30:35,100
spear from the churned mud and 
ran towards the king. 

5984
05:30:35,100 --> 05:30:39,000
The sight of a Motley clad full 
sprinting into the thick of 

5985
05:30:39,000 --> 05:30:43,000
battle stunned, both friends and
foes alike, one Rebel, Knight 

5986
05:30:43,000 --> 05:30:44,500
charged. 
The king from behind. 

5987
05:30:44,500 --> 05:30:48,000
I held myself at him with all my
might by sheer luck. 

5988
05:30:48,000 --> 05:30:51,200
He went down in a clatter of 
armor, more surprised than hurt.

5989
05:30:51,900 --> 05:30:55,100
King Edward world at the sound 
and caught sight of me, mud, 

5990
05:30:55,100 --> 05:30:57,800
splattered and wild eyed 
standing over the night. 

5991
05:30:57,800 --> 05:31:01,900
I'd felled for an instant, our 
eyes met, then another Rebel 

5992
05:31:01,900 --> 05:31:05,200
lunged at the King, Edward 
parried and together we stood 

5993
05:31:05,200 --> 05:31:09,000
back to back Sovereign and 
fallen and unlikely circle of 

5994
05:31:09,000 --> 05:31:12,300
Defense. 
A brandished the spear wildly 

5995
05:31:12,300 --> 05:31:14,400
screaming, more in Terror than 
Fury. 

5996
05:31:15,100 --> 05:31:18,300
In that moment, a surge of Royal
Knights plowed into the melee 

5997
05:31:18,300 --> 05:31:21,600
driving the rebels back. 
As the enemy fell into confusion

5998
05:31:21,600 --> 05:31:24,300
and began to retreat. 
We pulled the king onto a fresh 

5999
05:31:24,300 --> 05:31:27,700
horse. 
The battle soon turned in our 

6000
05:31:27,700 --> 05:31:30,700
favor Duke Jeffries line broke 
under the onslaught of the 

6001
05:31:30,700 --> 05:31:34,800
king's rallied forces by noon, 
it was over the rebels threw 

6002
05:31:34,800 --> 05:31:37,800
down arms or fled Victory 
belonged to King Edward. 

6003
05:31:37,800 --> 05:31:41,400
But it came at a terrible cost 
bodies carpeted, the field and 

6004
05:31:41,400 --> 05:31:44,500
the cries of the Wounded echoed 
in the Smoky air in the 

6005
05:31:44,500 --> 05:31:46,900
aftermath. 
I slumped exhausted on a fallen 

6006
05:31:46,900 --> 05:31:48,900
log. 
I hand still trembling from 

6007
05:31:48,900 --> 05:31:52,500
adren and Bloods battered. 
My once colorful attire. 

6008
05:31:52,500 --> 05:31:54,800
Some of it from a shallow cut on
my arm. 

6009
05:31:55,700 --> 05:31:58,600
As the king moved among the 
living and dead tending to the 

6010
05:31:58,600 --> 05:32:02,000
wounded and gazing sorrowfully 
over the Carnage, I watched in a

6011
05:32:02,000 --> 05:32:04,600
day's. 
When at last the king of me, I 

6012
05:32:04,600 --> 05:32:06,700
struggled to my feet and bowed 
on steadily. 

6013
05:32:06,700 --> 05:32:10,200
I expected perhaps a reprimand 
for plunging into the fight. 

6014
05:32:10,200 --> 05:32:13,800
Unbidden instead King Edward 
dismounted and stepped forward 

6015
05:32:13,800 --> 05:32:17,600
for a long moment. 
He simply regarded me taking in 

6016
05:32:17,600 --> 05:32:20,500
the spear still clenched in my 
hand, and the drying blood on my

6017
05:32:20,508 --> 05:32:23,800
cheek, then to my shock, he 
knelt slightly and placed a hand

6018
05:32:23,808 --> 05:32:26,100
on my shoulder. 
You saved my life. 

6019
05:32:26,100 --> 05:32:28,900
Today he said quietly. 
There was an openness in his 

6020
05:32:28,908 --> 05:32:30,700
face. 
I'd not seen since my earliest 

6021
05:32:30,700 --> 05:32:33,200
days at court. 
Full or not Tom you have the 

6022
05:32:33,200 --> 05:32:35,500
heart of a true friend Sia I 
only did. 

6023
05:32:35,500 --> 05:32:38,400
What anyone would I stammered 
suddenly choking up? 

