What Daily Life Was REALLY Like For Celtic Druids | Boring History For Sleep

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Imagine Mist rolling over 
ancient forests, the crackle of 

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a fire in a stone circle and the
low murmur of voices, speaking 

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Secrets, only a few were ever 
meant to know. 

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Well tonight, my sleepy crew 
were uncovering. 

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What daily life was really like 
for the Celtic. 

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Druids far from being just 
mysterious figures in robes The 

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Druids were judges, teachers 
healers and spiritual leaders. 

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Their days were filled with 
ritual and study with guiding 

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their communities. 
Through both the Practical and 

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the mystical So, before you get 
comfortable, take a moment to 

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like the video, and let me know 
down below where your tuning in 

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from, and what time it is for 
you. 

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Now dim the light, grab your 
cozy blanket, and let me work my

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magic. 
When you're sleeping on what 

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passes for a Celtic mattress. 
Basically a pile of sheep's wool

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packed into a leather sack that 
has seen better decades waking 

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up before the sun does isn't 
exactly a hardship. 

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In ancient Britain where central
heating won't be developed for 

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another 1,000 years or so the 
morning are has that special 

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bite that comes only from 
sleeping outside. 

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You roll out of your makeshift 
shelter and walk Barefoot cross 

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grass that has been soaked with 
due in the direction of the Holy

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Grove. 
After years of this routine, 

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your feet have long since 
hardened to leather, but you 

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still Flinch when you step on a 
sharp Stone, like a curious cat,

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the Mist clings to everything 
and circling the old Oaks and 

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giving the impression that the 
world is smaller and more 

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personal as a druid, your day, 
starts with what you could call 

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meditation, but it's more about 
standing among trees that were 

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old. 
When your great-grandfather was 

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young and listening, then it is 
about sitting cross-legged. 

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And humming ohm paying 
attention, you are drawn to your

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own breathing in the silence to 
the distant call of a curly. 

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And to the rustle of leaves that
resembles whispered Secrets, the

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Oak Grove house is your outdoor 
office library and Temple. 

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There are no walls, no roof 
apart, from the canopy above and

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no expensive Furnishings. 
Just you the trees and whatever 

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knowledge you can extract from 
the Feeling the Deep grooves and

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recalling, the innumerable ones 
you have welcomed here, you run 

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your hand along the bark of your
favorite Oak. 

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Over the years, this tree has 
taken on the role of a kind of 

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co-worker. 
A silent Observer of your 

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thoughts and prayers checking on
the different plants and herbs. 

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You've been growing nearby as 
part of your morning routine, 

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though, it may not resemble a 
modern Garden. 

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There are carefully arranged 
planting in small clearings and 

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Among The Roots. 
You must be patient. 

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Sometimes waiting years for 
missile to appear because it 

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doesn't grow on every Oak. 
When it happens, it's similar to

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discovering a 20 pound note in 
your coat pocket but this note 

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has the power to heal the sick 
and establish a connection with 

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the Divine. 
Even the most pragmatic person 

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gets a little mystical from the 
golden way, the early morning, 

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light filters through the 
leaves, you collect a few 

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special herbs such as Meadow 
Suite for its sweet Aroma and 

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therapeutic. 
Qualities for vain for 

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purification and some Hawthorne 
bark for later use. 

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These Treasures are stored in 
your Leather Pouch which has 

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been softened by years of use 
and resembles. 

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Ancient Pharmacy, you hear the 
sounds of the settlement 

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starting to awaken as the sun 
rises higher. 

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The Familiar sounds of everyday 
life such as children. 

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Laughing cattle lowering and 
someone presumably arguing over 

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who gets to milk the goats drift
through the trees as smoke rises

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from cooking fires. 
But for now you are caught 

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between the Eternal and the 
Earthly in these final moments 

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of dawn silence, When You Close 
Your Eyes, you can feel the 

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Earth's slow steady heartbeat, 
the pulse of the land beneath 

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your feet. 
The ability to perceive the 

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deeper rhythms of the natural 
world, is a sensation that 

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developed over years, you know, 
better than to call it fanciful.

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You've discovered that the world
speaks to those who can listen. 

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After 20 years, of training 
memorizing, thousands of lines, 

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of poetry, and law, and 
researching, the Motions of 

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stars and the characteristics of
plants a simple acknowledgment, 

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which is in between a prayer and
a greeting marks, the end of the

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morning ritual. 
One last time, you press your 

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palm against the Oaks trunk and 
mutter something in the ancient 

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tongue, that your teacher taught
you when you were just a young 

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child naturally, the tree never 
responds, but you always feel 

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heard. 
It's time to confront the day 

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and all of its human related 
issues and complications. 

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You must eat something first 
though. 

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When their blood sugar Falls 
even Druids become irritable, 

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you practice. 
What may be the most spectacular

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party trick in all of ancient 
Europe as you make your way back

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to the settlement. 
But Deadly serious. 

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And there are no parties 
genealogies caught rulings and 

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religious tales that need to be 
memorized of a beta being 

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recited. 
There were no Crypt notes, no 

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written books. 
And no, let me Google that 

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choices. 
Just your brain, which has been 

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conditioned to function as a 
living Library. 

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Since childhood the intricate 
inheritance laws governing 

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cattle disputes of the subject 
of this morning's mental 

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exercise, the content is truly 
exciting. 

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You silently discuss the 
appropriate course of action in 

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the event that enables 
grainfield is damaged by 

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someone's prize ball going over 
different scenarios and the 

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solutions that are suggested 
Similar to being a walking 

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Wikipedia except that you can't 
use cultural left to find what 

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you're looking for. 
And real people. 

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Suffer real consequences, if you
forget something, crucial, a 

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growl from your stomach, like 
the audible in the valley Beyond

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interrupt, this legal 
recitation, In Iron Age, 

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Britain, breakfast is defined as
anything. 

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That didn't go bad overnight and
won't kill you right away. 

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You walk over to the communal 
kitchen where a number of big 

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pots bubble over well-maintained
fires porridge not the simple 

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instant variety you can 
microwave but real porridge made

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from barley oats or whatever 
grains of the weather the birds 

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and the general unpredictability
of prehistoric agriculture is 

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the breakfast food. 
Its flavored with whatever herbs

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or dried fruits happen to be on 
hand and stirred with Wooden 

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Spoons that have been worn 
Smooth by numerable hands. 

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Occasionally honey is used when 
the Bears aren't feeling hungry 

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and the bees are feeling 
generous with your hands warmed 

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by the cool morning air you take
a seat on a wooden stump that 

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doubles as your breakfast chair.
What does the porridge taste 

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like? 
I like porridge actually but by 

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ancient standards it's a huge 
success because it's hot filling

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and doesn't cause food 
poisoning. 

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You enjoy the crunch of the 
hazelnuts against the smooth 

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grain as you add a handful that 
you've been saving. 

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You go over your mental notes, 
from yesterday's consultation, 

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with a farmer who she had been 
acting strangely. 

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While you're eating, even though
it was the right season, two 

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Rams, had refused to mate, and 
three use had been moving in 

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circles. 
It was most likely ergot 

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poisoning from contaminated 
grass. 

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You decided after looking at the
animals and weighing the many 

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possibilities disease, poisoning
Supernatural interference, or 

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just plain, sheep stubbornness 
your advice had been sensible 

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relocate, the flock to New 
Pasture. 

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Provide them with lots of clean 
water, and make sacrifices to 

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make sure there were no, 
residual spiritual issues. 

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Is the type of diagnosis that 
neatly Blends Agricultural, 

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Science, veterinary medicine and
religious practice. 

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Your success rate keeps people 
coming back but modern doctors 

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would likely question your 
methods. 

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The toddler is clinging to the 
young mother's leg like a 

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Resolute Barnacle as she 
approaches. 

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She explains that the child has 
been experiencing night terrors 

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in his unable to sleep through 
the night. 

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After you finish your porridge, 
you think about the issue 

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sometimes the remedy is herbal 
such as a gentle chamomile or 

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lavender tea. 
Checking for drafts in their 

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sleeping area or implying. 
That the child may be old enough

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to have a separate sleeping 
area. 

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From his parents are examples of
practical applications. 

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Sometimes though, you suspect, 
it's simply the fact that 2 year

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olds are inherently scary beings
who don't receive enough, sleep,

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until there are around 30 
naturally. 

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You don't say this to the 
mother. 

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Instead you propose creating a 
mild herbal remedy and suggest a

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simple bedtime routine that may 
help the child feel more secure,

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your work revolves around these 
consultations which are the 

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everyday reality that differs 
greatly from the enigmatic 

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unearthly perception, that 
people frequently hold of Druids

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you have elements of a lawyer, a
doctor, a therapist and an 

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agricultural consultant. 
The mystical elements though, 

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woven through pragmatic concerns
like a golden thread through 

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rough wool, a sufficiently real.
Your day has officially begun. 

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When you finish your breakfast 
and noticed that the sun has 

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risen, well above the tree line.
It's time to review your many 

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ongoing projects and determine 
who else might benefit from your

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unique cam? 
Of Common Sense, and age-old 

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wisdom. 
It's a three-walled building 

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with a thatched roof. 
That only leaks when it rains a 

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lot, which is usually the case, 
you'll make shift to Spencer is 

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located in a corner of what 
could be kindly referred to as a

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workshop to receive any sunlight
that Britain's consistently 

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overcast. 
Skies May provide the open side 

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faces, South Clay pots line. 
Wooden shelves that have been 

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smooth by years of use and 
bundles of dried herbs. 

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Hang from the rafters, like an 
aromatic chandelier checking on 

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a batch of willow bark. 
Tea that has been steeping. 

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Overnight is the first task for 
today's pharmaceutical work. 

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Kind words, and gentle 
stretching are insufficient for 

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the middle aged blacksmith, 
patient, whose joints are so 

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stiff that he can hardly lift 
his hammer. 

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He tests the strength of the 
dark liquid with a cautious sip 

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after straining. 
It through a piece of linen is 

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probably about, right? 
Because I'm as bitter as a 

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disgruntled tax collector, your 
medicine cabinet. 

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Would confuse a modern Pharmacy,
but any respectable herbalist 

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would be impressed. for 
headaches fever as collected at 

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dawn, when its potency is its 
highest The country people refer

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to country as knitbone for good 
reason, it helps with wounds and

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broken bones. 
Saint John's Wort is used to 

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treat depression but you may 
also think of it as a way to 

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drive out evil spirits that 
descend on the heart like Mist 

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in a valley, a woman shows up 
looking ashamed, the company by 

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her teenage son, The boys face 
resembles a battlefield of red 

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pimples and angry spots commonly
referred to as acne. 

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But you recognize it as the 
unfortunate consequence of 

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maturing into manhood in a world
lacking face, wash or 

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dermatologists. 
It's not incorrect for his 

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mother to worry that the 
condition could hinder his 

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ability to locate and wife. 
But you don't bring up the 

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possibility that his personality
could be a greater barrier. 

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Herbal Remedies and practical 
advice are part of your 

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treatment. 
Applications of honey and 

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crushed. 
Mint leaves on the outside for 

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their antibacterial qualities. 
This tea blend which contains 

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burdock root nettle and a little
yellow. 

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Dock is meant to balance what 
you think of as internal heat. 

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Above all. 
There are strong warnings not to

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pick at the spots that you know 
that teens will disregard These 

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Warnings with the same tenacity 
that has been displayed 

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throughout history, mental and 
emotional disorders present the 

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true obstacle after losing her 
baby daughter. 

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Six months ago, a Merchants wife
has been describing what she 

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calls Melancholy of the spirit. 
Like Lee, what we would 

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recognize as depression, you 
have plants that can help with 

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the physical pain and somnia 
that come with deep sadness, but

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no herb can cure it. 
You make a mild, concoction, 

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passion flower to promote 
relaxation, lemon balm, for its 

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energizing qualities, and a tiny
bit of lavender for its soothing

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a Roma. 
More significantly though. 

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You allow her space to talk 
about her daughter and 

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acknowledge the truth of her 
loss without downplaying it or 

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pressuring her to accept it a 
significant portion of your 

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practice consists of this 
emotional labor. 

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People seek you out not only for
physical cures, but also for 

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someone who will listen to them 
without passing judgment and who

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could help them understand why 
they are suffering, you're a 

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priest, a counselor and a friend
all at once that you've learned 

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00:11:32,700 --> 00:11:35,200
to keep your distance so that 
you don't get caught up in other

230
00:11:35,200 --> 00:11:37,900
people's suffering, a more 
unusual, case arrives in your 

231
00:11:37,900 --> 00:11:41,400
afternoon, a farmer who believes
arrival has cursed, his prize 

232
00:11:41,400 --> 00:11:43,400
bull, the animal no longer 
serves. 

233
00:11:43,400 --> 00:11:46,400
The cows and has turned violent 
and erratic charging at Shadows.

234
00:11:47,400 --> 00:11:49,500
Examining the beast from a safe 
distance. 

235
00:11:49,500 --> 00:11:52,800
You observe its irregular 
behavior and dilated pupils. 

236
00:11:52,800 --> 00:11:55,900
After careful integration, you 
learn that. 

237
00:11:55,900 --> 00:11:58,900
The bull has been grazing in a 
field where ergot infected grain

238
00:11:58,900 --> 00:12:02,600
grows wild, the cursed treatment
includes moving the ball to a 

239
00:12:02,600 --> 00:12:06,000
clean pasture, providing him 
with plenty of fresh water and 

240
00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:08,600
performing a ceremonial 
cleansing to help him feel that 

241
00:12:08,600 --> 00:12:10,200
the spiritual threat has been 
removed. 

242
00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:14,700
All due to the farmers strong 
and genuine belief in curses As 

243
00:12:14,700 --> 00:12:17,500
you think about your evening 
meal, you muster impressive 

244
00:12:17,500 --> 00:12:21,700
sounding incantations burn some 
puring herbs and sprinkle 

245
00:12:21,700 --> 00:12:23,400
blessed water around the Bulls 
pair. 

246
00:12:23,400 --> 00:12:27,400
This is not exactly a deception.
instead of making the farmer 

247
00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:30,700
feel helpless and Afraid, the 
ritual actually helps them feel 

248
00:12:30,700 --> 00:12:34,700
empowered and hopeful The Bulls 
recuperation will be impacted by

249
00:12:34,700 --> 00:12:37,600
his mental state, which will 
also affect how he treats the 

250
00:12:37,600 --> 00:12:40,500
animal medicine that treats both
the patient and their human 

251
00:12:40,500 --> 00:12:42,600
caregivers can. 
Sometimes be the best. 

252
00:12:42,600 --> 00:12:45,700
You tidy up your equipment and 
arrange your supplies for the 

253
00:12:45,700 --> 00:12:48,100
next day. 
As night falls, the work for the

254
00:12:48,100 --> 00:12:50,800
day is being successful. 
A number of people are feeling 

255
00:12:50,808 --> 00:12:53,900
better and your treatments, 
haven't killed anyone, which is 

256
00:12:53,900 --> 00:12:55,700
always a win in. 
Prehistoric medicine, 

257
00:12:55,700 --> 00:12:58,100
approximately two miles from the
settlement. 

258
00:12:58,100 --> 00:13:02,500
The stone circle is situated on 
a rise where Generations before 

259
00:13:02,500 --> 00:13:05,300
your grandfather's grandfather 
was born, your ancestors 

260
00:13:05,300 --> 00:13:08,200
dragged, enormous blocks of 
local Granite into a perfect 

261
00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:10,800
ring. 
You follow a path that has been 

262
00:13:10,800 --> 00:13:14,900
smoothed by innumerable feet 
Drew its petitioners and 

263
00:13:14,900 --> 00:13:17,400
inquisitive kids who have been 
told not to play Among The 

264
00:13:17,400 --> 00:13:20,700
Sacred Stones, but still do. 
So as you stroll there in the 

265
00:13:20,700 --> 00:13:23,500
late afternoon, light each Stone
roughly twice. 

266
00:13:23,500 --> 00:13:26,700
Your height is a weather gray 
monument that has endured for 

267
00:13:26,700 --> 00:13:29,100
centuries. 
They aren't the enormous 

268
00:13:29,100 --> 00:13:30,600
trailer. 
Thorns, you might picture from 

269
00:13:30,600 --> 00:13:33,100
Stonehenge. 
Those megaliths are from a more 

270
00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:36,900
ambitious earlier era, despite 
being smaller and more personal,

271
00:13:36,900 --> 00:13:41,400
these stones are just as potent.
Small offerings left by guests 

272
00:13:41,400 --> 00:13:42,700
clumped together around their 
bases. 

273
00:13:42,700 --> 00:13:45,900
Like vibrant prayers, May 
tangible and leek and paints 

274
00:13:45,900 --> 00:13:48,500
them in patches of green and 
silver in your world 

275
00:13:48,500 --> 00:13:51,200
spirituality and astronomy are 
never completely distinct. 

276
00:13:51,200 --> 00:13:55,500
But today's purpose is more 
astronomical for months, you've 

277
00:13:55,500 --> 00:13:58,300
been monitoring the moon's 
movement in its position in 

278
00:13:58,300 --> 00:14:01,500
relation to the background stars
in anticipation of a specific 

279
00:14:01,500 --> 00:14:03,900
alignment that happens once 
every 19 years. 

280
00:14:04,800 --> 00:14:07,400
If your calculations are 
accurate, the moon will rise 

281
00:14:07,400 --> 00:14:09,700
through the space between two 
particular Stones tonight, 

282
00:14:09,700 --> 00:14:13,900
signaling a significant event in
the astronomical calendar years 

283
00:14:13,900 --> 00:14:16,900
of stargazing were part of your 
training which taught you to 

284
00:14:16,908 --> 00:14:19,800
read the sky, like a huge slowly
turning book. 

285
00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:23,500
Understanding Celestial Cycles. 
Helps you time everything from 

286
00:14:23,500 --> 00:14:26,000
planting to religious festivals 
to court cases. 

287
00:14:26,000 --> 00:14:29,700
Not because you think the Stars 
dictate human fate, that's more 

288
00:14:29,700 --> 00:14:33,000
of a Roman notion. 
The phases of the moon dictate 

289
00:14:33,000 --> 00:14:36,000
when it is best to gather 
specific herbs and rituals are 

290
00:14:36,000 --> 00:14:38,100
most effective. 
And when it is fortunate to 

291
00:14:38,100 --> 00:14:41,600
start significant projects, you 
set up a basic meal, consisting 

292
00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:43,200
of bread cheese and dried 
apples. 

293
00:14:43,200 --> 00:14:46,500
As your observation Point. 
Patience is necessary for 

294
00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:49,600
astronomical work and patience, 
necessitate nourishment. 

295
00:14:50,600 --> 00:14:53,600
The grain used to make the dense
dark bread was ground between 

296
00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:56,600
two stones that morning. 
Because it was aged in clay pots

297
00:14:56,600 --> 00:15:00,900
buried in cool Earth, the cheese
has a sharp Tang. simple food 

298
00:15:00,900 --> 00:15:03,600
tastes better when enjoyed in 
the company of old stones and 

299
00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:07,200
under the Open Sky, you start 
the evenings actual task as dusk

300
00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:11,900
Falls teaching your Apprentice, 
the intricate craft of memory as

301
00:15:11,900 --> 00:15:14,900
you recite the family tree of 
the local Chieftain young. 

302
00:15:14,900 --> 00:15:16,900
Caleb sits cross-legged next to 
you. 

303
00:15:16,900 --> 00:15:21,400
His expression, Solomon focused,
The meticulously structured 

304
00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:25,900
verse Chronicles 15 Generations,
worth of marriages feuds births 

305
00:15:25,900 --> 00:15:28,100
and deaths which helps readers 
retain. 

306
00:15:28,100 --> 00:15:31,500
The information, the genealogy 
serves as legal, documentation. 

307
00:15:31,500 --> 00:15:34,800
In addition to family, history, 
who is entitled to inherit 

308
00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:38,600
property due to long-standing 
blood feuds, which families are 

309
00:15:38,600 --> 00:15:41,600
prohibited from getting married 
to one another, In tribal 

310
00:15:41,600 --> 00:15:43,600
councils, who is empowered to 
speak? 

311
00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:47,100
Your mind contains all of this 
knowledge, which you need to 

312
00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:49,400
impart flawlessly to the 
following generation. 

313
00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:52,800
Single error could render a 
property claim void or 

314
00:15:52,800 --> 00:15:56,200
unintentionally approve, a union
that would spark a new conflict 

315
00:15:56,200 --> 00:15:58,500
Calum repeats. 
The verses back to you, 

316
00:15:58,500 --> 00:16:01,600
occasionally stumbling over, the
more complex relationships. 

317
00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:05,700
Although he is intelligent 
enough memory work, necessitates

318
00:16:05,700 --> 00:16:07,800
constant, practice and perfect 
accuracy. 

319
00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:11,400
You recall, the frustration of 
knowing that a single incorrect 

320
00:16:11,400 --> 00:16:13,800
word could have major 
repercussions for actual people 

321
00:16:13,800 --> 00:16:16,600
in the real world, as well as 
your struggles with the same 

322
00:16:16,600 --> 00:16:20,100
material at his age, he point 
out constellations rising in the

323
00:16:20,108 --> 00:16:22,800
darkening sky in between 
genealogical lessons. 

324
00:16:22,800 --> 00:16:26,100
The Great Bear is circling the 
North Star indefinitely. 

325
00:16:27,200 --> 00:16:30,000
With his belt of three, 
brilliant Stars, Orion the 

326
00:16:30,008 --> 00:16:31,900
hunter Strode across the winter 
sky. 

327
00:16:32,700 --> 00:16:36,200
There are Tales associated with 
each constellation, not merely 

328
00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:39,500
lovely myths, but useful 
knowledge contained in enduring 

329
00:16:39,500 --> 00:16:42,400
tales. 
For example, the Seven Sisters 

330
00:16:42,400 --> 00:16:45,800
story tells you when to plant 
barley The story of the swans 

331
00:16:45,800 --> 00:16:48,500
flight across the Summer Sky 
marks the time to gather some 

332
00:16:48,500 --> 00:16:51,200
medicinal plants. 
These aren't just Tales, your 

333
00:16:51,208 --> 00:16:54,700
people share over fire on, Chile
evening's there, an intricate 

334
00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:57,500
system of oral tradition that 
preserves and passes along in 

335
00:16:57,500 --> 00:17:01,700
Portland, seasonal knowledge you
see the Moon fat, almost full 

336
00:17:01,700 --> 00:17:05,300
rise in precisely where your 
calculations indicated it would 

337
00:17:05,300 --> 00:17:09,700
as complete darkness descends. 
It first manifests as a globe 

338
00:17:09,700 --> 00:17:13,700
behind the Stone's, then as a 
curved Edge and lastly, as a 

339
00:17:13,700 --> 00:17:16,900
full silver disc, that is 
precisely framed in the space 

340
00:17:16,900 --> 00:17:20,500
between two Granite monoliths. 
You're always moved by the 

341
00:17:20,500 --> 00:17:24,000
sight, which demonstrates that 
the age-old wisdom preserved in 

342
00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:28,700
stone and tail is still true 
accurate and trustworthy Calum. 

343
00:17:28,700 --> 00:17:31,600
Lets out a quiet gas. 
But what he sees and you recall,

344
00:17:31,608 --> 00:17:34,700
the first time you saw such 
accuracy learning about 

345
00:17:34,700 --> 00:17:37,900
astronomical alignments, in 
theory is one thing, but 

346
00:17:37,900 --> 00:17:40,000
witnessing them in action with 
perfect Precision. 

347
00:17:40,000 --> 00:17:43,900
Is quite another The stones 
appear to be a sophisticated 

348
00:17:43,900 --> 00:17:46,700
instrument. 
A calendar written in Granite 

349
00:17:46,700 --> 00:17:50,600
and starlight rather than just 
random rocks for the next hour. 

350
00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:54,000
You teach, Calum how to use the 
Stone Circle as a giant clock 

351
00:17:54,000 --> 00:17:58,100
and calendar demonstrating to 
him how various rising and 

352
00:17:58,100 --> 00:18:01,500
setting indicate the changing of
the seasons when festivals 

353
00:18:01,500 --> 00:18:03,700
should be held. 
And when the boundaries between 

354
00:18:03,700 --> 00:18:07,200
worlds become increasingly 
blurred, the special energy that

355
00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:10,000
precedes any meeting where 
significant decisions will be 

356
00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:13,900
made fills the Great Hall of the
settlement Boundary dispute 

357
00:18:13,900 --> 00:18:17,000
between nearby Farms, the 
conditions for throwing a 

358
00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:19,300
wedding Feast that will bring 
together two powerful families. 

359
00:18:19,300 --> 00:18:22,400
And the delicate case of a young
man accused of stealing cattle 

360
00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:25,500
from his cousin, a just a few of
the Urgent issues that will be 

361
00:18:25,500 --> 00:18:28,700
discussed at night's council 
meeting as the sun rises. 

362
00:18:28,700 --> 00:18:31,800
You arrive wearing formal robes,
that symbolize your position as 

363
00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:34,100
an Arbiter, an upholder of 
traditional law. 

364
00:18:34,900 --> 00:18:38,400
Nobody's impressed by the hall 
itself, it's just a big wooden 

365
00:18:38,400 --> 00:18:40,900
barn with more smoke holes and 
better decorations. 

366
00:18:40,900 --> 00:18:45,400
The air is filled with the mix 
smells of leather wet wool would

367
00:18:45,400 --> 00:18:47,500
smoke and too many people in one
location. 

368
00:18:47,500 --> 00:18:49,900
While Rush lights flicker in the
background. 

369
00:18:49,900 --> 00:18:53,300
Your seat is in a prominent 
location, close to the main fire

370
00:18:53,300 --> 00:18:57,000
close enough to the clan Chief 
to offer advice, but far enough 

371
00:18:57,000 --> 00:19:00,000
away to speak to the group, as a
whole, the arrangement takes 

372
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:02,400
into account your dual 
responsibilities as an 

373
00:19:02,400 --> 00:19:05,100
independent Authority and 
counselor since that would 

374
00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:07,600
require a formal court system 
that does not yet exist. 

375
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:12,400
You are not quite a judge in the
Contemporary sense rather your 

376
00:19:12,400 --> 00:19:15,900
sort of legal scholar, mediator 
and precedent repository. 

377
00:19:15,900 --> 00:19:18,700
In the first instance, two 
brothers quarrel about where 

378
00:19:18,700 --> 00:19:21,500
their property line is. 
Well though they both inherited 

379
00:19:21,500 --> 00:19:25,100
parts of their father's land 
spring plowing and winter floods

380
00:19:25,100 --> 00:19:27,700
of shifted, the original 
boundary markers which were 

381
00:19:27,700 --> 00:19:31,000
aligned of Standing Stones. 
Every brother maintains that his

382
00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:33,800
version of events is accurate. 
And each has witnesses to back 

383
00:19:33,800 --> 00:19:36,100
up, his claims asking thoughtful
questions. 

384
00:19:36,100 --> 00:19:39,100
Concerning the original 
positioning of the stones, he 

385
00:19:39,100 --> 00:19:41,500
intention stated in their 
father's will and the 

386
00:19:41,500 --> 00:19:44,000
testimonies of neighbors who 
recall the land prior to the 

387
00:19:44,008 --> 00:19:46,800
boundary being disturbed 
listened to both sides. 

388
00:19:48,000 --> 00:19:50,400
In order to piece together 
physical evidence and human 

389
00:19:50,400 --> 00:19:53,600
memory and reconstruct the 
truth, the solution calls for 

390
00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:55,600
more detective work than legal 
scholarship. 

391
00:19:55,600 --> 00:19:59,000
Following much deliberation. 
You suggest a compromise that 

392
00:19:59,008 --> 00:20:01,400
gives each brother, 
approximately equal acreage 

393
00:20:01,400 --> 00:20:05,500
while drawing a new border that 
traces natural features, a line 

394
00:20:05,500 --> 00:20:08,800
of oak trees and a stream bed, 
that will be more difficult to 

395
00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:11,800
contest later. 
The fact that neither Brother is

396
00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:14,900
completely satisfied with the 
solutions suggests that it is 

397
00:20:14,900 --> 00:20:18,000
likely Fair the charge of cattle
theft turns out to be more 

398
00:20:18,000 --> 00:20:20,600
complicated. 
Dira a cousin. 

399
00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:23,300
Accuses young Brannock of 
stealing two Priceless. 

400
00:20:23,300 --> 00:20:26,600
Heifers the evidence is 
circumstantial but concerning 

401
00:20:27,300 --> 00:20:28,900
Dearer, recently, purchased 
cattle. 

402
00:20:28,900 --> 00:20:32,300
That looks strikingly similar to
Brannock who was spotted close 

403
00:20:32,300 --> 00:20:34,300
to his herd the night before the
animals vanished. 

404
00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:37,700
Although he is unable to provide
the merchant or any witnesses to

405
00:20:37,700 --> 00:20:40,900
the transaction, chronic asserts
that he bought the animals from 

406
00:20:40,900 --> 00:20:44,000
a traveling Merchant claims of 
theft must be supported by 

407
00:20:44,000 --> 00:20:47,200
either unambiguous evidence or 
an ordeal trial under your legal

408
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:49,800
system. 
Since no one witnessed Brannock 

409
00:20:49,800 --> 00:20:52,800
actually taking the cattle, the 
first option is not feasible, 

410
00:20:52,800 --> 00:20:56,700
the second option, entails 
making unpleasant decisions such

411
00:20:56,700 --> 00:20:59,100
as fighting a duel. 
Submerging an arm in boiling 

412
00:20:59,100 --> 00:21:01,400
water or holding a red hot iron 
bar. 

413
00:21:02,400 --> 00:21:05,300
Although you've noticed that 
Divine Justice occasionally has 

414
00:21:05,300 --> 00:21:08,500
a peculiar sense of humor. 
The theory holds that it will 

415
00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:10,300
protect the innocent and punish 
the guilty. 

416
00:21:10,300 --> 00:21:14,700
You suggest a third option a 
formal oath taking ceremony in 

417
00:21:14,700 --> 00:21:17,600
which Brannock is required to 
publicly declare his innocence 

418
00:21:17,600 --> 00:21:20,900
while touching a holy object and
pleading with the gods to hear 

419
00:21:20,900 --> 00:21:24,300
him, The oath will ultimately 
result in divine retribution. 

420
00:21:24,300 --> 00:21:27,500
If he is lying, his public 
statement should clear his name 

421
00:21:27,500 --> 00:21:28,800
and put an end to the 
accusation. 

422
00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:31,500
If he is speaking the truth, 
although it's not perfect 

423
00:21:31,500 --> 00:21:33,800
Justice. 
It avoids the possibility of 

424
00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:36,500
injuring an innocent person 
while still formally resolving 

425
00:21:36,500 --> 00:21:39,100
the conflict. 
Granite readily agrees 

426
00:21:39,100 --> 00:21:42,500
indicating either his innocent 
or his extraordinary faith, in 

427
00:21:42,500 --> 00:21:46,400
his ability, to see the Gods. 
Even though you've been mistaken

428
00:21:46,400 --> 00:21:50,400
before you suspect, the former 
the last issue planning the 

429
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:52,900
wedding Feast calls for 
completely different abilities. 

430
00:21:52,900 --> 00:21:55,800
You have to make sure that the 
seating arrangements, don't 

431
00:21:55,800 --> 00:21:59,200
unintentionally offend anyone 
that the appropriate Customs are

432
00:21:59,200 --> 00:22:02,000
followed and that the two 
families contractual Duties are 

433
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:04,800
understood and observed. 
It's similar to juggling the 

434
00:22:04,800 --> 00:22:06,800
roles of lawyer, Diplomat and 
wedding. 

435
00:22:06,800 --> 00:22:11,000
Planner the groom's family must 
provide certain items such as a 

436
00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:14,500
certain number of cattle, 
multiple bronze ornaments and 

437
00:22:14,500 --> 00:22:17,800
enough grain to brew for the 
celebration while the bride's 

438
00:22:17,800 --> 00:22:19,500
family will provide the main 
feast. 

439
00:22:20,300 --> 00:22:23,000
Using your understanding of 
comparable arrangements and what

440
00:22:23,000 --> 00:22:26,000
each family can afford. 
You assist in negotiating, these

441
00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:29,400
specifics as the evening goes on
and the different issues are 

442
00:22:29,400 --> 00:22:31,400
settled. 
You experience the well-known 

443
00:22:31,400 --> 00:22:34,800
Joy of witnessing your training 
in action in these situations. 

444
00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:37,900
The laws you've learned by 
heart, The Precedence you've 

445
00:22:37,900 --> 00:22:39,800
researched and the Diplomatic 
abilities. 

446
00:22:39,800 --> 00:22:42,700
You've honed all come together 
to make your community run more 

447
00:22:42,700 --> 00:22:45,300
smoothly. 
However, you are also worn out 

448
00:22:45,300 --> 00:22:48,300
even when things go, well, 
navigating complex social 

449
00:22:48,300 --> 00:22:51,000
dynamics, mediating, conflicts, 
and speaking. 

450
00:22:51,000 --> 00:22:53,900
Authoritatively for hours on end
is exhausting work. 

451
00:22:53,900 --> 00:22:56,900
You look forward to the quieter 
parts of your evening routine, 

452
00:22:56,900 --> 00:23:00,500
but your back hurts from sitting
up straight and attentive and 

453
00:23:00,500 --> 00:23:03,900
your throat is dry from talking 
with that special relief that 

454
00:23:03,900 --> 00:23:06,700
comes from settling disputes 
without anyone brandishing a 

455
00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:10,100
sword or hurling a punch, the 
council scatters into the cool 

456
00:23:10,100 --> 00:23:13,000
night air after spending hours 
in the Smoky Hall. 

457
00:23:13,000 --> 00:23:15,700
You wrap your formal robes 
around your self and go outside 

458
00:23:15,700 --> 00:23:19,900
thankful for the fresh air. 
Above each point of light stands

459
00:23:19,900 --> 00:23:22,100
out against the black sky with a
brilliant Clarity. 

460
00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:24,800
That can only be achieved in a 
world, free from light 

461
00:23:24,800 --> 00:23:27,100
pollution, you're not quite done
with your evening. 

462
00:23:28,200 --> 00:23:31,000
In addition to the quiet 
personal practices that keep you

463
00:23:31,000 --> 00:23:33,800
going through the rigors of 
public life, there are rituals 

464
00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:35,800
to perform an observations to 
document. 

465
00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:38,700
You make your way slowly to your
private space. 

466
00:23:38,700 --> 00:23:43,200
A simple roundhouse that doubles
as a home study and Haven years 

467
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:45,800
of meticulous, Arrangement are 
evident in the interior. 

468
00:23:46,600 --> 00:23:50,200
Warm consistent light is 
produced by Clay, lamps one 

469
00:23:50,200 --> 00:23:54,100
section serves as your sleeping 
space, it is basic, but cozy 

470
00:23:54,100 --> 00:23:57,500
with Furs and thick wool 
blankets for the coldest nights.

471
00:23:58,500 --> 00:24:02,000
Your most valuable belongings 
are kept on shelves, not gold or

472
00:24:02,000 --> 00:24:05,900
Jewels but ceramic jars filled 
with exotic herbs engraved. 

473
00:24:05,900 --> 00:24:09,000
Wooden tablets bearing, 
astronomical formulas and Tiny 

474
00:24:09,000 --> 00:24:10,900
bronze clocks and Celestial 
angle gauges. 

475
00:24:10,900 --> 00:24:14,800
The first task for tonight is to
update your lunar, calendar by 

476
00:24:14,800 --> 00:24:16,900
recording the precise location 
of the Moon. 

477
00:24:16,900 --> 00:24:21,000
And when it rises through the 
stone circle, you track patterns

478
00:24:21,000 --> 00:24:23,900
over several years using a 
system of marks and symbols, 

479
00:24:23,900 --> 00:24:27,000
that anyone else would find 
confusing future. 

480
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:30,800
Ceremony is tied predictions for
Coastal communities, and the 

481
00:24:30,800 --> 00:24:33,800
upkeep of the intricate festival
calendar that organizes your 

482
00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:36,200
people's religious and 
agricultural, year will all 

483
00:24:36,200 --> 00:24:39,000
benefit from this knowledge 
charcoal for drawing on 

484
00:24:39,000 --> 00:24:42,200
specially prepared. 
Clay surfaces sharp Flint blades

485
00:24:42,200 --> 00:24:45,500
for carving marks into wood and 
a clever counting device made. 

486
00:24:45,500 --> 00:24:48,700
From knotted strings to, keep 
track of longer Cycles are your 

487
00:24:48,700 --> 00:24:51,000
basic yet, afficient record, 
keeping tools. 

488
00:24:51,800 --> 00:24:54,500
Since written language exists, 
but isn't used for long-term 

489
00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:57,000
information storage. 
Everything must be done from 

490
00:24:57,000 --> 00:24:59,100
memory. 
Writing something down. 

491
00:24:59,100 --> 00:25:02,200
Weakens the mental muscles that 
Druids rely on because it makes 

492
00:25:02,200 --> 00:25:05,300
for getting easier, you update 
your records and get ready for 

493
00:25:05,300 --> 00:25:07,700
the spiritual observances, that 
will take place that evening. 

494
00:25:07,700 --> 00:25:11,000
These are private quiet. 
Rituals that help you stay 

495
00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:14,600
connected to the forces, you 
serve rather than large public 

496
00:25:14,600 --> 00:25:17,700
ceremonies using particular 
Woods selected for their 

497
00:25:17,700 --> 00:25:20,500
symbolic qualities, Oak for 
strength and endurance. 

498
00:25:20,500 --> 00:25:23,900
Ash for protection and Hawthorne
for purification. 

499
00:25:23,900 --> 00:25:26,500
You like to small fire in a 
bronze Bowl. 

500
00:25:26,500 --> 00:25:29,900
Your silent prayers for the days
accomplishments and request for 

501
00:25:29,900 --> 00:25:31,600
direction. 
In the challenges of Tomorrow. 

502
00:25:31,600 --> 00:25:34,600
A carried by the smoke as it 
rises in a thin column. 

503
00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:38,200
After the days of events you sit
quietly and allow your thoughts 

504
00:25:38,200 --> 00:25:41,400
to calm down, you feel the 
tension, leave your shoulders 

505
00:25:41,400 --> 00:25:43,500
and the stress that has built up
from mediating. 

506
00:25:43,500 --> 00:25:46,900
Conflicts evaporate like water, 
the structured mindfulness 

507
00:25:46,900 --> 00:25:50,300
practice that modern people may 
be familiar with is not what 

508
00:25:50,300 --> 00:25:54,200
this meditation is rather. 
It's a slow Awakening to the 

509
00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:57,500
subtle currents that run beneath
the surface of ordinary reality.

510
00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:01,400
You hear the sounds of the 
night, The Whisper Of The Wind 

511
00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:05,300
through that the distant lowing 
of cattle settling for sleep. 

512
00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:08,800
And the owls called from the Oak
Grove, you gradually start to 

513
00:26:08,800 --> 00:26:12,100
notice less evidence and 
Sensations the Earth itself 

514
00:26:12,100 --> 00:26:14,100
seems to be pulsing slowly with 
energy. 

515
00:26:14,100 --> 00:26:18,300
These subtle grain of the 
landscape like would that make 

516
00:26:18,300 --> 00:26:20,300
some directions feel different 
from others. 

517
00:26:21,100 --> 00:26:24,300
Feeling that every prayer that 
has been said and every fire 

518
00:26:24,300 --> 00:26:26,500
that has burned, there are 
preserved in the stones of your 

519
00:26:26,500 --> 00:26:29,200
half to a modern year. 
These perceptions may seem 

520
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:31,700
mystical. 
But to you, there is natural as 

521
00:26:31,700 --> 00:26:33,800
checking the weather or 
listening for approaching 

522
00:26:33,800 --> 00:26:36,200
footsteps. 
Your senses have been trained 

523
00:26:36,200 --> 00:26:38,800
for decades to pick up on 
rhythms and patterns that most 

524
00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:41,200
people miss. 
The fact that these perceptions 

525
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:43,500
enable you to better. 
Serve your community is more 

526
00:26:43,500 --> 00:26:46,500
important than whether they are 
the result of true Supernatural 

527
00:26:46,500 --> 00:26:50,200
awareness or simply highly 
developed intuition reviewing 

528
00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:52,600
the days of events and thinking 
about what they reveal about 

529
00:26:52,600 --> 00:26:56,700
broader patterns and Trends is 
your final ritual as the fire 

530
00:26:56,700 --> 00:27:00,900
burns down to glowing coals. 
The boundary dispute implies 

531
00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:03,300
that the amount of available 
land is being strained by 

532
00:27:03,300 --> 00:27:06,600
population, growth. 
The charge of cattle theft may 

533
00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:08,700
be a reflection of larger 
economic tensions. 

534
00:27:08,700 --> 00:27:11,400
As young men, find it difficult 
to make a name for themselves. 

535
00:27:11,400 --> 00:27:14,700
The intricate network of 
alliances that binds your 

536
00:27:14,700 --> 00:27:18,100
Society together is exposed 
during the wedding negotiations.

537
00:27:18,100 --> 00:27:21,400
These observations will help you
for see future issues before 

538
00:27:21,400 --> 00:27:24,800
they become crises and will 
guide your advice to the clan 

539
00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:27,400
leadership. 
It is a type of strategic 

540
00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:31,100
thinking that uses both logical 
analysis and the deeper wisdom 

541
00:27:31,100 --> 00:27:33,800
that comes from years of reading
human Nature's currents. 

542
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:37,200
It also Blends practical 
analysis with intuitive 

543
00:27:37,200 --> 00:27:39,600
insights. 
You finally Bank, the fire and 

544
00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:42,400
get ready for sleep. 
As genuine exhaustion descends 

545
00:27:42,400 --> 00:27:44,200
upon you. 
There will likely be at least 

546
00:27:44,200 --> 00:27:46,700
one emergencies that calls for 
all of your abilities and 

547
00:27:46,700 --> 00:27:49,600
knowledge to Morrow along with 
new difficulties and conflicts 

548
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:51,800
to resolve. 
That's a problem for tomorrow. 

549
00:27:51,800 --> 00:27:54,900
You can sleep easy tonight 
knowing that you have done a 

550
00:27:54,900 --> 00:27:58,000
good job of serving your people 
and upholding the long-standing 

551
00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:01,600
Customs that give their lives 
purpose and order after such a 

552
00:28:01,600 --> 00:28:03,500
long day. 
You can easily fall asleep as 

553
00:28:03,500 --> 00:28:06,600
your body, settles into the wool
stuffed mattress and you feel 

554
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:08,400
the satisfaction of a job well 
done. 

555
00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:11,900
However, your mind is still 
partially awake while you sleep 

556
00:28:11,900 --> 00:28:15,600
because it has been trained over
decades to pick up on odd, 

557
00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:18,500
sounds or shifts in the subtle 
energies that surround sacred 

558
00:28:18,500 --> 00:28:20,800
locations. 
But only dreams of peace 

559
00:28:20,800 --> 00:28:22,900
tonight. 
The trees are bigger and older 

560
00:28:22,900 --> 00:28:24,500
than any that grow in the real 
world. 

561
00:28:24,500 --> 00:28:27,500
And you find yourself strolling 
through a forest, that appears 

562
00:28:27,500 --> 00:28:29,500
familiar, but is incredibly 
large. 

563
00:28:30,300 --> 00:28:34,500
Beside you are ancient Druids 
teachers from early Generations.

564
00:28:34,500 --> 00:28:36,400
Whose knowledge has been 
transmitted orally? 

565
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:38,600
They communicate with without 
using words. 

566
00:28:38,600 --> 00:28:41,800
Exchanging information that 
moves straight from one mind to 

567
00:28:41,800 --> 00:28:44,600
another like water. 
Leveling out secrets that are 

568
00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:47,200
hidden from everyday view are 
revealed by The Dream Forest. 

569
00:28:48,000 --> 00:28:50,500
You can see how all of the trees
are connected by a network of 

570
00:28:50,500 --> 00:28:54,100
routes that exchange information
and nutrients over great 

571
00:28:54,100 --> 00:28:57,000
distances. 
You see how the forest functions

572
00:28:57,000 --> 00:29:00,800
as a single enormous organism, 
thanks to the microwize or 

573
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:03,100
fungi's underground network of 
chemical signals. 

574
00:29:03,800 --> 00:29:06,700
In the dream state, these 
connections appear as clear as 

575
00:29:06,700 --> 00:29:09,500
sunlight, but it will take 
centuries for modern science to 

576
00:29:09,500 --> 00:29:11,700
uncover them. 
The events of the day are 

577
00:29:11,700 --> 00:29:14,600
processed by your sleeping mind 
and woven into the broader 

578
00:29:14,600 --> 00:29:17,900
patterns that guide your work 
Humanities never ending quest. 

579
00:29:17,900 --> 00:29:20,400
To impose order on the natural 
world is reflected in the 

580
00:29:20,408 --> 00:29:23,400
boundary dispute. 
The charge of cattle theft 

581
00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:25,100
highlights. 
The conflicts that emerge when 

582
00:29:25,108 --> 00:29:28,700
traditional communities start to
expand past the point at, which 

583
00:29:28,700 --> 00:29:32,500
everyone is well acquainted with
one another, The negotiations 

584
00:29:32,500 --> 00:29:35,600
surrounding the wedding show, 
how societies change and grow 

585
00:29:35,600 --> 00:29:38,100
while retaining their 
fundamental characteristics. 

586
00:29:38,100 --> 00:29:41,100
These realizations feel more 
like truths that have always 

587
00:29:41,100 --> 00:29:43,900
been there. 
Just waiting for the right time 

588
00:29:43,900 --> 00:29:47,000
to come to light and they do 
like conclusions, you've drawn 

589
00:29:48,800 --> 00:29:51,200
Druidic wisdom frequently 
operates in this way. 

590
00:29:51,200 --> 00:29:55,300
It reorganizes everything you 
believe to be true rather than 

591
00:29:55,300 --> 00:29:58,500
using linear reasoning. 
Your dreams become more intimate

592
00:29:58,500 --> 00:30:00,800
as the night grows darker as a 
Young. 

593
00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:03,600
Apprentice you find it difficult
to commit, the extensive body of

594
00:30:03,608 --> 00:30:06,600
legal historical and religious 
knowledge to memory. 

595
00:30:07,300 --> 00:30:09,800
You recall the aggravation of 
forgetting crucial information, 

596
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:13,600
the anxiety of failing, your 
teachers and the slow Delight of

597
00:30:13,608 --> 00:30:17,300
realizing that the disparate 
facts were in fact, pieces of a 

598
00:30:17,300 --> 00:30:20,300
cohesive whole through Decades 
of sometimes unappreciated 

599
00:30:20,300 --> 00:30:24,000
service the memory dreams, serve
as a reminder of why you chose 

600
00:30:24,000 --> 00:30:26,100
this path and why you have 
stayed dedicated to it. 

601
00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:29,600
Your people are able to preserve
their identity and values for 

602
00:30:29,600 --> 00:30:32,500
generations to come because of 
the living wisdom you possess 

603
00:30:32,500 --> 00:30:34,400
which goes beyond merely 
academic. 

604
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:38,000
Knowledge communities would lose
their ties to the past and their

605
00:30:38,000 --> 00:30:41,100
direction for the future. 
If Druids were there to maintain

606
00:30:41,100 --> 00:30:44,300
and pass along this cultural 
heritage, you dream about the 

607
00:30:44,300 --> 00:30:47,000
vast cycle that can control 
everything as the first gray 

608
00:30:47,000 --> 00:30:49,800
light Peaks through the Smoke 
Hole in your roof, Just Before 

609
00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:53,700
Dawn, the daily cycle of Dawn, 
and dusk the moon's monthly 

610
00:30:53,700 --> 00:30:58,100
cycle of phases, the changing of
the seasons every year each with

611
00:30:58,100 --> 00:31:01,900
a unique challenges and GIFs. 
The longer multi-generational 

612
00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:03,900
cycles. 
That signify the emergence and 

613
00:31:03,900 --> 00:31:07,300
decline of dynasties, the 
movement of peoples and the 

614
00:31:07,300 --> 00:31:09,200
gradual advancement of human 
knowledge. 

615
00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:12,700
You see yourself in the dream as
a component of these enormous 

616
00:31:12,700 --> 00:31:15,600
Cycles no more or less 
significant than any other 

617
00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:18,800
component of the pattern. 
Even though your life is short, 

618
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:21,800
in comparison to the stone 
circles age or the Great Oaks 

619
00:31:21,800 --> 00:31:25,300
lifespan, your contribution to 
preserving wisdoms continuity, 

620
00:31:25,300 --> 00:31:28,700
makes you a part of something, 
greater and more durable than 

621
00:31:28,700 --> 00:31:32,000
anyone person's life. 
Despite the complicated dreams, 

622
00:31:32,000 --> 00:31:34,400
you awaken organically as the 
first bird. 

623
00:31:34,400 --> 00:31:37,500
Starts singing in the morning, 
feeling refreshed, and composed.

624
00:31:38,400 --> 00:31:41,200
Without the startling confusion 
that frequently accompanies 

625
00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:44,200
contemporary alarm clocks, the 
shift from sleep to wakefulness,

626
00:31:44,200 --> 00:31:47,500
feels seamless and natural 
instead of waking. 

627
00:31:47,500 --> 00:31:50,800
When the time is right, your 
body has learned to synchronize 

628
00:31:50,800 --> 00:31:53,900
itself with its own natural 
rhythms, you get out of bed and 

629
00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:56,300
do the easy stretching 
exercises, that maintain the 

630
00:31:56,300 --> 00:31:58,400
strength and flexibility of your
aging body. 

631
00:31:59,400 --> 00:32:01,900
Give that a healthy body is 
necessary to support a healthy 

632
00:32:01,900 --> 00:32:05,300
mind druitt, training places, a 
strong emphasis on the 

633
00:32:05,308 --> 00:32:07,400
relationship between mental and 
physical health. 

634
00:32:08,200 --> 00:32:11,000
The mild yet effective exercises
are made to keep your 

635
00:32:11,000 --> 00:32:14,400
circulation flexibility. 
And the kind of focused 

636
00:32:14,400 --> 00:32:18,000
awareness that your job requires
the world is waking up to a new 

637
00:32:18,008 --> 00:32:21,200
day outside as families. 
Prepare their morning meals. 

638
00:32:21,200 --> 00:32:25,100
Smoke rises from cooking fires. 
The cool air is filled with the 

639
00:32:25,100 --> 00:32:27,300
sounds of children, starting 
their daily tasks. 

640
00:32:28,100 --> 00:32:31,300
Hear the steady sound of grain 
being ground between stones in 

641
00:32:31,300 --> 00:32:34,800
the distance and you hear cattle
sighing softly as they are led 

642
00:32:34,808 --> 00:32:37,000
to New Pasture. 
Even though your daily robes 

643
00:32:37,000 --> 00:32:39,400
aren't as fancy as the ones you 
ought to the council last night.

644
00:32:40,100 --> 00:32:42,700
You still make a statement about
your position and status in the 

645
00:32:42,708 --> 00:32:45,600
community. 
Wolf from local plants is used 

646
00:32:45,600 --> 00:32:49,900
to dye the fabric Rich greens, 
from nettle, soft Browns from 

647
00:32:49,900 --> 00:32:53,700
Walnut hulls and a hint of Blue 
from woad which was expensive 

648
00:32:53,700 --> 00:32:57,100
and time-consuming to obtain. 
As you step outside into the 

649
00:32:57,100 --> 00:33:00,400
morning, are you experience the 
same sense of excitement that 

650
00:33:00,400 --> 00:33:02,700
comes with the possibilities of 
every new day? 

651
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:06,100
People will need to be healed, 
conflicts will need to be 

652
00:33:06,100 --> 00:33:08,100
resolved. 
Knowledge will need to be 

653
00:33:08,100 --> 00:33:10,900
preserved and passed on, and 
Mysteries will need to be 

654
00:33:10,900 --> 00:33:13,200
considered. 
It is challenging, but 

655
00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:16,200
incredibly fulfilling work. 
That connects you to the Eternal

656
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:18,300
questions that have perplexed 
Humanity. 

657
00:33:18,300 --> 00:33:21,900
Since the dawn of Consciousness,
as well as the Practical needs 

658
00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:24,900
of your community, you can 
consider the peculiar privilege 

659
00:33:24,900 --> 00:33:26,700
of your position. 
As you make your way to the 

660
00:33:26,700 --> 00:33:30,400
sacred grove, to start another 
day's routine, you act as a link

661
00:33:30,408 --> 00:33:33,900
between worlds between the 
Gathering was of the past and 

662
00:33:33,900 --> 00:33:37,200
the emerging possibilities of 
the Future Between the Practical

663
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:40,000
demands of everyday life and the
spiritual aspects. 

664
00:33:40,000 --> 00:33:43,500
That give life purpose and 
between the human community and 

665
00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:46,900
the natural forces that support 
it, the Morning Mist is burned 

666
00:33:46,900 --> 00:33:50,300
away as the sun rises higher, 
showcasing, the beauty of the 

667
00:33:50,300 --> 00:33:53,300
familiar landscape. 
With the karma Assurance of 

668
00:33:53,300 --> 00:33:56,400
someone who understands their 
role in the vast scheme of 

669
00:33:56,400 --> 00:33:59,400
things. 
Face the new day as it Dawns in 

670
00:33:59,408 --> 00:34:07,100
The NeverEnding cycle of days. 
The first voice came not with 

671
00:34:07,100 --> 00:34:10,500
thunderous Clarity, but as a 
whisper easily mistaken for Wind

672
00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:14,500
Through the garden, I was 13 
Gathering herbs behind my 

673
00:34:14,500 --> 00:34:18,699
father, Jacques house in Tommy. 
Most people remember me? 

674
00:34:18,699 --> 00:34:21,100
Describing the voice as 
appearing with blinding light at

675
00:34:21,100 --> 00:34:25,400
noon, but the truth differs it 
was actually dusk the owl when 

676
00:34:25,400 --> 00:34:27,699
Shadows transform into something
else entirely. 

677
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:31,800
Jahan. 
It said my name in the old 

678
00:34:31,800 --> 00:34:35,500
tongue it was familiar. 
Not commanding or frightening 

679
00:34:35,500 --> 00:34:37,500
like someone who had known me 
before. 

680
00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:41,199
I knew myself, I dropped my 
basket herb scattering across 

681
00:34:41,199 --> 00:34:43,500
soil. 
Still warm from the day son. 

682
00:34:43,500 --> 00:34:45,699
No one had prepared me for this 
moment. 

683
00:34:45,699 --> 00:34:49,400
Even though our priests fathers 
are Frontier frequently, spoke 

684
00:34:49,400 --> 00:34:53,100
about Saints and visions. 
People imagine I was overcome 

685
00:34:53,100 --> 00:34:56,400
with religious Ecstasy, but my 
initial reaction was irritation.

686
00:34:56,400 --> 00:34:58,400
I had chores to finish before 
dark. 

687
00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:01,700
And mother would scold me for 
dallying only, when the voice 

688
00:35:01,700 --> 00:35:03,300
came again. 
Three days later, while I 

689
00:35:03,308 --> 00:35:05,000
attended our sheep, did I begin 
to understand. 

690
00:35:05,000 --> 00:35:07,900
It was Michael, the Archangel 
though he did not announce 

691
00:35:07,900 --> 00:35:11,000
himself grandly he simply began 
speaking as if he were 

692
00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:13,100
continuing a long established 
conversation. 

693
00:35:13,900 --> 00:35:17,600
Our village existed in Perpetual
anxiety, the English and 

694
00:35:17,600 --> 00:35:20,300
burgundians raided regularly 
forcing us to flee with our 

695
00:35:20,300 --> 00:35:23,000
livestock to the nearby 
fortified island of ocular. 

696
00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:26,000
My father served as a village 
official Dean. 

697
00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:28,800
They called him and I watched 
how the weight of protecting 

698
00:35:28,800 --> 00:35:32,000
others bet his shoulders, when 
he returned from bearing, 

699
00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:36,400
neighbors killed in raids. 
He'd sit silently by our half. 

700
00:35:38,100 --> 00:35:42,100
Staring at nothing. 
This was the inheritance of 

701
00:35:42,100 --> 00:35:45,100
every child in Lorraine. 
The knowledge that safety was 

702
00:35:45,108 --> 00:35:47,200
temporary violence. 
Inevitable. 

703
00:35:48,900 --> 00:35:51,600
The voices Catherine and 
Margaret joined, Michael. 

704
00:35:51,600 --> 00:35:54,700
Eventually did not immediately 
speak of saving France. 

705
00:35:54,700 --> 00:35:59,100
He spoke of me how I must remain
pure, how I must listen 

706
00:35:59,100 --> 00:36:01,600
carefully. 
People think I was a simple 

707
00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:05,200
girl, but Simplicity was 
impossible in our border region 

708
00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:08,800
where language loyalty and 
custom blurred. 

709
00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:11,500
We spoke a dialect that was 
neither purely French. 

710
00:36:11,500 --> 00:36:15,200
Nor German we pledged allegiance
to Lords whose names changed 

711
00:36:15,200 --> 00:36:18,300
with the seasons. 
You will recognize the dofa. 

712
00:36:18,300 --> 00:36:20,900
They told me once though, I had 
never traveled beyond our Valley

713
00:36:20,900 --> 00:36:22,800
and had never seen nobility 
safer. 

714
00:36:22,800 --> 00:36:26,400
Occasional passing nights. 
How inquired my ignorance 

715
00:36:26,400 --> 00:36:29,800
weighing heavily on my mind? 
You will know was all they 

716
00:36:29,800 --> 00:36:32,200
answered. 
Mother taught me to sow and 

717
00:36:32,200 --> 00:36:34,000
spin. 
Not knowing these domestic 

718
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:36,100
skills would later serve me well
in Army Camps. 

719
00:36:36,900 --> 00:36:40,100
Father, taught me to manage our 
few acres and to recognize when 

720
00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:44,000
rain threatened the hay Harvest.
These mundane lessons proved as 

721
00:36:44,000 --> 00:36:46,000
crucial as anything the voices 
in parted. 

722
00:36:46,800 --> 00:36:50,500
I hit the voices from everyone, 
especially my dear friend over 

723
00:36:50,500 --> 00:36:52,900
yet. 
We Gather flowers for the church

724
00:36:52,900 --> 00:36:55,600
altar together. 
Gossiped about Village, boys and

725
00:36:55,600 --> 00:36:57,100
waded. 
In the Meuse River during 

726
00:36:57,100 --> 00:37:00,100
Summer's heat. 
Normalcy became my disguise. 

727
00:37:00,100 --> 00:37:03,300
When my mother spoke of a 
marriage with the son of a 

728
00:37:03,300 --> 00:37:07,000
nearby farmer, I neither agreed.
Or objected though the voice is 

729
00:37:07,000 --> 00:37:10,800
had already commanded my 
virginity be preserved I simply 

730
00:37:10,808 --> 00:37:15,000
continue spinning wool, kneading
bread and appearing unchanged 

731
00:37:15,000 --> 00:37:16,600
while something profound 
transformed. 

732
00:37:16,600 --> 00:37:20,100
Within me the summer, I turned 
16 English forces. 

733
00:37:20,100 --> 00:37:23,500
Push deeper into our region. 
I watched refugees stream 

734
00:37:23,500 --> 00:37:26,500
through dhamrait, women, 
carrying whatever possessions 

735
00:37:26,500 --> 00:37:29,600
they could save men with haunted
eyes and children too. 

736
00:37:29,600 --> 00:37:31,900
Exhausted to cry. 
They brought stories of 

737
00:37:31,900 --> 00:37:35,700
villages, burned of harvest 
destroyed, and of casual cruelty

738
00:37:35,700 --> 00:37:38,500
is inflicted by mercenary 
soldiers, who fought for coin 

739
00:37:38,500 --> 00:37:41,800
rather than cause one night 
while our family sheltered in 

740
00:37:41,800 --> 00:37:44,900
the church during a raid. 
I watched a woman Rock her dead.

741
00:37:44,900 --> 00:37:48,400
Infant refusing to acknowledge 
the child had stopped breathing 

742
00:37:48,400 --> 00:37:51,900
hours before. 
Something hardened in me, then a

743
00:37:51,900 --> 00:37:54,000
resolve that matched, the voice 
is growing urgency. 

744
00:37:55,100 --> 00:37:57,200
It is time. 
Michael told me as Autumn Leaves

745
00:37:57,200 --> 00:38:00,300
fell as France bleeds. 
The King's son hides while the 

746
00:38:00,300 --> 00:38:03,600
kingdom crumbles. 
I am a girl who cannot read. 

747
00:38:03,600 --> 00:38:05,900
I answered. 
I've never held a sword. 

748
00:38:06,600 --> 00:38:09,000
Yet you will lead armies. 
Catherine replied. 

749
00:38:09,800 --> 00:38:13,400
I laughed aloud at the absurdity
earning a questioning look from 

750
00:38:13,400 --> 00:38:17,100
my brother Pierre As We Gather 
kindling in the forest. you were

751
00:38:17,100 --> 00:38:20,000
chosen before birth Margaret, 
added not for your knowledge, 

752
00:38:20,000 --> 00:38:24,800
but for your heart, Has winter 
approached burgundy and soldiers

753
00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:27,600
burned part of our village. 
I helped neighbors. 

754
00:38:27,600 --> 00:38:30,800
Salvage what remained of their 
homes by digging through Ash for

755
00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:32,300
cooking pots and for anything 
usable. 

756
00:38:33,100 --> 00:38:35,900
The voice is grew more. 
Insistent speaking, not just in 

757
00:38:35,900 --> 00:38:39,500
Quiet Moments, but during daily 
tasks during mass and during 

758
00:38:39,500 --> 00:38:43,000
rare moments of Village 
celebration, Go to vaucouleurs. 

759
00:38:43,000 --> 00:38:47,700
They commanded speak to Robert 
de Boudreaux the name the 

760
00:38:47,700 --> 00:38:50,600
Garrison Commander, a Gruff 
Soldier loyal to the uncrowned 

761
00:38:50,600 --> 00:38:51,900
affair. 
What? 

762
00:38:51,900 --> 00:38:54,400
I didn't know was how a peasant 
girl might gain his audience, 

763
00:38:54,400 --> 00:38:56,900
how I might convince him of the 
Divine messages. 

764
00:38:56,900 --> 00:39:00,200
Only I could hear, but the voice
is left, no room for doubt. 

765
00:39:00,200 --> 00:39:03,800
I would go, I would speak. 
I would begin this impossible 

766
00:39:03,800 --> 00:39:06,300
Journey. 
So, I planted my hair one. 

767
00:39:06,300 --> 00:39:08,000
Final time before. 
Cutting it away. 

768
00:39:08,000 --> 00:39:10,700
Trading A daughter's life for 
something without precedent. 

769
00:39:10,700 --> 00:39:13,500
My cousin Johannes. 
Less swath thought I was insane.

770
00:39:13,500 --> 00:39:16,900
When I asked him to escort me to
vocalo a practical man with 

771
00:39:16,900 --> 00:39:19,800
calloused hands and a Perpetual,
Pharaoh between his brows and 

772
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:23,000
nonetheless agreed perhaps out 
of curiosity about what a 

773
00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:25,900
transformed his once quite 
cousin into someone who spoke 

774
00:39:25,900 --> 00:39:28,900
with unnerving. 
Certainly Three times. 

775
00:39:28,900 --> 00:39:30,400
You will knock on the captain's 
door. 

776
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:33,400
Catherine told me twice. 
He will refuse you. 

777
00:39:33,400 --> 00:39:38,400
The third time, he will listen. 
During the January journey to 

778
00:39:38,400 --> 00:39:42,300
vulner my feet became numb from 
wearing worn, leather shoes, 

779
00:39:42,300 --> 00:39:46,400
Frost glazed the bare trees, 
like, spun sugar, beautiful and 

780
00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:48,900
bitter. 
I'd never traveled so far from 

781
00:39:48,900 --> 00:39:52,100
home a mere 20 miles that 
stretched like a pilgrimage. 

782
00:39:52,800 --> 00:39:55,400
Jaron filled silences with 
nervous chatter about his 

783
00:39:55,400 --> 00:39:57,000
Vineyard and about Village 
gossip. 

784
00:39:57,000 --> 00:39:59,700
Carefully, avoiding questions 
about my purpose until we 

785
00:39:59,700 --> 00:40:03,300
crested the final Hill. 
What exactly will you say to 

786
00:40:03,300 --> 00:40:05,700
him? 
He finally asked as vocalists 

787
00:40:05,700 --> 00:40:08,900
stonewall's, came into view. 
The truth seemed both too simple

788
00:40:08,908 --> 00:40:11,100
and too. 
Extraordinary voice is from 

789
00:40:11,100 --> 00:40:13,700
Heaven commanded me to seek an 
audience with the Garrison 

790
00:40:13,700 --> 00:40:16,900
Commander so that I could 
eventually lead the dofan to his

791
00:40:16,900 --> 00:40:20,900
coronation at Ryan's. 
Instead I said only what God 

792
00:40:20,900 --> 00:40:24,400
wishes me to say. 
Boat records guard snickered at 

793
00:40:24,400 --> 00:40:26,500
the sight of me a peasant, girl,
in a home. 

794
00:40:26,500 --> 00:40:29,100
Spun dress requesting an 
audience with their Commander. 

795
00:40:29,100 --> 00:40:32,100
That something in my demeanor, 
made them hesitate to Simply 

796
00:40:32,100 --> 00:40:35,000
turn me away. 
Perhaps it was the way I stood 

797
00:40:35,000 --> 00:40:37,500
as if inhabited by something 
larger than myself. 

798
00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:41,100
They brought beaujour to the 
Courtyard rather than admitting 

799
00:40:41,100 --> 00:40:44,500
me to his quarters. 
A public humiliation intended to

800
00:40:44,500 --> 00:40:48,300
discourage for the persistence. 
The Heavenly Lord has a messages

801
00:40:48,300 --> 00:40:50,000
concerning the welfare of 
France. 

802
00:40:50,000 --> 00:40:53,800
I announced borrowing formality.
I'd never needed in Domini. 

803
00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:57,900
Boudreaux bearded broad 
shouldered perpetually armored 

804
00:40:57,900 --> 00:41:00,900
even in peace time laughed, not 
cruelty. 

805
00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:03,900
But with the weariness of a man 
besieged by people claiming 

806
00:41:03,900 --> 00:41:05,900
special knowledge and desperate 
times. 

807
00:41:06,800 --> 00:41:10,000
Return to your father child, he 
said, learn to improve your 

808
00:41:10,000 --> 00:41:12,200
thread spinning skills and stead
of telling stories. 

809
00:41:13,200 --> 00:41:16,400
I did not argue the voices had 
prepared me for rejection. 

810
00:41:16,400 --> 00:41:19,700
Your own looked relieved as we 
left believing the matter 

811
00:41:19,700 --> 00:41:23,100
concluded, but I remained in 
vocalo, staying with distant 

812
00:41:23,100 --> 00:41:25,100
relatives. 
The kindly wheel, right? 

813
00:41:25,100 --> 00:41:28,800
Honoree in his wife Catherine 
larae who took me in despite 

814
00:41:28,800 --> 00:41:30,200
their confusion about my 
purpose. 

815
00:41:31,200 --> 00:41:33,100
Daily. 
I attended mass at the chapel of

816
00:41:33,100 --> 00:41:35,500
Saint Marie, kneeling, on Stone 
floors. 

817
00:41:35,500 --> 00:41:38,800
That bruised, my knees. 
Townspeople began noticing. 

818
00:41:38,800 --> 00:41:41,300
The strange girl, who prayed 
with unusual intensity. 

819
00:41:42,100 --> 00:41:45,000
Some mocked me others. 
Sensing something Beyond 

820
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:48,400
ordinary Faith, began asking for
blessings, for prayers, specific

821
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:51,600
to their troubles. 
I have no power to bless. 

822
00:41:51,600 --> 00:41:53,900
I told a woman who brought her 
feverish child. 

823
00:41:53,900 --> 00:41:58,600
I am only a messenger. 
Yet I placed my hands on the 

824
00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:02,000
child's forehead feeling heat 
radiating through papery skin 

825
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:05,600
and prayed anyway. 
When the fever broke three days 

826
00:42:05,600 --> 00:42:07,700
later. 
Whispers about me change tenor. 

827
00:42:07,700 --> 00:42:10,100
I was back at beaud recourse, 
door six days. 

828
00:42:10,100 --> 00:42:13,600
After my initial rejection this 
time, he received me properly in

829
00:42:13,600 --> 00:42:16,500
his Chambers, curious about 
rumors circulating through his 

830
00:42:16,500 --> 00:42:19,300
town. 
Stood before his massive oak 

831
00:42:19,300 --> 00:42:22,200
desk, my shadow small against 
the Stonewall behind me. 

832
00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:25,700
You claim Heaven speaks to you. 
He said not bothering with a 

833
00:42:25,700 --> 00:42:29,900
greeting, not claims truth. 
The steadiness in my voice 

834
00:42:29,900 --> 00:42:31,900
surprised even me. 
Today. 

835
00:42:31,900 --> 00:42:37,200
Nearly all are forces of 
suffered defeat, a skirmish near

836
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:40,900
a place called rovere The Ambush
targeted men carrying Lenten 

837
00:42:40,900 --> 00:42:42,700
fish and Provisions for the 
besieged. 

838
00:42:42,700 --> 00:42:45,900
You will receive confirmation of
the situation in days. 

839
00:42:47,000 --> 00:42:49,300
I had not known these words 
would come from my mouth until 

840
00:42:49,300 --> 00:42:52,600
they emerged the voices had 
whispered to the moments before 

841
00:42:52,600 --> 00:42:56,200
and after and his chamber, 
bojacks expression changed from 

842
00:42:56,200 --> 00:43:01,400
skepticism to guarded caution. 
If the story proves true, he 

843
00:43:01,400 --> 00:43:03,700
began. 
When it proves true like 

844
00:43:03,700 --> 00:43:07,600
corrected, you will provide me 
an escort to she know He 

845
00:43:07,600 --> 00:43:11,000
dismissed me without commitment 
Messengers, confirmed the battle

846
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:14,000
of the herrings four days later 
while my prediction was not 

847
00:43:14,000 --> 00:43:17,700
particularly detailed its 
verification startled, Boudreaux

848
00:43:17,700 --> 00:43:20,400
into taking me. 
Seriously, on my third visit, he

849
00:43:20,400 --> 00:43:23,800
listened fully I must dress as a
man explained. 

850
00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:27,100
The journey is dangerous and I 
have been promised protection. 

851
00:43:27,100 --> 00:43:30,900
If I maintain my virtue, what I 
didn't say is that the voice is 

852
00:43:30,900 --> 00:43:34,200
sometimes revealed to me, 
glimpses of what awaited Rhodes,

853
00:43:34,200 --> 00:43:37,400
crawling with burgundy, in 
patrols English archers and 

854
00:43:37,400 --> 00:43:41,000
Forest Clearing and rivers 
swollen with winter melt A woman

855
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:43,600
traveling would face dangers, 
Beyond enemy soldiers. 

856
00:43:44,500 --> 00:43:48,100
The voice is Promised safety, 
but required Prudence Boudreaux 

857
00:43:48,100 --> 00:43:50,600
commission. 
Male clothing for me, a dark, 

858
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:53,500
Woolen tunic leggings and a boot
that needed stuffing at the 

859
00:43:53,508 --> 00:43:55,100
toes. 
Border. 

860
00:43:55,100 --> 00:43:58,000
Cut my hair even shorter 
cropping it close to my scalp 

861
00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:00,700
when I dressed in these garments
for the first time. 

862
00:44:00,700 --> 00:44:04,500
The Hawaii watched with troubled
Fascination Henry crossed 

863
00:44:04,500 --> 00:44:08,600
himself, Catherine white tears. 
You look honestly, started 

864
00:44:08,600 --> 00:44:10,600
unable to find appropriate 
words. 

865
00:44:11,600 --> 00:44:14,500
Like God's instrument. 
I finished for him, though, I 

866
00:44:14,508 --> 00:44:18,700
felt only like myself, simply 
clad differently, Jean de Mets 

867
00:44:18,700 --> 00:44:21,200
and Bertrand pool Genji. 
Two of boudreau's. 

868
00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:23,900
Men volunteered to accompany me 
to Chinook. 

869
00:44:24,500 --> 00:44:27,200
Both later claimed divine 
inspiration, moved them to offer

870
00:44:27,200 --> 00:44:29,000
an escort. 
But I saw more Earthly 

871
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:31,900
calculation in their eyes 
curiosity about whether the 

872
00:44:31,900 --> 00:44:35,000
strange girl might truly have 
Heavenly favor whether their 

873
00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:36,500
fortunes might Rise by 
proximity. 

874
00:44:37,600 --> 00:44:41,000
The night before departure Bode 
recore summoned, me once more, 

875
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:44,600
the chambers single candle cast,
dramatic Shadows across his 

876
00:44:44,600 --> 00:44:46,600
face. 
Deepening already severe 

877
00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:50,600
features. if you are deceiving 
us, if you lead my men into 

878
00:44:50,608 --> 00:44:54,100
danger through false prophecy, 
he let the threat hang on 

879
00:44:54,100 --> 00:44:56,800
finished. 
I move only as directed, I 

880
00:44:56,800 --> 00:44:59,500
answered your men safety as 
precious to heaven. 

881
00:45:00,400 --> 00:45:03,500
He handed me a sword, then not 
ceremoniously, but with a 

882
00:45:03,500 --> 00:45:05,900
practicality that acknowledge 
the dangers ahead. 

883
00:45:06,800 --> 00:45:09,800
Can you use this? 
I had never held a sword before 

884
00:45:09,800 --> 00:45:13,400
its weight surprise, me the cool
against my palm. 

885
00:45:14,300 --> 00:45:17,600
I will not need to I said, 
others will fight. 

886
00:45:17,600 --> 00:45:22,500
I carry the standard. 
This answer so specific yet, so 

887
00:45:22,500 --> 00:45:26,600
odd seemed to finally convinced 
him, he nodded once, reclaim the

888
00:45:26,608 --> 00:45:29,900
sword and uttered words that 
would become famous, despite 

889
00:45:29,900 --> 00:45:32,600
their lack of theatrical Flair 
in their actual delivery. 

890
00:45:33,500 --> 00:45:37,600
Go then and let come what comes?
The following morning, February 

891
00:45:37,600 --> 00:45:42,600
23rd, I departed vaakula with my
small escort townspeople 

892
00:45:42,600 --> 00:45:45,500
gathered to watch some touching 
my garments as if I were already

893
00:45:45,500 --> 00:45:48,100
a saint. 
A woman pressed a rosary into my

894
00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:50,500
hand. 
A blacksmith crossed himself as 

895
00:45:50,500 --> 00:45:52,700
I passed. 
I did not look back at the 

896
00:45:52,700 --> 00:45:55,500
town's gate, even though 
homesickness was already pulling

897
00:45:55,500 --> 00:45:59,500
at me, not for Dom Remi, but for
a Simplicity that I have now 

898
00:45:59,500 --> 00:46:03,300
irrevocably lost. 
Ahead layer 11 days of hard 

899
00:46:03,300 --> 00:46:06,500
travel through enemy territory 
and beyond that challenges. 

900
00:46:06,500 --> 00:46:10,000
I could scarcely imagine but 
Michael's voice accompanied me 

901
00:46:10,008 --> 00:46:14,200
Steady as my heartbeat. 
France is Liberation begins with

902
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:17,300
each step. 
You take the journey to Shin on 

903
00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:19,000
tested faith, more than physical
endurance. 

904
00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:22,600
We traveled mainly at night 
avoiding main roads, where 

905
00:46:22,600 --> 00:46:25,300
English and Beyond Patrol 
sought, travelers to Robble, 

906
00:46:25,300 --> 00:46:28,700
Ransom during daylight hours. 
We hid in a band and Shepherd's,

907
00:46:28,700 --> 00:46:32,300
Huts, or dense Woodland. 
Genre Mets and pulan G. 

908
00:46:32,300 --> 00:46:35,400
Initially insisted, I sleep 
separate from them to protect my

909
00:46:35,400 --> 00:46:38,900
virtue but practicality soon, 
dissolved such courtesies. 

910
00:46:38,900 --> 00:46:43,100
We huddled together for warmth. 
In February's biting cold, my 

911
00:46:43,100 --> 00:46:45,900
male attire and their honor 
providing sufficient barriers. 

912
00:46:46,700 --> 00:46:49,700
My companions attitudes toward 
me, evolved during our journey 

913
00:46:49,700 --> 00:46:52,700
initial skepticism transformed 
into cautious. 

914
00:46:52,700 --> 00:46:55,700
Reverence after we narrowly 
avoided a Burgundian Patrol that

915
00:46:55,700 --> 00:46:59,600
should have intercepted us. 
The wind shifted pooling gear 

916
00:46:59,600 --> 00:47:02,100
remarked, not connecting the 
sudden, weather change to my 

917
00:47:02,108 --> 00:47:06,500
silent prayer moments before 
Later when we reached a swollen 

918
00:47:06,500 --> 00:47:08,600
river, that Maps showed, no 
Crossing for Miles. 

919
00:47:08,600 --> 00:47:12,600
A local boy appeared as if 
conjured guiding us to a hidden 

920
00:47:12,600 --> 00:47:15,600
Ford. 
My escorts exchanged meaningful 

921
00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:18,900
glances, but I knew these were 
not Miracles, merely the 

922
00:47:18,900 --> 00:47:20,700
everyday, working of divine 
guidance. 

923
00:47:21,800 --> 00:47:24,300
Will you truly recognize the 
doffo Jean asked? 

924
00:47:24,300 --> 00:47:26,900
One evening as we warmed. 
Our hands over a small 

925
00:47:26,900 --> 00:47:28,300
carefully. 
Shielded fire. 

926
00:47:28,300 --> 00:47:31,900
They say he often hides among 
his courtiers to test visitors. 

927
00:47:31,900 --> 00:47:36,000
God will identify his anointed. 
I answered the private. 

928
00:47:36,000 --> 00:47:38,200
I wondered how this recognition 
would manifest. 

929
00:47:39,300 --> 00:47:40,900
The voices remained 
frustratingly. 

930
00:47:40,900 --> 00:47:45,600
Vague on practical details. 
We reached Shin on March 6th but

931
00:47:45,600 --> 00:47:48,200
two more days passed before 
gaining entrance to the castles.

932
00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:51,500
We launched in the town below 
where I endured the first of 

933
00:47:51,500 --> 00:47:54,500
many examinations by Church 
officials balls and sent to 

934
00:47:54,500 --> 00:47:57,700
determine whether my claims were
divine inspiration, demonic 

935
00:47:57,700 --> 00:48:01,700
influence, or simple Madness. 
How can we know God speaks 

936
00:48:01,700 --> 00:48:03,100
through. 
You demanded. 

937
00:48:03,100 --> 00:48:06,100
An elderly priest, with 
yellowed, fingers and breathes, 

938
00:48:06,100 --> 00:48:09,500
sour from fasting. 
By the signs that follow. 

939
00:48:09,500 --> 00:48:11,700
I replied. 
Remembering Catherine's 

940
00:48:11,700 --> 00:48:14,200
coaching. 
God does not ask for Blind 

941
00:48:14,200 --> 00:48:17,000
Faith, but provides confirmation
for those who truly seek. 

942
00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:21,300
What signs of you performed? 
None, yet signs. 

943
00:48:21,300 --> 00:48:23,000
Are not tricks. 
Of The Conjurer performed on 

944
00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:25,100
demand. 
They unfold as needed. 

945
00:48:26,100 --> 00:48:29,100
He seemed satisfied with this 
answer, which surprised me. 

946
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:31,800
Later. 
I learned he reported favorably 

947
00:48:31,800 --> 00:48:35,300
on my Orthodoxy noting I 
answered questions about faith 

948
00:48:35,300 --> 00:48:38,400
with simple Clarity rather than 
elaborate theological 

949
00:48:38,400 --> 00:48:41,400
constructions, that might 
suggest educated heretical 

950
00:48:41,400 --> 00:48:45,700
influences when I eventually 
gained entry to the castle, I 

951
00:48:45,700 --> 00:48:49,800
faced a plan challenge. 
Charles not yet crowned, an 

952
00:48:49,800 --> 00:48:51,300
increasingly doubtful of his 
legitimacy. 

