The Complete History of Clothing Through the Ages and more | Boring History

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Hello, my friends. 
We're traveling back in time. 

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Tonight yet again, take a 
leisurely stroll through the 

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entire history of clothing from 
our ancestors, who figured out 

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that animal skins were warmer 
than their own skin all the way 

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to your incredibly convenient. 
Wardrobe that somehow still 

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leaves you standing there saying
I have nothing to wear It's a 

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story filled with brilliant, 
Innovations, spectacular, 

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disasters, and enough fashion 
foe to make even your worst high

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school yearbook photo. 
Look sophisticated. 

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So before you pull up, that 
blanket and adjust your pillow. 

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If you don't mind, take a moment
to like the video and subscribe.

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Also, please let me know where 
you're tuning in from, and what 

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time it is for you now, turn off
those lights, and let's ease in 

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together, nice and slow. 
Let's start at the very 

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beginning. 
Back when your biggest clothing 

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decision was whether to drape 
that Mammoth hide with the fur 

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on the inside, or outside, we're
talking about roughly 170,000 

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years ago, give or take a few 
Millennia back. 

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When Fashion Week lasted about 
Four Seasons literally, Your 

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earliest ancestors had what you 
might call the ultimate 

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minimalist wardrobe, imagine 
waking up each morning in your 

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own outfit, choice being naked 
or slightly less naked with some

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leaves, strategically placed. 
It was like having a closet with

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just one item and that item was 
whatever you could hunt gather 

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or convinced to stay. 
Put long enough to provide 

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coverage but here's where it 
gets interesting. 

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Those early humans weren't just 
randomly throwing animal skins 

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over their shoulders, like they 
were playing prehistoric 

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dress-up, they were actually 
solving problems the same kind 

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of problems you face today. 
Just with higher stakes. 

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In stead of will this make me 
look professional in my zoom 

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meeting. 
They were dealing with? 

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Will this keep me from becoming 
a popsicle during the Ice Age? 

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First real breakthrough came, 
when someone, let's call them 

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the world's first fashion 
designer, figured out that you 

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could actually shape these 
animal hides. 

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Instead of just draping a deer 
skin over your shoulders, like a

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furry Cape, you could cut holes 
for your arms revolutionary 

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stuff. 
This was probably the moment 

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when clothing stopped being just
about survival and started being

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about looking good. 
While surviving, you can almost 

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picture it. 
Some Paleolithic Trend Setter 

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walking around the camp showing 
off their new fitted. 

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Mammoth hide jacket while their 
neighbor's were still wearing 

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shapeless fur blankets. 
Oh, this old thing, it probably 

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grunted in whatever passed for 
language back there. 

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I just threw it together. 
It's vintage place to seen the 

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tools. 
They used were beautifully. 

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Simple shops stones for cutting 
bone needles for sewing. 

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Yes, they had needles 40,000 
years ago which means they were 

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probably dealing with the same 
frustrating experience of trying

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to thread and needle in dim 
light that you face today. 

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Some things, never change. 
The really clever part was how 

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they figured out different 
materials for different needs. 

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Lighter skins for summer, 
thicker, Furs for winter 

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waterproof treatments for rainy 
Seasons. 

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They were essentially creating 
the world's first weather 

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appropriate wardrobes long 
before anyone had invented 

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weather forecast to ignore and 
let's not forget the accessories

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archaeological evidence shows, 
they were making jewelry 

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decorative elements. 
Even what appear to be the 

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world's first buttons? 
Because apparently even 100,000 

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years ago, humans looked at 
functional clothing and thought 

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this is nice. 
But how can we make it pretty 

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Easier by the end of this era? 
Your ancestors at essentially 

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invented, everything we still 
using clothing today. 

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Cutting sewing layering 
accessorizing and most 

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importantly, the Eternal human 
struggle of having a closet full

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of options and still feeling 
like you have nothing 

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appropriate to wear. 
The clowns Mammoth barbecue 

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around 10,000 years ago, 
something remarkable happened. 

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That would forever change. 
What you want to bed. 

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Humans discovered agriculture, 
which meant they could stop 

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chasing their dinner around and 
start growing it instead. 

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This was great news for many 
reasons, but particularly 

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excellent news for your 
wardrobe, you see, when people 

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settle down and started farming,
they suddenly had time to think 

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about things other than, 
where's, my next meal coming 

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from questions. 
Like why am I wearing the same 

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Mammoth skin? 
My great-grandfather war? 

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And surely there's got to be 
something softer than hide for 

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undergarments and to plant 
fibers some brilliant, early 

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farmer looked at their fields of
flax and thought I bet I could 

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turn this into something more 
comfortable than leather. 

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And thus began Humanity's long, 
beautiful relationship with 

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textiles that don't require 
hunting large dangerous animals.

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The process of turning plants 
into clothing was wonderfully, 

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complex and completely mind 
boggling. 

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If you really think about it, 
take flags, for instance, you 

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had to harvest it wret it, which
is a fancy word for letting it 

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rot in just the right way, break
it, scutch it, Hackle it and 

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then finally spin it into 
thread, it was like the world's 

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most complicated recipe except 
instead of ending up with 

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dinner, you ended up with linen 
underwear. 

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Here's what's really Charming 
about this period. 

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People started specializing 
instead of everyone in the 

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village, making their own 
clothes, you had the person who 

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was really good at spinning, the
one who excelled at weaving and 

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the one who had a knack for 
dying things, interesting, 

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colors. 
It was the beginning of the 

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fashion industry, though. 
They probably didn't call it, 

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that more likely, they called 
it. 

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Hey, can you make me something 
that doesn't itch? 

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The invention of the Loom was 
particularly revolutionary 

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imagine being the first person 
to see fabric being created. 

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On one of these Contraptions, it
must have seemed like absolute 

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magic threads going in One 
Direction threads going in the 

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other and somehow outcomes 
cloth. 

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It was like watching a 3D 
printer except the technology 

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was made of wood and required 
actual skill to operate cotton 

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appeared on the scene around 
this time too. 

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First in India and Pakistan was 
like the miracle fabric of his 

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day. 
Softer than linen, more 

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comfortable than wool and it got
better. 

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The more you washed, it ancient 
people's probably looked at 

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cotton the way you look at 
moisture wicking stain resistant

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wrinkle free Fabrics. 
Today like some kind of textile 

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Wizardry wall, brought its own 
Revolution. 

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Sheep were basically, walking 
sweater factories. 

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And once people figured out how 
to share them, hopefully, 

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without too much protest from 
the Sheep, they had access to a 

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renewable resource for warm 
durable clothing. 

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Plus, we'll have this amazing 
property of keeping you warm 

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even when wet which made it the 
ancient equivalent of high-tech 

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outdoor gear. 
The really interesting part of 

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this agricultural clothing 
Revolution was how it started 

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creating social distinctions. 
The quality of your fabric, 

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began saying things about who 
you were. 

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Finally, in suggested you had 
time and resources coarse wool 

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meant to a practical and 
hardworking, certain colors 

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became associated with wealth 
because the dies were expensive 

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or difficult to obtain. 
By the end of this period. 

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You had gone from wearing 
whatever, animal you could catch

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to having actual choices. 
Linen for hot weather for cold 

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different weaves for different 
occasions. 

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It was the birth of the seasonal
wardrobe and probably the birth 

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of that familiar feeling of 
looking at your closet and 

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sighing. 
I need new clothes. 

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The civilizations began to 
flourish around Rivers, like the

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Nile Euphrates and inddus 
clothing. 

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Stopped being just about comfort
and protection and started 

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becoming something much more 
interesting a way to show the 

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world. 
Exactly who you thought you were

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the ancient Egyptians were 
perhaps the world's first 

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fashion influencers though. 
Their Instagram would have been 

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painted on Tomb walls. 
They took linen. 

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Remember that plant fiber we 
talked about and elevated it to 

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an art. 
Form Egyptian, linen was so fine

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and well-made that other 
civilizations literally used it 

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as currency. 
Imagine paying your mortgage 

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with bed sheets, except these 
bed sheets will woven. 

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So skillfully, they were nearly 
transparent Egyptian fashion was

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all about clean lines, elegant 
draping and accessories, that 

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would make a modern jewelry 
designer weep With Envy wall 

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linen, so fine, it was 
practically see through which 

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might seem impractical until you
remember. 

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They lived in a desert, their 
clothing was designed to be 

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cool, comfortable and stunning. 
The ancient equivalent of a 

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pleasure if athletic came with 
golden colors and enough 

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highlighter to supply a rock 
band. 

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But here's what's really 
delightful about Egyptian 

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fashion, they invented so many 
things we still used today 

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pleating, that was them. 
They could create permanent 

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pleats in Lin in that would 
last, for years, make up as a 

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fashion accessory. 
Absolutely Egyptian, both men 

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and women wore. 
Elaborate eye makeup, not just 

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for beauty, but for protection, 
from the Desert Sun, They 

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basically invented sunglasses, 
except theirs were painted on 

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meanwhile over in Mesopotamia. 
The Sumerians and Babylonians 

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were having their own fashion 
moment. 

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They were the first civilization
to really Embrace wool as a 

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luxury item creating incredibly 
elaborate garments with complex 

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patterns and Rich, colors their 
clothing. 

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Tended, to be more structured 
than Egyptian fashion. 

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Lots of layering Fringe and 
geometric designs that would 

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look perfectly at home in a 
modern art museum. 

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The Mesopotamians also gave us 
one of Fashion's most enduring 

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Concepts the idea that your 
clothes should match your job. 

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Priests will certain Styles. 
Rulers were others. 

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Merchants had their look and 
Farmers had theirs. 

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It was the beginning of dress 
codes though. 

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Thankfully more colorful than 
most modern officers attire, 

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ancient Greece, brought a 
completely different aesthetic 

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to the table, where Egyptians 
loved structure and 

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Mesopotamians loved complexity. 
The Greeks fell in love with 

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Simplicity, and the beauty of 
draped fabric, the Titan and 

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himation were really sown 
garments. 

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In the way, we think of clothes.
To day, they were essentially 

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rectangles of fabric draped and 
pined in elegant ways. 

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Greek fashion was remarkably 
Democratic, at least in terms of

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basic construction, rich and 
poor War, essentially, the same 

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Styles. 
The difference was in the 

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quality of the fabric and the 
kindness of the weave. 

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A wealthy Greek might wear a 
tight on made of the finest 

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imported. 
Silk while a farmer wore one 

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made of rough wool, but the 
basic shape was the same. 

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The Romans never wants to let 
the Greeks out do them in 

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anything took Greek fashion and 
made it more Roman which is to 

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say more elaborate more colorful
and with better marketing the 

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toga became the ultimate status 
symbol though. 

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Anyone who's ever tried to wear 
a bed sheet as clothing can 

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appreciate what a feat? 
It was to wear one with dignity,

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Roman fashion gave us the 
concept of seasonal collections 

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though. 
They didn't call them that they 

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had different weights and 
styles, for different times of 

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year different colors for 
different occasions and an 

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elaborate system of accessories 
that could take hours to put on 

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properly, getting dressed as a 
wealthy. 

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Roman was basically a full-time 
job. 

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But perhaps the most important 
contribution of these ancient 

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civilizations was the idea that 
clothing could be beautiful for 

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its own sake. 
It didn't just have to keep you 

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warm or cool or modest. 
It could be art that you wore. 

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This was the beginning of 
fashion as we know it today. 

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The moment when humans looked at
perfectly functional clothing 

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and asked but his is it 
fabulous? 

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If you think getting dressed for
work is complicated. 

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Now, be grateful. 
You weren't born into medieval 

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nobility, the Middle Ages, 
turned clothing into something 

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resembling, an engineering 
project complete with structural

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supports complex, layering 
systems and enough fabric to 

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upholster, a small Castle. 
The medieval period began around

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500 CE with what you might 
charitably. 

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Call Simple clothing. 
After the fall of Rome, fashion 

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became much, more practical. 
People wore basic tunics, simple

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dresses and sturdy. 
Cloaks, it was the clothing 

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equivalent of comfort food, 
nothing fancy but it got the job

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done. 
But as the centuries progressed 

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and Society became more 
structured clothing, became more

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structured too, by the high 
Middle Ages getting dressed, 

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especially if you were wealthy 
required assistance planning and

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occasionally architectural 
knowledge. 

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Let's start with the 
undergarments because medieval 

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00:11:36,800 --> 00:11:39,200
people were surprisingly, 
sophisticated about what went 

235
00:11:39,200 --> 00:11:42,300
underneath. 
Women wore linen shimmies that 

236
00:11:42,300 --> 00:11:45,000
served as both underwear and 
protection for their expensive, 

237
00:11:45,000 --> 00:11:47,700
outer garments. 
Men, more praise, which were 

238
00:11:47,700 --> 00:11:49,700
essentially linen shorts tied at
the waist. 

239
00:11:50,400 --> 00:11:53,200
These weren't just practical. 
They were essential because 

240
00:11:53,200 --> 00:11:54,800
medieval wool could be 
remarkably. 

241
00:11:54,800 --> 00:11:58,100
Itchy the layering system that 
developed during this period was

242
00:11:58,100 --> 00:12:01,600
like, wearing your entire closet
at once women might wear a 

243
00:12:01,600 --> 00:12:05,900
chemise, then a tunic, then a 
circuit, then a cloak each layer

244
00:12:05,900 --> 00:12:09,400
serving, a specific purpose, it 
was practical for the climate 

245
00:12:09,400 --> 00:12:12,400
certainly, but it also created 
endless opportunities for 

246
00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:16,300
showing off different Fabrics, 
colors and trims medieval 

247
00:12:16,300 --> 00:12:19,300
fashion gave us some of the most
impractical but gorgeous 

248
00:12:19,300 --> 00:12:23,200
clothing Innovations in history.
Take the head in those tall 

249
00:12:23,200 --> 00:12:25,900
pointed headdresses that look 
like traffic cones decorated By 

250
00:12:25,900 --> 00:12:28,400
Angels. 
They could be several feet tall 

251
00:12:28,400 --> 00:12:30,800
and required careful navigation,
through doorways. 

252
00:12:30,800 --> 00:12:34,500
Imagine trying to get into a car
while wearing one actually, 

253
00:12:34,500 --> 00:12:36,400
don't imagine that. 
It's too disturbing. 

254
00:12:36,400 --> 00:12:39,300
The wealthy medieval. 
Europeans were obsessed with 

255
00:12:39,300 --> 00:12:42,700
sleeves, not just any sleeves 
but sleeves that defied logic 

256
00:12:42,700 --> 00:12:45,400
and occasionally gravity. 
Some were so long. 

257
00:12:45,400 --> 00:12:48,200
They dragged on the ground, 
others were so wide, you could 

258
00:12:48,200 --> 00:12:51,600
hide a small child in them. 
There were detachable sleeves, 

259
00:12:51,600 --> 00:12:55,000
slashed sleeves that showed 
contrasting fabric underneath 

260
00:12:55,000 --> 00:12:58,500
and sleeves with so many buttons
that getting dressed must have 

261
00:12:58,500 --> 00:13:01,300
felt like assembling Furniture. 
But here's what's really 

262
00:13:01,300 --> 00:13:02,900
interesting about medieval 
fashion. 

263
00:13:02,900 --> 00:13:07,200
It was incredibly regulated 
sumptuary laws dictated who 

264
00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:11,000
could wear what colors which 
Fabrics, how much fur, even how 

265
00:13:11,000 --> 00:13:13,800
long your shoes could be, purple
was reserved for royalty. 

266
00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:17,500
Certain Furs were forbidden to 
Merchants and the length of your

267
00:13:17,500 --> 00:13:20,200
pointed shoes was directly 
proportional to your social 

268
00:13:20,200 --> 00:13:23,700
status these laws existed, 
partly for economic reasons, 

269
00:13:23,700 --> 00:13:27,400
keeping people from bankrupting 
themselves on clothing but 

270
00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:31,200
mostly to maintain social order.
Your outfit was essentially your

271
00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:34,300
ID card, announcing your place 
in society to everyone. 

272
00:13:34,300 --> 00:13:37,600
You met it was like wearing your
LinkedIn profile except more 

273
00:13:37,600 --> 00:13:40,500
colorful and with better 
accessories, the medieval period

274
00:13:40,500 --> 00:13:43,700
gave us some of Fashions. 
Most enduring Mysteries like the

275
00:13:43,700 --> 00:13:46,400
coat Hardy which fashion 
historians, still can't quite 

276
00:13:46,400 --> 00:13:49,400
figure out how to put on the 
instructions have been lost to 

277
00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:51,700
time. 
Leaving modern costume designers

278
00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:53,800
to basically guess how these 
garments worked. 

279
00:13:53,800 --> 00:13:57,700
It's like, finding a recipe that
just says assembling ingredients

280
00:13:57,700 --> 00:14:01,500
fashionably Trade During the 
period brought new fabrics and 

281
00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:02,800
ideas from across the known 
world. 

282
00:14:03,600 --> 00:14:07,600
Silk from Asia fine wools from 
England, exotic dies from 

283
00:14:07,600 --> 00:14:10,900
everywhere in between medieval 
fashion was surprisingly 

284
00:14:10,900 --> 00:14:13,600
International though, it 
traveled at the speed of horses 

285
00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:15,600
and sailing ships rather than 
social media. 

286
00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:18,600
By the end of the Middle Ages 
clothing. 

287
00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:20,100
Had become incredibly 
sophisticated. 

288
00:14:20,100 --> 00:14:23,800
The fit was precise. 
The construction was complex and

289
00:14:23,800 --> 00:14:25,400
the social meanings were 
elaborate. 

290
00:14:25,400 --> 00:14:28,100
It was the foundation for 
everything that would come next.

291
00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:31,800
Though, thankfully later periods
would be less interested in 

292
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:34,200
engineering degrees to get 
dressed in the morning. 

293
00:14:34,200 --> 00:14:37,000
The Renaissance didn't just give
us incredible art, 

294
00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:39,900
groundbreaking science and 
revolutionary literature. 

295
00:14:39,900 --> 00:14:42,900
It also gave us the idea that 
getting dressed in the morning, 

296
00:14:42,900 --> 00:14:47,200
should be a creative act, worthy
of Michelangelo himself starting

297
00:14:47,200 --> 00:14:50,200
around the 14th century in Italy
and spreading across Europe. 

298
00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:52,700
Like the world's most 
fashionable virus the 

299
00:14:52,700 --> 00:14:55,000
Renaissance brought to 
completely new attitude to 

300
00:14:55,000 --> 00:14:58,000
clothing where medieval fashion 
had been about showing your 

301
00:14:58,000 --> 00:15:01,500
place in the rigid social 
hierarchy riens fashion was 

302
00:15:01,500 --> 00:15:05,000
about showing your wealth, your 
taste, your education, and your 

303
00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:07,400
ability to afford really 
excellent tailors. 

304
00:15:07,400 --> 00:15:10,900
The Italians led the charge as 
they did with most Renaissance 

305
00:15:10,900 --> 00:15:13,500
inovations. 
Italian city-states, like, 

306
00:15:13,500 --> 00:15:17,000
Florence and Venice became 
fashion capitals producing silts

307
00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:20,000
so luxurious that other 
Europeans would travel hundreds 

308
00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:22,300
of miles, just to shop Italian 
fashion. 

309
00:15:22,300 --> 00:15:24,700
During this period was like 
wearing liquid sunlight, 

310
00:15:24,700 --> 00:15:28,000
everything flowing gleaming and 
ridiculously beautiful. 

311
00:15:29,100 --> 00:15:32,100
But it was the invention of new 
tailoring techniques that really

312
00:15:32,100 --> 00:15:34,000
revolutionized Renaissance 
clothing. 

313
00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:37,000
Medieval garments had been 
relatively loose and flowing 

314
00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:40,200
Renaissance fashion introduced 
the Revolutionary concept of 

315
00:15:40,200 --> 00:15:41,900
clothes that actually fit your 
body. 

316
00:15:41,900 --> 00:15:45,000
This required much more 
sophisticated pattern, making 

317
00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:47,800
cutting and sewing. 
Essentially it required the 

318
00:15:47,808 --> 00:15:50,700
invention of tailoring as we 
know it today, the doublet 

319
00:15:50,700 --> 00:15:53,800
became the foundation of men's 
fashion and it was a masterpiece

320
00:15:53,800 --> 00:15:55,500
of engineering disguised as 
clothing. 

321
00:15:55,500 --> 00:15:59,300
A good Dublin, required dozens 
of pieces careful padding to 

322
00:15:59,300 --> 00:16:02,800
create the ideal masculine 
silhouette and enough buttons to

323
00:16:02,800 --> 00:16:06,300
keep a small Factory in business
men's legs were covered in hose 

324
00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:09,300
that fit like a second skin, 
which meant Renaissance men were

325
00:16:09,300 --> 00:16:12,100
probably in better shape than 
most modern gym in Enthusiast. 

326
00:16:12,100 --> 00:16:15,700
Simply out of necessity women's 
fashion during the Renaissance 

327
00:16:15,700 --> 00:16:19,100
was equally complex. 
But in different ways, the gowns

328
00:16:19,100 --> 00:16:21,500
required internal structures 
that were basically wearable 

329
00:16:21,500 --> 00:16:25,100
architecture, farthingale's 
created bell shaped skirts. 

330
00:16:25,100 --> 00:16:28,400
That could span several feet in 
diameter corsets shaped the 

331
00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:31,700
Torso, into the Fashionable 
silhouette Ruffs frame the face 

332
00:16:31,700 --> 00:16:35,100
like fabric flowers, getting 
dressed was like putting on a 

333
00:16:35,108 --> 00:16:37,000
building. 
But here's what's really 

334
00:16:37,000 --> 00:16:38,600
remarkable about Renaissance 
fashion. 

335
00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:43,400
Sheer creativity and Artistry 
involved Fabrics will works of 

336
00:16:43,408 --> 00:16:46,000
art in themselves. 
Brigades with gold thread 

337
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:49,600
velvets with cut patterns silks 
with intricate designs. 

338
00:16:49,600 --> 00:16:53,400
Garments were slashed to show, 
contrasting Fabrics underneath 

339
00:16:53,400 --> 00:16:56,700
creating patterns that changed 
as the wearer moved. 

340
00:16:57,200 --> 00:16:58,900
It was like wearing a 
kaleidoscope. 

341
00:16:58,900 --> 00:17:01,800
The Renaissance also gave us 
Fashions relationship with 

342
00:17:01,800 --> 00:17:04,900
celebrity culture. 
What the nobility War mattered 

343
00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:08,500
enormously a news of the latest 
Court Fashions spread across 

344
00:17:08,500 --> 00:17:10,599
Europe through details letters 
and prints. 

345
00:17:11,300 --> 00:17:14,599
When Henry, the 8th decided to 
favor, a particular style of hat

346
00:17:14,599 --> 00:17:17,599
hat, makers, across England 
suddenly got very busy. 

347
00:17:17,599 --> 00:17:20,700
It was the 16th century 
equivalent of a red carpet 

348
00:17:20,700 --> 00:17:22,000
fashion moment. 
Going viral. 

349
00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:25,099
Color became incredibly 
important during this period 

350
00:17:25,099 --> 00:17:28,400
partly because new dies and 
techniques, made a wide range of

351
00:17:28,407 --> 00:17:31,500
colors available but also 
because different colors carried

352
00:17:31,500 --> 00:17:36,400
complex meanings, read suggested
wealth and power blue was 

353
00:17:36,400 --> 00:17:38,500
associated with loyalty and 
virtue. 

354
00:17:38,500 --> 00:17:41,900
Black became fashionable as the 
ultimate luxury color because it

355
00:17:41,900 --> 00:17:46,500
was incredibly difficult to 
achieve a deep rich black that 

356
00:17:46,500 --> 00:17:48,400
wouldn't fade the Renaissance 
all. 

357
00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:52,100
So saw the rise of fashion as an
international language, Styles 

358
00:17:52,100 --> 00:17:55,700
spread from court to court 
country to Country, creating the

359
00:17:55,700 --> 00:17:59,000
first truly, European fashion 
trends addressed style that 

360
00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:02,000
started in the Spanish Court 
might appear in modified form in

361
00:18:02,000 --> 00:18:04,400
the French Court. 
Six months later then 

362
00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:07,300
influenced, English fashion, The
Following Season the haps. 

363
00:18:07,300 --> 00:18:09,200
Most importantly the Renaissance
established. 

364
00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:11,500
The idea that fashion could be 
an art form in itself. 

365
00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:14,800
Clothing wasn't just functional 
or even just beautiful. 

366
00:18:14,800 --> 00:18:18,100
It could be creative Innovative 
expressive. 

367
00:18:18,100 --> 00:18:21,300
It could make statements about 
the wearer's values, education, 

368
00:18:21,300 --> 00:18:25,200
and aesthetic sensibilities. 
This period laid, the groundwork

369
00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:27,400
for everything that would follow
in fashion history. 

370
00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:31,800
The concept of seasonal changes,
the importance of fit, the role 

371
00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:35,100
of celebrity influence, the 
internationalization of style. 

372
00:18:35,100 --> 00:18:37,900
All of these started during the 
Renaissance when Europeans 

373
00:18:37,900 --> 00:18:40,500
decided that life was too short 
for boring clothes. 

374
00:18:40,500 --> 00:18:44,800
As we move into the 1600s and 
1700s fashion entered. 

375
00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:47,000
What we might call its more is 
more phase. 

376
00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:50,600
If Renaissance clothing was like
wearing art, Brock and Rico 

377
00:18:50,600 --> 00:18:53,800
fashion was like, wearing an 
entire Art Museum complete with 

378
00:18:53,800 --> 00:18:57,400
guided tours and gift shop. 
The 17th century started with 

379
00:18:57,400 --> 00:19:00,700
what fashion historians politely
call elaborate clothing. 

380
00:19:00,700 --> 00:19:04,200
But which anyone with modern 
sensibilities would recognize as

381
00:19:04,200 --> 00:19:07,300
completely over the top. 
Men were doublets with so much 

382
00:19:07,300 --> 00:19:08,600
padding. 
They looked like they were 

383
00:19:08,600 --> 00:19:12,400
wearing life preservers Women 
skirts became so wide that 

384
00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:14,300
doorways had to be navigated 
sideways. 

385
00:19:14,300 --> 00:19:17,400
It was the period when fashion 
designers, apparently looked at 

386
00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:20,600
practical clothing and asked. 
But how can we make this much 

387
00:19:20,600 --> 00:19:24,000
more complicated, the court of 
Louis, the 14th of Versailles 

388
00:19:24,000 --> 00:19:27,200
became the epicenter of European
fashion and Lewis took the job 

389
00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:29,800
seriously. 
He understood that fashion was 

390
00:19:29,800 --> 00:19:32,400
politics and he used clothing as
a tool of power. 

391
00:19:33,300 --> 00:19:35,500
The more elaborate and 
expensive, your outfit, the 

392
00:19:35,500 --> 00:19:39,400
higher, your status of Court, it
was like a very expensive, very 

393
00:19:39,400 --> 00:19:43,200
beautiful arms race. 
Except in weapons, people were 

394
00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:47,100
competing with embroidered silk 
and precious gems men's fashion 

395
00:19:47,100 --> 00:19:49,400
during this period was 
particularly fascinating because

396
00:19:49,400 --> 00:19:51,400
it was so unapologetically 
decorative. 

397
00:19:52,100 --> 00:19:54,500
Men will Silk Stockings 
high-heeled shoes? 

398
00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:58,500
Yes, high heels were originally 
for men, elaborate wigs and 

399
00:19:58,500 --> 00:20:01,900
enough lace to stock a bridal 
shop, the modern idea that men's

400
00:20:01,900 --> 00:20:04,900
clothing should be simple, and 
understated would have baffled a

401
00:20:04,900 --> 00:20:08,100
17th century gentleman who saw 
his outfit as a canvas for 

402
00:20:08,100 --> 00:20:11,600
artistic expression. 
The Perry wig or powdered wig 

403
00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:14,100
became the ultimate status 
symbol for men. 

404
00:20:14,100 --> 00:20:17,900
These weren't just hair pieces. 
They were architectural, Marvels

405
00:20:17,900 --> 00:20:20,700
that could cost as much as a 
house and required daily 

406
00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:22,300
maintenance by skilled 
professionals. 

407
00:20:22,300 --> 00:20:25,700
Wealthy men would own multiple 
wigs for different occasions, 

408
00:20:25,700 --> 00:20:29,000
like a very expensive hat 
collection that happened to be 

409
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:32,500
made of human hair. 
Women's fashion reached new 

410
00:20:32,500 --> 00:20:35,700
heights of complexity during the
RICO period of the 18th century.

411
00:20:35,700 --> 00:20:39,200
The panniers side Hoops that 
made skirts extend horizontally 

412
00:20:39,200 --> 00:20:42,700
created Silhouettes so wide that
two women couldn't walk through 

413
00:20:42,700 --> 00:20:45,500
a doorway at the same time Court
dresses required. 

414
00:20:45,500 --> 00:20:48,400
So much fabric that they were 
essentially wearable buildings 

415
00:20:48,400 --> 00:20:51,200
complete with Structural 
Engineering to keep everything 

416
00:20:51,200 --> 00:20:53,900
upright. 
But the real showstopper was the

417
00:20:53,900 --> 00:20:57,900
hair 18th century hairstyling 
was like, toppo regarding except

418
00:20:57,900 --> 00:21:00,800
on people's heads. 
Women's hairstyles could be 

419
00:21:00,808 --> 00:21:03,900
several feet tall decorated with
ribbons flowers. 

420
00:21:03,900 --> 00:21:06,900
Feathers and sometimes entire 
miniature scenes. 

421
00:21:06,900 --> 00:21:10,000
There are historical accounts of
hairstyles that included model, 

422
00:21:10,000 --> 00:21:13,500
ships, miniature Gardens and 
even small cages with live. 

423
00:21:13,500 --> 00:21:16,900
Birds the Cosmetics of this 
period, were equally dramatic, 

424
00:21:16,900 --> 00:21:20,000
both men and women wore white 
face powder made from lead, 

425
00:21:20,000 --> 00:21:23,000
which was probably not great for
their health, right. 

426
00:21:23,000 --> 00:21:26,900
Red Rouge and Beauty, patches 
small pieces of silk, or velvet 

427
00:21:26,900 --> 00:21:30,200
cut into shape like, stars or 
crescents and glued to the face.

428
00:21:30,200 --> 00:21:33,400
It was like wearing stickers. 
If stickers were considered the 

429
00:21:33,400 --> 00:21:36,700
height of sophistication, the 
18th century also saw the rise 

430
00:21:36,700 --> 00:21:38,600
of fashion magazines and fashion
dolls. 

431
00:21:38,600 --> 00:21:41,600
Small dolls dressed in the 
latest styles that were sent 

432
00:21:41,600 --> 00:21:43,900
between fashion capitals to 
spread new trends. 

433
00:21:43,900 --> 00:21:47,200
These were the ancestors of 
modern fashion photography and 

434
00:21:47,200 --> 00:21:50,500
social media influences. 
Though considerably smaller and 

435
00:21:50,500 --> 00:21:52,500
requiring more delicate, 
shipping Arrangements. 

436
00:21:52,500 --> 00:21:55,700
Perhaps the most interesting 
aspect of the 18th century 

437
00:21:55,700 --> 00:21:58,800
fashion was how it reflected the
philosophy of the time, the 

438
00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:03,000
elaborate deck. 
Over nature, the celebration of 

439
00:22:03,000 --> 00:22:06,100
luxury and refinement. 
All of this reflected in 

440
00:22:06,100 --> 00:22:09,700
lighting and ideas about 
civilizational progress and the 

441
00:22:09,700 --> 00:22:12,100
power of human creativity to 
improve upon nature. 

442
00:22:12,100 --> 00:22:15,700
Of course, all this fashion came
with a price, both literally and

443
00:22:15,700 --> 00:22:19,000
figuratively. 
The cost of maintaining an 18th 

444
00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:21,500
century wardrobe was 
astronomical and the time 

445
00:22:21,500 --> 00:22:23,700
required for dressing and 
grooming could take hours 

446
00:22:23,700 --> 00:22:27,100
wealthy people, essentially 
needed staff just to get dressed

447
00:22:27,100 --> 00:22:29,700
in the morning. 
By the end of the 18th century. 

448
00:22:29,700 --> 00:22:32,600
This elaborate system was 
beginning to crack the French 

449
00:22:32,600 --> 00:22:35,500
Revolution, put a sudden and 
violent end to the most extreme 

450
00:22:35,500 --> 00:22:37,800
Court Fashions. 
And a new philosophy was 

451
00:22:37,800 --> 00:22:41,200
emerging that valued Simplicity,
naturalness and practicality 

452
00:22:41,200 --> 00:22:44,000
over elaborate artifice. 
But before we move on to that 

453
00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:47,000
revolutionary change, take a 
moment to appreciate the sheer 

454
00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:49,100
or dacy of the 18th century 
fashion. 

455
00:22:49,100 --> 00:22:52,500
It was clothing that announced 
loudly and proudly that the 

456
00:22:52,500 --> 00:22:55,000
wearer had so much money. 
And Leisure Time that they could

457
00:22:55,000 --> 00:22:58,200
afford to dress like a walking 
work of art, even if it meant, 

458
00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:00,400
they couldn't sit down properly 
or fit through doorways. 

459
00:23:00,400 --> 00:23:03,500
The late 18th and early 19th. 
Centuries brought political 

460
00:23:03,500 --> 00:23:06,100
revolution of cross Europe and 
America, and fashion, 

461
00:23:06,100 --> 00:23:07,700
revolution's, followed close 
behind. 

462
00:23:07,700 --> 00:23:11,100
It was the period when people 
looked at those elaborate 18th 

463
00:23:11,100 --> 00:23:13,000
century Court. 
Costumes and said, you know 

464
00:23:13,008 --> 00:23:16,000
what, maybe wearing a small 
building on my head isn't the 

465
00:23:16,000 --> 00:23:17,800
best way to show. 
I'm in, touch with the people. 

466
00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:22,600
The French Revolution of 1789 
didn't just change government. 

467
00:23:22,600 --> 00:23:26,400
It completely transformed. 
What people wore it was the 

468
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:29,600
ultimate fashion Duo over 
motivated by actual fear for 

469
00:23:29,600 --> 00:23:31,600
your life. 
The revolutionary period 

470
00:23:31,600 --> 00:23:34,100
introduced what we might call 
democracy dress. 

471
00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:38,000
Simpler more practical clothing 
that suggested you are a 

472
00:23:38,000 --> 00:23:41,200
hardworking citizen rather than 
a parasitic Aristocrat. 

473
00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:45,400
The song culotte literally, 
without knee breeches, got their

474
00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:47,900
name from rejecting. 
The silk knee breeches worn, by 

475
00:23:47,900 --> 00:23:50,300
the upper classes in favor of 
practical long trousers. 

476
00:23:50,300 --> 00:23:53,100
It was the first time in 
European history that pants 

477
00:23:53,100 --> 00:23:56,600
became a political statement, 
women's fashion, underwent, an 

478
00:23:56,600 --> 00:23:59,800
equally dramatic transformation,
The Enormous panniers and 

479
00:23:59,808 --> 00:24:01,800
elaborate hairstyles 
disappeared, almost overnight 

480
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:05,900
replaced by simple white muslin.
Dresses inspired by classical 

481
00:24:05,900 --> 00:24:09,200
Greek and Roman clothing. 
The Empire waistline, which sat 

482
00:24:09,200 --> 00:24:12,000
just below the bust. 
Became fashionable creating a 

483
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:13,800
silhouette. 
That was both elegant and 

484
00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:16,700
practical. 
This neoclassical style wasn't 

485
00:24:16,700 --> 00:24:19,400
just about looking good. 
It was about embodying in 

486
00:24:19,400 --> 00:24:22,400
Enlightenment values. 
The simple flowing lines were 

487
00:24:22,400 --> 00:24:26,100
supposed to suggest virtue 
reason and natural beauty. 

488
00:24:26,100 --> 00:24:29,100
Everything, the old aristocratic
style was not. 

489
00:24:29,100 --> 00:24:32,700
It was like, wearing your 
political philosophy, Napoleon 

490
00:24:32,700 --> 00:24:36,000
Bonaparte, never want to miss an
opportunity for drama turned 

491
00:24:36,000 --> 00:24:38,200
fashion into a tool of Empire 
Building. 

492
00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:41,800
He established a court at the 
twili that was almost as 

493
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:43,400
elaborate as the old Royal 
Court. 

494
00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:46,800
But with better marketing, 
Napoleonic fashion was designed 

495
00:24:46,800 --> 00:24:49,400
to suggest both luxury and 
Military efficiently. 

496
00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:52,200
Think Roman Emperor meets modern
General. 

497
00:24:53,000 --> 00:24:55,800
The Empire period gave us some 
of Fashion's most enduring 

498
00:24:55,800 --> 00:24:58,300
Silhouettes. 
The high-waisted dress, became a

499
00:24:58,300 --> 00:25:01,400
classic that would return again 
and again in later decades the 

500
00:25:01,400 --> 00:25:04,400
military influence in men's 
fashion, all those brass 

501
00:25:04,400 --> 00:25:08,200
buttons, frogging and structured
shoulders established a template

502
00:25:08,200 --> 00:25:11,400
for masculine dress that we 
still see today in everything 

503
00:25:11,400 --> 00:25:13,800
from military, uniforms to 
business suits. 

504
00:25:13,800 --> 00:25:16,900
But perhaps the most interesting
development of this period was 

505
00:25:16,900 --> 00:25:20,200
how fashion became International
in a completely new way. 

506
00:25:20,200 --> 00:25:24,400
Napoleon's conquests spread 
French fashion across Europe but

507
00:25:24,400 --> 00:25:28,000
also brought new influences back
to Paris Spanish, man, tears, 

508
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:32,300
Russian, Furs Egyptian, motifs 
after Napoleon's campaigns 

509
00:25:32,300 --> 00:25:35,100
there. 
European fashion became a fusion

510
00:25:35,100 --> 00:25:37,600
Cuisine of styles from a cross 
the continent and Beyond. 

511
00:25:38,500 --> 00:25:41,400
The Industrial Revolution was 
beginning to change how clothes 

512
00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:44,800
were made to While most garments
were still hands owned new 

513
00:25:44,800 --> 00:25:47,300
machines could produce Fabrics, 
faster and more cheaply than 

514
00:25:47,300 --> 00:25:50,800
ever before, Cochran in 
particular, became much more 

515
00:25:50,800 --> 00:25:53,900
affordable and available 
democratizing fashion in ways 

516
00:25:53,900 --> 00:25:56,100
that would have been impossible 
in early as centuries. 

517
00:25:56,900 --> 00:25:59,900
This period also saw the rise of
the fashion press as we know it 

518
00:25:59,900 --> 00:26:02,200
today. 
Fashion magazines like Journal 

519
00:26:02,200 --> 00:26:05,600
de damn ID mods provided 
detailed illustrations and 

520
00:26:05,600 --> 00:26:08,700
descriptions of the latest 
Styles spreading fashion trends 

521
00:26:08,700 --> 00:26:11,800
faster than ever before. 
It was the beginning of fashion 

522
00:26:11,800 --> 00:26:14,500
media though their Instagram 
followers were measured in 

523
00:26:14,500 --> 00:26:17,900
hundreds rather than Millions 
the Romantic Movement that 

524
00:26:17,900 --> 00:26:19,600
emerged in the early 19th 
century. 

525
00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:22,900
Brought yet another fashion 
Revolution, where neoclassical 

526
00:26:22,900 --> 00:26:26,200
style had been about reason and 
simplicity romantic fashion, 

527
00:26:26,200 --> 00:26:29,700
celebrated emotion, 
individualism and dramatic 

528
00:26:29,700 --> 00:26:32,900
effect. 
Sleeves got bigger skirts, got 

529
00:26:32,900 --> 00:26:35,100
Fuller and everything got more 
decorative. 

530
00:26:35,100 --> 00:26:40,100
By the 1820s and 1830s women's 
fashion had swung back to award 

531
00:26:40,100 --> 00:26:44,300
complexity though in new ways. 
Crinoline, the structured 

532
00:26:44,300 --> 00:26:47,200
underskirt that created a 
bell-shaped silhouette was the 

533
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:50,700
great innovation of the period. 
It was like wearing a small tent

534
00:26:50,700 --> 00:26:54,100
but an incredibly fashionable 
tent that allowed women to move 

535
00:26:54,100 --> 00:26:56,600
more freely than the restrictive
clothing of earlier periods, 

536
00:26:56,600 --> 00:26:59,400
this revolutionary period 
established, many of the 

537
00:26:59,400 --> 00:27:01,700
principles that would guide 
fashion for the next Century. 

538
00:27:01,700 --> 00:27:05,800
The idea that clothing should 
reflect contemporary values that

539
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:09,100
fashion could be both, beautiful
and practical and that style 

540
00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:12,200
should be accessible to more 
than just the wealthy Elite. 

541
00:27:12,200 --> 00:27:15,100
It was the beginning of modern 
fashion as we know it today. 

542
00:27:15,100 --> 00:27:17,900
Even if the clothes themselves 
look, pretty foreign to 

543
00:27:17,900 --> 00:27:23,200
modernize the Victorian era. 
Roughly 1837 to 1901 was like 

544
00:27:23,200 --> 00:27:26,400
fashioned adolescent phase. 
Everything was dramatic 

545
00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:30,100
complicated and slightly 
embarrassing and retrospect, but

546
00:27:30,100 --> 00:27:33,500
also kind of impressive in its 
sheer ambition, Queen Victoria's

547
00:27:33,500 --> 00:27:36,400
reign coincided with the 
Industrial Revolution, hit its 

548
00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:40,100
stride which meant that for the 
first time in human history, the

549
00:27:40,100 --> 00:27:42,800
middle class could afford to 
dress almost as elaborately. 

550
00:27:42,900 --> 00:27:45,800
As the wealthy, this was 
wonderful news for textile 

551
00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:49,300
manufacturers and absolutely 
terrible news for anyone who 

552
00:27:49,300 --> 00:27:53,100
valued Simplicity and clothing. 
The Victorian silhouette for 

553
00:27:53,100 --> 00:27:55,600
women was essentially an 
exercise in architectural 

554
00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:57,600
engineering. 
The goal was to create an 

555
00:27:57,600 --> 00:28:00,600
hourglass figure, so dramatic 
that it defied Anatomy. 

556
00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:03,800
This required corsets, that 
could literally reshape the 

557
00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:06,900
human torso bustles. 
That could support several yards

558
00:28:06,900 --> 00:28:09,000
of fabric and an undergarment 
system. 

559
00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:12,300
So complex, it came with its own
instruction manual, the 

560
00:28:12,300 --> 00:28:14,900
crinoline reached its peak 
During the period creating 

561
00:28:14,900 --> 00:28:17,400
skirts that could measure up to 
six feet in diameter. 

562
00:28:18,700 --> 00:28:21,200
Imagine trying to navigate a 
Victorian parlor. 

563
00:28:21,200 --> 00:28:24,900
Where was essentially a fabric 
geodesic, dome around your waist

564
00:28:24,900 --> 00:28:28,500
doorways, became tactical 
challenges sitting required, 

565
00:28:28,500 --> 00:28:31,200
careful planning. 
Etting into a carriage was like,

566
00:28:31,200 --> 00:28:34,200
solving a geometry problem. 
And here's what's really 

567
00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:35,800
remarkable about Victorian 
fashion. 

568
00:28:35,800 --> 00:28:39,600
The sheer amount of work that 
went into every garment, a 

569
00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:42,700
typical Victorian dress might 
have hundreds of buttons miles 

570
00:28:42,700 --> 00:28:46,500
of trim, intricate pleating, 
elaborate embroidery and enough 

571
00:28:46,500 --> 00:28:48,300
fabric to upholster several 
chairs. 

572
00:28:48,300 --> 00:28:51,700
Each dress was essentially a 
masterpiece of textile crafts 

573
00:28:51,700 --> 00:28:53,900
from ship. 
Even if the overall effect was 

574
00:28:53,900 --> 00:28:56,600
sometimes like wearing a curtain
from a very expensive hotel, 

575
00:28:56,600 --> 00:28:59,400
men's fashion during the 
Victorian era was more 

576
00:28:59,400 --> 00:29:01,700
restrained but equally complex 
in its own way. 

577
00:29:01,700 --> 00:29:05,400
The modern business suit was 
invented during this period over

578
00:29:05,400 --> 00:29:07,100
Victorian. 
Men's suits, had more pizzas 

579
00:29:07,100 --> 00:29:09,500
than a Swiss watch. 
There were different coaches for

580
00:29:09,500 --> 00:29:12,000
different times of day. 
Different trials, for different 

581
00:29:12,000 --> 00:29:14,700
occasions and enough accessories
to stock a small store. 

582
00:29:15,700 --> 00:29:18,300
The Victorian obsession with 
propriety meant that clothing, 

583
00:29:18,300 --> 00:29:21,200
had to cover everything. 
Women's dresses had sleeves that

584
00:29:21,200 --> 00:29:24,200
covered the arms, completely 
skirts, that touched the ground 

585
00:29:24,200 --> 00:29:27,600
and necklines that barely showed
the collarbone, the amount of 

586
00:29:27,600 --> 00:29:30,200
Skin showing in proper. 
Victorian dress was roughly 

587
00:29:30,200 --> 00:29:32,800
equivalent to what you might see
in a modern business meeting 

588
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:36,000
except with more Fabric and 
better posture, but the 

589
00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:39,000
victorians also invented the 
concept of specialized clothing 

590
00:29:39,000 --> 00:29:42,500
for specific activities. 
Before this period, you 

591
00:29:42,500 --> 00:29:46,400
basically had every day clothes 
and fancy clothes the victorians

592
00:29:46,400 --> 00:29:49,200
created riding habits for 
horseback riding walking 

593
00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:52,500
dresses, for afternoon strolls 
Teague, gowns for informal, 

594
00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:55,300
entertaining, and ball gowns for
formal occasions. 

595
00:29:55,300 --> 00:29:58,400
They essentially invented the 
modern concept of having 

596
00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:00,500
different outfits for different 
parts of your life. 

597
00:30:01,300 --> 00:30:04,200
The Industrial Revolution made 
all of this possible by creating

598
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:08,900
new Fabrics, new dies and new 
manufacturing techniques and 

599
00:30:08,900 --> 00:30:11,900
dies produced colors that were 
brighter and more stable than 

600
00:30:11,900 --> 00:30:15,700
anything previously available. 
The sewing machine invented in 

601
00:30:15,700 --> 00:30:18,800
the 1840s revolutionized garment
construction. 

602
00:30:18,800 --> 00:30:21,600
Ready to wear clothing? 
Began to appear in stores, 

603
00:30:21,608 --> 00:30:23,800
though? 
It was still considered inferior

604
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:26,600
to custom-made garments 
Children's Fashion, during the 

605
00:30:26,600 --> 00:30:29,400
Victorian era, deserve, special 
mention, because it was 

606
00:30:29,400 --> 00:30:32,100
particularly elaborate and often
fairly impractical. 

607
00:30:32,100 --> 00:30:35,300
Victorian children were 
essentially dressed as mixture. 

608
00:30:35,300 --> 00:30:38,400
Adults complete with all the 
restrictive undergarments, and 

609
00:30:38,400 --> 00:30:41,600
complex layering systems little 
girls will corsets. 

610
00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:45,000
Little boys, were elaborate 
suits with knee breeches, and 

611
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:47,100
everyone wore clothing. 
That would make modern parents 

612
00:30:47,100 --> 00:30:50,100
weep at the laundry. 
Implications, the Victorian era 

613
00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:52,100
gave us the concept of mourning 
dress. 

614
00:30:52,100 --> 00:30:55,000
Elaborate rules about what to 
wear and for how long. 

615
00:30:55,000 --> 00:30:57,900
After someone died. 
Queen Victoria has self after 

616
00:30:57,900 --> 00:31:01,500
the death of Prince, Albert in 
1861 or morning dress for the 

617
00:31:01,500 --> 00:31:03,800
rest of her life, which was 
another 40 years. 

618
00:31:03,800 --> 00:31:06,500
The fashion industry, 
essentially created a whole 

619
00:31:06,500 --> 00:31:09,800
subcategory of clothing for 
grief, complete with degrees of 

620
00:31:09,808 --> 00:31:11,600
mourning. 
That determined how much black 

621
00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:13,700
you had to wear. 
And when you could start adding 

622
00:31:13,700 --> 00:31:15,200
other Colors back in to your 
wardrobe. 

623
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:18,500
By the end of the Victorian era,
fashion had reached a level of 

624
00:31:18,500 --> 00:31:20,300
complexity that was becoming 
unsustainable. 

625
00:31:21,100 --> 00:31:24,500
Getting dressed took hours 
maintaining a proper wardrobe 

626
00:31:24,500 --> 00:31:28,000
required significant staff. 
The physical restrictions of the

627
00:31:28,000 --> 00:31:30,400
clothing were beginning to 
conflict with new ideas about 

628
00:31:30,400 --> 00:31:33,900
women's roles and activities. 
The stage was set for a fashion 

629
00:31:33,900 --> 00:31:36,600
Revolution, that would sweep 
away, much of this elaborate 

630
00:31:36,600 --> 00:31:39,600
system, and replace it with 
something more practical more, 

631
00:31:39,600 --> 00:31:42,700
modern and significantly easier 
to put on in the morning. 

632
00:31:42,700 --> 00:31:45,700
But before that happened, the 
Victorian era gave us some of 

633
00:31:45,700 --> 00:31:48,300
Fashion's most memorable and 
most photographed moments. 

634
00:31:48,300 --> 00:31:51,000
Even if many of those 
photographs required, the 

635
00:31:51,000 --> 00:31:55,000
subjects to stand very still for
very long periods of time as the

636
00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:58,000
19th century, Drew to a close 
and the 20th century began. 

637
00:31:58,000 --> 00:32:01,600
Fashion, underwent, one of its 
most dramatic Transformations. 

638
00:32:01,600 --> 00:32:05,200
It was as if the entire industry
looked at Victorian clothing and

639
00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:08,500
collectively asked, but what if 
we could actually move while 

640
00:32:08,500 --> 00:32:12,100
wearing our clothes? 
The changes began gradually in 

641
00:32:12,100 --> 00:32:14,700
the 1890s with what was called, 
the new woman movement. 

642
00:32:14,700 --> 00:32:16,900
These were women who wanted to 
ride bicycles. 

643
00:32:16,900 --> 00:32:20,500
Play tennis work outside the 
home and generally participate, 

644
00:32:20,500 --> 00:32:23,100
in life without requiring 
architectural, support garments,

645
00:32:23,100 --> 00:32:26,500
the fashion industry, sensing an
opportunity began, creating 

646
00:32:26,500 --> 00:32:29,000
clothes that acknowledged that 
women might want to use their 

647
00:32:29,000 --> 00:32:31,900
bodies for something other than 
standing gracefully Impalas. 

648
00:32:31,900 --> 00:32:35,700
The s-curve corset became 
popular in the early 1900s which

649
00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:38,200
created a silhouette that 
thrust, the chest forward and 

650
00:32:38,200 --> 00:32:41,500
the hips back while this might 
not sound like progress, it 

651
00:32:41,500 --> 00:32:44,400
actually represented a move away
from the tightest waste, 

652
00:32:44,400 --> 00:32:47,300
restriction of the Victorian 
era, it was like Fashions 

653
00:32:47,300 --> 00:32:50,000
version of glass nosed, a 
gradual loosening of 

654
00:32:50,000 --> 00:32:53,400
restrictions, Paulo a French 
designer became the 

655
00:32:53,408 --> 00:32:56,800
revolutionary leader of fashion,
Liberation in 1906. 

656
00:32:56,800 --> 00:33:00,100
He introduced designs that 
completely eliminated the corset

657
00:33:00,100 --> 00:33:02,800
replacing, the structured, 
Victorian silhouette with 

658
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:05,800
flowing columnar dresses, 
inspired by ancient Greece in 

659
00:33:05,800 --> 00:33:07,800
the orient. 
It was as if he took a pair of 

660
00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:11,100
scissors to 100 Years of fashion
tradition and said Let's start 

661
00:33:11,100 --> 00:33:14,800
over quarries, designs were 
Radical for their time, high 

662
00:33:14,800 --> 00:33:17,400
waist lines, narrow, skirts, and
no corsets. 

663
00:33:17,400 --> 00:33:20,700
Women could actually breathe 
while wearing them, which was a 

664
00:33:20,700 --> 00:33:22,300
refreshing change from Victorian
dress. 

665
00:33:23,100 --> 00:33:26,500
His oriental-inspired designs 
with their Rich colors and 

666
00:33:26,500 --> 00:33:30,300
exotic patterns introduced 
European women to a completely 

667
00:33:30,300 --> 00:33:34,000
different aesthetic philosophy. 
The hobble skirt one of Poor's 

668
00:33:34,000 --> 00:33:37,000
most famous Innovations was both
liberating and restricting at 

669
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:40,200
the same time while it freed 
women from corsets and 

670
00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:42,500
crinolines. 
It was so narrow at the ankles 

671
00:33:42,500 --> 00:33:44,900
that walking required. 
Small, careful steps. 

672
00:33:44,900 --> 00:33:47,600
It was like trading one set of 
restrictions for another. 

673
00:33:47,600 --> 00:33:50,000
But at least the new 
restrictions didn't require 

674
00:33:50,000 --> 00:33:53,800
Structural Engineering. 
World War One accelerated, these

675
00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:57,100
fashion changes dramatically 
with men away at War and women 

676
00:33:57,100 --> 00:33:59,300
entering the workforce. 
In unprecedented numbers. 

677
00:33:59,300 --> 00:34:02,800
Practical clothing became a 
necessity rather than a choice. 

678
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:06,100
The elaborate time-consuming 
dress of the pre-war period, was

679
00:34:06,100 --> 00:34:09,199
simply incompatible with working
in factories, driving, 

680
00:34:09,199 --> 00:34:11,100
ambulance's, or managing 
businesses. 

681
00:34:11,900 --> 00:34:15,400
Hemlines began to rise, first, 
just enough to show the ankle 

682
00:34:15,400 --> 00:34:18,300
then gradually higher. 
This might seem like a small 

683
00:34:18,300 --> 00:34:20,000
change, but it was 
revolutionary. 

684
00:34:21,300 --> 00:34:23,199
For the first time in Western 
fashion. 

685
00:34:23,199 --> 00:34:26,400
Since ancient Greece, women's 
legs became visible in public. 

686
00:34:26,400 --> 00:34:30,600
It was a seismic shift in social
norms disguised as a fashion 

687
00:34:30,600 --> 00:34:32,699
trend. 
The war also changed men's 

688
00:34:32,699 --> 00:34:35,600
fashion though. 
More subtly military uniforms 

689
00:34:35,600 --> 00:34:38,400
influenced civilian clothing 
making men's suits more 

690
00:34:38,408 --> 00:34:41,199
structured and functional. 
The three-piece suit became 

691
00:34:41,199 --> 00:34:44,400
standardized during this period 
establishing a template for 

692
00:34:44,400 --> 00:34:47,500
men's business dress. 
That would last for decades hair

693
00:34:47,500 --> 00:34:50,400
became shorter and simpler. 
The elaborate hairstyles of the 

694
00:34:50,400 --> 00:34:53,300
Victorian era which required 
hours of Maintenance and 

695
00:34:53,300 --> 00:34:56,199
multiple hair pieces were 
replaced by more manageable 

696
00:34:56,199 --> 00:34:58,400
Styles. 
This was partly practical. 

697
00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:01,000
Shorter hair was easier to 
maintain while working in 

698
00:35:01,000 --> 00:35:04,100
factories or hospitals, but it 
was also symbolic of women's 

699
00:35:04,100 --> 00:35:07,300
changing roles in society. 
The introduction of new 

700
00:35:07,300 --> 00:35:09,800
synthetic fabrics. 
During this period, also 

701
00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:13,200
revolutionized, what people 
could wear rail on the first 

702
00:35:13,200 --> 00:35:16,300
commercial successful. 
Synthetic fiber was developed in

703
00:35:16,300 --> 00:35:20,700
the early 1900s, while it wasn't
perfect early on had a tendency 

704
00:35:20,700 --> 00:35:23,200
to shrink dramatically when 
washed it. 

705
00:35:23,200 --> 00:35:25,900
Offered an affordable 
alternative to Silk and opened 

706
00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:30,200
up new possibilities for garment
design by 1910 fashion magazines

707
00:35:30,200 --> 00:35:32,400
were already predicting that. 
The new century would bring 

708
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:35,400
clothing that was more 
practical, more comfortable, and

709
00:35:35,400 --> 00:35:37,200
more suited to active 
lifestyle's. 

710
00:35:37,200 --> 00:35:40,800
They had no idea how, right? 
They were or how dramatically 

711
00:35:40,800 --> 00:35:43,000
the next decade would accelerate
these changes. 

712
00:35:44,200 --> 00:35:47,400
The period just before World War
One represented, a fascinating 

713
00:35:47,400 --> 00:35:49,800
transition moment. 
In fashion history, you could 

714
00:35:49,800 --> 00:35:52,200
see both the Old and the new 
existing simultaneously 

715
00:35:52,200 --> 00:35:56,300
elaborate Edwardian gowns 
sharing space with Paris, 

716
00:35:56,300 --> 00:35:59,800
revolutionary designs, corseted 
ladies, walking alongside the 

717
00:35:59,800 --> 00:36:02,700
first women to embrace the new 
natural silhouette. 

718
00:36:02,700 --> 00:36:05,800
It was like watching fashion, 
hold its breath, before taking a

719
00:36:05,800 --> 00:36:08,500
giant leap into modernity, the 
restrictive. 

720
00:36:08,500 --> 00:36:11,400
Elaborate clothing of the past 
was still beautiful, still 

721
00:36:11,400 --> 00:36:14,900
masterfully crafted, but it was 
beginning to look like a museum 

722
00:36:14,900 --> 00:36:16,800
piece even as people were still 
wearing it. 

723
00:36:16,800 --> 00:36:21,300
If the 1910s were about gradual 
Liberation, the 1920s were about

724
00:36:21,300 --> 00:36:22,900
fashion. 
Doing the Charleston while 

725
00:36:22,900 --> 00:36:25,000
wearing a headband and shouting 
Freedom. 

726
00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:28,500
At the top of its lungs, the 
decade didn't just change what 

727
00:36:28,500 --> 00:36:31,600
people wore, it, completely 
revolutionized, the relationship

728
00:36:31,600 --> 00:36:35,700
between clothing and identity, 
The flapper dress was the decade

729
00:36:35,700 --> 00:36:39,100
signature achievement and it was
basically everything Victoria 

730
00:36:39,100 --> 00:36:42,800
and clothing wasn't short 
straight and shockingly simple. 

731
00:36:42,800 --> 00:36:46,000
It hung Loosely from the 
shoulders and ended daringly at 

732
00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:49,300
the knee, or even higher. 
Victorian lady would have needed

733
00:36:49,300 --> 00:36:52,500
smelling salts just looking at 
it which was precisely the 

734
00:36:52,500 --> 00:36:54,600
point. 
What made the flapper dress, so 

735
00:36:54,600 --> 00:36:57,700
revolutionary wasn't just how it
looked but what it allowed women

736
00:36:57,700 --> 00:37:01,800
to do, you could dance in it 
really dance with energetic 

737
00:37:01,800 --> 00:37:04,900
movements and spin. 
You could drive a car without 

738
00:37:04,900 --> 00:37:07,500
your skirt, getting caught in 
the door, you could cross your 

739
00:37:07,500 --> 00:37:10,200
legs while sitting. 
These might seem like small 

740
00:37:10,200 --> 00:37:13,500
freedoms, but they represented a
complete transformation in how 

741
00:37:13,500 --> 00:37:14,700
women could move through the 
world. 

742
00:37:14,700 --> 00:37:18,500
The dropped waist line of 1920s,
dresses, created a completely 

743
00:37:18,500 --> 00:37:20,900
new silhouette. 
The de-emphasized, the female 

744
00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:23,400
form in ways that would have 
shocked previous generations, 

745
00:37:23,400 --> 00:37:26,400
where Victorian fashion had been
obsessed with creating an 

746
00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:30,200
exaggerated hourglass. 
Figure 1920s fashion, 

747
00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:32,400
celebrated, a more boyish 
androgynous. 

748
00:37:32,400 --> 00:37:35,500
Look It was as if fashion 
decided that women's bodies 

749
00:37:35,500 --> 00:37:37,200
didn't need to be architectural 
projects. 

750
00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:40,700
After all hair, got even shorter
with the Bobcat, which caused 

751
00:37:40,700 --> 00:37:44,400
genuine, social controversy. 
Women were literally receiving 

752
00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:46,400
death threats for cutting their 
hair short. 

753
00:37:46,400 --> 00:37:50,500
And imagine that getting violent
male because of your hair cut, 

754
00:37:50,500 --> 00:37:52,800
but the Bob was more than just a
hairstyle. 

755
00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:55,100
It was a declaration of 
independence from the 

756
00:37:55,100 --> 00:37:58,500
time-consuming beauty, routines,
that had kept women Tethered to 

757
00:37:58,508 --> 00:38:00,400
their vanity tables for hours 
each day. 

758
00:38:00,400 --> 00:38:04,300
Men's fashion during the 1920s 
became more relaxed and varied 

759
00:38:04,300 --> 00:38:07,100
though, it was still more formal
than what we considered a normal

760
00:38:07,108 --> 00:38:09,800
today. 
The three-piece suit remained 

761
00:38:09,800 --> 00:38:12,600
standard but new fabrics and 
cuts, made it more comfortable 

762
00:38:12,600 --> 00:38:16,200
and practical plus Falls for 
golf, sweater vests for casual 

763
00:38:16,200 --> 00:38:19,200
wear, and the introduction of 
sportswear began to give men 

764
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:20,700
more options for different 
occasions. 

765
00:38:20,700 --> 00:38:25,400
The 1920s, also saw the rise of 
ready-to-wear fashion becoming 

766
00:38:25,400 --> 00:38:28,700
truly mainstream department 
stores expanded their clothing 

767
00:38:28,700 --> 00:38:31,600
sections and for the first time 
middle-class people could buy 

768
00:38:31,600 --> 00:38:34,200
fashionable clothing off the 
rack rather than having 

769
00:38:34,200 --> 00:38:37,200
everything custom made. 
It was the democratization of 

770
00:38:37,200 --> 00:38:40,100
fashion though. 
The truly still preferred, their

771
00:38:40,100 --> 00:38:43,800
bespoke tailors cocoa, Chanel 
emerged as one of the Decades 

772
00:38:43,800 --> 00:38:46,600
most influential designers and 
her philosophy was 

773
00:38:46,600 --> 00:38:49,300
revolutionary. 
Fashion should be comfortable 

774
00:38:49,300 --> 00:38:51,900
practical and elegant all at the
same time. 

775
00:38:51,900 --> 00:38:56,000
She introduced the concept of 
casual Chic, the idea that you 

776
00:38:56,000 --> 00:38:58,600
could look sophisticated while 
wearing simple well cut 

777
00:38:58,600 --> 00:39:00,500
clothing. 
Her little black dress 

778
00:39:00,500 --> 00:39:04,300
introduced in 1926 was like 
Fashion's version of the model 

779
00:39:04,300 --> 00:39:08,100
t4de simple elegant. 
And versatile enough to be 

780
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:09,700
appropriate for almost any 
occasion. 

781
00:39:10,900 --> 00:39:14,000
Chanel also, liberated women 
from the tyranny of decorative 

782
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:16,300
accessories. 
Where Victorian fashion had 

783
00:39:16,300 --> 00:39:18,800
required. 
Elaborate jewelry hair ornaments

784
00:39:18,800 --> 00:39:22,300
and trim Chanel's designs were 
based on the radical idea that 

785
00:39:22,300 --> 00:39:25,800
sometimes less really was more. 
She made Simplicity 

786
00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:29,100
sophisticated, which was perhaps
the decades greatest fashion 

787
00:39:29,100 --> 00:39:31,700
Innovation. 
The influence of jazz music on 

788
00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:33,200
fashion. 
Can't be overstated. 

789
00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:36,700
The energetic improvisational 
nature of jazz translated 

790
00:39:36,700 --> 00:39:38,800
directly into clothing that 
moved with the body. 

791
00:39:39,600 --> 00:39:42,900
Sparkled under dance hall lights
and celebrated individual 

792
00:39:42,900 --> 00:39:46,500
expression, over Conformity. 
Fashion became performative in a

793
00:39:46,500 --> 00:39:49,300
completely new way. 
Clothes were designed to look 

794
00:39:49,300 --> 00:39:52,000
good in motion, not just 
informal portraits. 

795
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:56,700
Evening during the 1920s was 
particularly spectacular beaded 

796
00:39:56,700 --> 00:39:59,700
dresses, that caught and 
reflected light Fringe that 

797
00:39:59,708 --> 00:40:02,600
moved with every step and 
metallic Fabrics. 

798
00:40:02,600 --> 00:40:04,900
That turned the wearer into a 
walking disco ball. 

799
00:40:04,900 --> 00:40:07,500
It was fashioned designed for 
artificial lighting and 

800
00:40:07,500 --> 00:40:10,400
energetic dancing. 
The first truly modern party 

801
00:40:10,400 --> 00:40:12,900
clothes. 
The decade also introduced the 

802
00:40:12,908 --> 00:40:15,200
concept of fashion Seasons, as 
we know them today. 

803
00:40:15,200 --> 00:40:18,300
Magazine's began showing spring 
Collections and full 

804
00:40:18,300 --> 00:40:20,600
Collections. 
And the idea that your wardrobe 

805
00:40:20,600 --> 00:40:24,100
should change with the calendar 
became entrenched, it was the 

806
00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:26,200
beginning of planned 
obsolescence in fashion. 

807
00:40:26,200 --> 00:40:29,500
The idea that last season's 
clothes Were Somehow inadequate 

808
00:40:29,500 --> 00:40:34,200
for this season's activities. 
By the end of the 1920s, fashion

809
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:37,600
had been completely transformed.
The elaborate restrictive 

810
00:40:37,600 --> 00:40:40,400
clothing of the Victorian era, 
looked as foreign as medieval 

811
00:40:40,400 --> 00:40:44,400
armor Women had gained the 
freedom to move, dance work and 

812
00:40:44,400 --> 00:40:46,600
play in ways that their 
grandmothers never could have 

813
00:40:46,600 --> 00:40:50,600
imagined but the party couldn't 
last forever the stock market 

814
00:40:50,600 --> 00:40:53,400
crash of 1929 was about to 
change everything. 

815
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:56,800
Including what people wore and 
how they thought about fashion 

816
00:40:57,600 --> 00:41:01,300
The Carefree extravagance of the
1920s was about to run headlong 

817
00:41:01,300 --> 00:41:04,200
into the Practical realities of 
economic depression. 

818
00:41:04,200 --> 00:41:07,200
The Great Depression hit 
fashion, like a bucket of cold 

819
00:41:07,200 --> 00:41:09,400
water thrown on a very 
fashionable party. 

820
00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:13,800
Suddenly the Carefree 
extravagant of the 1920s, seemed

821
00:41:13,800 --> 00:41:17,600
not just outdated, but almost 
defensive, the new motto became 

822
00:41:17,600 --> 00:41:20,500
make it last. 
Make it count and make it work 

823
00:41:20,500 --> 00:41:23,500
for everything. 
The 1930s are in what we might 

824
00:41:23,500 --> 00:41:26,100
call Elegant practicality 
designers. 

825
00:41:26,100 --> 00:41:28,300
Had to create clothing. 
That was beautiful enough to 

826
00:41:28,300 --> 00:41:31,700
maintain morale during difficult
times but practical enough to be

827
00:41:31,700 --> 00:41:34,700
worn for years without 
replacement, it was like solving

828
00:41:34,700 --> 00:41:37,100
of a very sophisticated math 
problem, where the variables 

829
00:41:37,100 --> 00:41:40,500
were styled durability, and 
budget, himeles dropped back 

830
00:41:40,500 --> 00:41:43,900
down to mid calf, partly for 
modesty, but mostly because 

831
00:41:43,900 --> 00:41:46,600
longer skirts, meant more 
fabric, which meant the Garment 

832
00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:49,500
would last longer and provide 
better value the silhouette 

833
00:41:49,500 --> 00:41:52,800
became more than feminine again,
but in a sleeker more 

834
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:55,000
streamlined way than the 
Victorian era. 

835
00:41:55,600 --> 00:41:58,400
It was as a fashion had learned 
to be curvaceous without being 

836
00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:00,600
cumbersome. 
The bias cut became the 

837
00:42:00,608 --> 00:42:02,200
signature technique of the 
decade. 

838
00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:06,000
Thanks, largely to designer. 
Madeleine vionnet cutting fabric

839
00:42:06,000 --> 00:42:09,900
on the bias at a 45 degree, 
angle to the grain, created 

840
00:42:09,900 --> 00:42:12,500
garments that draped beautifully
and moved with the body. 

841
00:42:12,500 --> 00:42:15,700
Using the Fabric's natural 
stretch rather than fighting 

842
00:42:15,700 --> 00:42:17,900
against it. 
It was an ingenious solution. 

843
00:42:17,900 --> 00:42:20,600
That created elegant figure, 
flattering clothes without 

844
00:42:20,600 --> 00:42:22,800
requiring, elaborate 
construction or expensive, 

845
00:42:22,800 --> 00:42:25,900
materials Hollywood became a 
major influence on fashion 

846
00:42:25,900 --> 00:42:28,700
during this period. 
Partly because movies provided 

847
00:42:28,700 --> 00:42:32,100
an escape from economic 
hardship, but also because film 

848
00:42:32,100 --> 00:42:34,800
stars had the resources to wear 
beautiful clothes when most 

849
00:42:34,800 --> 00:42:37,800
people couldn't afford them. 
Magazine's featured pages of 

850
00:42:37,800 --> 00:42:41,000
Hollywood style on a depression 
budget showing readers how to 

851
00:42:41,008 --> 00:42:43,700
achieve movie star glamour with 
engineering and Thrift. 

852
00:42:43,700 --> 00:42:48,500
The concept of separates became 
popular during the 1930s laos's 

853
00:42:48,500 --> 00:42:51,300
skirts, and jackets that could 
be mixed and matched to create 

854
00:42:51,300 --> 00:42:52,800
different outfits from fewer 
pieces. 

855
00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:56,600
It was the beginning of the 
modern concept of Wardrobe, as a

856
00:42:56,608 --> 00:42:59,200
coordinated system, rather than 
a collection of individual 

857
00:42:59,200 --> 00:43:02,900
dresses, you could buy one skirt
and three blouses and suddenly 

858
00:43:02,900 --> 00:43:05,800
have multiple outfits, which was
revolutionary for people on 

859
00:43:05,800 --> 00:43:08,600
tight budgets. 
Daywear became more casual and 

860
00:43:08,600 --> 00:43:12,600
practical Shirtwaist dresses. 
Essentially, button-up shirts 

861
00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:16,000
extended into dress length 
became a staple because they 

862
00:43:16,000 --> 00:43:19,700
were comfortable easy to launder
and appropriate for both work 

863
00:43:19,700 --> 00:43:22,800
and Casual social occasions. 
It was clothing designed for 

864
00:43:22,800 --> 00:43:25,500
real life, rather than for 
making fashion statements. 

865
00:43:25,500 --> 00:43:29,000
Then came World War 2 and 
fashion face challenges that 

866
00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:30,800
made the depression. 
Look like a minor budget 

867
00:43:30,800 --> 00:43:33,200
adjustment. 
Rationing affected everything 

868
00:43:33,200 --> 00:43:37,400
fabric leather metal for buttons
and zippers even elastic. 

869
00:43:38,400 --> 00:43:40,700
The fashion industry had to 
completely reimagine, what 

870
00:43:40,700 --> 00:43:43,500
clothing could be when you 
couldn't get the materials, you 

871
00:43:43,500 --> 00:43:46,800
needed the utility clothing 
program in Britain and similar 

872
00:43:46,800 --> 00:43:49,800
initiatives, and other countries
created standardized designs 

873
00:43:49,800 --> 00:43:52,800
that used a minimal materials, 
while still being a attractive 

874
00:43:52,800 --> 00:43:55,200
and functional. 
It was fashioned by committee 

875
00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:58,500
designed by government 
regulations, but somehow, it 

876
00:43:58,500 --> 00:44:03,000
worked The clothes were simple, 
well, cut and practical, the 

877
00:44:03,000 --> 00:44:06,700
fashion equivalent of wartime 
efficiency heavenlies rose again

878
00:44:06,700 --> 00:44:09,400
during the war, but this time it
wasn't about Freedom or 

879
00:44:09,408 --> 00:44:11,400
Rebellion. 
It was about fabric 

880
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:14,600
conservation. 
Every inch of fabric saved was 

881
00:44:14,600 --> 00:44:16,600
fabric, that could be used for 
military purposes. 

882
00:44:16,600 --> 00:44:20,500
Women skirts, became shorter and
narrower not as a fashion 

883
00:44:20,500 --> 00:44:24,300
statement but as a patriotic 
Duty the make do and mend 

884
00:44:24,300 --> 00:44:28,000
philosophy became a virtue 
rather than a necessity fashion 

885
00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:29,700
magazines. 
Published articles on how to 

886
00:44:29,700 --> 00:44:32,300
refresh old clothes. 
How to make children clothes 

887
00:44:32,300 --> 00:44:35,600
from adult garments that were 
too worn to repair and how to 

888
00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:38,700
create accessories from 
household items, creativity 

889
00:44:38,700 --> 00:44:41,700
became more valuable than money 
and fashion, for perps the first

890
00:44:41,700 --> 00:44:44,700
time in history. 
Women entering the workforce in 

891
00:44:44,700 --> 00:44:46,800
unprecedented numbers needed 
clothes. 

892
00:44:46,800 --> 00:44:50,400
That could handle factory work 
driving trucks and operating 

893
00:44:50,400 --> 00:44:52,500
Machinery. 
This led to the widespread 

894
00:44:52,500 --> 00:44:55,700
adoption of trousers for women, 
not as a fashion choice, but as 

895
00:44:55,700 --> 00:44:59,200
a practical necessity Rosie, the
riveters uniform of practical 

896
00:44:59,200 --> 00:45:02,700
pants and sensible shirts became
an icon, not just of women's 

897
00:45:02,700 --> 00:45:06,100
capabilities, but a Fashion's 
ability to adapt to changing 

898
00:45:06,100 --> 00:45:09,100
social needs. 
Mens fashion was similarly 

899
00:45:09,100 --> 00:45:11,300
affected by wartime needs. 
Civilian. 

900
00:45:11,300 --> 00:45:15,100
Suits were simplified no trials 
are cuffs fewer Pockets narrower

901
00:45:15,100 --> 00:45:19,200
lapels to conserve fabric. 
The victory suit became a symbol

902
00:45:19,200 --> 00:45:22,500
of patriotic sacrifice proving 
that even fashion could 

903
00:45:22,500 --> 00:45:25,200
contribute to the war effort. 
Perhaps the most important 

904
00:45:25,200 --> 00:45:28,100
development of this period was 
the psychological role that 

905
00:45:28,100 --> 00:45:30,800
fashion played. 
During the darkest times of 

906
00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:32,500
economic depression and global 
war. 

907
00:45:32,500 --> 00:45:36,100
People still cared about looking
good fashion, became a form of 

908
00:45:36,108 --> 00:45:39,500
resistance against despair, a 
way of maintaining dignity and 

909
00:45:39,500 --> 00:45:41,300
hope when everything else was 
falling apart. 

910
00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:45,700
The period saw the rise of 
American fashion as a force 

911
00:45:45,700 --> 00:45:47,200
independent of European 
influence. 

912
00:45:48,400 --> 00:45:51,300
Press under German occupation, 
American designers had to 

913
00:45:51,300 --> 00:45:53,900
develop their own aesthetic 
rather than copying French 

914
00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:56,100
Couture. 
This led to a distinctly 

915
00:45:56,100 --> 00:45:59,600
American style that was more 
practical, more casual, and more

916
00:45:59,600 --> 00:46:02,700
democratic than traditional, 
European fashion by the 

917
00:46:02,700 --> 00:46:06,700
mid-1940s fashion had been 
tested by economic catastrophe 

918
00:46:06,700 --> 00:46:09,700
and global war. 
And it survived by becoming more

919
00:46:09,700 --> 00:46:13,400
practical, more creative and 
more attuned to real people's 

920
00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:15,500
needs. 
The stage, was set for the 

921
00:46:15,500 --> 00:46:18,800
postwar fashion explosion that 
would celebrate both the return 

922
00:46:18,800 --> 00:46:22,800
of prosperity and the lessons 
learned during the lean years in

923
00:46:22,800 --> 00:46:25,500
1947. 
After years of fabric, rationing

924
00:46:25,500 --> 00:46:29,300
utility clothing and making do 
with less Christian Dior 

925
00:46:29,300 --> 00:46:33,100
unveiled, his new look and 
fashion essentially fainted from

926
00:46:33,100 --> 00:46:35,600
sheer relief here. 
Finally was clothing that 

927
00:46:35,600 --> 00:46:38,600
celebrated abundance femininity 
and the return of Peace time 

928
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:40,800
Prosperity. 
The new look was everything 

929
00:46:40,800 --> 00:46:44,400
wartime fashion wasn't. 
Full skirts that used yards and 

930
00:46:44,400 --> 00:46:47,400
yards of fabric tiny cinched 
waists that required 

931
00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:49,900
foundational undergarments and a
silhouette. 

932
00:46:49,900 --> 00:46:52,000
That was unabashedly feminine 
and decorative. 

933
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:55,100
It was like fashion had been 
holding its breath for six years

934
00:46:55,100 --> 00:46:58,100
and finally exhaled in a whoosh 
of silk and satin. 

935
00:46:58,100 --> 00:47:01,900
The reaction was immediate and 
intense women who had spent 

936
00:47:01,900 --> 00:47:04,800
years in Practical. 
Simplified clothing, fell in 

937
00:47:04,800 --> 00:47:08,400
love with the Romantic 
femininity of duels designs but 

938
00:47:08,400 --> 00:47:11,800
there was also controversy 
Critics argued that the new look

939
00:47:11,800 --> 00:47:13,800
was a step backward for women's 
Liberation. 

940
00:47:13,800 --> 00:47:16,700
Forcing them back into 
restrictive impractical 

941
00:47:16,700 --> 00:47:19,500
clothing, just when they had 
proven, they could do anything. 

942
00:47:19,500 --> 00:47:22,600
Men could do, but the new looks 
exceeded, because it wasn't 

943
00:47:22,600 --> 00:47:25,500
really about going backward. 
It was about having choices 

944
00:47:25,500 --> 00:47:28,500
again, after years of being told
what they couldn't wear due to 

945
00:47:28,500 --> 00:47:31,200
rationing and wartime 
restrictions, women could choose

946
00:47:31,200 --> 00:47:34,800
to wear full skirts and fitted. 
Bodices, if they wanted to the 

947
00:47:34,800 --> 00:47:38,400
keyword was choose, the 1950s 
became the decade of the 

948
00:47:38,400 --> 00:47:41,500
Suburban dream and fashion, 
reflected this new lifestyle 

949
00:47:41,500 --> 00:47:45,000
day, where was practical? 
But pretty Shirtwaist dresses, 

950
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:48,000
Cardigans and circle skirts that
were perfect for driving to the 

951
00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:50,600
grocery store. 
Hosting coffee mornings and 

952
00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:52,400
chasing children around 
backyards. 

953
00:47:53,100 --> 00:47:56,700
It was domestic fashion but 
domestic with style evening 

954
00:47:56,700 --> 00:48:00,700
wear, during the 1950s was Pure 
Fantasy ball gowns with massive 

955
00:48:00,700 --> 00:48:03,500
skirts that required crinolines 
or even small Hoops. 

956
00:48:03,500 --> 00:48:07,800
Fitted bodices that showed off 
tiny waists and enough fabric to

957
00:48:07,800 --> 00:48:10,800
upholster, a sofa. 
It was clothing designed for a 

958
00:48:10,800 --> 00:48:13,200
society that wanted to celebrate
prosperity and femininity. 

959
00:48:13,200 --> 00:48:16,700
After years of austerity, the 
concept of teenage fashion 

960
00:48:16,700 --> 00:48:19,400
emerged during this decade 
driven by post-war prosperity 

961
00:48:19,400 --> 00:48:22,300
and the new phenomenon of 
teenagers have their own 

962
00:48:22,300 --> 00:48:24,900
spending money. 
For the first time in fashion 

963
00:48:24,900 --> 00:48:26,500
history. 
Young people had their own 

964
00:48:26,500 --> 00:48:29,600
distinct style rather than just 
wearing simplified versions of 

965
00:48:29,600 --> 00:48:33,400
adult clothing. 
Poodle skirts, saddle shoes and 

966
00:48:33,400 --> 00:48:35,500
let us sweaters. 
Became the uniform of American 

967
00:48:35,500 --> 00:48:38,300
Youth men's fashion. 
During the 1950s was 

968
00:48:38,300 --> 00:48:41,200
characterized by what we might 
call confident conformity. 

969
00:48:42,200 --> 00:48:44,800
The gray flannel suit became the
uniform of the Suburban 

970
00:48:44,800 --> 00:48:47,800
businessman, but it was worn 
with a confidence that reflected

971
00:48:47,800 --> 00:48:50,300
post-war optimism. 
Casual wear became more 

972
00:48:50,300 --> 00:48:53,400
important to suburbs, created 
more opportunities for relaxed 

973
00:48:53,400 --> 00:48:56,100
socializing. 
Barbecues lawn parties and 

974
00:48:56,108 --> 00:48:58,000
family gatherings that required 
clothing. 

975
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:01,100
That was nice but not formal the
influence of Holly wood 

976
00:49:01,100 --> 00:49:03,800
continued to grow during this 
period but now it was 

977
00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:05,800
supplemented by the new medium 
of television. 

978
00:49:06,700 --> 00:49:08,800
Fashion became more immediately 
accessible. 

979
00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:11,700
As people could see the latest 
Styles every week in their 

980
00:49:11,708 --> 00:49:14,700
living rooms TV stars influenced
fashion. 

981
00:49:14,700 --> 00:49:17,300
In ways that movie stars, never 
could, because they appeared 

982
00:49:17,300 --> 00:49:21,100
more regularly and seemed more 
accessible ready to wear fashion

983
00:49:21,100 --> 00:49:24,100
came into its own during the 
1950s department, stores 

984
00:49:24,100 --> 00:49:26,800
expanded, their fashion 
offerings, and the quality of 

985
00:49:26,800 --> 00:49:27,900
mass-produced. 
Clothing. 

986
00:49:27,900 --> 00:49:30,200
Improved dramatically for the 
first time. 

987
00:49:30,200 --> 00:49:32,900
You could buy clothes off the 
rack that were almost as well 

988
00:49:32,900 --> 00:49:36,100
made as custom garments and 
significantly less expensive. 

989
00:49:37,100 --> 00:49:39,300
The decade also saw the 
beginning of Fashion's 

990
00:49:39,300 --> 00:49:42,200
relationship with technology 
news, synthetic fabrics, like 

991
00:49:42,200 --> 00:49:45,500
nylon polyester and acrylic 
offered properties that natural 

992
00:49:45,500 --> 00:49:49,000
fibers could not match wrinkle 
resistance, easy care, and 

993
00:49:49,000 --> 00:49:51,200
durability. 
The Washington way, garment 

994
00:49:51,200 --> 00:49:54,800
became the Holy Grail of 1950s, 
fashion, promising, busy 

995
00:49:54,800 --> 00:49:57,400
housewives, that they could look
good without spending hours on 

996
00:49:57,400 --> 00:50:00,300
clothing maintenance. 
Youth culture began to challenge

997
00:50:00,300 --> 00:50:01,600
the adult fashionist 
establishment. 

998
00:50:01,600 --> 00:50:05,100
During this period, the grease 
of style for young men, leather 

999
00:50:05,100 --> 00:50:08,100
jackets, white t-shirts. 
And jeans was specifically 

1000
00:50:08,100 --> 00:50:11,000
designed to shock adults and 
declare independence from their 

1001
00:50:11,000 --> 00:50:13,200
values. 
It was the beginning of fashion 

1002
00:50:13,200 --> 00:50:16,100
as generational Rebellion. 
A theme that would become 

1003
00:50:16,100 --> 00:50:20,200
Central to fashion for decades 
to come By the end of the 1950s 

1004
00:50:20,200 --> 00:50:23,500
fashion had established, many of
the patterns that were Define 

1005
00:50:23,500 --> 00:50:26,900
modern clothing, the importance 
of Youth markets, the role of 

1006
00:50:26,900 --> 00:50:30,300
celebrity influence, the 
democratization of style through

1007
00:50:30,300 --> 00:50:34,000
ready, to wear and the constant 
tension between practicality and

1008
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:36,800
fantasy. 
All of these became permanent 

1009
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:39,400
features of the fashion 
landscape but beneath the 

1010
00:50:39,400 --> 00:50:43,700
surface of 1950s Conformity and 
prosperity changes were Brewing.