6024
05:32:39,900 --> 05:32:43,200
He shook his head and turned to 
the Lord's gathering around in a

6025
05:32:43,200 --> 05:32:45,100
clear voice. 
He proclaimed that my bravery 

6026
05:32:45,100 --> 05:32:46,800
had saved him and would not be 
forgotten. 

6027
05:32:47,900 --> 05:32:50,800
My cheeks burned with humble 
Pride, as Nobles, who wants 

6028
05:32:50,800 --> 05:32:52,600
neared? 
Now, inclined their heads to me,

6029
05:32:52,600 --> 05:32:56,000
I understood that my return to 
the king's favor, was not due to

6030
05:32:56,000 --> 05:32:59,000
humor, but rather to my 
unwavering loyalty during 

6031
05:32:59,000 --> 05:33:02,900
crucial moments, That evening we
shared a quiet Victory meal in 

6032
05:33:02,900 --> 05:33:05,500
Camp late that night as I sat by
the dying. 

6033
05:33:05,500 --> 05:33:07,500
Fire. 
King, Edward draped, his own 

6034
05:33:07,500 --> 05:33:10,900
fur, cloak around my shoulders. 
You'll catch your death in this 

6035
05:33:10,900 --> 05:33:11,500
chill. 
Tom. 

6036
05:33:11,500 --> 05:33:16,100
He said, softly side by side 
under the Starry Sky, we sat in 

6037
05:33:16,100 --> 05:33:19,600
a comfortable silence. 
After a long pause, he murdered 

6038
05:33:19,600 --> 05:33:22,700
so much lost. 
Will God forgive me for this 

6039
05:33:22,700 --> 05:33:26,000
day. 
In that moment, he was not a 

6040
05:33:26,000 --> 05:33:29,300
mighty king but a weary man, I 
Found the courage to answer 

6041
05:33:29,300 --> 05:33:31,900
gently that he had done his duty
and even shown Mercy. 

6042
05:33:31,900 --> 05:33:36,000
If a king can be merciful I said
surely God can too. 

6043
05:33:36,000 --> 05:33:38,700
He managed a warn smile and grip
my arm. 

6044
05:33:38,700 --> 05:33:42,700
Thank you, Tommy whispered. 
By the time I crawled into my 

6045
05:33:42,700 --> 05:33:46,300
small tent, I felt lighter than 
I had in a long while the gulf 

6046
05:33:46,300 --> 05:33:49,000
between the king and his full 
had closed in The Crucible of 

6047
05:33:49,008 --> 05:33:51,100
war. 
And with it came A Renewed 

6048
05:33:51,100 --> 05:33:53,300
trust. 
I dare to hope that better days.

6049
05:33:53,300 --> 05:33:56,800
Lay ahead when I might serve him
with both wit and devotion, as I

6050
05:33:56,800 --> 05:34:00,700
once did for a brief golden 
time, after the battle life at 

6051
05:34:00,700 --> 05:34:03,700
court was kinder to me, King 
Edward, kept me close and 

6052
05:34:03,700 --> 05:34:06,400
though, I still donned caps and 
bells to amuse him. 

6053
05:34:06,408 --> 05:34:08,800
I also became something of a 
confidant again. 

6054
05:34:08,800 --> 05:34:11,900
I even offered the king and 
occasional candid, observation 

6055
05:34:11,900 --> 05:34:15,700
to Aid, his rule, the memory of 
my pasta strange went faded like

6056
05:34:15,700 --> 05:34:19,300
a terrible dream but fortunes 
wheel never stops. 

6057
05:34:19,300 --> 05:34:22,800
Turning some years later, a 
harsh winter illness, swept 

6058
05:34:22,800 --> 05:34:25,200
through the land, the illness 
affected, both the upper and 

6059
05:34:25,200 --> 05:34:28,300
lower classes equally King 
Edward vigorous. 

6060
05:34:28,300 --> 05:34:31,200
In battle succumbed in his bed 
chamber after a week of fever. 

6061
05:34:32,100 --> 05:34:35,100
I started his bedside near the 
end, holding his hand as the 

6062
05:34:35,100 --> 05:34:38,100
fever, took it on a frigid 
February night, when he breathed

6063
05:34:38,100 --> 05:34:40,600
his last. 
I lost not only my king, but 

6064
05:34:40,600 --> 05:34:43,700
also my truest friend, the court
mourned. 