953
00:48:51,300 --> 00:48:55,000
Had a range for another man to 
sit on the throne while he stood

954
00:48:55,000 --> 00:48:57,000
among dozens of richly dressed 
courtiers. 

955
00:48:57,900 --> 00:49:01,700
The Great Hall, blazed with 
hundreds of candles their light 

956
00:49:01,700 --> 00:49:04,700
reflecting off, Jewels fingers, 
and Golden Threads woven through

957
00:49:04,700 --> 00:49:07,500
Noble garments. 
The assembled Court, watched 

958
00:49:07,500 --> 00:49:11,000
expectantly many smirking at the
prospect of a peasant girls 

959
00:49:11,000 --> 00:49:14,000
confusion. 
I had never seen such finery 

960
00:49:14,000 --> 00:49:17,700
such concentrated wealth. 
For a moment, my confidence 

961
00:49:17,700 --> 00:49:21,200
wavered, these were people whose
everyday garments cost more than

962
00:49:21,200 --> 00:49:24,800
my family earned in years. 
What arrogance brought me here. 

963
00:49:25,400 --> 00:49:28,500
Then Margaret whispered not in 
my ear but directly within my 

964
00:49:28,508 --> 00:49:31,400
mind. 
Remember your purpose, you are 

965
00:49:31,400 --> 00:49:33,900
not sent to be dazzled by 
Earthly riches. 

966
00:49:35,100 --> 00:49:37,600
Without hesitation, I walked 
directly through the crowd 

967
00:49:37,600 --> 00:49:40,200
toward a plainly Dressed Man 
Standing among the courtiers 

968
00:49:40,200 --> 00:49:43,100
kneeling before him. 
I said what the voice is 

969
00:49:43,100 --> 00:49:46,100
prompted. 
God gives you life and Glory, 

970
00:49:46,100 --> 00:49:49,600
gentle dofa. 
Charles's face registered shock 

971
00:49:49,600 --> 00:49:52,100
quickly, controlled I am not the
king. 

972
00:49:52,100 --> 00:49:54,700
He protested. 
Maintaining the charade. 

973
00:49:55,400 --> 00:49:59,300
I did not call you King I 
answered, you are the Doha, but 

974
00:49:59,300 --> 00:50:02,800
you will be king when properly 
consecrated at his God's will. 

975
00:50:03,900 --> 00:50:07,500
the court mermaid, Charles 
gestured for seclusion, guiding 

976
00:50:07,500 --> 00:50:10,900
me to a window ledge where we 
could Converse discreetly If you

977
00:50:10,908 --> 00:50:14,600
truly come from God, he said, 
quietly tell me something, only 

978
00:50:14,600 --> 00:50:18,400
Divine knowledge could reveal. 
Her repeated words, Michael had 

979
00:50:18,400 --> 00:50:21,600
given me during our journey. 
You made a private prayer at All

980
00:50:21,600 --> 00:50:23,900
Saints. 
Last November asking God, for 

981
00:50:23,900 --> 00:50:26,700
confirmation of your right to 
the throne questioning whether 

982
00:50:26,700 --> 00:50:28,900
your mother's reputation spoke 
truth about your birth. 

983
00:50:29,500 --> 00:50:32,400
God answers. 
Now you are the legitimate heir 

984
00:50:32,400 --> 00:50:35,000
to France. 
Your suffering is seen your 

985
00:50:35,000 --> 00:50:39,100
doubts are understood, but you 
must have preserved for you. 

986
00:50:40,500 --> 00:50:44,100
Charles paled visibly he later 
confirmed that he had prayed 

987
00:50:44,100 --> 00:50:47,200
this prayer in solitude. 
That I knew its contents 

988
00:50:47,200 --> 00:50:49,000
convinced him when nothing else 
might have. 

989
00:50:50,000 --> 00:50:52,900
Yet, despite this private 
conviction, Charles remained 

990
00:50:52,900 --> 00:50:55,800
publicly cautious. 
I was subjected to further 

991
00:50:55,800 --> 00:50:58,700
examinations including three 
weeks of questioning by 

992
00:50:58,700 --> 00:51:01,900
theologians at poitiers in 
probed for heretical beliefs or 

993
00:51:01,908 --> 00:51:05,500
signs of demonic influence. 
They examined my body for 

994
00:51:05,500 --> 00:51:09,300
witches marks, questioned by 
insistence, on male attire and 

995
00:51:09,300 --> 00:51:10,500
tested. 
My knowledge of Christian 

996
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:13,800
doctrine, what history really 
records, is the humiliation of 

997
00:51:13,800 --> 00:51:16,300
these examinations and the 
indignity of learning men 

998
00:51:16,300 --> 00:51:20,400
debating, whether my virginity 
indicated Divine protection, or 

999
00:51:20,400 --> 00:51:23,500
simply lack of opportunity. 
As well as whether my voice is 

1000
00:51:23,500 --> 00:51:27,600
were Angels or clever demons, 
One elderly, Theologian 

1001
00:51:27,600 --> 00:51:29,200
suggested. 
I might simply suffer from 

1002
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:31,600
female hysteria due to my 
unmarried state. 

1003
00:51:32,500 --> 00:51:36,300
Perhaps a replied evenly. 
Does hysteria typically predict 

1004
00:51:36,300 --> 00:51:39,300
military outcomes or recognized 
King's? 

1005
00:51:40,100 --> 00:51:42,300
During these weeks of 
examination, I grew increasingly

1006
00:51:42,300 --> 00:51:46,400
frustrated by delays, all Leon 
remained Under Siege, its 

1007
00:51:46,400 --> 00:51:49,400
situation deteriorating, The 
Voice became more urgent. 

1008
00:51:49,400 --> 00:51:52,900
Sometimes waking me from sleep 
with commands to move quickly. 

1009
00:51:53,700 --> 00:51:57,300
Time, Slips Away, Michael 
warned, France's heart weakens 

1010
00:51:57,300 --> 00:52:00,900
with each passing day. 
I petition Charles repeatedly 

1011
00:52:00,900 --> 00:52:03,100
for Action. 
Facing resistance from his 

1012
00:52:03,100 --> 00:52:05,300
advisor. 
George de La Creme wire who 

1013
00:52:05,300 --> 00:52:07,000
viewed me as a threat to his 
influence. 

1014
00:52:07,900 --> 00:52:10,500
The maid makes Bold claims. 
He told Charles within my 

1015
00:52:10,500 --> 00:52:13,900
hearing, yet, prophecies a 
cheap, whilst soldiers lives a 

1016
00:52:13,900 --> 00:52:16,600
dire prophecies, may be cheap, I
counter it. 

1017
00:52:16,600 --> 00:52:19,500
But the price of ignorance is 
the fall of your kingdom. 

1018
00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:22,900
Charles wavered between 
believing my Divine mandate and 

1019
00:52:22,900 --> 00:52:25,600
fearing the consequences of 
following an unproven visionary.

1020
00:52:26,400 --> 00:52:29,900
What finally convinced him was 
pragmatism all conventional 

1021
00:52:29,900 --> 00:52:33,800
military strategies had failed. 
His treasury emptied while 

1022
00:52:33,800 --> 00:52:35,500
English territory in France 
expanded. 

1023
00:52:36,400 --> 00:52:38,900
What harm could come from, 
allowing me to attempt, lifting 

1024
00:52:38,900 --> 00:52:40,600
The Siege at all. 
Should I fail? 

1025
00:52:40,600 --> 00:52:43,300
My losses would be minimal 
compared to the Daily losses 

1026
00:52:43,300 --> 00:52:46,200
already. 
Incurred. if I succeeded, the 

1027
00:52:46,200 --> 00:52:50,900
reward was in calculable in late
April, after nearly 7 weeks of 

1028
00:52:50,900 --> 00:52:53,900
delay in examination, Charles, 
finally granted me my mission. 

1029
00:52:53,900 --> 00:52:58,000
I was provided armor made to my 
measurements lightweight plate, 

1030
00:52:58,000 --> 00:53:00,200
that nonetheless felt foreign 
against my body. 

1031
00:53:00,900 --> 00:53:04,200
The sword given to me was 
serviceable but ordinary, not 

1032
00:53:04,200 --> 00:53:06,700
the special blade. 
I described seeing in my visions

1033
00:53:07,500 --> 00:53:11,200
There is a sword Meant, For Me, 
Explain to Charles buried behind

1034
00:53:11,200 --> 00:53:14,400
the altar at Saint, Catherine, 
de Fierro it Bears. 

1035
00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:16,900
Five crosses on its blade and 
has lame there since Charles 

1036
00:53:16,900 --> 00:53:20,200
martel's time. 
Charles still testing the limits

1037
00:53:20,200 --> 00:53:21,100
of My Strange. 
Knowledge. 

1038
00:53:21,100 --> 00:53:24,100
Sent men to investigate this 
oddly specific claim. 

1039
00:53:24,100 --> 00:53:27,300
They indeed found an ancient 
sword buried exactly where 

1040
00:53:27,300 --> 00:53:31,700
described its existence unknown 
to the local priests, this sword

1041
00:53:31,700 --> 00:53:33,800
became my physical token of 
divine sanction. 

1042
00:53:33,800 --> 00:53:37,300
However, I primarily carried a 
standard instead of wielding 

1043
00:53:37,300 --> 00:53:40,600
weapons. 
The standard was my design, a 

1044
00:53:40,600 --> 00:53:43,900
White Field. 
Adorned with flood in the name's

1045
00:53:43,900 --> 00:53:46,600
Jesus Maria. 
And depicting God, holding the 

1046
00:53:46,600 --> 00:53:50,400
world with angels at his side. 
This banana would proceed me 

1047
00:53:50,408 --> 00:53:53,400
into battle a visible. 
Reminder that our cause carried 

1048
00:53:53,400 --> 00:53:56,500
Heavenly blessing. 
Before departing on. 

1049
00:53:56,500 --> 00:53:59,600
I dictated a letter to the 
English commanders surrounding 

1050
00:53:59,600 --> 00:54:01,800
Orleans. 
Warning them to depart from 

1051
00:54:01,800 --> 00:54:04,500
France or face. 
Divine judgment, The Scribe. 

1052
00:54:04,500 --> 00:54:07,000
Who recorded my words kept 
glancing up in disbelief as 

1053
00:54:07,000 --> 00:54:10,000
increasingly forceful language 
flowed from The Peasant, girl 

1054
00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:13,000
before him. 
Surrender to the maid sent by 

1055
00:54:13,000 --> 00:54:15,800
God, the king of Heaven, you 
will not hold the kingdom of 

1056
00:54:15,800 --> 00:54:19,000
France from God, the king of 
heaven, son of Saint, Mary King,

1057
00:54:19,000 --> 00:54:22,700
Charles the true heir. 
Will hold it for God wills it. 

1058
00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:27,000
When read aloud afterward, the 
word sounded strange to my ears,

1059
00:54:27,000 --> 00:54:30,200
both mine and not mine, carrying
an authority. 

1060
00:54:30,200 --> 00:54:33,700
I'd never possessed in domini, 
the courteous exchange, troubled

1061
00:54:33,700 --> 00:54:37,000
glances uncertain, whether they 
witnessed inspired prophecy or 

1062
00:54:37,008 --> 00:54:40,400
dangerous delusion. 
However, Charles had chosen to 

1063
00:54:40,400 --> 00:54:43,800
support my journey, Charles had 
gathered equipment in assembled 

1064
00:54:43,800 --> 00:54:45,700
troops. 
The Impossible campaign was 

1065
00:54:45,700 --> 00:54:48,500
about to begin. 
On the evening before our 

1066
00:54:48,500 --> 00:54:51,200
departure for all, I stood alone
on the castle. 

1067
00:54:51,200 --> 00:54:56,100
Ramparts watching spring Stars 
emerge. homelessness washed over

1068
00:54:56,100 --> 00:54:59,700
me unexpectedly, not for my 
Village specifically, but for 

1069
00:54:59,700 --> 00:55:02,500
anonymity, for the piece of 
tending, sheep on quiet 

1070
00:55:02,500 --> 00:55:06,400
hillsides, Having doubts, 
Catherine asked her voice gentle

1071
00:55:06,400 --> 00:55:09,500
within my mind. 
No doubts I answered silently. 

1072
00:55:10,400 --> 00:55:13,100
Simply a conscious understanding
of what you can't take back. 

1073
00:55:14,200 --> 00:55:17,900
The path Narrows before you. 
Shingled remember, why you were 

1074
00:55:17,900 --> 00:55:21,800
chosen not for skill with sword 
or strategy, but for perfect 

1075
00:55:21,800 --> 00:55:25,300
faith in God's plan. 
I nodded though. 

1076
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:27,200
No human eyes witnessed this 
private exchange. 

1077
00:55:28,200 --> 00:55:31,600
Perfect faith. 
It was not blindness to Danger 

1078
00:55:31,600 --> 00:55:35,400
nor an absence of fear, but a 
willingness to proceed despite 

1079
00:55:35,400 --> 00:55:38,900
both With that understanding, I 
descended to prepare for 

1080
00:55:38,900 --> 00:55:41,800
departure. 
Ready to transform from examined

1081
00:55:41,800 --> 00:55:45,200
curiosity to Battlefield. 
Commander we departed tours on 

1082
00:55:45,200 --> 00:55:48,200
April 27th, with supplies and 
reinforcements for the besieged 

1083
00:55:48,200 --> 00:55:50,200
city. 
But conflict emerged immediately

1084
00:55:50,200 --> 00:55:51,900
between military commanders and 
me. 

1085
00:55:51,900 --> 00:55:54,400
A teenage girl claiming Divine 
guidance. 

1086
00:55:55,400 --> 00:56:01,100
The Army's veteran captains 
genre and regarded me with open 

1087
00:56:01,100 --> 00:56:03,400
skepticism. 
They had whether years of 

1088
00:56:03,400 --> 00:56:07,000
defeats and developed cautious. 
Strategies of Confrontation 

1089
00:56:07,000 --> 00:56:10,600
preserve remaining forces and 
accept that all would have 

1090
00:56:10,608 --> 00:56:12,700
eventually fall like other 
strong holds before it. 

1091
00:56:13,700 --> 00:56:15,700
God did not send me to follow 
cautious men. 

1092
00:56:15,700 --> 00:56:17,900
Informed them. 
During our first Council 

1093
00:56:17,900 --> 00:56:22,000
Alliance will not fall, we will 
not merely deliver supplies. 

1094
00:56:22,000 --> 00:56:23,900
We will break The Siege 
entirely. 

1095
00:56:24,800 --> 00:56:28,300
La here. 
A notorious Soldier known for 

1096
00:56:28,300 --> 00:56:31,400
Creative profanity stared at me 
and disbelief. 

1097
00:56:32,100 --> 00:56:34,800
With what divine wind to blow 
the English away. 

1098
00:56:34,800 --> 00:56:38,200
They outnumber us, they have 
secured their positions. 

1099
00:56:38,200 --> 00:56:40,400
They outnumbered David against 
Goliath. 

1100
00:56:40,400 --> 00:56:43,600
I replied numbers mean nothing 
against God's will. 

1101
00:56:45,100 --> 00:56:47,600
These exchanges established our 
working relationship. 

1102
00:56:47,600 --> 00:56:50,900
They planned according to 
military experience and I 

1103
00:56:50,900 --> 00:56:53,800
insisted on more aggressive 
action than conventional wisdom 

1104
00:56:53,800 --> 00:56:57,300
suggested was prudent the 
compromise that emerged involved

1105
00:56:57,300 --> 00:56:59,600
approaching all the way from an 
unexpected Direction. 

1106
00:56:59,600 --> 00:57:02,800
Crossing the Loire, rather than 
confronting the stronger English

1107
00:57:02,800 --> 00:57:06,400
positions directly. 
This decision portrayed in 

1108
00:57:06,400 --> 00:57:09,300
Chronicles as my strategic 
Brilliance actually resulted 

1109
00:57:09,300 --> 00:57:12,300
from practical necessity 
combined with fortunate timing. 

1110
00:57:13,200 --> 00:57:16,200
Spring rains had made the river 
higher than usual, limiting 

1111
00:57:16,200 --> 00:57:18,700
Crossing points, but also 
focusing English defensive 

1112
00:57:18,700 --> 00:57:22,300
positions. 
My inspiration to approach from 

1113
00:57:22,300 --> 00:57:25,800
the East, simply utilized 
terrain the English a deemed too

1114
00:57:25,800 --> 00:57:29,200
difficult to defend heavily. 
We reached the laws, Southern 

1115
00:57:29,200 --> 00:57:32,700
Bank, on April 29th, where I 
dictated and other letter to the

1116
00:57:32,700 --> 00:57:35,300
English commanders. 
This one delivered by Harold 

1117
00:57:35,300 --> 00:57:38,700
directly to their lines. 
You may have England who have no

1118
00:57:38,700 --> 00:57:42,300
right in this Kingdom of France.
Go away into your country, in 

1119
00:57:42,300 --> 00:57:45,100
God's name. 
And if you do not do this, wait 

1120
00:57:45,100 --> 00:57:48,200
Tiding from the maid who will 
come to see you shortly to your 

1121
00:57:48,208 --> 00:57:51,800
very great injury. 
The English soldiers who heard 

1122
00:57:51,800 --> 00:57:54,500
this message? 
Reportedly laughed asking if the

1123
00:57:54,508 --> 00:57:57,900
French had grown so desperate, 
they now sent girls to fight 

1124
00:57:57,900 --> 00:58:00,500
their battles. 
William, Glasgow their Commander

1125
00:58:00,500 --> 00:58:03,500
sent back a message, threatening
to burn me as a witch, and hang 

1126
00:58:03,500 --> 00:58:04,900
those who followed me as 
Heretics. 

1127
00:58:04,900 --> 00:58:08,800
If captured fear clenched, my 
stomach upon hearing this not of

1128
00:58:08,800 --> 00:58:11,900
burning specifically, but a 
failure of leading others to 

1129
00:58:11,900 --> 00:58:13,600
death, through misplaced 
confidence. 

1130
00:58:15,000 --> 00:58:18,300
That night, I prayed longer than
usual seeking reassurance from 

1131
00:58:18,300 --> 00:58:21,100
my voices, who had grown 
somewhat quieter since my 

1132
00:58:21,100 --> 00:58:24,100
departure from shinyu. 
The English threatened fire. 

1133
00:58:24,100 --> 00:58:26,100
I whispered to the darkness of 
my tent. 

1134
00:58:27,000 --> 00:58:30,200
All human flesh. 
Fears Flames Margaret answered 

1135
00:58:30,200 --> 00:58:33,600
compassionately. 
But remember, the true fire is 

1136
00:58:33,600 --> 00:58:37,100
God's purpose burning through. 
You it consumes doubt and 

1137
00:58:37,100 --> 00:58:41,200
illuminates the path. 
On April 30th, we successfully 

1138
00:58:41,200 --> 00:58:44,600
transported supplies into Allie 
on Via river barges bringing 

1139
00:58:44,600 --> 00:58:47,000
desperately needed Provisions to
the city's Defenders. 

1140
00:58:48,000 --> 00:58:51,400
I entered that evening during a 
rainstorm soaked and physically 

1141
00:58:51,400 --> 00:58:55,400
exhausted but filled with 
strange exhilaration Citizen's 

1142
00:58:55,400 --> 00:58:58,300
line, the narrow streets, 
despite the weather, reaching to

1143
00:58:58,300 --> 00:59:01,800
touch my armor or standard as if
I carry a tangible blessing. 

1144
00:59:02,600 --> 00:59:05,600
Jacques Bouchee the city 
treasurer offered his home for 

1145
00:59:05,600 --> 00:59:08,400
my lodging. 
His daughter, Charlotte closest 

1146
00:59:08,400 --> 00:59:11,800
to my age among the household 
helped remove my armor map. 

1147
00:59:11,800 --> 00:59:15,200
That the first evening she 
gasped seeing bruises already 

1148
00:59:15,200 --> 00:59:17,900
forming Where Metal had pressed 
against my skin during the long 

1149
00:59:17,900 --> 00:59:20,200
ride. 
Does it hurt terribly? 

1150
00:59:20,200 --> 00:59:23,300
She asked applying herbal Salve 
to the worst marks. 

1151
00:59:24,200 --> 00:59:27,600
Less than fear hurts this city. 
I answered the truth was. 

1152
00:59:27,600 --> 00:59:29,500
I barely noticed physical 
discomfort. 

1153
00:59:29,500 --> 00:59:32,200
My focus had narrowed to a 
single purpose. 

1154
00:59:32,200 --> 00:59:34,400
Fulfilling. 
What the voice is promised. 

1155
00:59:35,600 --> 00:59:37,500
Following days brought 
increasing frustration. 

1156
00:59:38,600 --> 00:59:42,900
Military commanders insisted on 
gradual approaches small gains 

1157
00:59:42,900 --> 00:59:44,500
and careful conservation of 
resources. 

1158
00:59:44,500 --> 00:59:49,200
I demanded immediate decisive 
action against key English 

1159
00:59:49,200 --> 00:59:51,800
fortifications. 
Each wall counts will became a 

1160
00:59:51,808 --> 00:59:55,400
battle itself, me against 
experienced soldiers, who saw my

1161
00:59:55,400 --> 01:00:00,400
urgency as naivete on May 4th 
while commanders deliberated 

1162
01:00:00,400 --> 01:00:02,700
yet. 
Another cautious plan, I napped 

1163
01:00:02,700 --> 01:00:06,100
briefly in the chamber within 
dream-like moments, Michael 

1164
01:00:06,100 --> 01:00:09,700
appeared with unusual clarity. 
They attack the Eastern Gate. 

1165
01:00:09,700 --> 01:00:15,500
He stated without Preamble now. 
I woke instantly calling for my 

1166
01:00:15,500 --> 01:00:18,400
Squire to help with armor. 
Charlotte who had been mending 

1167
01:00:18,400 --> 01:00:21,500
nearby looked startled. 
At my sudden urgency what 

1168
01:00:21,500 --> 01:00:22,700
happens. 
She asked. 

1169
01:00:23,300 --> 01:00:26,500
Eastern Gate was all. 
I managed while struggling 

1170
01:00:26,500 --> 01:00:29,400
through my padded undergarment 
fighting has begun. 

1171
01:00:29,400 --> 01:00:32,800
Indeed, while commanders planned
English forces, had launched a 

1172
01:00:32,800 --> 01:00:35,700
surprise assault against Saint 
Luke, one of the Cities Eastern 

1173
01:00:35,700 --> 01:00:39,000
fortifications. 
By the time I reached the area 

1174
01:00:39,000 --> 01:00:41,600
French Defenders were already 
retreating and disarray. 

1175
01:00:42,400 --> 01:00:45,000
Without waiting for formal 
orders, I wrote directly toward 

1176
01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:47,100
the conflict with the standard 
raised High. 

1177
01:00:47,800 --> 01:00:49,500
Soldiers. 
Later described the events as 

1178
01:00:49,500 --> 01:00:52,700
miraculous noting, how 
retreating men turned back upon 

1179
01:00:52,700 --> 01:00:56,000
seeing me and how their broken 
courage transformed into a 

1180
01:00:56,000 --> 01:00:59,200
determined Advance. 
The reality was less mystical, 

1181
01:00:59,200 --> 01:01:02,700
but no, less effective. 
In the confusion of battle. 

1182
01:01:02,700 --> 01:01:04,400
A symbolic. 
Vocal Point. 

1183
01:01:05,500 --> 01:01:08,400
Distinctive figure on Horseback 
with an unmistakable Banner, 

1184
01:01:08,400 --> 01:01:11,300
provided a rallying point and 
renewed purpose. 

1185
01:01:12,200 --> 01:01:14,700
Who Retreats When Heaven fights 
alongside us? 

1186
01:01:14,700 --> 01:01:17,300
I called my voice carrying 
surprisingly. 

1187
01:01:17,300 --> 01:01:19,700
Well, across the dinner of 
combat forward. 

1188
01:01:19,700 --> 01:01:22,000
God has delivered the into our 
hands. 

1189
01:01:23,700 --> 01:01:27,300
The battle turned by evening. 
Saint Luke had fallen to our 

1190
01:01:27,300 --> 01:01:31,800
forces this Victory while modest
in strategic terms, transformed 

1191
01:01:31,800 --> 01:01:35,200
perceptions soldiers, who were 
doubted began viewing me with 

1192
01:01:35,200 --> 01:01:38,200
superstitious ore? 
Commanders who had dismissed my 

1193
01:01:38,200 --> 01:01:41,400
Council became more willing to 
listen yet challenges to 

1194
01:01:41,400 --> 01:01:44,100
Authority continued. 
On May the 5th. 

1195
01:01:44,100 --> 01:01:47,500
June attempted to exclude me 
from councils planning 

1196
01:01:47,500 --> 01:01:48,700
operations, without my 
knowledge. 

1197
01:01:48,700 --> 01:01:51,500
Upon discovering this I 
confronted him directly. 

1198
01:01:52,400 --> 01:01:55,300
Do you believe you can conceal 
God's battle from his messenger?

1199
01:01:55,300 --> 01:01:57,800
I demanded interrupting their 
clothes meeting. 

1200
01:01:57,800 --> 01:02:01,100
Why do you plot in Shadows When 
Heaven watches are a Godless 

1201
01:02:01,100 --> 01:02:05,200
Genoa intelligent politically 
astute recognized the changing 

1202
01:02:05,200 --> 01:02:08,200
mood among troops? 
We sought only to spare you the 

1203
01:02:08,200 --> 01:02:11,400
technical details. 
He offered diplomatically Spare 

1204
01:02:11,400 --> 01:02:14,300
me nothing. 
I counted, I was not sent to be 

1205
01:02:14,308 --> 01:02:18,400
spared, but to lead. 
The following day, The Assault 

1206
01:02:18,400 --> 01:02:20,900
on sound, genre Blanc, and the 
Augustana Fortress took place. 

1207
01:02:20,900 --> 01:02:24,300
This incident was one of the key
events that solidified my 

1208
01:02:24,300 --> 01:02:25,900
reputation among common 
soldiers. 

1209
01:02:25,900 --> 01:02:29,100
English Defenders had positioned
archers to cover the main 

1210
01:02:29,100 --> 01:02:31,900
approach. 
As our forces hesitated under 

1211
01:02:31,900 --> 01:02:35,500
the deadly reign of arrows. 
I rode forward alone standard 

1212
01:02:35,500 --> 01:02:37,900
Held High. 
An arrow struck. 

1213
01:02:37,900 --> 01:02:39,700
Her armor Witnesses later, 
reported. 

1214
01:02:39,700 --> 01:02:42,000
Yet she continued as if 
untouched. 

1215
01:02:43,000 --> 01:02:45,800
In truth, the arrow glanced off 
my shoulder plate, bruising but 

1216
01:02:45,800 --> 01:02:49,100
not penetrating. more 
significant than this, minor 

1217
01:02:49,100 --> 01:02:54,000
miracle was the psychological 
effect of my advanced Soldiers, 

1218
01:02:54,000 --> 01:02:56,700
Shame by a girl's courage, 
surged forward, the 

1219
01:02:56,700 --> 01:03:00,600
fortification fell by evening 
May 7th brought the decisive 

1220
01:03:00,600 --> 01:03:04,100
assault against lateral. 
The main Fortress controls River

1221
01:03:04,100 --> 01:03:07,500
Crossing here, my Legend and 
reality most dramatically 

1222
01:03:07,500 --> 01:03:11,300
intersect historical accounts 
described me taking an arrow to 

1223
01:03:11,300 --> 01:03:14,300
the shoulder having predicted 
this injury the previous day, 

1224
01:03:14,300 --> 01:03:17,300
the wounded was real and English
Longbow Arrow. 

1225
01:03:17,300 --> 01:03:20,600
Penetrating between neck and 
shoulder armor but my prediction

1226
01:03:20,600 --> 01:03:24,400
had been more General Blood will
be drawn to Morrow but not all 

1227
01:03:24,400 --> 01:03:27,100
of it, French. 
The pain nearly caused 

1228
01:03:27,100 --> 01:03:29,700
unconsciousness. 
I was pulled from Battle briefly

1229
01:03:29,700 --> 01:03:33,100
while the arrow was removed, not
ceremoniously as depicted in 

1230
01:03:33,100 --> 01:03:36,300
romantic paintings but with 
brutal efficiency by a field 

1231
01:03:36,300 --> 01:03:39,800
surgeon who feared wound fever 
would set in if the barbed head 

1232
01:03:39,800 --> 01:03:43,200
remained embedded He poured 
boiling oil into the wound to 

1233
01:03:43,200 --> 01:03:46,100
Courtyard the bleeding pain that
exceeded the original injury. 

1234
01:03:46,900 --> 01:03:50,100
Why gasped afterward? 
Just a little. 

1235
01:03:51,400 --> 01:03:55,400
Instead of wine, they gave me 
consecrated bread communion 

1236
01:03:55,400 --> 01:03:58,200
without formal ceremony 
Battlefield sacrament. 

1237
01:03:59,200 --> 01:04:02,300
The pain receded enough that I 
could stand again though using 

1238
01:04:02,300 --> 01:04:03,700
my right arm remained 
impossible. 

1239
01:04:04,600 --> 01:04:07,200
Military commanders. 
Seeing my condition, ordered a 

1240
01:04:07,200 --> 01:04:09,300
retreat for the day. 
The assault would resume 

1241
01:04:09,300 --> 01:04:11,500
tomorrow. 
They decided without consulting 

1242
01:04:11,500 --> 01:04:13,600
me. 
I heard this decision while 

1243
01:04:13,600 --> 01:04:18,000
having my wound bandaged. 
Know I can't demanded struggling

1244
01:04:18,000 --> 01:04:20,300
back into partial armor despite 
Charlotte's protests. 

1245
01:04:20,300 --> 01:04:23,700
We finished today English 
resolved dwindles with each 

1246
01:04:23,700 --> 01:04:26,200
passing hour returning to battle
with the wound. 

1247
01:04:26,200 --> 01:04:28,800
Still fresh became the defining 
moment, Witnesses, remembered, 

1248
01:04:28,800 --> 01:04:32,500
the injured made refusing 
Retreat standard transferred to 

1249
01:04:32,500 --> 01:04:36,000
my left hand while my right arm 
hung useless rallying troops for

1250
01:04:36,000 --> 01:04:39,800
the final push as daylight began
fading What's rarely recorded is

1251
01:04:39,800 --> 01:04:41,500
how fever already began 
clouding. 

1252
01:04:41,500 --> 01:04:44,800
My thoughts, how each movement 
sent waves of nausea through me 

1253
01:04:44,800 --> 01:04:47,500
and how the voices seemed to 
speak from an increasingly 

1254
01:04:47,500 --> 01:04:51,000
enormous distance yet? 
Purpose carried me forward, when

1255
01:04:51,000 --> 01:04:53,000
physical strengths should have 
failed. 

1256
01:04:53,000 --> 01:04:56,400
The English Commander glass, 
Dale, who had promised to burn 

1257
01:04:56,408 --> 01:05:00,100
me as a witch died during this 
final assault, when a makeshift 

1258
01:05:00,100 --> 01:05:04,300
Bridge collapsed beneath him, he
drowned in the Loire way down by

1259
01:05:04,300 --> 01:05:07,300
the very armored meant to 
protect him soldiers, on both 

1260
01:05:07,300 --> 01:05:09,300
sides viewed, his death as 
Divine judgment. 

1261
01:05:09,300 --> 01:05:12,000
Superstitious fear spreading 
through remaining, English 

1262
01:05:12,000 --> 01:05:17,100
forces by Nightfall, lateral had
fallen, The Siege that had 

1263
01:05:17,100 --> 01:05:20,000
strangled all day off for seven 
months broken, just four days of

1264
01:05:20,000 --> 01:05:23,200
concerted action. 
The following morning May 8th. 

1265
01:05:23,200 --> 01:05:26,000
Remaining English troops 
retreated from positions. 

1266
01:05:26,000 --> 01:05:29,000
They'd held since October, 
abandoning equipment and 

1267
01:05:29,000 --> 01:05:32,600
supplies in their haste. 
Allele erupted in Celebration 

1268
01:05:32,600 --> 01:05:36,900
Church bells, rang continuously 
citizens who had expected either

1269
01:05:36,900 --> 01:05:40,800
starvation or Master instead 
found themselves liberated, they

1270
01:05:40,800 --> 01:05:43,600
credited the maid The Peasant 
girl from Dahmer, who had 

1271
01:05:43,600 --> 01:05:45,900
promised to deliverance and 
against all rational, 

1272
01:05:45,900 --> 01:05:50,200
expectation delivered it. 
That Night Fever and weak from 

1273
01:05:50,200 --> 01:05:53,200
blood loss. 
I struggled to understand what a

1274
01:05:53,200 --> 01:05:55,800
truly happened. 
Had God performed Miracles 

1275
01:05:55,800 --> 01:05:59,300
through me had my presence, 
simply catalyzed human courage 

1276
01:05:59,300 --> 01:06:02,400
that already existed waiting 
only for symbol and purpose to 

1277
01:06:02,400 --> 01:06:06,500
crystallize action. 
Both Catherine whispered as I 

1278
01:06:06,500 --> 01:06:08,400
drifted between Consciousness 
and dream. 

1279
01:06:09,200 --> 01:06:12,900
The greatest Miracles work 
through natural channels, not to

1280
01:06:12,900 --> 01:06:16,400
bite them. 
Citizens began calling me lepus 

1281
01:06:16,400 --> 01:06:19,100
El door. 
Leon the maid of Orleans a title

1282
01:06:19,100 --> 01:06:20,400
that would follow me through 
history. 

1283
01:06:21,200 --> 01:06:25,600
Yet alone in prayer that night I
remained simply Jeanne aching 

1284
01:06:25,600 --> 01:06:29,400
feverish wondering what further 
price for filling Heaven's 

1285
01:06:29,400 --> 01:06:34,400
commands might require by 
Nightfall later L had fallen The

1286
01:06:34,400 --> 01:06:37,300
Siege that had strangled all the
offer seven months broken, just 

1287
01:06:37,300 --> 01:06:41,100
four days of concerted action. 
The following morning May 8th. 

1288
01:06:41,100 --> 01:06:44,000
Remaining English troops 
retreated from positions. 

1289
01:06:44,000 --> 01:06:47,000
They'd held since October, 
abandoning equipment and 

1290
01:06:47,000 --> 01:06:50,600
supplies in their haste. 
Allele erupted in Celebration 

1291
01:06:50,600 --> 01:06:54,900
Church bells, rang continuously 
citizens who had expected either

1292
01:06:54,900 --> 01:06:57,200
the starvation or mastercorp 
instead found themselves. 

1293
01:06:57,200 --> 01:07:01,400
Liberated the credited, the maid
The Peasant girl from Dahmer me 

1294
01:07:01,400 --> 01:07:03,800
who had promised deliverance and
against all rational, 

1295
01:07:03,800 --> 01:07:08,100
expectation delivered it. 
That Night Fever and weak from 

1296
01:07:08,100 --> 01:07:11,100
blood loss. 
I struggled to understand what a

1297
01:07:11,100 --> 01:07:13,700
truly happened. 
Had God performed Miracles 

1298
01:07:13,700 --> 01:07:16,900
through me, Well, had my 
presence simply catalyzed human 

1299
01:07:16,900 --> 01:07:20,000
courage that already existed 
waiting only for symbol and 

1300
01:07:20,000 --> 01:07:24,400
purpose to crystallize action. 
Both Catherine whispered as I 

1301
01:07:24,400 --> 01:07:26,300
drifted between Consciousness 
and dream. 

1302
01:07:27,200 --> 01:07:30,800
The greatest Miracles work 
through natural channels, not to

1303
01:07:30,800 --> 01:07:34,400
pipe them. 
Citizens began calling me lepus 

1304
01:07:34,400 --> 01:07:37,100
El door. 
Leon the maid of Orleans a title

1305
01:07:37,100 --> 01:07:38,300
that would follow me through 
history. 

1306
01:07:39,200 --> 01:07:43,500
Yet alone in prayer that night I
remained simply Jeanne aching. 

1307
01:07:43,500 --> 01:07:47,300
Feverish wondering what further 
price for filling Heaven's 

1308
01:07:47,300 --> 01:07:49,700
commands might require 
throughout this journey. 

1309
01:07:49,700 --> 01:07:53,500
I maintained my male attire and 
slept fully armored most nights 

1310
01:07:53,500 --> 01:07:57,000
surrounded by guards. 
This practice later used as 

1311
01:07:57,000 --> 01:07:59,100
evidence of impropriety during 
my trial. 

1312
01:07:59,100 --> 01:08:03,300
Served practical purposes beyond
the voices commands traveling 

1313
01:08:03,300 --> 01:08:06,400
with thousands of soldiers. 
While I identify female invited 

1314
01:08:06,400 --> 01:08:09,300
dangers, obvious to any woman 
Divine protection, not 

1315
01:08:09,300 --> 01:08:13,100
withstanding, The armor provided
a physical barrier against 

1316
01:08:13,100 --> 01:08:15,900
casual assault. 
Male clothing, minimized on 

1317
01:08:15,900 --> 01:08:18,100
wanted attention during 
necessary activities. 

1318
01:08:19,000 --> 01:08:22,700
We reached Williams on July 
16th, the city welcomed Charles,

1319
01:08:22,700 --> 01:08:25,800
with without resistance. 
Its citizens, lining streets to 

1320
01:08:25,800 --> 01:08:28,300
witness, what many had thought 
impossible months earlier. 

1321
01:08:28,899 --> 01:08:31,700
I wrote to Philip of burgundy 
that same day urging 

1322
01:08:31,700 --> 01:08:34,800
reconciliation with Charles 
calling on him to make good 

1323
01:08:34,800 --> 01:08:36,899
piece that will last with the 
rightful King. 

1324
01:08:37,700 --> 01:08:39,700
This letter received no 
immediate response but 

1325
01:08:39,700 --> 01:08:42,899
represented my growing political
involvement Beyond Battlefield 

1326
01:08:42,899 --> 01:08:45,700
leadership. 
The coronation ceremony on July,

1327
01:08:45,700 --> 01:08:47,899
the 17th exists in popular 
imagination. 

1328
01:08:47,899 --> 01:08:51,800
As a triumphant culmination, the
maid standing proudly beside her

1329
01:08:51,800 --> 01:08:53,899
King. 
As Divine prophecy is fulfilled.

1330
01:08:55,000 --> 01:08:58,700
Reality contained more nuanced. 
Indeed, stood near the altar 

1331
01:08:58,700 --> 01:09:01,100
holding my standard, but 
experience the ceremony with 

1332
01:09:01,100 --> 01:09:04,399
complicated emotions, initially 
relief. 

1333
01:09:04,399 --> 01:09:07,700
Predominated, I had accomplished
the primary Mission the voices 

1334
01:09:07,700 --> 01:09:10,200
me. 
Charles melt before the 

1335
01:09:10,200 --> 01:09:13,200
Archbishop received sacred 
anointing from the holy ampulla 

1336
01:09:13,200 --> 01:09:17,000
and Rose as King, Charles the 
seventh, his legitimacy, no 

1337
01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:19,800
longer questionable. 
As the Archbishop placed the 

1338
01:09:19,800 --> 01:09:22,800
crown on his head, I 
spontaneously broke into tears. 

1339
01:09:22,800 --> 01:09:27,300
Now, God's work is accomplished.
I told him afterward during the 

1340
01:09:27,300 --> 01:09:29,800
celebration Feast where I was 
granted a position of Honor. 

1341
01:09:30,399 --> 01:09:33,399
You are the true king of France 
by holy coronation as well as by

1342
01:09:33,399 --> 01:09:36,100
birth. 
Charles emotionally moved, 

1343
01:09:36,100 --> 01:09:38,800
despite his typically. 
Reserved nature asked, what 

1344
01:09:38,800 --> 01:09:41,899
reward I desired from my 
service, courtiers leaned 

1345
01:09:41,899 --> 01:09:45,100
forward and participating 
requests for titles lands and 

1346
01:09:45,100 --> 01:09:47,600
wealth, the normal currency of 
Royal gratitude. 

1347
01:09:48,500 --> 01:09:52,500
Grant tax exemption to domini. 
I requested instead my people 

1348
01:09:52,500 --> 01:09:54,900
are poor and have suffered much 
from the war's Passage. 

1349
01:09:56,100 --> 01:09:59,300
This modest request enhanced my 
reputation for saintly 

1350
01:09:59,300 --> 01:10:02,200
disinterest, in worldly gain as 
it costs the crown, almost 

1351
01:10:02,200 --> 01:10:04,200
nothing and showed my lack of 
personal ambition. 

1352
01:10:05,400 --> 01:10:08,100
The voice is never promised a 
personal reward for completing 

1353
01:10:08,100 --> 01:10:11,100
Heaven's tasks. 
My future remained conspicuously

1354
01:10:11,100 --> 01:10:14,600
absent from their pronouncements
that evening alone in Chambers 

1355
01:10:14,600 --> 01:10:17,300
provided within the archbishop's
palace experience. 

1356
01:10:17,300 --> 01:10:21,000
Something unprecedented Silence 
from the voices that had guided 

1357
01:10:21,000 --> 01:10:25,500
me since age 13 I prayed for 
hours, seeking their familiar 

1358
01:10:25,500 --> 01:10:28,100
presence but encountered only 
ordinary Stillness. 

1359
01:10:29,200 --> 01:10:32,600
Have I failed in some manner. 
I finally asked aloud desperate 

1360
01:10:32,600 --> 01:10:35,000
for a response. 
Catherine's voice when it 

1361
01:10:35,000 --> 01:10:38,400
finally came sounded distant, as
if speaking across enormous 

1362
01:10:38,400 --> 01:10:40,600
separation. 
The path, divides. 

1363
01:10:40,600 --> 01:10:43,600
Before You One Direction, leads 
to Earthly Glory. 

1364
01:10:43,600 --> 01:10:46,500
But spiritual Peril. 
The other is bottled suffering, 

1365
01:10:46,500 --> 01:10:50,500
but Heavenly Triumph. 
Which should I choose I begged, 

1366
01:10:50,500 --> 01:10:53,300
but received no answer. 
The voice is diminishing 

1367
01:10:53,300 --> 01:10:55,300
Clarity. 
Troubled, me deeply as we 

1368
01:10:55,300 --> 01:10:59,300
departed Rams on July 20th for 
years, they had provided 

1369
01:10:59,300 --> 01:11:03,100
unmistakable directions. 
Now at the moment of greatest 

1370
01:11:03,100 --> 01:11:06,900
public Acclaim their guidance, 
grew and ambiguous precisely 

1371
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:09,300
when political complexity 
demanded, the clearest 

1372
01:11:09,300 --> 01:11:13,300
understanding Charles and his 
advisors favored consolidating 

1373
01:11:13,300 --> 01:11:16,700
recent gains negotiating with 
burgundy and avoiding 

1374
01:11:16,700 --> 01:11:19,000
confrontation with primary 
English forces. 

1375
01:11:19,000 --> 01:11:23,000
I advocated for an immediate 
Advance on Paris aiming to 

1376
01:11:23,000 --> 01:11:24,800
strike. 
While our momentum remained 

1377
01:11:24,800 --> 01:11:26,900
strong and English Authority 
appeared. 

1378
01:11:26,900 --> 01:11:30,500
Weakest these Divergent 
strategies reflected fundamental

1379
01:11:30,500 --> 01:11:34,000
differences in perspective. 
Charles thinking in political 

1380
01:11:34,000 --> 01:11:36,000
terms of alliances and 
sustainable power. 

1381
01:11:36,000 --> 01:11:39,700
And me still operating from a 
Divine mandate to drive foreign 

1382
01:11:39,700 --> 01:11:43,200
forces from France entirely. 
God did not deliver victory at 

1383
01:11:43,200 --> 01:11:45,800
all so you could stop halfway to
complete Liberation. 

1384
01:11:45,800 --> 01:11:50,100
I argued during councils Paris 
is the Kingdom's, heart reclaim 

1385
01:11:50,100 --> 01:11:53,600
it and the English position 
collapses. what I couldn't share

1386
01:11:53,600 --> 01:11:56,500
was my growing fear that time 
was running out, and that the 

1387
01:11:56,500 --> 01:11:59,500
fading of the voices signaled, 
an impending end to Divine 

1388
01:11:59,500 --> 01:12:03,300
favor, This created urgency, I 
couldn't fully explain to 

1389
01:12:03,300 --> 01:12:05,200
military commanders. 
A custom to deliberate 

1390
01:12:05,200 --> 01:12:07,800
campaigns. 
As we travel through recently, 

1391
01:12:07,800 --> 01:12:10,600
liberated territories, common 
people flocked to see me, 

1392
01:12:10,600 --> 01:12:13,800
reaching to touch my armor 
begging blessings for children 

1393
01:12:13,800 --> 01:12:15,700
and offering tokens of 
appreciation. 

1394
01:12:16,800 --> 01:12:19,800
Women wept openly seeing in me 
something that transcended 

1395
01:12:19,800 --> 01:12:23,700
conventional limitations placed 
on our gender men removed caps. 

1396
01:12:23,700 --> 01:12:25,800
Respectfully, as if you're in 
the presence of something 

1397
01:12:25,800 --> 01:12:29,700
wholly, this veneration 
discomforted me, increasingly, I

1398
01:12:29,700 --> 01:12:33,000
am not a saint. 
I told Charlotte Dale breath a 

1399
01:12:33,000 --> 01:12:35,400
noble woman who had joined our 
traveling court and attempted to

1400
01:12:35,400 --> 01:12:37,300
collect my discarded garments, 
as relics. 

1401
01:12:37,300 --> 01:12:40,000
I'm only God's messenger nothing
in myself. 

1402
01:12:40,800 --> 01:12:42,100
Yet. 
God chose you. 

1403
01:12:42,100 --> 01:12:45,600
She counted that distinction 
itself, makes you extraordinary.

1404
01:12:46,900 --> 01:12:49,800
This growing Cult of Personality
served immediate political 

1405
01:12:49,800 --> 01:12:53,500
purposes, rallying support, for 
Charles, demonstrating Divine 

1406
01:12:53,500 --> 01:12:56,700
favor for his rule. 
But created complications, I was

1407
01:12:56,700 --> 01:13:00,900
ill equipped to navigate each 
miraculous attribution each 

1408
01:13:00,900 --> 01:13:04,300
story embellished in retelling 
placed me further from the 

1409
01:13:04,300 --> 01:13:07,900
simple girl who had left on Remy
leaving Heaven's instructions 

1410
01:13:07,900 --> 01:13:11,200
were straightforward. 
By Late July Charles had begun 

1411
01:13:11,200 --> 01:13:14,000
secret negotiations with 
burgundy, seeking diplomatic 

1412
01:13:14,000 --> 01:13:16,800
resolution, while publicly 
maintaining military pressure. 

1413
01:13:17,800 --> 01:13:19,400
This strategy made political 
sense. 

1414
01:13:19,400 --> 01:13:22,000
But contradicted, the voices 
increasingly sporadic. 

1415
01:13:22,000 --> 01:13:24,800
Instructions for complete 
Liberation through direct 

1416
01:13:24,800 --> 01:13:28,000
action. 
The resulting tension manifested

1417
01:13:28,000 --> 01:13:30,800
in Council debates. 
Where my previously, decisive 

1418
01:13:30,800 --> 01:13:33,300
guidance. 
Now competed with experienced 

1419
01:13:33,300 --> 01:13:36,400
political advisors offering 
conventional alternatives. 

1420
01:13:37,500 --> 01:13:40,400
You are not sent to negotiate 
half measures, Michael told me 

1421
01:13:40,408 --> 01:13:43,700
during rare communication, we 
must fully cleanse France of 

1422
01:13:43,700 --> 01:13:46,900
foreign presence. 
Yet when I repeated such 

1423
01:13:46,900 --> 01:13:49,800
sentiments to Charles and his 
counselors, they increasingly 

1424
01:13:49,800 --> 01:13:52,300
regarded them as militarily 
unrealistic and politically 

1425
01:13:52,300 --> 01:13:54,600
naive. 
The maid had served her purpose 

1426
01:13:54,600 --> 01:13:57,400
in delivering coronation. 
Now practical governance, 

1427
01:13:57,400 --> 01:14:00,300
required compromises, Heaven, 
seemed unwilling to acknowledge 

1428
01:14:00,300 --> 01:14:04,500
this Divergence would soon lead 
to Paris and decisions that 

1429
01:14:04,500 --> 01:14:08,500
would alter my path irrevocably 
August found using incrementally

1430
01:14:08,500 --> 01:14:11,200
toward Paris while Charles 
simultaneously, pursued, 

1431
01:14:11,200 --> 01:14:14,700
negotiations with burgundy. 
This contradictory approach 

1432
01:14:14,700 --> 01:14:17,500
military pressure paired with 
diplomatic Outreach created, 

1433
01:14:17,500 --> 01:14:21,500
strategic confusion, Well, we 
truly attempting to recapture 

1434
01:14:21,500 --> 01:14:24,600
Paris or merely demonstrating 
military capability to 

1435
01:14:24,600 --> 01:14:26,600
strengthen Charles's negotiating
position. 

1436
01:14:27,600 --> 01:14:30,400
The Duke of Bedford English 
Regent for their child, King 

1437
01:14:30,400 --> 01:14:34,000
Henry, the sick recognized our 
momentum and retreated from 

1438
01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:37,200
direct confrontation reinforcing
Paris. 

1439
01:14:37,200 --> 01:14:39,300
While yielding smaller 
surrounding territories. 

1440
01:14:40,400 --> 01:14:43,500
On August 14th. 
Charles signed a 15-day truce 

1441
01:14:43,500 --> 01:14:46,400
with burgundy, supposedly, 
creating space for peace 

1442
01:14:46,400 --> 01:14:49,600
negotiations, while actually 
providing English forces. 

1443
01:14:49,600 --> 01:14:52,000
Critical time to strengthen 
paris's defenses. 

1444
01:14:52,000 --> 01:14:55,900
I oppose this truce veering 
opportunity slipping away. 

1445
01:14:57,000 --> 01:14:59,800
While you exchange Pleasant 
messages or enemies, rebuild 

1446
01:14:59,800 --> 01:15:03,000
walls and restore courage. 
I warned Charles the moment for 

1447
01:15:03,000 --> 01:15:08,400
decisive action passes with each
day of delay, The voices though.

1448
01:15:08,400 --> 01:15:10,800
Less frequent reinforced. 
This urgency. 

1449
01:15:11,600 --> 01:15:15,400
Paris must not remain in enemy 
hands, Margaret insisted during 

1450
01:15:15,400 --> 01:15:17,500
prayer. 
The city's, Liberation will 

1451
01:15:17,500 --> 01:15:21,500
break English resolved 
completely Charles wavered 

1452
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:24,400
between my continued insistence 
on Divine mandate and his 

1453
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:26,500
counselors emphasis on political
reality. 

1454
01:15:27,300 --> 01:15:29,300
The compromise that emerged 
satisfied. 

1455
01:15:29,300 --> 01:15:33,400
No one our forces would advance 
to paris's outskirts, but avoid 

1456
01:15:33,400 --> 01:15:36,200
Full Assault. 
While negotiations continued by 

1457
01:15:36,200 --> 01:15:39,400
late August, we established 
positions at sandini within 

1458
01:15:39,400 --> 01:15:43,500
sight of paris's Northern walls.
The city's proximity affected 

1459
01:15:43,500 --> 01:15:45,500
me. 
Strangely after months of 

1460
01:15:45,500 --> 01:15:48,700
campaigning focused on the 
subjective actually seeing its 

1461
01:15:48,700 --> 01:15:51,700
towers and spires created an 
almost physical yearning to 

1462
01:15:51,700 --> 01:15:53,200
complete what the voices had 
promised. 

1463
01:15:54,300 --> 01:15:57,400
Daily, I rode reconnaissance 
along positions facing the city 

1464
01:15:57,400 --> 01:16:00,900
studying defense's planning 
approaches and praying for Clear

1465
01:16:00,900 --> 01:16:03,200
instruction that came with 
decreasing reliability. 

1466
01:16:04,200 --> 01:16:07,700
The truce with burgundy expired 
without meaningful agreement on 

1467
01:16:07,700 --> 01:16:10,000
September 8th. 
I convinced our commanders to 

1468
01:16:10,000 --> 01:16:12,600
attempt an assault against 
paris's defense's near the South

1469
01:16:12,600 --> 01:16:15,800
honorary gate despite Charles 
withholding full support for the

1470
01:16:15,800 --> 01:16:18,700
operation. 
This partial commitment meant 

1471
01:16:18,700 --> 01:16:20,900
attacking with insufficient 
forces against prepared 

1472
01:16:20,900 --> 01:16:24,000
positions, a military mistake 
Justified only by my 

1473
01:16:24,000 --> 01:16:26,700
increasingly desperate 
insistence that heaven would 

1474
01:16:26,700 --> 01:16:30,600
provide necessary advantage. 
God will blind their Gunners. 

1475
01:16:30,600 --> 01:16:32,800
I promised troops assembled for 
the assault. 

1476
01:16:32,800 --> 01:16:36,200
Divine protection, covers us as 
we reclaim the Kingdom's heart. 

1477
01:16:37,800 --> 01:16:40,700
The attack commenced at noon 
initial progress. 

1478
01:16:40,700 --> 01:16:43,900
Seemed to confirm Divine favor. 
We reached the outer moat with 

1479
01:16:43,900 --> 01:16:46,700
minimal casualties and 
established positions within 

1480
01:16:46,700 --> 01:16:47,700
bow. 
Range of the walls. 

1481
01:16:48,600 --> 01:16:51,100
A leader contingent testing 
depth that the inner moat 

1482
01:16:51,100 --> 01:16:54,100
seeking Crossing points, while 
carrying my standard forward as 

1483
01:16:54,100 --> 01:16:57,500
visible inspiration. 
Then reality asserted itself, 

1484
01:16:57,500 --> 01:17:01,100
brutally paris's Defenders had 
prepared thoroughly during the 

1485
01:17:01,100 --> 01:17:04,800
negotiation delays. 
Canon and crossbow fire rain 

1486
01:17:04,800 --> 01:17:08,000
down upon exposed positions the 
moat proved deeper than 

1487
01:17:08,000 --> 01:17:10,600
expected. 
Its bottom studded with sharp 

1488
01:17:10,600 --> 01:17:12,400
and Stakes. 
Invisible beneath, muddy water, 

1489
01:17:12,400 --> 01:17:15,800
men died, attempting Crossing's 
that proved impossible without 

1490
01:17:15,800 --> 01:17:19,500
proper equipment. 
We lacked Near dusk, a crossbow 

1491
01:17:19,500 --> 01:17:21,700
bolt. 
Struck my thigh penetrating 

1492
01:17:21,700 --> 01:17:24,500
deeply. 
Unlike the Orleans injury, this 

1493
01:17:24,500 --> 01:17:26,500
wound immediately incapacitated 
me. 

1494
01:17:26,500 --> 01:17:29,900
I continued shouting and 
encouragement from where I fell.

1495
01:17:29,900 --> 01:17:32,700
Insisting the attack continued 
despite my condition. 

1496
01:17:33,500 --> 01:17:36,500
But commanders ordered Retreat 
upon seeing the standard Bearer 

1497
01:17:36,500 --> 01:17:38,400
down. 
Soldiers carried me from the 

1498
01:17:38,400 --> 01:17:41,600
battlefield as Darkness fell our
forces withdrawing. 

1499
01:17:41,600 --> 01:17:45,000
And frustration, rather than 
defeat we had never established 

1500
01:17:45,000 --> 01:17:46,800
positions from which Victory was
possible. 

1501
01:17:47,600 --> 01:17:50,200
The wound itself, while painful 
would heal cleanly. 

1502
01:17:50,800 --> 01:17:54,500
The spiritual injury proved more
significant for the first time I

1503
01:17:54,500 --> 01:17:59,300
had promised divine intervention
that fail to materialize. why I 

1504
01:17:59,300 --> 01:18:01,900
whispered that night, while 
surgeons extracted the bolt 

1505
01:18:01,900 --> 01:18:04,600
using methodical cruelty 
necessary to prevent festering, 

1506
01:18:05,500 --> 01:18:08,000
Why was Paris denied to us when 
all Leon was granted? 

1507
01:18:09,000 --> 01:18:11,400
The voice is remained. 
Silent through hours of pain, 

1508
01:18:11,400 --> 01:18:15,200
there are absence felt more 
painful than physical harm had. 

1509
01:18:15,200 --> 01:18:18,200
They abandoned me due to some 
failure, had I misunderstood 

1510
01:18:18,200 --> 01:18:22,800
Heaven's intent all along. 
Charles receiving news of the 

1511
01:18:22,800 --> 01:18:25,900
salt ordered immediate 
withdrawal from paris's 

1512
01:18:25,900 --> 01:18:28,700
facility. 
In my view, this sensible 

1513
01:18:28,700 --> 01:18:31,000
military decision, represented a
personal betrayal. 

1514
01:18:31,000 --> 01:18:34,100
As it abandoned Divine Purpose, 
in favor of political 

1515
01:18:34,100 --> 01:18:37,900
convenience, when I was finally 
permitted an audience, three 

1516
01:18:37,900 --> 01:18:41,400
days later, I found that he was 
already reframing recent events 

1517
01:18:41,400 --> 01:18:44,400
for the courtiers. 
They made accomplished what God 

1518
01:18:44,400 --> 01:18:46,300
sent her to do. 
He explained smoothly? 

1519
01:18:47,000 --> 01:18:49,600
Olean liberated coronation 
achieved. 

1520
01:18:49,600 --> 01:18:54,300
Perhaps Heaven, never intended, 
paris's immediate recovery You 

1521
01:18:54,300 --> 01:18:56,500
speak for heaven. 
Now a challenge to him 

1522
01:18:56,508 --> 01:18:59,200
struggling to stand straight. 
Despite the pain. 

1523
01:18:59,200 --> 01:19:01,800
In my bandaged leg, the mission 
remains incomplete while 

1524
01:19:01,800 --> 01:19:05,300
Englishman occupy, French soil. 
Charles regarded me with the 

1525
01:19:05,300 --> 01:19:09,400
complex emotion, gratitude for 
past service tempered by growing

1526
01:19:09,400 --> 01:19:11,700
political inconvenience of my 
unyielding position. 

1527
01:19:12,800 --> 01:19:15,800
France's restoration will 
require years, not months. 

1528
01:19:15,800 --> 01:19:19,200
He said, gently Even Heaven, 
Must recognize Earthly 

1529
01:19:19,200 --> 01:19:21,400
limitations this exchange 
marked. 

1530
01:19:21,400 --> 01:19:24,300
A fundamental shift in our 
relationship where Charles had 

1531
01:19:24,300 --> 01:19:28,000
once needed my perceived Divine 
sanction to legitimize his rule 

1532
01:19:28,000 --> 01:19:31,400
successful coronation, now 
provided independent Authority. 

1533
01:19:31,400 --> 01:19:34,500
The maid remained useful 
symbolically, but increasingly 

1534
01:19:34,500 --> 01:19:37,900
problematic practically as 
military campaigns transition 

1535
01:19:37,900 --> 01:19:41,000
toward diplomatic Solutions, 
requiring compromise and voices 

1536
01:19:41,000 --> 01:19:44,200
prohibited. 
Through Autumn a company, the 

1537
01:19:44,200 --> 01:19:46,900
Royal Court as it with Drew to 
safer territories along the 

1538
01:19:46,900 --> 01:19:49,300
Loire. 
My wound healed gradually. 

1539
01:19:49,300 --> 01:19:52,100
While my position diminished 
subtly, Still honored 

1540
01:19:52,100 --> 01:19:54,800
ceremonially but increasingly 
excluded from meaningful 

1541
01:19:54,800 --> 01:19:57,500
councils. 
Charles granted me Noble. 

1542
01:19:57,500 --> 01:20:00,300
Status in December. 
Providing arms depicting. 

1543
01:20:00,300 --> 01:20:02,300
A sword supporting the crown 
beneath the flood. 

1544
01:20:02,300 --> 01:20:06,300
Elise recognition that pacified 
my supporters while effectively 

1545
01:20:06,300 --> 01:20:08,500
sidelining me from direct 
military command. 

1546
01:20:09,500 --> 01:20:12,200
This period marked my most 
difficult spiritual challenge, 

1547
01:20:12,200 --> 01:20:14,600
the voices returned 
intermittently. 

1548
01:20:14,600 --> 01:20:18,600
But spoke with disturbing and 
consistency, Michael demanded. 

1549
01:20:18,600 --> 01:20:21,800
Continued, aggressive action, 
while Catherine, counseled 

1550
01:20:21,800 --> 01:20:24,900
patience Margaret. 
Sometimes suggested accepting, a

1551
01:20:24,908 --> 01:20:28,500
ceremonial role within Charles's
court, but she also insisted 

1552
01:20:28,500 --> 01:20:30,100
that my work remained 
unfinished. 

1553
01:20:30,800 --> 01:20:33,100
These contradictions created 
profound out. 

1554
01:20:33,100 --> 01:20:36,000
I had never experienced during 
the clarity of earlier missions.

1555
01:20:36,700 --> 01:20:39,100
Had some of the voices. 
I heard been false all along. 

1556
01:20:39,700 --> 01:20:43,200
Was I now, miss hearing Divine 
instruction or was Heaven 

1557
01:20:43,200 --> 01:20:45,500
itself. 
Divided on France's proper path 

1558
01:20:45,500 --> 01:20:48,800
forward. 
Christmas 1429 found me in 

1559
01:20:48,800 --> 01:20:52,500
ceremonial attendance at court 
celebrations, outwardly honored 

1560
01:20:52,500 --> 01:20:56,200
but inwardly conflicted. 
I watched a labyrinth pageantry 

1561
01:20:56,200 --> 01:20:59,200
commemorating. 
Charles's coronation performance

1562
01:20:59,200 --> 01:21:02,400
is that already Incorporated 
stylized depiction of the maid 

1563
01:21:02,400 --> 01:21:05,300
as a semi mythical figure. 
Guiding France's researchers. 

1564
01:21:06,000 --> 01:21:10,800
The actual jahani still bandaged
increasingly isolated observed, 

1565
01:21:10,800 --> 01:21:13,600
her transformation into a cymbal
with growing discomfort. 

1566
01:21:14,400 --> 01:21:17,200
That Knight kneeling alone in 
the castle Chapel long after 

1567
01:21:17,200 --> 01:21:20,200
formal Services concluded, 
experience the voices with 

1568
01:21:20,200 --> 01:21:22,500
unusual Clarity after months of 
ambiguity. 

1569
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:26,500
Your time grows short. 
Michael stated without Preamble,

1570
01:21:26,500 --> 01:21:29,700
you must continue the fight, 
while Freedom remains yours. 

1571
01:21:30,400 --> 01:21:32,100
The king no longer heeds, my 
counsel. 

1572
01:21:32,100 --> 01:21:35,300
I protested commanders, follow 
his Direction, not mine. 

1573
01:21:36,000 --> 01:21:38,500
Then you must act independently 
hero came. 

1574
01:21:38,500 --> 01:21:41,500
The reply better capture by 
enemies than surrender to 

1575
01:21:41,508 --> 01:21:44,600
comfortable irrelevance. 
All the troubling, this guidance

1576
01:21:44,600 --> 01:21:46,800
offered direction that I had 
been lacking for months. 

1577
01:21:47,600 --> 01:21:51,700
As 1429 ended a resolved to 
escape the increasingly gilded, 

1578
01:21:51,700 --> 01:21:54,100
constraints of Court life and 
returned to direct action. 

1579
01:21:54,100 --> 01:21:57,900
Even without Royal sanction, 
this decision tactically 

1580
01:21:57,900 --> 01:22:01,400
questionable politically naive 
would determine my fate in ways.

1581
01:22:01,400 --> 01:22:04,700
The voices, never clearly 
revealed the New Year began with

1582
01:22:04,700 --> 01:22:06,400
me. 
Effectively sidelined at court 

1583
01:22:06,400 --> 01:22:09,000
while Charles pursued diplomatic
arrangements with burgundy. 

1584
01:22:09,800 --> 01:22:13,700
I chafed at inactivity sensing 
precious time wasting, while the

1585
01:22:13,700 --> 01:22:16,700
voice is growing, increasingly 
urgent about continuing France's

1586
01:22:16,700 --> 01:22:21,500
liberation By March 1430. 
I could bear ceremonial 

1587
01:22:21,500 --> 01:22:25,000
confinement and no longer. 
Without Royal permission. 

1588
01:22:25,000 --> 01:22:28,900
Technically desertion though my 
status remained ambiguous, I 

1589
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:31,500
departed secretly with a small 
company of loyal followers. 

1590
01:22:32,400 --> 01:22:35,200
We rode for compliance 
strategically, vital Town, 

1591
01:22:35,200 --> 01:22:37,800
threatened by The Burgundian 
forces north of Paris. 

1592
01:22:37,800 --> 01:22:41,300
This decision reflected, both 
military logic and the voices, 

1593
01:22:41,300 --> 01:22:44,400
and systems that action could 
not await World convenience. 

1594
01:22:45,300 --> 01:22:48,600
My departure created political 
complications for Charles who 

1595
01:22:48,600 --> 01:22:51,400
neither officially commend nor 
endorsed my independent 

1596
01:22:51,400 --> 01:22:55,200
operation, this ambiguity, 
proved ultimately fatal had I 

1597
01:22:55,200 --> 01:22:56,600
remained clearly under Royal 
protection. 

1598
01:22:56,600 --> 01:22:59,500
Subsequent events might have 
unfolded differently. 

1599
01:23:01,200 --> 01:23:05,200
We reached compean, April, where
the town's Governor gilm de 

1600
01:23:05,200 --> 01:23:08,500
flea, welcome to reinforcement, 
despite its unofficial nature 

1601
01:23:08,500 --> 01:23:12,100
Burgundian forces under genre. 
Luxembourg had been methodically

1602
01:23:12,100 --> 01:23:15,000
isolating. 
The town capturing surrounding 

1603
01:23:15,000 --> 01:23:18,800
positions Our arrival boosted 
Defender, morale temporarily. 

1604
01:23:18,800 --> 01:23:21,600
But the Strategic situation 
remained precarious. 

1605
01:23:22,900 --> 01:23:25,500
On May the 23rd. 
I led a sortie against begun 

1606
01:23:25,500 --> 01:23:28,700
positions at Margie initially 
achieving surprise. 

1607
01:23:29,500 --> 01:23:32,200
However, in enemy reinforcements
arrived quickly, forcing 

1608
01:23:32,200 --> 01:23:35,700
retirement toward the town as 
our forces retreated across the 

1609
01:23:35,700 --> 01:23:37,700
single Bridge into compliance 
disaster. 

1610
01:23:37,700 --> 01:23:41,000
Struck the drawbridge 
prematurely stranding. 

1611
01:23:41,000 --> 01:23:45,300
Ria guard Defenders, including 
my sieve outside the walls. 

1612
01:23:46,500 --> 01:23:49,200
Accounts of this moment. 
Very dramatically some 

1613
01:23:49,200 --> 01:23:53,100
deliberate betrayal by flavy who
supposedly ordered early closure

1614
01:23:53,100 --> 01:23:56,100
knowing I would be captured 
others suggested simple 

1615
01:23:56,100 --> 01:23:58,500
miscommunication during confused
withdrawal. 

1616
01:23:58,500 --> 01:24:02,300
The voices had warned of 
betrayal for months, trust Only 

1617
01:24:02,300 --> 01:24:07,000
Heaven not changeable men like 
caution repeatedly but provided 

1618
01:24:07,000 --> 01:24:09,100
no specific protection against 
this development. 

1619
01:24:10,100 --> 01:24:11,800
Burgundian soldiers, surrounded 
me. 

1620
01:24:11,800 --> 01:24:15,100
And after a brief battle, they 
pulled me from my horse. 

1621
01:24:15,900 --> 01:24:20,000
A minor nobleman Lionel of one. 
Donny claimed, my surrender. 

1622
01:24:20,000 --> 01:24:23,300
Technically, capturing Me by 
laying hand on my leg, according

1623
01:24:23,300 --> 01:24:26,800
to contemporary accounts. 
My sword raised to continuous 

1624
01:24:26,800 --> 01:24:28,400
resistance lowered upon 
recognition. 

1625
01:24:28,400 --> 01:24:31,700
That futile struggle would only 
result in unnecessary deaths 

1626
01:24:31,700 --> 01:24:33,800
among my few remaining 
companions. 

1627
01:24:34,800 --> 01:24:36,900
I am worth more alive for ransom
than dead. 

1628
01:24:36,900 --> 01:24:40,200
I told one Dawn in a practical 
manner, even though I knew that 

1629
01:24:40,200 --> 01:24:43,500
the ransom would likely never 
materialized, the voices had 

1630
01:24:43,500 --> 01:24:45,400
never specifically predicted 
capture. 

1631
01:24:45,400 --> 01:24:48,500
That had indicated, great 
suffering layer ahead as part of

1632
01:24:48,508 --> 01:24:51,600
Heaven's plan. 
Initially captivity seemed 

1633
01:24:51,600 --> 01:24:54,900
relatively benign, Luxembourg 
treated me as a valuable 

1634
01:24:54,900 --> 01:24:57,100
prisoner rather than a criminal 
housing. 

1635
01:24:57,100 --> 01:24:59,100
Me reasonably at his castle at 
boulier. 

1636
01:24:59,700 --> 01:25:02,400
I made one escape attempt, 
nearly succeeding by squeezing 

1637
01:25:02,400 --> 01:25:05,500
between wooden bars before being
recaptured and transferred. 

1638
01:25:05,500 --> 01:25:10,100
To more secure, confinement at 
boroa Castle, there luxembourg's

1639
01:25:10,100 --> 01:25:13,500
aren't Jan and wife Jean bun. 
Treated me with unexpected 

1640
01:25:13,500 --> 01:25:16,400
kindness, providing female 
clothing, and gentling 

1641
01:25:16,400 --> 01:25:19,500
encouragement to abandon male 
attire and Military aspirations.

1642
01:25:20,700 --> 01:25:24,200
The Compassion the first 
feminine companionship I'd 

1643
01:25:24,200 --> 01:25:26,900
experienced since leaving. 
Dom Remi tempted me toward 

1644
01:25:26,900 --> 01:25:28,900
compromise. 
I knew the voices would forbid. 

1645
01:25:29,900 --> 01:25:32,700
Why must I maintain a male 
appearance now that fighting has

1646
01:25:32,700 --> 01:25:35,400
ended? 
I asked during prayer, receiving

1647
01:25:35,400 --> 01:25:38,900
Catherine's uncompromising 
response, your mission hasn't 

1648
01:25:38,900 --> 01:25:42,600
changed, with capture male 
attire remains both practical 

1649
01:25:42,600 --> 01:25:46,100
protection and a visible sign of
a Divine exception to worldly 

1650
01:25:46,100 --> 01:25:49,700
constraints. 
News reached me at borova the 

1651
01:25:49,700 --> 01:25:53,200
comprehension situation. 
Worsen daily in desperation. 

1652
01:25:53,200 --> 01:25:57,000
I attempted a second Escape in 
October this time jumping from 

1653
01:25:57,000 --> 01:25:59,600
the tower window, approximately 
70 feet of ground. 

1654
01:26:00,500 --> 01:26:03,500
The fall should have proved 
fatal that I survived with only 

1655
01:26:03,500 --> 01:26:06,100
bruising and temporary. 
Unconsciousness was later 

1656
01:26:06,100 --> 01:26:10,000
presented as either a miracle or
evidence of demonic protection. 

1657
01:26:10,000 --> 01:26:14,100
Depending on The Interpreter. 
By November political 

1658
01:26:14,100 --> 01:26:17,700
machination surrounding my 
captivity clarified horribly the

1659
01:26:17,700 --> 01:26:19,700
English. 
Recognizing my symbolic value 

1660
01:26:19,700 --> 01:26:23,500
arranged a purchase from 
Luxembourg for 10,000 levers. 

1661
01:26:23,500 --> 01:26:27,200
A substantial sum indicating my 
importance to their strategy, 

1662
01:26:27,200 --> 01:26:30,800
Charles made no counter offer. 
Effectively abandoning me to the

1663
01:26:30,808 --> 01:26:33,900
enemies judgment. 
The English faced a dilemma 

1664
01:26:33,900 --> 01:26:37,600
regarding my disposition simple,
execution of a captured enemy 

1665
01:26:37,600 --> 01:26:40,000
combatant would risk, martyrdom 
potentially, strengthening 

1666
01:26:40,000 --> 01:26:42,000
French Resistance, rather than 
weakening it. 

1667
01:26:42,700 --> 01:26:46,800
A more complex strategy emerged.
Systematic destruction of my 

1668
01:26:46,800 --> 01:26:49,700
Divine claims through 
ecclesiastical condemnation for 

1669
01:26:49,700 --> 01:26:51,900
heresy. 
This approach would not only 

1670
01:26:51,900 --> 01:26:56,000
eliminate me physically but more
importantly, delegitimize. 

1671
01:26:56,000 --> 01:27:00,200
Everything I represented, Divine
sanction for Charles's Rule and 

1672
01:27:00,200 --> 01:27:02,600
Heaven, support for French 
Resurgence against English 

1673
01:27:02,600 --> 01:27:05,400
occupation. 
In December 1430, they 

1674
01:27:05,400 --> 01:27:08,200
transferred me to rule on firmly
within English, controlled 

1675
01:27:08,200 --> 01:27:11,100
territory conditions, 
deteriorated immediately. 

1676
01:27:11,100 --> 01:27:14,400
I was placed in secular prison 
rather than ecclesiastical 

1677
01:27:14,400 --> 01:27:17,600
custody normally accorded, those
facing religious charges 

1678
01:27:17,600 --> 01:27:21,600
confined in Iron shackles 
guarded continuously by Common 

1679
01:27:21,600 --> 01:27:25,200
soldiers, whose Behavior range 
from verbal abuse to attempted 

1680
01:27:25,200 --> 01:27:27,600
assault. 
Why does heaven permit such 

1681
01:27:27,600 --> 01:27:29,800
treatment? 
I asked during increasingly. 

1682
01:27:29,800 --> 01:27:32,400
Desperate prayers. 
What purpose does this suffering

1683
01:27:32,400 --> 01:27:35,600
serve? 
Remember Christ, before Pilate 

1684
01:27:35,600 --> 01:27:40,000
Margaret answered. 
Truth remains truth, even when 

1685
01:27:40,000 --> 01:27:43,900
power condemns it. 
The trial officially began. 

1686
01:27:43,900 --> 01:27:47,500
February 21st 1431, and a bishop
Pierre. 

1687
01:27:47,500 --> 01:27:49,500
Kacchan. 
Whose appointment revealed the 

1688
01:27:49,508 --> 01:27:51,600
proceedings predetermined 
nature. 

1689
01:27:51,600 --> 01:27:55,100
He was a known English 
sympathizer, with personal 

1690
01:27:55,100 --> 01:27:58,600
animosity toward me, assessors, 
and judges were carefully 

1691
01:27:58,600 --> 01:28:01,300
selected to ensure the desired 
outcome though. 

1692
01:28:01,300 --> 01:28:03,500
It was technically an 
ecclesiastical Court. 

1693
01:28:03,500 --> 01:28:05,800
The proceedings were entirely 
controlled by English 

1694
01:28:05,800 --> 01:28:09,100
authorities. 
Looking Back Now across times 

1695
01:28:09,100 --> 01:28:11,900
distance, I see legal 
complexities, I couldn't 

1696
01:28:11,900 --> 01:28:15,500
recognize then my request for 
balanced representation from 

1697
01:28:15,500 --> 01:28:19,000
both English, and French. 
Clerics, was denied my appealed 

1698
01:28:19,000 --> 01:28:20,800
to the pope technically my 
right? 

1699
01:28:20,800 --> 01:28:23,500
Under Church law was ignored 
most Crawley. 

1700
01:28:23,500 --> 01:28:26,800
Highly Educated theologians 
denied, me Council, twisting, 

1701
01:28:26,800 --> 01:28:29,600
simple statements into heretical
formulation. 

1702
01:28:30,900 --> 01:28:33,700
Do you believe yourself to be in
God's grace caution on asked 

1703
01:28:33,700 --> 01:28:36,900
early in the preceding? 
A theological trap answering? 

1704
01:28:36,900 --> 01:28:40,200
Yes, would imply a presumption 
that is condemned by church 

1705
01:28:40,200 --> 01:28:43,300
doctrine while answering? 
No would indicate an admission 

1706
01:28:43,300 --> 01:28:47,000
of guilt. 
If I am not, may God put me 

1707
01:28:47,000 --> 01:28:49,000
there. 
I replied after a moments 

1708
01:28:49,000 --> 01:28:52,100
thought. 
If I am, may God, keep me there.

1709
01:28:53,600 --> 01:28:56,500
This answer frustrated the 
interrogators, but I simply 

1710
01:28:56,500 --> 01:28:58,600
expressed my actual 
understanding, showing, 

1711
01:28:58,600 --> 01:29:02,200
unexpected, theological 
sophistication, Grace remained, 

1712
01:29:02,200 --> 01:29:04,200
God's Province, not mine to 
claim. 

1713
01:29:04,200 --> 01:29:07,700
Absolutely. 
For five months interrogation, 

1714
01:29:07,700 --> 01:29:11,600
continued, sometimes publicly 
before a full tribunal sometimes

1715
01:29:11,600 --> 01:29:14,900
in private prison questioning, 
my male attire became the 

1716
01:29:14,900 --> 01:29:18,200
central Focus providing tangible
evidence of defiance against 

1717
01:29:18,200 --> 01:29:21,400
Natural order. 
Voices were dissected endlessly,

1718
01:29:21,400 --> 01:29:25,200
where they Angels or demons. 
Why did they speak to an 

1719
01:29:25,200 --> 01:29:27,400
uneducated girl? 
Rather than through the 

1720
01:29:27,400 --> 01:29:30,500
established church? 
Hierarchy, I recorded an 

1721
01:29:30,500 --> 01:29:33,900
examined each of my answers for 
inconsistencies and potential 

1722
01:29:33,900 --> 01:29:37,000
heresies. 
What records don't capture the 

1723
01:29:37,000 --> 01:29:39,100
physical deterioration during 
this period. 

1724
01:29:40,000 --> 01:29:43,000
Prison conditions. 
Continuous shackling, poor 

1725
01:29:43,000 --> 01:29:46,400
nutrition, sleep interrupted by 
God's harassment, gradually 

1726
01:29:46,400 --> 01:29:49,000
weakened a body already 
compromised by previous wounds 

1727
01:29:49,000 --> 01:29:51,900
and hardship. 
By may, I suffered recurring, 

1728
01:29:51,900 --> 01:29:54,700
fevers dramatic weight loss and 
periods of confusion during 

1729
01:29:54,700 --> 01:29:57,700
longer integration's. 
The voice is remained present 

1730
01:29:57,700 --> 01:30:01,900
but changed character, less 
commanding more comforting, a 

1731
01:30:01,900 --> 01:30:04,500
smoking increasingly of heavenly
reward rather than Earthly 

1732
01:30:04,500 --> 01:30:07,600
Victory preparing me for an 
outcome that seemed increasingly

1733
01:30:07,600 --> 01:30:09,900
inevitable. 
Will I burn? 

1734
01:30:09,908 --> 01:30:12,000
I asked directly during one 
night's prayer. 

1735
01:30:12,800 --> 01:30:14,800
The body is temporary, Catherine
answered. 

1736
01:30:14,800 --> 01:30:17,300
Gently. 
What matters is truth maintained

1737
01:30:17,300 --> 01:30:21,100
until the end? 
On May the 24th I was taken to 

1738
01:30:21,108 --> 01:30:24,600
the rule on Cemetery where 
scaffolds had been erected one 

1739
01:30:24,600 --> 01:30:27,000
holding officials, who would 
witness my anticipated? 

1740
01:30:27,000 --> 01:30:30,200
Recantation, another displaying 
instruments of execution. 