1011
00:50:43,700 --> 00:50:46,000
The Civil Rights Movement was 
gaining momentum. 

1012
00:50:46,000 --> 00:50:49,700
Women were beginning to question
their prescribed roles and young

1013
00:50:49,700 --> 00:50:52,100
people were starting to 
challenge authority in ways that

1014
00:50:52,100 --> 00:50:55,100
their clothing choices 
reflected, the stage was set for

1015
00:50:55,100 --> 00:50:58,000
the fashion. 
Revolution of the 1960s, the 

1016
00:50:58,000 --> 00:51:00,000
1960s didn't just change 
fashion. 

1017
00:51:00,000 --> 00:51:02,100
It grabbed fashioned by the 
shoulders. 

1018
00:51:02,100 --> 00:51:05,600
Spun it around three times and 
sent it dancing off in 

1019
00:51:05,600 --> 00:51:08,300
Direction's. 
Nobody had ever imagined it was 

1020
00:51:08,308 --> 00:51:11,200
the decade when fashion stopped 
being something that happened to

1021
00:51:11,200 --> 00:51:14,200
you and became something. 
You used to express exactly who 

1022
00:51:14,200 --> 00:51:16,600
you were or at least who you 
wanted to be. 

1023
00:51:18,100 --> 00:51:20,100
The decade started innocently 
enough. 

1024
00:51:20,100 --> 00:51:23,200
Jackie Kennedy became first lady
in 1961. 

1025
00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:26,600
And her elegant sophisticated 
style set, the tone for early 

1026
00:51:26,600 --> 00:51:31,000
1960s fashion. 
The pillbox hat, A-line, dresses

1027
00:51:31,000 --> 00:51:33,600
and understated. 
Elegance of the Jackie look 

1028
00:51:33,600 --> 00:51:37,200
represented, a refined evolution
of 1950 style. 

1029
00:51:37,200 --> 00:51:40,200
It was fashioned for grownups 
who wanted to look modern but 

1030
00:51:40,200 --> 00:51:42,600
not revolutionary. 
But then came the youth. 

1031
00:51:42,600 --> 00:51:45,500
Explosion the Baby Boomers were 
reaching their teens and 

1032
00:51:45,500 --> 00:51:49,200
twenties, and they had money 
attitudes and absolutely no 

1033
00:51:49,200 --> 00:51:52,300
interest in dressing, like, 
their parents Fashions, suddenly

1034
00:51:52,300 --> 00:51:55,600
had to serve two completely 
different markets, the adults, 

1035
00:51:55,600 --> 00:51:58,300
who wanted sophisticated 
elegance, and the young people 

1036
00:51:58,300 --> 00:52:01,800
who wanted something entirely 
new Mary Quantum London created 

1037
00:52:01,800 --> 00:52:05,600
the mini skirt around 1965 and 
it was like dropping a fashion 

1038
00:52:05,600 --> 00:52:07,800
bomb hemline that had been 
creeping up. 

1039
00:52:07,800 --> 00:52:10,600
Gradually throughout the early 
1960s, suddenly jumped to 

1040
00:52:10,600 --> 00:52:15,000
mid-thigh creating a silhouette 
that was shocking liberating and

1041
00:52:15,000 --> 00:52:17,400
completely different from 
anything women had warned 

1042
00:52:17,400 --> 00:52:20,100
before. 
It wasn't just shorted, it was a

1043
00:52:20,100 --> 00:52:22,500
completely different philosophy 
of what women's clothing could 

1044
00:52:22,500 --> 00:52:25,100
be. 
The mini skirt represented more 

1045
00:52:25,100 --> 00:52:27,900
than just a fashion Choice. 
It was a declaration of 

1046
00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:30,500
independence. 
Young women were rejecting the 

1047
00:52:30,500 --> 00:52:33,600
idea that their clothing should 
be modest practical and approved

1048
00:52:33,600 --> 00:52:36,000
by their Elders. 
They wanted fashion, that was 

1049
00:52:36,000 --> 00:52:39,700
fun, sexy and expressive of 
their own values rather than 

1050
00:52:39,700 --> 00:52:42,900
society's expectations. 
London, became the fashion 

1051
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:44,600
capital of the world for young 
people. 

1052
00:52:44,600 --> 00:52:47,800
Overtaking Paris for the first 
time in centuries. 

1053
00:52:48,500 --> 00:52:51,800
Carnaby Street in the Kings Road
became pilgrimage destinations 

1054
00:52:51,800 --> 00:52:53,600
for anyone who wanted to be 
fashionable. 

1055
00:52:53,600 --> 00:52:58,100
British designers like Mary 
Quant Twiggy, who was both model

1056
00:52:58,100 --> 00:53:01,400
and designer, and later Zandra 
Rhodes created a distinctly 

1057
00:53:01,400 --> 00:53:04,300
British aesthetic. 
That was playful irreverent and 

1058
00:53:04,300 --> 00:53:06,800
completely modern. 
The shift dress, became the 

1059
00:53:06,808 --> 00:53:10,900
decades signature garment, 
simple straight, and perfect for

1060
00:53:10,900 --> 00:53:13,000
showing off legs in the new 
shorter lengths. 

1061
00:53:13,000 --> 00:53:15,000
It was the opposite of the 
fitted. 

1062
00:53:15,000 --> 00:53:19,000
Structured dresses of the 1950s 
where 1950s fashion had 

1063
00:53:19,000 --> 00:53:22,600
emphasized, the waist and hips 
1960s, fashion ignored 

1064
00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:25,300
traditional body shaping 
altogether in favor of a more 

1065
00:53:25,300 --> 00:53:28,000
geometric architectural approach
mod fashion. 

1066
00:53:28,000 --> 00:53:31,900
Brought us geometric patterns, 
bold colors, and a futuristic 

1067
00:53:31,900 --> 00:53:34,800
aesthetic that seemed to come 
from another planet apart 

1068
00:53:34,800 --> 00:53:38,100
patterns that created optical 
illusions when the wearer moved 

1069
00:53:38,100 --> 00:53:42,000
space-age, silver and white 
Colour, schemes and designs that

1070
00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:44,200
look like they belonged in a 
science fiction movie. 

1071
00:53:44,900 --> 00:53:46,800
Fashion became experimental in 
ways. 

1072
00:53:46,800 --> 00:53:49,700
It had never been before the 
influence of youth culture 

1073
00:53:49,700 --> 00:53:52,100
created entirely new categories 
of clothing. 

1074
00:53:53,000 --> 00:53:56,500
The poor boy sweater go. 
Go boots and peasant dresses. 

1075
00:53:56,500 --> 00:53:59,700
Were all designed specifically 
for young people rather than 

1076
00:53:59,700 --> 00:54:01,700
being adaptations of adult 
Styles. 

1077
00:54:01,700 --> 00:54:04,800
It was the first time in fashion
history that adult started. 

1078
00:54:04,800 --> 00:54:07,200
Copying young People's Clothing 
rather than the other way 

1079
00:54:07,200 --> 00:54:10,100
around. 
Men's fashion underwent its own 

1080
00:54:10,108 --> 00:54:13,800
Revolution, during the 1960s, 
the conservative business suit 

1081
00:54:13,800 --> 00:54:17,100
remained standard for work, but 
casual wear became much more 

1082
00:54:17,100 --> 00:54:19,900
adventurous. 
The peacock Revolution brought 

1083
00:54:19,900 --> 00:54:24,100
bright colors, bold patterns and
more fitted Silhouettes to Men's

1084
00:54:24,100 --> 00:54:27,700
Clothing, hair got longer pants,
got Tighter and for the first 

1085
00:54:27,700 --> 00:54:31,400
time since the 18th Century 
men's fashion became unabashedly

1086
00:54:31,400 --> 00:54:34,200
decorative. 
The hippie movement that emerged

1087
00:54:34,200 --> 00:54:37,200
in the mid to late 1960s, 
brought yet another fashion 

1088
00:54:37,200 --> 00:54:40,900
Revolution, where mod fashion 
had been about the future hippie

1089
00:54:40,900 --> 00:54:43,100
fashion, looked to the past and 
to other cultures for 

1090
00:54:43,100 --> 00:54:47,200
inspiration in Indian prints 
peasant, dresses, Fringe and 

1091
00:54:47,200 --> 00:54:50,400
Broadway, and natural Fabrics. 
Created a Bohemian aesthetic 

1092
00:54:50,400 --> 00:54:53,700
that rejected both mainstream 
fashion and the space age, 

1093
00:54:53,700 --> 00:54:56,700
futurism of mod style, hippie 
fashioned. 

1094
00:54:56,700 --> 00:54:59,900
The concept of vintage and 
second-hand clothing, as fashion

1095
00:54:59,900 --> 00:55:03,300
choices rather than economic 
Necessities shopping at thrift 

1096
00:55:03,300 --> 00:55:05,000
stores and wearing. 
Your grandmother's clothes 

1097
00:55:05,000 --> 00:55:08,100
became ways of rejecting 
consumer culture, while creating

1098
00:55:08,100 --> 00:55:11,100
individual style. 
It was fashion as philosophy, 

1099
00:55:11,100 --> 00:55:14,300
not just appearance. 
The decade also saw the rise of 

1100
00:55:14,300 --> 00:55:17,700
fashion as political statement, 
the miniskirt was feminist for 

1101
00:55:17,700 --> 00:55:19,800
some women and anti-feminist for
others. 

1102
00:55:19,800 --> 00:55:23,100
Long hair on men was a rejection
of military and corporate 

1103
00:55:23,100 --> 00:55:25,500
values. 
Dashiki is an afros became 

1104
00:55:25,500 --> 00:55:27,900
expressions of black pride, and 
cultural identity. 

1105
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:31,300
What you wore became a way of 
announcing your politics to the 

1106
00:55:31,300 --> 00:55:35,100
world unisex fashion, emerged as
gender roles began to be 

1107
00:55:35,100 --> 00:55:38,300
questioned the same jeans 
t-shirts and work shirts. 

1108
00:55:38,300 --> 00:55:41,200
Could be worn by men or women 
creating a shared fashion 

1109
00:55:41,200 --> 00:55:43,300
vocabulary that had never 
existed before. 

1110
00:55:43,300 --> 00:55:46,400
It was the beginning of the 
breakdown of strict, gender 

1111
00:55:46,400 --> 00:55:50,400
distinctions and clothing that 
continues today by 1970 fashion 

1112
00:55:50,400 --> 00:55:54,000
had been completely transformed.
The idea that there was one 

1113
00:55:54,000 --> 00:55:56,800
correct way to dress for your 
age class and gender had been 

1114
00:55:56,808 --> 00:55:59,400
shattered. 
Personal expression had become 

1115
00:55:59,400 --> 00:56:01,700
more important than social 
Conformity. 

1116
00:56:01,700 --> 00:56:05,600
Fashion had become Democratic 
diverse, and individual in ways 

1117
00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:07,700
that would have been impossible.
Just 10 years early. 

1118
00:56:08,800 --> 00:56:13,000
If the 1960s had been about 
breaking the rules, the 1970s 

1119
00:56:13,000 --> 00:56:15,900
were about celebrating the fact 
that there were no rules left to

1120
00:56:15,900 --> 00:56:19,300
break fashion entered. 
Its most experimental diverse. 

1121
00:56:19,300 --> 00:56:22,300
And frankly, weird decade where 
you could dress like a 

1122
00:56:22,300 --> 00:56:26,600
Victorian, Gothic romantic a 
disco dancing queen or a back to

1123
00:56:26,600 --> 00:56:29,200
the land hippie. 
And all three looks were equally

1124
00:56:29,200 --> 00:56:31,900
fashionable. 
The decade started with hippie 

1125
00:56:31,900 --> 00:56:34,700
fashion, still going strong, but
it quickly evolved into 

1126
00:56:34,700 --> 00:56:36,600
something more sophisticated and
wearable. 

1127
00:56:37,400 --> 00:56:40,600
The peasant dress became the 
maxi dress flowing and romantic 

1128
00:56:40,600 --> 00:56:43,500
but made in beautiful fabrics 
and elegant cuts. 

1129
00:56:43,500 --> 00:56:46,100
It was hippie philosophy, 
dressed up for dinner parties, 

1130
00:56:46,100 --> 00:56:50,300
Bohemian style during the 1970s 
wasn't just about rejecting 

1131
00:56:50,300 --> 00:56:54,200
mainstream fashion, it was about
creating an entirely alternative

1132
00:56:54,200 --> 00:56:58,700
aesthetic, flowing, Fabrics, 
Earth Tones, natural fibers, and

1133
00:56:58,700 --> 00:57:01,500
handcrafted details. 
Created a look that celebrated 

1134
00:57:01,500 --> 00:57:03,800
individuality and artistic 
Sensibility. 

1135
00:57:04,800 --> 00:57:07,400
It was fashioned for people who 
saw themselves as creative, 

1136
00:57:07,400 --> 00:57:11,600
Souls rather than consumers. 
But the 1970s also gave us disco

1137
00:57:11,600 --> 00:57:15,200
fashion, which was Bohemians 
glittery party-loving cousin. 

1138
00:57:16,100 --> 00:57:20,700
Metallic sequins tight pants and
shirts with enormous collars. 

1139
00:57:20,700 --> 00:57:23,400
Created a look. 
That was specifically designed 

1140
00:57:23,400 --> 00:57:26,800
for dancing under flashing 
lights, disco fashion was about 

1141
00:57:26,800 --> 00:57:29,600
transformation. 
Putting on your sparkly clothes 

1142
00:57:29,600 --> 00:57:33,000
and becoming someone more 
glamorous, more exciting more 

1143
00:57:33,000 --> 00:57:35,800
alive. 
The decade Silhouettes were 

1144
00:57:35,800 --> 00:57:37,200
revolutionary in their 
diversity. 

1145
00:57:37,200 --> 00:57:39,400
You could wear a flowing maxi 
dress. 

1146
00:57:39,400 --> 00:57:41,800
That covered you from neck to 
ankle or short. 

1147
00:57:41,800 --> 00:57:43,100
So short, they were barely 
there. 

1148
00:57:43,100 --> 00:57:47,100
Anything in between fashion had 
finally accepted that different 

1149
00:57:47,100 --> 00:57:49,800
people wanted to show different 
amounts of skin and that was 

1150
00:57:49,800 --> 00:57:52,700
perfectly fine. 
Platform shoes became the 

1151
00:57:52,708 --> 00:57:55,300
decades, most distinctive 
accessory and they were 

1152
00:57:55,300 --> 00:57:57,100
essentially architecture for 
your feet. 

1153
00:57:57,100 --> 00:58:00,500
Some platforms were six inches, 
high or more turning walking 

1154
00:58:00,500 --> 00:58:03,500
into a performance art piece and
making everyone several inches 

1155
00:58:03,500 --> 00:58:06,400
taller than nature intended. 
They were in Practical 

1156
00:58:06,400 --> 00:58:10,000
occasionally, dangerous and 
absolutely fabulous. 

1157
00:58:10,000 --> 00:58:13,300
The influence of different 
decades became a major theme in 

1158
00:58:13,300 --> 00:58:16,900
the 1970s fashion. 
There was a Revival of 1930s and

1159
00:58:16,908 --> 00:58:20,100
1940s Styles. 
Flowing dresses, dramatic 

1160
00:58:20,100 --> 00:58:23,800
shoulders and vintage glamour, 
but there was also a fascination

1161
00:58:23,800 --> 00:58:26,900
with the Victorian era High 
necklines long sleeves and 

1162
00:58:26,900 --> 00:58:30,100
romantic details. 
Fashion became historical 

1163
00:58:30,100 --> 00:58:33,300
drawing inspiration from the 
past while creating something 

1164
00:58:33,300 --> 00:58:37,300
entirely new Punk fashion. 
Emerged in the mid-1970s as a 

1165
00:58:37,300 --> 00:58:40,300
deliberate rejection of both 
mainstream fashion and hippie 

1166
00:58:40,300 --> 00:58:44,100
idealism, ripped clothes, safety
pins, aggressive makeup and 

1167
00:58:44,100 --> 00:58:47,100
deliberately ugly combinations. 
Created a look that was designed

1168
00:58:47,100 --> 00:58:50,400
to shock and challenge. 
Punk fashion was about anger, 

1169
00:58:50,400 --> 00:58:53,800
rebellion and the rejection of 
beauty as a social value. 

1170
00:58:53,800 --> 00:58:58,100
But Punk was also incredibly 
creative and influential, The 

1171
00:58:58,100 --> 00:59:00,600
DIY aesthetic. 
Making your own clothes, 

1172
00:59:00,600 --> 00:59:04,100
customizing, store-bought items 
and creating unique looks from 

1173
00:59:04,100 --> 00:59:06,700
whatever materials you could 
find introduced. 

1174
00:59:06,700 --> 00:59:08,200
New ideas about what fashion 
could be. 

1175
00:59:08,200 --> 00:59:11,800
It didn't have to be expensive 
professionally made or even 

1176
00:59:11,800 --> 00:59:15,000
particularly attractive. 
It just had to express something

1177
00:59:15,000 --> 00:59:18,400
authentic about the person 
wearing it men's fashion during 

1178
00:59:18,400 --> 00:59:20,800
the 1970s became more 
adventurous than it had. 

1179
00:59:20,800 --> 00:59:24,800
Been since the 18th century wide
lapels bright colors, bold 

1180
00:59:24,800 --> 00:59:27,300
patterns and fitted Silhouettes,
created a look that was 

1181
00:59:27,300 --> 00:59:30,600
unabashedly decorative. 
The three-piece suit remained 

1182
00:59:30,600 --> 00:59:33,200
standard for business, but 
casual wear became an 

1183
00:59:33,200 --> 00:59:35,900
opportunity for self-expression 
rather than conformity. 

1184
00:59:37,100 --> 00:59:40,100
The decade also saw the rise of 
designer jeans as a fashion 

1185
00:59:40,100 --> 00:59:42,300
category. 
What had been basic, Workwear 

1186
00:59:42,300 --> 00:59:45,100
became a luxury item with 
different brands, offering 

1187
00:59:45,100 --> 00:59:47,400
different cuts washers, and 
styling details. 

1188
00:59:47,400 --> 00:59:50,200
It was the democratization of 
fashion through denim. 

1189
00:59:50,200 --> 00:59:54,000
Everyone could afford jeans but 
designer jeans, offered a way to

1190
00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:55,700
be fashionable. 
Within that Democratic framework

1191
00:59:55,700 --> 01:00:00,500
athletic wear began to influence
fashion during the 1970s driven 

1192
01:00:00,500 --> 01:00:04,200
by new interest in fitness and 
health jogging suits, tennis 

1193
01:00:04,200 --> 01:00:08,000
dresses, and exercise, clothes 
began appearing in non-athletic 

1194
01:00:08,000 --> 01:00:10,000
contexts. 
It was the beginning of the 

1195
01:00:10,000 --> 01:00:12,700
athletic Trend that would 
eventually take over casual 

1196
01:00:12,700 --> 01:00:15,700
fashion, completely. 
The concept of Lifestyle 

1197
01:00:15,700 --> 01:00:18,800
dressing became important during
this decade instead of having 

1198
01:00:18,800 --> 01:00:21,500
one fashion identity, people 
could dress like Surfers 

1199
01:00:21,500 --> 01:00:25,400
Executives artists or athletes 
depending on their mood or the 

1200
01:00:25,400 --> 01:00:27,800
occasion. 
Fashion became fluid and 

1201
01:00:27,800 --> 01:00:30,400
situational rather than fixed 
and hierarchical. 

1202
01:00:30,400 --> 01:00:34,800
By the end of the 1970s fashion 
had become incredibly diverse 

1203
01:00:34,800 --> 01:00:38,800
and individualistic, The idea 
that everyone should dress alike

1204
01:00:38,800 --> 01:00:41,900
had been completely abandoned in
favor of a philosophy that 

1205
01:00:41,900 --> 01:00:44,500
celebrated personal expression 
and cultural diversity. 

1206
01:00:44,500 --> 01:00:48,200
It set the stage for the 1980s, 
which would take this 

1207
01:00:48,200 --> 01:00:51,900
individualism and turn it into 
performance art. the 1980s 

1208
01:00:51,900 --> 01:00:55,400
looked at fashion and said, you 
know what, this needs more of 

1209
01:00:55,400 --> 01:00:59,100
everything, more color, more 
texture, more volume, more 

1210
01:00:59,100 --> 01:01:03,600
accessories, more attitude, It 
was the decade when subtlety 

1211
01:01:03,600 --> 01:01:06,600
went into hiding and didn't 
emerge until sometime in the 

1212
01:01:06,600 --> 01:01:10,400
mid-1990s power dressing. 
Became the decade signature 

1213
01:01:10,400 --> 01:01:13,500
concept driven by women entering
corporate environments in 

1214
01:01:13,500 --> 01:01:16,800
unprecedented numbers. 
The power suit with massive 

1215
01:01:16,800 --> 01:01:18,600
shoulder pads that could double 
as small. 

1216
01:01:18,600 --> 01:01:21,600
Aircraft Wings was designed to 
help women compete in 

1217
01:01:21,600 --> 01:01:24,100
male-dominated. 
Workplaces by literally making 

1218
01:01:24,100 --> 01:01:25,700
them look bigger and more 
imposing. 

1219
01:01:25,700 --> 01:01:28,700
It was fashion as armor designed
for corporate Warfare. 

1220
01:01:28,700 --> 01:01:32,200
The shoulder pads of the 1980s, 
deserve their own chapter in 

1221
01:01:32,200 --> 01:01:35,500
fashion history, starting as 
modest editions to create a more

1222
01:01:35,500 --> 01:01:38,300
structured silhouette. 
They grew throughout the decade 

1223
01:01:38,300 --> 01:01:40,700
until they reached proportions 
that challenge doorway 

1224
01:01:40,700 --> 01:01:44,400
architecture, by the late 1980s 
shoulder pads of become so 

1225
01:01:44,400 --> 01:01:47,300
enormous that they looked like 
fashioned interpretation of 

1226
01:01:47,300 --> 01:01:50,600
American football gear. 
But Power dressing wasn't just 

1227
01:01:50,600 --> 01:01:54,200
about looking tough, it was 
about looking expensive, the 

1228
01:01:54,200 --> 01:01:57,400
1980s celebrated wealth in ways 
that previous decades had 

1229
01:01:57,400 --> 01:02:00,900
considered vulgar. 
Designer labels became status 

1230
01:02:00,900 --> 01:02:04,200
symbols warned prominently on 
the outside of clothing rather 

1231
01:02:04,200 --> 01:02:07,500
than hidden discreetly inside. 
It was the decade when fashion 

1232
01:02:07,500 --> 01:02:10,800
became about broadcasting your 
success to anyone within visual 

1233
01:02:10,800 --> 01:02:13,000
range. 
The influence of Television 

1234
01:02:13,000 --> 01:02:17,000
particularly shows like Dynasty 
and Dallas created a fashion 

1235
01:02:17,000 --> 01:02:19,200
aesthetic. 
That was Pure Fantasy evening, 

1236
01:02:19,200 --> 01:02:22,100
wear featured, massive, 
quantities of sequins beads and 

1237
01:02:22,100 --> 01:02:25,100
metallic Fabrics hair got bigger
jewelry. 

1238
01:02:25,100 --> 01:02:27,200
Got more elaborate and makeup 
became more dramatic. 

1239
01:02:27,200 --> 01:02:30,400
It was fashioned designed to be 
seen from the back of a theater 

1240
01:02:30,400 --> 01:02:34,700
except people wore it to dinner.
Casual wear during the 1980s was

1241
01:02:34,700 --> 01:02:38,900
equally excessive athletic wear 
became Street fashion but not 

1242
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:41,200
the simple athletic wear of 
previous decades. 

1243
01:02:41,200 --> 01:02:44,600
This was athletic wear designed 
by fashion designers who 

1244
01:02:44,600 --> 01:02:47,200
apparently thought that exercise
clothes should be suitable for 

1245
01:02:47,200 --> 01:02:51,500
Las Vegas showrooms, neon 
colors, metallic fabrics, and 

1246
01:02:51,500 --> 01:02:54,300
geometric patterns created work 
out clothes, that were more 

1247
01:02:54,300 --> 01:02:57,000
about making fashion statements 
than actual working out. 

1248
01:02:58,400 --> 01:03:01,600
The decade also saw the rise of 
Youth fashion as a commercial 

1249
01:03:01,600 --> 01:03:05,700
Force, independent of adult 
fashion, MTV launched, in 1981. 

1250
01:03:05,700 --> 01:03:08,500
And suddenly, young people had a
visual reference for how 

1251
01:03:08,500 --> 01:03:11,700
musicians dressed. 
Fashion became faster or 

1252
01:03:11,700 --> 01:03:14,300
immediate and more tied to 
popular culture than ever 

1253
01:03:14,300 --> 01:03:16,300
before. 
What you wore became a way of 

1254
01:03:16,308 --> 01:03:19,600
showing which bands you liked 
which movies you'd seen and 

1255
01:03:19,600 --> 01:03:22,400
which cultural tribes. 
You belong to punk fashion 

1256
01:03:22,400 --> 01:03:26,500
evolved during the 1980s into 
New Wave style, which took punks

1257
01:03:26,500 --> 01:03:29,000
rebellious aesthetic and made it
more wearable and commercially 

1258
01:03:29,000 --> 01:03:31,200
viable. 
The result was fashion that was 

1259
01:03:31,200 --> 01:03:34,100
edgy and artistic but didn't 
require safety pins or 

1260
01:03:34,100 --> 01:03:36,800
deliberate ugliness. 
It was Rebellion with better 

1261
01:03:36,800 --> 01:03:39,900
production values, the preppy 
look also became fashionable 

1262
01:03:39,900 --> 01:03:43,800
during the 1980s driven partly 
by Nostalgia for simpler times 

1263
01:03:43,800 --> 01:03:46,000
and partly by the popularity of 
films. 

1264
01:03:46,000 --> 01:03:49,500
Like The Breakfast Club, preppy 
fashion represented, security 

1265
01:03:49,500 --> 01:03:53,400
tradition, and belonging to 
established social institutions,

1266
01:03:53,400 --> 01:03:56,100
everything that Punk and New 
Wave fashion rejected. 

1267
01:03:56,100 --> 01:04:00,300
But perhaps the most interesting
aspect of 1980s, fashion was how

1268
01:04:00,300 --> 01:04:02,800
it embraced artificial materials
and construction. 

1269
01:04:03,700 --> 01:04:07,100
Synthetic fabrics, structured 
Silhouettes and obviously 

1270
01:04:07,100 --> 01:04:09,500
manufactured looks became 
desirable rather than 

1271
01:04:09,500 --> 01:04:12,000
apologetic. 
It was the first decade when 

1272
01:04:12,000 --> 01:04:14,700
fashion, celebrated the fact 
that clothes were human made 

1273
01:04:14,700 --> 01:04:17,300
rather than trying to mimic 
natural forms and materials. 

1274
01:04:18,300 --> 01:04:20,800
Hair became a fashion accessory 
in its own right during the 

1275
01:04:20,800 --> 01:04:24,000
1980s, the bigger, the more, 
elaborate the better. 

1276
01:04:24,800 --> 01:04:27,700
Hairspray became an essential 
fashion tool, and hairstyles 

1277
01:04:27,700 --> 01:04:30,400
required architecture and 
engineering to maintain their 

1278
01:04:30,400 --> 01:04:32,800
structural Integrity. 
It was like, wearing sculpture 

1279
01:04:32,800 --> 01:04:35,200
on your head, except the 
sculpture was made of your own 

1280
01:04:35,200 --> 01:04:37,600
hair and industrial strength, 
styling products. 

1281
01:04:38,300 --> 01:04:40,600
Color during the 1980s was 
intense. 

1282
01:04:40,600 --> 01:04:44,500
And often clashing, electric 
blue, hot, pink acid, green, and

1283
01:04:44,500 --> 01:04:47,100
metallic silver were combined in
ways that would have been 

1284
01:04:47,100 --> 01:04:50,500
considered garish in any other 
decade fashion, became 

1285
01:04:50,500 --> 01:04:53,300
fluorescent, glittery, and 
deliberately artificial. 

1286
01:04:53,300 --> 01:04:56,500
It was like wearing a neon sign 
which was exactly the point. 

1287
01:04:57,400 --> 01:04:59,300
The decade. 
Also introduced the concept of 

1288
01:04:59,300 --> 01:05:03,600
mix and match dressing taken to 
extreme different patterns, 

1289
01:05:03,600 --> 01:05:06,400
textures and colors were 
combined in ways that created 

1290
01:05:06,400 --> 01:05:10,100
visual chaos, but somehow worked
because everyone was doing it. 

1291
01:05:10,100 --> 01:05:13,600
It was fashioned democracy 
through excess if everyone was 

1292
01:05:13,600 --> 01:05:16,200
wearing too much of everything 
that no one looked out of place 

1293
01:05:16,200 --> 01:05:20,400
by 1990 fashion had reached such
Heights of excess that the only 

1294
01:05:20,400 --> 01:05:22,900
possible response was a complete
reaction in the opposite 

1295
01:05:22,900 --> 01:05:25,700
direction. 
The 1980s had been so much about

1296
01:05:25,700 --> 01:05:29,600
more that the 1990s would 
inevitably be about less. 

1297
01:05:30,500 --> 01:05:33,200
But before that happened, the 
1980s had established. 

1298
01:05:33,200 --> 01:05:36,100
Some important principles 
fashion could be fun 

1299
01:05:36,100 --> 01:05:39,600
experimental and completely 
divorced from practical 

1300
01:05:39,600 --> 01:05:42,600
considerations while still being
socially acceptable and 

1301
01:05:42,600 --> 01:05:46,100
commercially successful as the 
1990s donned fashion. 

1302
01:05:46,100 --> 01:05:49,300
Looked at the excess of the 
1980s and said, you know what, 

1303
01:05:49,300 --> 01:05:52,700
maybe we went a little overboard
with those shoulder pads, the 

1304
01:05:52,700 --> 01:05:55,700
decade began with what fashion 
historians, call the minimalist 

1305
01:05:55,700 --> 01:05:59,500
reaction, A complete swing away 
from the more is more philosophy

1306
01:05:59,500 --> 01:06:01,300
that had dominated the previous 
decade. 

1307
01:06:01,300 --> 01:06:04,500
Calvin Klein became the poster 
child for the new minimalism 

1308
01:06:04,500 --> 01:06:08,000
creating clothes that were clean
simple and almost architectural 

1309
01:06:08,000 --> 01:06:11,700
in their purity. 
His designs celebrated negative 

1310
01:06:11,700 --> 01:06:15,500
space neutral colors, and the 
beauty of perfect proportions. 

1311
01:06:15,500 --> 01:06:19,400
It was fashion that whispered 
rather than shouted and after a 

1312
01:06:19,400 --> 01:06:24,500
decade of shouting Whispering 
revolutionary But the 1990s 

1313
01:06:24,500 --> 01:06:27,100
quickly proved that it wasn't 
going to settle for just one 

1314
01:06:27,100 --> 01:06:30,200
fashion philosophy. 
Grunge fashion emerged from the 

1315
01:06:30,200 --> 01:06:33,700
Pacific Northwest music scene. 
Bringing thrift store Aesthetics

1316
01:06:33,700 --> 01:06:37,000
into mainstream fashion flannel 
shirts, ripped jeans. 

1317
01:06:37,000 --> 01:06:39,900
And the deliberate anti-fashion 
aesthetic of bands like Nirvana 

1318
01:06:39,900 --> 01:06:44,000
created a look, that celebrated 
not caring about fashion, which 

1319
01:06:44,000 --> 01:06:47,400
paradoxically became a major 
fashion trend, Marc, Ecko 

1320
01:06:47,400 --> 01:06:51,100
Calvin, Klein and other 
designers took grunge influences

1321
01:06:51,100 --> 01:06:53,900
and refined them into something.
More wearable for people who 

1322
01:06:53,900 --> 01:06:56,400
wanted to look, casually 
rebellious without actually 

1323
01:06:56,400 --> 01:06:59,600
shopping at thrift stores, it 
was Rebellion with better fit 

1324
01:06:59,600 --> 01:07:03,200
and higher quality Fabrics, the 
gentrification of anti-fashion. 

1325
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:06,900
The decade also saw the rise of 
streetwear as a legitimate 

1326
01:07:06,900 --> 01:07:09,900
fashion category, what people 
actually wore on the street 

1327
01:07:09,900 --> 01:07:14,300
sneakers hoodies, baseball caps 
and athletic wear became 

1328
01:07:14,300 --> 01:07:18,000
influences on high fashion 
rather than just copying High 

1329
01:07:18,000 --> 01:07:20,200
fashion. 
It was the democratization of 

1330
01:07:20,200 --> 01:07:22,700
fashion influencer flowing from 
the bottom up, rather than 

1331
01:07:22,700 --> 01:07:26,100
trickling down from the top hit,
pop culture became a major 

1332
01:07:26,108 --> 01:07:29,500
influence on mainstream fashion 
during the 1990s, bringing 

1333
01:07:29,500 --> 01:07:33,100
oversized clothing athletic wear
and bold logos into General 

1334
01:07:33,100 --> 01:07:36,300
fashion Consciousness. 
Aesthetic celebrated Comfort 

1335
01:07:36,300 --> 01:07:39,800
movement and cultural identity 
in ways that traditional fashion

1336
01:07:39,800 --> 01:07:42,900
had never considered. 
It was fashion that acknowledged

1337
01:07:42,900 --> 01:07:45,100
that people wanted to look good 
while actually living their 

1338
01:07:45,100 --> 01:07:47,400
lives. 
The supermodel phenomenon 

1339
01:07:47,400 --> 01:07:50,500
reached its peak during the 
1990s, creating fashion 

1340
01:07:50,500 --> 01:07:53,300
celebrities, who were famous for
wearing clothes rather than for 

1341
01:07:53,300 --> 01:07:56,800
any other Talent models like 
Naomi Campbell Cindy, Crawford 

1342
01:07:56,800 --> 01:08:00,400
and Kate Moss became household 
names and their personal styles 

1343
01:08:00,400 --> 01:08:02,500
influenced fashion. 
As much as the designers they 

1344
01:08:02,500 --> 01:08:06,000
wore Technology began to 
influence fashion in new ways 

1345
01:08:06,000 --> 01:08:09,600
during the 1990s, new synthetic 
fabrics, offered performance 

1346
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:11,900
characteristics that had never 
been available before. 

1347
01:08:12,800 --> 01:08:15,800
Moisture wicking UV, protection 
and temperature regulation, 

1348
01:08:15,800 --> 01:08:18,899
fashion began to acknowledge 
that clothes could be both 

1349
01:08:18,899 --> 01:08:21,800
beautiful and functional in ways
that previous generations, had 

1350
01:08:21,800 --> 01:08:25,100
never imagined the internet 
emerged as a fashion force. 

1351
01:08:25,100 --> 01:08:28,700
During the mid to late 1990s, 
though, its full impact wouldn't

1352
01:08:28,700 --> 01:08:32,100
be felt and the following decade
online, shopping began to change

1353
01:08:32,100 --> 01:08:35,000
how people bought clothes and 
fashion websites started to 

1354
01:08:35,000 --> 01:08:37,399
influence how people thought 
about style and trends. 

1355
01:08:38,500 --> 01:08:41,800
As we moved into the 2000s, 
fashion became increasingly 

1356
01:08:41,800 --> 01:08:45,200
fast-paced and diverse the 
concept of seasonal collections,

1357
01:08:45,200 --> 01:08:48,100
began to break down as designers
offered more frequent releases. 

1358
01:08:48,100 --> 01:08:51,200
Fast-fashion retailers could 
take a trend from the runway to 

1359
01:08:51,200 --> 01:08:54,700
the store in weeks rather than 
months democratizing fashion. 

1360
01:08:54,700 --> 01:08:57,600
But also accelerating its Pace 
in ways that were sometimes, 

1361
01:08:57,600 --> 01:09:01,399
overwhelming, the 2000s brought 
their own aesthetic revolutions.

1362
01:09:01,399 --> 01:09:04,899
The rise of Casual Friday that 
gradually expanded to Casual 

1363
01:09:04,899 --> 01:09:08,200
every day the influence of 
reality television on fashion 

1364
01:09:08,200 --> 01:09:11,200
and the beginning of social 
media's impact on how people 

1365
01:09:11,200 --> 01:09:14,899
thought about personal style, 
looking back over this entire 

1366
01:09:14,899 --> 01:09:17,800
Journey from animal skins to 
Instagram, worthy outfits. 

1367
01:09:17,800 --> 01:09:21,100
What's remarkable is how 
consistent certain human 

1368
01:09:21,100 --> 01:09:24,100
impulses have remained. 
People have always wanted to 

1369
01:09:24,100 --> 01:09:27,899
look good Express their identity
through their appearance and use

1370
01:09:27,899 --> 01:09:31,399
clothing, to navigate social 
situations, the materials 

1371
01:09:31,399 --> 01:09:34,200
technique and social contexts of
changed dramatically. 

1372
01:09:35,500 --> 01:09:38,800
Fundamental human relationship, 
with clothing has remained. 

1373
01:09:38,800 --> 01:09:42,200
Surprisingly constant, fashion 
has always been about solving 

1374
01:09:42,200 --> 01:09:45,399
problems protection from the 
elements, social signaling 

1375
01:09:45,399 --> 01:09:49,200
personal expression, and 
cultural belonging the solutions

1376
01:09:49,200 --> 01:09:52,200
have evolved from Mammoth hides 
to moisture wicking synthetics. 

1377
01:09:52,200 --> 01:09:55,600
But the problems have remained 
recognizably human throughout 

1378
01:09:55,600 --> 01:09:58,000
history. 
So here you are at the end of 

1379
01:09:58,000 --> 01:10:00,800
this journey, through fashion 
history, probably wearing the 

1380
01:10:00,800 --> 01:10:04,900
culmination of 170,000 years of 
human creativity and Ingenuity 

1381
01:10:04,900 --> 01:10:08,700
that comfortable t-shirt. 
You're wearing it represents the

1382
01:10:08,700 --> 01:10:10,000
development of cotton 
cultivation. 

1383
01:10:10,000 --> 01:10:13,800
Textile manufacturing, the 
invention of knitting machines 

1384
01:10:13,800 --> 01:10:17,700
the creation of synthetic dies 
and centuries of refinement in 

1385
01:10:17,700 --> 01:10:20,400
garment construction, those 
jeans you might have on 

1386
01:10:20,400 --> 01:10:22,000
represent the California, Gold 
Rush. 

1387
01:10:22,000 --> 01:10:25,800
The needs of working people for 
durable clothing the influence 

1388
01:10:25,800 --> 01:10:28,700
of American casual culture on 
global fashion and the 

1389
01:10:28,700 --> 01:10:32,200
transformation of Workwear into 
fashion statements even your 

1390
01:10:32,200 --> 01:10:34,900
socks. 
Yes, your socks. 

1391
01:10:35,400 --> 01:10:38,200
Represent Innovations in 
knitting synthetic fibers and 

1392
01:10:38,208 --> 01:10:40,000
foot comfort. 
That would have amazed our 

1393
01:10:40,000 --> 01:10:42,200
ancestors. 
The amazing thing is that you 

1394
01:10:42,200 --> 01:10:45,100
got dressed this morning in 
about 10 minutes, choosing from 

1395
01:10:45,100 --> 01:10:48,200
options that represent the best 
of human, textile, technology, 

1396
01:10:48,200 --> 01:10:50,800
and fashion design. 
And you probably didn't think 

1397
01:10:50,800 --> 01:10:53,800
about any of this history, you 
just wanted to put on something 

1398
01:10:53,800 --> 01:10:57,400
comfortable appropriate for your
day and maybe something that 

1399
01:10:57,400 --> 01:11:00,300
made you feel like yourself. 
That's the real Triumph of 

1400
01:11:00,300 --> 01:11:03,000
fashion history, not the 
elaborate Court dress or the 

1401
01:11:03,008 --> 01:11:06,300
Revolutionary designs but the 
fact that good clothing has 

1402
01:11:06,300 --> 01:11:09,500
become so accessible and 
unremarkable that we take it for

1403
01:11:09,500 --> 01:11:11,900
granted. 
Your closet contains options 

1404
01:11:11,900 --> 01:11:14,200
that would have been 
unimaginable luxury to most 

1405
01:11:14,200 --> 01:11:18,000
humans throughout history 
Fabrics that are soft durable 

1406
01:11:18,000 --> 01:11:21,600
and easy to care for colors that
won't fade after one washing 

1407
01:11:21,600 --> 01:11:25,000
clothes that fit your body and 
your lifestyle, seasonal 

1408
01:11:25,000 --> 01:11:27,700
options, that keep you 
comfortable in any, whether the 

1409
01:11:27,700 --> 01:11:30,000
freedom to choose clothing, that
expresses your personality 

1410
01:11:30,000 --> 01:11:34,200
rather than just your social 
class or economic status even 

1411
01:11:34,200 --> 01:11:36,700
your most casual outfit. 
Represents solutions to problems

1412
01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:38,500
that occupied human Minds for 
millennia. 

1413
01:11:39,200 --> 01:11:41,100
How do you create fabric that 
breathes? 

1414
01:11:41,100 --> 01:11:44,100
But also protects, how do you 
make colors that last? 

1415
01:11:44,100 --> 01:11:47,200
How do you construct garments 
that move with the body without 

1416
01:11:47,200 --> 01:11:49,900
falling apart? 
How do you Mass produce clothing

1417
01:11:49,900 --> 01:11:52,300
while maintaining quality and 
individual Choice? 

1418
01:11:52,300 --> 01:11:55,500
The fashion industry today, 
grapples with new challenges 

1419
01:11:55,500 --> 01:11:57,400
that are ancestors never had to 
consider. 

1420
01:11:58,200 --> 01:12:02,700
Environmental sustainability, 
ethical manufacturing, the pace 

1421
01:12:02,700 --> 01:12:05,600
of trend cycles and the 
psychological effects of 

1422
01:12:05,600 --> 01:12:08,400
constant fashion messaging 
through social media. 

1423
01:12:08,400 --> 01:12:11,300
But these are the kinds of 
problems that come with success,

1424
01:12:11,300 --> 01:12:14,000
not failure. 
As you drift off to sleep 

1425
01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:18,300
tonight in your comfortable 
pajamas which by the way, are a 

1426
01:12:18,300 --> 01:12:20,800
relatively recent invention that
would have puzzled medieval 

1427
01:12:20,800 --> 01:12:23,500
people who slept in their day 
clothes or Nothing at All. 

1428
01:12:24,400 --> 01:12:27,500
Your participating in the latest
chapter of this ongoing. 

1429
01:12:27,500 --> 01:12:31,700
Human story fashion, continues 
to evolve, sustainable materials

1430
01:12:31,700 --> 01:12:34,100
are being developed from 
everything from mushroom, roots 

1431
01:12:34,100 --> 01:12:37,800
to recycled ocean, plastic, 
Smart Fabrics can monitor your 

1432
01:12:37,800 --> 01:12:41,000
health regulate your temperature
or even charge your phone? 

1433
01:12:41,000 --> 01:12:44,400
3D printing is beginning to 
create custom fitted garments. 

1434
01:12:44,400 --> 01:12:47,600
Virtual reality is changing how 
we shop for clothes. 

1435
01:12:47,600 --> 01:12:51,100
The same human creativity that 
turned animal skins into oat 

1436
01:12:51,100 --> 01:12:54,100
Couture continues to push 
fashioned into his territories. 

1437
01:12:54,100 --> 01:12:57,300
We can barely imagine, but 
whatever comes next in fashion 

1438
01:12:57,300 --> 01:13:00,700
we will still be serving those 
same basic human needs that 

1439
01:13:00,700 --> 01:13:03,300
drove our ancestors to start 
wearing clothes in the first 

1440
01:13:03,300 --> 01:13:08,600
place protection, Comfort 
Beauty, and the Eternal desire 

1441
01:13:08,600 --> 01:13:11,600
to wake up in the morning and 
put on something, that makes us 

1442
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:15,200
feel like the best version of 
ourselves sweet dreams, and may 

1443
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:23,500
you always have something 
wonderful to wear. the late 17th

1444
01:13:23,500 --> 01:13:27,500
and early 18th centuries, France
was a land of contrasts By 

1445
01:13:27,500 --> 01:13:30,800
candlelight in a grande 
chateau's garden, a curious, 

1446
01:13:30,800 --> 01:13:32,800
noblewoman, listens as a witty 
philosopher. 

1447
01:13:32,800 --> 01:13:35,400
Describes the stars above, he 
explains that. 

1448
01:13:35,400 --> 01:13:39,000
Those stars are Sons, like our 
own each perhaps circled, by the

1449
01:13:39,000 --> 01:13:42,600
worlds of their own a radical 
idea in an age, when questioning

1450
01:13:42,600 --> 01:13:46,100
the heavens could be dangerous. 
the scene could be lifted from 

1451
01:13:46,100 --> 01:13:48,900
Bernard to fontanel's 
conversations on the plurality 

1452
01:13:48,900 --> 01:13:53,400
of Worlds, 1686 a clever book 
where a lady and a scientist 

1453
01:13:53,400 --> 01:13:56,300
stroll nightly under the sky 
discussing copernicus's son, 

1454
01:13:56,300 --> 01:13:59,700
centered universe, Fontanelles 
Charming Pros made. 

1455
01:13:59,700 --> 01:14:02,100
The latest scientific 
discoveries accessible to the 

1456
01:14:02,100 --> 01:14:04,500
layperson planting seeds of 
curiosity. 

1457
01:14:04,500 --> 01:14:10,300
Even as Louis, the 14th cast, 
Long Shadows, his ideas along 

1458
01:14:10,300 --> 01:14:12,100
with those of fellow think of 
Pierre, Bayle. 

1459
01:14:12,100 --> 01:14:14,800
Formed a foundation for what 
would soon be called The 

1460
01:14:14,800 --> 01:14:18,500
Enlightenment at the turn of the
18th century official. 

1461
01:14:18,500 --> 01:14:21,400
France was still firmly 
absolutist and devoutly Catholic

1462
01:14:22,300 --> 01:14:25,500
Louis the 14th, the Sun King had
revoked, the Edict of Nantes and

1463
01:14:25,500 --> 01:14:28,800
1685. 
Driving Protestants like Bailey 

1464
01:14:28,800 --> 01:14:31,600
into exile? 
It even as the king insisted on 

1465
01:14:31,600 --> 01:14:33,800
religious unity, dissenting 
ideas. 

1466
01:14:33,800 --> 01:14:37,600
Quietly took root in his Safe. 
Haven abroad bail, wrote a 

1467
01:14:37,600 --> 01:14:41,500
skeptical historical and 
critical dictionary, 1697 the 

1468
01:14:41,500 --> 01:14:44,000
poked holes in dogma and 
advocated tolerance. 

1469
01:14:44,700 --> 01:14:48,100
These volumes printed in 
Amsterdam and London were 

1470
01:14:48,100 --> 01:14:50,500
smuggled over the borders in 
barrels of cloth and hidden 

1471
01:14:50,500 --> 01:14:53,300
compartments. 
Finding eager readers in Paris 

1472
01:14:53,300 --> 01:14:55,900
and Leo. 
A tradition was beginning. 

1473
01:14:55,900 --> 01:14:58,800
Forbidden ideas could not be 
easily extinguished. 

1474
01:14:59,600 --> 01:15:03,200
Bailey is called for a society 
of pluralistic views, a daring 

1475
01:15:03,200 --> 01:15:05,600
notion that people of different 
beliefs might live together in 

1476
01:15:05,600 --> 01:15:09,100
peace, resonated with a small, 
but growing circle of French 

1477
01:15:09,100 --> 01:15:10,900
Minds. 
Quietly. 

1478
01:15:10,900 --> 01:15:14,700
The suburb Monopoly of church 
and crown on Truth was being 

1479
01:15:14,700 --> 01:15:17,700
challenged by pamphlets and 
letters passed hand to hand. 

1480
01:15:18,900 --> 01:15:21,400
After Louis, the 14th death in 
1715. 

1481
01:15:21,400 --> 01:15:24,600
The atmosphere in France were 
relaxed somewhat allowing these 

1482
01:15:24,600 --> 01:15:28,800
early Sparks to flare up In 
Paris coffeehouses and literary 

1483
01:15:28,800 --> 01:15:31,000
clubs with torque. 
One. 

1484
01:15:31,000 --> 01:15:34,000
Towering figure of this, early 
Enlightenment was Baron de 

1485
01:15:34,000 --> 01:15:37,500
Montesquieu a provincial 
nobleman with a dry wit and Keen

1486
01:15:37,500 --> 01:15:42,600
Insight in 1721 Montesquieu. 
Published the Persian letters a 

1487
01:15:42,600 --> 01:15:44,900
playful novel of letters in 
which two fictional person, 

1488
01:15:44,900 --> 01:15:46,700
Travelers Lampoon French 
Customs. 

1489
01:15:46,700 --> 01:15:50,300
Nothing was sacred in its Pages 
Parisian High Society. 

1490
01:15:50,300 --> 01:15:53,800
The pretension of the king's 
court, the absurdities of the 

1491
01:15:53,800 --> 01:15:56,000
Catholic. 
Clergy all were held up to 

1492
01:15:56,000 --> 01:15:59,000
Gentle ridicule through these 
eyes of outside US. 

1493
01:15:59,700 --> 01:16:02,800
Readers were used and intrigued 
beneath the satire. 

1494
01:16:02,800 --> 01:16:05,200
A serious critiques of 
absolutism and religious 

1495
01:16:05,200 --> 01:16:07,500
hypocrisy. 
The book though published 

1496
01:16:07,500 --> 01:16:11,100
anonymously created a stir. 
It was passed from Salon. 

1497
01:16:11,100 --> 01:16:14,600
To Salon read aloud in amused. 
Whispers, Francis owned 

1498
01:16:14,600 --> 01:16:18,100
institutions were being examined
as if under a foreign lens and 

1499
01:16:18,100 --> 01:16:21,200
many found them wanting 
Montesquieu's success. 

1500
01:16:21,200 --> 01:16:23,200
Emboldened others. 
Soon. 

1501
01:16:23,200 --> 01:16:26,500
He would take his analysis 
further retiring to his estate. 

1502
01:16:26,500 --> 01:16:29,900
He quietly toiled on a magnum 
opus about laws and governments 

1503
01:16:29,900 --> 01:16:32,900
around the world. 
By the 1730s, the term 

1504
01:16:32,900 --> 01:16:36,800
philosophy was coming into use. 
Not quite the same as 

1505
01:16:36,800 --> 01:16:39,600
philosopher. 
It meant a man or occasionally, 

1506
01:16:39,600 --> 01:16:42,800
a woman of ideas who applied 
reason to all areas of life. 

1507
01:16:43,700 --> 01:16:46,500
These Enlightenment thinkers saw
themselves as bringing light 

1508
01:16:46,500 --> 01:16:48,800
into the dark corners of 
ignorance and oppression. 

1509
01:16:48,800 --> 01:16:51,900
They drew inspiration from 
English writers, like John Locke

1510
01:16:51,900 --> 01:16:55,200
and scientists, like, Isaac 
Newton, whose Works were now 

1511
01:16:55,208 --> 01:16:56,700
circulating in French 
translation. 

1512
01:16:57,900 --> 01:17:00,500
In fact, a fashionable, young 
writer named Voltaire had 

1513
01:17:00,500 --> 01:17:03,800
traveled to England and 
returned, in 1729 bubbling with 

1514
01:17:03,800 --> 01:17:07,300
enthusiasm for Newton's physics 
and the English Spirit of free 

1515
01:17:07,300 --> 01:17:11,000
debate. 
He set about spreading both with

1516
01:17:11,000 --> 01:17:14,200
his vivacious lover, Emily dese,
a self, a brilliant 

1517
01:17:14,200 --> 01:17:17,600
mathematician Voltaire, explain,
Newton's finding in French and 

1518
01:17:17,600 --> 01:17:20,100
praise England. 
As relatively liberal Society in

1519
01:17:20,100 --> 01:17:22,900
his letters on the English. 
Though, the French authorities 

1520
01:17:22,900 --> 01:17:25,700
condemned his book and briefly 
imprisoned, its author for it, 

1521
01:17:25,700 --> 01:17:29,500
the ideas could not be unread. 
The taste of intellectual 

1522
01:17:29,500 --> 01:17:31,700
Freedom abroad. 
Only sharpened French appetites 

1523
01:17:31,700 --> 01:17:35,300
for more. thus in the decades 
before the Revolution, the early

1524
01:17:35,300 --> 01:17:38,600
stirrings of Enlightenment 
thought took hold a handful of 

1525
01:17:38,608 --> 01:17:42,400
bold voices, fontanelle with his
Popular Science Baal with his 

1526
01:17:42,400 --> 01:17:45,700
skeptical area Edition, 
Montesquieu with his satire and 

1527
01:17:45,700 --> 01:17:49,500
Voltaire with his sharp pain 
prepared, the ground There, 

1528
01:17:49,500 --> 01:17:52,600
writing circulated in manuscript
and in Contraband, print 

1529
01:17:52,600 --> 01:17:57,300
fertilizing Minds from Paris to 
the provinces over supper tables

1530
01:17:57,300 --> 01:18:00,100
and University, Halls, people 
began asking new questions. 

1531
01:18:00,100 --> 01:18:02,500
Could Reason Not tradition 
guide. 

1532
01:18:02,500 --> 01:18:06,000
Human Affairs must religious 
uniformity Trump individual. 

1533
01:18:06,000 --> 01:18:08,500
Conscience could a king's 
Authority have limit set by 

1534
01:18:08,500 --> 01:18:12,900
natural law these questions. 
So, in the early 1700s would 

1535
01:18:12,900 --> 01:18:16,400
Sprout dramatically as the 
century progressed, For now they

1536
01:18:16,400 --> 01:18:19,300
were still whispered but the 
enlightenment in France had 

1537
01:18:19,300 --> 01:18:23,200
begun Adorn of new thinking that
promised to chase away medieval 

1538
01:18:23,200 --> 01:18:27,500
shadows in the mid-18th century.
Some of the most radical ideas 

1539
01:18:27,500 --> 01:18:30,500
in France were not plotted in 
dark alleys but disgust over 

1540
01:18:30,500 --> 01:18:32,300
champagne and elegant drawing 
rooms. 

1541
01:18:33,100 --> 01:18:35,300
The Parisian Salon was a unique 
Institution. 

1542
01:18:36,300 --> 01:18:40,400
Part Social Club part 
intellectual seminar typically 

1543
01:18:40,400 --> 01:18:43,100
hosted by a wealthy or 
aristocratic woman the salon 

1544
01:18:43,100 --> 01:18:46,500
near these gatherings brought 
together writers, philosophers, 

1545
01:18:46,500 --> 01:18:50,300
artists, and Statesmen under one
Chandelier on a given evening. 

1546
01:18:50,300 --> 01:18:53,700
You might find the sharp tongued
Voltaire trading barbs with a 

1547
01:18:53,708 --> 01:18:57,800
bishop or Jean-Jacques Rousseau 
Shailey unveiling, his latest 

1548
01:18:57,800 --> 01:19:01,700
essay to a circle of curious. 
Marquises salons were private 

1549
01:19:01,700 --> 01:19:04,900
and By Invitation Only yet, they
became engines of public 

1550
01:19:04,900 --> 01:19:07,500
discourse. 
There was a democratic 

1551
01:19:07,500 --> 01:19:11,600
Cosmopolitan and tolerant 
atmosphere rare for the time 

1552
01:19:11,600 --> 01:19:16,000
time, Noble's bourgeoisie and 
even an occasional Artisan or 

1553
01:19:16,000 --> 01:19:20,100
foreign Savant, mingled politely
United by a love of wit and 

1554
01:19:20,100 --> 01:19:22,900
ideas. 
Here in lightning month, thought

1555
01:19:22,900 --> 01:19:26,600
took on a human face as diverse 
guests, debated Arts, science 

1556
01:19:26,600 --> 01:19:28,900
and politics late Into the 
Night. 

1557
01:19:29,700 --> 01:19:32,400
The women who ran these salons. 
Wielded subtle power in a 

1558
01:19:32,400 --> 01:19:36,200
society that otherwise can find 
female influencer take Madame 

1559
01:19:36,200 --> 01:19:40,300
Jafar for example. 
Born Mary Theresa Rodriguez by 

1560
01:19:40,300 --> 01:19:43,000
the 1740s. 
She had established herself as 

1561
01:19:43,000 --> 01:19:46,700
the premier Hostess of Paris. 
Every Monday, a well-appointed 

1562
01:19:46,700 --> 01:19:50,000
home on the roof Sant Honore. 
Welcome the leading writers and 

1563
01:19:50,000 --> 01:19:53,800
philosophy to dinner Wednesdays.
Were reserved for artists with 

1564
01:19:53,800 --> 01:19:56,100
motherly charm Madame. 
Jofran presided over the 

1565
01:19:56,100 --> 01:19:59,800
conversation tactfully steering 
away from overly explosive 

1566
01:19:59,800 --> 01:20:01,600
topics. 
So as to keep the Gathering 

1567
01:20:01,600 --> 01:20:05,100
convivial, she even provided 
financial support to struggling 

1568
01:20:05,100 --> 01:20:07,700
men of letters quite quietly, 
paying debts, or buying 

1569
01:20:07,700 --> 01:20:09,400
paintings from her artist 
guests. 

1570
01:20:09,400 --> 01:20:12,600
The respect, she commanded was 
such that even the Crusty 

1571
01:20:12,600 --> 01:20:16,200
Voltaire deferred to her. in her
Salon, one had to follow certain

1572
01:20:16,200 --> 01:20:20,900
rules, which was appreciated, 
but vulgarity was not lively 

1573
01:20:20,900 --> 01:20:23,700
debate was welcome but shouting 
and personal attacks were 

1574
01:20:23,700 --> 01:20:28,100
frowned upon Under her Guidance,
the tone remained, civil clever 

1575
01:20:28,100 --> 01:20:32,400
and enlightening, a model of the
refinement of manners and speech

1576
01:20:32,400 --> 01:20:34,100
that salons originally aimed 
for. 

1577
01:20:35,000 --> 01:20:39,200
Other ones adopted different 
styles Madame de due to defend 

1578
01:20:39,200 --> 01:20:40,700
and older contemporary of 
Jeffrey. 

1579
01:20:40,700 --> 01:20:45,000
Hosted, Gatherings from 1745 
onward, but famously disdained, 

1580
01:20:45,000 --> 01:20:48,400
the more radical philosopher 
except for Voltaire whom she 

1581
01:20:48,400 --> 01:20:52,500
adored Her Salon favored, High 
Society gossip and classical. 

1582
01:20:52,500 --> 01:20:54,400
Letters over bold, new 
philosophy. 

1583
01:20:55,200 --> 01:20:58,400
In contrast the witty 
Mademoiselle, Julie de lesbianas

1584
01:20:58,400 --> 01:21:02,108
ran a more freewheeling Salon in
the 1770s, Julie had been 

1585
01:21:02,116 --> 01:21:05,300
tutored in the art, by Madame du
de fond and until a falling out 

1586
01:21:05,300 --> 01:21:09,300
and with a small stipend from 
Madame jafra struck out on her 

1587
01:21:09,300 --> 01:21:11,500
own. 
She innovated by opening her 

1588
01:21:11,500 --> 01:21:15,100
home almost every evening to a 
select but Mixed Company, young 

1589
01:21:15,100 --> 01:21:17,800
intellectuals, older Statesman 
and foreign visitors. 

1590
01:21:17,800 --> 01:21:21,900
Nibbles and wine were served 
nothing lavish but the talk 

1591
01:21:21,900 --> 01:21:25,300
flowed. 
One frequent guest, the writer 

1592
01:21:25,300 --> 01:21:29,500
Jean Francois Montell, Marvel at
Julia's ability to inspire Frank

1593
01:21:29,500 --> 01:21:32,200
discussion. 
He described her as an 

1594
01:21:32,200 --> 01:21:35,800
astonishing compound of reason 
and wisdom with the liveliest 

1595
01:21:35,800 --> 01:21:40,800
mine and most Ardent soul. 
Under her edifice philosopher's 

1596
01:21:40,800 --> 01:21:42,900
from diverse. 
Generation's convened and 

1597
01:21:42,900 --> 01:21:45,600
exchange ideas. 
While even the poorest Scholars 

1598
01:21:45,600 --> 01:21:47,100
were welcome to express their 
thoughts. 

1599
01:21:48,000 --> 01:21:51,700
Such inclusion was unusual. 
Many salons once ranked in a 

1600
01:21:51,700 --> 01:21:55,200
tire still mattered but Juliet 
proved that intellectual 

1601
01:21:55,200 --> 01:21:58,300
passion. 
Could Trump pedigree The typical

1602
01:21:58,300 --> 01:22:01,700
on evening might unfold like 
this as dusk fell. 

1603
01:22:01,700 --> 01:22:04,700
A liveried footman. 
Admitted guest to a candle lip 

1604
01:22:04,700 --> 01:22:08,300
parlor decorated with art. 
Gentle music, played in the Next

1605
01:22:08,300 --> 01:22:12,000
Room, elegant women in silks, 
and men in embroidered, coats 

1606
01:22:12,000 --> 01:22:15,400
form, small clusters, exchanging
news and balls mods. 

1607
01:22:15,400 --> 01:22:19,400
The hostess circulated deathly 
introducing a young poet to a 

1608
01:22:19,400 --> 01:22:22,600
renowned scientist or drawing a 
shy scholar into a lively debate

1609
01:22:22,600 --> 01:22:25,900
about the latest play. 
conversation, was the main event

1610
01:22:25,900 --> 01:22:30,100
a Good Salon guests had 
something to bring to this 

1611
01:22:30,100 --> 01:22:33,000
conversation at the very least 
Whitten, elegant, French. 

1612
01:22:34,000 --> 01:22:36,300
Arising dramatist. 
Might recite a scene from his 

1613
01:22:36,300 --> 01:22:40,200
new comedy met with Applause and
gentle critique a visiting 

1614
01:22:40,200 --> 01:22:43,300
American like Benjamin Franklin,
might Regale the company with 

1615
01:22:43,300 --> 01:22:46,900
Tales of scientific experiments 
with lightning, Serious 

1616
01:22:46,900 --> 01:22:50,300
discussions could break out the 
merits of voltaire's, newest 

1617
01:22:50,300 --> 01:22:52,800
tracked, or Russo's, Etc, 
theories on education. 

1618
01:22:53,600 --> 01:22:56,900
But if tempers flared or someone
drowned on too long, the hostess

1619
01:22:56,900 --> 01:22:59,700
would smoothly change the 
subject or propose, a diversion,

1620
01:22:59,700 --> 01:23:03,200
perhaps a brief chamber, music 
performance or around of cards. 

1621
01:23:04,100 --> 01:23:06,900
The result was a peculiar mix of
ludic and learned. 

1622
01:23:07,600 --> 01:23:10,300
By evening's end ideas. 
That might have been seditious. 

1623
01:23:10,300 --> 01:23:13,300
In print could be bandied about 
safely in the salon, cushioned 

1624
01:23:13,300 --> 01:23:16,800
by flightless and mutual respect
the salon thus served as an 

1625
01:23:16,800 --> 01:23:18,600
incubator for Enlightenment 
ideas. 

1626
01:23:19,400 --> 01:23:22,800
He connected thinkers to 
Patron's many, an author found a

1627
01:23:22,800 --> 01:23:25,300
publisher or a financier, 
through Salon contacts. 

1628
01:23:25,300 --> 01:23:27,900
It allowed women. 
A rare opportunity to engage in 

1629
01:23:27,900 --> 01:23:31,300
intellectual life will be as 
conveners rather than professors

1630
01:23:31,300 --> 01:23:34,600
with notable exceptions. 
Like Emily duchesse who though 

1631
01:23:34,600 --> 01:23:36,900
not to sell on. 
Are proved women could match men

1632
01:23:36,900 --> 01:23:40,100
in science. 
Salons also helped erode, class 

1633
01:23:40,100 --> 01:23:44,200
barriers if only slightly some 
hostesses pride of themselves on

1634
01:23:44,200 --> 01:23:49,000
Gathering a potpourri of talents
regardless of noble birth. there

1635
01:23:49,000 --> 01:23:51,500
were limits, of course, 
peasants, and laborers did not 

1636
01:23:51,500 --> 01:23:55,000
stroll into these parlors The 
salons primarily catered to the 

1637
01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:57,600
elite who were open to new 
talent and ideas. 

1638
01:23:57,600 --> 01:23:59,900
Not just those inherited from 
their lineage. 

1639
01:24:00,800 --> 01:24:03,700
In these candle at Rooms, the 
public sphere had a private 

1640
01:24:03,700 --> 01:24:06,600
cradle. 
Before newspapers could freely 

1641
01:24:06,600 --> 01:24:10,000
criticize, the king, or church. 
And before any elected assembly 

1642
01:24:10,000 --> 01:24:12,800
existed in France, the salons 
were training grounds for 

1643
01:24:12,800 --> 01:24:16,200
reasoned debate. they fostered, 
what one historian later called 

1644
01:24:16,200 --> 01:24:19,400
the Republic of letters, a 
community of Minds that 

1645
01:24:19,400 --> 01:24:23,000
transcended, social ranks, and 
National borders, Foreigners, 

1646
01:24:23,000 --> 01:24:26,000
like the Scottish historian. 
David Hume while the Italian 

1647
01:24:26,000 --> 01:24:29,600
economist Chester A baccaurea 
were defeated at Paris salons 

1648
01:24:29,600 --> 01:24:33,100
when they visited in turn French
philosophers, built, networks of

1649
01:24:33,100 --> 01:24:38,400
correspondence with thinkers 
abroad, The Cosmopolitan, Salon 

1650
01:24:38,400 --> 01:24:42,700
had echoes in London Geneva or 
Berlin as ideas spread by the 

1651
01:24:42,700 --> 01:24:46,200
1770s and 1780s. 
Even as economic troubles and 

1652
01:24:46,200 --> 01:24:49,600
political conflict in France. 
One could still find On Any 

1653
01:24:49,600 --> 01:24:54,000
Given evening a salon in full 
swing a microcosm of an ideal in

1654
01:24:54,000 --> 01:24:57,000
lightning Society where 
conversation flowed freely 

1655
01:24:57,000 --> 01:25:00,600
differences were bridge by 
Civility and a new rational. 

1656
01:25:00,600 --> 01:25:03,300
France was imagined in talk long
before it existed. 

1657
01:25:03,300 --> 01:25:06,800
In fact, by the middle of the 
18th century, the written word 

1658
01:25:06,800 --> 01:25:10,100
in France was undergoing and 
explosive proliferation and 

1659
01:25:10,100 --> 01:25:13,700
bustling Parisian print shops in
secret presses hidden in attics 

1660
01:25:13,700 --> 01:25:16,800
or across the border, printers 
turned out mountains of paper 

1661
01:25:16,800 --> 01:25:21,600
books, pamphlets journals 
broadside and insatiable reading

1662
01:25:21,600 --> 01:25:25,300
public had Arisen, hungry for 
everything from scandalous verse

1663
01:25:25,300 --> 01:25:27,300
to Serious treatises on 
philosophy. 

1664
01:25:28,100 --> 01:25:31,300
The statistics, tell part of the
story by the 1780s. 

1665
01:25:31,300 --> 01:25:35,500
Literacy had risen markedly 
roughly half of French men and a

1666
01:25:35,500 --> 01:25:38,500
quarter of women could read 
almost double the rates from a 

1667
01:25:38,500 --> 01:25:40,900
century earlier. 
More people reading meant more 

1668
01:25:40,900 --> 01:25:43,600
demand for reading material, 
where the state or the church. 

1669
01:25:43,600 --> 01:25:46,500
Try to sense or limit that 
material Enterprise in 

1670
01:25:46,500 --> 01:25:48,300
Publishers found ways to supply 
it. 

1671
01:25:48,300 --> 01:25:51,900
Regardless a veritable 
underground press emerge and 

1672
01:25:51,900 --> 01:25:54,600
with it, a new kind of 
intellectual Warrior, the hack 

1673
01:25:54,600 --> 01:25:56,700
writer and the clandestine 
Bookseller. 

1674
01:25:57,400 --> 01:26:00,300
Together, they would spread 
enlightenment ideas to every 

1675
01:26:00,300 --> 01:26:03,000
corner of France even as 
authorities scrambled to stem 

1676
01:26:03,000 --> 01:26:05,600
the tide. 
Officially the French Crown 

1677
01:26:05,600 --> 01:26:08,800
maintained strict censorship. 
All books were supposed to be a 

1678
01:26:08,800 --> 01:26:11,900
royal sensors and carry the 
sensors name. 

1679
01:26:11,900 --> 01:26:16,000
Hundreds of titles were outright
banned, the Catholic Church 

1680
01:26:16,000 --> 01:26:19,200
through the sorbonne faculty and
the infamous index librarian, 

1681
01:26:19,200 --> 01:26:21,500
prohibitorum index of prohibited
books. 

1682
01:26:21,500 --> 01:26:24,600
Also condemned Works, deemed 
heretical or immoral. 

1683
01:26:25,300 --> 01:26:28,200
Punishments for illegal 
printing, could be severe fines 

1684
01:26:28,200 --> 01:26:32,100
imprisonment, even The Gallows 
for repeater fenders but by the 

1685
01:26:32,100 --> 01:26:35,600
1770s enforcement was 
increasingly like plugging holes

1686
01:26:35,600 --> 01:26:38,100
in a sieve. 
The appetite for new ideas was 

1687
01:26:38,100 --> 01:26:41,100
too strong and the profits to be
made from satisfying it to 

1688
01:26:41,100 --> 01:26:43,600
tempting. 
Smugglers carried, forbidden 

1689
01:26:43,600 --> 01:26:47,000
books in France By The Crate. 
Stashing them in false bottom 

1690
01:26:47,000 --> 01:26:49,600
wagons or floating them down 
Rivers at night. 

1691
01:26:50,600 --> 01:26:53,900
It was said that in some 
Frontier towns, nearly every 

1692
01:26:53,900 --> 01:26:58,800
Customs officer could be bribed.
Meanwhile, within France, pirate

1693
01:26:58,800 --> 01:27:01,800
printers secretly duplicated, 
popular Works without 

1694
01:27:01,800 --> 01:27:03,800
permission. 
One way or another. 

1695
01:27:03,800 --> 01:27:06,700
What was officially banned often
ended up widely read. 

1696
01:27:07,600 --> 01:27:10,500
A few examples illustrate, the 
cat and mouse game of publishing

1697
01:27:10,500 --> 01:27:13,800
in 1759. 
The Monumental project of the 

1698
01:27:13,800 --> 01:27:17,300
encyclopedie, the great 
Encyclopedia of Sciences arts 

1699
01:27:17,300 --> 01:27:21,100
and trades edited by Denny 
diderot was banned by King 

1700
01:27:21,100 --> 01:27:22,900
Louis. 
The 15th, after the first seven 

1701
01:27:22,900 --> 01:27:25,800
volumes under pressure from 
church authorities, who found 

1702
01:27:25,800 --> 01:27:29,400
its articles to Empires but 
diderot did not abandon it. 

1703
01:27:29,400 --> 01:27:32,800
Thanks to sympathetic, insiders,
not least, the enlightened sense

1704
01:27:32,800 --> 01:27:35,300
of Melcher. 
Dido continued the work in 

1705
01:27:35,308 --> 01:27:39,100
secret finishing 10 more volumes
of Articles and plates under a 

1706
01:27:39,100 --> 01:27:42,900
false imprint in Switzerland. 
Officially the encyclopedia was 

1707
01:27:42,900 --> 01:27:45,600
suppressed in reality 
subscribers received, the 

1708
01:27:45,600 --> 01:27:50,100
remaining volumes clandestine by
1765 as one contemporary quit, 

1709
01:27:50,100 --> 01:27:53,200
the authorities had winked. 
At the Enterprise, they 

1710
01:27:53,200 --> 01:27:56,400
pretended to shut it down to 
appease the church, but turned a

1711
01:27:56,400 --> 01:27:58,700
blind eye to its continued 
existence because it employed 

1712
01:27:58,700 --> 01:28:00,900
hundreds of workers and had 
powerful supporters. 

1713
01:28:01,700 --> 01:28:06,300
This delicate dance ban in name,
tolerate in practice tip of the 

1714
01:28:06,300 --> 01:28:08,200
later, old regimes lacks 
censorship. 

1715
01:28:09,200 --> 01:28:14,000
By 1780 rows in Cyclops East 
stood, complete at 35, volume's 

1716
01:28:14,000 --> 01:28:17,000
and astonishing Trove of 
Enlightenment knowledge made 

1717
01:28:17,000 --> 01:28:21,000
available to the public, despite
all edicts to the contrary, in 

1718
01:28:21,000 --> 01:28:25,200
addition to the encyclopedie 
Geneva, Amsterdam London and the

1719
01:28:25,200 --> 01:28:27,100
Rhineland produced illicit 
literature. 

1720
01:28:28,100 --> 01:28:31,400
Scholars believe that around 600
prohibited books, circulated in 

1721
01:28:31,408 --> 01:28:34,900
France, before the Revolution. 
These included philosophical 

1722
01:28:34,900 --> 01:28:38,100
books, Scarlett's political 
pamphlets and censored novels. 

1723
01:28:38,900 --> 01:28:41,700
According to historian, Robert 
Danton several were forbidden 

1724
01:28:41,700 --> 01:28:45,000
bestsellers books to Filthy or 
seditious for the sensors. 

1725
01:28:45,000 --> 01:28:49,500
But eagerly read by everyone who
could Russo's Emil on education 

1726
01:28:49,500 --> 01:28:54,000
and the social contract were 
prohibited in 1762, but pirated 

1727
01:28:54,000 --> 01:28:55,700
volumes spread and made him 
famous. 

1728
01:28:55,700 --> 01:28:59,600
Obscene, leaflets criticizing 
the Royal Family's morals and 

1729
01:28:59,600 --> 01:29:02,400
crazy stories about the king's 
ministers, while other 

1730
01:29:02,400 --> 01:29:05,300
underground, bestsellers grub 
Street, writers. 

1731
01:29:05,300 --> 01:29:08,100
Hack authors living hand mouth 
in Paris, who wrote Whatever 

1732
01:29:08,100 --> 01:29:11,600
sold specialized in LaBelle's 
liberalist pamphlets. 

1733
01:29:12,200 --> 01:29:14,800
To get money, such writers, 
might mock the king's mistress, 

1734
01:29:14,800 --> 01:29:18,400
one week composing natural 
rights tracked, the next, and 

1735
01:29:18,400 --> 01:29:21,200
spy for the police. 
The next Voltaire and diderot 

1736
01:29:21,200 --> 01:29:23,900
mock this literary. 
Underworld Voltaire called hack 

1737
01:29:23,900 --> 01:29:26,700
writers things. 
Ironically radical ideas, 

1738
01:29:26,700 --> 01:29:30,100
sometimes spread through these 
less recognized venues the 

1739
01:29:30,100 --> 01:29:33,500
hackers hungry and alienated 
from the previous regime, hated 

1740
01:29:33,500 --> 01:29:35,200
Authority and fueled the 
revolution. 

1741
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:39,800
Prince circulation is immense. 
A recent police, inventory of a 

1742
01:29:39,800 --> 01:29:43,000
seized bookstore or the 
Bastille's confiscated shipment,

1743
01:29:43,000 --> 01:29:46,700
documents shows, thousands of 
illegal books. popularly legal 

1744
01:29:46,700 --> 01:29:51,200
titles, have been republished 
many times in the 70s, the Swiss

1745
01:29:51,200 --> 01:29:54,500
underground publisher, Societe 
graphic, Dono Chateau 

1746
01:29:54,500 --> 01:29:58,100
transported, tens of, thousands 
of volumes into France from 

1747
01:29:58,100 --> 01:30:02,800
voltaire's philosophical fables,
to prohibited novels, By 1 7 9, 

1748
01:30:02,800 --> 01:30:13,700
6 2 0. 
History of the two Indies which 

1749
01:30:13,700 --> 01:30:17,100
boldly denounced slavery, in 
tyranny was banded by the French

1750
01:30:17,100 --> 01:30:19,200
government in exiled, while the 
clergy. 

1751
01:30:19,200 --> 01:30:22,500
Despite him as one of the most 
seditious writers, which only 

1752
01:30:22,500 --> 01:30:27,600
peeked redesigned The Embargo. 
The book was a best-seller and 

1753
01:30:27,600 --> 01:30:30,800
influenced American colonists 
with its human rights advocacy. 

1754
01:30:32,000 --> 01:30:33,400
The Paradox of French 
Enlightenment. 

1755
01:30:33,400 --> 01:30:36,500
Publishing was that repression, 
often increased a Works, Fame 

1756
01:30:36,500 --> 01:30:39,000
and audience. 
Reading revolution spread 

1757
01:30:39,000 --> 01:30:41,900
outside the capitol. 
Provincial cities developed 

1758
01:30:41,900 --> 01:30:44,900
lending, libraries and reading 
societies where members pulled 

1759
01:30:44,900 --> 01:30:47,400
funds to buy books and 
newspapers under the watchful of

1760
01:30:47,400 --> 01:30:50,500
a suspicious bishop or 
magistrate literature was 

1761
01:30:50,500 --> 01:30:53,400
available to many residents and 
artists and by the 1780s. 

1762
01:30:54,400 --> 01:30:57,600
Budget-friendly bibliotech Blue 
Book simplified Enlightenment 

1763
01:30:57,600 --> 01:31:00,200
ideals, fairy tales, and 
practical information. 

1764
01:31:01,200 --> 01:31:03,300
Peddlers sold chat. 
Books in local marketplaces 

1765
01:31:03,300 --> 01:31:07,800
spreading new ideas in a Tavern.
A peasant may hear a hot story 

1766
01:31:07,800 --> 01:31:10,500
about the king's mistress or a 
Voltaire joke. 

1767
01:31:10,500 --> 01:31:13,100
Of course not. 
Everyone liked this print Deluge

1768
01:31:13,100 --> 01:31:16,000
conservative voices, argued. 
That excessive reading 

1769
01:31:16,000 --> 01:31:19,500
especially forbidden materials 
was corrupting Ordinary People 

1770
01:31:19,500 --> 01:31:22,700
one booklet at a time. 
Some worry that Authority was 

1771
01:31:22,700 --> 01:31:25,100
losing respect, they were 
partly, right? 

1772
01:31:25,900 --> 01:31:29,300
Before 1789 printed words, 
affected for French public 

1773
01:31:29,300 --> 01:31:31,600
opinion. 
Pamphlet, Avalanche swayed 

1774
01:31:31,600 --> 01:31:35,300
public opinion after high 
profile scandals or trials like 

1775
01:31:35,300 --> 01:31:39,200
the diamond necklace Affair. 
1785 involving Queen Marie 

1776
01:31:39,200 --> 01:31:42,400
Antoinette in Enlightenment 
authors and form an influence, 

1777
01:31:42,400 --> 01:31:45,200
public opinion, they thought 
education and critical thinking 

1778
01:31:45,200 --> 01:31:48,700
could improve Society. 
It worked, but it also fueled 

1779
01:31:48,700 --> 01:31:51,100
high expectations and simmering 
discontent. 

1780
01:31:52,000 --> 01:31:55,100
A Parisian kiosk sold a cheap 
Rousseau leaflet on the eve of 

1781
01:31:55,100 --> 01:31:58,400
the Revolution, stating man is 
Born Free and everywhere he is 

1782
01:31:58,400 --> 01:32:02,200
in Chains, a body song, mocking 
the fat Archbishop or a 

1783
01:32:02,200 --> 01:32:04,700
broadsheet, celebrating 
America's successful Uprising 

1784
01:32:04,700 --> 01:32:08,200
against its ruler of available 
rights, Liberty and equality 

1785
01:32:08,200 --> 01:32:11,400
formally discussed in salons, 
have permeated common 

1786
01:32:11,400 --> 01:32:14,500
consciousness. 
The future was printed on legal 

1787
01:32:14,500 --> 01:32:17,500
and unlawful presses. 
Despite their efforts, the old 

1788
01:32:17,500 --> 01:32:19,600
orders Guardians could not 
unprinted. 

1789
01:32:20,400 --> 01:32:22,900
The clatter of the printers type
and the rustle of secretly, 

1790
01:32:22,900 --> 01:32:26,400
turned Pages shook a changing 
France in a modest Paris 

1791
01:32:26,400 --> 01:32:29,600
apartment in the 1750s. 
Two brilliant, men, sit 

1792
01:32:29,600 --> 01:32:33,100
exchanging letters, not 
amicably, but as Rivals locked 

1793
01:32:33,100 --> 01:32:37,300
in intellectual combat. 
On one side is Voltaire, the 

1794
01:32:37,300 --> 01:32:41,400
most famous of the age. 
Now in his 60s polished, a bane,

1795
01:32:41,400 --> 01:32:46,300
a skeptic who relishes skewering
Folly on the other Jean, Jacques

1796
01:32:46,300 --> 01:32:51,300
Rousseau two decades younger. 
Tensley Ernest Ilona, who 

1797
01:32:51,300 --> 01:32:53,600
distrust, the very Society 
Voltaire. 

1798
01:32:53,600 --> 01:32:57,100
So when Joyce, they rarely meet 
in person but across miles, they

1799
01:32:57,100 --> 01:33:00,300
trade barbs in print. 
Upon reading Russo's, latest 

1800
01:33:00,300 --> 01:33:02,700
work Voltaire. 
Cannot resist sending a 

1801
01:33:02,700 --> 01:33:06,000
withering reply. 
I have received sir your new 

1802
01:33:06,000 --> 01:33:10,100
book against the human species 
and I thank you for it Voltaire 

1803
01:33:10,100 --> 01:33:14,000
rights with biting sarcasm. 
No one has ever employed, so 

1804
01:33:14,000 --> 01:33:15,800
much intelligence to make us all
stupid. 

1805
01:33:16,600 --> 01:33:19,500
Reading your book, inspires, a 
strong desire to take action, 

1806
01:33:19,500 --> 01:33:24,200
his words, drip, with mock, 
praise Rousseau's idealization 

1807
01:33:24,200 --> 01:33:27,100
of primitive, man. 
Voltaire implies is absurd, 

1808
01:33:27,100 --> 01:33:29,900
civilization. 
May be flawed, but it's far 

1809
01:33:29,900 --> 01:33:31,700
better than the Savage Life 
Rousseau. 

1810
01:33:31,700 --> 01:33:35,500
Extols this famous quip that 
Rousseau's philosophy is enough 

1811
01:33:35,500 --> 01:33:39,000
to make a man want to become a 
beast, epitomizes the clash 

1812
01:33:39,000 --> 01:33:42,100
between two towering 
Enlightenment thinkers, whose 

1813
01:33:42,100 --> 01:33:45,900
visions of human nature and 
Society were Worlds Apart, the 

1814
01:33:45,900 --> 01:33:49,500
enlightenment was not a singular
entity, rather it represented a 

1815
01:33:49,500 --> 01:33:52,900
multitude of diverse 
perspectives frequently engaged 

1816
01:33:52,900 --> 01:33:56,500
in intense debate. 
Voltaire and Rousseau's rivalry 

1817
01:33:56,500 --> 01:33:59,400
as legendary Voltaire championed
reasons. 

1818
01:33:59,400 --> 01:34:02,300
Science and a certain 
Cosmopolitan elitism. 

1819
01:34:02,300 --> 01:34:05,700
He believed in lightened 
monarchs ideally advised by 

1820
01:34:05,700 --> 01:34:08,800
philosophers, like in himself, 
could gradually improve Society.

1821
01:34:09,700 --> 01:34:13,200
Religion to Voltaire was useful 
as a social glue but needed 

1822
01:34:13,200 --> 01:34:17,600
purging of superstition, a 
crusade land, fam crushed. 

1823
01:34:17,600 --> 01:34:21,200
The infamous thing of fanaticism
he would famously declare of the

1824
01:34:21,208 --> 01:34:25,000
churches abuses Russo by 
contrast distrusted, the 

1825
01:34:25,000 --> 01:34:28,500
pretensions of polite Society. 
He thought civilization had 

1826
01:34:28,500 --> 01:34:32,300
corrupted man's originally, good
nature in works like discourse 

1827
01:34:32,300 --> 01:34:35,300
on inequality. 
He argued that Arts and Sciences

1828
01:34:35,300 --> 01:34:38,200
had led not to progress, but to 
vanity and oppression. 

1829
01:34:39,000 --> 01:34:42,400
His ideal was a simpler life in 
harmony with nature and a 

1830
01:34:42,400 --> 01:34:44,400
political Community Based on 
genuine. 

1831
01:34:44,400 --> 01:34:46,500
Equality and the general will of
the people. 