6065
05:34:43,700 --> 05:34:46,900
And then the power shifted. 
King Edwards are was a boy of 

6066
05:34:46,908 --> 05:34:51,300
12, so a council of Regents took
control Almost overnight, the 

6067
05:34:51,300 --> 05:34:54,500
atmosphere at court changed. 
The new rulers had little use 

6068
05:34:54,500 --> 05:34:57,800
for the old King's fool to them.
I was a remnant of Edward Zero 

6069
05:34:57,800 --> 05:35:00,600
at best. 
Irrelevant at worst a nuisance 

6070
05:35:00,600 --> 05:35:03,600
with too many of the late King's
confidences in the weeks. 

6071
05:35:03,600 --> 05:35:07,000
After the funeral I became 
increasingly unwelcome the boy 

6072
05:35:07,000 --> 05:35:10,600
King Guided by Stern advisors. 
Showed no interest in my Antics.

6073
05:35:10,600 --> 05:35:14,200
I used to sit near the throne 
but now I found myself standing 

6074
05:35:14,200 --> 05:35:17,500
at the back of the hall. 
One gray morning, I was summoned

6075
05:35:17,500 --> 05:35:21,300
before Lord Warwick the very 
advisor who had urge my flogging

6076
05:35:21,300 --> 05:35:23,100
years ago. 
And now one of the princes 

6077
05:35:23,100 --> 05:35:27,300
Regents, he regarded me with 
cold disdain, The crown has 

6078
05:35:27,300 --> 05:35:29,300
decided your services are no 
longer required. 

6079
05:35:29,300 --> 05:35:33,300
He said flatly, he pushed across
the table, a small purse of 

6080
05:35:33,300 --> 05:35:35,100
coins. 
Perhaps mentors as a gesture of 

6081
05:35:35,108 --> 05:35:38,400
compensation, you are to leave 
the palace by sundown. 

6082
05:35:39,600 --> 05:35:43,500
I felt a Pang of disbelief, I 
dare to ask if I had a fence or 

6083
05:35:43,500 --> 05:35:46,900
could make amends but warwicks 
silence me with a glare. 

6084
05:35:47,600 --> 05:35:50,600
The young king was too busy to 
indulge a Fool's prattle. 

6085
05:35:50,600 --> 05:35:53,800
He said they didn't require a 
gesture to interrupt them. 

6086
05:35:54,700 --> 05:35:57,800
For an instant anger flared. 
I had bled for this Kingdom and 

6087
05:35:57,800 --> 05:36:01,000
The Late King value me, but one 
look at Warwick's face, told me 

6088
05:36:01,000 --> 05:36:05,000
protest was futile. 
These men saw only a clown, not 

6089
05:36:05,000 --> 05:36:07,600
a counselor. 
I took the leather purse with 

6090
05:36:07,600 --> 05:36:11,600
trembling fingers, it felt 
pitifully, light about my head. 

6091
05:36:12,400 --> 05:36:15,500
As you command my Lord, I 
murmured there was nothing else 

6092
05:36:15,500 --> 05:36:18,400
to do to resist. 
Would mean imprisonment or 

6093
05:36:18,400 --> 05:36:21,500
worse. 
That afternoon, I packed my 

6094
05:36:21,500 --> 05:36:25,000
Scamp belongings, a few Warren, 
Motley tunics, my Loot and the 

6095
05:36:25,000 --> 05:36:28,200
Gilded wooden full SEPTA King. 
Edward had once given me as a 

6096
05:36:28,208 --> 05:36:32,100
jesting staff of office Not one 
familiar face came to wish me. 

6097
05:36:32,100 --> 05:36:35,800
Well, any who might have were 
gone or afraid to show kindness 

6098
05:36:35,800 --> 05:36:39,100
to a dismissed full. 
I walked out of the palace gates

6099
05:36:39,100 --> 05:36:41,800
at Twilight. 
A solitary figure for the first 

6100
05:36:41,800 --> 05:36:44,900
time in years. 
Regards hardly glanced at me as 

6101
05:36:44,900 --> 05:36:47,600
I passed under the port callus 
where I had first entered. 

6102
05:36:47,600 --> 05:36:50,000
So many years ago, a frightened 
youth. 

6103
05:36:50,000 --> 05:36:54,100
Eager to entertain a king. 
How different that departure was

6104
05:36:54,100 --> 05:36:56,600
now older. 
Wiser and bearing the weight of 

6105
05:36:56,608 --> 05:37:00,200
Sorrows and joys alike. 
As I left the Royal Court behind

6106
05:37:00,200 --> 05:37:03,600
I paused on a hill. 
Overlooking the capital, the sun

6107
05:37:03,600 --> 05:37:06,800
was sinking in a cold purple sky
in the distance. 

6108
05:37:06,800 --> 05:37:10,200
The towers of the castle, caught
the last Light standing in that 

6109
05:37:10,200 --> 05:37:12,400
same spot on happier days, 
alongside King. 