1741
01:30:30,200 --> 01:30:33,600
Should I refuse? 
Exhausted physically and 

1742
01:30:33,600 --> 01:30:36,900
isolated completely. 
I briefly wavered when presented

1743
01:30:36,900 --> 01:30:39,500
with a document, I was told 
contained a simple app, duration

1744
01:30:39,500 --> 01:30:42,300
of male clothing and independent
interpretation of voices. 

1745
01:30:43,200 --> 01:30:45,900
What I was unaware of was that 
the actual document contained, a

1746
01:30:45,900 --> 01:30:49,900
comprehensive admission of fraud
demonic influence and heretical 

1747
01:30:49,900 --> 01:30:52,100
intent. 
Completely repudiating. 

1748
01:30:52,100 --> 01:30:56,300
Everything I had experienced and
represented Unable to read, I 

1749
01:30:56,300 --> 01:30:59,400
trusted partial translations 
provided by clerics, whose 

1750
01:30:59,400 --> 01:31:01,600
deception served their 
predetermined purpose. 

1751
01:31:01,600 --> 01:31:05,300
I signed with a simple Crossmark
unaware that I was giving my 

1752
01:31:05,300 --> 01:31:06,800
enemies exactly what they 
needed. 

1753
01:31:06,800 --> 01:31:10,600
And apparent admission that 
everything I had about Divine 

1754
01:31:10,600 --> 01:31:14,600
guidance was false this 
temporary weakness, a product of

1755
01:31:14,600 --> 01:31:18,100
extreme duress rather than a 
genuine change of heart provided

1756
01:31:18,100 --> 01:31:21,700
legal justification For What 
followed Return to prison rather

1757
01:31:21,700 --> 01:31:24,000
than transferred to 
ecclesiastical custody as 

1758
01:31:24,000 --> 01:31:26,400
promised. 
I found myself still surrounded 

1759
01:31:26,400 --> 01:31:28,800
by hostile guards. 
Still denied female 

1760
01:31:28,800 --> 01:31:30,700
companionship. 
That would have made feminine 

1761
01:31:30,700 --> 01:31:32,200
clothing, practically 
sustainable. 

1762
01:31:33,200 --> 01:31:36,100
When my clothes were taken while
I stepped and only male attire 

1763
01:31:36,100 --> 01:31:38,700
was left available. 
I faced an impossible Choice 

1764
01:31:38,700 --> 01:31:42,000
remain naked among male guards 
or Dawn. 

1765
01:31:42,000 --> 01:31:45,400
Forbidden garments the voices 
spoke with unusual Clarity that 

1766
01:31:45,400 --> 01:31:48,300
morning. 
Better modest impropriety than 

1767
01:31:48,300 --> 01:31:51,800
in modest vulnerability. 
I dressed in Male clothing. 

1768
01:31:51,800 --> 01:31:55,200
Knowing this relapse provided 
the final justification enemies 

1769
01:31:55,200 --> 01:31:57,800
sought. 
When judges returned to document

1770
01:31:57,800 --> 01:32:01,100
this transgression, I formally 
recanted my previous app 

1771
01:32:01,100 --> 01:32:03,500
duration. 
Stating clearly, that voices 

1772
01:32:03,500 --> 01:32:07,300
were indeed Divine, that the 
mission had been Heaven Sent and

1773
01:32:07,300 --> 01:32:09,100
that temporary weakness had 
betrayed truth. 

1774
01:32:10,100 --> 01:32:14,300
I would rather do Penance once 
with death and bear imprisonment

1775
01:32:14,300 --> 01:32:18,300
suffering continuously. 
I told them with renewed Clarity

1776
01:32:18,300 --> 01:32:22,600
despite knowing the consequence 
On May the 30th 1431. 

1777
01:32:22,600 --> 01:32:26,700
The final sentence was announced
declared a relapsed heretic. 

1778
01:32:26,700 --> 01:32:30,300
I would face public execution, 
by burning the most painful, 

1779
01:32:30,300 --> 01:32:33,900
death authorities could legally,
impose, deliberately chose to 

1780
01:32:33,900 --> 01:32:37,000
create maximum suffering, they 
hoped would produce a final 

1781
01:32:37,000 --> 01:32:40,900
public confession. that morning,
I made a final confession to a 

1782
01:32:40,900 --> 01:32:43,300
sympathetic priest and received 
communion, despite being 

1783
01:32:43,300 --> 01:32:47,200
formally excommunicated, a small
Act of compassionate Defiance by

1784
01:32:47,200 --> 01:32:51,000
a cleric who recognized 
Injustice unfolding, Wearing the

1785
01:32:51,008 --> 01:32:53,900
traditional long, white garment 
for heresy executions. 

1786
01:32:53,900 --> 01:32:57,100
A cart transported me through 
Rouen streets toward the old 

1787
01:32:57,100 --> 01:33:00,800
marketplace, where executioner 
waited, The crowds mood 

1788
01:33:00,800 --> 01:33:04,500
surprised me. 
Not triumphant, but Sombra, many

1789
01:33:04,500 --> 01:33:07,200
openly weeping. 
These were not my French 

1790
01:33:07,200 --> 01:33:11,000
compatriots but Norman subjects,
under English rule, yet 

1791
01:33:11,000 --> 01:33:14,200
something about my situation, 
transcended, political loyalty. 

1792
01:33:14,900 --> 01:33:17,800
later accounts with English 
authorities, grew concerned that

1793
01:33:17,800 --> 01:33:21,300
sympathy might transform into 
riots and that Marty was being 

1794
01:33:21,300 --> 01:33:24,900
created despite their careful, 
legal maneuvering, At the 

1795
01:33:24,908 --> 01:33:27,000
execution. 
Ground officials had me a final 

1796
01:33:27,000 --> 01:33:29,800
opportunity to recount before 
tying me to a tall. 

1797
01:33:29,800 --> 01:33:31,700
Stake erected atop a substantial
pile. 

1798
01:33:31,700 --> 01:33:35,200
The method was deliberate. 
Slow death by Suffocation and 

1799
01:33:35,200 --> 01:33:37,600
burning rather than quicker, 
execution methods available. 

1800
01:33:38,600 --> 01:33:41,100
Jesus. 
I called repeatedly as flames 

1801
01:33:41,100 --> 01:33:44,400
were lit, no longer concerned 
with appearing strong before 

1802
01:33:44,400 --> 01:33:46,800
enemies. 
Simply seeking comfort in the 

1803
01:33:46,800 --> 01:33:48,900
name that had guided my journey 
from its beginning. 

1804
01:33:50,000 --> 01:33:53,100
The voice is spoke one final 
time as smoke began Rising. 

1805
01:33:53,900 --> 01:33:57,400
Your suffering ends today your 
Vindication begins. 

1806
01:33:58,900 --> 01:34:02,100
The physical Agony that followed
transcends description, 

1807
01:34:02,100 --> 01:34:05,400
historical accounts, claim my 
heart remained intact among 

1808
01:34:05,400 --> 01:34:07,900
ashes. 
Afterward a symbolic detail, 

1809
01:34:07,900 --> 01:34:10,600
probably invented by later. 
Chroniclers seeking miraculous 

1810
01:34:10,600 --> 01:34:14,400
elements for potential canonized
in nization, What mattered 

1811
01:34:14,400 --> 01:34:17,600
wasn't physical preservation, 
but the truth maintained until 

1812
01:34:17,600 --> 01:34:21,400
the end that simple Faith could 
withstand elaborate machinations

1813
01:34:21,400 --> 01:34:24,700
of power and that Divine 
Purpose, worked through unlikely

1814
01:34:24,700 --> 01:34:29,000
instruments. 25 years later, 
Charles the seventh firmly 

1815
01:34:29,000 --> 01:34:32,300
established as France's 
legitimate, king would order an 

1816
01:34:32,300 --> 01:34:34,600
investigation that formerly. 
Nullified my conviction 

1817
01:34:34,600 --> 01:34:40,100
declaring the trial Prejudiced 
and illegitimate in 1456 a 

1818
01:34:40,100 --> 01:34:42,700
rehabilitation trial formerly 
cleared, my name of heresy 

1819
01:34:42,700 --> 01:34:45,100
charges Yet, full Vindication 
waited. 

1820
01:34:45,100 --> 01:34:48,600
Nearly 5 centuries until May the
16th 1920. 

1821
01:34:48,600 --> 01:34:52,000
When the Catholic Church 
declared me, a Saint official 

1822
01:34:52,000 --> 01:34:54,500
recognition that voices, 
condemned, his demonic had 

1823
01:34:54,500 --> 01:34:58,300
indeed, been Divine history, 
remembers outcomes, all Leon 

1824
01:34:58,300 --> 01:35:02,100
relieved, Charles, crowned 
France of eventually liberated 

1825
01:35:02,100 --> 01:35:05,800
from the English occupation, 
these visible victories obscure.

1826
01:35:05,800 --> 01:35:09,700
The internal Journey that began 
with a garden whisper and ended 

1827
01:35:09,700 --> 01:35:13,000
in Marketplace, Flames. 
The voice is never promised, 

1828
01:35:13,000 --> 01:35:16,300
Earthly, reward or personal 
Glory, they offered only purpose

1829
01:35:16,300 --> 01:35:19,200
Direction and the chance to 
serve as an instrument for 

1830
01:35:19,200 --> 01:35:22,300
something larger than myself. 
They called me made of all 

1831
01:35:22,300 --> 01:35:24,000
dubbed. 
Me a miracle. 

1832
01:35:24,000 --> 01:35:27,300
Worker labeled me a witch and a 
heretic and eventually 

1833
01:35:27,300 --> 01:35:31,100
recognized me as a saint. 
Yet through all transformations,

1834
01:35:31,100 --> 01:35:35,600
I remained Johannes from donor 
me. a simple girl who answered 

1835
01:35:35,600 --> 01:35:39,300
when voices called, who held a 
truth heard within more firmly 

1836
01:35:39,300 --> 01:35:43,000
than comforted without Perhaps 
that represents the most 

1837
01:35:43,000 --> 01:35:46,400
enduring Legacy that 
extraordinary purpose May 

1838
01:35:46,400 --> 01:35:49,800
inhabit ordinary lives. 
That Divine participation in 

1839
01:35:49,800 --> 01:35:53,400
human history rarely follows 
expected channels, but in Stead 

1840
01:35:53,400 --> 01:35:56,500
Works through unlikely vessels 
willing to say simply here. 

1841
01:35:56,500 --> 01:36:05,400
Am I send me? 
To yourself stepping off a time 

1842
01:36:05,400 --> 01:36:08,500
machine into ancient Rome Circa 
100 AD. 

1843
01:36:09,600 --> 01:36:12,300
The first thing that hits, you 
isn't the Grandeur of the 

1844
01:36:12,300 --> 01:36:14,700
Coliseum or the marble Majesty 
of the Forum. 

1845
01:36:14,700 --> 01:36:18,200
It's the smell. 
That peculiar cocktail of 

1846
01:36:18,200 --> 01:36:21,200
unwashed bodies. 
Fermented fish sauce and 

1847
01:36:21,200 --> 01:36:22,800
something. 
You can't quite identify, but 

1848
01:36:22,800 --> 01:36:26,400
suspect involves bodily 
functions mingles with incense 

1849
01:36:26,400 --> 01:36:29,200
and olive oil in ways that would
make a modern nose surrender. 

1850
01:36:29,200 --> 01:36:32,100
Immediately, you'd think a 
civilization that built 

1851
01:36:32,100 --> 01:36:35,900
aqueducts spanning hundreds of 
miles and invented concrete that

1852
01:36:35,900 --> 01:36:38,700
still puzzles Engineers today 
would have figured out basic 

1853
01:36:38,700 --> 01:36:42,300
hygiene. 
Well, they did sort of the 

1854
01:36:42,300 --> 01:36:45,500
Romans had their own ideas about
cleanliness and some of them 

1855
01:36:45,500 --> 01:36:48,000
would make you grateful for 
antibacterial soap and indoor 

1856
01:36:48,000 --> 01:36:50,100
plumbing. 
Take their approach to bathing 

1857
01:36:50,100 --> 01:36:53,900
for instance the Romans not only
bathed but also transformed it 

1858
01:36:53,900 --> 01:36:56,000
into a social Gathering that 
could rival. 

1859
01:36:56,000 --> 01:37:00,200
Any local book club, a public 
bars or Thurman weren't just 

1860
01:37:00,208 --> 01:37:02,800
places to get clean. 
They were community centers 

1861
01:37:02,800 --> 01:37:06,600
gossip hubs business meeting 
spots and occasionally places 

1862
01:37:06,600 --> 01:37:08,700
where you might actually 
encounter water and soap. 

1863
01:37:09,500 --> 01:37:12,700
Think of them as ancient 
shopping malls except in Orange 

1864
01:37:12,700 --> 01:37:16,300
Julius, you had pools of varying
temperatures and instead of 

1865
01:37:16,300 --> 01:37:19,800
Spencer's you had rooms where 
people scraped oil and dirt off 

1866
01:37:19,808 --> 01:37:23,000
each other with metal tools. 
But here's where it becomes 

1867
01:37:23,000 --> 01:37:26,300
interesting, Romans believed 
that hot water opened your pause

1868
01:37:26,300 --> 01:37:28,700
to let the bad spirits out while
cold water. 

1869
01:37:28,700 --> 01:37:32,300
Snapped them shut to keep the 
good spirits in This wasn't just

1870
01:37:32,300 --> 01:37:35,900
folklore, it was medical Theory 
endorsed by their most respected

1871
01:37:35,900 --> 01:37:38,400
Physicians. 
So your typical Roman bath 

1872
01:37:38,400 --> 01:37:41,900
experience involved a carefully.
Choreographed dance between the 

1873
01:37:41,900 --> 01:37:46,600
caldarium hot room, tepidarium 
warm room and Frigidaire area, 

1874
01:37:46,600 --> 01:37:50,500
cold room, like some ancient 
version of a Swedish sonar 

1875
01:37:50,500 --> 01:37:53,900
routine designed by committee 
The wealthy Romans had their 

1876
01:37:53,900 --> 01:37:57,200
private baths at home, complete 
with hypocrisy heating systems, 

1877
01:37:57,200 --> 01:37:59,400
that channeled hot air through 
the walls and Floors. 

1878
01:38:00,200 --> 01:38:03,900
Imagine having heated floors in 
180 While most of the world was 

1879
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:05,900
still figuring out how to make 
fire reliably. 

1880
01:38:05,900 --> 01:38:09,400
Yet these same Innovative people
thought that sharing bath water 

1881
01:38:09,400 --> 01:38:11,900
with dozens of strangers was 
perfectly hygienic. 

1882
01:38:12,800 --> 01:38:15,200
Water in public baths was 
changed in frequently. 

1883
01:38:15,200 --> 01:38:18,000
Sometimes only once a day 
sometimes less. 

1884
01:38:18,900 --> 01:38:22,500
By afternoon, you weren't so 
much bathing as marinating in a 

1885
01:38:22,500 --> 01:38:25,000
human soup that would horrify 
any modern health inspector. 

1886
01:38:25,000 --> 01:38:27,900
And then there were the slaves, 
whose job it was to help with 

1887
01:38:27,900 --> 01:38:30,700
the bathing process. 
These weren't just attendance 

1888
01:38:30,700 --> 01:38:33,600
handing out, towels. 
They were skilled craftspeople 

1889
01:38:33,600 --> 01:38:37,300
of cleanliness. 
Wielding struggles, curved metal

1890
01:38:37,300 --> 01:38:40,200
scrapers that remove the oil, 
dirt, and dead skin. 

1891
01:38:40,200 --> 01:38:42,100
That accumulated on Roman 
bodies. 

1892
01:38:42,100 --> 01:38:45,200
The wealthy would coat 
themselves in olive oil then 

1893
01:38:45,200 --> 01:38:48,300
have slaves, scrape it all off, 
taking the grime with it. 

1894
01:38:49,100 --> 01:38:51,700
It was effective. 
Sure but imagine explaining to 

1895
01:38:51,700 --> 01:38:54,700
your modern dermatologist that 
your skin care routine involves 

1896
01:38:54,700 --> 01:38:57,400
having, someone scraped you down
with what amounts to a medieval 

1897
01:38:57,400 --> 01:39:00,100
backscratcher. 
The Roman's also had some 

1898
01:39:00,100 --> 01:39:02,100
fascinating ideas about dental 
hygiene. 

1899
01:39:02,100 --> 01:39:04,500
They brushed their teeth with 
twigs. 

1900
01:39:05,400 --> 01:39:07,400
Civically. 
They chewed on aromatic Twigs 

1901
01:39:07,400 --> 01:39:10,500
until one end frayed into a 
brush like texture, then use 

1902
01:39:10,500 --> 01:39:13,400
that to clean their teeth. 
The good news is that the 

1903
01:39:13,400 --> 01:39:15,400
technique actually worked 
reasonably well. 

1904
01:39:16,300 --> 01:39:17,800
Troubling news. 
Is that their favorite 

1905
01:39:17,800 --> 01:39:20,900
toothpaste was made from 
powdered Mouse brains crushed 

1906
01:39:20,900 --> 01:39:25,300
bones and sometimes human urine.
Portuguese urine was considered 

1907
01:39:25,300 --> 01:39:28,300
particularly effective, which 
raises all sorts of questions 

1908
01:39:28,300 --> 01:39:31,000
about ancient trade routes and 
quality control standards. 

1909
01:39:31,000 --> 01:39:34,100
Perhaps, most puzzling of all 
was their relationship with 

1910
01:39:34,100 --> 01:39:36,700
perfume. 
Romans, doused themselves, 

1911
01:39:36,700 --> 01:39:40,400
incented oils and perfumes with 
the enthusiasm of teenagers 

1912
01:39:40,400 --> 01:39:42,200
discovering body spray for the 
first time. 

1913
01:39:43,100 --> 01:39:45,900
They had different sense for 
their hair arms and feet. 

1914
01:39:45,900 --> 01:39:49,300
Walking through ancient Rome 
must have been like navigating a

1915
01:39:49,300 --> 01:39:53,400
cosmetic section in a department
store except with more togas and

1916
01:39:53,400 --> 01:39:55,700
considerably more creative 
interpretations of what 

1917
01:39:55,700 --> 01:39:58,800
constituted Pleasant fragrance. 
Now let's talk about something 

1918
01:39:58,800 --> 01:40:01,300
that every Roman had to deal 
with, but no one, particularly 

1919
01:40:01,300 --> 01:40:04,300
wanted to discuss at dinner 
parties using the bathroom. 

1920
01:40:05,300 --> 01:40:08,400
If you found Roman bathing 
habits to be communal, you might

1921
01:40:08,408 --> 01:40:11,700
be interested in learning about 
their approach, to toilets Roman

1922
01:40:11,700 --> 01:40:14,700
public latrines, combined 
engineering Marvels, with social

1923
01:40:14,700 --> 01:40:18,000
awkwardness picture, along, 
marble, bench with round holes, 

1924
01:40:18,000 --> 01:40:21,100
cut in to it positioned, 
overflowing water, that carried 

1925
01:40:21,100 --> 01:40:26,200
waste away, so far so good. 
It's basically ancient sewage 

1926
01:40:26,200 --> 01:40:29,200
system. 
But here's the catch, there were

1927
01:40:29,208 --> 01:40:32,500
no dividers no doors and no 
privacy screens. 

1928
01:40:32,500 --> 01:40:35,900
There was just a row of holes 
where Romans would sit side by 

1929
01:40:35,908 --> 01:40:39,600
side, conducting business. 
And presumably discussing the 

1930
01:40:39,600 --> 01:40:41,300
weather or the latest Gladiator 
match. 

1931
01:40:42,100 --> 01:40:44,100
The arrangement wasn't 
considered strange or 

1932
01:40:44,100 --> 01:40:46,900
embarrassing. 
In fact, it was another social 

1933
01:40:46,900 --> 01:40:49,800
activity. 
Romans would chat conduct 

1934
01:40:49,800 --> 01:40:52,900
business deals, and catch up on 
Gossip while attending to their 

1935
01:40:52,900 --> 01:40:56,000
bodily needs. 
Imagine trying to negotiate a 

1936
01:40:56,000 --> 01:40:58,700
grain shipment contract, while 
sitting on a communal toilet 

1937
01:40:58,700 --> 01:41:01,400
with your neighbor. 
Puts a whole new spin on the 

1938
01:41:01,408 --> 01:41:03,200
phrase, getting down to 
business. 

1939
01:41:04,500 --> 01:41:06,900
The most interesting part is 
that they use something other 

1940
01:41:06,900 --> 01:41:09,800
than toilet paper which was 
invented a millennium later. 

1941
01:41:10,600 --> 01:41:13,800
Romans used a communal sponge on
a stick called a xylospongium. 

1942
01:41:14,700 --> 01:41:17,500
Yes, you read that correctly. 
A shared sponge. 

1943
01:41:18,400 --> 01:41:21,600
After use it was rinsed in the 
flowing water channel that ran 

1944
01:41:21,600 --> 01:41:24,100
in front of the toilets then 
left for the next person. 

1945
01:41:25,300 --> 01:41:28,300
This system worked well enough 
from a hygiene standpoint, since

1946
01:41:28,300 --> 01:41:30,300
the flowing water, kept things 
relatively clean. 

1947
01:41:30,300 --> 01:41:34,100
But the social implications are 
staggering, he had to time your 

1948
01:41:34,100 --> 01:41:37,200
bathroom visits, not just based 
on your needs, but on when you 

1949
01:41:37,200 --> 01:41:40,100
could cycle logically handle 
using the community spunge, 

1950
01:41:40,900 --> 01:41:43,600
Wealthy Romans had their own 
private toilets often 

1951
01:41:43,600 --> 01:41:46,700
beautifully decorated affairs 
with mosaics and frescoes. 

1952
01:41:47,500 --> 01:41:50,300
Some featured images of 
Fortuner, the goddess of luck, 

1953
01:41:50,300 --> 01:41:53,000
because apparently even bathroom
humor was a thing in ancient 

1954
01:41:53,000 --> 01:41:55,500
Rome. 
These private facilities usually

1955
01:41:55,500 --> 01:41:57,800
emptied into the same sewer 
system as the public. 

1956
01:41:57,800 --> 01:42:02,000
Once flowing eventually into the
cloaca, Maxima the great sewer, 

1957
01:42:02,000 --> 01:42:05,200
which was one of Rome's, genuine
engineering Marvels, and still 

1958
01:42:05,200 --> 01:42:08,800
functions today. 
But Romans had some peculiar 

1959
01:42:08,800 --> 01:42:10,500
superstitions about bathroom 
activities. 

1960
01:42:10,500 --> 01:42:14,400
They believed that evil spirits 
lurked in sewers and might 

1961
01:42:14,400 --> 01:42:16,500
emerge through toilet holes to 
cause mischief. 

1962
01:42:17,200 --> 01:42:20,900
Toward them off many Romans were
amulets or muttered protective 

1963
01:42:20,900 --> 01:42:24,100
charms before sitting down. 
There's something endearing 

1964
01:42:24,100 --> 01:42:26,300
about a civilization that 
conquered most of the known 

1965
01:42:26,300 --> 01:42:29,800
world but still worried about 
sewer demon sneaking up on them 

1966
01:42:29,800 --> 01:42:33,300
during vulnerable moments. 
The really well took bathroom 

1967
01:42:33,300 --> 01:42:35,900
security. 
Seriously, some installed 

1968
01:42:35,900 --> 01:42:38,100
elaborate wind chimes and Bells 
near their toilets. 

1969
01:42:38,100 --> 01:42:41,100
Believing the noise would 
frighten away any Supernatural 

1970
01:42:41,100 --> 01:42:44,900
toilet, lurkers others hired 
slaves whose job was essentially

1971
01:42:44,900 --> 01:42:46,800
to be professional bathroom 
attendance. 

1972
01:42:46,800 --> 01:42:49,500
Not just for cleanliness. 
But for Spiritual protection, 

1973
01:42:49,500 --> 01:42:53,100
imagine having toilet. 
Bodyguard on your ancient, Roman

1974
01:42:53,100 --> 01:42:55,800
resume. 
Personal hygiene after using the

1975
01:42:55,800 --> 01:42:59,900
facilities was handled with 
scented oils and perfumes Romans

1976
01:42:59,900 --> 01:43:02,300
would clean the cells and then 
apply various aromatic 

1977
01:43:02,300 --> 01:43:04,100
substances to mask, any 
lingering. 

1978
01:43:04,100 --> 01:43:07,500
Odors These practices led to 
some interesting combinations. 

1979
01:43:07,500 --> 01:43:10,700
You might encounter someone who 
smelled like a mixture of rose 

1980
01:43:10,700 --> 01:43:13,900
oil, Murr and whatever had 
happened in the latrine 20 

1981
01:43:13,900 --> 01:43:17,000
minutes earlier. 
Ancient Rome captivated the 

1982
01:43:17,000 --> 01:43:21,600
census often in unexpected ways.
The Romans also had public 

1983
01:43:21,600 --> 01:43:24,500
urinals called forky, positioned
throughout the city. 

1984
01:43:24,500 --> 01:43:28,000
These were simple stone or 
ceramic vessels where men could 

1985
01:43:28,008 --> 01:43:31,300
relieve themselves. 
The urine wasn't wasted, it was 

1986
01:43:31,308 --> 01:43:35,000
collected and sold to Fullers. 
Dry ancient cleaners, who used 

1987
01:43:35,000 --> 01:43:38,200
it to clean clothing and white 
and togas urine contains 

1988
01:43:38,200 --> 01:43:40,800
ammonia, which is actually quite
effective for cleaning. 

1989
01:43:40,800 --> 01:43:43,300
So the collection wasn't just 
gross recycling. 

1990
01:43:43,300 --> 01:43:47,700
It was practical, chemistry. 
Still imagine the job interview 

1991
01:43:47,700 --> 01:43:50,300
process for becoming a 
professional urine collector. 

1992
01:43:51,000 --> 01:43:53,800
Women had their own challenges 
with Roman bathroom culture. 

1993
01:43:54,600 --> 01:43:57,700
They were generally excluded 
from public toilets and had to 

1994
01:43:57,700 --> 01:44:00,300
rely on private facilities or 
chamber pots at home. 

1995
01:44:00,300 --> 01:44:03,700
This meant that Roman women 
rarely ventured far from home 

1996
01:44:03,700 --> 01:44:05,300
without carefully. 
Planning. 

1997
01:44:05,300 --> 01:44:07,400
Their Roots around available 
bathroom facilities. 

1998
01:44:07,400 --> 01:44:10,700
It was an early form of urban 
planning that took biological 

1999
01:44:10,700 --> 01:44:14,600
needs into account, though, not 
equally for all citizens, Roman 

2000
01:44:14,600 --> 01:44:18,600
society was on Rigid class 
distinctions, and nowhere was 

2001
01:44:18,600 --> 01:44:20,800
this more apparent than in their
hygiene practices. 

2002
01:44:20,800 --> 01:44:24,200
Your cleanliness level wasn't 
just about personal preference. 

2003
01:44:24,200 --> 01:44:27,900
It was an advertisement of your 
Social Status broadcast through 

2004
01:44:27,900 --> 01:44:31,600
scent, skin condition and the 
quality of oil glistening on 

2005
01:44:31,600 --> 01:44:35,300
your freshly scraped body. 
At the top of the hygiene 

2006
01:44:35,300 --> 01:44:37,900
pyramid set the wealthy 
patricians who treated 

2007
01:44:37,900 --> 01:44:39,800
cleanliness like a competitive 
sport. 

2008
01:44:39,800 --> 01:44:43,600
These folks didn't just bathe 
they orchestrated elaborate 

2009
01:44:43,600 --> 01:44:45,100
cleansing. 
Rituals that would make modern 

2010
01:44:45,100 --> 01:44:47,200
spa treatments. 
Look like a quick rinse in the 

2011
01:44:47,200 --> 01:44:48,000
garden. 
Sprinkler. 

2012
01:44:48,900 --> 01:44:51,900
A wealthy Romans day might begin
with slaves, applying various 

2013
01:44:51,900 --> 01:44:55,900
oils and unwanted by allegedly 
trip to their private baths. 

2014
01:44:55,900 --> 01:44:59,700
Then more oils, a visit to the 
public baths for socializing, 

2015
01:44:59,700 --> 01:45:02,900
then even more oils and perfumes
for the evening's entertainment.

2016
01:45:03,800 --> 01:45:06,200
The oils themselves were a 
hierarchy of Their Own. 

2017
01:45:07,000 --> 01:45:10,400
Cheapest bath oil was made from 
Olive's functional but hardly 

2018
01:45:10,400 --> 01:45:15,000
luxurious Moving up the social 
ladder, you'd find oils infused 

2019
01:45:15,000 --> 01:45:18,900
with roses violets or other 
flowers at the very top were 

2020
01:45:18,900 --> 01:45:20,900
exotic. 
Imported oils from India and the

2021
01:45:20,900 --> 01:45:24,400
Far East centered with spices 
that cost more than most Romans 

2022
01:45:24,400 --> 01:45:27,500
earned in a year. 
These premium oils were just 

2023
01:45:27,500 --> 01:45:32,000
applied randomly wealthy, Romans
had personal cause meat slaves, 

2024
01:45:32,000 --> 01:45:34,200
who specialized in the 
application of cosmetics and 

2025
01:45:34,200 --> 01:45:36,800
centered oils with the Precision
of ancient perfumers. 

2026
01:45:37,700 --> 01:45:39,900
But here's where Roman hygiene 
becomes really interesting. 

2027
01:45:39,900 --> 01:45:42,700
They believed that different 
sense could affect your 

2028
01:45:42,700 --> 01:45:46,000
personality and health lavender 
oil was thought to promote 

2029
01:45:46,000 --> 01:45:49,100
wisdom while rose oil in Hans 
Beauty and charm. 

2030
01:45:50,000 --> 01:45:52,700
Mer was considered a specially, 
powerful for warding off 

2031
01:45:52,700 --> 01:45:55,700
diseases, which led to some 
Romans smelling like they'd been

2032
01:45:55,708 --> 01:45:59,400
embalmed. the really paranoid 
wealthy would lay a multiple 

2033
01:45:59,400 --> 01:46:02,600
protective sense, creating 
personal aromatic signatures 

2034
01:46:02,600 --> 01:46:06,400
that you could smell coming from
three blocks away, Middle-class,

2035
01:46:06,400 --> 01:46:10,500
Romans the plebeians with decent
jobs, had their hygiene 

2036
01:46:10,500 --> 01:46:13,300
strategies, they couldn't afford
the Exotic oils. 

2037
01:46:13,300 --> 01:46:15,900
But they may do with olive oil 
and local herbs. 

2038
01:46:15,900 --> 01:46:19,300
Many grew, their own aromatic 
plants, specifically for bathing

2039
01:46:19,300 --> 01:46:24,000
mint, Rosemary, and Thyme were 
popular choices. these Romans 

2040
01:46:24,000 --> 01:46:27,600
typically visited public baths 
several times a week timing, 

2041
01:46:27,600 --> 01:46:30,100
their visits for the hours when 
the water was freshest and the 

2042
01:46:30,100 --> 01:46:33,600
crowds with thinnest, They 
developed their own social codes

2043
01:46:33,600 --> 01:46:37,000
around bath etiquette, including
elaborate systems for sharing 

2044
01:46:37,000 --> 01:46:39,900
the limited supply of struggles 
and determining who got to use 

2045
01:46:39,900 --> 01:46:43,500
the best spots in each room. 
The Working Poor have the most 

2046
01:46:43,500 --> 01:46:47,000
creative approaches to hygiene. 
many couldn't afford regular 

2047
01:46:47,000 --> 01:46:50,300
trips to the public bars so they
developed Alternatives that 

2048
01:46:50,300 --> 01:46:53,800
range from clever to desperate, 
some would collect rainwater for

2049
01:46:53,800 --> 01:46:56,700
washing heating at over small 
fires in their cramped 

2050
01:46:56,700 --> 01:47:00,000
Apartments, Others would visit 
the baths during the cheapest 

2051
01:47:00,000 --> 01:47:02,400
hours. 
Usually late in the day when the

2052
01:47:02,408 --> 01:47:04,700
water was questionable, but the 
prices were reduced. 

2053
01:47:04,700 --> 01:47:08,700
Many simply made do with quick 
washes at public fountains, 

2054
01:47:08,700 --> 01:47:12,100
using whatever, soap, they could
afford or make themselves from 

2055
01:47:12,100 --> 01:47:15,600
animal fat and Ash. 
Slaves occupied, the most 

2056
01:47:15,600 --> 01:47:18,200
complex position in the Roman 
hygiene hierarchy. 

2057
01:47:18,200 --> 01:47:20,500
The house slaves of wealthy 
families. 

2058
01:47:20,500 --> 01:47:23,400
Often had better access to 
bathing facilities than free 

2059
01:47:23,400 --> 01:47:26,600
Romans of lower classes, but 
only because cleanliness was 

2060
01:47:26,600 --> 01:47:30,300
part of their job requirements. 
Nobody wanted a smelly slave 

2061
01:47:30,300 --> 01:47:32,400
serving dinner or handling 
expensive clothing. 

2062
01:47:33,200 --> 01:47:36,000
These slaves, often do more 
about cosmetics and hygiene 

2063
01:47:36,000 --> 01:47:38,600
techniques than their masters. 
Having learned through daily 

2064
01:47:38,600 --> 01:47:42,400
practice, some of their freedom 
by becoming professional, Barth 

2065
01:47:42,400 --> 01:47:57,800
attendance or 
Military camps, included bathing

2066
01:47:57,800 --> 01:48:01,100
facilities, and latrine systems 
that were often more advanced 

2067
01:48:01,100 --> 01:48:02,900
than those found in civilian 
settlements. 

2068
01:48:03,700 --> 01:48:06,800
Soldiers, developed efficient, 
grouping technique and shared 

2069
01:48:06,800 --> 01:48:10,100
resources for soap and oil. 
But they all had to adapt 

2070
01:48:10,100 --> 01:48:13,200
campaign conditions where Proper
bathing might be impossible for 

2071
01:48:13,200 --> 01:48:16,000
weeks at a time. 
Military hygiene was about 

2072
01:48:16,000 --> 01:48:18,100
functionality over luxury 
though. 

2073
01:48:18,100 --> 01:48:20,300
Successful generals often 
celebrated victories. 

2074
01:48:20,300 --> 01:48:22,500
With elaborate communal baths 
for their troops. 

2075
01:48:23,400 --> 01:48:26,200
Even Gladiators had their place 
in the hygiene hierarchy. 

2076
01:48:26,200 --> 01:48:29,100
These professional fighters were
valuable property. 

2077
01:48:29,100 --> 01:48:32,000
So their owners invested in 
keeping them clean and healthy 

2078
01:48:32,000 --> 01:48:34,700
Gladiator. 
Schools included, sophisticated,

2079
01:48:34,700 --> 01:48:37,700
bathing facilities, and 
Gladiators often had access to 

2080
01:48:37,700 --> 01:48:40,400
Medical Care, and specialized 
oils for treating training 

2081
01:48:40,400 --> 01:48:43,100
injuries. 
But the irony wasn't lost on 

2082
01:48:43,100 --> 01:48:46,100
Romans, he was slaves, and 
criminals, who had better 

2083
01:48:46,100 --> 01:48:48,100
hygiene facilities than many 
free citizens. 

2084
01:48:48,100 --> 01:48:51,400
Simply because they were 
profitable entertainment, Roman 

2085
01:48:51,400 --> 01:48:54,500
medical Theory regarding hygiene
was a fascinating blend of 

2086
01:48:54,500 --> 01:48:57,800
practical, observation 
philosophical speculation and 

2087
01:48:57,800 --> 01:49:02,000
what can only be described as 
enthusiastic guesswork, Roman 

2088
01:49:02,000 --> 01:49:04,700
Physicians trained in Greek 
Traditions but adding their own 

2089
01:49:04,700 --> 01:49:07,400
cultural interpretations 
developed hygiene practices, 

2090
01:49:07,400 --> 01:49:10,100
that were simultaneously 
Advanced and utterly baffling 

2091
01:49:11,600 --> 01:49:14,800
The foundation of Roman medical 
hygiene rested on the theory of 

2092
01:49:14,800 --> 01:49:17,100
humors. 
The belief that human health 

2093
01:49:17,100 --> 01:49:21,200
depended on balancing four 
bodily, fluids blood, phlegm 

2094
01:49:21,200 --> 01:49:24,800
yellow, bile and black bile. 
According to this system 

2095
01:49:24,800 --> 01:49:26,700
different types of dirt and 
contamination. 

2096
01:49:26,700 --> 01:49:29,400
Could upset your humoral, 
balance leading to illness 

2097
01:49:29,400 --> 01:49:33,200
Madness or worse. 
This meant that how you cleaned 

2098
01:49:33,200 --> 01:49:35,200
yourself wasn't just about 
removing Grime. 

2099
01:49:35,200 --> 01:49:38,200
It was about maintaining Cosmic 
Harmony within your body. 

2100
01:49:39,200 --> 01:49:41,900
Roman doctors, prescribed 
specific bathing temperatures 

2101
01:49:41,900 --> 01:49:44,100
for different ailments and 
personality types. 

2102
01:49:44,100 --> 01:49:48,000
If you were naturally tolerate 
hot tempered you needed, cool 

2103
01:49:48,000 --> 01:49:51,500
bars to balance your excess, 
yellow bile melancholic, people 

2104
01:49:51,500 --> 01:49:54,300
required hot baths to 
counteract, their cold dry 

2105
01:49:54,300 --> 01:49:56,400
nature. 
But here's where it gets 

2106
01:49:56,408 --> 01:49:59,700
complicated. 
Same doctor might prescribe hot 

2107
01:49:59,700 --> 01:50:02,500
baths in the morning and cold 
baths in the evening, depending 

2108
01:50:02,500 --> 01:50:05,600
on the phase of the moon, the 
season, and what you'd eaten for

2109
01:50:05,600 --> 01:50:08,400
lunch. 
Roman bath prescriptions could 

2110
01:50:08,400 --> 01:50:10,400
be more complex than modern 
chemotherapy. 

2111
01:50:10,400 --> 01:50:13,100
Protocols. 
The medical establishment also 

2112
01:50:13,100 --> 01:50:14,700
had strong opinions about 
sweating. 

2113
01:50:15,400 --> 01:50:17,600
Roman Physicians. 
Believed that sweat carried 

2114
01:50:17,600 --> 01:50:19,700
away. 
Harmful Vapors, and corrupted. 

2115
01:50:19,700 --> 01:50:21,900
Humors. 
Making it essential for health. 

2116
01:50:22,700 --> 01:50:25,000
This perspective led to some 
interesting treatments. 

2117
01:50:25,700 --> 01:50:28,700
Patients with certain conditions
were prescribed sessions in the 

2118
01:50:28,708 --> 01:50:32,000
hottest rooms of the baths. 
Sometimes for hours, at a time 

2119
01:50:32,008 --> 01:50:35,500
sweating out their illness. 
Others would give an exercises 

2120
01:50:35,500 --> 01:50:39,000
designed to produce specific 
types of sweat gentle 

2121
01:50:39,000 --> 01:50:41,300
perspiration for delicate 
Constitution's. 

2122
01:50:41,300 --> 01:50:43,900
Vigorous sweating for robust. 
Patients. 

2123
01:50:45,000 --> 01:50:46,600
There were even Specialists, who
claimed? 

2124
01:50:46,600 --> 01:50:49,500
They could diagnose diseases by 
examining and smelling a patient

2125
01:50:49,500 --> 01:50:52,700
sweat patterns. 
Oil played a central role in 

2126
01:50:52,700 --> 01:50:55,600
Roman medical. 
Hygiene theory, different oils 

2127
01:50:55,600 --> 01:50:57,800
were thought to have specific 
therapeutic properties. 

2128
01:50:57,800 --> 01:51:01,900
That went beyond nearness. 
Olive oil was considered warming

2129
01:51:01,900 --> 01:51:05,000
and moistening beneficial for 
dry skin conditions and cold 

2130
01:51:05,000 --> 01:51:07,400
humans. 
Rose oil was Cooling and 

2131
01:51:07,400 --> 01:51:10,400
beautifying, prescribed for hot 
natured individuals and skin 

2132
01:51:10,400 --> 01:51:13,900
inflammation, but the real 
medical stars were the Exotic 

2133
01:51:13,900 --> 01:51:17,200
imported oils. 
Folsom from Judea was believed 

2134
01:51:17,200 --> 01:51:18,900
to cure headaches and promote 
wisdom. 

2135
01:51:19,600 --> 01:51:22,300
Nard from India was prescribed 
for depression and anxiety, 

2136
01:51:22,300 --> 01:51:24,500
these weren't just Pleasant 
sense. 

2137
01:51:24,500 --> 01:51:28,400
They were considered legitimate 
medicines, Roman doctors also 

2138
01:51:28,400 --> 01:51:30,800
had elaborate theories about 
when and how to bathe for 

2139
01:51:30,800 --> 01:51:33,200
Optimal Health. 
Most believed that bathing 

2140
01:51:33,200 --> 01:51:36,000
immediately after eating was 
dangerous as it could disrupt 

2141
01:51:36,000 --> 01:51:39,000
digestion and caused the food to
corrupt in your stomach. 

2142
01:51:39,800 --> 01:51:42,700
The recommended waiting period 
varied from two to four hours 

2143
01:51:42,700 --> 01:51:45,700
depending on what you eaten and 
your constitutional type. 

2144
01:51:45,700 --> 01:51:57,700
Some Physicians prescribe 
pre-exercise the relationship 

2145
01:51:57,700 --> 01:52:01,000
between diet and hygiene was 
considered, crucial Roman 

2146
01:52:01,000 --> 01:52:03,500
medical texts to full of 
warnings about foods that could 

2147
01:52:03,500 --> 01:52:06,700
make your sweat smell foul or 
cause your skin to break out. 

2148
01:52:07,800 --> 01:52:10,400
Garlic and onions were thought 
to produce corrupt humor, that 

2149
01:52:10,400 --> 01:52:14,400
emerged through the skin fish 
sauce, the Lover by Romans, but 

2150
01:52:14,400 --> 01:52:17,800
notorious for its pungent smell 
was believed to cause Marine 

2151
01:52:17,800 --> 01:52:20,000
humors. 
That required special cleansing 

2152
01:52:20,000 --> 01:52:23,300
techniques involving sea salt 
and specific aromatic herbs. 

2153
01:52:24,100 --> 01:52:26,800
Women's hygiene was subject to a
specialty complex, medical 

2154
01:52:26,800 --> 01:52:30,100
theories, Roman Physicians 
believed that women's monthly 

2155
01:52:30,100 --> 01:52:32,600
Cycles created special cleansing
needs and opportunities. 

2156
01:52:33,900 --> 01:52:36,400
Certain herbs and oils. 
Were prescribed specifically for

2157
01:52:36,400 --> 01:52:40,100
female patients often with the 
goal of regulating their 

2158
01:52:40,100 --> 01:52:44,200
supposedly unstable humeral 
balance, Pregnancy brought its 

2159
01:52:44,200 --> 01:52:47,200
own set of hygiene rules with 
detailed prescriptions for 

2160
01:52:47,200 --> 01:52:50,000
bathing temperatures, oil 
applications, and cleansing, 

2161
01:52:50,000 --> 01:52:53,000
schedules designed to ensure 
healthy babies and safe 

2162
01:52:53,000 --> 01:52:56,000
deliveries. 
Perhaps Most Fascinating with a 

2163
01:52:56,000 --> 01:52:58,500
Roman medical, beliefs about 
mental illness and hygiene. 

2164
01:52:59,300 --> 01:53:02,100
Doctors genuinely believe that 
certain types of Madness were 

2165
01:53:02,100 --> 01:53:05,600
caused by corrupted Vapors, 
rising from unclean, bodies to 

2166
01:53:05,600 --> 01:53:08,300
affect the brain. 
This led to hygiene base 

2167
01:53:08,300 --> 01:53:11,700
treatments for depression, 
anxiety, and what we might now 

2168
01:53:11,700 --> 01:53:13,800
recognized as psychological 
conditions. 

2169
01:53:14,600 --> 01:53:16,800
Patients were prescribed 
elaborate bathing regiments 

2170
01:53:16,800 --> 01:53:20,400
specific oil treatments and 
sometimes even therapeutic 

2171
01:53:20,400 --> 01:53:23,400
massages with aromatic 
substances designed to restore 

2172
01:53:23,400 --> 01:53:26,000
mental balance. 
The wealthy could afford 

2173
01:53:26,000 --> 01:53:28,800
personal Physicians who would 
create customized hygiene 

2174
01:53:28,800 --> 01:53:32,000
protocols, based on details 
examination of their patients, 

2175
01:53:32,000 --> 01:53:35,000
constitutions, Lifestyles and 
health history. 

2176
01:53:36,100 --> 01:53:38,500
These medical plans were very 
detailed. 

2177
01:53:39,300 --> 01:53:42,700
Specifying when and how to bathe
what to think about what prayers

2178
01:53:42,700 --> 01:53:45,100
to recite and how to breathe 
during cleansing. 

2179
01:53:45,100 --> 01:53:49,300
Rituals money talks in any 
civilization and in ancient Rome

2180
01:53:49,300 --> 01:53:53,600
it spoke with the distinctly 
soapy acts and The hygiene 

2181
01:53:53,600 --> 01:53:56,800
industry, employing, thousands 
of people in jobs ranging from 

2182
01:53:56,800 --> 01:54:00,700
respectable, to eyebrow raising 
created economic opportunities. 

2183
01:54:00,700 --> 01:54:03,100
That would not resurface until 
the emergence of the modern 

2184
01:54:03,100 --> 01:54:06,900
beauty industry. 
Let's start with the public bars

2185
01:54:06,900 --> 01:54:09,500
themselves, which were massive 
commercial Enterprises. 

2186
01:54:10,300 --> 01:54:13,100
A typical Roman Bath House 
employed, dozens of workers, 

2187
01:54:13,100 --> 01:54:16,300
furnace operators, who kept the 
hypocrisy heating systems 

2188
01:54:16,300 --> 01:54:18,800
running. 
Water managers who maintain the 

2189
01:54:18,800 --> 01:54:21,600
complex Plumbing. 
Attendance who helped customers 

2190
01:54:21,600 --> 01:54:24,600
navigate the facilities, 
masseurs who worked out the 

2191
01:54:24,600 --> 01:54:27,900
Kinks in Roman mussels and 
security Personnel who kept 

2192
01:54:27,900 --> 01:54:30,800
order among naked relaxed. 
And sometimes in toxicated 

2193
01:54:30,800 --> 01:54:34,100
Patron's The larger thurmeier 
were like ancient shopping 

2194
01:54:34,100 --> 01:54:37,000
malls, with vendors, selling 
everything from snacks to 

2195
01:54:37,000 --> 01:54:40,500
jewelry to good luck charms. 
Designed to protect you from 

2196
01:54:40,500 --> 01:54:43,500
Seward demons. 
The oil trade was particularly 

2197
01:54:43,500 --> 01:54:46,100
lucrative. 
Olive oil was the foundation of 

2198
01:54:46,100 --> 01:54:49,300
the Roman hygiene industry and 
controlling Olive Groves could 

2199
01:54:49,300 --> 01:54:50,600
make you wealthy Beyond 
imagination. 

2200
01:54:52,000 --> 01:54:54,900
But the real money was in 
specialty oils and perfumes. 

2201
01:54:56,100 --> 01:54:59,600
Single and phora of high-quality
rose oil from Egypt could cost 

2202
01:54:59,600 --> 01:55:02,000
more than a skilled Craftsman 
earned in six months. 

2203
01:55:03,200 --> 01:55:06,300
Perfume, Merchants, who dealt in
these luxury goods often became 

2204
01:55:06,300 --> 01:55:09,600
powerful political figures using
their wealth to buy influence 

2205
01:55:09,600 --> 01:55:13,000
and status. 
Report businesses thrived on 

2206
01:55:13,000 --> 01:55:16,000
Roman hygiene. 
Obsessions exotic ingredients 

2207
01:55:16,000 --> 01:55:19,800
came from across the Empire, and
Beyond frankincense from Arabia,

2208
01:55:19,800 --> 01:55:24,100
cinnamon, from India, Amber from
the Baltic regions, and silke 

2209
01:55:24,100 --> 01:55:26,200
for the finest bathing, towels 
from China. 

2210
01:55:27,100 --> 01:55:30,100
The logistics of getting these 
materials to Roman consumers 

2211
01:55:30,100 --> 01:55:34,100
created entire industries of 
Traders shippers and middlemen. 

2212
01:55:34,900 --> 01:55:37,600
Some Merchants specialized in 
nothing but hygiene related 

2213
01:55:37,600 --> 01:55:41,100
Imports building fortunes on 
Roman desires to smell better 

2214
01:55:41,100 --> 01:55:43,800
than their neighbors. 
This soap making industry was 

2215
01:55:43,800 --> 01:55:46,600
sophisticated. 
While Romans didn't use soap, 

2216
01:55:46,600 --> 01:55:49,400
the way we do, they did 
manufacture various cleansing 

2217
01:55:49,400 --> 01:55:53,200
compounds from animal fats, 
plant, ashes, and mineral salts.

2218
01:55:54,200 --> 01:55:56,900
The best soap makers were 
closely guarded Trade, Secrets 

2219
01:55:56,900 --> 01:55:59,600
passed down through generations 
of Craftsmen. 

2220
01:56:00,400 --> 01:56:03,100
Some soap making families became
wealthy enough to own their own 

2221
01:56:03,100 --> 01:56:06,700
bathhouses, creating vertically,
integrated hygiene Empires, that

2222
01:56:06,700 --> 01:56:09,300
controlled everything. 
From soap production to the 

2223
01:56:09,300 --> 01:56:12,900
final bathing experience. 
Slavery was unfortunately 

2224
01:56:12,900 --> 01:56:16,800
Central to the Roman economy. 
Thousands of slaves, worked in 

2225
01:56:16,808 --> 01:56:20,200
bathhouses, oil production, and 
personal hygiene Services. 

2226
01:56:20,200 --> 01:56:24,400
Some specialized in specific 
skills, there were slaves, who 

2227
01:56:24,408 --> 01:56:26,800
could identify the best oils by 
smell alone. 

2228
01:56:26,800 --> 01:56:30,400
Others who are experts at using 
strigil without causing injury 

2229
01:56:30,400 --> 01:56:33,300
and still others who memorized 
complex recipes for custom 

2230
01:56:33,300 --> 01:56:37,200
perfume blends The most skilled 
hygiene slaves could earn enough

2231
01:56:37,200 --> 01:56:39,700
money through tips and side 
businesses to eventually buy 

2232
01:56:39,700 --> 01:56:42,300
their freedom though this path 
to manual Mission. 

2233
01:56:42,300 --> 01:56:45,500
Required years of scraping other
people's backs and memorizing 

2234
01:56:45,500 --> 01:56:48,400
their scent preferences. 
The construction industry also 

2235
01:56:48,400 --> 01:56:52,100
benefited from Roman hygiene 
culture Building a proper Roman 

2236
01:56:52,100 --> 01:56:54,900
bath required Specialists and 
Hyper course heating systems 

2237
01:56:54,900 --> 01:56:59,000
waterproof concrete decorative, 
mosaic's and complex Plumbing. 

2238
01:57:00,000 --> 01:57:02,700
the technique developed for Bath
House, construction were later 

2239
01:57:02,700 --> 01:57:06,500
applied to other buildings, 
making Roman culture, a driver 

2240
01:57:06,500 --> 01:57:10,100
of architectural innovation, 
Some construction families 

2241
01:57:10,100 --> 01:57:13,200
became wealthy by specializing 
in bath related, projects 

2242
01:57:13,200 --> 01:57:16,500
traveling throughout the Empire 
to build facilities for wealthy 

2243
01:57:16,500 --> 01:57:19,500
Romans in distant provinces. 
Then there were the support 

2244
01:57:19,500 --> 01:57:22,400
industries that emerged around 
hygiene culture, laundry 

2245
01:57:22,400 --> 01:57:26,100
services, clean the towels and 
clothing used in bars Pottery 

2246
01:57:26,100 --> 01:57:27,700
makers. 
Produced the countless vessels 

2247
01:57:27,700 --> 01:57:30,100
needed for oils, perfumes and 
bathing accessories. 

2248
01:57:30,100 --> 01:57:34,500
Metal workers crafted mirrors 
and bathing jewelry. 

2249
01:57:35,500 --> 01:57:37,100
Even the food industry got 
involved. 

2250
01:57:37,100 --> 01:57:40,600
As many, Romans liked to eat and
drink while bathing creating 

2251
01:57:40,600 --> 01:57:43,600
demand for waterproof serving 
vessels and special bath 

2252
01:57:43,600 --> 01:57:47,100
appropriate snacks. 
The medical side of hygiene 

2253
01:57:47,100 --> 01:57:50,400
created its own economic 
opportunities, Physicians who 

2254
01:57:50,400 --> 01:57:53,700
specialized in hygiene related, 
treatments, could charge premium

2255
01:57:53,700 --> 01:57:57,200
fees, especially if they claimed
expertise and exotic foreign 

2256
01:57:57,200 --> 01:58:01,100
bathing techniques. 
Massage therapists aromatherapy 

2257
01:58:01,100 --> 01:58:03,900
Specialists and even 
professional bath Consultants 

2258
01:58:03,900 --> 01:58:05,700
emerged as profitable 
professions. 

2259
01:58:06,500 --> 01:58:09,800
Some enterprising Romans Mae 
careers out of advising clients 

2260
01:58:09,800 --> 01:58:13,600
on optimal bathing schedules and
customized oil blends Regional 

2261
01:58:13,600 --> 01:58:16,300
variations in hygiene 
preferences, created Niche 

2262
01:58:16,300 --> 01:58:19,600
markets throughout the Empire. 
Romans in Britain of cold, 

2263
01:58:19,600 --> 01:58:22,100
weather bathing technique that 
required different oils and 

2264
01:58:22,100 --> 01:58:25,700
heating systems Roman's in North
Africa adapted their hygiene 

2265
01:58:25,700 --> 01:58:29,600
practices to Desert conditions 
creating demand for specialized 

2266
01:58:29,600 --> 01:58:31,900
sun, protection, oils, and sand,
resistant clothing. 

2267
01:58:32,700 --> 01:58:35,800
These Regional specializations 
often became exported Industries

2268
01:58:35,800 --> 01:58:38,800
with local hygiene innovation in
throughout the empire. 

2269
01:58:39,600 --> 01:58:43,200
The governmental profited from 
Romans Obsession through taxes 

2270
01:58:43,200 --> 01:58:47,200
and regulations bathhouses. 
Paid license fees, imported, 

2271
01:58:47,200 --> 01:58:49,800
hygiene products, face, tariffs 
and Luxury. 

2272
01:58:49,800 --> 01:58:52,000
Perfumes were subject to special
taxes. 

2273
01:58:52,000 --> 01:58:54,300
That helped fund Public Works 
projects. 

2274
01:58:55,600 --> 01:58:58,800
Some historians argue that Roman
expansion was partly motivated 

2275
01:58:58,800 --> 01:59:02,600
by the desire to secure reliable
sources of hygiene related, raw 

2276
01:59:02,600 --> 01:59:05,800
materials, making cleanliness. 
A factor in Imperial policy. 

2277
01:59:05,800 --> 01:59:08,500
Roman hygiene wasn't just about 
getting clean. 

2278
01:59:08,500 --> 01:59:11,600
It was about navigating a 
complex spiritual landscape 

2279
01:59:11,600 --> 01:59:15,200
where Supernatural forces. 
Lurked in every bathing facility

2280
01:59:15,200 --> 01:59:17,700
and evil spirits. 
Had strong opinions about your 

2281
01:59:17,700 --> 01:59:22,100
personal grooming choices. the 
Romans had managed to turn basic

2282
01:59:22,100 --> 01:59:24,900
human cleanliness into a 
mystical Adventure, that 

2283
01:59:24,900 --> 01:59:28,000
required, careful planning, 
protective charms, and 

2284
01:59:28,000 --> 01:59:32,400
occasionally, professional 
Supernatural consultation Timing

2285
01:59:32,400 --> 01:59:34,900
of your bath, was not just a 
matter of personal convenience. 

2286
01:59:34,900 --> 01:59:38,600
It was a cosmic decision that 
could affect your luck health 

2287
01:59:38,600 --> 01:59:42,800
and spiritual well-being. 
Romans consulted calendars that 

2288
01:59:42,800 --> 01:59:46,500
indicated favorable and 
unfavorable bathing days based 

2289
01:59:46,500 --> 01:59:48,800
on lunar phases, religious 
festivals. 

2290
01:59:48,800 --> 01:59:51,600
And the movements of various 
Gods through the celestial 

2291
01:59:51,600 --> 01:59:55,400
sphere Some wealthy Romans 
employed personal astrologers 

2292
01:59:55,400 --> 01:59:58,800
whose job included calculating, 
optimal bathing schedules. 

2293
01:59:58,800 --> 02:00:02,300
Imagine having to verify your 
horoscope before deciding 

2294
02:00:02,300 --> 02:00:05,800
whether to take a shower. 
Water itself was considered to 

2295
02:00:05,800 --> 02:00:09,100
have spiritual properties, that 
varied depending on its source 

2296
02:00:09,100 --> 02:00:11,800
and treatment. 
Spring water was thought to 

2297
02:00:11,800 --> 02:00:15,100
carry the blessings of water 
nymphs while rainwater collected

2298
02:00:15,100 --> 02:00:17,400
during thunderstorms was 
believed to have purifying 

2299
02:00:17,400 --> 02:00:20,100
powers that could wash away 
curses and negative luck. 

2300
02:00:21,000 --> 02:00:23,900
The Romans went to extraordinary
lengths to obtain water with the

2301
02:00:23,900 --> 02:00:26,600
right spiritual qualities for 
important bathing. 

2302
02:00:26,600 --> 02:00:29,900
Rituals some wealthy families, 
maintained private Springs, 

2303
02:00:29,900 --> 02:00:31,500
specifically for ceremonial 
bathing. 

2304
02:00:31,500 --> 02:00:34,400
Hiring priests to bless the 
water sources regularly. 

2305
02:00:34,400 --> 02:00:37,700
The direction you face while 
bathing was considered crucial. 

2306
02:00:38,400 --> 02:00:40,900
Most Romans believed you should 
face East while entering the 

2307
02:00:40,900 --> 02:00:43,900
bath to welcome the blessings of
the Rising Sun, then turned to 

2308
02:00:43,908 --> 02:00:46,900
face West while leaving to 
ensure that any evil influences 

2309
02:00:46,900 --> 02:00:48,300
washed away with the Setting 
Sun? 

2310
02:00:49,400 --> 02:00:52,100
More superstitious bathers. 
Would rotate through all four 

2311
02:00:52,100 --> 02:00:55,200
cardinal directions, during 
their bathing session creating a

2312
02:00:55,208 --> 02:00:58,300
kind of mystical water dance, 
that must have been entertaining

2313
02:00:58,300 --> 02:01:01,000
to watch. 
Protective amulets for bathing 

2314
02:01:01,000 --> 02:01:02,700
were big business in ancient 
Rome. 

2315
02:01:02,700 --> 02:01:04,600
These were just decorative 
jewelry. 

2316
02:01:04,600 --> 02:01:07,500
They were considered essential 
safety equipment for anyone 

2317
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:10,200
venturing into the spiritually, 
dangerous environment of a 

2318
02:01:10,200 --> 02:01:13,600
public Barth. 
Popular designs included images 

2319
02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:16,800
of Hercules, for strength, 
Mercury, for protection during 

2320
02:01:16,800 --> 02:01:19,600
travel, including spiritual 
Journeys, undertaken, while 

2321
02:01:19,600 --> 02:01:22,800
bathing, and various household 
Gods, who specialized in 

2322
02:01:22,800 --> 02:01:26,600
bathroom related protection. 
Some amulets were designed to be

2323
02:01:26,608 --> 02:01:30,100
worn while wet using special 
materials and construction 

2324
02:01:30,100 --> 02:01:32,600
techniques that modern Jewelers 
would find fascinating. 

2325
02:01:33,800 --> 02:01:36,700
The Romans had elaborate rituals
for entering and leaving bars. 

2326
02:01:36,700 --> 02:01:38,500
That would make modern Spa 
protocols. 

2327
02:01:38,500 --> 02:01:42,000
Look casual many would pause at 
the threshold to recite 

2328
02:01:42,000 --> 02:01:45,100
protective prayers, asking the 
gods, to guard, them from evil 

2329
02:01:45,100 --> 02:01:48,600
spirits, prevent accidents and 
ensure that their bathing 

2330
02:01:48,600 --> 02:01:52,200
experience would be beneficial 
rather than harmful Some would 

2331
02:01:52,200 --> 02:01:55,500
leave small offerings coins 
flowers or drops of expensive 

2332
02:01:55,500 --> 02:01:59,400
oil, a shrine niches built into 
bathhouse walls specifically for

2333
02:01:59,400 --> 02:02:02,700
this purpose, shared bathing 
created its own set of spiritual

2334
02:02:02,700 --> 02:02:06,300
concerns, Roman's worried about 
picking up, not just physical 

2335
02:02:06,300 --> 02:02:09,300
dirt from other Bayers that 
spiritual contamination from 

2336
02:02:09,300 --> 02:02:13,000
people with bad luck evil, 
intentions, or Supernatural 

2337
02:02:13,000 --> 02:02:15,900
enemies. 
This led to complex etiquette 

2338
02:02:15,900 --> 02:02:18,900
systems designed to minimize 
spiritual risk while maintaining

2339
02:02:18,900 --> 02:02:22,100
social politeness. 
You couldn't just ignore someone

2340
02:02:22,100 --> 02:02:25,600
in the bars that might offend 
them and invite retaliation from

2341
02:02:25,600 --> 02:02:28,600
their personal gods. 
But you also couldn't become too

2342
02:02:28,600 --> 02:02:31,300
friendly with strangers who 
spiritual status, was unknown. 

2343
02:02:32,200 --> 02:02:35,100
The oil and perfume application 
process was ritualized to an 

2344
02:02:35,100 --> 02:02:38,600
almost ceremonial degree. 
Wealthy Romans would recite 

2345
02:02:38,600 --> 02:02:41,900
specific prayers while different
oils were applied to different 

2346
02:02:41,900 --> 02:02:45,100
parts of their bodies. 
Rose oil might be blessed to 

2347
02:02:45,100 --> 02:02:48,500
Venus while being applied to the
face while olive oil could be 

2348
02:02:48,500 --> 02:02:51,700
dedicated to Minerva while being
used on arms and legs. 

2349
02:02:51,700 --> 02:02:55,300
The goal was to invoke Divine 
protection for each body part. 

2350
02:02:55,300 --> 02:02:57,700
While also ensuring that the 
gods approved of your grooming 

2351
02:02:57,700 --> 02:03:00,000
choices. 
Dreams about bathing were 

2352
02:03:00,000 --> 02:03:01,900
considered prophetic and 
required, professional 

2353
02:03:01,900 --> 02:03:05,100
interpretation Romans who 
dreamed about dirty bathwater 

2354
02:03:05,100 --> 02:03:07,900
might consult priests about 
impending spiritual danger, 

2355
02:03:07,900 --> 02:03:10,600
while dreams of Crystal. 
Clear, Pools were considered 

2356
02:03:10,600 --> 02:03:14,500
signs of divine favor. 
Some Romans kept dream journals 

2357
02:03:14,500 --> 02:03:16,900
specifically to track bathing 
related dreams and their 

2358
02:03:16,900 --> 02:03:20,500
outcomes creating a kind of 
ancient database of Supernatural

2359
02:03:20,500 --> 02:03:23,000
bath predictions. 
The Romans even had 

2360
02:03:23,000 --> 02:03:25,100
superstitions about soap and 
cleansing materials. 

2361
02:03:25,100 --> 02:03:28,500
Some believed that using soap 
made from animals that died 

2362
02:03:28,500 --> 02:03:31,500
violently could transfer 
aggressive spirits to the user. 

2363
02:03:32,400 --> 02:03:35,100
Others thought that cleaning 
tools used by people who later 

2364
02:03:35,100 --> 02:03:37,900
suffered Misfortune were cursed 
and should be avoided. 

2365
02:03:38,800 --> 02:03:42,000
Such beliefs led to complex 
systems for tracking the history

2366
02:03:42,000 --> 02:03:45,000
and spiritual pedigree of 
bathing accessories, with some 

2367
02:03:45,000 --> 02:03:47,500
wealthy Romans, employing 
servants, whose job was to 

2368
02:03:47,500 --> 02:03:50,400
maintain details, records of 
where their schedule's sponges 

2369
02:03:50,400 --> 02:03:54,300
and oils had come from Seasonal 
bathing rituals aligned with the

2370
02:03:54,300 --> 02:03:57,700
Roman religious calendar created
additional layers of complexity.

2371
02:03:58,300 --> 02:04:00,800
During certain festivals bathing
was considered, either a 

2372
02:04:00,808 --> 02:04:04,400
specially beneficial or 
particularly dangerous depending

2373
02:04:04,400 --> 02:04:05,800
on which gods were being 
honored. 

2374
02:04:06,500 --> 02:04:09,500
The Spring Festival of Anna 
pereno included, ritual bathing 

2375
02:04:09,500 --> 02:04:12,100
That was supposed to ensure 
health for the coming year while

2376
02:04:12,100 --> 02:04:15,000
bathing during the lemuria. 
When Restless Spirits roamed, 

2377
02:04:15,000 --> 02:04:18,300
the Earth, required special 
protective measures as you 

2378
02:04:18,300 --> 02:04:20,500
settle back into your modern 
bathroom surrounded by 

2379
02:04:20,508 --> 02:04:23,000
antibacterial soap, dispensers, 
and privacy walls. 

2380
02:04:23,000 --> 02:04:26,700
It's worth reflecting on what 
the Romans actually got right. 

2381
02:04:26,700 --> 02:04:29,200
About hygiene. 
And what we might have learned 

2382
02:04:29,200 --> 02:04:30,700
from their more, colorful 
mistakes. 

2383
02:04:31,700 --> 02:04:33,700
There are approached to 
cleanliness reveal something 

2384
02:04:33,700 --> 02:04:37,500
profound about human nature, our
eternal struggle to balance 

2385
02:04:37,500 --> 02:04:41,300
individual needs with social 
expectations, practical, health 

2386
02:04:41,300 --> 02:04:44,800
concerns, with cultural beliefs,
and the desire to be clean with 

2387
02:04:44,800 --> 02:04:46,500
the reality of what that 
actually means. 

2388
02:04:46,500 --> 02:04:49,200
The Roman's, understood 
something that we sometimes 

2389
02:04:49,200 --> 02:04:52,400
forget in our modern 
individualistic bathing culture,

2390
02:04:52,400 --> 02:04:57,000
cleanliness was inherently 
social The communal baths were 

2391
02:04:57,000 --> 02:05:00,000
just about getting clean. 
They were about maintaining the 

2392
02:05:00,000 --> 02:05:02,600
social fabric that held their 
civilization together. 

2393
02:05:03,500 --> 02:05:07,300
In an age before television, the
internet, or even widespread 

2394
02:05:07,300 --> 02:05:10,800
literacy, the bath served as 
information networks business 

2395
02:05:10,800 --> 02:05:13,100
centers and Community gathering 
places. 

2396
02:05:13,100 --> 02:05:15,800
Romans didn't just wash their 
bodies. 

2397
02:05:15,800 --> 02:05:18,500
They washed themselves back into
society each day. 

2398
02:05:19,400 --> 02:05:22,600
Modern hygiene science has 
validated many Roman practices 

2399
02:05:22,600 --> 02:05:26,100
While debunking others their 
emphasis on regular bathing. 

2400
02:05:26,100 --> 02:05:29,400
The use of oils to protect skin 
and even their practice of 

2401
02:05:29,408 --> 02:05:32,400
scraping away dead skin. 
Cells were, remarkably sound 

2402
02:05:32,400 --> 02:05:33,900
from a Dermatological 
standpoint. 

2403
02:05:34,700 --> 02:05:37,300
The Romans understood that 
healthy skin required, both 

2404
02:05:37,300 --> 02:05:39,500
cleansing and moisturizing 
though. 

2405
02:05:39,500 --> 02:05:41,900
They achieved it through olive 
oil and metal scrapers rather 

2406
02:05:41,900 --> 02:05:44,200
than lotion and exfoliating 
scrubs. 

2407
02:05:45,000 --> 02:05:47,200
Their recognition, that mental 
health and physical. 

2408
02:05:47,200 --> 02:05:49,100
Cleanliness were connected was 
not wrong. 

2409
02:05:49,800 --> 02:05:52,500
It was just expressed through 
theories about humors and evil 

2410
02:05:52,500 --> 02:05:54,600
spirits rather than modern 
psychology. 

2411
02:05:55,900 --> 02:05:59,000
The Roman approached to dental 
hygiene while involving some 

2412
02:05:59,000 --> 02:06:02,200
questionable ingredients was 
actually more advanced than what

2413
02:06:02,200 --> 02:06:04,600
most European would practice for
the next 1000 years. 

2414
02:06:05,500 --> 02:06:08,000
Chewing on aromatic Twigs. 
Did clean teeth, effectively. 

2415
02:06:08,000 --> 02:06:11,100
And some of their herbal mouth. 
Rinses contained ingredients 

2416
02:06:11,100 --> 02:06:13,900
that Modern Dentistry recognizes
as beneficial. 

2417
02:06:14,700 --> 02:06:17,500
The fact that they cared about 
dental hygiene at all, put them 

2418
02:06:17,500 --> 02:06:19,900
ahead of many later 
civilizations that considered 

2419
02:06:19,900 --> 02:06:22,700
tooth care vanity rather than 
health maintenance. 

2420
02:06:23,700 --> 02:06:26,400
Most importantly, the Romans 
demonstrated that public health 

2421
02:06:26,400 --> 02:06:29,800
infrastructure could transform 
civilization, their aqueducts 

2422
02:06:29,800 --> 02:06:32,500
sewers and public baths. 
Created living conditions. 

2423
02:06:32,500 --> 02:06:35,300
That wouldn't be matched in 
European cities until the 19th 

2424
02:06:35,300 --> 02:06:37,800
century. 
The decline of Roman bathing 

2425
02:06:37,800 --> 02:06:40,800
culture after the fall of the 
Empire coincided with centuries 

2426
02:06:40,800 --> 02:06:44,900
of reduced, lifespans, increased
disease, and general scruffs 

2427
02:06:44,900 --> 02:06:47,200
that historians. 
Now recognized as preventable 

2428
02:06:47,200 --> 02:06:50,000
consequences of abandoning 
public, hygiene infrastructure, 

2429
02:06:50,000 --> 02:06:53,600
the economic lessons of Roman 
hygiene culture equally relevant

2430
02:06:53,600 --> 02:06:55,600
to today. 
The understood that cleanliness 

2431
02:06:55,600 --> 02:06:58,900
could be an industry, creating 
jobs and driving innovation in 

2432
02:06:58,900 --> 02:07:02,400
ways that benefitted entire 
Society is their willingness to 

2433
02:07:02,400 --> 02:07:05,200
invest public money and bathing 
facilities and sanitation 

2434
02:07:05,200 --> 02:07:08,100
systems, paid dividends in 
Public Health, and Social 

2435
02:07:08,100 --> 02:07:10,500
stability that lasted for 
centuries. 

2436
02:07:11,800 --> 02:07:14,700
Modern cities still struggle 
with the same basic challenge. 

2437
02:07:14,700 --> 02:07:17,600
How to balance individual 
desires. 

2438
02:07:17,600 --> 02:07:21,500
The cleanliness and privacy with
the collective benefits of 

2439
02:07:21,500 --> 02:07:24,000
shared infrastructure and social
bathing spaces. 

2440
02:07:25,100 --> 02:07:27,800
The Roman mistake of mixing 
hygiene with Superstition 

2441
02:07:27,800 --> 02:07:31,400
offers, its lessons when 
cleanliness becomes too 

2442
02:07:31,400 --> 02:07:34,000
ritualized or culturally loaded.
It can become a source of 

2443
02:07:34,000 --> 02:07:37,300
anxiety, rather than health. 
Modern Western culture, 

2444
02:07:37,300 --> 02:07:38,700
occasionally succumbs to 
similar. 

2445
02:07:38,700 --> 02:07:42,000
Pitfalls transforming personal 
hygiene into competitive 

2446
02:07:42,000 --> 02:07:45,900
displays of status or moral 
superiority rather than a means 

2447
02:07:45,900 --> 02:07:49,300
of maintaining practical health 
The Romans remind us that it's 

2448
02:07:49,300 --> 02:07:52,800
possible to take cleanliness to 
seriously investing it with 

2449
02:07:52,800 --> 02:07:55,900
meanings and expectations that 
have nothing to do with actually

2450
02:07:55,900 --> 02:07:59,000
being clean. 
As you drift off to sleep 

2451
02:07:59,000 --> 02:08:02,100
tonight, clean and comfortable, 
in ways that would Amaze any 

2452
02:08:02,100 --> 02:08:05,100
ancient Roman. 
Remember that hygiene is always 

2453
02:08:05,100 --> 02:08:07,800
a work in progress. 
The Romans thought they had 

2454
02:08:07,800 --> 02:08:11,500
figured it out just as we think 
we have figured it out just as 

2455
02:08:11,500 --> 02:08:14,400
people 1,000 years from now will
probably shake their heads at 

2456
02:08:14,400 --> 02:08:16,700
our primitive understanding of 
cleanliness and health. 

2457
02:08:17,400 --> 02:08:20,700
The pursuit of perfect hygiene 
is like the pursuit of perfect 

2458
02:08:20,700 --> 02:08:23,700
happiness. 
An admirable goal that reveals 

2459
02:08:23,700 --> 02:08:26,400
more about human nature than it 
does about soap and water. 

2460
02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:29,500
The Romans gave us the 
foundation for contemplating 

2461
02:08:29,500 --> 02:08:33,200
cleanliness as both a personal 
responsibility and a social 

2462
02:08:33,200 --> 02:08:35,600
virtue. 
They showed us that being clean,

2463
02:08:35,600 --> 02:08:39,200
could be pleasant, social, and 
even luxurious rather than just 

2464
02:08:39,200 --> 02:08:42,500
Christmas City, Most 
importantly, they demonstrated 

2465
02:08:42,500 --> 02:08:46,200
that a civilizations approach to
hygiene reflects its values 

2466
02:08:46,200 --> 02:08:49,600
priorities and understanding of 
what it means to live well 

2467
02:08:49,600 --> 02:08:51,800
together. 
So the next time you step into 

2468
02:08:51,800 --> 02:08:54,800
your private shower with your 
individually, chosen soap and 

2469
02:08:54,800 --> 02:08:57,300
you're perfectly heated water, 
spare a thought for those 

2470
02:08:57,300 --> 02:08:59,500
long-dead Roman sitting naked on
their communal. 

2471
02:08:59,500 --> 02:09:03,300
Toilets, sharing their communal 
sponges and somehow managing to 

2472
02:09:03,300 --> 02:09:05,200
build an Empire that lasted a 
1000 years. 

2473
02:09:06,400 --> 02:09:09,400
They may not have understood 
germs or bacteria but they 

2474
02:09:09,408 --> 02:09:12,600
understood something equally 
important that taking care of 

2475
02:09:12,600 --> 02:09:15,100
your body and sharing that 
experience with your community, 

2476
02:09:15,100 --> 02:09:17,100
was one of the things that made 
life worth living. 

2477
02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:20,700
Despite the fact that it 
necessitated more public nudity 

2478
02:09:20,700 --> 02:09:23,700
and dubious medical theories 
than the majority of us would 

2479
02:09:23,700 --> 02:09:32,000
favor. 
Imagine spending the night in 

2480
02:09:32,000 --> 02:09:34,500
that ideal position where your 
mattress has adapted to your 

2481
02:09:34,508 --> 02:09:37,500
unique shape over the years, 
pulling your covers up to your 

2482
02:09:37,500 --> 02:09:41,600
chin, you sigh with satisfaction
after stretching out and 

2483
02:09:41,600 --> 02:09:44,700
possibly wriggling a little, to 
find a cool spot on your pillow.

2484
02:09:45,700 --> 02:09:48,300
Isn't this nightly routine as 
instinctive as breathing? 

2485
02:09:48,300 --> 02:09:51,300
Here's something that might 
literally make you sit up in 

2486
02:09:51,300 --> 02:09:53,400
bed. 
For the majority of human 

2487
02:09:53,400 --> 02:09:56,100
history, people would have 
assumed you were either dead or 

2488
02:09:56,100 --> 02:09:59,600
insane based on your horizontal 
sleeping position you heard 

2489
02:09:59,600 --> 02:10:03,000
correctly. 
The centuries are ancestors. 

2490
02:10:03,000 --> 02:10:07,000
Slept upright leaning against 
headboards walls or specially 

2491
02:10:07,000 --> 02:10:09,400
made sleep chairs, that 
resembled medieval torture 

2492
02:10:09,400 --> 02:10:12,600
devices, more than Furniture. 
Imagine attempting to explain 

2493
02:10:12,600 --> 02:10:15,600
your memory foam, pillow and 
California, King mattress, to a 

2494
02:10:15,600 --> 02:10:18,600
person from the 1600s. 
They would most likely start 

2495
02:10:18,600 --> 02:10:21,100
organizing your funeral by 
calling the local physician. 

2496
02:10:22,000 --> 02:10:24,300
Now before you start to feel 
proud of your contemporary 

2497
02:10:24,300 --> 02:10:27,300
sleeping Arrangements, keep in 
mind that these were not 

2498
02:10:27,300 --> 02:10:30,700
primitive people who had not yet
mastered, the art of flying down

2499
02:10:30,700 --> 02:10:32,500
the issues. 
They were facing. 

2500
02:10:32,500 --> 02:10:35,100
Would make your worst Monday 
morning seemed like a day at the

2501
02:10:35,100 --> 02:10:37,900
spa. 
When you realize what they had 

2502
02:10:37,900 --> 02:10:40,900
to contend with you may come to 
Value their resourcefulness. 

2503
02:10:41,800 --> 02:10:43,800
They had good reasons for 
staying up all night. 

2504
02:10:44,700 --> 02:10:47,400
It wasn't an overnight change 
from sitting to lying down. 

2505
02:10:48,500 --> 02:10:51,800
Superstitions medical theories 
that would make a fortune teller

2506
02:10:51,800 --> 02:10:55,100
blush and social Customs. 
So deeply embedded. 

2507
02:10:55,100 --> 02:10:58,700
The shifting sleep positions was
practically revolutionary, all 

2508
02:10:58,700 --> 02:11:02,700
part of the slow, centuries long
shift, consider it the slowest 

2509
02:11:02,700 --> 02:11:05,600
rebellion in history, waged one 
pillow at a time. 

2510
02:11:05,608 --> 02:11:09,100
You see back there sleep was 
more than just rest. 

2511
02:11:09,100 --> 02:11:12,700
It was linked to beliefs about 
health religion, social 

2512
02:11:12,700 --> 02:11:16,700
standing, and even survival. 
Depending on where you slept, 

2513
02:11:16,700 --> 02:11:20,900
you might be viewed, as wealthy 
or impoverished healthy or ill 

2514
02:11:20,900 --> 02:11:25,000
or virtuous or sinful. 
It was similar to social media, 

2515
02:11:25,000 --> 02:11:28,000
except that in sharing photos of
your breakfast. 

2516
02:11:28,000 --> 02:11:31,500
People were making snap 
judgments about how you spent 

2517
02:11:31,500 --> 02:11:35,100
your unconscious hours. 
The rules that govern the 

2518
02:11:35,100 --> 02:11:37,800
Medieval World were entirely 
different from those that govern

2519
02:11:37,800 --> 02:11:42,800
us today, plague infection 
starvation, or even, just your 

2520
02:11:42,800 --> 02:11:45,400
neighbor's goat running loose 
and trampling on your turnip 

2521
02:11:45,400 --> 02:11:47,300
Garden were all potential causes
of death. 

2522
02:11:48,200 --> 02:11:51,500
Every choice, including how you 
position your body for those 

2523
02:11:51,500 --> 02:11:54,700
valuable few hours of rest, 
carried weight in such a 

2524
02:11:54,700 --> 02:11:57,600
precarious world. 
They were being realistic in 

2525
02:11:57,600 --> 02:11:59,900
ways we can hardly fathom now, 
not being dramatic. 