1832
01:34:46,500 --> 01:34:49,900
As he later, outlined in the 
social contract to Voltaire, the

1833
01:34:49,900 --> 01:34:54,500
idea sounded naive at best 
dangerous at worst, their 

1834
01:34:54,500 --> 01:34:56,900
correspondence started 
courteously but soured over 

1835
01:34:56,900 --> 01:34:59,900
time. 
After the devastating Lisbon 

1836
01:34:59,900 --> 01:35:03,500
earthquake of 1755 Voltaire 
wrote a poem questioning 

1837
01:35:03,500 --> 01:35:06,300
Providence. 
How could a god Slaughter 

1838
01:35:06,300 --> 01:35:08,200
Innocents? 
Russo. 

1839
01:35:08,200 --> 01:35:11,300
Oddly rebuked Voltaire saying, 
people should not question God's

1840
01:35:11,300 --> 01:35:15,400
plan and that if men didn't live
packed in cities, Quake, would 

1841
01:35:15,400 --> 01:35:18,500
do less harm. 
Voltaire privately, scoffed that

1842
01:35:18,500 --> 01:35:20,600
Rousseau wanted to send mankind 
backwards. 

1843
01:35:21,400 --> 01:35:24,700
One Longs in reading your book 
to walk on all fours, he geared,

1844
01:35:24,700 --> 01:35:28,300
stung, by Russo's critique. 
Rousseau for his part, grew 

1845
01:35:28,300 --> 01:35:31,100
increasingly convinced that 
Voltaire in his Clique were 

1846
01:35:31,100 --> 01:35:33,900
conspiring against him. 
Mocking him behind his back. 

1847
01:35:35,000 --> 01:35:37,200
By the 70s. 
Their relationship had fractured

1848
01:35:37,200 --> 01:35:39,800
complete Russo. 
Even refused volta's. 

1849
01:35:39,800 --> 01:35:41,700
Offer of Refuge. 
When Rousseau was fleeing 

1850
01:35:41,700 --> 01:35:45,600
arrest, the Voltaire Rousseau 
split was not just personal in 

1851
01:35:45,600 --> 01:35:50,600
cinema. 
Voltaire stood for the party of 

1852
01:35:50,600 --> 01:35:54,100
Reason progress through 
enlightened Authority and sharp 

1853
01:35:54,100 --> 01:35:57,500
criticism of tradition. 
Rousseau became the voice of the

1854
01:35:57,500 --> 01:36:01,400
party of feeling valuing emotion
authenticity and the wisdom of 

1855
01:36:01,400 --> 01:36:04,500
the Common Man over the Polished
salon sophisticate to Kruger 

1856
01:36:04,500 --> 01:36:07,000
their quarrel highlighted 
contradictions. 

1857
01:36:07,000 --> 01:36:10,500
The enlightenment celebrated 
reason yet Rousseau accused 

1858
01:36:10,500 --> 01:36:12,800
reasons Apostles of being cold 
and elitist. 

1859
01:36:12,800 --> 01:36:16,100
It preached a quality, it 
Voltaire privately disdained the

1860
01:36:16,108 --> 01:36:19,300
uneducated masses and preferred 
benevolent despacito to 

1861
01:36:19,300 --> 01:36:22,000
democracy. 
In their ways, each was 

1862
01:36:22,000 --> 01:36:25,400
prophetic Voltaire of the 
liberal secular values that 

1863
01:36:25,400 --> 01:36:29,200
would shape modern Europe Russo 
of the Romantic Democratic and 

1864
01:36:29,200 --> 01:36:31,300
even revolutionary currents that
would soon erupt. 

1865
01:36:32,200 --> 01:36:34,900
Its fitting that both men died 
in 1778. 

1866
01:36:34,900 --> 01:36:38,700
A decade before the Revolution, 
almost, as if fate meant to 

1867
01:36:38,708 --> 01:36:41,300
clear the stage for the drama to
come Beyond this. 

1868
01:36:41,300 --> 01:36:44,100
Famous Duo, the enlightenment 
was Rife with intellectual 

1869
01:36:44,100 --> 01:36:47,700
rivalries, and collaboration's 
Darrow and delamere co-editors 

1870
01:36:47,700 --> 01:36:51,400
of the encyclopedie had their 
share of squabbles, dalomba quit

1871
01:36:51,400 --> 01:36:55,500
the project in frustration in 
1759 leaving dedora to slog 

1872
01:36:55,500 --> 01:36:57,300
through the remaining volumes 
largely alone. 

1873
01:36:57,300 --> 01:37:01,300
Did hero also fell out bitterly 
with Rousseau who had once been 

1874
01:37:01,300 --> 01:37:05,300
his close friend. 
Diro and Barren holbach welcomed

1875
01:37:05,300 --> 01:37:07,500
Rousseau as a kindred spirit in 
the 1740s. 

1876
01:37:07,500 --> 01:37:11,600
But as Russo's ideas, diverged 
in his paranoia grew, he came to

1877
01:37:11,600 --> 01:37:14,400
believe diderot had portrayed 
him negatively in a satirical 

1878
01:37:14,400 --> 01:37:16,800
play. 
The Friendship, collapsed 

1879
01:37:16,800 --> 01:37:19,600
illustrating, how personal 
slights could fracture even 

1880
01:37:19,600 --> 01:37:20,900
those working for the same 
broad. 

1881
01:37:20,900 --> 01:37:24,900
Cause meanwhile, Baron de 
holbach, host of a famously 

1882
01:37:24,900 --> 01:37:28,200
irreverent, Salon of atheists 
published, the system of nature 

1883
01:37:28,200 --> 01:37:33,100
1770 a book denying, the 
existence of God outright This 

1884
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:36,700
extreme materialism alarmed even
Voltaire, who attacked whole 

1885
01:37:36,700 --> 01:37:38,600
bucks. 
Atheism as fanatical in its own 

1886
01:37:38,600 --> 01:37:41,800
way, Voltaire believed Society 
needed belief in God. 

1887
01:37:41,800 --> 01:37:45,300
As a moral Bedrock, if God did 
not exist, it would be necessary

1888
01:37:45,300 --> 01:37:48,600
to invent him and equipped. 
Holdback and diderot. 

1889
01:37:48,600 --> 01:37:51,900
However, privately ridiculed 
voltaire's deers and as a lack 

1890
01:37:51,900 --> 01:37:55,500
of nerve to them reason pointed 
to a universe without need of a 

1891
01:37:55,500 --> 01:37:59,600
Divine being Thus, even among 
Phyllis Hoffs United against the

1892
01:37:59,600 --> 01:38:02,100
church's tyranny. 
There were deep fractures about 

1893
01:38:02,100 --> 01:38:05,700
religion's role. 
Another point in Clash involved,

1894
01:38:05,700 --> 01:38:09,000
Montesquieu, and Rousseau's 
political Theory montesquieu's, 

1895
01:38:09,000 --> 01:38:13,100
the spirit of the laws. 1748 
argued for a balanced 

1896
01:38:13,100 --> 01:38:17,200
Constitution, like Britain's 
with powers separated among King

1897
01:38:17,200 --> 01:38:20,800
Parliament, and quartz a 
moderate Vision to prevent 

1898
01:38:20,800 --> 01:38:25,000
despotism. 
Rousseau social contract 1762, 

1899
01:38:25,000 --> 01:38:29,400
dismissed montesquieu's model as
two aristocratic instead 

1900
01:38:29,400 --> 01:38:32,900
Rousseau envisioned a republic. 
So egalitarian that in theory 

1901
01:38:32,900 --> 01:38:37,700
everyone would obey laws they 
themselves willed Voltaire found

1902
01:38:37,700 --> 01:38:40,500
Rousseau's political ideas, as 
impractical as his primitivism 

1903
01:38:40,500 --> 01:38:44,800
equipped that Rousseau's ideal 
Republic was a city of ghosts. 

1904
01:38:44,800 --> 01:38:48,800
And indeed Rousseau's notion 
that citizens be forced to be 

1905
01:38:48,808 --> 01:38:50,500
free. 
If they violate the general 

1906
01:38:50,500 --> 01:38:53,500
will, the trouble critics for 
its potential for tyranny. 

1907
01:38:54,200 --> 01:38:56,500
Yet these quarrels were not 
destructive in the long run 

1908
01:38:56,500 --> 01:38:59,500
rather, they enriched the 
enlightenment's Legacy by 

1909
01:38:59,500 --> 01:39:02,500
presenting contrasting ideas. 
That later generations could 

1910
01:39:02,500 --> 01:39:05,200
draw upon In the salons and 
imprint. 

1911
01:39:05,200 --> 01:39:08,200
I have a philosophy might 
Lampoon each other, but they 

1912
01:39:08,200 --> 01:39:11,700
also all contributed to the into
a broader movement questioning 

1913
01:39:11,700 --> 01:39:16,000
the status quo, Occasionally the
debate's got personal and nasty 

1914
01:39:16,000 --> 01:39:19,000
pamphlets full of character 
assassination of about. 

1915
01:39:19,800 --> 01:39:23,100
Voltaire was a master of The 
Artful insult When A pompous 

1916
01:39:23,100 --> 01:39:26,900
critic. 
The Abbey death on 1088 by 

1917
01:39:26,900 --> 01:39:29,400
portraying death ones as a 
criminal and a full in a biting 

1918
01:39:29,400 --> 01:39:31,700
satire. 
Effectively, destroying the 

1919
01:39:31,700 --> 01:39:35,800
man's reputation Russo to last 
out in his late years. 

1920
01:39:36,900 --> 01:39:39,200
He wrote with ring letters 
accusing former friends of 

1921
01:39:39,200 --> 01:39:41,800
treachery. 
Still, these human dramas had 

1922
01:39:41,800 --> 01:39:45,500
larger consequences, the sharp 
exchanges clarified differences.

1923
01:39:45,500 --> 01:39:47,800
And thought, what was the best 
form of government? 

1924
01:39:47,800 --> 01:39:51,400
The true foundation of morality 
what is the role of religion? 

1925
01:39:52,600 --> 01:39:55,700
Through argument the philosophy,
refined their positions by the 

1926
01:39:55,700 --> 01:39:57,900
70s. 
The new generation was emerging 

1927
01:39:57,900 --> 01:40:01,100
too figures. 
Like Condor SE a mathematician 

1928
01:40:01,100 --> 01:40:04,200
and protege of Delon bare 
admired, both Voltaire and 

1929
01:40:04,200 --> 01:40:06,800
Rousseau trying to synthesize 
Enlightenment ideals with 

1930
01:40:06,800 --> 01:40:10,400
practical reforms, condos at 
would advocate for the abolition

1931
01:40:10,400 --> 01:40:13,400
of slavery and women's rights. 
Pushing the enlightenment 

1932
01:40:13,400 --> 01:40:16,400
egalitarian logic further than 
his predecessors dared. 

1933
01:40:16,400 --> 01:40:20,000
Meanwhile, the Rifts among the 
older philosophers Prestige 

1934
01:40:20,000 --> 01:40:23,300
splits in the coming Revolution 
aristocratic liberals versus 

1935
01:40:23,300 --> 01:40:26,900
radical Democrats. 
Deists vs atheists and 

1936
01:40:26,900 --> 01:40:30,600
pragmatists vs idealists. 
The enlightenment was not one 

1937
01:40:30,600 --> 01:40:33,900
son, but a constellation with 
Voltaire and Rousseau as two 

1938
01:40:33,900 --> 01:40:35,900
Bright Stars often in Eclipse of
each other. 

1939
01:40:36,700 --> 01:40:39,400
Their clashes bitter. 
Though they were gave the era 

1940
01:40:39,400 --> 01:40:42,600
much of its dynamism. 
The salon gossip about Voltaire 

1941
01:40:42,600 --> 01:40:44,900
versus Rousseau was the talk of 
intellectual Europe. 

1942
01:40:44,900 --> 01:40:48,100
Interestingly, when both 
Rousseau and Voltaire passed 

1943
01:40:48,100 --> 01:40:52,300
away in 1778, they received 
brief eulogies as if they had 

1944
01:40:52,300 --> 01:40:55,800
been complimentary Heroes. 
Within a few years, the French 

1945
01:40:55,800 --> 01:40:59,400
Revolution would enshrine them 
by entering both their ashes in 

1946
01:40:59,400 --> 01:41:04,000
the pantie, on in Paris Voltaire
and 1791 Rousseau in 94. 

1947
01:41:04,000 --> 01:41:07,200
Symbolically reconciling the two
in the Republic of posterity. 

1948
01:41:08,300 --> 01:41:09,900
France. 
It turned out would need both 

1949
01:41:09,900 --> 01:41:12,600
voltaire's razor wit and 
Rousseau's passionate Cry For 

1950
01:41:12,600 --> 01:41:14,300
Freedom as it hurtled toward a 
new age. 

1951
01:41:14,300 --> 01:41:17,300
The Palace of Versailles 
Courtyard was packed on a sunny 

1952
01:41:17,308 --> 01:41:21,600
September afternoon in 1783 with
eyes fixed on the sky. 

1953
01:41:22,300 --> 01:41:25,100
To provincial Brothers, the 
montgolfier brothers were ready 

1954
01:41:25,100 --> 01:41:27,600
to attempt the first hot air 
balloon flight by the living 

1955
01:41:27,600 --> 01:41:31,000
creatures in front of King 
Louis, the 16th and queen Marie 

1956
01:41:31,000 --> 01:41:33,900
Antoinette. 
Sheep duck and rooster were 

1957
01:41:33,900 --> 01:41:36,400
placed into a wicker basket 
under a tougher to balloon at 

1958
01:41:36,400 --> 01:41:39,300
the sound of a cannon. 
The second cannon fire announced

1959
01:41:39,300 --> 01:41:42,500
release. 
As the balloon gracefully climb,

1960
01:41:42,500 --> 01:41:45,000
600 meters. 10s of thousands of 
people. 

1961
01:41:45,000 --> 01:41:48,500
Gasped it carried its Barnyard, 
aeronauts through the heavens 

1962
01:41:48,500 --> 01:41:52,400
for 8 minutes, Royal biologists 
quickly, examine the animals 

1963
01:41:52,400 --> 01:41:56,400
which were alive and eating hay 
after it softly landed, a few 

1964
01:41:56,400 --> 01:42:00,100
kilometers away, the audience, 
applauded, the King was thrilled

1965
01:42:00,100 --> 01:42:03,500
or be at the inventors. 
Deftly avoided his suggestion to

1966
01:42:03,500 --> 01:42:07,000
use convicted felons as test 
passengers more than Amusement, 

1967
01:42:07,000 --> 01:42:10,200
this balloon flight symbolized. 
The enlightenment's faith in 

1968
01:42:10,208 --> 01:42:15,200
science and reason to expand the
conceivable that moment even the

1969
01:42:15,200 --> 01:42:18,600
ancient dream of flight seem 
possible Ingenuity and 

1970
01:42:18,600 --> 01:42:21,500
experimentation had turned 
imagination into reality before 

1971
01:42:21,500 --> 01:42:25,000
the French public French 
Enlightenment science, provided 

1972
01:42:25,000 --> 01:42:27,900
daily life and great politics 
Cervantes. 

1973
01:42:27,900 --> 01:42:30,800
Leonard men and a few women who 
passionately studied. 

1974
01:42:30,800 --> 01:42:35,400
Nature Rose in the 18th century.
They studied chemistry anatomy, 

1975
01:42:35,400 --> 01:42:38,900
botany astronomy, and electrical
importantly, they sought 

1976
01:42:38,900 --> 01:42:42,400
practical social reforms. 
The former Royal Academy of 

1977
01:42:42,400 --> 01:42:46,200
Sciences in Paris was full of 
experiments and one of waza-air,

1978
01:42:46,200 --> 01:42:48,600
a rich Parisian tax. 
Officer who loved chemistry 

1979
01:42:48,600 --> 01:42:52,600
discovered Oxygen's role in 
combustion and established the 

1980
01:42:52,600 --> 01:42:56,900
idea of mass conservation. 
Lavoisier and his wife Marie who

1981
01:42:56,900 --> 01:43:00,200
illustrated and took notes 
measured gases and metals with 

1982
01:43:00,200 --> 01:43:03,700
astonishing Precision in their 
home laboratory, he proved that 

1983
01:43:03,700 --> 01:43:07,200
rusting metal games wait by 
mixing with Airborne oxygen 

1984
01:43:07,200 --> 01:43:11,600
disproving the florist in idea. 
Such work paved the way for 

1985
01:43:11,600 --> 01:43:15,800
Modern Chemistry was a 
systematic, empirical and 

1986
01:43:15,800 --> 01:43:18,400
lightning of who felt knowledge 
should Advance Humanity. 

1987
01:43:19,300 --> 01:43:22,100
Outside the lab, he improved 
France's gunpowder industry, 

1988
01:43:22,100 --> 01:43:25,100
helping the military and 
agricultural research to boost 

1989
01:43:25,100 --> 01:43:27,700
yields. 
Science historically clashed 

1990
01:43:27,700 --> 01:43:30,900
with religious theology, but by 
mid-century many clergy were 

1991
01:43:30,900 --> 01:43:34,400
fascinated by it. 
After the Galileo, Centrio 

1992
01:43:34,400 --> 01:43:35,800
earlier, the church was 
cautious. 

1993
01:43:35,800 --> 01:43:39,500
Jesuit instructors in France, 
are just a Cartesian and 

1994
01:43:39,500 --> 01:43:42,700
Newtonian principles. 
Still tensions. 

1995
01:43:42,700 --> 01:43:47,100
Grew in the 1770s, the Compton 
Buffon, the king's naturalist 

1996
01:43:47,100 --> 01:43:50,700
proposed that the world may be 
far older than the Bible, 6,000 

1997
01:43:50,700 --> 01:43:54,200
years, paris's, faculty of 
theology forced him, to include 

1998
01:43:54,200 --> 01:43:57,600
a Pious disclaimer in his book, 
Enlightenment science favored, 

1999
01:43:57,600 --> 01:44:01,100
natural explanations above 
magical ones, contrary to 

2000
01:44:01,100 --> 01:44:04,100
traditional beliefs. 
Many devout Christians or 

2001
01:44:04,100 --> 01:44:07,800
scientific findings, as proof of
God's laws medicine and public 

2002
01:44:07,800 --> 01:44:10,000
health were where science and 
belief intersected. 

2003
01:44:10,000 --> 01:44:14,100
Most the introduction of 
smallpox inoculation a 

2004
01:44:14,100 --> 01:44:17,700
predecessor to vaccination was 
noteworthy, Millions including 

2005
01:44:17,700 --> 01:44:20,500
royalty, Bindu, aesthetic, or 
scarred, by smallpox. 

2006
01:44:21,600 --> 01:44:25,200
After Louis, the 15th died, 
brutally of smallpox in 1774. 

2007
01:44:25,200 --> 01:44:29,600
The new King Louis, the 16th 
decided to undergo inoculation a

2008
01:44:29,600 --> 01:44:33,300
risky purposeful infection to 
bestow immunity Marie, 

2009
01:44:33,300 --> 01:44:35,800
Antoinette supported it Parisian
Miller's. 

2010
01:44:35,800 --> 01:44:39,700
Produced, the poof Elinor, a 
hairdo with symbols of medicine 

2011
01:44:39,700 --> 01:44:43,100
and Victory. 
Serpent in twined Rod Rising Sun

2012
01:44:43,100 --> 01:44:46,400
for the king and an olive branch
for piece to commemorate, the 

2013
01:44:46,400 --> 01:44:50,400
Royal innoculation success. 
Fashion and science were linked.

2014
01:44:50,400 --> 01:44:54,100
The poof made inoculation look 
cool and calm public worries. 

2015
01:44:54,900 --> 01:44:57,400
After the monarchy is 
high-profile sponsorship, what 

2016
01:44:57,400 --> 01:45:00,700
many considered a dubious 
possibly impose activity, 

2017
01:45:00,700 --> 01:45:04,200
deliberately infecting, someone 
gained legitimacy? 

2018
01:45:05,200 --> 01:45:09,000
It was the moment when empirical
knowledge inoculation success in

2019
01:45:09,000 --> 01:45:13,200
England and the Ottoman Empire 
Triumph Superstition, people's 

2020
01:45:13,200 --> 01:45:15,900
veins were filled with an 
Enlightenment Notions, 

2021
01:45:15,900 --> 01:45:19,300
Enlightenment, science 
influenced, common devices, and 

2022
01:45:19,300 --> 01:45:22,100
advances, the elite enjoyed 
mechanical and scientific 

2023
01:45:22,100 --> 01:45:25,000
exhibitions. 
Salons had the electrical 

2024
01:45:25,000 --> 01:45:28,500
machines with spinning glass 
globes that generated static 

2025
01:45:28,500 --> 01:45:31,400
electricity sparking and raising
arm hair. 

2026
01:45:32,300 --> 01:45:35,100
These machines were novelty, but
important research tools. 

2027
01:45:36,000 --> 01:45:38,200
When American scientist, 
Benjamin Franklin showed 

2028
01:45:38,200 --> 01:45:40,700
lightning was electrical by 
harnessing it with a kite 

2029
01:45:40,700 --> 01:45:44,500
Europe, was enthralled, France, 
copied, the experiment. 

2030
01:45:44,500 --> 01:45:48,100
Franklyn was a star in Paris as 
a revolutionary Diplomat and 

2031
01:45:48,100 --> 01:45:50,900
scientists in his lightning rod 
creation, was praised as a 

2032
01:45:50,900 --> 01:45:55,300
reason to fence against nature. 
By the 1780s even churches were 

2033
01:45:55,300 --> 01:45:58,200
putting lightning rods. 
Possibly recognizing that saving

2034
01:45:58,200 --> 01:45:59,900
a steeple from blowing up, was 
worth it. 

2035
01:46:00,800 --> 01:46:03,300
Some churchmen first, opposed 
them believe in that it was 

2036
01:46:03,300 --> 01:46:05,600
Blasphemous to meddle with the 
artillery of heaven. 

2037
01:46:05,600 --> 01:46:09,200
So science quietly challenged. 
The idea that disasters were 

2038
01:46:09,200 --> 01:46:11,300
divine will by treating them as 
mechanical issues. 

2039
01:46:11,300 --> 01:46:14,500
No subject was too obscure for 
the philosophers to probe 

2040
01:46:14,500 --> 01:46:17,400
Enlightenment thinkers. 
Compared doctors discussions 

2041
01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:20,400
about the hearts to a state's 
circulation of Commerce 

2042
01:46:20,400 --> 01:46:23,700
philosophy considered 
classifying human civilizations 

2043
01:46:23,700 --> 01:46:27,500
like naturalist did species. 
The encyclopedia includes many 

2044
01:46:27,500 --> 01:46:30,800
scientific articles and images 
from anatomical, diagrams to 

2045
01:46:30,800 --> 01:46:33,800
Windmill Improvement designs 
aiming to gather and disseminate

2046
01:46:33,800 --> 01:46:36,900
Essential Knowledge. 
To catalog and communicate. 

2047
01:46:36,900 --> 01:46:40,800
Practical information was an 
Enlightenment ideal knowledge, 

2048
01:46:40,800 --> 01:46:43,900
should not be hidden or Guild 
bound, but shared for the common

2049
01:46:43,900 --> 01:46:46,800
good. 
Dido published on Metallurgy 

2050
01:46:46,800 --> 01:46:50,000
music theory and other subjects 
because he believed nature and 

2051
01:46:50,000 --> 01:46:52,400
art might liberate minds and 
enhance life. 

2052
01:46:52,400 --> 01:46:56,100
During this era, the state often
linked scientific development to

2053
01:46:56,100 --> 01:47:00,700
its goals, fostering a culture 
of enlightened absolutism Louis 

2054
01:47:00,700 --> 01:47:03,500
the 16th and his ministers 
wanted to use science to improve

2055
01:47:03,500 --> 01:47:07,800
armaments, maps and agriculture 
in the 1760s. 

2056
01:47:08,600 --> 01:47:11,800
The French government supported 
the enormous Meridian voyages to

2057
01:47:11,800 --> 01:47:14,600
estimate the Earth's form, 
reflecting and Enlightenment 

2058
01:47:14,600 --> 01:47:18,500
curiosity and State pride. 
The Academy of Sciences 

2059
01:47:18,500 --> 01:47:21,800
researched ways to enhance 
navigation, and chronometers, 

2060
01:47:21,800 --> 01:47:25,200
and gave prizes for practical 
answers, nutritionists like 

2061
01:47:25,200 --> 01:47:28,700
polmanteer staged meals 
featuring potato dishes to 

2062
01:47:28,700 --> 01:47:31,400
convince aristocracy, it could 
prevent starvation. 

2063
01:47:32,500 --> 01:47:35,500
To promote potatoes. 
Polmanteer had a field guarded 

2064
01:47:35,500 --> 01:47:37,800
by troops, but let peasants 
steal from it at night. 

2065
01:47:38,600 --> 01:47:41,000
In urban living, the 
enlightenment provided new 

2066
01:47:41,000 --> 01:47:44,500
conveniences, paris's nightly 
Street illumination improved 

2067
01:47:44,500 --> 01:47:48,300
bringing Enlightenment, public 
places like the Jardin Dua. 

2068
01:47:48,300 --> 01:47:51,900
Now, Jada plant, offered 
Botanical Gardens and a small 

2069
01:47:51,908 --> 01:47:54,600
Zoo representing. 
The era's Natural Science, 

2070
01:47:54,600 --> 01:47:57,500
curriculum traveling lecturers 
demonstrated physics 

2071
01:47:57,500 --> 01:48:01,300
experiments, such as how an air 
pump, could smother a bird in a 

2072
01:48:01,300 --> 01:48:04,400
vacuum jar, ugly. 
But a dramatic lesson in air. 

2073
01:48:05,400 --> 01:48:08,300
Crowds watched these shows 
blurred the lines between 

2074
01:48:08,300 --> 01:48:12,300
education and spectacle. 
Science was trendy by the 1780s 

2075
01:48:12,300 --> 01:48:16,000
and clubs mend debated, the 
ideas of Newton and Descartes, 

2076
01:48:16,000 --> 01:48:19,600
while aristocratic women will 
small lightning rods as jewelry.

2077
01:48:20,400 --> 01:48:23,100
The Revolutionary idea of 
rationality, evaluating and 

2078
01:48:23,100 --> 01:48:26,300
Engineering Society, also Drew 
inspiration from science. 

2079
01:48:27,200 --> 01:48:30,200
The scientists sought natural 
rules, philosophers sought 

2080
01:48:30,200 --> 01:48:33,300
social laws. 
Scientists skill in describing 

2081
01:48:33,300 --> 01:48:35,800
the world, encourage them to 
question whether social 

2082
01:48:35,800 --> 01:48:39,000
structures like the monarchy 
church and feudal. 

2083
01:48:39,000 --> 01:48:41,200
Privileges were logical or 
historical accidents. 

2084
01:48:41,200 --> 01:48:45,200
Why not redesign a kingdom. 
If a balloon could fly science, 

2085
01:48:45,200 --> 01:48:48,700
wasn't politically neutral. 
Some Enlightenment servants face

2086
01:48:48,700 --> 01:48:52,000
persecution and challenges, 
revolutionaries denounced 

2087
01:48:52,000 --> 01:48:55,700
Lavoisier for being a tax 
collector in 1794 despite his 

2088
01:48:55,700 --> 01:48:57,400
gunpowder and chemistry 
advances. 

2089
01:48:58,200 --> 01:49:01,200
Despite his scientific 
credentials Lavoisier faced 

2090
01:49:01,200 --> 01:49:03,600
execution, when the public 
turned against experts with 

2091
01:49:03,600 --> 01:49:06,900
links to the ancient regime, the
Republic has no need of 

2092
01:49:06,908 --> 01:49:09,100
scientists. 
The judge allegedly declared 

2093
01:49:09,100 --> 01:49:13,200
rejecting, Mercy requests, The 
new Administration returned 

2094
01:49:13,200 --> 01:49:16,600
lavoisier's things to his widow 
with a note to the Widow of Love

2095
01:49:16,600 --> 01:49:19,500
waza-air who was falsely 
convicted a year after his 

2096
01:49:19,500 --> 01:49:22,200
execution acknowledging, his 
innocence and genius 

2097
01:49:22,200 --> 01:49:26,400
mathematician LaGrange more and 
it took them only an instant to 

2098
01:49:26,400 --> 01:49:29,400
cut off that head and 100 years 
may not suffice to produce 

2099
01:49:29,400 --> 01:49:32,700
another like it. 
The convergence of Enlightenment

2100
01:49:32,700 --> 01:49:35,100
science and revolutionary 
politics was fragile. 

2101
01:49:35,900 --> 01:49:38,900
Science permitted, Salon State 
policies and Street culture in 

2102
01:49:38,900 --> 01:49:42,300
Enlightenment France, it offered
control over nature and 

2103
01:49:42,300 --> 01:49:45,900
reflected Society. 
People cooked healed traveled, 

2104
01:49:45,900 --> 01:49:49,400
and illuminated their home's 
differently in influenced their 

2105
01:49:49,400 --> 01:49:51,700
Thinking, by encouraging them to
believe that empirical 

2106
01:49:51,700 --> 01:49:54,500
observation and reason could 
explain and improve the natural 

2107
01:49:54,500 --> 01:49:57,500
and human world. 
They would put this optimism to 

2108
01:49:57,500 --> 01:49:59,600
the test, but it held 
significant power. 

2109
01:50:00,300 --> 01:50:04,000
The montgolfier balloon soaring 
to Cheers of the sighed. 

2110
01:50:04,000 --> 01:50:09,500
How knowledge May lift Humanity.
Once a place of gods and mystery

2111
01:50:09,500 --> 01:50:13,000
the sky today hosted, human 
achievement everything appeared 

2112
01:50:13,000 --> 01:50:16,500
possible currently and a social.
And political revolution was 

2113
01:50:16,500 --> 01:50:19,800
about to happen spurred in part 
by Enlightenment Sciences 

2114
01:50:19,800 --> 01:50:23,200
confidence, and inquisitive 
attitude to lose experience to 

2115
01:50:23,200 --> 01:50:25,000
horrible scene. 
That exemplified the 

2116
01:50:25,000 --> 01:50:29,300
enlightenment's fight against 
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 

2117
01:50:29,300 --> 01:50:32,200
wheel punishment, sentenced 
Protestant Merchant, Jean 

2118
01:50:32,200 --> 01:50:34,700
cholesterol, death, for the 
murder of his son, who was 

2119
01:50:34,700 --> 01:50:36,300
reportedly converting to 
Catholicism. 

2120
01:50:38,000 --> 01:50:41,100
Calus claimed in a sense, but 
anti-protestant, sentiment 

2121
01:50:41,100 --> 01:50:44,400
decided his fate, he suffered, 
and maintained his innocence 

2122
01:50:44,400 --> 01:50:47,200
until death. 
Volta learned about this 

2123
01:50:47,200 --> 01:50:50,700
Injustice at his Fernie house. 
The famous philosopher was 

2124
01:50:50,700 --> 01:50:53,300
outraged. 
I believe it's in, everyone's 

2125
01:50:53,300 --> 01:50:56,100
interest to study this topic, 
which some may consider the 

2126
01:50:56,100 --> 01:51:00,200
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 
wrote to ignore such a thing as 

2127
01:51:00,200 --> 01:51:03,700
to abandon Humanity. 
Voltaire pursued, classes 

2128
01:51:03,700 --> 01:51:06,400
Vindication and the diligent 
judges prosecution. 

2129
01:51:06,400 --> 01:51:09,100
He wrote to powerful people, 
authored a Treasures on 

2130
01:51:09,100 --> 01:51:13,200
tolerance 1763 and stirred 
popular support for Religious 

2131
01:51:13,200 --> 01:51:15,800
Freedom. 
After years of struggle 

2132
01:51:15,800 --> 01:51:20,400
Voltaire, succeeded in 1765, the
king's Council in Paris, 

2133
01:51:20,400 --> 01:51:23,300
overturned, calluses sentence 
and exonerated. 

2134
01:51:23,300 --> 01:51:27,300
Him posthumously this victory of
Reason, over bias was applauded 

2135
01:51:27,300 --> 01:51:29,100
by Europe and the age of 
Voltaire. 

2136
01:51:29,500 --> 01:51:32,600
The Colossal proved that the 
monarchs could be swayed to 

2137
01:51:32,600 --> 01:51:35,300
right or wrong advancing 
Enlightenment religious 

2138
01:51:35,300 --> 01:51:39,600
tolerance and legislative change
voltaire's Echols Lane fam, 

2139
01:51:39,600 --> 01:51:42,800
crushed, the infamous thing 
inspired the philosophers 

2140
01:51:42,800 --> 01:51:46,100
legitimate, Victory Superstition
and Priests misuse of authority 

2141
01:51:46,100 --> 01:51:48,700
who his concerns not religion 
itself. 

2142
01:51:49,600 --> 01:51:53,900
Numerous examples in Rage. 
The philosophy 1766, saw the 

2143
01:51:53,908 --> 01:51:56,100
execution of 19 year old 
Aristocrat. 

2144
01:51:56,100 --> 01:52:00,400
Chevrolet for not removing his 
hat during a religious 

2145
01:52:00,400 --> 01:52:03,900
procession and defacing a 
crucifix, the authorities. 

2146
01:52:03,900 --> 01:52:06,600
Fastened voltaire's 
philosophical dictionary to 

2147
01:52:06,600 --> 01:52:08,800
labar's, Burning. 
Body blaming Enlightenment 

2148
01:52:08,800 --> 01:52:10,600
principles for teenage 
irreverence. 

2149
01:52:11,500 --> 01:52:15,600
Voltaire outraged at Le bars 
execution, wrote harshly about 

2150
01:52:15,600 --> 01:52:19,300
the cruelty and stupidity of it.
These events led philosophies to

2151
01:52:19,300 --> 01:52:22,400
strengthen their attacks on the 
Catholic church and the absolute

2152
01:52:22,400 --> 01:52:26,500
monarchy with its nobility as a 
presses in lightning ideas, held

2153
01:52:26,500 --> 01:52:29,600
the monarchy and religion 
accountable to reason justice 

2154
01:52:29,600 --> 01:52:34,100
and human rights. 
In the 70s old regime criticism 

2155
01:52:34,100 --> 01:52:37,100
previously, nuanced and 
typically articulated through 

2156
01:52:37,100 --> 01:52:39,800
satire or foreign Tales became 
bolder. 

2157
01:52:40,600 --> 01:52:43,800
Montesquieu questioned, absolute
monarchy by praising England's 

2158
01:52:43,800 --> 01:52:47,100
equilibrium. 
Some went further Russo's social

2159
01:52:47,100 --> 01:52:50,800
contracts 1762 opens with the 
Bold claim. 

2160
01:52:50,800 --> 01:52:55,900
Man is Born Free and everywhere 
he is in Chains attacking Royal 

2161
01:52:55,900 --> 01:52:59,600
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 
believed that sovereignty was 

2162
01:52:59,600 --> 01:53:03,700
with the people that laws should
represent the public will and 

2163
01:53:03,700 --> 01:53:07,500
that aristocratic titles were 
illogical secret copies of the 

2164
01:53:07,500 --> 01:53:10,400
band and destroyed book 
disseminated its ideas quickly. 

2165
01:53:11,200 --> 01:53:14,700
In later works Dedra focused on 
colonialism and slavery and 

2166
01:53:14,700 --> 01:53:16,700
suggested that a press people 
should rise up. 

2167
01:53:17,400 --> 01:53:20,700
Rain and Dido's, popular history
of the two Indies predicts, a 

2168
01:53:20,700 --> 01:53:23,900
slave Insurrection and the fall 
of European Authority overseas 

2169
01:53:23,900 --> 01:53:29,000
that conversation exploded, the 
French Crown spam's tried to 

2170
01:53:29,008 --> 01:53:32,300
crush it, but they merely pushed
it underground where it became 

2171
01:53:32,300 --> 01:53:34,700
more appealing. 
Not all in lighting month 

2172
01:53:34,700 --> 01:53:37,900
Figures were radicals, many 
favored, enlightened despotism 

2173
01:53:37,900 --> 01:53:41,000
which held at a wise and 
sensible King could reform from 

2174
01:53:41,000 --> 01:53:43,800
Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

2175
01:53:43,800 --> 01:53:45,500
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor. 

2176
01:53:45,500 --> 01:53:48,500
Joseph, the second of Austria, 
for religious toleration of 

2177
01:53:48,500 --> 01:53:51,400
serfdom reform, in 
Enlightenment, influenced, 

2178
01:53:51,400 --> 01:53:53,800
French, ministers, and nobility 
included turgut. 

2179
01:53:53,800 --> 01:53:57,200
Who tried to deregulate grain 
trade and abolish forced labor 

2180
01:53:57,200 --> 01:53:59,800
and the Marketo. 
Condor say who promoted 

2181
01:53:59,800 --> 01:54:02,900
educational and judicial reforms
in aristocratic circles 

2182
01:54:02,900 --> 01:54:08,300
britannica.com britannica.com. 
These men attempted internal 

2183
01:54:08,300 --> 01:54:12,500
system reform in 1780 
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 

2184
01:54:12,500 --> 01:54:14,400
prohibited torture in 
interrogations. 

2185
01:54:14,400 --> 01:54:17,800
Inspired by kesari. 
Becca's in lightning and essay 

2186
01:54:17,800 --> 01:54:21,400
on crime and punishments by 
providing Protestants civil 

2187
01:54:21,400 --> 01:54:24,900
rights in 1787. 
He advocated immunization and 

2188
01:54:24,900 --> 01:54:28,100
religious tolerance. 
The monarchy often fail to face 

2189
01:54:28,100 --> 01:54:31,800
opposition from existing 
interests, Nobles resisted Turks

2190
01:54:31,800 --> 01:54:35,100
reforms, dismissing him, the 
church leadership, actively. 

2191
01:54:35,100 --> 01:54:38,400
Opposed privileged reduction. 
The French Catholic Church was a

2192
01:54:38,400 --> 01:54:41,500
key and light to Target. 
The church had long ruled 

2193
01:54:41,500 --> 01:54:44,400
education literature and 
dissenters were dements, great 

2194
01:54:44,400 --> 01:54:48,600
riches philosopher, mostly 
deists or agnostics, denounce 

2195
01:54:48,600 --> 01:54:52,000
Church persecution. 
Voltaire proposed intolerance 

2196
01:54:52,000 --> 01:54:54,600
like the calus Scandal to Humble
the church. 

2197
01:54:55,600 --> 01:54:59,300
Candide, his satirical tale 
attacked religious hypocrisy and

2198
01:54:59,300 --> 01:55:01,700
other flaws. 
In cannibals. 

2199
01:55:01,700 --> 01:55:05,600
D'idro subtly mocked European 
religious communion by comparing

2200
01:55:05,600 --> 01:55:08,400
Pacific Islander Customs to 
European religious communion. 

2201
01:55:09,200 --> 01:55:11,600
Barren holbach system of nature 
atheism. 

2202
01:55:11,600 --> 01:55:14,500
Depicts priests, as deceptive 
characters, who use hell to 

2203
01:55:14,508 --> 01:55:17,100
subjugate people. 
The words were provocative 

2204
01:55:17,100 --> 01:55:19,700
Toulouse. 
Experience to horrible scene. 

2205
01:55:19,700 --> 01:55:21,800
That exemplified the 
enlightenment's fight against 

2206
01:55:21,800 --> 01:55:26,500
Injustice in 1762, the cruel 
wheel punishment, sentenced 

2207
01:55:26,500 --> 01:55:28,700
Protestant Merchant, Jean 
cholesterol, death, for the 

2208
01:55:28,708 --> 01:55:31,500
murder of his son, who was 
reportedly converting to 

2209
01:55:31,500 --> 01:55:35,300
Catholicism. 
Calus claimed in a sense, but 

2210
01:55:35,300 --> 01:55:38,800
anti-protestant, sentiment 
decided his fate, he suffered, 

2211
01:55:38,800 --> 01:55:40,800
and maintained his innocence 
until death. 

2212
01:55:41,700 --> 01:55:44,200
Volta learned about this 
Injustice at his Fernie house. 

2213
01:55:45,100 --> 01:55:47,100
The famous philosopher was 
outraged. 

2214
01:55:47,800 --> 01:55:50,100
I believe it's in, everyone's 
interest to study this topic, 

2215
01:55:50,100 --> 01:55:53,900
which some may consider the 
apogee of fanaticism Voltaire 

2216
01:55:53,900 --> 01:55:56,900
wrote to ignore such a thing as 
to abandon Humanity. 

2217
01:55:57,800 --> 01:56:01,000
Voltaire pursued, classes 
Vindication and the diligent 

2218
01:56:01,000 --> 01:56:03,500
judges prosecution. 
He wrote to powerful people, 

2219
01:56:03,500 --> 01:56:07,600
authored a Treasures on 
tolerance 1763 and stirred 

2220
01:56:07,600 --> 01:56:09,100
popular support for Religious 
Freedom. 

2221
01:56:10,100 --> 01:56:12,500
After years of struggle 
Voltaire, succeeded. 

2222
01:56:13,200 --> 01:56:16,000
In 1765. 
The king's Council in Paris, 

2223
01:56:16,000 --> 01:56:18,900
overturned, calluses sentence 
and exonerated. 

2224
01:56:18,900 --> 01:56:22,900
Him posthumously this victory of
Reason over bias was applauded 

2225
01:56:22,900 --> 01:56:24,700
by Europe and the age of 
Voltaire. 

2226
01:56:25,100 --> 01:56:28,200
The kalash Scandal proved that 
the monarchs could be swayed to 

2227
01:56:28,200 --> 01:56:31,000
right or wrong advancing 
Enlightenment religious 

2228
01:56:31,000 --> 01:56:34,600
tolerance and legislative change
voltaire's ecclissi. 

2229
01:56:34,600 --> 01:56:38,300
Lane fam, crushed the infamous 
thing inspired the philosophy 

2230
01:56:38,300 --> 01:56:41,800
Superstition. 
And Priests misuse of authority 

2231
01:56:41,800 --> 01:56:44,300
who his concerns not religion 
itself. 

2232
01:56:45,200 --> 01:56:49,500
Numerous examples in Rage. 
The philosophy 1766, saw the 

2233
01:56:49,508 --> 01:56:53,800
execution of 19 year old 
Aristocrat Chevelle for Empire 

2234
01:56:53,800 --> 01:56:56,400
party for not removing his hat 
during a religious procession 

2235
01:56:56,400 --> 01:57:00,000
and defacing a crucifix. 
The Authority's fastened 

2236
01:57:00,000 --> 01:57:03,000
voltaire's philosophical 
dictionary to labar's Burning 

2237
01:57:03,000 --> 01:57:05,700
Body blaming, and lightning and 
principles for teenager 

2238
01:57:05,700 --> 01:57:09,500
reverends. 
Voltaire outraged at labas 

2239
01:57:09,500 --> 01:57:12,800
execution wrote harshly about 
the cruelty and stupidity of it.

2240
01:57:12,800 --> 01:57:16,300
These events led philosophies to
strengthen their attacks on the 

2241
01:57:16,300 --> 01:57:19,700
Catholic church and the absolute
monarchy with its nobility as a 

2242
01:57:19,700 --> 01:57:23,100
presses in lightning ideas held 
the monarchy and religion 

2243
01:57:23,100 --> 01:57:26,300
accountable to reason justice 
and human rights. 

2244
01:57:27,400 --> 01:57:31,600
In the 70s old regime criticism 
previously, nuanced and 

2245
01:57:31,600 --> 01:57:34,800
typically articulated through 
satire or foreign Tales became 

2246
01:57:34,800 --> 01:57:38,000
bolder. 
Montesquieu questioned, absolute

2247
01:57:38,000 --> 01:57:40,000
monarchy by praising England's 
equilibrium. 

2248
01:57:40,000 --> 01:57:45,300
Some went further, Russo's, 
social contracts 1762 opens with

2249
01:57:45,300 --> 01:57:49,100
the Bold claim. 
Man is Born Free and everywhere.

2250
01:57:49,100 --> 01:57:53,900
He is in Chains attacking Royal 
and Noble, privileges Rousseau 

2251
01:57:53,900 --> 01:57:57,300
believed that sovereignty was 
with the people that laws should

2252
01:57:57,300 --> 01:58:00,800
represent the public will and 
that aristocratic titles were 

2253
01:58:00,800 --> 01:58:04,200
illogical secret copies of the 
band and destroyed book 

2254
01:58:04,200 --> 01:58:08,500
disseminated its ideas quickly. 
In later works Dedra focused on 

2255
01:58:08,500 --> 01:58:11,600
colonialism and slavery and 
suggested that a press people 

2256
01:58:11,600 --> 01:58:14,900
should rise up. 
Reynolds did popular history of 

2257
01:58:14,900 --> 01:58:18,000
the two Indies predicts a slave 
Insurrection and the fall of 

2258
01:58:18,000 --> 01:58:22,500
European Authority overseas, 
that conversation exploded, the 

2259
01:58:22,500 --> 01:58:24,900
French Crown. 
Spam does sensors tried to crush

2260
01:58:24,900 --> 01:58:28,100
it, but they merely pushed it 
underground where it became more

2261
01:58:28,100 --> 01:58:30,200
appealing. 
Not all in lighting month 

2262
01:58:30,200 --> 01:58:33,400
Figures were radicals, many 
favored, enlightened despotism 

2263
01:58:33,400 --> 01:58:36,600
which held at a wise and 
sensible King could reform from 

2264
01:58:36,600 --> 01:58:39,400
Power. 
Voltaire courted, Frederick, the

2265
01:58:39,400 --> 01:58:41,100
great of Prussia and praised 
Emperor. 

2266
01:58:41,100 --> 01:58:44,300
Joseph, the second of Austria, 
for religious toleration and 

2267
01:58:44,300 --> 01:58:47,700
serfdom reform in alignment, 
influenced French, ministers, 

2268
01:58:47,700 --> 01:58:51,100
and nobility included turgut. 
Who tried to deregulate grain 

2269
01:58:51,100 --> 01:58:53,900
trade and abolish forced labor 
and the Marketo. 

2270
01:58:53,900 --> 01:58:57,200
Condor say who promoted 
educational and judicial reforms

2271
01:58:57,200 --> 01:59:01,100
in aristocratic circles 
britannica.com britannica.com. 

2272
01:59:02,400 --> 01:59:06,300
These men attempted internal 
system reform in 1780 

2273
01:59:06,300 --> 01:59:09,100
mild-mannered, Louis the 16th 
prohibited torture in 

2274
01:59:09,100 --> 01:59:12,900
interrogations inspired by 
kesari beccaria's, Enlightenment

2275
01:59:12,900 --> 01:59:16,900
essay, on crimes and punishments
by providing Protestant civil 

2276
01:59:16,900 --> 01:59:20,800
rights in 1787, he advocated 
immunization and religious 

2277
01:59:20,800 --> 01:59:23,700
tolerance. 
The monarchy often fail to face 

2278
01:59:23,700 --> 01:59:27,500
opposition from existing 
interests, Nobles resisted Turks

2279
01:59:27,500 --> 01:59:30,700
reforms, dismissing him, the 
church leadership, actively 

2280
01:59:30,700 --> 01:59:34,400
opposed privileged reduction. 
French Catholic Church was a key

2281
01:59:34,400 --> 01:59:37,100
Enlightenment Target. 
The church had long ruled. 

2282
01:59:37,100 --> 01:59:39,700
Education literature and 
dissenters were to immense, 

2283
01:59:39,700 --> 01:59:44,200
great riches philosopher, mostly
Deus or agnostics, denounce 

2284
01:59:44,200 --> 01:59:47,500
Church persecution. 
Voltaire proposed intolerance 

2285
01:59:47,500 --> 01:59:50,100
like the calus Scandal to Humble
the church. 

2286
01:59:51,100 --> 01:59:54,900
Candide, his satirical tale 
attacked religious hypocrisy and

2287
01:59:54,900 --> 01:59:57,300
other flaws. 
In cannibals. 

2288
01:59:57,300 --> 02:00:01,200
D'idro subtly mocked European 
religious communion by comparing

2289
02:00:01,200 --> 02:00:04,100
Pacific Islander Customs to 
European religious communion. 

2290
02:00:04,900 --> 02:00:07,200
Barron holback system of nature 
atheism. 

2291
02:00:07,200 --> 02:00:10,100
Depicts priests, as deceptive 
characters, who use hell to 

2292
02:00:10,100 --> 02:00:13,300
subjugate people. 
The words were provocative, the 

2293
02:00:13,300 --> 02:00:17,900
mathematician philosopher and 
liberal nobleman Marquee de 

2294
02:00:17,900 --> 02:00:21,000
Condor, say died in a dismal 
Bulgarian, jail cell in August 

2295
02:00:21,000 --> 02:00:24,100
of 1794. 
He fled from the extremists 

2296
02:00:24,100 --> 02:00:27,400
jacket regime that called him a 
traitor condori, who championed 

2297
02:00:27,400 --> 02:00:30,400
human rights slavery. 
Abolition, and women's suffrage 

2298
02:00:30,400 --> 02:00:34,300
almost alone among his peers, 
was now a victim of the 

2299
02:00:34,300 --> 02:00:37,900
Revolution he supported His 
lifeless body was uncovered by 

2300
02:00:37,900 --> 02:00:40,500
guards. 
He may have died from disease 

2301
02:00:40,500 --> 02:00:42,800
and exhaustion from Poison, he 
had when the guillotine 

2302
02:00:42,800 --> 02:00:45,500
approached. 
The terrorists Gloom killed one 

2303
02:00:45,500 --> 02:00:49,000
of the enlightenment's brightest
lights, his demise typified, the

2304
02:00:49,000 --> 02:00:52,300
tragic irony that Bethel many in
like movement luminaries during 

2305
02:00:52,300 --> 02:00:55,100
the Revolutionary storm. 
Their promised progress had 

2306
02:00:55,100 --> 02:00:58,800
turned on them as previously 
mentioned Lavoisier faced 

2307
02:00:58,800 --> 02:01:01,400
execution, despite his claims 
that his scientific efforts 

2308
02:01:01,400 --> 02:01:05,900
benefited, the nation, But I'm 
just a salon acquaintances 

2309
02:01:05,900 --> 02:01:09,100
scattered. 
Some executed as Gentile reform 

2310
02:01:09,100 --> 02:01:13,600
conversations gave way to mobs. 
Even after their deaths in 1793 

2311
02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:17,100
Voltaire and Rousseau were 
disputed by revolutionaries with

2312
02:01:17,100 --> 02:01:18,700
radicals. 
Favoring Rousseau's 

2313
02:01:18,700 --> 02:01:21,700
egalitarianism and moderates 
voltaire's tolerance, the 

2314
02:01:21,700 --> 02:01:24,700
enlightenment inspired the 
revolution, but the revolution 

2315
02:01:24,700 --> 02:01:28,800
tested it The French Revolution,
both upheld and undermined in 

2316
02:01:28,800 --> 02:01:32,700
lightning values on one hand. 
It formalized, many philosophers

2317
02:01:32,700 --> 02:01:36,300
essential ideas based on 
Montesquieu Voltaire Rousseau 

2318
02:01:36,300 --> 02:01:38,500
and Locke. 
The Declaration of the rights of

2319
02:01:38,500 --> 02:01:42,600
man and citizens 1789. 
Advocated freedom of speech and 

2320
02:01:42,600 --> 02:01:46,500
religion equality before the law
and the right to resist in 

2321
02:01:46,500 --> 02:01:49,300
Justice. 
The philosophers dream of a 

2322
02:01:49,300 --> 02:01:53,200
meritocratic society was 
realized on August 1789 when 

2323
02:01:53,200 --> 02:01:55,900
feudal privileges and tithes 
were abolished in one night. 

2324
02:01:56,800 --> 02:02:00,000
The constitution of 1791 
established a constitutional 

2325
02:02:00,000 --> 02:02:02,800
monarchy with a Montesquieu like
division of powers. 

2326
02:02:03,800 --> 02:02:06,400
The revolution fulfilled 
voltaire's calls for Toleration 

2327
02:02:06,400 --> 02:02:09,700
by seizing Church property in 
1790 and awarding full 

2328
02:02:09,700 --> 02:02:12,600
citizenship to Protestants and 
Jews in 1791. 

2329
02:02:13,700 --> 02:02:17,800
When Louis, the 16th was 
guillotined in 1793 Russo's 

2330
02:02:17,800 --> 02:02:21,100
vision of popular sovereignty, 
the people's will above Divine, 

2331
02:02:21,100 --> 02:02:22,600
Right? 
Kingship was most clearly 

2332
02:02:22,600 --> 02:02:26,200
confirmed however, the 
revolution's violent illiberal 

2333
02:02:26,200 --> 02:02:29,200
term, troubled, many The 
enlightenment sought to replace 

2334
02:02:29,200 --> 02:02:32,800
tyranny with reasoned 
conversation not crowd or one 

2335
02:02:32,800 --> 02:02:35,200
party power. 
The Committee of Public Safety 

2336
02:02:35,200 --> 02:02:37,900
murdered thousands of enemies of
the Revolution during the reign 

2337
02:02:37,900 --> 02:02:41,800
of terror 1793 to 4. 
A terrible, inversion of 

2338
02:02:41,808 --> 02:02:46,000
Enlightenment ideas reason gave 
way to another frenzy under 

2339
02:02:46,000 --> 02:02:49,000
Robespierre, the revolutionaries
formed, a municipal religion of 

2340
02:02:49,000 --> 02:02:51,400
the Supreme Being and held 
deistic festivals. 

2341
02:02:51,400 --> 02:02:54,800
The guillotine enforced version 
of Rousseau's civil religion. 

2342
02:02:55,600 --> 02:02:59,700
People executed under the guise 
of reason for being Aristocrats 

2343
02:02:59,700 --> 02:03:01,600
or moderate. 
Republicans would have horrified

2344
02:03:01,600 --> 02:03:04,500
Voltaire. 
The terror exposed in an 

2345
02:03:04,500 --> 02:03:07,700
Enlightenment contradiction, the
confidence in a single truth 

2346
02:03:07,700 --> 02:03:10,300
rational or ideological can lead
to tyranny. 

2347
02:03:11,500 --> 02:03:15,200
Philosophers like to hold back 
and helvetius was intolerant of 

2348
02:03:15,200 --> 02:03:17,900
religious people. 
As atheists the revolution 

2349
02:03:17,900 --> 02:03:21,700
showed how abstract and like 
become dogmatism, no one shall 

2350
02:03:21,700 --> 02:03:24,100
spread Darkness on pain of 
death. 

2351
02:03:24,800 --> 02:03:27,400
Many Enlightenment thinkers did 
not want democracy. 

2352
02:03:27,400 --> 02:03:31,400
Voltaire favored, an enlightened
Monarch over an uninformed mob. 

2353
02:03:31,400 --> 02:03:34,200
Some intellectuals said, early 
revolutionary assemblies 

2354
02:03:34,200 --> 02:03:37,700
disarray showed Voltaire was 
right about the Canela rabble. 

2355
02:03:38,900 --> 02:03:42,600
Before his 1784 death, Diedre 
had become pessimistic. 

2356
02:03:42,600 --> 02:03:47,300
Arguing, that despotism might 
only cease when the last Monarch

2357
02:03:47,300 --> 02:03:50,200
was strangled with the last 
present, Trails, a dismal. 

2358
02:03:50,200 --> 02:03:54,100
Hyperbole the revolutionaries 
half-jokingly repeated diderot 

2359
02:03:54,100 --> 02:03:57,100
probably wouldn't have 
celebrated the 1793 masculinity 

2360
02:03:58,100 --> 02:04:01,100
Philosophers had not solved how 
to justly implement principles, 

2361
02:04:01,100 --> 02:04:04,000
this Gap existed, between theory
and practice. 

2362
02:04:04,900 --> 02:04:08,400
In lightning supporters, face 
social contradictions few 

2363
02:04:08,400 --> 02:04:10,500
addressed women's condition 
directly though. 

2364
02:04:10,500 --> 02:04:14,000
They promised a quality. 
Though, a proponent of democracy

2365
02:04:14,000 --> 02:04:16,800
Rousseau believed, women should 
be educated exclusively to 

2366
02:04:16,800 --> 02:04:20,100
please men and stay at home, 
contrary to our lamp to gouge 

2367
02:04:20,100 --> 02:04:23,900
and Condor say, who authored an 
essay in 1790 advocating, for 

2368
02:04:23,900 --> 02:04:27,300
women's political rights. 
After writing a declaration of 

2369
02:04:27,308 --> 02:04:29,800
the rights of woman, the 
Revolutionary Authority, 

2370
02:04:29,800 --> 02:04:32,900
Guillotine Degas, the 
enlightenment for Fraternity had

2371
02:04:32,900 --> 02:04:35,200
excluded, their sisters from 
Universal rights. 

2372
02:04:35,200 --> 02:04:37,900
There was division among 
Enlightenment views on race and 

2373
02:04:37,900 --> 02:04:41,800
slavery. some like diderot and 
condos a strongly criticized 

2374
02:04:41,800 --> 02:04:46,400
slavery as against natural law, 
the 1788 Society of Friends of 

2375
02:04:46,400 --> 02:04:48,900
the blacks founded by 
Enlightenment influence, men's 

2376
02:04:48,900 --> 02:04:52,700
sort of volition others like 
Voltaire criticize. 

2377
02:04:52,700 --> 02:04:55,900
The slave trade in the abstract 
but made racist statements and 

2378
02:04:55,900 --> 02:04:58,600
invested in colonial 
corporations Enlightenment. 

2379
02:04:58,600 --> 02:05:02,600
Universal human nature battled 
with pseudo, scientific racism. 

2380
02:05:02,600 --> 02:05:06,800
Ironically a consequence of 
species classification the 

2381
02:05:06,800 --> 02:05:10,400
revolution of abolished slavery 
in 1794 after a massive slave, 

2382
02:05:10,400 --> 02:05:14,200
Insurrection in Santa mang, 
Haiti, but Napoleon reinstalled,

2383
02:05:14,200 --> 02:05:18,900
it Deal and reality differed 
relationship between intellect 

2384
02:05:18,900 --> 02:05:20,400
and emotional, was another 
tension? 

2385
02:05:21,200 --> 02:05:23,900
Rousseau noted that humans are 
not rational but the 

2386
02:05:23,900 --> 02:05:26,800
enlightenment praise reason, the
revolution showed that 

2387
02:05:26,800 --> 02:05:30,300
passionate in Justice's desire 
for vengeance. 

2388
02:05:30,300 --> 02:05:33,800
Hope for Glory driver vents more
than academic treatises. 

2389
02:05:34,600 --> 02:05:38,100
Romanticism a 19th century. 
Counter-attack accused the 

2390
02:05:38,100 --> 02:05:41,100
enlightenment of disregarding, 
the heart, tradition and faith. 

2391
02:05:41,900 --> 02:05:45,000
Edmund Burke in England and 
Joseph de Maestro in France, 

2392
02:05:45,000 --> 02:05:48,500
held the Philosopher's unfairly 
responsible for the 

2393
02:05:48,508 --> 02:05:50,900
revolution's, Bloodshed by 
unmooring Society from 

2394
02:05:50,900 --> 02:05:54,600
traditional institutions, They 
said that the enlightenment's 

2395
02:05:54,600 --> 02:05:56,900
abstract, reasoning had 
dissolved Authority and led to 

2396
02:05:56,900 --> 02:06:01,900
chaos and Napoleon's rule. 
While this view is debatable by 

2397
02:06:01,900 --> 02:06:04,600
the early 1800s, the 
enlightenment was hailed for the

2398
02:06:04,600 --> 02:06:07,600
Declaration of Rights and 
scientific advancement but also 

2399
02:06:07,600 --> 02:06:11,100
accused of revolution. 
Long-term the French 

2400
02:06:11,100 --> 02:06:13,000
Enlightenment left. 
A deep and mostly good 

2401
02:06:13,000 --> 02:06:15,700
influence. 
It inspired the french-american 

2402
02:06:15,700 --> 02:06:17,600
and later, Independence 
movements worldwide. 

2403
02:06:17,600 --> 02:06:21,400
Many unlicensed goals were 
achieved in the 19th century. 

2404
02:06:21,400 --> 02:06:24,500
Including the abolition of 
slavery in European Empires, 

2405
02:06:24,500 --> 02:06:30,400
France, in 1848, Britain, 1833 
of public education, the rise of

2406
02:06:30,400 --> 02:06:32,300
secular States and the reduction
of church. 

2407
02:06:32,300 --> 02:06:36,600
Temporal power, the gradual and 
uneven expansion of suffrage and

2408
02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:39,100
the advancement of Science and 
Technology without Dogma. 

2409
02:06:40,100 --> 02:06:43,500
The 1948, un Universal 
Declaration of Human Rights is 

2410
02:06:43,500 --> 02:06:47,700
based on Enlightenment ideas. 
Today we Echo voltaire's calls 

2411
02:06:47,700 --> 02:06:49,200
for press and conscience, 
freedom. 

2412
02:06:50,100 --> 02:06:53,700
Government site, Montesquieu and
creating checks and balances and

2413
02:06:53,700 --> 02:06:57,000
protesters invoke, the will of 
the people Rousseau as followed,

2414
02:06:57,000 --> 02:07:01,200
however, the enlightenment left 
more uncertain, legacies, the 

2415
02:07:01,200 --> 02:07:04,200
Scientific Revolution and 
industrial society were fueled 

2416
02:07:04,200 --> 02:07:06,900
by reason. 
But, romantic and later, 

2417
02:07:06,900 --> 02:07:10,300
existentialists criticized it 
for promoting technocracy and 

2418
02:07:10,300 --> 02:07:14,400
soulless rationality westerners 
defended imperialism as bringing

2419
02:07:14,400 --> 02:07:17,800
civilization. 
An attitude oddly at conflict 

2420
02:07:17,800 --> 02:07:21,300
with the enlightenment's empathy
but facilitated by its aim 

2421
02:07:21,300 --> 02:07:25,500
Enlightenment, secularism 
allowed diversity to develop but

2422
02:07:25,500 --> 02:07:28,700
also left a spiritual hole that 
19th and 20th Century, 

2423
02:07:28,700 --> 02:07:32,400
ideologies, and nationalism, 
strove to fill, not always for 

2424
02:07:32,400 --> 02:07:34,600
the better. 
After Napoleon's. 

2425
02:07:34,600 --> 02:07:38,300
Collapse in 1815, France's 
monarchy re-established Church 

2426
02:07:38,300 --> 02:07:40,400
dominance and conservative 
Tendencies. 

2427
02:07:40,400 --> 02:07:44,700
Intellectual life had changed. 
Thus, the genie could not be put

2428
02:07:44,700 --> 02:07:47,200
back. 
French politics, alternated 

2429
02:07:47,200 --> 02:07:51,300
between liberal and conservative
in the Vietnam 19th century, but

2430
02:07:51,300 --> 02:07:55,000
in Enlightenment ideas set the 
standard even conservatives had 

2431
02:07:55,000 --> 02:07:57,700
to justify themselves in terms 
of logical, government and 

2432
02:07:57,700 --> 02:08:00,200
National interest, not Divine 
Authority. 

2433
02:08:01,500 --> 02:08:04,400
France will officially divorced 
church and state in 1905. 

2434
02:08:04,400 --> 02:08:08,100
Fulfilling the philosophies as 
aim of a secular Republic based 

2435
02:08:08,100 --> 02:08:12,600
on Liberty Fraternity in 
lightning principles. 

2436
02:08:12,600 --> 02:08:14,600
Filtered through revolutionary 
experience. 

2437
02:08:15,500 --> 02:08:18,800
The French Enlightenment did not
finish neatly in 1789. 

2438
02:08:19,800 --> 02:08:22,600
The Revolution was chaotic and 
its aftermath complicated. 

2439
02:08:22,600 --> 02:08:26,800
Perhaps that emphasizes a last 
Enlightenment lessen, the 

2440
02:08:26,800 --> 02:08:29,700
movement always understood that 
human Affairs are imperfect and 

2441
02:08:29,700 --> 02:08:32,400
progressed zigzags. 
D'idro. 

2442
02:08:32,400 --> 02:08:35,700
Observed passions are the only 
orators that always persuade 

2443
02:08:35,700 --> 02:08:38,800
conceding that reason, doesn't 
control the world. 

2444
02:08:40,000 --> 02:08:43,100
Later in life Voltaire, tempered
his mockery with appeals for 

2445
02:08:43,100 --> 02:08:47,800
steady Improvement, not Utopia, 
even radical Rousseau caution 

2446
02:08:47,800 --> 02:08:50,300
that abrupt upheaval could lead 
to harsher despotism. 

2447
02:08:51,300 --> 02:08:53,800
Many Enlightenment thinkers 
realized, that Enlightenment 

2448
02:08:53,800 --> 02:08:55,500
would be a long-term tense 
project. 

2449
02:08:56,300 --> 02:08:58,900
Thus the enlightenment's 
Twilight transformed, rather 

2450
02:08:58,900 --> 02:09:01,200
than ended. 
People called the cells 

2451
02:09:01,200 --> 02:09:05,400
ideologues or intellectuals 
instead of philosophy in the 

2452
02:09:05,408 --> 02:09:09,000
19th century, but they inherited
the enlightenment's, realm 

2453
02:09:09,000 --> 02:09:12,600
questioning Authority, demanding
reasoned answers, and claiming 

2454
02:09:12,600 --> 02:09:14,900
individual dignity became 
entrenched in western 

2455
02:09:14,900 --> 02:09:18,100
civilization. 
When we read voltaire's, witty 

2456
02:09:18,100 --> 02:09:20,600
courageous, writing's Rousseau's
profound challenges. 

2457
02:09:20,600 --> 02:09:24,800
Did Rose and cyclopedic labors 
or condor sets prescient 

2458
02:09:24,800 --> 02:09:26,700
humanism. 
We are reminded of the 

2459
02:09:26,700 --> 02:09:28,300
enlightenment's, very human 
story. 

2460
02:09:28,300 --> 02:09:33,000
Salon Gathering and clandestine 
pamphlets, friendships and feuds

2461
02:09:33,000 --> 02:09:36,300
and people risking prison for a 
pamphlet or exile for a 

2462
02:09:36,300 --> 02:09:39,100
principal ideas. 
Could overthrow thrown in that 

2463
02:09:39,100 --> 02:09:41,700
age. 
Its Legacy lives on every time, 

2464
02:09:41,700 --> 02:09:43,900
an informed public holds a 
tyrant accountable. 

2465
02:09:43,900 --> 02:09:47,600
The youngster has taught science
without Superstition, various 

2466
02:09:47,600 --> 02:09:50,700
individuals, sit down to talk 
and debate rather than fight and

2467
02:09:50,700 --> 02:09:54,000
we choose light over Darkness. 
The French Enlightenment was 

2468
02:09:54,000 --> 02:09:55,700
truly a turning point in human 
history. 

2469
02:10:01,400 --> 02:10:05,900
Oda Nobunaga arrived in 1534 in 
the unmetal province of owari, 

2470
02:10:05,900 --> 02:10:08,900
amid a period in Japan. 
Now remembered for Endless 

2471
02:10:08,900 --> 02:10:11,700
conflicts and rapidly shifting 
feudal allegiances. 

2472
02:10:11,700 --> 02:10:16,600
His father udon was a minor 
warlord grappling with clan in 

2473
02:10:16,600 --> 02:10:20,300
fighting local skirmishes and 
the Perpetual risk of larger. 

2474
02:10:20,300 --> 02:10:21,900
Armies from neighboring 
province's. 

2475
02:10:21,900 --> 02:10:25,300
There was no guarantee that the 
infantigo would transform, the 

2476
02:10:25,300 --> 02:10:28,500
realm families fought Alliance 
is crumbled. 

2477
02:10:28,500 --> 02:10:33,200
A new leaders emerged overnight.
Yet from the Vantage of time, 

2478
02:10:33,200 --> 02:10:36,000
it's clear he planted seeds, 
that would remake Japan. 

2479
02:10:36,900 --> 02:10:40,000
Early records to describe a 
young Nobunaga as unruly. 

2480
02:10:40,000 --> 02:10:44,400
He spurned formalities wearing. 
Outlandish clothes, arriving 

2481
02:10:44,400 --> 02:10:47,900
late to Solemn ceremony, and 
generally annoying Clan Elders. 

2482
02:10:47,900 --> 02:10:51,000
They label him, full Hardy, or 
even an embarrassment to the 

2483
02:10:51,008 --> 02:10:54,200
odor name. 
But behind that facade of 

2484
02:10:54,200 --> 02:10:57,000
flamboyant looked to creative 
mind hungry for novelty. 

2485
02:10:57,000 --> 02:11:00,700
He tinkered with foreign 
trinkets asked probing questions

2486
02:11:00,700 --> 02:11:03,900
about strategy and displayed a 
knack for analyzing rival 

2487
02:11:03,900 --> 02:11:08,500
movements teachers who tried to 
tame him, rarely succeeded yet, 

2488
02:11:08,500 --> 02:11:11,200
they noticed flashes of 
Brilliance like the time. 

2489
02:11:11,200 --> 02:11:14,100
He walked the perimeter of his 
father's Castle pointing out 

2490
02:11:14,100 --> 02:11:17,400
weaknesses in gait design that 
grown Samurai overlooked. 

2491
02:11:17,400 --> 02:11:20,500
His father's death in 1551 
thrust. 

2492
02:11:20,500 --> 02:11:24,900
This untested youth into sudden,
prominence instantly, the odor, 

2493
02:11:24,900 --> 02:11:27,500
Clan fractured uncle's, 
half-brothers and distant 

2494
02:11:27,500 --> 02:11:29,200
cousins jostled for the top 
seat. 

2495
02:11:29,200 --> 02:11:33,000
Conventional wisdom suggested 
that the audacious fool of owari

2496
02:11:33,000 --> 02:11:36,200
had little chance. 
But in the swirl of that crisis 

2497
02:11:36,200 --> 02:11:40,800
Nobunaga made decisive moves, he
broke up Hood short-term packed 

2498
02:11:40,800 --> 02:11:43,000
with key. 
Retainers promised them new 

2499
02:11:43,000 --> 02:11:46,600
lands in swiftly, dismantled the
claims of older relatives, who 

2500
02:11:46,608 --> 02:11:49,900
underestimated him. 
Some, he exiled and some, he 

2501
02:11:49,900 --> 02:11:52,200
subdued militarily, within two 
years. 

2502
02:11:52,200 --> 02:11:54,600
He asserted control over most of
Hawaii. 

2503
02:11:55,400 --> 02:11:57,400
Observe as realized he was no 
clown. 

2504
02:11:58,200 --> 02:12:00,900
He simply despised the old 
ceremonial style and did things 

2505
02:12:00,900 --> 02:12:03,600
his own way. 
Rumor has it that around this 

2506
02:12:03,600 --> 02:12:06,900
time, a traveling Merchant 
introduced him to our cubes, 

2507
02:12:06,900 --> 02:12:10,900
matchlock guns from the West. 
Most Samurai saw these Firearms 

2508
02:12:10,900 --> 02:12:14,000
as crude and unworthy 
overshadowed by the Elegance of 

2509
02:12:14,008 --> 02:12:18,300
swords and Spears. 
Nobunaga though, recognized 

2510
02:12:18,300 --> 02:12:21,100
their potential. 
He quietly stockpiled them 

2511
02:12:21,100 --> 02:12:23,800
ordering gunsmiths to replicate 
or adapt them. 

2512
02:12:23,800 --> 02:12:27,300
He tested them in private 
drills, training foot soldiers 

2513
02:12:27,300 --> 02:12:30,900
to Fire and disciplined volleys.
The practice was a departure 

2514
02:12:30,900 --> 02:12:34,300
from the sengoku norm which 
romanticized heroic duels. 

2515
02:12:35,100 --> 02:12:38,000
He aimed to harness the Synergy 
of the ranks prioritizing 

2516
02:12:38,000 --> 02:12:39,900
technology over individual 
bravado. 

2517
02:12:40,700 --> 02:12:42,600
Such a notion, didn't spread 
widely yet. 

2518
02:12:43,300 --> 02:12:45,700
But the seeds were planted for a
new kind of warfare. 

2519
02:12:46,600 --> 02:12:49,600
The first major test of his 
cunning came in 1560. 

2520
02:12:49,600 --> 02:12:53,200
When in Regala yoshimoto, one of
the era's, most formidable 

2521
02:12:53,200 --> 02:12:56,800
Warlords, led a giant army 
through a warri in route to the 

2522
02:12:56,808 --> 02:12:59,300
Capitol. 
The conventional approach would 

2523
02:12:59,300 --> 02:13:02,200
have been for smaller clowns to 
hide in fortified castles or 

2524
02:13:02,200 --> 02:13:07,000
attempt half-hearted skirmishes,
but Nobunaga went bold, famously

2525
02:13:07,000 --> 02:13:10,500
prayed at a local, Shrine, 
offered sake to his men, and 

2526
02:13:10,500 --> 02:13:12,900
then launched to surprise attack
at Aki hazama. 

2527
02:13:13,800 --> 02:13:18,700
The result was astonishing 
yoshimoto, vast Force lulled 

2528
02:13:18,700 --> 02:13:21,700
into overconfidence collapsed 
under nobunaga's. 

2529
02:13:21,700 --> 02:13:25,300
Ambush yoshimoto himself was 
killed in the confusion, this 

2530
02:13:25,300 --> 02:13:29,000
Victory stunned, the Japanese 
archipelago a lesser Clan from 

2531
02:13:29,000 --> 02:13:32,700
owari under a Brash, young Lord,
and toppled one of the biggest 

2532
02:13:32,700 --> 02:13:37,300
threats in a single day. 
After okehazama, smaller, local,

2533
02:13:37,300 --> 02:13:40,500
Warlords, rushed to align with 
the odor Clan or at least sign. 

2534
02:13:40,500 --> 02:13:43,800
Neutrality, packed nobunaga's, 
Prestige sword. 

2535
02:13:43,800 --> 02:13:47,300
Yet he did not rest. 
He began forging deeper 

2536
02:13:47,300 --> 02:13:50,900
connections with merchants in 
nearby free cities, establishing

2537
02:13:50,900 --> 02:13:54,100
an economic backbone. 
He sought a lion's with key 

2538
02:13:54,100 --> 02:13:57,900
figures in minor and only 
province's using marriages and 

2539
02:13:57,900 --> 02:14:01,300
mutual defense packs. 
At the same time, he displayed 

2540
02:14:01,300 --> 02:14:04,900
unpredictability punishing 
uncooperative, Lords harshly, 

2541
02:14:04,900 --> 02:14:08,100
sacking their castles and 
installing loyal. 

2542
02:14:08,100 --> 02:14:12,700
Retainer families in the void. 
Amid these expansions he showed 

2543
02:14:12,700 --> 02:14:16,300
an unusual attitude towards 
status traditional samurai 

2544
02:14:16,300 --> 02:14:18,200
lineage mattered less to him 
than competence. 

2545
02:14:19,000 --> 02:14:22,800
If a farmer's son, displayed 
skill nobunny might Elevate him 

2546
02:14:22,800 --> 02:14:26,300
to command squads or handle 
taxes, the situation on settled 

2547
02:14:26,300 --> 02:14:29,000
old Aristocrats who viewed 
inheritance as the Bedrock of 

2548
02:14:29,000 --> 02:14:31,200
power. 
No Bernardo cared little for 

2549
02:14:31,200 --> 02:14:34,400
their complaints arguing that 
Victory and stability were more 

2550
02:14:34,400 --> 02:14:36,200
important than outmoded 
hierarchies. 

2551
02:14:37,000 --> 02:14:40,000
This approach gained him Fierce 
loyalty from those who recognize

2552
02:14:40,000 --> 02:14:43,800
that Talent was rewarded, but it
also sowed resentment among the 

2553
02:14:43,800 --> 02:14:46,600
Old Guard who saw him as an 
iconoclast. 

2554
02:14:47,400 --> 02:14:52,100
By the late 1560s Oda Nobunaga 
had outgrown the label full. 

2555
02:14:52,100 --> 02:14:55,400
He was forging a reputation as a
radical risk taker. 

2556
02:14:55,400 --> 02:14:59,800
Combining intimidation strategic
alliances and unconventional 

2557
02:14:59,800 --> 02:15:03,000
warfare in Council. 
He might appeared dressed simply

2558
02:15:03,000 --> 02:15:05,700
focusing on substance and of 
pomp. 

2559
02:15:06,300 --> 02:15:10,500
Observers were called that in 
private, he studied Maps 

2560
02:15:10,500 --> 02:15:14,300
meticulously pondering, how to 
break the web of petty Wars, 

2561
02:15:14,300 --> 02:15:17,700
that capture pan, fractured, no 
one yet, imagined the scale of 

2562
02:15:17,700 --> 02:15:21,700
his ambition that he'd attempt 
to unify the entire land, but 

2563
02:15:21,700 --> 02:15:25,200
the signs were there in every 
bold decision, every new 

2564
02:15:25,200 --> 02:15:29,000
alliance and every shattered old
tradition, he was on the brink 

2565
02:15:29,000 --> 02:15:33,200
of a far more sweeping campaign.
As his influence grew in owari, 

2566
02:15:33,200 --> 02:15:36,200
Oda Nobunaga directed his 
attention, towards the 

2567
02:15:36,200 --> 02:15:39,500
neighboring Mino. 
This domain was under the Saito 

2568
02:15:39,500 --> 02:15:42,300
Clan known for cunning 
leadership, and strong Castle 

2569
02:15:42,300 --> 02:15:45,000
defenses. 
Specially the imposing in Abu 

2570
02:15:45,000 --> 02:15:47,600
Castle. 
Perched on a steep hill, local, 

2571
02:15:47,600 --> 02:15:51,200
Warlords, mermaid, that meno was
a fortress made in region, not 

2572
02:15:51,200 --> 02:15:55,100
easily subjugated, but Nobunaga 
believed that if he could see me

2573
02:15:55,100 --> 02:15:57,200
know, he would secure a critical
foot. 

2574
02:15:57,200 --> 02:15:59,500
Hold on the route to Kyoto 
diplomatically. 

2575
02:15:59,500 --> 02:16:02,000
He first tried forging a 
connection. 

2576
02:16:02,800 --> 02:16:04,600
He arranged for his foster 
daughter to marry. 

2577
02:16:04,600 --> 02:16:07,800
The Saito are the Hope was to 
pave a smoother path. 

2578
02:16:08,500 --> 02:16:12,400
Yet the Saito patriarch Saito 
dosan died in a familial 

2579
02:16:12,400 --> 02:16:14,600
conflict leaving the clan 
leadership. 

2580
02:16:14,600 --> 02:16:17,600
In flux, the new Saito, head 
refused to yield. 

2581
02:16:17,600 --> 02:16:22,000
Nobunaga changed his strategy. 
He recruited refugees from Nino 

2582
02:16:22,000 --> 02:16:23,800
who hated the new Saito 
leadership. 

2583
02:16:23,800 --> 02:16:27,000
He gleaned Intel about secret 
Mountain paths and alternative 

2584
02:16:27,000 --> 02:16:30,400
supply routes hammered away at 
saito's border. 

2585
02:16:30,400 --> 02:16:33,500
Fortifications with Relentless 
minor assaults wearing them down

2586
02:16:33,500 --> 02:16:37,900
around this period toyotomi 
hideyoshi and unassuming foot 

2587
02:16:37,900 --> 02:16:40,700
soldier with a knack for 
persuasion captured nobunaga's 

2588
02:16:40,700 --> 02:16:43,799
attention. 
He broke at local, alliance's 

2589
02:16:43,799 --> 02:16:47,000
and bribed Saito underlings to 
sabotage defense's from within. 

2590
02:16:47,700 --> 02:16:52,000
The infiltration was so 
effective that by 1567 saito's 

2591
02:16:52,000 --> 02:16:55,400
lines crumbled under a 
well-coordinated strike in Abbey

2592
02:16:55,400 --> 02:16:58,500
armor, Castle fell and no, 
Bernardo promptly renamed the 

2593
02:16:58,500 --> 02:17:01,100
Fortress gifu symbolizing, a 
fresh chapter. 

2594
02:17:02,100 --> 02:17:04,100
Gifu Castle. 
Thus, became his new base, 

2595
02:17:04,100 --> 02:17:07,500
overshadowing. 
A Waris older seat, local Legend

2596
02:17:07,500 --> 02:17:10,600
says he pinned a banner reading 
tanker, FUBU roughly, meaning, 

2597
02:17:10,600 --> 02:17:14,100
all the realm under one sword, 
an audacious motto that 

2598
02:17:14,100 --> 02:17:16,000
showcased his aspiration to 
unified. 

2599
02:17:16,000 --> 02:17:20,700
Japan having secured Minot, he 
cast his Gaze on Kyoto imperial 

2600
02:17:20,700 --> 02:17:24,700
capital had lost much of its 
luster battered by Decades of 

2601
02:17:24,700 --> 02:17:28,299
feuding Warlords. 
The ashikaga shogunate nominally

2602
02:17:28,299 --> 02:17:31,200
ruling Japan was overshadowed by
local powers. 

2603
02:17:32,000 --> 02:17:35,900
A figure named ashikaga yoshiaki
approached Nobunaga pleading for

2604
02:17:35,900 --> 02:17:40,600
rescue from rival Warlords. 
Sensing opportunity, Nobunaga 

2605
02:17:40,600 --> 02:17:45,299
marched on Kyoto in 1568 The 
city's confusion allowed him to 

2606
02:17:45,299 --> 02:17:48,700
install yoshiaki as Shogun. 
Though it was an arrangement 

2607
02:17:48,700 --> 02:17:52,500
reminiscent of a puppet regime. 
Nobunaga intended to influence 

2608
02:17:52,500 --> 02:17:56,100
National politics. 
Covertly utilizing yoshiaki, as 

2609
02:17:56,100 --> 02:17:59,400
a symbolic leader. 
Kyoto's popularist reacted with 

2610
02:17:59,400 --> 02:18:02,000
mixed emotions. 
Some welcomed an indication 

2611
02:18:02,000 --> 02:18:03,799
others. 
Feared a new Tyrant. 

2612
02:18:03,799 --> 02:18:07,799
Nobunaga tried to reassure them 
by rebuilding toads and temples 

2613
02:18:07,799 --> 02:18:11,600
wrecked by early conflicts. 
He minted, coinage, Finance, 

2614
02:18:11,600 --> 02:18:15,299
local markets, and even politely
introduced fresh laws to curb 

2615
02:18:15,299 --> 02:18:17,600
violence in the capitals 
districts. 

2616
02:18:18,400 --> 02:18:20,799
Yet, these gestures of 
benevolence coexisted with his 

2617
02:18:20,799 --> 02:18:24,900
iron fisted approach to dissent,
for instance, lingering warlord 

2618
02:18:24,900 --> 02:18:26,700
forces. 
Who refused to submit found 

2619
02:18:26,700 --> 02:18:30,100
themselves crushed among them, 
was the rebellious miyoshi Clan 

2620
02:18:30,100 --> 02:18:33,500
the city subdued, its rebellious
Corners over a matter of months?

2621
02:18:33,500 --> 02:18:36,799
Nevertheless friction arose with
the Shogun ashikaga. 

2622
02:18:36,799 --> 02:18:39,400
Yoshiaki who bristled it being 
overshadowed? 

2623
02:18:40,299 --> 02:18:42,799
Yoshi quietly. 
Tried building alliances among 

2624
02:18:42,799 --> 02:18:46,000
traditional clams. 
Fueling an anti-odor Coalition 

2625
02:18:46,000 --> 02:18:49,100
that included powerful Barons 
like a Sakura and desire. 

2626
02:18:49,799 --> 02:18:52,600
The standoff that followed 
tested nobunaga's skill at 

2627
02:18:52,600 --> 02:18:55,600
multi-front campaigns. 
Ironically, his brother-in-law, 

2628
02:18:55,600 --> 02:18:59,100
as I nagamasa, husband to 
nobunaga's Sister oichi, led the

2629
02:18:59,108 --> 02:19:02,700
as I Clan The personal 
heartbreak of Waging War against

2630
02:19:02,700 --> 02:19:05,900
his kin weighed heavily. 
Yet Nobunaga pressed on. 

2631
02:19:05,907 --> 02:19:10,200
He arranged for alliances with 
Tokugawa ayesu who secured the 

2632
02:19:10,200 --> 02:19:14,400
East, allowing the odor main 
Force to handle the azai asakura

2633
02:19:14,400 --> 02:19:16,700
threat. 
The battles near Anna. 

2634
02:19:16,700 --> 02:19:20,700
Garo in 1570, proved intense 
with OTA and Tokugawa, armies. 

2635
02:19:20,700 --> 02:19:22,400
Eventually prevailing after 
vicious. 

2636
02:19:22,400 --> 02:19:25,700
Hand-to-hand fighting this 
Victory though, overshadowed in 

2637
02:19:25,708 --> 02:19:28,900
popular, lore by larger events 
signaled that Family Ties would 

2638
02:19:28,900 --> 02:19:32,799
not turn abuna from his greater 
mission Around this juncture, 

2639
02:19:32,799 --> 02:19:36,000
Nobunaga displayed his approach 
to religious factions, more 

2640
02:19:36,000 --> 02:19:40,500
starkly the warrior monks of 
Mount hea near Kyoto allied with

2641
02:19:40,500 --> 02:19:44,000
the azai asakura Coalition. 
Nobunaga demanded this 

2642
02:19:44,000 --> 02:19:47,000
submission, they refused in 
1571. 