6110
05:37:12,400 --> 05:37:16,200
Edward, I recalled listening to 
him, confide his worries, I 

6111
05:37:16,200 --> 05:37:19,400
remembered our laughter, our 
battles of wit, and even our 

6112
05:37:19,400 --> 05:37:22,500
moments of anger, Sad smile 
tugged at my lips. 

6113
05:37:23,200 --> 05:37:26,400
Full, I came and a full. 
I depart I whispered to the 

6114
05:37:26,408 --> 05:37:29,400
chiller my breath swirled. 
Like ghostly incense. 

6115
05:37:30,300 --> 05:37:33,900
There was no audience to laugh 
or applaud Only the Lonely wind.

6116
05:37:34,600 --> 05:37:37,600
I drew my tattered, cloak 
Tighter and turned away from the

6117
05:37:37,600 --> 05:37:39,400
only home. 
I'd known in my adult life. 

6118
05:37:39,400 --> 05:37:42,900
It was time to explore the Fate 
that a king's fool without a 

6119
05:37:42,900 --> 05:37:45,800
king might face for months, I 
roamed through Villages and 

6120
05:37:45,800 --> 05:37:47,800
Market towns free in without a 
master. 

6121
05:37:47,800 --> 05:37:50,200
Initially, the freedom felt 
jarring. 

6122
05:37:50,200 --> 05:37:54,500
I could go anywhere say anything
yet who cared now for the words 

6123
05:37:54,500 --> 05:37:57,500
of a king's fool. 
I earned my supper by telling 

6124
05:37:57,500 --> 05:38:00,700
stories or juggling in Tavern 
yards, performing not for 

6125
05:38:00,700 --> 05:38:02,400
Nobles, but for farmers and 
fishermen. 

6126
05:38:03,200 --> 05:38:05,100
Some nights. 
I stepped in a hay loft or under

6127
05:38:05,100 --> 05:38:07,600
the Open Sky, my joints ached 
more than they used to. 

6128
05:38:07,600 --> 05:38:10,500
And the laughter, of course, 
villagers was a poor, substitute

6129
05:38:10,500 --> 05:38:12,500
for the attentive hush of a 
Royal Court. 

6130
05:38:13,500 --> 05:38:16,200
One Autumn evening, I found 
myself in a small country in 

6131
05:38:16,200 --> 05:38:18,900
entertaining a handful of locals
by the half. 

6132
05:38:19,600 --> 05:38:22,200
I narrated humorous stories 
about court life, taking care, 

6133
05:38:22,200 --> 05:38:25,500
not to mention specific names 
and managed to elicit a few 

6134
05:38:25,500 --> 05:38:29,200
Chuckles from the audience. 
afterward, as the Patron's 

6135
05:38:29,200 --> 05:38:31,500
drifted off The Innkeeper 
pressed a mug of Ale in to my 

6136
05:38:31,508 --> 05:38:36,800
hand, pity, or payment, perhaps 
both and asked, were you truly 

6137
05:38:36,800 --> 05:38:41,300
the king's full once I nodded 
with a faint smile. 

6138
05:38:41,300 --> 05:38:45,800
I was I replied, he shook his 
head in Wonder and went to lock 

6139
05:38:45,800 --> 05:38:47,800
up leaving me alone with the 
dying fire. 

6140
05:38:49,100 --> 05:38:53,100
I sat there long after the last 
Embers crumbled, nursing the ale

6141
05:38:53,100 --> 05:38:56,000
in my memories. 
Yes, I had been the king's fool.

6142
05:38:56,000 --> 05:39:00,700
I had lived in a castle one 
silks, however, patched dined on

6143
05:39:00,708 --> 05:39:03,900
Venison and custard and traded 
wits with powerful men. 

6144
05:39:04,900 --> 05:39:08,900
I had experienced both highs and
lows now, I was no one of 

6145
05:39:08,900 --> 05:39:12,400
importance. 
Despite feeling unimportant, I 

6146
05:39:12,400 --> 05:39:15,100
still sensed the same heart 
beating in my chest and 

6147
05:39:15,100 --> 05:39:18,100
maintained the same Keen Eye for
absurdity in the world. 

6148
05:39:18,900 --> 05:39:21,600
In the Silence of that. 
Haven't I realized that in my 

6149
05:39:21,600 --> 05:39:23,700
own way? 
I still carried the truth. 