2526
02:12:00,900 --> 02:12:03,500
The interesting part is that 
sleeping upright, wasn't a 

2527
02:12:03,500 --> 02:12:06,500
peculiarity of Europeans. 
Similar Customs were 

2528
02:12:06,500 --> 02:12:09,400
independently developed by 
cultures in Asia, Africa, and 

2529
02:12:09,400 --> 02:12:11,800
the Americas. 
This implies that the 

2530
02:12:11,800 --> 02:12:15,000
difficulties are ancestors and 
counted were Universal, which is

2531
02:12:15,000 --> 02:12:17,600
why sitting up at night seemed 
like the sensible option. 

2532
02:12:18,600 --> 02:12:21,400
It was adaptation to conditions 
that we are grateful to have 

2533
02:12:21,400 --> 02:12:25,000
left behind not ignorant. 
You're taking part in a 

2534
02:12:25,000 --> 02:12:27,700
relatively new human experiment,
as you lie, there, to night, 

2535
02:12:27,700 --> 02:12:31,900
horizontal and comfortable. 
As a result of centuries of 

2536
02:12:31,908 --> 02:12:35,400
incremental, change, medical 
progress, and social Evolution, 

2537
02:12:35,400 --> 02:12:38,200
your sleeping habits are truly 
revolutionary. 

2538
02:12:38,200 --> 02:12:41,300
Your living, the kind of luxury 
that ancient kings. 

2539
02:12:41,300 --> 02:12:44,500
And queens could only imagine 
every time you turn your pillow 

2540
02:12:44,500 --> 02:12:48,100
to the cool side or change your 
blanket, indeed. 

2541
02:12:48,100 --> 02:12:52,000
Sweet dreams. 
Let's take a moment to explore 

2542
02:12:52,000 --> 02:12:55,000
the medieval mind. 
Suppose you lived in a world 

2543
02:12:55,000 --> 02:12:57,400
where the only thing you knew 
about medicine was how to 

2544
02:12:57,400 --> 02:13:00,100
balance your humors. 
Not the kind that make you 

2545
02:13:00,108 --> 02:13:03,100
laugh. 
But the enigmatic bodily fluids 

2546
02:13:03,100 --> 02:13:04,600
that were supposed to regulate 
your health. 

2547
02:13:05,800 --> 02:13:09,900
The Four Horsemen of medieval 
medicine bloodflame, yellow, 

2548
02:13:09,900 --> 02:13:13,400
bile and black bile, were more 
difficult to balance than 

2549
02:13:13,400 --> 02:13:15,700
putting together Ikea furniture 
without the manual. 

2550
02:13:16,700 --> 02:13:19,300
The Learned Physicians of the 
day, believe that lying flat 

2551
02:13:19,300 --> 02:13:22,300
dangerously Disturbed. 
These humors, they held that 

2552
02:13:22,300 --> 02:13:25,100
horizontal stretching cause 
blood to pull in the wrong place

2553
02:13:25,100 --> 02:13:28,400
is causing imbalances that could
cause disease or even death. 

2554
02:13:29,200 --> 02:13:32,300
It was similar to the medieval 
game of operation except that 

2555
02:13:32,300 --> 02:13:34,700
you might actually die in place 
of a buzzer going off. 

2556
02:13:35,900 --> 02:13:38,800
According to the doctor's 
sitting upright, maintain the 

2557
02:13:38,800 --> 02:13:41,700
delicate balance required for 
Life by allowing your humors to 

2558
02:13:41,700 --> 02:13:44,800
flow correctly. 
However, the medical issues 

2559
02:13:44,800 --> 02:13:48,400
extended beyond the enigmatic 
fluid management, medical 

2560
02:13:48,400 --> 02:13:51,700
professionals actually thought 
that lying flat exposed one to 

2561
02:13:51,700 --> 02:13:54,300
night Vapors, which were 
poisonous gases that were said 

2562
02:13:54,308 --> 02:13:57,100
to rise from the earth and enter
houses through floor cracks. 

2563
02:13:57,800 --> 02:14:00,200
Since these Vapors were believed
to be heavier than air. 

2564
02:14:00,200 --> 02:14:01,800
They gathered close to the 
ground. 

2565
02:14:02,700 --> 02:14:06,200
Like a human Periscope. 
Avoiding, toxic clouds, sleeping

2566
02:14:06,200 --> 02:14:07,500
upright. 
Literally lifted. 

2567
02:14:07,500 --> 02:14:10,800
You above the danger zone, not 
that this was all Superstition 

2568
02:14:10,800 --> 02:14:13,200
homes from the Middle. 
Ages weren't, exactly 

2569
02:14:13,200 --> 02:14:16,600
ventilation Marvels, imagine 
sharing your living space with 

2570
02:14:16,600 --> 02:14:18,800
animals for warmth in a 
building. 

2571
02:14:18,800 --> 02:14:21,700
That is a combination of a house
and a barn. 

2572
02:14:22,600 --> 02:14:25,900
With fumes from animal feces 
smoke from poorly, ventilated 

2573
02:14:25,900 --> 02:14:29,300
fires and the general mustiness 
of damp stone walls. 

2574
02:14:29,300 --> 02:14:32,900
The air quality was likely 
suspect Even though the 

2575
02:14:32,900 --> 02:14:36,600
justification for sitting up was
wildly incorrect, it's possible 

2576
02:14:36,600 --> 02:14:38,500
that it improved breathing and 
air circulation. 

2577
02:14:38,500 --> 02:14:41,600
The implications for religion 
were just as strong. 

2578
02:14:42,400 --> 02:14:45,300
According to Medieval 
Christianity, the deadlift flat,

2579
02:14:45,300 --> 02:14:48,300
an imitating death. 
While you slept was a sign of 

2580
02:14:48,300 --> 02:14:51,700
tempting Fate by implying that 
you are prepared for Eternal 

2581
02:14:51,700 --> 02:14:53,900
rest. 
You were effectively inviting 

2582
02:14:53,900 --> 02:14:57,200
the Grim Reaper. 
According to church doctrine, 

2583
02:14:57,200 --> 02:15:00,500
the righteous should always be 
on guard even when they are 

2584
02:15:00,500 --> 02:15:04,700
sleeping prepared to pray or run
at any time lying down was 

2585
02:15:04,700 --> 02:15:07,800
regarded as spiritually 
hazardous because it suggested a

2586
02:15:07,800 --> 02:15:09,300
state of vulnerability and 
relaxation. 

2587
02:15:10,100 --> 02:15:13,100
Additionally think about the 
practicality or lack thereof of 

2588
02:15:13,108 --> 02:15:17,100
medieval bedrooms, unlike you 
most people did not have private

2589
02:15:17,100 --> 02:15:20,900
sleeping quarters guests, 
servants and families, shared a 

2590
02:15:20,900 --> 02:15:22,700
room and frequently a bed. 
Only. 

2591
02:15:22,700 --> 02:15:26,200
The very wealthy could afford 
privacy and even then it was a 

2592
02:15:26,200 --> 02:15:28,500
luxury. 
Sitting up in such crowded. 

2593
02:15:28,500 --> 02:15:32,000
Conditions was a matter of space
management, not merely health or

2594
02:15:32,000 --> 02:15:34,200
religion. 
If everyone, slept upright 

2595
02:15:34,200 --> 02:15:37,400
leaned against walls or shared 
big chairs made for several 

2596
02:15:37,400 --> 02:15:39,300
people, you could fit more 
people in a room. 

2597
02:15:40,100 --> 02:15:42,400
Additionally, the fear of 
Unexpected death while. 

2598
02:15:42,400 --> 02:15:46,300
Sleeping was incredibly useful, 
people died suddenly and often 

2599
02:15:46,300 --> 02:15:49,500
in a time before modern medicine
the sick and dying. 

2600
02:15:49,500 --> 02:15:52,300
Those two weak to sit up with 
thought to lie down. 

2601
02:15:53,200 --> 02:15:55,600
By sleeping, upright, healthy 
individuals showed that they 

2602
02:15:55,600 --> 02:15:57,900
were still strong enough to keep
their posture while they were 

2603
02:15:57,900 --> 02:16:00,400
unconscious demonstrating their 
vitality. 

2604
02:16:01,600 --> 02:16:03,400
It served as a nightly 
affirmation that. 

2605
02:16:03,400 --> 02:16:07,600
I'm still here, still fighting 
still ready for whatever Dawn 

2606
02:16:07,600 --> 02:16:10,900
might bring as you unconsciously
sink into your horizontal 

2607
02:16:10,900 --> 02:16:13,800
position tonight. 
Keep in mind that you are doing 

2608
02:16:13,800 --> 02:16:16,300
something that your forefathers 
would have regarded as either 

2609
02:16:16,300 --> 02:16:20,300
courageous or foolish or 
perhaps, both your Readiness to 

2610
02:16:20,300 --> 02:16:22,900
lie down demonstrates how much 
we've learned about safety 

2611
02:16:22,900 --> 02:16:25,900
health, and the basic art of 
getting a decent night's sleep. 

2612
02:16:26,600 --> 02:16:29,900
You may be asking yourself what 
exactly were they sitting on? 

2613
02:16:29,900 --> 02:16:32,799
If everyone was sleeping 
upright, Depending on your 

2614
02:16:32,799 --> 02:16:36,000
stance on Comfort versus 
functionality, the medieval 

2615
02:16:36,000 --> 02:16:38,600
Furniture industry had to get 
inventive in ways that would 

2616
02:16:38,600 --> 02:16:42,000
make contemporary ergonomic 
designers cry with Envy or 

2617
02:16:42,000 --> 02:16:44,500
horror. 
The Sleep chair is the 

2618
02:16:44,500 --> 02:16:46,500
equivalent of a recliner in 
medieval Europe. 

2619
02:16:47,200 --> 02:16:50,299
But it lacks the cup holders. 
The reclining feature, and 

2620
02:16:50,299 --> 02:16:52,799
pretty much every other feature 
that makes modern furniture. 

2621
02:16:52,799 --> 02:16:56,299
Bearable, These devices have the
appearance of someone marketing 

2622
02:16:56,299 --> 02:16:59,299
them as bedroom furniture after 
crossing a church pew with the 

2623
02:16:59,308 --> 02:17:03,200
torture device. 
A high straight back armrests at

2624
02:17:03,200 --> 02:17:05,900
precisely uncomfortable, angles,
and occasionally. 

2625
02:17:05,900 --> 02:17:08,799
A tiny Ledger platform to place 
your feet on rules features of 

2626
02:17:08,799 --> 02:17:12,000
the base design. 
Comfort was not the main issue. 

2627
02:17:12,000 --> 02:17:14,900
Of course, fancier version were 
owned by the wealthy. 

2628
02:17:14,900 --> 02:17:18,400
In addition to being upholstered
with Fabrics that cost more than

2629
02:17:18,400 --> 02:17:21,500
the average person's yearly 
income, their sleep chairs were 

2630
02:17:21,500 --> 02:17:24,700
carved from pricey woods and 
occasionally had tiny storage 

2631
02:17:24,700 --> 02:17:28,100
space for personal belongings. 
Consider them the luxury 

2632
02:17:28,100 --> 02:17:29,799
vehicles of the world of sitting
sleep. 

2633
02:17:29,808 --> 02:17:32,799
They're still essentially 
uncomfortable, but they do. 

2634
02:17:32,799 --> 02:17:36,400
So in a stylish, way, in a time,
when one size fits all was the 

2635
02:17:36,400 --> 02:17:38,400
norm. 
Some had adjustable backs that 

2636
02:17:38,400 --> 02:17:41,700
could tilt slightly providing 
what amounted to customization, 

2637
02:17:42,799 --> 02:17:46,100
The interesting part though is 
that these chairs served as 

2638
02:17:46,100 --> 02:17:48,299
status symbols in addition to 
being useful pieces of 

2639
02:17:48,299 --> 02:17:51,100
furniture. 
Your sleep, chairs design and 

2640
02:17:51,100 --> 02:17:54,600
quality made your social 
standing as obvious as driving a

2641
02:17:54,600 --> 02:17:57,700
Ferrari today. 
An ability displayed or Nate 

2642
02:17:57,700 --> 02:18:00,400
pieces that looked more like 
Thrones than sleeping Furniture.

2643
02:18:00,400 --> 02:18:04,000
While wealthy merchants might 
have chairs with modest carving 

2644
02:18:04,000 --> 02:18:07,000
and comfortable padding. 
The impoverished on the other 

2645
02:18:07,000 --> 02:18:10,400
hand used crude wooden stools or
simply leaned against walls 

2646
02:18:10,400 --> 02:18:13,600
transforming any level surface 
into a makeshift bed. 

2647
02:18:14,500 --> 02:18:17,000
The extremely well. 
He slept in rooms made a 

2648
02:18:17,000 --> 02:18:20,600
specially for standing Imagine 
Hall ways with built-in benches 

2649
02:18:20,600 --> 02:18:24,299
walls with tapestries, and 
cushions for leaning against and

2650
02:18:24,299 --> 02:18:26,600
unique, alcoves carved into the 
stone. 

2651
02:18:26,600 --> 02:18:29,000
That would allow several people 
to sit and sleep comfortably. 

2652
02:18:30,100 --> 02:18:33,500
They resembled human parking 
garages made to hold bodies in 

2653
02:18:33,500 --> 02:18:36,799
their vertical resting position 
rather than bedrooms as we know 

2654
02:18:36,799 --> 02:18:39,299
them. 
Some clever furniture makers. 

2655
02:18:39,299 --> 02:18:43,200
Made communal sleep benches 
which are long church pews style

2656
02:18:43,200 --> 02:18:45,600
seats that can hold whole 
families or groups of tourists. 

2657
02:18:46,400 --> 02:18:48,500
Picture yourself arriving at a 
medieval Inn. 

2658
02:18:48,500 --> 02:18:52,299
Finding yourself Seated, on a 
bench beside total strangers and

2659
02:18:52,299 --> 02:18:54,600
spending the night together, 
like birds on a Wire. 

2660
02:18:55,799 --> 02:18:59,100
It was obvious that personal 
space was an unimagined luxury. 

2661
02:18:59,100 --> 02:19:03,299
In fact, these pieces were 
incredibly well-crafted in the 

2662
02:19:03,299 --> 02:19:06,500
absence of power tools or 
contemporary methods, medieval 

2663
02:19:06,500 --> 02:19:09,900
Woodworkers produced elaborate 
supports precisely measured 

2664
02:19:09,900 --> 02:19:13,400
angles and joints that could 
sustain human bodies for decades

2665
02:19:13,400 --> 02:19:15,700
at a time. 
They had a deeper understanding 

2666
02:19:15,700 --> 02:19:18,799
of structural Integrity, 
balance, and weight 

2667
02:19:18,799 --> 02:19:20,900
distribution, and some 
contemporary furniture. 

2668
02:19:21,799 --> 02:19:24,700
Even though they slept on pieces
made to last for centuries, your

2669
02:19:24,700 --> 02:19:26,299
ancestors, may have slept 
upright. 

2670
02:19:26,299 --> 02:19:29,500
It's interesting to note that 
some sleep chairs had clever 

2671
02:19:29,500 --> 02:19:32,000
features that Contemporary 
Furniture Design as might find 

2672
02:19:32,000 --> 02:19:35,600
appealing, Detachable, cushions 
allowed for seasonal Comfort 

2673
02:19:35,600 --> 02:19:37,700
adjustments. 
Adjustable footrests. 

2674
02:19:37,700 --> 02:19:40,799
Accommodated, varying leg 
lengths and hidden compartments,

2675
02:19:40,799 --> 02:19:44,100
protected valuables while you 
slept. some even had little 

2676
02:19:44,100 --> 02:19:46,900
tables attached so that you 
could easily access prayer books

2677
02:19:46,900 --> 02:19:51,900
can handles or water at night, 
The wealthy, you could afford to

2678
02:19:51,900 --> 02:19:53,100
try out new Sleeping 
Arrangements. 

2679
02:19:53,100 --> 02:19:55,900
Were the first to gradually move
away from sleep chairs. 

2680
02:19:56,800 --> 02:19:59,800
Sleep chairs, did not vanish 
overnight as lying down, beds 

2681
02:19:59,800 --> 02:20:02,000
gained popularity. 
Some families. 

2682
02:20:02,000 --> 02:20:05,300
Kept them as emergency furniture
for visitors or in case of 

2683
02:20:05,300 --> 02:20:08,300
illness and many were repurposed
as everyday seating. 

2684
02:20:09,000 --> 02:20:12,200
Relics of an alien civilization,
that somehow managed to sleep 

2685
02:20:12,200 --> 02:20:15,600
while simultaneously defying 
comfort, and gravity can be 

2686
02:20:15,608 --> 02:20:19,500
found in museums today. you may 
be horrified to learn that for 

2687
02:20:19,500 --> 02:20:22,600
the majority of human history, 
privacy while sleeping was 

2688
02:20:22,600 --> 02:20:26,200
practically unheard of Your 
ancestors lived in a world where

2689
02:20:26,200 --> 02:20:29,500
sleeping was a social activity 
similar to eating dinner or 

2690
02:20:29,500 --> 02:20:31,900
going to church except that 
everyone was unconscious. 

2691
02:20:31,900 --> 02:20:34,900
This contrasts with your own 
luxury of having your own room 

2692
02:20:34,900 --> 02:20:39,100
bed and space to scroll. 
However you like Imagine a 

2693
02:20:39,100 --> 02:20:42,200
normal medieval home. 
In addition to sharing houses 

2694
02:20:42,200 --> 02:20:45,100
families also shared, sleeping 
quarters with apprentices 

2695
02:20:45,100 --> 02:20:49,100
servants, extended, family, and 
frequently, overnight Travelers 

2696
02:20:49,100 --> 02:20:52,100
every evening. 
The Great Hall of America house 

2697
02:20:52,100 --> 02:20:54,800
would be transformed into a 
human dormitory with people 

2698
02:20:54,800 --> 02:20:57,500
lining up along benches and 
walls in a manner reminiscent of

2699
02:20:57,500 --> 02:21:01,400
medieval airport, seating during
flight delays, However, the 

2700
02:21:01,400 --> 02:21:03,100
delay persisted each and every 
night. 

2701
02:21:03,800 --> 02:21:06,400
Sitting upright was not only 
morally or medically right in 

2702
02:21:06,408 --> 02:21:08,900
these crowded sleeping 
Arrangements, but it was also 

2703
02:21:08,900 --> 02:21:12,000
practically required. 
You'll see why lying down. 

2704
02:21:12,000 --> 02:21:14,800
Wasn't an option. 
If you try to picture cramming 

2705
02:21:14,800 --> 02:21:17,000
15 people into an area meant for
8. 

2706
02:21:17,000 --> 02:21:20,600
Everyone had to make the most of
their vertical space which made 

2707
02:21:20,600 --> 02:21:22,600
Sleeping a human geometry 
exercise. 

2708
02:21:22,600 --> 02:21:26,800
Like knowing how to fix clothes 
or preserve meat, the ability to

2709
02:21:26,800 --> 02:21:29,400
sleep while seated evolved into 
a survival skill. 

2710
02:21:29,400 --> 02:21:32,700
The social dynamics of sharing a
bed were intriguing and 

2711
02:21:32,708 --> 02:21:36,300
intricate Unwritten rules 
dictated who was allowed to lean

2712
02:21:36,300 --> 02:21:40,000
against which walls who was 
given priority near the fire and

2713
02:21:40,000 --> 02:21:42,700
who was forced to make do with 
the drafty spots by windows. 

2714
02:21:43,600 --> 02:21:46,000
Nightly seating arrangements, 
were influenced by physical 

2715
02:21:46,000 --> 02:21:48,700
condition, age, and social 
standing. 

2716
02:21:49,400 --> 02:21:52,500
It was similar to musical chairs
in the Middle Ages, except that 

2717
02:21:52,500 --> 02:21:55,000
no one and everyone had to sleep
where they ended up. 

2718
02:21:55,800 --> 02:21:59,100
Taverns and Inns elevated 
communal sleeping to a whole new

2719
02:21:59,100 --> 02:22:01,600
level. 
People from various towns, 

2720
02:22:01,600 --> 02:22:04,800
social classes and backgrounds 
would spend the night next to 

2721
02:22:04,800 --> 02:22:08,300
each other sharing body heat and
likely more germs than anyone 

2722
02:22:08,300 --> 02:22:11,000
would want to consider. 
It was simply good business to 

2723
02:22:11,000 --> 02:22:14,100
pack as many upright sleepers as
possible into each room because 

2724
02:22:14,100 --> 02:22:16,800
in Keepers charged by the space 
rather than the person. 

2725
02:22:17,900 --> 02:22:20,900
You didn't pay for privacy or 
comfort, you paid for a place on

2726
02:22:20,900 --> 02:22:24,500
a bench or against a wall. 
In fact, this system produced 

2727
02:22:24,500 --> 02:22:28,200
its own social mores and manners
rules about snoring changing 

2728
02:22:28,200 --> 02:22:30,000
positions. 
And what to do, if you're 

2729
02:22:30,000 --> 02:22:32,500
sleeping neighbor began talking 
in their sleep or having 

2730
02:22:32,500 --> 02:22:35,800
nightmares were developed. 
Protocols for sharing blankets, 

2731
02:22:35,800 --> 02:22:39,800
keeping modest in close quarters
and handling, the inevitable 

2732
02:22:39,800 --> 02:22:43,200
personality conflicts that occur
when strangers are compelled to 

2733
02:22:43,208 --> 02:22:46,300
spend night after night and 
close quarters or all in place. 

2734
02:22:46,300 --> 02:22:49,200
Even though their sleeping 
Arrangements, were far more 

2735
02:22:49,200 --> 02:22:51,300
comfortable. 
The wealthy were not completely 

2736
02:22:51,300 --> 02:22:54,400
immune to communal. 
Sleeping either, for convenience

2737
02:22:54,400 --> 02:22:57,200
and security reasons. 
Noble households can continue to

2738
02:22:57,200 --> 02:23:00,600
have servants sleep in the same 
rooms as their Master's, even a 

2739
02:23:00,600 --> 02:23:03,300
fluent families frequently. 
Shared sleeping quarters with 

2740
02:23:03,300 --> 02:23:06,200
parents kids and occasionally 
grandparents. 

2741
02:23:06,200 --> 02:23:08,400
Each finding a place in the 
family sleeping chamber. 

2742
02:23:08,400 --> 02:23:11,800
These Arrangements were made 
even more complex by seasonal. 

2743
02:23:11,800 --> 02:23:15,300
Variations people naturally 
huddled closer together in the 

2744
02:23:15,300 --> 02:23:18,300
winter to stay warm. 
But in the summer, they position

2745
02:23:18,300 --> 02:23:21,200
themselves strategically close 
to Windows and Doors to take 

2746
02:23:21,200 --> 02:23:24,700
advantage of any breezes. 
Most people had to make due with

2747
02:23:24,700 --> 02:23:27,500
the same space here around, 
changing their positions and 

2748
02:23:27,500 --> 02:23:29,400
Arrangements, according to 
weather and temperature. 

2749
02:23:29,400 --> 02:23:32,500
While the wealthy might have had
the luxury of seasonal sleeping 

2750
02:23:32,500 --> 02:23:35,200
Chambers different rooms for 
different times of the year. 

2751
02:23:36,000 --> 02:23:37,500
Although germ theory was not 
yet. 

2752
02:23:37,500 --> 02:23:40,000
Sufficiently understood for 
people to be concerned about it 

2753
02:23:40,000 --> 02:23:42,300
disease. 
Transmission in these settings 

2754
02:23:42,300 --> 02:23:46,000
must have been spectacular 
Everyone in the sleeping chamber

2755
02:23:46,000 --> 02:23:49,100
was likely to get a cold. 
After someone else did well 

2756
02:23:49,100 --> 02:23:51,700
though, people blamed illness on
bad air or Divine punishment? 

2757
02:23:51,700 --> 02:23:54,400
Rather than the obvious problem 
of dozens of people breathing, 

2758
02:23:54,400 --> 02:23:57,200
on each other all night? 
Plague outbreaks, most likely 

2759
02:23:57,200 --> 02:23:59,400
spread through communal, 
sleeping Arrangements, like 

2760
02:23:59,400 --> 02:24:01,900
wildfire. 
The wealthy were the first to 

2761
02:24:01,900 --> 02:24:04,800
gradually transition to private 
sleeping family. 

2762
02:24:04,800 --> 02:24:08,100
Started to divide sleeping 
Arrangements by generation, then

2763
02:24:08,100 --> 02:24:11,300
by gender, and finally, by 
personal preference as wealth 

2764
02:24:11,300 --> 02:24:14,100
and homes grew. 
A fact that you can sleep by 

2765
02:24:14,100 --> 02:24:18,100
yourself in your own room and in
your own bed is a testament to 

2766
02:24:18,100 --> 02:24:20,300
centuries of economic and social
advancement. 

2767
02:24:20,300 --> 02:24:24,300
That your forefathers could 
hardly have dreamed of How then 

2768
02:24:24,300 --> 02:24:25,800
did people go from sleeping 
upright? 

2769
02:24:25,800 --> 02:24:28,000
For centuries to the horizontal 
freefall. 

2770
02:24:28,000 --> 02:24:31,300
You see today? 
Everyone deciding to roll over 

2771
02:24:31,300 --> 02:24:34,200
and try lying down. 
At the same time wasn't a sudden

2772
02:24:34,200 --> 02:24:37,400
Revelation the gradual change 
from a communal survival 

2773
02:24:37,400 --> 02:24:40,300
strategy to the private 
comfortable experience. 

2774
02:24:40,300 --> 02:24:43,500
You know today was fueled by 
advancements in architecture 

2775
02:24:43,500 --> 02:24:47,000
medicine and social attitudes 
like most revolutions. 

2776
02:24:47,000 --> 02:24:50,400
This one started with the rich, 
some Aristocrats and Rich, 

2777
02:24:50,400 --> 02:24:52,900
Merchants had started 
experimenting with lying down 

2778
02:24:52,900 --> 02:24:56,900
sleep by the late Medieval Era. 
But first, it was considered a 

2779
02:24:56,900 --> 02:25:00,200
luxury rather than a common 
practice these early adopters 

2780
02:25:00,200 --> 02:25:03,200
who were prepared to forgo, the 
purported, spiritual and medical

2781
02:25:03,200 --> 02:25:06,500
risks in favor of comfort and 
Novelty were essentially the 

2782
02:25:06,500 --> 02:25:08,400
beta testers of horizontal 
sleeping. 

2783
02:25:09,200 --> 02:25:12,000
Think of them like the original 
smartphone buyers, who were 

2784
02:25:12,000 --> 02:25:14,600
initially viewed as crazy until 
everyone wanted one. 

2785
02:25:15,300 --> 02:25:17,900
The ancient theories of humors 
and night Vapors were gradually 

2786
02:25:17,900 --> 02:25:21,400
disproved by new Concepts about 
medicine and the human body that

2787
02:25:21,400 --> 02:25:24,700
emerged during the Renaissance. 
When doctors noticed that 

2788
02:25:24,700 --> 02:25:27,200
wealthy people who slept on 
their backs were dying and 

2789
02:25:27,200 --> 02:25:29,700
frightening numbers. 
They started to wonder if 

2790
02:25:29,700 --> 02:25:32,100
sitting up straight was really 
necessary for good health. 

2791
02:25:33,100 --> 02:25:35,900
Medical texts began to imply 
that flying flat, might be 

2792
02:25:35,900 --> 02:25:38,900
helpful for some almonds, 
specially for those, with back 

2793
02:25:38,900 --> 02:25:42,400
pain or respiratory issues. 
It took decades for the radical 

2794
02:25:42,400 --> 02:25:46,000
idea to become widely accepted. 
This transition was made 

2795
02:25:46,000 --> 02:25:48,000
possible in large part by 
architecture. 

2796
02:25:48,000 --> 02:25:52,100
Families, could now afford to 
use entire rooms for sleeping as

2797
02:25:52,100 --> 02:25:55,700
Holmes, grew, bigger and more. 
Upscale people no longer had to 

2798
02:25:55,700 --> 02:25:59,400
share, sleeping quarters with 
strangers, servants and extended

2799
02:25:59,400 --> 02:26:00,900
families. 
Thanks, to the invention of 

2800
02:26:00,908 --> 02:26:03,800
separate bed Chambers. 
Experimenting with various 

2801
02:26:03,800 --> 02:26:06,400
sleeping positions without 
social scrutiny or space 

2802
02:26:06,400 --> 02:26:10,100
constraints was made possible by
privacy at last. 

2803
02:26:10,100 --> 02:26:12,500
You were able to extend your 
body without pushing your 

2804
02:26:12,500 --> 02:26:15,400
neighbor in the ribs. 
Equally significant was the 

2805
02:26:15,400 --> 02:26:17,900
development and enhancement of 
appropriate beds. 

2806
02:26:18,800 --> 02:26:20,600
When there were beds in the 
Middle Ages, they were 

2807
02:26:20,600 --> 02:26:23,500
frequently just mattresses with 
straw on wooden frames. 

2808
02:26:24,400 --> 02:26:26,500
The fact that these were not 
very comfortable for line down, 

2809
02:26:26,500 --> 02:26:28,900
like he contributed to the 
preference for sleeping upright.

2810
02:26:30,100 --> 02:26:33,300
However, lying down became more 
and more desirable as mattress 

2811
02:26:33,300 --> 02:26:36,600
technology developed. 
Yes, there was such a thing as 

2812
02:26:36,600 --> 02:26:38,700
mattress technology in the 
pre-industrial world. 

2813
02:26:39,600 --> 02:26:42,600
Horizontal sleeping became not 
only feasible but also 

2814
02:26:42,600 --> 02:26:44,100
enjoyable. 
Thanks to feather beds. 

2815
02:26:44,100 --> 02:26:47,400
Better textiles, and enhanced 
frame Construction. 

2816
02:26:48,500 --> 02:26:52,300
During this time, religious 
views also changed many medieval

2817
02:26:52,300 --> 02:26:54,500
Catholic teachings. 
Including some of the 

2818
02:26:54,500 --> 02:26:57,300
Superstition surrounding 
sleeping positions were 

2819
02:26:57,300 --> 02:26:58,900
contested by the Protestant 
Reformation. 

2820
02:26:59,900 --> 02:27:02,800
Protestant theologians were more
interested in the pragmatic 

2821
02:27:02,800 --> 02:27:05,700
issues of rest and health than 
they were in the symbolic, 

2822
02:27:05,700 --> 02:27:09,300
meaning of lying flat. 
This change in religion allowed 

2823
02:27:09,300 --> 02:27:12,400
people to try different sleeping
positions without worrying about

2824
02:27:12,400 --> 02:27:16,100
endangering their Eternal Souls.
These changes were hastened by 

2825
02:27:16,100 --> 02:27:19,000
the printing press, which 
disseminated novel Concepts 

2826
02:27:19,000 --> 02:27:21,700
regarding health and sleep, more
rapidly than in the past. 

2827
02:27:23,100 --> 02:27:25,800
Advice, regarding appropriate, 
sleep positioning started to 

2828
02:27:25,800 --> 02:27:29,400
appear in medical texts, home 
management manuals and even 

2829
02:27:29,400 --> 02:27:32,400
popular literature. 
For the first time in history, 

2830
02:27:32,400 --> 02:27:35,700
written information about 
bedroom layout, sleep, hygiene 

2831
02:27:35,700 --> 02:27:38,900
and the advantages of various 
sleeping positions was available

2832
02:27:38,900 --> 02:27:41,500
to the general public 
informational, that had 

2833
02:27:41,500 --> 02:27:44,800
previously only been accessible 
to academics and doctors became 

2834
02:27:44,800 --> 02:27:48,000
widely accessible. 
During this time, social 

2835
02:27:48,000 --> 02:27:49,700
perceptions of rest and 
vulnerability. 

2836
02:27:49,700 --> 02:27:53,500
Also changed New Perspectives on
the significance of adequate 

2837
02:27:53,500 --> 02:27:56,500
sleep for well-being and 
productivity started to replace 

2838
02:27:56,500 --> 02:27:59,500
the medieval emphasis on ongoing
alertness and preparedness. 

2839
02:28:00,300 --> 02:28:03,900
Over time lying down once 
interpreted as a sign of 

2840
02:28:03,900 --> 02:28:07,600
spiritual, laxity or weakness 
became linked to wisdom and 

2841
02:28:07,600 --> 02:28:11,400
self-care. people started to 
realize that getting enough 

2842
02:28:11,400 --> 02:28:15,300
sleep was not a luxury or an 
Indulgence, but rather necessary

2843
02:28:15,300 --> 02:28:18,800
for both physical and mental 
well-being, Not every social 

2844
02:28:18,800 --> 02:28:21,800
class or geographical area 
experience, the shift in the 

2845
02:28:21,808 --> 02:28:25,100
same way compared to rural 
Farmers or the urban poor 

2846
02:28:25,100 --> 02:28:28,500
wealthy urban populations 
adopted horizontal sleeping much

2847
02:28:28,500 --> 02:28:30,500
earlier. 
Because they lacked the 

2848
02:28:30,508 --> 02:28:32,200
resources to alter their 
sleeping habits. 

2849
02:28:32,200 --> 02:28:35,900
Some remote communities continue
to practice, upright, sleeping 

2850
02:28:35,900 --> 02:28:38,700
well into the modern era, not 
because they liked it. 

2851
02:28:39,400 --> 02:28:42,700
Sleeping positions have changed 
over time reflecting larger 

2852
02:28:42,700 --> 02:28:45,600
Trends in Social and economic 
development that still influence

2853
02:28:45,600 --> 02:28:49,600
our way of life today. 
Horizontal sleeping had become 

2854
02:28:49,600 --> 02:28:52,300
so commonplace by the time. 
Your grandparents were born that

2855
02:28:52,300 --> 02:28:55,100
most people had forgotten, it 
had ever been a topic of debate.

2856
02:28:56,200 --> 02:28:59,100
The medieval worlds, communal 
sleeping arrangements and sleep 

2857
02:28:59,100 --> 02:29:02,300
chairs appeared as Antiquated as
any other historical Oddity. 

2858
02:29:03,200 --> 02:29:05,300
Sneaking, but unrelated to 
contemporary living. 

2859
02:29:06,000 --> 02:29:08,400
Give them that for the majority 
of History owning. 

2860
02:29:08,400 --> 02:29:10,700
A bed was equivalent to owning a
luxury car. 

2861
02:29:10,700 --> 02:29:13,900
Something that unmistakably 
indicated that you were not 

2862
02:29:13,900 --> 02:29:17,300
struggling to survive. 
The evolution of beds from basic

2863
02:29:17,300 --> 02:29:20,000
sleeping Platforms in to the 
ornate kingdoms of comfort. 

2864
02:29:20,000 --> 02:29:22,100
You know, today as a tale worth 
telling him. 

2865
02:29:22,700 --> 02:29:25,300
The development of bed 
technology, reflects the larger 

2866
02:29:25,300 --> 02:29:29,300
changes in privacy comfort and 
our evolving relationship with 

2867
02:29:29,300 --> 02:29:31,600
sleep in general. 
When there were early beds at 

2868
02:29:31,600 --> 02:29:34,600
all, they were basically raised 
platforms made to keep people 

2869
02:29:34,600 --> 02:29:38,400
off of damp cold floors and away
from different animals that like

2870
02:29:38,400 --> 02:29:41,400
to live on the ground. 
These were useful answers to 

2871
02:29:41,400 --> 02:29:44,400
environmental problems. 
Not the comfortable Havens, you 

2872
02:29:44,400 --> 02:29:48,000
hide away to every night. 
A wooden frame, any available 

2873
02:29:48,000 --> 02:29:50,500
stuffing material straw 
feathers. 

2874
02:29:50,500 --> 02:29:53,900
If you were lucky or just extra 
blankets, folded for padding and

2875
02:29:53,900 --> 02:29:55,700
some rope or leather strapping 
for support. 

2876
02:29:56,500 --> 02:29:58,300
Comfort wasn't a design 
objective. 

2877
02:29:58,300 --> 02:30:02,200
It was a happy accident. 
Naturally long before, beds were

2878
02:30:02,200 --> 02:30:04,300
comfortable. 
The wealthy used them as status 

2879
02:30:04,300 --> 02:30:06,800
symbols. 
With intricately carved posts, 

2880
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:10,800
pricey fabrics and curtains that
could outstrip the cost of most 

2881
02:30:10,800 --> 02:30:13,600
people's homes. 
Medieval Noble beds were symbols

2882
02:30:13,600 --> 02:30:16,900
of craftsmanship and wealth. 
These beds were Furniture pieces

2883
02:30:16,900 --> 02:30:19,000
intended to both rest and 
impress guests. 

2884
02:30:19,000 --> 02:30:23,500
The curtains also known as bed 
hangings, had several uses. 

2885
02:30:23,500 --> 02:30:26,500
They kept body heat during 
Chilli evening's offered 

2886
02:30:26,500 --> 02:30:29,400
seclusion in shared sleeping, 
quarters and showcased. 

2887
02:30:29,400 --> 02:30:31,300
The owners wealth through their 
design and quality. 

2888
02:30:32,200 --> 02:30:34,800
The interesting thing is that 
even these ornate beds were made

2889
02:30:34,800 --> 02:30:38,300
with lying down in mind. 
Assuming that people would sleep

2890
02:30:38,300 --> 02:30:41,900
sitting up or at least somewhat 
upright supported by pillows and

2891
02:30:41,900 --> 02:30:44,400
bolsters, many medieval beds 
were built. 

2892
02:30:45,100 --> 02:30:47,800
Compared to more recent models, 
the mattresses were frequently 

2893
02:30:47,800 --> 02:30:51,000
fairly firm and the pillows were
smaller and less flexible. 

2894
02:30:51,800 --> 02:30:55,100
Although technically feasible 
lying flat on these early beds, 

2895
02:30:55,100 --> 02:30:57,800
would have been uninviting akin 
to camping on a wooden platform 

2896
02:30:57,800 --> 02:31:01,000
with little padding. 
A key factor in the lying down 

2897
02:31:01,008 --> 02:31:03,700
Revolution was the advancement 
of mattress technology. 

2898
02:31:04,500 --> 02:31:08,500
From basic sax filled with straw
medieval mattresses developed 

2899
02:31:08,500 --> 02:31:12,500
into increasingly complex 
structures made of feathers down

2900
02:31:12,500 --> 02:31:16,800
and even early spring systems. 
A single bed in a wealthy home. 

2901
02:31:16,800 --> 02:31:18,700
May have several layers of 
mattresses on it. 

2902
02:31:18,700 --> 02:31:22,000
Providing a sleeping surface 
that is sufficiently soft to 

2903
02:31:22,000 --> 02:31:25,900
allow for truly comfortable, 
horizontal rest, In reality, the

2904
02:31:25,900 --> 02:31:28,800
term sleep tight refers to the 
practice of tightening the Rope 

2905
02:31:28,800 --> 02:31:31,900
supports beneath mattresses in 
order to maintain the right 

2906
02:31:31,900 --> 02:31:35,300
firmness, imagine having to tune
your bed like a guitar every 

2907
02:31:35,300 --> 02:31:39,000
night before bed. 
The first private sleeping areas

2908
02:31:39,000 --> 02:31:41,700
in history were made possible by
privacy curtains and surrounding

2909
02:31:41,700 --> 02:31:44,800
Beds, which served as more than 
just decorative accents. 

2910
02:31:44,800 --> 02:31:47,900
Couples and families. 
Could finally enjoy the luxury 

2911
02:31:47,900 --> 02:31:51,300
of sleeping in privacy inside 
these curtained beds, free from 

2912
02:31:51,300 --> 02:31:54,700
the prying eyes of guests 
servants and extended family. 

2913
02:31:55,900 --> 02:31:58,800
Because of this privacy people 
could try out various sleeping 

2914
02:31:58,800 --> 02:32:02,500
positions, including the radical
idea of lying down without 

2915
02:32:02,500 --> 02:32:06,000
worrying about being judged by 
others beds, turned into private

2916
02:32:06,000 --> 02:32:08,500
Realms where people could 
disregard the Norms of social 

2917
02:32:08,500 --> 02:32:11,300
conduct. 
The Renaissance introduced fresh

2918
02:32:11,300 --> 02:32:14,800
concepts for Designing bedrooms 
that prioritize, privacy and 

2919
02:32:14,800 --> 02:32:17,000
comfort. 
Instead of serving several 

2920
02:32:17,000 --> 02:32:21,000
purposes bedroom started to be 
designed with sleep in mind and 

2921
02:32:21,000 --> 02:32:23,000
beds took center stage in these 
spaces. 

2922
02:32:23,900 --> 02:32:27,000
With better proportions, 
enhanced support systems and 

2923
02:32:27,000 --> 02:32:29,300
accessories made, especially for
horizontal sleep. 

2924
02:32:29,300 --> 02:32:33,600
Furniture manufacturers created 
specialty bed designs that were 

2925
02:32:33,600 --> 02:32:36,800
optimized for lying down. 
The entire sleeping environment 

2926
02:32:36,800 --> 02:32:40,400
was redesigned around the idea 
of cozy, private rest and 

2927
02:32:40,400 --> 02:32:44,000
pillows, got bigger and softer 
blankets, all got more elegant. 

2928
02:32:44,000 --> 02:32:47,000
The art of making beds was 
turned into a mass production 

2929
02:32:47,000 --> 02:32:48,900
industry during the Industrial 
Revolution. 

2930
02:32:49,800 --> 02:32:52,600
For the first time in history, 
middle class, families could 

2931
02:32:52,600 --> 02:32:55,600
afford comfortable beds. 
Thanks to Springs Metal Frames 

2932
02:32:55,600 --> 02:32:58,200
and standardized sizes, the 
modern bedroom. 

2933
02:32:58,200 --> 02:33:01,000
As you know, it started to take 
shape as what had been luxury 

2934
02:33:01,000 --> 02:33:03,200
items turned into Necessities 
for the home. 

2935
02:33:03,200 --> 02:33:07,000
For the first time people could 
afford bets made specially for 

2936
02:33:07,000 --> 02:33:10,000
sleeping on their backs. 
Complete with cozy surfaces and 

2937
02:33:10,000 --> 02:33:12,700
appropriate support systems to 
your ancestors. 

2938
02:33:12,700 --> 02:33:17,200
Modern mattress technology would
have seemed like magic Beds are 

2939
02:33:17,200 --> 02:33:18,700
now, highly engineered Comfort 
devices. 

2940
02:33:18,700 --> 02:33:22,000
Thanks to Memory Foam, 
temperature control, adjustable 

2941
02:33:22,000 --> 02:33:24,300
firmness, and specialized 
support systems. 

2942
02:33:24,300 --> 02:33:28,000
It's likely that your mattress 
has more technology than whole 

2943
02:33:28,000 --> 02:33:31,100
medieval homes. 
Medieval kings, could never have

2944
02:33:31,100 --> 02:33:33,400
dreamed of the degree of 
personal luxury that comes with 

2945
02:33:33,400 --> 02:33:36,100
being able to alter the 
temperature and firmness of your

2946
02:33:36,100 --> 02:33:39,600
sleeping surface. 
To suit your own tastes your 

2947
02:33:39,600 --> 02:33:42,400
savoring, the result of 
centuries of human Ingenuity in 

2948
02:33:42,400 --> 02:33:44,800
the Quest, for better sleep. 
When you get into your bed 

2949
02:33:44,800 --> 02:33:48,800
tonight with its precisely 
calibrated firmness, climate 

2950
02:33:48,800 --> 02:33:51,600
controlled comfort and private 
Sanctuary atmosphere. 

2951
02:33:52,500 --> 02:33:54,600
Your bedroom is more than just a
place to sleep. 

2952
02:33:55,300 --> 02:33:58,300
It's a private Haven furnished 
with extravagance, is that no 

2953
02:33:58,300 --> 02:34:01,000
king or queen has had access to 
for the majority of human 

2954
02:34:01,000 --> 02:34:04,400
history. 
And now at the conclusion of our

2955
02:34:04,400 --> 02:34:07,000
exploration of the strange 
history of human sleeping 

2956
02:34:07,000 --> 02:34:10,600
positions, you are lying, 
comfortably horizontal and 

2957
02:34:10,600 --> 02:34:12,900
learning about ancestors. 
Who would have viewed, your 

2958
02:34:12,900 --> 02:34:15,700
current position as either 
morally dubious or medically 

2959
02:34:15,700 --> 02:34:18,300
dangerous? 
Isn't that quite a change? 

2960
02:34:18,300 --> 02:34:21,800
The Modern Marvel of sprawling. 
Across a king size mattress 

2961
02:34:21,800 --> 02:34:25,600
without giving a thought to 
humors night, Vapors will 

2962
02:34:25,600 --> 02:34:27,900
spiritual vulnerability as 
replaced. 

2963
02:34:27,900 --> 02:34:31,700
Centuries of sleeping upright. 
When you consider the irony of 

2964
02:34:31,708 --> 02:34:33,900
our current sleeping conditions,
it's delicious. 

2965
02:34:33,900 --> 02:34:37,600
The majority of the issues that 
necessitated upright sleeping 

2966
02:34:37,600 --> 02:34:40,100
have been resolved. 
We have comfortable mattresses, 

2967
02:34:40,100 --> 02:34:42,500
clean are private bedrooms, and 
medical knowledge. 

2968
02:34:42,500 --> 02:34:45,500
That would have amazed medieval 
doctors, but we have also 

2969
02:34:45,500 --> 02:34:49,200
created completely new sleep 
problems while your ancestors 

2970
02:34:49,200 --> 02:34:51,600
were concerned about spiritual 
threats and night Vapors. 

2971
02:34:51,600 --> 02:34:55,200
Your concerned about screen 
time, caffeine consumption, the 

2972
02:34:55,200 --> 02:34:58,100
ideal temperature of your room 
and whether the final episode of

2973
02:34:58,100 --> 02:35:00,300
your favorite show will keep you
up with plot twists. 

2974
02:35:01,300 --> 02:35:03,100
Additionally, we've developed 
sleep issues. 

2975
02:35:03,100 --> 02:35:05,400
That would have completely 
perplexed, medieval people. 

2976
02:35:05,400 --> 02:35:08,400
Millions of people who have 
access to the most comfortable 

2977
02:35:08,400 --> 02:35:11,600
sleeping conditions in history 
suffer from Sleep Disorders, 

2978
02:35:11,600 --> 02:35:15,400
like sleep apnea restless leg 
syndrome and chronic insomnia. 

2979
02:35:16,300 --> 02:35:19,800
The hardware issues of sleep 
such as Furniture, privacy, and 

2980
02:35:19,800 --> 02:35:23,200
safety seem to have been 
resolved, but new software 

2981
02:35:23,200 --> 02:35:26,200
issues relating to stress 
lifestyle, and the fast-paced 

2982
02:35:26,200 --> 02:35:28,200
nature of contemporary life of 
being introduced. 

2983
02:35:28,900 --> 02:35:30,700
You might be lying, awake 
wandering, whether you 

2984
02:35:30,700 --> 02:35:33,500
remembered to set your alarm or 
whether that worky male was 

2985
02:35:33,500 --> 02:35:36,500
important enough to reply to 
right away, just as your 

2986
02:35:36,500 --> 02:35:38,900
ancestors fell asleep from 
physical exhaustion. 

2987
02:35:39,800 --> 02:35:42,100
The economic power of the Sleep 
industry today would have 

2988
02:35:42,108 --> 02:35:44,000
astounded medieval furniture 
makers. 

2989
02:35:44,000 --> 02:35:48,000
We've transformed rest into a 
consumer category with countless

2990
02:35:48,000 --> 02:35:52,400
subcategories including memory 
foam, adjustable bases, sleep 

2991
02:35:52,400 --> 02:35:55,600
tracking devices customized 
pillows for all possible. 

2992
02:35:55,600 --> 02:35:58,300
Needs. 
White Noise, machines blackout 

2993
02:35:58,300 --> 02:36:01,600
curtains, and even apps that 
optimize your sleep cycles. 

2994
02:36:02,500 --> 02:36:05,700
While medieval people only had 
one sleep chair, you now have 

2995
02:36:05,700 --> 02:36:08,600
hundreds of mattress options to 
choose from all of which 

2996
02:36:08,600 --> 02:36:10,500
promised to transform your 
sleeping experience. 

2997
02:36:12,100 --> 02:36:14,900
Some medieval practices have 
been validated by modern sleep 

2998
02:36:14,900 --> 02:36:17,100
science While others have been 
refuted. 

2999
02:36:17,100 --> 02:36:20,500
It turns out that some 
conditions, specially acid 

3000
02:36:20,500 --> 02:36:23,800
reflux, and sleep, apnea can 
benefit from sleeping, a little 

3001
02:36:23,808 --> 02:36:28,100
higher For some people sleeping 
in adjustable beds or recline as

3002
02:36:28,100 --> 02:36:29,900
relieves back pain or breathing 
issues. 

3003
02:36:30,600 --> 02:36:33,400
Your ancestors were not wholly. 
Incorrect about the advantages 

3004
02:36:33,400 --> 02:36:35,900
of sleeping upright. 
They simply lacked The Med 

3005
02:36:35,900 --> 02:36:38,900
medical knowledge to comprehend 
wired, occasionally worked all 

3006
02:36:38,900 --> 02:36:41,400
the Alternatives that would have
made lying down more secure and 

3007
02:36:41,400 --> 02:36:44,900
comfortable intriguingly the 
social dimensions of sleep. 

3008
02:36:44,900 --> 02:36:48,100
Have also resurfaced, even 
though we now have privacy and 

3009
02:36:48,100 --> 02:36:51,300
separate sleeping areas 
loneliness and isolation related

3010
02:36:51,300 --> 02:36:54,400
to sleep, a still problems. 
From many people, communal 

3011
02:36:54,400 --> 02:36:56,900
sleeping Arrangements, 
automatically met the human need

3012
02:36:56,900 --> 02:37:00,000
for comfort and connection 
during sleep, which is reflected

3013
02:37:00,000 --> 02:37:03,600
in costly sleeping with Partners
pets or even weighted blankets. 

3014
02:37:04,600 --> 02:37:07,400
Although we now have more 
control over where we sleep, we 

3015
02:37:07,400 --> 02:37:10,000
occasionally miss the social 
aspects of sharing a bed. 

3016
02:37:10,000 --> 02:37:13,500
While sleeping habits are still 
being altered by technology in 

3017
02:37:13,500 --> 02:37:16,800
ways that medieval observers 
would find Enchanted a level of 

3018
02:37:16,800 --> 02:37:18,200
individualized, sleep 
optimization. 

3019
02:37:18,200 --> 02:37:22,100
Never before seen in human 
history is represented by smart 

3020
02:37:22,100 --> 02:37:25,500
mattresses, that automatically 
change their firmness, sleep 

3021
02:37:25,500 --> 02:37:27,900
tracking devices that keep an 
eye on everything from heart 

3022
02:37:27,900 --> 02:37:30,700
rate to room temperature and 
apps that wake you up during the

3023
02:37:30,700 --> 02:37:34,300
best times to sleep. 
You are interacting with an 

3024
02:37:34,300 --> 02:37:36,600
advanced technological 
ecosystem, that is intended to 

3025
02:37:36,600 --> 02:37:39,800
improve your quality of sleep, 
not just lying down to sleep. 

3026
02:37:39,800 --> 02:37:43,700
Think about the amazing journey 
that led Humanity from, upright 

3027
02:37:43,700 --> 02:37:48,100
communal sleeping to your own 
private, horizontal luxury, as 

3028
02:37:48,100 --> 02:37:51,800
you get ready for bed tonight, 
your private bedroom, your cozy 

3029
02:37:51,800 --> 02:37:54,900
mattress and your freedom, a lie
down, without worrying about 

3030
02:37:54,900 --> 02:37:58,600
dying, or receiving a punishment
from God, or all symbols of 

3031
02:37:58,600 --> 02:38:03,100
centuries of human development, 
invention, and shifting societal

3032
02:38:03,100 --> 02:38:06,100
perceptions of leisure privacy 
and comfort. 

3033
02:38:06,900 --> 02:38:09,600
In fact, one of the most 
revolutionary human behaviors of

3034
02:38:09,600 --> 02:38:13,000
the last Millennium is the 
simple Act of falling asleep. 

3035
02:38:13,000 --> 02:38:16,700
Something you do without 
thinking Your horizontal 

3036
02:38:16,700 --> 02:38:20,500
position, symbolizes freedom, 
from social restraints, freedom 

3037
02:38:20,500 --> 02:38:23,800
from medieval anxieties and 
access to Comforts, that have 

3038
02:38:23,800 --> 02:38:26,000
been Out Of Reach for the 
wealthiest people for the 

3039
02:38:26,008 --> 02:38:30,800
majority of human history 
dreams, sweet dreams, sleeper of

3040
02:38:30,800 --> 02:38:33,900
revolution. 
Your ancestors would undoubtedly

3041
02:38:33,900 --> 02:38:37,300
be impressed by your mattress 
jealous and perhaps a little 

3042
02:38:37,308 --> 02:38:46,700
concerned about your soul. 
Picture yourself settling into 

3043
02:38:46,700 --> 02:38:49,800
your favorite chair with a warm 
cup of tea because we're about 

3044
02:38:49,800 --> 02:38:51,900
to embark on one of the most 
extraordinary. 

3045
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:54,500
Detective stories nature as ever
served up. 

3046
02:38:55,200 --> 02:38:56,600
This isn't your typical who done
it. 

3047
02:38:56,608 --> 02:39:01,200
It's a who was it that took over
5,000 years to solve it All 

3048
02:39:01,200 --> 02:39:04,000
Began on a perfectly ordinary. 
September Day in 1991. 

3049
02:39:04,000 --> 02:39:08,000
When two German hikers, decided 
to take what they thought would 

3050
02:39:08,000 --> 02:39:11,500
be a pleasant stroll through the
uttar Alps between Austria and 

3051
02:39:11,500 --> 02:39:14,500
Italy. 
Helmet and Erica Simon were the 

3052
02:39:14,500 --> 02:39:17,300
kind of people who probably 
packed extra sandwiches and 

3053
02:39:17,300 --> 02:39:20,200
checked the weather forecast 3 
times before leaving home. 

3054
02:39:21,000 --> 02:39:23,500
They certainly weren't expecting
to stumble upon what would 

3055
02:39:23,500 --> 02:39:25,300
become one of the most 
significant archaeological 

3056
02:39:25,300 --> 02:39:29,200
discoveries of the 20th century.
You know how sometimes you're 

3057
02:39:29,200 --> 02:39:31,600
cleaning out, your attic and 
find something unexpected behind

3058
02:39:31,600 --> 02:39:33,900
an old box. 
Well, imagine that. 

3059
02:39:33,900 --> 02:39:37,500
But instead of finding your 
college yearbook, you discover a

3060
02:39:37,500 --> 02:39:41,200
perfectly preserved 5,300 year 
old human being. 

3061
02:39:41,800 --> 02:39:44,400
That's essentially what happened
when the Simon's noticed 

3062
02:39:44,400 --> 02:39:46,500
something odd poking out of the 
melting ice. 

3063
02:39:47,400 --> 02:39:50,000
At first glance, they figured 
they'd found some poor modern 

3064
02:39:50,000 --> 02:39:52,100
hiker, who had gotten lost in a 
blizzard. 

3065
02:39:52,800 --> 02:39:55,700
The Alps after all of their 
share of Adventures. 

3066
02:39:55,700 --> 02:39:58,900
Over the years, that the 
specimen wasn't just any Frozen 

3067
02:39:58,900 --> 02:40:00,800
traveler. 
This was yutzy though. 

3068
02:40:00,800 --> 02:40:03,000
He wouldn't get his catching 
nickname until much later. 

3069
02:40:04,300 --> 02:40:06,500
The Simon's were looking at the 
oldest naturally. 

3070
02:40:06,500 --> 02:40:09,900
Mummified, human ever discovered
in Europe, a man, who'd been 

3071
02:40:09,908 --> 02:40:12,500
flash-frozen in time like the 
world's most incredible 

3072
02:40:12,500 --> 02:40:16,200
historical snapshot, The 
discovery sent ripples through 

3073
02:40:16,200 --> 02:40:19,100
the scientific Community faster 
than gossip at a Small Town 

3074
02:40:19,100 --> 02:40:21,500
Coffee Shop. 
Here was a window in the 

3075
02:40:21,500 --> 02:40:24,500
corporation a time when humans 
were just figuring out that 

3076
02:40:24,500 --> 02:40:27,200
banging rocks together could 
produce more than just noise. 

3077
02:40:27,200 --> 02:40:30,800
Etsy live during a period when 
your biggest life decisions 

3078
02:40:30,800 --> 02:40:33,800
involved whether to hunt 
mammoths, or gather berries and 

3079
02:40:33,800 --> 02:40:36,400
the most advanced technology was
a sharp stick. 

3080
02:40:36,400 --> 02:40:38,000
What made this? 
Fine. 

3081
02:40:38,000 --> 02:40:39,800
So remarkable wasn't just ate 
his age. 

3082
02:40:39,800 --> 02:40:44,200
If 5,300 years is, certainly 
nothing to sneeze at but his 

3083
02:40:44,200 --> 02:40:45,700
incredible state of 
preservation. 

3084
02:40:45,700 --> 02:40:50,100
The High Altitude constant 
freezing temperatures and dry 

3085
02:40:50,100 --> 02:40:51,400
mounted. 
Air had turned him into 

3086
02:40:51,408 --> 02:40:54,900
Nature's, Own Time Capsule, 
While most people from his era, 

3087
02:40:54,900 --> 02:40:58,300
had long since returned to dust.
Etsy looked like he could wake 

3088
02:40:58,300 --> 02:41:00,900
up at any moment and ask for 
directions to the nearest 

3089
02:41:00,900 --> 02:41:03,000
Starbucks. 
The initial recovery was 

3090
02:41:03,000 --> 02:41:05,300
something like a carefully, 
choreographed dance between 

3091
02:41:05,300 --> 02:41:09,600
excitement, and Extreme Caution.
Scientists descended on the site

3092
02:41:09,600 --> 02:41:11,600
like bibliophiles at a rare book
sale. 

3093
02:41:11,600 --> 02:41:13,900
Each one more thrilled than the 
last. 

3094
02:41:14,600 --> 02:41:17,400
They knew they were handling 
something precious, not just 

3095
02:41:17,400 --> 02:41:21,300
scientifically but humanly The 
subject wasn't just a specimen. 

3096
02:41:21,300 --> 02:41:26,000
This was someone's ancestor. 
A person who had lived loved and

3097
02:41:26,000 --> 02:41:28,500
ultimately met his end on a 
Lonely, Mountain Pass. 

3098
02:41:29,300 --> 02:41:32,000
As you drift off to night and 
imagine the moment when 

3099
02:41:32,000 --> 02:41:35,300
researchers first laid eyes on 
his belonging scattered around 

3100
02:41:35,300 --> 02:41:39,500
the ice, his copper axe gleamed 
dully in the Alpine sun while 

3101
02:41:39,500 --> 02:41:42,200
his leather quiver held arrows 
that had been ready for action 

3102
02:41:42,200 --> 02:41:43,900
since before the pyramids were 
built. 

3103
02:41:44,600 --> 02:41:48,200
It was like discovering a Bronze
Age, Swiss army knife complete 

3104
02:41:48,200 --> 02:41:51,400
with everything, a well prepared
traveler might need for a 

3105
02:41:51,400 --> 02:41:54,800
journey through the ancient 
world, the mountains, at his 

3106
02:41:54,800 --> 02:41:58,000
secret for over five Millennia 
waiting patiently for the right 

3107
02:41:58,000 --> 02:42:01,300
moment to reveal their treasure 
and On That September Day. 

3108
02:42:01,300 --> 02:42:05,200
In 1991, they finally decided it
was time to let their ancient 

3109
02:42:05,200 --> 02:42:06,300
Guardian. 
Tell his story. 

3110
02:42:07,200 --> 02:42:09,600
Now that you're comfortable and 
ready to learn more about our 

3111
02:42:09,600 --> 02:42:13,200
icebound friend, let's dive into
what scientists discovered when 

3112
02:42:13,200 --> 02:42:16,700
they began their careful 
examination of utsi think of it 

3113
02:42:16,708 --> 02:42:20,100
as reading the world's oldest 
autobiography written not in 

3114
02:42:20,100 --> 02:42:22,800
words but in skin bones and 
belongings. 

3115
02:42:22,800 --> 02:42:26,300
First things first, let's see 
wasn't exactly what you'd call 

3116
02:42:26,300 --> 02:42:29,300
imposing standing at. 
About five feet, three inches 

3117
02:42:29,300 --> 02:42:31,500
tall, and weighing roughly 110 
pounds. 

3118
02:42:31,500 --> 02:42:34,500
He was built more like a 
marathon runner than a 

3119
02:42:34,500 --> 02:42:37,000
linebacker. 
But don't let his modest stature

3120
02:42:37,000 --> 02:42:40,300
fool you, this was clearly a man
who his way around the 

3121
02:42:40,300 --> 02:42:43,200
mountains. 
His legs were muscles from years

3122
02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:46,900
of climbing, steep terrain and 
his lungs had adapted to the 

3123
02:42:46,900 --> 02:42:50,500
thin air of high altitudes. 
Lucy was essentially the ancient

3124
02:42:50,500 --> 02:42:53,600
world's equivalent of those 
annoyingly fit people who post 

3125
02:42:53,600 --> 02:42:57,500
photos from their weekend hikes 
the scientists examining him 

3126
02:42:57,500 --> 02:43:00,400
were like to detectives with the
ultimate Cold Case, literally 

3127
02:43:01,300 --> 02:43:04,600
Every inch of otsu's, body told 
a story and these researchers 

3128
02:43:04,600 --> 02:43:07,600
were determined to read every 
chapter they discovered. 

3129
02:43:07,600 --> 02:43:09,400
He had brown eyes, and brown 
hair though. 

3130
02:43:09,400 --> 02:43:11,600
The hair was more of a memory. 
By the time he was found. 

3131
02:43:12,600 --> 02:43:14,700
He also sported. 
What Might Have Been Europe's 

3132
02:43:14,700 --> 02:43:18,000
first man by because apparently,
some fashion choices are truly 

3133
02:43:18,000 --> 02:43:20,500
timeless. 
Here's where things get really 

3134
02:43:20,500 --> 02:43:22,700
interesting. 
And slightly uncomfortable. 

3135
02:43:22,700 --> 02:43:25,600
If you happen to be squeamish 
about ancient medical procedures

3136
02:43:26,400 --> 02:43:28,100
Let's see was covered in 
tattoos. 

3137
02:43:28,100 --> 02:43:30,600
Not the kind. 
You might get after a few too 

3138
02:43:30,600 --> 02:43:34,200
many drinks in college but 
deliberate purposeful These 

3139
02:43:34,200 --> 02:43:35,900
markings served a very different
function. 

3140
02:43:35,900 --> 02:43:38,900
These weren't artistic 
expressions or symbols of 

3141
02:43:38,900 --> 02:43:40,800
rebellion, they were 
therapeutic. 

3142
02:43:40,800 --> 02:43:44,400
Tattoos placed precisely over 
areas where you see suffered 

3143
02:43:44,400 --> 02:43:45,700
from arthritis and other 
ailments. 

3144
02:43:45,700 --> 02:43:51,000
Imagine that 5,300 years ago, 
people were already practicing a

3145
02:43:51,000 --> 02:43:53,100
form of acupuncture that 
involved permanent body 

3146
02:43:53,100 --> 02:43:56,700
modification. 
Etsy had 61 of these therapeutic

3147
02:43:56,700 --> 02:44:00,600
tattoos created by making small 
Cuts in his skin and rubbing 

3148
02:44:00,600 --> 02:44:03,900
charcoal in to the wounds. 
It's like ancient pain 

3149
02:44:03,900 --> 02:44:07,400
management with a permanent 
reminder of every ache and pain 

3150
02:44:07,400 --> 02:44:10,700
you've ever had. 
Modern medicine cannot match. 

3151
02:44:10,700 --> 02:44:13,000
The commitment level found in 
corporation Healthcare. 

3152
02:44:13,800 --> 02:44:16,900
The contents of etsy stomach 
read like a prehistoric meal 

3153
02:44:16,900 --> 02:44:18,100
plan. 
That would make modern 

3154
02:44:18,100 --> 02:44:19,800
nutritionist. 
Weep With Envy. 

3155
02:44:20,400 --> 02:44:24,500
His last meal included, Ibex 
meat, Red Deer grains and 

3156
02:44:24,508 --> 02:44:27,500
various plants. 
Basically, he was eating organic

3157
02:44:27,500 --> 02:44:31,000
free range locally sourced food 
long before it became trendy. 

3158
02:44:31,000 --> 02:44:34,200
No processed foods. 
No, artificial preservatives, 

3159
02:44:34,200 --> 02:44:36,700
just pure Mountain to table 
dining. 

3160
02:44:37,900 --> 02:44:39,900
Considering the circumstances of
his death. 

3161
02:44:39,900 --> 02:44:43,100
One could argue that his final 
meal, resembled a Last Supper 

3162
02:44:43,108 --> 02:44:45,700
more than a carefully planned. 
Nutritional Choice. 

3163
02:44:45,700 --> 02:44:49,300
Scientists also discovered that 
utsi wasn't just a random 

3164
02:44:49,300 --> 02:44:51,000
Wanderer who got caught in bad 
weather. 

3165
02:44:51,000 --> 02:44:54,900
The man had serious gear. 
His equipment list reads, like 

3166
02:44:54,900 --> 02:44:58,400
the inventory of a well-prepared
outdoor Enthusiast a copper axe.

3167
02:44:58,400 --> 02:45:01,800
With the you handle a flint 
knife, a bow made of you would 

3168
02:45:01,800 --> 02:45:04,000
aquiver. 
Full of arrows and a fire 

3169
02:45:04,000 --> 02:45:06,100
starting kit complete with 
Tinder fungus. 

3170
02:45:07,100 --> 02:45:10,400
He even had a first aid kit of 
sorts, including what appears to

3171
02:45:10,400 --> 02:45:12,800
be prehistoric. 
Aspirin made from Birch, fungus.

3172
02:45:13,600 --> 02:45:16,100
Perhaps most remarkably otsu was
wearing what can only be 

3173
02:45:16,100 --> 02:45:19,100
described as the ancient world's
most sophisticated Outdoor 

3174
02:45:19,100 --> 02:45:22,000
Clothing system? 
His outfit included, a leather 

3175
02:45:22,000 --> 02:45:26,500
loin cloth leather leggings a 
coat made of woven grass, a bare

3176
02:45:26,500 --> 02:45:29,300
skin cap and waterproof shoes 
stuffed with grass for 

3177
02:45:29,300 --> 02:45:32,800
insulation. 
It was essentially a 5,300 year 

3178
02:45:32,800 --> 02:45:35,900
old version of high-tech 
mountaineering gear, designed by

3179
02:45:35,900 --> 02:45:38,400
someone who understood that 
staying warm and drive was the 

3180
02:45:38,400 --> 02:45:40,500
difference between life and 
death in the mountains. 

3181
02:45:41,900 --> 02:45:44,600
As you settled deeper into your 
evening routine, consider this 

3182
02:45:44,600 --> 02:45:46,700
otsu's. 
Belongings represent some of 

3183
02:45:46,708 --> 02:45:50,500
Humanity's earliest examples of 
specialized tools and clothing 

3184
02:45:50,500 --> 02:45:51,900
designed for extreme 
environments. 

3185
02:45:52,900 --> 02:45:55,700
He wasn't just surviving in the 
mountains, he was thriving, 

3186
02:45:55,700 --> 02:45:59,100
there equipped with everything. 
He needed to navigate one of the

3187
02:45:59,100 --> 02:46:02,400
world's most challenging 
terrains, pull that blanket a 

3188
02:46:02,400 --> 02:46:05,300
little closer because we're 
about to discuss the darker side

3189
02:46:05,308 --> 02:46:09,100
of uzi's story. 
What started as a remarkable 

3190
02:46:09,100 --> 02:46:12,400
tale of preservation became 
something much more Sinister 

3191
02:46:12,400 --> 02:46:16,200
when scientists began to examine
exactly how our mountain man met

3192
02:46:16,200 --> 02:46:17,900
his end. 
For years. 

3193
02:46:17,900 --> 02:46:20,600
Following his Discovery 
researchers believed, he had 

3194
02:46:20,600 --> 02:46:24,000
succumbed to exposure due to a 
sudden storm, it seemed like a 

3195
02:46:24,000 --> 02:46:27,400
reasonable explanation, the 
mountains are unpredictable, and

3196
02:46:27,400 --> 02:46:30,200
even experienced Travelers can 
find themselves in deadly 

3197
02:46:30,200 --> 02:46:32,400
situations, when the weather 
turns nasty. 

3198
02:46:33,500 --> 02:46:36,500
But as technology advanced and 
scientists could examine 

3199
02:46:36,500 --> 02:46:39,500
thoroughly, they discovered 
something that changed. 

3200
02:46:39,500 --> 02:46:43,100
Everything the arrowhead beneath
his left shoulder blade. 

3201
02:46:43,100 --> 02:46:46,300
This wasn't death by 
misadventure, this was murder. 

3202
02:46:47,000 --> 02:46:50,100
Someone had shot at the back 
with an arrow and that shooter 

3203
02:46:50,100 --> 02:46:52,600
done. 
So with deadly Precision, the 

3204
02:46:52,600 --> 02:46:56,100
arrowhead severed a major artery
causing Otzi to bleed to death 

3205
02:46:56,100 --> 02:47:00,200
on that Lonely Mountain Pass. 
Suddenly the find wasn't just an

3206
02:47:00,200 --> 02:47:04,500
archaeological Discovery. 
It was a 5,300 year old homicide

3207
02:47:04,500 --> 02:47:06,900
case. 
The plot thickened when 

3208
02:47:06,900 --> 02:47:10,500
scientists examined up his hands
and found Fresh Cuts on his 

3209
02:47:10,500 --> 02:47:13,500
palms and fingers. 
These weren't old scars from 

3210
02:47:13,500 --> 02:47:16,900
years of mountain living, they 
were recent wounds suggesting 

3211
02:47:16,900 --> 02:47:18,600
that UDS. 
He had been in a fight shortly 

3212
02:47:18,600 --> 02:47:20,800
before his death, someone had 
attacked him. 

3213
02:47:20,800 --> 02:47:23,600
He had fought back and 
ultimately he had lost. 

3214
02:47:23,600 --> 02:47:26,300
The evidence painted. 
A picture of a man who had been 

3215
02:47:26,308 --> 02:47:29,200
running for his life through the
mountains, only to be cornered 

3216
02:47:29,200 --> 02:47:32,500
and killed by his pursuer. 
But who would want to kill Etsy?

3217
02:47:32,500 --> 02:47:36,600
And why at this point, the 
narrative becomes as intricate 

3218
02:47:36,600 --> 02:47:38,300
as a Mist covered Mountain 
Trail. 

3219
02:47:39,100 --> 02:47:42,100
Scientists discovered that sees 
copper axe was remarkably 

3220
02:47:42,100 --> 02:47:44,800
Advanced for its time. 
The kind of tool that would have

3221
02:47:44,800 --> 02:47:47,100
been extremely valuable in the 
copper age. 

3222
02:47:47,100 --> 02:47:50,400
Some researchers theorize that 
Etsy might have been a Trader 

3223
02:47:50,400 --> 02:47:53,200
carrying precious Goods across 
the mountain passes, that 

3224
02:47:53,200 --> 02:47:56,400
connected different communities,
perhaps he was robbed and killed

3225
02:47:56,400 --> 02:47:59,800
for his valuable possessions 
other suggests that she might 

3226
02:47:59,800 --> 02:48:01,400
have been fleeing from tribal 
conflict. 

3227
02:48:01,400 --> 02:48:04,900
The corporate wasn't exactly 
known for its peaceful dispute, 

3228
02:48:04,900 --> 02:48:07,500
resolution methods and 
territorial battles were as 

3229
02:48:07,508 --> 02:48:11,300
common as modern traffic jams. 
Maybe utsu belong to a group 

3230
02:48:11,300 --> 02:48:14,500
that had lost a war and he was 
trying to escape to safety when 

3231
02:48:14,500 --> 02:48:17,500
his enemies caught up with him. 
There's even a theory that don't

3232
02:48:17,500 --> 02:48:19,900
see, might have been some kind 
of Shaman, or spiritual leader, 

3233
02:48:19,900 --> 02:48:23,000
targeted, because of his special
status in society. 

3234
02:48:24,000 --> 02:48:26,600
Those therapeutic tattoos and 
his knowledge of medicinal 

3235
02:48:26,600 --> 02:48:28,200
plants. 
Suggest someone who understood 

3236
02:48:28,200 --> 02:48:30,900
Healing Arts. 
Making him a person of 

3237
02:48:30,900 --> 02:48:32,800
significant importance in his 
community. 

3238
02:48:33,700 --> 02:48:36,400
Political conflicts, often 
caught spiritual leaders in the 

3239
02:48:36,400 --> 02:48:40,300
crossfire in ancient societies. 
The most intriguing aspect of 

3240
02:48:40,300 --> 02:48:41,800
Utz is murder, is what happened 
after? 

3241
02:48:41,800 --> 02:48:45,000
He died, whoever killed him made
no attempt to retrieve the 

3242
02:48:45,000 --> 02:48:47,200
valuable copper Acts or any of 
his other possessions. 

3243
02:48:48,100 --> 02:48:51,200
Suggests either that the killer 
was interrupted or that the 

3244
02:48:51,200 --> 02:48:54,600
murder was not motivated by 
robbery, maybe it was personal, 

3245
02:48:54,600 --> 02:48:57,800
maybe it was Revenge, maybe it 
was just being in the wrong 

3246
02:48:57,800 --> 02:49:00,700
place at the wrong time, 5,300 
years ago. 

3247
02:49:01,800 --> 02:49:04,800
What's particularly haunting is 
how quickly was covered by snow 

3248
02:49:04,800 --> 02:49:07,400
and ice after his death. 
The mounting conditions, 

3249
02:49:07,400 --> 02:49:10,800
essentially freeze dried him 
within hours or days of his 

3250
02:49:10,800 --> 02:49:14,100
shooting preserving him 
perfectly for over 5 Millennia. 

3251
02:49:14,100 --> 02:49:17,200
His killer probably never 
imagined that their victim Would

3252
02:49:17,200 --> 02:49:21,000
One Day become famous studied by
scientists around the world and 

3253
02:49:21,000 --> 02:49:22,900
featured in museums and 
documentaries. 

3254
02:49:24,100 --> 02:49:26,300
The ancient crime scene also 
revealed something else. 

3255
02:49:26,300 --> 02:49:29,300
Intriguing Etsy had been 
positioned carefully after his 

3256
02:49:29,300 --> 02:49:31,900
death. 
His body was found lying on its 

3257
02:49:31,900 --> 02:49:34,800
stomach with his left arm, 
extended almost as if someone 

3258
02:49:34,800 --> 02:49:38,000
had arrived in that way. 
Whether the arranging was done 

3259
02:49:38,000 --> 02:49:41,600
by his killer or by natural 
processes, as he fell remains a 

3260
02:49:41,600 --> 02:49:44,300
mystery that adds another layer 
to an already complex story. 

3261
02:49:45,000 --> 02:49:47,800
As you contemplate, this ancient
mystery from the comfort of your

3262
02:49:47,800 --> 02:49:50,100
modern world. 
Remember that human nature 

3263
02:49:50,100 --> 02:49:51,900
hasn't changed much over the 
Millennia. 

3264
02:49:52,500 --> 02:49:56,200
The same emotions that drive 
conflict, today, greed jealousy,

3265
02:49:56,200 --> 02:49:58,500
fear. 
And revenge were just as 

3266
02:49:58,500 --> 02:50:03,300
powerful 5,300 years ago. 
Otzi's story reminds us that 

3267
02:50:03,300 --> 02:50:05,800
even in the most remote and 
beautiful places on Earth. 

3268
02:50:06,400 --> 02:50:09,100
Human drama has always found a 
way to unfold. 

3269
02:50:10,200 --> 02:50:12,800
Let's take a break from the 
mystery and travel back in time 

3270
02:50:12,800 --> 02:50:15,600
to understand what life was 
actually like during his era. 

3271
02:50:16,700 --> 02:50:19,800
Imagine waking up tomorrow 
morning but instead of reaching 

3272
02:50:19,800 --> 02:50:22,700
for your phone to verify the 
weather you step outside and 

3273
02:50:22,700 --> 02:50:26,100
read the sky, like an open book 
because your life literally 

3274
02:50:26,100 --> 02:50:28,000
depends on getting the Four 
cast, right? 

3275
02:50:29,100 --> 02:50:31,500
Let's see lived during what 
archaeologists call the copper 

3276
02:50:31,500 --> 02:50:32,700
age. 
A time. 

3277
02:50:32,708 --> 02:50:35,000
When humans were just beginning 
to figure out that certain 

3278
02:50:35,000 --> 02:50:39,000
rocks, when heated just write 
could produce shiny malleable 

3279
02:50:39,000 --> 02:50:42,100
metal, It was like the early 
days of any new technology, 

3280
02:50:42,100 --> 02:50:46,200
exciting experimental and 
occasionally explosive. 

3281
02:50:47,300 --> 02:50:49,800
While most people were still 
using stone tools, the copper 

3282
02:50:49,800 --> 02:50:53,400
axe found with yutzy represented
cutting-edge technology. 

3283
02:50:53,400 --> 02:50:56,300
He was essentially carrying 
around the iPhone of his era. 

3284
02:50:56,300 --> 02:50:59,300
If iPhones were made of copper 
and used primarily for chopping 

3285
02:50:59,300 --> 02:51:02,100
wood and defending yourself from
both, wild animals and 

3286
02:51:02,100 --> 02:51:04,600
unfriendly Neighbors. 
The world. 

3287
02:51:04,600 --> 02:51:07,000
Etsy inhabited was 
simultaneously more dangerous 

3288
02:51:07,000 --> 02:51:09,900
and more beautiful than anything
we can easily imagine today. 

3289
02:51:10,800 --> 02:51:13,900
There were no roads, no Maps, no
GPS systems. 

3290
02:51:13,900 --> 02:51:18,100
Just animal Trails Word of Mouth
directions, and an intimate. 

3291
02:51:18,100 --> 02:51:20,900
Knowledge of natural landmarks 
passed down through generations.

3292
02:51:21,900 --> 02:51:25,000
Getting lost was not just 
inconvenient, it could be fatal.

3293
02:51:25,900 --> 02:51:28,900
Yet people like Etsy regularly 
travelled hundreds of miles 

3294
02:51:28,900 --> 02:51:30,900
through some of the most 
challenging terrain on Earth, 

3295
02:51:30,900 --> 02:51:34,600
Guided by nothing more than 
experience Instinct, and 

3296
02:51:34,600 --> 02:51:36,100
probably a healthy dose of 
courage. 

3297
02:51:37,000 --> 02:51:40,100
His community would have been 
small, perhaps no, more than a 

3298
02:51:40,108 --> 02:51:43,000
few dozen people living together
in a settlement that might 

3299
02:51:43,000 --> 02:51:45,100
relocate. 
Seasonally, depending on food, 

3300
02:51:45,100 --> 02:51:46,500
availability and weather 
conditions. 