2643
02:19:47,000 --> 02:19:50,900
He Unleashed a brutal assault. 
The entire complex at Henry, a 

2644
02:19:50,900 --> 02:19:53,300
Coogi was put to Flame and 
thousands of monks. 

2645
02:19:53,300 --> 02:19:56,700
Novices and civilians perished, 
it was an act. 

2646
02:19:56,700 --> 02:19:59,700
So Grim at even shocked some of 
nobunaga's staunch allies. 

2647
02:20:00,500 --> 02:20:03,800
But he justified it claiming 
that the militant monks had 

2648
02:20:03,800 --> 02:20:06,500
threatened the capitals order 
for too long for him. 

2649
02:20:06,500 --> 02:20:09,200
No sacred label. 
Could Shield an armed group from

2650
02:20:09,200 --> 02:20:10,900
the Unstoppable cause of 
unification. 

2651
02:20:11,900 --> 02:20:15,000
If an institution medaled 
military, it had to be crushed 

2652
02:20:15,000 --> 02:20:16,900
no matter. 
Its spiritual veneer. 

2653
02:20:17,700 --> 02:20:20,000
Though, these actions 
Consolidated his grip, they 

2654
02:20:20,000 --> 02:20:23,500
fueled a reputation for 
ruthlessness people whispered 

2655
02:20:23,500 --> 02:20:25,600
that he had become a Demon Lord 
yet. 

2656
02:20:25,600 --> 02:20:29,200
Ironically, he also cultivated 
appreciation for the Arts. 

2657
02:20:29,200 --> 02:20:33,100
He introduced modern styles of 
Castle architecture, invited 

2658
02:20:33,100 --> 02:20:35,600
Portuguese artists to 
demonstrate new building 

2659
02:20:35,600 --> 02:20:38,800
techniques and toyed with the 
newly introduced trend of tea 

2660
02:20:38,800 --> 02:20:43,200
ceremony, this contradictory mix
extreme brutality on the 

2661
02:20:43,208 --> 02:20:45,800
battlefield paired with the 
refined cultural Pursuits. 

2662
02:20:45,800 --> 02:20:49,800
Confused many, but it formed the
heart of brunei's method, 

2663
02:20:49,800 --> 02:20:53,300
forging a new Japan by blending 
modern Innovation with 

2664
02:20:53,300 --> 02:20:58,100
unstoppable Force. 
By 1573 the puppet Shogun 

2665
02:20:58,100 --> 02:21:00,400
yoshiaki. 
Now thoroughly at odds, with 

2666
02:21:00,400 --> 02:21:03,800
Nobunaga was exiled. 
The ashikaga, shogunate 

2667
02:21:03,800 --> 02:21:06,600
officially collapsed. 
From that point forward. 

2668
02:21:06,600 --> 02:21:09,100
The question wasn't, whether the
old order was gone? 

2669
02:21:09,100 --> 02:21:12,000
It was whether no Bernardo could
fill the vacuum before. 

2670
02:21:12,000 --> 02:21:15,300
Other warlord struck. 
The next moves he made would 

2671
02:21:15,300 --> 02:21:17,300
Define the entire future of the 
archipelago. 

2672
02:21:18,200 --> 02:21:22,500
The year 1573 Unleashed a new 
dynamic in central Japan, the 

2673
02:21:22,500 --> 02:21:25,400
centuries old ashikaga, 
shogunate stood dissolved 

2674
02:21:25,400 --> 02:21:29,600
leaving a power vacuum that Odin
Nobunaga sought to fill although

2675
02:21:29,600 --> 02:21:31,400
he did not assume the Shogun 
title. 

2676
02:21:31,400 --> 02:21:34,700
Some suspect he viewed it as two
entangled with archaic baggage 

2677
02:21:34,700 --> 02:21:38,400
he effectively governed from 
Kyoto as the central Warlord. 

2678
02:21:39,100 --> 02:21:43,600
Nova nagas subordinates, notably
hashiba hideyoshi later toyotomi

2679
02:21:43,600 --> 02:21:48,100
hideyoshi and Tokugawa yasu took
on crucial roles in expanding 

2680
02:21:48,100 --> 02:21:51,000
the odor domain and stabilizing 
conquered territories, 

2681
02:21:51,000 --> 02:21:55,200
nonetheless pockets of fierce 
resistance remained including 

2682
02:21:55,200 --> 02:21:57,000
the, might of the Takeda clan in
eastern. 

2683
02:21:57,000 --> 02:22:01,000
Provinces one would not expect 
that a man ascending, so rapidly

2684
02:22:01,000 --> 02:22:04,100
would find time for culture yet 
nobunaga's, passion for 

2685
02:22:04,100 --> 02:22:08,200
spectacle, grew reports, mention
Grand, Banquets, and Kyoto with 

2686
02:22:08,200 --> 02:22:12,000
exotic dishes, Portuguese, wine 
and comedic theater performed at

2687
02:22:12,000 --> 02:22:15,700
Night by Torchlight. 
He sponsored the no drama though

2688
02:22:15,700 --> 02:22:19,400
in a personal style that adapted
scripts to Lord new Heroes. 

2689
02:22:20,200 --> 02:22:24,100
Some older Aristocrats, frowned 
know they believed was the 

2690
02:22:24,100 --> 02:22:28,200
Hallmark of an older refined 
tradition. but to Nobunaga, 

2691
02:22:28,900 --> 02:22:31,600
Tradition was a tool, not a 
chain. 

2692
02:22:32,300 --> 02:22:35,500
He saw an artistic displays an 
opportunity to unify the 

2693
02:22:35,500 --> 02:22:39,100
fracture Elites by enticing them
with entertainment and proving 

2694
02:22:39,100 --> 02:22:41,600
that his rule overshadowed, any 
prior pageantry. 

2695
02:22:42,300 --> 02:22:44,900
Still wore overshadowed these 
amusements. 

2696
02:22:44,900 --> 02:22:50,000
The formidable to catering died 
in 1573 leaving to queda. 

2697
02:22:50,000 --> 02:22:53,400
Katsuyori in charge though less 
accomplished than his father. 

2698
02:22:53,400 --> 02:22:58,400
Katsurei was no pushover in 
1575, he led a formidable, 

2699
02:22:58,400 --> 02:23:01,900
Cavalry Force into macawa 
clashing with Noble nuggets, 

2700
02:23:01,900 --> 02:23:05,600
Allied armies, the event, set 
the stage for the pivotal Battle

2701
02:23:05,600 --> 02:23:10,100
of nagashino typically a Cavalry
swarm, overcame infantry, but 

2702
02:23:10,100 --> 02:23:13,500
nobody's novel approach 
extensive Palisades, rotating 

2703
02:23:13,500 --> 02:23:15,300
lines of Aqua this year's 
shattered. 

2704
02:23:15,300 --> 02:23:18,600
The myth of Unstoppable, horse 
charges the musket. 

2705
02:23:18,600 --> 02:23:20,600
Volleys decimated, the takada 
ranks. 

2706
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:24,200
Eyewitnesses described. 
How for the first time, Mast 

2707
02:23:24,200 --> 02:23:27,100
Firearms, overcame famous, 
Cavalry Charges in open terrain.

2708
02:23:27,100 --> 02:23:31,400
This watershed moment reaffirmed
as reputation as a modernizing 

2709
02:23:31,400 --> 02:23:35,400
general who embraced Firearms, 
wholeheartedly Following 

2710
02:23:35,400 --> 02:23:39,500
nagashino the takada Clan's 
Prestige, plummeted in enabling 

2711
02:23:39,500 --> 02:23:42,200
Nobunaga to extend deeper into 
Eastern domains. 

2712
02:23:42,900 --> 02:23:45,700
Meanwhile in the capital, he 
grew more direct and quelling. 

2713
02:23:45,700 --> 02:23:48,300
Any recalcitrant Aristocrats, or
religious sects. 

2714
02:23:48,300 --> 02:23:51,300
He was rumored to have 
humiliated, certain courtiers, 

2715
02:23:51,300 --> 02:23:55,000
who showed insufficient 
obedience. indeed, a swirl of 

2716
02:23:55,008 --> 02:23:57,600
new rumors painted him as 
borderline sacrilegious, 

2717
02:23:57,600 --> 02:24:02,100
ignoring the established Kami 
Worship in shrines or publicly 

2718
02:24:02,100 --> 02:24:05,900
mocking, certain Shrine rituals 
as superstitious this spurred 

2719
02:24:05,900 --> 02:24:09,000
the rumor of him being the demon
warlord culminating in some 

2720
02:24:09,000 --> 02:24:12,300
devout Warriors, forming tiny 
conspiracies to rid the land of 

2721
02:24:12,300 --> 02:24:14,400
this Empire's figure. 
One. 

2722
02:24:14,400 --> 02:24:16,800
Overlooked Dimension was his 
approach to Camaros. 

2723
02:24:17,800 --> 02:24:19,800
Beyond the free markets and 
Castle towns. 

2724
02:24:19,800 --> 02:24:22,300
No, Bernardo established weigh 
stations. 

2725
02:24:22,300 --> 02:24:25,400
And lodging posts along, major 
highways he suppressed local 

2726
02:24:25,400 --> 02:24:27,100
toll collectors. 
Who bled Travelers? 

2727
02:24:27,100 --> 02:24:31,200
This policy triggered an 
economic upswing, Caravans from 

2728
02:24:31,200 --> 02:24:34,800
the sea to Inland. 
Sea carried, salt, textiles and 

2729
02:24:34,800 --> 02:24:36,900
foreign Goods with fewer bribes 
to pay. 

2730
02:24:38,000 --> 02:24:40,300
The odor domain. 
Thus build a stable fiscal 

2731
02:24:40,300 --> 02:24:43,600
backbone, fueling further 
expansion and enabling him to 

2732
02:24:43,608 --> 02:24:46,300
Grant rewards to Loyal vassals 
without bankrupting the 

2733
02:24:46,300 --> 02:24:48,900
treasury. 
Such a commercial Savvy. 

2734
02:24:48,900 --> 02:24:50,600
Warlord was a novelty in a 
weird. 

2735
02:24:50,600 --> 02:24:53,800
When martial Glory overshadowed 
The Humble of business of Econo 

2736
02:24:53,800 --> 02:24:58,000
comics, Nobunaga also interacted
with a figure rarely 

2737
02:24:58,000 --> 02:24:59,400
acknowledged in mainstream 
accounts. 

2738
02:24:59,400 --> 02:25:04,600
Yasuke often regarded as the 
first African Samurai, The Tall 

2739
02:25:04,600 --> 02:25:08,500
Man from Portuguese or Italian 
missions yasuke arrived in Japan

2740
02:25:08,500 --> 02:25:12,400
under uncertain circumstances 
impressed by his physique and 

2741
02:25:12,400 --> 02:25:15,200
exotic. 
Background Nobunaga took an 

2742
02:25:15,200 --> 02:25:19,100
interest, eventually welcoming 
him into service letters from 

2743
02:25:19,100 --> 02:25:22,000
Jesuit sources hint that 
Nobunaga found Jessica's 

2744
02:25:22,000 --> 02:25:24,900
presence refreshing. 
A symbol of how broad the world 

2745
02:25:24,900 --> 02:25:27,300
truly was. 
Some accounts mentioned that 

2746
02:25:27,300 --> 02:25:30,500
yesterday was entrusted with 
certain guard duties while the 

2747
02:25:30,500 --> 02:25:32,800
authenticity of that Arrangement
has faced debate. 

2748
02:25:32,800 --> 02:25:36,300
It underscores how nobunaga's 
curiosity extended, even to 

2749
02:25:36,300 --> 02:25:40,500
foreigners of unusual origin. 
Bridging cultural gaps are to 

2750
02:25:40,500 --> 02:25:44,100
time when xenophobia was rampant
by the end of the 1570s 

2751
02:25:44,100 --> 02:25:46,800
Unstoppable. 
Momentum seemed to Define 

2752
02:25:46,800 --> 02:25:50,200
obnoxious progress. 
The Hallmark Fortress of auchi 

2753
02:25:50,200 --> 02:25:53,600
built near Lake biwa. 
Exemplified his vision part. 

2754
02:25:53,600 --> 02:25:56,200
Strong. 
Hold particular residents with 

2755
02:25:56,200 --> 02:25:58,900
decorative murals and advanced 
architectural engineering. 

2756
02:25:59,700 --> 02:26:02,800
Visitors wrote that climbing 
each floor, revealed new painted

2757
02:26:02,800 --> 02:26:04,500
Illusions and hidden defensive 
features. 

2758
02:26:04,500 --> 02:26:09,200
An embodiment of both aesthetic 
Flair and martial cunning, he 

2759
02:26:09,200 --> 02:26:12,100
invited traveling missionaries, 
Artisans, and even some rival. 

2760
02:26:12,100 --> 02:26:15,700
Lords to see a zucchi's Majesty.
Proclaiming that his building 

2761
02:26:15,700 --> 02:26:19,800
was the model of the future in 
truth, the structure was also a 

2762
02:26:19,800 --> 02:26:22,200
statement. 
Odor, rule soared above the old,

2763
02:26:22,200 --> 02:26:25,000
Petty, provincialism. 
A new day, demanded, new 

2764
02:26:25,000 --> 02:26:28,400
monuments. 
Yet ambition, stirs resentments.

2765
02:26:29,100 --> 02:26:33,000
Many older Clans forced into 
submission, quite quietly sought

2766
02:26:33,000 --> 02:26:36,800
to chance to break free. 
The extent of nobunaga's reforms

2767
02:26:36,800 --> 02:26:39,900
threatened, the old feudal 
compacts even within his 

2768
02:26:39,900 --> 02:26:42,200
retinue. 
Some felt overshadowed by 

2769
02:26:42,200 --> 02:26:46,000
hideyoshi, ascendancy for 
frustrated by nobin as ruthless 

2770
02:26:46,000 --> 02:26:49,800
single-mindedness betrayal 
though, rarely signaled, openly 

2771
02:26:49,800 --> 02:26:53,900
bubbled beneath the surface, the
old adage that, a fortress come 

2772
02:26:53,900 --> 02:26:56,500
withstand for in assault, but 
not always internal treachery 

2773
02:26:56,500 --> 02:27:00,300
would soon prove hauntingly out,
although the warlord pressed 

2774
02:27:00,300 --> 02:27:04,700
onward planning fresh campaigns 
events at the cusp of the 1580s,

2775
02:27:04,700 --> 02:27:07,900
would reveal the Fatal cost of 
ignoring that silent discontent.

2776
02:27:08,700 --> 02:27:14,500
In Spring 1580 Odeon, Invincible
the formidable, ikko ikki 

2777
02:27:14,500 --> 02:27:17,100
strongholds were mostly crushed.
The Takeda. 

2778
02:27:17,100 --> 02:27:20,700
Clan was in shambles and the 
capital recognized him as the de

2779
02:27:20,700 --> 02:27:23,200
facto power. 
Yet a cluster of uneasy 

2780
02:27:23,200 --> 02:27:26,500
alliances still dotted the map, 
including some Warlords, who 

2781
02:27:26,500 --> 02:27:28,500
pretended loyalty while 
resenting odor. 

2782
02:27:28,500 --> 02:27:31,800
Dominance Nobunaga, though, 
rarely timid seemed almost 

2783
02:27:31,800 --> 02:27:35,700
relaxed that year, hosting 
lavish celebrations at azuchi, 

2784
02:27:35,700 --> 02:27:39,000
and paying only mild heed to 
rumors of minor revolts and 

2785
02:27:39,008 --> 02:27:41,600
distant. 
Provinces the Unstoppable, wave 

2786
02:27:41,600 --> 02:27:44,300
of Conquest had lulled him into 
believing only a formidable, 

2787
02:27:44,300 --> 02:27:48,600
outside could challenge him. 
Among his retainers akechi 

2788
02:27:48,600 --> 02:27:52,600
mitsuhide quietly navigated the 
New Order mitza Hyde had served 

2789
02:27:52,600 --> 02:27:55,300
Nobunaga loyally yet. 
Their relationship was never 

2790
02:27:55,300 --> 02:27:58,600
warm nobunaga's. 
Leadership style often involved 

2791
02:27:58,600 --> 02:28:00,800
public dressing Downs of 
subordinates who fail or 

2792
02:28:00,800 --> 02:28:03,900
displeased him. 
Some claimed to hide who endured

2793
02:28:03,900 --> 02:28:08,000
multiple humiliations once when 
an odor supply line Fiasco Coast

2794
02:28:08,000 --> 02:28:10,200
mites mother her life at the 
hands of brighams. 

2795
02:28:10,200 --> 02:28:13,100
Nobody supposedly dismissed it 
callously. 

2796
02:28:13,100 --> 02:28:17,100
Another time a minor mishap at a
feast LED Nobunaga to fling. 

2797
02:28:17,100 --> 02:28:21,500
A teacup in Anger, scolding emit
to hide whether these spats 

2798
02:28:21,500 --> 02:28:24,800
fested into hatred remains 
uncertain but it's clear 

2799
02:28:24,800 --> 02:28:28,600
mitsuhide felt overshadowed in 
the swirl of odors triumphant 

2800
02:28:28,600 --> 02:28:31,700
expansion's many believed 
mitsuhide was too measured or 

2801
02:28:31,708 --> 02:28:33,800
timid to lash out they were 
mistaken. 

2802
02:28:34,800 --> 02:28:37,900
Parallel to these tensions, 
Nobunaga decided to press 

2803
02:28:37,900 --> 02:28:41,100
further west sending hideyoshi 
to seduce the Mori Clan. 

2804
02:28:41,900 --> 02:28:45,300
That campaign demanded 
reinforcement Nobunaga prepared 

2805
02:28:45,300 --> 02:28:48,900
to dispatch extra troops. 
He halted in Kyoto at homogene 

2806
02:28:48,900 --> 02:28:51,900
Temple, intending, a brief rest 
on route to greet hideous. 

2807
02:28:51,900 --> 02:28:54,500
She's forces. 
The temple though, not heavily 

2808
02:28:54,500 --> 02:28:57,900
fortified was considered safe 
enough given the capital's calm.

2809
02:28:58,500 --> 02:29:02,200
Nobunaga was traveling lightly 
with only a small guard, most of

2810
02:29:02,200 --> 02:29:05,000
his main Army had been deployed 
to support different operations.

2811
02:29:05,000 --> 02:29:08,700
Some close advisers question 
this vulnerability but no 

2812
02:29:08,700 --> 02:29:11,700
Bernard brushed aside their 
concerns certain no serious 

2813
02:29:11,700 --> 02:29:16,900
threat, lurked Then came that 
fateful dawn of June 21st, 1582 

2814
02:29:16,900 --> 02:29:20,500
a catchy mitsu hired. 
Commanding, a Detachment under 

2815
02:29:20,500 --> 02:29:23,900
the pretext of reinforcing hideo
Yoshi turned, his Force, 

2816
02:29:23,900 --> 02:29:28,400
abruptly toward honor G. 
Storming in the odegaards on. 

2817
02:29:28,400 --> 02:29:31,900
Where is the temples interior 
lit with flames as mitsu. 

2818
02:29:31,900 --> 02:29:35,700
Hide's men, torched wooden Halls
Nobunaga fought back with sword 

2819
02:29:35,700 --> 02:29:37,600
in hand. 
But the odds were overwhelming 

2820
02:29:37,600 --> 02:29:39,700
realizing a skate was 
impossible. 

2821
02:29:39,700 --> 02:29:44,000
He retreated deeper into the 
complex Sources differ on the 

2822
02:29:44,000 --> 02:29:46,800
details but they Converge on the
notion that he took his life 

2823
02:29:46,800 --> 02:29:51,500
either by seppuku or ensuring no
capture rather than fall into 

2824
02:29:51,500 --> 02:29:54,500
mitts a hedis hands. 
The Blazing Temple sealed. 

2825
02:29:54,500 --> 02:29:58,800
The scene forging an indelible 
final image Japan's mightiest 

2826
02:29:58,800 --> 02:30:02,700
unifier consumed by betrayal and
fire undone not by an external 

2827
02:30:02,700 --> 02:30:06,600
rival, but by a subordinate, he 
underestimated Mitsuhide 

2828
02:30:06,600 --> 02:30:09,500
proclaiming the realm is ours. 
Tried to consolidate. 

2829
02:30:10,500 --> 02:30:13,300
But public shock overshadowed 
any acceptance of his coup. 

2830
02:30:13,300 --> 02:30:17,000
He had a Yoshi on hearing the 
news swiftly made peace with the

2831
02:30:17,008 --> 02:30:20,200
Maury to rush back in a short 
campaign, culminating in the 

2832
02:30:20,200 --> 02:30:23,400
Battle of yamazaki. 
Hideyoshi Avenged, Nobunaga 

2833
02:30:23,400 --> 02:30:27,200
defeating mitsu Hyde, and two 
weeks after homogene mitsuhide 

2834
02:30:27,200 --> 02:30:31,400
attempting to flee was slain by 
Bandits or vengeful peasants. 

2835
02:30:31,400 --> 02:30:34,500
And ironic end that left. 
No stable regime in his wake. 

2836
02:30:35,500 --> 02:30:39,600
The Echoes of that betrayal 
lingard for centuries, mitsuhide

2837
02:30:39,600 --> 02:30:42,400
days treachery became a byword 
for disloyalty and sudden 

2838
02:30:42,400 --> 02:30:46,700
reversal of Fortune. nobunaga's 
demise fractured, the odor Clan,

2839
02:30:46,700 --> 02:30:51,100
but the impetus for unification,
persisted hideyoshi emerged, as 

2840
02:30:51,100 --> 02:30:54,300
the next major figure, the 
eventually subjugating, much of 

2841
02:30:54,300 --> 02:30:59,200
Japan and styling himself, as 
the unifier Tokugawa more 

2842
02:30:59,200 --> 02:31:04,100
patient, would Outlast them all,
and set up the shogunate, In 

2843
02:31:04,100 --> 02:31:07,400
each subsequent stage, the ghost
of nobunaga's ambition, hovered.

2844
02:31:08,000 --> 02:31:10,500
Hideyoshi and yay, ASU both 
acknowledged that their 

2845
02:31:10,500 --> 02:31:13,600
expansions leaned on the 
foundation, Nobunaga laid the 

2846
02:31:13,600 --> 02:31:16,500
harnessing of firearms, the 
impetus for centralized domain 

2847
02:31:16,500 --> 02:31:20,200
and the notion that old feudal 
autonomy should yield to a 

2848
02:31:20,200 --> 02:31:22,400
singular Authority. 
In many ways. 

2849
02:31:23,300 --> 02:31:26,700
The abrupt end at honor g-shaped
nobunaga's Legacy as a fiery 

2850
02:31:26,700 --> 02:31:29,300
Comet unpredictable 
transformative. 

2851
02:31:29,300 --> 02:31:33,800
But short-lived A little over. 
What might have been had he 

2852
02:31:33,800 --> 02:31:36,100
survived? 
Would he afford a stable 

2853
02:31:36,100 --> 02:31:39,100
monarchy or introduced a new 
bureaucratic structure? 

2854
02:31:39,100 --> 02:31:42,700
Might his tolerance of foreign 
presence, have expanded, Japan's

2855
02:31:42,700 --> 02:31:46,400
Global Connections early Could 
he have become a dreaded or to 

2856
02:31:46,400 --> 02:31:49,800
craft stifling dissent so 
thoroughly as to hamper future? 

2857
02:31:49,800 --> 02:31:52,700
Evolution? 
The abruptness of his death 

2858
02:31:52,700 --> 02:31:56,500
leaves, a swirl of speculation, 
the sight of Honor G itself 

2859
02:31:56,500 --> 02:31:59,900
stands in Kyoto who much rebuilt
off after the conflagration. 

2860
02:32:00,900 --> 02:32:04,500
Tourists passed by a modest 
Memorial Often overshadowed, by 

2861
02:32:04,500 --> 02:32:08,500
more famous temples yet. 
For students of Japan sengoku 

2862
02:32:08,500 --> 02:32:12,400
era that place resonate. 
As a symbolic Crossroads, the 

2863
02:32:12,400 --> 02:32:16,100
Unstoppable warlord ended by his
retainer Pivoting. 

2864
02:32:16,100 --> 02:32:18,100
The entire Arc of national 
unification. 

2865
02:32:19,200 --> 02:32:21,200
The charge remains from that day
are long gone. 

2866
02:32:21,200 --> 02:32:25,700
But glimpses remaining curated 
relics Diaries and a handful of 

2867
02:32:25,700 --> 02:32:28,300
Swords believed to have belonged
to nobunaga's retinue. 

2868
02:32:28,900 --> 02:32:31,900
Each artifact, underscores the 
transience of power. 

2869
02:32:31,900 --> 02:32:36,400
One moment, a near omnipotent, 
figure rewriting, the lands 

2870
02:32:36,400 --> 02:32:39,700
Destiny. 
The next, a victim of fate and 

2871
02:32:39,700 --> 02:32:43,800
betrayal. 
Thus the final chapter of his 

2872
02:32:43,800 --> 02:32:46,400
life, stands not as a 
diminishment but as a crescendo 

2873
02:32:46,400 --> 02:32:50,800
in Falling hemmed the impetus 
that others carried forth. 

2874
02:32:51,500 --> 02:32:56,300
Hideyoshi eyasu and the entire 
notion of an eventually unified 

2875
02:32:56,300 --> 02:32:59,700
Japan under a single rule. 
Trace back to nobunaga's, 

2876
02:32:59,700 --> 02:33:03,300
Unstoppable wave. 
He forced the country to see the

2877
02:33:03,300 --> 02:33:06,900
old code where our kayak civil 
re overshadowed modernization 

2878
02:33:06,900 --> 02:33:10,900
was no longer viable in that 
sense, though, he vanished in 

2879
02:33:10,900 --> 02:33:14,400
Flames the brand of Revolution, 
he championed burned onward. 

2880
02:33:15,100 --> 02:33:17,800
Fueling, the next generation's 
quest to reorder the Nation 

2881
02:33:17,800 --> 02:33:21,800
Under a single banner. 
Post honor G the manner in which

2882
02:33:21,800 --> 02:33:25,700
Oda nobunaga's memory evolved 
offers a profound insight into 

2883
02:33:25,700 --> 02:33:27,700
how Japan processes. 
His historical figures. 

2884
02:33:28,700 --> 02:33:31,900
In the immediate aftermath many 
Warlords excised him from 

2885
02:33:31,900 --> 02:33:35,400
official genealogies. 
He had after all the dismantled 

2886
02:33:35,400 --> 02:33:39,000
centuries of tradition, however,
within a decade references, 

2887
02:33:39,000 --> 02:33:42,700
re-emerged describing him as the
initial impetus that any warlord

2888
02:33:42,700 --> 02:33:44,400
seeking unification must 
emulate. 

2889
02:33:45,400 --> 02:33:48,100
Some local chroniclers wrote, 
tributes praising, the demons 

2890
02:33:48,100 --> 02:33:52,200
Clarity a phrase that captured, 
the Paradox, demon, and cruelty 

2891
02:33:52,200 --> 02:33:56,600
Clarity, and vision. 
Tokugawa yasu, after 

2892
02:33:56,600 --> 02:34:00,700
establishing the Tokugawa, 
shogunate in 1603, quietly 

2893
02:34:00,700 --> 02:34:04,000
ensured That official, records 
didn't overshadow, the Tokugawa 

2894
02:34:04,000 --> 02:34:07,200
sentient narrative with too much
odor, idolization. 

2895
02:34:08,200 --> 02:34:11,700
Yet IAS super personally revered
nobunaga's decisive approach. 

2896
02:34:12,500 --> 02:34:15,100
Private Diaries mentioned how 
the new Shogun studied old 

2897
02:34:15,100 --> 02:34:19,100
Battlefield notes from okay, 
hazama and nagashino cleaning 

2898
02:34:19,100 --> 02:34:20,700
insights with the potential 
crises. 

2899
02:34:20,700 --> 02:34:24,100
Ironically the official 
narrative downplayed odors 

2900
02:34:24,100 --> 02:34:28,200
significant to bolster Tokugawa 
legitimacy that in private, the 

2901
02:34:28,200 --> 02:34:30,800
recollection of odors daring 
strategies can continue to 

2902
02:34:30,800 --> 02:34:34,500
provide valuable insights 
Meanwhile, rural Legends, 

2903
02:34:34,500 --> 02:34:37,300
cropped up casting to bruna's 
arrest Restless spirit. 

2904
02:34:38,000 --> 02:34:41,300
Farmers told Tales of hearing 
Phantom hoofbeats on the stormy 

2905
02:34:41,300 --> 02:34:43,900
nights said to be his ghost 
reenacting night. 

2906
02:34:43,900 --> 02:34:47,100
Raids in some folk songs 
nobunaga's Thunder. 

2907
02:34:47,100 --> 02:34:51,400
Referred to unexpected storms 
damaging unharvested Fields, an 

2908
02:34:51,400 --> 02:34:55,100
ominous sign of Unstoppable 
Force such Tales embedded him 

2909
02:34:55,100 --> 02:34:57,700
into the realm of folk 
Superstition people across 

2910
02:34:57,700 --> 02:35:01,400
provinces especially in regions 
once scorched by his campaigns, 

2911
02:35:01,400 --> 02:35:06,000
found Echoes of both or and 
Dread in the stories by the Edo 

2912
02:35:06,000 --> 02:35:08,200
period. 
Woodblock prints portrayed him 

2913
02:35:08,200 --> 02:35:11,600
with stylized armor scowling or 
triumphant in mid-battle. 

2914
02:35:12,800 --> 02:35:15,500
Few dramatizations and Kabuki 
theater, though. 

2915
02:35:15,500 --> 02:35:19,100
Typically focusing on hideyoshi.
Occasionally included Cameo 

2916
02:35:19,100 --> 02:35:22,300
references to Nobi nagas as an 
unyielding presence over 

2917
02:35:22,300 --> 02:35:24,800
shadowing. 
The stage the sensors of the 

2918
02:35:24,800 --> 02:35:27,000
takagawa regime. 
Usually avoided depicting him, 

2919
02:35:27,000 --> 02:35:30,300
two favorably, fearful of 
stirring, rebellious, sentiments

2920
02:35:30,300 --> 02:35:33,100
that might Champion a Nobunaga 
style revolt. 

2921
02:35:34,300 --> 02:35:37,000
Despite these constraints 
underground manuscripts 

2922
02:35:37,000 --> 02:35:38,800
circulated. 
That teased out, his modern 

2923
02:35:38,800 --> 02:35:42,100
aspects, like his willingness to
incorporate foreigners or push 

2924
02:35:42,100 --> 02:35:45,200
Advanced weapons. 
Samurai, who read them in 

2925
02:35:45,208 --> 02:35:48,300
private might feel emboldened by
the notion of discarding stale 

2926
02:35:48,300 --> 02:35:52,700
tradition, in favor of 
pragmatic, modernity, The Meiji 

2927
02:35:52,700 --> 02:35:56,200
Restoration in the late, 19th 
century revived interest, as 

2928
02:35:56,200 --> 02:35:59,200
Japan opened to the world. 
Some intellectuals lauded 

2929
02:35:59,200 --> 02:36:01,900
nobunaga's, Progressive stance 
on trade and Technology. 

2930
02:36:02,500 --> 02:36:04,400
Claiming he was the first modern
Japanese. 

2931
02:36:05,500 --> 02:36:08,500
Western Scholars who visited 
found in Nobunaga figure 

2932
02:36:08,500 --> 02:36:10,500
reminiscent of Europe's, 
absolute monarchs. 

2933
02:36:10,500 --> 02:36:13,300
A man who overcame medieval 
fragmentation. 

2934
02:36:14,100 --> 02:36:17,400
They wrote comparative essays 
labeling him, a Japanese Caesar 

2935
02:36:17,400 --> 02:36:21,900
or Napoleon in Samurai Forum. 
Although these analogies were 

2936
02:36:21,908 --> 02:36:24,700
simplistic, they further 
cemented his Global mistake, 

2937
02:36:25,400 --> 02:36:28,700
Museum started collecting items 
rumored to be from his domain 

2938
02:36:28,700 --> 02:36:33,300
archibus and partial suits of 
lacquered armor, each artifact. 

2939
02:36:33,300 --> 02:36:36,100
Conveyed a fragment of his 
Endeavors to propel Japan 

2940
02:36:36,100 --> 02:36:40,000
forward centuries in a single 
generation in the 20th century 

2941
02:36:40,000 --> 02:36:41,700
as War. 
Raged globally. 

2942
02:36:41,700 --> 02:36:45,300
Some Japanese military's admired
knoben's on stoppable 

2943
02:36:45,300 --> 02:36:48,900
aggression, they saw him as a 
model for unyielding expansion. 

2944
02:36:49,700 --> 02:36:53,600
Post-war that sentiment cooled 
replaced by more nuanced 

2945
02:36:53,600 --> 02:36:57,500
academic approach, the emphasis 
shifted toward analyzing his 

2946
02:36:57,500 --> 02:37:01,800
socio-economic policies, like 
standardizing measure systems or

2947
02:37:01,800 --> 02:37:04,100
encouraging open trade in Castle
towns. 

2948
02:37:04,900 --> 02:37:07,500
Contemporary historians 
highlight how those policies 

2949
02:37:07,500 --> 02:37:10,700
laid seeds for an eventual, 
stable economy under the 

2950
02:37:10,700 --> 02:37:13,300
Tokugawa. 
Even if that regime ironically 

2951
02:37:13,300 --> 02:37:16,700
closed off certain foreign 
influences, another wave of 

2952
02:37:16,700 --> 02:37:20,200
scholarship focuses on the 
cultural interplay, the Synergy 

2953
02:37:20,200 --> 02:37:22,700
of Christian missionaries and 
the partial acceptance of their 

2954
02:37:22,700 --> 02:37:27,400
ideas that might have blossomed 
further had Nobunaga endured In 

2955
02:37:27,400 --> 02:37:29,800
popular culture of the late 20th
and early 21st. 

2956
02:37:29,800 --> 02:37:32,800
Centuries. 
A deluge of creative retellings,

2957
02:37:32,800 --> 02:37:36,500
reimagined him. 
Video games, featuring sengoku 

2958
02:37:36,500 --> 02:37:40,300
battles depict him as a fearsome
Overlord with unstoppable, power

2959
02:37:40,300 --> 02:37:43,200
ups and specialized gun, squads,
mango and Anime. 

2960
02:37:43,200 --> 02:37:45,200
Often play with the Demon King 
label. 

2961
02:37:45,200 --> 02:37:48,900
Recasting him in time, slip 
scenarios or comedic subplots. 

2962
02:37:48,900 --> 02:37:52,400
Dramas vary from an honorable 
anti-hero forging. 

2963
02:37:52,400 --> 02:37:56,600
Unity to a borderline sadistic 
tyrant. this breadth of 

2964
02:37:56,600 --> 02:38:00,400
interpretations, testifies to 
his complexity, even in a 

2965
02:38:00,400 --> 02:38:04,800
comedic Cameo, the essence of 
Unstoppable, change remains He's

2966
02:38:04,800 --> 02:38:07,600
recognized as the impetus behind
Japan's, transition from 

2967
02:38:07,600 --> 02:38:11,700
fractious, medieval to the cusp 
of early modern hence the modern

2968
02:38:11,700 --> 02:38:14,700
lens sifts through centuries of 
contradiction. 

2969
02:38:15,600 --> 02:38:18,800
Was he monstrous and cruelty or 
heroic in forging? 

2970
02:38:18,800 --> 02:38:22,000
A stable path? 
Did he Embrace foreign ideas out

2971
02:38:22,000 --> 02:38:24,400
of genuine openness or purely 
for Advantage? 

2972
02:38:25,100 --> 02:38:27,900
Did he Harbours future blueprint
for a stable monarchy? 

2973
02:38:27,900 --> 02:38:30,200
Or was he improvising day by 
day? 

2974
02:38:30,200 --> 02:38:32,600
Exploiting each short-term 
opportunity. 

2975
02:38:32,600 --> 02:38:35,200
The record suggests. 
All these angles might hold 

2976
02:38:35,200 --> 02:38:37,900
truth. 
He was multifaceted a man, 

2977
02:38:37,908 --> 02:38:41,100
Unshackled by tradition, ready 
to harness any advantage, 

2978
02:38:41,100 --> 02:38:43,500
Unstoppable, until undone by 
betrayal. 

2979
02:38:44,500 --> 02:38:47,500
In that sense. 
Oda nobunaga's name remains a 

2980
02:38:47,500 --> 02:38:49,600
prism, turn it one way. 
You see? 

2981
02:38:49,600 --> 02:38:52,200
A progressive champion of 
modernization tilted? 

2982
02:38:52,200 --> 02:38:56,500
Another, a fearsome Reaper of 
old shrines and foes Japan's 

2983
02:38:56,500 --> 02:38:57,900
memory. 
And the world's Fascination 

2984
02:38:57,900 --> 02:39:00,000
revolve around these shifting 
lights. 

2985
02:39:00,800 --> 02:39:03,000
Among lesson, known facets of 
nobunaga's. 

2986
02:39:03,000 --> 02:39:06,500
Story is his personal retinue of
varied, advisors, some from 

2987
02:39:06,500 --> 02:39:09,000
backgrounds, not typically 
admitted to Samurai Council. 

2988
02:39:09,000 --> 02:39:12,900
He believed that rank was earned
by Merit an unusual stance. 

2989
02:39:12,900 --> 02:39:16,100
For the time for instance he 
wants appointed a skilled 

2990
02:39:16,100 --> 02:39:19,700
blacksmith to direct certain 
Siege engine Creations, that was

2991
02:39:19,700 --> 02:39:22,400
heresy, in the eyes of 
traditional samurai, a 

2992
02:39:22,400 --> 02:39:25,500
blacksmith leading Warrior's 
Know, Bernard brushed off the 

2993
02:39:25,500 --> 02:39:29,400
critics pointing to result the 
blacksmith technical cunning 

2994
02:39:29,400 --> 02:39:32,300
helped Forge, Innovative 
catapults that battered a walled

2995
02:39:32,300 --> 02:39:35,800
Fortress into submission. 
This anecdote though, 

2996
02:39:35,800 --> 02:39:39,000
overshadowed in mainstream 
accounts, exemplifies his break 

2997
02:39:39,000 --> 02:39:42,800
from hierarchical norms. 
Another overlooked detail lies 

2998
02:39:42,800 --> 02:39:46,000
in the realm of intelligence 
gathering Nobunaga, according to

2999
02:39:46,000 --> 02:39:50,000
scattered Diaries established, a
nascent Espionage Network in 

3000
02:39:50,000 --> 02:39:53,300
Kyoto and Merchants towns. 
He recognized that raw might 

3001
02:39:53,300 --> 02:39:55,700
alone would not. 
Keep him ahead through discrete 

3002
02:39:55,700 --> 02:39:57,400
watches, some disguised as 
traveling. 

3003
02:39:57,400 --> 02:40:01,000
Entertainers, some as pilgrims 
gleaned updates on Rival Lords, 

3004
02:40:01,000 --> 02:40:05,200
alliances, or fractures Buddhist
sects, plotting and Secret. this

3005
02:40:05,200 --> 02:40:08,400
network of information helped 
prevent revolts and enabled him 

3006
02:40:08,400 --> 02:40:12,300
to intercept Clan collusion 
well, Espionage existed in Prior

3007
02:40:12,300 --> 02:40:16,700
eras, Nobunaga systematized, it 
more thoroughly reflecting, a 

3008
02:40:16,700 --> 02:40:18,500
willingness to adopt, whatever, 
gave him an edge. 

3009
02:40:19,300 --> 02:40:22,200
One, puzzling Dimension was his 
attitude, the Imperial Court. 

3010
02:40:23,100 --> 02:40:25,800
Typically Warlords are the 
revered, the Emperor as a 

3011
02:40:25,800 --> 02:40:29,200
symbolic pivot or ignored him. 
Nobunaga courted. 

3012
02:40:29,200 --> 02:40:32,200
The courts favor in a measured 
way offering them economic 

3013
02:40:32,200 --> 02:40:33,800
assistance. 
You've Furby Shing certain 

3014
02:40:33,800 --> 02:40:37,000
neglected Palace halls, and 
ensuring the emperor's dignity. 

3015
02:40:37,900 --> 02:40:39,300
This was not out of pure 
devotion. 

3016
02:40:39,300 --> 02:40:42,300
It was a strategic move by 
championing the emperor's 

3017
02:40:42,300 --> 02:40:45,800
Prestige. 
He legitimized his expansion at 

3018
02:40:45,800 --> 02:40:48,700
some serems, he arrived in 
flamboyant a tire. 

3019
02:40:48,700 --> 02:40:52,800
Overshadowing lesser Lords then 
humbly bowed before the emperor 

3020
02:40:52,800 --> 02:40:56,000
an old mixture of vanity in a 
basement that left Watchers on 

3021
02:40:56,000 --> 02:41:00,300
certain how to interpret him. 
the emperor, the powerless, in 

3022
02:41:00,300 --> 02:41:04,300
martial terms, recognize that 
nobody's guardianship provided a

3023
02:41:04,300 --> 02:41:08,100
stable environment for the court
survival, thus a polite if 

3024
02:41:08,100 --> 02:41:13,600
uneasy Synergy arose, Nobunaga's
personal life, beyond the 

3025
02:41:13,600 --> 02:41:15,900
political realm remains 
partially veiled. 

3026
02:41:16,600 --> 02:41:19,000
He married multiple times 
forging alliances with 

3027
02:41:19,000 --> 02:41:22,300
significant families. 
Notably little is said about 

3028
02:41:22,300 --> 02:41:25,700
deep personal attachments. 
Some historians wonder if he 

3029
02:41:25,700 --> 02:41:29,200
maintained an emotional remove 
seeing marriages as a strategic 

3030
02:41:29,200 --> 02:41:33,100
game, a personal diary snippet, 
suggests a fleeting mention of 

3031
02:41:33,100 --> 02:41:37,600
above consort but her name 
remains uncertain lost in burned

3032
02:41:37,600 --> 02:41:39,900
records or overshadowed by 
former marriages. 

3033
02:41:39,900 --> 02:41:44,200
The Narrative is incomplete 
overshadowed by Warfare logs and

3034
02:41:44,208 --> 02:41:46,800
alliances it. 
Underscores how the official 

3035
02:41:46,800 --> 02:41:50,300
story seldom captures intimate 
sentiments specially for a man? 

3036
02:41:50,300 --> 02:41:53,700
So public in ambition. 
One rumored anecdote, from 

3037
02:41:53,700 --> 02:41:56,900
Castle staff claims that 
Nobunaga had a private reading 

3038
02:41:56,900 --> 02:42:00,300
habit, poetry anthologies, from 
the ham period and Chinese 

3039
02:42:00,300 --> 02:42:03,000
military treaters. 
He found parallels between 

3040
02:42:03,000 --> 02:42:05,700
ancient poems, praising a 
femoral blossoms and the 

3041
02:42:05,700 --> 02:42:09,200
transients of alliances. 
He told a close retainer that 

3042
02:42:09,200 --> 02:42:11,500
the ephemeral nature of cherry 
blossoms matched. 

3043
02:42:11,500 --> 02:42:14,600
The ephemeral nature of men's 
loyalty some guests, this 

3044
02:42:14,600 --> 02:42:17,300
reflection spurred him to adopt 
Savage efficiency in the 

3045
02:42:17,300 --> 02:42:20,700
stamping out, potential threats,
believing that if a blossom 

3046
02:42:20,700 --> 02:42:23,300
would fall, anyway, best it do 
so on his terms. 

3047
02:42:24,000 --> 02:42:26,100
Whether or not that anecdote is 
fully accurate. 

3048
02:42:26,100 --> 02:42:30,200
It captures the sense that a 
philosophical thread ran under 

3049
02:42:30,200 --> 02:42:33,600
his pragmatic exterior. 
As for the everyday peasant or 

3050
02:42:33,600 --> 02:42:36,600
merchants in his expanding 
territory, the experience was 

3051
02:42:36,600 --> 02:42:38,800
double-edged. 
They might face forced 

3052
02:42:38,800 --> 02:42:41,200
relocations or heavy Corvette 
labor to build new 

3053
02:42:41,200 --> 02:42:43,800
fortifications. 
But once integrated, they also 

3054
02:42:43,800 --> 02:42:47,000
benefited from relative security
and New Roads that spurred 

3055
02:42:47,000 --> 02:42:49,300
Commerce. 
Contemporary letters from 

3056
02:42:49,300 --> 02:42:51,200
Village. 
Headmen describe a mix of relief

3057
02:42:51,200 --> 02:42:54,000
at decreased local Warfare. 
And disquiet about the 

3058
02:42:54,000 --> 02:42:56,100
unwavering demands of the odor 
Administration. 

3059
02:42:56,100 --> 02:43:00,000
Taxes might be consistent. 
But if the local official was 

3060
02:43:00,000 --> 02:43:02,900
incompetent, they feared 
nobunaga's retribution. 

3061
02:43:02,900 --> 02:43:06,400
Entire hamlets might be sacked 
if accused of harbouring, 

3062
02:43:06,400 --> 02:43:09,400
rebels. 
So, daily life was balanced 

3063
02:43:09,400 --> 02:43:12,800
between a Karma and the dread 
that a single misstep. 

3064
02:43:12,800 --> 02:43:16,300
Could provoke a brutal. 
Crackdown As he neared the Final

3065
02:43:16,300 --> 02:43:20,600
Chapter, some retailing, he grew
more flamboyant he staged 

3066
02:43:20,600 --> 02:43:24,400
Banquets with Kabuki or comedic 
plays wearing elaborate kimonos,

3067
02:43:24,400 --> 02:43:28,600
others emphasize and increasing 
paranoia pushing him to punish 

3068
02:43:28,600 --> 02:43:32,100
even mine or a fronts possibly 
both narrow who was contain 

3069
02:43:32,100 --> 02:43:34,300
truth. 
The Synergy of a man who 

3070
02:43:34,300 --> 02:43:36,900
recognized he was on the cusp of
forging a new Epoch. 

3071
02:43:36,900 --> 02:43:40,100
Yet felt the Press of Potential 
betrayals from every corner. 

3072
02:43:40,100 --> 02:43:43,600
Could produce a contradictory 
Stars lavish celebration. 

3073
02:43:43,600 --> 02:43:47,900
One day Savage clamped down the 
next ultimately that tension 

3074
02:43:47,900 --> 02:43:51,200
stopped at hamaji leaving. 
Him consumed by betrayal. 

3075
02:43:52,000 --> 02:43:55,000
In the end, these lesser known 
details, his Espionage, 

3076
02:43:55,000 --> 02:43:59,100
unorthodox appointments subtle 
alliances with the Imperial 

3077
02:43:59,100 --> 02:44:03,300
Court and personal reading 
habits, magnify how complex Oda 

3078
02:44:03,300 --> 02:44:06,900
Nobunaga was not purely The 
Demon King not purely, the 

3079
02:44:06,900 --> 02:44:10,000
modernizing champion, he 
Traverse spaces Beyond 

3080
02:44:10,000 --> 02:44:14,000
simplistic labels, his story 
though, overshadowed by dramatic

3081
02:44:14,000 --> 02:44:17,400
battles resonates in the subtle 
underpinnings of how he managed 

3082
02:44:17,400 --> 02:44:19,900
Realms resources and 
relationships. 

3083
02:44:21,100 --> 02:44:24,200
It hints that while overshadowed
by an era of swirling conflict. 

3084
02:44:24,200 --> 02:44:28,000
His efforts carved out A New 
Path from medieval fragmentation

3085
02:44:28,000 --> 02:44:31,800
to emergent Central Authority. 
Paving the way for hideo Yoshi, 

3086
02:44:31,800 --> 02:44:36,500
yeosu and the eventual of a 
stable will be at closed Japan 

3087
02:44:36,500 --> 02:44:39,700
under the takagawa. 
Standing at the Confluence of 

3088
02:44:39,700 --> 02:44:43,800
myth and fact Oda Nobunaga 
remains a singular figure in 

3089
02:44:43,800 --> 02:44:45,400
Japan's, historical 
consciousness. 

3090
02:44:46,400 --> 02:44:50,600
Centuries of paths since that 
fateful day in 1582 yet, the 

3091
02:44:50,600 --> 02:44:55,000
shadow of Honor gingers 
observers even in modern times 

3092
02:44:55,000 --> 02:44:59,000
see him attention between 
brutality in lightning tradition

3093
02:44:59,000 --> 02:45:02,800
and radical innovation. 
His presence Looms in Talk of 

3094
02:45:02,800 --> 02:45:05,900
the sengoku era, overshadowing 
many of his contemporaries 

3095
02:45:05,900 --> 02:45:08,300
because he alone dared to step 
outside. 

3096
02:45:08,300 --> 02:45:11,500
The old rules. 
So dramatically One wonders. 

3097
02:45:11,500 --> 02:45:13,900
How? 
If not for mitsu, Japan's path. 

3098
02:45:13,900 --> 02:45:16,100
Might differ. 
Maybe Nobunaga would have 

3099
02:45:16,100 --> 02:45:19,900
extended even friendly a ties 
with the West fostering deeper 

3100
02:45:19,900 --> 02:45:22,900
trade or adopting new Sciences. 
Some speculate. 

3101
02:45:22,900 --> 02:45:25,100
He might have orchestrated a 
national bureaucracy. 

3102
02:45:25,100 --> 02:45:27,100
Well before Tokugawa, 
consolidation. 

3103
02:45:27,800 --> 02:45:31,400
Speeding modernization by 
centuries. others argue, the 

3104
02:45:31,400 --> 02:45:34,400
pace of Western contact was 
still too slow and that his 

3105
02:45:34,400 --> 02:45:37,700
stance on Christianity was too 
ambiguous to create a real 

3106
02:45:37,700 --> 02:45:41,000
opening or perhaps his severity 
would have ignited, a larger 

3107
02:45:41,000 --> 02:45:45,500
civil Revolt, cutting his story 
short anyway, such conjectures 

3108
02:45:45,500 --> 02:45:49,900
swirl Because the actual drama 
ended abruptly leaving a vacuum 

3109
02:45:49,900 --> 02:45:55,500
for hideyoshi and aasu to fill. 
In modern Japan historians group

3110
02:45:55,500 --> 02:45:58,900
him among the three great 
unifiers will be at the earliest

3111
02:45:58,900 --> 02:46:01,500
in the most audacious hideyoshi 
refined. 

3112
02:46:01,500 --> 02:46:04,700
Yay! 
Asui entrenched but Nobunaga was

3113
02:46:04,700 --> 02:46:08,100
the Unstoppable. 
Spark various local festivals in

3114
02:46:08,100 --> 02:46:11,000
gifu on Nagoya, celebrate him as
an iconic. 

3115
02:46:11,000 --> 02:46:14,600
Local Hero, perhaps ignoring the
cruelty that charred the walls 

3116
02:46:14,600 --> 02:46:18,700
of temples The Duality remains 
parades costumed, and 

3117
02:46:18,700 --> 02:46:22,000
flamboyant, odor regalia, 
hosting cheerful crowds 

3118
02:46:22,000 --> 02:46:25,700
ironically commemorating a man 
who showed little Mercy to foes.

3119
02:46:25,700 --> 02:46:29,000
Yet, that contradiction is not 
lost on participants, who 

3120
02:46:29,000 --> 02:46:31,100
acknowledge that? 
Forging a new order seldom 

3121
02:46:31,100 --> 02:46:33,700
occurs gently. 
Schools in Japan, mentioned him 

3122
02:46:33,700 --> 02:46:36,400
in textbooks will be at briefly 
formidable Lord. 

3123
02:46:36,400 --> 02:46:40,800
Who championed guns overcame? 
The emago, subdued the Takeda 

3124
02:46:40,800 --> 02:46:44,600
and died at honor G. 
This truncated version rarely 

3125
02:46:44,600 --> 02:46:46,400
delves into his approach to 
governance or the 

3126
02:46:46,400 --> 02:46:49,800
transformations in Commerce. 
He championed meanwhile academic

3127
02:46:49,800 --> 02:46:52,800
circles delve deeper 
re-evaluating newly found 

3128
02:46:52,808 --> 02:46:56,300
Diaries or cross-referencing 
Portuguese Mission letters each 

3129
02:46:56,300 --> 02:46:59,700
reexamination can shift. 
The Nuance was he truly a patron

3130
02:46:59,700 --> 02:47:02,300
of broad-minded exchange or just
pragmatic about receiving 

3131
02:47:02,300 --> 02:47:05,100
Advanced Weaponry? 
It is free market instincts. 

3132
02:47:05,100 --> 02:47:08,800
Come from moral convictions or 
from a desire to centralize 

3133
02:47:08,800 --> 02:47:12,100
wealth under his control The 
records are incomplete. 

3134
02:47:12,100 --> 02:47:14,200
Ensuring debates. 
Continue. 

3135
02:47:15,000 --> 02:47:18,100
Outside Japan, popular culture 
globalized his name. 

3136
02:47:18,900 --> 02:47:21,500
Strategy games depict him as a 
charismatic conqueror with 

3137
02:47:21,500 --> 02:47:25,300
Cutting Edge, muskets anime 
series swirl him into fantasy 

3138
02:47:25,300 --> 02:47:27,000
battles. 
Occasionally. 

3139
02:47:27,000 --> 02:47:28,600
They highlight the Heartbreak of
betrayal. 

3140
02:47:28,600 --> 02:47:33,100
Other times, the Unstoppable 
conquests In global narratives 

3141
02:47:33,100 --> 02:47:36,900
about heroic tyrants. 
Oda Nobunaga stands, comfortably

3142
02:47:36,900 --> 02:47:41,100
among Genghis, Khan Napoleon and
other icons of Unstoppable 

3143
02:47:41,100 --> 02:47:44,100
expansion. 
The Mythic Dimension grows with 

3144
02:47:44,100 --> 02:47:47,600
each retelling overshadowing 
smaller truths, like how he 

3145
02:47:47,600 --> 02:47:50,200
dealt daily with Petty, Clan 
disputes or Municipal tax 

3146
02:47:50,200 --> 02:47:53,500
controverses, yet, those small 
truths made the difference in 

3147
02:47:53,500 --> 02:47:56,100
his success. 
The capacity to handle detail 

3148
02:47:56,100 --> 02:47:59,400
from forging muskets to forging 
Pax with blacksmiths and foreign

3149
02:47:59,400 --> 02:48:02,200
Traders. 
Perhaps the ultimate takeaway is

3150
02:48:02,200 --> 02:48:04,600
that leadership in a time of 
flux is rarely pure. 

3151
02:48:05,300 --> 02:48:08,200
Nobunaga's story, underscores 
how seizing the moment demands 

3152
02:48:08,200 --> 02:48:10,700
leaps of imagination, a 
willingness, to adopt, 

3153
02:48:10,700 --> 02:48:13,900
unfamiliar tools and Readiness, 
for pushback from entrenched 

3154
02:48:13,900 --> 02:48:16,900
interests, but such leaps. 
Can also breed enemies from 

3155
02:48:16,900 --> 02:48:21,200
unexpected places. 
He overcame vast hurdles only to

3156
02:48:21,200 --> 02:48:23,800
be undone by the retainer whose 
loyalty he took for granted. 

3157
02:48:24,800 --> 02:48:28,500
The caution is timeless. 
Unstoppable impetus might yield 

3158
02:48:28,500 --> 02:48:31,700
breathtaking victories, but 
ignoring the intricacies of 

3159
02:48:31,700 --> 02:48:34,500
trust, can prove fatal for all 
the rancor. 

3160
02:48:34,500 --> 02:48:38,100
The story of Odin Nobunaga is 
also one of bridging a medieval 

3161
02:48:38,100 --> 02:48:41,700
fractiousness to a future marked
by Central governments, the 

3162
02:48:41,700 --> 02:48:44,300
Unstoppable impetus. 
He began was not fully realized 

3163
02:48:44,300 --> 02:48:47,900
in his life time but the impetus
did not die at homogene. 

3164
02:48:47,900 --> 02:48:52,400
It continued through his 
successors in a unified though, 

3165
02:48:52,400 --> 02:48:57,700
autocratic, Tokugawa regime. 
So in a sense he was the father 

3166
02:48:57,700 --> 02:49:01,000
of modern Japan in everything 
but his official name that's the

3167
02:49:01,000 --> 02:49:03,400
irony, the one who set the stage
for stability. 

3168
02:49:03,400 --> 02:49:06,400
Never personally enjoyed it. 
His life ended in a 

3169
02:49:06,400 --> 02:49:10,000
conflagration leaving fans of 
heroic epic to mourn that the 

3170
02:49:10,000 --> 02:49:12,700
Unstoppable path ended. 
Just short of the final victory.

3171
02:49:13,600 --> 02:49:17,900
Perhaps that ending Paradox, 
amplifies, his Legend in a land 

3172
02:49:17,908 --> 02:49:20,500
that often underscores the 
ephemeral beauty of cherry 

3173
02:49:20,500 --> 02:49:22,200
blossoms. 
Fleeting in their Prime 

3174
02:49:22,200 --> 02:49:26,000
nobunaga's abrupt demise at the 
Apex of his might resonates as 

3175
02:49:26,000 --> 02:49:27,700
an epic. 
Tragic, flourish. 

3176
02:49:28,500 --> 02:49:31,400
Even as a new Japan, eventually 
dawned under different hands. 

3177
02:49:31,400 --> 02:49:34,900
The memory of the one who dared 
to break every mold to scorn 

3178
02:49:34,900 --> 02:49:38,300
archaic codes, and to forcibly 
shape, the realm remains an 

3179
02:49:38,300 --> 02:49:42,000
endless source of contemplation 
debate and creative inspiration.

3180
02:49:42,800 --> 02:49:47,000
Odona, a name that centuries 
later remains intertwined with 

3181
02:49:47,000 --> 02:49:50,600
the Unstoppable drive to unify 
Land once splintered by War 

3182
02:49:50,600 --> 02:49:54,800
overshadowed, only by the final 
violent, twist of fate, that 

3183
02:49:54,800 --> 02:49:58,300
gave rise to a legend beyond the
measure of success or failure. 

3184
02:50:04,300 --> 02:50:07,900
In the year, 742 CE the 
prosperous city, state of 

3185
02:50:07,900 --> 02:50:10,000
Corazon, glittered under the 
Noonday Sun. 

3186
02:50:10,000 --> 02:50:14,400
The next for Caravan routes, 
feeding distant Empires chorus, 

3187
02:50:14,400 --> 02:50:18,200
and thrived on the exchange of 
saffron, silk star, charts and 

3188
02:50:18,200 --> 02:50:22,500
rumors whispered behind curtain.
Delco's At its Center Grand 

3189
02:50:22,500 --> 02:50:24,600
Marketplace. 
Whose vaulted roof trapped the 

3190
02:50:24,608 --> 02:50:30,200
daily bustle in a ceaseless. 
Echo Traders from BMW. the 

3191
02:50:30,200 --> 02:50:34,800
zantium Tang China, the Abbasid 
caliphate, and Beyond, mingled, 

3192
02:50:34,800 --> 02:50:39,100
among stalls, stacked high with 
lapis, lazuli, dried fruit and 

3193
02:50:39,100 --> 02:50:43,100
perfumed Sandalwood Some hailed 
it as a Marvel of Cosmopolitan 

3194
02:50:43,100 --> 02:50:46,500
life where fortunes might pivot 
in a single conversation. 

3195
02:50:47,500 --> 02:50:51,700
Among the people navigating, the
throng was career bint yazed a 

3196
02:50:51,700 --> 02:50:54,500
traveling scholar, whose lineage
traced back to the once renowned

3197
02:50:54,500 --> 02:50:58,700
zoroastrian Priests of Persia. 
Her face betrayed concentration.

3198
02:50:58,700 --> 02:51:01,600
As she studied hieroglyphic 
notations in a weathered scroll 

3199
02:51:02,500 --> 02:51:05,000
Unmarried and unconcerned with 
the expectations. 

3200
02:51:05,000 --> 02:51:08,000
Placed upon a woman of her 
station, she had roamed from one

3201
02:51:08,000 --> 02:51:10,300
end of the Silk Road to the 
other piece in together, 

3202
02:51:10,300 --> 02:51:12,100
knowledge. 
That seldom found its way into 

3203
02:51:12,100 --> 02:51:15,600
the official annals the swirl of
corazon's Commerce did not 

3204
02:51:15,600 --> 02:51:18,800
distract her, she focused on a 
lead, suggesting that rare 

3205
02:51:18,800 --> 02:51:21,200
manuscripts, had surfaced in a 
private collection near the 

3206
02:51:21,200 --> 02:51:25,400
city's Eastern quarter. this 
rumor if proven, true could 

3207
02:51:25,400 --> 02:51:28,000
illuminate corners of History, 
barely glimpsed by modern 

3208
02:51:28,000 --> 02:51:31,900
Scholars, Korea pressed deeper 
into elaborate of narrow Lanes. 

3209
02:51:31,900 --> 02:51:35,900
Behind the four main Bazaar 
Guided by coded map etched into 

3210
02:51:35,900 --> 02:51:38,300
her memory. 
Eager boy, is offered to carry 

3211
02:51:38,300 --> 02:51:41,600
her satchels for a coin and 
watchful guards in brass trimmed

3212
02:51:41,600 --> 02:51:46,500
uniforms Idiot by She brushed 
off all offers of help too many 

3213
02:51:46,508 --> 02:51:49,000
watches. 
Too many years at last. 

3214
02:51:49,000 --> 02:51:51,600
She arrived at a courtyard 
hidden behind a plain wooden 

3215
02:51:51,600 --> 02:51:53,800
door. 
Its walls were plastered in 

3216
02:51:53,800 --> 02:51:56,800
cream white, while Vines 
spiraled up lattices under a 

3217
02:51:56,800 --> 02:52:00,400
hazy afternoon sky. 
Within that secluded Enclave. 

3218
02:52:00,400 --> 02:52:04,100
Stood an elderly bibliophile 
named kazem, Al talabi his hands

3219
02:52:04,100 --> 02:52:07,300
trembling under the burden of a 
Slender volume Bound in jade 

3220
02:52:07,300 --> 02:52:10,100
green leather, their meeting was
brief career. 

3221
02:52:10,100 --> 02:52:13,300
Offered him carefully wrapped 
objects fragments of ancient 

3222
02:52:13,300 --> 02:52:17,800
mathematics, tablets and covered
near Samarkand and in exchange 

3223
02:52:17,800 --> 02:52:21,100
kazim relinquished. 
The Jade bound text. he warned 

3224
02:52:21,100 --> 02:52:23,600
her that certain circles would 
stop at nothing to keep these 

3225
02:52:23,600 --> 02:52:26,900
Pages hidden for they revealed 
knowledge rumored to disrupt any

3226
02:52:26,900 --> 02:52:30,500
Empire reliant on controlling 
scholarship She nodded Gravely, 

3227
02:52:30,500 --> 02:52:33,700
a custom to the Shadows that 
dogged rare manuscripts. 

3228
02:52:34,300 --> 02:52:36,900
Across the years, she had 
learned that truth took many 

3229
02:52:36,900 --> 02:52:40,300
forms each requiring, a subtle 
approach to keep it from 

3230
02:52:40,300 --> 02:52:42,600
Vanishing under official 
censure. 

3231
02:52:44,000 --> 02:52:45,900
Emerging once again, into the 
main Bazaar. 

3232
02:52:45,900 --> 02:52:48,300
Career carefully, hid, the new 
acquisition beneath her 

3233
02:52:48,300 --> 02:52:50,900
traveling cloak. 
She knew better than to linger 

3234
02:52:50,900 --> 02:52:54,400
Horizons seeming, tolerance of 
foreign ideas, could transform 

3235
02:52:54,400 --> 02:52:58,300
abruptly of power shifted. 
Memories of burned Scrolls and 

3236
02:52:58,300 --> 02:53:01,800
harassed scribes in other 
dominions, haunted her, fueling 

3237
02:53:01,800 --> 02:53:04,400
her determination to preserve 
the text at any cost. 

3238
02:53:05,200 --> 02:53:08,500
She arranged with a local 
Caravan heading, Eastward its 

3239
02:53:08,500 --> 02:53:11,300
leader a woman named. 
Hassoun who had a reputation for

3240
02:53:11,300 --> 02:53:15,800
outmaneuver Desert Bandits 
Without Illusions, carrier 

3241
02:53:15,800 --> 02:53:18,400
recognized that partnering with 
such a skilled Merchants would 

3242
02:53:18,400 --> 02:53:23,300
cost her yet safety for the Jade
bound book was Paramount. before

3243
02:53:23,300 --> 02:53:26,600
the Caravan departed, Korea, 
paid her respects at a small 

3244
02:53:26,600 --> 02:53:30,600
Shrine dedicated to wise men of 
antiquity A single Candle, 

3245
02:53:30,600 --> 02:53:33,400
flickered by the older, 
Illuminating offerings left. 

3246
02:53:33,400 --> 02:53:35,800
By Travelers praying for Clear, 
roads, and fair weather. 

3247
02:53:36,500 --> 02:53:39,300
She exhaled a silent oath that 
she would not let ignorance 

3248
02:53:39,300 --> 02:53:41,200
Devour the pressure's knowledge 
in her care. 

3249
02:53:42,000 --> 02:53:45,000
Beyond the city's gate slay an 
expansive desert to studded with

3250
02:53:45,000 --> 02:53:49,000
June's and ham by Fierce winds, 
but her route lady, even father 

3251
02:53:49,000 --> 02:53:52,200
along Mountain, Trails rumored 
to house hidden monasteries and 

3252
02:53:52,200 --> 02:53:56,300
ephemeral Oasis towns. 
The Unstoppable pulse of 

3253
02:53:56,300 --> 02:53:57,900
curiosity, drive her to press 
forward. 

3254
02:53:57,900 --> 02:54:01,000
Regardless of perils that might 
look in the next Bend of the 

3255
02:54:01,008 --> 02:54:04,700
road. 
Dawn arrived, painting the sky 

3256
02:54:04,700 --> 02:54:07,800
with ocher and salmon. 
Hughes carrier joined us. 

3257
02:54:07,800 --> 02:54:10,300
Soon in the other Travelers at 
the designated meeting point 

3258
02:54:10,300 --> 02:54:13,400
where camel's braids and Donkey 
drivers prepared. 

3259
02:54:13,400 --> 02:54:16,900
Loads of Bali and dried fruit. 
The Caravan Synergy was 

3260
02:54:16,900 --> 02:54:20,900
immediately evident each person 
had a distinct tasks and sharing

3261
02:54:20,900 --> 02:54:24,000
that by the time, the sun fully 
breached the Horizon, they were 

3262
02:54:24,000 --> 02:54:27,100
on the move. 
Career walked near us soon, who 

3263
02:54:27,100 --> 02:54:30,100
shared glimpses of the terrain 
ahead and introduced carrier to 

3264
02:54:30,100 --> 02:54:34,000
the Caravans unspoken rules 
trust the signals ration, water 

3265
02:54:34,000 --> 02:54:36,200
meticulously, and never 
questioned. 

3266
02:54:36,200 --> 02:54:40,000
The necessity of midnight halts.
In these borderless regions, 

3267
02:54:40,000 --> 02:54:43,700
vigilance was currently. 
With the sun mounting, the 

3268
02:54:43,700 --> 02:54:46,500
Caravan snaked through a parched
plane dotted by Twiztid. 

3269
02:54:46,500 --> 02:54:49,900
Shrubs a hush fell over them. 
Broken only by the soft 

3270
02:54:49,900 --> 02:54:52,100
shuffling of hooves and the 
gentle clink of metal 

3271
02:54:52,100 --> 02:54:54,500
fastenings. 
Korea's thoughts drifted to the 

3272
02:54:54,508 --> 02:54:58,200
Codex, inside her bag, she had 
only glimpsed a few pages thus 

3273
02:54:58,200 --> 02:55:01,100
far intricate diagrams of 
planetary movement. 

3274
02:55:01,100 --> 02:55:04,500
Cryptic references to ancient 
empire that proceeded the 

3275
02:55:04,508 --> 02:55:07,700
footnote scrolled in an 
unfamiliar script. 

3276
02:55:08,800 --> 02:55:12,000
These writing's expanded the 
known timeline of advanced, 

3277
02:55:12,000 --> 02:55:15,500
astronomy by centuries. 
She resolved to study every 

3278
02:55:15,500 --> 02:55:17,600
page, once the Caravan reached a
safe haven. 

3279
02:55:18,600 --> 02:55:21,300
Of soon, signaled, a halt near a
cluster of sunk scorched, 

3280
02:55:21,300 --> 02:55:24,600
Boulders granting the group 
respite from the crushing midday

3281
02:55:24,600 --> 02:55:26,900
Heat. 
While some dosed in makeshift 

3282
02:55:26,900 --> 02:55:30,700
shade career took cautious sips 
from her water skin, feeling the

3283
02:55:30,700 --> 02:55:34,300
dryness cling to her throat, a 
restlessness stirred within her 

3284
02:55:34,300 --> 02:55:36,700
equal parts, excitement and 
anxiety. 

3285
02:55:37,700 --> 02:55:42,100
She replied Chasm, Al talibi 
warning. powerful figures had an

3286
02:55:42,100 --> 02:55:45,200
interest in ensuring no 
undeciphered the text for them 

3287
02:55:45,200 --> 02:55:49,700
knowledge was a finite resource 
Best Kept under strict watch As 

3288
02:55:49,700 --> 02:55:52,600
a swirl of wind kicked sand 
across her path, carrier 

3289
02:55:52,600 --> 02:55:54,800
gripped. 
Her Satchel silently vowing. 

3290
02:55:54,800 --> 02:55:57,000
She would not be silenced by 
Twilight. 

3291
02:55:57,000 --> 02:56:00,700
The Caravan approached, a modest
Oasis lined with date palms that

3292
02:56:00,700 --> 02:56:02,500
cast Long Shadows across 
Stillwater. 

3293
02:56:03,500 --> 02:56:06,100
Soon, guided her camel's into a 
semicircle forming. 

3294
02:56:06,100 --> 02:56:08,200
A protective barrier against 
stray Wanderers. 

3295
02:56:08,200 --> 02:56:10,600
Several Travelers set about 
erecting. 

3296
02:56:10,600 --> 02:56:13,900
Tents While others gathered wood
for small fires, that would ward

3297
02:56:13,900 --> 02:56:17,100
off the chill of desert night. 
Career found herself drawn to 

3298
02:56:17,100 --> 02:56:20,400
the water's edge, where subdued 
conversation Rose Among weary, 

3299
02:56:20,400 --> 02:56:23,800
Merchants some speculated about 
the political tensions, brewing 

3300
02:56:23,800 --> 02:56:26,700
in distant courts others 
lamented the rise in cost of 

3301
02:56:26,700 --> 02:56:29,900
salt. 
As Darkness settled, the Oasis 

3302
02:56:29,900 --> 02:56:33,200
took on another worldly. 
Hush a crescent moon glimmered 

3303
02:56:33,200 --> 02:56:36,300
overhead, Illuminating faint, 
outlines of crumbling Stone 

3304
02:56:36,300 --> 02:56:39,800
pillars suggesting an abandoned 
settlement from a forgotten era.

3305
02:56:40,800 --> 02:56:44,400
Under that quiet Vault of stars 
Korea could not resist scanning 

3306
02:56:44,400 --> 02:56:46,700
a few more pages of the Jade 
bound manuscript. 

3307
02:56:46,700 --> 02:56:50,600
It's text merged empirical 
observations with philosophical 

3308
02:56:50,600 --> 02:56:52,700
notes, referencing the grand 
Wheel of Time. 

3309
02:56:53,600 --> 02:56:56,100
She recognized a bleak 
references to astronomical 

3310
02:56:56,100 --> 02:56:59,100
systems older than the widely 
recognized ptolemaic model. 

3311
02:56:59,900 --> 02:57:02,500
If deciphered fully such 
knowledge, might challenge many 

3312
02:57:02,500 --> 02:57:04,700
assumptions cherished by a 
steamed academies. 

3313
02:57:05,300 --> 02:57:08,600
Meanwhile, as soon stepped away 
from the main group, beckoning 

3314
02:57:08,600 --> 02:57:10,100
Korea to join her near a 
withered. 

3315
02:57:10,100 --> 02:57:12,500
Acacia. 
You Stand Out, Among our 

3316
02:57:12,500 --> 02:57:15,600
company, the merchant remarked, 
in a measured tone your eyes, 

3317
02:57:15,600 --> 02:57:18,700
never rest and you guard that 
bag as if it carries, the soul 

3318
02:57:18,700 --> 02:57:22,000
of a king Carrier. 
Wary of revealing too much 

3319
02:57:22,008 --> 02:57:25,400
offered that she was merely a 
scholar and trusted with a rare 

3320
02:57:25,400 --> 02:57:26,900
item. 
Of soon. 

3321
02:57:26,900 --> 02:57:30,100
Nodded but warned Korea that 
roving spies seeking Advantage 

3322
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:32,700
for rival. 
Factions often infiltrated 

3323
02:57:32,700 --> 02:57:36,900
Caravans she suggested Korea 
remain Vigilant, especially 

3324
02:57:36,900 --> 02:57:40,000
given the extraordinary bustling
and chorazin where rumor 

3325
02:57:40,000 --> 02:57:43,100
traveled like wildfire unable to
sleep career. 

3326
02:57:43,100 --> 02:57:44,500
Lingard by The Embers of the 
fire. 

3327
02:57:44,500 --> 02:57:46,100
After most Travelers are dosed 
off. 

3328
02:57:46,100 --> 02:57:49,100
She studied the swirling 
patterns of the night sky, 

3329
02:57:49,100 --> 02:57:51,800
mindful of the coated star 
charts in the manuscript. 

3330
02:57:52,800 --> 02:57:55,700
Passing Caravan sometimes 
recounted Legends of a hidden 

3331
02:57:55,700 --> 02:57:58,100
library. 
In the mountain city of varish, 

3332
02:57:58,100 --> 02:58:01,400
where lines of knowledge 
stretched back to centuries on 

3333
02:58:01,400 --> 02:58:04,300
known. 
Carrier wondered if that Library

3334
02:58:04,300 --> 02:58:07,700
could fill the gaps in her text.
she believed the Jade bound 

3335
02:58:07,700 --> 02:58:10,100
manuscript might be only a 
fragment of a larger puzzle, 

3336
02:58:10,900 --> 02:58:14,400
Scattered across the Silk Roads,
shifting tapestry morning 

3337
02:58:14,400 --> 02:58:16,700
unveiled, a horizon, brushed 
with Amber. 

3338
02:58:16,700 --> 02:58:19,700
And the Caravan proceeded along 
a rocky escarpment, overlooking 

3339
02:58:19,700 --> 02:58:23,000
a vast, June Fielding, slopes of
sand. 

3340
02:58:23,000 --> 02:58:25,900
Rippled beneath the wind like 
the surface of a living sea. 

3341
02:58:26,600 --> 02:58:30,500
At midday, they paused for Water
rationed by a soon with practice

3342
02:58:30,500 --> 02:58:33,300
deficiency. 
Carrier noticed that one of the 

3343
02:58:33,300 --> 02:58:36,900
other Travelers a soft-spoken, 
man named Malik carried a small 

3344
02:58:36,908 --> 02:58:40,300
chest meticulously locked. 
He traveled with Perpetual 

3345
02:58:40,300 --> 02:58:43,000
worried etched into his features
eyes darting. 

3346
02:58:43,000 --> 02:58:44,800
Whenever torque turned to rumors
of desert. 

3347
02:58:44,800 --> 02:58:48,000
Raiders Secrets seem to coil 
around each member of this 

3348
02:58:48,000 --> 02:58:49,900
assemblage as though. 
No one ventured. 

3349
02:58:49,900 --> 02:58:53,400
These roads without hidden 
motives Late in the afternoon, 

3350
02:58:53,400 --> 02:58:56,000
the Caravan encountered, a party
of Horsemen. 

3351
02:58:56,000 --> 02:58:57,800
Flying. 
The banner of a minor warlord 

3352
02:58:57,800 --> 02:58:59,400
rumored to be in League with the
Region's. 

3353
02:58:59,400 --> 02:59:03,200
Most feared Bandit Clans, 
tension crackled through the 

3354
02:59:03,200 --> 02:59:05,500
group as Fiona halted. 
The Caravan waiting for the 

3355
02:59:05,500 --> 02:59:08,800
Riders to approach. after a 
terse greeting, the horsemen 

3356
02:59:08,800 --> 02:59:12,700
rode on apparently uninterested 
in conflict that the encounter 

3357
02:59:12,700 --> 02:59:15,900
rattled, everyone, Career 
noticed as soon as posture 

3358
02:59:15,900 --> 02:59:17,500
remained rigid with caution 
long. 

3359
02:59:17,500 --> 02:59:20,800
After the Riders vanished, in a 
plume of dust, the merchant 

3360
02:59:20,800 --> 02:59:23,900
murmured about changing their 
root seeking narrower Trails 

3361
02:59:23,900 --> 02:59:25,100
less. 
Patrolled by predatory 

3362
02:59:25,100 --> 02:59:29,000
Chieftains that evening brought 
them to a narrow Gorge its 

3363
02:59:29,000 --> 02:59:30,300
walls. 
Towering on, either side in 

3364
02:59:30,300 --> 02:59:33,400
Jagged ridges. 
As soon insisted they make camp 

3365
02:59:33,400 --> 02:59:35,800
in a sheltered Alcove half 
hidden behind weathered boulders

3366
02:59:36,700 --> 02:59:38,300
By the flicker of firelight 
career. 

3367
02:59:38,300 --> 02:59:41,000
Finally delved into the central 
chapter of the manuscript? 

3368
02:59:41,700 --> 02:59:45,100
Strange, symbols Park, Kunia 
form, part and known script 

3369
02:59:45,100 --> 02:59:49,200
decorated the margins each sign 
a company by cryptic commentary.

3370
02:59:49,200 --> 02:59:52,200
The text recounted a 
civilization that mapped 

3371
02:59:52,200 --> 02:59:54,900
constellation in ways, 
contrasting, with every known 

3372
02:59:54,900 --> 02:59:58,000
chart. 
Diagrammatic lines, implied in 

3373
02:59:58,000 --> 03:00:00,600
advanced geometry, far 
exceeding, the standard 

3374
03:00:00,600 --> 03:00:04,400
calculation of her time. 
Just as Korea's pulse quick and 

3375
03:00:04,400 --> 03:00:07,700
the Revelation a cry, rang out 
near the edge of camp. 

3376
03:00:08,300 --> 03:00:11,000
She rushed toward the commotion.
Heart pounding. 

3377
03:00:12,100 --> 03:00:15,700
Malik stood, trembling by his 
small chest, which now lay open 

3378
03:00:15,700 --> 03:00:20,000
his contents, missing Anguish 
colored his voice as he pleaded 

3379
03:00:20,000 --> 03:00:22,400
for help insisting. 
That something vital had been 

3380
03:00:22,408 --> 03:00:26,000
stolen, crucial letter from the 
governor of Basra hidden within 

3381
03:00:26,000 --> 03:00:28,300
that chest. 
After soon assembled, the 

3382
03:00:28,308 --> 03:00:31,900
Caravan members demanding, an 
explanation, tempers flared, 

3383
03:00:31,900 --> 03:00:35,300
suspicions circled and whispered
accusations rippled through the 

3384
03:00:35,300 --> 03:00:38,200
group. 
Searching for Footprints beneath

3385
03:00:38,200 --> 03:00:41,100
Lantern light. 
They discovered evidence of at 

3386
03:00:41,100 --> 03:00:43,500
least two Intruders who had come
and gone Without a Trace. 

3387
03:00:44,300 --> 03:00:48,200
No sign indicated who among the 
might be an accomplice. theft 

3388
03:00:48,200 --> 03:00:51,800
underscored a sooner earlier 
warning in these transitory 

3389
03:00:51,800 --> 03:00:56,200
worlds, Secrets, attract cunning
opportunists carrier gripped. 

3390
03:00:56,200 --> 03:00:59,100
Her manuscript more tightly 
wishing to vanish inside the 

3391
03:00:59,100 --> 03:01:02,500
Labyrinth of lines and symbols 
that promised an era unbounded 

3392
03:01:02,500 --> 03:01:05,500
by Petty intrigued. 
Yet, she remained anchored in 

3393
03:01:05,500 --> 03:01:08,900
the caravan's tense reality. 
The road ahead felt increasingly

3394
03:01:08,900 --> 03:01:12,000
perilous and the cost of 
preserving knowledge seemed set 

3395
03:01:12,000 --> 03:01:15,500
to rise the following Sunrise. 
Found the Caravan subdued. 

3396
03:01:15,500 --> 03:01:19,100
Each member wary of neighbors. 
Who might conceal hidden agendas

3397
03:01:19,900 --> 03:01:23,000
Of soon, led them out of the 
Gorge at a Brisk Pace aiming to 

3398
03:01:23,000 --> 03:01:24,500
put distance between their 
group. 

3399
03:01:24,500 --> 03:01:28,000
And whoever had orchestrated, 
the nighttime theft, a pale wind

3400
03:01:28,000 --> 03:01:31,300
carried, the center of flint and
dust, stinging eyes and chopping

3401
03:01:31,300 --> 03:01:33,100
lips. 
Their route. 

3402
03:01:33,100 --> 03:01:36,200
Descended along a dry River bed 
flanked, by stunted Tamarisk, 

3403
03:01:36,200 --> 03:01:40,700
shrubs offering scant protection
from the intensifying son Korea 

3404
03:01:40,700 --> 03:01:44,100
trudged installed since silence 
mindful that trust could be a 

3405
03:01:44,100 --> 03:01:46,900
luxury as midday. 
Drew near they spotted. 

3406
03:01:46,900 --> 03:01:49,500
The remnants of a caravan serai 
built against the side of a 

3407
03:01:49,500 --> 03:01:52,300
bluff. 
It's once sturdy walls had caved

3408
03:01:52,300 --> 03:01:54,800
in and battered. 
Archways led into Courtyards 

3409
03:01:54,800 --> 03:01:57,900
strewn with Fallen Timber. 
As soon, signaled, a cautious 

3410
03:01:57,900 --> 03:02:00,300
approach and certain where The 
Travelers are outlaws. 

3411
03:02:00,300 --> 03:02:03,700
Might be occupying, the ruins 
the group explored in pairs 

3412
03:02:03,700 --> 03:02:07,000
stepping over cracked tiles, 
littered with the Scorpion husks

3413
03:02:07,000 --> 03:02:10,500
know living presence emerged 
though, evidence of a hasty 

3414
03:02:10,500 --> 03:02:14,600
departure scattered. 
Coals torn blankets, suggested 

3415
03:02:14,600 --> 03:02:16,400
someone had sheltered at their 
not long before. 

3416
03:02:17,200 --> 03:02:20,400
Since water was available from a
half collapse system have soon, 

3417
03:02:20,400 --> 03:02:23,300
decided they would rest under 
what remained of the Kara answer

3418
03:02:23,300 --> 03:02:26,500
his roof. 
Malik hovered by his broken 

3419
03:02:26,500 --> 03:02:29,500
chest sifting through remnants 
of cloth as those searching for 

3420
03:02:29,500 --> 03:02:32,200
any clue. 
Career drifted away from the 

3421
03:02:32,200 --> 03:02:35,600
group drawn to an overgrown, 
Courtyard where a dried found in

3422
03:02:35,600 --> 03:02:39,400
stood Vines, draped its cracked 
base and trailing over carved 

3423
03:02:39,400 --> 03:02:43,500
motifs of intertwined serpents. 
Time and neglected Warner away 

3424
03:02:43,500 --> 03:02:45,900
the finer details yet a 
mysterious energy. 

3425
03:02:45,900 --> 03:02:50,100
Lingard as though the place once
echoed with conversation about 

3426
03:02:50,100 --> 03:02:53,200
Cosmic truths, Beyond mortal 
comprehension. 

3427
03:02:54,800 --> 03:02:57,400
She pulled out, the Jade bound 
book to scrutinize, a passage, 

3428
03:02:57,400 --> 03:03:00,900
describing the Four Points 
beyond the boundary of Earthly 

3429
03:03:00,900 --> 03:03:03,900
measure. 
The text postulated that certain

3430
03:03:03,900 --> 03:03:07,500
alignment patterns stars in 
specific, conjunctions allowed 

3431
03:03:07,500 --> 03:03:10,800
glimpses into knowledge. 
Unattainable through ordinary 

3432
03:03:10,800 --> 03:03:14,400
means this notion was not 
entirely foreign given that many

3433
03:03:14,400 --> 03:03:17,400
mystical traditions in Persia 
and India spoke of cosmic Gates.

3434
03:03:18,400 --> 03:03:20,600
Still the clarity of these 
instructions startled. 

3435
03:03:20,600 --> 03:03:24,400
Her the manuscript seemed less a
mere curiosity and more 

3436
03:03:24,400 --> 03:03:25,700
carefully. 
Constructed key. 