6150
05:39:23,700 --> 05:39:26,800
Speakers torch. 
I could now speak freely about 

6151
05:39:26,800 --> 05:39:29,300
the Lords of vanity. 
The pause plight and other 

6152
05:39:29,300 --> 05:39:32,100
Palace secrets. 
The strange privilege. 

6153
05:39:32,100 --> 05:39:35,700
I want held to speak truth to 
power had come at enormous risk.

6154
05:39:36,500 --> 05:39:38,200
Now, I held a different sort of 
freedom. 

6155
05:39:38,200 --> 05:39:42,100
I could speak truth openly, but 
Power no longer heeded. 

6156
05:39:42,100 --> 05:39:44,800
It was a lonely, Freedom, 
stripped of the glamour. 

6157
05:39:44,800 --> 05:39:48,100
That once gave my words weight, 
I drained, my ale and stepped 

6158
05:39:48,100 --> 05:39:51,300
outside into the crisp night. 
A thin sliver of moon hung 

6159
05:39:51,300 --> 05:39:53,500
overhead. 
The Village was dark and 

6160
05:39:53,500 --> 05:39:56,700
sleeping only the distant bark 
of a dog and the rustle of 

6161
05:39:56,700 --> 05:39:59,700
trees, kept me company, pulling 
my thread back, cloak around my 

6162
05:39:59,700 --> 05:40:02,800
shoulders, I walked down the 
empty Lane toward, the instable 

6163
05:40:02,800 --> 05:40:07,000
loft or a pile of straw waited 
as my bed overhead, countless 

6164
05:40:07,000 --> 05:40:10,300
Stars glittered the same stars 
are used to gaze at from the 

6165
05:40:10,308 --> 05:40:12,200
castle parapets and King Edwards
day. 

6166
05:40:12,200 --> 05:40:15,800
How many times did I stood by 
his side after a feast pointing 

6167
05:40:15,800 --> 05:40:17,500
out a constellation on making a 
wish? 

6168
05:40:18,300 --> 05:40:20,400
I closed my eyes and could 
almost hear the Kings. 

6169
05:40:20,400 --> 05:40:24,100
Rich laugh beside me. 
An ache swelled in my throat 

6170
05:40:24,100 --> 05:40:28,000
parts, sorrow Parts, sweet. 
Reminiscent Edward. 

6171
05:40:28,000 --> 05:40:31,600
I'm mermaid to the sky. 
They took your fall away, but 

6172
05:40:31,600 --> 05:40:33,000
they'll never quite rid me of 
you. 

6173
05:40:33,700 --> 05:40:37,200
Perhaps it was a foolish thing 
to say, but then foolishness had

6174
05:40:37,200 --> 05:40:41,300
always been my trade. 
I climbed into the Loft and laid

6175
05:40:41,300 --> 05:40:43,600
down on the straw through a gap 
in the roof. 

6176
05:40:43,600 --> 05:40:45,500
I could to see a splash of 
stars. 

6177
05:40:45,500 --> 05:40:48,800
I thought of the people, I had 
been the eager young gesture. 

6178
05:40:48,800 --> 05:40:51,800
The broken wretch in the stocks,
the unlikely Hero on the 

6179
05:40:51,800 --> 05:40:53,500
battlefield. 
The Trusted friend. 

6180
05:40:53,500 --> 05:40:56,800
And now the Vagabond 
Storyteller, which was the real 

6181
05:40:56,800 --> 05:40:59,700
me. 
Perhaps all of them, perhaps 

6182
05:40:59,700 --> 05:41:03,100
none. 
As I drifted to sleep, I found 

6183
05:41:03,100 --> 05:41:05,600
myself. 
Smiling in the dark, I had 

6184
05:41:05,600 --> 05:41:08,500
played my part in the grand, 
pageant of kings and clowns, and

6185
05:41:08,500 --> 05:41:11,300
though, my costume was torn. 
And my stage now, humble in, I 

6186
05:41:11,300 --> 05:41:14,500
still had my wits, my memories, 
and my voice in the morning. 

6187
05:41:14,500 --> 05:41:16,700
I would move on to the next 
Village and the next crowd. 

6188
05:41:16,700 --> 05:41:20,400
Maybe I'd make them laugh, maybe
I'd make them think either way, 

6189
05:41:20,400 --> 05:41:23,300
the spirit of the Kings full 
lived on as long as I drew 

6190
05:41:23,300 --> 05:41:26,300
breath, whatever tomorrow 
brings, I will meet it, as I 

6191
05:41:26,300 --> 05:41:29,700
always have with a jest on my 
tongue, a tear in my eye and 

6192
05:41:29,700 --> 05:41:30,900
hope in my Foolish Heart.