3301
02:51:46,500 --> 02:51:50,600
Everyone knew everyone else and 
privacy was probably about as 

3302
02:51:50,600 --> 02:51:53,400
rare as a hot shower. 
Your neighbors were just the 

3303
02:51:53,400 --> 02:51:56,100
people next door. 
They were your survival Network,

3304
02:51:56,100 --> 02:52:00,200
Your Entertainment System, your 
medical team, and your security 

3305
02:52:00,200 --> 02:52:01,600
force. 
All rolled in to one 

3306
02:52:01,600 --> 02:52:04,900
occasionally irritating, but 
absolutely essential package 

3307
02:52:04,900 --> 02:52:08,800
food, was whatever you could 
hunt gather grow or trade for 

3308
02:52:08,800 --> 02:52:11,900
and meal planning required 
skills, that would make Modern 

3309
02:52:11,900 --> 02:52:16,500
Survival show, contestants weep.
What is people are domesticated 

3310
02:52:16,500 --> 02:52:20,600
some animals sheep goats and 
cattle but hunting still 

3311
02:52:20,600 --> 02:52:24,100
provided much of their protein. 
They cultivated grains such as 

3312
02:52:24,100 --> 02:52:28,200
Einhorn wheat and barley and 
they collected wild fruits nuts 

3313
02:52:28,200 --> 02:52:30,900
and medicinal plants with the 
depth of knowledge that would 

3314
02:52:30,900 --> 02:52:35,000
embarrass modern botanists, 
every plant had a purpose, every

3315
02:52:35,000 --> 02:52:38,000
season, brought different 
opportunities and nothing edible

3316
02:52:38,000 --> 02:52:41,200
was ever wasted. 
Clothing was entirely handmade 

3317
02:52:41,200 --> 02:52:43,300
from materials. 
You either raise hunted or 

3318
02:52:43,308 --> 02:52:47,100
gathered yourself Bootsy 
sophisticated outfit represented

3319
02:52:47,100 --> 02:52:50,300
countless hours of work by 
skilled craftspeople who 

3320
02:52:50,300 --> 02:52:53,100
understood exactly what was 
needed to survive in harsh 

3321
02:52:53,100 --> 02:52:56,600
Mountain conditions. 
His grass cloak alone would have

3322
02:52:56,600 --> 02:52:58,400
required. 
Specialized knowledge of which 

3323
02:52:58,400 --> 02:53:00,700
grasses provide the best 
insulation and waterproofing. 

3324
02:53:00,700 --> 02:53:04,700
Plus the weaving skills to turn 
raw materials into functional 

3325
02:53:04,700 --> 02:53:06,900
garments. 
It was like wearing a 

3326
02:53:06,900 --> 02:53:10,400
custom-made technical climbing 
suit, excepted took months to 

3327
02:53:10,400 --> 02:53:13,500
create and couldnt be replaced 
with a quick trip to the outdoor

3328
02:53:13,500 --> 02:53:16,300
gear store. 
Medicine was a combination of 

3329
02:53:16,300 --> 02:53:19,400
practical, knowledge, 
plant-based remedies, and what 

3330
02:53:19,400 --> 02:53:22,000
we might charitably call 
experimental procedures. 

3331
02:53:22,000 --> 02:53:25,300
Those therapeutic tattoos 
covering up to his body work, 

3332
02:53:25,300 --> 02:53:29,000
just ancient acupuncture. 
They represented a sophisticated

3333
02:53:29,000 --> 02:53:32,300
understanding of pain management
and the willingness to try 

3334
02:53:32,300 --> 02:53:34,200
permanent body modification as 
treatment. 

3335
02:53:35,200 --> 02:53:37,700
When you're back ached from 
years of carrying heavy loads, 

3336
02:53:37,700 --> 02:53:41,300
over Mountain terrain, you 
didn't pop an ibuprofen, you had

3337
02:53:41,300 --> 02:53:43,900
someone cut patterns into your 
skin and rub charcoal into the 

3338
02:53:43,908 --> 02:53:46,100
wounds. 
Hoping it would provide relief. 

3339
02:53:47,200 --> 02:53:50,100
Spiritual world was as real and 
immediate as the physical one. 

3340
02:53:50,900 --> 02:53:53,800
Stories rituals and 
relationships with Supernatural 

3341
02:53:53,800 --> 02:53:57,400
forces helped us, understand 
natural phenomena that we 

3342
02:53:57,400 --> 02:54:01,100
explained with science mountains
rivers weather patterns and 

3343
02:54:01,100 --> 02:54:04,100
animal behaviors all held 
meaning beyond their practical 

3344
02:54:04,100 --> 02:54:06,700
implications. 
Otzi's journey through the 

3345
02:54:06,700 --> 02:54:08,700
mountains, wasn't just a 
physical Expedition. 

3346
02:54:08,700 --> 02:54:12,200
It was a spiritual Passage 
through a landscape alive with 

3347
02:54:12,200 --> 02:54:14,900
powers and presences that 
demanded respect and careful 

3348
02:54:14,900 --> 02:54:17,700
navigation. 
Perhaps most remarkably people 

3349
02:54:17,700 --> 02:54:21,100
like a possessed a kind of 
environmental literacy that was 

3350
02:54:21,100 --> 02:54:22,500
almost extinct in our modern 
world. 

3351
02:54:22,500 --> 02:54:26,500
They could read animal tracks 
like stories, predict weather 

3352
02:54:26,500 --> 02:54:30,200
changes from subtle shifts in 
wind direction, identify edible 

3353
02:54:30,200 --> 02:54:32,800
and medicinal plants by touch 
and complete darkness. 

3354
02:54:32,800 --> 02:54:36,700
And now navigate vast distances 
using only natural landmarks 

3355
02:54:37,500 --> 02:54:40,700
Their minds were libraries of 
practical knowledge accumulated 

3356
02:54:40,700 --> 02:54:43,700
over lifetimes of careful 
observation and passed down 

3357
02:54:43,700 --> 02:54:45,500
through generations of oral 
tradition. 

3358
02:54:46,600 --> 02:54:49,500
As you rest in your comfortable,
climate controlled environment 

3359
02:54:49,500 --> 02:54:52,500
tonight, consider what, it must 
have been like to live. 

3360
02:54:52,500 --> 02:54:55,800
So, intimately connected to the 
natural world, that your 

3361
02:54:55,800 --> 02:54:58,300
survival depended on 
understanding, its every mood 

3362
02:54:58,300 --> 02:55:01,000
and movement. 
Now, let's dim the lights a bit 

3363
02:55:01,008 --> 02:55:03,200
more and explore. 
How modern science transformed. 

3364
02:55:03,200 --> 02:55:07,000
Etsy from a curious, Discovery 
into a treasure Trove of 

3365
02:55:07,000 --> 02:55:10,300
information about ancient life. 
It's like having a conversation 

3366
02:55:10,300 --> 02:55:14,800
with someone from 5,300 years 
ago, except instead of words, 

3367
02:55:14,800 --> 02:55:19,200
they're speaking through DNA 
Isotopes, and microscopic traces

3368
02:55:19,200 --> 02:55:23,100
of pollen, when scientists began
studying at Sea, they had to 

3369
02:55:23,108 --> 02:55:26,000
invent entirely new ways of 
extracting information from 

3370
02:55:26,000 --> 02:55:28,000
ancient remains without 
destroying them. 

3371
02:55:28,700 --> 02:55:31,300
Imagine trying to read a book 
that so fragile, it might 

3372
02:55:31,300 --> 02:55:32,800
crumble if you look at it too 
hard. 

3373
02:55:32,800 --> 02:55:35,500
But you know, it can contains 
secrets that could rewrite 

3374
02:55:35,500 --> 02:55:38,000
history. 
Every test had to be planned 

3375
02:55:38,000 --> 02:55:41,000
meticulously every sample, 
precious and irreplaceable. 

3376
02:55:42,400 --> 02:55:44,800
The first breakthrough came from
studying the contents of its 

3377
02:55:44,800 --> 02:55:48,600
digestive system, essentially 
giving him a posthumous medical 

3378
02:55:48,600 --> 02:55:51,300
exam that would make even the 
most thorough, Dr. Jealous 

3379
02:55:52,000 --> 02:55:54,600
Scientists could identify 
exactly what he had eaten. 

3380
02:55:54,608 --> 02:55:58,300
And when creating a timeline of 
his final hours that read like a

3381
02:55:58,300 --> 02:56:02,600
prehistoric travel itinerary. 
His last meal of Ibex meat and 

3382
02:56:02,600 --> 02:56:04,600
unleavened bread. 
Told them he had stopped to eat 

3383
02:56:04,600 --> 02:56:08,300
in The Valleys before climbing 
to the past where he died even 

3384
02:56:08,300 --> 02:56:10,600
more remarkably. 
They found hop hornbeam pollen 

3385
02:56:10,600 --> 02:56:13,800
in his stomach which only 
flowers in Spring helping to 

3386
02:56:13,800 --> 02:56:15,500
pinpoint not just where he had 
been. 

3387
02:56:15,500 --> 02:56:19,800
But when he had been there, 
isotope analysis opened up 

3388
02:56:19,800 --> 02:56:22,400
another dimension of detective 
work that would make Sherlock 

3389
02:56:22,400 --> 02:56:25,600
Holmes Green With Envy. 
I studying the ratios of 

3390
02:56:25,600 --> 02:56:29,000
different chemical elements in 
notes his teeth bones and hair. 

3391
02:56:29,000 --> 02:56:32,200
Scientists could map out his 
movements over the years and 

3392
02:56:32,200 --> 02:56:35,600
months before his death like a 
GPS tracking system that worked 

3393
02:56:35,600 --> 02:56:39,000
across millennia They 
discovered, he had spent his 

3394
02:56:39,000 --> 02:56:43,100
childhood in one Valley lived as
an adult in another and a 

3395
02:56:43,100 --> 02:56:44,900
traveled extensively throughout 
the region. 

3396
02:56:45,600 --> 02:56:47,600
His body was essentially a 
chemical passport. 

3397
02:56:47,600 --> 02:56:51,200
Stamped, with the signature of 
every place, he'd lived, and 

3398
02:56:51,200 --> 02:56:54,800
every source of water. 
He had drunk DNA analysis 

3399
02:56:54,800 --> 02:56:57,500
revealed even more personal 
details about our ancient 

3400
02:56:57,500 --> 02:57:00,500
Mountain Man. 
Scientists determined that she 

3401
02:57:00,500 --> 02:57:04,300
had brown eyes and type O blood,
and that he was probably lactose

3402
02:57:04,300 --> 02:57:06,700
intolerant. 
Meaning, he couldn't drink milk 

3403
02:57:06,700 --> 02:57:08,500
with some uncomfortable 
consequences. 

3404
02:57:08,500 --> 02:57:12,300
They also discovered he carried 
genetic markers associated with 

3405
02:57:12,300 --> 02:57:15,500
increased risk of heart disease,
which might explain why his 

3406
02:57:15,500 --> 02:57:18,100
arteries showed signs of 
atherosclerosis despite his 

3407
02:57:18,100 --> 02:57:22,800
active lifestyle. 
Even 5,300 years ago, genetics 

3408
02:57:22,800 --> 02:57:24,300
was playing its role in human 
health. 

3409
02:57:25,000 --> 02:57:27,900
Perhaps most fascinatingly 
researchers were able to extract

3410
02:57:27,900 --> 02:57:30,100
and study bacteria from Otzi 
stomach. 

3411
02:57:30,100 --> 02:57:33,700
Discovering that he carried a 
strain of helicobacter pylori, 

3412
02:57:33,700 --> 02:57:36,400
that's most closely related to 
Asian populations. 

3413
02:57:37,200 --> 02:57:40,100
This tiny detail provided 
evidence for ancient migration 

3414
02:57:40,100 --> 02:57:43,100
patterns and trade connections 
that linked Europe to Asia, 

3415
02:57:43,100 --> 02:57:45,800
thousands of years before the 
Silk Road became famous. 

3416
02:57:46,700 --> 02:57:50,100
At his gut bacteria were telling
a story about human movement and

3417
02:57:50,100 --> 02:57:52,200
cultural exchange that spanned 
continents. 

3418
02:57:53,200 --> 02:57:55,800
The analysis of otsu's clothing 
and Equipment revealed 

3419
02:57:55,800 --> 02:57:59,100
sophisticated technologies that 
challenge assumptions about 

3420
02:57:59,100 --> 02:58:02,300
copper age capabilities. 
His leather was processed. 

3421
02:58:02,300 --> 02:58:05,900
Using complex taning methods, 
his textiles showed Advanced 

3422
02:58:05,900 --> 02:58:09,500
weaving techniques and his tools
demonstrated metalworking skills

3423
02:58:09,500 --> 02:58:12,200
that were more sophisticated 
than previously thought possible

3424
02:58:12,200 --> 02:58:15,500
for the time period. 
Each item represented not just 

3425
02:58:15,500 --> 02:58:18,200
individual craftsmanship, but 
complex Supply chains and 

3426
02:58:18,200 --> 02:58:20,900
specialized knowledge networks 
that connected communities 

3427
02:58:20,900 --> 02:58:25,500
across vast distances. 
CT scan and 3D imaging allowed 

3428
02:58:25,500 --> 02:58:29,000
scientists to examine internal 
structure without causing any 

3429
02:58:29,000 --> 02:58:32,300
damage to his remains. 
They could see healed fractures 

3430
02:58:32,300 --> 02:58:36,000
from old injuries, evidence of 
arthritis, in his joints, and 

3431
02:58:36,000 --> 02:58:37,700
the exact path of the arrow that
killed him. 

3432
02:58:37,700 --> 02:58:40,600
It was like performing an 
autopsy with the most advanced 

3433
02:58:40,600 --> 02:58:43,600
Medical Technology available, 
but on someone who had died 

3434
02:58:43,600 --> 02:58:47,900
before the invention of writing.
The forensic analysis of his 

3435
02:58:47,900 --> 02:58:50,700
murder became increasingly 
sophisticated as technology 

3436
02:58:50,700 --> 02:58:53,300
advanced. 
Scientists could determine the 

3437
02:58:53,300 --> 02:58:56,500
type of bow, used to shoot him 
the direction from which the 

3438
02:58:56,500 --> 02:58:59,600
arrow came, and even estimate, 
how long, he survived after 

3439
02:58:59,600 --> 02:59:02,300
being wounded. 
They found traces of blood from 

3440
02:59:02,300 --> 02:59:04,600
four different people on his 
weapons and clothing. 

3441
02:59:04,600 --> 02:59:08,300
Suggesting that Otzi had been 
involved in multiple conflicts 

3442
02:59:08,300 --> 02:59:11,200
shortly before his death. 
The evidence painted a picture 

3443
02:59:11,208 --> 02:59:14,900
of a man who had fought several 
battles, treated his wounds and 

3444
02:59:14,900 --> 02:59:18,000
then climbed into the mountains,
where he was finally ambushed 

3445
02:59:18,000 --> 02:59:21,300
and killed. 
Most remarkably advances in 

3446
02:59:21,300 --> 02:59:24,000
ancient DNA research have 
allowed scientists to identify 

3447
02:59:24,000 --> 02:59:27,500
living relatives of Etsy. 
Through genetic analysis of 

3448
02:59:27,500 --> 02:59:30,100
modern population. 
In the Alps, they found people 

3449
02:59:30,100 --> 02:59:33,600
who shared genetic markers with 
our 5,300 year old Iceman. 

3450
02:59:34,300 --> 02:59:37,200
It's as if you reached to cross 
five Millennia to tap, someone 

3451
02:59:37,200 --> 02:59:41,300
on the shoulder and say, hey, 
we're family, As you settle in 

3452
02:59:41,300 --> 02:59:43,900
to sleep tonight. 
Consider how this interception 

3453
02:59:43,900 --> 02:59:46,900
of Cutting Edge science and 
ancient mystery has allowed us 

3454
02:59:46,908 --> 02:59:49,600
to know at Sea more intimately 
than we know most people from 

3455
02:59:49,600 --> 02:59:53,100
just a few centuries ago. 
Modern technology has made him 

3456
02:59:53,100 --> 02:59:56,600
more real, more human more 
relatable than any historical. 

3457
02:59:56,600 --> 02:59:59,900
Figure who left behind only 
written records as we near the 

3458
02:59:59,908 --> 03:00:02,300
end of our journey with otsi. 
Let's explore. 

3459
03:00:02,300 --> 03:00:04,900
How this ancient mountain man 
has become one of the most 

3460
03:00:04,900 --> 03:00:08,200
famous people who never lived to
see his celebrity status. 

3461
03:00:09,100 --> 03:00:11,900
From his refrigerated home in an
Italian Museum to his 

3462
03:00:11,900 --> 03:00:15,300
appearances and documentaries 
books and even video games. 

3463
03:00:15,300 --> 03:00:18,800
But he has achieved a kind of 
immortality that would probably 

3464
03:00:18,800 --> 03:00:20,600
bewilder him if he could 
understand it. 

3465
03:00:22,200 --> 03:00:26,100
The South tyrol Museum of 
archeology in Bolzano Italy, has

3466
03:00:26,100 --> 03:00:27,600
become otzi's, permanent 
address. 

3467
03:00:28,600 --> 03:00:31,200
Far Cry from the nomadic 
lifestyle, he wants new. 

3468
03:00:32,100 --> 03:00:35,800
He rests in a specially designed
cold chamber that maintains the 

3469
03:00:35,800 --> 03:00:38,800
exact temperature, and humidity 
conditions needed to preserve 

3470
03:00:38,800 --> 03:00:42,200
his remains essentially living 
in a high-tech version of the 

3471
03:00:42,200 --> 03:00:44,900
glacial conditions that saved 
him for over five millennia. 

3472
03:00:46,000 --> 03:00:49,100
Visitors from around the world 
line up to peer through a small 

3473
03:00:49,100 --> 03:00:52,300
window at this ancient celebrity
making Otzi. 

3474
03:00:52,300 --> 03:00:55,300
Probably the most viewed person 
who died before the invention of

3475
03:00:55,300 --> 03:00:58,200
agriculture. 
Products is influence extends 

3476
03:00:58,200 --> 03:01:01,500
far beyond Museum walls. 
He has revolutionized our 

3477
03:01:01,500 --> 03:01:05,000
understanding of corporate life 
proving that our ancestors were 

3478
03:01:05,000 --> 03:01:08,900
far more sophisticated mobile 
and technologically, advanced 

3479
03:01:08,900 --> 03:01:13,100
than previously, imagined before
oatsie, many archaeologists 

3480
03:01:13,100 --> 03:01:15,900
assumed that people from his era
lived in small isolated 

3481
03:01:15,900 --> 03:01:19,500
communities with limited 
technology and little long 

3482
03:01:19,500 --> 03:01:23,200
distance travel, Etsy shattered 
those assumptions with his 

3483
03:01:23,200 --> 03:01:27,000
Advanced Equipment evidence of 
extensive travel and 

3484
03:01:27,000 --> 03:01:30,800
sophisticated Medical Treatments
his impact on medical research 

3485
03:01:30,800 --> 03:01:34,700
has been particularly profound 
Those therapeutic tattoos of 

3486
03:01:34,700 --> 03:01:37,600
inspired modern studies of the 
relationship between acupuncture

3487
03:01:37,600 --> 03:01:39,800
points and areas of chronic 
pain. 

3488
03:01:40,800 --> 03:01:43,400
Some researchers, believe 
otzi's, tattoos corresponder 

3489
03:01:43,400 --> 03:01:45,000
remarkably. 
Well with traditional Chinese 

3490
03:01:45,000 --> 03:01:48,900
acupuncture Maps suggesting that
ancient healing Traditions might

3491
03:01:48,900 --> 03:01:51,600
have been more widespread and 
sophisticated than previously 

3492
03:01:51,600 --> 03:01:54,100
thought. 
It is as if you was carrying 

3493
03:01:54,100 --> 03:01:57,900
around a 5,300 year old medical 
textbook written on his skin. 

3494
03:01:58,700 --> 03:02:01,200
The forensic techniques 
developed to study at Sea have 

3495
03:02:01,200 --> 03:02:03,400
advanced archaeological methods 
worldwide. 

3496
03:02:03,400 --> 03:02:07,100
The careful non-destructive 
analysis, methods pioneered with

3497
03:02:07,100 --> 03:02:10,300
his remains and now standard 
practice for examining other 

3498
03:02:10,300 --> 03:02:13,700
ancient discoveries. 
Every mummy, every preserved 

3499
03:02:13,700 --> 03:02:16,400
remain and every ancient 
artifact that gets discovered 

3500
03:02:16,400 --> 03:02:18,700
today benefits from the 
scientific techniques. 

3501
03:02:18,700 --> 03:02:22,800
Refined through Decades of utsu 
research, he pioneered an entire

3502
03:02:22,800 --> 03:02:25,600
field of study and his 
contributions to archaeological 

3503
03:02:25,600 --> 03:02:28,000
methodology. 
Continued to yield benefits with

3504
03:02:28,000 --> 03:02:31,500
each new discovery. 
Environmental scientists have 

3505
03:02:31,500 --> 03:02:34,500
used Otzi story to understand 
ancient climate patterns and 

3506
03:02:34,500 --> 03:02:37,700
Glacier Behavior. 
His Discovery site has become a 

3507
03:02:37,700 --> 03:02:40,700
natural laboratory for studying,
how climate change affects 

3508
03:02:40,700 --> 03:02:44,400
Alpine environments, the fact 
that Etsy emerged from the ice 

3509
03:02:44,400 --> 03:02:46,900
in 1991. 
After being hidden for over 5, 

3510
03:02:46,900 --> 03:02:49,800
Millennia tells us something 
significant about warming 

3511
03:02:49,800 --> 03:02:53,700
temperatures and changing 
Glacier patterns strangely sees 

3512
03:02:53,700 --> 03:02:55,200
emergence. 
From the ice serves as a 

3513
03:02:55,200 --> 03:02:58,400
dramatic illustration of 
environmental change making him 

3514
03:02:58,400 --> 03:02:59,900
a spokesman for climate 
awareness. 

3515
03:02:59,900 --> 03:03:03,300
The legal implications of Oats 
is Discovery created. 

3516
03:03:03,300 --> 03:03:06,600
International precedence for 
handling archaeological finds 

3517
03:03:06,600 --> 03:03:09,600
that cross National borders. 
Found on the board of between 

3518
03:03:09,600 --> 03:03:12,600
Austria and Italy at his 
ownership, became a diplomatic 

3519
03:03:12,600 --> 03:03:14,500
issue that required, careful 
negotiation. 

3520
03:03:15,500 --> 03:03:17,500
The resolution that he belongs 
to Italy. 

3521
03:03:17,500 --> 03:03:19,900
But with special Provisions for 
international research, 

3522
03:03:19,900 --> 03:03:23,000
collaboration has become a model
for managing similar, 

3523
03:03:23,000 --> 03:03:25,900
discoveries around the world at 
Sears also, become a cultural 

3524
03:03:25,900 --> 03:03:29,500
icon, inspiring everything from 
novels and documentaries, to 

3525
03:03:29,500 --> 03:03:33,300
Children books, and video games,
National Geographic, specials, 

3526
03:03:33,300 --> 03:03:37,100
BBC, documentaries and numerous 
educational programs, have 

3527
03:03:37,100 --> 03:03:39,400
featured him. 
There's something about his 

3528
03:03:39,400 --> 03:03:40,900
story that captures the 
imagination. 

3529
03:03:41,900 --> 03:03:44,300
Perhaps because he represents 
both our connection to the 

3530
03:03:44,300 --> 03:03:47,500
ancient world and are 
fascination with Mysteries that 

3531
03:03:47,500 --> 03:03:51,300
can be solved through science. 
The ethical questions 

3532
03:03:51,300 --> 03:03:54,400
surrounding oats is display and 
study have sparked important 

3533
03:03:54,400 --> 03:03:56,200
discussions. 
About the treatment of human 

3534
03:03:56,200 --> 03:03:57,900
remains in archaeological 
research. 

3535
03:03:58,600 --> 03:04:01,500
How do we balance scientific 
inquiry with respect for the 

3536
03:04:01,500 --> 03:04:04,100
Dead? 
What rights do ancient people 

3537
03:04:04,100 --> 03:04:07,200
have in our modern world? 
These questions don't have easy 

3538
03:04:07,200 --> 03:04:10,400
answers, but etsy's case has 
helped establish guidelines that

3539
03:04:10,400 --> 03:04:13,200
now influence how archaeologists
approach, similar discoveries 

3540
03:04:13,200 --> 03:04:15,600
worldwide. 
Perhaps most significantly. 

3541
03:04:15,600 --> 03:04:19,100
Etsy has made the ancient world 
feel accessible and human in 

3542
03:04:19,100 --> 03:04:22,800
ways that Pottery shards and 
stone tools never could Through 

3543
03:04:22,800 --> 03:04:26,800
him, we can imagine what it felt
like to live 5,300 years ago. 

3544
03:04:26,800 --> 03:04:30,600
The daily challenges the 
sophisticated knowledge required

3545
03:04:30,600 --> 03:04:33,800
for survival, the dangers of 
travel and the ever-present 

3546
03:04:33,800 --> 03:04:37,600
reality that life could end 
suddenly and violently, he's not

3547
03:04:37,600 --> 03:04:40,400
just a specimen. 
He is a person whose story 

3548
03:04:40,400 --> 03:04:43,900
resonates across the Millennia 
educational programs around the 

3549
03:04:43,908 --> 03:04:45,700
world. 
Use otsu's, story to teach 

3550
03:04:45,700 --> 03:04:48,800
everything from ancient history 
to Modern forensic science. 

3551
03:04:49,700 --> 03:04:52,400
Students who might perceive 
archeology dry and Dusty 

3552
03:04:52,400 --> 03:04:55,600
suddenly becoming engaged when 
they learn about the man who 

3553
03:04:55,600 --> 03:04:59,500
emerge from the ice with a full 
complement of gear and a mystery

3554
03:04:59,500 --> 03:05:01,100
that scientists are still 
solving. 

3555
03:05:01,900 --> 03:05:04,400
He's become the ultimate 
teaching tool for demonstrating 

3556
03:05:04,400 --> 03:05:09,000
how much we can learn from 
careful, scientific analysis, as

3557
03:05:09,000 --> 03:05:12,500
you prepare for Sleep, consider,
how utsi has bridged the vast 

3558
03:05:12,500 --> 03:05:15,600
gap between the ancient and 
modern worlds, making the 

3559
03:05:15,600 --> 03:05:19,100
distant past, feel immediate and
personal in ways that few 

3560
03:05:19,100 --> 03:05:23,200
archaeological discoveries ever 
achieve as our evening Journey 

3561
03:05:23,200 --> 03:05:24,700
with us. 
He draws to a close. 

3562
03:05:24,700 --> 03:05:27,800
Let's settle in for some final 
Reflections on what his 

3563
03:05:27,800 --> 03:05:29,600
remarkable story means for us 
today. 

3564
03:05:29,600 --> 03:05:33,400
And how this ancient Mountain 
Man continues to whisper secrets

3565
03:05:33,400 --> 03:05:36,200
about human nature across the 
vast expanse of time. 

3566
03:05:37,100 --> 03:05:40,300
There's something profoundly 
moving about sister's story. 

3567
03:05:40,300 --> 03:05:43,200
The goes beyond the scientific 
discoveries and forensic 

3568
03:05:43,200 --> 03:05:46,400
Mysteries. 
This man lived and died in a 

3569
03:05:46,400 --> 03:05:48,500
world. 
So different from ours that it 

3570
03:05:48,500 --> 03:05:50,500
might as well have been another 
planet yet. 

3571
03:05:50,500 --> 03:05:53,200
His remains show that the 
fundamental experience of being 

3572
03:05:53,200 --> 03:05:55,100
human have not changed as much 
as we think. 

3573
03:05:56,200 --> 03:05:59,300
He felt pain and sought relief 
through those therapeutic 

3574
03:05:59,300 --> 03:06:01,800
tattoos. 
He prepared carefully for 

3575
03:06:01,800 --> 03:06:05,100
Dangerous Journeys, carrying 
everything, he might need to 

3576
03:06:05,100 --> 03:06:08,000
survive, he faced violence and 
fought back. 

3577
03:06:08,000 --> 03:06:11,300
He died far from home alone on a
mountain pass. 

3578
03:06:11,300 --> 03:06:14,100
But his story would have 
eventually reach millions of 

3579
03:06:14,100 --> 03:06:17,000
people who had come to know him 
more intimately than they know 

3580
03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:20,600
most of their contemporaries. 
The mountains that preserved at 

3581
03:06:20,600 --> 03:06:23,300
sea for over 5 million serve as 
a poignant metaphor for the 

3582
03:06:23,300 --> 03:06:26,600
relationship between human 
ambition and natural forces. 

3583
03:06:26,600 --> 03:06:29,900
He was traveling through some of
the most spectacular and 

3584
03:06:29,900 --> 03:06:32,700
dangerous terrain on Earth armed
with nothing more than copper 

3585
03:06:32,700 --> 03:06:36,200
aged technology and accumulated 
wisdom about survival and 

3586
03:06:36,200 --> 03:06:39,200
extreme conditions. 
The same mountains that killed 

3587
03:06:39,200 --> 03:06:41,700
him also saved his story for 
posterity. 

3588
03:06:41,700 --> 03:06:45,400
Turning him into an accidental 
time traveler, who could teach 

3589
03:06:45,400 --> 03:06:49,300
us about both ancient life and 
our own human nature modern 

3590
03:06:49,300 --> 03:06:52,400
visitors to the UT style, Alps, 
often follow hiking routes that 

3591
03:06:52,400 --> 03:06:54,100
pass near where otsu was 
discovered. 

3592
03:06:54,100 --> 03:06:58,400
They Carried GPS devices, where 
high tech clothing and have 

3593
03:06:58,400 --> 03:07:00,200
emergency Rescue Services 
available. 

3594
03:07:00,200 --> 03:07:03,300
If things go wrong yet their 
essentially doing the same thing

3595
03:07:03,300 --> 03:07:07,600
otsu was doing 5,300 years ago 
challenging themselves against 

3596
03:07:07,600 --> 03:07:11,100
the mountains seeking adventure 
and perhaps seeking some deeper 

3597
03:07:11,100 --> 03:07:14,500
connection with the natural 
world, the technology changes, 

3598
03:07:14,500 --> 03:07:17,700
but the human impulse to explore
and test ourselves remains 

3599
03:07:17,700 --> 03:07:22,700
constant Scientists continue to 
study new, discoveries emerge 

3600
03:07:22,700 --> 03:07:24,500
regularly, as technology 
advances. 

3601
03:07:24,500 --> 03:07:28,800
Each new discovery in riches, 
his story and contributes to the

3602
03:07:28,800 --> 03:07:32,500
understanding of ancient life. 
Recent research has revealed 

3603
03:07:32,500 --> 03:07:35,200
more about his diet, his 
travels, his health, and even 

3604
03:07:35,200 --> 03:07:38,800
his family relationships. 
It's as if we're slowly getting 

3605
03:07:38,800 --> 03:07:42,500
to know him better year by year 
building, a relationship with 

3606
03:07:42,500 --> 03:07:45,700
someone who died 53 centuries 
ago, but whose story grows more 

3607
03:07:45,700 --> 03:07:47,200
complete with each passing 
season. 

3608
03:07:47,200 --> 03:07:51,100
The mystery of etsy's murder may
never be completely solved. 

3609
03:07:52,000 --> 03:07:54,800
That's fitting. 
Some questions are more powerful

3610
03:07:54,800 --> 03:07:57,600
than their answers and the 
uncertainty surrounding his 

3611
03:07:57,600 --> 03:08:00,900
death, allows us to project our 
understanding of human nature 

3612
03:08:00,900 --> 03:08:03,800
onto his story. 
Was he a victim of random 

3613
03:08:03,800 --> 03:08:06,200
violence? 
A casualty of Ancient Warfare 

3614
03:08:06,200 --> 03:08:08,600
while the target of a personal 
Vendetta? 

3615
03:08:09,700 --> 03:08:11,900
Which possibility reveals 
something different about how we

3616
03:08:11,900 --> 03:08:15,400
understand conflict survival and
the challenges of life in harsh 

3617
03:08:15,400 --> 03:08:18,000
environments. 
What remains constant is 

3618
03:08:18,000 --> 03:08:21,800
Humanity through all the 
scientific analysis and for 

3619
03:08:21,800 --> 03:08:23,600
entering investigation what 
emerges? 

3620
03:08:23,600 --> 03:08:26,900
Most clearly is the portrait of 
a real person who face real 

3621
03:08:26,900 --> 03:08:30,600
challenges with intelligence 
preparation and courage. his 

3622
03:08:30,600 --> 03:08:32,900
meticulous attention to 
equipment and clothing 

3623
03:08:32,900 --> 03:08:35,900
demonstrate to person, who 
understands the importance of 

3624
03:08:35,900 --> 03:08:40,400
details when survival hinges on 
preparation, His willingness to 

3625
03:08:40,400 --> 03:08:43,000
travel through dangerous 
terrains, suggest see the 

3626
03:08:43,000 --> 03:08:46,000
necessity or Adventure seeking, 
that would be familiar to anyone

3627
03:08:46,000 --> 03:08:47,900
who's ever taken a calculated 
risk. 

3628
03:08:47,900 --> 03:08:51,500
His evidence of past injuries 
and ongoing health problems, 

3629
03:08:51,500 --> 03:08:54,900
reveal someone who persevered 
through pain and physical 

3630
03:08:54,900 --> 03:08:58,700
challenges The therapeutic 
tattoos covering his body to 

3631
03:08:58,700 --> 03:09:00,300
help perhaps the most human 
story of all. 

3632
03:09:01,000 --> 03:09:03,600
The Eternal Quest to obtain 
relief from chronic pain and 

3633
03:09:03,600 --> 03:09:06,900
discomfort. 
In our modern world of advanced 

3634
03:09:06,900 --> 03:09:08,500
Pharmaceuticals and medical 
procedures. 

3635
03:09:08,500 --> 03:09:11,100
We sometimes. 
Forget that humans have always 

3636
03:09:11,100 --> 03:09:13,700
sought ways to be suffering and 
improve quality of life. 

3637
03:09:14,500 --> 03:09:18,300
At Seas tattoos represent a kind
of ancient hope the belief that 

3638
03:09:18,300 --> 03:09:20,800
marking and treating the body 
could provide relief from the 

3639
03:09:20,800 --> 03:09:23,100
aches and pains of a physically 
demanding life. 

3640
03:09:23,900 --> 03:09:27,100
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight, imagine not see on his 

3641
03:09:27,100 --> 03:09:28,700
final journey through the 
mountains. 

3642
03:09:28,700 --> 03:09:32,900
Carrying his carefully crafted 
tools and wearing his precisely 

3643
03:09:32,900 --> 03:09:36,200
designed clothing unaware that 
he was about to become one of 

3644
03:09:36,208 --> 03:09:38,100
the most famous people in human 
history. 

3645
03:09:39,000 --> 03:09:42,800
Picture him pausing to rest in 
the high Alpine Meadows, perhaps

3646
03:09:42,800 --> 03:09:45,700
sharing a meal with fellow 
Travelers, maybe gazing at the 

3647
03:09:45,700 --> 03:09:49,700
same stars that shine down on us
today, even with the most 

3648
03:09:49,700 --> 03:09:53,000
advanced technology, we can't 
fully understand the Mysteries 

3649
03:09:53,000 --> 03:09:55,200
and complexity of every human 
life. 

3650
03:09:55,900 --> 03:09:59,300
As his story reminds us. 
We know more about etsy's, daily

3651
03:09:59,300 --> 03:10:03,500
life, his health, his diet and 
his movements than we know about

3652
03:10:03,500 --> 03:10:05,500
most people who lived just a few
hundred years ago. 

3653
03:10:06,300 --> 03:10:08,300
Yet the essential mystery of who
he was. 

3654
03:10:09,300 --> 03:10:13,100
Thoughts, his dreams his fears, 
his hopes. 

3655
03:10:13,800 --> 03:10:17,000
Remains as unknowable as ever. 
In the end. 

3656
03:10:17,000 --> 03:10:19,900
What's his greatest gift to us? 
Might not be the scientific 

3657
03:10:19,900 --> 03:10:21,600
knowledge. 
He's provided or the 

3658
03:10:21,608 --> 03:10:25,400
archaeological methods is study.
Has advanced, it might simply be

3659
03:10:25,400 --> 03:10:29,000
the reminder that human stories 
matter that individual lives 

3660
03:10:29,000 --> 03:10:30,900
have meaning that can Echo 
across Millennia. 

3661
03:10:30,900 --> 03:10:33,900
And that sometimes the most 
profound discoveries come from 

3662
03:10:33,900 --> 03:10:37,700
the most unexpected places. 
A chance encounter with melting 

3663
03:10:37,700 --> 03:10:40,500
ice revealed, a man, whose story
would Captivate the world 

3664
03:10:40,500 --> 03:10:43,900
proving that history isn't just 
about Kings and battles and 

3665
03:10:43,900 --> 03:10:46,600
monuments. 
It's about real people facing 

3666
03:10:46,600 --> 03:10:49,300
real challenges with whatever 
tools and wisdom they could 

3667
03:10:49,300 --> 03:10:52,300
gather Sleep. 
Well knowing that somewhere in 

3668
03:10:52,300 --> 03:10:55,400
the Italian Alps would see rests
in his climate, controlled 

3669
03:10:55,400 --> 03:10:58,300
chamber still guarding secrets. 
We haven't yet learned to ask 

3670
03:10:58,300 --> 03:11:01,900
about still teaching us what it 
means to be human in a world. 

3671
03:11:01,908 --> 03:11:03,300
That is both dangerous and 
beautiful. 

3672
03:11:03,300 --> 03:11:06,600
Still wandering the mountains in
our imagination, as surely as he

3673
03:11:06,608 --> 03:11:11,500
wants, wandered them in life. 
Picture. 

3674
03:11:11,500 --> 03:11:14,900
This, you're living in ancient 
Rome around 58d. 

3675
03:11:14,900 --> 03:11:17,800
You've got your Toga pressed. 
Your sandals polished and you 

3676
03:11:17,800 --> 03:11:20,800
think life is Good. 
Then you discover your spouse 

3677
03:11:20,800 --> 03:11:23,900
has been spending that afternoon
with someone else and suddenly 

3678
03:11:23,900 --> 03:11:26,400
you're carefully. 
Ordered World feels about a 

3679
03:11:26,400 --> 03:11:28,000
stable as a house of cards in a 
windstorm. 

3680
03:11:29,000 --> 03:11:32,300
Now, if you are just any regular
Roman citizen, you might have 

3681
03:11:32,300 --> 03:11:33,800
done what most people did back 
then. 

3682
03:11:33,800 --> 03:11:37,600
Maybe thrown some pottery 
started, a public shouting match

3683
03:11:37,600 --> 03:11:40,500
or plotted, some elaborate 
Revenge involving questionable 

3684
03:11:40,500 --> 03:11:43,900
Seafood left in strategic 
locations, but you're different.

3685
03:11:43,900 --> 03:11:47,000
You've been studying this new 
philosophy called stoicism. 

3686
03:11:47,000 --> 03:11:50,200
You're about to find out whether
all those hours spent reading 

3687
03:11:50,200 --> 03:11:55,000
Epictetus were worth it. 
Proposed the radical notion that

3688
03:11:55,000 --> 03:11:58,300
you could master your reaction, 
to betrayal, the Betrayal itself

3689
03:11:58,300 --> 03:12:01,100
had already occurred likely, 
while you were occupied with 

3690
03:12:01,100 --> 03:12:04,600
rearranging your collection of 
Scrolls, but your reaction that 

3691
03:12:04,600 --> 03:12:07,000
was entirely up to you. 
And the issue wasn't just 

3692
03:12:07,000 --> 03:12:10,300
theoretical philosophy class not
since these were practical 

3693
03:12:10,300 --> 03:12:11,900
people. 
Dealing, with real problems, 

3694
03:12:11,900 --> 03:12:16,200
just like you are right now, 
thousands of years later Marcus 

3695
03:12:16,200 --> 03:12:18,300
Aurelius, who spent his days, 
running an Empire. 

3696
03:12:18,300 --> 03:12:21,200
And his Knights writing, what 
essentially amounted to diary 

3697
03:12:21,200 --> 03:12:23,100
entries about not losing his 
mind. 

3698
03:12:23,100 --> 03:12:27,400
Understood the circumstances 
better than most that people 

3699
03:12:27,400 --> 03:12:29,800
would do what they wanted. 
No matter what you wanted or 

3700
03:12:29,800 --> 03:12:33,500
expected, your spouse choosing 
to be unfaithful wasn't really 

3701
03:12:33,500 --> 03:12:36,700
about you controling them. 
It was about you controling, you

3702
03:12:37,600 --> 03:12:40,800
Taking a deep breath and asking 
yourself a simple question. 

3703
03:12:41,500 --> 03:12:43,500
What exactly can you control in 
this situation? 

3704
03:12:43,500 --> 03:12:46,100
Is the first thing, a stoic 
would advise. 

3705
03:12:46,100 --> 03:12:48,800
You can't control what your 
partner did yesterday. 

3706
03:12:48,800 --> 03:12:51,400
You can't control whether 
they'll do it again. 

3707
03:12:51,400 --> 03:12:54,600
You cannot influence the actions
of your partner from yesterday. 

3708
03:12:54,600 --> 03:12:57,500
Nor can you determine if they 
will repeat those actions? 

3709
03:12:57,500 --> 03:13:00,600
Additionally, you have no 
control over whether the 

3710
03:13:00,600 --> 03:13:02,200
individual with whom they were 
Unfaithful. 

3711
03:13:02,200 --> 03:13:04,600
Possesses more appealing hair 
than you. 

3712
03:13:05,400 --> 03:13:08,600
However, you do have the power 
to decide how you will think 

3713
03:13:08,600 --> 03:13:12,400
about the situation, how you 
will respond and what actions 

3714
03:13:12,400 --> 03:13:15,800
you will take moving forward. 
This may seem almost overly 

3715
03:13:15,800 --> 03:13:19,100
simplistic but the stoics held a
strong belief, in the value of 

3716
03:13:19,108 --> 03:13:22,200
straightforward truths, but you 
can control your thoughts 

3717
03:13:22,200 --> 03:13:26,100
reactions. 
And next steps These principles 

3718
03:13:26,100 --> 03:13:29,500
might sound almost ridiculously 
simple, but the stoics were big 

3719
03:13:29,500 --> 03:13:32,600
Believers in simple truths. 
They figured that most of human 

3720
03:13:32,600 --> 03:13:34,800
suffering came from trying to 
control things that were 

3721
03:13:34,800 --> 03:13:36,500
completely outside our 
influence. 

3722
03:13:36,500 --> 03:13:39,300
While ignoring the things that 
were actually within our power, 

3723
03:13:39,300 --> 03:13:41,800
it's like spending all your 
energy, trying to change the 

3724
03:13:41,800 --> 03:13:44,800
weather while for getting to 
grab an umbrella, Seneca. 

3725
03:13:44,800 --> 03:13:47,700
Another famous stoic who had 
plenty of experience with life's

3726
03:13:47,700 --> 03:13:50,200
unexpected. 
Curveballs would probably remind

3727
03:13:50,200 --> 03:13:53,000
you that betrayal hurts, 
precisely because we had 

3728
03:13:53,000 --> 03:13:55,200
expectations about how other 
people should behave. 

3729
03:13:56,200 --> 03:13:58,700
Create these elaborate mental 
contracts with the people in our

3730
03:13:58,700 --> 03:14:03,200
lives unspoken agreements about 
loyalty honesty and not sneaking

3731
03:14:03,200 --> 03:14:06,200
around behind our backs. 
When someone breaks that 

3732
03:14:06,200 --> 03:14:09,900
contract, we feel violated not 
just by their actions but also 

3733
03:14:09,900 --> 03:14:12,500
by the shattering of our 
assumptions about how the world 

3734
03:14:12,500 --> 03:14:14,800
should work. 
But here's where it gets 

3735
03:14:14,800 --> 03:14:18,000
interesting. 
The stoics would suggest that 

3736
03:14:18,000 --> 03:14:20,400
those expectations were the real
problem all along. 

3737
03:14:21,100 --> 03:14:23,800
It's not that your desire for 
faithfulness and honesty was 

3738
03:14:23,800 --> 03:14:25,800
incorrect. 
Those are entirely valid 

3739
03:14:25,800 --> 03:14:30,100
desires, rather, it's because 
you mistakenly believe that your

3740
03:14:30,100 --> 03:14:32,800
strong desire for faithfulness 
and honesty could ensure their 

3741
03:14:32,808 --> 03:14:35,900
fulfillment. 
So there you are standing in 

3742
03:14:35,900 --> 03:14:39,400
your Roman villa or your modern 
apartment holding the pieces of 

3743
03:14:39,400 --> 03:14:42,800
what you thought was your life. 
And some ancient philosopher is 

3744
03:14:42,800 --> 03:14:45,600
essentially telling you that 
this moment, this exact moment 

3745
03:14:45,600 --> 03:14:48,100
of discovering betrayal is 
actually an opportunity. 

3746
03:14:48,100 --> 03:14:52,300
An opportunity to practice the 
most important skill, any human 

3747
03:14:52,300 --> 03:14:55,700
can develop the ability to 
respond rather than simply 

3748
03:14:55,700 --> 03:14:57,800
react. 
You know what's amusing about 

3749
03:14:57,800 --> 03:15:00,300
finding out you've been cheated 
on your brain. 

3750
03:15:00,300 --> 03:15:03,700
Immediately starts working 
overtime, like a detective who's

3751
03:15:03,700 --> 03:15:06,700
had way too much coffee and has 
convinced there about to crack 

3752
03:15:06,700 --> 03:15:09,500
the case of the century. 
You start remembering every 

3753
03:15:09,500 --> 03:15:12,500
little detail how they seem to 
distracted last Tuesday. 

3754
03:15:12,500 --> 03:15:16,500
Why they suddenly needed to work
late on Fridays and what that 

3755
03:15:16,500 --> 03:15:19,700
weird smile meant when they 
looked at their phone, your mind

3756
03:15:19,700 --> 03:15:22,200
becomes this Relentless 
investigation machine. 

3757
03:15:22,200 --> 03:15:25,900
And honestly, it's exhausting 
the ancient stoics would have 

3758
03:15:25,900 --> 03:15:28,000
recognized this mental spiral 
immediately. 

3759
03:15:28,900 --> 03:15:31,600
The ancient stoics referred to 
this mental Spire as getting 

3760
03:15:31,600 --> 03:15:34,600
carried away by your initial 
Impressions, and they offered 

3761
03:15:34,600 --> 03:15:37,200
some surprisingly practical, 
advice for addressing it. 

3762
03:15:38,000 --> 03:15:39,800
Epic Titus. 
Who understood a thing? 

3763
03:15:39,800 --> 03:15:40,800
Or two about life? 
Not going. 

3764
03:15:40,800 --> 03:15:44,700
According to plan, would suggest
starting by separating facts. 

3765
03:15:44,700 --> 03:15:47,000
From the stories, you tell 
yourself about those facts. 

3766
03:15:47,000 --> 03:15:51,000
Here's what he meant. 
The fact is that your partner 

3767
03:15:51,000 --> 03:15:54,600
was unfaithful, that's it. 
That's the actual event that 

3768
03:15:54,600 --> 03:15:57,700
happened in the world. 
But then your mind starts adding

3769
03:15:57,700 --> 03:16:00,900
layers to this fact. 
Stories about what it means 

3770
03:16:00,900 --> 03:16:03,800
about. 
You about your worth about your 

3771
03:16:03,800 --> 03:16:06,800
future about whether you're 
attractive enough or interesting

3772
03:16:06,800 --> 03:16:09,100
enough or whether you should 
have seen it coming. 

3773
03:16:09,800 --> 03:16:13,100
What do all those additions 
mean, those aren't facts. 

3774
03:16:13,100 --> 03:16:16,800
These are interpretations and 
interpretations are something 

3775
03:16:16,800 --> 03:16:19,000
you can effectively work with 
this. 

3776
03:16:19,000 --> 03:16:21,100
Does not imply. 
That one should disregard the 

3777
03:16:21,100 --> 03:16:23,900
pain or minimize the 
significance of the trail. 

3778
03:16:23,900 --> 03:16:27,600
The stoics weren't advocating 
for becoming emotionally numb. 

3779
03:16:27,600 --> 03:16:29,400
They will wait to smart for 
that. 

3780
03:16:30,200 --> 03:16:33,200
They understood that pain is a 
natural human response to loss 

3781
03:16:33,200 --> 03:16:35,600
and disappointment. 
But they all understood the 

3782
03:16:35,600 --> 03:16:38,900
difference between pain and 
suffering pain is what happens 

3783
03:16:38,900 --> 03:16:40,800
when something undesirable 
occurs. 

3784
03:16:41,600 --> 03:16:44,800
Suffering occurs, when you take 
that pain and amplify it with 

3785
03:16:44,800 --> 03:16:47,800
narrative about how terrible 
everything is, how things will 

3786
03:16:47,800 --> 03:16:51,300
never improve and how this 
validates all your deepest fears

3787
03:16:51,300 --> 03:16:53,900
about yourself. 
Mark Serena Williams used to 

3788
03:16:53,908 --> 03:16:56,000
write himself little reminders 
about this distinction. 

3789
03:16:57,000 --> 03:16:59,400
He'd note that when something 
unpleasant happened, he had 

3790
03:16:59,400 --> 03:17:03,100
Choice, he could experience it 
as just, that one unpleasant 

3791
03:17:03,100 --> 03:17:04,600
thing. 
Well, he could let it 

3792
03:17:04,600 --> 03:17:06,500
contaminate everything else in 
his life. 

3793
03:17:07,200 --> 03:17:09,300
Getting cheated on could be one 
of the worst things that 

3794
03:17:09,300 --> 03:17:12,800
happened or it could prove that 
love is impossible that you're 

3795
03:17:12,800 --> 03:17:15,800
unlovable that you can't trust 
anyone and that you should just 

3796
03:17:15,800 --> 03:17:18,300
get 17 cats and give up on human
relationships. 

3797
03:17:19,600 --> 03:17:21,600
Stoics were all. 
So, surprisingly practical about

3798
03:17:21,600 --> 03:17:24,100
the whole others are going to do
what other people do. 

3799
03:17:24,100 --> 03:17:26,700
Think they weren't naive about 
human nature. 

3800
03:17:26,700 --> 03:17:30,600
Seneca, who lived through some 
pretty dramatic, political times

3801
03:17:30,600 --> 03:17:33,900
and saw plenty of betrayal up, 
close, wrote extensively about 

3802
03:17:33,900 --> 03:17:37,800
how people often act out of 
their pain, confusion or 

3803
03:17:37,800 --> 03:17:41,100
weakness rather than out of some
calculated desire to hurt you 

3804
03:17:41,100 --> 03:17:43,800
specifically. 
This view doesn't lessen the 

3805
03:17:43,800 --> 03:17:47,100
pain or Justify the Betrayal, 
but it does take you out of the 

3806
03:17:47,100 --> 03:17:48,900
center of someone else's bad 
choices. 

3807
03:17:48,900 --> 03:17:51,800
Maybe your partner cheated, 
because they're going through 

3808
03:17:51,800 --> 03:17:54,900
something, you don't understand,
maybe they cheated, because they

3809
03:17:54,900 --> 03:17:56,800
never learned healthy ways to 
resolve problems in 

3810
03:17:56,800 --> 03:17:59,300
relationships. 
Maybe they cheated because their

3811
03:17:59,300 --> 03:18:02,900
fundamentally selfish or scared 
or they just make really poor 

3812
03:18:02,900 --> 03:18:04,100
choices when they're feeling 
overwhelmed. 

3813
03:18:05,200 --> 03:18:08,700
These reasons don't justify the 
Betrayal but they do lessen its 

3814
03:18:08,700 --> 03:18:12,700
impact on your humanity and that
is vital, as infidelity can make

3815
03:18:12,700 --> 03:18:14,400
you doubt everything about 
yourself. 

3816
03:18:15,500 --> 03:18:17,700
The stoics would remind you that
someone else's. 

3817
03:18:17,700 --> 03:18:20,800
Poor choices are information 
about them, not about you. 

3818
03:18:21,800 --> 03:18:25,100
The really revolutionary part of
stoic thinking is how they 

3819
03:18:25,100 --> 03:18:28,700
approach the whole question of 
what you deserve from other 

3820
03:18:28,700 --> 03:18:31,000
people. 
Most of us operate with the 

3821
03:18:31,000 --> 03:18:34,800
underlying assumption that if 
we're good partners loyal loving

3822
03:18:34,800 --> 03:18:38,000
and supportive, then we've 
somehow earned the right to be 

3823
03:18:38,008 --> 03:18:41,100
treated the same way in return. 
The universe owes us 

3824
03:18:41,100 --> 03:18:44,600
faithfulness because we've been 
faithful But the stoics would 

3825
03:18:44,600 --> 03:18:47,700
generally suggest that this 
entire framework is based on a 

3826
03:18:47,700 --> 03:18:49,700
misunderstanding of how the 
world actually works. 

3827
03:18:49,700 --> 03:18:53,800
Even the best partner can be 
betrayed, this isn't due to your

3828
03:18:53,800 --> 03:18:57,100
deservingness or inadequacy, but
rather because individuals 

3829
03:18:57,100 --> 03:19:00,700
possess their own free will 
intricate in our lives and the 

3830
03:19:00,700 --> 03:19:02,300
ability to make Dreadful 
choices. 

3831
03:19:02,300 --> 03:19:05,300
Let's clarify. 
That acceptance does not equate 

3832
03:19:05,300 --> 03:19:08,200
to being a doormat. 
This principle is probably one 

3833
03:19:08,200 --> 03:19:11,200
of the most misunderstood 
aspects of stoic philosophy and 

3834
03:19:11,200 --> 03:19:13,600
it's particularly important when
you're dealing with betrayal. 

3835
03:19:14,400 --> 03:19:17,000
When epic Titus talked about 
accepting, what you cannot 

3836
03:19:17,000 --> 03:19:19,100
control. 
It wasn't suggesting that you 

3837
03:19:19,100 --> 03:19:21,400
should just smile and Nod when 
someone treats you badly. 

3838
03:19:22,200 --> 03:19:23,900
He was emphasizing a more 
practical Point. 

3839
03:19:23,900 --> 03:19:27,600
Resisting reality is a futile 
struggle that depletes your 

3840
03:19:27,600 --> 03:19:29,600
energy and leaves you feeling 
helpless. 

3841
03:19:30,700 --> 03:19:34,100
But how do you accept reality? 
That's actually the first step 

3842
03:19:34,100 --> 03:19:36,400
toward figuring out what you can
do about your situation. 

3843
03:19:36,400 --> 03:19:39,800
Think about it this way? 
As long as you're spending all 

3844
03:19:39,800 --> 03:19:41,900
your mental energy being 
outraged that this thing 

3845
03:19:41,900 --> 03:19:44,100
happened. 
Trying to figure out how to make

3846
03:19:44,100 --> 03:19:47,300
it not happen or spinning. 
Elaborate fantasies about what 

3847
03:19:47,300 --> 03:19:49,100
you should have done differently
to prevent it. 

3848
03:19:49,100 --> 03:19:52,200
You're not available to deal 
with what's actually in front of

3849
03:19:52,200 --> 03:19:54,900
you right now. 
You resemble an individual 

3850
03:19:54,900 --> 03:19:58,400
standing in the rain, shaking 
your fist at the clouds and 

3851
03:19:58,400 --> 03:20:02,700
insisting, that they being wet 
rather than seeking shelter, or 

3852
03:20:02,700 --> 03:20:05,500
obtaining an umbrella. 
The stoics understood that 

3853
03:20:05,500 --> 03:20:07,300
acceptance is actually a form of
power. 

3854
03:20:08,200 --> 03:20:10,700
When you accept that your 
partner cheated, not that it was

3855
03:20:10,700 --> 03:20:13,400
okay, not that. 
You have to like it that simply 

3856
03:20:13,400 --> 03:20:14,900
that it happened and you can't 
change. 

3857
03:20:14,900 --> 03:20:18,700
The fact that it happened. 
Suddenly you free up, all, that 

3858
03:20:18,700 --> 03:20:20,300
energy, you were using to fight 
reality. 

3859
03:20:20,300 --> 03:20:23,900
And now you can use that energy 
for something useful, like, 

3860
03:20:23,900 --> 03:20:25,300
figuring out what you want to do
next. 

3861
03:20:26,700 --> 03:20:29,600
This is where the stoic approach
gets intriguing because they 

3862
03:20:29,600 --> 03:20:32,300
were big Believers and focusing 
on the future rather than the 

3863
03:20:32,300 --> 03:20:34,900
past. 
Marcus really used to remind 

3864
03:20:34,900 --> 03:20:38,000
himself that he couldn't change 
what happened yesterday, but he 

3865
03:20:38,008 --> 03:20:40,600
had complete control over what 
he chose to do today. 

3866
03:20:41,400 --> 03:20:44,100
And when you're dealing with 
infidelity, this perspective can

3867
03:20:44,100 --> 03:20:46,900
be liberating. 
You can't make your partner, not

3868
03:20:46,900 --> 03:20:50,200
have cheated, but you can decide
whether you want to try to work 

3869
03:20:50,200 --> 03:20:52,500
things out. 
Or in the relationship, you 

3870
03:20:52,500 --> 03:20:54,700
can't control whether they'll be
in the future. 

3871
03:20:55,700 --> 03:20:58,200
That you can decide what your 
boundaries are and what you're 

3872
03:20:58,200 --> 03:21:01,600
willing to accept going forward.
You can't erase the hurt and 

3873
03:21:01,600 --> 03:21:04,400
betrayal your feeling. 
That you can choose how to 

3874
03:21:04,400 --> 03:21:07,200
process your feelings and what 
to learn about yourself and your

3875
03:21:07,200 --> 03:21:10,600
relationships. 
Stoics were also remarkably 

3876
03:21:10,600 --> 03:21:12,600
practical about the whole 
forgiveness question. 

3877
03:21:12,600 --> 03:21:16,600
They didn't think you owed. 
Anyone, forgiveness, the knot on

3878
03:21:16,600 --> 03:21:19,500
someone else's timeline, but 
they did understand that 

3879
03:21:19,500 --> 03:21:22,500
carrying around anger, and 
resentment is exhausting and 

3880
03:21:22,500 --> 03:21:26,600
ultimately self-destructive. 
Seneca wrote about how anger is 

3881
03:21:26,600 --> 03:21:28,700
like, picking up a hot cold to 
throw at someone else. 

3882
03:21:28,700 --> 03:21:31,100
You're the one who receives 
burned. 

3883
03:21:31,100 --> 03:21:34,300
This doesn't mean you have to 
forgive and forget and pretend 

3884
03:21:34,300 --> 03:21:37,100
nothing happened. 
It means that at some point, for

3885
03:21:37,100 --> 03:21:39,900
your own well-being, you might 
choose to let go of the anger, 

3886
03:21:39,900 --> 03:21:43,300
not because the person who hurt,
you deserves it but because you 

3887
03:21:43,300 --> 03:21:45,600
deserve to not carry around that
burden anymore. 

3888
03:21:46,400 --> 03:21:49,100
It's less about them and more 
about you reclaiming, your peace

3889
03:21:49,100 --> 03:21:51,800
of mind. 
The ancient stoics also had some

3890
03:21:51,800 --> 03:21:53,500
Modern insights about 
self-worth. 

3891
03:21:54,000 --> 03:21:56,600
They understood that basing, 
your sense of value on how other

3892
03:21:56,600 --> 03:21:59,700
people treat you is essentially 
giving other people control over

3893
03:21:59,700 --> 03:22:02,800
your emotional well-being. 
If you're worth depends on your 

3894
03:22:02,800 --> 03:22:05,900
partner being faithful, then 
their infidelity doesn't just 

3895
03:22:05,900 --> 03:22:08,800
betray the relationship. 
It attacks, your fundamental 

3896
03:22:08,800 --> 03:22:11,600
sense of self. 
But what if you're worth was 

3897
03:22:11,600 --> 03:22:14,700
based on something more stable? 
What if it was based on your 

3898
03:22:14,700 --> 03:22:19,100
character, your values, your 
choices and your growth as a 

3899
03:22:19,100 --> 03:22:21,200
person. 
What if it was based on how you 

3900
03:22:21,200 --> 03:22:24,400
treat others, how you handle 
difficulties, and how you show 

3901
03:22:24,400 --> 03:22:27,600
up in the world. 
These are all things that belong

3902
03:22:27,600 --> 03:22:30,800
to you, regardless of what 
anyone else does or doesn't do. 

3903
03:22:32,100 --> 03:22:34,700
Peter's, who would lived as a 
slave before, becoming a 

3904
03:22:34,700 --> 03:22:37,400
philosopher understood better 
than most that other people 

3905
03:22:37,400 --> 03:22:39,900
might control your 
circumstances, but they couldn't

3906
03:22:39,900 --> 03:22:41,800
control your character and 
unless you let them. 

3907
03:22:42,500 --> 03:22:45,000
Your partners betrayal, might 
change your relationship status 

3908
03:22:45,000 --> 03:22:47,700
but it doesn't have to change 
who you are, or what your 

3909
03:22:47,700 --> 03:22:49,600
capable of or what you deserve 
in life. 

3910
03:22:49,600 --> 03:22:52,900
Here's something understood that
we're still figuring out today. 

3911
03:22:53,700 --> 03:22:56,200
Emotions are a lot more like 
weather than we usually admit 

3912
03:22:56,200 --> 03:23:00,400
emotions, fluctuate and 
frequency, and intensity, and 

3913
03:23:00,400 --> 03:23:03,200
attempting, Direct Control is 
akin to attempting to Halt, the 

3914
03:23:03,200 --> 03:23:05,600
rain. 
Just as you can learn to read 

3915
03:23:05,600 --> 03:23:07,400
weather patterns and prepare for
storms. 

3916
03:23:07,400 --> 03:23:09,600
You can also learn to work with 
your emotions. 

3917
03:23:09,600 --> 03:23:13,900
Instead of being completely at 
their Mercy, When you first 

3918
03:23:13,900 --> 03:23:16,800
discover infidelity, the 
emotional storm is usually 

3919
03:23:16,800 --> 03:23:19,500
pretty intense. 
You might feel angry one minute 

3920
03:23:19,500 --> 03:23:21,600
devastated. 
The next, then maybe numb and 

3921
03:23:21,600 --> 03:23:23,900
Furious again. 
If you're anything like most 

3922
03:23:23,900 --> 03:23:26,700
people, you probably also feel 
guilty about feeling so many 

3923
03:23:26,700 --> 03:23:29,800
different things. 
Shouldn't you just be angry or 

3924
03:23:29,800 --> 03:23:32,300
just be sad? 
while you cycling through 

3925
03:23:32,300 --> 03:23:36,000
emotions, like you're trying on 
different outfits, The stoics 

3926
03:23:36,000 --> 03:23:38,500
would tell you that this 
emotional chaos is completely 

3927
03:23:38,500 --> 03:23:42,500
normal and actually kind of 
useful information epic Titus 

3928
03:23:42,500 --> 03:23:44,000
taught that emotions are 
signals. 

3929
03:23:44,000 --> 03:23:47,200
They tell you something about 
how you're interpreting, what's 

3930
03:23:47,200 --> 03:23:50,200
happening to you your anger 
might be telling you that an 

3931
03:23:50,200 --> 03:23:52,900
important boundary was crossed 
your sadness. 

3932
03:23:52,900 --> 03:23:55,300
Might be telling you that you've
lost something that matters to 

3933
03:23:55,300 --> 03:23:57,200
you. 
Your fear might be telling you 

3934
03:23:57,200 --> 03:23:58,900
that you're worrying about. 
What comes next? 

3935
03:23:59,700 --> 03:24:02,000
None of these emotions are wrong
or bad. 

3936
03:24:02,000 --> 03:24:05,100
They're just information, the 
issue arises. 

3937
03:24:05,100 --> 03:24:07,800
When you either, let them make 
all your decisions or try to 

3938
03:24:07,800 --> 03:24:10,700
shut them down. 
Stoic approach is more like 

3939
03:24:10,700 --> 03:24:12,900
being a weather forecaster for 
your own in a climate. 

3940
03:24:12,900 --> 03:24:15,700
You observe, what's happening? 
You acknowledge it. 

3941
03:24:15,700 --> 03:24:18,400
And then you make conscious 
choices about how you want to 

3942
03:24:18,400 --> 03:24:21,700
respond markers or really used 
to practice this kind of 

3943
03:24:21,700 --> 03:24:24,400
emotional observation. 
He'd notice when he was feeling 

3944
03:24:24,400 --> 03:24:27,700
frustrated or disappointed or 
hurt and instead of immediately 

3945
03:24:27,700 --> 03:24:30,900
reacting he'd pause and ask 
himself what story he was 

3946
03:24:30,900 --> 03:24:34,300
telling about the situation. 
Was he making it worse by adding

3947
03:24:34,300 --> 03:24:37,600
layers of interpretation? 
Was he catastrophizing about the

3948
03:24:37,600 --> 03:24:39,700
future? 
Was he taking someone else's 

3949
03:24:39,700 --> 03:24:43,200
Behavior more personally than he
needed to such Behavior. 

3950
03:24:43,200 --> 03:24:45,400
Doesn't mean you should talk 
yourself out of legitimate 

3951
03:24:45,400 --> 03:24:47,800
feelings. 
When someone betrays you, it's 

3952
03:24:47,800 --> 03:24:49,700
understandable to feel hurt and 
angry. 

3953
03:24:49,700 --> 03:24:53,000
But there's a difference between
feeling hurt and angry and 

3954
03:24:53,000 --> 03:24:56,200
deciding that being hurt and 
angry means your life is ruined,

3955
03:24:56,200 --> 03:24:59,400
and you'll never be happy again.
And you should probably start 

3956
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:03,100
collecting ceramic cats and 
becomes suspicious of everyone 

3957
03:25:03,100 --> 03:25:04,400
you meet for the rest of your 
life. 

3958
03:25:05,400 --> 03:25:08,500
The stoics were particularly 
Adept at distinguishing between 

3959
03:25:08,500 --> 03:25:11,900
what they called First 
Impressions and judgments. 

3960
03:25:12,700 --> 03:25:15,200
Your first impression when you 
discover infidelity might be 

3961
03:25:15,200 --> 03:25:17,600
something like this is terrible 
and painful. 

3962
03:25:17,600 --> 03:25:20,000
That's a pretty accurate first 
impression. 

3963
03:25:20,000 --> 03:25:22,300
But then your mind might add 
judgments. 

3964
03:25:22,300 --> 03:25:26,400
Like this means, I'm not lovable
or this proves that all the 

3965
03:25:26,400 --> 03:25:30,400
relationships are doomed or I 
should have known better, those 

3966
03:25:30,400 --> 03:25:33,700
judgments where you have some 
choice, you can examine them 

3967
03:25:33,700 --> 03:25:37,500
question them and decide whether
they're actually beneficial or 

3968
03:25:37,500 --> 03:25:39,900
true. 
Maybe the Betrayal, does it 

3969
03:25:39,900 --> 03:25:42,100
indicate some problems with this
particular relationship? 

3970
03:25:42,100 --> 03:25:45,600
But does it really proved that 
all relationships are doomed? 

3971
03:25:45,600 --> 03:25:49,200
You may wish you had seen some 
red flags, but does that mean 

3972
03:25:49,200 --> 03:25:52,200
you should have known better or 
just that your partner got good 

3973
03:25:52,200 --> 03:25:56,000
at hiding things. 
Seneca wrote about this process 

3974
03:25:56,000 --> 03:25:58,200
as being like a judge in your 
own mental Court. 

3975
03:25:58,200 --> 03:26:01,000
You can listen to all the 
different arguments your mind, 

3976
03:26:01,000 --> 03:26:04,300
presents the prosecutor who 
insists that this proves your 

3977
03:26:04,300 --> 03:26:07,500
fundamentally flawed, the 
defense attorney who argues that

3978
03:26:07,500 --> 03:26:10,800
none of this is your fault and 
the witness who just wants to go

3979
03:26:10,800 --> 03:26:14,300
over every detail again. 
And again, But ultimately, you 

3980
03:26:14,300 --> 03:26:17,000
get to decide which arguments 
are convincing and which ones 

3981
03:26:17,000 --> 03:26:20,500
are just your pain and fear 
talks, this stoic approach, 

3982
03:26:20,500 --> 03:26:23,300
truly liberates, You by 
restoring your control, over 

3983
03:26:23,300 --> 03:26:26,500
your emotional life, you're not 
just a victim of whatever 

3984
03:26:26,500 --> 03:26:29,300
feelings happen to wash over. 
You, you're an active 

3985
03:26:29,300 --> 03:26:32,700
participant in deciding what 
these feelings mean and how much

3986
03:26:32,700 --> 03:26:35,300
power you want to exercise them,
over your choices. 

3987
03:26:35,300 --> 03:26:38,700
You know, what's weird about 
major life crises, they have 

3988
03:26:38,700 --> 03:26:41,200
this uncomfortable way of 
showing you who you actually are

3989
03:26:41,200 --> 03:26:42,600
underneath all the roles you 
play. 

3990
03:26:42,600 --> 03:26:46,100
And the image, you try to 
maintain when your world becomes

3991
03:26:46,100 --> 03:26:49,100
turned upside down by betrayal, 
all your usual coping, 

3992
03:26:49,100 --> 03:26:52,700
mechanisms and social masks tend
to fall away and your left face 

3993
03:26:52,700 --> 03:26:54,600
to face with your raw unfiltered
self. 

3994
03:26:55,700 --> 03:26:58,600
The stoics actually thought that
such vulnerability was one of 

3995
03:26:58,608 --> 03:27:01,300
the most valuable things about 
different experience is. 

3996
03:27:02,200 --> 03:27:04,900
Epic Titus used to tell his 
students that every challenge 

3997
03:27:04,900 --> 03:27:06,700
was an opportunity to practice 
virtue. 

3998
03:27:06,700 --> 03:27:10,400
He did this not in a preach, 
your sanctimonious manner, but 

3999
03:27:10,400 --> 03:27:14,400
rather in a practical sense when
everything is going well, it's 

4000
03:27:14,400 --> 03:27:18,400
easy to think your patient for 
giving resilient and wise but 

4001
03:27:18,400 --> 03:27:21,600
when someone you love betrays 
you, that's when you find out 

4002
03:27:21,600 --> 03:27:25,000
what you're actually made of and
more importantly, that's when 

4003
03:27:25,000 --> 03:27:28,900
you begin to decide who you want
to become The stoics identified 

4004
03:27:28,900 --> 03:27:34,100
four main virtues wisdom 
Justice, courage and temperance.

4005
03:27:35,100 --> 03:27:37,600
These weren't abstract ideals 
floating around in some 

4006
03:27:37,600 --> 03:27:40,400
philosophical Cloud. 
They were practical skills. 

4007
03:27:40,400 --> 03:27:42,900
You could develop through 
practice, especially during 

4008
03:27:42,900 --> 03:27:45,300
difficult times and dealing with
infidelity. 

4009
03:27:45,300 --> 03:27:47,900
It turns out provides you 
opportunities to practice all 

4010
03:27:47,900 --> 03:27:50,200
four. 
Wisdom involves seeing 

4011
03:27:50,200 --> 03:27:53,700
situations clearly without the 
Distortion of wishful thinking 

4012
03:27:53,700 --> 03:27:56,900
or catastrophic fear. 
When you've experienced 

4013
03:27:56,900 --> 03:28:00,500
infidelity wisdom requires you 
to be truthful about the events 

4014
03:28:00,500 --> 03:28:03,700
without exaggerating or 
downplaying them, it means 

4015
03:28:03,700 --> 03:28:06,300
recognizing the difference 
between what, you know, for 

4016
03:28:06,300 --> 03:28:08,800
sure. 
And what you're assuming, it 

4017
03:28:08,800 --> 03:28:10,900
means acknowledging your 
feelings without letting them 

4018
03:28:10,900 --> 03:28:15,100
completely Cloud your judgment. 
Justice in the stoic sense. 

4019
03:28:15,100 --> 03:28:17,400
Wasn't about revenge or 
punishment. 

4020
03:28:17,400 --> 03:28:20,800
It was about treating people 
fairly, including yourself. 

4021
03:28:21,700 --> 03:28:24,100
Justice Means holding your 
partner accountable for their 

4022
03:28:24,100 --> 03:28:26,400
choices without turning them 
into a cartoon villain. 

4023
03:28:26,400 --> 03:28:29,900
It means protecting yourself 
from further harm, without 

4024
03:28:29,900 --> 03:28:31,900
unnecessarily inflicting it on 
others. 

4025
03:28:31,900 --> 03:28:35,300
It means being fair to yourself 
about what you deserve and what 

4026
03:28:35,300 --> 03:28:38,500
you're willing to accept. 
Courage, doesn't just mean being

4027
03:28:38,500 --> 03:28:40,400
brave in the face of physical 
danger. 

4028
03:28:40,400 --> 03:28:44,100
It means being willing to face 
difficult truths to have hard 

4029
03:28:44,100 --> 03:28:48,100
conversations and to make 
changes that scare you When you 

4030
03:28:48,100 --> 03:28:51,200
discover infidelity courage, 
might mean confronting your 

4031
03:28:51,200 --> 03:28:54,000
partner, even though you're 
afraid of what you might learn. 

4032
03:28:54,000 --> 03:28:57,800
It might mean ending a 
relationship, even though you're

4033
03:28:57,800 --> 03:29:00,500
terrified of being alone, it may
involve remaining in the 

4034
03:29:00,508 --> 03:29:03,300
relationship and striving to 
resolve issues, despite 

4035
03:29:03,300 --> 03:29:05,700
uncertainties regarding your 
ability to trust. 

4036
03:29:05,700 --> 03:29:09,200
Once more Temperance is about 
moderation and self-control. 

4037
03:29:09,200 --> 03:29:13,100
It's probably the most relevant 
virtue when you're dealing with 

4038
03:29:13,100 --> 03:29:16,600
the intense emotions that come 
with betrayal Temperance, means 

4039
03:29:16,600 --> 03:29:18,200
feeling your anger without 
letting it. 

4040
03:29:18,200 --> 03:29:21,200
Consume you, it means 
acknowledging your hurt without 

4041
03:29:21,200 --> 03:29:24,800
drowning in self-pity, it 
involves taking care of yourself

4042
03:29:24,800 --> 03:29:27,400
without completely shutting 
down, or going completely out of

4043
03:29:27,400 --> 03:29:30,100
control. 
Marcus, Aurelius used to write 

4044
03:29:30,100 --> 03:29:32,700
about how every difficult 
situation was like a training 

4045
03:29:32,700 --> 03:29:35,900
ground for these virtues, he'd 
reminded himself that he 

4046
03:29:35,900 --> 03:29:38,600
couldn't control what other 
people did, but he could control

4047
03:29:38,600 --> 03:29:42,200
whether he responded with 
wisdom, Justice, courage, and 

4048
03:29:42,200 --> 03:29:44,700
Temperance. 
And the more he practiced these 

4049
03:29:44,700 --> 03:29:48,200
responses the stronger. 
His qualities became This 

4050
03:29:48,200 --> 03:29:50,600
perspective can be incredibly 
empowering when you're dealing 

4051
03:29:50,600 --> 03:29:53,200
with infidelity rather than 
viewing yourself. 

4052
03:29:53,200 --> 03:29:56,500
As merely a victim of someone 
else's poor decisions, you can 

4053
03:29:56,500 --> 03:29:59,000
perceive yourself as an 
individual undergoing, a 

4054
03:29:59,000 --> 03:30:02,100
comprehensive education in 
essential life skills. 

4055
03:30:02,100 --> 03:30:05,200
You're learning how to maintain 
your integrity under pressure. 

4056
03:30:05,200 --> 03:30:07,600
You're learning how to make 
difficult decisions with 

4057
03:30:07,600 --> 03:30:10,300
incomplete information. 
You're learning how to take care

4058
03:30:10,300 --> 03:30:13,600
of yourself while still treating
others with basic human decency.

4059
03:30:15,100 --> 03:30:18,100
The stoics also recognize that 
character development involves 

4060
03:30:18,100 --> 03:30:20,600
more than just persevering 
through challenging times. 

4061
03:30:20,600 --> 03:30:23,900
It's about consciously choosing 
to use those challenging times 

4062
03:30:23,900 --> 03:30:26,900
as opportunities to become the 
kind of person you want to be. 

4063
03:30:27,600 --> 03:30:30,300
Every time you choose to respond
thoughtfully, instead of just 

4064
03:30:30,300 --> 03:30:33,300
reacting emotionally, you're 
strengthening your capacity for 

4065
03:30:33,300 --> 03:30:36,800
thoughtful responses. 
Every time you choose self-care 

4066
03:30:36,800 --> 03:30:39,900
of self-destruction, your 
building, your ability to take 

4067
03:30:39,900 --> 03:30:42,600
care of yourself. 
This doesn't mean you have to be

4068
03:30:42,600 --> 03:30:44,300
perfect or that you won't make 
mistakes. 

4069
03:30:44,300 --> 03:30:47,500
The Stowe's were compassionate 
about human imperfection. 

4070
03:30:47,500 --> 03:30:49,700
They understood that developing 
wisdom. 

4071
03:30:49,700 --> 03:30:51,200
And virtue is a lifelong 
process. 

4072
03:30:51,200 --> 03:30:54,200
And that setbacks and failures 
are part of that process. 

4073
03:30:55,100 --> 03:30:58,200
What matters isn't being 
Flawless, it's being committed 

4074
03:30:58,200 --> 03:31:00,800
to learning and growing from 
what ever life throws at you. 

4075
03:31:00,800 --> 03:31:05,000
There's something almost magical
about perspective how the same 

4076
03:31:05,000 --> 03:31:08,200
situation can look completely 
different, depending on how far 

4077
03:31:08,200 --> 03:31:11,400
back you step and how much of 
the bigger picture you can see. 

4078
03:31:12,500 --> 03:31:15,700
the ancient stoics were masters 
of this kind of mental zooming 

4079
03:31:15,700 --> 03:31:18,800
out and they applied it to 
everything, including heartbreak

4080
03:31:18,800 --> 03:31:22,400
and betrayal Marcus Aurelius who
had plenty of experience with 

4081
03:31:22,400 --> 03:31:25,400
both personal loss and the 
broader challenges of human 

4082
03:31:25,400 --> 03:31:28,600
existence used to practice, what
we might call, the view from 

4083
03:31:28,600 --> 03:31:31,800
above He'd imagined looking at 
his problems from a great 

4084
03:31:31,808 --> 03:31:34,200
height. 
First from a cross, the city, 

4085
03:31:34,200 --> 03:31:37,600
then from higher above the Earth
and finally, from the 

4086
03:31:37,600 --> 03:31:41,100
perspective of years decades or 
even centuries. 

4087
03:31:42,100 --> 03:31:45,700
He aimed to contextualize his 
problems, not to downplay his 

4088
03:31:45,700 --> 03:31:47,500
pain, or deny their 
significance. 

4089
03:31:48,400 --> 03:31:50,700
When you're in the immediate 
aftermath of discovering and 

4090
03:31:50,700 --> 03:31:55,000
Fidelity, Everything feels 
enormous and permanent the hurt 

4091
03:31:55,000 --> 03:31:58,600
feels like it will never end the
anger feels Justified and 

4092
03:31:58,600 --> 03:32:02,200
necessary the whole situation. 
Feels like it defines everything

4093
03:32:02,200 --> 03:32:06,100
about your life and your future.
But the stoics would gently 

4094
03:32:06,100 --> 03:32:08,700
encourage you to experiment with
different time perspectives. 

4095
03:32:08,700 --> 03:32:12,700
What if you imagine looking back
at this situation from five 

4096
03:32:12,700 --> 03:32:15,400
years in the future? 
What would matter most to you 

4097
03:32:15,408 --> 03:32:19,000
then the fact that this painful 
thing happened or how you chose 

4098
03:32:19,000 --> 03:32:21,300
to handle it. 
What would you want to tell your

4099
03:32:21,300 --> 03:32:23,300
current self about getting 
through this period? 

4100
03:32:24,100 --> 03:32:26,700
What would you be proud of 
yourself for doing or not doing?

4101
03:32:27,400 --> 03:32:29,900
Or what if you zoomed out even 
further and imagine the view 

4102
03:32:29,900 --> 03:32:32,600
from the end of your life. 
When you're old and looking 

4103
03:32:32,600 --> 03:32:35,200
back, how much of your life 
story will this betrayal, take 

4104
03:32:35,200 --> 03:32:37,500
up what other chapters will 
there be? 

4105
03:32:37,500 --> 03:32:40,300
What will you have learned? 
How will this difficult 

4106
03:32:40,300 --> 03:32:42,800
experience of contributed to 
your growth as a person? 