3437
03:03:25,700 --> 03:03:28,700
She wondered if others who 
sought it, might comprehend it 

3438
03:03:28,700 --> 03:03:31,900
significance. 
Meanwhile afsoon prepared spiced

3439
03:03:31,900 --> 03:03:33,700
lentils and shared them among 
the group. 

3440
03:03:33,700 --> 03:03:36,000
Her gestures. 
Calm, yet determined, to 

3441
03:03:36,000 --> 03:03:38,600
maintain Unity tension. 
Still hovered. 

3442
03:03:38,600 --> 03:03:41,800
Like a low cloud with suspicions
that the thieves might be part 

3443
03:03:41,800 --> 03:03:45,300
of a larger plot. 
Over a sparse meal Korea gleaned

3444
03:03:45,300 --> 03:03:47,000
fragments of each Travelers 
story. 

3445
03:03:47,800 --> 03:03:51,400
A textile Merchant returning 
from Cairo, a widow heading to 

3446
03:03:51,400 --> 03:03:55,000
Samarkand to meet his a strange 
son, and amateur scribe, hoping 

3447
03:03:55,000 --> 03:03:57,100
to gain employment in the 
library of nishapur. 

3448
03:03:57,100 --> 03:04:00,200
Layer by layer. 
She sensed each person guarded 

3449
03:04:00,200 --> 03:04:05,400
Secrets, born of loss and 
ambition or desperation As dusk 

3450
03:04:05,400 --> 03:04:08,400
fell Moonlight filtered through 
this Caravan sarai's gaps 

3451
03:04:08,400 --> 03:04:11,300
accentuating outlines of 
shattered pillars. 

3452
03:04:12,200 --> 03:04:16,300
The group huddled around, small 
fires soft conversation revolved

3453
03:04:16,300 --> 03:04:17,800
around the abrupt shift in 
weather. 

3454
03:04:17,800 --> 03:04:21,500
The possibility of encountering,
warlord, patrols and whether 

3455
03:04:21,500 --> 03:04:23,700
rumors of a plague in the 
western provinces were 

3456
03:04:23,700 --> 03:04:26,600
exaggerated, though. 
The chatter seemed ordinary 

3457
03:04:26,600 --> 03:04:29,800
career felt a current of urgency
running beneath it. 

3458
03:04:30,500 --> 03:04:32,500
Everyone. 
Understood the precariousness of

3459
03:04:32,500 --> 03:04:34,700
traveling, these roots at any 
moment. 

3460
03:04:34,700 --> 03:04:37,600
Violence storms, or human 
treachery could obliterate, the 

3461
03:04:37,600 --> 03:04:40,100
careful calculations of even the
most disciplined Merchant. 

3462
03:04:41,100 --> 03:04:43,600
Restless career ventured into 
the courtyard. 

3463
03:04:43,600 --> 03:04:46,700
Once more, she ran her 
fingertips over the carved and 

3464
03:04:46,700 --> 03:04:49,600
using that knowledge itself. 
Often took the shape of 

3465
03:04:49,608 --> 03:04:52,300
something fierce and winding 
capable of Enlightenment. 

3466
03:04:52,300 --> 03:04:54,900
But also of Destruction, 
depending on who wielded it, 

3467
03:04:55,700 --> 03:04:58,900
Before she could lose herself in
speculation, a subtle Motion in 

3468
03:04:58,900 --> 03:05:02,100
the archway, Drew her attention.
She turned to see, Malik 

3469
03:05:02,100 --> 03:05:06,500
shadowed in Moonlight, his face 
Stillwater traces of Anguish he 

3470
03:05:06,500 --> 03:05:09,100
approached and in hushed, tones 
apologized. 

3471
03:05:09,100 --> 03:05:12,500
If his Panic at disrupted, the 
Caravan stability, Then he posed

3472
03:05:12,500 --> 03:05:15,700
a startling question. 
Is your book, truly worth 

3473
03:05:15,700 --> 03:05:19,100
risking your life. 
Korea hesitated. 

3474
03:05:19,100 --> 03:05:22,800
Contemplating her answer. 
She confessed that its Pages 

3475
03:05:22,800 --> 03:05:26,100
might Safeguard insights from an
older civilization knowledge 

3476
03:05:26,100 --> 03:05:28,900
that could enrich the world. 
If studied openly, yet she 

3477
03:05:28,900 --> 03:05:32,400
recognized the hazards. 
No single text was worth a life 

3478
03:05:32,400 --> 03:05:35,500
unless it all contained the 
means to prevent greater harm 

3479
03:05:36,200 --> 03:05:39,200
Malik nodded revealing that his 
lost letter held the potential 

3480
03:05:39,200 --> 03:05:40,900
to end a trade blockade 
strangling. 

3481
03:05:40,900 --> 03:05:43,500
His hometown. 
Without it, he feared entire 

3482
03:05:43,500 --> 03:05:46,600
families would starve. 
They shared a poignant silence. 

3483
03:05:46,600 --> 03:05:49,900
Realizing each Bora heavy burden
for reasons that extended Beyond

3484
03:05:49,900 --> 03:05:53,100
self-interest. 
Their exchange was interrupted 

3485
03:05:53,100 --> 03:05:55,100
by a faint. 
Shout from afsoon, who was 

3486
03:05:55,100 --> 03:05:58,200
patrolling the perimeter. 
A silhouette started across the 

3487
03:05:58,200 --> 03:06:02,200
ruins then vanished behind a 
crumbling wall alarmed carrier 

3488
03:06:02,200 --> 03:06:05,300
and Malik hurried back to the 
main Courtyard, only to find the

3489
03:06:05,300 --> 03:06:06,800
rest of the Travelers on their 
feet. 

3490
03:06:08,300 --> 03:06:11,900
The intrusion lasted me a second
but it confirmed the presence of

3491
03:06:11,900 --> 03:06:15,600
watches, trailing them, the 
memory of the stolen lettered in

3492
03:06:15,600 --> 03:06:18,300
every mine Gathering. 
Her clothes. 

3493
03:06:18,300 --> 03:06:20,500
Carry a recognized that Pursuit 
was inevitable. 

3494
03:06:20,500 --> 03:06:23,500
She could only hope that she 
carried would Outlast. 

3495
03:06:23,500 --> 03:06:26,700
The desert shifting alliances 
and the Relentless greed of 

3496
03:06:26,700 --> 03:06:30,100
unknown adversary's early the 
next day after soon, insisted 

3497
03:06:30,100 --> 03:06:33,500
they abandoned the ruin Before 
Sunrise lanterns swinging from 

3498
03:06:33,500 --> 03:06:36,800
camel Saddles, cast flickering 
halos in the pre-dawn Gloom 

3499
03:06:37,500 --> 03:06:41,000
Career walked at the Caravans 
rear scanning, The Horizon for 

3500
03:06:41,000 --> 03:06:44,700
Silhouettes, she felt more 
exposed than ever especially 

3501
03:06:44,700 --> 03:06:47,200
with the manuscript drawing 
unseen eyes. 

3502
03:06:48,000 --> 03:06:51,500
A swirl of wind, rustled the 
sparse vegetation carrying the 

3503
03:06:51,508 --> 03:06:53,400
forlorn Hall of a distant 
jackal. 

3504
03:06:54,200 --> 03:06:57,000
Although no further Intruder 
appeared, the Caravans 

3505
03:06:57,000 --> 03:06:59,700
Collective nerves remained raw, 
their root. 

3506
03:06:59,700 --> 03:07:03,500
Now, wound through a series of 
Rocky Badlands, eroded Hills, 

3507
03:07:03,500 --> 03:07:07,000
tinted red and ocher rows around
them in Jagged formations 

3508
03:07:07,000 --> 03:07:08,800
reminiscent of a broken 
Amphitheater. 

3509
03:07:09,600 --> 03:07:11,400
At times. 
The path was scarcely wide 

3510
03:07:11,400 --> 03:07:13,900
enough for two camels to pass 
dust coated. 

3511
03:07:13,900 --> 03:07:16,500
Every surface clinging to 
clothes and creeping into water 

3512
03:07:16,500 --> 03:07:19,200
skins, The Travelers advanced in
single file. 

3513
03:07:19,200 --> 03:07:22,200
Each footstep measured Malik, no
longer shy. 

3514
03:07:22,200 --> 03:07:25,900
Kept pace with Korea, forging, 
an unspoken Alliance based on 

3515
03:07:25,900 --> 03:07:27,700
empathy rather than shared 
purpose. 

3516
03:07:28,700 --> 03:07:30,400
By noon, they reached an 
outcropping. 

3517
03:07:30,400 --> 03:07:34,500
The sweeping view of the 
surrounding valleys of soon 

3518
03:07:34,500 --> 03:07:37,300
pointed to a distant. 
Caravan crossing a ridge, its 

3519
03:07:37,300 --> 03:07:39,900
figures small as insects against
the harsh light. 

3520
03:07:40,700 --> 03:07:42,700
Better to let the move on 
without our paths. 

3521
03:07:42,700 --> 03:07:45,100
In toting. 
She murmured concerned, they 

3522
03:07:45,100 --> 03:07:46,800
might be Bandits or rival. 
Merchants. 

3523
03:07:47,800 --> 03:07:50,500
She had planned a side route 
that skirted known Bandit 

3524
03:07:50,500 --> 03:07:52,600
strongholds though. 
It meant trudging through more 

3525
03:07:52,600 --> 03:07:56,500
challenging terrain. 
No one objected safety trumped 

3526
03:07:56,500 --> 03:08:00,300
speed in these uncertain Wilds 
as the day wore on the punishing

3527
03:08:00,300 --> 03:08:03,900
Sun pressed down some Travelers 
began to show signs of heat 

3528
03:08:03,900 --> 03:08:05,300
exhaustion. 
Soon. 

3529
03:08:05,300 --> 03:08:08,000
A lot of extra water rations 
mindful that supplies were 

3530
03:08:08,000 --> 03:08:10,300
finite careers. 
Thought swirled with 

3531
03:08:10,300 --> 03:08:13,800
calculations how many days until
they reached an established town

3532
03:08:13,800 --> 03:08:17,300
with the manuscripts possible 
Revelations be worth the perils.

3533
03:08:17,300 --> 03:08:20,400
She reminded herself that 
knowledge had never come cheap. 

3534
03:08:21,200 --> 03:08:23,500
Especially not the kind that 
might undermine established 

3535
03:08:23,500 --> 03:08:25,400
systems of power. 
Still. 

3536
03:08:26,200 --> 03:08:29,600
If you felt an undercurrent of 
apprehension, unseen forces 

3537
03:08:29,600 --> 03:08:31,600
seemed determined to intercept 
their path. 

3538
03:08:32,400 --> 03:08:35,700
Twilight offered a brief 
respite, a pitched camp at a 

3539
03:08:35,700 --> 03:08:39,100
plateau peppered with hearty 
desert shrubs, wind wove through

3540
03:08:39,100 --> 03:08:42,000
the stone Hollows producing a 
low moan that set everyone on 

3541
03:08:42,000 --> 03:08:44,700
edge. 
This time of soon posted watches

3542
03:08:44,700 --> 03:08:47,800
in rotating pairs Korea 
volunteered for the midnight 

3543
03:08:47,800 --> 03:08:51,800
shift, hoping to glean some 
Solitude for reading When her 

3544
03:08:51,800 --> 03:08:54,400
turn arrived, she positioned 
herself near a small fire 

3545
03:08:54,400 --> 03:08:58,300
scanning, the Starlet Horizon 
while carefully turning pages of

3546
03:08:58,300 --> 03:09:01,800
the Jade bound kodaks. 
The diagram carefully Inked 

3547
03:09:01,800 --> 03:09:04,500
depicted, a swirling Cosmos 
dotted with unfamiliar 

3548
03:09:04,500 --> 03:09:08,400
constellation's accompanying 
text mentioned, a geometry, 

3549
03:09:08,400 --> 03:09:10,600
bridging mind. 
And universe though, the 

3550
03:09:10,600 --> 03:09:12,900
specifics remained cloaked in 
archaic jargon. 

3551
03:09:12,900 --> 03:09:15,800
She sensed movement at the edge 
of the firelight and grip. 

3552
03:09:15,800 --> 03:09:18,900
The book protectively But it was
only an elderly Trader from 

3553
03:09:18,908 --> 03:09:20,800
their group, awakened by 
coughing. 

3554
03:09:21,400 --> 03:09:24,700
He approached nodding politely. 
I see that you carry more than 

3555
03:09:24,708 --> 03:09:26,600
curiosity. 
He said, glancing at the 

3556
03:09:26,600 --> 03:09:29,700
manuscript glowing Pages. 
He spoke of his younger days 

3557
03:09:29,700 --> 03:09:32,800
when he traveled to a 
Mountaintop Sanctuary rumored to

3558
03:09:32,800 --> 03:09:34,400
house writings older than any 
Empire. 

3559
03:09:35,200 --> 03:09:38,400
The priest there, he claimed 
hinted that scattered relics 

3560
03:09:38,400 --> 03:09:41,000
across the Silk Road. 
Formed pieces of a grand puzzle.

3561
03:09:41,900 --> 03:09:45,100
He stopped short of elaborating,
perhaps wary of scaring her with

3562
03:09:45,100 --> 03:09:48,300
him, probable myths, simply 
reluctant to resurrect memories.

3563
03:09:48,300 --> 03:09:52,200
Best left buried. 
Carrion nodded intrigued yet, 

3564
03:09:52,200 --> 03:09:54,600
cautious. 
She had heard variations of the 

3565
03:09:54,600 --> 03:09:56,500
mountain, top Library tail in 
her Journeys. 

3566
03:09:57,200 --> 03:10:00,200
One version, placed it in Tibet 
and other in the highlands of 

3567
03:10:00,208 --> 03:10:03,400
Persia and yet another in the 
Himalayas near the Indus 

3568
03:10:03,400 --> 03:10:06,600
regardless of location. 
The consistent theme was that a 

3569
03:10:06,608 --> 03:10:09,300
hidden repository of ancient 
texts might hold radical 

3570
03:10:09,300 --> 03:10:12,900
knowledge of mathematics 
medicine and astronomy could 

3571
03:10:12,900 --> 03:10:16,500
have manuscript be part of that 
Lost Legacy. she recalled 

3572
03:10:16,500 --> 03:10:18,900
hearing rumors, that certain 
references, connected the 

3573
03:10:18,900 --> 03:10:22,000
library's existence, to the 
taboo notion of cyclical time, 

3574
03:10:22,000 --> 03:10:25,800
where civilizations Rose and 
fell, repeatedly, each leaving 

3575
03:10:25,800 --> 03:10:29,800
fainted Echoes for the next The 
elderly Trader coughed again and

3576
03:10:29,800 --> 03:10:33,108
excused himself to rest. 
Alone, career gazed at the 

3577
03:10:33,116 --> 03:10:36,100
Codex. 
Swirl of questions filling her 

3578
03:10:36,100 --> 03:10:39,100
mind. 
Just then a sharp whistle 

3579
03:10:39,100 --> 03:10:41,200
pierced. 
The night, are she sprang to her

3580
03:10:41,200 --> 03:10:43,700
feet have soon, came running 
sword in hand. 

3581
03:10:43,700 --> 03:10:46,400
A scout on the perimeter 
shouted, news of footsteps on 

3582
03:10:46,408 --> 03:10:49,300
the far side of the plateau, 
everyone scrambled for weapons. 

3583
03:10:49,300 --> 03:10:52,600
Adrenaline, surged within 
moments, The Intruders. 

3584
03:10:52,600 --> 03:10:55,400
Fled, Vanishing, a swiftly, as 
they'd arrived leaving only 

3585
03:10:55,400 --> 03:10:58,900
Footprints of soon suspected. 
They were testing the caravan's 

3586
03:10:58,900 --> 03:11:01,400
defenses. 
Tensioned sword though. 

3587
03:11:01,400 --> 03:11:03,600
No battle in sued. 
The message was clear. 

3588
03:11:03,600 --> 03:11:05,500
Someone to track them with 
precision. 

3589
03:11:06,900 --> 03:11:09,600
As the group attempted to settle
back into assemblance of rest, 

3590
03:11:09,600 --> 03:11:13,600
Korea's mine refused to quiet. 
She wondered if the vanished 

3591
03:11:13,600 --> 03:11:16,700
Intruders belong to a 
clandestine order or was simply 

3592
03:11:16,700 --> 03:11:18,300
Bandits with a knack for 
intimidation. 

3593
03:11:19,400 --> 03:11:22,100
Either way, the manuscripts 
significant seemed Amplified. 

3594
03:11:22,900 --> 03:11:25,600
In that uneasy Darkness, she 
cradled her pressure's book, 

3595
03:11:25,600 --> 03:11:29,400
Feeling the weight of unspoken 
centuries pressed between its 

3596
03:11:29,400 --> 03:11:31,800
covers. 
The next day would bring new 

3597
03:11:31,800 --> 03:11:35,100
confrontations, but for now she 
could only watch the flickering,

3598
03:11:35,100 --> 03:11:37,000
Embers and awake, the uncertain 
Dawn. 

3599
03:11:37,700 --> 03:11:41,000
Arrived with a brittle Clarity 
that rendered every stone shrub 

3600
03:11:41,000 --> 03:11:43,800
and weary expression in sharp 
Focus soon. 

3601
03:11:43,800 --> 03:11:45,800
Wasted no time. 
Ordering a quick departure. 

3602
03:11:45,800 --> 03:11:49,400
The Caravan assembled under a 
sky streaked with lavender and 

3603
03:11:49,400 --> 03:11:51,800
Rose. 
A fleeting Beauty overshadowed 

3604
03:11:51,800 --> 03:11:55,700
by a need for vigilance. 
Camels loaded, watch rotations 

3605
03:11:55,700 --> 03:11:59,200
decided they moved out following
a narrow winding track that 

3606
03:11:59,200 --> 03:12:01,000
descended toward lower 
elevations. 

3607
03:12:01,000 --> 03:12:04,500
The Arid are tasted metallic as 
if charged with pent-up tension.

3608
03:12:05,300 --> 03:12:08,000
By mid-morning the landscape 
began, transitioning to Hill 

3609
03:12:08,000 --> 03:12:11,000
Country, small streams fed by 
recent rains. 

3610
03:12:11,000 --> 03:12:14,000
Cut through the top, terrain, 
offering a chance to refill 

3611
03:12:14,000 --> 03:12:16,700
water skins. 
The Travelers approached a 

3612
03:12:16,700 --> 03:12:19,800
shallow Creek where reads 
Russell in the wind carrier 

3613
03:12:19,800 --> 03:12:21,500
noticed footprints in the Soggy 
Earth. 

3614
03:12:22,100 --> 03:12:24,900
A separate group had passed here
recently heading in the same 

3615
03:12:24,900 --> 03:12:28,900
direction. 
Soon scalded muttering about the

3616
03:12:28,900 --> 03:12:31,600
possibility of thin miles. 
They might be trailing those who

3617
03:12:31,600 --> 03:12:36,000
had invaded, their camps concern
Ripple through the Caravan eager

3618
03:12:36,000 --> 03:12:37,900
to stay ahead. 
After soon, pushed the group 

3619
03:12:37,900 --> 03:12:41,600
onward at a grueling Pace, 
Korea's carved as the trails 

3620
03:12:41,600 --> 03:12:44,800
exact between Rocky, slopes and 
patches of thorny vegetation. 

3621
03:12:45,900 --> 03:12:48,100
In the distance, the outlines of
a fortified Town. 

3622
03:12:48,100 --> 03:12:51,200
Occasionally emerged only to 
disappear behind Ridge lines. 

3623
03:12:51,200 --> 03:12:55,500
She guessed it to be garish. 
A midsize Trading, Post rumored 

3624
03:12:55,500 --> 03:12:57,100
to host Pilgrims from the 
industry region. 

3625
03:12:57,800 --> 03:13:00,500
If they could reach Gary by 
Nightfall, The Caravan would 

3626
03:13:00,500 --> 03:13:02,700
have a solid perimeter. 
Walter Shield them at least 

3627
03:13:02,700 --> 03:13:06,500
temporarily. eventually they 
spotted walls of Pale Stone 

3628
03:13:06,500 --> 03:13:10,400
crowned by watchtowers, as soon 
signaled for calm, reminding 

3629
03:13:10,400 --> 03:13:13,200
everyone that unknown dangers 
could look within a walled town 

3630
03:13:13,200 --> 03:13:16,700
as readily as outside 
approaching the gates, they 

3631
03:13:16,700 --> 03:13:19,900
encountered a row of guards 
wearing mismatched armor, After 

3632
03:13:19,900 --> 03:13:23,200
examining aphs travel permits, 
the guards allowed the entry in 

3633
03:13:23,200 --> 03:13:26,600
exchange for a modest toll. 
Inside the streets, were cramped

3634
03:13:26,600 --> 03:13:28,900
with stalls. 
Selling earthenware died, cloth 

3635
03:13:28,900 --> 03:13:32,400
and hammered bronze jewelry. 
The Aromas of grilled meat and 

3636
03:13:32,400 --> 03:13:35,100
fresh bread teased weary 
Travelers, but an undercurrent 

3637
03:13:35,100 --> 03:13:37,500
of weariness ran through the 
crowd of soon. 

3638
03:13:37,500 --> 03:13:40,900
Found a secure compound where 
the Caravan could rest, Stone 

3639
03:13:40,900 --> 03:13:43,400
walls, in close to Courtyard 
that provided storage for the 

3640
03:13:43,400 --> 03:13:45,200
camels and a small stable for 
donkeys. 

3641
03:13:46,000 --> 03:13:49,100
Carrier anxious to clean any 
insight into who might be 

3642
03:13:49,100 --> 03:13:52,400
pursuing them ventured into the 
town's winding Lane's. 

3643
03:13:53,200 --> 03:13:56,100
She discovered a Public Square, 
where men played strategy games 

3644
03:13:56,100 --> 03:13:59,000
on carved. 
Wooden boards, nearby, a cluster

3645
03:13:59,000 --> 03:14:02,800
of pilgrims chanted vs in a 
language unfamiliar to her amid.

3646
03:14:02,800 --> 03:14:06,700
These scenes rumors. 
Floated a band of masked Riders 

3647
03:14:06,700 --> 03:14:10,000
had passed through a day. 
Early asking about a certain 

3648
03:14:10,000 --> 03:14:13,500
traveling scholar. 
The mentioned, chilled her, she 

3649
03:14:13,500 --> 03:14:16,500
hurried back to the compound 
only to find Malik pacing by the

3650
03:14:16,500 --> 03:14:20,400
gate, fidgeting, with a Leather 
Pouch, he had overheard similar 

3651
03:14:20,400 --> 03:14:23,900
chatter strangers, seeking news 
of a woman caring, forbidden 

3652
03:14:23,900 --> 03:14:26,800
documents career realized the 
net was tightening. 

3653
03:14:26,800 --> 03:14:30,400
They still had a window to slip 
away, but not much of one she 

3654
03:14:30,400 --> 03:14:33,100
conferred with a soon. 
Who suggested leaving crash 

3655
03:14:33,100 --> 03:14:36,500
under cover of Darkness, 
continuing East along, seldom 

3656
03:14:36,500 --> 03:14:40,100
used back roads, although it 
entailed more risk weighting 

3657
03:14:40,100 --> 03:14:41,800
might let their pursuers 
converge. 

3658
03:14:43,000 --> 03:14:45,700
After Sunset, the Caravan packed
up stealthily. 

3659
03:14:46,300 --> 03:14:50,800
Torches were kept minimal camel 
Silence with calm, handling, a 

3660
03:14:50,800 --> 03:14:53,000
hush and developed them. 
As they slip through gorgeous, 

3661
03:14:53,000 --> 03:14:56,500
secondary gate bribing a night 
Watchman, who scarcely looked at

3662
03:14:56,500 --> 03:15:00,000
their faces. 
Outside the walls, Moonlight on 

3663
03:15:00,000 --> 03:15:02,200
the grassland. 
Carrier clutched. 

3664
03:15:02,200 --> 03:15:04,700
The manuscript absorbing the 
night's chill. 

3665
03:15:04,700 --> 03:15:07,700
She couldn't escape the 
conviction that her Mission and 

3666
03:15:07,700 --> 03:15:11,200
become a race one in which the 
cost of failure was a reputable 

3667
03:15:11,200 --> 03:15:14,800
loss, not just for her but for 
an entire lineage of knowledge 

3668
03:15:14,800 --> 03:15:18,100
that might vanish again. 
Guided by a soon's, careful 

3669
03:15:18,100 --> 03:15:20,900
planning, they pressed into a 
region of Rolling Hills shape by

3670
03:15:20,900 --> 03:15:24,800
centuries of flood and drought. 
Occasional clusters of Cyprus 

3671
03:15:24,800 --> 03:15:27,500
trees broke the monotony, 
crickets chirped in the 

3672
03:15:27,508 --> 03:15:29,800
darkness. 
The group maintained strict 

3673
03:15:29,800 --> 03:15:31,900
silence. 
Halting often to listen for 

3674
03:15:31,900 --> 03:15:34,300
sounds of pursuit. 
Each time the night Breeze. 

3675
03:15:34,300 --> 03:15:37,000
Whispered through the brush 
carrier braced for a distant, 

3676
03:15:37,000 --> 03:15:40,300
hoofbeat or a flash of 
Torchlight yet hours, passed 

3677
03:15:40,300 --> 03:15:44,000
with no sign of the ambush. 
As the moon descended, they 

3678
03:15:44,000 --> 03:15:47,300
reached a shallow Ravine dotted 
with smooth, ancient Boulders 

3679
03:15:47,300 --> 03:15:49,400
have soon called for a halt to 
rest. 

3680
03:15:49,400 --> 03:15:53,600
The animals carrier Found A Flat
Rock and sank onto it physically

3681
03:15:53,600 --> 03:15:55,200
spent. 
But mentally alert. 

3682
03:15:56,100 --> 03:15:59,000
She glanced at Malik, whose eyes
reflected, the same exhaustion 

3683
03:15:59,000 --> 03:16:02,200
mixed with defiance. 
The sky above them. 

3684
03:16:02,200 --> 03:16:04,000
Showed the faint glow of 
approaching Dawn. 

3685
03:16:04,600 --> 03:16:07,600
Tomorrow, or perhaps the next 
day, they would come upon the 

3686
03:16:07,600 --> 03:16:10,800
mountain route leading to varash
the rumored city of hidden 

3687
03:16:10,800 --> 03:16:13,500
monasteries. 
If the Caravan made it that far 

3688
03:16:13,500 --> 03:16:16,000
the Jade manuscript. 
Might, finally find a place 

3689
03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:18,500
where its Arcane Revelation 
could be deciphered without 

3690
03:16:18,500 --> 03:16:21,300
fear. 
But that hope remained fragile 

3691
03:16:21,300 --> 03:16:23,800
like a candle flame in Augusta, 
corridor. 

3692
03:16:24,400 --> 03:16:28,000
The first of mourning lit, the 
Ravine revealing Dusty grass and

3693
03:16:28,000 --> 03:16:29,700
scrub that offered little 
camouflage. 

3694
03:16:29,700 --> 03:16:32,200
We are really. 
The Caravan assembled in 

3695
03:16:32,208 --> 03:16:35,300
continued mindful that speed was
their best defense. 

3696
03:16:36,200 --> 03:16:38,900
Over the next hours, they 
traversed, rolling slopes that 

3697
03:16:38,900 --> 03:16:41,100
ascended, gradually into Stony 
Highlands. 

3698
03:16:41,100 --> 03:16:44,500
The trail grew hazardous lined 
with the loose gravel and sharp 

3699
03:16:44,500 --> 03:16:46,400
descends. 
Several times. 

3700
03:16:46,400 --> 03:16:50,000
A misstep, nearly sent a donkey 
tumbling into a Gorge the 

3701
03:16:50,000 --> 03:16:53,000
group's morale though. 
Frayed held steady under aphs 

3702
03:16:53,000 --> 03:16:56,100
firm Direction. 
Korea noticed the are thinning 

3703
03:16:56,100 --> 03:16:59,600
as they climbed accompanied by a
crisp coolness that sharpened 

3704
03:16:59,600 --> 03:17:03,000
her senses tiny Alpine flowers, 
clung to crevices. 

3705
03:17:03,000 --> 03:17:06,800
Their vivid petals are welcome 
contrast to weeks of unrelenting

3706
03:17:06,800 --> 03:17:10,100
dust From avantage point, 
overlooking a sprawling Valley, 

3707
03:17:10,100 --> 03:17:14,400
she glimpsed distant peaks in 
mysterious Haze locals called 

3708
03:17:14,400 --> 03:17:17,900
these the Thousand Year, 
mountains rumored to shelter, 

3709
03:17:17,900 --> 03:17:21,500
monastic Retreats older than 
recorded dynasties. the prospect

3710
03:17:21,500 --> 03:17:24,400
of reaching them, bolstered her 
spirit, even as her body, 

3711
03:17:24,400 --> 03:17:28,500
complained of fatigue, Near 
midday, the Caravan stopped by 

3712
03:17:28,500 --> 03:17:30,500
Riviera trickling through a 
rocky defile. 

3713
03:17:31,200 --> 03:17:34,700
While watering the animals have 
soon and Korea consulted, a hand

3714
03:17:34,708 --> 03:17:37,700
sketched map that indicated 
variously, two more days beyond 

3715
03:17:37,700 --> 03:17:40,200
the far ridges. 
The path ahead would be even 

3716
03:17:40,200 --> 03:17:43,800
more treacherous cutting across 
unpredictable passes, sometimes 

3717
03:17:43,800 --> 03:17:47,400
blocked by landslides. 
Korea felt her heartbeat quicker

3718
03:17:47,400 --> 03:17:50,700
and recalling rumors that entire
Caravans have been buried by 

3719
03:17:50,700 --> 03:17:53,600
Southern Rock Falls in these 
mountains, yet the urgency to 

3720
03:17:53,600 --> 03:17:55,900
evade pursue as overshadowed 
every other fear. 

3721
03:17:56,700 --> 03:18:00,400
They pressed on the root turning
into a steep climb dotted with 

3722
03:18:00,400 --> 03:18:04,000
ancient stone markers. 
At each Switchback, carrier saw 

3723
03:18:04,000 --> 03:18:07,600
inscriptions worn by centuries 
of whether She paused to trace 

3724
03:18:07,600 --> 03:18:11,300
her fingers over a faint symbol 
a stylized Sun, encompassed by 

3725
03:18:11,308 --> 03:18:14,900
The intersecting circles, 
something about it resonated 

3726
03:18:14,900 --> 03:18:17,100
with the diagrams in her Jade 
bound codex. 

3727
03:18:17,800 --> 03:18:19,600
She made a mental note to 
compare them later. 

3728
03:18:19,600 --> 03:18:22,600
Suspecting these markers might 
be vestiges of the same 

3729
03:18:22,600 --> 03:18:25,500
civilization described in the 
manuscript cryptic pages. 

3730
03:18:26,400 --> 03:18:29,300
Whenever she glimpsed fresh and 
scriptions her curiosity, 

3731
03:18:29,300 --> 03:18:33,300
ignited a new late in the 
afternoon, the skies dark and 

3732
03:18:33,300 --> 03:18:36,900
ominously thunder rumbled among 
the Peaks and a biting wind 

3733
03:18:36,900 --> 03:18:39,800
heralded. 
An approaching storm soon urged.

3734
03:18:39,800 --> 03:18:43,100
Everyone to hurry, they located 
a natural overhang near a rocky 

3735
03:18:43,108 --> 03:18:45,200
ledge. 
Providing partial Shelter From 

3736
03:18:45,200 --> 03:18:48,200
the elements. 
Reign Unleashed its Fury soon. 

3737
03:18:48,200 --> 03:18:52,100
After they took cover slamming 
the landscape In Waves lightning

3738
03:18:52,100 --> 03:18:54,800
tore the sky, Illuminating 
ragged silhouette of mountains, 

3739
03:18:54,800 --> 03:18:57,500
the downpour threatened to wash 
away the path. 

3740
03:18:58,200 --> 03:19:00,300
Huddled together. 
The Travelers watched regulates 

3741
03:19:00,300 --> 03:19:03,100
form across the rocky ground, 
carrying Pebbles, and debris. 

3742
03:19:03,100 --> 03:19:06,800
Downhill, the storm raged for 
hours, pinning them under the 

3743
03:19:06,800 --> 03:19:09,700
overhang. 
Career use the enforced, pause 

3744
03:19:09,700 --> 03:19:13,600
to wrap the Codex, Sheltering it
beneath the canvas, she examined

3745
03:19:13,600 --> 03:19:15,300
the section. 
She had not yet deciphered 

3746
03:19:15,300 --> 03:19:19,200
focusing on references to a 
temple of Horizons, the text 

3747
03:19:19,200 --> 03:19:22,100
included, mathematical 
guidelines for charting star 

3748
03:19:22,100 --> 03:19:24,600
positions. 
From an elevated Vantage, With 

3749
03:19:24,600 --> 03:19:27,300
each flash of lightning, she 
glimpsed the manuscript swirling

3750
03:19:27,300 --> 03:19:30,100
lines and filter peculiar 
kinship, with those unknown 

3751
03:19:30,100 --> 03:19:33,300
Scholars from centuries past. 
They had once braved the 

3752
03:19:33,308 --> 03:19:36,700
Wilderness of ideas. 
Now in a literal wilderness. 

3753
03:19:37,500 --> 03:19:41,100
She carried their legacy. 
Eventually the worst of the 

3754
03:19:41,108 --> 03:19:44,100
storm passed leaving dripping 
rocks and a deep chill in its 

3755
03:19:44,100 --> 03:19:46,500
wake. 
The group decided to remain 

3756
03:19:46,500 --> 03:19:47,700
under the overhang for the 
night. 

3757
03:19:47,700 --> 03:19:50,700
Wary of slick, trails and 
potential landslides. 

3758
03:19:51,600 --> 03:19:53,600
By flickering Lamplight after 
soon. 

3759
03:19:53,600 --> 03:19:57,000
Distributed, dried figs and 
salted lamb conversation. 

3760
03:19:57,000 --> 03:19:59,700
Drifted from The Challengers of 
the climb to more philosophical 

3761
03:19:59,700 --> 03:20:02,700
musings, the futility of borders
in the land shape. 

3762
03:20:02,700 --> 03:20:06,200
By Millennia, the intangible 
line between faith and science. 

3763
03:20:07,300 --> 03:20:10,500
Malik spoke quite quietly of his
father, who had died under a 

3764
03:20:10,500 --> 03:20:13,000
tyrants regime while trying to 
protect valuable manuscripts. 

3765
03:20:14,100 --> 03:20:16,900
Listening to him Korea sense. 
That each traveler had been 

3766
03:20:16,900 --> 03:20:20,000
guided here by a longing for 
redemption or renewal. 

3767
03:20:21,500 --> 03:20:24,900
Sometime after midnight career, 
woke to the faint, crackle of 

3768
03:20:24,900 --> 03:20:27,000
footsteps. 
She inched toward the edge of 

3769
03:20:27,008 --> 03:20:30,900
their makeshift shelter, heart, 
pounding two figures hunched, 

3770
03:20:30,900 --> 03:20:32,500
low hovered near the pack 
animals. 

3771
03:20:32,500 --> 03:20:35,100
She recognized them as 
strangers, not members of the 

3772
03:20:35,100 --> 03:20:39,500
Caravan, Before she could raise 
an alarm as soon, emerged from 

3773
03:20:39,500 --> 03:20:43,300
the darkness, like a phantom 
sword drawn, a tough standoff, 

3774
03:20:43,300 --> 03:20:46,900
ensued by frantic Whispers, The 
Intruders fled. 

3775
03:20:46,900 --> 03:20:49,400
Once they saw, they were 
outnumbered the Caravans 

3776
03:20:49,400 --> 03:20:52,400
Travelers. 
Now fully awakened, the rest of 

3777
03:20:52,400 --> 03:20:55,900
the night in guarded watch, cold
and uneasy with Dawn. 

3778
03:20:55,900 --> 03:20:57,500
They surveyed the sodden 
landscape. 

3779
03:20:58,200 --> 03:21:00,900
Landslides had ripped through 
parts of the trail, but it 

3780
03:21:00,900 --> 03:21:04,200
appeared possible with caution. 
Though, The Intruders had not 

3781
03:21:04,200 --> 03:21:08,000
returned the sense of pursuit 
remained acute carrier conferred

3782
03:21:08,000 --> 03:21:11,100
with a soon, both concluding 
that time was running short. 

3783
03:21:11,900 --> 03:21:14,700
If for ash was Within Reach, 
they needed to seize the chance 

3784
03:21:14,700 --> 03:21:18,200
before more enemies closed in. 
Hoisting packs onto weary 

3785
03:21:18,200 --> 03:21:19,800
camel's. 
The group set forth again. 

3786
03:21:20,600 --> 03:21:23,900
The distant Peaks beckoned like 
Zane Witnesses and career 

3787
03:21:23,900 --> 03:21:26,100
whispered a further and hope 
that the city's rumored 

3788
03:21:26,100 --> 03:21:29,200
monasteries could offer refuge 
and perhaps reveal how to unlock

3789
03:21:29,200 --> 03:21:33,200
the manuscripts deeper secrets. 
the final stretch to varash 

3790
03:21:33,200 --> 03:21:36,500
proved grueling narrow Trails 
clung to mountain ridges, 

3791
03:21:36,500 --> 03:21:39,900
overlooking missed shrouded 
abysses, each step required 

3792
03:21:39,900 --> 03:21:43,900
vigilance At times, they paused 
to listen for rock falls in the 

3793
03:21:43,900 --> 03:21:46,400
distance markers of an unstable 
Terrain. 

3794
03:21:47,400 --> 03:21:51,000
The air grew thinner and breath 
came in short gasps yet Beyond 

3795
03:21:51,000 --> 03:21:54,300
every precarious. 
Turn a new Vista opened crisp, 

3796
03:21:54,300 --> 03:21:58,300
Lakes reflecting the sky hidden 
valleys studied with wildflowers

3797
03:21:58,300 --> 03:22:01,300
the occasional Stone ruined 
perched on a Ledge like an 

3798
03:22:01,300 --> 03:22:04,400
ancient Sentinel. 
The extremes of this landscape 

3799
03:22:04,400 --> 03:22:06,300
both and unsettled The 
Travelers. 

3800
03:22:07,100 --> 03:22:10,100
By late after noon, the slopes 
relaxed into a wide Plateau 

3801
03:22:10,100 --> 03:22:14,500
rising from the plateaus Edge, 
stood, varash in closed by a 

3802
03:22:14,500 --> 03:22:17,800
high stone Rampart. 
At first glance, the city 

3803
03:22:17,800 --> 03:22:19,500
appeared carved from the 
mountain itself. 

3804
03:22:19,500 --> 03:22:23,200
Its walls blending with the 
surrounding Cliffs missed 

3805
03:22:23,200 --> 03:22:26,400
swirled around parapets, 
creating a dreamlike vision. 

3806
03:22:27,400 --> 03:22:30,300
According to Legend for ash was 
older than any recorded. 

3807
03:22:30,300 --> 03:22:33,900
Dynasty upon a site revered for 
its Celestial alignments. 

3808
03:22:35,000 --> 03:22:37,500
A hush fell over the Caravan as 
they approached them, massive 

3809
03:22:37,500 --> 03:22:41,600
gate inside the city's winding 
streets ascended, in tears 

3810
03:22:41,600 --> 03:22:44,600
houses with slate roofs leaned 
against sturdy. 

3811
03:22:44,600 --> 03:22:48,600
Ramparts while Cobblestone Lanes
converged on a Central Square, 

3812
03:22:49,600 --> 03:22:52,800
Steam rose from a communal baths
that taped into natural Hot 

3813
03:22:52,800 --> 03:22:56,400
Springs monks in dark, robes 
shuffled along the corridors 

3814
03:22:56,400 --> 03:22:58,600
carrying Scrolls tucked beneath 
their arms. 

3815
03:22:59,500 --> 03:23:02,400
Carriers census, ignited, at the
first glimpse of this 

3816
03:23:02,400 --> 03:23:04,900
environment. 
She could feel an undercurrent 

3817
03:23:04,900 --> 03:23:07,400
of scholarship humming through 
the city, like a Subterranean 

3818
03:23:07,400 --> 03:23:10,000
River. 
Potent, contrast to the chaotic 

3819
03:23:10,000 --> 03:23:14,300
markets of Corazon. 
As soon guided the Caravan to a 

3820
03:23:14,300 --> 03:23:17,100
spacious Courtyard, in used by 
trade emissaries soon. 

3821
03:23:17,100 --> 03:23:19,700
After settling Korea, excused 
herself and ventured into the 

3822
03:23:19,708 --> 03:23:21,500
city's. 
Upper levels following 

3823
03:23:21,500 --> 03:23:23,400
directions gleaned from a scribe
at the Inn. 

3824
03:23:23,400 --> 03:23:25,800
She was searching for a specific
Monastery. 

3825
03:23:25,800 --> 03:23:28,500
Library rumored to house ancient
manuscripts. 

3826
03:23:28,500 --> 03:23:32,000
Paralleling her Jade bound text 
crossing a series of stone 

3827
03:23:32,000 --> 03:23:33,500
bridges. 
That arched over narrow. 

3828
03:23:33,500 --> 03:23:36,000
Gulches she noticed the 
architecture, displayed 

3829
03:23:36,000 --> 03:23:39,800
recurring, motifs spiral, 
carvings geometric borders, 

3830
03:23:39,800 --> 03:23:43,500
reminiscent of the codexes, 
marginal designs at last. 

3831
03:23:43,500 --> 03:23:46,700
She arrived at a massive carved 
door flanked by statues of 

3832
03:23:46,708 --> 03:23:48,900
robbed. 
Figures the discrete sine 

3833
03:23:48,900 --> 03:23:51,000
identified it as the library of 
high windows. 

3834
03:23:51,700 --> 03:23:55,100
In the atmosphere was 
reverential Golden Light, 

3835
03:23:55,100 --> 03:23:58,500
filtered through stained glass 
windows, Illuminating shelves, 

3836
03:23:58,500 --> 03:24:02,200
stacked from floor to ceiling 
with Scrolls Cody's and tablets 

3837
03:24:02,200 --> 03:24:06,200
monks novices and a few Leonard 
travelers from distant lands. 

3838
03:24:06,200 --> 03:24:09,700
Moved quite quietly between 
reading alcoves Carrier 

3839
03:24:09,700 --> 03:24:12,500
approached a Tall Bearded monk 
who introduced himself as 

3840
03:24:12,500 --> 03:24:15,300
brother Callan. 
With measured politeness, he 

3841
03:24:15,300 --> 03:24:18,200
asked her purpose. 
Carrier revealed her codex 

3842
03:24:18,200 --> 03:24:21,300
explaining in hushed tones that 
she believed it referenced an 

3843
03:24:21,300 --> 03:24:24,000
advanced astronomy predating 
recognized schools of thought. 

3844
03:24:25,000 --> 03:24:27,800
Intrigued brother Kaelyn, led 
her to a private study of 

3845
03:24:27,800 --> 03:24:30,600
chamber, lit by oil lamps there.
He produced a set of 

3846
03:24:30,608 --> 03:24:33,400
meticulously preserved star 
charts and scribed on leather. 

3847
03:24:34,100 --> 03:24:37,500
To Korea's amazement certain 
passages aligned closely with 

3848
03:24:37,500 --> 03:24:41,300
the diagrams in her manuscript. 
Upon closer inspection, they 

3849
03:24:41,300 --> 03:24:44,000
found near identical glyphs 
representing cardinal points 

3850
03:24:44,000 --> 03:24:48,300
Beyond normal mapping. 
Brother's eyes with excitement. 

3851
03:24:49,200 --> 03:24:52,500
These references appear in only 
are oldest records believed to 

3852
03:24:52,500 --> 03:24:57,100
have been copied from text 
salvaged Millennia ago. as the 

3853
03:24:57,100 --> 03:25:00,400
evening deepened, they piece 
together, parallel lines of text

3854
03:25:00,400 --> 03:25:04,500
cross referencing them with 
genealogies, straw altars, and 

3855
03:25:04,500 --> 03:25:07,900
cryptic commentaries, The 
Synergy suggested that the Jade 

3856
03:25:07,900 --> 03:25:10,500
bound book might indeed be part 
of a nearly lost tradition. 

3857
03:25:10,500 --> 03:25:14,700
However, a vital section, 
remained missing, It was rumored

3858
03:25:14,700 --> 03:25:18,300
that a sister manuscript in a 
monastery, father East High in a

3859
03:25:18,300 --> 03:25:21,700
remote range where few ventured 
carriers Hearts sank. 

3860
03:25:21,700 --> 03:25:25,000
Knowing the road ahead, might 
hold even greater dangers yet. 

3861
03:25:25,000 --> 03:25:28,700
She also felt invigorated, the 
puzzle had grown more intricate 

3862
03:25:28,700 --> 03:25:31,800
weaving her fate with ancient 
Legacy that demanded 

3863
03:25:31,800 --> 03:25:34,700
guardianship. 
Upon returning to the end. 

3864
03:25:34,700 --> 03:25:37,300
She found a soon and Malik and 
heated discussion with the rest 

3865
03:25:37,300 --> 03:25:39,600
of the Caravan. 
News had arrived. 

3866
03:25:39,600 --> 03:25:42,900
That unidentified Riders were 
poking around veraces Gates, 

3867
03:25:42,900 --> 03:25:46,000
questioning Travelers about a 
woman scholar and her prized 

3868
03:25:46,000 --> 03:25:47,800
artifact. 
There are rival. 

3869
03:25:47,800 --> 03:25:51,300
Here was no secret. 
For the moment, the city's laws,

3870
03:25:51,300 --> 03:25:54,600
prevented open aggression, but 
no one believed that protection 

3871
03:25:54,600 --> 03:25:57,300
would last indefinitely. 
A soon proposed. 

3872
03:25:57,300 --> 03:25:59,900
They break the Caravan into 
smaller groups for anonymity, 

3873
03:25:59,900 --> 03:26:04,100
Malik pledged to stand by Korea,
recognizing that her success. 

3874
03:26:04,100 --> 03:26:08,400
Might Ripple far beyond personal
gain Under the insulin glow, 

3875
03:26:08,400 --> 03:26:10,500
Curry, a shared what? 
She and brother Kalan had 

3876
03:26:10,508 --> 03:26:12,900
uncovered. 
The group listened in solemn. 

3877
03:26:12,900 --> 03:26:15,700
Silence, understanding the 
gravity of her discovery. 

3878
03:26:16,600 --> 03:26:18,900
Perhaps it offered a new 
perspective on the cosmos, 

3879
03:26:18,900 --> 03:26:21,800
perhaps it threatened structures
built on carefully, managed 

3880
03:26:21,800 --> 03:26:24,800
knowledge. 
Either way, the pursuers would 

3881
03:26:24,800 --> 03:26:27,900
not relent, Still Korea felt A 
Renewed determination. 

3882
03:26:27,900 --> 03:26:31,600
The tapestry of centuries had 
woven her path in this moment. 

3883
03:26:32,500 --> 03:26:34,800
With the city of varish as an 
unlikely Refuge. 

3884
03:26:34,800 --> 03:26:37,800
She now held a clearer vision of
the manuscripts purpose. 

3885
03:26:38,500 --> 03:26:42,000
Dawn would bring decisions where
the to remain to search for the 

3886
03:26:42,000 --> 03:26:44,400
sister text, or to Brave unknown
dangers. 

3887
03:26:44,400 --> 03:26:47,800
In that flickering moment of 
possibility, each traveler 

3888
03:26:47,800 --> 03:26:50,500
realized they had become part of
a tale larger than themselves. 

3889
03:26:50,500 --> 03:26:54,500
A saga carried Along by 
caravan's forged in Hidden, 

3890
03:26:54,500 --> 03:26:57,800
libraries and destined to Echo 
across the shifting dunes and 

3891
03:26:57,800 --> 03:27:06,000
precarious peaks of time. 
Picture yourself waking up in a 

3892
03:27:06,000 --> 03:27:08,300
narrow bed. 
That's barely wider than a 

3893
03:27:08,300 --> 03:27:10,600
coffin, but somehow more 
comfortable than anything. 

3894
03:27:10,600 --> 03:27:12,400
You'd known before coming to 
Ashworth. 

3895
03:27:12,400 --> 03:27:14,400
Manor. 
The room, you share with two 

3896
03:27:14,400 --> 03:27:17,800
other housemates is tucked under
the eaves where the ceiling 

3897
03:27:17,800 --> 03:27:19,600
slopes down. 
So dramatically that you've 

3898
03:27:19,600 --> 03:27:23,000
learned to duck instinctively 
when getting dressed The walls 

3899
03:27:23,000 --> 03:27:24,900
are thin enough that you can 
hear Mrs. Pemberton. 

3900
03:27:24,900 --> 03:27:28,200
The head cook already clattering
about in the kitchen three 

3901
03:27:28,200 --> 03:27:30,200
floors below her. 
Wooden Spoons. 

3902
03:27:30,200 --> 03:27:32,100
Conducting an orchestra of 
copper pots. 

3903
03:27:32,100 --> 03:27:35,600
It's 4:30 in the morning and 
your body has become a living 

3904
03:27:35,600 --> 03:27:38,300
alarm clock after 18 months in 
service. 

3905
03:27:38,300 --> 03:27:41,400
You no longer need the Bell, 
that Martha, the senior 

3906
03:27:41,400 --> 03:27:43,300
house-made rings to wake 
everyone. 

3907
03:27:43,300 --> 03:27:47,400
Your bones simply know when it's
time to begin another day in the

3908
03:27:47,400 --> 03:27:49,100
wonderful machine of the manor 
house. 

3909
03:27:49,100 --> 03:27:52,700
You slide your feet into boots 
that have molded themselves to 

3910
03:27:52,700 --> 03:27:55,300
your particular brand of 
exhaustion comfortable, in all 

3911
03:27:55,300 --> 03:27:58,900
the wrong places, one Thin, 
where you need the most The 

3912
03:27:58,900 --> 03:28:01,600
floorboards Creak their familiar
greeting, as you tiptoe around 

3913
03:28:01,600 --> 03:28:05,100
your sleeping, roommates Sarah 
the scholarly made talks in her 

3914
03:28:05,100 --> 03:28:08,000
sleep, about her sweet heart 
back in the village while Emma, 

3915
03:28:08,000 --> 03:28:11,100
who works in the laundry, snores
with the dedication of someone 

3916
03:28:11,100 --> 03:28:15,500
who earned every moment of rest.
The servant staircase serves as 

3917
03:28:15,500 --> 03:28:18,400
your primary route, to all 
important places, it's narrow 

3918
03:28:18,400 --> 03:28:20,300
and steep designed by 
architects. 

3919
03:28:20,300 --> 03:28:23,200
Who clearly never had to carry a
coal scuttle up for flights 

3920
03:28:23,200 --> 03:28:26,500
while balancing a chamber pot 
and trying not to wake the 

3921
03:28:26,500 --> 03:28:30,100
entire household. 
You've developed a peculiar 

3922
03:28:30,100 --> 03:28:34,300
Grace, navigating these stairs, 
part mountain goat part ballet 

3923
03:28:34,300 --> 03:28:37,600
dancer, all determination, not 
to Tumble backward into 

3924
03:28:37,600 --> 03:28:40,400
catastrophe. 
Your first stop is the 

3925
03:28:40,400 --> 03:28:43,500
Magnificent Hall where 
yesterday's ashes in the massive

3926
03:28:43,500 --> 03:28:45,600
fireplace. 
Look like the remains of a small

3927
03:28:45,600 --> 03:28:47,900
dragon. 
The greatest heavy enough to 

3928
03:28:47,900 --> 03:28:50,500
Anchor a ship and cleaning. 
It requires the kind of athletic

3929
03:28:50,500 --> 03:28:53,600
ability that would impress 
circus performers, you've 

3930
03:28:53,600 --> 03:28:56,600
learned to approach it like a 
puzzle first the smaller pieces 

3931
03:28:56,600 --> 03:29:00,300
then the great itself always 
mindful that cold dust has a 

3932
03:29:00,300 --> 03:29:02,800
magical ability to appear on 
surface is you have not even 

3933
03:29:02,808 --> 03:29:05,800
touched yet the manor wakes up 
around you in layers. 

3934
03:29:05,800 --> 03:29:09,200
First come the other servants 
moving through their morning 

3935
03:29:09,200 --> 03:29:12,200
routines with the synchronized 
Precision of dancers who 

3936
03:29:12,200 --> 03:29:14,700
rehearse the same performance 
for years then. 

3937
03:29:14,700 --> 03:29:18,100
Come the dog's Lord ashworth's 
hunting hounds who seem to 

3938
03:29:18,100 --> 03:29:21,800
insist on serving breakfast at 5
sharp regardless of human 

3939
03:29:21,800 --> 03:29:25,100
convenience. 
Finally, the house itself begins

3940
03:29:25,100 --> 03:29:29,000
to stir floorboard settling 
pipes, gurgling their mourning 

3941
03:29:29,000 --> 03:29:31,100
complaints and somewhere in the 
distance. 

3942
03:29:31,100 --> 03:29:34,000
The grandfather clock in the 
entrance hall, chiming the hours

3943
03:29:34,000 --> 03:29:36,700
like a Stern Headmaster. 
Keeping everyone on schedule. 

3944
03:29:36,700 --> 03:29:39,900
You've learned to love these 
early morning moments when the 

3945
03:29:39,900 --> 03:29:41,900
manner belongs entirely to its 
servants. 

3946
03:29:41,900 --> 03:29:44,900
There's something peaceful about
moving through rooms that were 

3947
03:29:44,900 --> 03:29:47,700
later Buzz with the complicated 
social Machinery of the upper 

3948
03:29:47,700 --> 03:29:50,100
classes. 
But for now exists in a state of

3949
03:29:50,100 --> 03:29:54,200
suspended animation, the drawing
room with its silk wallpaper and

3950
03:29:54,200 --> 03:29:55,900
furniture. 
That costs more than most people

3951
03:29:55,900 --> 03:29:58,800
earn in a decade feels almost 
friendly in the pre-dawn 

3952
03:29:58,800 --> 03:30:01,900
darkness, you dust the mahogany,
tables and straighten. 

3953
03:30:01,900 --> 03:30:04,500
The cushions on chairs that 
probably have their own names 

3954
03:30:04,500 --> 03:30:07,600
and pedigrees The Morning Light 
filtering through the tall 

3955
03:30:07,600 --> 03:30:10,000
Windows reveals dusting in the 
air. 

3956
03:30:10,000 --> 03:30:13,400
Like tiny rebellious spirits. 
You've developed a personal 

3957
03:30:13,400 --> 03:30:16,400
relationship with dust. 
It's your constant companion, 

3958
03:30:16,400 --> 03:30:19,700
your Eternal opponent and 
occasionally, when the light 

3959
03:30:19,700 --> 03:30:22,700
hits it just right. 
Your unwitting collaborator in 

3960
03:30:22,700 --> 03:30:24,200
creating something almost 
beautiful. 

3961
03:30:25,200 --> 03:30:27,400
Dust, you've learned has 
personality. 

3962
03:30:28,300 --> 03:30:31,700
The dust in the library is 
scholarly and dignified settling

3963
03:30:31,700 --> 03:30:35,000
politely on leather bound books.
The dust in the children's 

3964
03:30:35,000 --> 03:30:38,300
playroom, is chaotic and 
adventurous hiding in corners 

3965
03:30:38,300 --> 03:30:40,600
and emerging at the most 
inconvenient moments. 

3966
03:30:41,300 --> 03:30:43,700
By 6:00 you've already 
accomplished. 

3967
03:30:43,700 --> 03:30:45,900
What most people would consider 
a full day's work. 

3968
03:30:46,600 --> 03:30:49,600
The fires are lit, the main 
rooms are clean and you've 

3969
03:30:49,600 --> 03:30:52,300
managed to avoid waking, anyone,
who might dock your wages for 

3970
03:30:52,300 --> 03:30:55,300
disturbing their beauty sleep. 
Your back aches, in that 

3971
03:30:55,300 --> 03:30:58,100
particular way that comes from 
bending over greats and reaching

3972
03:30:58,100 --> 03:31:00,800
under Furniture. 
But there's also a satisfaction 

3973
03:31:00,800 --> 03:31:03,600
in seeing the Mana slowly come 
to life around your efforts. 

3974
03:31:04,400 --> 03:31:06,500
The kitchen. 
When you finally make it there 

3975
03:31:06,500 --> 03:31:09,800
for your breakfast is a warm 
Refuge filled with the smell of 

3976
03:31:09,800 --> 03:31:13,400
fresh bread and the comfortable 
chaos of Mrs. Pemberton's 

3977
03:31:13,400 --> 03:31:15,500
domain. 
She rules her realm with your 

3978
03:31:15,500 --> 03:31:17,900
authority of a general and the 
warmth of a favorite aunt 

3979
03:31:17,900 --> 03:31:21,500
dispensing, both orders, and 
wisdom in equal measure the 

3980
03:31:21,500 --> 03:31:24,300
pecking order in a Victorian. 
Mansion is more complex than the

3981
03:31:24,300 --> 03:31:27,800
family tree of European royalty 
and twice as confusing for 

3982
03:31:27,800 --> 03:31:30,300
newcomers. 
You've learned to navigate this 

3983
03:31:30,300 --> 03:31:33,800
social Labyrinth, with the skill
of a diplomat, always mindful of

3984
03:31:33,800 --> 03:31:37,500
who out-ranks who and exactly 
how much courtesy each position 

3985
03:31:37,500 --> 03:31:40,600
demands. 
At the top of the servants 

3986
03:31:40,600 --> 03:31:44,400
higher Archie, sits Mr. Whitmore
the butler who carries himself 

3987
03:31:44,400 --> 03:31:47,200
with the Dignity of a man whose 
never doubted his place in the 

3988
03:31:47,200 --> 03:31:49,800
world. 
Mr. Whitmore, the butler, 

3989
03:31:49,800 --> 03:31:51,500
possesses the ability to 
elevate. 

3990
03:31:51,500 --> 03:31:55,200
The mundane tasks of polishing. 
Silver to a sacred ritual and 

3991
03:31:55,200 --> 03:31:58,900
his disapproval is unmistakable.
You've seen him reduce footman 

3992
03:31:58,900 --> 03:32:00,800
to stammering. 
Apologies with nothing more than

3993
03:32:00,800 --> 03:32:04,400
a raised eyebrow and a slight 
tightening around the eyes just 

3994
03:32:04,400 --> 03:32:07,000
below him Reigns. 
Mrs. Hartwell the housekeeper. 

3995
03:32:07,000 --> 03:32:10,200
Who manages the female staff 
with the organizational skills 

3996
03:32:10,200 --> 03:32:13,200
of a military commander and the 
intuition of someone who's 

3997
03:32:13,200 --> 03:32:16,200
raised 12 children? 
She carries a massive ring of 

3998
03:32:16,208 --> 03:32:19,900
keys that Jangles with every 
step announcing her presence. 

3999
03:32:19,900 --> 03:32:23,600
Like a one woman, Brass Band 
these Keys unlock everything 

4000
03:32:23,600 --> 03:32:25,600
from the linen closets to The 
Wine Cellar. 

4001
03:32:25,600 --> 03:32:28,800
And the sound of them has become
the sound track of authority in 

4002
03:32:28,800 --> 03:32:31,500
your daily life. 
Mrs. Pemberton rules. 

4003
03:32:31,500 --> 03:32:34,500
The kitchen with an iron, 
Laidlaw, and a heart that softer

4004
03:32:34,500 --> 03:32:37,700
than her Yorkshire pudding. 
She's a cook who meticulously 

4005
03:32:37,700 --> 03:32:41,000
remembers each servants, 
preferred tea, and consistently 

4006
03:32:41,000 --> 03:32:44,200
provides an extra biscuit during
a particularly challenging day. 

4007
03:32:45,000 --> 03:32:47,800
Her domain is distinct from the 
rest of the house higher Archie 

4008
03:32:47,800 --> 03:32:51,500
as she reports directly to Mrs. 
Hartwell however, within her 

4009
03:32:51,500 --> 03:32:54,600
kitchen, her Authority as 
unquestioned you found your 

4010
03:32:54,600 --> 03:32:57,100
place somewhere in the middle of
this complex social Machinery. 

4011
03:32:57,100 --> 03:33:00,400
As a housemaid, you're above the
scholarly maids and the kitchen 

4012
03:33:00,400 --> 03:33:02,500
help. 
But below the ladies maids in 

4013
03:33:02,500 --> 03:33:06,000
the governments It's a position 
that requires a peculiar kind of

4014
03:33:06,008 --> 03:33:08,600
social awareness. 
You need to be respectful to 

4015
03:33:08,600 --> 03:33:11,500
those above. 
You kind to those below you and 

4016
03:33:11,500 --> 03:33:14,100
cautious around those at your 
level because horizontal 

4017
03:33:14,100 --> 03:33:16,800
politics among servants, can be 
more treacherous than anything 

4018
03:33:16,800 --> 03:33:19,900
happening up stairs. 
The footmen occupy their own 

4019
03:33:19,900 --> 03:33:23,200
strange category in this 
hierarchy, their technically, 

4020
03:33:23,200 --> 03:33:26,600
your equals, but they seem to 
believe their fancy uniforms and

4021
03:33:26,600 --> 03:33:29,300
proximity to the dining room. 
Make them practically members of

4022
03:33:29,300 --> 03:33:32,500
the family. 
James, the senior footman has 

4023
03:33:32,500 --> 03:33:35,800
mastered the skill of sneering 
at people while simultaneously 

4024
03:33:35,800 --> 03:33:39,500
serving them soup. 
His permitted hair and pristine 

4025
03:33:39,500 --> 03:33:42,600
white gloves, make him look like
he's constantly ready for a 

4026
03:33:42,600 --> 03:33:46,000
formal portrait even when he's 
just carrying cold, scuttles. 

4027
03:33:47,500 --> 03:33:50,500
The daily dance of Precedence 
plays out in 100 small ways. 

4028
03:33:50,500 --> 03:33:54,300
Who enters the servants Hall? 
First for meals, who gets the 

4029
03:33:54,300 --> 03:33:57,500
best seat near the fire, who's 
allowed to voice, opinions about

4030
03:33:57,500 --> 03:34:01,100
the family's guests and who must
simply listen and Nod. 

4031
03:34:02,000 --> 03:34:04,600
You've learned to read these 
subtle cues like a scholar, 

4032
03:34:04,600 --> 03:34:07,600
studying ancient texts. 
Because misunderstanding your 

4033
03:34:07,600 --> 03:34:10,500
place can result in anything 
from cold shoulders to actual 

4034
03:34:10,500 --> 03:34:13,000
dismissal. 
The Strangers part of this 

4035
03:34:13,000 --> 03:34:15,800
higher key is how it mirrors the
family upstairs, while remaining

4036
03:34:15,800 --> 03:34:19,600
completely separate from it. 
Lord Ashworth might be the 

4037
03:34:19,600 --> 03:34:22,600
master of the house but he has 
no idea that William. 

4038
03:34:22,600 --> 03:34:25,700
The second footman has been 
conducting a subtle campaign of 

4039
03:34:25,700 --> 03:34:27,600
psychological warfare against 
Thomas. 

4040
03:34:27,600 --> 03:34:31,200
The whole Boy, Over whose 
responsibility, it is to polish 

4041
03:34:31,200 --> 03:34:34,400
the brass door knobs. 
The servant dramas unfold 

4042
03:34:34,400 --> 03:34:38,000
parallel to the family's lives 
invisible to them, but consuming

4043
03:34:38,000 --> 03:34:41,900
tremendous energy below stairs, 
you've developed a strategy for 

4044
03:34:41,900 --> 03:34:45,100
navigating these social Waters 
that involves generous amounts 

4045
03:34:45,100 --> 03:34:48,600
of tea, careful, listening, and 
an almost Supernatural ability 

4046
03:34:48,600 --> 03:34:50,800
to become invisible when 
tensions rise. 

4047
03:34:50,800 --> 03:34:54,000
The key is understanding that 
everyone from the lowliest, 

4048
03:34:54,000 --> 03:34:56,100
scullery maid to the most 
exalted ladies. 

4049
03:34:56,100 --> 03:34:59,000
Maid is desperately trying to 
maintain their dignity. 

4050
03:34:59,000 --> 03:35:01,200
In a world that offers very 
little of it. 

4051
03:35:01,200 --> 03:35:04,500
People in service. 
The laundry made exist in their 

4052
03:35:04,500 --> 03:35:07,500
own steamy Universe emerging 
from the basement. 

4053
03:35:07,500 --> 03:35:10,600
Wash house looking like they've 
been wrestling with clouds. 

4054
03:35:11,300 --> 03:35:14,400
They speak their language of 
starch and soap and their hands 

4055
03:35:14,400 --> 03:35:16,500
are permanently. 
Pruned from constant contact 

4056
03:35:16,500 --> 03:35:19,600
with water. 
Emma, who shares your attic room

4057
03:35:19,600 --> 03:35:22,900
comes to bed every night 
smelling like carbolic soap and 

4058
03:35:22,900 --> 03:35:24,400
lavender. 
A combination. 

4059
03:35:24,400 --> 03:35:26,300
That's become as comforting as a
lullaby. 

4060
03:35:27,200 --> 03:35:29,500
The truly fascinating members of
this servant. 

4061
03:35:29,500 --> 03:35:33,400
Ecosystem are the Specialists. 
The lamp trimmer Who treats each

4062
03:35:33,400 --> 03:35:35,900
fixture like a delicate patient,
requiring surgery? 

4063
03:35:35,900 --> 03:35:39,600
The boot boy, who knows the 
Footwear preferences of every 

4064
03:35:39,600 --> 03:35:43,100
family member and guest and the 
under Butler who's being groomed

4065
03:35:43,100 --> 03:35:46,000
for Mr. Whitmore's position and 
carries the weight of that 

4066
03:35:46,000 --> 03:35:49,100
future responsibility, like a 
crown that still being fitted. 

4067
03:35:49,100 --> 03:35:52,100
Living in a Victorian. 
Mansion means existing in Two 

4068
03:35:52,100 --> 03:35:55,600
Worlds simultaneously like being
an actor in a play where half 

4069
03:35:55,600 --> 03:35:57,600
the cast doesn't know the other 
half exists. 

4070
03:35:58,400 --> 03:36:00,700
You've mastered the art of 
becoming functionally invisible 

4071
03:36:00,700 --> 03:36:03,800
when family members are present.
Skill, that requires more 

4072
03:36:03,800 --> 03:36:07,500
athleticism than most people 
realize, the back staircase is 

4073
03:36:07,500 --> 03:36:11,200
your lifeline to invisibility, 
it's a narrow winding passage 

4074
03:36:11,200 --> 03:36:12,900
that connects every floor of the
house. 

4075
03:36:13,700 --> 03:36:16,200
Designed specifically. 
So servants can move through the

4076
03:36:16,200 --> 03:36:19,300
mansion without disturbing the 
family's carefully, orchestrated

4077
03:36:19,300 --> 03:36:22,000
daily life. 
You've learned to navigate these

4078
03:36:22,000 --> 03:36:26,000
stairs and complete, darkness, 
your feet knowing exactly where 

4079
03:36:26,000 --> 03:36:29,000
each step creaks and which 
handrail Wiggles, it's like 

4080
03:36:29,000 --> 03:36:31,300
having a secret passage to 
everywhere that matters. 

4081
03:36:31,300 --> 03:36:34,200
Except the secret is that you're
not supposed to exist while 

4082
03:36:34,200 --> 03:36:36,500
using it. 
The family's daily routine 

4083
03:36:36,500 --> 03:36:39,400
creates a complex choreography 
that you've learned to dance 

4084
03:36:39,400 --> 03:36:42,100
around. 
Lady Ashworth, takes her 

4085
03:36:42,100 --> 03:36:44,000
morning. 
Tea at precisely 8:00, which 

4086
03:36:44,000 --> 03:36:46,800
means you need to have a sitting
room Immaculate by 7:30. 

4087
03:36:47,900 --> 03:36:50,200
She has a particular way of 
saying when things aren't 

4088
03:36:50,200 --> 03:36:53,200
arranged to her satisfaction, 
not quite disapproval, but, 

4089
03:36:53,200 --> 03:36:56,300
definitely disappointment that 
can ruin your entire morning. 

4090
03:36:56,300 --> 03:36:59,600
If you're not prepared for it, 
the children present their own 

4091
03:36:59,600 --> 03:37:03,200
unique challenges, Master 
Frederick, eight years old and 

4092
03:37:03,200 --> 03:37:06,000
convinced of his military 
greatness has transformed the 

4093
03:37:06,000 --> 03:37:08,000
third floor into his personal 
Battlefield. 

4094
03:37:08,000 --> 03:37:11,400
You've learned to clean around 
elaborate Arrangements of toy 

4095
03:37:11,400 --> 03:37:13,400
soldiers. 
Knowing that disturbing his 

4096
03:37:13,400 --> 03:37:15,700
campaigns could result in the 
kind of tantrum. 

4097
03:37:15,700 --> 03:37:18,500
That brings his mother running 
and gets servants blamed for 

4098
03:37:18,500 --> 03:37:21,800
corrupting young. 
Mine's His sister, Miss Caroline

4099
03:37:21,800 --> 03:37:24,200
is 12. 
And as recently discovered the 

4100
03:37:24,200 --> 03:37:27,700
power of treating servants, like
her personal confidence, which 

4101
03:37:27,700 --> 03:37:30,500
is flattering Until you realize 
she's practicing her future role

4102
03:37:30,500 --> 03:37:33,600
as Mistress of her household. 
The guests are where things get 

4103
03:37:33,600 --> 03:37:35,500
intriguing. 
Every visitor brings their 

4104
03:37:35,500 --> 03:37:38,500
expectations, their servants, 
and their own way of treating 

4105
03:37:38,500 --> 03:37:41,300
the household staff. 
You've learned to read people 

4106
03:37:41,300 --> 03:37:44,600
quickly, some guests, treat you 
like Furniture, others like 

4107
03:37:44,600 --> 03:37:48,300
family pets, and a precious few,
like actual human beings. 

4108
03:37:49,100 --> 03:37:52,000
Those who attempt to appear 
friendly yet, make it evident 

4109
03:37:52,000 --> 03:37:54,100
that they view you as a 
completely different species. 

4110
03:37:54,100 --> 03:37:58,200
Are the worst. 
Mrs. Fitzpatrick, lady 

4111
03:37:58,200 --> 03:38:01,300
ashworth's, sister, visits 
monthly and treats the servants 

4112
03:38:01,300 --> 03:38:03,200
Hall like her personal 
entertainment venue. 

4113
03:38:03,800 --> 03:38:07,000
She sweeps through asking 
intrusive questions about your 

4114
03:38:07,000 --> 03:38:09,700
personal life, while 
simultaneously rearranging 

4115
03:38:09,700 --> 03:38:11,700
everything, according to her own
preferences. 

4116
03:38:12,700 --> 03:38:16,600
Her lady's maid Miss Prentiss 
apologizes constantly for her 

4117
03:38:16,600 --> 03:38:19,500
mistress's behavior, while 
somehow making it clear that she

4118
03:38:19,500 --> 03:38:22,100
considers herself. 
Superior to the permanent staff,

4119
03:38:22,900 --> 03:38:25,400
the dinner parties are where 
your invisibility skills get 

4120
03:38:25,400 --> 03:38:28,400
their greatest work out. 
You've learned to move through 

4121
03:38:28,400 --> 03:38:31,600
the dining room, like a ghost. 
Refilling water glasses, and 

4122
03:38:31,600 --> 03:38:33,500
replacing horses while eight to 
12. 

4123
03:38:33,500 --> 03:38:36,500
People can conduct conversations
that range from fascinating to 

4124
03:38:36,500 --> 03:38:38,900
horrifying often within the same
sentence. 

4125
03:38:39,800 --> 03:38:42,400
The trick is to listen without 
appearing, to listen, to 

4126
03:38:42,400 --> 03:38:44,500
anticipate needs without seeming
to pay attention. 

4127
03:38:44,500 --> 03:38:47,400
And to remember everything 
while, pretending to forget it, 

4128
03:38:47,400 --> 03:38:48,600
all the moment, you leave the 
room. 

4129
03:38:49,400 --> 03:38:52,500
Overhearing conversations about 
politics finance and social 

4130
03:38:52,500 --> 03:38:54,300
scandals. 
That would make excellent 

4131
03:38:54,300 --> 03:38:56,200
gossip. 
If you could share them you've 

4132
03:38:56,200 --> 03:38:59,200
gained valuable insights. 
The family discusses their 

4133
03:38:59,200 --> 03:39:01,800
neighbor's Affairs, their 
business dealings, and their 

4134
03:39:01,800 --> 03:39:05,100
opinions about everything from 
the weather to the Empire all 

4135
03:39:05,100 --> 03:39:07,100
while servants. 
Move around them like, well, 

4136
03:39:07,100 --> 03:39:09,700
trained spirits. 
It has provided you with an 

4137
03:39:09,700 --> 03:39:12,100
education in human nature that 
no school could match. 

4138
03:39:12,800 --> 03:39:15,100
The most challenging aspect of 
this Upstairs Downstairs. 

4139
03:39:15,100 --> 03:39:18,300
Existence is maintaining your 
sense of self while pretending 

4140
03:39:18,300 --> 03:39:21,900
to be invisible. you've learned 
to find moments of genuine 

4141
03:39:21,900 --> 03:39:25,200
connection with the family 
members, a shared joke with Miss

4142
03:39:25,200 --> 03:39:28,100
Carolyn, a moment of 
appreciation from Lady Ashworth,

4143
03:39:28,100 --> 03:39:31,300
when you've arranged her flowers
particularly well or not of 

4144
03:39:31,300 --> 03:39:33,800
approval from Lourdes, Ashworth,
when you've managed to clean his

4145
03:39:33,800 --> 03:39:37,900
study without disturbing his 
carefully, organized chaos, The 

4146
03:39:37,900 --> 03:39:40,300
house itself becomes a character
in this daily drama. 

4147
03:39:41,100 --> 03:39:43,100
Different rooms have different 
personalities. 

4148
03:39:43,100 --> 03:39:45,500
Different moods and different 
requirements. 

4149
03:39:45,500 --> 03:39:48,600
For how you're supposed to 
behave in the library demands 

4150
03:39:48,600 --> 03:39:50,700
quiet. 
Reverence the drawing room 

4151
03:39:50,700 --> 03:39:54,000
requires careful, attention to 
every surface and the nursery 

4152
03:39:54,000 --> 03:39:55,700
needs. 
The kind of vigilant that comes 

4153
03:39:55,700 --> 03:39:56,900
from. 
Knowing that children can 

4154
03:39:56,900 --> 03:40:00,000
destroy a perfectly clean room 
in the time, it takes to Blink 

4155
03:40:00,000 --> 03:40:03,500
cleaning a Victorian Mansion is 
like being a detective, a 

4156
03:40:03,500 --> 03:40:05,700
chemist and an athlete. 
All rolled into one exhausting 

4157
03:40:05,700 --> 03:40:10,000
profession You've learned that 
every stain tells a story every 

4158
03:40:10,000 --> 03:40:13,500
surface has its personality and 
every cleaning solution has the 

4159
03:40:13,500 --> 03:40:17,000
potential to either save the day
or created disaster that follows

4160
03:40:17,000 --> 03:40:19,800
you for months. 
The cleaning supplies in Mrs. 

4161
03:40:19,800 --> 03:40:20,700
Hartwell's locked. 
Cupboard. 

4162
03:40:20,700 --> 03:40:23,400
Look like in gradients, for 
either medicine or Mayhem, 

4163
03:40:23,400 --> 03:40:25,200
depending on your level of 
expertise. 

4164
03:40:26,300 --> 03:40:28,700
Mrs. Hartwell's locked. 
Cupboard contains a variety of 

4165
03:40:28,700 --> 03:40:31,800
cleaning supplies, including 
carbolic acid for the floors, 

4166
03:40:31,800 --> 03:40:35,100
vinegar for the windows. 
And a product known as monkey 

4167
03:40:35,100 --> 03:40:38,700
brand soap, which while 
purportedly effective on 

4168
03:40:38,700 --> 03:40:41,900
everything from brass to boots. 
Often leaves your hands feeling 

4169
03:40:41,900 --> 03:40:43,500
as if you've been handling 
sandpaper. 

4170
03:40:44,200 --> 03:40:46,400
You've developed a personal 
relationship with different 

4171
03:40:46,400 --> 03:40:49,000
types of dirt. 
There's the honest dirt that 

4172
03:40:49,000 --> 03:40:52,700
comes from daily living dust, 
mud the occasional spilled tea, 

4173
03:40:52,700 --> 03:40:55,400
which responds to 
straightforward cleaning methods

4174
03:40:55,400 --> 03:40:59,000
and doesn't hold grudges. 
Then there's the sneaky dirt 

4175
03:40:59,000 --> 03:41:02,500
that hides in corners and behind
Furniture waiting to embarrass 

4176
03:41:02,500 --> 03:41:04,600
you. 
When important guests, visit the

4177
03:41:04,600 --> 03:41:07,500
worst is the mysterious dirt 
that appears overnight on 

4178
03:41:07,500 --> 03:41:09,500
surfaces. 
You cleaned perfectly the day 

4179
03:41:09,500 --> 03:41:12,300
before which you're convinced is
either Supernatural or the 

4180
03:41:12,300 --> 03:41:14,700
result of some servant 
conspiracy you have not figured 

4181
03:41:14,700 --> 03:41:17,300
out yet. 
The weekly ritual of cleaning, 

4182
03:41:17,300 --> 03:41:19,200
the chandeliers requires the 
kind of Courage. 

4183
03:41:19,200 --> 03:41:22,200
Usually reserved for mounting 
climbing, you've mastered the 

4184
03:41:22,200 --> 03:41:24,400
art of dismantling. 
These Crystal Monster's 

4185
03:41:24,400 --> 03:41:27,800
meticulously cleaning, each 
individual Crystal with a 

4186
03:41:27,800 --> 03:41:30,300
solution that Mrs. Hartwell 
fervently Advocates, but 

4187
03:41:30,300 --> 03:41:33,800
withholds the recipe, The 
crystals have to be dried with 

4188
03:41:33,800 --> 03:41:37,100
specific cloths polished with 
particular movements and 

4189
03:41:37,100 --> 03:41:40,700
reassembled in exactly the right
order or they'll catch the Light

4190
03:41:40,700 --> 03:41:43,300
wrong. 
And everyone will notice carpet,

4191
03:41:43,300 --> 03:41:45,600
cleaning is where you've truly 
earned your stripes as a 

4192
03:41:45,600 --> 03:41:49,000
domestic Warrior. 
The dining room carpet which 

4193
03:41:49,000 --> 03:41:51,800
depicts some sort of hunting 
scene with more dire than you'd 

4194
03:41:51,800 --> 03:41:54,900
see in an actual Forest requires
weekly attention with a carpet 

4195
03:41:54,900 --> 03:41:57,400
beater, that's heavier than most
people's luggage. 

4196
03:41:57,400 --> 03:41:59,600
You've learned to read the 
carpets mood. 

4197
03:41:59,600 --> 03:42:03,100
Some weeks, it gives up its 
dirty easily other weeks. 

4198
03:42:03,100 --> 03:42:05,700
It clings to every spec like 
it's fighting for its life. 

4199
03:42:05,700 --> 03:42:08,700
The Silver Service is your 
Nemesis and your pride 

4200
03:42:08,700 --> 03:42:11,700
simultaneously. 
There are pieces in the butler's

4201
03:42:11,700 --> 03:42:14,500
Pantry that have been in the 
family for Generations, each 

4202
03:42:14,500 --> 03:42:17,200
with its own cleaning 
requirements, and its own way of

4203
03:42:17,200 --> 03:42:20,300
making you look incompetent. 
The tea service from Lourdes, 

4204
03:42:20,300 --> 03:42:22,200
Ashworth. 
Grandmother requires a special 

4205
03:42:22,200 --> 03:42:25,100
polish that has to be applied in
circular motions. 

4206
03:42:25,100 --> 03:42:29,300
Never straight lines and buffed 
to a shine that can blind 

4207
03:42:29,300 --> 03:42:33,000
unsuspecting footman. you've 
discovered that cleaning is 

4208
03:42:33,000 --> 03:42:36,200
really about understanding 
chemistry, even if nobody calls 

4209
03:42:36,200 --> 03:42:39,500
it that Different materials 
required, different approaches, 

4210
03:42:39,500 --> 03:42:42,000
different solutions, and 
different techniques. 

4211
03:42:42,000 --> 03:42:44,200
The marble in the entrance hall 
needs. 

4212
03:42:44,200 --> 03:42:46,200
Gentle treatment with specific 
soaps. 

4213
03:42:46,200 --> 03:42:49,500
While the wood paneling in the 
study requires oils that have 

4214
03:42:49,500 --> 03:42:52,500
been mixed according to recipes 
that are closely guarded family 

4215
03:42:52,500 --> 03:42:56,100
secrets, The laundry presents 
its own scientific challenges. 

4216
03:42:56,100 --> 03:43:00,200
You've learned to identify 
stains by sight smell and 

4217
03:43:00,200 --> 03:43:03,700
sometimes by the story behind 
them blood requires, cold water 

4218
03:43:03,700 --> 03:43:05,700
and salt. 
Why needs to be treated 

4219
03:43:05,700 --> 03:43:08,800
immediately with white wine? 
If you can get it a mysterious 

4220
03:43:08,800 --> 03:43:11,400
stains on the children's 
clothing, usually respond to a 

4221
03:43:11,400 --> 03:43:12,900
combination of prayer and 
whatever. 

4222
03:43:12,900 --> 03:43:16,100
Mrs, Pemberton recommends from 
her arsenal of kitchen remedies.

4223
03:43:17,000 --> 03:43:19,400
Your skills truly test. 
During the seasonal cleaning 

4224
03:43:19,400 --> 03:43:22,500
rituals sprinkling means taking 
apart every room. 

4225
03:43:22,500 --> 03:43:25,300
Cleaning surfaces that haven't 
seen attention since the 

4226
03:43:25,300 --> 03:43:28,300
previous year and discovering 
problems that have been hiding 

4227
03:43:28,300 --> 03:43:30,600
all winter. 
You've learned to approach these

4228
03:43:30,600 --> 03:43:33,700
marathons like a military 
campaign with careful planning, 

4229
03:43:33,700 --> 03:43:37,000
strategic Supply management. 
And the kind of determination 

4230
03:43:37,000 --> 03:43:39,300
that comes from. 
Knowing that failure means 

4231
03:43:39,300 --> 03:43:40,400
starting over from the 
beginning. 

4232
03:43:41,800 --> 03:43:44,700
The tools of your trade have 
become extensions of your body, 

4233
03:43:44,700 --> 03:43:48,000
you know, exactly how much 
pressure each brush can handle, 

4234
03:43:48,000 --> 03:43:51,600
which cloths work best on which 
surfaces and how to make a 

4235
03:43:51,600 --> 03:43:53,700
feather duster perform, like a 
Precision instrument. 

4236
03:43:54,600 --> 03:43:57,600
Your hands of calluses and 
places that tell the story of 

4237
03:43:57,600 --> 03:44:01,100
your daily routine and your back
has learned to bend and twist in

4238
03:44:01,100 --> 03:44:02,800
ways that would impress can 
toss. 

4239
03:44:02,800 --> 03:44:06,100
The kitchen, is the heart of the
manner but it's a heart that 

4240
03:44:06,100 --> 03:44:08,800
beats with the rhythm of 
organized, chaos, military, 

4241
03:44:08,800 --> 03:44:12,200
precision, and the occasional 
minor explosion when someone 

4242
03:44:12,200 --> 03:44:15,000
forgets that the temperamental 
stove has a mind of its own, 

4243
03:44:16,100 --> 03:44:18,800
You've learned to navigate this 
coloring Battlefield with the 

4244
03:44:18,800 --> 03:44:21,900
skill of a diplomat and the 
reflexes of someone who has been

4245
03:44:21,908 --> 03:44:24,700
hit by flying pastry, once too 
often. 

4246
03:44:25,700 --> 03:44:28,700
Mrs. Pemberton governs. 
Her domain with a wooden spoon 

4247
03:44:28,700 --> 03:44:31,200
that has endured more use than 
most medieval weapons. 

4248
03:44:31,200 --> 03:44:35,000
Mrs. Pemberton is a cook who 
adeptly prepares a seven-course 

4249
03:44:35,000 --> 03:44:39,200
dinner for 12 guests managers. 
The daily meals for 23 servants,

4250
03:44:39,200 --> 03:44:42,500
monitors, dietary restrictions 
that fluctuate with the weather 

4251
03:44:42,500 --> 03:44:45,600
and maintains a constant 
commentary on the moral failings

4252
03:44:45,600 --> 03:44:47,600
of anyone who has ever 
questioned her gravy. 

4253
03:44:48,300 --> 03:44:50,400
The kitchen follows a schedule 
that would leave Railway 

4254
03:44:50,400 --> 03:44:52,700
conductors feeling envious 
breakfast. 