4107
03:32:43,600 --> 03:32:46,100
This isn't about minimizing the 
Real Pain you're experiencing 

4108
03:32:46,100 --> 03:32:48,800
right now. 
It's about remembering that this

4109
03:32:48,800 --> 03:32:50,800
moment. 
However, intense and 

4110
03:32:50,800 --> 03:32:54,500
overwhelming, it feels is just 
one in a much larger life. 

4111
03:32:55,900 --> 03:32:57,800
The stoics understood that we 
suffer more. 

4112
03:32:57,800 --> 03:33:01,300
When we lose perspective, when 
we let one painful experience to

4113
03:33:01,300 --> 03:33:03,000
Clips, everything else about our
existence. 

4114
03:33:03,000 --> 03:33:06,900
Seneca wrote extensively about 
the temporary nature of all 

4115
03:33:06,900 --> 03:33:09,300
human experiences, both good and
bad. 

4116
03:33:09,300 --> 03:33:12,600
He'd remind himself that periods
of Happiness, don't last forever

4117
03:33:12,600 --> 03:33:16,700
but neither do periods of pain, 
everything passes, Everything 

4118
03:33:16,700 --> 03:33:19,500
Changes. 
The acute Agony. 

4119
03:33:19,500 --> 03:33:22,400
You feel right after discovering
betrayal, will not feel the same

4120
03:33:22,400 --> 03:33:25,400
six months from now, even if the
situation hasn't resulted 

4121
03:33:25,400 --> 03:33:28,400
completely. 
Stoics also had a sophisticated 

4122
03:33:28,400 --> 03:33:30,800
understanding of how 
relationships work over time. 

4123
03:33:30,800 --> 03:33:34,100
They understood that people 
change that love itself, 

4124
03:33:34,100 --> 03:33:36,200
changes. 
And that expecting any 

4125
03:33:36,200 --> 03:33:39,800
relationship to remain exactly 
the same forever is unrealistic.

4126
03:33:40,700 --> 03:33:43,700
This understanding doesn't 
excuse, betrayal or suggest that

4127
03:33:43,700 --> 03:33:46,600
you should accept poor 
treatment, but it does suggest 

4128
03:33:46,600 --> 03:33:48,300
that maybe some of our suffering
around. 

4129
03:33:48,300 --> 03:33:52,100
Relationship problems comes from
unrealistic expectations about 

4130
03:33:52,100 --> 03:33:56,100
permanence and control consider 
this, you are likely not the 

4131
03:33:56,100 --> 03:33:58,100
same individual. 
You were at the onset of your 

4132
03:33:58,100 --> 03:34:00,900
relationship, you've grown 
changed. 

4133
03:34:00,900 --> 03:34:04,900
Learned new things developed, 
new interests, and maybe even 

4134
03:34:04,900 --> 03:34:08,300
discovered parts of yourself. 
You didn't know existed, your 

4135
03:34:08,300 --> 03:34:09,700
partner has probably changed 
too. 

4136
03:34:09,700 --> 03:34:12,400
Sometimes people change 
incompatible ways. 

4137
03:34:12,400 --> 03:34:16,000
And sometimes they don't, 
sometimes people change in ways 

4138
03:34:16,000 --> 03:34:19,000
that make them better partners 
and sometimes they change in 

4139
03:34:19,000 --> 03:34:22,400
ways that make them worse 
Partners, the stoic approach 

4140
03:34:22,400 --> 03:34:25,000
would be to acknowledge these 
changes without necessarily 

4141
03:34:25,000 --> 03:34:27,800
taking them personally. 
It is possible that your 

4142
03:34:27,800 --> 03:34:29,900
partner's infidelity reflects 
changes. 

4143
03:34:29,900 --> 03:34:33,400
They have undergone or 
challenges their facing maybe it

4144
03:34:33,400 --> 03:34:36,100
says something about problems in
your relationship that neither 

4145
03:34:36,100 --> 03:34:37,700
of you knew how to address 
directly. 

4146
03:34:37,700 --> 03:34:41,200
Maybe it doesn't say anything 
particularly meaningful about 

4147
03:34:41,200 --> 03:34:43,400
you. 
At all, this perspective can be 

4148
03:34:43,400 --> 03:34:46,300
oddly freeing. 
Review, the Betrayal is 

4149
03:34:46,300 --> 03:34:49,300
information about where things 
stand right now, rather than as 

4150
03:34:49,300 --> 03:34:52,700
proof of some fundamental flaw 
in your self your relationship 

4151
03:34:52,700 --> 03:34:56,700
or love in general. 
And right now is just one point,

4152
03:34:56,700 --> 03:34:59,600
not a permanent verdict on your 
worth, or your future. 

4153
03:35:00,700 --> 03:35:03,500
The stoics were also realistic 
about the fact that some 

4154
03:35:03,500 --> 03:35:05,300
relationships simply run their 
course. 

4155
03:35:05,300 --> 03:35:08,700
It's not because someone 
committed a heinous act or love 

4156
03:35:08,700 --> 03:35:11,500
faltered, but rather, because 
individuals and situations 

4157
03:35:11,500 --> 03:35:14,800
undergo Transformations that 
render the continuation of a 

4158
03:35:14,800 --> 03:35:17,700
relationship more detrimental 
than beneficial sometimes 

4159
03:35:17,700 --> 03:35:20,400
betrayal, is a symptom of a 
relationship that has already 

4160
03:35:20,400 --> 03:35:23,600
ended emotionally, even if 
nobody has been willing to admit

4161
03:35:23,600 --> 03:35:26,300
it yet, you may think the 
ancient stoics had useful 

4162
03:35:26,300 --> 03:35:29,200
insights on betrayal. 
But you may also wonder how to 

4163
03:35:29,200 --> 03:35:32,300
apply this to your own 
situation. the beautiful thing 

4164
03:35:32,300 --> 03:35:35,100
about stoic philosophy is that 
it was always meant to be 

4165
03:35:35,100 --> 03:35:39,200
practical, not just intellectual
ideas to contemplate but actual 

4166
03:35:39,200 --> 03:35:43,100
technique you could use in daily
life the stoics developed what 

4167
03:35:43,100 --> 03:35:46,300
they called, spiritual 
exercises, regular practices 

4168
03:35:46,300 --> 03:35:48,900
designed to train your mind the 
same way, you might train your 

4169
03:35:48,900 --> 03:35:53,100
body, These work religious, or 
mystical practices but practical

4170
03:35:53,100 --> 03:35:55,400
mental habits that could help 
you respond to difficult 

4171
03:35:55,400 --> 03:35:58,800
situations with more wisdom, 
courage, and peace of mind. 

4172
03:36:00,000 --> 03:36:02,700
One of the most fundamental 
practices is what epic Titus 

4173
03:36:02,700 --> 03:36:05,500
call the dichotomy of control 
every morning. 

4174
03:36:05,500 --> 03:36:08,500
Or whenever you're feeling 
overwhelmed, you can take a few 

4175
03:36:08,508 --> 03:36:10,800
minutes to sort your concerns 
into two categories. 

4176
03:36:10,800 --> 03:36:14,400
Things you can control and 
things, you can't control. 

4177
03:36:15,300 --> 03:36:18,000
When you're dealing with 
infidelity, your approach might 

4178
03:36:18,000 --> 03:36:20,700
look like acknowledging that you
can't control what your partner 

4179
03:36:20,700 --> 03:36:24,100
did, what they're feeling now, 
or what, they'll choose to do in

4180
03:36:24,100 --> 03:36:27,300
the future, but you can choose 
how to care for yourself set, 

4181
03:36:27,300 --> 03:36:29,400
boundaries Converse and 
interpret events. 

4182
03:36:30,300 --> 03:36:33,000
Another useful practice is what 
Marcus Aurelius called, 

4183
03:36:33,000 --> 03:36:37,100
objective representation, trying
to see situations as clearly as 

4184
03:36:37,100 --> 03:36:39,100
possible. 
Without the emotional coloring 

4185
03:36:39,100 --> 03:36:41,700
that can make everything seem 
worse than it actually is. 

4186
03:36:41,700 --> 03:36:45,200
Instead of thinking my life is 
ruined, you might practice 

4187
03:36:45,200 --> 03:36:48,200
thinking, my partner was 
unfaithful and I'm feeling hurt 

4188
03:36:48,200 --> 03:36:51,600
and angry about it. 
Instead of saying I'll never be 

4189
03:36:51,600 --> 03:36:54,700
able to trust anyone. 
Again, you might think right 

4190
03:36:54,700 --> 03:36:57,100
now, I'm having trouble trusting
and that makes sense. 

4191
03:36:57,100 --> 03:37:00,500
Given what I've just learned the
stoics also practice something. 

4192
03:37:00,500 --> 03:37:03,600
We might call negative 
visualization, not to make 

4193
03:37:03,600 --> 03:37:06,700
themselves miserable, but to 
build resilience and gratitude, 

4194
03:37:07,600 --> 03:37:09,900
Imagine what it would be like if
the relationship ended 

4195
03:37:09,900 --> 03:37:13,300
completely instead of persuading
yourself that the relationship 

4196
03:37:13,300 --> 03:37:16,600
should end, you should reassure 
yourself that you could endure 

4197
03:37:16,600 --> 03:37:18,800
it, if it did. 
Often. 

4198
03:37:18,800 --> 03:37:21,600
When we are terrified of a 
particular outcome, half of our 

4199
03:37:21,600 --> 03:37:24,300
suffering comes from the fear 
itself rather than the actual 

4200
03:37:24,300 --> 03:37:27,400
situation. 
Seneca recommended keeping what 

4201
03:37:27,400 --> 03:37:31,000
he called a philosophical 
Journal, a regular practice of 

4202
03:37:31,000 --> 03:37:33,600
writing about your experiences 
and examining your thoughts and 

4203
03:37:33,600 --> 03:37:35,900
reactions. 
When you're dealing with 

4204
03:37:35,900 --> 03:37:39,300
betrayal writing, can help you 
sort through the complicated mix

4205
03:37:39,300 --> 03:37:42,200
of feelings and thoughts that 
tend to swirl around in your 

4206
03:37:42,208 --> 03:37:44,100
head. 
You might write about what 

4207
03:37:44,100 --> 03:37:47,700
happened, how you're feeling, 
what you're afraid of what 

4208
03:37:47,700 --> 03:37:50,000
you're learning, and what you 
want to do next? 

4209
03:37:51,100 --> 03:37:53,700
The key to all of these 
practices is consistency, rather

4210
03:37:53,700 --> 03:37:57,600
than Perfection you don't have 
to become a perfectly wise, calm

4211
03:37:57,600 --> 03:38:00,500
rational person overnight, you 
just have to be willing to 

4212
03:38:00,500 --> 03:38:03,700
practice responding thoughtfully
rather than just reacting 

4213
03:38:03,700 --> 03:38:06,100
emotionally. 
And every time you choose to 

4214
03:38:06,100 --> 03:38:09,400
pause and think before you act, 
every time you focus on what you

4215
03:38:09,408 --> 03:38:12,700
can control rather than what you
can't and every time you treat 

4216
03:38:12,700 --> 03:38:15,600
yourself and others with basic 
decent, see despite being hurt 

4217
03:38:15,600 --> 03:38:19,700
your strengthening, those mental
muscles, the ancient stoics, 

4218
03:38:19,700 --> 03:38:22,200
understood something that we 
sometimes forget in our modern 

4219
03:38:22,200 --> 03:38:25,300
world, wisdom, isn't something 
you either have or don't have. 

4220
03:38:25,300 --> 03:38:28,400
It's something you develop 
through practice, especially 

4221
03:38:28,400 --> 03:38:31,500
through practicing during 
difficult times, your current 

4222
03:38:31,500 --> 03:38:34,800
situation painful as it is, is 
actually an opportunity to 

4223
03:38:34,800 --> 03:38:36,900
develop some of the most 
valuable life skills. 

4224
03:38:36,900 --> 03:38:40,600
There are The ability to stay 
grounded during a crisis, to 

4225
03:38:40,600 --> 03:38:43,100
make good decisions Under 
Pressure to maintain your 

4226
03:38:43,100 --> 03:38:45,400
integrity. 
When you've been wronged and to 

4227
03:38:45,400 --> 03:38:47,200
take care of yourself while 
still treating others. 

4228
03:38:47,200 --> 03:38:50,500
With compassion these skills 
will serve you well beyond your 

4229
03:38:50,500 --> 03:38:53,800
current relationship drama, 
they'll help you navigate future

4230
03:38:53,800 --> 03:38:55,900
challenges with more confidence 
and less suffering. 

4231
03:38:55,900 --> 03:38:58,900
They'll help you build better 
relationships because you'll 

4232
03:38:58,900 --> 03:39:01,400
know better what you need and 
what you're willing to give. 

4233
03:39:01,400 --> 03:39:05,000
They will assist you in 
cultivating self-trust as you 

4234
03:39:05,000 --> 03:39:07,700
will recognize your ability to 
manage whatever challenges life 

4235
03:39:07,700 --> 03:39:10,400
presents. 
The stoics believed that the 

4236
03:39:10,400 --> 03:39:13,100
goal of philosophy wasn't to 
eliminate all problems from 

4237
03:39:13,100 --> 03:39:15,300
life. 
That would be impossible and 

4238
03:39:15,300 --> 03:39:18,600
probably boring anyway. 
The goal was to develop the 

4239
03:39:18,600 --> 03:39:21,300
inner resources to meet whatever
problems arise with wisdom, 

4240
03:39:21,300 --> 03:39:24,500
courage, and Grace. 
In that sense, dealing with 

4241
03:39:24,500 --> 03:39:26,600
betrayal isn't just about 
getting through a difficult 

4242
03:39:26,600 --> 03:39:28,700
time. 
It's about becoming the kind of 

4243
03:39:28,700 --> 03:39:31,800
person who can get through 
difficult times and maybe even 

4244
03:39:31,800 --> 03:39:40,600
grow stronger in the process. 
Born in 69 BCE Cleopatra. 

4245
03:39:40,600 --> 03:39:44,300
The seventh Philippa came from a
family that had controlled Egypt

4246
03:39:44,300 --> 03:39:47,800
for over three centuries. 
These were the ptolemies who 

4247
03:39:47,800 --> 03:39:50,100
were descended from a general 
under Alexander the Great. 

4248
03:39:50,100 --> 03:39:53,900
The ptolemaic empire was a 
peculiar hybrid by the time. 

4249
03:39:53,900 --> 03:39:56,900
Clear Patrol was born the 
greek-speaking, monarchy 

4250
03:39:56,900 --> 03:39:59,100
situated. 
Atop A deeply Egyptian Terrain. 

4251
03:39:59,900 --> 03:40:03,900
The dynasty itself was plagued 
by Family feuds political 

4252
03:40:03,900 --> 03:40:08,000
assassinations and tense truces 
with growing Roman Authority, 

4253
03:40:08,000 --> 03:40:12,500
despite the capital Alexandria 
being a global Center of 

4254
03:40:12,508 --> 03:40:15,600
scholarship. 
Tradition frequently, portrays 

4255
03:40:15,600 --> 03:40:19,800
Cleopatra's a captivating, Queen
who captivated influential men. 

4256
03:40:19,800 --> 03:40:22,900
However, that portrayal 
disregards, her extensive 

4257
03:40:22,900 --> 03:40:26,400
education, linguistic, 
proficiency, and strategic 

4258
03:40:26,400 --> 03:40:28,700
savvy. 
She pursued studies in 

4259
03:40:28,700 --> 03:40:33,200
philosophy, astronomy medicine 
and Mathematics in the renowned 

4260
03:40:33,200 --> 03:40:36,900
Library of Alexandria. 
Cleopatra was raised in society 

4261
03:40:36,900 --> 03:40:39,300
that demanded Royals demonstrate
their abilities. 

4262
03:40:39,300 --> 03:40:44,700
As each prospective are face the
risk of being outwitted by 

4263
03:40:44,700 --> 03:40:47,300
cunning family members in a 
quart. 

4264
03:40:47,300 --> 03:40:50,900
Notorious for backstabbing 
mental acuity was just as 

4265
03:40:50,900 --> 03:40:54,000
important to survive as 
Birthright for a large portion 

4266
03:40:54,000 --> 03:40:58,300
of his rule her father Ptolemy 
the 12th Ali's had to balance, 

4267
03:40:58,300 --> 03:41:02,700
local unrest, with Roman favor. 
Despite the ptolemies claims to 

4268
03:41:02,700 --> 03:41:07,200
Divine Heritage, Roman power 
actually Loom big to gain Roman 

4269
03:41:07,200 --> 03:41:10,700
political support. 
Athletes paid Hefty prices, 

4270
03:41:10,700 --> 03:41:13,400
which put Egypt's finances in 
jeopardy. 

4271
03:41:14,600 --> 03:41:17,800
She observed, these discussions 
Cleopatra learned early on that 

4272
03:41:17,800 --> 03:41:20,800
money could purchase allies but 
could never ensure true respect.

4273
03:41:21,600 --> 03:41:24,100
She also saw how quickly a 
monarch may lose their position 

4274
03:41:24,100 --> 03:41:27,900
of authority if they made a 
mistake that alienated those in 

4275
03:41:27,900 --> 03:41:30,300
charge. 
When Cleopatra was a little 

4276
03:41:30,308 --> 03:41:33,600
girl, she traveled to Rome with 
or letters on diplomatic 

4277
03:41:33,600 --> 03:41:36,800
missions and saw civilization on
the verge of enormous growth. 

4278
03:41:37,700 --> 03:41:39,900
She watched the Senate's 
operations there as well as the 

4279
03:41:39,900 --> 03:41:42,700
moves of powerful people like 
Julius, Caesar and Pompey. 

4280
03:41:43,300 --> 03:41:46,100
She had a first-hand Insight 
from these experiences that few 

4281
03:41:46,100 --> 03:41:47,900
Egyptian Royals had ever 
experienced. 

4282
03:41:48,800 --> 03:41:50,300
Cleopatra's route to the 
Egyptian. 

4283
03:41:50,300 --> 03:41:54,400
Throne was uncertain to maintain
the unity of the bloodline to 

4284
03:41:54,400 --> 03:41:57,600
make Laura encouraged sibling, 
marriage Partnerships and her 

4285
03:41:57,600 --> 03:42:01,400
father had other children. 
An ancient Macedonian custom 

4286
03:42:01,400 --> 03:42:03,300
that the ptolemies had taken to 
extreme. 

4287
03:42:03,300 --> 03:42:06,200
This Behavior was startling to 
Modern ears. 

4288
03:42:06,200 --> 03:42:10,300
As a result Cleopatra's Destiny 
was intertwined with her. 

4289
03:42:10,300 --> 03:42:14,300
Brother's one of whom would at 
least in theory, share power 

4290
03:42:14,300 --> 03:42:16,900
with her. 
Everyone knew that a puppet 

4291
03:42:16,900 --> 03:42:19,100
sibling could be used to 
overthrow more ambitious 

4292
03:42:19,100 --> 03:42:22,300
relative and the tension in the 
royal family was evident. 

4293
03:42:23,000 --> 03:42:25,700
History, frequently reduces 
Cleopatra to an exotic 

4294
03:42:25,700 --> 03:42:27,600
character. 
Who courted Roman rulers. 

4295
03:42:28,300 --> 03:42:30,600
But she was developing her 
diplomatic abilities from an 

4296
03:42:30,600 --> 03:42:32,900
early age. 
She acquired multilingual 

4297
03:42:32,900 --> 03:42:35,200
skills. 
In addition to Greek, she 

4298
03:42:35,200 --> 03:42:38,600
reportedly knew Aramaic 
Ethiopian and probably Hebrew 

4299
03:42:38,600 --> 03:42:42,300
well, as well as an Egyptian, 
which most of her ptolemaic 

4300
03:42:42,300 --> 03:42:43,900
predecessors never tried to 
master. 

4301
03:42:43,900 --> 03:42:47,000
She was able to avoid having her
comments misinterpreted by 

4302
03:42:47,000 --> 03:42:50,500
interpreters by speaking to 
courtiers Merchants and foreign 

4303
03:42:50,500 --> 03:42:53,900
envoys in their own tongues. 
Her ability to communicate 

4304
03:42:53,900 --> 03:42:57,400
directly became one of her, most
powerful assets enabling her to 

4305
03:42:57,408 --> 03:43:00,600
bridge cultural gaps. 
The domestic politics of Egypt 

4306
03:43:00,600 --> 03:43:04,000
were very complicated as they 
had done for thousands of years.

4307
03:43:04,000 --> 03:43:08,600
Priests held considerable power.
Careful supervision was required

4308
03:43:08,600 --> 03:43:12,200
of the surrogation system grain,
shipments fuel, the kingdoms 

4309
03:43:12,200 --> 03:43:14,400
economy by feeding, both the 
gyptians and international 

4310
03:43:14,400 --> 03:43:17,900
markets, Cleopatra was aware of 
the fragility, underlying, the 

4311
03:43:17,900 --> 03:43:20,900
opulence of the Court, 
spectacles in ancient times, 

4312
03:43:20,900 --> 03:43:23,800
grain was valuable, and managing
the Niles. 

4313
03:43:23,800 --> 03:43:27,400
Resources, meant managing the 
money needed to survive to keep 

4314
03:43:27,400 --> 03:43:30,700
the Roman Bankers, happy the 
priest placated and the crop 

4315
03:43:30,700 --> 03:43:32,800
steady. 
Wise ruler was required. 

4316
03:43:32,800 --> 03:43:37,900
However, when her father passed 
away in 51, BC Cleopatra was 

4317
03:43:37,900 --> 03:43:40,800
still a young woman, she and her
younger brother, Tommy. 

4318
03:43:40,800 --> 03:43:43,900
The 13th were designated as 
joint rulers in the will. 

4319
03:43:44,600 --> 03:43:47,300
This Arrangement was less about 
true balance and more about 

4320
03:43:47,300 --> 03:43:50,000
ceremonial tradition. 
Groups in the court. 

4321
03:43:50,000 --> 03:43:52,500
Tried to influence the young 
boy, King against his sister. 

4322
03:43:52,500 --> 03:43:55,800
Very immediately Cleopatra had 
to decide whether to submit 

4323
03:43:55,800 --> 03:43:59,300
these power struggles or to 
stand up for herself at the risk

4324
03:43:59,300 --> 03:44:03,000
of starting a civil war. 
Cleopatra's early life prepared,

4325
03:44:03,000 --> 03:44:06,500
her for her eventual, decisive 
actions, even though most people

4326
03:44:06,500 --> 03:44:08,900
only recall her later 
involvements with Mark Antony 

4327
03:44:08,900 --> 03:44:11,800
and Julius Caesar. 
Her background learning at the 

4328
03:44:11,800 --> 03:44:15,200
library, observing Roman 
politics, and negotiating, a 

4329
03:44:15,200 --> 03:44:18,300
contentious Court formed the 
foundation of her strategic 

4330
03:44:18,300 --> 03:44:21,700
perspective, She was adamant 
that ambitious, Roman should not

4331
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:23,800
use Egypt as a prize or a 
province. 

4332
03:44:24,600 --> 03:44:27,400
Although, the road ahead was 
dangerous Cleopatra. 

4333
03:44:27,400 --> 03:44:29,100
Had been well prepared by her 
upbringing. 

4334
03:44:29,100 --> 03:44:32,900
She wasn't a passive character. 
She was already planning ahead 

4335
03:44:32,900 --> 03:44:35,500
and prepared to play a political
chess game, that would decide 

4336
03:44:35,500 --> 03:44:39,600
her Kingdom's destiny. 
Cleopatra who was 18 at the time

4337
03:44:39,600 --> 03:44:42,100
of Ptolemy, the 12th death found
herself. 

4338
03:44:42,100 --> 03:44:45,600
Sharing the kingdom with her 
brother Ptolemy, the 13th who 

4339
03:44:45,600 --> 03:44:47,400
was only 10 or 11 years old at 
the time. 

4340
03:44:48,300 --> 03:44:50,600
Although there were classified 
as equals in their official 

4341
03:44:50,600 --> 03:44:54,100
titles Cleopatra was aware of 
the covert path structures, and 

4342
03:44:54,100 --> 03:44:57,300
the Royal Court. 
The young kings advisors saw an 

4343
03:44:57,300 --> 03:45:00,300
opportunity to marginalize her 
by portraying her, as an 

4344
03:45:00,300 --> 03:45:03,000
intrusive sister, who posed a 
danger, to the boy's legitimate 

4345
03:45:03,000 --> 03:45:06,200
Authority. 
Political scheming by a flurry 

4346
03:45:06,200 --> 03:45:10,100
of courtiers, including the 
powerful region within us and a 

4347
03:45:10,100 --> 03:45:13,300
general by the name of Achilles 
soon, compelled Cleopatra, to 

4348
03:45:13,308 --> 03:45:16,600
leave Alexandria. 
Cleopatra was sent into Exile 

4349
03:45:16,600 --> 03:45:18,300
because she would not concede 
defeat. 

4350
03:45:19,100 --> 03:45:22,700
Of Disappearing Into Obscurity. 
She gathered a small troupe and 

4351
03:45:22,700 --> 03:45:24,600
set up camp east of the Nile 
Delta to wait. 

4352
03:45:25,500 --> 03:45:27,900
She made appeals to border 
troops who were devoted to her 

4353
03:45:27,900 --> 03:45:31,100
father's Legacy Merchants, who 
were upset over the Mayhem in 

4354
03:45:31,100 --> 03:45:35,300
Alexandria and local allies. 
Cleopatra closely monitored 

4355
03:45:35,300 --> 03:45:36,800
Rome's. 
Internal conflicts during this 

4356
03:45:36,800 --> 03:45:39,400
period. 
Caesar's previous, Ally, the 

4357
03:45:39,400 --> 03:45:42,400
Roman general. 
Ganias Pompey was now losing a 

4358
03:45:42,400 --> 03:45:45,700
civil war against his assured, 
while comrade the alexandrian 

4359
03:45:45,700 --> 03:45:47,600
court. 
Made the tragic choice to have 

4360
03:45:47,600 --> 03:45:51,100
Pompey killed when he landed in 
Egypt in search of resources and

4361
03:45:51,100 --> 03:45:53,600
safety. 
Killing was likely done to 

4362
03:45:53,600 --> 03:45:56,300
appease Julius Caesar who was 
pursuing Pompeii. 

4363
03:45:56,300 --> 03:45:59,500
However, the results of this 
heinous deed were not what they 

4364
03:45:59,500 --> 03:46:02,300
had hoped for. 
Caesar personally landed in 

4365
03:46:02,300 --> 03:46:04,600
Alexandria in the fall of 48 
BCE. 

4366
03:46:05,800 --> 03:46:08,900
Stable monarchy or at least a 
compliant Administration that 

4367
03:46:08,900 --> 03:46:11,800
would pay for his wartime. 
Expenses was what he hoped to 

4368
03:46:11,800 --> 03:46:14,900
discover. 
Instead, he found himself in a 

4369
03:46:14,900 --> 03:46:17,600
country that was embroiled in a 
fraternal war with Ptolemy. 

4370
03:46:17,600 --> 03:46:20,200
The 13th Camp fighting for 
control of the city and 

4371
03:46:20,200 --> 03:46:23,200
Cleopatra in Exile. 
Caesar was apparently horrified 

4372
03:46:23,200 --> 03:46:25,400
to learn of pompey's 
assassination since he had 

4373
03:46:25,400 --> 03:46:28,100
planned to capture Pompey rather
than have him killed by 

4374
03:46:28,100 --> 03:46:31,100
Outsiders. 
Seeing her chance Cleopatra, 

4375
03:46:31,100 --> 03:46:33,500
came up with a bold scheme to 
meet Caesar in private and make 

4376
03:46:33,500 --> 03:46:36,500
her case. 
According to Legend to get past 

4377
03:46:36,500 --> 03:46:39,700
ptolemies guards Cleopatra 
planned to be smuggled into the 

4378
03:46:39,700 --> 03:46:41,500
palace rolled up in a carpet or 
bag. 

4379
03:46:42,300 --> 03:46:44,300
Although some historians 
disagree with the precise 

4380
03:46:44,300 --> 03:46:47,500
approach, everyone agrees that 
Cleopatra's first-hand meeting 

4381
03:46:47,500 --> 03:46:49,700
with Caesar was a persuasive 
Master stroke. 

4382
03:46:49,700 --> 03:46:52,500
She portrayed herself as a 
legitimate Queen, whose brothers

4383
03:46:52,500 --> 03:46:55,600
Court had turned treacherous 
rather than as a defenseless 

4384
03:46:55,600 --> 03:46:57,600
Exile. 
She Newton well enough to 

4385
03:46:57,600 --> 03:47:00,500
communicate directly with Cesar.
He was said to be as fascinated 

4386
03:47:00,500 --> 03:47:03,800
by her intelligence and humor as
he was by her royal demeanor. 

4387
03:47:04,500 --> 03:47:07,300
Caesar a master strategist. 
Believed that Cleopatra was a 

4388
03:47:07,300 --> 03:47:08,800
better Ally than her. 
Younger brother. 

4389
03:47:08,800 --> 03:47:12,200
Ensuring Egypt, stability. 
The siblings must get back 

4390
03:47:12,200 --> 03:47:15,200
together and ruled together 
again, he said the counselors to

4391
03:47:15,208 --> 03:47:18,000
Tommy the 13th refused to obey 
because they felt their 

4392
03:47:18,008 --> 03:47:21,700
Authority was in jeopardy. 
As tensions increased the 

4393
03:47:21,700 --> 03:47:25,700
alexandrian war broke out. 
Alexandria's streets and docks 

4394
03:47:25,700 --> 03:47:28,500
became battlefields when 
Caesar's Army engaged in combat 

4395
03:47:28,500 --> 03:47:30,400
with Ptolemy, the 13th 
supporters. 

4396
03:47:31,300 --> 03:47:33,600
Although reports differ on the 
extent and timing of the 

4397
03:47:33,608 --> 03:47:36,100
destruction, the renowned 
Library itself, may have 

4398
03:47:36,108 --> 03:47:37,900
sustained some damage during 
this fight. 

4399
03:47:38,700 --> 03:47:41,300
Cleopatra remained. 
Calm in the face of Chaos. 

4400
03:47:42,000 --> 03:47:44,800
She collaborated closely with 
Caesar providing local 

4401
03:47:44,800 --> 03:47:47,900
intelligence and resources. 
She understood that while she 

4402
03:47:47,900 --> 03:47:50,800
required Caesar's help. 
She also possessed power because

4403
03:47:50,800 --> 03:47:54,500
Caesar wanted a stable, monarchy
and control over Egypt's grain. 

4404
03:47:54,500 --> 03:47:57,400
Supply was vital to Rome, The 
eventually routed. 

4405
03:47:57,400 --> 03:48:01,000
Ptolemy, the 13th Army. 
While attempting to escape, he 

4406
03:48:01,000 --> 03:48:04,300
himself perished in the Nile to 
maintain the illusion of a 

4407
03:48:04,300 --> 03:48:06,800
dynastic tradition, Cleopatra's 
younger brother. 

4408
03:48:06,800 --> 03:48:10,200
Tommy the 14th was appointed as 
a nominal co-ruler. 

4409
03:48:10,200 --> 03:48:14,000
However, clear Patrick held. 
The real power, after the Civil 

4410
03:48:14,000 --> 03:48:17,400
War was done Cleopatra sided, 
with Caesar and according to 

4411
03:48:17,400 --> 03:48:20,000
many fell in love with him 
caesarion. 

4412
03:48:20,000 --> 03:48:22,200
The child, they would have 
eventually have symbolized the 

4413
03:48:22,200 --> 03:48:25,100
marriage of Egyptian ancestry 
with Roman ambition. 

4414
03:48:26,100 --> 03:48:29,400
Nevertheless clear Patron never 
saw herself as a simple consort.

4415
03:48:30,200 --> 03:48:32,200
Her goal was to bring her 
kingdom back to life. 

4416
03:48:32,200 --> 03:48:34,900
While juggling Roman interests 
and preserving some degree of 

4417
03:48:34,908 --> 03:48:37,500
autonomy. 
She lavished Caesar with 

4418
03:48:37,500 --> 03:48:40,000
hospitality throwing lavish 
Feast that could only be 

4419
03:48:40,000 --> 03:48:43,400
supported by the Niles wealth. 
Beneath these extravagant 

4420
03:48:43,400 --> 03:48:45,400
outbursts. 
However she engaged in 

4421
03:48:45,408 --> 03:48:48,800
painstaking negotiations to 
secure her rules continuation 

4422
03:48:48,800 --> 03:48:50,600
after Caesars, inevitable 
departure. 

4423
03:48:51,500 --> 03:48:54,100
Alexandria had been returned to 
Cleopatra at the end of this 

4424
03:48:54,100 --> 03:48:57,400
turbulent time, she was no 
longer the helpless fugitive. 

4425
03:48:57,400 --> 03:49:01,600
Instead, she had become Egypt's 
Undisputed Monarch albeit one 

4426
03:49:01,600 --> 03:49:03,700
who was closely associated with 
Roman Authority. 

4427
03:49:04,400 --> 03:49:07,000
She had forged a complicated 
alliance with the most powerful 

4428
03:49:07,000 --> 03:49:10,000
man in the Mediterranean, by 
navigating war and conspiracies.

4429
03:49:10,000 --> 03:49:13,700
There were new obstacles in the 
way primarily how to balance 

4430
03:49:13,700 --> 03:49:15,700
Egypt sovereignty with Rome's 
demands. 

4431
03:49:15,700 --> 03:49:19,000
However, Cleopatra had 
demonstrated that she was more 

4432
03:49:19,000 --> 03:49:21,900
than capable of skillfully, 
navigating through situations 

4433
03:49:21,900 --> 03:49:24,900
that would shatter a less 
powerful ruler following the 

4434
03:49:24,900 --> 03:49:28,000
alexandrian war Cleopatra, 
oversaw a court that combined 

4435
03:49:28,000 --> 03:49:32,000
Roman and Hellenistic elements 
with older Egyptian customs, she

4436
03:49:32,000 --> 03:49:35,200
reclaimed trade routes, vital to
Egypt's growth and dispatched 

4437
03:49:35,200 --> 03:49:38,100
invoice to negotiate border 
records to regain control over 

4438
03:49:38,100 --> 03:49:40,000
areas, lost during previous 
crises. 

4439
03:49:41,000 --> 03:49:44,700
Beyond politics Cleopatra, 
prioritized cultural patronage. 

4440
03:49:45,500 --> 03:49:48,100
She provided financial support 
for academic, Pursuits 

4441
03:49:48,100 --> 03:49:51,700
sponsored, building projects and
made sure that Egypt's temples, 

4442
03:49:51,700 --> 03:49:54,700
particularly those honoring, the
Goddess Isis, who she came to 

4443
03:49:54,700 --> 03:49:57,400
identifying Chrisley with 
received Royal backing. 

4444
03:49:58,700 --> 03:50:01,000
She and Julius Caesar's 
relationship kept changing 

4445
03:50:01,000 --> 03:50:04,400
Caesar attracted by Cleopatra's 
companionship as well as 

4446
03:50:04,400 --> 03:50:06,500
political motives stayed in 
Egypt. 

4447
03:50:06,500 --> 03:50:09,000
Longer than many Roman Senators 
thought was wise. 

4448
03:50:09,000 --> 03:50:12,100
They're well known Nile Crews 
which was later romanticized. 

4449
03:50:12,100 --> 03:50:16,200
Served two strategic purposes. 
Caesar learned about the areas 

4450
03:50:16,200 --> 03:50:19,500
resources and fortifications 
first hand while Cleopatra, 

4451
03:50:19,500 --> 03:50:22,400
demonstrated the size of her 
Dominion Though some 

4452
03:50:22,400 --> 03:50:25,500
alexandrians questioned, the 
expenditure Cleopatra, 

4453
03:50:25,500 --> 03:50:28,500
recognized, the importance of 
spectacle, and her Tales of 

4454
03:50:28,508 --> 03:50:32,600
sumptuous feasts on Royal boats.
She wanted the Egyptians, and 

4455
03:50:32,600 --> 03:50:35,300
Romans to understand that the 
ptolemaic throne had not lost. 

4456
03:50:35,300 --> 03:50:38,700
Its Majesty in a time when the 
ability to Dazzle was frequently

4457
03:50:38,700 --> 03:50:43,000
used to gauge one's level of 
authority, Caesar and Cleopatra.

4458
03:50:43,000 --> 03:50:46,300
However were unable to deny 
Rome's restlessness after 

4459
03:50:46,300 --> 03:50:48,700
defeating pompies allies. 
Sees a solidified. 

4460
03:50:48,700 --> 03:50:52,300
His hold on Power and his status
as dictator was both admirable 

4461
03:50:52,300 --> 03:50:55,200
and vulnerable. 
He brought Cleopatra back to 

4462
03:50:55,208 --> 03:50:58,200
Roman 46, BC but not as a simple
concubine. 

4463
03:50:58,900 --> 03:51:01,600
She successfully positioned 
herself on the Roman stage by 

4464
03:51:01,600 --> 03:51:04,400
arriving, with her retinue, 
which included the baby 

4465
03:51:04,400 --> 03:51:07,600
cesarean. 
Conservative Romans, who 

4466
03:51:07,600 --> 03:51:11,400
disapproved of her alien status 
and her alleged aspirations were

4467
03:51:11,400 --> 03:51:14,800
scandalized by this. 
Caesar gave Cleopatra privileged

4468
03:51:14,800 --> 03:51:16,700
position that no other foreign 
ruler had. 

4469
03:51:16,700 --> 03:51:20,100
However, by letting her remain 
at a villa across the Tiber 

4470
03:51:20,700 --> 03:51:24,000
Within the city's political 
circles rumors circulated that 

4471
03:51:24,000 --> 03:51:26,600
Caesar May declare himself King 
and Cleopatra, his Queen. 

4472
03:51:26,600 --> 03:51:30,300
A notion that was unappealing to
Romans who had Vivid memories of

4473
03:51:30,300 --> 03:51:31,900
overthrowing Monarch centuries 
before. 

4474
03:51:32,800 --> 03:51:36,000
Both xenophobic animosity and 
curiosity was stoked by 

4475
03:51:36,000 --> 03:51:39,600
Cleopatra's appearance, her 
attire and her Entourage of 

4476
03:51:39,600 --> 03:51:42,900
Egyptian, courtiers. 
In the meantime, she researched 

4477
03:51:42,900 --> 03:51:46,200
the tribunes the Senate and the 
network of patronage that 

4478
03:51:46,200 --> 03:51:48,200
connected aristocratic family in
Rome. 

4479
03:51:48,200 --> 03:51:51,600
She realized how shaky roams 
acceptance of her was 

4480
03:51:52,300 --> 03:51:54,600
Nevertheless, she engaged in 
diplomatic Outreach, 

4481
03:51:54,600 --> 03:51:57,500
establishing connections with 
powerful senators and their 

4482
03:51:57,500 --> 03:52:00,700
spouse's giving presents and 
organising cultural events. 

4483
03:52:00,700 --> 03:52:02,500
That showcased Alexandria's 
refinement. 

4484
03:52:03,500 --> 03:52:06,400
But Cleopatra's primary goal was
to ensure the future of her 

4485
03:52:06,400 --> 03:52:08,900
Dynasty. 
From the Egyptian perspective, 

4486
03:52:08,900 --> 03:52:11,600
she desired cesareans 
recognition as his Heir. 

4487
03:52:11,600 --> 03:52:15,100
Even if it wasn't official. 
Caesar gave cesarean 

4488
03:52:15,100 --> 03:52:17,900
preferential treatment, even 
though he never legally declared

4489
03:52:17,900 --> 03:52:20,700
him, his son under Roman law, 
Caesars. 

4490
03:52:20,700 --> 03:52:23,100
Continuous success appeared to 
be the key to the Future. 

4491
03:52:24,000 --> 03:52:27,100
However, the tide of Roman 
politics was shifting and many 

4492
03:52:27,100 --> 03:52:29,500
were disturbed by Caesar's 
acquisition of awards and 

4493
03:52:29,500 --> 03:52:32,500
display of monarchical. 
Accoutrements Caesar was 

4494
03:52:32,500 --> 03:52:35,500
assassinated on the Ides of 
March in 44, BCE as a result of 

4495
03:52:35,500 --> 03:52:37,900
a conspiracy. 
Cleopatra. 

4496
03:52:37,900 --> 03:52:40,200
Shocked and exposed was in a 
dangerous situation. 

4497
03:52:40,200 --> 03:52:44,300
In Rome, she swiftly retreated 
amid, the confusion returning to

4498
03:52:44,300 --> 03:52:46,600
Alexandria with cesarean and her
Entourage. 

4499
03:52:48,300 --> 03:52:51,100
According to some accounts she 
thought about siding with Mark 

4500
03:52:51,100 --> 03:52:54,400
Antony or other groups in the 
ensuing power War Cleopatra 

4501
03:52:54,400 --> 03:52:57,300
however was realistic. 
She understood that Romans would

4502
03:52:57,300 --> 03:53:00,700
fight for the Republic once more
and before making any dangerous 

4503
03:53:00,700 --> 03:53:02,800
agreements, she needed to know 
who would win. 

4504
03:53:03,700 --> 03:53:06,700
Securely established in Egypt, 
she concentrated on bolstering 

4505
03:53:06,700 --> 03:53:10,000
the economy in defense of her 
realm while she waited the next 

4506
03:53:10,000 --> 03:53:13,700
Roman ruler to initiate contact.
She made a deliberate decision 

4507
03:53:13,700 --> 03:53:17,500
to stay out of Rome during this 
rough time, if she had stayed, 

4508
03:53:17,500 --> 03:53:23,000
see your mad one side or the 
other might have exploited her 

4509
03:53:23,000 --> 03:53:26,100
as a poor rather, she withdrew 
to a world in which she was 

4510
03:53:26,100 --> 03:53:30,100
truly in charge. she developed 
an image of herself at home as a

4511
03:53:30,100 --> 03:53:32,500
conventional fair, in addition 
to being a Hellenistic, Queen 

4512
03:53:33,400 --> 03:53:35,900
her picture with the dire damn. 
Occasionally with subtle 

4513
03:53:35,900 --> 03:53:38,600
references to Egyptian 
iconography was featured on 

4514
03:53:38,600 --> 03:53:41,200
coins. 
Bearing her name To guarantee 

4515
03:53:41,200 --> 03:53:43,600
that the priesthood 
acknowledged, her son cesarean 

4516
03:53:43,600 --> 03:53:47,100
as a prince descent from God. 
She funded religious ceremonies 

4517
03:53:47,900 --> 03:53:50,800
Cleopatra cemented, her position
among her subjects by fusing 

4518
03:53:50,800 --> 03:53:53,800
traditional Egyptian devotion 
with classical Greek Elegance. 

4519
03:53:54,600 --> 03:53:56,600
Though, she was aware that 
Egypt's Destiny would 

4520
03:53:56,600 --> 03:53:59,900
unavoidably be shaped by the 
next wave of Rome's Civil War. 

4521
03:53:59,900 --> 03:54:04,200
She never cut off, contact with 
Roman politicians, Cleopatra's 

4522
03:54:04,200 --> 03:54:06,700
top objective amid, the chaos 
that followed Caesar's murder, 

4523
03:54:06,700 --> 03:54:10,100
was to maintain her independence
to the greatest extent feasible.

4524
03:54:10,900 --> 03:54:13,800
Although she had already 
navigated the maze, the Roman 

4525
03:54:13,800 --> 03:54:16,700
stage was about to change. 
Again, bringing new performers 

4526
03:54:16,700 --> 03:54:20,000
who would test her wits She 
would have to carefully consider

4527
03:54:20,000 --> 03:54:22,900
her options now that she could 
no longer rely on season's favor

4528
03:54:22,900 --> 03:54:26,200
forming a lion says, and 
battling for time in a game 

4529
03:54:26,200 --> 03:54:29,400
where the outcome could affect 
the mediterranean's future after

4530
03:54:29,400 --> 03:54:32,100
Seasons death. 
Rome fell into Civil War, 

4531
03:54:32,100 --> 03:54:36,500
creating a power vacuum on one 
side with the Assassins led by 

4532
03:54:36,500 --> 03:54:39,800
Brutus and Cassius advocating 
for a return to Republican 

4533
03:54:39,800 --> 03:54:42,300
ideals. 
The second triumvirat brought 

4534
03:54:42,300 --> 03:54:46,000
together three important 
figures, Octavian Caesars 

4535
03:54:46,000 --> 03:54:49,700
adopted son and Heir, Mark 
Antony a seasoned General and 

4536
03:54:49,700 --> 03:54:53,700
close, all of Caesar and lepidus
whose influence quickly 

4537
03:54:53,700 --> 03:54:56,000
diminished. 
In the following two years. 

4538
03:54:56,008 --> 03:54:58,900
These factions fought for 
dominance from Alexandria 

4539
03:54:58,900 --> 03:55:01,200
Cleopatra. 
Observed knowing Egypt's. 

4540
03:55:01,200 --> 03:55:02,900
Wealth could become a bargaining
chip again. 

4541
03:55:03,800 --> 03:55:07,400
Mark Antony had previously been 
kind to clear Patra, he visited 

4542
03:55:07,400 --> 03:55:10,200
Alexandria during Caesar's time 
and enjoyed the courts 

4543
03:55:10,200 --> 03:55:14,400
Hospitality as the triumvirate 
faced Brutus and Cassius Anthony

4544
03:55:14,400 --> 03:55:18,100
required resources grain ships 
and money to strengthen his 

4545
03:55:18,100 --> 03:55:21,800
position. 
Called Cleopatra to Tarsus Asia 

4546
03:55:21,800 --> 03:55:25,600
Minor to negotiate terms. 
The summons was not just a 

4547
03:55:25,600 --> 03:55:28,300
polite request. 
Ignoring it could provoke Roman 

4548
03:55:28,300 --> 03:55:32,800
anger, Cleopatra recognized an 
opportunity negotiating from a 

4549
03:55:32,800 --> 03:55:35,500
strong position, could help her 
gain recognition for cesarean 

4550
03:55:35,500 --> 03:55:39,100
and assert her autonomy. 
Her arrival in Tarsus turned 

4551
03:55:39,100 --> 03:55:42,500
into a legendary tale rather 
than seeming like a beggar. 

4552
03:55:42,500 --> 03:55:46,400
She glided up the river Sydney 
on an ornate barge the donned 

4553
03:55:46,400 --> 03:55:49,900
with luxurious fabrics and 
fragrance sales, musicians 

4554
03:55:49,900 --> 03:55:52,500
played as clear. 
Patra adorned as the goddess, 

4555
03:55:52,500 --> 03:55:56,700
Aphrodite or Isis based on the 
source invited and to witness a 

4556
03:55:56,700 --> 03:55:59,000
display of opulence, akin to a 
royal Festival. 

4557
03:56:00,000 --> 03:56:02,500
Cleopatra recognized the 
significant of spectacle. 

4558
03:56:03,400 --> 03:56:06,600
A dramatic entrance overshadowed
rumors of Egyptian Suburbans. 

4559
03:56:06,600 --> 03:56:09,700
Anthony realized he was not in 
charge of a subordinate, but was

4560
03:56:09,700 --> 03:56:11,900
instead welcoming a king in full
splendor. 

4561
03:56:12,600 --> 03:56:15,400
He was impressed and accepted 
her invitation to dine on her 

4562
03:56:15,400 --> 03:56:17,600
vessel where her wit and 
cultural sophistication 

4563
03:56:17,600 --> 03:56:19,900
captivated him as much as the 
luxuries. 

4564
03:56:20,700 --> 03:56:24,400
An alliance began political and 
romantic that would shape the 

4565
03:56:24,400 --> 03:56:28,100
Eastern mediterranean's fate. 
Their relationship was complex, 

4566
03:56:28,100 --> 03:56:31,600
Antony aimed to gain Cleopatra's
loyalty, and resources, to 

4567
03:56:31,600 --> 03:56:34,100
tackle the ongoing challenges to
the triumvirate. 

4568
03:56:34,800 --> 03:56:36,300
Cleopatra. 
Demanded, the return of 

4569
03:56:36,308 --> 03:56:39,300
Egyptian, territories lost under
previous ptolemaic rulers. 

4570
03:56:39,300 --> 03:56:42,700
She urged for formal, Roman 
recognition of cesarean 

4571
03:56:42,700 --> 03:56:47,500
significance, at least in Egypt.
What started as a tactical 

4572
03:56:47,500 --> 03:56:51,000
partnership evolved in to a 
personal Bond, Anthony spent the

4573
03:56:51,008 --> 03:56:54,200
winter in Alexandria, enjoying 
the city's Lively culture. 

4574
03:56:54,200 --> 03:56:58,100
He took part in festivals in 
joyed, hunts along the Nile and 

4575
03:56:58,100 --> 03:57:01,700
even created a drinking Society 
with Cleopatra, humorously 

4576
03:57:01,700 --> 03:57:05,600
called the inimitable livers 
Cleopatra remained focused on 

4577
03:57:05,600 --> 03:57:08,300
her political goals despite the 
distractions of revelry. 

4578
03:57:09,100 --> 03:57:10,900
She maneuvered through Court 
intrigues. 

4579
03:57:10,900 --> 03:57:14,300
Handled the Egyptian bureaucracy
and protected her throne. 

4580
03:57:14,300 --> 03:57:17,300
Despite rumors that Anthony was 
suing to her spell. 

4581
03:57:18,100 --> 03:57:21,700
These rumors extended Beyond me.
A gossip in Rome, Octavian, 

4582
03:57:21,700 --> 03:57:26,000
identities, actions, wearily, 
Octavian ruled the West while 

4583
03:57:26,000 --> 03:57:28,900
Anthony managed the east. 
As co-rulers of the Roman World.

4584
03:57:28,900 --> 03:57:32,900
Antony is extravagant gestures 
toward Cleopatra, reinforced, 

4585
03:57:32,900 --> 03:57:36,000
the idea that he was abandoning 
Roman values for Eastern excess.

4586
03:57:36,800 --> 03:57:38,400
Cleopatra. 
Understood the gravity of 

4587
03:57:38,400 --> 03:57:41,700
octavian's propaganda. 
She had encountered Roman 

4588
03:57:41,700 --> 03:57:45,600
disdain previously. 
Now, the risks were greater loss

4589
03:57:45,600 --> 03:57:47,700
of Anthony's favor. 
In Rome could jeopardize, clear,

4590
03:57:47,700 --> 03:57:50,800
patra's position. 
Anthonys early campaigns in the 

4591
03:57:50,800 --> 03:57:54,100
East, had some success, he 
reaffirmed Roman Authority and 

4592
03:57:54,108 --> 03:57:57,300
rebellious areas and granted 
Cleopatra land in Father Nisha 

4593
03:57:57,300 --> 03:57:59,800
Cyprus and parts of cretan 
Syria. 

4594
03:57:59,800 --> 03:58:03,100
These grants enhanced Egypt's 
power and filled Cleopatra's 

4595
03:58:03,100 --> 03:58:05,900
Treasury. 
At the same time the triumvirat 

4596
03:58:05,900 --> 03:58:10,000
unraveled lepidus was sidelined,
intensifying the Rivalry between

4597
03:58:10,000 --> 03:58:14,000
Antony and Octavian Cleopatra 
and Antony had children starting

4598
03:58:14,000 --> 03:58:16,200
with twins. 
And then another son who Anthony

4599
03:58:16,200 --> 03:58:19,100
acknowledged publicly children 
were given territories 

4600
03:58:19,100 --> 03:58:23,000
culminating in the notable 
donations of Alexandria ceremony

4601
03:58:23,000 --> 03:58:24,900
where Cleopatra and her 
children. 

4602
03:58:24,900 --> 03:58:28,400
Donde regalia representing their
ruler over vast regions of the 

4603
03:58:28,400 --> 03:58:31,000
near East. 
Roman observers were shocked, 

4604
03:58:31,000 --> 03:58:33,400
the event, resembled the 
establishment of a new 

4605
03:58:33,400 --> 03:58:36,200
Hellenistic Empire at the cost 
of Rome. 

4606
03:58:37,200 --> 03:58:40,200
Cleopatra, understood that her 
fake depended on Anthonys 

4607
03:58:40,200 --> 03:58:42,800
military achievements. 
Anthony found himself 

4608
03:58:42,800 --> 03:58:46,400
increasingly conflicted between 
the East where Cleopatra, held 

4609
03:58:46,400 --> 03:58:50,300
Sway and the Roman Heartland 
were Octavian was turning public

4610
03:58:50,300 --> 03:58:53,100
sentiment against him. 
Cleopatra. 

4611
03:58:53,100 --> 03:58:55,800
Employed her diplomatic skills 
to secure, local alliances 

4612
03:58:55,800 --> 03:58:59,700
ensuring that if War arose, she 
could gather sufficient Egyptian

4613
03:58:59,700 --> 03:59:02,300
Manpower and Naval power to be 
taken seriously. 

4614
03:59:03,400 --> 03:59:06,900
She noticed the cracks appearing
as Anthony embraced his Eastern 

4615
03:59:06,900 --> 03:59:10,000
identity by adopting, Greek, 
customs, and granting Grand 

4616
03:59:10,000 --> 03:59:13,300
titles to clear Patra, hostility
and Rome intensified. 

4617
03:59:14,000 --> 03:59:16,100
Octavian. 
Waited, patiently Gathering 

4618
03:59:16,100 --> 03:59:19,400
proof to label Antonia traitor 
influenced by an oriental Queen.

4619
03:59:20,300 --> 03:59:23,600
This delicate balance endured 
for years, lending, clear 

4620
03:59:23,600 --> 03:59:26,400
patches Reign, a sense of 
renewed Grandeur alongside 

4621
03:59:26,400 --> 03:59:29,700
looming storm clouds. 
She had journeyed from uncertain

4622
03:59:29,700 --> 03:59:33,400
exiled to commanding Queen. 
But the Horizon suggested a 

4623
03:59:33,400 --> 03:59:35,900
final confrontation that could 
overshadow all her previous 

4624
03:59:35,900 --> 03:59:40,400
struggles, by the mid-30s BCE 
tensions between Antony and 

4625
03:59:40,408 --> 03:59:43,700
Octavian, nearly insured. 
Another Roman Civil War to mend,

4626
03:59:43,700 --> 03:59:47,500
the divide and Anthony wed. 
Octavian's sister Octavia, while

4627
03:59:47,500 --> 03:59:49,000
still maintaining his affair 
with clear. 

4628
03:59:49,000 --> 03:59:52,000
Patrick, the attempted to 
balance these conflicting 

4629
03:59:52,000 --> 03:59:55,000
responsibilities. 
However, the political Alliance 

4630
03:59:55,000 --> 03:59:59,300
is proved too weak and Octavian 
exploited, Antony's ongoing stay

4631
03:59:59,300 --> 04:00:04,000
in Egypt as proof of treachery 
in 32 BCE after Anthony 

4632
04:00:04,000 --> 04:00:07,500
divorced, Octavia, Octavian 
claimed that Anthony had turned 

4633
04:00:07,500 --> 04:00:11,800
into Cleopatra's puppet labeling
her as the master manipulator. 

4634
04:00:12,800 --> 04:00:16,500
Cleopatra, sensing rooms growing
animosity prepared for battle. 

4635
04:00:16,500 --> 04:00:20,700
She strengthened the Egyptian 
Coast gathered grain and grew 

4636
04:00:20,700 --> 04:00:23,600
her Navy. 
Despite the strength of Egyptian

4637
04:00:23,600 --> 04:00:27,200
forces facing Rome's legionary 
machine, was intimidating 

4638
04:00:27,200 --> 04:00:29,800
Cleopatra. 
Thought that Victory relied on 

4639
04:00:29,808 --> 04:00:33,000
Antoni skill in maintaining the 
Loyalty of his Legions and 

4640
04:00:33,000 --> 04:00:35,400
uniting Eastern client states 
under his leadership. 

4641
04:00:36,300 --> 04:00:39,000
As War approached, his support 
started to weaken. 

4642
04:00:39,600 --> 04:00:42,900
Several Allied Kings. 
Hesitated, Roman Senators, who 

4643
04:00:42,900 --> 04:00:45,900
once supported Anthony switched 
their allegiance to Octavian 

4644
04:00:45,900 --> 04:00:48,600
driven by fear or political 
strategy. 

4645
04:00:49,400 --> 04:00:53,200
Propaganda, War intensified, 
Octavian, depicted Cleopatra, as

4646
04:00:53,208 --> 04:00:56,100
a foreign seductress aiming to 
enslave roam. 

4647
04:00:56,100 --> 04:00:58,900
Stoking xenophobia among the 
Roman people. 

4648
04:00:59,800 --> 04:01:04,000
In 31 BCE, the decisive 
confrontation occurred of 

4649
04:01:04,000 --> 04:01:06,400
Greece's western coast near 
actium. 

4650
04:01:07,000 --> 04:01:10,800
Antony and Cleopatra gathered a 
significant Fleet but a gripper 

4651
04:01:10,800 --> 04:01:16,900
octavian's Admiral. 
Outsmarted them historians may 

4652
04:01:16,900 --> 04:01:21,000
argue over specifics but the 
result is evident Anthony's Navy

4653
04:01:21,000 --> 04:01:24,000
became desperate, lacking 
supplies, and troubled by 

4654
04:01:24,000 --> 04:01:27,300
grippers better, Naval 
strategies, the climactic battle

4655
04:01:27,300 --> 04:01:30,600
Cleopatra leading. 
Her Squadron suddenly broke away

4656
04:01:30,600 --> 04:01:33,300
and fled to Egypt. 
Antony, realizing she was 

4657
04:01:33,300 --> 04:01:35,400
leaving, gave up the fight to 
pursue her. 

4658
04:01:35,400 --> 04:01:39,200
The Fleets fate was sealed 
lacking unified leadership. 

4659
04:01:39,200 --> 04:01:42,900
Anthony's Naval forces fell 
apart, allowing Octavian to 

4660
04:01:42,900 --> 04:01:46,600
achieve a decisive Victory 
rumors about Cleopatra's Escape 

4661
04:01:46,600 --> 04:01:49,900
circulated. 
Was it Panic strategy or 

4662
04:01:49,900 --> 04:01:53,100
pre-arranged plan? 
If the situation worsened, some 

4663
04:01:53,100 --> 04:01:56,500
accuser of betrayal While others
believe she realized the battle 

4664
04:01:56,500 --> 04:02:00,000
was lost and tried to salvage 
what she could hacked him to 

4665
04:02:00,000 --> 04:02:02,700
severe. 
Blow to Antony's Kors, afterward

4666
04:02:02,700 --> 04:02:05,400
Cleopatra, hurried to 
strengthening Egypt, hoping to 

4667
04:02:05,400 --> 04:02:09,200
rebuild defenses, and negotiated
diplomatic deal Octavian. 

4668
04:02:09,200 --> 04:02:11,900
Had the momentum on his side. 
He waited patiently, 

4669
04:02:11,900 --> 04:02:14,300
systematically restructuring, 
his forces. 

4670
04:02:14,400 --> 04:02:17,700
Rejecting Cleopatra's 
negotiation proposals and they 

4671
04:02:17,700 --> 04:02:20,800
met his conditions Antony and 
Cleopatra's relationship. 

4672
04:02:20,800 --> 04:02:24,200
Once adorned with Splendor 
faltered under the burden of the

4673
04:02:24,200 --> 04:02:27,300
Lost Antony experience. 
Shame in front of his troops, 

4674
04:02:27,300 --> 04:02:30,800
many of whom abandoned him 
Cleopatra, confronted the truth 

4675
04:02:30,800 --> 04:02:34,000
that her meticulously built 
Eastern Empire was falling apart

4676
04:02:35,000 --> 04:02:38,300
she attempted to negotiate once 
more wood Octavian, allow 

4677
04:02:38,300 --> 04:02:41,400
cesarean to rule as co-regent, 
if she surrendered Antony 

4678
04:02:42,200 --> 04:02:45,500
Historical records indicate 
Cleopatra considered various 

4679
04:02:45,500 --> 04:02:48,500
Escape options yet. 
Octavian, remained ruthless. 

4680
04:02:48,500 --> 04:02:52,100
He viewed Cleopatra as a danger 
to remove her from Power. 

4681
04:02:52,800 --> 04:02:57,100
Cesarean being Caesar's, 
biological son complicated, his 

4682
04:02:57,100 --> 04:03:01,300
claim to Rome's Legacy, removing
both mother, and child would 

4683
04:03:01,300 --> 04:03:03,900
pave the way for octavians 
unchallenged dominance. 

4684
04:03:05,000 --> 04:03:09,100
In the summer of 30 BCE Octavian
launched, an invasion of Egypt. 

4685
04:03:09,900 --> 04:03:12,800
And his efforts to organize a 
defense crumbled, due to 

4686
04:03:12,800 --> 04:03:15,000
desertion and a superior Roman 
Force. 

4687
04:03:15,700 --> 04:03:18,700
According to Legend upon hearing
a false report of Cleopatra's 

4688
04:03:18,700 --> 04:03:23,200
death, Antony took his own life 
by stabbing himself mortally 

4689
04:03:23,200 --> 04:03:25,200
wounded. 
He discovered the queen was 

4690
04:03:25,200 --> 04:03:26,700
still alive and was brought to 
her. 

4691
04:03:27,800 --> 04:03:30,400
Their last meeting, marked a sad
end to a once glamorous 

4692
04:03:30,400 --> 04:03:33,100
partnership. 
Anthony passed away in her 

4693
04:03:33,100 --> 04:03:36,300
Embrace forcing Cleopatra to 
face Octavian by herself. 

4694
04:03:37,000 --> 04:03:41,200
octavian's victory was certain 
Cleopatra's final Hope was to 

4695
04:03:41,200 --> 04:03:44,300
maintain a trace of her Dynasty 
or Escape The Shame of being 

4696
04:03:44,300 --> 04:03:47,400
displayed in Rome. 
She locked herself inside a 

4697
04:03:47,400 --> 04:03:50,500
mausoleum, she had constructed 
filled with her treasures and 

4698
04:03:50,500 --> 04:03:54,500
said to hold, concealed toxins 
Octavian aimed to capture her 

4699
04:03:54,500 --> 04:03:58,000
alive, likely planning to 
Showcase her in his triumphs as 

4700
04:03:58,000 --> 04:04:00,100
a trophy representing Rome's 
victory, over the east. 

4701
04:04:00,800 --> 04:04:03,900
Understanding the futility of 
resistance Cleopatra. 

4702
04:04:03,900 --> 04:04:06,500
Readied herself for a final act 
that would echo through history,

4703
04:04:06,500 --> 04:04:10,200
various accounts of her death 
exists, but the most well known 

4704
04:04:10,200 --> 04:04:12,700
as the tale of an asp. 
Sneaked into her Hideout. 

4705
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:15,600
By biting her arm and bringing a
quick though. 

4706
04:04:15,600 --> 04:04:18,400
Painful demise some say she took
poison. 

4707
04:04:18,400 --> 04:04:21,700
She made the decision to face 
death on her own terms, rather 

4708
04:04:21,700 --> 04:04:23,600
than accepting it as the living 
Conquest. 

4709
04:04:24,400 --> 04:04:26,900
Cleopatra's death marked, the 
end of the ptolemaic dynasty, 

4710
04:04:26,900 --> 04:04:31,300
leading to Egypt become a Roman 
province, cesarean was captured 

4711
04:04:31,300 --> 04:04:33,300
and executed on octavian's 
orders. 

4712
04:04:33,300 --> 04:04:36,600
Removing any threat to his rise 
as Rome's first emperor. 

4713
04:04:38,700 --> 04:04:41,600
Cleopatra's Reign ended. 
But her Legend was just 

4714
04:04:41,600 --> 04:04:44,900
beginning destined to be 
recounted in ways that often 

4715
04:04:44,900 --> 04:04:46,600
masked the woman behind the 
myth. 

4716
04:04:47,800 --> 04:04:51,300
After Cleopatra's death, Roman 
accounts, depicted her, as a 

4717
04:04:51,300 --> 04:04:54,200
cunning temptress, whose 
Ambitions LED Anthony astray 

4718
04:04:54,200 --> 04:04:57,500
from Roman virtue. 
Poets and historians aligned 

4719
04:04:57,500 --> 04:05:00,900
with Octavian who would become 
Augustus reflected the official 

4720
04:05:00,900 --> 04:05:03,700
narrative that Cleopatra 
represented the corrupt East. 

4721
04:05:04,500 --> 04:05:08,100
Her final stand, the Gilded 
Mausoleum and the tale of the 

4722
04:05:08,100 --> 04:05:11,100
ASP became material for 
moralizing treatises and 

4723
04:05:11,100 --> 04:05:14,600
Sensational storytelling. 
Despite the Romans vilification,

4724
04:05:14,600 --> 04:05:16,800
they could not deny her 
importance. 

4725
04:05:16,800 --> 04:05:21,300
She was the final Monarch of the
once Mighty Dynasty and her full

4726
04:05:21,300 --> 04:05:23,800
signified Rome's, cleared 
dominance in the Mediterranean 

4727
04:05:23,800 --> 04:05:27,600
Egypt, transformed under Roman 
control, Cleopatra's 

4728
04:05:27,600 --> 04:05:30,900
administrative Frameworks, such 
as tax systems, Land Management,

4729
04:05:30,900 --> 04:05:34,100
and Temple, support remained, 
intact with Roman officials. 

4730
04:05:34,100 --> 04:05:37,400
Now at the helm Alexandria 
remained, a significant cultural

4731
04:05:37,400 --> 04:05:40,200
Hub, despite no longer being a 
royal capital. 

4732
04:05:41,200 --> 04:05:43,800
Cleopatra's memory in Egypt, 
became intertwined with the 

4733
04:05:43,800 --> 04:05:47,400
local folklore over time, some 
viewed her as a tragic figure 

4734
04:05:47,400 --> 04:05:49,700
aiming to safeguard the land 
from foreign control. 

4735
04:05:49,700 --> 04:05:53,400
Some swayed by Roman propaganda 
held her responsible for leading

4736
04:05:53,400 --> 04:05:56,400
the nation into war. 
The temples showcased images of 

4737
04:05:56,400 --> 04:06:00,000
ptolemaic rulers in fairy on a 
guitar reflecting the hybrid 

4738
04:06:00,000 --> 04:06:01,100
World. 
Clear Patra. 

4739
04:06:01,100 --> 04:06:04,500
Once ruled roamed a vast 
Province and a compelling 

4740
04:06:04,500 --> 04:06:07,200
narrative, the victory of a 
clear Patra, symbolized the 

4741
04:06:07,200 --> 04:06:10,100
Triumph of Roman discipline over
Eastern luxury. 

4742
04:06:10,900 --> 04:06:13,700
Augustus leverage, this 
narrative to consolidate his 

4743
04:06:13,700 --> 04:06:15,700
power. 
He erected monuments to 

4744
04:06:15,700 --> 04:06:19,200
commemorate his conquest of 
Egypt minted coins, declaring 

4745
04:06:19,200 --> 04:06:22,700
peace restored and influenced 
the Roman mindset to see clear 

4746
04:06:22,700 --> 04:06:27,000
patra's downfall as unavoidable.
Behind the propaganda was an 

4747
04:06:27,000 --> 04:06:29,600
acknowledgment that Cleopatra 
was an extraordinary opponent. 

4748
04:06:30,400 --> 04:06:33,800
She matched Roman Statesman in 
diplomacy commanded resources 

4749
04:06:33,800 --> 04:06:36,200
and nearly forged a new 
political reality. 

4750
04:06:37,500 --> 04:06:39,900
If actium had unfolded 
differently, The Narrative of 

4751
04:06:39,900 --> 04:06:43,200
Rome could have changed 
significantly over the centuries

4752
04:06:43,200 --> 04:06:47,100
Cleopatra's reputation changed, 
numerous times, Roman 

4753
04:06:47,100 --> 04:06:50,300
playwrights depicted her, as a 
witch captivating Antony, with 

4754
04:06:50,300 --> 04:06:54,600
his potion and spells, early 
Christian writers used her as a 

4755
04:06:54,600 --> 04:06:57,400
cautionary, tale about the 
dangers of lust and power 

4756
04:06:57,400 --> 04:07:02,500
emphasizing moral lessons. 
However, there were all so more,

4757
04:07:02,500 --> 04:07:06,100
understanding perspectives 
chroniclers, particularly of 

4758
04:07:06,100 --> 04:07:09,800
Greek descent lorded. 
Her intelligence multi-lingual, 

4759
04:07:09,800 --> 04:07:13,400
abilities and cultural 
refinement, Alternative 

4760
04:07:13,400 --> 04:07:17,200
accounts, reveal her negotiation
with local Elites philanthropic 

4761
04:07:17,200 --> 04:07:20,200
gestures to the alexandrian poor
and efforts to maintain 

4762
04:07:20,200 --> 04:07:24,300
Egyptian, autonomy. 
These insights provided an 

4763
04:07:24,300 --> 04:07:26,100
alternative to the prevailing, 
Roman story. 

4764
04:07:26,800 --> 04:07:29,900
In the medieval period. 
Much classical literature 

4765
04:07:29,900 --> 04:07:33,800
remained in monasteries. 
Cleopatra appeared occasionally 

4766
04:07:33,800 --> 04:07:37,600
in moral Tales or collections of
notable women frequently 

4767
04:07:37,600 --> 04:07:39,700
overshadowed by biblical 
figures. 

4768
04:07:41,100 --> 04:07:44,400
The Renaissance Revival of 
classical, learning sparked, new

4769
04:07:44,400 --> 04:07:46,900
curiosity, Scholars, found 
Greek. 

4770
04:07:46,900 --> 04:07:50,500
And Roman texts revealing 
Cleopatra, as a multi-faceted, 

4771
04:07:50,500 --> 04:07:54,800
figure artist drew inspiration 
from her dramatic life, creating

4772
04:07:54,800 --> 04:07:59,100
paintings plays, and 
Shakespeare's Antony and 

4773
04:07:59,100 --> 04:08:01,500
Cleopatra portrays her with the 
tragic grandeur. 

4774
04:08:02,200 --> 04:08:05,500
Shakespeare partly, followed 
Roman biases, portraying her as 

4775
04:08:05,500 --> 04:08:08,500
theatrical and manipulative yet.
He also revealed her death, 

4776
04:08:08,500 --> 04:08:11,700
showcasing the fiery 
intelligence that fueled her 

4777
04:08:11,708 --> 04:08:15,100
earlier, Subsequent centuries 
witness to additional 

4778
04:08:15,100 --> 04:08:17,800
reinterpretations Enlightenment 
thinkers. 

4779
04:08:17,800 --> 04:08:20,800
Debated of Cleopatra was an 
enlightened ruler or a reckless 

4780
04:08:20,800 --> 04:08:23,500
Tyrant. 
The Romantic saw her as a symbol

4781
04:08:23,500 --> 04:08:26,600
of passionate Defiance against a
cold practical Empire. 

4782
04:08:27,700 --> 04:08:31,700
In the 19th and early 20th. 
Centuries, European orientalist 

4783
04:08:31,700 --> 04:08:35,300
views transformed Cleopatra in 
to the symbol of exotic. 

4784
04:08:36,500 --> 04:08:39,600
Painters depicted her in 
extravagant settings, focusing 

4785
04:08:39,600 --> 04:08:42,900
on her beauty and wealth while 
overlooking her administrative 

4786
04:08:42,900 --> 04:08:46,500
skills and political acumen. 
Hollywood Embrace this image 

4787
04:08:46,500 --> 04:08:50,700
creating epic films that 
highlighted spectacle Grand 

4788
04:08:50,700 --> 04:08:54,500
sets, intricate costumes and a 
clear, Patra, who captivated 

4789
04:08:54,500 --> 04:08:56,500
famous Romans with the luring 
glances. 

4790
04:08:56,500 --> 04:09:00,700
However, beneath these 
depictions historical research, 

4791
04:09:00,700 --> 04:09:05,200
dismantled the stereotypes in 
the 20th and 21st, centuries 

4792
04:09:05,200 --> 04:09:07,700
Scholars. 
Refocused on clear patterns 

4793
04:09:07,700 --> 04:09:12,000
intelligence, linguistic schools
her role as a living goddess in 

4794
04:09:12,000 --> 04:09:16,000
Egyptian tradition and her Adept
rule during challenging times 

4795
04:09:16,000 --> 04:09:18,700
recent archaeological 
discoveries and fresh 

4796
04:09:18,700 --> 04:09:20,500
interpretations of primary 
sources. 

4797
04:09:20,500 --> 04:09:24,400
Portray her not just as a femme 
fatale but as a state swimming, 

4798
04:09:24,400 --> 04:09:28,700
the mightiest Empire of her 
time. this change in Viewpoint 

4799
04:09:28,700 --> 04:09:31,000
highlighted, the conflict 
between Cleopatra's, real 

4800
04:09:31,000 --> 04:09:35,100
governments, managing taxes, 
suppressing Uprising directing 

4801
04:09:35,100 --> 04:09:37,600
foreign policy, and the 
narrative crafted by those, who 

4802
04:09:37,600 --> 04:09:41,300
aim to rationalize her defeat 
Cleopatra's reputation changed 

4803
04:09:41,300 --> 04:09:44,900
with erosion, era's, agendas 
reflecting, cultural fantasies, 

4804
04:09:44,900 --> 04:09:48,500
and fears a True Legacy. 
Her efforts to preserve a 

4805
04:09:48,500 --> 04:09:52,200
sovereign Egypt against Rome's 
expansion, endures as a 

4806
04:09:52,200 --> 04:09:53,800
testament to her strategic 
prowess. 

4807
04:09:53,800 --> 04:09:56,600
Even if overshadowed, by the 
highlights of her personal 

4808
04:09:56,600 --> 04:10:00,600
Liaisons Cleopatra is a figure 
that urges us to see beyond 

4809
04:10:00,600 --> 04:10:03,800
stereotypes highlighting that 
the true complexity of history 

4810
04:10:03,800 --> 04:10:06,600
is often lost in the propaganda 
and entertainment of the era. 

4811
04:10:07,300 --> 04:10:10,100
Cleopatra's story still 
captivates in our Modern Age, 

4812
04:10:10,100 --> 04:10:12,700
she has become an icon that 
transcends. 

4813
04:10:12,700 --> 04:10:17,400
Her time, symbolizing, female, 
power, political skill, cultural

4814
04:10:17,400 --> 04:10:20,200
Fusion, and the tragedy of lost 
sovereign. 

4815
04:10:21,800 --> 04:10:25,300
To truly appreciate Cleopatra. 
One must view her not as an 

4816
04:10:25,308 --> 04:10:28,900
exotic siren or a mere footnote 
in Rome story, but as the 

4817
04:10:28,900 --> 04:10:32,200
Pinnacle of a unique Dynasty, 
navigating a rapidly changing 

4818
04:10:32,200 --> 04:10:34,900
world. 
Her important stems from the 

4819
04:10:34,900 --> 04:10:38,100
careful balance she made from 
the moment she assumed power. 

4820
04:10:38,900 --> 04:10:42,200
Cleopatra forged alliances with 
Caesar and negotiated with Mark 

4821
04:10:42,200 --> 04:10:44,600
Antony. 
Expanded her Kingdom's, 

4822
04:10:44,600 --> 04:10:47,100
territories. 
And maintained the reverence of 

4823
04:10:47,100 --> 04:10:50,200
Egypt's priesthoods 
orchestrating a precarious 

4824
04:10:50,200 --> 04:10:53,100
dance. 
She encountered a Rome shifting 

4825
04:10:53,100 --> 04:10:57,000
from Republic to autocracy, a 
superpower in transition and 

4826
04:10:57,000 --> 04:11:00,600
certain of its future Cleopatra 
understood that to protect 

4827
04:11:00,600 --> 04:11:02,900
Egypt. 
She needed to navigate Roman 

4828
04:11:02,900 --> 04:11:06,000
politics while embodying. 
The role of pharaoh, merging 

4829
04:11:06,000 --> 04:11:08,500
Greek and Egyptian Traditions, 
more effectively than her 

4830
04:11:08,500 --> 04:11:11,300
predecessors. 
Cleopatra's intellectual 

4831
04:11:11,300 --> 04:11:15,000
interests, deserve greater Focus
growing up in Alexandria's 

4832
04:11:15,000 --> 04:11:16,300
vibrant. 
Intellectual atmosphere. 

4833
04:11:17,200 --> 04:11:19,500
She gained both, scholarly and 
practical knowledge. 

4834
04:11:19,500 --> 04:11:23,400
She authored works on medicine 
cosmetics and possibly 

4835
04:11:23,400 --> 04:11:27,300
Linguistics, but these writings 
have now vanished, She 

4836
04:11:27,308 --> 04:11:30,200
communicated with the subject 
people's in their languages and 

4837
04:11:30,200 --> 04:11:33,000
ability that granted real 
legitimacy in the eyes of those 

4838
04:11:33,000 --> 04:11:35,400
unfamiliar with greek-speaking, 
ptolemaic rulers. 

4839
04:11:36,300 --> 04:11:39,600
Cleopatra, engages with Roman 
Elites in Greek or Latin and 

4840
04:11:39,600 --> 04:11:43,200
leads Egyptian ceremonies in the
local language, showcasing, her 

4841
04:11:43,200 --> 04:11:47,100
cultural fluency as a political 
asset Story highlights how 

4842
04:11:47,100 --> 04:11:51,100
quickly propaganda can distort a
legacy Roman accounts, depicted 

4843
04:11:51,100 --> 04:11:55,000
Cleopatra's, a seductive foreign
Queen overshadowing her 

4844
04:11:55,000 --> 04:11:56,400
contributions as a state's 
woman. 

4845
04:11:57,600 --> 04:12:00,900
Caricature, persisted over the 
centuries influencing art and 

4846
04:12:00,908 --> 04:12:02,800
theater while reducing her 
complexity. 

4847
04:12:03,700 --> 04:12:06,900
By piecing together scattered 
evidence from coins with her 

4848
04:12:06,900 --> 04:12:09,200
profile to Greek historians 
descriptions. 

4849
04:12:09,200 --> 04:12:13,400
We Glimpse the real Cleopatra, a
determined Monarch making 

4850
04:12:13,400 --> 04:12:16,100
Monumental decisions. 
In a time of colliding, Global 

4851
04:12:16,100 --> 04:12:19,900
Powers their ultimate demise 
highlights, the weaknesses of a 

4852
04:12:19,900 --> 04:12:21,200
smaller State trapped among 
Roman. 

4853
04:12:21,200 --> 04:12:24,300
Factions Cleopatra's 
relationship with Anthony was 

4854
04:12:24,300 --> 04:12:27,100
both personal and practical yet 
in the competitive realm of 

4855
04:12:27,100 --> 04:12:29,400
Roman politics. 
It served as a tool for 

4856
04:12:29,400 --> 04:12:33,500
octavians Ambitions, the Empire 
needed new conquest to solidify 

4857
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:36,900
its political Transformations 
and the idea of Cleopatra's 

4858
04:12:36,900 --> 04:12:38,900
conspiracy with Anthony gave 
Octavian. 

4859
04:12:38,900 --> 04:12:42,900
The moral pretext to march on 
Egypt, However, Cleopatra 

4860
04:12:42,900 --> 04:12:46,700
managed to outsmart him, 
engaging in covert negotiations,

4861
04:12:46,700 --> 04:12:50,100
until actium, irreversibly 
shifted, the balance, even 

4862
04:12:50,100 --> 04:12:53,600
clearer Patrick's death often 
recounted with melodramatic 

4863
04:12:53,600 --> 04:12:56,200
Flair. 
Reflects her refusal to be 

4864
04:12:56,200 --> 04:12:59,700
paraded as a captive in Rome. 
Like choosing to die on her 

4865
04:12:59,700 --> 04:13:02,000
terms. 
She denied Octavian, a 

4866
04:13:02,000 --> 04:13:05,900
triumphant display ensuring her 
final image was one of defiance 

4867
04:13:05,900 --> 04:13:09,700
and said of submission. 
This act dramatized in art and 

4868
04:13:09,700 --> 04:13:13,800
theater embodies a political 
strategy Cleopatra ensured, she 

4869
04:13:13,800 --> 04:13:16,100
was remembered as a queen, not a
captive. 