4255
03:44:52,700 --> 03:44:56,600
Preparation begins at 4:30 with 
the great stove being coaxed to 

4256
03:44:56,600 --> 03:44:59,600
life, like a temperamental 
dragon that requires specific 

4257
03:44:59,600 --> 03:45:02,400
rituals to avoid breathing fire 
in the wrong direction. 

4258
03:45:03,500 --> 03:45:06,000
The bread has to rise at 
precisely the right temperature,

4259
03:45:06,000 --> 03:45:09,200
the porridge must be stirred in 
a particular pattern to avoid 

4260
03:45:09,200 --> 03:45:11,300
lumps. 
And the bacon requires the kind 

4261
03:45:11,300 --> 03:45:14,200
of attention usually reserved 
for diplomatic negotiations. 

4262
03:45:15,000 --> 03:45:16,300
You've learned to read the 
kitchen's. 

4263
03:45:16,300 --> 03:45:20,000
Moods like a weather forecaster.
When Mrs, Pemberton starts 

4264
03:45:20,000 --> 03:45:23,800
humming while she needs bread. 
It's going to be a good day. 

4265
03:45:24,600 --> 03:45:27,200
When she begins muttering about 
ungrateful, families and 

4266
03:45:27,200 --> 03:45:29,300
servants. 
Who don't appreciate proper 

4267
03:45:29,300 --> 03:45:31,900
cooking. 
It's time to become very useful.

4268
03:45:31,900 --> 03:45:35,800
Very quietly and very far from 
her line of sight. 

4269
03:45:36,600 --> 03:45:39,300
When she starts banging pots 
louder than necessary. 

4270
03:45:39,300 --> 03:45:42,700
Everyone knows to work faster 
and speak less. 

4271
03:45:44,000 --> 03:45:47,300
The scullery maid, poor. 
Sarah lives in a world of 

4272
03:45:47,300 --> 03:45:51,100
endless dishes where every meal 
creates a mountain of plates 

4273
03:45:51,100 --> 03:45:54,500
glasses and serving pieces that 
need to be washed, dried and put

4274
03:45:54,500 --> 03:45:56,800
away before the next meal Begins
the cycle again. 

4275
03:45:57,800 --> 03:46:00,200
She's developed arms that could 
probably arm wrestle, most of 

4276
03:46:00,208 --> 03:46:03,200
the footmen and a philosophical 
approach to dishwater that 

4277
03:46:03,200 --> 03:46:06,700
borders on the mystical. 
Her domain is the enormous sink,

4278
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:10,000
a porcelain monster that could 
probably bathe the small horse. 

4279
03:46:10,000 --> 03:46:13,400
And she approaches each load of 
dishes, like a general, planning

4280
03:46:13,400 --> 03:46:15,800
a campaign. 
The preparation of meals for 

4281
03:46:15,800 --> 03:46:19,400
upstairs is a performance that 
requires choreography timing and

4282
03:46:19,400 --> 03:46:21,700
the kind of attention to detail 
that would impress Swiss 

4283
03:46:21,700 --> 03:46:23,800
watchmakers. 
Every plate. 

4284
03:46:23,800 --> 03:46:26,700
Must be warmed to the exact 
temperature, every garnish 

4285
03:46:26,700 --> 03:46:30,300
placed with artistic precision. 
And every course, time to arrive

4286
03:46:30,300 --> 03:46:33,000
at the dining room, exactly, 
when the family is ready for it.

4287
03:46:33,800 --> 03:46:36,100
You've learned to move through 
this ballet, without disrupting 

4288
03:46:36,100 --> 03:46:38,800
the flow, carrying messages 
between the kitchen and the 

4289
03:46:38,800 --> 03:46:42,200
dining room adjusting plans. 
When last minute guests arrive 

4290
03:46:42,200 --> 03:46:45,000
and somehow managing to be 
helpful without getting in the 

4291
03:46:45,000 --> 03:46:49,600
way, The servants meals, present
their challenges, we need to 

4292
03:46:49,608 --> 03:46:53,300
feed 23 people substantial, 
satisfying food that is 

4293
03:46:53,300 --> 03:46:56,600
efficient to prepare and doesn't
require the same ingredients as 

4294
03:46:56,600 --> 03:46:59,900
the family's meals. 
Mrs. Pemberton has mastered. 

4295
03:46:59,900 --> 03:47:03,400
The skill of maximizing, the use
of ingredients resulting in 

4296
03:47:03,400 --> 03:47:06,900
meals, that not only economical,
but also delicious, despite her 

4297
03:47:06,900 --> 03:47:08,900
reluctance to acknowledge their 
deliciousness. 

4298
03:47:10,200 --> 03:47:13,100
The weekly delivery of supplies 
turns the kitchen into a small 

4299
03:47:13,100 --> 03:47:15,900
version of a Marketplace, 
Tradesmen arrived with 

4300
03:47:15,900 --> 03:47:19,000
vegetables, meat Dairy, and dry 
goods, and Mrs. Pemberton 

4301
03:47:19,000 --> 03:47:21,800
inspects, everything with the 
critical eye of someone who's 

4302
03:47:21,800 --> 03:47:24,600
been fooled by wilted lettuce. 
Exactly. 

4303
03:47:24,600 --> 03:47:28,500
Once and learned her lesson, she
haggles over prices. 

4304
03:47:28,500 --> 03:47:32,300
Rejects inferior products and 
somehow, manages to maintain 

4305
03:47:32,300 --> 03:47:35,000
relationships with suppliers 
that ensure the man gets the 

4306
03:47:35,000 --> 03:47:37,100
best of everything while staying
within budget. 

4307
03:47:37,100 --> 03:47:40,700
The kitchen gossip network is 
more efficient than the Postal 

4308
03:47:40,700 --> 03:47:44,100
Service information travels from
the tradesman's entrance to the 

4309
03:47:44,108 --> 03:47:47,300
servants Hall faster than 
steamed from a kettle and Mrs. 

4310
03:47:47,300 --> 03:47:49,800
Pemberton somehow knows about 
neighborhood scandals before 

4311
03:47:49,800 --> 03:47:52,200
they happen. 
She dispenses wisdom about 

4312
03:47:52,200 --> 03:47:55,600
everything from unreliable 
butchers to unsuitable 

4313
03:47:55,600 --> 03:47:58,900
marriages, all while stirring 
sources and timing roasts with 

4314
03:47:58,900 --> 03:48:00,500
the Precision of a master 
conductor. 

4315
03:48:01,400 --> 03:48:04,100
The kitchen reveals its true 
character during the evening, 

4316
03:48:04,100 --> 03:48:06,500
clean up. 
After a day of constant 

4317
03:48:06,500 --> 03:48:09,900
activity, the great room needs 
to be restored to perfect order 

4318
03:48:09,900 --> 03:48:13,200
for the next days battles. 
Every surface must be scrubbed 

4319
03:48:13,200 --> 03:48:16,700
every pot cleaned and put away. 
And the stove, banked for the 

4320
03:48:16,700 --> 03:48:19,100
night like a faithful pet being 
tucked into bed. 

4321
03:48:20,300 --> 03:48:23,100
During These Quiet Moments that 
you appreciate the kitchen's 

4322
03:48:23,100 --> 03:48:27,200
warmth, both literal and 
metaphorical and understand why 

4323
03:48:27,200 --> 03:48:30,800
it's considered the heart of the
entire household living in a 

4324
03:48:30,800 --> 03:48:33,400
Victorian Mansion also makes you
an unwilling keeper of family 

4325
03:48:33,400 --> 03:48:37,200
secrets neighborhood, gossip and
blackmail material, which you 

4326
03:48:37,200 --> 03:48:39,900
would never do, because that 
would be wrong, and you need 

4327
03:48:39,900 --> 03:48:42,800
this job. 
The servants Hall after dinner 

4328
03:48:42,800 --> 03:48:45,100
is where information flows like 
tea from a pot. 

4329
03:48:45,100 --> 03:48:46,900
Sometimes bitter. 
Sometimes. 

4330
03:48:46,900 --> 03:48:50,100
Sweet always hot. 
You've learned to listen 

4331
03:48:50,100 --> 03:48:53,500
carefully and speak cautiously 
because gossip is currently in 

4332
03:48:53,500 --> 03:48:56,700
the servant world and spending 
it unwisely can leave you 

4333
03:48:56,708 --> 03:48:59,500
socially bankrupt. 
The trick is knowing which 

4334
03:48:59,500 --> 03:49:03,000
stories are safe to share, which
ones are too dangerous to repeat

4335
03:49:03,000 --> 03:49:06,000
and which ones are so delicious 
that keeping them secret. 

4336
03:49:06,000 --> 03:49:10,600
Feels like a physical sacrifice.
Martha the senior housemaid as 

4337
03:49:10,600 --> 03:49:13,400
been with the family for 15 
years and knows everything about

4338
03:49:13,400 --> 03:49:16,100
everyone. 
She possesses an extensive 

4339
03:49:16,100 --> 03:49:19,000
knowledge of scandals. 
Ranging from Lourdes ashworth's,

4340
03:49:19,000 --> 03:49:22,700
youthful gambling, debts to the 
reasons behind lady Ashworth. 

4341
03:49:22,700 --> 03:49:24,400
Sisters exclusion from Christmas
dinner. 

4342
03:49:25,100 --> 03:49:27,700
Martha dispenses this 
information like a careful 

4343
03:49:27,700 --> 03:49:31,400
pharmacist giving you just 
enough to satisfy your curiosity

4344
03:49:31,400 --> 03:49:34,000
without providing enough to get 
you into trouble. 

4345
03:49:34,000 --> 03:49:37,500
The most fascinating discoveries
come from cleaning, the family's

4346
03:49:37,500 --> 03:49:40,200
private spaces. 
You've mastered the art of 

4347
03:49:40,208 --> 03:49:42,900
interpreting Clues such as the 
hastily hidden. 

4348
03:49:42,900 --> 03:49:45,700
Letters upon entering a room, 
the abrupt Holtz and 

4349
03:49:45,700 --> 03:49:47,500
conversations when servants 
arrived. 

4350
03:49:47,500 --> 03:49:50,800
And the poignant glances shared 
among family members that reveal

4351
03:49:50,800 --> 03:49:53,800
intricate details about 
situations, you're not expected 

4352
03:49:53,800 --> 03:49:56,600
to comprehend. 
The art is in appearing 

4353
03:49:56,600 --> 03:49:59,500
oblivious while actually being 
quite observant and in 

4354
03:49:59,500 --> 03:50:01,900
remembering everything while 
pretending to forget it. 

4355
03:50:01,900 --> 03:50:05,000
All the guest rooms, hold a 
wealth of information about the 

4356
03:50:05,000 --> 03:50:08,200
family social connections. 
You've learned to deduce entire 

4357
03:50:08,200 --> 03:50:10,800
stories from the contents of 
visitors, luggage their 

4358
03:50:10,800 --> 03:50:13,700
correspondence and their 
requests for specific services. 

4359
03:50:14,800 --> 03:50:18,100
Colonel Weatherby who visits 
quarterly always bring his soap 

4360
03:50:18,100 --> 03:50:21,500
and request extra towels which 
suggests either fastidious 

4361
03:50:21,500 --> 03:50:23,900
hygiene or something more 
interesting that you're not 

4362
03:50:23,908 --> 03:50:27,600
supposed to think about? 
Mrs. Vanderbilt always travels 

4363
03:50:27,600 --> 03:50:30,000
with her sheets and insists on 
having her tea prepared with 

4364
03:50:30,000 --> 03:50:31,700
water. 
That's been boiled, exactly 

4365
03:50:31,700 --> 03:50:33,900
twice. 
Which tells you something about 

4366
03:50:33,900 --> 03:50:37,100
either her standards or her 
superstitions, The most 

4367
03:50:37,108 --> 03:50:39,700
dangerous secrets are the ones 
that involve the family's 

4368
03:50:39,700 --> 03:50:41,700
finances. 
You've overheard enough 

4369
03:50:41,700 --> 03:50:44,000
conversations to understand that
the manners. 

4370
03:50:44,000 --> 03:50:47,400
Magnificent appearance might not
reflect the actual state of the 

4371
03:50:47,400 --> 03:50:50,200
family's resources. 
There are whispered discussions 

4372
03:50:50,200 --> 03:50:53,300
about mortgages Investments and 
the need to make certain 

4373
03:50:53,300 --> 03:50:56,600
economies that must never be 
apparent to visitors this 

4374
03:50:56,600 --> 03:51:00,200
knowledge lingers in your mind 
to significant to overlook yet 

4375
03:51:00,200 --> 03:51:01,600
too. 
Perilous to divulge. 

4376
03:51:02,300 --> 03:51:05,100
The Romantic entanglements of 
the family, provide endless 

4377
03:51:05,100 --> 03:51:06,700
entertainment for the servants 
Hall. 

4378
03:51:07,700 --> 03:51:10,800
Everyone is eagerly anticipating
the moment when Miss Caroline's 

4379
03:51:10,800 --> 03:51:13,400
parents will notice her obvious 
infatuation with the young 

4380
03:51:13,400 --> 03:51:16,400
curate who is visiting to 
discuss her charitable work. 

4381
03:51:17,600 --> 03:51:20,200
Master Fredrick's current 
obsession with military history.

4382
03:51:20,200 --> 03:51:24,200
Seems to be connected to his 
desire to impress Ms. Julia the 

4383
03:51:24,200 --> 03:51:27,800
daughter of a visiting general, 
which is a adorable Until you 

4384
03:51:27,800 --> 03:51:30,600
realize that 8 year old romantic
strategies involving 

4385
03:51:30,600 --> 03:51:33,400
increasingly, elaborate displays
of toy soldier expertise, 

4386
03:51:34,600 --> 03:51:37,400
observing the relationship 
between Lord and Lady Ashworth 

4387
03:51:37,400 --> 03:51:39,700
from the unique perspective of 
someone who maintains their 

4388
03:51:39,700 --> 03:51:42,700
private space is a fascinating 
study in Victoria and marriage, 

4389
03:51:42,700 --> 03:51:46,300
they maintain the perfect facade
of domestic Harmony and public. 

4390
03:51:46,300 --> 03:51:50,000
But you've learned to read the 
subtle signs of tension separate

4391
03:51:50,000 --> 03:51:53,300
bedrooms During certain weeks 
conversations that are too 

4392
03:51:53,300 --> 03:51:55,700
polite to be natural. 
And the way they sometimes 

4393
03:51:55,700 --> 03:51:58,400
communicate through servants 
rather than directly to each 

4394
03:51:58,400 --> 03:52:01,900
other The most unexpected 
secrets are the ones that reveal

4395
03:52:01,900 --> 03:52:04,800
the family's Humanity. 
You've discovered that Lord 

4396
03:52:04,800 --> 03:52:08,000
Ashworth writes poetry which he 
hides in his desk drawer like 

4397
03:52:08,000 --> 03:52:09,500
its evidence of criminal 
activity. 

4398
03:52:10,500 --> 03:52:13,000
Lady Ashworth. 
Discreetly transfers funds to 

4399
03:52:13,000 --> 03:52:15,500
her former governors who is 
struggling financially. 

4400
03:52:16,400 --> 03:52:18,500
Master Fredericks with a stuffed
elephant. 

4401
03:52:18,500 --> 03:52:21,600
He's had since infancy a 
miscarried and keeps a diary 

4402
03:52:21,600 --> 03:52:23,300
locked in a box. 
You would never dream of 

4403
03:52:23,300 --> 03:52:26,500
opening, even though, you know 
exactly where she hides the key,

4404
03:52:26,500 --> 03:52:29,400
the neighborhood scandals that 
filter through the servants 

4405
03:52:29,400 --> 03:52:31,700
Network are like chapters in a 
novel That Never Ends. 

4406
03:52:32,400 --> 03:52:35,000
There's the ongoing mystery of 
why the Pemberton family down 

4407
03:52:35,000 --> 03:52:36,700
the road. 
Suddenly dismissed their entire 

4408
03:52:36,700 --> 03:52:39,300
staff last month. 
The speculation about whether 

4409
03:52:39,300 --> 03:52:42,100
Mr. Harrington's new wife is 
actually as young as she claims 

4410
03:52:42,100 --> 03:52:45,000
to be and the delicious 
controversy surrounding the 

4411
03:52:45,000 --> 03:52:48,100
Methodist ministers daughter, 
who has been seen walking on 

4412
03:52:48,100 --> 03:52:50,400
chaperone with the young man 
whose definitely not from a 

4413
03:52:50,400 --> 03:52:53,600
suitable family after 18 months 
in service, you've learned that 

4414
03:52:53,600 --> 03:52:55,500
life in a Victorian Mansion is 
built on. 

4415
03:52:56,400 --> 03:52:59,100
The daily beet of routine that 
keeps everything functioning 

4416
03:52:59,100 --> 03:53:02,600
punctuated by moments of 
unexpected magic that make all 

4417
03:53:02,600 --> 03:53:05,900
the hard work worth while. 
Your days of developed, a 

4418
03:53:05,900 --> 03:53:09,100
musical quality each task 
flowing into the next with the 

4419
03:53:09,100 --> 03:53:12,200
kind of precision that comes 
from repetition and the 

4420
03:53:12,200 --> 03:53:15,700
knowledge that 22 other people 
depend on, you doing your part 

4421
03:53:15,700 --> 03:53:18,300
perfectly. 
Changing seasons. 

4422
03:53:18,300 --> 03:53:20,100
Bring different rhythms to the 
manner. 

4423
03:53:20,700 --> 03:53:23,100
Spring means opening Windows 
that have been sealed against 

4424
03:53:23,100 --> 03:53:25,700
Winter's. 
Cold beating rugs, that have 

4425
03:53:25,700 --> 03:53:28,400
collected months of fireplace 
smoke and the general 

4426
03:53:28,400 --> 03:53:30,500
resurrection of a house that's 
been hibernating. 

4427
03:53:31,500 --> 03:53:34,800
Summer brings Garden parties 
house guests and the challenge 

4428
03:53:34,800 --> 03:53:37,200
of keeping cool in rooms that 
face the afternoon sun. 

4429
03:53:37,900 --> 03:53:41,800
Autumn means preparing for 
winter Siege preserving food and

4430
03:53:41,800 --> 03:53:44,600
The Melancholy beauty of 
watching The Grounds transformed

4431
03:53:44,600 --> 03:53:48,700
into a landscape painting. 
Winter brings the Cozy, intimacy

4432
03:53:48,700 --> 03:53:53,000
of smaller warmer spaces, the 
constant, tending of fires and 

4433
03:53:53,000 --> 03:53:55,500
the satisfaction of keeping a 
large house comfortable. 

4434
03:53:55,500 --> 03:53:59,600
When Nature is doing its best to
freeze everything solid You've 

4435
03:53:59,600 --> 03:54:02,000
learned to find beauty in the 
most mundane tasks. 

4436
03:54:02,800 --> 03:54:05,300
There's something almost 
meditative about polishing 

4437
03:54:05,300 --> 03:54:08,600
silver until it reflects your 
face with perfect clarity or 

4438
03:54:08,600 --> 03:54:10,700
arranging flowers. 
In a way that makes an ordinary 

4439
03:54:10,700 --> 03:54:12,700
room feel like a scene from a 
fairy tale. 

4440
03:54:13,400 --> 03:54:14,900
The repetitive nature of your 
work. 

4441
03:54:14,900 --> 03:54:18,000
Has taught you to appreciate 
small improvements, tiny 

4442
03:54:18,000 --> 03:54:21,000
victories and the satisfaction 
that comes from doing something.

4443
03:54:21,000 --> 03:54:25,400
Well, even when nobody notices, 
the family has grown from 

4444
03:54:25,400 --> 03:54:28,900
distant figures to real people 
with quirks habits and 

4445
03:54:28,900 --> 03:54:31,700
personalities that you've 
learned to accommodate and even 

4446
03:54:31,700 --> 03:54:35,100
appreciate Lord ashworth's 
absent-minded Professor 

4447
03:54:35,100 --> 03:54:38,600
tendencies mean you never move 
anything on his desk even when 

4448
03:54:38,600 --> 03:54:40,600
it's been sitting in the same 
spot for months. 

4449
03:54:41,600 --> 03:54:43,800
Lady Ashworth. 
Perfectionist streak has taught 

4450
03:54:43,800 --> 03:54:46,400
you to anticipate problems 
before they occur. 

4451
03:54:46,400 --> 03:54:50,700
And to take pride in exceeding 
expectations, the children have 

4452
03:54:50,708 --> 03:54:53,400
shown you that growing up in 
privilege doesn't necessarily 

4453
03:54:53,400 --> 03:54:54,900
mean growing up without 
challenges. 

4454
03:54:54,900 --> 03:54:57,800
And that being wealthy doesn't 
protect you from the universal 

4455
03:54:57,800 --> 03:55:00,600
experience of childhood 
confusion and the need for 

4456
03:55:00,600 --> 03:55:03,700
kindness your fellow servants 
have become the family, you 

4457
03:55:03,700 --> 03:55:07,900
never expected to find Martha's 
tough exterior, conceals a heart

4458
03:55:07,900 --> 03:55:10,300
Shattered by numerous 
disappointments yet. 

4459
03:55:10,300 --> 03:55:12,800
She's the first to extend 
assistance when you're in need 

4460
03:55:12,800 --> 03:55:16,300
Mrs. Pemberton's persistent 
complaints about ungrateful. 

4461
03:55:16,300 --> 03:55:20,100
People concealer profound joy 
and providing nutritious food 

4462
03:55:20,100 --> 03:55:23,200
and maintaining their health, 
even Mr. Whitmore with his 

4463
03:55:23,200 --> 03:55:26,900
intimidating, dignity has shown 
moments of unexpected humor, and

4464
03:55:26,900 --> 03:55:30,200
surprise, in kindness, The 
skills you've developed in 

4465
03:55:30,200 --> 03:55:32,500
service have changed you in 
ways, you didn't anticipate, 

4466
03:55:32,500 --> 03:55:36,000
your hands have become capable 
of delicate work. 

4467
03:55:36,000 --> 03:55:38,600
That would have been impossible,
18 months ago. 

4468
03:55:38,600 --> 03:55:42,100
Your back has grown stronger 
from all the bending and lifting

4469
03:55:42,100 --> 03:55:46,300
your mind has become more 
organized, more efficient, and 

4470
03:55:46,300 --> 03:55:48,000
better at solving problems 
quickly. 

4471
03:55:48,000 --> 03:55:52,800
You've learned to read people's 
moods to anticipate needs and to

4472
03:55:52,800 --> 03:55:54,600
provide Comfort without being 
asked. 

4473
03:55:55,500 --> 03:55:58,000
The most surprising discovery is
how much you've learned about 

4474
03:55:58,000 --> 03:56:01,800
yourself living in service has 
taught you resilience patience 

4475
03:56:01,800 --> 03:56:03,400
and the value of work. 
Well, done. 

4476
03:56:03,400 --> 03:56:07,300
You've learned that you can 
adapt unexpected situations that

4477
03:56:07,300 --> 03:56:10,400
you can do more than you thought
and that dignity isn't based on 

4478
03:56:10,400 --> 03:56:14,300
social status. 
The future stretches ahead with 

4479
03:56:14,300 --> 03:56:16,000
possibilities. 
You're still learning to 

4480
03:56:16,000 --> 03:56:18,600
imagine. 
Some servants spend their entire

4481
03:56:18,600 --> 03:56:21,900
careers in service Rising 
through the ranks to positions 

4482
03:56:21,900 --> 03:56:25,600
of respect and responsibility. 
Others, save their wages and 

4483
03:56:25,600 --> 03:56:27,400
eventually establish their 
households. 

4484
03:56:27,400 --> 03:56:30,900
A few Marion leave service 
altogether, carrying their 

4485
03:56:30,900 --> 03:56:34,200
skills into different lives. 
You haven't decided which path 

4486
03:56:34,200 --> 03:56:37,700
you'll take, but you've learned 
that having choices is a luxury,

4487
03:56:37,700 --> 03:56:42,200
your grateful for As you settle 
into your narrow bed, at the end

4488
03:56:42,200 --> 03:56:45,700
of another long day, listening 
to Sarah murmur about her sweet 

4489
03:56:45,700 --> 03:56:47,500
heart, and Emma's reliable 
snores. 

4490
03:56:47,500 --> 03:56:50,800
You realize that this life 
you've built in service is more 

4491
03:56:50,800 --> 03:56:55,100
than just a job. 
A community and education and a 

4492
03:56:55,100 --> 03:56:56,400
foundation for whatever comes 
next. 

4493
03:56:57,300 --> 03:57:01,100
The manor house sleeps around 
you peaceful and secure and you 

4494
03:57:01,100 --> 03:57:03,300
drift off, knowing that tomorrow
will bring the same rhythm of 

4495
03:57:03,300 --> 03:57:05,600
routine and the same possibility
of small Magic. 

4496
03:57:06,700 --> 03:57:09,300
The last thing you hear before 
sleep takes you is the 

4497
03:57:09,300 --> 03:57:12,400
grandfather clock in the 
entrance hall chiming the hours 

4498
03:57:12,400 --> 03:57:15,800
with the same steady reliability
that has marked your days since 

4499
03:57:15,800 --> 03:57:19,200
you arrived. 
It's a comforting sound, a 

4500
03:57:19,200 --> 03:57:22,100
reminder that some things endure
and that your part in keeping 

4501
03:57:22,100 --> 03:57:25,000
this small world, functioning 
matters more than you might 

4502
03:57:25,008 --> 03:57:26,500
have. 
Thought when you first climb 

4503
03:57:26,500 --> 03:57:29,400
those steep servant stairs with 
your single bag of possessions 

4504
03:57:29,400 --> 03:57:33,700
and a Heart full of uncertainty.
Your life in service has taught 

4505
03:57:33,700 --> 03:57:35,500
you, that home isn't always the 
place. 

4506
03:57:35,500 --> 03:57:37,600
You're born and family isn't 
always the people. 

4507
03:57:37,600 --> 03:57:40,900
You share blood with. 
Sometimes home is a narrow bed 

4508
03:57:40,900 --> 03:57:43,700
under sloped ceilings and 
families, the people who know 

4509
03:57:43,700 --> 03:57:47,100
exactly how you like your tea 
and never forget to save you the

4510
03:57:47,100 --> 03:57:55,500
last slice of Mrs. Pemberton's 
apple tart. from his earliest 

4511
03:57:55,500 --> 03:57:58,600
days young Marcus sensed 
expectations clinging to him 

4512
03:57:58,600 --> 03:58:00,800
like a heavy mantle He was not 
yet. 

4513
03:58:00,800 --> 03:58:02,600
The philosophical Emperor 
history would Revere. 

4514
03:58:02,600 --> 03:58:06,600
Milia curious boy from a 
prominent Roman family marble 

4515
03:58:06,600 --> 03:58:09,400
halls and hushed political 
debates, formed the backdrop of 

4516
03:58:09,400 --> 03:58:12,200
his childhood. 
Each conversation reinforcing, 

4517
03:58:12,200 --> 03:58:15,900
the idea that he was fated for a
grand role even while tinkering 

4518
03:58:15,900 --> 03:58:19,200
with wax tablets and toying with
styluses the weight of the 

4519
03:58:19,200 --> 03:58:21,100
future loomed in every corner of
his home. 

4520
03:58:21,900 --> 03:58:25,700
Despite his Tender Years, Marcus
felt drawn to the Roman forum's,

4521
03:58:25,700 --> 03:58:29,500
colossal, columns and venerable 
statues each marble figure 

4522
03:58:29,500 --> 03:58:31,500
whispered Tales of Victory and 
downfall. 

4523
03:58:31,500 --> 03:58:35,500
Reminding him how Powers 
shimmered, then vanished, he 

4524
03:58:35,500 --> 03:58:38,200
marveled at the thought that 
these silent Sentinels once 

4525
03:58:38,200 --> 03:58:41,200
watched over leaders, who like 
him and walked these streets 

4526
03:58:41,200 --> 03:58:45,700
shoulder to shoulder with fate. 
More than politics or pageantry 

4527
03:58:45,700 --> 03:58:48,300
Marcus discovered his Keen 
interest in philosophy. 

4528
03:58:48,300 --> 03:58:53,300
His mother gentle but incisive, 
recited lines from stoic texts 

4529
03:58:53,300 --> 03:58:56,900
on a rainy afternoon's. 
Speaking of moral fortitude as 

4530
03:58:56,900 --> 03:59:00,100
the shield against life's 
unpredictable storm in these 

4531
03:59:00,100 --> 03:59:03,700
verses Marcus found a reassuring
promise that wisdom could 

4532
03:59:03,700 --> 03:59:07,300
transcend, the clamor of 
ambition, this Fascination grew.

4533
03:59:07,300 --> 03:59:10,100
When he met Junior's rustica's, 
a revered tutor and 

4534
03:59:10,108 --> 03:59:14,300
comprehensive and truth instead 
of coddling markers rustica's. 

4535
03:59:14,300 --> 03:59:17,000
Challenged him igniting the fire
of a questioning. 

4536
03:59:17,000 --> 03:59:22,300
My Lessons were forging in a 
sanctuary one Guided by reason 

4537
03:59:22,300 --> 03:59:25,700
rather an Impulse. 
While many children dreamed of 

4538
03:59:25,700 --> 03:59:29,000
Feasts and fleeting 
distractions, Marcus quietly 

4539
03:59:29,000 --> 03:59:32,600
gravitated toward Karma, 
Pursuits evening hours found him

4540
03:59:32,600 --> 03:59:36,800
practicing Letters by Lamplight.
His stylist carving words about 

4541
03:59:36,800 --> 03:59:38,900
beauty and virtue into smooth 
wax. 

4542
03:59:38,900 --> 03:59:43,300
Even at a young age, he sensed 
that an empire was not just a 

4543
03:59:43,300 --> 03:59:46,200
playground of wealth and power, 
but an arena, where moral 

4544
03:59:46,200 --> 03:59:49,300
strength was tested at every 
turn Politics. 

4545
03:59:49,300 --> 03:59:54,600
However, remained an unrelenting
reality allies and adversaries. 

4546
03:59:54,600 --> 03:59:58,200
Shifted like Desert, Sands? 
Whispered rumors ignited 

4547
03:59:58,200 --> 04:00:00,900
disputes in the Senate before. 
The boy even finished his 

4548
04:00:00,900 --> 04:00:03,900
morning meal, the sheer chaos 
and settled. 

4549
04:00:03,900 --> 04:00:07,400
Markus reinforcing his belief 
that the world desperately 

4550
04:00:07,400 --> 04:00:09,400
needed unwavering ethical 
principles. 

4551
04:00:10,100 --> 04:00:13,200
In the orchard behind his 
family's estate 112, she's cast 

4552
04:00:13,200 --> 04:00:16,500
comforting Shadows, the boy 
pondered the gap between Noble 

4553
04:00:16,500 --> 04:00:19,100
intentions and the labyrinth in 
struggles for control. 

4554
04:00:20,200 --> 04:00:22,800
Could a leader, maintain honor 
in a realm that seem to thrive 

4555
04:00:22,800 --> 04:00:25,900
on cunning. 
One evening, he overheard a 

4556
04:00:25,900 --> 04:00:27,400
conversation between to your 
Senators. 

4557
04:00:27,400 --> 04:00:31,200
Speculating on the emperor's 
successor, they spoke of cunning

4558
04:00:31,200 --> 04:00:33,900
lineage and ties. 
That Could tip the scales of 

4559
04:00:33,900 --> 04:00:36,100
power. 
The gravity of those words 

4560
04:00:36,100 --> 04:00:39,000
thrilled and sobered him soon. 
The emperor's choice would 

4561
04:00:39,000 --> 04:00:42,200
reshape the lives of thousands. 
They they would someday look to 

4562
04:00:42,200 --> 04:00:45,300
Marcus for leader to ship the 
thought, both exhilarated and 

4563
04:00:45,300 --> 04:00:47,700
weighed him down. 
He was fully aware that the 

4564
04:00:47,700 --> 04:00:50,300
opulent facade of Rome, 
concealed, genuine struggles for

4565
04:00:50,300 --> 04:00:54,300
numerous individuals however a 
glimmer of determination glowed 

4566
04:00:54,300 --> 04:00:56,700
within him. 
If he could combine his moral 

4567
04:00:56,700 --> 04:00:59,500
convictions with practical 
governance, perhaps he could 

4568
04:00:59,500 --> 04:01:02,600
leave a lasting Legacy, for Rome
surpassing The Monuments 

4569
04:01:02,600 --> 04:01:06,400
adorning its Skyline within the 
hush of the orchard lulled by 

4570
04:01:06,408 --> 04:01:09,400
the center of citrus. 
Marcus would close his eyes and 

4571
04:01:09,400 --> 04:01:12,000
imagine a city where leaders 
governed with compassion and 

4572
04:01:12,000 --> 04:01:14,300
Clarity. 
Where a child's lessons in 

4573
04:01:14,300 --> 04:01:17,300
virtue could shine light into 
the darkest corners of public 

4574
04:01:17,300 --> 04:01:19,900
life. 
This was more than daydreaming. 

4575
04:01:19,900 --> 04:01:23,500
It was the formation of an inner
Compass over time. 

4576
04:01:23,500 --> 04:01:26,400
That Compass would guide him 
through personal trials and 

4577
04:01:26,400 --> 04:01:30,000
political storms alike. 
The seeds of the greatness once 

4578
04:01:30,000 --> 04:01:33,000
planted sprouting Quiet Moments 
of introspection. 

4579
04:01:34,100 --> 04:01:37,400
Marcus Aurelius was still a boy 
that those daily lessons. 

4580
04:01:37,400 --> 04:01:42,000
Stoic texts moral debate 
afternoon spent in wide or at 

4581
04:01:42,000 --> 04:01:45,500
the forums relics were shaping 
him into something unexpected. 

4582
04:01:46,400 --> 04:01:48,800
He wants to be more than a 
figurehead who wore the purple 

4583
04:01:48,800 --> 04:01:51,700
cloak of Rome. 
He aspired to be a leader who 

4584
04:01:51,700 --> 04:01:55,200
through reason and resolve could
honor the Empire's Legacy while 

4585
04:01:55,200 --> 04:01:58,200
also molding it into a place 
where virtue had not yet gone to

4586
04:01:58,200 --> 04:02:00,500
die. 
Only time would reveal the 

4587
04:02:00,500 --> 04:02:04,900
magnitude of that promise. 
But in those early days, He 

4588
04:02:04,900 --> 04:02:08,100
nurtured it beneath the lemon 
trees, letting the steady Roman 

4589
04:02:08,100 --> 04:02:12,700
son, coax it into full bloom. 
Occasionally, he noticed the 

4590
04:02:12,700 --> 04:02:15,400
quiet fear, in the eyes of 
servants wondering. 

4591
04:02:15,400 --> 04:02:18,100
If the next political shift 
would upend their lives. 

4592
04:02:18,800 --> 04:02:21,600
The silent observers became 
Marcus's secret teachers, 

4593
04:02:21,600 --> 04:02:24,200
revealing how the whims of the 
powerful sent ripples through 

4594
04:02:24,200 --> 04:02:27,900
every social stratum. 
Each nervous glance was a stark 

4595
04:02:27,900 --> 04:02:32,100
reminded that real lives rested 
on the emperor's decrees for 

4596
04:02:32,100 --> 04:02:34,400
Marcus the truest path forward 
Lane. 

4597
04:02:34,400 --> 04:02:38,200
Forging, a principled heart One 
that would not falter when 

4598
04:02:38,200 --> 04:02:40,400
confronted by the swirling. 
Winds of power. 

4599
04:02:41,500 --> 04:02:43,300
He did not yet know how we might
achieve. 

4600
04:02:43,300 --> 04:02:47,000
Such steadiness. 
Only that he must lest he become

4601
04:02:47,000 --> 04:02:50,400
the very thing. 
He feared The Turning Point came

4602
04:02:50,400 --> 04:02:54,200
when Emperor Hadrian aging and 
burden by illness, cast his gaze

4603
04:02:54,200 --> 04:02:57,300
upon the Empire's future in 
doing, so he settled upon 

4604
04:02:57,300 --> 04:02:59,600
antoninus, pierces, his 
immediate successor. 

4605
04:02:59,600 --> 04:03:02,900
But insisted that antoninus, 
adopt young Marcus alongside 

4606
04:03:02,900 --> 04:03:06,800
Lucius verus for Marcus. 
This was no mere ceremonial 

4607
04:03:06,800 --> 04:03:09,600
shift. 
Suddenly every gesture was 

4608
04:03:09,600 --> 04:03:12,800
scrutinized every uttered word 
weighed for hints of potential, 

4609
04:03:12,800 --> 04:03:16,200
however, while he felt Destiny's
grip tightened around him. 

4610
04:03:16,200 --> 04:03:19,700
He also discovered unexpected 
warmth in antoninus. 

4611
04:03:19,700 --> 04:03:23,500
The man, he would learn to call 
Father Antoninus Pius was 

4612
04:03:23,500 --> 04:03:26,500
neither a flamboyant conqueror 
nor of a racist politician. 

4613
04:03:27,200 --> 04:03:29,600
His nature leaned toward the 
steady and the dutiful. 

4614
04:03:29,600 --> 04:03:33,800
He managed Affairs of state with
consistent practicality doing 

4615
04:03:33,800 --> 04:03:36,800
so, in a manner that contrasted 
sharply with the tempestuous 

4616
04:03:36,800 --> 04:03:41,200
range of witness before. 
Gradually Marcus realized that 

4617
04:03:41,200 --> 04:03:44,400
the empire did not always hunger
for breathtaking exploits. 

4618
04:03:44,400 --> 04:03:48,200
It sometimes needed the 
comforting hand of stability and

4619
04:03:48,200 --> 04:03:51,000
from antoninus. 
He absorbed a set of quiet 

4620
04:03:51,000 --> 04:03:54,900
lessons among them, the value of
patience, the virtue of measured

4621
04:03:54,900 --> 04:03:57,700
decision-making, and the simple 
power of reliability. 

4622
04:03:58,900 --> 04:04:00,800
But not everyone supported this 
new Arrangement. 

4623
04:04:00,800 --> 04:04:04,800
Some in the Senate murmured. 
That Marcus was too young to 

4624
04:04:04,800 --> 04:04:08,900
reflective to predisposed toward
philosophy, to handle Imperial 

4625
04:04:08,900 --> 04:04:12,100
responsibilities. 
They questioned whether the boy 

4626
04:04:12,100 --> 04:04:15,100
who spent hours with stoic 
Scrolls and moral treatises 

4627
04:04:15,100 --> 04:04:17,500
could ever become the commanding
presence. 

4628
04:04:17,500 --> 04:04:20,300
They believed Rome required in 
response. 

4629
04:04:21,100 --> 04:04:24,200
Marcus met these doubts not with
anger but with a focus 

4630
04:04:24,200 --> 04:04:28,100
determination if you was 
untested in governance then he 

4631
04:04:28,100 --> 04:04:30,700
would devote himself even more 
deeply to studying its 

4632
04:04:30,700 --> 04:04:33,600
intricacies. 
He devoured treatises on law 

4633
04:04:33,600 --> 04:04:37,600
poured over military histories 
and conversed into the night 

4634
04:04:37,600 --> 04:04:40,400
with advisors who had navigated 
the Labyrinth of Roman politics.

4635
04:04:41,300 --> 04:04:44,500
The more he learned the more he 
recognized that governance was 

4636
04:04:44,500 --> 04:04:47,200
not a place for rash tempers or 
inflexible dogmas. 

4637
04:04:48,100 --> 04:04:51,400
Indeed it demanded. 
Both compassion and Detachment 

4638
04:04:51,400 --> 04:04:54,200
an ability to stand firm for 
justice. 

4639
04:04:54,200 --> 04:04:57,300
While also understanding the 
fragility of human ambition. 

4640
04:04:58,500 --> 04:05:00,900
His bond with. 
Lucius verus added a Twist to 

4641
04:05:00,900 --> 04:05:04,000
this evolving. 
Chapter Lucius was his co-heir. 

4642
04:05:04,000 --> 04:05:08,600
A young man prone to revelry and
spectacle far less Judas the 

4643
04:05:08,600 --> 04:05:10,400
Marcus but undeniably 
charismatic. 

4644
04:05:10,400 --> 04:05:12,600
The two could not have been more
different. 

4645
04:05:12,600 --> 04:05:17,200
Yes, they were tied together by 
Destiny's decree even so Marcus 

4646
04:05:17,200 --> 04:05:20,400
found that they are different in
Rich, his perspective through 

4647
04:05:20,400 --> 04:05:24,400
Lucius, he Glimpse the appeal of
festivity and lived experience 

4648
04:05:24,400 --> 04:05:27,600
worlds that felt distant to his 
contemplative soul. 

4649
04:05:28,300 --> 04:05:32,200
He did not begrudge Lucius his 
extravagances, but he pledged to

4650
04:05:32,200 --> 04:05:35,600
maintain a certain balance 
steering, clear of the pitfalls 

4651
04:05:35,600 --> 04:05:39,100
of mindless Indulgence. 
Under antonyms is watchful 

4652
04:05:39,100 --> 04:05:42,500
guidance, Marcus began attending
meetings, where Roman officials 

4653
04:05:42,500 --> 04:05:45,300
debated issues of provincial 
taxes and infrastructure. 

4654
04:05:45,300 --> 04:05:47,900
At first, he was a silent 
Observer. 

4655
04:05:47,900 --> 04:05:52,500
He listened intently noting how 
rhetorical skill could sway, 

4656
04:05:52,500 --> 04:05:57,700
opinions, how Alliance is formed
and dissolved gradually and to 

4657
04:05:57,700 --> 04:06:01,200
9us entrusted him with minor 
tasks drafting letters to 

4658
04:06:01,200 --> 04:06:04,200
distant Governors. 
Reviewing small legal disputes 

4659
04:06:04,200 --> 04:06:06,600
or overseeing the maintenance of
an aqueduct. 

4660
04:06:07,300 --> 04:06:10,800
Despite the seemingly mundane 
details each assignment 

4661
04:06:10,800 --> 04:06:13,000
revealed, the hidden threads 
that held Rome together. 

4662
04:06:13,900 --> 04:06:16,800
And enlightening moment arrived 
when an official from a 

4663
04:06:16,800 --> 04:06:20,200
far-flung province complained 
about an unpaid Legion. though 

4664
04:06:20,200 --> 04:06:23,300
it seemed a trivial matter and 
administrative oversight, 

4665
04:06:23,300 --> 04:06:27,400
threatened, the morale of 100s 
of soldiers, men tasked with 

4666
04:06:27,400 --> 04:06:31,300
safeguarding Roman borders, 
Marcus tackled the crisis with 

4667
04:06:31,300 --> 04:06:34,700
empathy in funds were 
dispatched, promptly and 

4668
04:06:34,700 --> 04:06:37,600
carefully offering a few 
thoughtful words of gratitude 

4669
04:06:37,600 --> 04:06:42,100
for the troop service. the 
gesture though, modest resonated

4670
04:06:42,100 --> 04:06:45,400
widely rumors spread of the 
young Heir, who was genuinely 

4671
04:06:45,400 --> 04:06:49,500
concerned for the well-being of 
people, he had never met For the

4672
04:06:49,500 --> 04:06:52,800
first time, Marcus sense that 
his inclination toward moral 

4673
04:06:52,800 --> 04:06:55,500
philosophy. 
Might in fact, hold a practical 

4674
04:06:55,500 --> 04:06:59,500
value in the arena of power. 
Life under antoninus, is roof 

4675
04:06:59,500 --> 04:07:02,900
was both nurturing and demanding
the emperor expected discipline.

4676
04:07:02,900 --> 04:07:05,900
But also allowed Marcus to 
cultivate intellectual, Pursuits

4677
04:07:05,900 --> 04:07:09,000
debates with learned Scholars 
and philosophers, became as 

4678
04:07:09,000 --> 04:07:11,000
common as talk of grain 
shipments from Egypt. 

4679
04:07:11,700 --> 04:07:15,200
In these discussions Marcus 
refined, his belief that 

4680
04:07:15,200 --> 04:07:17,100
leadership was not about 
personal Glory. 

4681
04:07:17,100 --> 04:07:21,600
It was about serving a greater 
whole He saw an antoninus, a man

4682
04:07:21,600 --> 04:07:23,100
who labored daily for the good 
of Rome. 

4683
04:07:23,100 --> 04:07:26,600
Not because it was glorious, but
because it was right. 

4684
04:07:27,400 --> 04:07:30,300
Still there were moments of 
doubt, the ghosts of the 

4685
04:07:30,300 --> 04:07:32,800
previous Emperors. 
Men, such as the mission and 

4686
04:07:32,800 --> 04:07:37,100
Nero cast Long Shadows, Marcus 
knew well that absolute 

4687
04:07:37,100 --> 04:07:38,800
Authority could corrupt a week 
soul. 

4688
04:07:39,600 --> 04:07:42,600
Later at night, when Roman 
lamps, flickered, he wrestled 

4689
04:07:42,600 --> 04:07:44,800
with questions that few dare to 
ask allowed. 

4690
04:07:45,600 --> 04:07:48,500
How could one wheeled power 
without compromising virtue? 

4691
04:07:48,500 --> 04:07:51,500
Was it possible to harmonize the
stoic ideals. 

4692
04:07:51,500 --> 04:07:55,800
He revered with the demands of 
real politic The path ahead was 

4693
04:07:55,800 --> 04:07:58,900
a precarious, one lined with 
expectations, both from the 

4694
04:07:58,900 --> 04:08:02,600
Senate and the people. 
Yet each day in small but 

4695
04:08:02,600 --> 04:08:05,800
significant ways Marcus was 
learning that an Emperor's Duty 

4696
04:08:05,800 --> 04:08:10,000
was not just to conquer but to 
care not simply to command but 

4697
04:08:10,000 --> 04:08:13,400
to comprehend. 
By internalizing these truths. 

4698
04:08:13,400 --> 04:08:16,600
He began shaping the course of 
his future Reign more 

4699
04:08:16,600 --> 04:08:20,200
importantly he was becoming the 
steward of an Empire that under 

4700
04:08:20,200 --> 04:08:23,000
his guiding hand. 
Might just find the soul, it had

4701
04:08:23,000 --> 04:08:26,500
long been missing. 
Years passed quietly, each 

4702
04:08:26,500 --> 04:08:29,000
Sunrise, an opportunity for 
Marcus to refine his 

4703
04:08:29,000 --> 04:08:31,600
understanding of both philosophy
and government. 

4704
04:08:32,500 --> 04:08:36,800
Antoninus Pious, hail and 
cautious presided over Rome with

4705
04:08:36,800 --> 04:08:40,600
the military, spectacles or 
outlandish feasts that had 

4706
04:08:40,600 --> 04:08:43,100
characterized some of his 
predecessors in this 

4707
04:08:43,100 --> 04:08:46,900
environment, Marcus matured into
a man who murdered introspection

4708
04:08:46,900 --> 04:08:50,800
with practical discipline. 
The empire under 9 assists 

4709
04:08:50,800 --> 04:08:54,500
measured hand was relatively 
calm, but that calmness was not 

4710
04:08:54,500 --> 04:08:57,900
guaranteed to last, Everyone 
sent the inevitable storms 

4711
04:08:57,900 --> 04:09:01,500
gathering on the horizon, and 
Markus spent, his days balancing

4712
04:09:01,500 --> 04:09:03,800
official duties with 
philosophical exploration. 

4713
04:09:03,800 --> 04:09:06,800
When he was not pouring over 
Scrolls of legislation or 

4714
04:09:06,800 --> 04:09:10,200
meeting envoys from distant 
provinces, he would lose himself

4715
04:09:10,200 --> 04:09:12,300
in the works of Epic, Titus and 
Seneca. 

4716
04:09:12,900 --> 04:09:16,600
Far from an abstract exercise. 
These writings felt like Maps, 

4717
04:09:16,600 --> 04:09:21,100
guiding him through the moral 
intricacies of leadership. he 

4718
04:09:21,100 --> 04:09:24,100
scribbled notes in the margins 
pondering, how to remain true to

4719
04:09:24,100 --> 04:09:27,400
himself, even when thrust into 
decisions affecting thousands of

4720
04:09:27,400 --> 04:09:31,100
lives, Although, he now enjoyed 
a status, second only to 

4721
04:09:31,100 --> 04:09:33,500
antoninus, Marcus remained 
approachable. 

4722
04:09:34,300 --> 04:09:36,400
He developed a habit of 
conversing with those at the 

4723
04:09:36,408 --> 04:09:40,300
fringes of power interpreters, 
who facilitated talks with 

4724
04:09:40,300 --> 04:09:43,300
foreign delegations stewards who
oversaw the daily distribution 

4725
04:09:43,300 --> 04:09:46,300
of grain, even the Librarians 
who cared for Rome's, 

4726
04:09:46,300 --> 04:09:49,100
repositories of knowledge, 
listening to their small. 

4727
04:09:49,100 --> 04:09:52,500
But urgent stories, he saw more 
clearly the magnitude of 

4728
04:09:52,500 --> 04:09:54,900
responsibility that would soon 
rest upon his shoulders. 

4729
04:09:55,800 --> 04:09:59,100
Each conversation reminded him 
that the Empire success was 

4730
04:09:59,100 --> 04:10:02,600
anchored in everyday diligence 
not just in Grand proclamations.

4731
04:10:02,600 --> 04:10:06,900
His personal life though, mostly
tranquil had its challenges 

4732
04:10:06,900 --> 04:10:10,600
encouraged by antoninus. 
He entered a thoughtful marriage

4733
04:10:10,600 --> 04:10:12,400
with faustina the emperor's 
daughter. 

4734
04:10:13,200 --> 04:10:15,900
The union was not just a 
political Arrangement, there was

4735
04:10:15,908 --> 04:10:19,600
genuine affection between them. 
Faustina brought a spirited 

4736
04:10:19,600 --> 04:10:23,800
energy that balanced Marcus's 
more reflective nature, yet the 

4737
04:10:23,800 --> 04:10:26,800
intricacies of raising a family 
within the palace tested his 

4738
04:10:26,800 --> 04:10:29,100
composure. 
In ways philosophy books, rarely

4739
04:10:29,100 --> 04:10:32,300
addressed Their children's 
laughter filled the marble 

4740
04:10:32,300 --> 04:10:35,900
halls, but so did the strains of
potential succession debates. 

4741
04:10:35,900 --> 04:10:39,400
Marcus tried to be an Engaged 
father but he often found 

4742
04:10:39,400 --> 04:10:41,500
himself juggling. 
The Empire's needs with the 

4743
04:10:41,500 --> 04:10:45,100
demands of Parenthood. 
Meanwhile, Lucius verus is 

4744
04:10:45,100 --> 04:10:47,900
adoptive brother, grew 
increasingly Restless. 

4745
04:10:48,800 --> 04:10:50,700
The Lalonde antoninus is Rule 
left. 

4746
04:10:50,700 --> 04:10:53,900
Lucius craving excitement. 
He frequented Gatherings that 

4747
04:10:53,900 --> 04:10:57,300
were rumored to be lavishly 
hedonistic drawing the Curiosity

4748
04:10:57,300 --> 04:11:00,100
of Rome's Elite and the concern 
of its moralists. 

4749
04:11:00,100 --> 04:11:03,900
Despite their occasional 
friction Marcus still cared for 

4750
04:11:03,900 --> 04:11:08,600
Lucius who was after all part of
the family to reconcile their 

4751
04:11:08,600 --> 04:11:12,500
worlds, Marcus invited Lucius to
more official functions hoping 

4752
04:11:12,500 --> 04:11:15,400
to blend Lucius charm with the 
seriousness of leadership. 

4753
04:11:15,400 --> 04:11:19,500
Sometimes it worked other times 
it's sparked tension. 

4754
04:11:20,300 --> 04:11:22,800
It was around this period. 
That disturbing news began to 

4755
04:11:22,800 --> 04:11:25,800
trickle in from the northern 
Frontiers Germanic tribes 

4756
04:11:25,800 --> 04:11:27,300
tested. 
The boundaries of the Empire. 

4757
04:11:27,300 --> 04:11:31,500
Small incursions, hinting at 
bigger clashes to come Roman 

4758
04:11:31,500 --> 04:11:34,500
grown, accustomed to relative 
peace and these events rattled, 

4759
04:11:34,500 --> 04:11:36,500
the comfortable illusions of 
Eternal stability. 

4760
04:11:37,600 --> 04:11:40,900
Marcus became acutely aware that
stoic ideals, would soon be 

4761
04:11:40,900 --> 04:11:43,600
tested on the battlefield as 
much as in the Senate. 

4762
04:11:44,300 --> 04:11:46,300
responding to these threats 
required, not just 

4763
04:11:46,300 --> 04:11:49,700
philosophical, calm, but 
strategic understanding a skill,

4764
04:11:49,700 --> 04:11:54,100
he was only beginning to hone In
the midst of these concerns and 

4765
04:11:54,100 --> 04:11:56,400
to Genesis Health began, its 
slow decline. 

4766
04:11:56,400 --> 04:12:00,000
But once vigorous Emperor, found
it harder to manage day-to-day 

4767
04:12:00,000 --> 04:12:03,900
Affairs, his breath grew labored
and he often complained of 

4768
04:12:03,900 --> 04:12:06,900
fatigue, Though he did his best,
to hide this weakness from the 

4769
04:12:06,900 --> 04:12:10,600
public, it was clear that the 
reins of power would soon pass 

4770
04:12:10,600 --> 04:12:14,200
to Marcus. 
The Senate aware of antonyms, is

4771
04:12:14,200 --> 04:12:16,700
frailty started looking to 
Marcus for guidance. 

4772
04:12:18,100 --> 04:12:21,000
The time of apprenticeship was 
ending a new chapter. 

4773
04:12:21,000 --> 04:12:24,900
Beckoned as the final months of 
antonyms is life Slipped Away. 

4774
04:12:24,900 --> 04:12:29,200
Rome braced for another 
transition, advisors supplicants

4775
04:12:29,200 --> 04:12:32,800
and petitioners flocked to 
Markus seeking to gauge how he 

4776
04:12:32,800 --> 04:12:35,400
would wield Authority, their 
probing questions. 

4777
04:12:35,400 --> 04:12:39,200
Highlighted the complexity of 
the Imperial mantle He would 

4778
04:12:39,200 --> 04:12:43,500
have to be judge, General 
administrator and guardian of 

4779
04:12:43,500 --> 04:12:46,500
moral order. 
While Marcus is stoic, studies. 

4780
04:12:46,500 --> 04:12:49,600
Had long taught him to detach 
from anxiety. 

4781
04:12:49,600 --> 04:12:53,500
He founded increasingly hard to 
remain unaffected, by these 

4782
04:12:53,500 --> 04:12:56,100
growing birds in private 
moments. 

4783
04:12:56,100 --> 04:13:00,600
He can fight it in faustini 
admitting fears about war about 

4784
04:13:00,600 --> 04:13:04,100
the intrigues, lurking beneath 
Rome's plastic surface and about

4785
04:13:04,108 --> 04:13:06,500
the simple possibility of 
failing, those who depended on 

4786
04:13:06,500 --> 04:13:09,600
him. 
She in turn reminded him of his 

4787
04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:13,500
capacity for empathy and reason.
Though, the role of Emperor 

4788
04:13:13,500 --> 04:13:17,400
seemed impossibly Grand, Marcus 
had spent his entire life 

4789
04:13:17,400 --> 04:13:21,300
preparing in subtle ways, for 
the very challenges that now 

4790
04:13:21,300 --> 04:13:25,200
loomed ahead. 
Finally antoninus, PS passed 

4791
04:13:25,200 --> 04:13:28,500
gently. 
And without drama surrounded by 

4792
04:13:28,500 --> 04:13:31,700
those, he loved the city. 
Let out a measured sigh of 

4793
04:13:31,700 --> 04:13:34,600
Sorrow acknowledging, the 
passing of an era defined by 

4794
04:13:34,600 --> 04:13:37,600
stability. 
However, beneath that grief 

4795
04:13:37,600 --> 04:13:40,000
layer cautious optimism. 
That Marcus, Aurelius 

4796
04:13:40,000 --> 04:13:43,200
thoughtful, and assuming and 
thoroughly steeped in the 

4797
04:13:43,200 --> 04:13:46,900
empires working might guide Rome
with both virtue and pragmatism 

4798
04:13:46,900 --> 04:13:49,300
many. 
Whispered that a new golden age 

4799
04:13:49,300 --> 04:13:52,400
could be on the horizon. 
Others were calling the cycles 

4800
04:13:52,400 --> 04:13:55,700
of history, Reserve judgment 
until the events proved the 

4801
04:13:55,708 --> 04:13:59,000
substance of Marcus's character.
With the empress seat. 

4802
04:13:59,000 --> 04:14:03,000
Now, vacant All Eyes turned to 
Markus the hush that settled 

4803
04:14:03,000 --> 04:14:06,900
over the city was brief, but 
profound A quiet vowel formed in

4804
04:14:06,900 --> 04:14:11,100
his mind, he would carry forth 
the stoic torch letting reason 

4805
04:14:11,100 --> 04:14:15,700
his Reign and compassion. 
Temper, his decision Known 

4806
04:14:15,700 --> 04:14:18,500
trials, awaited, him from 
Barbarian incursions to 

4807
04:14:18,500 --> 04:14:21,000
political betrayals, but he 
would meet them as a man 

4808
04:14:21,000 --> 04:14:23,200
dedicated to something greater 
than personal gain. 

4809
04:14:24,000 --> 04:14:27,000
Rome was poised to discover if a
philosopher king could truly 

4810
04:14:27,000 --> 04:14:30,600
exists a leader who could blend 
moral wisdom with the realities 

4811
04:14:30,600 --> 04:14:34,700
of ruling an Empire that those 
Splendid was also vulnerable and

4812
04:14:34,700 --> 04:14:38,900
flawed In the wake of antonyms 
is passing Marcus, Aurelius 

4813
04:14:38,900 --> 04:14:42,000
ascended to the throne with a 
mixture of solemnity and 

4814
04:14:42,000 --> 04:14:45,800
resolved by tradition. 
He shared Authority with Lucius 

4815
04:14:45,800 --> 04:14:49,100
verus fulfilling the adoption 
Arrangements that Hadrian had 

4816
04:14:49,100 --> 04:14:52,400
set in motion years before. 
It was a decision that 

4817
04:14:52,400 --> 04:14:55,400
simultaneously solidified 
Rome's, governance and tested 

4818
04:14:55,400 --> 04:14:58,200
Marcus's patients. 
Despite their differing 

4819
04:14:58,200 --> 04:15:01,900
temperaments one philosophical 
and measured the other spirited 

4820
04:15:01,900 --> 04:15:04,300
and convivial. 
They now United in leadership. 

4821
04:15:05,400 --> 04:15:07,100
Their first challenge appeared, 
swiftly. 

4822
04:15:07,700 --> 04:15:10,800
The parthian Empire seized upon 
the perceived vulnerability of a

4823
04:15:10,800 --> 04:15:14,900
transitioning Rome threatening 
key Eastern provinces Roman 

4824
04:15:14,900 --> 04:15:18,500
Legions prepared for battle and 
Lucius verus rushed to oversee 

4825
04:15:18,500 --> 04:15:21,200
military operations. 
Marcus stayed behind in the 

4826
04:15:21,208 --> 04:15:24,300
capital to manage the rest of 
the Empire letters from the 

4827
04:15:24,300 --> 04:15:26,600
front revealed victories 
peppered with Lucius. 

4828
04:15:26,600 --> 04:15:30,800
Flamboyant account of triumphs 
yet Marcus also sends the strain

4829
04:15:30,800 --> 04:15:33,000
on the troops. 
In addition to the Clashing of 

4830
04:15:33,008 --> 04:15:37,100
Swords, War also presented 
logistical challenges such as 

4831
04:15:37,100 --> 04:15:40,200
supply lines desert conditions 
and the imminent threat of 

4832
04:15:40,200 --> 04:15:44,600
disease as if On Cue a 
devastating plague emerged 

4833
04:15:44,600 --> 04:15:47,600
traveling with the legions back 
from the Eastern campaigns 

4834
04:15:47,600 --> 04:15:51,900
called the antonine plague by 
Future story and it spread like 

4835
04:15:51,908 --> 04:15:54,200
wildfire leaving panic in its 
wake. 

4836
04:15:54,900 --> 04:15:58,000
Citizens fled the densely 
populated quarters, while rumors

4837
04:15:58,000 --> 04:16:00,300
circulated that the gods were 
punishing Rome for its 

4838
04:16:00,308 --> 04:16:03,000
arrogance. 
In the midst of this horror 

4839
04:16:03,000 --> 04:16:07,200
Marcus, clung to his stoic, 
Roots advocating, calm reason 

4840
04:16:07,200 --> 04:16:11,100
and measured steps to contain 
the devastation hospitals were 

4841
04:16:11,100 --> 04:16:15,100
organized, rationals, allocated,
despite skepticism from some 

4842
04:16:15,100 --> 04:16:18,900
Corners the emperor led by 
example, supporting sanitation 

4843
04:16:18,900 --> 04:16:21,600
measures and funding the medical
efforts of Galen, the famous 

4844
04:16:21,600 --> 04:16:24,800
physician of the time yet the 
costs were severe. 

4845
04:16:25,400 --> 04:16:28,900
Cities grew Solomon from the 
high death toll, Farmland, Leon,

4846
04:16:28,900 --> 04:16:30,900
tended. 
And the Empire's morale dipped 

4847
04:16:30,900 --> 04:16:34,100
to a new low, The plagues 
merciless reached sharp and 

4848
04:16:34,100 --> 04:16:37,700
Marcus's sense of empathy. 
He realized that no matter one 

4849
04:16:37,700 --> 04:16:40,200
station in life suffering, 
belonged to all. 

4850
04:16:40,700 --> 04:16:43,500
He worked tirelessly with local 
leaders to provide relief 

4851
04:16:43,500 --> 04:16:47,400
draining, personal funds to feed
and heal those most affected. 

4852
04:16:47,400 --> 04:16:50,700
While some criticize, these 
expenses is unsustainable, 

4853
04:16:50,700 --> 04:16:53,200
Marcus saw them as a moral 
imperative. 

4854
04:16:53,200 --> 04:16:57,000
An emperor he believed was 
beholden to the welfare of his 

4855
04:16:57,008 --> 04:16:58,800
subjects, not the other way 
around. 

4856
04:16:59,700 --> 04:17:03,200
Over time the plague receded 
though, the worst cars at left 

4857
04:17:03,200 --> 04:17:06,300
on Rome, both physical and 
psychological would linger for 

4858
04:17:06,300 --> 04:17:08,900
years. 
The war front also stabilized 

4859
04:17:08,900 --> 04:17:12,200
under Lucius is oversight in 
enabling the generals to secure 

4860
04:17:12,200 --> 04:17:15,400
treaties eventually Lucius 
returned to the capital, 

4861
04:17:15,400 --> 04:17:17,800
bringing with him or Nate Spoils
of Victory. 

4862
04:17:17,800 --> 04:17:20,900
Yet, Marcus noticed a new 
Gravity in his brother's 

4863
04:17:20,900 --> 04:17:23,900
demeanor, the conflict. 
And subsequent plagues seemed to

4864
04:17:23,908 --> 04:17:27,100
have tempered Lucius as thirst 
for diversions, least, for a 

4865
04:17:27,100 --> 04:17:29,200
while. 
For the time being, they 

4866
04:17:29,200 --> 04:17:32,800
presented a cohesive front, but 
the Empire had little time for 

4867
04:17:32,800 --> 04:17:35,400
respite. 
Almost as soon as the Eastern 

4868
04:17:35,400 --> 04:17:39,100
threats of sided word, arrived 
of renewed aggressions along the

4869
04:17:39,100 --> 04:17:43,000
Danube Germanic tribes 
emboldened by Rome's, 

4870
04:17:43,000 --> 04:17:46,100
vulnerabilities, pushed 
Southward, this new 

4871
04:17:46,100 --> 04:17:49,000
confrontation, demanded, a 
robust military response. 

4872
04:17:49,000 --> 04:17:53,100
Rome prepared, Legions to defend
its territory and Marcus himself

4873
04:17:53,100 --> 04:17:56,300
to lead them. 
It was not typical for a 

4874
04:17:56,300 --> 04:17:59,700
philosopher to Don military 
Garb, he understood that a 

4875
04:17:59,700 --> 04:18:02,300
Hands-On approach would 
Galvanize soldiers and reassure 

4876
04:18:02,300 --> 04:18:06,100
a fearful populace. packing up 
his Scrolls and leaving behind 

4877
04:18:06,100 --> 04:18:10,400
the marble halls of the palace 
Marcus journeyed North stationed

4878
04:18:10,400 --> 04:18:12,500
in military camps. 
He observed firsthand. 

4879
04:18:12,500 --> 04:18:16,400
The Stark realities of War. 
There were no polite. 

4880
04:18:16,400 --> 04:18:19,500
Senate debates here only the raw
tension of men preparing for 

4881
04:18:19,500 --> 04:18:21,808
battle. 
Surrounded by tents and the 

4882
04:18:21,816 --> 04:18:24,700
clang of metal. 
He composed sections of what 

4883
04:18:24,700 --> 04:18:26,600
would later. 
Be known as his meditations 

4884
04:18:26,600 --> 04:18:30,100
journaling, thoughts on duty 
mortality and the interplay 

4885
04:18:30,100 --> 04:18:33,200
between fate and Free. 
Will this writing served as a 

4886
04:18:33,208 --> 04:18:36,900
kind of mental Fortress 
shielding him from the cynicism 

4887
04:18:36,900 --> 04:18:39,500
and despair that often 
accompanied the brutality of 

4888
04:18:39,500 --> 04:18:42,000
War. 
In these harsh and virals. 

4889
04:18:42,000 --> 04:18:45,200
Marcus discovered a facet of 
leadership, seldom addressed in 

4890
04:18:45,200 --> 04:18:48,700
philosophical texts, the 
delicate balance between mercy 

4891
04:18:48,700 --> 04:18:51,000
and force. 
When Tribune's asked how to 

4892
04:18:51,000 --> 04:18:53,800
handle captured enemy combatants
or how to deal with a defiant 

4893
04:18:53,800 --> 04:18:57,600
province's, Marcus weighed each 
decision with painstaking care. 

4894
04:18:57,600 --> 04:19:01,500
He believed that any punishment 
must be morally Justified, not 

4895
04:19:01,500 --> 04:19:05,300
simply enacted for vengeance, or
as a show of Might yet. 

4896
04:19:05,300 --> 04:19:08,600
He also knew Rome had to 
maintain its Authority or risk. 

4897
04:19:08,600 --> 04:19:13,200
Inviting further rebellions Back
in Rome faustina managed the 

4898
04:19:13,200 --> 04:19:15,900
household and represented, the 
Imperial family, and public 

4899
04:19:15,908 --> 04:19:18,600
ceremonies. 
She wrote supportive letters to 

4900
04:19:18,600 --> 04:19:22,300
Marcus sharing updates about 
domestic affairs, their bond 

4901
04:19:22,300 --> 04:19:25,800
forged, and quieter times, 
proved resilient through these 

4902
04:19:25,800 --> 04:19:30,200
challenges, despite the stress 
of Separation, they found solace

4903
04:19:30,200 --> 04:19:32,700
in one another's, determination 
to keep Rome functioning and 

4904
04:19:32,700 --> 04:19:36,300
hopeful night after night, 
Marcus Red Letters From the 

4905
04:19:36,308 --> 04:19:39,600
capitol reflecting on how 
ephemeral life could be how 

4906
04:19:39,600 --> 04:19:43,700
swiftly fortunes changed. 
He reminded himself that an 

4907
04:19:43,700 --> 04:19:46,700
Emperor's responsibility was to 
act as a steward, not a 

4908
04:19:46,700 --> 04:19:49,700
desperate and that each decision
would reverberate through the 

4909
04:19:49,700 --> 04:19:53,300
Empire long after he was gone. 
And so he pressed ones 

4910
04:19:53,300 --> 04:19:56,900
Consulting with generals, 
negotiating with tribal leaders,

4911
04:19:56,900 --> 04:20:00,100
and continuing to record his 
private Reflections about human 

4912
04:20:00,100 --> 04:20:03,600
nature. 
As War raged the Empire watched 

4913
04:20:03,600 --> 04:20:05,400
with a mixed of dread and 
admiration? 

4914
04:20:05,400 --> 04:20:08,900
Here was a ruler who seemed less
concerned with personal glory 

4915
04:20:08,900 --> 04:20:11,700
and more intent on preserving 
Rome's values and stability. 

4916
04:20:12,500 --> 04:20:15,600
Veterans soldiers. 
Once skeptical of a philosopher 

4917
04:20:15,600 --> 04:20:19,000
Emperor fought with the renewed 
further encouraged by his 

4918
04:20:19,000 --> 04:20:23,400
willingness to share their birds
in those winds along the Danube 

4919
04:20:23,400 --> 04:20:27,200
Marcus, Aurelius began shaping a
legacy, unlike any other one, 

4920
04:20:27,200 --> 04:20:30,500
rooted in the conviction that 
wisdom and compassion far from 

4921
04:20:30,500 --> 04:20:33,100
being weaknesses with the 
Empire's strongest defense. 

4922
04:20:34,000 --> 04:20:35,800
The Savage Winters on the 
danubian. 

4923
04:20:35,800 --> 04:20:38,700
Frontier tested Rome's Legions 
in weighs few had anticipated, 

4924
04:20:39,800 --> 04:20:43,100
snow whipped through the 
encampments, layering tents in 

4925
04:20:43,100 --> 04:20:45,800
white drifts horses whinnied at 
the bitter, chill. 

4926
04:20:45,800 --> 04:20:48,200
And the men huddled around 
makeshift fires. 

4927
04:20:48,200 --> 04:20:52,000
Marcus Aurelius, never want to 
Shield himself from hardship. 

4928
04:20:52,000 --> 04:20:54,400
Felt the sting of Frozen are 
each morning. 

4929
04:20:55,200 --> 04:20:58,600
For all the stoic Council, he 
had absorbed, he still founded 

4930
04:20:58,600 --> 04:21:02,200
an unrelenting challenge to rise
at dawn and address the concerns

4931
04:21:02,200 --> 04:21:03,900
of his commanders. 
Yet. 

4932
04:21:03,900 --> 04:21:07,300
The deeper the cold bit into his
bones, the more he recognized, 

4933
04:21:07,300 --> 04:21:09,800
that resolve was forged through 
shared trials. 

4934
04:21:10,700 --> 04:21:14,000
Messages arrive from Rome, some 
filled with trivialities of 

4935
04:21:14,000 --> 04:21:17,400
Court life, others warning, that
the imperial treasury was 

4936
04:21:17,400 --> 04:21:20,500
dwindling under the twin demands
of plague recovery and War 

4937
04:21:20,500 --> 04:21:23,600
expenses. 
Food prices Rose Merchants 

4938
04:21:23,600 --> 04:21:28,100
hoarded grain and unrest 
simmered in urban districts in 

4939
04:21:28,100 --> 04:21:31,800
response, Marcus intensified 
efforts to maintain supply lines

4940
04:21:31,800 --> 04:21:35,000
ensuring that shipments of grain
and other Essentials could reach

4941
04:21:35,000 --> 04:21:37,100
both the Frontline and the 
capital. 

4942
04:21:37,100 --> 04:21:40,500
It was a delicate balance. 
Requiring deals with regional 

4943
04:21:40,500 --> 04:21:43,200
Governors and the occasional 
Stern, reminders of Imperial 

4944
04:21:43,200 --> 04:21:45,700
Authority. 
Amid the logistics and 

4945
04:21:45,700 --> 04:21:49,100
strategizing he found an 
unlikely companion in Claudius 

4946
04:21:49,100 --> 04:21:52,300
pompeianus, a seasoned General 
known for his sharp wit. 

4947
04:21:52,800 --> 04:21:55,200
While Pompey honest thrived on 
Military prowess. 

4948
04:21:55,200 --> 04:21:57,800
He was also open to 
philosophical musings. 

4949
04:21:58,500 --> 04:22:01,600
Many evenings, the two men were 
talked over, steaming bowls of 

4950
04:22:01,600 --> 04:22:05,300
spelt porridge, about the nature
of fate and whether just War 

4951
04:22:05,300 --> 04:22:08,400
could exist. 
These conversations though brief

4952
04:22:08,400 --> 04:22:11,300
allowed Marcus moments of 
intellectual clarity. 

4953
04:22:12,100 --> 04:22:15,700
He saw in pompeianus a fellow 
Seeker, albeit one who channeled

4954
04:22:15,700 --> 04:22:18,400
his conviction into martial 
discipline, rather than written 

4955
04:22:18,400 --> 04:22:21,500
reflection. 
Though the wars bird and weighed

4956
04:22:21,500 --> 04:22:26,100
heavily Marcus's popularity 
among the soldiers sword in him.

4957
04:22:26,100 --> 04:22:30,200
They saw not an aloof Imperial 
figure but a leader who endured 

4958
04:22:30,200 --> 04:22:31,300
the same. 
Bitter chill. 

4959
04:22:31,300 --> 04:22:34,700
The same muddy camps. 
The same threat of sudden 

4960
04:22:34,700 --> 04:22:37,200
attack. 
During battle preparation 

4961
04:22:37,200 --> 04:22:39,700
markers. 
Took care of visit in soldiers, 

4962
04:22:39,700 --> 04:22:43,900
offering words of encouragement.
His presence among them became a

4963
04:22:43,900 --> 04:22:46,000
reassuring symbol that Rome's 
Emperor. 

4964
04:22:46,000 --> 04:22:49,500
Understood sacrifice, not from a
gilded distance but through 

4965
04:22:49,500 --> 04:22:52,700
personal experience. 
Yet the Frontiers dangers were 

4966
04:22:52,700 --> 04:22:56,900
manifold rumors circulated of 
potential betrayal among Allied 

4967
04:22:56,900 --> 04:23:01,100
tribes, an infiltration by spies
working for the Germanic Chief 

4968
04:23:01,100 --> 04:23:04,200
Toons. 
Skirmishes erupted unexpectedly.

4969
04:23:04,800 --> 04:23:08,000
Sometimes a wave of arrows would
descend at night leaving the 

4970
04:23:08,000 --> 04:23:11,200
camp reeling. 
Through it all Marcus, refused 

4971
04:23:11,200 --> 04:23:12,800
to let paranoia corrode his 
judgment. 

4972
04:23:12,800 --> 04:23:17,000
He tightened security. 
Yes, but also dispatched 

4973
04:23:17,000 --> 04:23:20,200
diplomats to negotiate terms if 
a measure of Peace could be 

4974
04:23:20,208 --> 04:23:22,300
attained through reason rather 
than Bloodshed. 

4975
04:23:22,300 --> 04:23:27,600
He was determined to find it. 
Back in Rome faustina managed 

4976
04:23:27,600 --> 04:23:29,700
the Empire's public face as best
she could. 

4977
04:23:29,700 --> 04:23:33,600
She visited temples performed 
ritual offerings and listened to

4978
04:23:33,600 --> 04:23:36,000
the appeals of citizens who 
sought the emperor's ear. 

4979
04:23:36,800 --> 04:23:39,700
Though, many admired her 
resilience Whispers of court in 

4980
04:23:39,700 --> 04:23:43,600
tree continued to swirl. 
Some criticize faustina for her 

4981
04:23:43,600 --> 04:23:46,400
independent demeanor, While 
others eager for influence. 

4982
04:23:46,400 --> 04:23:48,200
Try to align themselves with 
her. 

4983
04:23:48,200 --> 04:23:51,900
She navigated these politics 
deftly sending regular 

4984
04:23:51,900 --> 04:23:54,200
dispatchers to Markus. 
So he was never uninformed. 

4985
04:23:55,100 --> 04:23:59,000
Letters also arrived from Lucius
verus who split his time between

4986
04:23:59,000 --> 04:24:01,700
the Capitol and lesser conflicts
simmer and other territories. 

4987
04:24:02,500 --> 04:24:05,300
His initial flamboyance of 
softened replaced by a 

4988
04:24:05,300 --> 04:24:09,100
pragmatic. 
Acceptance of Imperial Duty 

4989
04:24:09,100 --> 04:24:13,100
together or be it from a 
distance markers and Lucius 

4990
04:24:13,100 --> 04:24:14,600
worked to present a united 
front. 

4991
04:24:14,600 --> 04:24:17,600
They knew Rome's. 
Foes would seize upon any sign 

4992
04:24:17,600 --> 04:24:19,900
of Discord as the war stretched 
on. 

4993
04:24:19,900 --> 04:24:22,900
Markus felt the strain in every 
facet of his life. 

4994
04:24:23,700 --> 04:24:25,900
He was the philosopher Emperor 
yet. 

4995
04:24:25,900 --> 04:24:28,200
He frequently ordered troop 
movements that ended in 

4996
04:24:28,200 --> 04:24:31,600
Bloodshed at night. 
When the cold wind rattled the 

4997
04:24:31,600 --> 04:24:34,300
tent flaps. 
He wrestled with guilt, he 

4998
04:24:34,300 --> 04:24:37,500
reminded himself that stoicism 
was not about denying emotion, 

4999
04:24:37,500 --> 04:24:40,100
but understanding it. 
Power. 

5000
04:24:40,100 --> 04:24:44,500
He realized did not give him the
luxury of Clean Hands leaders. 

5001
04:24:44,500 --> 04:24:46,900
Often had to act in ways that 
chafed against their deeper 

5002
04:24:46,900 --> 04:24:49,600
ideals. 
Still, there were small mercies 

5003
04:24:49,600 --> 04:24:53,800
briefcases, brokered a day of 
sunshine to melt the ice, a 

5004
04:24:53,800 --> 04:24:56,800
messenger, bringing news that a 
troubled Province had stabilized

5005
04:24:56,800 --> 04:25:00,500
in these fleeting moments Marcus
remembered, why he had taken up 

5006
04:25:00,500 --> 04:25:04,100
this struggle in the first place
to safeguard a realm that for 

5007
04:25:04,100 --> 04:25:07,000
all its imperfections. 
Still held the potential for 

5008
04:25:07,000 --> 04:25:09,600
virtue. 
If Rome could remain strong yet,

5009
04:25:09,600 --> 04:25:13,400
morally grounded, the seeds of a
more enlightened Society might 

5010
04:25:13,400 --> 04:25:17,300
one day, take root. 
Victory was not guaranteed nor 

5011
04:25:17,300 --> 04:25:19,100
was an end to the constant 
trials. 

5012
04:25:19,800 --> 04:25:24,100
The Barbarian tribes fought with
desperation determined to carve 

5013
04:25:24,100 --> 04:25:27,600
out territories in the empires 
weakening landscape, but Marcus 

5014
04:25:27,600 --> 04:25:30,000
pressed on forging sell 
alliances and marshaling 

5015
04:25:30,000 --> 04:25:33,300
legionary forces always mindful 
that true Victory would involve 

5016
04:25:33,300 --> 04:25:35,500
reconciliation as much as 
military success. 

5017
04:25:35,500 --> 04:25:39,400
His body bore the signs of 
fatigue and a creeping illness, 

5018
04:25:39,400 --> 04:25:42,100
sometimes left him feverish but 
he maintained the outward 

5019
04:25:42,100 --> 04:25:43,800
composure expected of an 
emperor. 

5020
04:25:44,400 --> 04:25:47,200
As the harshest winter months 
receded, that glimmered the 

5021
04:25:47,208 --> 04:25:50,500
faint promise of progress. 
More tribes showed willingness 

5022
04:25:50,500 --> 04:25:53,700
to negotiate to accept treaties 
that allowed them limited 

5023
04:25:53,700 --> 04:25:55,400
settlement in exchange for 
peace. 

5024
04:25:56,200 --> 04:25:59,400
Though, some Roman senators were
outraged by the concessions, 

5025
04:25:59,400 --> 04:26:02,800
Marcus stood firm. 
He believed that clinging to Old

5026
04:26:02,800 --> 04:26:06,000
illusions of absolute Dominion 
would only compound the cycle of

5027
04:26:06,000 --> 04:26:08,600
violence. 
Compassion, Guided, by 

5028
04:26:08,600 --> 04:26:11,800
children's reason, was his 
guiding star even in the theater

5029
04:26:11,800 --> 04:26:14,400
of war? 
After countless skirmishes and 

5030
04:26:14,400 --> 04:26:17,600
negotiations, the tides slowly 
began to turn in Rome's, favor, 

5031
04:26:17,600 --> 04:26:22,100
Marcus Aurelius whether and 
weary found himself overseeing a

5032
04:26:22,100 --> 04:26:24,300
series of settlements that 
cautiously stabilized. 

5033
04:26:24,300 --> 04:26:27,800
The danubian frontier Tribes 
once considered mortal enemies. 

5034
04:26:27,800 --> 04:26:30,900
Now, sought peaceful 
coexistence, albeit with complex

5035
04:26:30,900 --> 04:26:34,400
agreements involving tribute 
migration rights and mutual 

5036
04:26:34,400 --> 04:26:37,400
defense packs. 
Some Senators bemoaned the 

5037
04:26:37,408 --> 04:26:41,600
dilution of Roman Purity but 
Marcus saw a different future a 

5038
04:26:41,600 --> 04:26:43,400
broader. 
More interconnected Empire that 

5039
04:26:43,400 --> 04:26:46,700
could adapt and Thrive his 
determination to incorporate 

5040
04:26:46,700 --> 04:26:49,700
foreign people's and stead of 
Frank wishing them outrage 

5041
04:26:49,700 --> 04:26:53,500
traditionalists However the 
emperor deemed it improvements 

5042
04:26:53,500 --> 04:26:55,700
to presume that. 
The empires initial borders were

5043
04:26:55,700 --> 04:26:57,800
unchangeable like a living 
organism. 

5044
04:26:57,800 --> 04:27:00,000
Rome. 
Had to evolve all with her. 

5045
04:27:00,500 --> 04:27:03,700
He recalled his stoic maxims, 
all things change. 

5046
04:27:03,700 --> 04:27:06,900
And one must move in harmony 
with the Nature's flow for 

5047
04:27:06,900 --> 04:27:10,600
Marcus, that included welcoming 
new voices into the Roman fold, 

5048
04:27:10,600 --> 04:27:13,600
even if it defied entrenched 
Notions of superiority. 

5049
04:27:15,500 --> 04:27:18,200
Physically, the years of 
hardship had been taken a toll, 

5050
04:27:18,200 --> 04:27:21,700
the Relentless cold of the 
frontier, the stress of command 

5051
04:27:21,700 --> 04:27:24,800
and the sporadic fevers that 
plagued him during extended 

5052
04:27:24,800 --> 04:27:26,900
campaigns left markers for them 
before. 

5053
04:27:27,700 --> 04:27:30,800
Long days, spent riding between 
Outpost led to frequent aches 

5054
04:27:30,800 --> 04:27:33,500
and a persistent cough hinted at
something more serious. 

5055
04:27:33,500 --> 04:27:38,200
Nonetheless, he pushed forward 
Guided by a sense of Duty that 

5056
04:27:38,200 --> 04:27:40,400
burned hotter than any physical 
ailment. 

5057
04:27:41,400 --> 04:27:43,800
The war itself was winding down 
yet. 

5058
04:27:43,800 --> 04:27:46,600
A fresh tragedy. 
Shook him word reached the 

5059
04:27:46,600 --> 04:27:49,400
Emperor of Lucius ferris's 
sudden death from illness while 

5060
04:27:49,400 --> 04:27:53,000
returning to Rome, Marcus 
grieved deeply for his adoptive 

5061
04:27:53,000 --> 04:27:54,900
brother. 
Though, they had often been at 

5062
04:27:54,900 --> 04:27:57,100
odds. 
Lucy is presents, had been a 

5063
04:27:57,100 --> 04:28:00,200
stabilizing factor. 
A reminder that rulership could 

5064
04:28:00,200 --> 04:28:03,900
have more than one face. 
In the aftermath marker, the 

5065
04:28:03,900 --> 04:28:07,200
weight of the Empire alone 
sleepless nights in suede, 

5066
04:28:07,200 --> 04:28:11,200
haunted, by questions about 
Legacy mortality and the shape 

5067
04:28:11,200 --> 04:28:15,300
of Rome's future returning to 
the capital, he found a society 

5068
04:28:15,300 --> 04:28:19,300
wounded but not broken. the 
plague scars remained visible in

5069
04:28:19,300 --> 04:28:22,700
empty shops and thinner crowds 
but daily life had regained some

5070
04:28:22,700 --> 04:28:25,800
vibrancy Senators. 
Who once criticized him with 

5071
04:28:25,808 --> 04:28:28,300
veiled scorn now offered 
subdued. 

5072
04:28:28,300 --> 04:28:31,300
Respect many recognized that he 
had led Rome through one of its 

5073
04:28:31,300 --> 04:28:34,600
darkest chapters whether or not 
they agreed with every decision.

5074
04:28:35,500 --> 04:28:38,400
Outside the Senate Artisans and 
Farmers alike. 

5075
04:28:38,400 --> 04:28:42,500
Spoke of The Emperor's empathy. 
Trait seldom celebrated in men 

5076
04:28:42,500 --> 04:28:45,100
of power. 
However, no sooner did Mark a 

5077
04:28:45,100 --> 04:28:47,200
settle back into Roman Affairs 
than fresh Rumours. 

5078
04:28:47,200 --> 04:28:50,800
Emerged Whispers accused 
faustina of conspiring against 

5079
04:28:50,800 --> 04:28:52,900
him. 
Suggesting she had grown too 

5080
04:28:52,900 --> 04:28:56,700
close to certain members of the 
Court, Marcus, pained by this 

5081
04:28:56,700 --> 04:29:00,300
gossip, try to separate baseless
slander from legitimate concern.

5082
04:29:01,000 --> 04:29:03,400
He had learned from his years of
governance that rumors often 

5083
04:29:03,400 --> 04:29:05,300
sprang from Envy or 
manipulation. 

5084
04:29:06,300 --> 04:29:09,500
Still, the seeds of Doubt would 
difficult to eradicate entirely.

5085
04:29:10,300 --> 04:29:13,400
Faustina dismissed the 
accusation and Marcus trusting, 

5086
04:29:13,400 --> 04:29:15,400
her loyalty did not pursue them 
further. 

5087
04:29:16,200 --> 04:29:19,500
In these uneasy times, he also 
grappled with fatherly worries, 

5088
04:29:19,500 --> 04:29:23,900
his son Commodus, was 
approaching manhood eager to 

5089
04:29:23,900 --> 04:29:26,600
mold him into a successor, who 
could uphold Rome's evolving 

5090
04:29:26,600 --> 04:29:30,800
ideals, Markus introduced him to
generals legal experts, and 

5091
04:29:30,800 --> 04:29:33,500
philosophers. 
Yet Commodus seemed in different

5092
04:29:33,500 --> 04:29:37,800
to the churches that had guided 
his father He exhibited flashes 

5093
04:29:37,800 --> 04:29:41,100
of arrogance, a taste for 
spectacle and a hunger for the 

5094
04:29:41,100 --> 04:29:44,400
luxuries of Court life. 
Marcus prayed that the exposure 

5095
04:29:44,400 --> 04:29:48,000
to genuine responsibility would 
temper those impulses, but he 

5096
04:29:48,008 --> 04:29:50,700
could not silence the disquiet 
that churned within him. 

5097
04:29:51,700 --> 04:29:55,300
Amid political intrigues and 
paternal anxieties Marcus 

5098
04:29:55,300 --> 04:29:58,900
returned to his writings, adding
new pages to the philosophical 

5099
04:29:58,900 --> 04:30:01,200
Journal. 
He kept close at hand, These 

5100
04:30:01,200 --> 04:30:04,700
Reflections composed in the hush
of dawn, or by Lamplight late at

5101
04:30:04,700 --> 04:30:07,900
night, served as a compass, when
external chaos threatened to 

5102
04:30:07,900 --> 04:30:10,500
overwhelm him. 
Quietly, he reaffirmed that 

5103
04:30:10,508 --> 04:30:14,500
Temperance, Justice, courage and
wisdom remained, the pillars 

5104
04:30:14,500 --> 04:30:18,200
upon which a life of purpose was
built. if he could not in force 

5105
04:30:18,200 --> 04:30:21,600
these virtues on an Empire, let 
alone on his child, he could at 

5106
04:30:21,600 --> 04:30:25,300
least embody the Determined to 
leave Rome stronger than he 

5107
04:30:25,300 --> 04:30:27,700
found it. 
Marcus embarked on a series of 

5108
04:30:27,708 --> 04:30:30,700
legal and social reforms. 
He wanted to streamline 

5109
04:30:30,700 --> 04:30:33,600
bureaucratic processes. 
Ensure that provincial Governors

5110
04:30:33,600 --> 04:30:36,200
were held accountable and 
provide stable infrastructure 

5111
04:30:36,200 --> 04:30:38,300
for population. 
Still reeling from war and 

5112
04:30:38,300 --> 04:30:41,400
disease. 
Funding was scared, but he 

5113
04:30:41,400 --> 04:30:43,700
allocated what resources? 
He could to the projects, He 

5114
04:30:43,700 --> 04:30:48,000
deemed essential Aqueducts were 
prepared roads improved and 

5115
04:30:48,000 --> 04:30:51,000
schools, granted modest stipends
to educate the Next Generation. 

5116
04:30:52,000 --> 04:30:54,900
Critics warned that such 
benevolence bordered on naivete 

5117
04:30:54,900 --> 04:30:57,000
yet. 
Marcus viewed, these steps as 

5118
04:30:57,000 --> 04:31:00,800
vital investments in a more 
resilient Rome even in the hush 

5119
04:31:00,800 --> 04:31:02,700
of progress. 
He was not blind to the 

5120
04:31:02,708 --> 04:31:06,000
undercurrent of discontent. 
Powerful families, plotted 

5121
04:31:06,000 --> 04:31:09,000
behind closed doors, believing 
that an emperor preoccupied with

5122
04:31:09,000 --> 04:31:12,300
moral philosophy, could be 
outmaneuvered soldiers, once 

5123
04:31:12,300 --> 04:31:14,200
loyal grew Restless in a piece 
time. 

5124
04:31:15,600 --> 04:31:19,600
The Empire's old ghosts never 
fully vanished, Marcus braced 

5125
04:31:19,600 --> 04:31:22,600
himself for the next upheaval 
aware that stability was always 

5126
04:31:22,600 --> 04:31:26,400
an interlude, never a permanent 
State and so he carried on 

5127
04:31:26,400 --> 04:31:29,500
leaning on the very principles. 
He had studied as a child 

5128
04:31:29,500 --> 04:31:33,800
navigating betrayal and forging 
alliances contending with the 

5129
04:31:33,800 --> 04:31:37,600
willful nature of his offspring.
Tried to remain steadfast. 

5130
04:31:37,600 --> 04:31:42,200
Each day, brought a new puzzle. 
A shortage of funds, a border, 

5131
04:31:42,200 --> 04:31:45,800
Skirmish Ascend, not as 
duplicity, yet through it all 

5132
04:31:45,800 --> 04:31:48,700
markers are really us. 
Refused to relinquish, his core 

5133
04:31:48,700 --> 04:31:50,600
belief that reason and 
compassion might still 

5134
04:31:50,600 --> 04:31:52,300
illuminate the darkest corals of
power. 

5135
04:31:53,200 --> 04:31:56,900
Time was a patient sculptor 
etching its lines deeper into 

5136
04:31:56,900 --> 04:32:00,000
Marcus's features though. 
He still attended to official 

5137
04:32:00,000 --> 04:32:04,100
duties with unwavering diligence
his health faltered that 

5138
04:32:04,100 --> 04:32:07,300
persistent cough worsened and 
his Knights, grew more Restless,

5139
04:32:07,300 --> 04:32:11,300
the Physicians advised rest, but
an Emperor's life rarely granted

5140
04:32:11,300 --> 04:32:15,700
such luxuries Fears lingard, 2. 
The sense that the empire was, 

5141
04:32:15,700 --> 04:32:19,400
but one rumor, one betrayal or 
one Uprising away from 

5142
04:32:19,400 --> 04:32:22,400
fragmentation. 
Marcus stood at the center, 

5143
04:32:22,400 --> 04:32:25,700
exerting every effort to 
maintain Unity through the 

5144
04:32:25,700 --> 04:32:29,300
combined power of rational 
governance and moral conviction.

5145
04:32:30,200 --> 04:32:33,100
In the final campaigns against 
resurgent Germanic tribes 

5146
04:32:33,100 --> 04:32:36,600
Marcus. 
Once again took to the field age

5147
04:32:36,600 --> 04:32:40,900
had not diminished his resolve 
From Camp to Camp, he traveled 

5148
04:32:40,900 --> 04:32:44,100
with a small retinue. 
Offering encouragement to battle

5149
04:32:44,100 --> 04:32:47,200
weary troops. 
Yet this time the warn Emperor 

5150
04:32:47,200 --> 04:32:48,800
appeared more ghostly than 
Regal. 

5151
04:32:49,600 --> 04:32:51,400
The men spoke of his stoic 
endurance. 

5152
04:32:51,400 --> 04:32:55,100
How is eyes shimmered with 
fever, even as he spoke of Duty 

5153
04:32:55,100 --> 04:32:58,400
and fortitude, for all he had 
done to keep Roman tacked. 

5154
04:32:58,400 --> 04:33:01,400
The ravages of illness would not
yield to rhetorical skill 

5155
04:33:01,400 --> 04:33:04,300
Commodus. 
Summon his father's side 

5156
04:33:04,300 --> 04:33:08,000
witnessed first-hand the 
Empire's fringes, a harsh landed

5157
04:33:08,000 --> 04:33:10,800
by conflict. 
Marcus hoped, the site would 

5158
04:33:10,800 --> 04:33:13,599
steal his son's character 
prompting a sense of 

5159
04:33:13,599 --> 04:33:16,700
responsibility. 
But Commodus wore impatience 

5160
04:33:16,700 --> 04:33:19,400
like a second. 
Toga, he complained about the 

5161
04:33:19,400 --> 04:33:21,599
cold. 
About the humble, rationals 

5162
04:33:21,599 --> 04:33:24,599
about the lack of pomp, he 
believed to be fitted to an 

5163
04:33:24,599 --> 04:33:27,500
imperial are Marcus inwardly 
grieved. 

5164
04:33:27,500 --> 04:33:30,700
Knowing the path ahead might 
Splinter beneath Commodities as 

5165
04:33:30,707 --> 04:33:33,800
Restless feet. 
He also recognized that no 

5166
04:33:33,800 --> 04:33:35,700
father. 
Could impose virtue on a 

5167
04:33:35,700 --> 04:33:38,099
reluctant child in quite a 
moments. 

5168
04:33:38,099 --> 04:33:42,300
Marcus confided in Claudius 
pompeianus who had remained a 

5169
04:33:42,300 --> 04:33:44,500
steadfast advisor. 
The emperor spoke of the 

5170
04:33:44,508 --> 04:33:47,500
contradictions inherent in 
rulership how an aspiring 

5171
04:33:47,500 --> 04:33:50,200
philosopher must enforce harsh 
discipline to maintain the 

5172
04:33:50,200 --> 04:33:53,500
Empire's cohesion. 
Pompeianus offered practical 

5173
04:33:53,500 --> 04:33:57,300
wisdom while Marcus responded 
with meditative Reflections. 

5174
04:33:57,300 --> 04:34:00,599
Their conversations formed a 
final tapestry of friendship, 

5175
04:34:00,599 --> 04:34:04,000
weaving threads of pragmatism 
and introspection together in 

5176
04:34:04,000 --> 04:34:08,500
the Twilight of Marcus's reign. 
Eventually, the newsreader had 

5177
04:34:08,500 --> 04:34:11,000
taken Gravely ill Camp. 
Physicians. 

5178
04:34:11,000 --> 04:34:14,099
Tried every remedy, they knew 
from herbal concoctions to 

5179
04:34:14,108 --> 04:34:18,800
prayers at makeshift altars, but
the decline accelerated Marcus 

5180
04:34:18,800 --> 04:34:22,200
retreated to his tent. 
His body weakening yet his mind 

5181
04:34:22,200 --> 04:34:25,500
still alert summoning Commodus 
for a last conference. 

5182
04:34:26,400 --> 04:34:29,900
He emphasized a single theme, 
the virtues that guide a leader.

5183
04:34:29,908 --> 04:34:33,500
Must not be mere ornament in the
hush between Father and Son, 

5184
04:34:33,500 --> 04:34:37,000
yatta and words about compassion
for subjects fairness in 

5185
04:34:37,000 --> 04:34:39,700
judgment. 
And the necessity to curb excess

5186
04:34:39,700 --> 04:34:43,500
Commodus shifting uneasily, 
nodded but offered little 

5187
04:34:43,500 --> 04:34:46,700
reassurance. 
It's the hours slipped by the 

5188
04:34:46,700 --> 04:34:48,500
emperor returned to his 
meditations. 

5189
04:34:48,500 --> 04:34:50,900
There in the fading glow of 
Atlanta. 

5190
04:34:50,900 --> 04:34:54,200
He penned a few final lines in a
journal that had been His 

5191
04:34:54,200 --> 04:34:57,800
companion through Wars plagues 
political strife. 

5192
04:34:58,500 --> 04:35:01,500
He wrote not a victories or 
conquests but of how fleeting 

5193
04:35:01,500 --> 04:35:05,000
each moment is and how each 
individual's duty is to act in 

5194
04:35:05,000 --> 04:35:07,900
accordance with the good of the 
whole rumor would have it that 

5195
04:35:07,900 --> 04:35:11,000
these last notes carried more 
Serenity than sorrow as though 

5196
04:35:11,000 --> 04:35:13,700
Marcus were already stepping 
into the realm Beyond mortal 

5197
04:35:13,700 --> 04:35:16,400
worries. 
When his eyes closed for the 

5198
04:35:16,400 --> 04:35:20,200
final time, the camp fell into a
somber hush soldiers. 

5199
04:35:20,200 --> 04:35:23,099
Who had long admired his calm 
presence gather around the tent 

5200
04:35:23,099 --> 04:35:26,800
quite quietly, paying their 
respects, courtiers, that the 

5201
04:35:26,800 --> 04:35:29,700
Empire had lost its kale even 
though those who want to 

5202
04:35:29,707 --> 04:35:31,900
criticize Marcus found 
themselves longing for his 

5203
04:35:31,900 --> 04:35:34,500
Steady Hand. 
The commander of the Guard 

5204
04:35:34,500 --> 04:35:37,300
ordered a gentle watch 
throughout the night unwilling 

5205
04:35:37,300 --> 04:35:40,000
to break the solemn peace that 
followed his final breath. 

5206
04:35:40,800 --> 04:35:43,900
Yet life in the Empire continued
the next day. 

5207
04:35:43,900 --> 04:35:47,900
Commodus assumed leadership and 
Rome braced for another shift. 

5208
04:35:48,800 --> 04:35:51,599
Few doubted that change was 
inevitable markers, had known it

5209
04:35:51,599 --> 04:35:54,300
himself, but he had also 
believed that his efforts. 

5210
04:35:54,300 --> 04:35:58,599
His stoic Council and moral 
reforms had planted seeds for a 

5211
04:35:58,599 --> 04:36:04,300
gentler more reasoned Empire The
question of whether those seeds 

5212
04:36:04,300 --> 04:36:07,500
would Sprout or wither under 
Commodus, his rule filled 

5213
04:36:07,500 --> 04:36:09,200
hearts, with both anticipation 
and Dread. 

5214
04:36:10,099 --> 04:36:12,800
In the days, following his 
death, the body of Marcus 

5215
04:36:12,800 --> 04:36:15,400
Aurelius was prepared for a 
reverent returned to Rome. 

5216
04:36:16,000 --> 04:36:18,400
Crowds lined the streets to 
catch a glimpse of the funeral 

5217
04:36:18,400 --> 04:36:21,099
procession. 
Rome did not always cherish its 

5218
04:36:21,108 --> 04:36:24,400
philosophers, but it seemed 
determined to honor this one who

5219
04:36:24,400 --> 04:36:26,200
had guided the Empire through 
despair. 

5220
04:36:26,200 --> 04:36:30,500
Women wept openly remembering 
how he had once funded relief in

5221
04:36:30,500 --> 04:36:33,800
their neighborhoods. 
Veterans, stood in stoic salute 

5222
04:36:33,800 --> 04:36:35,599
each recalling the winter 
nights. 

5223
04:36:35,599 --> 04:36:37,900
He spent among them Scholars 
carried. 

5224
04:36:37,900 --> 04:36:41,900
Small scraps of parchment filled
with the Emperors uncertain if 

5225
04:36:41,900 --> 04:36:45,500
the new era would appreciate 
such lessons in the coming 

5226
04:36:45,500 --> 04:36:47,700
years. 
Rome's course, would deviate 

5227
04:36:47,700 --> 04:36:49,400
sharply from the principles 
markers. 

5228
04:36:49,400 --> 04:36:53,300
Had championed Commodus is rain 
brought spectacle over substance

5229
04:36:53,300 --> 04:36:58,000
extravagance over empathy yet 
long after the Empire's fortunes

5230
04:36:58,000 --> 04:37:00,099
Rose and fell. 
The writings of markers or 

5231
04:37:00,099 --> 04:37:03,200
really us endured quite quietly 
offering guidance to those who 

5232
04:37:03,200 --> 04:37:07,800
like him sought a life anchored 
by virtue and reason, He left 

5233
04:37:07,808 --> 04:37:10,599
behind, no, sweeping arcs of 
Conquest, no Grand 

5234
04:37:10,599 --> 04:37:14,400
self-aggrandizing monuments, his
legacy was etched in the hearts 

5235
04:37:14,400 --> 04:37:16,900
and minds of those who 
witnessed, how an emperor could 

5236
04:37:16,900 --> 04:37:20,500
sit by a soldiers bedside or 
grant clemency to a defeated 

5237
04:37:20,500 --> 04:37:23,400
foe. 
The marble might crumble the 

5238
04:37:23,400 --> 04:37:26,900
gold might tarnish, but the 
ideals Marcus championed 

5239
04:37:26,900 --> 04:37:32,700
Integrity humility, wisdom would
stand resilient and so in the 

5240
04:37:32,707 --> 04:37:35,300
animals of History he would 
remain a Guiding Light. 

5241
04:37:35,900 --> 04:37:39,000
A testament that even within the
higher seat of power, the human 

5242
04:37:39,000 --> 04:37:41,599
Spirit could strive for 
something nobler than mere 

5243
04:37:41,599 --> 04:37:49,200
Dominion. 
Now shut your eyes and visualize

5244
04:37:49,200 --> 04:37:52,800
yourself floating slowly through
centuries of History, until you 

5245
04:37:52,800 --> 04:37:54,599
gently land in what is now, 
Iraq? 

5246
04:37:54,599 --> 04:37:59,300
Circa, 2000 BCE. 
The smell is what hits you 

5247
04:37:59,300 --> 04:38:03,400
first, not the site, baking 
bread river water. 

5248
04:38:03,400 --> 04:38:07,500
And yes, a lot of livestock. 
Welcome to the first real 

5249
04:38:07,500 --> 04:38:10,500
neighborhood in Civilization 
where people made the decision 

5250
04:38:10,500 --> 04:38:13,300
to settle down and stop 
aimlessly wandering around like 

5251
04:38:13,300 --> 04:38:16,400
lost tourists. 
The Tigris new Freight is a two 

5252
04:38:16,400 --> 04:38:19,400
rivers that would make any real 
estate agent cry with delight. 

5253
04:38:20,300 --> 04:38:22,099
These rivers are not just any 
rivers. 

5254
04:38:22,099 --> 04:38:25,099
They are the ancient world's 
version of having fresh 

5255
04:38:25,099 --> 04:38:27,800
groceries, delivered to your 
door and Amazon delivery. 

5256
04:38:28,599 --> 04:38:31,300
This area was known to the 
Mesopotamians as the land 

5257
04:38:31,300 --> 04:38:34,599
between Rivers, which sounds far
more poetic in their language 

5258
04:38:34,599 --> 04:38:36,200
than it does. 
When you're trying to explain it

5259
04:38:36,200 --> 04:38:38,900
to a dinner party guests, you 
may be asking yourself. 

5260
04:38:38,900 --> 04:38:40,599
Why anyone would decide to live 
in? 

5261
04:38:40,599 --> 04:38:42,500
What is effectively a massive 
flood plain? 

5262
04:38:42,500 --> 04:38:46,400
Imagine having soil, that is so 
dark and Rich that with a little

5263
04:38:46,408 --> 04:38:49,099
encouragement. 
You could probably grow tomatoes

5264
04:38:49,099 --> 04:38:52,599
every year when these Rivers 
flood, they leave behind a thick

5265
04:38:52,599 --> 04:38:54,500
layer of the most Fertile Mud on
the planet. 

5266
04:38:55,400 --> 04:38:57,700
It took the rest of us, 
Millennia, to realize what the 

5267
04:38:57,700 --> 04:39:00,800
locals are discovered. 
Sometimes the greatest things in

5268
04:39:00,800 --> 04:39:03,099
life, have a small mess 
associated with them. 

5269
04:39:03,099 --> 04:39:06,000
You wouldn't recognize the 
cities that arising all around 

5270
04:39:06,000 --> 04:39:07,800
you from contemporary urban 
planning. 

5271
04:39:07,800 --> 04:39:12,400
This place lacks tidy Suburban 
grids and straight lines, rather

5272
04:39:12,400 --> 04:39:17,099
visualize or ganna growth, akin 
to a coral reef composed of 

5273
04:39:17,099 --> 04:39:21,400
human ambition and mud bricks. 
Narrow streets, wind between 

5274
04:39:21,400 --> 04:39:25,099
houses like old hiking trails 
and houses clustered together as

5275
04:39:25,099 --> 04:39:26,700
if they are having a 
never-ending neighborhood. 

5276
04:39:26,700 --> 04:39:29,599
Conversation, another thing that
strikes you as being very 

5277
04:39:29,599 --> 04:39:32,900
Antiquated, is the lack of 
electrical hums, the quiet of 

5278
04:39:32,908 --> 04:39:35,900
engines and the absence of any 
traffic that resembles Russia, 

5279
04:39:35,900 --> 04:39:40,200
rather there's the soft splatter
of irrigation channels, the 

5280
04:39:40,200 --> 04:39:43,700
steady third of grain being 
grown and the sporadic snarling 

5281
04:39:43,700 --> 04:39:45,800
of a donkey, that's obviously 
upset about something. 

5282
04:39:47,200 --> 04:39:50,000
Modern people spend a lot of 
money to experience this type of

5283
04:39:50,000 --> 04:39:53,300
Tranquility at wellness 
retreats, however, this quiet 

5284
04:39:53,300 --> 04:39:57,300
does not imply an activity. 
First large-scale, urban living 

5285
04:39:57,300 --> 04:40:00,600
experiment in history is what 
you're seeing in essence, these 

5286
04:40:00,600 --> 04:40:03,500
individuals are inventing. 
As they go along resolving 

5287
04:40:03,500 --> 04:40:05,800
issues that have never been 
encountered by any human. 

5288
04:40:05,800 --> 04:40:08,600
How do you manage thousands of 
people in one location? 

5289
04:40:08,600 --> 04:40:13,000
How do you ensure that everyone 
eats When your neighbor's goat 

5290
04:40:13,000 --> 04:40:15,600
keeps eating your Bali? 
How do you keep things from 

5291
04:40:15,600 --> 04:40:17,100
going? 
Completely out of control? 

5292
04:40:17,100 --> 04:40:20,500
As you will see, the answer 
combines a remarkable amount of 

5293
04:40:20,500 --> 04:40:24,100
Ingenuity practicality and what 
can only be called the first 

5294
04:40:24,100 --> 04:40:27,500
bureaucracy in history? 
Yes, paperwork was a part of 

5295
04:40:27,500 --> 04:40:30,600
paradise as you become more 
accustomed to this ancient 

5296
04:40:30,600 --> 04:40:32,500
world. 
You start to notice something 

5297
04:40:32,500 --> 04:40:34,500
that would cause any 
contemporary city. 

5298
04:40:34,500 --> 04:40:38,500
Planner to either run screaming 
back to their zoning Maps or cry

5299
04:40:38,500 --> 04:40:41,300
with Envy. 
These Mesopotamians have 

5300
04:40:41,300 --> 04:40:44,400
produced to System of ordered 
chaos, that somehow manages to 

5301
04:40:44,400 --> 04:40:48,300
keep everyone fed house and 
comparatively content even 

5302
04:40:48,300 --> 04:40:50,900
though it shouldn't work. 
Let's begin with the irrigation 

5303
04:40:50,900 --> 04:40:54,000
system, which is the most 
amazing engineering achievement,

5304
04:40:54,000 --> 04:40:56,600
you will ever witness that does 
not require electricity. 

5305
04:40:56,600 --> 04:41:00,800
Imagine of vast system of 
canals, connecting every Field 

5306
04:41:00,800 --> 04:41:03,900
Garden and drinking well 
Nature's equivalent of the 

5307
04:41:03,900 --> 04:41:05,900
internet. 
You know what? 

5308
04:41:06,700 --> 04:41:09,300
Instead of just accepting this 
water, when you feel like giving

5309
04:41:09,300 --> 04:41:12,100
it to us, we're going to 
convince you to share it on our 

5310
04:41:12,100 --> 04:41:14,500
schedule. 
The Mesopotamian said glancing 

5311
04:41:14,500 --> 04:41:17,200
at their rushing Rivers. 
The end effect is a network of 

5312
04:41:17,200 --> 04:41:20,200
watery highways that would make 
the roads of ancient Rome appear

5313
04:41:20,200 --> 04:41:23,200
straightforward. 
Individual fields are directly 

5314
04:41:23,200 --> 04:41:26,300
irrigated by water flowing. 
From the main rivers into 

5315
04:41:26,300 --> 04:41:29,900
primary canals secondary 
channels and smaller ditches. 

5316
04:41:29,900 --> 04:41:33,300
It's similar to having running 
water but it goes to your barley

5317
04:41:33,300 --> 04:41:36,900
patch rather than your kitchen 
sink in addition unlike your 

5318
04:41:36,908 --> 04:41:40,100
contemporary Plumbing. 
If this system fails, the city 

5319
04:41:40,100 --> 04:41:42,500
is a hole loses lunch. 
In addition to water pressure, 

5320
04:41:42,500 --> 04:41:46,100
massive collaboration is needed 
to manage this liquid Lifeline, 

5321
04:41:46,100 --> 04:41:48,700
which is never been done before 
in human history. 

5322
04:41:48,700 --> 04:41:52,300
One farmer cannot choose to use 
more water for his Fields. 

5323
04:41:52,300 --> 04:41:54,300
While his neighbors crops are 
dying. 

5324
04:41:54,300 --> 04:41:57,500
It is impossible for someone 
Upstream to construct a damn 

5325
04:41:57,500 --> 04:41:59,700
without taking Downstream 
residents into account. 

5326
04:42:00,500 --> 04:42:03,500
People must look beyond their 
immediate needs, their tribe, 

5327
04:42:03,500 --> 04:42:05,400
and their family. 
For the first time in human 

5328
04:42:05,400 --> 04:42:07,500
history. 
Things start to get interesting 

5329
04:42:07,500 --> 04:42:09,700
at this point. 
The water schedule, must be 

5330
04:42:09,700 --> 04:42:13,100
overseen by someone who gets 
what, and when must be decided 

5331
04:42:13,100 --> 04:42:17,100
by someone When farmer B insists
is irrigation ditch was there 

5332
04:42:17,100 --> 04:42:19,800
first and farmer, a accuses 
farmer. 

5333
04:42:19,800 --> 04:42:22,100
B of stealing water. 
Someone has to resolve. 

5334
04:42:22,100 --> 04:42:25,000
The inevitable conflicts 
presenting, the first middle 

5335
04:42:25,000 --> 04:42:28,000
management in history since 
clipboards, won't be invented 

5336
04:42:28,000 --> 04:42:31,000
for several thousand years. 
These water managers are more 

5337
04:42:31,000 --> 04:42:34,100
than just bureaucrats with 
clipboards they combine elements

5338
04:42:34,100 --> 04:42:36,900
of weather, forecasting, 
engineering diplomacy and 

5339
04:42:36,900 --> 04:42:40,500
refereeing they must comprehend.
Not only the flow of water but 

5340
04:42:40,500 --> 04:42:44,100
also human thought crop growth 
and how to stop Neighbors from 

5341
04:42:44,100 --> 04:42:47,800
igniting generation long feuds. 
The good news is that it does 

5342
04:42:47,800 --> 04:42:51,000
work, your witnessing thousands 
of people successfully, 

5343
04:42:51,000 --> 04:42:52,700
arranging their daily scheduled 
around. 

5344
04:42:52,700 --> 04:42:57,100
Common resources, every year, 
the Harvest arrives, the fields,

5345
04:42:57,100 --> 04:43:00,600
turn green at the appropriate 
time and the irrigation ditches 

5346
04:43:00,600 --> 04:43:02,700
run. 
According to plan, when the 

5347
04:43:02,700 --> 04:43:05,500
irrigation schedule becomes 
complicated, everyone is 

5348
04:43:05,500 --> 04:43:08,900
contributing labor water rights 
and a willingness to not 

5349
04:43:08,900 --> 04:43:11,800
strangle their neighbors. 
It's like watching a huge 

5350
04:43:11,800 --> 04:43:14,000
Antiquated version of a 
neighborhood potluck. 

5351
04:43:14,400 --> 04:43:17,300
Except instead of bringing 
casserole's, this system's 

5352
04:43:17,300 --> 04:43:19,800
success has a significant impact
on human society. 

5353
04:43:20,700 --> 04:43:22,700
Some people are able to quit 
farming when they can 

5354
04:43:22,700 --> 04:43:25,500
consistently produce more food 
than they require for survival. 

5355
04:43:25,500 --> 04:43:29,100
Additionally, some people can 
start doing other things, once 

5356
04:43:29,100 --> 04:43:31,300
they are able to stop 
cultivating food full-time, 

5357
04:43:31,300 --> 04:43:34,600
interesting things revolutionary
actions. 

5358
04:43:34,600 --> 04:43:38,300
This is how your first devoted 
priests your first full-time 

5359
04:43:38,300 --> 04:43:41,600
artists, and your first 
qualified administrators come to

5360
04:43:41,600 --> 04:43:44,700
be It's how you get people who 
don't have to worry about 

5361
04:43:44,700 --> 04:43:47,500
whether there will be enough 
grain for the next Harvest to 

5362
04:43:47,500 --> 04:43:51,200
spend their days thinking about 
astronomy mathematics, or how to

5363
04:43:51,200 --> 04:43:53,500
make better beer. 
You're seeing the emergence of 

5364
04:43:53,500 --> 04:43:56,500
expertise along with 
specialization people, can now 

5365
04:43:56,500 --> 04:43:59,300
become exceptionally skilled at 
one thing for the first time in 

5366
04:43:59,300 --> 04:44:01,800
human history. 
As they are no longer forced to 

5367
04:44:01,800 --> 04:44:04,800
be mediocre at everything. 
In order to survive, you might 

5368
04:44:04,800 --> 04:44:07,200
be surprised to learn that. 
These Mesopotamians are born 

5369
04:44:07,208 --> 04:44:10,100
business people as you continue 
your leisurely, exploration of 

5370
04:44:10,100 --> 04:44:12,600
this ancient world. 
They have established. 

5371
04:44:12,600 --> 04:44:15,800
What may be the first startup 
culture in history, complete 

5372
04:44:15,800 --> 04:44:19,600
with competition creativity and 
the occasional spectacular 

5373
04:44:19,600 --> 04:44:22,300
failure from which everyone 
gains knowledge, for example, 

5374
04:44:22,300 --> 04:44:25,200
metalworking. 
You see people who have 

5375
04:44:25,200 --> 04:44:28,400
discovered that they can create 
bronze and more durable and 

5376
04:44:28,400 --> 04:44:31,900
practical metal than anything 
they've ever used by heating, 

5377
04:44:31,900 --> 04:44:35,300
specific rocks to the ideal 
temperature and combining them 

5378
04:44:35,300 --> 04:44:37,900
with other rocks. 
This is the beginning of the 

5379
04:44:37,900 --> 04:44:41,700
technology industry, not just a 
development in technology, there

5380
04:44:41,700 --> 04:44:43,500
is collaboration among the 
bronze makers. 

5381
04:44:43,500 --> 04:44:46,800
They require traders who can 
transport and copper from 

5382
04:44:46,800 --> 04:44:49,600
hundreds of miles away because 
they are necessary. 

5383
04:44:49,600 --> 04:44:52,900
They require individuals who 
specialize in the production of 

5384
04:44:52,900 --> 04:44:55,900
charcoal because they require 
fuel for their furnaces. 

5385
04:44:56,600 --> 04:44:59,700
They require a market that is 
sophisticated enough to discern 

5386
04:44:59,700 --> 04:45:03,400
between a mediocre bronze tool 
and a truly exceptional one in 

5387
04:45:03,400 --> 04:45:06,100
order to attract clients who 
value quality metal work. 

5388
04:45:06,100 --> 04:45:08,600
Before you know it Supply chains
are in place. 

5389
04:45:08,600 --> 04:45:12,300
You have quality control yes the
best metal workers build 

5390
04:45:12,300 --> 04:45:15,900
reputations and people begin to 
request tools made by particular

5391
04:45:15,900 --> 04:45:18,100
Artisans. 
So you have brand recognition, 

5392
04:45:18,100 --> 04:45:23,000
it's the Antiquated version of 
Yelp, reviews, except of posting

5393
04:45:23,000 --> 04:45:24,900
them online. 
People tell their neighbors, 

5394
04:45:24,900 --> 04:45:27,000
which blacksmith produces 
harvest season tools. 

5395
04:45:27,000 --> 04:45:29,900
That don't break. 
However, the true Innovation 

5396
04:45:29,900 --> 04:45:32,800
taking place here is economic 
rather than technological. 

5397
04:45:33,700 --> 04:45:36,300
The modern concept of Commerce 
is being created by these 

5398
04:45:36,300 --> 04:45:38,700
individuals. 
They are determining how to 

5399
04:45:38,700 --> 04:45:41,500
fairly trade goods and services 
between people who have 

5400
04:45:41,500 --> 04:45:44,200
different needs. 
How to plan for future needs 

5401
04:45:44,200 --> 04:45:46,900
while managing current 
resources, and how to assign 

5402
04:45:46,900 --> 04:45:50,300
value to goods and services. 
Think about the difficulties, 

5403
04:45:50,300 --> 04:45:52,800
you need a new plow because you 
grow barley. 

5404
04:45:52,800 --> 04:45:56,100
The toolmaker needs copper for 
his next project, not barley, 

5405
04:45:56,100 --> 04:45:59,900
but he wants payment. 
In order to trade up, north, the

5406
04:45:59,900 --> 04:46:01,900
copper trading needs wool, not 
barley. 

5407
04:46:01,900 --> 04:46:04,600
The shepherd needs Bali, but he 
has wool. 

5408
04:46:04,600 --> 04:46:07,800
How can this be made to work? 
Their solution is sophisticated 

5409
04:46:07,800 --> 04:46:10,300
in. 
Its intricacy, like water 

5410
04:46:10,300 --> 04:46:11,700
through their irrigation 
channels. 

5411
04:46:11,700 --> 04:46:14,700
They establish a system of 
credit and debt that enables 

5412
04:46:14,700 --> 04:46:16,500
value to move throughout the 
community. 

5413
04:46:17,700 --> 04:46:20,400
In exchange, for your promise, 
to pay him with barley after the

5414
04:46:20,400 --> 04:46:23,200
Harvest, which he can, then 
exchange for supplies for his 

5415
04:46:23,200 --> 04:46:24,700
next project with the copper 
Trader. 

5416
04:46:25,300 --> 04:46:27,700
The toolmaker agrees to make 
your plow right away. 

5417
04:46:27,700 --> 04:46:31,200
It's credit without credit cards
and banking without banks. 

5418
04:46:31,200 --> 04:46:35,400
And it all depends on reputation
and Trust writing is a seemingly

5419
04:46:35,400 --> 04:46:37,600
straightforward, but 
revolutionary requirement for 

5420
04:46:37,600 --> 04:46:40,000
this system, not just any 
writing. 

5421
04:46:40,000 --> 04:46:43,100
But every day, useful, writing 
that can document who is 

5422
04:46:43,100 --> 04:46:46,800
responsible for what when 
payment is due and what happens 

5423
04:46:46,800 --> 04:46:50,100
when someone fails to fulfill 
their end of the agreement, your

5424
04:46:50,100 --> 04:46:52,600
witnessing the creation of 
business records receipts and 

5425
04:46:52,600 --> 04:46:55,800
contracts in addition to being 
works of ancient literature. 

5426
04:46:55,800 --> 04:46:58,800
The cuneiform tablets found 
throughout the cities of the 

5427
04:46:58,800 --> 04:47:01,000
early as business documents ever
created. 

5428
04:47:01,000 --> 04:47:05,500
Purchase orders, tax records, 
loan agreements, employment 

5429
04:47:05,500 --> 04:47:10,000
contracts, an inventory lists 
All of it is here compressed 

5430
04:47:10,000 --> 04:47:12,800
into clay, with marks in the 
shape of wedges that symbolize 

5431
04:47:12,800 --> 04:47:16,100
the beginning of bureaucracy, 
indeed, you're all so witnessing

5432
04:47:16,100 --> 04:47:19,300
the development of accounting. 
All of these promises 

5433
04:47:19,300 --> 04:47:22,100
transactions and credits and 
debts, moving through the 

5434
04:47:22,100 --> 04:47:26,000
community must be monitored by 
someone even though the early 

5435
04:47:26,000 --> 04:47:29,600
accountants worked by Lamplight 
with clay, tablets and Reed 

5436
04:47:29,600 --> 04:47:32,600
styluses rather than in 
contemporary offices with 

5437
04:47:32,600 --> 04:47:35,900
computers, they were addressing 
the same issues that accountants

5438
04:47:35,900 --> 04:47:38,000
do today. 
The inventiveness of these 

5439
04:47:38,000 --> 04:47:41,700
Solutions is astounding They're 
creating economic systems from 

5440
04:47:41,700 --> 04:47:44,300
the ground up and learning by 
trial and error. 

5441
04:47:44,300 --> 04:47:47,900
How to make complex societies 
run smoothly, rather than simply

5442
04:47:47,900 --> 04:47:50,700
replicating, what worked 
elsewhere, you're going to see 

5443
04:47:50,700 --> 04:47:53,200
something that will make you 
appreciate human ambition, even 

5444
04:47:53,200 --> 04:47:55,000
more. 
As you can continue your cozy, 

5445
04:47:55,000 --> 04:47:58,500
exploration of this ancient 
world, These Mesopotamians 

5446
04:47:58,500 --> 04:48:01,200
aren't satisfied. 
With merely resolving pragmatic 

5447
04:48:01,200 --> 04:48:04,000
issues like trade and 
irrigation, they're aiming for 

5448
04:48:04,008 --> 04:48:07,400
something greater something that
appeals to the basic human need 

5449
04:48:07,400 --> 04:48:10,800
to build monuments to their own 
creativity, your witnessing, the

5450
04:48:10,800 --> 04:48:14,200
construction of ziggurats which 
are enormous stepped pyramids 

5451
04:48:14,200 --> 04:48:17,700
that resemble old-fashioned 
skyscrapers and rise out of the 

5452
04:48:17,700 --> 04:48:20,800
level Terrain. 
However, referring to them as 

5453
04:48:20,800 --> 04:48:24,000
building is an understatement. 
These are assertions 

5454
04:48:24,000 --> 04:48:27,300
proclamations and Architectural 
justifications for human 

5455
04:48:27,300 --> 04:48:30,300
potential. 
People say, we can move 

5456
04:48:30,300 --> 04:48:33,300
mountains of Earth and we can do
it one basket at a time. 

5457
04:48:33,308 --> 04:48:36,700
When you watch one being 
constructed, the logistics alone

5458
04:48:36,700 --> 04:48:39,300
are astounding. 
Millions of mud bricks. 

5459
04:48:39,300 --> 04:48:41,800
Must be made dried and 
transported to the construction 

5460
04:48:41,800 --> 04:48:44,500
site for a large ziggurat. 
No trucks. 

5461
04:48:44,500 --> 04:48:47,300
Cranes or mechanized equipment 
are present. 

5462
04:48:47,300 --> 04:48:50,700
Everything is propelled by 
animal strength, human muscle 

5463
04:48:50,700 --> 04:48:54,300
power, the complex network of 
ramps and levers, and unwavering

5464
04:48:54,300 --> 04:48:59,000
willpower the planning however, 
is what really sets it apart to 

5465
04:48:59,000 --> 04:49:01,900
prevent the entire project from 
collapsing into a heap of costly

5466
04:49:01,900 --> 04:49:04,000
debris. 
Someone must determine how many 

5467
04:49:04,000 --> 04:49:07,500
bricks they will need to obtain 
the raw materials, how many 

5468
04:49:07,500 --> 04:49:11,100
workers are needed, how to feed 
all of those workers where they 

5469
04:49:11,100 --> 04:49:14,600
will sleep and how to coordinate
their efforts, your witnessing a

5470
04:49:14,600 --> 04:49:16,200
level of project management that
won't be seen. 

5471
04:49:16,200 --> 04:49:19,300
Again until the building of 
medieval Cathedrals, with 

5472
04:49:19,300 --> 04:49:23,100
hundreds of workers, dozens of 
specialized trades and Supply. 

5473
04:49:23,100 --> 04:49:27,100
Chains spanning the entire Known
World, the ziggurat Builders are

5474
04:49:27,100 --> 04:49:29,700
effectively managing the Biggest
construction company in the 

5475
04:49:29,708 --> 04:49:32,800
ancient world, contrary to what 
Hollywood may have taught you, 

5476
04:49:32,800 --> 04:49:35,000
the workers themselves are not 
slaves. 

5477
04:49:35,000 --> 04:49:38,500
Considerate, the most complex 
community service project in the

5478
04:49:38,500 --> 04:49:40,800
world, they are citizens 
carrying out. 

5479
04:49:40,800 --> 04:49:44,600
Their civic duties seasonal 
workers and skilled artists. 

5480
04:49:44,600 --> 04:49:47,700
People don't donate their time 
to building projects that 

5481
04:49:47,700 --> 04:49:50,700
benefit everyone during the 
agricultural offseason when the 

5482
04:49:50,700 --> 04:49:53,800
fields, don't need to be tended.
This desire to create something 

5483
04:49:53,800 --> 04:49:57,100
greater than anyone person could
on their own, has a very human 

5484
04:49:57,100 --> 04:50:00,000
quality. 
In addition to their utilitarian

5485
04:50:00,000 --> 04:50:03,300
functions as temples. 
Administrative hubs and grain 

5486
04:50:03,300 --> 04:50:07,200
storage facilities, the 
ziggurats are also symbolic Look

5487
04:50:07,200 --> 04:50:08,700
what we can do when we work 
together. 

5488
04:50:08,700 --> 04:50:12,600
Look how high we can reach. 
They say, surprisingly, complex 

5489
04:50:12,600 --> 04:50:15,300
engineering is needed. 
The builders must comprehend. 

5490
04:50:15,300 --> 04:50:18,900
The structural Integrity weight 
distribution, and composition of

5491
04:50:18,900 --> 04:50:22,500
the soil, they create methods 
for building sturdy foundations.

5492
04:50:22,500 --> 04:50:26,300
In muddy, ground avoiding water 
damage and guaranteeing that the

5493
04:50:26,300 --> 04:50:28,200
structure will endure for many 
generations. 

5494
04:50:28,200 --> 04:50:31,200
These are not archaic 
individuals, fumbling through 

5495
04:50:31,200 --> 04:50:34,000
building projects rather they 
are demonstrating. 

5496
04:50:34,000 --> 04:50:37,500
Extraordinary Ingenuity in 
resolving intricate engineering 

5497
04:50:37,500 --> 04:50:39,800
problems. 
Consider the challenge of 

5498
04:50:39,808 --> 04:50:42,900
producing millions of identical 
bricks to guarantee. 

5499
04:50:42,900 --> 04:50:45,900
Uniformity throughout large 
production runs they create 

5500
04:50:45,900 --> 04:50:50,000
standardized molds, quality 
assurance, protocols, and drying

5501
04:50:50,000 --> 04:50:52,500
methods. 
They determine the ideal brick 

5502
04:50:52,500 --> 04:50:54,200
size. 
Is that strike a balance between

5503
04:50:54,200 --> 04:50:56,100
handling ease and structural 
strength? 

5504
04:50:56,900 --> 04:50:59,200
They develop production 
techniques for assembly lines. 

5505
04:50:59,200 --> 04:51:01,500
That will not be used again 
until the Industrial Revolution.

5506
04:51:01,500 --> 04:51:04,800
Even more impressive than the 
engineering is the coordination.

5507
04:51:04,800 --> 04:51:07,700
That is needed. 
Consider overseeing a project in

5508
04:51:07,700 --> 04:51:09,500
which some employees are 
producing bricks. 

5509
04:51:09,500 --> 04:51:11,400
Others are moving them and 
still. 

5510
04:51:11,400 --> 04:51:13,200
Others are arranging them in 
progressively. 

5511
04:51:13,200 --> 04:51:16,500
Intricate designs as the 
building Rises, everyone needs 

5512
04:51:16,500 --> 04:51:20,500
to be motivated, supervised and 
in sync, it's similar to 

5513
04:51:20,508 --> 04:51:23,500
conducting an orchestra except 
that hundreds of construction 

5514
04:51:23,500 --> 04:51:26,800
workers are used in place of 
musicians and architecture that 

5515
04:51:26,800 --> 04:51:29,100
will Outlast Empires is used in 
place of music. 

5516
04:51:29,100 --> 04:51:32,100
You come across something that 
may appear less dramatic than 

5517
04:51:32,100 --> 04:51:35,200
enormous construction projects, 
but is actually far more 

5518
04:51:35,200 --> 04:51:38,000
revolutionary as you can 
continue your peaceful journey 

5519
04:51:38,000 --> 04:51:39,900
through this amazing 
civilization. 

5520
04:51:39,900 --> 04:51:44,400
You're seeing the beginning of 
formal education mathematics and

5521
04:51:44,400 --> 04:51:48,000
what we might call science the 
point at which humans started to

5522
04:51:48,000 --> 04:51:49,800
think methodically about 
thinking itself. 

5523
04:51:49,800 --> 04:51:53,100
Something extraordinary is 
taking place in tiny buildings 

5524
04:51:53,100 --> 04:51:56,400
dotted across the city's young 
adults and children are 

5525
04:51:56,400 --> 04:51:58,200
congregating. 
To learn rather than to labor 

5526
04:51:58,200 --> 04:52:00,700
and workshops or Fields the 
lessons. 

5527
04:52:00,700 --> 04:52:03,200
They are learning at the first 
schools in history will have a 

5528
04:52:03,200 --> 04:52:04,900
lasting impact on human 
civilization. 

5529
04:52:04,900 --> 04:52:07,800
These are not informal teachings
that parents in part to their 

5530
04:52:07,800 --> 04:52:10,200
children. 
This is formal education, 

5531
04:52:10,200 --> 04:52:13,000
complete with learning 
objectives standardized, 

5532
04:52:13,000 --> 04:52:14,700
curricula and qualified 
teachers. 

5533
04:52:15,500 --> 04:52:17,800
In addition to learning 
mathematics, astronomy 

5534
04:52:17,800 --> 04:52:21,000
literature and law. 
Students, also practice writing 

5535
04:52:21,000 --> 04:52:23,100
by copying out traditional 
texts. 

5536
04:52:23,600 --> 04:52:26,100
They are becoming literate in 
the art of knowledge acquisition

5537
04:52:26,100 --> 04:52:28,100
as well as in their native 
tongue. 

5538
04:52:28,100 --> 04:52:31,400
Your high school algebra teacher
would be ecstatic about the 

5539
04:52:31,400 --> 04:52:32,900
mathematics being developed 
here. 

5540
04:52:33,600 --> 04:52:36,100
These individuals are dealing 
with ideas that appear to be 

5541
04:52:36,100 --> 04:52:39,900
nearly contemporary, geometric 
principles, place value, 

5542
04:52:39,900 --> 04:52:42,900
notation and mathematical 
relationships that are still 

5543
04:52:42,908 --> 04:52:46,100
utilized by architects today, 
their finding abstract 

5544
04:52:46,100 --> 04:52:48,900
mathematical truths that exist 
apart from any real world 

5545
04:52:48,900 --> 04:52:51,400
applications, not just counting 
things. 

5546
04:52:51,400 --> 04:52:55,000
What's amazing though is that 
they're using a number system 

5547
04:52:55,000 --> 04:52:59,600
based on 60 rather than 10 
They're thinking in basic 60 

5548
04:52:59,600 --> 04:53:02,000
while you're counting on your 
fingers and working with powers 

5549
04:53:02,000 --> 04:53:04,800
of 10. 
This sounds really strange Until

5550
04:53:04,800 --> 04:53:08,100
you realize that 60 is more 
divisible by numbers than 10 is.

5551
04:53:08,800 --> 04:53:10,300
For many mathematical 
operations. 

5552
04:53:10,300 --> 04:53:12,200
Their system is actually more 
adaptable. 

5553
04:53:12,200 --> 04:53:15,100
It's similar to learning that a 
better wheel was created. 

5554
04:53:15,100 --> 04:53:18,400
But thousands of years later 
were still using the subpar one.

5555
04:53:18,400 --> 04:53:21,400
There is more to this, 
mathematical sophistication than

5556
04:53:21,400 --> 04:53:24,100
meets the eye. 
The same individuals who divided

5557
04:53:24,100 --> 04:53:28,100
circles into 300 degrees. 
Yes, that's where that 

5558
04:53:28,100 --> 04:53:30,600
originates are. 
Also conducting astronomical 

5559
04:53:30,600 --> 04:53:33,100
observations which call for 
exact measurement and 

5560
04:53:33,100 --> 04:53:36,600
documentation They're making 
calendars that line agricultural

5561
04:53:36,600 --> 04:53:40,000
activities with astronomical 
events, tracking the Motions of 

5562
04:53:40,000 --> 04:53:43,800
planets and forecasting. 
Eclipses, it is truly astounding

5563
04:53:43,800 --> 04:53:46,300
how much astronomical knowledge 
is being amassed here. 

5564
04:53:46,308 --> 04:53:49,400
These observers have discovered 
that there are recurring 

5565
04:53:49,400 --> 04:53:52,800
patterns in the movements of the
planets, they can predict, when 

5566
04:53:52,800 --> 04:53:55,700
Venus will show up as An Evening
Star, as opposed to a Morning 

5567
04:53:55,700 --> 04:53:59,000
Star, they have developed 
mathematical models to forecast,

5568
04:53:59,000 --> 04:54:02,100
astronomical events. 
And identified as dialectical 

5569
04:54:02,100 --> 04:54:04,900
constellations. 
Most impressive though is the 

5570
04:54:04,900 --> 04:54:07,900
way, they're tackling these 
issues, their searching for 

5571
04:54:07,900 --> 04:54:11,100
underlying patterns, formulating
hypotheses and testing 

5572
04:54:11,100 --> 04:54:13,000
predictions. 
In addition to merely Gathering 

5573
04:54:13,000 --> 04:54:16,000
observations. 
For another few thousand years, 

5574
04:54:16,000 --> 04:54:18,500
they would not refer to what 
they are doing as science. 

5575
04:54:18,500 --> 04:54:21,800
But they are this methodical 
approach to knowledge is not 

5576
04:54:21,800 --> 04:54:23,400
limited to astronomy and 
Mathematics. 

5577
04:54:24,400 --> 04:54:27,400
Students are learning how to 
evaluate court cases write 

5578
04:54:27,400 --> 04:54:31,100
poetry in accordance with formal
guide, lines and comprehend, his

5579
04:54:31,100 --> 04:54:32,900
historical precedence in the 
classroom. 

5580
04:54:32,900 --> 04:54:35,500
They are discovering that 
knowledge itself can be 

5581
04:54:35,508 --> 04:54:38,600
methodically arranged classified
and passed down from one 

5582
04:54:38,600 --> 04:54:41,600
generation to the next. 
Your witnessing, the creation of

5583
04:54:41,600 --> 04:54:43,500
intellectual Life as we know it 
today. 

5584
04:54:44,600 --> 04:54:47,600
For the first time in history, 
some people are able to devote 

5585
04:54:47,600 --> 04:54:50,500
their lives to comprehending the
fundamentals of the world's 

5586
04:54:50,500 --> 04:54:53,900
functioning rather than just 
finding solutions to pressing 

5587
04:54:53,900 --> 04:54:56,800
practical issues. 
What are numbers really? 

5588
04:54:56,800 --> 04:54:59,000
Why do the planets move the way 
they do? 

5589
04:54:59,000 --> 04:55:02,200
And what makes a good law 
different from a bad one? 

5590
04:55:02,800 --> 04:55:06,100
Or some of the questions they 
can pose, the ramifications are 

5591
04:55:06,100 --> 04:55:08,800
astounding. 
People whose job it is to think 

5592
04:55:08,800 --> 04:55:11,600
about abstract problems, begin 
to draw connections between 

5593
04:55:11,600 --> 04:55:15,100
various fields of knowledge. 
The mathematician understands 

5594
04:55:15,100 --> 04:55:18,800
that architecture is governed by
geometric principles, the 

5595
04:55:18,800 --> 04:55:21,200
astronomer learns that natural 
events can be predicted by 

5596
04:55:21,200 --> 04:55:24,500
mathematical models. 
The legal scholar is aware that 

5597
04:55:24,500 --> 04:55:26,100
using reason to settle 
disagreements. 

5598
04:55:26,100 --> 04:55:29,900
Is a more Equitable approach 
than merely adhering to custom. 

5599
04:55:29,900 --> 04:55:32,900
Let's take a break from our 
travels and become accustomed to

5600
04:55:32,900 --> 04:55:35,100
the mild routine of this amazing
Society. 

5601
04:55:35,100 --> 04:55:37,500
You're about to learn that 
Revolution. 

5602
04:55:37,500 --> 04:55:40,500
Can sometimes be whispered 
through the everyday moments 

5603
04:55:40,500 --> 04:55:43,700
that comprise human existence, 
rather than always being 

5604
04:55:43,700 --> 04:55:47,100
announced with great Fanfare, a 
typical Mesopotamian, family 

5605
04:55:47,100 --> 04:55:50,400
wakes up as the small high 
Windows of their house, letting 

5606
04:55:50,400 --> 04:55:53,900
the first of the day, First 
thing that strikes you is how 

5607
04:55:53,900 --> 04:55:56,700
different their everyday worries
are from yours yet. 

5608
04:55:56,700 --> 04:56:00,300
They feel surprisingly. 
The mother is organizing meals 

5609
04:56:00,300 --> 04:56:02,400
that will stretch resources 
throughout the week and keeping 

5610
04:56:02,400 --> 04:56:04,200
an eye on the household's grain 
supplies. 

5611
04:56:05,100 --> 04:56:08,200
Father is going over his to do 
list in his head, including, 

5612
04:56:08,200 --> 04:56:11,000
which irrigation channels 
require upkeep, which tools 

5613
04:56:11,000 --> 04:56:13,900
require repair and which 
neighbors he needs to work with,

5614
04:56:13,900 --> 04:56:17,000
in preparation for the Harvest, 
their kids are getting ready for

5615
04:56:17,000 --> 04:56:20,200
school and yes, they probably 
whine about it as much as kids 

5616
04:56:20,200 --> 04:56:22,200
do. 
Young and little claims. 

5617
04:56:22,200 --> 04:56:24,300
He already knows enough 
mathematics to assist with the 

5618
04:56:24,300 --> 04:56:27,600
family business and little 
shamate refuses to practice her 

5619
04:56:27,600 --> 04:56:31,500
knee form writing exercises. 
It appears that certain aspects 

5620
04:56:31,500 --> 04:56:33,500
of human nature never go out of 
style. 

5621
04:56:33,500 --> 04:56:36,900
However, these everyday 
occurrences contain innovations 

5622
04:56:36,900 --> 04:56:38,900
that continue to shape Our Lives
to this day. 

5623
04:56:39,600 --> 04:56:42,700
In order to trade, fairly with 
her neighbors, the mother uses 

5624
04:56:42,700 --> 04:56:45,000
standardized weights and 
measures when she measures out 

5625
04:56:45,000 --> 04:56:48,800
grain for breakfast. 
Father uses a filing system that

5626
04:56:48,800 --> 04:56:51,600
arranges data in ways that any 
contemporary office worker would

5627
04:56:51,608 --> 04:56:53,300
recognize when he looks through 
his business. 

5628
04:56:53,300 --> 04:56:56,200
Records, from the previous day, 
the breakfast itself 

5629
04:56:56,200 --> 04:57:00,800
demonstrates, the sophistication
of Technology, yeast cultures a 

5630
04:57:00,800 --> 04:57:03,000
biological technology, that 
turns simple grain into 

5631
04:57:03,000 --> 04:57:05,300
sustenance that can support 
complex. 

5632
04:57:05,300 --> 04:57:08,300
Societies have been preserved 
and passed down through the 

5633
04:57:08,300 --> 04:57:10,700
generations to make the bread 
the beer. 

5634
04:57:10,700 --> 04:57:13,800
Yes, they have for breakfast, 
which makes sense, given the 

5635
04:57:13,800 --> 04:57:15,300
dubious quality of ancient 
water. 

5636
04:57:15,300 --> 04:57:19,100
Supply's represents Furman 
processes that call for exact 

5637
04:57:19,100 --> 04:57:21,500
timing and temperature control 
your watching. 

5638
04:57:21,500 --> 04:57:24,300
The infrastructure of 
civilization in action as the 

5639
04:57:24,300 --> 04:57:27,900
family go about their morning. 
Routines, thousands of people 

5640
04:57:27,900 --> 04:57:30,600
are served by the distribution 
system that provides them with 

5641
04:57:30,600 --> 04:57:34,200
the water they use. 
Sewage disposal stops disease 

5642
04:57:34,200 --> 04:57:36,200
outbreaks. 
That would otherwise render big 

5643
04:57:36,200 --> 04:57:39,900
cities, uninhabitable. 
Agricultural systems that can 

5644
04:57:39,900 --> 04:57:42,700
sustain populations much larger 
than the actual workers in the 

5645
04:57:42,700 --> 04:57:44,700
fields are the source of the 
food. 

5646
04:57:44,700 --> 04:57:47,900
Your witnessing the beginning of
expert craftsmanship, when the 

5647
04:57:47,900 --> 04:57:51,000
father leaves for his Workshop, 
he's not just producing. 

5648
04:57:51,000 --> 04:57:54,900
He's also upholding standards 
creating methods and 

5649
04:57:54,900 --> 04:57:56,900
establishing a reputation for 
excellence. 

5650
04:57:56,900 --> 04:58:00,300
That goes well beyond his local 
area, his Goods will be traded 

5651
04:58:00,300 --> 04:58:03,200
over great distances, spreading 
the fame of his City to 

5652
04:58:03,200 --> 04:58:05,000
locations. 
He will never be able to visit 

5653
04:58:05,000 --> 04:58:07,200
Mother's Day is equally 
noteworthy. 

5654
04:58:07,200 --> 04:58:10,400
She's in charge of a household 
that serves as both a place of 

5655
04:58:10,400 --> 04:58:13,800
residence and a business. 
She's handling family, finances,

5656
04:58:13,800 --> 04:58:17,200
preserving social ties that are 
the foundation of community, 

5657
04:58:17,200 --> 04:58:19,700
life and processing food for 
preservation. 

5658
04:58:20,500 --> 04:58:23,200
She is teaching kids, not only 
useful skills, but also social 

5659
04:58:23,200 --> 04:58:26,400
norms cultural values and the 
information, they will need to 

5660
04:58:26,400 --> 04:58:28,400
navigate a complex society as 
adults. 

5661
04:58:28,400 --> 04:58:31,200
You'll seeing something, that 
would be entirely familiar to 

5662
04:58:31,200 --> 04:58:34,100
any Modern Family, when the 
evening rolls around and they 

5663
04:58:34,100 --> 04:58:37,500
all sit down to their main meal.
But it's also utterly 

5664
04:58:37,500 --> 04:58:40,700
revolutionary for its time. 
They are sharing food that has 

5665
04:58:40,700 --> 04:58:44,600
been prepared preserved and 
processed in ways that enable 

5666
04:58:44,600 --> 04:58:47,400
them to eat healthily even in 
the absence of fresh 

5667
04:58:47,400 --> 04:58:50,400
ingredients. 
They're talking about the day's 

5668
04:58:50,400 --> 04:58:53,100
activities in a way that helps 
kids comprehend, how they fit 

5669
04:58:53,100 --> 04:58:56,100
into the larger Community. 
Most astonishingly though 

5670
04:58:56,100 --> 04:58:59,500
they're at ease, they are not 
fighting for basic survival even

5671
04:58:59,500 --> 04:59:01,600
though they live in what we 
might consider primitive 

5672
04:59:01,600 --> 04:59:04,500
conditions. 
People can now enjoy their lives

5673
04:59:04,500 --> 04:59:07,900
plan for the future and pursue 
interests beyond their immediate

5674
04:59:07,900 --> 04:59:09,500
needs. 
Thanks to advancements in 

5675
04:59:09,500 --> 04:59:12,900
agriculture, Commerce, and 
social organization, there may 

5676
04:59:12,900 --> 04:59:16,000
be games storytelling or music 
after supper. 

5677
04:59:16,800 --> 04:59:19,600
Another revolutionary idea is 
that people have Leisure Time. 

5678
04:59:20,400 --> 04:59:23,300
Human culture can thrive in 
previously, Unthinkable ways. 

5679
04:59:23,300 --> 04:59:26,200
When survival is safe enough for
people to devote their time to 

5680
04:59:26,200 --> 04:59:29,000
Pursuits that have no immediate 
practical value. 

5681
04:59:29,000 --> 04:59:32,000
In addition, to sleeping off the
days labor, the family is 

5682
04:59:32,000 --> 04:59:34,900
refueling for tomorrow's 
involvement, in Humanity's first

5683
04:59:34,900 --> 04:59:38,600
complex Urban living experiment.
They will awaken tomorrow. 

5684
04:59:38,600 --> 04:59:41,600
And once more play a part in 
preserving the systems that 

5685
04:59:41,600 --> 04:59:45,600
enable thousands of people to 
coexist in harmony prosperity 

5686
04:59:45,600 --> 04:59:48,900
and productivity, one of the 
most remarkable accomplishments 

5687
04:59:48,900 --> 04:59:52,500
of Mesopotamian civilization is 
revealed, as you delve deeper 

5688
04:59:52,500 --> 04:59:56,100
into this ancient world, they 
managed to manage sizeable 

5689
04:59:56,100 --> 04:59:58,100
diverse populations without 
everything. 

5690
04:59:58,100 --> 04:59:59,800
Collapsing in Anarchy and 
conflict. 

5691
05:00:00,800 --> 05:00:03,600
And they accomplished this by 
combining religious Authority, 

5692
05:00:03,600 --> 05:00:06,300
common sense and what can only 
be called the first 

5693
05:00:06,300 --> 05:00:08,300
all-encompassing legal system in
history. 

5694
05:00:08,300 --> 05:00:11,700
Imagine the difficulties. 
These people encountered, there 

5695
05:00:11,700 --> 05:00:14,900
are thousands of people each 
with their own goals, passions, 

5696
05:00:14,900 --> 05:00:16,900
and unavoidable conflicts with 
their neighbors. 

5697
05:00:17,600 --> 05:00:20,300
You have competing religious, 
Traditions diverse ethnic 

5698
05:00:20,300 --> 05:00:24,600
groups, economic classes and the
inherent human propensity for 

5699
05:00:24,600 --> 05:00:26,300
shortsightedness and 
selfishness. 

5700
05:00:27,300 --> 05:00:30,000
How do you design a system that 
accomplishes goals while 

5701
05:00:30,000 --> 05:00:31,900
maintaining a reasonable level 
of satisfaction? 

5702
05:00:31,900 --> 05:00:35,100
For all the complexity of the 
Mesopotamian solution, is 

5703
05:00:35,100 --> 05:00:38,900
elegant at the, top is a king 
who represents both religion and

5704
05:00:38,900 --> 05:00:41,500
politics. 
His authority has a weight that 

5705
05:00:41,500 --> 05:00:45,200
purely political power could not
match because he is not only 

5706
05:00:45,200 --> 05:00:49,000
making executive decisions, but 
his channeling, the will of the 

5707
05:00:49,000 --> 05:00:51,500
Gods. 
The king is expressing Divine 

5708
05:00:51,500 --> 05:00:53,900
will when he issues a lawn, not 
just his own preferences. 

5709
05:00:53,900 --> 05:00:57,000
However, this is not a tyrants 
capricious rule. 

5710
05:00:57,000 --> 05:01:01,400
The king's Authority is limited 
by custom religious law and the 

5711
05:01:01,400 --> 05:01:04,000
pragmatic requirement to retain 
the backing of the different 

5712
05:01:04,000 --> 05:01:08,600
factions that sustained Society.
Priests Merchants Artisans and 

5713
05:01:08,600 --> 05:01:11,900
farmers, who, truly govern, the 
society will find a way to 

5714
05:01:11,900 --> 05:01:14,500
replace a king who continuously 
makes poor choices. 

5715
05:01:14,500 --> 05:01:16,500
So he won't hold the position 
for long. 

5716
05:01:16,500 --> 05:01:19,200
You have an advanced 
administrative structure beneath

5717
05:01:19,200 --> 05:01:22,800
the king that would Astound any 
contemporary bureaucrat tax 

5718
05:01:22,800 --> 05:01:26,200
collection, irrigation 
management, trade regulation, 

5719
05:01:26,200 --> 05:01:29,900
military organization, and legal
disputes are all handled by 

5720
05:01:29,900 --> 05:01:32,700
officials. 
Every administrative level has 

5721
05:01:32,700 --> 05:01:35,100
cleared duties and 
accountability to both Superior 

5722
05:01:35,100 --> 05:01:38,300
and subordinate authorities. 
Perhaps their most remarkable 

5723
05:01:38,300 --> 05:01:40,500
governmental Innovation is the 
legal system. 

5724
05:01:40,500 --> 05:01:44,200
They create these individuals 
draft thorough, legal codes that

5725
05:01:44,200 --> 05:01:48,300
aim to cover every potential 
conflict or offense, nearly 300 

5726
05:01:48,300 --> 05:01:50,600
laws. 
Ranging from business disputes 

5727
05:01:50,600 --> 05:01:53,800
to marriage contracts to 
property rights are included in 

5728
05:01:53,800 --> 05:01:55,500
the publicly visible Code of 
Hammurabi. 

5729
05:01:55,500 --> 05:01:58,900
However, the sophistication of 
these laws is even more 

5730
05:01:58,900 --> 05:02:00,700
impressive than their 
comprehensive nurse. 

5731
05:02:00,700 --> 05:02:04,000
They distinguish between various
property types and social 

5732
05:02:04,000 --> 05:02:06,300
classes. 
They make a distinction between 

5733
05:02:06,300 --> 05:02:10,000
acts and deliberate crimes. 
Instead of just exacting 

5734
05:02:10,000 --> 05:02:12,900
retribution, they offer 
proportionate penalties meant to

5735
05:02:12,900 --> 05:02:14,200
bring the world back into 
balance. 

5736
05:02:15,200 --> 05:02:17,700
To a degree that would be 
Progressive in many societies. 

5737
05:02:17,700 --> 05:02:20,600
Thousands of years later, they 
defend the rights of women 

5738
05:02:20,600 --> 05:02:24,900
children and even slaves. 
Unprecedentedly a professional 

5739
05:02:24,900 --> 05:02:28,300
judicial system is needed to 
enforce these laws records. 

5740
05:02:28,300 --> 05:02:31,300
That keep track of court rulings
judges who are knowledgeable 

5741
05:02:31,300 --> 05:02:34,100
about the law and corporate 
procedures that guarantee Fair 

5742
05:02:34,100 --> 05:02:36,700
hearing. 
Your witnessing, the emergence 

5743
05:02:36,700 --> 05:02:40,000
of jurisprudence the belief that
disagreements can be settled by 

5744
05:02:40,000 --> 05:02:43,500
Logic and facts rather than 
solely by the person with the 

5745
05:02:43,500 --> 05:02:45,700
most military might or political
clout. 

5746
05:02:45,700 --> 05:02:48,600
Most significantly, though, this
legal system is open to the 

5747
05:02:48,600 --> 05:02:51,300
public, the laws are visible to 
everyone because they are 

5748
05:02:51,308 --> 05:02:54,200
engraved in stone. 
This indicates that people are 

5749
05:02:54,200 --> 05:02:57,100
aware of their rights 
expectations, and the 

5750
05:02:57,100 --> 05:03:00,200
repercussions of different 
behaviors law, ceases to be 

5751
05:03:00,208 --> 05:03:01,800
arbitrary and becomes 
predictable. 

5752
05:03:01,800 --> 05:03:04,600
For the first time in human 
history, this government is 

5753
05:03:04,600 --> 05:03:06,700
backed by an equally Advanced 
Tax system. 

5754
05:03:06,700 --> 05:03:10,800
There are separate collection 
processes and even Provisions 

5755
05:03:10,800 --> 05:03:12,400
for tax relief during hard 
times. 

5756
05:03:12,400 --> 05:03:16,800
As a just taking whatever the 
king wants, People are aware of 

5757
05:03:16,800 --> 05:03:19,700
their obligations when they are 
due and what they get in return 

5758
05:03:19,700 --> 05:03:22,900
including Public Works, projects
military protection, 

5759
05:03:22,900 --> 05:03:25,700
infrastructure, upkeep and 
judicial Services. 

5760
05:03:25,700 --> 05:03:28,900
The result is something that can
be identified as the rule of 

5761
05:03:28,900 --> 05:03:31,100
law. 
A system that treats people 

5762
05:03:31,100 --> 05:03:34,100
fairly in accordance with 
established standards offers 

5763
05:03:34,100 --> 05:03:37,700
procedures for settling 
conflicts amicably and fosters 

5764
05:03:37,700 --> 05:03:41,100
incentives for collaboration 
rather than conflict is probably

5765
05:03:41,100 --> 05:03:44,100
more desirable than perfect 
Justice, which is probably 

5766
05:03:44,100 --> 05:03:47,800
unachievable stability, is the 
outcome due to their reasonable 

5767
05:03:47,800 --> 05:03:50,700
confidence in the stability of 
the legal and social framework. 

5768
05:03:50,700 --> 05:03:53,100
People are able to make 
long-term plans. 

5769
05:03:54,000 --> 05:03:56,400
Because they believe they will 
be able to reap the rewards when

5770
05:03:56,400 --> 05:03:59,500
those projects mature, they are 
willing to put time and effort 

5771
05:03:59,500 --> 05:04:01,600
into Endeavors that won't yield 
results, right away. 

5772
05:04:01,600 --> 05:04:05,600
The intricate irrigation systems
intricate trade networks, 

5773
05:04:05,600 --> 05:04:09,100
educational institutions and 
Architectural projects. 

5774
05:04:09,100 --> 05:04:12,100
That take generations to 
complete are all made possible 

5775
05:04:12,100 --> 05:04:15,400
by this stability, which in 
turns the groundwork for 

5776
05:04:15,400 --> 05:04:17,200
everything else we've been 
investigating. 

5777
05:04:18,100 --> 05:04:21,000
Without governmental structures 
that can uphold continuity and 

5778
05:04:21,000 --> 05:04:23,500
Order over decades or even 
centuries. 

5779
05:04:23,500 --> 05:04:26,500
None of these would be feasible.
As you continue, your 

5780
05:04:26,500 --> 05:04:28,100
exploration of ancient 
Mesopotamia. 

5781
05:04:28,100 --> 05:04:31,800
You may be surprised to learn 
that these pragmatic engineering

5782
05:04:31,800 --> 05:04:35,500
minded, individuals are 
profoundly spiritual but not in 

5783
05:04:35,500 --> 05:04:37,800
a way that separates the sacred 
from the secular. 

5784
05:04:37,800 --> 05:04:40,300
They don't practice their 
religion during special 

5785
05:04:40,300 --> 05:04:44,000
ceremonies or on the weekends. 
It permeates every part of their

5786
05:04:44,000 --> 05:04:47,400
lives from how they plan their 
cities, to how they go about 

5787
05:04:47,400 --> 05:04:51,400
their jobs. 
However, this is a sanctifies 

5788
05:04:51,400 --> 05:04:55,900
practical activity and finds the
Divine in human achievement, not

5789
05:04:55,900 --> 05:04:58,700
the kind of spirituality that 
demands people, reject the 

5790
05:04:58,700 --> 05:05:02,400
material, world Mesopotamian 
gods are strikingly human-like 

5791
05:05:02,400 --> 05:05:05,800
but in the most positive sense, 
they are individuals with 

5792
05:05:05,800 --> 05:05:09,500
preferences knowledge and 
continuous engagement in worldly

5793
05:05:09,500 --> 05:05:12,800
matters rather than impersonal 
abstract ideals. 

5794
05:05:13,700 --> 05:05:16,700
Enlil is in charge of the wind 
and storms, which bring 

5795
05:05:16,700 --> 05:05:18,400
fertility as well as 
destruction. 

5796
05:05:19,700 --> 05:05:22,500
For those who civilization 
relies on both intelligence and 

5797
05:05:22,500 --> 05:05:26,000
irrigation enki's rule over 
freshwater and wisdom makes 

5798
05:05:26,000 --> 05:05:29,100
perfect sense. 
Since passion and conflict are 

5799
05:05:29,100 --> 05:05:32,500
essential components of The 
Human Experience, inanna stands 

5800
05:05:32,500 --> 05:05:35,300
for both Love and War. 
The most fascinating thing. 

5801
05:05:35,300 --> 05:05:38,400
About these Gods though is how 
they serve as examples of the 

5802
05:05:38,400 --> 05:05:40,900
kind of collaboration that 
enables civilized life. 

5803
05:05:41,900 --> 05:05:44,900
The myths, describe God's 
cooperating, on Cosmic building 

5804
05:05:44,900 --> 05:05:48,600
projects, exchanging resources 
and expertise, and reaching 

5805
05:05:48,600 --> 05:05:52,200
mutually beneficial agreements. 
People who take part in 

5806
05:05:52,200 --> 05:05:55,000
religious rituals are not only 
worshiping, they're all so 

5807
05:05:55,000 --> 05:05:57,900
honing, the social skills 
necessary to maintain the smooth

5808
05:05:57,900 --> 05:05:59,500
operation of their own 
communities. 

5809
05:05:59,500 --> 05:06:02,900
Each city is dominated by 
temples that are much more than 

5810
05:06:02,900 --> 05:06:05,500
just places of worship. 
There are a combination of 

5811
05:06:05,500 --> 05:06:09,200
social service agencies 
educational institutions and 

5812
05:06:09,200 --> 05:06:12,000
economic hubs. 
In addition, to carrying out 

5813
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:15,800
rituals the priest who work in 
these temples also oversee 

5814
05:06:15,800 --> 05:06:18,900
agricultural, Estates run, 
educational institutions, 

5815
05:06:18,900 --> 05:06:22,500
careful libraries, and offer 
welfare assistance to members of

5816
05:06:22,500 --> 05:06:25,900
the community who are struggling
a society where religious life 

5817
05:06:25,900 --> 05:06:28,700
supports rather than contradicts
the value's required. 

5818
05:06:28,700 --> 05:06:31,700
For successful, Urban living is 
the result of this remarkable 

5819
05:06:31,700 --> 05:06:34,100
Fusion of spiritual and 
practical functions. 

5820
05:06:35,100 --> 05:06:37,600
A good worshiper. 
Possesses the same qualities as 

5821
05:06:37,600 --> 05:06:40,500
a good neighbor. 
Such as honesty, dependability 

5822
05:06:40,500 --> 05:06:43,400
and a willingness to help out 
with Community projects. 

5823
05:06:44,200 --> 05:06:46,700
There is no conflict between 
serving the community and the 

5824
05:06:46,700 --> 05:06:50,600
gods, or between being Pious and
succeeding in business, the 

5825
05:06:50,600 --> 05:06:53,600
religious calendar organizes 
daily life in ways that promote 

5826
05:06:53,600 --> 05:06:57,800
economic activity, rather than 
interfere with it. religious 

5827
05:06:57,800 --> 05:07:01,100
celebrations, take place during 
agricultural Seasons, offering 

5828
05:07:01,100 --> 05:07:04,300
opportunities for communal, 
Gatherings, when people have the

5829
05:07:04,300 --> 05:07:07,800
means and Leisure to take part, 
In addition to providing funds 

5830
05:07:07,800 --> 05:07:10,500
for Public Works projects. 
The religious mandate to 

5831
05:07:10,500 --> 05:07:13,000
support. 
Temple operations, establishes a

5832
05:07:13,000 --> 05:07:15,400
social safety. 
Net that supports people during 

5833
05:07:15,400 --> 05:07:18,800
trying times, most 
significantly, this religious 

5834
05:07:18,800 --> 05:07:22,100
system offers purpose and 
meaning that transcends Personal

5835
05:07:22,100 --> 05:07:25,700
Achievement or failure, 
Contributors to the construction

5836
05:07:25,700 --> 05:07:28,500
of a ziggurat are not merely 
taking part in a building 

5837
05:07:28,500 --> 05:07:30,700
project. 
There are so helping to 

5838
05:07:30,700 --> 05:07:33,800
construct a monument that will 
benefit their Community for many

5839
05:07:33,800 --> 05:07:36,400
generations and a place of 
worship for the Gods. 

5840
05:07:37,100 --> 05:07:39,600
Maintaining the irrigation 
channels is more than just 

5841
05:07:39,600 --> 05:07:42,400
routine maintenance. 
It's a way to contribute to the 

5842
05:07:42,400 --> 05:07:46,300
divine order that sustains life 
ordinary labor becomes sacred. 

5843
05:07:46,300 --> 05:07:48,900
When it has this sense of 
purpose, the merchant 

5844
05:07:48,900 --> 05:07:52,000
facilitating trade between 
distant cities, the farmer 

5845
05:07:52,000 --> 05:07:55,000
producing food, that feeds the 
community, and the Craftsman. 

5846
05:07:55,000 --> 05:07:58,100
Crafting, beautiful objects are 
all part of the divine plan, 

5847
05:07:58,100 --> 05:08:01,300
that creates civilization out of
wilderness, abundance out of 

5848
05:08:01,300 --> 05:08:05,600
scarcity and order out of chaos.
However, this spirituality is 

5849
05:08:05,600 --> 05:08:08,700
also incredibly useful. 
Though, the methods of 

5850
05:08:08,700 --> 05:08:12,600
consultation reading Omens 
interpreting dreams and 

5851
05:08:12,600 --> 05:08:15,800
examining the patterns of oil on
water require careful 

5852
05:08:15,800 --> 05:08:17,400
observation and logical 
analysis. 

5853
05:08:17,400 --> 05:08:20,400
The gods are consulted on 
everything from military 

5854
05:08:20,400 --> 05:08:23,500
campaigns to business, Endeavors
to marriage decision. 

5855
05:08:24,800 --> 05:08:27,100
To kill intelligence and 
religious wisdom complement 

5856
05:08:27,100 --> 05:08:30,500
rather than contradict one. 
Another, the end result is a 

5857
05:08:30,500 --> 05:08:32,700
society in which individuals 
accept personal responsibility 

5858
05:08:32,700 --> 05:08:36,200
for their contributions to the 
welfare of the community while 

5859
05:08:36,200 --> 05:08:38,800
feeling supported by forces 
greater than themselves. 

5860
05:08:40,000 --> 05:08:42,900
Despite staying rooted in the 
pragmatic demands of everyday 

5861
05:08:42,900 --> 05:08:44,300
life. 
They feel that their work has 

5862
05:08:44,300 --> 05:08:47,800
Cosmic significance. 
Spirituality is not an escape 

5863
05:08:47,800 --> 05:08:51,100
from Human achievement, but 
rather an enhancement of it, you

5864
05:08:51,100 --> 05:08:54,100
start to understand how all of 
these inventions work together 

5865
05:08:54,100 --> 05:08:57,500
to form something far greater 
than the sum of their individual

5866
05:08:57,500 --> 05:08:59,300
Parts. 
As you carry on your cozy, 

5867
05:08:59,300 --> 05:09:01,400
exploration of this amazing 
civilization. 

5868
05:09:02,300 --> 05:09:06,000
You'll seeing the emergence of 
networking effects which are the

5869
05:09:06,000 --> 05:09:08,900
processes by, which various 
developments reinforce one 

5870
05:09:08,900 --> 05:09:11,700
another to cause a sharp 
acceleration of human progress. 

5871
05:09:11,700 --> 05:09:15,400
Think about how Mesopotamian 
Society Has Changed by writing 

5872
05:09:15,400 --> 05:09:18,400
in every other way. 
Because Engineers can document 

5873
05:09:18,400 --> 05:09:20,700
effective techniques and learn 
from past mistakes. 

5874
05:09:20,700 --> 05:09:24,400
The irrigation system becomes 
much more sophisticated, once 

5875
05:09:24,400 --> 05:09:28,000
information can be permanently 
recorded because precedence can 

5876
05:09:28,000 --> 05:09:31,200
be documented and consulted 
legal systems become more 

5877
05:09:31,200 --> 05:09:34,700
Equitable and consistent. 
Because contracts can specify 

5878
05:09:34,700 --> 05:09:37,500
precise terms and conditions 
trade becomes more. 

5879
05:09:37,500 --> 05:09:40,500
Complicated because knowledge 
can be systematically 

5880
05:09:40,500 --> 05:09:43,500
transmitted and preserved 
education becomes more 

5881
05:09:43,500 --> 05:09:46,600
effective. 
However, writing all opens up 

5882
05:09:46,600 --> 05:09:50,100
new possibilities that no one 
had foreseen, you can learn 

5883
05:09:50,100 --> 05:09:52,000
mathematics. 
Once you can record numbers, 

5884
05:09:52,000 --> 05:09:55,500
astronomical science can be 
produced when observations can 

5885
05:09:55,500 --> 05:09:58,500
be preserved, chemistry and 
medicine can be developed. 

5886
05:09:58,500 --> 05:10:02,200
Once experiments are documented,
Every advancement creates 

5887
05:10:02,200 --> 05:10:04,900
opportunities for even more 
advancements in, unpredictable 

5888
05:10:04,900 --> 05:10:07,500
ways. 
In the realm of Economics, the 

5889
05:10:07,500 --> 05:10:11,200
networking effect is the same. 
Once food production is stable, 

5890
05:10:11,200 --> 05:10:14,900
some people can focus on crafts,
You can create better tools and 

5891
05:10:14,900 --> 05:10:16,800
methods. 
Once you have talented artisans,

5892
05:10:17,400 --> 05:10:20,000
With improved tools, 
agricultural productivity can be

5893
05:10:20,008 --> 05:10:23,300
increased freeing up, even more 
workers for specialized labor. 

5894
05:10:24,000 --> 05:10:27,000
Every Improvement increases the 
likelihood and ease of the 

5895
05:10:27,000 --> 05:10:30,000
subsequent Improvement the 
social Innovations, have an 

5896
05:10:30,000 --> 05:10:33,100
equally strong Network. 
You can start projects that need

5897
05:10:33,100 --> 05:10:34,800
long-term planning and 
coordination. 

5898
05:10:34,800 --> 05:10:38,400
Once you have an efficient 
governance system, people gain 

5899
05:10:38,400 --> 05:10:41,900
confidence in group action, 
after large-scale, projects are 

5900
05:10:41,900 --> 05:10:44,900
completed successfully, people 
are willing to invest in even 

5901
05:10:44,900 --> 05:10:47,300
more ambitious projects. 
Once they have faith in group 

5902
05:10:47,300 --> 05:10:51,200
efforts in ways that 
exponentially speed up progress,

5903
05:10:51,200 --> 05:10:55,500
success, breed success, the 
messiah's are experiencing the 

5904
05:10:55,500 --> 05:10:57,800
fascinating discovery that human
communities. 

5905
05:10:57,800 --> 05:11:00,900
Can generate value that far 
surpasses what individuals could

5906
05:11:00,900 --> 05:11:03,600
produce working alone. 
Your witnessing, what? 

5907
05:11:03,600 --> 05:11:06,500
Contemporary economists, refer 
to as increasing returns to 

5908
05:11:06,500 --> 05:11:09,100
scale. 
Every new member of society 

5909
05:11:09,100 --> 05:11:11,800
increases the productivity 
security, and ability of 

5910
05:11:11,800 --> 05:11:15,000
everyone else to accomplish 
their objectives, the networking

5911
05:11:15,000 --> 05:11:16,600
of technology is equally 
impressive. 

5912
05:11:16,600 --> 05:11:20,300
Mining transportation and trade 
networks, are all necessary for 

5913
05:11:20,300 --> 05:11:23,700
the production of bronze. 
In addition, to metallurgy The 

5914
05:11:23,700 --> 05:11:26,000
effectiveness of the entire 
system increases with each 

5915
05:11:26,000 --> 05:11:29,400
advancement in any of these 
areas mining is more productive 

5916
05:11:29,400 --> 05:11:31,900
with better tools. 
Raw materials are less 

5917
05:11:31,908 --> 05:11:33,700
expensive. 
When transportation is more 

5918
05:11:33,700 --> 05:11:37,100
efficient access to better 
quality inputs, is made possible

5919
05:11:37,100 --> 05:11:41,100
by expanded trade networks. 
However, the cultural networking

5920
05:11:41,100 --> 05:11:44,100
effect may be the most 
significant, People start to 

5921
05:11:44,100 --> 05:11:46,700
have bigger dreams after 
realizing that prosperity and 

5922
05:11:46,700 --> 05:11:49,400
security can be achieved through
human effort. 