4870
04:13:16,800 --> 04:13:19,400
After that final Act Egypt 
turned into Rome's. 

4871
04:13:19,400 --> 04:13:22,500
Bread Basket supporting an 
Empire that would rule Europe, 

4872
04:13:22,500 --> 04:13:26,800
North Africa, and the near East 
for centuries Alexandria 

4873
04:13:26,800 --> 04:13:29,100
continued to be a center of 
scholarship and trade 

4874
04:13:29,100 --> 04:13:32,300
maintaining Greek and Egyptian 
cultural influences. 

4875
04:13:32,300 --> 04:13:35,000
Even during Roman rule, 
Cleopatra's children with 

4876
04:13:35,000 --> 04:13:38,100
Anthony were taken to Rome and 
largely disappeared from 

4877
04:13:38,100 --> 04:13:40,500
history. 
Except for one daughter 

4878
04:13:40,500 --> 04:13:43,400
Cleopatra. 
Selene, who married into another

4879
04:13:43,400 --> 04:13:46,400
African Kingdom and preserved a 
fragment of her mother's Legacy.

4880
04:13:46,400 --> 04:13:50,700
Cesarean the son of Julius 
Caesar was executed to eradicate

4881
04:13:50,700 --> 04:13:53,800
any rival claim to Rome. 
Thus the direct line of 

4882
04:13:53,808 --> 04:13:57,200
Cleopatra, ended brutally a 
testament to how Roman real 

4883
04:13:57,200 --> 04:13:59,000
politic disdained potential 
threats. 

4884
04:13:59,000 --> 04:14:03,200
However young innocent 
Interesting Cleopatra continues 

4885
04:14:03,200 --> 04:14:06,300
over 2000 years later. 
Historians discuss her 

4886
04:14:06,300 --> 04:14:09,900
strategies archaeologists search
the Egyptian Coast for her 

4887
04:14:09,900 --> 04:14:13,200
burial site and filmmakers 
recreate her life in Grand 

4888
04:14:13,200 --> 04:14:16,400
Productions. 
Every retailing reveals as much 

4889
04:14:16,400 --> 04:14:18,700
about the Storyteller as it does
about Cleopatra. 

4890
04:14:19,800 --> 04:14:23,100
A character reveals the 
complexities of power, the 

4891
04:14:23,100 --> 04:14:26,400
Dynamics of gender, and 
politics, and the resilience of 

4892
04:14:26,400 --> 04:14:30,900
a dynasty facing extinction. 
She Bridges worlds, Greek and 

4893
04:14:30,900 --> 04:14:34,900
Egyptian, a female leader and 
Roman Ally, a scholar and 

4894
04:14:34,900 --> 04:14:38,500
politician Cleopatra emerged. 
As a leader who would not allow 

4895
04:14:38,500 --> 04:14:41,100
her kingdom to be a mere Pawn in
Rome strategy. 

4896
04:14:41,100 --> 04:14:44,800
She engaged in high stakes 
gameplay, experiencing both 

4897
04:14:44,800 --> 04:14:47,300
spectacular, victories, and 
devastating losses. 

4898
04:14:48,100 --> 04:14:51,400
She transcended the caricatures.
That defined, her posture hummus

4899
04:14:51,400 --> 04:14:54,200
image. 
The final Queen of the Nile 

4900
04:14:54,200 --> 04:14:57,400
remains an enigma who challenges
us to look deeper than the 

4901
04:14:57,400 --> 04:14:59,600
simple myths. 
Reminding us that history is 

4902
04:14:59,600 --> 04:15:02,900
often shaped by those who wield 
the pain and the life as 

4903
04:15:02,900 --> 04:15:05,600
momentous as hers deserves 
constant re-examination. 

4904
04:15:11,200 --> 04:15:14,300
In the waning days of Rome's. 
Glory a young, Deacon named Leo 

4905
04:15:14,300 --> 04:15:18,300
quietly, ascended to prominence.
The Western Empire was in danger

4906
04:15:18,300 --> 04:15:21,500
of disintegrating in the year 
440, instead of looking to 

4907
04:15:21,500 --> 04:15:25,300
senators or generals for advice 
Imperial officials, look to a 

4908
04:15:25,300 --> 04:15:28,300
Churchman At Emperor, 
valentinian the third's behest, 

4909
04:15:28,300 --> 04:15:31,500
Leo, journeyed to Gold to 
mediate a bit of feud between 

4910
04:15:31,500 --> 04:15:34,800
General 80s Rome's, most 
powerful commander and the 

4911
04:15:34,800 --> 04:15:37,800
magistrate albinus. 
The empress decision to entrust 

4912
04:15:37,800 --> 04:15:41,300
this delicate mission, to Leo's 
significant as the able Deacon 

4913
04:15:41,300 --> 04:15:44,000
had established a reputation for
prudence and Authority Beyond 

4914
04:15:44,000 --> 04:15:48,200
ecclesiastical circles. 
While Leon negotiated peace and 

4915
04:15:48,200 --> 04:15:51,400
goal fate intervened back home, 
Pope sixtus. 

4916
04:15:51,400 --> 04:15:54,800
The third died in Leo's absence 
and on September, the 29th, 

4917
04:15:54,800 --> 04:15:58,600
4:40, the clergy and people of 
Rome unanimously elected, Leo, 

4918
04:15:58,600 --> 04:16:02,000
as Bishop of Rome, the news 
reached him up, north the 

4919
04:16:02,000 --> 04:16:04,700
mediator would now become the 
Supreme pastor of the western 

4920
04:16:04,700 --> 04:16:07,100
church. 
Leah returned to a city in need 

4921
04:16:07,100 --> 04:16:10,300
of strong leadership, stepping 
into the role of Bishop of Rome.

4922
04:16:10,300 --> 04:16:12,400
Later, generations would hail 
him as Pope. 

4923
04:16:12,400 --> 04:16:16,700
Leo, the great, he carried, both
humility and resolve ROM in the 

4924
04:16:16,708 --> 04:16:20,200
440s was a city of contrasts 
still adorned with Imperial 

4925
04:16:20,200 --> 04:16:23,600
marble and Christian basilica's 
yet teeming with destitute 

4926
04:16:23,600 --> 04:16:28,000
refugees from Barbarian 
invasions Leo threw himself into

4927
04:16:28,000 --> 04:16:31,200
the work from the pulpit. 
He preached not only Doctrine 

4928
04:16:31,200 --> 04:16:34,700
but also charity, the organized 
relief for those suffering from 

4929
04:16:34,700 --> 04:16:37,600
famine and War. 
Urging the faithful to practice,

4930
04:16:37,600 --> 04:16:41,300
mercy and arms, giving alongside
their fasts under his guidance. 

4931
04:16:41,300 --> 04:16:43,900
The church opened its granaries 
to feed the hungry and its 

4932
04:16:43,900 --> 04:16:45,300
monasteries to shelter the 
homeless. 

4933
04:16:46,100 --> 04:16:48,800
Leo's compassion in action 
earned him a fatherly status 

4934
04:16:48,800 --> 04:16:52,300
among Romans in a world where 
Emperor's taxed in General's. 

4935
04:16:52,300 --> 04:16:55,500
Fort was the bishop of Rome who 
cared for the Widow and orphan. 

4936
04:16:56,100 --> 04:16:58,100
However, Leo was not a passive 
individual. 

4937
04:16:58,100 --> 04:17:02,900
He was equally a man of ideas 
and unwavering determination. as

4938
04:17:02,900 --> 04:17:05,600
heresy, sprouted amid, the 
turmoil of the times, Leo 

4939
04:17:05,600 --> 04:17:09,300
responded with intellectual 
rigor and firm discipline, When 

4940
04:17:09,300 --> 04:17:12,300
news came that certain priests 
and distant Aquila were 

4941
04:17:12,300 --> 04:17:16,200
tolerating the pelagian, heresy.
Leo swiftly ordered a synod to 

4942
04:17:16,200 --> 04:17:19,200
correct them in Rome. 
He discovered a secret sect of 

4943
04:17:19,208 --> 04:17:21,600
manichean Duelists, lurking in 
the shadows. 

4944
04:17:21,600 --> 04:17:23,600
Like he refugees from the 
recently. 

4945
04:17:23,600 --> 04:17:27,300
Fallen African provinces. 
The pope reacted decisively. 

4946
04:17:27,300 --> 04:17:31,300
He investigated preached fiery 
sermons against their false 

4947
04:17:31,300 --> 04:17:33,100
light. 
And according to his 

4948
04:17:33,100 --> 04:17:36,300
contemporary Prosper of 
Aquitaine even burned their 

4949
04:17:36,300 --> 04:17:38,600
forbidden books. 
By 4:44. 

4950
04:17:38,600 --> 04:17:40,700
He declared the capital cleansed
of the mannequin. 

4951
04:17:40,700 --> 04:17:44,600
Contagion Such actions might 
seem harsh to modernize, but to 

4952
04:17:44,600 --> 04:17:47,200
Leo's mind, the very soul of 
Rome was at stake. 

4953
04:17:48,100 --> 04:17:50,800
If the empire was crumbling, at 
least the faith must stand firm 

4954
04:17:50,800 --> 04:17:53,000
Leo's. 
Blend of compassion and 

4955
04:17:53,000 --> 04:17:55,800
Authority extended his influence
beyond the usual spiritual 

4956
04:17:55,800 --> 04:17:58,300
Realm. 
The Western Imperial court 

4957
04:17:58,300 --> 04:18:00,700
itself. 
Acknowledged his leadership in 

4958
04:18:00,700 --> 04:18:09,200
June 4445 of the bishop of Rome 
based on the merits of Peter. 

4959
04:18:09,200 --> 04:18:13,400
And the Dignity of the ancient 
capital, Provincial Governors 

4960
04:18:13,400 --> 04:18:17,200
were even ordered to enforce 
papal summonses illegal nod to 

4961
04:18:17,200 --> 04:18:21,300
Leo Supremacy over Western this 
feat was unprecedented. 

4962
04:18:22,300 --> 04:18:25,900
Once merely Primus into Paris 
first among equals of Bishops, 

4963
04:18:25,900 --> 04:18:30,000
the bishop of Rome now held a 
recognized preeminence under Leo

4964
04:18:30,000 --> 04:18:31,800
stewardship, the very title of 
Pope. 

4965
04:18:31,800 --> 04:18:35,600
Once used broadly for any Bishop
became reserved exclusively for 

4966
04:18:35,600 --> 04:18:38,400
Rome's Bishop. 
The decline of the empire was 

4967
04:18:38,400 --> 04:18:41,000
sowing the seeds of the papacy's
future Grandeur. 

4968
04:18:41,000 --> 04:18:44,700
Despite these accolades, Leo 
remained at heart a pastor. 

4969
04:18:44,700 --> 04:18:48,500
He corresponded with distant 
churches, arbitrating disputes 

4970
04:18:48,500 --> 04:18:51,200
and Gaul and Spain as a trusted 
Father Figure. 

4971
04:18:51,200 --> 04:18:54,500
He drew around him, learned men 
like Prosper to assist in 

4972
04:18:54,500 --> 04:18:56,200
administration and 
correspondence. 

4973
04:18:57,100 --> 04:19:00,600
Ever mindful of his Exemplar 
Saint Peter, the Apostle Leo 

4974
04:19:00,600 --> 04:19:04,100
championed, the idea that the 
pope is Peter's are carrying the

4975
04:19:04,100 --> 04:19:08,200
keys of Spiritual Authority. 
The ultimate test of this 

4976
04:19:08,200 --> 04:19:11,600
conviction was imminent, as the 
mid-fifth century approached 

4977
04:19:11,600 --> 04:19:15,500
ominous Tiding, spread across 
the Alps, a storm was gathering 

4978
04:19:15,500 --> 04:19:19,300
in the north, the Huns led by a 
warlord whose name was already 

4979
04:19:19,300 --> 04:19:21,300
spoken. 
In dread Whispers, were on the 

4980
04:19:21,300 --> 04:19:23,500
move. 
Unbeknownst to Leo. 

4981
04:19:23,500 --> 04:19:26,500
Destiny was steering him to 
order singular role. 

4982
04:19:26,500 --> 04:19:29,900
Not only, as a teacher in 
Shepherd of souls, but as 

4983
04:19:29,900 --> 04:19:34,100
Rome's, protector in its Darkest
Hour, the stage was set for an 

4984
04:19:34,100 --> 04:19:37,300
encounter that would ReSound 
Through the Ages and the humbled

4985
04:19:37,300 --> 04:19:40,200
decanted, Pope would soon be 
called upon to save an Empire, 

4986
04:19:40,200 --> 04:19:43,200
Pope Leo, the first was 
solidifying, his Spiritual 

4987
04:19:43,200 --> 04:19:46,000
Authority, while the west and 
Roman Empire around him was on 

4988
04:19:46,000 --> 04:19:49,000
the verge of collapse. 
By the mid 5th Century. 

4989
04:19:49,000 --> 04:19:52,900
Roams Dominion, a trunk to a 
pathetic core Little more than 

4990
04:19:52,900 --> 04:19:55,800
Italy and part of Gaul 
observers, noted of the western 

4991
04:19:55,800 --> 04:19:58,500
Realm. 
The Grandeur of Caesar and 

4992
04:19:58,500 --> 04:20:01,900
Augustus was now a ghost 
haunting crumbling walls gone 

4993
04:20:01,900 --> 04:20:03,600
with a rich provinces of North 
Africa? 

4994
04:20:03,600 --> 04:20:08,400
The vandals had seized Carthage 
and 439, cutting off Rome's, 

4995
04:20:08,400 --> 04:20:13,300
critical grain Supply and Gall 
were carved up by visigothic and

4996
04:20:13,300 --> 04:20:16,400
burgundy and Kings who paid only
token respect to the emperor. 

4997
04:20:17,100 --> 04:20:20,500
Across the sea Britannia. 
Once a Roman diocese was 

4998
04:20:20,500 --> 04:20:22,800
abandoned to Wild Anglo-Saxon 
Warlords. 

4999
04:20:23,600 --> 04:20:26,600
The Western Empire in Leo's time
was essentially an Italian 

5000
04:20:26,600 --> 04:20:29,900
Kingdom struggling to survive. 
Its Frontiers pressed on all 

5001
04:20:29,900 --> 04:20:33,300
sides by so called barbarians 
and its treasury drained. 

5002
04:20:34,100 --> 04:20:36,500
The city of Rome itself. 
Those still symbolically 

5003
04:20:36,500 --> 04:20:40,100
powerful was a mere shadow of 
its former self the Imperial 

5004
04:20:40,100 --> 04:20:43,000
Court at long. 
Since relocated to Ravenna a 

5005
04:20:43,000 --> 04:20:47,200
marsh Gertz City easier to 
defend in Rome ancient monuments

5006
04:20:47,200 --> 04:20:51,200
decade even as new churches Rose
the popular much diminished from

5007
04:20:51,200 --> 04:20:54,500
a century ago. 
Lived in uneasy suspense memory 

5008
04:20:54,500 --> 04:20:57,600
of the Visigoths sack of 410 
still lingered like a national 

5009
04:20:57,600 --> 04:21:00,500
trauma. 
Elderly Romans could recall the 

5010
04:21:00,500 --> 04:21:03,200
horror when alaric's goth's 
breached, the walls and looted 

5011
04:21:03,200 --> 04:21:07,100
the Eternal City for three days.
The cycle scar had not healed. 

5012
04:21:07,100 --> 04:21:11,600
Now, four decades later rumors 
spread that an even Fierce enemy

5013
04:21:11,600 --> 04:21:15,000
was approaching Italy's borders,
children, heard frightening, 

5014
04:21:15,000 --> 04:21:17,700
tales of the Hun with his 
ruthless Horsemen and felt their

5015
04:21:17,700 --> 04:21:21,300
parents anxiety. 
Many asked was history repeating

5016
04:21:21,300 --> 04:21:23,400
itself or Worse? 
Was this? 

5017
04:21:23,400 --> 04:21:27,300
The end of Rome at last in the 
Palaces of Ravenna Emperor. 

5018
04:21:27,300 --> 04:21:30,600
Valentinian the third reigned in
name, but real power was 

5019
04:21:30,600 --> 04:21:34,100
precariously balanced. 
The true strongman was flavius 

5020
04:21:34,100 --> 04:21:36,900
80s. 
The Magister militum master of 

5021
04:21:36,900 --> 04:21:40,300
soldiers famed for both his 
cunning and his controversial, 

5022
04:21:40,300 --> 04:21:43,700
alliance's ETS had spent his 
youth as a hostage among the 

5023
04:21:43,700 --> 04:21:46,800
Huns even befriending their 
leaders hardened by that 

5024
04:21:46,800 --> 04:21:48,900
experience. 
He knew Rome could not fight. 

5025
04:21:48,900 --> 04:21:53,300
All its enemies at once with 
grim, pragmatism Etc, deals with

5026
04:21:53,300 --> 04:21:56,500
some barbarians to fight others 
in fourth 37. 

5027
04:21:56,500 --> 04:21:59,900
He formed an alliance with the 
tillers Huns to demolish, The 

5028
04:21:59,900 --> 04:22:02,700
Burgundian Kingdom. 
In Gaul eradicating it from its 

5029
04:22:02,700 --> 04:22:06,900
core Western Rome was forced to 
play A desperate game of divided

5030
04:22:06,900 --> 04:22:11,800
at impaired, in order to survive
by the late 4440 80s, managed a 

5031
04:22:11,800 --> 04:22:15,200
fragile Coalition, holding Gaul 
against the Visigoths and Italy 

5032
04:22:15,200 --> 04:22:19,300
against the ostrogoths, but the 
Huns, once his occasional allies

5033
04:22:19,300 --> 04:22:21,400
were becoming an evergreen to 
threat. 

5034
04:22:22,300 --> 04:22:26,100
ETS new attila's character too. 
Well, the Hun Kings Ambitions 

5035
04:22:26,100 --> 04:22:30,400
had no limit The cultural fabric
of the empire was also fraying 

5036
04:22:30,400 --> 04:22:34,600
the old Pagan aristocracy had 
mostly bowed to Christianity but

5037
04:22:34,600 --> 04:22:37,600
not always sincerely. 
Some clung to classical 

5038
04:22:37,600 --> 04:22:41,200
traditions and nostalgic dreams 
of Rome's past while the new 

5039
04:22:41,200 --> 04:22:45,100
reality a Christian Empire 
fighting for its life, demanded 

5040
04:22:45,100 --> 04:22:49,100
a different ethos In this 
atmosphere spiritual 

5041
04:22:49,100 --> 04:22:51,500
interpretations of Rome's, 
Misfortune, flourished. 

5042
04:22:52,200 --> 04:22:55,800
Many Christian Romans Leo, among
them viewed, the successive 

5043
04:22:55,800 --> 04:22:58,300
calamities as Divine 
chastisement for the Empire's 

5044
04:22:58,300 --> 04:23:01,300
sins. 
Was God using Barbarian Invaders

5045
04:23:01,300 --> 04:23:04,900
as a scourged to Humble Rome? 
The question was pondered in 

5046
04:23:04,900 --> 04:23:08,100
sermons and letters decade 
earlier Saint Augustine. 

5047
04:23:08,100 --> 04:23:10,500
Had written the city of God. 
After the Fourteen Sac 

5048
04:23:10,500 --> 04:23:13,200
explaining that Earthly Empires 
rise and fall. 

5049
04:23:13,200 --> 04:23:16,500
While the city of God endures 
Now, Augustine was gone. 

5050
04:23:16,500 --> 04:23:20,400
He died in 4:30 as vandals 
besieged, his city of Hippo, but

5051
04:23:20,400 --> 04:23:23,100
his ideas lived on Pope Leo 
steeped. 

5052
04:23:23,100 --> 04:23:26,100
In such theology urged. 
His flock not to lose faith. 

5053
04:23:27,100 --> 04:23:29,100
If the empire was crumbling 
perhaps it was all the more 

5054
04:23:29,100 --> 04:23:32,500
urgent to uphold Christian 
virtue in Unity by 4:50. 

5055
04:23:32,500 --> 04:23:36,800
The Western Court was Rife 
within three insecurity improve 

5056
04:23:36,800 --> 04:23:40,000
valentinian, never a strong 
ruler who was dominated first by

5057
04:23:40,000 --> 04:23:42,100
his formidable mother Galla 
placidia. 

5058
04:23:43,000 --> 04:23:47,300
And then by atheists. 
With placido's death in 450 and 

5059
04:23:47,300 --> 04:23:51,700
the emperor's own sister, onoria
embroiled in Scandal, she had 

5060
04:23:51,700 --> 04:23:54,800
secretly appealed to Attila for 
help escaping an arranged 

5061
04:23:54,800 --> 04:23:57,300
marriage. 
Offering him her hand and half 

5062
04:23:57,300 --> 04:24:00,300
the Empire as Dowry. 
The dynasty itself seemed to 

5063
04:24:00,308 --> 04:24:04,100
Teeter, When reports came the 
detailer had considered an 

5064
04:24:04,100 --> 04:24:06,000
Orioles plea and was mustering 
his forces. 

5065
04:24:06,000 --> 04:24:10,400
Panic swept, the Italian Elite. 
Attila's reputation as the 

5066
04:24:10,400 --> 04:24:14,200
scourge of God proceeded him. 
He'd already bullied the eastern

5067
04:24:14,200 --> 04:24:17,200
empire into paying enormous 
tribute and now we cast his 

5068
04:24:17,200 --> 04:24:21,500
Covetous gaze Westwood. 
In the spring of 4501, Attila 

5069
04:24:21,500 --> 04:24:25,300
marched into Gaul, The Showdown 
came on the catalani and planes 

5070
04:24:25,300 --> 04:24:29,200
near chalons their etios joined 
by Roman troops and various 

5071
04:24:29,200 --> 04:24:34,100
Federate allies Visigoths Franks
confronted the Huns in one of 

5072
04:24:34,100 --> 04:24:38,300
Antiquities great battles. 
Fight was brutal and indecisive 

5073
04:24:38,300 --> 04:24:41,600
attila's Advance was halted but 
not decisively crushed. 

5074
04:24:42,300 --> 04:24:45,900
Corpses, littered the plane and 
the visigothic King was slain in

5075
04:24:45,900 --> 04:24:48,800
The Fray but Attila lived to 
fight another day. 

5076
04:24:48,800 --> 04:24:52,000
The Battle of shallon's instead 
of a clear Roman Victory, 

5077
04:24:52,000 --> 04:24:55,200
resulted in a pirates stalemate,
that left the hunnic. 

5078
04:24:55,200 --> 04:24:58,900
Horde battered yet intact, Gaul 
had taken the brunt of attila's 

5079
04:24:58,900 --> 04:25:00,500
Roth. 
Giving Italy a moment of relief 

5080
04:25:00,500 --> 04:25:05,300
but the respite was fleeting. 
Latent fall of 51 as Winterfell.

5081
04:25:05,300 --> 04:25:08,500
Unsettling, news reached Rome, 
Attila had regrouped. 

5082
04:25:08,500 --> 04:25:11,700
His forces beyond the Alps, the 
Hun was far from finished. 

5083
04:25:11,700 --> 04:25:15,700
In fact, he was enraged. 
It thwarted his campaign in Gaul

5084
04:25:15,700 --> 04:25:17,800
leaving his appetite for 
Conquest unsated. 

5085
04:25:17,800 --> 04:25:21,100
The norias offer still stood as 
a convenient pretext. 

5086
04:25:21,100 --> 04:25:23,700
In attila's mind. 
The dower he demanded. 

5087
04:25:23,700 --> 04:25:26,900
Half of the Western Empire 
remained unpaid. 

5088
04:25:27,700 --> 04:25:30,700
Early the next year Scouts and 
refugees brought terrifying. 

5089
04:25:30,700 --> 04:25:34,600
Reports Attila was Crossing into
Italy city after City. 

5090
04:25:34,600 --> 04:25:37,500
In the northern provinces was 
falling to Fire and sword. 

5091
04:25:38,300 --> 04:25:42,100
The Specter that had loomed so 
long was now at hand, Rome's 

5092
04:25:42,100 --> 04:25:45,500
Darkest, Hour was approaching, 
even as its secular might was at

5093
04:25:45,500 --> 04:25:49,200
its weakest, the people's hopes 
increasingly turned to prayer. 

5094
04:25:49,200 --> 04:25:53,000
And to the unassuming figure of 
Pope, Leo, whose courage and 

5095
04:25:53,000 --> 04:25:56,400
Faith would soon be tested as 
never before in the Gathering 

5096
04:25:56,400 --> 04:26:00,200
Gloom of the 450s Pope Leo. 
The first emerged as more than a

5097
04:26:00,200 --> 04:26:02,800
religious leader. 
He became the soul of a Dying 

5098
04:26:02,800 --> 04:26:05,700
Empire while Legions faltered 
and Emperors. 

5099
04:26:05,700 --> 04:26:09,800
Did Leo provided a different 
kind of strength, one rooted in 

5100
04:26:09,808 --> 04:26:13,400
faith and moral conviction. 
He often preached that Earthly 

5101
04:26:13,400 --> 04:26:16,400
term oils were transient, but 
the spiritual battle for 

5102
04:26:16,400 --> 04:26:20,000
righteousness was eternal. 
Leo's unwavering faith in the 

5103
04:26:20,008 --> 04:26:22,600
unique function of his position 
fueled his confidence. 

5104
04:26:23,600 --> 04:26:26,900
As Bishop of Rome, he saw 
himself as heir to Saint Peter. 

5105
04:26:26,900 --> 04:26:30,300
The Apostle Christ had charged 
with feeding his sheep. 

5106
04:26:30,900 --> 04:26:33,200
To Leo, the task was no mere 
honorific. 

5107
04:26:33,200 --> 04:26:35,700
It was a living mandate in one 
letter. 

5108
04:26:35,700 --> 04:26:39,100
He wrote to deny the authority 
of the chair of Peter is to 

5109
04:26:39,100 --> 04:26:41,000
question the very foundation of 
the church. 

5110
04:26:42,100 --> 04:26:44,500
He strove to live up to that 
High Calling convinced that in 

5111
04:26:44,500 --> 04:26:46,300
his leadership. 
The voice of the Apostles, 

5112
04:26:46,300 --> 04:26:51,700
echoed a new This conviction was
dramatically Vindicated in 4501 

5113
04:26:51,700 --> 04:26:55,100
at the great Council of a church
Synod convened. 

5114
04:26:55,100 --> 04:26:58,700
Far to the east in Asia Minor to
settle a theological crisis, 

5115
04:26:58,700 --> 04:27:00,800
Leo. 
Could not attend in person 

5116
04:27:00,800 --> 04:27:03,800
troubles, in the west kept him 
in Rome, but he sent leggett's 

5117
04:27:03,800 --> 04:27:05,500
bearing. 
A document to authored the 

5118
04:27:05,500 --> 04:27:09,100
famous of Leo. 
This Tome clearly defined, the 

5119
04:27:09,100 --> 04:27:12,400
Dual nature of Christ, both 
fully God and fully man, and was

5120
04:27:12,400 --> 04:27:14,400
intended to guide. 
The council fathers, out of 

5121
04:27:14,400 --> 04:27:18,000
contentious debate, As the 
Assembly of Bishops, red Leo's 

5122
04:27:18,000 --> 04:27:20,800
words allowed a sudden Unity 
swept the hall. 

5123
04:27:21,800 --> 04:27:24,400
According to the council 
records, the Bishops cried out 

5124
04:27:24,400 --> 04:27:26,400
in unison. 
This is the faith of the 

5125
04:27:26,408 --> 04:27:29,200
father's Peter's spoken thus 
through Leo. 

5126
04:27:30,100 --> 04:27:33,500
In that acclimation Leo's 
Authority was a almost mystical 

5127
04:27:33,500 --> 04:27:35,900
way. 
It was as if some Peter himself 

5128
04:27:35,900 --> 04:27:38,800
had stood among them teaching 
through Leo's voice. 

5129
04:27:39,700 --> 04:27:44,100
The Roman Pope stature sword. 
He was now revered as Leo, the 

5130
04:27:44,100 --> 04:27:47,900
great a pillar of Orthodoxy and 
a figure of international renown

5131
04:27:48,500 --> 04:27:51,400
for Leo, personally, it was 
confirmation that his leadership

5132
04:27:51,400 --> 04:27:56,200
carried not just human approval,
but Divine sanction, Back in 

5133
04:27:56,200 --> 04:27:59,200
Rome, Leo leveraged this moral 
authority to bolster the city's 

5134
04:27:59,200 --> 04:28:01,600
resolved. 
He preached frequently to his 

5135
04:28:01,600 --> 04:28:05,200
flock tailoring, his message to 
the tumultuous times in 

5136
04:28:05,200 --> 04:28:08,000
homilies, he called The Invasion
threats, a test of faith, 

5137
04:28:08,000 --> 04:28:11,200
drawing on scripture, he liked 
and Rome to the biblical 

5138
04:28:11,200 --> 04:28:14,700
Nineveh, a mighty City that 
could be spared from destruction

5139
04:28:14,700 --> 04:28:16,600
of its people. 
Repented and turned to God. 

5140
04:28:17,400 --> 04:28:19,700
He urged public fasting and 
prayer vigils. 

5141
04:28:19,700 --> 04:28:22,100
And it was said that the 
churches were filled day and 

5142
04:28:22,100 --> 04:28:23,800
night with supplements crying 
for deliverance. 

5143
04:28:24,800 --> 04:28:26,700
The pope himself LED 
processionals through the 

5144
04:28:26,700 --> 04:28:29,800
streets venerating relics of 
saints and imploring Heavenly 

5145
04:28:29,800 --> 04:28:31,900
Aid to avert the skirt 
approaching Italy. 

5146
04:28:32,600 --> 04:28:34,900
To a population. 
Frightened by news of flaming 

5147
04:28:34,900 --> 04:28:37,600
towns in the north Leo's, calm 
and Resolute presence was a 

5148
04:28:37,608 --> 04:28:39,900
godsend. 
He told the miracle. 

5149
04:28:39,900 --> 04:28:41,900
God did not abandon Jonas 
Nineveh. 

5150
04:28:41,900 --> 04:28:45,300
Norley abandoned Rome seat of 
his Apostles. 

5151
04:28:45,300 --> 04:28:49,500
Such words gave hope to the 
Hopeless Leo's influence 

5152
04:28:49,500 --> 04:28:51,400
extended even in to the Imperial
Palace. 

5153
04:28:52,400 --> 04:28:55,500
When Emperor valentinian the 
third and his court vacillated 

5154
04:28:55,500 --> 04:28:58,700
on how to deal with a tiller's. 
Impending, Onslaught Leo, did 

5155
04:28:58,700 --> 04:29:02,200
not hesitate to offer counsel, 
Some accounts suggest it was Leo

5156
04:29:02,200 --> 04:29:04,200
who volunteered to personally 
meet the Hun. 

5157
04:29:04,200 --> 04:29:08,200
A proposal that stunned the 
Imperial advisors others. 

5158
04:29:08,200 --> 04:29:11,200
Say the idea originated from the
Emperor who realized that no 

5159
04:29:11,200 --> 04:29:13,900
general or Diplomat had the 
gravitas to face a tiller on 

5160
04:29:13,908 --> 04:29:17,200
equal terms whereas the saintly 
Bishop of Rome just might 

5161
04:29:18,000 --> 04:29:21,800
Regardless, by the beginning of 
4:52, everyone's attention was 

5162
04:29:21,800 --> 04:29:24,500
focused on Leo. 
Possibly, the soul individual 

5163
04:29:24,500 --> 04:29:26,400
capable of saving Rome from the 
abyss. 

5164
04:29:26,400 --> 04:29:30,200
It was a heavy burden for a man 
of the cloth, leopard prepared 

5165
04:29:30,208 --> 04:29:32,800
to shoulder it with the same 
sentence of Duty that had died 

5166
04:29:32,808 --> 04:29:35,800
at him all along. 
There was a profound symbolism 

5167
04:29:35,800 --> 04:29:39,000
in Leo's stepping forward. 
Here was a representative of 

5168
04:29:39,000 --> 04:29:42,100
Spiritual Authority, confronting
the might of worldly violence. 

5169
04:29:42,100 --> 04:29:45,100
The Clash was not simply between
a pope and a warlord. 

5170
04:29:45,100 --> 04:29:48,900
But between two World Views, one
of Faith, mercy and moral 

5171
04:29:48,900 --> 04:29:52,100
suasion, and another of 
Conquest, fear and raw power 

5172
04:29:53,000 --> 04:29:55,500
Leo. 
Understood this in Quiet Moments

5173
04:29:55,500 --> 04:29:58,800
of prayer before his departure, 
he surely reflected on the 

5174
04:29:58,800 --> 04:30:02,300
trials of parsley of the church.
He prayed at the tomb of Saint 

5175
04:30:02,308 --> 04:30:05,000
Peter in the Vatican Basilica 
seeking courage. 

5176
04:30:05,800 --> 04:30:07,500
Tradition holds that Leo had a 
vision. 

5177
04:30:07,508 --> 04:30:10,300
Their hearing the words. 
Peace be with you. 

5178
04:30:10,300 --> 04:30:14,300
I am with you as if spoken by 
Peter or an angel. 

5179
04:30:15,300 --> 04:30:18,200
Empowered by this. 
Reassurance, Leo arose, 

5180
04:30:18,200 --> 04:30:21,600
determined to act. 
If a tiller was indeed a Scourge

5181
04:30:21,600 --> 04:30:24,200
sentence punishment, then Leo 
would be the intercessor. 

5182
04:30:24,200 --> 04:30:27,600
Pleading for mercy on Rome's, 
behalf, a new Moses before the 

5183
04:30:27,600 --> 04:30:30,900
Pharaoh, or a David against 
Goliath armed only with faith. 

5184
04:30:32,000 --> 04:30:35,500
By the spring of 4:52. 
Attila's forces had stormed into

5185
04:30:35,500 --> 04:30:37,600
Northern Italy and panic 
gripped. 

5186
04:30:37,600 --> 04:30:40,900
The land Emperor valentinian 
remained safely, behind 

5187
04:30:40,900 --> 04:30:44,700
ravenna's walls and general 80s 
lacking, an Army Strong Enough 

5188
04:30:44,700 --> 04:30:46,900
after the gaulish campaign could
do little. 

5189
04:30:48,300 --> 04:30:51,100
It was in this vacuum of secular
leadership that Leo's moment 

5190
04:30:51,100 --> 04:30:53,800
arrived. 
Pope gathered a small delegation

5191
04:30:53,800 --> 04:30:58,200
to accompany him among them, the
former console Canadians and the

5192
04:30:58,200 --> 04:30:59,900
ex prefect. 
Menus, try Gettys. 

5193
04:30:59,900 --> 04:31:03,200
Distinguished Romans who lent 
political weight to the Embassy?

5194
04:31:04,200 --> 04:31:05,700
But there was no question who 
led it. 

5195
04:31:06,500 --> 04:31:08,600
Dressed, not in our armor but in
simple clerical. 

5196
04:31:08,600 --> 04:31:10,900
Robes. 
Leo, set out Northwood 

5197
04:31:10,900 --> 04:31:13,600
determined to confront the 
unconventional. 

5198
04:31:14,300 --> 04:31:17,300
Does he left the gates of Rome 
citizens, wept and cheered him 

5199
04:31:17,308 --> 04:31:20,100
in equal measure. 
Praying for his success fearing 

5200
04:31:20,100 --> 04:31:23,400
for his safety. 
Behind him trailed an austere 

5201
04:31:23,400 --> 04:31:26,800
retinue of priests and deacons 
carrying holy relics and perhaps

5202
04:31:26,800 --> 04:31:30,200
gifts for the honking, it was an
unprecedented sight. 

5203
04:31:30,200 --> 04:31:33,700
The Vicar of Christ riding forth
to meet the terror of the world,

5204
04:31:33,700 --> 04:31:37,300
the sun baked Italian roads 
ahead were uncertain. 

5205
04:31:37,300 --> 04:31:40,700
But Leo's purpose was clear in 
his heart burned, both the 

5206
04:31:40,700 --> 04:31:43,300
courage of a lion and the 
compassion of a shepherd 

5207
04:31:44,100 --> 04:31:47,200
Whatever happened on this 
journey Rome's fate and Leos 

5208
04:31:47,200 --> 04:31:50,100
Legacy would forever intertwined
on that fateful day. 

5209
04:31:50,100 --> 04:31:53,700
When fate stood face-to-face 
with Fury while Leo Advance, 

5210
04:31:53,700 --> 04:31:56,000
North Attila the Hun drove his 
War. 

5211
04:31:56,000 --> 04:31:59,400
Host relentlessly South to 
understand the Collision Course 

5212
04:31:59,400 --> 04:32:01,600
of these. 
Two figures, one must step into 

5213
04:32:01,600 --> 04:32:04,000
attila's world a world of vast 
open. 

5214
04:32:05,300 --> 04:32:08,900
The vast steps echoed with 
thundering Hooves symbolizing, a

5215
04:32:08,900 --> 04:32:10,900
destiny, forged in Blood and 
superstition. 

5216
04:32:11,800 --> 04:32:13,900
Tiller was no ordinary Barbarian
Chieftain. 

5217
04:32:13,900 --> 04:32:19,900
He styled himself as something 
far grander, even Cosmic Legend 

5218
04:32:19,900 --> 04:32:23,200
circulated among his people that
are sacred weapon had fallen 

5219
04:32:23,200 --> 04:32:25,900
into attila's hands. 
The sword of Mars. 

5220
04:32:26,700 --> 04:32:28,300
A humble Shepherd, the story 
went. 

5221
04:32:29,100 --> 04:32:33,000
Discovered, an ornate sword in a
field revealed by the blood of a

5222
04:32:33,000 --> 04:32:36,100
limping heifer. 
He presented it to Attila who 

5223
04:32:36,108 --> 04:32:39,700
exalted in the find, believing 
it a gift from the war. 

5224
04:32:39,700 --> 04:32:43,600
God whom Romans identified as 
Mars Attila took it as a sign of

5225
04:32:43,608 --> 04:32:46,400
divine favor. 
He thought he had been appointed

5226
04:32:46,400 --> 04:32:49,600
ruler of the whole world and 
that through the sword of Mars 

5227
04:32:49,600 --> 04:32:51,300
Supremacy, in all wars, was 
assured to him. 

5228
04:32:52,200 --> 04:32:54,700
So right to the historian jorday
is echoing. 

5229
04:32:54,700 --> 04:32:57,800
The accounts of attila's 
contemporaries armed with this 

5230
04:32:57,800 --> 04:33:01,400
Talisman and unshakable 
self-confidence Attila saw 

5231
04:33:01,408 --> 04:33:03,500
himself as an instrument of 
Godly Wrath. 

5232
04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:08,400
Scourge sent upon the Earth. 
Indeed, later Romans would call 

5233
04:33:08,400 --> 04:33:12,300
him flagellum day, the scourge 
of God believing that he was a 

5234
04:33:12,300 --> 04:33:15,800
punishment for the sins of human
kind. under attila's command, 

5235
04:33:15,800 --> 04:33:19,200
the hunnic Empire reached, its 
zenith From The Plains of 

5236
04:33:19,200 --> 04:33:22,599
Hungary across the Danube. 
And into Germany United, a 

5237
04:33:22,599 --> 04:33:26,599
confederation of Huns, Alan's 
ostrogoths and other tribes 

5238
04:33:26,599 --> 04:33:29,900
through Charisma and fear. 
He became Soul, ruler in 445 

5239
04:33:29,900 --> 04:33:33,200
after allegedly murdering his 
brother bleda, an act, that 

5240
04:33:33,207 --> 04:33:34,800
removed the last check on his 
power. 

5241
04:33:35,900 --> 04:33:39,099
Ruthless, as he was Attila was 
also a shrewd strategist. 

5242
04:33:39,099 --> 04:33:42,099
You realize that Brute Force 
alone wouldn't sustain his 

5243
04:33:42,099 --> 04:33:45,900
Dominion cunning diplomacy. 
Encyclical Warfare were equally 

5244
04:33:45,900 --> 04:33:49,599
potent. 
Throughout the 440s Attila 

5245
04:33:49,599 --> 04:33:52,599
alternated, devastating military
campaigns with calculated 

5246
04:33:52,599 --> 04:33:55,700
negotiations. 
He extorted the Eastern Roman 

5247
04:33:55,700 --> 04:34:00,099
Empire for gold year after year.
First 700 pounds then 2100 

5248
04:34:00,099 --> 04:34:02,700
pounds annually. 
After he battered their armies 

5249
04:34:02,700 --> 04:34:07,800
in 447, the Eastern Emperor. 
Theodosius the second preferred 

5250
04:34:07,800 --> 04:34:09,400
paying off the Huns to facing 
them. 

5251
04:34:09,400 --> 04:34:13,300
In battle a policy that enriched
tiller immensely by the year 

5252
04:34:13,300 --> 04:34:14,700
450. 
Attila's. 

5253
04:34:14,700 --> 04:34:17,200
Treasuries were brimming with 
tribute and his Warriors had 

5254
04:34:17,200 --> 04:34:19,900
gained, seasoned experienced 
from numerous skirmishes and 

5255
04:34:19,900 --> 04:34:22,599
sieges despite ruling over such 
wealth. 

5256
04:34:22,599 --> 04:34:26,800
Attila led a simple life by 
choice, akin to a warrior Monk. 

5257
04:34:28,300 --> 04:34:31,300
Roman envoys who visited his 
encampment were astonished by 

5258
04:34:31,300 --> 04:34:34,300
his austerity. 
The historian priscus who dined 

5259
04:34:34,300 --> 04:34:36,800
with the tiller during a 
diplomatic Mission recorded 

5260
04:34:36,800 --> 04:34:39,700
that, while lavish food on 
Silver platters was served to 

5261
04:34:39,700 --> 04:34:41,700
guests. 
Attila himself ate nothing but 

5262
04:34:41,700 --> 04:34:45,000
meat off of wooden trencher he 
drank from a wooden cup whereas 

5263
04:34:45,000 --> 04:34:48,800
his Lieutenant wine from 
gleaming goblets of gold. his 

5264
04:34:48,800 --> 04:34:51,700
clothes were plain and clean 
devoid of the jewels that 

5265
04:34:51,700 --> 04:34:55,300
adorned other Chiefs Such 
discipline, both impressed and 

5266
04:34:55,300 --> 04:34:58,200
unnerved the Romans. 
It's suggested a man of 

5267
04:34:58,200 --> 04:35:01,400
unwavering determination 
unaffected by decadence or 

5268
04:35:01,400 --> 04:35:05,500
distraction, a leader capable of
instilling unwavering loyalty by

5269
04:35:05,500 --> 04:35:07,300
empathizing with the struggles 
of his followers. 

5270
04:35:08,400 --> 04:35:11,300
Attila also had a Mercurial 
temper and could be mercilessly 

5271
04:35:11,300 --> 04:35:13,099
cruel. 
But he tempered Terror with 

5272
04:35:13,108 --> 04:35:16,700
moments of calculated Mercy or 
humor keeping even his closest 

5273
04:35:16,700 --> 04:35:20,000
followers guessing. 
Patillas worldview was steeped 

5274
04:35:20,000 --> 04:35:23,300
in Omen and prophecy. 
Friskis noted that Attila 

5275
04:35:23,300 --> 04:35:26,200
consulted seers and believed in 
predictions about his lineage. 

5276
04:35:27,099 --> 04:35:29,400
One prophecy purportedly, left 
him momentarily. 

5277
04:35:29,400 --> 04:35:32,000
Somber it for told that 
disaster. 

5278
04:35:32,000 --> 04:35:34,099
Would eventually befall the Huns
though. 

5279
04:35:34,099 --> 04:35:38,300
Perhaps not in his lifetime, but
such dark musings were rare. 

5280
04:35:38,300 --> 04:35:41,500
More often a Tela projected 
absolute confidence in his 

5281
04:35:41,500 --> 04:35:43,400
divinely sanctioned mission of 
Conquest. 

5282
04:35:44,200 --> 04:35:46,700
Even co-opted Romijn Mystique 
for his ends. 

5283
04:35:47,500 --> 04:35:49,800
A chilling tale from Milan 
illustrates this. 

5284
04:35:50,599 --> 04:35:54,599
When Attila captured that proud 
Italian city in 452, he came 

5285
04:35:54,599 --> 04:35:57,200
across a fresco in the palace 
that depicted past Roman 

5286
04:35:57,200 --> 04:36:00,300
emperors Seated on the throne, 
which triumphed over the 

5287
04:36:00,300 --> 04:36:02,800
Barbarian Chiefs who were laid 
prostrate at their feet, 

5288
04:36:02,800 --> 04:36:05,300
conveying a sense of Imperial 
arrogance. 

5289
04:36:06,400 --> 04:36:10,400
Of Imperial arrogance in Rage 
him Attila immediately summoned 

5290
04:36:10,400 --> 04:36:12,400
an artist and ordered a new 
mural painted. 

5291
04:36:13,200 --> 04:36:16,000
In this revisionist artwork, 
Attila sat on the throne while 

5292
04:36:16,000 --> 04:36:19,700
cringing Roman emperors. 
Knelt before him pouring out 

5293
04:36:19,700 --> 04:36:24,200
bags of gold in tribute, With 
grim satisfaction Attila 

5294
04:36:24,200 --> 04:36:26,099
essentially declared his 
reversal of Fortune. 

5295
04:36:26,099 --> 04:36:28,500
Rome's days of Victory were 
over. 

5296
04:36:28,500 --> 04:36:30,599
It was now The Barbarians turned
to rule. 

5297
04:36:31,400 --> 04:36:33,900
Whether or not the story is 
apocryphal that captures, 

5298
04:36:33,900 --> 04:36:36,800
attila's mindset. 
He was deliberately crafted an 

5299
04:36:36,800 --> 04:36:40,599
image to Romans and to his 
people that the Hun was the new 

5300
04:36:40,599 --> 04:36:43,800
Master of the world and Rome's 
proud Eagles would bow to the 

5301
04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:47,800
rider of the steps while Leo 
Advance North Attila the Hun 

5302
04:36:47,800 --> 04:36:50,500
drove his War. 
Host relentlessly South to 

5303
04:36:50,500 --> 04:36:52,099
understand the Collision Course 
of these. 

5304
04:36:52,099 --> 04:36:56,099
Two figures, one must step into 
attila's world a world of vast 

5305
04:36:56,099 --> 04:36:59,099
open. 
The vast steps echoed with 

5306
04:36:59,099 --> 04:37:02,500
thundering Hooves symbolizing, a
destiny, forged in Blood and 

5307
04:37:02,500 --> 04:37:05,400
superstition. 
Attila was no ordinary, 

5308
04:37:05,400 --> 04:37:08,400
Barbarian Chieftain. 
He styled himself as something 

5309
04:37:08,400 --> 04:37:14,000
far grander, even Cosmic Legend 
circulated among his people that

5310
04:37:14,000 --> 04:37:17,700
are sacred weapon had fallen 
into his hands, the sword of 

5311
04:37:17,700 --> 04:37:20,400
Mars. 
A humble Shepherd, the story 

5312
04:37:20,400 --> 04:37:23,300
went. 
Discovered, an ornate sword in a

5313
04:37:23,300 --> 04:37:26,200
field, revealed by the blood of 
Olympic heifer. 

5314
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:29,700
He presented it to Attila who 
exalted in the fine. 

5315
04:37:29,700 --> 04:37:33,400
Believing it a gift from the war
God who wrote Romans identified 

5316
04:37:33,400 --> 04:37:36,599
as Mars Attila took it as a sign
of divine favor. 

5317
04:37:36,599 --> 04:37:40,300
He thought he had been appointed
ruler of the whole world and 

5318
04:37:40,300 --> 04:37:43,000
that through the sword of Mars 
Supremacy and all wars was 

5319
04:37:43,000 --> 04:37:45,599
assured to him. 
So write to the historian, 

5320
04:37:45,599 --> 04:37:48,400
Jordan is echoing. 
The accounts of attila's 

5321
04:37:48,400 --> 04:37:51,800
contemporaries armed with this 
Talisman and unshakable 

5322
04:37:51,800 --> 04:37:55,099
self-confidence Attila saw 
himself as an instrument of 

5323
04:37:55,099 --> 04:37:57,800
Godly Wrath. 
Scourge sent upon the Earth. 

5324
04:37:58,599 --> 04:38:03,099
Indeed, later Romans would call 
him flagellum day, the scourge 

5325
04:38:03,099 --> 04:38:06,000
of God believing that he was a 
punishment for the sins of human

5326
04:38:06,000 --> 04:38:09,800
kind. under attila's command, 
the hunnic Empire reached, its 

5327
04:38:09,800 --> 04:38:12,900
zenith From The Plains of 
Hungary across the Danube. 

5328
04:38:12,900 --> 04:38:16,900
And into Germany United, a 
confederation of Huns, Alan's 

5329
04:38:16,900 --> 04:38:19,900
ostrogoths and other tribes 
through Charisma and fear. 

5330
04:38:19,900 --> 04:38:23,800
He became Soul, ruler in 445 
after allegedly murdering his 

5331
04:38:23,800 --> 04:38:26,800
brother bleda, an act, that 
removed the last check on his 

5332
04:38:26,800 --> 04:38:30,099
power. 
Ruthless, as he was Attila was 

5333
04:38:30,099 --> 04:38:33,300
also a shrewd strategist. 
He realized that Brute Force 

5334
04:38:33,300 --> 04:38:36,200
alone wouldn't sustain his 
Dominion cunning diplomacy. 

5335
04:38:36,200 --> 04:38:41,000
Encyclical Warfare were equally 
potent, Throughout the 440s 

5336
04:38:41,000 --> 04:38:44,200
Attila alternated, devastating 
military campaigns with 

5337
04:38:44,200 --> 04:38:47,800
calculated negotiations. 
He extorted the Eastern Roman 

5338
04:38:47,800 --> 04:38:52,400
Empire for gold year after year.
First 700 pounds then 2100 

5339
04:38:52,400 --> 04:38:55,099
pounds annually. 
After she batted their armies in

5340
04:38:55,099 --> 04:39:00,099
447, the Eastern Emperor. 
Theodosius the second preferred 

5341
04:39:00,099 --> 04:39:01,599
paying off the Huns to facing 
them. 

5342
04:39:01,599 --> 04:39:04,400
In battle a policy that enriched
tiller immensely. 

5343
04:39:05,099 --> 04:39:07,500
By the year 450. 
Attila's, treasuries were 

5344
04:39:07,500 --> 04:39:10,500
brimming with tribute and his 
Warriors had gained, seasoned 

5345
04:39:10,500 --> 04:39:13,800
experienced from numerous 
skirmishes and sieges despite 

5346
04:39:13,800 --> 04:39:16,900
ruling over such wealth. 
Attila led a simple life by 

5347
04:39:16,900 --> 04:39:19,200
choice. 
Akin to a warrior Monk. 

5348
04:39:20,500 --> 04:39:23,599
Roman envoys who visited his 
encampment were astonished by 

5349
04:39:23,599 --> 04:39:26,599
his austerity. 
The historian priscus who dined 

5350
04:39:26,599 --> 04:39:29,200
with the tiller during a 
diplomatic Mission recorded 

5351
04:39:29,200 --> 04:39:32,000
that, while lavish food on 
Silver platters was served to 

5352
04:39:32,000 --> 04:39:34,000
guests. 
Attila himself ate nothing but 

5353
04:39:34,000 --> 04:39:36,300
meat off. 
A wooden trencher he drank from 

5354
04:39:36,300 --> 04:39:38,800
a wooden cup whereas his 
Lieutenant sipped wine from 

5355
04:39:38,800 --> 04:39:42,400
gleaming goblets of gold. 
His clothes were plain and clean

5356
04:39:42,400 --> 04:39:45,100
devoid of the jewels. 
That adorned other Chieftain. 

5357
04:39:46,100 --> 04:39:48,700
Such discipline, both impressed 
and unnerved the Romans. 

5358
04:39:48,700 --> 04:39:52,900
It suggested a man of unwavering
determination unaffected by 

5359
04:39:52,900 --> 04:39:56,300
decadence or distraction, a 
leader capable of instilling 

5360
04:39:56,300 --> 04:39:59,100
unwavering loyalty by 
empathizing with the struggles 

5361
04:39:59,100 --> 04:40:02,600
of his followers. 
Attila had a Mercurial temper 

5362
04:40:02,600 --> 04:40:05,400
and could be mercilessly cruel. 
But he tempered Terror with 

5363
04:40:05,408 --> 04:40:08,900
moments of calculated Mercy or 
humor keeping even his closest 

5364
04:40:08,900 --> 04:40:12,300
followers guessing. 
Attila's worldview was steeped 

5365
04:40:12,300 --> 04:40:15,500
in Oman and prophecy. 
Frisco's noted that Attila 

5366
04:40:15,500 --> 04:40:18,400
consulted, Sears and believed in
predictions about his lineage. 

5367
04:40:19,400 --> 04:40:21,800
One prophecy purportedly left in
momentarily. 

5368
04:40:21,800 --> 04:40:25,300
Somber, it foretold that 
disaster would eventually befall

5369
04:40:25,300 --> 04:40:30,700
the Huns not in his lifetime but
such dark musings were rare. 

5370
04:40:30,700 --> 04:40:33,800
More often a tiller. 
Projected absolute confidence in

5371
04:40:33,800 --> 04:40:35,700
his divinely sanctioned mission 
of Conquest. 

5372
04:40:36,500 --> 04:40:39,000
Even co-opted Romijn Mystique 
for his ends. 

5373
04:40:39,900 --> 04:40:42,200
A chilling tale from Milan 
illustrates this. 

5374
04:40:43,000 --> 04:40:47,000
When Attila captured that proud 
Italian city and 4:52, he came 

5375
04:40:47,000 --> 04:40:49,600
across a fresco in the palace 
that depicted past Roman 

5376
04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:52,700
emperors Seated on the throne, 
which triumphed over the 

5377
04:40:52,700 --> 04:40:55,100
Barbarian Chiefs who were laid 
prostrated at their feet. 

5378
04:40:55,100 --> 04:40:57,500
Conveying a sense of Imperial 
arrogant. 

5379
04:40:58,700 --> 04:41:02,700
Of Imperial arrogance in raged 
him, Attila immediately summoned

5380
04:41:02,700 --> 04:41:04,700
an artist and ordered a new 
mural painted. 

5381
04:41:05,500 --> 04:41:08,300
In this revisionist artwork, 
Attila sat on the throne while 

5382
04:41:08,300 --> 04:41:12,100
cringing Roman emperors. 
Knelt before him pouring out 

5383
04:41:12,100 --> 04:41:16,300
bags of gold in tribute, With 
grim satisfaction Attila 

5384
04:41:16,300 --> 04:41:18,300
essentially declared his 
reversal of Fortune. 

5385
04:41:18,300 --> 04:41:20,700
Rome's days of Victory were 
over. 

5386
04:41:20,700 --> 04:41:22,900
It was now The Barbarians turned
to rule. 

5387
04:41:23,800 --> 04:41:26,700
Whether or not the story is a 
Pocketful that captures attila's

5388
04:41:26,700 --> 04:41:29,100
mindset. 
He was deliberately crafted an 

5389
04:41:29,100 --> 04:41:33,100
image to Roman's and his people 
that the Hun was the new Master 

5390
04:41:33,100 --> 04:41:36,400
of the world and roams proud 
Eagles would bow to the right of

5391
04:41:36,400 --> 04:41:39,300
the steps. 
In the sultry August of 4502, 

5392
04:41:39,300 --> 04:41:42,300
Northern Italy Lake crushed 
under the Huns heal. 

5393
04:41:42,300 --> 04:41:45,700
The Huns trampled Fields left 
Villages empty and filled the 

5394
04:41:45,708 --> 04:41:47,700
air with thick smoke from burnt 
towns. 

5395
04:41:48,800 --> 04:41:52,200
Down the ancient via Emilia a 
strange procession made its way 

5396
04:41:52,200 --> 04:41:53,600
against this tide of 
Destruction. 

5397
04:41:54,600 --> 04:41:57,700
Hope Leo, the first mounted 
perhaps on a sturdy mule or 

5398
04:41:57,700 --> 04:42:00,800
horse, led a small band of 
envoys and clergy. 

5399
04:42:00,800 --> 04:42:04,600
Steadily northward each mile 
brought new evidence of attila's

5400
04:42:04,600 --> 04:42:08,500
Wrath charred, farmsteads 
refugees huddled by the roadside

5401
04:42:08,500 --> 04:42:12,400
entails of unspeakable Carnage. 
Leo's, heart must have been 

5402
04:42:12,408 --> 04:42:16,300
heavy yet, he pressed on 
radiating, a calm conviction, 

5403
04:42:16,300 --> 04:42:17,800
that bewildered those who met 
him. 

5404
04:42:18,700 --> 04:42:21,600
There are accounts of peasants 
needing as he passed as if 

5405
04:42:21,600 --> 04:42:24,300
sensing that this man carried 
The Last Hope of Rowan on his 

5406
04:42:24,300 --> 04:42:26,400
shoulders. 
Clad in the simple white 

5407
04:42:26,400 --> 04:42:29,300
garments of a bishop Leo cutting
Congress figure on a 

5408
04:42:29,308 --> 04:42:33,000
Battlefield, But to the 
desperate Italians, the site of 

5409
04:42:33,000 --> 04:42:36,600
the unarmed Pope heading toward 
the Invader, inspired a flicker 

5410
04:42:36,600 --> 04:42:39,400
of faith. 
Anyone could appeal to attila's 

5411
04:42:39,400 --> 04:42:41,100
Mercy. 
Perhaps it was this saintly man.

5412
04:42:42,000 --> 04:42:44,500
Meanwhile Attila had pitched 
camp near the mincio river. 

5413
04:42:44,500 --> 04:42:48,200
Not far from where it flows. 
Into the great Poe the summer 

5414
04:42:48,200 --> 04:42:51,000
heat and disease in his ranks 
urged him to conclude business 

5415
04:42:51,000 --> 04:42:53,800
quickly. 
Rome back and just over the 

5416
04:42:53,800 --> 04:42:57,100
horizon, Attila sent Scouts 
ahead toward the capitol who 

5417
04:42:57,100 --> 04:43:00,600
returned with curious news. 
The city's Gates was still shot.

5418
04:43:00,600 --> 04:43:03,900
No Army in night. 
Instead, a delegation of high 

5419
04:43:03,900 --> 04:43:05,600
ranking Romans was coming to 
parley. 

5420
04:43:06,300 --> 04:43:09,800
Attila agreed to receive them. 
Perhaps, he believed that a 

5421
04:43:09,800 --> 04:43:13,600
quick negotiation could secure 
both a hefty Ransom and an Oreos

5422
04:43:13,600 --> 04:43:16,200
hand, which would allow him to 
Victory without further 

5423
04:43:16,200 --> 04:43:18,900
Bloodshed or perhaps he relished
making Rome. 

5424
04:43:18,900 --> 04:43:22,700
Prostrate itself either way a 
meeting was arranged on the open

5425
04:43:22,700 --> 04:43:26,500
plain Attila ordered his water 
temp prepared, with a propriate 

5426
04:43:26,500 --> 04:43:30,600
pump, the hunk Camp bustled, 
banners and blazoned with dragon

5427
04:43:30,600 --> 04:43:34,300
motifs, fluttered horses made 
and rings of leather tense 

5428
04:43:34,300 --> 04:43:38,100
stretched to the Horizon battle.
Scarred Warriors, curious about 

5429
04:43:38,100 --> 04:43:41,000
the Roman Pope gathered at a 
respectful distance when the 

5430
04:43:41,000 --> 04:43:45,200
envoys arrived. 
They came in state, Leo flanked 

5431
04:43:45,200 --> 04:43:49,300
by the X console Aviation X. 
Prefect, tragedia, and attended 

5432
04:43:49,300 --> 04:43:52,600
by a train of priests bearing. 
Processional crosses and icons. 

5433
04:43:53,600 --> 04:43:56,000
To attila's Warriors. 
The scene was a novel site 

5434
04:43:56,000 --> 04:44:00,300
Romans without weapons carrying 
only strange symbols and moving 

5435
04:44:00,300 --> 04:44:04,300
with solemn purpose. 
Under the bright Sky, Pope Leo, 

5436
04:44:04,300 --> 04:44:07,800
and Attila the Hun. 
Finally came face to face the 

5437
04:44:07,800 --> 04:44:10,100
moment was historic the 
soft-spoken. 

5438
04:44:10,100 --> 04:44:13,600
Holy Father, and the scourge of 
nation's, despite being in his 

5439
04:44:13,600 --> 04:44:18,600
early 60s, Leo stood with 
dignified bearing, Attila. 

5440
04:44:19,100 --> 04:44:22,300
A middle-aged man of middling 
height with a a man with a broad

5441
04:44:22,300 --> 04:44:23,700
chest and weathered face 
regarded. 

5442
04:44:23,700 --> 04:44:26,900
The pope intently Attila was 
known for his habit of rolling. 

5443
04:44:26,900 --> 04:44:29,200
His Fierce to intimidate those 
in front of him. 

5444
04:44:30,000 --> 04:44:33,000
One might imagine he attempted 
the same on Leo yet. 

5445
04:44:33,000 --> 04:44:35,900
Leo, did not flinch. 
Clad in simple. 

5446
04:44:35,900 --> 04:44:38,300
Robes. 
The pope met The Barbarians gaze

5447
04:44:38,300 --> 04:44:42,200
with steady compassionate eyes, 
and observer described Leo at 

5448
04:44:42,200 --> 04:44:45,200
that encounter. 
As Fearless as one who, trusts 

5449
04:44:45,200 --> 04:44:49,700
not in himself, putting God 
Attila who had terrorized, tens 

5450
04:44:49,700 --> 04:44:52,100
of thousands. 
Now encountered a man who showed

5451
04:44:52,100 --> 04:44:56,400
no fear The conversation that 
unfolded as been lost to time. 

5452
04:44:56,400 --> 04:45:01,100
No transcript exists but through
various accounts and a dose of 

5453
04:45:01,108 --> 04:45:03,900
imagination, we can reconstruct 
its tenor. 

5454
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:08,800
First, the Roman envoys likely 
offered formal salutations at 

5455
04:45:08,800 --> 04:45:10,500
the anus experience in 
diplomacy. 

5456
04:45:10,500 --> 04:45:13,600
Probably spoke Attila most noble
leader of the Huns. 

5457
04:45:13,600 --> 04:45:17,400
We come on behalf of the Senate 
and people of Rome They might 

5458
04:45:17,400 --> 04:45:21,300
have offered gifs chests of gold
or jeweled goblets tokens of 

5459
04:45:21,300 --> 04:45:25,500
Rome's esteem or desperation. 
Tiller listened in patiently, 

5460
04:45:25,500 --> 04:45:27,900
then Pope Leo addressed, the 
warlord. 

5461
04:45:29,300 --> 04:45:32,400
Unlike the perfume senators of 
the East who had graveled before

5462
04:45:32,400 --> 04:45:36,400
Attila in past embassies Leo's, 
voice was neither sick a fantic 

5463
04:45:36,400 --> 04:45:40,200
nor cowering he spoke plainly 
demonstrating, both grave, 

5464
04:45:40,200 --> 04:45:43,300
respect and Authority through an
interpreter for Attila who 

5465
04:45:43,308 --> 04:45:46,700
understood Latin only a little 
Leo appealed to humanity in the 

5466
04:45:46,708 --> 04:45:48,800
Hun. 
He acknowledged, attila's 

5467
04:45:48,800 --> 04:45:51,400
victories, you have been the 
instrument of divine Justice 

5468
04:45:51,400 --> 04:45:54,400
punishing. 
The sins of the land such words.

5469
04:45:54,400 --> 04:45:57,700
Crediting God for attila's 
Success may have intrigued the 

5470
04:45:57,708 --> 04:46:01,300
superstitious King. 
Leo continued, perhaps urging 

5471
04:46:01,300 --> 04:46:04,200
Attila to show Mercy now that 
his mission of chastisement was 

5472
04:46:04,200 --> 04:46:06,800
fulfilled. 
He might have invoked the fate 

5473
04:46:06,800 --> 04:46:09,200
of conquerors who fail to temper
Justice, with Mercy. 

5474
04:46:11,100 --> 04:46:14,400
Certainly Leo reminded Attila of
the transients of mortal life. 

5475
04:46:15,500 --> 04:46:19,600
One chronicler imagined Leo 
saying we are all Mortals O King

5476
04:46:19,600 --> 04:46:22,300
sooner or later we returned to 
dust seek. 

5477
04:46:22,300 --> 04:46:24,800
Not the farthest spilling of 
innocent blood but earn 

5478
04:46:24,800 --> 04:46:28,000
Everlasting Glory by sparing 
Rome, Attila responded. 

5479
04:46:28,000 --> 04:46:31,900
Brusly one can picture his 
scowling Visage as he listed his

5480
04:46:31,900 --> 04:46:35,200
demands Through The Interpreter,
he likely thundered, that 

5481
04:46:35,200 --> 04:46:38,900
honoria the imperial princess 
who had appealed to him, he 

5482
04:46:38,900 --> 04:46:42,100
handed over at once with her 
rightful inheritance, the Dowry 

5483
04:46:42,100 --> 04:46:45,800
he claimed He may have also 
demanded an annual tribute of 

5484
04:46:45,800 --> 04:46:48,900
gold from Rome to replace what 
the Eastern Empire had stopped 

5485
04:46:48,900 --> 04:46:51,400
paying. 
Attila was a managed to 

5486
04:46:51,400 --> 04:46:56,100
dictating terms yet even as he 
spoke something Nord at him here

5487
04:46:56,100 --> 04:46:59,100
was this unarmed priest calmly 
rebutting the scourge of God. 

5488
04:46:59,800 --> 04:47:01,900
Leo answered until his demands 
firmly. 

5489
04:47:01,900 --> 04:47:05,400
The emperor could not yield his 
sister as a bride for that 

5490
04:47:05,400 --> 04:47:09,100
matter was already settled. 
Anoria had been punished for her

5491
04:47:09,100 --> 04:47:12,800
rash offer as for tribute Leo, 
likely pleaded that Italy was 

5492
04:47:12,800 --> 04:47:16,600
spent and ravaged there was 
little left to give Perhaps he 

5493
04:47:16,608 --> 04:47:18,700
offered what he could from the 
church's treasury. 

5494
04:47:18,700 --> 04:47:21,900
Emphasizing that further 
Devastation would only bring 

5495
04:47:21,900 --> 04:47:26,100
diminishing returns a starved 
played in land would profit, no 

5496
04:47:26,100 --> 04:47:29,700
conqueror as the negotiation 
cord, attila's tempered. 

5497
04:47:29,700 --> 04:47:33,900
But each time Leo responded with
steady reasoning and moral 

5498
04:47:33,900 --> 04:47:37,400
exaltation, He reminded Attila 
of Allah's. 

5499
04:47:37,400 --> 04:47:41,900
Fate the gotha died soon after 
taking Rome, was it truly wise 

5500
04:47:41,900 --> 04:47:43,500
to risk the same anger of 
Heaven. 

5501
04:47:43,500 --> 04:47:47,100
Attila's, Pagan priest in his 
retinue exchange nervous 

5502
04:47:47,100 --> 04:47:49,200
glasses. 
They too had heard the stories, 

5503
04:47:49,200 --> 04:47:52,500
the hunnic king, despite his 
bravado, felt a chill. 

5504
04:47:53,200 --> 04:47:55,400
At that very moment. 
According to the later, Legend 

5505
04:47:55,400 --> 04:47:57,600
miraculous Vision sealed the 
outcome. 

5506
04:47:58,800 --> 04:48:02,800
Attila suddenly fell silent eyes
widening at a point above Leo's,

5507
04:48:02,800 --> 04:48:06,900
head to his astonishment. 
He beheld, what seemed to be too

5508
04:48:06,900 --> 04:48:11,200
towering figures in the air. 
Saintly men, clad in armor, one 

5509
04:48:11,200 --> 04:48:13,300
carrying a sword that blazed in 
the sunlight. 

5510
04:48:13,300 --> 04:48:17,500
The spectral Warriors, who are 
visible, only to Attila glared 

5511
04:48:17,500 --> 04:48:20,900
at him as if to say, do not 
touch this man or this city. 

5512
04:48:22,300 --> 04:48:25,500
Pull the Deacon a writer from 
centuries, later would identify 

5513
04:48:25,500 --> 04:48:28,400
the Warriors as the apostles, 
Peter and Paul who had come from

5514
04:48:28,400 --> 04:48:32,200
Heaven to protect Rome. 
Attila who believed in Omens 

5515
04:48:32,200 --> 04:48:34,900
fell to stab. 
A fear was this a Divine 

5516
04:48:34,900 --> 04:48:37,700
warning? 
whether one credits the miracle 

5517
04:48:37,700 --> 04:48:41,900
or not, something stirred in 
Attila he who had never lost a 

5518
04:48:41,900 --> 04:48:45,800
negotiated Advantage suddenly 
softened, the fierce light in 

5519
04:48:45,808 --> 04:48:51,100
his eyes dimmed, Attila the 
untamable gazed at Pope Leo's, 

5520
04:48:51,100 --> 04:48:54,600
peaceful face and found no enemy
there, only a beseeching father 

5521
04:48:54,600 --> 04:48:57,500
figure. 
In that instant, the dynamic 

5522
04:48:57,500 --> 04:49:00,200
shifted. 
Attila raised a hand, signaling 

5523
04:49:00,200 --> 04:49:03,500
an end to the debate, he 
announced his decision, the Huns

5524
04:49:03,500 --> 04:49:05,200
would withdraw, he would spare 
row. 

5525
04:49:06,600 --> 04:49:09,000
The Roman envoys must have 
suppressed a deep sense of 

5526
04:49:09,008 --> 04:49:12,600
relief upon hearing those words.
Terms were likely agreed upon 

5527
04:49:12,600 --> 04:49:14,500
perhaps a one-time payment of 
gold. 

5528
04:49:14,500 --> 04:49:17,000
So certainly a promise that 
Heroes issue would be dropped. 

5529
04:49:17,700 --> 04:49:20,100
Attila made a final 
pronouncement half warning, half

5530
04:49:20,100 --> 04:49:23,400
concession, tell your Emperor. 
This this piece is not 

5531
04:49:23,400 --> 04:49:26,100
permanent. 
If Rome wishes to remain safe, 

5532
04:49:26,100 --> 04:49:27,600
let it remember to give a 
tiller. 

5533
04:49:27,600 --> 04:49:31,400
What is Hitler's It was merely a
show of strength to maintain the

5534
04:49:31,400 --> 04:49:33,900
status quo, Leo, inclined, his 
head. 

5535
04:49:33,900 --> 04:49:36,900
Accepting the conditions, 
whatever they were and offered a

5536
04:49:36,900 --> 04:49:39,700
blessing. 
The meeting was over Attila had 

5537
04:49:39,708 --> 04:49:43,600
yielded against all expectation.
The Pope in his party turned 

5538
04:49:43,600 --> 04:49:48,200
back toward Rome carrying the 
almost unbelievable news behind 

5539
04:49:48,200 --> 04:49:49,700
them. 
Attila retired to his Camp 

5540
04:49:49,700 --> 04:49:52,800
pensive. 
The sun was dipping low as the 

5541
04:49:52,800 --> 04:49:55,500
two groups. 
Parted ways Roman Chronicles 

5542
04:49:55,500 --> 04:49:57,400
later. 
Rejoice that no sword was drawn 

5543
04:49:57,400 --> 04:49:59,700
that day. 
No blood spilled. 

5544
04:49:59,700 --> 04:50:02,500
A battle had been won by words 
and faith alone. 

5545
04:50:03,400 --> 04:50:06,200
Attila's Chief turns were 
astonished some protested. 

5546
04:50:06,200 --> 04:50:09,300
Shall the mighty Attila? 
Be turned back by a preacher's 

5547
04:50:09,300 --> 04:50:13,000
tongue. but others, those who 
knew of the worsening supplies 

5548
04:50:13,000 --> 04:50:16,400
and The Whispers of plague were 
secretly glad They feared 

5549
04:50:16,400 --> 04:50:18,100
doomed. 
Assault on Rome, as much as any 

5550
04:50:18,100 --> 04:50:21,600
Roman did. 
In the privacy of his tent that 

5551
04:50:21,600 --> 04:50:23,300
night. 
Till a brooded. 

5552
04:50:23,300 --> 04:50:27,500
Perhaps he felt an unaccustomed 
twin of admiration for Leo or 

5553
04:50:27,500 --> 04:50:29,700
perhaps simply relief that he 
could Retreat without testing 

5554
04:50:29,700 --> 04:50:32,800
Rome's, cursed fate. 
Either way, the decision was 

5555
04:50:32,800 --> 04:50:36,400
made. 
By Dawn, the hunnic banners were

5556
04:50:36,400 --> 04:50:39,000
pointed North. 
The scourge of God began his 

5557
04:50:39,000 --> 04:50:43,200
March out of Italy, Pope Leo, 
the first had a unimaginable 

5558
04:50:43,200 --> 04:50:45,500
feat. 
He gazed into the eyes of the 

5559
04:50:45,500 --> 04:50:48,200
most feared man on Earth causing
him to Blink. 

5560
04:50:49,000 --> 04:50:53,300
Rome was saved at least for That
season Rafael's, famed Fresco in

5561
04:50:53,308 --> 04:50:57,400
the Vatican painted over 1,000 
years later, dramatizes, the 

5562
04:50:57,400 --> 04:51:01,500
legend, Pope Leo depicted 
serenely on Horseback raises a 

5563
04:51:01,500 --> 04:51:04,300
hand to order tiller. 
While of the Pope two Warrior 

5564
04:51:04,300 --> 04:51:08,900
Saints, brandish swords in the 
sky, This artistic fantasy 

5565
04:51:08,900 --> 04:51:11,300
captures, the essence of how 
contemporaries and posterity 

5566
04:51:11,300 --> 04:51:15,400
viewed, the encounter in 4502 a 
turning point where the tide of 

5567
04:51:15,400 --> 04:51:19,600
Destruction miraculously halted 
at the gates of Romeo saved, 

5568
04:51:19,600 --> 04:51:22,800
Rome on that fateful day. 
Near Mantua, not through the use

5569
04:51:22,800 --> 04:51:24,900
of force. 
But through the strength of his 

5570
04:51:24,900 --> 04:51:28,000
character and faith, The 
aftermath of the meeting was 

5571
04:51:28,000 --> 04:51:31,800
immediate and profound as word 
spread that Attila had turned 

5572
04:51:31,800 --> 04:51:36,400
back away of incredulous, Joy 
swept through Italy in Rome, 

5573
04:51:36,400 --> 04:51:40,100
anxious citizens waiting for 
news, could scarcely believe it.

5574
04:51:40,100 --> 04:51:45,100
The city and their lives had 
been spared, many attributed to 

5575
04:51:45,100 --> 04:51:48,000
its entirely to divine 
intervention. 

5576
04:51:48,000 --> 04:51:51,200
Thanks to Leo's sanctity. 
The pope status reached 

5577
04:51:51,200 --> 04:51:55,100
unprecedented Heights Rome 
welcome to back as part of a 

5578
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:57,700
trio, the father of the 
Fatherland, a title. 

5579
04:51:57,700 --> 04:51:59,800
No humble Churchman had ever 
held. 

5580
04:52:00,600 --> 04:52:03,800
The relieved Romans truly 
deserved to call Leo, Magnus the

5581
04:52:03,800 --> 04:52:06,600
Great. 
Historians Through the Ages have

5582
04:52:06,600 --> 04:52:09,800
debated wire, tiller withdrew 
some near contemporary 

5583
04:52:09,800 --> 04:52:12,100
observers. 
Like the chronicler Prosper of 

5584
04:52:12,100 --> 04:52:15,800
Aquitaine insisted that it was 
Leo's personal impact on Attila 

5585
04:52:15,800 --> 04:52:19,100
that made the difference. 
That the Hun was so impressed by

5586
04:52:19,100 --> 04:52:22,300
the holy man's courage and 
eloquence that he simply gave up

5587
04:52:22,300 --> 04:52:25,100
his designs. 
Another source, the historian 

5588
04:52:25,100 --> 04:52:28,500
priscus whom attila's caught, 
first-hand offered a more 

5589
04:52:28,508 --> 04:52:31,400
pragmatic rationale. 
Attila's men were growing 

5590
04:52:31,400 --> 04:52:34,000
afraid. 
They recalled how Alaric had 

5591
04:52:34,000 --> 04:52:37,400
died after sacking Rome. 
And the not to invite a similar 

5592
04:52:37,400 --> 04:52:39,500
curse. 
Modern Scholars point to 

5593
04:52:39,500 --> 04:52:42,900
Logistics and disease. 
Indeed a later Chronicle suggest

5594
04:52:42,900 --> 04:52:45,200
that at that very time, plague 
was ravaging. 

5595
04:52:45,200 --> 04:52:48,400
Attila's Army and supplies were 
running perilously low. 

5596
04:52:48,400 --> 04:52:52,200
While the Eastern Emperor Marcia
had dispatched troops to Harry's

5597
04:52:52,200 --> 04:52:55,500
Homeland. 
Surrounded by illumines sickness

5598
04:52:55,500 --> 04:52:58,500
and Camp, hostile forces 
Gathering elsewhere and the 

5599
04:52:58,508 --> 04:53:00,800
cycle weight of Rome spiritual 
clout. 

5600
04:53:01,600 --> 04:53:04,400
Tiller likely calculated that 
discretion out Wade Valor, 

5601
04:53:04,400 --> 04:53:06,800
whatever mix of motives won a 
signs. 

5602
04:53:06,800 --> 04:53:11,800
The result is indisputable 
Attila suddenly retreated and he

5603
04:53:11,800 --> 04:53:14,900
never returned. 
The scourge of God had scourged 

5604
04:53:14,900 --> 04:53:17,600
enough Leo's. 
Triumph however was not a 

5605
04:53:17,600 --> 04:53:19,400
permanent Deliverance, he knew 
as much. 

5606
04:53:20,400 --> 04:53:23,200
According to ancient accounts, 
Attila sent a message upon his 

5607
04:53:23,200 --> 04:53:26,500
departure threatening to return 
unless anuria handed over her 

5608
04:53:26,500 --> 04:53:29,700
inheritance. 
Tiller made this gesture to save

5609
04:53:29,700 --> 04:53:33,800
face, but in reality, he had 
lost his chance. the following 

5610
04:53:33,800 --> 04:53:37,600
year in 453 Attila the Hun, 
tragically passed away on the 

5611
04:53:37,608 --> 04:53:41,500
eve of his latest wedding feast,
the legendary conqueror succumb,

5612
04:53:41,500 --> 04:53:44,500
not on the battlefield but in 
his marital bed, reportedly 

5613
04:53:44,500 --> 04:53:47,200
bursting, a blood vessel and 
choking on his blood after heavy

5614
04:53:47,200 --> 04:53:51,800
drinking his bride ildiko, awoke
to a corpse, the superstitious 

5615
04:53:51,800 --> 04:53:55,300
saw Divine Justice in this 
Inglorious end with attila's 

5616
04:53:55,300 --> 04:53:58,600
death, the unity of the hunnic 
Empire perished, his sons 

5617
04:53:58,600 --> 04:54:02,800
quarreled and within a decade 
The Hun ceased to be a major 

5618
04:54:02,808 --> 04:54:04,900
threat. 
Roman survived. 