5923
05:11:50,100 --> 05:11:53,400
They are more inclined to trust 
strangers and engage in larger 

5924
05:11:53,400 --> 05:11:54,900
communities. 
Once they realize that 

5925
05:11:54,900 --> 05:11:57,500
collaboration can produce 
outcomes that are impossible for

5926
05:11:57,500 --> 05:12:00,900
individuals to accomplish alone.
They are more inclined to rely 

5927
05:12:00,900 --> 05:12:03,000
on others for products and 
services that they could 

5928
05:12:03,000 --> 05:12:05,400
potentially produce themselves. 
Once they have seen the 

5929
05:12:05,400 --> 05:12:09,100
advantages of specialization, 
this is a revolutionary change 

5930
05:12:09,100 --> 05:12:11,600
in culture. 
People are choosing to become 

5931
05:12:11,600 --> 05:12:14,300
interdependent in stead of 
self-sufficient for the first 

5932
05:12:14,300 --> 05:12:17,300
time in human history. 
They're coming to the conclusion

5933
05:12:17,300 --> 05:12:20,100
that working together is more 
advantageous than relying on 

5934
05:12:20,108 --> 05:12:22,600
other people. 
They're risking everything that 

5935
05:12:22,600 --> 05:12:25,200
humans societies can be more 
than short-term convenience. 

5936
05:12:25,200 --> 05:12:27,800
Alliance's. 
You're seeing networking effects

5937
05:12:27,800 --> 05:12:30,200
that extend beyond the borders 
of specific cities or 

5938
05:12:30,200 --> 05:12:33,800
geographical areas. 
Mesopotamia Innovations, 

5939
05:12:33,800 --> 05:12:36,900
influence events throughout the 
ancient world by way of trade 

5940
05:12:36,900 --> 05:12:40,100
routes, diplomatic contacts and 
migration patterns. 

5941
05:12:40,900 --> 05:12:43,900
Greek philosophy is shaped by 
the mathematical ideas created 

5942
05:12:43,900 --> 05:12:46,700
in Babylon. 
Roman law is influenced by the 

5943
05:12:46,700 --> 05:12:48,500
legal precepts developed in 
Ouray. 

5944
05:12:49,000 --> 05:12:51,900
From Egypt to India, population 
growth is made possible by 

5945
05:12:51,900 --> 05:12:55,300
Mesopotamian agricultural, 
Innovations, your witnessing. 

5946
05:12:55,300 --> 05:12:57,800
The emergence of what 
contemporary academics refer to 

5947
05:12:57,800 --> 05:13:01,800
as World Systems networks of 
influence and interaction that 

5948
05:13:01,800 --> 05:13:05,200
link, far-flung societies and 
enable Innovations to 

5949
05:13:05,200 --> 05:13:07,800
proliferate well beyond their 
original locations. 

5950
05:13:09,300 --> 05:13:11,900
For the first time, human 
advancement turns into a 

5951
05:13:11,900 --> 05:13:14,900
Cooperative Endeavor in which 
several civilizations, cooperate

5952
05:13:14,900 --> 05:13:19,100
often, unknowingly to address 
shared problems, you are left 

5953
05:13:19,100 --> 05:13:21,400
with a deep respect for the 
accomplishments of these 

5954
05:13:21,400 --> 05:13:24,500
extraordinary people, as our 
leisurely tour of Ancient 

5955
05:13:24,500 --> 05:13:27,300
Mesopotamia. 
Comes to an end You return to 

5956
05:13:27,300 --> 05:13:30,500
the Comforts of the present with
a fresh perspective on how much 

5957
05:13:30,500 --> 05:13:33,900
we owe these pioneers of the 
past, the Golden Age of 

5958
05:13:33,900 --> 05:13:37,000
witnessed was golden. 
Not because it was Flawless, but

5959
05:13:37,000 --> 05:13:39,700
because it was the first time 
that Humanity had successfully 

5960
05:13:39,700 --> 05:13:43,700
attempted to build sophisticated
societies that boosted rather 

5961
05:13:43,700 --> 05:13:48,700
than depleted human potential. 
With creativity teamwork and an 

5962
05:13:48,700 --> 05:13:50,200
incredible belief in human 
potential. 

5963
05:13:50,200 --> 05:13:52,700
These individuals overcame 
obstacles that. 

5964
05:13:52,700 --> 05:13:56,000
No other generation had ever 
faced their Solutions. 

5965
05:13:56,000 --> 05:13:58,100
Weren't coincidental or short 
term fixes. 

5966
05:13:58,100 --> 05:14:01,600
Thousands of years later, we are
still using modified versions of

5967
05:14:01,608 --> 05:14:04,600
the institutions systems and 
ways of thinking, they 

5968
05:14:04,600 --> 05:14:06,300
established because they were so
successful. 

5969
05:14:06,300 --> 05:14:09,400
You are building on the 
foundations established by these

5970
05:14:09,400 --> 05:14:13,600
ancient Pioneers each time you 
use mathematics reader written 

5971
05:14:13,600 --> 05:14:17,200
contract engage in Democratic 
governance or profit from 

5972
05:14:17,200 --> 05:14:20,300
specialization and trade, 
perhaps most significantly. 

5973
05:14:20,300 --> 05:14:23,100
However, they Illustrated a 
feature of human nature that 

5974
05:14:23,100 --> 05:14:26,700
still holds true today When 
people are confident enough to 

5975
05:14:26,700 --> 05:14:29,200
look beyond their immediate 
survival, when they have 

5976
05:14:29,200 --> 05:14:31,700
incentives to work together, 
rather than engage in 

5977
05:14:31,708 --> 05:14:34,300
destructive competition. 
And when they have faith, that 

5978
05:14:34,308 --> 05:14:36,700
their efforts will be fairly 
rewarded, they collaborate to 

5979
05:14:36,700 --> 05:14:40,400
create amazing things, the 
Golden Age of Mesopotamia serves

5980
05:14:40,400 --> 05:14:43,600
as a reminder that the greatest 
human civilization is about 

5981
05:14:43,600 --> 05:14:46,400
fostering an environment in 
which each person can use their 

5982
05:14:46,400 --> 05:14:49,500
special gifts to promote the 
well-being of the group. 

5983
05:14:49,500 --> 05:14:52,800
Not about controlling nature or 
outperforming Rivals. 

5984
05:14:52,800 --> 05:14:56,500
It involves creating systems 
that both robust enough to offer

5985
05:14:56,500 --> 05:14:59,500
security and adaptable enough to
Foster creativity. 

5986
05:14:59,500 --> 05:15:03,400
It involves figuring out how to 
respect both individual success 

5987
05:15:03,400 --> 05:15:06,500
and the well-being of the 
community as you fall asleep, 

5988
05:15:06,500 --> 05:15:10,200
consider how human advancement 
is still fueled by the same 

5989
05:15:10,200 --> 05:15:14,000
Cooperative impulses, that 
created ziggurats and cuneiform 

5990
05:15:14,000 --> 05:15:16,600
writing. 
The spirit of ancient 

5991
05:15:16,600 --> 05:15:19,608
Mesopotamia endures every time 
individuals decide to work 

5992
05:15:19,616 --> 05:15:23,200
together, rather than fight 
every time someone lends their 

5993
05:15:23,200 --> 05:15:25,100
expertise to projects bigger 
than themselves. 

5994
05:15:25,100 --> 05:15:28,500
And every time communities make 
investments in infrastructure 

5995
05:15:28,500 --> 05:15:31,500
that will benefit coming 
Generations, even though the 

5996
05:15:31,500 --> 05:15:34,400
cities are now covered in desert
sand and the irrigation channels

5997
05:15:34,400 --> 05:15:37,400
are dry, the human ability to 
bring order out of chaos, 

5998
05:15:37,400 --> 05:15:41,100
abundance out of scarcity and 
meaning out of life's. 

5999
05:15:41,100 --> 05:15:43,900
Basic materials, still flows 
like those ancient Rivers 

6000
05:15:43,900 --> 05:15:46,800
between the Tigris and 
Euphrates, rest, easy knowing 

6001
05:15:46,800 --> 05:15:49,100
that you're a part of a story 
that started with the first 

6002
05:15:49,100 --> 05:15:53,300
cities and goes on with every 
technological advancement, Every

6003
05:15:53,300 --> 05:15:56,900
Act of human cooperation and 
every instance in which people 

6004
05:15:56,900 --> 05:16:01,000
decide to build rather than 
destroy mesopotamia's Golden Age

6005
05:16:01,000 --> 05:16:02,500
serves. 
As a reminder that our best 

6006
05:16:02,500 --> 05:16:04,700
times are never truly over. 
Rather. 

6007
05:16:04,700 --> 05:16:07,900
They are always just getting 
started and a waiting to be 

6008
05:16:07,900 --> 05:16:11,100
shaped by the next generation of
people who prepared to cooperate

6009
05:16:11,100 --> 05:16:14,400
in order to achieve common 
goals, the same mathematical 

6010
05:16:14,400 --> 05:16:17,200
patterns that the ancient 
astronomers found still govern 

6011
05:16:17,200 --> 05:16:18,900
the way the Stars wheel 
overhead. 

6012
05:16:20,000 --> 05:16:23,400
The human urge to create 
collaborate and strive for 

6013
05:16:23,400 --> 05:16:26,800
something bigger than personal 
survival is still as strong as 

6014
05:16:26,800 --> 05:16:31,000
the fires in those old bronze 
workshops and tomorrow, we carry

6015
05:16:31,000 --> 05:16:32,100
on the work. 
They started. 

6016
05:16:32,100 --> 05:16:35,100
The never-ending optimistic 
Endeavor of creating 

6017
05:16:35,100 --> 05:16:39,100
civilizations deserving of human
potential in both minor and 

6018
05:16:39,100 --> 05:16:41,700
major ways. 
Sweet dreams fellow time 

6019
05:16:41,700 --> 05:16:44,400
traveler take comfort. 
In the fact that you are a part 

6020
05:16:44,408 --> 05:16:47,600
of the greatest success story in
human history, one that is still

6021
05:16:47,600 --> 05:16:51,500
being written one day at a time 
by people who recognize that the

6022
05:16:51,500 --> 05:16:54,900
greatest monuments we can erect.
Are those that enable others to 

6023
05:16:54,900 --> 05:16:57,100
rise just a little bit of their 
own potential. 

6024
05:16:57,100 --> 05:17:00,600
Imagine those old voices carried
on the Wind during The Quiet 

6025
05:17:00,600 --> 05:17:02,900
Moments before sleep really sets
in. 

6026
05:17:03,700 --> 05:17:06,100
Farmers in Mesopotamia 
discovered that a floodplain 

6027
05:17:06,100 --> 05:17:08,200
could become a paradise if they 
banded together. 

6028
05:17:09,000 --> 05:17:11,900
The artists who realized that 
specialized work, could Elevate,

6029
05:17:11,900 --> 05:17:13,800
simple, survival to creative 
success. 

6030
05:17:13,800 --> 05:17:18,900
The administrators demonstrated 
that at its best, Rocky is just 

6031
05:17:18,900 --> 05:17:21,000
structured to serve the 
interests of the community. 

6032
05:17:21,000 --> 05:17:23,500
Even though there's zigarette 
has fallen apart. 

6033
05:17:23,500 --> 05:17:26,300
Their wisdom can still be heard 
in every Public Library. 

6034
05:17:26,300 --> 05:17:29,800
Contemporary Hospital, an 
infrastructure project, that 

6035
05:17:29,800 --> 05:17:32,900
enhances the lives of people, 
the Builders of never met. 

6036
05:17:33,700 --> 05:17:37,200
Even though their cuneiform 
tablets are now Museum artifacts

6037
05:17:37,200 --> 05:17:40,200
their belief that knowledge 
should be shared and preserved 

6038
05:17:40,200 --> 05:17:43,600
in jurors in every book website 
and classroom, where new 

6039
05:17:43,600 --> 05:17:46,700
information is learned their 
understanding that abundance 

6040
05:17:46,700 --> 05:17:50,200
comes from cooperation, rather 
than competition is evident in 

6041
05:17:50,200 --> 05:17:54,300
every successful Business, 
Partnership community garden and

6042
05:17:54,300 --> 05:17:57,500
instance where neighbors choose 
to support one another rather 

6043
05:17:57,500 --> 05:18:01,200
than compete. 
The irrigation channels they dug

6044
05:18:01,200 --> 05:18:04,500
of long since filled with sand 
above all, they introduced us to

6045
05:18:04,508 --> 05:18:07,300
the radical notion that people 
can build societies that are 

6046
05:18:07,300 --> 05:18:09,100
superior to the sum of their 
parts. 

6047
05:18:09,100 --> 05:18:12,900
That chaos conflict and scarcity
are not necessary for human 

6048
05:18:12,900 --> 05:18:16,500
existence that we can create 
worlds where everyone has enough

6049
05:18:16,500 --> 05:18:20,400
enough food, and enough, 
security enough, purpose, enough

6050
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:24,800
Beauty to make life worth while 
if we are patient creative and 

6051
05:18:24,800 --> 05:18:27,800
willing to trust one another, 
therefore, as you drift off to 

6052
05:18:27,800 --> 05:18:30,300
sleep, remember, not only the 
accomplishments of these ancient

6053
05:18:30,300 --> 05:18:34,700
people, but also the quiet 
assurance, The same inventive 

6054
05:18:34,700 --> 05:18:37,800
collaborative spirit, that 
created the first cities is 

6055
05:18:37,800 --> 05:18:39,500
still creating a better world 
today. 

6056
05:18:39,500 --> 05:18:43,500
Every tiny deed of compassion, 
every instance of putting 

6057
05:18:43,500 --> 05:18:46,700
empathy ahead of judgement and 
every contribution to a cause 

6058
05:18:46,708 --> 05:18:48,900
greater than yourself keeps the 
good work going. 

6059
05:18:48,900 --> 05:18:52,100
Mesopotamia's, golden age was a 
beginning rather than a 

6060
05:18:52,100 --> 05:18:54,100
destination. 
Stories. 

6061
05:18:54,100 --> 05:18:57,900
Mostly aspect is that it isn't 
yet over it, persists, in every 

6062
05:18:57,900 --> 05:19:02,200
heart, that selects cooperation 
over rivalry, hope over fear and

6063
05:19:02,200 --> 05:19:04,700
building over destruction, rest 
easy. 

6064
05:19:04,700 --> 05:19:07,700
Knowing that you are both the 
inheritor of their wisdom and a 

6065
05:19:07,700 --> 05:19:09,100
part of its continuous 
development. 

6066
05:19:09,100 --> 05:19:12,700
Maybe you will hear the soft 
splatter of old irrigation 

6067
05:19:12,700 --> 05:19:15,900
channels in your dreams, 
delivering vital water to 

6068
05:19:15,900 --> 05:19:18,100
Gardens. 
That will reopen tomorrow, good 

6069
05:19:18,100 --> 05:19:20,500
night, civilisation Builder, 
good night. 

6070
05:19:20,500 --> 05:19:24,100
Ancient dream are Good night 
participant in the world's 

6071
05:19:24,100 --> 05:19:27,600
greatest ongoing Endeavor. 
The patient optimistic Endeavor 

6072
05:19:27,600 --> 05:19:31,000
to build a world that lives up 
to our highest hopes as a 

6073
05:19:31,000 --> 05:19:34,400
reminder, that some things 
beauty truth and the human 

6074
05:19:34,400 --> 05:19:38,400
capacity for Wonder really are 
returnal the stars that led 

6075
05:19:38,400 --> 05:19:42,200
those early astronomers continue
to shine down on you in the same

6076
05:19:42,200 --> 05:19:44,700
Timeless patterns. 
They found get enough. 

6077
05:19:44,700 --> 05:19:48,700
Sleep, have a lovely dream. 
Wake up tomorrow, prepared to 

6078
05:19:48,708 --> 05:19:51,700
carry on The NeverEnding, joyful
task of bringing the world 

6079
05:19:51,700 --> 05:19:55,000
closer to the paradise. 
They saw between two rivers so 

6080
05:19:55,000 --> 05:20:07,000
long ago. 
Picture yourself settling into 

6081
05:20:07,000 --> 05:20:10,500
your favorite reading spot 
perhaps with a warm cup of tea 

6082
05:20:10,500 --> 05:20:13,700
steaming beside you. 
Tonight, we're going to travel 

6083
05:20:13,700 --> 05:20:16,800
back to a time when sleep was as
different from yours, as a 

6084
05:20:16,800 --> 05:20:18,400
handwritten letter is from a 
text message. 

6085
05:20:18,400 --> 05:20:22,500
You might think sleep is always 
been the same eight hours a 

6086
05:20:22,500 --> 05:20:24,000
pillow. 
Maybe, some tossing, and 

6087
05:20:24,000 --> 05:20:27,800
turning, but you'd be wrong. 
Before Johannes, Guttenberg 

6088
05:20:27,800 --> 05:20:31,800
changed everything around 1440, 
sleep move to entirely different

6089
05:20:31,800 --> 05:20:34,500
rhythms. 
Imagine living in a world where 

6090
05:20:34,500 --> 05:20:38,000
Darkness truly meant silence 
where the only light after 

6091
05:20:38,000 --> 05:20:40,900
Sunset came from flickering, 
candles that cost more than most

6092
05:20:40,900 --> 05:20:44,200
people earned in a day or Smoky 
oil lamps that made your eyes 

6093
05:20:44,200 --> 05:20:48,500
water, just thinking about them.
In this world, your 

6094
05:20:48,500 --> 05:20:51,800
great-great-great and many more 
great grandmother didn't fight 

6095
05:20:51,800 --> 05:20:54,800
the darkness. 
He surrendered to it like a worn

6096
05:20:54,800 --> 05:20:56,300
out traveler finally reaching 
home. 

6097
05:20:57,300 --> 05:21:00,500
When the sun dipped below the 
Horizon, most people began their

6098
05:21:00,500 --> 05:21:03,500
journey into what historians 
Now, call segmented sleep. 

6099
05:21:04,200 --> 05:21:06,500
Though back then nobody needed a
fancy name for it. 

6100
05:21:06,500 --> 05:21:10,900
It was simply how humans slept, 
like the way birds fly or fish 

6101
05:21:10,900 --> 05:21:13,300
swim. 
Here's where it gets intriguing.

6102
05:21:13,300 --> 05:21:15,500
People didn't sleep for eight 
straight hours. 

6103
05:21:15,500 --> 05:21:19,400
Instead, they slept in two 
distinct chunks like a delicious

6104
05:21:19,400 --> 05:21:22,000
sandwich with a wide filling of 
wakefulness in between. 

6105
05:21:22,900 --> 05:21:25,600
The first sleep began shortly. 
After Sunset lasting roughly 

6106
05:21:25,600 --> 05:21:28,500
four hours. 
Then sometime between midnight 

6107
05:21:28,500 --> 05:21:31,000
and two in the morning. 
People would naturally wake up. 

6108
05:21:31,000 --> 05:21:34,700
However, the remarkable aspect 
is that they did not panic about

6109
05:21:34,700 --> 05:21:36,300
being awake during the middle of
the night. 

6110
05:21:37,100 --> 05:21:39,800
They did not deceive themselves 
by calculating the number of 

6111
05:21:39,800 --> 05:21:42,100
hours of sleep. 
They were sacrificing or by 

6112
05:21:42,100 --> 05:21:44,600
fretting over potential 
grogginess at work the following

6113
05:21:44,600 --> 05:21:48,300
day. instead they Embrace this 
midnight, Awakening, as 

6114
05:21:48,300 --> 05:21:51,700
naturally as you embrace your 
morning coffee routine, During 

6115
05:21:51,700 --> 05:21:54,200
these quiet hours between sleeps
people would do the most 

6116
05:21:54,208 --> 05:21:57,800
wonderfully human things. 
They tend to the fire ensuring 

6117
05:21:57,800 --> 05:22:00,500
their family, stayed warm 
through the cold night, they'd 

6118
05:22:00,500 --> 05:22:03,900
monitor on children offering 
Comfort to little ones startled 

6119
05:22:03,900 --> 05:22:06,500
by dreams. 
Couples would talk softly in the

6120
05:22:06,508 --> 05:22:09,900
darkness sharing thoughts and 
feelings that somehow seemed 

6121
05:22:09,900 --> 05:22:13,600
easier to express when the world
felt smaller and more intimate. 

6122
05:22:14,400 --> 05:22:18,000
Some people use this time for 
prayer or meditation, finding a 

6123
05:22:18,000 --> 05:22:21,100
special connection to the Divine
in these hushed hours, when the 

6124
05:22:21,108 --> 05:22:23,700
boundary between day and night 
felt thin as gossip. 

6125
05:22:23,700 --> 05:22:27,900
Others would craft simple items 
by firelight mending clothes, 

6126
05:22:27,900 --> 05:22:31,300
carving Wooden Spoons, or 
braiding rope the wealthy. 

6127
05:22:31,300 --> 05:22:34,000
Might even visit neighbors 
because apparently social calls 

6128
05:22:34,000 --> 05:22:36,300
at one in the morning were 
perfectly acceptable back there.

6129
05:22:37,600 --> 05:22:40,500
Such Behavior wasn't considered 
insomnia or a sleep disorder. 

6130
05:22:41,300 --> 05:22:44,800
Medical texts from the era 
mentioned, firstly and second 

6131
05:22:44,800 --> 05:22:47,800
sleep as casually as we might 
mention, breakfast, and lunch. 

6132
05:22:48,500 --> 05:22:50,900
People structured their nights 
around this natural pattern 

6133
05:22:50,900 --> 05:22:54,100
planning activities for their 
wakeful hours just as carefully 

6134
05:22:54,100 --> 05:22:55,800
as they plan their daytime 
tasks. 

6135
05:22:57,600 --> 05:22:59,800
Agnes that surrounded. 
These midnight activities was 

6136
05:22:59,800 --> 05:23:02,200
profound in ways we can barely 
imagine today. 

6137
05:23:02,200 --> 05:23:05,900
Step outside your house at night
now, and you're likely, see 

6138
05:23:05,900 --> 05:23:10,000
street lights, house lights, the
glow from Windows, and maybe the

6139
05:23:10,000 --> 05:23:11,300
distant shine of a shopping 
center. 

6140
05:23:11,300 --> 05:23:15,800
Even in relatively rural areas, 
like pollution, reaches far 

6141
05:23:15,800 --> 05:23:20,400
beyond cities, creating what 
astronomers call Sky glow. but 

6142
05:23:20,400 --> 05:23:23,300
in pre-printing press Europe, 
nighttime, Darkness was 

6143
05:23:23,300 --> 05:23:27,000
absolute, the Milky Way, blazed 
overhead, like a river of 

6144
05:23:27,000 --> 05:23:30,100
diamonds and people knew the 
constellations not as romantic 

6145
05:23:30,100 --> 05:23:33,700
Notions, but as practical tools 
for navigation and timekeeping, 

6146
05:23:34,600 --> 05:23:37,000
The moon's phases mattered 
deeply because they determined 

6147
05:23:37,000 --> 05:23:39,500
how much natural light you'd 
have for nighttime activities. 

6148
05:23:40,400 --> 05:23:43,500
This Darkness shape, not just 
when people slept but how they 

6149
05:23:43,508 --> 05:23:47,100
thought about rest itself? 
Sleep, wasn't something to be 

6150
05:23:47,100 --> 05:23:48,800
optimized or tracked with 
devices. 

6151
05:23:48,800 --> 05:23:53,300
It was a natural surrender to 
the rhythm of light and Shadow a

6152
05:23:53,300 --> 05:23:56,000
time when the boundaries between
Consciousness and dreams became 

6153
05:23:56,000 --> 05:23:58,800
delightfully blurred. 
And when the night held 

6154
05:23:58,800 --> 05:24:02,800
Mysteries, that daylight 
couldn't touch, Little did 

6155
05:24:02,800 --> 05:24:04,100
anyone know that a Goldsmith 
son? 

6156
05:24:04,100 --> 05:24:06,500
In mines was about to change all
of our lives forever. 

6157
05:24:06,500 --> 05:24:10,500
Johannes Gutenberg probably 
never intended to revolutionize 

6158
05:24:10,500 --> 05:24:12,700
sleep. 
He was simply trying to solve a 

6159
05:24:12,700 --> 05:24:13,900
problem that had plagued 
Humanity. 

6160
05:24:13,900 --> 05:24:17,300
Since the first person wanted to
share a story with someone who 

6161
05:24:17,300 --> 05:24:20,800
wasn't there to hear it before 
his invention books were as rare

6162
05:24:20,800 --> 05:24:22,500
as unicorns and almost as 
expensive. 

6163
05:24:22,500 --> 05:24:26,700
Each one had to be copied by 
hand, letter by painstaking, 

6164
05:24:26,700 --> 05:24:29,500
letter, by scribes who, 
specialized in beautiful 

6165
05:24:29,500 --> 05:24:32,500
handwriting and presumably had 
powerful risks. 

6166
05:24:33,300 --> 05:24:35,600
Imagine Desiring to possess a 
single volume. 

6167
05:24:35,600 --> 05:24:38,700
He had a compilation of prayers 
or perhaps a manual on herb 

6168
05:24:38,700 --> 05:24:41,700
gardening, you'd need to save 
money for months, maybe even 

6169
05:24:41,700 --> 05:24:44,300
years. 
Single book could cost as much 

6170
05:24:44,300 --> 05:24:47,200
as a farm. 
Most people owned exactly 0 

6171
05:24:47,200 --> 05:24:49,300
books. 
Not because they couldn't read 

6172
05:24:49,300 --> 05:24:51,400
though. 
Many couldn't, but, because 

6173
05:24:51,400 --> 05:24:53,500
books simply weren't available 
to ordinary folks. 

6174
05:24:54,300 --> 05:24:56,500
The scribes who copied. 
These manuscripts worked in 

6175
05:24:56,500 --> 05:24:59,900
scripture, which sounds much 
more glamorous than it actually 

6176
05:24:59,900 --> 05:25:03,000
was. 
Picture a large cold room filled

6177
05:25:03,000 --> 05:25:06,400
with monks hunched over wooden 
desks carefully, forming each 

6178
05:25:06,400 --> 05:25:09,100
letter with quill pen pens that 
needed constant attention. 

6179
05:25:09,800 --> 05:25:12,200
Sneezing at the wrong moment. 
Could ruin hours of work. 

6180
05:25:12,200 --> 05:25:15,600
One, small mistake meant 
starting an entire page over 

6181
05:25:15,600 --> 05:25:18,000
again. 
He's hand-copied books were 

6182
05:25:18,000 --> 05:25:20,200
gorgeous. 
Works of art decorated with 

6183
05:25:20,200 --> 05:25:22,800
elaborate illustrations and or 
Nate initial letters. 

6184
05:25:22,800 --> 05:25:24,900
That looked like tiny 
masterpieces. 

6185
05:25:26,200 --> 05:25:29,000
But they were also riddled with 
errors errors. 

6186
05:25:29,000 --> 05:25:32,400
Often creep in when humans copy 
text by hand much like weeds in 

6187
05:25:32,408 --> 05:25:35,000
a garden. 
The Scribe might accidentally 

6188
05:25:35,000 --> 05:25:38,300
skip a line. 
Misspelled a word or correct 

6189
05:25:38,300 --> 05:25:39,600
something they thought was 
wrong. 

6190
05:25:40,600 --> 05:25:43,400
Several copies of a text might 
only bear a passing resemblance 

6191
05:25:43,400 --> 05:25:46,600
to the original. 
Gutenberg with his Goldsmith's, 

6192
05:25:46,600 --> 05:25:49,500
precision, and a parent. 
Gift for seeing Solutions, where

6193
05:25:49,500 --> 05:25:52,800
others saw, only problems 
developed movable type printing.

6194
05:25:53,800 --> 05:25:56,900
Instead of carving entire pages 
into wooden blocks which have 

6195
05:25:56,900 --> 05:26:00,400
been tried before he created 
individual metal letters, that 

6196
05:26:00,400 --> 05:26:03,200
could be arranged and rearranged
to form different words and 

6197
05:26:03,200 --> 05:26:05,800
pages. 
It was akin to possessing a 

6198
05:26:05,800 --> 05:26:07,900
highly Advanced collection of 
alphabet blocks. 

6199
05:26:07,900 --> 05:26:11,100
These blocks have the potential 
to fundamentally alter the 

6200
05:26:11,100 --> 05:26:14,400
world, his printing, press could
produce books faster than a 

6201
05:26:14,400 --> 05:26:17,800
scribe could even read them. 
Where it might take amongst six 

6202
05:26:17,800 --> 05:26:21,900
months to copy a single book 
gutenberg's press, could prints 

6203
05:26:21,900 --> 05:26:25,400
of copies in the same time. 
Suddenly books weren't precious 

6204
05:26:25,400 --> 05:26:28,200
unicorns, they were becoming 
more like Friendly Neighborhood,

6205
05:26:28,200 --> 05:26:31,500
Cats still special but no longer
impossibly rare. 

6206
05:26:33,300 --> 05:26:36,400
The first book Gutenberg chose 
to print was the Bible which 

6207
05:26:36,400 --> 05:26:38,700
made perfect sense. 
Since most literacy, at the time

6208
05:26:38,700 --> 05:26:40,300
was connected to religious 
practice. 

6209
05:26:41,000 --> 05:26:42,400
But here's where our sleep 
story. 

6210
05:26:42,400 --> 05:26:45,800
Really begins to unfold as 
printing presses, spread across 

6211
05:26:45,800 --> 05:26:48,000
Europe, faster than the news of 
a royal Scandal. 

6212
05:26:48,000 --> 05:26:50,100
They didn't just make books more
available. 

6213
05:26:50,100 --> 05:26:52,600
They made Reading itself a 
different activity. 

6214
05:26:53,900 --> 05:26:56,600
Before printing, most reading 
was done allowed in groups, 

6215
05:26:56,600 --> 05:26:58,800
families. 
Might gather to hear someone 

6216
05:26:58,800 --> 05:27:00,700
read from one of their precious 
few books. 

6217
05:27:01,500 --> 05:27:05,200
Reading was a social activity 
like sharing a meal or telling 

6218
05:27:05,200 --> 05:27:08,400
stories around a fire. 
People read during daylight 

6219
05:27:08,400 --> 05:27:09,700
hours when they could see 
clearly. 

6220
05:27:09,700 --> 05:27:12,500
And reading session were often 
planned events that brought 

6221
05:27:12,500 --> 05:27:16,000
communities together. 
Printed books changed this 

6222
05:27:16,000 --> 05:27:19,200
Dynamic entirely. 
Suddenly, you could own multiple

6223
05:27:19,200 --> 05:27:22,200
books and reading became 
something you could do alone 

6224
05:27:22,200 --> 05:27:24,500
quietly. 
Whenever you want it. 

6225
05:27:24,500 --> 05:27:27,400
You didn't need to coordinate 
with others or wait for someone 

6226
05:27:27,400 --> 05:27:29,200
else to finish with the family. 
Single volume. 

6227
05:27:29,200 --> 05:27:33,200
You could read in bed by 
candlelight in the privacy of 

6228
05:27:33,200 --> 05:27:35,800
your thoughts. 
This shift from communal to 

6229
05:27:35,800 --> 05:27:38,000
private. 
Reading happened gradually Like 

6230
05:27:38,000 --> 05:27:41,400
the Way seasons change. 
You don't notice it day by day 

6231
05:27:41,400 --> 05:27:43,800
but suddenly you realize 
everything is different. 

6232
05:27:44,700 --> 05:27:48,000
People began staying up later 
reading by whatever light they 

6233
05:27:48,000 --> 05:27:50,800
could afford. 
Candlemakers, probably started 

6234
05:27:50,800 --> 05:27:52,900
having much better business 
years without fully 

6235
05:27:52,900 --> 05:27:56,000
understanding why. 
The content of books began to 

6236
05:27:56,000 --> 05:27:58,600
change too. 
Along with religious texts, 

6237
05:27:58,600 --> 05:28:01,400
printer started producing what 
we might recognize as the 

6238
05:28:01,400 --> 05:28:03,100
world's first entertainment 
reading. 

6239
05:28:03,800 --> 05:28:06,800
Stories. 
Poetry accounts of Adventures in

6240
05:28:06,808 --> 05:28:10,100
distant lands, and even early 
versions of self-help books. 

6241
05:28:10,800 --> 05:28:13,600
For the first time in human 
history, you could disappear 

6242
05:28:13,600 --> 05:28:17,000
into a fictional World. 
Whenever you wanted transported 

6243
05:28:17,000 --> 05:28:19,800
by nothing, more than words on a
page in your own imagination. 

6244
05:28:20,900 --> 05:28:23,700
This was revolutionary in ways 
that go far beyond just having 

6245
05:28:23,700 --> 05:28:26,100
more books, to read for 
thousands of years. 

6246
05:28:26,100 --> 05:28:29,400
Humans, had lived primarily in 
the physical world immediately 

6247
05:28:29,400 --> 05:28:32,000
around them. 
Your entertainment came from the

6248
05:28:32,000 --> 05:28:35,200
people, you knew the stories, 
they told and the songs they 

6249
05:28:35,200 --> 05:28:37,700
sang. 
But books opened up infinite 

6250
05:28:37,700 --> 05:28:41,000
worlds, all accessible from the 
comfort of your home, or even 

6251
05:28:41,000 --> 05:28:44,300
your bed. the printing press had
inadvertently created the 

6252
05:28:44,300 --> 05:28:48,200
world's first truly portable 
Entertainment System, As printed

6253
05:28:48,200 --> 05:28:51,000
books spread through European 
towns, like, honey, through warm

6254
05:28:51,000 --> 05:28:54,100
bread, something curious began 
happening to the night. 

6255
05:28:54,100 --> 05:28:57,600
You have to remember this 
transformation didn't occur 

6256
05:28:57,600 --> 05:29:00,500
overnight. 
It unfolded across Generations. 

6257
05:29:00,500 --> 05:29:03,100
The way a river slowly carved, a
new channel through Rock. 

6258
05:29:04,200 --> 05:29:08,600
But the change once it began was
as irreversible as mourning 

6259
05:29:08,600 --> 05:29:11,500
following Darkness. 
The most immediate shift was 

6260
05:29:11,500 --> 05:29:16,200
practical people who could now 
afford books and by 1500 a 

6261
05:29:16,200 --> 05:29:18,500
printed book cost roughly. 
What you might spend on a 

6262
05:29:18,500 --> 05:29:22,200
luxurious dinner today, Had a 
reason to extend their waking 

6263
05:29:22,200 --> 05:29:24,200
hours. 
The new book owners found 

6264
05:29:24,200 --> 05:29:26,700
themselves negotiating with the 
night while, previous 

6265
05:29:26,700 --> 05:29:29,100
generations, surrendered to 
Darkness, as naturally as 

6266
05:29:29,100 --> 05:29:33,100
flowers close at sunset. 
Reading by candlelight evolved 

6267
05:29:33,100 --> 05:29:36,100
into a unique art form you 
learned to position yourself. 

6268
05:29:36,100 --> 05:29:39,600
Just so to avoid casting Shadows
on the page, while preventing 

6269
05:29:39,600 --> 05:29:41,700
wax from dripping onto your 
precious book. 

6270
05:29:42,600 --> 05:29:45,100
Can handle making of evolved to 
with Craftsman, developing 

6271
05:29:45,100 --> 05:29:48,200
longer, burning cleaner, burning
candle specifically for readers.

6272
05:29:48,900 --> 05:29:52,300
The wealthy began investing in 
multiple candles oil lamps, with

6273
05:29:52,300 --> 05:29:55,500
better Wix and even early 
versions of reading glasses to 

6274
05:29:55,500 --> 05:29:58,300
make the most of their dim 
light, but here's where it gets 

6275
05:29:58,300 --> 05:30:00,300
fascinating, from a sleep 
perspective. 

6276
05:30:00,300 --> 05:30:04,000
People weren't just staying up 
later, they were changing what 

6277
05:30:04,000 --> 05:30:07,000
nighttime meant. 
Previously the hours between 

6278
05:30:07,000 --> 05:30:10,500
Sunset and sleep, had been 
family time Community time or 

6279
05:30:10,500 --> 05:30:12,300
practical time for essential 
tasks. 

6280
05:30:12,300 --> 05:30:16,500
Now night time became personal 
time, private time and thinking 

6281
05:30:16,500 --> 05:30:20,400
Time, picture yourself as a 
merchant in 1520 Antwerp, 

6282
05:30:20,400 --> 05:30:23,200
finally able to afford a small 
collection of printed books. 

6283
05:30:24,100 --> 05:30:26,700
After a day of buying and 
selling negotiating with 

6284
05:30:26,700 --> 05:30:29,600
customers and managing your 
shop, you discover that reading 

6285
05:30:29,600 --> 05:30:32,100
offers something unprecedented 
Escape. 

6286
05:30:32,800 --> 05:30:36,000
Not only does reading provide a 
physical escape to distant lands

6287
05:30:36,000 --> 05:30:39,400
described in travel narratives, 
but it also provides a mental 

6288
05:30:39,400 --> 05:30:41,700
escape from the immediate 
concerns of daily life. 

6289
05:30:42,300 --> 05:30:45,300
This mental Escape had profound 
effects on sleep itself. 

6290
05:30:46,200 --> 05:30:49,600
For the first time in human 
history, significant numbers of 

6291
05:30:49,600 --> 05:30:52,700
people were going to bed with 
their minds racing, not from the

6292
05:30:52,700 --> 05:30:55,800
days physical labors or 
immediate social concerns. 

6293
05:30:55,800 --> 05:30:59,300
But from the ideas stories, and 
emotions they'd absorbed from 

6294
05:30:59,308 --> 05:31:02,100
books. 
Their dreams began incorporating

6295
05:31:02,100 --> 05:31:06,100
elements from fictional worlds 
characters they'd never met and 

6296
05:31:06,100 --> 05:31:10,100
places they'd never seen. 
The old pattern of segmented, 

6297
05:31:10,100 --> 05:31:13,000
sleep began to shift, although 
it did not immediately 

6298
05:31:13,000 --> 05:31:15,600
disappear. 
People still often woke in the 

6299
05:31:15,600 --> 05:31:18,300
middle of the night, but in 
stead of using that time for 

6300
05:31:18,300 --> 05:31:22,100
practical tasks or quiet 
conversation they turned to 

6301
05:31:22,100 --> 05:31:24,300
reading. 
Those midnight hours became 

6302
05:31:24,300 --> 05:31:27,600
precious reading time when the 
house was quiet and distractions

6303
05:31:27,600 --> 05:31:30,200
minimal. 
This created the first real 

6304
05:31:30,200 --> 05:31:33,100
tension between artificial light
and natural sleep patterns 

6305
05:31:33,100 --> 05:31:37,400
Candlelight while dim by our 
standards was bright enough to 

6306
05:31:37,400 --> 05:31:40,200
suppress the body's natural 
production of sleep inducing 

6307
05:31:40,200 --> 05:31:43,300
hormones. people began 
experiencing what we now 

6308
05:31:43,300 --> 05:31:46,600
recognize as the early stages of
artificial lights impact on 

6309
05:31:46,600 --> 05:31:49,600
circadian rhythms even though 
they lacked a scientific 

6310
05:31:49,600 --> 05:31:52,900
framework to understand the 
changes occurring, religious 

6311
05:31:52,900 --> 05:31:55,800
authorities, noticed the change 
and weren't entirely pleased 

6312
05:31:55,800 --> 05:31:59,200
church leaders began warning 
against excessive nighttime 

6313
05:31:59,200 --> 05:32:03,900
reading, particularly of secular
books worried they realized 

6314
05:32:03,900 --> 05:32:05,200
that. 
People were literally losing 

6315
05:32:05,200 --> 05:32:07,200
sleep over, fictional stories 
and worldly. 

6316
05:32:07,200 --> 05:32:09,900
Concerns time. 
They could have better spent in 

6317
05:32:09,900 --> 05:32:13,100
prayer or rest. 
Some sermons, from this period, 

6318
05:32:13,100 --> 05:32:16,300
specifically mentioned the 
dangers of night reading and its

6319
05:32:16,300 --> 05:32:18,300
effects on both, spiritual and 
physical health. 

6320
05:32:19,200 --> 05:32:21,900
Medical practitioners of the 
time, began documenting new 

6321
05:32:21,900 --> 05:32:25,200
types of sleep complaints. 
Physicians noted that patients 

6322
05:32:25,200 --> 05:32:29,200
particularly educated ones were 
reporting more difficulty, 

6323
05:32:29,200 --> 05:32:33,200
falling asleep, more restless 
nights and more Vivid complex 

6324
05:32:33,200 --> 05:32:37,500
dreams. the term Scholars and 
somnia appeared in medical 

6325
05:32:37,500 --> 05:32:41,300
texts, describing a condition 
primarily affecting people who 

6326
05:32:41,300 --> 05:32:45,200
read extensively, the printing 
Revolution also democratized 

6327
05:32:45,200 --> 05:32:47,700
knowledge in ways that affected 
sleep indirectly, but 

6328
05:32:47,700 --> 05:32:51,200
significantly people could now 
access medical information, 

6329
05:32:51,200 --> 05:32:55,400
including advice about sleep and
health without relying solely on

6330
05:32:55,400 --> 05:32:57,100
local practitioners or folk 
wisdom. 

6331
05:32:57,800 --> 05:33:00,600
This led to the first wave of 
people actively contemplating 

6332
05:33:00,600 --> 05:33:03,800
and trying to optimize their 
sleep rather than simply 

6333
05:33:03,800 --> 05:33:05,700
accepting whatever rest came 
naturally. 

6334
05:33:06,900 --> 05:33:10,000
Books on health diet and daily 
routines became popular. 

6335
05:33:10,000 --> 05:33:12,500
Many offering advice about 
proper sleep habits. 

6336
05:33:12,500 --> 05:33:15,800
Ironically people were staying 
up late, reading books, about 

6337
05:33:15,800 --> 05:33:18,200
how to sleep better. 
The more information they 

6338
05:33:18,200 --> 05:33:20,700
consumed about sleep, the more 
conscious they became of their 

6339
05:33:20,708 --> 05:33:23,500
sleep patterns, which often made
sleep more elusive. 

6340
05:33:24,200 --> 05:33:27,400
Meanwhile, the book industry 
itself was creating entirely new

6341
05:33:27,400 --> 05:33:30,800
nighttime economies. 
Printers worked long hours to 

6342
05:33:30,800 --> 05:33:34,900
meet growing demand, bookbinders
papermakers and type Founders 

6343
05:33:34,900 --> 05:33:38,500
extended their working days. 
Candlemakers and lamp oil 

6344
05:33:38,500 --> 05:33:42,500
producers experienced 
unprecedented demand an entire 

6345
05:33:42,500 --> 05:33:46,200
ecosystem of night jobs, emerged
to support the growing appetite 

6346
05:33:46,200 --> 05:33:49,600
for reading. 
By the late 1500s complaints 

6347
05:33:49,600 --> 05:33:52,300
about neighbor's reading late 
into the night became common in 

6348
05:33:52,300 --> 05:33:55,300
urban areas. 
The soft glow of Candlelight 

6349
05:33:55,300 --> 05:33:58,800
from Windows previously assigned
that someone was sick or dealing

6350
05:33:58,800 --> 05:34:02,200
with an emergency increasingly. 
Just meant someone was enjoying 

6351
05:34:02,200 --> 05:34:05,800
a good paper makers, becoming 
less about rest and more about 

6352
05:34:05,800 --> 05:34:08,500
choice. 
The stage was set for sleep to 

6353
05:34:08,500 --> 05:34:11,100
become something entirely 
different from what humans had 

6354
05:34:11,100 --> 05:34:15,500
known for millennia. something 
magical happened as books became

6355
05:34:15,500 --> 05:34:19,800
cheaper and more abundant They 
began migrating from public 

6356
05:34:19,800 --> 05:34:23,200
spaces into the most private 
space of all the bedroom. 

6357
05:34:24,600 --> 05:34:26,400
This wasn't just a matter of 
convenience. 

6358
05:34:26,400 --> 05:34:30,400
It represented a fundamental 
shift in how humans related to 

6359
05:34:30,400 --> 05:34:34,500
both sleep and stories. 
For the first time in history, 

6360
05:34:34,500 --> 05:34:37,400
the last thing, many people 
experience before sleep. 

6361
05:34:37,400 --> 05:34:40,500
Wasn't the voice of a family 
member, the crackle of a Dying 

6362
05:34:40,500 --> 05:34:43,000
Fire or the settling sounds of 
their house. 

6363
05:34:43,800 --> 05:34:46,500
But words on a page, that 
transported them to entirely 

6364
05:34:46,500 --> 05:34:49,800
different worlds. 
The practice of bedtime reading 

6365
05:34:49,800 --> 05:34:53,100
emerged gradually, like a new 
tradition, nobody plan, but 

6366
05:34:53,100 --> 05:34:54,900
everyone seemed to discover 
independently. 

6367
05:34:55,900 --> 05:34:58,600
Parents who could afford books 
began reading to their children 

6368
05:34:58,600 --> 05:35:01,800
at bedtime creating the first 
generation of humans to 

6369
05:35:01,800 --> 05:35:04,200
associate the transition to 
sleep with storytelling. 

6370
05:35:05,300 --> 05:35:08,100
These were the oral folk tales 
that had been passed down 

6371
05:35:08,100 --> 05:35:10,700
through generations. 
These were printed stories 

6372
05:35:10,700 --> 05:35:13,900
consistent in their telling 
often accompanied by 

6373
05:35:13,900 --> 05:35:16,000
illustration and infinitely. 
Repeatable. 

6374
05:35:16,800 --> 05:35:18,600
Children raised on bedtime 
stories. 

6375
05:35:18,600 --> 05:35:20,700
Develop, different 
relationships, with both sleep 

6376
05:35:20,700 --> 05:35:23,400
and Imagination. 
In stead of drifting off to 

6377
05:35:23,400 --> 05:35:26,100
sleep, thinking of the days of 
events or tomorrow's chores. 

6378
05:35:26,100 --> 05:35:28,500
They fell asleep with their 
minds full of fictional 

6379
05:35:28,500 --> 05:35:31,500
characters and imaginary places 
and narrative possibilities. 

6380
05:35:32,600 --> 05:35:35,000
Their dreams began 
incorporating, more complex, 

6381
05:35:35,000 --> 05:35:38,400
storylines, and many reported 
dreams that seem to continue 

6382
05:35:38,400 --> 05:35:41,500
stories from their bedtime books
or create entirely new 

6383
05:35:41,500 --> 05:35:43,600
adventures for featuring beloved
characters. 

6384
05:35:43,600 --> 05:35:48,800
Adults 2, Discovery, pleasure of
reading in bed, the combination 

6385
05:35:48,800 --> 05:35:52,800
of physical Comfort, dim light 
and engaging stories, created a 

6386
05:35:52,800 --> 05:35:55,300
uniquely conducive environment 
for relaxation. 

6387
05:35:56,200 --> 05:35:59,500
But it also created something 
unprecedented the Cliffhanger 

6388
05:35:59,500 --> 05:36:02,200
bed time. 
For the first time, people were 

6389
05:36:02,200 --> 05:36:04,800
deliberately putting themselves 
into emotional suspense right 

6390
05:36:04,800 --> 05:36:07,500
before sleep. 
Their minds actively wandering. 

6391
05:36:07,500 --> 05:36:09,200
What would happen next in their 
stories? 

6392
05:36:09,900 --> 05:36:12,700
This led to what historians now 
recognized as the first 

6393
05:36:12,700 --> 05:36:16,300
widespread occurrence voluntary 
sleep delay for entertainment 

6394
05:36:16,300 --> 05:36:18,700
purposes. 
People would tell themselves 

6395
05:36:18,700 --> 05:36:21,600
they'd read just one more 
chapter then find themselves 

6396
05:36:21,600 --> 05:36:26,600
still turning Pages hours later.
The phrase I couldn't put it 

6397
05:36:26,600 --> 05:36:30,100
down, entered common usage 
during this period, though. 

6398
05:36:30,100 --> 05:36:32,600
It originally referred 
specifically to the difficulty 

6399
05:36:32,600 --> 05:36:36,100
of stopping reading at bed time,
the types of books, people chose

6400
05:36:36,100 --> 05:36:38,300
for bedtime reading began to 
influence the content, 

6401
05:36:38,300 --> 05:36:41,600
Publishers produced. 
Adventure stories with chapter 

6402
05:36:41,600 --> 05:36:44,600
ending Cliffhangers. 
Proved in enormously popular as 

6403
05:36:44,600 --> 05:36:47,600
did Romantic tales that left. 
Readers, emotionally satisfied. 

6404
05:36:47,600 --> 05:36:50,700
But eager for more Publishers 
discovered that books 

6405
05:36:50,700 --> 05:36:52,700
specifically marketed for 
bedtime reading. 

6406
05:36:52,700 --> 05:36:56,400
Sold exceptionally well leading 
to the development of what we 

6407
05:36:56,400 --> 05:36:59,000
might recognize as the first 
genre of fiction, specifically 

6408
05:36:59,000 --> 05:37:00,800
designed for nighttime 
consumption. 

6409
05:37:01,600 --> 05:37:04,500
Religious bedtime reading 
remained popular, but even 

6410
05:37:04,500 --> 05:37:07,400
devotional books began adapting 
to bedtime reading habits. 

6411
05:37:08,100 --> 05:37:11,000
Prayer books started, including 
shorter sections suitable for 

6412
05:37:11,000 --> 05:37:14,000
nighttime, reading, and 
collections of brief comforting 

6413
05:37:14,000 --> 05:37:15,700
religious passages became 
common. 

6414
05:37:16,600 --> 05:37:19,500
The practice of reading Assam or
brief devotional, passage before

6415
05:37:19,500 --> 05:37:22,900
sleep became so widespread that 
furniture makers, began 

6416
05:37:22,900 --> 05:37:26,100
designing bedside tables 
specifically, to hold books, and

6417
05:37:26,100 --> 05:37:29,300
candles the wealthy began 
commissioning special bedroom, 

6418
05:37:29,300 --> 05:37:33,100
libraries small collections of 
books, selected specifically for

6419
05:37:33,100 --> 05:37:36,300
nighttime reading. 
These typically included poetry,

6420
05:37:36,300 --> 05:37:39,700
easy to read, in short, 
segments, inspiring or 

6421
05:37:39,700 --> 05:37:42,000
comforting pros. 
And what Publishers began 

6422
05:37:42,000 --> 05:37:45,800
calling, gentle Adventures, 
exciting enough to be engaging 

6423
05:37:45,800 --> 05:37:47,900
but not so thrilling as to 
prevent sleep. 

6424
05:37:48,900 --> 05:37:50,900
Medical opinion on bedtime 
reading was mixed. 

6425
05:37:50,900 --> 05:37:54,100
Some Physicians warned that 
exciting stories could 

6426
05:37:54,100 --> 05:37:56,500
overstimulate the mind and 
prevent restful sleep. 

6427
05:37:57,300 --> 05:38:00,000
Others argued that reading help 
transition the Mind from the 

6428
05:38:00,008 --> 05:38:04,300
days concerns to a more peaceful
State, conducive to rest, This 

6429
05:38:04,300 --> 05:38:07,200
debate marked the beginning of 
what would become centuries of 

6430
05:38:07,200 --> 05:38:09,900
discussion about the 
relationship between mental 

6431
05:38:09,900 --> 05:38:14,600
stimulation and Sleep Quality. 
The practice of reading in bed, 

6432
05:38:14,600 --> 05:38:18,200
created new intimacies between 
Couples married Partners, began 

6433
05:38:18,200 --> 05:38:21,500
sharing books, reading aloud to 
each other and discussing 

6434
05:38:21,500 --> 05:38:24,100
stories as a regular part of 
their bedtime routine. 

6435
05:38:24,700 --> 05:38:26,900
Some couples developed elaborate
systems for sharing. 

6436
05:38:26,900 --> 05:38:30,200
Limited reading light, taking 
turns holding candles, or 

6437
05:38:30,200 --> 05:38:31,900
reading aloud. 
While the other rested their 

6438
05:38:31,900 --> 05:38:34,300
eyes. 
This sharing of stories in the 

6439
05:38:34,300 --> 05:38:35,700
marriage. 
Bed represented something 

6440
05:38:35,700 --> 05:38:37,500
entirely new in human 
relationships. 

6441
05:38:37,500 --> 05:38:41,200
Previously, the most intimate 
conversations between couples 

6442
05:38:41,200 --> 05:38:45,200
typically focused on practical 
matters, family, concerns daily 

6443
05:38:45,200 --> 05:38:49,300
events, plans and problems. 
But bedtime reading introduce 

6444
05:38:49,300 --> 05:38:52,700
shared fictional experiences 
imaginary worlds that couples 

6445
05:38:52,700 --> 05:38:55,400
could explore together and 
characters, they could discuss 

6446
05:38:55,400 --> 05:38:58,800
and debate Children growing up 
in households with bedtime 

6447
05:38:58,800 --> 05:39:00,500
reading, began asking for their 
books. 

6448
05:39:00,500 --> 05:39:03,000
Earlier than previous 
generations, had shown interest 

6449
05:39:03,000 --> 05:39:05,700
in Reading. 
The association between books 

6450
05:39:05,700 --> 05:39:09,200
and comfort books, and the 
safety of home and books and the

6451
05:39:09,200 --> 05:39:12,600
transition to sleep created 
powerful, positive associations,

6452
05:39:12,600 --> 05:39:14,500
with reading that lasted 
throughout their lives. 

6453
05:39:15,500 --> 05:39:18,600
By 1600, a significant portion 
of the literate. 

6454
05:39:18,600 --> 05:39:21,300
Population had Incorporated 
reading into their bed, time 

6455
05:39:21,300 --> 05:39:24,000
routines. 
What did begun as a practical 

6456
05:39:24,000 --> 05:39:27,100
way to make use of expensive 
books and evolved into a new 

6457
05:39:27,100 --> 05:39:29,800
cultural ritual? 
One that transformed both how 

6458
05:39:29,800 --> 05:39:33,200
people fell asleep and what they
dreamed about when they finally 

6459
05:39:33,200 --> 05:39:36,100
closed their eyes. 
The night was no longer just 

6460
05:39:36,100 --> 05:39:39,500
Nature's signal for rest, it had
become reading time. 

6461
05:39:40,200 --> 05:39:43,300
By the early, 1600s something 
unprecedented was happening in 

6462
05:39:43,300 --> 05:39:46,600
bedrooms across literate Europe.
People were lying awake, 

6463
05:39:46,600 --> 05:39:50,100
contemplating sleep itself. 
For the first time in human 

6464
05:39:50,100 --> 05:39:53,400
history, significant numbers of 
people were actively analyzing 

6465
05:39:53,400 --> 05:39:56,200
their rest. 
Comparing their sleep experience

6466
05:39:56,200 --> 05:39:59,400
to advice, they'd read in books 
and trying to optimize their 

6467
05:39:59,400 --> 05:40:02,300
nighttime hours. 
The printing press had 

6468
05:40:02,300 --> 05:40:05,200
accidentally created the world's
first generation of sleep 

6469
05:40:05,200 --> 05:40:09,600
conscious individuals, Medical 
books, once accessible only to 

6470
05:40:09,600 --> 05:40:13,000
Physicians were now available to
anyone who could read and afford

6471
05:40:13,000 --> 05:40:15,700
them. 
These texts introduced Ordinary 

6472
05:40:15,700 --> 05:40:19,300
People to Concepts, like humeral
balance and the idea that diet 

6473
05:40:19,300 --> 05:40:22,300
exercise and daily habits could 
affect Sleep Quality. 

6474
05:40:23,400 --> 05:40:26,700
People began experimenting with 
the timing of their meals, the 

6475
05:40:26,700 --> 05:40:29,800
firmness of their mattresses and
even the direction, their beds 

6476
05:40:29,800 --> 05:40:32,200
face. 
All based on printed advice from

6477
05:40:32,200 --> 05:40:35,600
medical authorities. 
This marked a fascinating shift 

6478
05:40:35,600 --> 05:40:37,800
from passive acceptance to 
active management. 

6479
05:40:37,800 --> 05:40:42,100
Your ancestors had simply slept 
when they were and woken when 

6480
05:40:42,100 --> 05:40:44,700
they were not. 
The new book reading population 

6481
05:40:44,700 --> 05:40:47,400
began tracking their sleep 
patterns noting, which 

6482
05:40:47,400 --> 05:40:50,500
activities helped or hindered 
their rest and developing 

6483
05:40:50,500 --> 05:40:53,100
personal theories about optimal 
sleep conditions. 

6484
05:40:53,100 --> 05:40:57,800
The results were mixed to put it
gently Many people armed with 

6485
05:40:57,808 --> 05:41:00,200
partial medical knowledge and 
conflicting advice from 

6486
05:41:00,200 --> 05:41:04,200
different books began, creating 
elaborate bedtime routines that 

6487
05:41:04,200 --> 05:41:05,800
probably did more harm than 
good. 

6488
05:41:05,800 --> 05:41:09,000
Some would spend an hour before 
bed preparing their sleeping 

6489
05:41:09,008 --> 05:41:11,100
environment. 
According to whatever book, 

6490
05:41:11,100 --> 05:41:13,900
they'd most recently, read 
adjusting ventilation 

6491
05:41:13,900 --> 05:41:17,600
rearranging furniture or 
consuming specific Foods 

6492
05:41:17,600 --> 05:41:19,200
supposed to promote restful 
sleep. 

6493
05:41:19,800 --> 05:41:22,500
Meanwhile, the mere Act of 
reading about sleep often made 

6494
05:41:22,500 --> 05:41:25,700
it more elusive people would lie
in bed analyzing whether they 

6495
05:41:25,700 --> 05:41:28,600
felt sufficiently relaxed, 
whether they're breathing match 

6496
05:41:28,600 --> 05:41:31,500
the patterns described in their 
health books and whether their 

6497
05:41:31,500 --> 05:41:32,900
mattress was positioned 
correctly. 

6498
05:41:32,900 --> 05:41:36,200
According to the latest printed,
advise the more, they thought 

6499
05:41:36,200 --> 05:41:40,300
about sleep the harder, it 
became Publishers recognizing a 

6500
05:41:40,300 --> 05:41:43,200
profitable Trend began producing
books specifically about sleep 

6501
05:41:43,200 --> 05:41:46,300
Improvement. 
Titles, like the complete guide 

6502
05:41:46,300 --> 05:41:49,500
to restful Slumber and natural 
methods for perfect sleep became

6503
05:41:49,500 --> 05:41:51,800
best sellers. 
These books typically promise, 

6504
05:41:51,800 --> 05:41:53,600
Simple Solutions to sleep 
problems. 

6505
05:41:53,600 --> 05:41:56,400
While simultaneously making 
readers more anxious about 

6506
05:41:56,400 --> 05:41:59,700
whether they were sleeping 
correctly, The wealthy began 

6507
05:41:59,700 --> 05:42:03,200
investing in elaborate sleep, 
optimization equipment, based on

6508
05:42:03,200 --> 05:42:07,600
printed recommendations, special
mattresses, pillows designed. 

6509
05:42:07,600 --> 05:42:10,200
According to particular 
theories, bedroom, furniture 

6510
05:42:10,200 --> 05:42:13,600
arranged to promote better, 
rest, and even clothing designed

6511
05:42:13,600 --> 05:42:17,300
specifically for sleeping. 
This period saw the birth of the

6512
05:42:17,300 --> 05:42:20,400
idea that Sleep Quality could be
purchased an optimized through 

6513
05:42:20,400 --> 05:42:23,500
the right products. 
An idea we'd recognize today. 

6514
05:42:24,400 --> 05:42:27,200
Religious authorities continued 
to voice their concerns about 

6515
05:42:27,200 --> 05:42:29,500
the evolving relationship 
between books and bedtime. 

6516
05:42:29,500 --> 05:42:33,100
But their focus shifted from 
moral objections to practical 

6517
05:42:33,100 --> 05:42:36,300
health concerns. 
Church leaders began preaching 

6518
05:42:36,300 --> 05:42:38,900
about the importance of proper 
rest for spiritual life. 

6519
05:42:38,900 --> 05:42:42,900
Arguing that people too fatigued
from staying up reading were 

6520
05:42:42,900 --> 05:42:45,300
less able to focus during prayer
or church services. 

6521
05:42:46,200 --> 05:42:49,000
The emerging scientific 
revolution of the 1600s brought 

6522
05:42:49,000 --> 05:42:52,400
new complexity to sleep advice 
books, began presenting, 

6523
05:42:52,400 --> 05:42:55,900
competing theories about what 
happened during sleep by dreams 

6524
05:42:55,900 --> 05:43:00,600
occurred and how rested health. 
People found themselves trying 

6525
05:43:00,600 --> 05:43:02,300
to sleep while mentally 
debating. 

6526
05:43:02,300 --> 05:43:05,600
Whether sleep was primarily for 
physical restoration, mental 

6527
05:43:05,600 --> 05:43:09,500
processing, or spiritual 
renewal, Coffee introduced to 

6528
05:43:09,508 --> 05:43:12,200
Europe during the same period 
added another layer of 

6529
05:43:12,200 --> 05:43:14,000
complexity to The Sleep 
equation. 

6530
05:43:14,700 --> 05:43:17,400
Popular books, about coffee 
stimulating effects, led to 

6531
05:43:17,400 --> 05:43:19,900
elaborate rules about when 
coffee consumption could occur 

6532
05:43:19,900 --> 05:43:21,600
without affecting nighttime 
rest. 

6533
05:43:22,400 --> 05:43:24,500
People began timing, their 
coffee consumption. 

6534
05:43:24,500 --> 05:43:27,900
Based on printed advice often 
creating more anxiety about 

6535
05:43:27,900 --> 05:43:29,300
their sleep than the coffee 
itself. 

6536
05:43:29,300 --> 05:43:32,800
Caused the practice of keeping 
sleep, journals emerged among 

6537
05:43:32,800 --> 05:43:36,000
the educated classes. 
People began recording their 

6538
05:43:36,000 --> 05:43:38,500
bedtime. 
Wake times, dream, content and 

6539
05:43:38,500 --> 05:43:41,700
energy levels comparing their 
experiences to advice. 

6540
05:43:41,700 --> 05:43:44,500
They'd read in books. 
These personal sleep studies 

6541
05:43:44,500 --> 05:43:47,200
represented Humanities. 
First, systematic attempts to 

6542
05:43:47,208 --> 05:43:50,700
understand individual, sleep 
patterns. though, the data was 

6543
05:43:50,700 --> 05:43:54,400
often more confusing than 
Illuminating, Physicians began 

6544
05:43:54,400 --> 05:43:56,600
reporting, a new category of 
patient complaints. 

6545
05:43:56,600 --> 05:43:59,000
People who felt their sleep was 
inadequate. 

6546
05:43:59,000 --> 05:44:01,900
Not because they were worn out, 
but because their sleep didn't 

6547
05:44:01,900 --> 05:44:04,600
match descriptions. 
They'd read in books, healthy 

6548
05:44:04,600 --> 05:44:07,300
individuals with normal sleep 
patterns, sought medical help 

6549
05:44:07,300 --> 05:44:09,800
because they worry their rest 
wasn't optimized according to 

6550
05:44:09,800 --> 05:44:13,900
the latest printed theories. 
This period also saw the 

6551
05:44:13,900 --> 05:44:16,200
emergence of sleep-related 
social anxiety. 

6552
05:44:17,100 --> 05:44:18,900
People began comparing their 
sleep habits. 

6553
05:44:18,900 --> 05:44:22,600
To those described in popular 
books worrying that their bed 

6554
05:44:22,600 --> 05:44:26,400
time routines, mattresses or 
sleep positions, mark them as 

6555
05:44:26,400 --> 05:44:30,200
unsophisticated or unhealthy. 
Sleep, which had been a private 

6556
05:44:30,200 --> 05:44:33,400
largely unconscious activity, 
became a topic of social 

6557
05:44:33,400 --> 05:44:37,100
discussion and comparison. 
Everyone recognized the irony. 

6558
05:44:37,800 --> 05:44:40,800
Some writers of the time noted 
that Humanity had survived for 

6559
05:44:40,800 --> 05:44:42,900
Millennia with perfectly 
adequate sleep. 

6560
05:44:42,900 --> 05:44:46,100
Before anyone thought to write 
books about it, they observed 

6561
05:44:46,100 --> 05:44:48,500
that the more people read about 
sleep, the more problems, they 

6562
05:44:48,500 --> 05:44:51,600
seem to develop with sleeping 
but there was no going back. 

6563
05:44:52,500 --> 05:44:54,500
The printing press had 
fundamentally altered, 

6564
05:44:54,500 --> 05:44:56,400
Humanity's relationship with 
rest. 

6565
05:44:56,400 --> 05:45:00,100
Transforming sleep from a 
natural surrender to Darkness 

6566
05:45:00,100 --> 05:45:04,000
into a complex activity. 
That could be studied analyzed 

6567
05:45:04,000 --> 05:45:08,100
optimized and worried about 
Sleep had become homework as the

6568
05:45:08,100 --> 05:45:12,800
1600s progressed into the 1700s.
Something profound was slipping 

6569
05:45:12,800 --> 05:45:16,200
away from Human Experience. 
So gradually that no one quite 

6570
05:45:16,200 --> 05:45:17,800
noticed until it was nearly 
gone. 

6571
05:45:17,800 --> 05:45:21,300
The ancient pattern of 
segmented, sleep first. 

6572
05:45:21,300 --> 05:45:25,600
Sleep, wakeful period, second 
sleep was dissolving, like 

6573
05:45:25,600 --> 05:45:28,600
Morning, Mist, replace by 
something entirely, different 

6574
05:45:29,400 --> 05:45:32,100
books weren't just changing when
people slept, they were 

6575
05:45:32,100 --> 05:45:35,600
fundamentally altering, how 
people slept The transition 

6576
05:45:35,600 --> 05:45:39,100
happened differently in cities 
than in rural areas and faster 

6577
05:45:39,100 --> 05:45:41,900
among the wealthy than the poor,
but the direction was 

6578
05:45:41,900 --> 05:45:44,500
unmistakable. 
People were beginning to sleep 

6579
05:45:44,500 --> 05:45:47,900
in single Consolidated blocks 
much like you do today. 

6580
05:45:49,200 --> 05:45:52,500
This transition might seem like 
a minor technical change but it 

6581
05:45:52,500 --> 05:45:55,200
represented one of the most 
significant shifts in human 

6582
05:45:55,200 --> 05:45:57,700
behavior since the development 
of agriculture. 

6583
05:45:58,800 --> 05:46:02,000
Urban areas LED this 
transformation cities meant more

6584
05:46:02,000 --> 05:46:05,700
artificial, light more scheduled
activities, and more access to 

6585
05:46:05,700 --> 05:46:09,400
books and printed entertainment.
City dwellers found their old 

6586
05:46:09,400 --> 05:46:13,000
midnight, wake periods 
increasingly inconvenient. if 

6587
05:46:13,000 --> 05:46:15,500
you had to be at work by a 
specific time and needed to 

6588
05:46:15,508 --> 05:46:18,900
maintain your energy throughout 
the day, the segmented sleep 

6589
05:46:18,900 --> 05:46:21,300
pattern began to feel 
inefficient, rather than natural

6590
05:46:22,100 --> 05:46:23,900
Books played a crucial role in 
the shift. 

6591
05:46:23,900 --> 05:46:26,500
The growing practice of bedtime 
reading. 

6592
05:46:26,500 --> 05:46:29,200
Meant people were staying awake 
later into the evening pushing 

6593
05:46:29,200 --> 05:46:33,400
their first sleep period later. 
And later eventually many people

6594
05:46:33,400 --> 05:46:35,600
were going to bed. 
So late that their natural wake 

6595
05:46:35,600 --> 05:46:39,300
period uncomfortably close to 
Dawn, rather than wake for an 

6596
05:46:39,300 --> 05:46:41,200
hour or two. 
In the middle of the night, they

6597
05:46:41,200 --> 05:46:43,000
began sleeping straight through 
until morning. 

6598
05:46:43,000 --> 05:46:45,700
This changed didn't happen 
without consequences. 

6599
05:46:45,700 --> 05:46:49,700
People raised on segmented. 
Sleep patterns often struggled 

6600
05:46:49,700 --> 05:46:51,400
with the new Consolidated 
approach. 

6601
05:46:52,300 --> 05:46:54,500
They'd lie awake during what her
traditionally been their 

6602
05:46:54,500 --> 05:46:57,800
midnight active period, not 
understanding why sleep alluded 

6603
05:46:57,800 --> 05:47:00,200
them. 
Physicians began documenting 

6604
05:47:00,200 --> 05:47:03,700
what they called, Midnight, 
Melancholy periods of wakeful 

6605
05:47:03,700 --> 05:47:06,100
anxiety that occurred when 
people fought against their 

6606
05:47:06,100 --> 05:47:08,100
natural tendency to wake during 
the night. 

6607
05:47:08,800 --> 05:47:11,600
The loss of segmented sleep 
meant The Disappearance of those

6608
05:47:11,600 --> 05:47:14,900
precious midnight hours that had
traditionally been used for 

6609
05:47:14,900 --> 05:47:18,700
quiet conversation. 
Prayer, meditation and gentle 

6610
05:47:18,700 --> 05:47:22,200
activities. 
Couples lost that intimate time 

6611
05:47:22,200 --> 05:47:23,900
of soft conversation in the 
Darkness. 

6612
05:47:24,800 --> 05:47:27,300
Family, stopped sharing those 
peaceful moments of tending, the

6613
05:47:27,308 --> 05:47:29,000
fire and checking on children 
together. 

6614
05:47:29,000 --> 05:47:33,500
Instead all the evenings 
activities conversation reading,

6615
05:47:33,500 --> 05:47:36,900
planning and reflection became 
compressed into the hours 

6616
05:47:36,900 --> 05:47:40,600
between dinner and bedtime. 
This intensification of evening 

6617
05:47:40,600 --> 05:47:43,600
activities created, a faster 
pace of life, that many found 

6618
05:47:43,600 --> 05:47:46,600
over. 
The gentle rhythm of segmented 

6619
05:47:46,600 --> 05:47:49,500
sleep had provided natural 
breaks in the days, emotional 

6620
05:47:49,500 --> 05:47:53,000
and mental processing. 
But books, began reflecting and 

6621
05:47:53,000 --> 05:47:56,700
reinforcing this new sleep 
pattern, authors started writing

6622
05:47:56,700 --> 05:47:59,300
longer chapters. 
Assuming readers would want 

6623
05:47:59,300 --> 05:48:02,100
substantial content for their 
extended evening reading, 

6624
05:48:02,100 --> 05:48:05,200
session's The concept of the 
page. 

6625
05:48:05,200 --> 05:48:08,000
Turner a book. 
So engaging you'd read later 

6626
05:48:08,000 --> 05:48:11,700
into the night became a 
marketing Advantage, Publishers 

6627
05:48:11,700 --> 05:48:14,200
discovered that books that kept 
people reading passed their 

6628
05:48:14,200 --> 05:48:16,900
traditional First bed. 
Time will most likely to become 

6629
05:48:16,900 --> 05:48:19,000
popular. 
The wealthy began designing 

6630
05:48:19,000 --> 05:48:23,100
their homes around Consolidated,
sleep patterns bedrooms became 

6631
05:48:23,100 --> 05:48:26,100
more elaborate and comfortable 
designed for longer periods of 

6632
05:48:26,108 --> 05:48:29,400
occupancy. 
The concept of the bedroom as a 

6633
05:48:29,400 --> 05:48:33,000
retreat, a personal Sanctuary 
designed specifically for rest 

6634
05:48:33,000 --> 05:48:35,700
and relaxation emerged during 
this period. 

6635
05:48:36,700 --> 05:48:40,400
Previously bedrooms had been 
more utilitarian places to sleep

6636
05:48:40,400 --> 05:48:43,900
certainly but not necessarily 
places to lingo or relax. 

6637
05:48:44,700 --> 05:48:47,600
Reading Nooks within bedrooms 
became fashionable among those 

6638
05:48:47,600 --> 05:48:50,300
who could afford them. 
These were specifically designed

6639
05:48:50,300 --> 05:48:53,700
spaces for pre-sleep reading 
with comfortable chairs, good 

6640
05:48:53,700 --> 05:48:55,800
lighting and convenient book 
storage. 

6641
05:48:56,700 --> 05:48:58,500
The bedroom was transforming 
from a place. 

6642
05:48:58,500 --> 05:49:01,200
You went only to sleep into a 
place where you might spend 

6643
05:49:01,200 --> 05:49:04,800
several hours each evening 
reading, relaxing and gradually 

6644
05:49:04,800 --> 05:49:08,600
transitioning towards sleep. 
This architectural, shift 

6645
05:49:08,600 --> 05:49:11,500
reflected a deeper change in how
people thought about rest and 

6646
05:49:11,500 --> 05:49:14,000
privacy. 
The bedroom was becoming the 

6647
05:49:14,000 --> 05:49:17,600
first truly private space. 
In most people's homes, a place 

6648
05:49:17,608 --> 05:49:20,100
where you could Retreat from 
social obligation and family 

6649
05:49:20,100 --> 05:49:23,000
responsibilities to engage with 
books and your thoughts. 

6650
05:49:24,400 --> 05:49:26,600
Children growing up during this 
transition experience. 

6651
05:49:26,600 --> 05:49:29,500
Something unprecedented. 
They were the first generation 

6652
05:49:29,500 --> 05:49:32,000
to sleep through the night as a 
normal expected. 

6653
05:49:33,000 --> 05:49:34,300
Pattern. 
Their parents and grandparents 

6654
05:49:34,300 --> 05:49:36,600
had grown up expecting to wake 
during the night. 

6655
05:49:36,600 --> 05:49:39,200
But these children learn to 
sleep for eight or nine, 

6656
05:49:39,200 --> 05:49:42,000
continuous hours. 
This created different 

6657
05:49:42,000 --> 05:49:45,200
relationships with both sleep 
and darkness and different 

6658
05:49:45,200 --> 05:49:48,000
capacities for sustained, 
attention and energy throughout 

6659
05:49:48,000 --> 05:49:50,900
long days. 
The old folk wisdom about sleep 

6660
05:49:50,900 --> 05:49:55,100
began to seem obsolete saying 
like the hour before midnight is

6661
05:49:55,100 --> 05:49:58,500
worth two, after made less sense
to people who were going to bed 

6662
05:49:58,500 --> 05:50:01,600
at midnight or later. 
Traditional advice about using 

6663
05:50:01,600 --> 05:50:03,700
wakeful periods for prayer or 
meditation. 

6664
05:50:03,700 --> 05:50:07,000
Seemed irrelevant people who no 
longer experience regular 

6665
05:50:07,000 --> 05:50:12,400
midnight wake periods. 
By 1750 Consolidated, sleep had 

6666
05:50:12,400 --> 05:50:14,900
become the new normal for most 
of the literate population. 

6667
05:50:15,600 --> 05:50:18,700
The segmented sleep pattern that
had characterized human rest for

6668
05:50:18,700 --> 05:50:21,400
Millennia survived. 
Mainly in rural areas where 

6669
05:50:21,400 --> 05:50:24,900
artificial light was still rare.
Daily scheduled remained to 

6670
05:50:24,900 --> 05:50:28,700
natural daylight Cycles. 
Medical authorities of the time,

6671
05:50:28,700 --> 05:50:32,200
noted the change, but generally 
approved of it Consolidated. 

6672
05:50:32,200 --> 05:50:35,200
Sleep seemed more efficient. 
Better suited to the 

6673
05:50:35,200 --> 05:50:37,600
increasingly complex demands of 
Modern Life. 

6674
05:50:38,400 --> 05:50:41,200
Few realized that Humanity was 
abandoning arrest pattern that 

6675
05:50:41,200 --> 05:50:44,100
had evolved over thousands of 
years, replacing it with 

6676
05:50:44,100 --> 05:50:47,100
something entirely unprecedented
in Human Experience. 

6677
05:50:48,000 --> 05:50:50,400
The printing, press had 
accidentally engineered the most

6678
05:50:50,400 --> 05:50:53,400
significant change in human 
sleep patterns, since we learned

6679
05:50:53,400 --> 05:50:56,600
to control fire. 
Here you are centuries. 

6680
05:50:56,600 --> 05:50:59,200
Later settling into your 
comfortable bed with perhaps a 

6681
05:50:59,200 --> 05:51:02,000
book on your nightstand, 
completely unaware that your 

6682
05:51:02,000 --> 05:51:05,200
entire relationship with sleep 
was shaped by a Goldsmith's 

6683
05:51:05,200 --> 05:51:09,000
invention from the 1400s. 
The Consolidated sleep pattern, 

6684
05:51:09,000 --> 05:51:12,000
you can consider natural 8 hours
of continuous. 

6685
05:51:12,000 --> 05:51:15,100
Rest would have seemed a 
strange, your medieval ancestors

6686
05:51:15,100 --> 05:51:17,800
as their segmented. 
Sleep routine seems to you 

6687
05:51:17,800 --> 05:51:20,300
today. 
The transformation, the 

6688
05:51:20,300 --> 05:51:24,000
printing, press began continues 
to Ripple through your nights in

6689
05:51:24,000 --> 05:51:28,000
ways, both obvious, and subtle. 
Every time you reach for your 

6690
05:51:28,000 --> 05:51:31,200
phone to reach, just one more 
article before sleep, your 

6691
05:51:31,200 --> 05:51:33,700
participating in a tradition 
that began, when the first 

6692
05:51:33,700 --> 05:51:36,100
person to handle to read, just 
one more chapter. 

6693
05:51:37,000 --> 05:51:40,300
The eternal struggle between I 
should go to sleep and I'll just

6694
05:51:40,300 --> 05:51:43,300
read a little longer started 
with those early book owners and

6695
05:51:43,300 --> 05:51:46,300
has never really ended. 
Your bedroom itself is a 

6696
05:51:46,300 --> 05:51:47,600
testament to this 
transformation. 

6697
05:51:47,600 --> 05:51:50,800
The idea that you need a 
comfortable private space, 

6698
05:51:50,800 --> 05:51:53,000
specifically designed for rest 
and relaxation. 

6699
05:51:53,000 --> 05:51:56,900
Complete with good lighting for 
reading comfortable, seating and

6700
05:51:56,900 --> 05:51:59,000
easy, access to ebooks or 
digital devices. 

6701
05:51:59,000 --> 05:52:02,300
Would have been incomprehensible
to people who simply slept 

6702
05:52:02,300 --> 05:52:04,900
wherever they could identify a 
safe warm spot. 

6703
05:52:06,300 --> 05:52:09,300
The printing press didn't just 
change what people read, it 

6704
05:52:09,300 --> 05:52:12,800
changed how they think. 
The ability to access multiple 

6705
05:52:12,800 --> 05:52:17,000
perspectives, compared different
ideas and engage with complex 

6706
05:52:17,000 --> 05:52:20,300
narratives trained human Minds 
to be more active, more, 

6707
05:52:20,300 --> 05:52:24,300
analytical and more imaginative.
These more active Minds 

6708
05:52:24,300 --> 05:52:27,500
naturally took longer to settle 
into sleep, requiring longer, 

6709
05:52:27,500 --> 05:52:30,500
transition periods, and more 
comfortable environments. 

6710
05:52:31,400 --> 05:52:34,000
Modern sleep science, has 
rediscovered, some wisdom from 

6711
05:52:34,000 --> 05:52:36,400
the pre-printing era, sleep 
researchers. 

6712
05:52:36,400 --> 05:52:39,200
Now, understand that the 
Consolidated 8-hour sleep 

6713
05:52:39,200 --> 05:52:42,400
pattern while workable isn't 
necessarily optimal for 

6714
05:52:42,400 --> 05:52:45,100
everyone. 
Some people naturally function 

6715
05:52:45,100 --> 05:52:48,900
better with segmented sleep or 
alternative patterns, but are 

6716
05:52:48,900 --> 05:52:51,900
modern world of scheduled work 
and artificial lighting makes 

6717
05:52:51,900 --> 05:52:55,600
these patterns difficult to 
maintain The books that line, 

6718
05:52:55,600 --> 05:52:58,600
your shelves, the reading light,
beside your bed, and the 

6719
05:52:58,600 --> 05:53:00,900
comfortable chair, where you 
might read before sleep. 

6720
05:53:01,700 --> 05:53:04,300
All of these represent Victory 
is in Humanity's ongoing 

6721
05:53:04,300 --> 05:53:08,400
negotiation with Darkness each 
generation since Gutenberg has 

6722
05:53:08,400 --> 05:53:12,000
pushed bedtime a little later 
made a little brighter and 

6723
05:53:12,000 --> 05:53:14,700
filled the hours before sleep 
with more, mental stimulation. 

6724
05:53:15,500 --> 05:53:17,600
Your dreams themselves, carry 
the legacy of this 

6725
05:53:17,600 --> 05:53:20,600
transformation. 
The Complex narrative Rich 

6726
05:53:20,600 --> 05:53:23,800
dreams, that many people 
experience today, reflect Minds 

6727
05:53:23,800 --> 05:53:26,100
trained on centuries of 
Storytelling tradition. 

6728
05:53:27,100 --> 05:53:30,400
You're sleeping brain processes,
not just the days immediate 

6729
05:53:30,400 --> 05:53:34,300
experiences, but also the 
characters, plots, and ideas. 

6730
05:53:34,300 --> 05:53:37,500
You've absorbed from books 
creating dreams that would have 

6731
05:53:37,508 --> 05:53:40,000
been impossible for preliterate,
humans to imagine. 

6732
05:53:40,700 --> 05:53:44,200
The Sleep problems that plague 
Modern Life difficulty, falling 

6733
05:53:44,200 --> 05:53:47,700
asleep, racing thoughts at 
bedtime the temptation to read 

6734
05:53:47,700 --> 05:53:51,300
or check devices and of sleeping
all have their roots in that 

6735
05:53:51,300 --> 05:53:52,900
moment. 
When humans first chose 

6736
05:53:52,900 --> 05:53:55,400
artificial light and mental 
stimulation over natural 

6737
05:53:55,400 --> 05:53:58,900
darkness and rest. 
We traded the simple surrender 

6738
05:53:58,900 --> 05:54:01,100
to sleep for the complex, 
pleasure of extended 

6739
05:54:01,100 --> 05:54:03,600
Consciousness, and we're still 
learning to manage the 

6740
05:54:03,600 --> 05:54:06,400
consequences but perhaps this 
trade-off was worth it. 

6741
05:54:06,400 --> 05:54:09,600
The same printing, press 
Revolution that complicated 

6742
05:54:09,600 --> 05:54:11,800
sleep. 
Also democratized knowledge 

6743
05:54:11,800 --> 05:54:15,800
spread literacy enabled, the 
Scientific Revolution and 

6744
05:54:15,800 --> 05:54:18,200
created the foundation for every
book you've ever loved. 

6745
05:54:18,200 --> 05:54:20,500
Those late nights reading by 
candlelight. 

6746
05:54:20,500 --> 05:54:23,900
Gave birth to the modern world 
with all its complexities and 

6747
05:54:23,900 --> 05:54:26,500
possibilities. 
As you prepare for sleep 

6748
05:54:26,500 --> 05:54:29,200
tonight, your participating in a
ritual that would be 

6749
05:54:29,200 --> 05:54:31,600
recognizable to readers from 
centuries past. 

6750
05:54:32,600 --> 05:54:36,400
The details have changed 
electric lights and of candles 

6751
05:54:36,400 --> 05:54:39,800
printed books, or digital 
screens and of hand copied 

6752
05:54:39,800 --> 05:54:42,400
manuscripts. 
But the basic pattern remains 

6753
05:54:42,400 --> 05:54:45,800
you're using artificial light to
extend Consciousness Beyond its 

6754
05:54:45,800 --> 05:54:49,200
natural limits, filling your 
mind with stories and ideas that

6755
05:54:49,200 --> 05:54:52,800
will accompany you to sleep and 
perhaps to dreams the printing, 

6756
05:54:52,800 --> 05:54:54,200
press taught Humanity that 
night. 

6757
05:54:54,200 --> 05:54:57,000
Doesn't have to mean the end of 
the thought that Darkness can be

6758
05:54:57,008 --> 05:55:00,000
filled with light and stories 
and that sleep can be a 

6759
05:55:00,000 --> 05:55:03,300
transition to Worlds even more 
fantastic than the ones we read 

6760
05:55:03,300 --> 05:55:06,400
about. 
Changing how we sleep changed us

6761
05:55:06,400 --> 05:55:10,700
as a species more thoughtful 
imaginative and connected to 

6762
05:55:10,700 --> 05:55:14,500
ideas and stories than before. 
So tonight is you finally turn 

6763
05:55:14,500 --> 05:55:17,700
off the light and settle into 
sleep, your carrying forward a 

6764
05:55:17,700 --> 05:55:20,700
tradition that began. 
When the first person decided 

6765
05:55:20,700 --> 05:55:23,200
that Sunset didn't have to mean 
the end of reading time. 

6766
05:55:23,200 --> 05:55:26,800
Sweet dreams, their brought to 
you by Hannah Gutenberg and 

6767
05:55:26,800 --> 05:55:29,400
everyone who ever stayed up late
reading just one more page.