5619
04:54:04,900 --> 04:54:08,500
Attila however, the lifespan of 
the Western Roman Empire was 

5620
04:54:08,500 --> 04:54:12,400
short in 455 just three years 
after Leo's encounter with 

5621
04:54:12,408 --> 04:54:17,100
Attila Rome to another deadly 
Menace, can Sarah King of the 

5622
04:54:17,100 --> 04:54:19,900
vandals sale his fleets from 
North Africa and landed at 

5623
04:54:19,900 --> 04:54:22,300
Austria. 
This time there was no massive 

5624
04:54:22,300 --> 04:54:26,000
Barbarian host at the gates but 
a naval Invasion, Emperor 

5625
04:54:26,000 --> 04:54:29,300
valentinian the third had been 
assassinated political chaos 

5626
04:54:29,300 --> 04:54:34,300
reigned Once again, Leo filled 
the void unarmed and accompanied

5627
04:54:34,300 --> 04:54:37,800
by his clergy, he went out to 
meet genseric employing the same

5628
04:54:37,800 --> 04:54:41,300
courage and moral plea. 
He had with Attila the Vandal 

5629
04:54:41,300 --> 04:54:43,800
was a different man. 
However, and negotiations 

5630
04:54:43,800 --> 04:54:48,000
yielded only a partial success. 
Canceriq agreed not to burn the 

5631
04:54:48,000 --> 04:54:50,600
city or Massacre its 
inhabitants, but he would 

5632
04:54:50,600 --> 04:54:54,600
plunder and plunder. 
He did for two weeks in June 

5633
04:54:54,600 --> 04:54:59,400
4:55, the vandals methodically 
looted Rome Treasures of Ages, 

5634
04:54:59,400 --> 04:55:02,600
the Temple of Jupiter's. 
Gilded roof and the spoils Titus

5635
04:55:02,600 --> 04:55:05,800
had taken from Jerusalem were 
carted off to Vandal Africa. 

5636
04:55:06,600 --> 04:55:08,500
Leo, could not prevent this 
humiliation. 

5637
04:55:09,300 --> 04:55:11,700
Nonetheless, even against 
begrudging restraint was 

5638
04:55:11,700 --> 04:55:15,100
attributed to Leo's influence. 
The Pope in treated at least 

5639
04:55:15,100 --> 04:55:18,500
spared Rome the Flames, the 
massive Basilica of Saint, Peter

5640
04:55:18,500 --> 04:55:20,700
and Saint. 
Paul were terrified citizens had

5641
04:55:20,700 --> 04:55:23,900
flocked for Sanctuary were left 
intact by Vandal Han's. 

5642
04:55:23,900 --> 04:55:27,200
This mitigation counted as 
another testimony to Leo's 

5643
04:55:27,200 --> 04:55:31,100
clout, Once more, the secular 
authorities had utterly failed. 

5644
04:55:31,100 --> 04:55:35,100
And once more, it was Leo and 
Leo alone, who stood as Rome's, 

5645
04:55:35,100 --> 04:55:38,400
protector Pope Leo, the first 
lived on for a few more years 

5646
04:55:38,400 --> 04:55:41,900
after these tumultuous events 
dieing, in force 61, he was 

5647
04:55:41,908 --> 04:55:44,700
buried as a hero in Rome. 
His two adorned with the 

5648
04:55:44,700 --> 04:55:46,100
inscription defender of the 
city. 

5649
04:55:47,300 --> 04:55:51,200
His legacy only grew with time 
in ecclesiastical history, Leo 

5650
04:55:51,200 --> 04:55:53,500
is remembered for his 
theological contributions. 

5651
04:55:53,500 --> 04:55:56,600
The Tome of Leo and the 
strengthening of papal Primacy. 

5652
04:55:56,600 --> 04:55:58,900
But in popular memory, it was 
the day. 

5653
04:55:58,900 --> 04:56:02,600
He saved, Rome that truly made 
him a legend over the centuries.

5654
04:56:02,600 --> 04:56:05,600
The story of Leo and Attila 
acquired an almost mythical 

5655
04:56:05,600 --> 04:56:08,800
Aura, medieval writers, 
embroidered it freely. 

5656
04:56:09,500 --> 04:56:12,300
The Apparition of Saints Peter 
and Paul threatening, Attila 

5657
04:56:12,300 --> 04:56:14,800
hinted at him, pull the deacons 
8th Century account. 

5658
04:56:14,800 --> 04:56:18,900
Became a staple of the tale 
artists immortalized, the scene 

5659
04:56:18,900 --> 04:56:21,500
apart from Rafael's Renaissance 
Fresco. 

5660
04:56:21,500 --> 04:56:25,200
Earlier the Baroque sculptor 
algardi carved a grand relief in

5661
04:56:25,200 --> 04:56:28,600
Saint Peter's itself showing Leo
backed by Heavenly figures 

5662
04:56:28,600 --> 04:56:31,600
driving away the Hun. 
Such images reinforced The 

5663
04:56:31,600 --> 04:56:33,700
Narrative. 
That Rome was saved, not by 

5664
04:56:33,700 --> 04:56:36,200
human might, but by divine 
intervention Channel, Through 

5665
04:56:36,200 --> 04:56:39,000
Leo, the Great. 
Yet, for all the embellishment, 

5666
04:56:39,000 --> 04:56:43,000
the core truth endures and Rings
down the ages in a moment of 

5667
04:56:43,000 --> 04:56:46,100
existential Peril when the 
material defenses of ancient 

5668
04:56:46,100 --> 04:56:49,700
civilization had failed one 
man's moral courage, prevailed 

5669
04:56:49,700 --> 04:56:53,300
Leo's encounter with a tiller 
stands as Testament to the power

5670
04:56:53,300 --> 04:56:55,700
of persuasion over the sword and
a faith over fear. 

5671
04:56:55,700 --> 04:56:59,700
It highlights the shifting world
of the 5th Century as the 

5672
04:56:59,700 --> 04:57:02,400
Western Empire crumbled. 
The Spiritual Authority of the 

5673
04:57:02,400 --> 04:57:04,000
church was rising to fill the 
void. 

5674
04:57:04,800 --> 04:57:07,700
Leo's success, with the tiller 
wasn't just a lucky diplomatic 

5675
04:57:07,700 --> 04:57:09,800
coup. 
It was a sign of the new Epoch 

5676
04:57:09,800 --> 04:57:13,400
Dawning in the centuries that 
followed the fall of Rome, The 

5677
04:57:13,400 --> 04:57:18,000
Last Emperor would be deposed in
476, just 24 years after Leos 

5678
04:57:18,000 --> 04:57:22,300
stand, the Bishops of Rome. 
Now firmly called, Pope's would 

5679
04:57:22,300 --> 04:57:26,100
increase in roles of Civic 
leadership, protectors and power

5680
04:57:26,100 --> 04:57:27,600
Brokers in the remnants of 
Empire. 

5681
04:57:28,400 --> 04:57:31,500
Leo had set the example. 
He showed that a pope, could 

5682
04:57:31,500 --> 04:57:34,000
Marshal not armies, but 
something perhaps equally 

5683
04:57:34,000 --> 04:57:39,000
compelling, moral suasion unity 
and hope in the face of despair.

5684
04:57:40,000 --> 04:57:43,500
In separating myth from reality,
modern historians, acknowledge 

5685
04:57:43,500 --> 04:57:46,900
the Practical factors that led 
to attila's retreat, hunger 

5686
04:57:46,900 --> 04:57:49,900
disease, and strategic 
considerations, but they all 

5687
04:57:49,900 --> 04:57:52,300
acknowledge that Leo's 
diplomatic mission was crucial. 

5688
04:57:53,200 --> 04:57:55,700
Without it tiller might of 
lingard long enough, to sack 

5689
04:57:55,700 --> 04:57:58,100
Rome before those factors fully 
unraveled his campaign. 

5690
04:57:59,000 --> 04:58:02,400
Leo gave Attila a face-saving, 
exit and a spiritual scared to 

5691
04:58:02,400 --> 04:58:03,800
boot. 
That was enough. 

5692
04:58:05,100 --> 04:58:08,700
In the summer of 4 to 22 and 
unlikely savior in a plane 

5693
04:58:08,700 --> 04:58:11,100
Castle, save the Eternal City 
from annihilation. 

5694
04:58:12,000 --> 04:58:13,400
For the generation that 
witnessed it. 

5695
04:58:13,400 --> 04:58:16,500
They could be no doubt. 
Hopefully the first had saved 

5696
04:58:16,500 --> 04:58:18,700
Rome. 
It was a bright spot in an age 

5697
04:58:18,700 --> 04:58:21,300
of collapse. 
A story retold with gratitude 

5698
04:58:21,300 --> 04:58:24,700
and all To this day when one 
stands in Saint Peter's and 

5699
04:58:24,700 --> 04:58:26,800
looks up at the marble relief of
Leo driving away. 

5700
04:58:26,800 --> 04:58:30,100
Attila one is reminded of the 
power of courage and Faith to 

5701
04:58:30,100 --> 04:58:34,000
alter the course of history. 
In Leo's voice lay the echo of 

5702
04:58:34,008 --> 04:58:36,700
an Empire's Spirit. 
And the promise that even in 

5703
04:58:36,700 --> 04:58:40,700
history's darkest chapters, a 
single steadfast Soul, can shine

5704
04:58:40,700 --> 04:58:43,200
brightly enough power of to turn
back. 

5705
04:58:43,200 --> 04:58:46,500
The tide of Destruction if only 
for a moment and occasionally, 

5706
04:58:46,500 --> 04:58:49,100
that moment is All That 
civilization needs to survive 

5707
04:58:49,100 --> 04:58:52,500
the sun set on the Western Roman
Empire, not with a single 

5708
04:58:52,500 --> 04:58:56,800
cataclysm but through Decades of
slow decay, Hope Leo. 

5709
04:58:56,800 --> 04:58:59,800
The first, however, had already 
sealed his place in the annals 

5710
04:58:59,800 --> 04:59:04,600
of survival deployment in faith.
as Rome's, political fabric 

5711
04:59:04,600 --> 04:59:08,800
crumbled, Leo's influence 
continued to expand, even in 

5712
04:59:08,800 --> 04:59:12,700
death in for 61, his legacy was 
carried on by Pope who modeled 

5713
04:59:12,700 --> 04:59:16,100
themselves, not just after some 
Peter but after Leo's blend of 

5714
04:59:16,100 --> 04:59:20,300
spiritual further and diplomatic
Steel, His tomb in the Old Saint

5715
04:59:20,300 --> 04:59:22,200
Peter's. 
Basilica became a shrine not 

5716
04:59:22,200 --> 04:59:24,800
only of theological memory, but 
of civic pride. 

5717
04:59:24,800 --> 04:59:28,500
A place Roman's could point to 
and say this man, stood when 

5718
04:59:28,500 --> 04:59:32,900
others fled The 5th Century saw 
chaos, fragmentation and loss 

5719
04:59:32,900 --> 04:59:36,800
Italy became a patchwork of 
Gothic rulers, gold drifted, 

5720
04:59:36,800 --> 04:59:40,000
toward Frankish hands and Africa
became a vandal Kingdom. 

5721
04:59:40,800 --> 04:59:43,900
Yet, the institutional Church 
remained remarkably cohesive. 

5722
04:59:43,900 --> 04:59:48,700
This was in part Leo's doing His
letters had established a Papal 

5723
04:59:48,700 --> 04:59:51,700
administrative style that 
reached Bishops far, beyond the 

5724
04:59:51,700 --> 04:59:55,100
crumbling Empire's borders, his 
Tome had crystallized, 

5725
04:59:55,100 --> 04:59:58,700
christology for centuries to 
come his sermons preserved 

5726
04:59:58,700 --> 05:00:02,800
copied and studied to nourish 
Christian identity in a 

5727
05:00:02,800 --> 05:00:05,900
post-imperial world. 
Yet the story of Leo's meeting 

5728
05:00:05,900 --> 05:00:09,000
with the tiller continue to 
evolve, not just in church 

5729
05:00:09,000 --> 05:00:11,800
memory. 
But in public imagination, the 

5730
05:00:11,800 --> 05:00:14,900
miracle whether historically 
accurate or not resonated 

5731
05:00:14,900 --> 05:00:18,700
deeply, In a world of collapsing
order, the myth of a Shepherd, 

5732
05:00:18,700 --> 05:00:20,400
confronting the wolf and turning
him away. 

5733
05:00:20,400 --> 05:00:24,400
Felt true than any Dusty 
Chronicle artists poets 

5734
05:00:24,400 --> 05:00:27,100
theologians and even Emperors 
clung to this narrative. 

5735
05:00:27,800 --> 05:00:32,000
Leo's courage became archetypal 
echoed in later as when he hopes

5736
05:00:32,000 --> 05:00:34,800
would stand up to King's 
Emperors or even fascist 

5737
05:00:34,800 --> 05:00:37,500
regimes. 
Meanwhile, attila's name lived 

5738
05:00:37,500 --> 05:00:43,200
on in Darker Legend. 
Although Attila died in 4153 ad 

5739
05:00:43,200 --> 05:00:46,900
under anti-climactic 
circumstances, drunken bleeding 

5740
05:00:46,900 --> 05:00:48,900
on his wedding night, his Empire
soon. 

5741
05:00:48,900 --> 05:00:52,700
Dissolved, afterward his sons 
quarreled over the remnants, the

5742
05:00:52,700 --> 05:00:56,100
cohesion of the hunnic, tribes 
of vanished, By the end of the 

5743
05:00:56,100 --> 05:00:58,600
fifth century, the Huns were no 
longer a power. 

5744
05:00:58,600 --> 05:01:02,800
Not even a memory in the lands 
they once terrorized In some 

5745
05:01:02,808 --> 05:01:05,200
parts of Europe. 
Parents, no longer warn children

5746
05:01:05,200 --> 05:01:09,000
about the Huns, the threatened 
passed yet. 

5747
05:01:09,000 --> 05:01:11,200
Leo's Voice still echoed from 
pulpits. 

5748
05:01:11,200 --> 05:01:15,100
Over time, Rome transitioned 
from the capital of a political 

5749
05:01:15,100 --> 05:01:17,500
Empire to the symbolic heart of 
Christendom. 

5750
05:01:17,500 --> 05:01:20,800
This transformation was neither 
inevitable nor easy. 

5751
05:01:20,800 --> 05:01:25,000
It took figures like Leo 
Resolute, theologically sharp 

5752
05:01:25,000 --> 05:01:28,200
and diplomatically fearless to 
steer the city from Imperial 

5753
05:01:28,200 --> 05:01:30,300
ruin toward a ecclesiastical 
prominence. 

5754
05:01:31,100 --> 05:01:34,900
One could argue that the Papal 
States medieval Christendom and 

5755
05:01:34,900 --> 05:01:38,400
even the Vatican City of today, 
trace a straight line from Leo's

5756
05:01:38,400 --> 05:01:41,400
model of papal leadership. 
He proved the church could not 

5757
05:01:41,400 --> 05:01:43,900
only survive, political 
collapse, it could redefine 

5758
05:01:43,900 --> 05:01:47,700
power in entirely The sculpture 
in Saint Peter's Basilica by 

5759
05:01:47,700 --> 05:01:50,700
Alessandro algardi completed in 
the 17th century. 

5760
05:01:50,700 --> 05:01:55,400
Immortalizes the scene with 
drama, Theo raises his hand and 

5761
05:01:55,400 --> 05:01:58,600
Jellick Warriors bear down from 
the Heaven's upon Attila Frozen 

5762
05:01:58,600 --> 05:02:00,500
in all. 
It is theatrical. 

5763
05:02:00,500 --> 05:02:04,600
Yes, but theater with purpose, 
it reminds viewers that history 

5764
05:02:04,600 --> 05:02:07,400
has made, not only through 
armies and battles, but through 

5765
05:02:07,400 --> 05:02:11,500
moments of extraordinary, moral 
courage, That was Leo's gift to 

5766
05:02:11,500 --> 05:02:15,000
his age and ours, a vision of 
Spiritual Authority that was not

5767
05:02:15,000 --> 05:02:18,200
passive, not withdrawn, but 
deeply engaged in the mess of 

5768
05:02:18,208 --> 05:02:21,800
human affairs. 
In the end, the dalio saved Rome

5769
05:02:21,800 --> 05:02:23,800
was not about political 
negotiation alone. 

5770
05:02:23,800 --> 05:02:27,800
It was a cultural Pivot Point. 
He demonstrated that Faith could

5771
05:02:27,800 --> 05:02:30,700
influence diplomacy. 
That courage didn't necessitate 

5772
05:02:30,700 --> 05:02:34,400
a sword and that at times 
defending civilization could be 

5773
05:02:34,400 --> 05:02:38,100
achieved by a single man with 
unwavering conviction, bravely, 

5774
05:02:38,100 --> 05:02:39,600
stepping into the depth of 
Darkness. 

5775
05:02:45,700 --> 05:02:48,100
Thomas whitmore's lungs. 
Had forgotten what clean air 

5776
05:02:48,100 --> 05:02:51,200
tasted like each morning. 
Brought the same ritual of 

5777
05:02:51,200 --> 05:02:54,000
violent coughing, fit that 
painted Crimson droplets across 

5778
05:02:54,000 --> 05:02:57,100
his wash base in followed by The
Bitter knowledge that another 

5779
05:02:57,100 --> 05:03:01,300
day of breathing fire. 
Awaited him the year was 1852 

5780
05:03:01,300 --> 05:03:04,900
and Manchester Sky wore. 
A permanent shroud of industrial

5781
05:03:04,900 --> 05:03:08,600
smoke that transformed Dawn into
a sickly Amber Twilight. 

5782
05:03:08,600 --> 05:03:12,400
He dressed by candlelight in the
cramped quarters of Morrison's 

5783
05:03:12,400 --> 05:03:15,600
fire brigade stationed pulling 
on wool stockings that never 

5784
05:03:15,600 --> 05:03:18,800
quite dried and Boots whose 
leather had been scorched. 

5785
05:03:18,800 --> 05:03:22,700
So many times they resembled 
charcoal more than High The 

5786
05:03:22,700 --> 05:03:26,200
Primitive fire station housed, 
12 men in conditions, that would

5787
05:03:26,200 --> 05:03:28,800
shame a prison Warden. 
But Thomas had learned not to 

5788
05:03:28,800 --> 05:03:31,200
complain. 
Complaints were about luxury 

5789
05:03:31,200 --> 05:03:34,100
items and luxury belonged to the
mill owners, whose factories 

5790
05:03:34,100 --> 05:03:37,700
they risk their lives to protect
The bells harsh, clang 

5791
05:03:37,700 --> 05:03:40,100
shattered. 
The pre-dawn silence sending ice

5792
05:03:40,100 --> 05:03:42,500
through Thomas's veins. 
Despite the cold warmed. 

5793
05:03:42,500 --> 05:03:46,200
Are another millfire erupted. 
There was always another mill 

5794
05:03:46,200 --> 05:03:48,200
fire. 
The textile factories of 

5795
05:03:48,200 --> 05:03:52,000
industrial England burned with 
the regularity of Sunrise, their

5796
05:03:52,000 --> 05:03:54,400
wooden frames, and cotton, 
stuffed Interiors, creating 

5797
05:03:54,400 --> 05:03:57,100
funeral pyres that could be seen
from neighboring counties. 

5798
05:03:58,100 --> 05:04:00,600
Thomas grabbed, his leather 
helmet cracked, along the crown 

5799
05:04:00,600 --> 05:04:03,600
from falling Timber and joined 
the thunderous Stampede down, 

5800
05:04:03,600 --> 05:04:07,600
the station's narrow stairs, 
outside the grimy Glory of 

5801
05:04:07,608 --> 05:04:11,400
Manchester was revealed the 
streets gleamed with a Perpetual

5802
05:04:11,400 --> 05:04:15,700
slick of Industrial, Waste, 
Horseman year and human filth 

5803
05:04:15,700 --> 05:04:19,700
that made every step treacherous
Gas lamps, flickered, weakly 

5804
05:04:19,700 --> 05:04:22,900
through the Perpetual Hayes 
casting, ghostly Circles, of 

5805
05:04:22,900 --> 05:04:24,600
yellow light, that barely 
penetrated. 

5806
05:04:24,600 --> 05:04:29,200
The smoke thick are The city had
grown too fast, this medieval 

5807
05:04:29,200 --> 05:04:31,400
Street plan, completely 
inadequate for the massive, 

5808
05:04:31,400 --> 05:04:34,600
horse-drawn fire engines that 
now careened through its narrow 

5809
05:04:34,600 --> 05:04:36,100
arteries. 
Thomas. 

5810
05:04:36,100 --> 05:04:38,700
Hauled himself onto the side of 
the engine, as it lurched into 

5811
05:04:38,700 --> 05:04:41,500
motion the horses. 
Whov striking Sparks from 

5812
05:04:41,500 --> 05:04:44,400
cobblestones one Smooth by 
endless industrial traffic. 

5813
05:04:44,400 --> 05:04:47,700
The leather fire hose coiled 
beside him like a sleeping 

5814
05:04:47,700 --> 05:04:50,100
serpent. 
His canvas skin stiff with 

5815
05:04:50,108 --> 05:04:52,200
accumulated soot and chemical 
residue. 

5816
05:04:52,900 --> 05:04:56,500
These hoses leaked profusely 
often burst under pressure, and 

5817
05:04:56,500 --> 05:04:59,000
delivered water with all the 
force of a garden sprinkler. 

5818
05:04:59,000 --> 05:05:02,400
But they represented The Cutting
Edge of firefighting technology 

5819
05:05:02,400 --> 05:05:05,000
in an age. 
When most blazes were fought 

5820
05:05:05,000 --> 05:05:06,300
with bucket, brigades and 
prayer. 

5821
05:05:07,300 --> 05:05:10,500
The mill District loomed ahead, 
a landscape from Dante's 

5822
05:05:10,500 --> 05:05:14,100
imagination where towering brick
chimneys pierced the sky like 

5823
05:05:14,100 --> 05:05:17,100
accusatory fingers. 
Steam engines coughed and 

5824
05:05:17,108 --> 05:05:18,800
wheezed behind the rhythmic 
pounding. 

5825
05:05:18,800 --> 05:05:22,100
Buy grated through the grimy, 
Windows, creating a constant in 

5826
05:05:22,100 --> 05:05:24,700
industrial heartbeat. 
Between the factories 

5827
05:05:24,700 --> 05:05:28,000
ramshackled, tenements house, 
the workers and conditions that 

5828
05:05:28,000 --> 05:05:31,700
would make medieval peasants 
weep entire family's crowded 

5829
05:05:31,700 --> 05:05:36,100
into single rooms sharing their 
space with rats disease and the 

5830
05:05:36,108 --> 05:05:39,500
ever-present threat of fire as 
they rounded the corner entry 

5831
05:05:39,500 --> 05:05:40,900
Bridgewater. 
Street Thomas saw their 

5832
05:05:40,900 --> 05:05:43,400
destination pemberton's cotton 
mill. 

5833
05:05:43,400 --> 05:05:46,800
Its upper floors already crowned
with flames that dance against 

5834
05:05:46,800 --> 05:05:49,300
the smoke, dark sky, like a 
demonic ballet. 

5835
05:05:50,200 --> 05:05:52,800
The fire had started in the 
picking room, they always 

5836
05:05:52,800 --> 05:05:55,800
started in the picking room 
where cotton fibers floated 

5837
05:05:55,800 --> 05:05:59,200
through the air like combustible
snow waiting for a single Spark,

5838
05:05:59,200 --> 05:06:02,200
from the gas lighting or an 
overheated steam pipe to 

5839
05:06:02,208 --> 05:06:06,200
transform the workspace, into an
inferno workers streamed from 

5840
05:06:06,200 --> 05:06:08,500
the building and panic their 
faces black. 

5841
05:06:08,500 --> 05:06:12,600
And with soot many clutching 
burned hands or nursing singed 

5842
05:06:12,600 --> 05:06:14,800
hair among them. 
Stumbled children. 

5843
05:06:14,800 --> 05:06:18,000
Some barely ten years old, who 
had been operating the spinning 

5844
05:06:18,000 --> 05:06:21,900
Machinery when the fire erupted.
The sight of these young faces 

5845
05:06:21,900 --> 05:06:25,300
aged beyond their years by 
industrial labor and now marked 

5846
05:06:25,300 --> 05:06:28,700
by Terror reminded Thomas why he
had chosen the profession, 

5847
05:06:28,700 --> 05:06:33,800
despite its countless Horrors. 
The Milano Mr. Pemberton 

5848
05:06:33,800 --> 05:06:37,600
Pemberton himself stood across 
the street in his fine will coat

5849
05:06:37,600 --> 05:06:40,600
and Polished boots calculating 
his losses with the same 

5850
05:06:40,600 --> 05:06:43,300
dispassionate Precision used to 
calculate his profits. 

5851
05:06:44,000 --> 05:06:46,600
Insurance would cover the 
building but not the disruption 

5852
05:06:46,600 --> 05:06:49,800
to production tomorrow. 
He would simply relocate his 

5853
05:06:49,800 --> 05:06:52,400
operations to another Mill and 
resume grinding. 

5854
05:06:52,400 --> 05:06:56,300
Human lives in Totton thread and
shareholder dividends Thomas 

5855
05:06:56,300 --> 05:07:00,000
checked his equipment one final 
time a crude leather speaking 

5856
05:07:00,000 --> 05:07:01,700
trumpet for coordinating with 
his fellow. 

5857
05:07:01,700 --> 05:07:05,000
Firefighters a handbags for 
breaking down doors and clearing

5858
05:07:05,000 --> 05:07:08,300
debris and a length of rope that
served as both lifeline and Last

5859
05:07:08,300 --> 05:07:12,600
Resort No breathing, apparatus 
existed, firefighters simply 

5860
05:07:12,600 --> 05:07:15,300
held their breath or breathe 
through wet cloth When the Smoke

5861
05:07:15,300 --> 05:07:18,100
became unbearable. 
The firefighters wore. 

5862
05:07:18,100 --> 05:07:20,700
No protective clothing apart 
from their thick, wool coats and

5863
05:07:20,700 --> 05:07:23,400
leather helmets. 
They lacked radio communication 

5864
05:07:23,400 --> 05:07:25,900
hydraulic, ladders and foam 
suppressants. 

5865
05:07:25,900 --> 05:07:28,500
There were only 12 men equipped 
with hand. 

5866
05:07:28,500 --> 05:07:31,300
Pumped engines who were 
determined to stop the fire from

5867
05:07:31,300 --> 05:07:35,300
engulfing, the entire District. 
Heat hit Thomas like a physical 

5868
05:07:35,300 --> 05:07:37,000
blow. 
As they approached the burning 

5869
05:07:37,000 --> 05:07:40,800
Mill, the Flames, creating their
own weather system of updrafts 

5870
05:07:40,800 --> 05:07:43,800
and downdrafts that sent burning
debris, spiraling through the 

5871
05:07:43,800 --> 05:07:46,100
air. 
Like deadly, confetti, the 

5872
05:07:46,100 --> 05:07:48,300
temperature difference between 
the fire and The Frigid 

5873
05:07:48,300 --> 05:07:51,300
Manchester are created sudden 
windshields that could knock a 

5874
05:07:51,300 --> 05:07:54,500
man off his feet or redirect 
flames in unexpected directions,

5875
05:07:54,500 --> 05:07:58,500
the Pemberton MILF fire revealed
its true character as Thomas and

5876
05:07:58,500 --> 05:07:59,800
his crew established their 
position. 

5877
05:08:01,000 --> 05:08:02,800
What appeared from a distance to
be a manageable. 

5878
05:08:02,800 --> 05:08:05,900
Blazed transformed into a 
multi-headed monster that defied

5879
05:08:05,900 --> 05:08:10,100
every principle of 19th century.
Firefighting The Flames had 

5880
05:08:10,100 --> 05:08:11,500
found the Mills ventilation 
system. 

5881
05:08:12,300 --> 05:08:14,200
Utilizing the carefully designed
airflow. 

5882
05:08:14,200 --> 05:08:17,300
That prevented workers from 
suffocating on Cotton dust and 

5883
05:08:17,300 --> 05:08:19,400
allowed the fire to spread 
throughout the building with 

5884
05:08:19,400 --> 05:08:22,900
terrifying efficiency. 
Thomas's crew, chief Captain 

5885
05:08:22,900 --> 05:08:26,600
Morrison shouted orders through 
the chaos, his voice barely 

5886
05:08:26,600 --> 05:08:29,500
audible above the Roar of flames
and the screaming of steam 

5887
05:08:29,500 --> 05:08:32,800
engines with 20 years of 
firefighting experience under 

5888
05:08:32,800 --> 05:08:34,900
his belt. 
The captain's face was marked 

5889
05:08:34,900 --> 05:08:38,500
with scars from flying Sparks, 
and his left hand was missing 

5890
05:08:38,500 --> 05:08:40,800
two fingers due to a rope burn 
that had gone septic. 

5891
05:08:41,800 --> 05:08:44,300
In an era before workers 
compensation, or medical 

5892
05:08:44,300 --> 05:08:46,800
benefits. 
Morrison's wound served as both 

5893
05:08:46,800 --> 05:08:49,800
a badge of honor and a painful 
reminder of the professions 

5894
05:08:49,800 --> 05:08:51,600
costs. 
The hand pumped engines 

5895
05:08:51,600 --> 05:08:54,700
positioned themselves along the 
street, their crew settling into

5896
05:08:54,700 --> 05:08:57,100
a brutal Rhythm that would 
persist until the fire was 

5897
05:08:57,100 --> 05:08:59,400
extinguished, all the men to 
come to exhaustion. 

5898
05:09:00,200 --> 05:09:03,600
Two men operated each pump 
handle working in shifts of 30 

5899
05:09:03,600 --> 05:09:06,300
seconds before switching off. 
While a third man named the 

5900
05:09:06,300 --> 05:09:08,400
leather hose and prayed, it 
wouldn't burst from the modest 

5901
05:09:08,400 --> 05:09:11,200
pressure that they could 
generate the pumps delivered, 

5902
05:09:11,200 --> 05:09:13,500
perhaps 50 gallons per minute at
their Peak. 

5903
05:09:14,300 --> 05:09:16,800
Authentic trickle compared to 
Modern standards but 

5904
05:09:16,800 --> 05:09:18,900
revolutionary technology in 
1852. 

5905
05:09:20,300 --> 05:09:23,500
Thomas found himself assigned to
search and rescue the deadliest 

5906
05:09:23,500 --> 05:09:26,000
job in a professional where 
death was a frequent visitor. 

5907
05:09:27,000 --> 05:09:29,200
Mills were particularly 
treacherous because the 

5908
05:09:29,200 --> 05:09:31,700
buildings wooden floors and 
supports could collapse without 

5909
05:09:31,700 --> 05:09:34,100
warning. 
Transformed by heat into 

5910
05:09:34,100 --> 05:09:36,700
elaborate death traps The 
textile. 

5911
05:09:36,700 --> 05:09:40,300
Machinery itself became another 
Hazard, massive spinning wheels 

5912
05:09:40,300 --> 05:09:43,100
and looms turned into Twisted 
Metal sculptures that could 

5913
05:09:43,100 --> 05:09:45,500
impale or Crush. 
Anyone unfortunate enough to 

5914
05:09:45,500 --> 05:09:48,500
encounter them in the 
smoke-filled Darkness, He 

5915
05:09:48,500 --> 05:09:51,400
wrapped a wet cloth around his 
face and plunged into the Mills 

5916
05:09:51,400 --> 05:09:54,200
ground floor where the air hung 
thick enough to cut with a 

5917
05:09:54,200 --> 05:09:57,000
knife, the temperature climbs 
steadily, as the ascended, the 

5918
05:09:57,000 --> 05:10:00,500
buildings, rickety stairs, each 
step, taking him deeper into an 

5919
05:10:00,500 --> 05:10:02,000
environment hostile to human 
life. 

5920
05:10:02,000 --> 05:10:05,300
Gas lamps had exploded 
throughout the building, their 

5921
05:10:05,300 --> 05:10:07,600
broken fixtures, creating 
additional fire sauces. 

5922
05:10:07,600 --> 05:10:11,300
While leaving the interior, near
total darkness, the Mills lay 

5923
05:10:11,300 --> 05:10:13,400
out, followed the industrial 
efficiency principles that 

5924
05:10:13,400 --> 05:10:16,500
maximize production while 
minimizing worker Comfort or 

5925
05:10:16,500 --> 05:10:19,200
safety. 
Narrow aisles between massive 

5926
05:10:19,200 --> 05:10:22,200
machines, left, little room for 
evacuation while the building's 

5927
05:10:22,200 --> 05:10:24,300
few exits, concentrated workers 
into bottle. 

5928
05:10:24,300 --> 05:10:28,100
Next during emergencies, windows
were small and high designed to 

5929
05:10:28,100 --> 05:10:30,500
prevent workers from being 
distracted by the outside world 

5930
05:10:30,500 --> 05:10:32,700
rather than to facilitate a 
skate. 

5931
05:10:33,700 --> 05:10:36,500
Tomas navigated by fear and 
Instinct calling out for 

5932
05:10:36,500 --> 05:10:38,100
survivors. 
While trying to maintain his 

5933
05:10:38,100 --> 05:10:40,300
sense of direction in the Maze, 
like interior. 

5934
05:10:41,000 --> 05:10:43,700
On the second floor, he found 
her Mary O'Brien. 

5935
05:10:43,700 --> 05:10:47,700
A spinner who skirts had caught 
fire from a fallen gas fixture. 

5936
05:10:47,700 --> 05:10:51,100
She lay unconscious beneath 
overturned Bloom her breathing 

5937
05:10:51,100 --> 05:10:54,600
shallow and labored the Flames, 
had to her hair before she 

5938
05:10:54,600 --> 05:10:57,600
managed to smother them leaving 
patches of scalp visible through

5939
05:10:57,600 --> 05:11:00,700
the burn strands. 
Thomas lifted her carefully, 

5940
05:11:00,700 --> 05:11:03,800
knowing that burns covered much 
of her body beneath the child 

5941
05:11:03,800 --> 05:11:07,000
fabric of her work dress. 
The Journey Back to the stairs, 

5942
05:11:07,000 --> 05:11:09,200
became a nightmare of 
disorientation and mounting 

5943
05:11:09,200 --> 05:11:11,300
heat. 
The fire had spread across the 

5944
05:11:11,300 --> 05:11:14,600
sea of them creating a canopy of
flame that dropped burning 

5945
05:11:14,600 --> 05:11:18,900
debrid like rain, Thomas's wool 
coat, began to solder the heavy 

5946
05:11:18,900 --> 05:11:21,900
fabric protecting his skin. 
While slowly cooking him from 

5947
05:11:21,900 --> 05:11:25,300
the outside in His leather 
helmet grew hot enough to Brand 

5948
05:11:25,300 --> 05:11:28,200
flesh, but removing it would 
expose his head to the falling 

5949
05:11:28,200 --> 05:11:30,200
Embers. 
That filled the air, halfway 

5950
05:11:30,200 --> 05:11:33,800
down the stairs, the building 
shuttered, Thomas the floor 

5951
05:11:33,800 --> 05:11:36,800
beneath his feet sag ominously 
as the fire consumed, the 

5952
05:11:36,808 --> 05:11:40,300
structural supports somewhere 
above them, a steam engines, 

5953
05:11:40,300 --> 05:11:43,700
boiler exploded. 
Creating a Tremor throughout the

5954
05:11:43,700 --> 05:11:46,200
building, the cracked walls and 
shattered. 

5955
05:11:46,200 --> 05:11:50,000
The few remaining windows, The 
Mill was dying, it's industrial 

5956
05:11:50,000 --> 05:11:51,900
skeleton. 
Collapsing, under the assault of

5957
05:11:51,908 --> 05:11:55,300
flames and superheated Air. 
Tomas emerged from the building 

5958
05:11:55,300 --> 05:11:58,900
just as the roof began its final
collapse, Mary O'Briens, and 

5959
05:11:58,900 --> 05:12:02,600
conscious form draped across his
shoulders, his fellow 

5960
05:12:02,600 --> 05:12:05,400
firefighters rushed to help but 
their faces told him what he 

5961
05:12:05,400 --> 05:12:08,500
already knew, she would like to 
die from her injuries Burns 

5962
05:12:08,500 --> 05:12:10,300
covering more than 30% of the 
body. 

5963
05:12:10,300 --> 05:12:14,400
Were almost invariably fatal in 
an era before antibiotics IV 

5964
05:12:14,400 --> 05:12:17,800
fluids or skin grafts. 
The best they could offer was 

5965
05:12:17,800 --> 05:12:21,500
Lord for the pain and perhaps a 
priest for the end Behind them. 

5966
05:12:21,508 --> 05:12:24,500
The Pemberton Mill continued, 
its spectacular destruction. 

5967
05:12:24,500 --> 05:12:28,300
The fire had found the buildings
mainstream engine a massive 

5968
05:12:28,300 --> 05:12:30,900
Beast that powered the entire 
facilities, machinery. 

5969
05:12:31,700 --> 05:12:34,700
As the Flames heated, its boiler
beyond safe limits, the engine 

5970
05:12:34,700 --> 05:12:38,000
began to scream, literally 
scream as Steam, escaped through

5971
05:12:38,008 --> 05:12:41,000
safety, valves that had never 
been designed for such extreme 

5972
05:12:41,000 --> 05:12:44,000
conditions. 
The sound pierced, the air, like

5973
05:12:44,000 --> 05:12:48,200
the death Cry of some industrial
Dragon Audible for miles across 

5974
05:12:48,200 --> 05:12:50,300
Manchester smoke, shrouded 
landscape. 

5975
05:12:51,100 --> 05:12:53,200
Thomas set. 
Mario Brian gently on a 

5976
05:12:53,200 --> 05:12:55,200
stretcher improvised from 
millworkers coats. 

5977
05:12:55,200 --> 05:12:58,400
Then turned back toward the 
building Captain Morrison. 

5978
05:12:58,400 --> 05:13:02,500
Grabbed his arm shaking his head
Grimley, She's gone lad the 

5979
05:13:02,500 --> 05:13:06,100
whole upper floors coming down. 
Thomas had heard something else.

5980
05:13:07,000 --> 05:13:10,200
A child's cry from the 
building's far end with a Mills,

5981
05:13:10,200 --> 05:13:12,900
newest workers operated. 
The smallest spinning machine. 

5982
05:13:14,100 --> 05:13:16,200
10 year, old fingers were 
perfect for threading, the 

5983
05:13:16,200 --> 05:13:19,400
delicate machine and Milan 
owners had learned to exploit 

5984
05:13:19,400 --> 05:13:21,800
this anatomical Advantage with 
ruthless efficiency. 

5985
05:13:21,800 --> 05:13:25,300
Now, those same small hands were
trapped somewhere in the 

5986
05:13:25,308 --> 05:13:28,500
collapsing structure. 
And every second of delay meant,

5987
05:13:28,500 --> 05:13:31,400
another young life would be 
consumed by industrial progress,

5988
05:13:31,400 --> 05:13:34,200
the mills East Wing House, 
housed what the workers grimly 

5989
05:13:34,200 --> 05:13:38,200
called the children floor. 
Cramped poorly ventilated space 

5990
05:13:38,200 --> 05:13:41,600
where boys and girls as young as
eight operated the piecing 

5991
05:13:41,600 --> 05:13:43,800
machines that connected broken 
cotton threads. 

5992
05:13:43,800 --> 05:13:47,000
Their small stature allowed them
to crawl beneath the spinning 

5993
05:13:47,000 --> 05:13:48,600
Machinery to collect waste 
cotton. 

5994
05:13:48,600 --> 05:13:51,800
While their Nimble fingers could
perform repairs that were to 

5995
05:13:51,800 --> 05:13:55,500
take adult workers twice, as 
long milonas Justified, this 

5996
05:13:55,500 --> 05:13:58,700
exploitation as industrial 
training, preparing the Next 

5997
05:13:58,700 --> 05:14:00,600
Generation for lives of 
productive labor. 

5998
05:14:00,600 --> 05:14:04,400
While conveniently ignoring the 
stunted growth, respiratory 

5999
05:14:04,400 --> 05:14:06,300
diseases, and frequent 
accidents. 

6000
05:14:06,300 --> 05:14:09,800
That Mark, these young workers 
like brands, Thomas could hear 

6001
05:14:09,800 --> 05:14:13,100
them before he saw them, 
high-pitched cries of Terror 

6002
05:14:13,100 --> 05:14:15,900
echoing from the building south 
east corner where the children's

6003
05:14:15,900 --> 05:14:18,800
work station occupied a space. 
Barely larger than a residential

6004
05:14:18,800 --> 05:14:21,400
parlor. 
The fire had not yet reached 

6005
05:14:21,400 --> 05:14:23,500
this section. 
That smoke was pouring through 

6006
05:14:23,500 --> 05:14:26,100
the floorboards from the 
conflagration below creating a 

6007
05:14:26,100 --> 05:14:28,400
toxic fog that would kill his 
officially as flames. 

6008
05:14:28,400 --> 05:14:32,200
These children had no way to run
the Mills design trapped them 

6009
05:14:32,208 --> 05:14:35,300
behind rows of Machinery. 
Accessible only through narrow 

6010
05:14:35,300 --> 05:14:37,600
passages. 
That adult Rescuers could barely

6011
05:14:37,600 --> 05:14:41,500
navigate he dropped to his hands
and knees crawling beneath the 

6012
05:14:41,500 --> 05:14:43,200
spinning frames to all the sound
of crying. 

6013
05:14:43,200 --> 05:14:45,800
The air near. 
The floor was slightly cleaner 

6014
05:14:45,800 --> 05:14:48,500
but it was still thick enough to
burn his throat with every 

6015
05:14:48,500 --> 05:14:50,900
breath. 
His leather helmet scraped 

6016
05:14:50,900 --> 05:14:54,100
against the Machinery above him,
dislodging years of accumulated,

6017
05:14:54,100 --> 05:14:57,500
cotton dust that fell like 
industrial snow this dust. 

6018
05:14:57,500 --> 05:15:00,700
He knew would ignite at the 
slightest, spark transforming 

6019
05:15:00,700 --> 05:15:02,800
the confined space into a powder
keg. 

6020
05:15:03,500 --> 05:15:06,900
The first child, he found was 
Billy Henderson, 11 years old 

6021
05:15:06,900 --> 05:15:10,200
and barely four feet. 
Tall is growth stunted by years 

6022
05:15:10,200 --> 05:15:12,200
of malnutrition and Industrial 
labor. 

6023
05:15:12,800 --> 05:15:15,800
Billy operated a Scavenging 
machine that collected waste 

6024
05:15:15,800 --> 05:15:18,900
cotton from beneath the spinning
frames a job that required him 

6025
05:15:18,900 --> 05:15:21,900
to spend 10 hours daily in a 
space designed for someone half 

6026
05:15:21,900 --> 05:15:24,800
his size. 
Now, he crouched Frozen with 

6027
05:15:24,800 --> 05:15:27,800
Terror his work clothes soaked 
with the machine oil that could 

6028
05:15:27,800 --> 05:15:31,600
ignite at any moment. 
Come on lad, Thomas whispered. 

6029
05:15:31,600 --> 05:15:35,300
Extending his hand through the 
Maze of mechanical components. 

6030
05:15:35,300 --> 05:15:37,400
We're going out together you and
me. 

6031
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:40,800
Billy's eyes were wide with 
shock but he managed to grasp 

6032
05:15:40,800 --> 05:15:44,500
Thomas his outstretched fingers.
The boy wait perhaps 60 pounds. 

6033
05:15:44,500 --> 05:15:47,400
His body Wasted by the 
combination of factory work in 

6034
05:15:47,400 --> 05:15:50,200
poverty that characterized and 
working class childhood in 

6035
05:15:50,200 --> 05:15:53,600
industrial England. 
Behind Billy, Thomas could see 

6036
05:15:53,600 --> 05:15:55,500
other small forms huddled in the
Smoke. 

6037
05:15:55,500 --> 05:15:59,600
Perhaps half a dozen children 
trapped by the collapsing Mills,

6038
05:15:59,600 --> 05:16:02,800
deadly geometry. 
The Machinery that had employed 

6039
05:16:02,800 --> 05:16:06,100
them now imprisoned them, its 
iron arms, and wooden frames, 

6040
05:16:06,100 --> 05:16:09,200
creating a lattice of obstacles 
between the children and any 

6041
05:16:09,200 --> 05:16:12,500
possible Escape Route moving 
them one by one would take too 

6042
05:16:12,500 --> 05:16:14,200
long. 
The floor beneath them was 

6043
05:16:14,200 --> 05:16:16,600
already beginning to Sag as the 
fire consumed. 

6044
05:16:16,600 --> 05:16:19,800
The building's about structural 
supports Thomas made a decision 

6045
05:16:19,800 --> 05:16:23,300
that violated every principle of
safe rescue work instead of 

6046
05:16:23,300 --> 05:16:25,500
retreating with Billy. 
He pushed deeper into the 

6047
05:16:25,500 --> 05:16:27,700
Machinery. 
Maze Gathering children Like a 

6048
05:16:27,700 --> 05:16:31,400
Shepherd collecting his flock. 
Sarah Mitchell, nine years old, 

6049
05:16:31,400 --> 05:16:35,400
her hands permanently stained 
with machine dies, Peter Short, 

6050
05:16:35,400 --> 05:16:38,000
10 who had lost the tip of his 
index finger to a spinning 

6051
05:16:38,000 --> 05:16:38,900
wheel. 
The previous month. 

6052
05:16:38,900 --> 05:16:42,200
Jenny Coleman barely ate, who 
earned, six months a day 

6053
05:16:42,200 --> 05:16:44,100
threading bobbins for her family
survival. 

6054
05:16:44,100 --> 05:16:47,300
The heat was becoming 
unbearable, the smoke so thick 

6055
05:16:47,300 --> 05:16:50,400
that Thomas could barely see his
hands, his wool coat and begun 

6056
05:16:50,400 --> 05:16:52,900
to smolder in Earnest filling 
the air with the acrid smell of 

6057
05:16:52,908 --> 05:16:55,300
burning wall. 
The children, clung to him with 

6058
05:16:55,300 --> 05:16:58,500
desperate strength, their small 
faces blackened with soot and 

6059
05:16:58,500 --> 05:17:01,100
streaked with tears. 
He could feel their Terror 

6060
05:17:01,100 --> 05:17:03,800
through their trembling bodies, 
these young victims of 

6061
05:17:03,800 --> 05:17:06,600
industrial progress who had 
never known childhood as 

6062
05:17:06,600 --> 05:17:10,800
anything but labor. 
Hold on to each other, commanded

6063
05:17:10,800 --> 05:17:14,300
his voice, hoarse from smoke, 
inhalation, we're going out 

6064
05:17:14,300 --> 05:17:18,400
together, all of us. 
He formed them into a human 

6065
05:17:18,400 --> 05:17:21,800
chain, the oldest children 
supporting the youngest while he

6066
05:17:21,800 --> 05:17:24,300
led them through the Maze of 
Machinery, toward what he hoped 

6067
05:17:24,300 --> 05:17:27,700
was still a navigable exit, the 
building groaned around them. 

6068
05:17:27,700 --> 05:17:31,000
Its death throws accompanied by 
the sound of splintering wood 

6069
05:17:31,000 --> 05:17:34,200
and collapsing Masonry. 
The stairs had become a furnace 

6070
05:17:34,200 --> 05:17:37,700
Thomas could see Flames licking 
up through the gaps between 

6071
05:17:37,700 --> 05:17:41,200
steps while the banister glowed.
Red hot from the heat below the 

6072
05:17:41,200 --> 05:17:44,000
children behind him began to 
whimper as the temperature 

6073
05:17:44,000 --> 05:17:47,400
climbed Beyond endurance, but 
retreat was no longer possible. 

6074
05:17:47,400 --> 05:17:50,700
The Mills upper floors were 
collapsing, section by section. 

6075
05:17:50,700 --> 05:17:53,700
Creating a domino effect that 
would soon reach their position.

6076
05:17:55,000 --> 05:17:57,400
Thomas wrapped his coat around 
as many children as possible 

6077
05:17:57,400 --> 05:18:00,400
using his body as a shield 
against the radiant heat that 

6078
05:18:00,400 --> 05:18:03,100
filled the stairwell. 
His Exposed Skin began to 

6079
05:18:03,100 --> 05:18:05,100
blister the leather of his 
helmet. 

6080
05:18:05,100 --> 05:18:08,700
So hot, it burned his Scout 
through his hair, Step-by-step. 

6081
05:18:08,700 --> 05:18:11,600
They descended through an 
environment that seemed more 

6082
05:18:11,600 --> 05:18:14,000
like biblical hell than an 
English textile mill. 

6083
05:18:14,700 --> 05:18:18,200
Jenny Coleman, stumbled her 
small legs, finally, giving away

6084
05:18:18,200 --> 05:18:21,500
to exhaustion and Terror Thomas,
swept her up with without 

6085
05:18:21,500 --> 05:18:24,400
breaking stride. 
Her tiny body, weighing almost 

6086
05:18:24,400 --> 05:18:27,500
nothing against his smoke-filled
chest behind them. 

6087
05:18:27,500 --> 05:18:30,500
The children work room erupted 
in Flames as the fire. 

6088
05:18:30,500 --> 05:18:33,300
Finally found the accumulated 
cotton dust and machine oil. 

6089
05:18:33,300 --> 05:18:36,500
The explosion center pillar of 
flame shooting up through the 

6090
05:18:36,500 --> 05:18:39,600
building's core. 
Illuminating their Escape Route 

6091
05:18:39,600 --> 05:18:43,300
with hellish brilliant's The 
emerge from the building just as

6092
05:18:43,300 --> 05:18:45,100
the Mills. 
Maine chimney began to crack. 

6093
05:18:46,000 --> 05:18:49,100
The massive brick structure 
weakened by the intense heat and

6094
05:18:49,100 --> 05:18:52,600
thermal expansion developed a 
visible fissure that ran from 

6095
05:18:52,608 --> 05:18:56,100
its base to its crown. 
Thomas hurried the children away

6096
05:18:56,100 --> 05:18:58,700
from the building as chunks of 
masonry began to rain down 

6097
05:18:58,700 --> 05:19:02,800
around them each impact sending 
Tremors through the already 

6098
05:19:02,800 --> 05:19:06,200
unstable Street. 
Captain Morrison. 

6099
05:19:06,200 --> 05:19:09,400
Met them with a mixture of 
relief and amazement Six of 

6100
05:19:09,400 --> 05:19:10,700
them. 
He said Counting the 

6101
05:19:10,700 --> 05:19:12,600
soot-covered children, who 
clustered around Thomas? 

6102
05:19:12,600 --> 05:19:15,300
Like, chicks around a hen. 
How in God's name? 

6103
05:19:15,300 --> 05:19:18,900
Did you get six of them out? 
Thomas didn't answer 

6104
05:19:18,900 --> 05:19:21,700
immediately, he was too busy, 
checking each child for 

6105
05:19:21,700 --> 05:19:24,400
injuries. 
His trained eye cataloging burns

6106
05:19:24,400 --> 05:19:27,700
cuts, and the signs of smoke 
inhalation that could prove 

6107
05:19:27,700 --> 05:19:31,400
fatal in the hours to come as 
they watched from cross the 

6108
05:19:31,400 --> 05:19:33,600
street, the mill began to 
collapse in earnest. 

6109
05:19:34,400 --> 05:19:37,700
Five stories of industrial. 
Architecture pancake to Rubble 

6110
05:19:37,700 --> 05:19:40,800
sending up a cloud of dust and 
debris, that obscured the 

6111
05:19:40,808 --> 05:19:44,900
surrounding buildings. 
The sound was Indescribable, not

6112
05:19:44,900 --> 05:19:48,000
just the crash of falling 
masonry that the death scream of

6113
05:19:48,000 --> 05:19:51,600
an entire industrial ecosystem, 
steam engines, textile, 

6114
05:19:51,600 --> 05:19:55,200
Machinery, raw cotton and human 
dreams were all compressed into 

6115
05:19:55,200 --> 05:19:58,300
a smoking pile of debris. 
That would continue to burn for 

6116
05:19:58,300 --> 05:20:01,200
three more days. 
Manchester's atmosphere had been

6117
05:20:01,200 --> 05:20:04,200
transformed by industrial 
progress into something barely 

6118
05:20:04,200 --> 05:20:07,900
recognizable. 
As are Cities of male chimneys 

6119
05:20:07,900 --> 05:20:11,300
released, a constant stream of 
cold, smoke chemical Vapors, and

6120
05:20:11,300 --> 05:20:13,800
cotton dust that created a 
permanent atmospheric soup, 

6121
05:20:13,800 --> 05:20:17,400
thick enough to taste. 
For firefighters this toxic 

6122
05:20:17,400 --> 05:20:19,400
environment posed. 
A daily challenge to their 

6123
05:20:19,400 --> 05:20:22,100
respiratory systems. 
Threatening their lives decades 

6124
05:20:22,100 --> 05:20:25,400
before the onset of old age. 
Thomas stood outside the 

6125
05:20:25,400 --> 05:20:29,200
collapse Pemberton Mill drawing,
what perhaps for fresh air into 

6126
05:20:29,200 --> 05:20:31,100
lungs. 
That felt lined with sandpaper. 

6127
05:20:31,100 --> 05:20:35,000
Each breath brought a cocktail 
of sulfur dioxide from coal 

6128
05:20:35,000 --> 05:20:38,400
combustion, chlorine gas from 
textile, bleaching operations 

6129
05:20:38,400 --> 05:20:42,000
and microscopic particles of 
cotton wool and cold dust that 

6130
05:20:42,000 --> 05:20:44,400
would embed themselves 
permanently in his lung tissue. 

6131
05:20:45,200 --> 05:20:47,200
The children. 
He had rescued coughed beside 

6132
05:20:47,200 --> 05:20:49,100
him. 
Their small lungs struggling to 

6133
05:20:49,100 --> 05:20:50,600
process. 
Are that contained more 

6134
05:20:50,600 --> 05:20:54,100
Industrial Waste than oxygen. 
The fire brigades primitive 

6135
05:20:54,100 --> 05:20:56,300
medical knowledge offered. 
No protection against these 

6136
05:20:56,300 --> 05:20:59,900
Airborne toxins firefighters 
occasionally held wet cloths 

6137
05:20:59,900 --> 05:21:02,800
over their faces during 
particularly Smoky fires but 

6138
05:21:02,800 --> 05:21:05,700
their methods provided minimal 
filtration against the complex 

6139
05:21:05,700 --> 05:21:08,400
chemical mixture. 
That constituted Manchester's 

6140
05:21:08,400 --> 05:21:11,000
atmosphere. 
No one understood the long-term 

6141
05:21:11,000 --> 05:21:13,600
Health consequences of chronic 
exposure to Industrial 

6142
05:21:13,600 --> 05:21:16,200
pollutants though. 
The city's mortality, statistics

6143
05:21:16,200 --> 05:21:20,600
told a grim story that Civic 
leaders preferred to ignore Todd

6144
05:21:20,600 --> 05:21:22,900
Henry, Ashworth. 
One of Manchester's, few 

6145
05:21:22,900 --> 05:21:25,700
Physicians willing to treat 
working-class patients, arrived 

6146
05:21:25,700 --> 05:21:27,900
at the fire scene. 
To examine the rescued Mill 

6147
05:21:27,900 --> 05:21:30,200
workers. 
His presence was unusual. 

6148
05:21:30,200 --> 05:21:33,600
Most doctors refused to venture 
into the industrial district 

6149
05:21:33,600 --> 05:21:36,400
claiming their practices, 
required them to focus on 

6150
05:21:36,400 --> 05:21:41,000
patients, who could afford their
fees Ashworth, was different, a 

6151
05:21:41,000 --> 05:21:43,200
Quaker whose religious beliefs 
compelled him to treat all 

6152
05:21:43,200 --> 05:21:45,600
patients, regardless of their 
ability to pay. 

6153
05:21:46,700 --> 05:21:48,900
Bring the children here, 
Ashworth called to Thomas 

6154
05:21:48,900 --> 05:21:51,600
setting up a makeshift 
examination area using crates 

6155
05:21:51,600 --> 05:21:55,400
from a nearby Warehouse, his 
medical bag contained The era's 

6156
05:21:55,400 --> 05:21:58,800
Limited Arsenal against Burns 
and smoke inhalation Lord and 

6157
05:21:58,800 --> 05:22:02,900
for pain Sal volatile for 
fainting and clean bandages. 

6158
05:22:02,900 --> 05:22:06,500
That would be as precious as 
gold in the days to come. he 

6159
05:22:06,500 --> 05:22:09,100
began with Jenny Coleman, the 
youngest victim, whose small 

6160
05:22:09,100 --> 05:22:13,200
body showed the telltale signs 
of severe smoke, inhalation, A 

6161
05:22:13,200 --> 05:22:16,200
breathing is compromised, the 
doctor told Thomas quietly using

6162
05:22:16,200 --> 05:22:19,000
medical terminology to spare the
child additional fear. 

6163
05:22:20,100 --> 05:22:23,500
The superheated air has damaged 
to throw in lungs without proper

6164
05:22:23,500 --> 05:22:25,700
treatment. 
He left the sentence on 

6165
05:22:25,700 --> 05:22:28,400
finished. 
But Thomas, understood, Jenny 

6166
05:22:28,400 --> 05:22:31,400
would like to die within days. 
A small body unable to recover 

6167
05:22:31,400 --> 05:22:33,300
from injuries. 
That would challenge a healthy 

6168
05:22:33,300 --> 05:22:36,800
adult The other children fed 
slightly better, but all 

6169
05:22:36,800 --> 05:22:39,700
exhibited signs of respiratory 
damage, that would affect them 

6170
05:22:39,700 --> 05:22:43,400
for the rest of their lives. 
Peter Shores hands were severely

6171
05:22:43,400 --> 05:22:45,700
burned from grabbing hot 
Machinery during his Escape. 

6172
05:22:46,600 --> 05:22:49,200
While Sarah Mitchell, had 
inhaled enough, toxic smoke to 

6173
05:22:49,200 --> 05:22:51,700
leave her with a chronic cough. 
That would never fully heal. 

6174
05:22:52,600 --> 05:22:55,800
These children if they survived 
would join Manchester's growing 

6175
05:22:55,800 --> 05:22:59,100
population of industrial 
invalids, workers whose bodies 

6176
05:22:59,100 --> 05:23:01,000
had been broken by the Machinery
of progress. 

6177
05:23:01,000 --> 05:23:03,600
Dr. Ashworth moved among the 
adult Millwork. 

6178
05:23:03,600 --> 05:23:06,400
As with growing alarm, the fire 
had released chemicals from the 

6179
05:23:06,400 --> 05:23:09,400
textile manufacturing process. 
That created a toxic atmosphere 

6180
05:23:09,400 --> 05:23:13,300
even more dangerous than usual. 
Bleaching agents had mixed with 

6181
05:23:13,300 --> 05:23:16,000
cotton dust and cold smoke to 
produce compounds that attack 

6182
05:23:16,000 --> 05:23:18,200
the respiratory system with 
particular viciousness. 

6183
05:23:19,100 --> 05:23:22,300
Several workers showed signs of 
chemical pneumonia their lungs 

6184
05:23:22,300 --> 05:23:24,900
filling with fluid as their 
body's tried to protect 

6185
05:23:24,900 --> 05:23:27,400
themselves. 
From the poisonous are this is 

6186
05:23:27,400 --> 05:23:29,800
worse than anything. 
I've seen ashwath confided to 

6187
05:23:29,800 --> 05:23:34,200
Thomas as they watch The Mills 
ruins continue to smaller The 

6188
05:23:34,200 --> 05:23:36,700
fire has created chemical 
compounds that don't exist in 

6189
05:23:36,700 --> 05:23:40,600
nature where watching the birth 
of the industrial disease and we

6190
05:23:40,600 --> 05:23:44,500
have no idea how to treat it. 
His words proved prophetic 

6191
05:23:44,500 --> 05:23:48,200
within a generation Manchester 
would become synonymous with 

6192
05:23:48,200 --> 05:23:51,000
respiratory illness. 
Its residents suffering from 

6193
05:23:51,000 --> 05:23:53,600
conditions that doctors 
struggled to understand much 

6194
05:23:53,600 --> 05:23:56,700
less cure. 
Thomas felt the toxins working 

6195
05:23:56,700 --> 05:23:57,900
on his body as he helped 
organize. 

6196
05:23:57,900 --> 05:24:01,000
The rescue efforts his throat 
burned with each breath while 

6197
05:24:01,000 --> 05:24:03,800
his eyes streamed continuously 
from the chemical irritation. 

6198
05:24:03,800 --> 05:24:07,700
His chest felt tight as though 
invisible bands were 

6199
05:24:07,700 --> 05:24:11,300
constricting his lungs, making 
each inhalation, a conscious 

6200
05:24:11,300 --> 05:24:14,700
effort around him, his fellow 
firefighters showed similar 

6201
05:24:14,700 --> 05:24:18,000
symptoms their faces flushed and
their breathing, labored despite

6202
05:24:18,000 --> 05:24:20,400
their years of experience with 
smoke-filled environments. 

6203
05:24:21,300 --> 05:24:23,900
The city's response to the toxic
air crisis revealed. 

6204
05:24:23,900 --> 05:24:27,700
The industrial ages priorities 
with brutal Clarity Mill, owners

6205
05:24:27,700 --> 05:24:29,800
demanded that their workers 
returned to the neighboring 

6206
05:24:29,800 --> 05:24:32,700
factories immediately, claiming 
that production, delays would 

6207
05:24:32,700 --> 05:24:35,800
harm Manchester's, economic, 
competitiveness, local 

6208
05:24:35,800 --> 05:24:37,700
authorities focused. 
On clearing the rubble to 

6209
05:24:37,700 --> 05:24:40,500
restore traffic. 
Flow showing little concern for 

6210
05:24:40,500 --> 05:24:42,900
the health consequences of 
disturbing the contaminated 

6211
05:24:42,900 --> 05:24:45,800
debris. 
Only Dr. Ashworth and a handful 

6212
05:24:45,800 --> 05:24:49,100
of religious leaders seem to 
recognize the human catastrophe 

6213
05:24:49,100 --> 05:24:51,200
unfolding in the smoke-filled 
streets. 

6214
05:24:51,900 --> 05:24:54,300
Captain Morris and gathered his 
men for the journey back to the 

6215
05:24:54,300 --> 05:24:56,900
fire station. 
His face Grim with the knowledge

6216
05:24:56,900 --> 05:25:00,400
that their work was far from 
Over the industrial district of 

6217
05:25:00,400 --> 05:25:03,100
Manchester house, dozens of 
Mills, similar to pembertons 

6218
05:25:03,100 --> 05:25:06,200
each posing of her potential 
Hazard due to their combustible 

6219
05:25:06,200 --> 05:25:08,300
materials, and insufficient 
safety precautions. 

6220
05:25:09,200 --> 05:25:10,900
Fire there. 
Just fought would be followed by

6221
05:25:10,900 --> 05:25:13,400
others. 
An endless cycle of Destruction 

6222
05:25:13,400 --> 05:25:15,600
and rescue that consumed. 
Firefighters lives as 

6223
05:25:15,600 --> 05:25:17,200
efficiently as a consumed 
buildings. 

6224
05:25:18,000 --> 05:25:20,700
As they loaded their equipment 
onto the horse drawn engines. 

6225
05:25:20,700 --> 05:25:23,600
Thomas noticed that several of 
his colleagues were coughing up 

6226
05:25:23,600 --> 05:25:25,900
blood. 
A sure sign that the toxic 

6227
05:25:25,900 --> 05:25:28,600
smoker damage their lungs beyond
the body's ability to repair 

6228
05:25:28,600 --> 05:25:31,700
these men would continue working
because they had no choice 

6229
05:25:31,700 --> 05:25:34,500
firefighters who couldn't 
perform their duties simply 

6230
05:25:34,500 --> 05:25:37,800
starved as no disability 
benefits or medical pensions 

6231
05:25:37,800 --> 05:25:40,700
existed for public servants 
injured in the line of duty. 

6232
05:25:41,500 --> 05:25:43,900
The journey back through 
Manchester streets revealed the 

6233
05:25:43,908 --> 05:25:46,300
industrial Apocalypse in its 
full horror. 

6234
05:25:47,200 --> 05:25:48,900
Permanent Hayes that hung over 
the city. 

6235
05:25:48,900 --> 05:25:50,500
Had thickened from the mill 
fire. 

6236
05:25:50,500 --> 05:25:53,900
Reducing visibility to a few 
yards and turning the afternoon 

6237
05:25:53,900 --> 05:25:58,600
into Perpetual Twilight gas 
lamps burned continuously their 

6238
05:25:58,600 --> 05:26:01,600
flame struggling to penetrate 
the toxic fog that enveloped the

6239
05:26:01,608 --> 05:26:05,200
city like a burial shroud, the 
Morrison fire brigade, stationed

6240
05:26:05,200 --> 05:26:08,300
stood as a monument to society, 
his half-hearted commitment to 

6241
05:26:08,300 --> 05:26:11,500
Public Safety. 
Cramped quarters and primitive 

6242
05:26:11,500 --> 05:26:14,100
equipment reflecting, the 
industrial era's priorities with

6243
05:26:14,100 --> 05:26:18,100
depressing accuracy. 
Built in 1845 as Manchester's. 

6244
05:26:18,100 --> 05:26:21,600
Textile wealth reached, its peak
the Station House, State of the 

6245
05:26:21,600 --> 05:26:24,400
art firefighting technology that
would have been considered 

6246
05:26:24,400 --> 05:26:28,500
inadequate, 50 years earlier the
building's designer had clearly 

6247
05:26:28,500 --> 05:26:31,700
never witnessed an actual fire. 
Creating a facility that 

6248
05:26:31,700 --> 05:26:34,000
prioritized architectural 
appearance over practical 

6249
05:26:34,000 --> 05:26:37,000
function. 
Thomas climbed wearily from the 

6250
05:26:37,000 --> 05:26:39,200
fire engine. 
His body aching from the 

6251
05:26:39,200 --> 05:26:42,100
physical demands of rescue work,
in the toxic assault of 

6252
05:26:42,100 --> 05:26:45,700
Manchester's, poisoned are the 
stations equipment, Bay revealed

6253
05:26:45,700 --> 05:26:48,100
the pathetic Arsenal available 
to firefighters in the 

6254
05:26:48,100 --> 05:26:51,700
Industrial Age leather hoses 
that leaked more water than they

6255
05:26:51,700 --> 05:26:53,700
delivered hand pumped. 
Engines. 

6256
05:26:53,700 --> 05:26:57,200
That required 8, men to operate,
effectively, and wooden ladders,

6257
05:26:57,200 --> 05:27:00,800
whose rungs had been charred and
weakened by repeated exposure to

6258
05:27:00,800 --> 05:27:03,200
flames. 
The fire engine itself 

6259
05:27:03,200 --> 05:27:06,400
represented, the Pinnacle of 
1852 technology. 

6260
05:27:07,200 --> 05:27:09,400
Steam, powered pump mounted on a
horse drawn. 

6261
05:27:09,400 --> 05:27:13,200
Chassis that could under ideal 
conditions deliver water, at 

6262
05:27:13,200 --> 05:27:15,400
pressures approaching those of a
modern garden hose. 

6263
05:27:16,300 --> 05:27:19,000
The boiler required, 20 minutes 
to build Steam from a cold. 

6264
05:27:19,000 --> 05:27:21,800
Start assuming someone had 
remembered to keep its Supply 

6265
05:27:21,800 --> 05:27:25,400
with coal and water. 
During fires this delay, often 

6266
05:27:25,400 --> 05:27:27,600
meant the difference between 
saving a building and watching 

6267
05:27:27,600 --> 05:27:30,100
it collapse into ruble. 
Captain Morrison. 

6268
05:27:30,100 --> 05:27:33,400
Initiated the post-fire 
equipment, inspection with a 

6269
05:27:33,400 --> 05:27:35,700
weary resignation. 
Reminiscent of a man who had 

6270
05:27:35,700 --> 05:27:37,400
carried out this ritual 
countless times. 

6271
05:27:38,200 --> 05:27:40,600
The leather hoses showed new 
splits and tears from the 

6272
05:27:40,600 --> 05:27:43,800
superheated environment, their 
canvas reinforcement, charred 

6273
05:27:43,800 --> 05:27:46,900
Beyond reliable, use the brass 
nozzles, had warped, from 

6274
05:27:46,900 --> 05:27:48,600
exposure to extreme 
temperatures. 

6275
05:27:48,600 --> 05:27:51,400
Creating a regular spray 
patterns that reduce their 

6276
05:27:51,400 --> 05:27:55,600
effectiveness even further. 
Most of the hand tools, axes pry

6277
05:27:55,600 --> 05:27:58,200
bars and wrote showed signs of 
heat damage, that would make 

6278
05:27:58,200 --> 05:28:02,400
them unreliable in future 
emergencies Henderson Morrison 

6279
05:28:02,400 --> 05:28:05,400
called to the station, senior 
firefighter, a grizzled veteran,

6280
05:28:05,400 --> 05:28:08,300
whose left arm hung useless from
an injury sustained during the 

6281
05:28:08,300 --> 05:28:12,700
Great warehouse fire of 1849. 
Take inventory of the hose 

6282
05:28:12,700 --> 05:28:15,700
sections, please identify the 
sections that require patching, 

6283
05:28:15,700 --> 05:28:19,000
and those that need complete 
replacement Henderson, nodded 

6284
05:28:19,000 --> 05:28:22,200
grimly knowing that replacing 
entirely meant submitting 

6285
05:28:22,200 --> 05:28:24,800
requests to the city council. 
That would be debated for months

6286
05:28:24,800 --> 05:28:28,100
while fires continued to consume
Manchester's, industrial 

6287
05:28:28,100 --> 05:28:30,100
districts. 
The stations primitive 

6288
05:28:30,100 --> 05:28:32,600
Communication System, consisted 
of a single Bell. 

6289
05:28:32,600 --> 05:28:36,400
That could be heard perhaps six 
blocks away on a quiet day but 

6290
05:28:36,400 --> 05:28:38,400
was often lost in the industrial
cacophony. 

6291
05:28:38,400 --> 05:28:42,400
That filled Manchester streets. 
Fire reporting relied on runners

6292
05:28:42,400 --> 05:28:44,500
or mounted Messengers. 
Who often arrived at the 

6293
05:28:44,500 --> 05:28:46,600
station. 
Long after Flames are 

6294
05:28:46,600 --> 05:28:48,700
established himself Beyond any 
hope of control. 

6295
05:28:49,700 --> 05:28:52,600
Thomas had responded to fires 
that had been burning for hours 

6296
05:28:52,600 --> 05:28:54,400
before anyone thought to summon 
professional. 

6297
05:28:54,400 --> 05:28:57,700
Firefighters arriving to find 
only small during ruins and 

6298
05:28:57,700 --> 05:29:00,800
charred Corpses. 
A corner of the equipment Bay, 

6299
05:29:00,800 --> 05:29:04,100
held medical supplies, a 
testament to society is high 

6300
05:29:04,100 --> 05:29:06,100
expectations for firefighters 
survival. 

6301
05:29:06,900 --> 05:29:10,700
A few rolls of bandages, a 
bottle of Lord, and some Sal 

6302
05:29:10,700 --> 05:29:13,200
volatile represented, the 
brigades and entire medical 

6303
05:29:13,200 --> 05:29:14,500
Arsenal. 
No. 

6304
05:29:14,500 --> 05:29:17,100
Provisions existed for treating 
Burns, smoke. 

6305
05:29:17,100 --> 05:29:20,000
Inhalation or the countless 
injuries that firefighters 

6306
05:29:20,000 --> 05:29:21,500
sustained during rescue 
operations. 

6307
05:29:22,600 --> 05:29:24,700
Fire. 
Simply claimed the lives of men,

6308
05:29:24,700 --> 05:29:28,300
seriously, injured, adding their
bodies to the growing casualty 

6309
05:29:28,300 --> 05:29:29,500
list of the Industrial 
Revolution. 

6310
05:29:31,300 --> 05:29:35,000
The sleeping quarters of the 
equipment Bay House, 12 men in 

6311
05:29:35,000 --> 05:29:37,000
conditions that would shame a 
medieval Monastery. 

6312
05:29:37,000 --> 05:29:40,200
Narrow cots, arranged in 
military formation left, barely 

6313
05:29:40,200 --> 05:29:43,200
enough room to walk between them
while a single window provided 

6314
05:29:43,200 --> 05:29:46,400
the only ventilation for the 
entire space during summer 

6315
05:29:46,400 --> 05:29:48,800
months, the combination of body 
heat and smoke. 

6316
05:29:48,800 --> 05:29:52,300
Saturated clothing, created an 
atmosphere that rivaled the 

6317
05:29:52,308 --> 05:29:56,400
fires they fought for sheer 
unpleasantness Thomas 

6318
05:29:56,400 --> 05:29:59,400
meticulously inspected, his 
personal equipment, as if his 

6319
05:29:59,400 --> 05:30:02,100
life, relied on his 
dependability, his leather 

6320
05:30:02,100 --> 05:30:03,700
helmet. 
Born new Scorch marks from the 

6321
05:30:03,708 --> 05:30:06,700
mill, fire, the protective 
coating, blistered and peeling 

6322
05:30:06,700 --> 05:30:10,300
from exposure to extreme heat. 
The speaking trumpet, he used to

6323
05:30:10,300 --> 05:30:13,200
coordinate rescue efforts at a 
crack along its length. 

6324
05:30:13,200 --> 05:30:15,600
That would reduce its 
Effectiveness in noisy 

6325
05:30:15,600 --> 05:30:18,400
environments. 
His rope showed signs of heat 

6326
05:30:18,400 --> 05:30:20,900
damage that could cause it to 
fail under stress. 

6327
05:30:20,900 --> 05:30:23,200
Leave him stranded in a burning 
building. 

6328
05:30:24,000 --> 05:30:26,600
The Brigade horses occupied 
stalls, adjacent to the main 

6329
05:30:26,600 --> 05:30:28,500
building. 
Their care consuming a 

6330
05:30:28,500 --> 05:30:30,800
significant portion of the 
Department's modest budget. 

6331
05:30:31,700 --> 05:30:34,800
These animals were essential to 
firefighting operations, but 

6332
05:30:34,800 --> 05:30:37,000
they required constant 
maintenance and were vulnerable 

6333
05:30:37,000 --> 05:30:39,800
to the same toxic atmosphere, 
that played human residents. 

6334
05:30:40,600 --> 05:30:43,500
Several horses had died from 
respiratory ailments caused by, 

6335
05:30:43,500 --> 05:30:45,400
chronic exposure to Industrial 
smoke. 

6336
05:30:45,400 --> 05:30:48,500
Their replacement representing, 
a financial burden that 

6337
05:30:48,500 --> 05:30:50,700
stretched, the brigades 
resources, beyond their limits 

6338
05:30:51,800 --> 05:30:54,800
Water supply presented, another 
insurmountable challenge in 

6339
05:30:54,808 --> 05:30:56,300
Manchester's, industrial 
environment. 

6340
05:30:57,200 --> 05:31:00,500
The city's water mains designed 
for domestic use rather than 

6341
05:31:00,500 --> 05:31:03,800
firefighting could not provide 
adequate pressure or volume for 

6342
05:31:03,800 --> 05:31:07,700
serious Blazers. firefighters 
often found themselves competing

6343
05:31:07,700 --> 05:31:11,400
with industrial users for access
to water while Mill owners who 

6344
05:31:11,400 --> 05:31:14,000
can control private water 
sources, frequently refused to 

6345
05:31:14,000 --> 05:31:16,700
make them available during 
emergencies, the economic 

6346
05:31:16,700 --> 05:31:20,500
realities of firefighting and 
Industrial England, created a 

6347
05:31:20,500 --> 05:31:23,000
system where Property Owners 
ability to pay determine the 

6348
05:31:23,000 --> 05:31:26,100
level of protection they 
received Wealthy Miller owners, 

6349
05:31:26,100 --> 05:31:29,000
could purchase private fire 
insurance, that included 

6350
05:31:29,000 --> 05:31:32,100
dedicated firefighting Services 
while working class 

6351
05:31:32,100 --> 05:31:34,500
neighborhoods, relied on 
Municipal brigades that were 

6352
05:31:34,500 --> 05:31:36,500
chronically, underfunded and 
understaffed. 

6353
05:31:37,600 --> 05:31:39,800
Thomas had witnessed the 
destruction of buildings as 

6354
05:31:39,800 --> 05:31:42,400
firefighters. 
Lacking the necessary equipment 

6355
05:31:42,400 --> 05:31:45,200
or authority to intervene in 
fires affecting uninsured, 

6356
05:31:45,200 --> 05:31:47,400
properties stood helplessly 
nearby. 

6357
05:31:48,400 --> 05:31:51,100
Captain Morrison called the 
Brigade together for their daily

6358
05:31:51,100 --> 05:31:53,200
briefing. 
His weathered face showing the 

6359
05:31:53,200 --> 05:31:56,700
cumulative effects of decades 
spent breathing smoke and toxic 

6360
05:31:56,700 --> 05:31:59,100
fumes. 
The Pemberton mill. 

6361
05:31:59,100 --> 05:32:02,900
Fire consumed, six lives. 
He announced his voice heavy 

6362
05:32:02,900 --> 05:32:04,500
with the weight of repeated 
tragedy. 

6363
05:32:05,300 --> 05:32:08,100
Three children and three adults.
Die from smoke, inhalation. 

6364
05:32:09,100 --> 05:32:11,500
While 14 others remain in the 
hospital with injuries. 

6365
05:32:11,500 --> 05:32:15,000
That may prove, fatal the mill 
itself is a total loss 

6366
05:32:15,000 --> 05:32:18,500
representing 40,000 pounds in 
damage to the building and 

6367
05:32:18,500 --> 05:32:21,400
machinery. 
The human cost of the fire would

6368
05:32:21,400 --> 05:32:23,700
extend far beyond the immediate 
casualties. 

6369
05:32:24,500 --> 05:32:27,000
Families who had lost their 
primary wager's would face 

6370
05:32:27,000 --> 05:32:30,300
destitution in an era before. 
So social safety nets or workers

6371
05:32:30,300 --> 05:32:32,900
compensation. 
Children, orphaned, by 

6372
05:32:32,900 --> 05:32:35,600
industrial accidents became 
burdens on an overwhelmed 

6373
05:32:35,600 --> 05:32:38,200
charity system. 
That could provide only the most

6374
05:32:38,200 --> 05:32:41,600
basic subsistence. 
The millworkers, who survived 

6375
05:32:41,600 --> 05:32:44,000
would face unemployment until 
New facilities could be 

6376
05:32:44,008 --> 05:32:46,300
constructed. 
Assuming they could find 

6377
05:32:46,300 --> 05:32:48,300
employers willing to hire 
workers with visible. 

6378
05:32:48,300 --> 05:32:51,800
Burn scars or respiratory damage
Manchester's, industrial 

6379
05:32:51,800 --> 05:32:54,300
districts, never truly, slept 
their Machinery. 

6380
05:32:54,300 --> 05:32:55,800
Clattering through the night 
hours. 

6381
05:32:55,800 --> 05:32:58,500
While skeleton Crews, maintained
production schedules, that 

6382
05:32:58,500 --> 05:33:00,900
recognize no distinction between
day and darkness. 

6383
05:33:02,000 --> 05:33:05,100
For firefighters this meant that
emergencies could strike at any 

6384
05:33:05,100 --> 05:33:09,300
hour, pulling exhausted men from
their Mega rest to face Blazers 

6385
05:33:09,300 --> 05:33:12,600
that seemed even more terrifying
when illuminated only by their 

6386
05:33:12,600 --> 05:33:15,300
flames and the feeble glow of 
gas Street lamps. 

6387
05:33:16,500 --> 05:33:19,400
Thomas had been asleep for 
perhaps two hours when the alarm

6388
05:33:19,400 --> 05:33:21,600
Bell shattered, the station's 
relative quiet. 

6389
05:33:21,600 --> 05:33:23,700
It's urgent, clanging echoing 
off. 

6390
05:33:23,700 --> 05:33:27,500
The brick walls of the sleeping 
quarters around him, 11 other 

6391
05:33:27,500 --> 05:33:30,200
men rolled from their cots with 
the practice deficiency of 

6392
05:33:30,208 --> 05:33:33,300
soldiers, responding to 
Battlestations pulling on boots 

6393
05:33:33,300 --> 05:33:36,600
and coats that never had time to
fully dry between calls the 

6394
05:33:36,600 --> 05:33:38,700
station. 
Single oil lamp, cast Dancing 

6395
05:33:38,700 --> 05:33:41,100
Shadows, that transformed 
familiar equipment, into 

6396
05:33:41,100 --> 05:33:44,600
menacing shapes while outside 
the building Manchester's, 

6397
05:33:44,600 --> 05:33:47,100
Perpetual industrial fog, 
muffled all sound, except the 

6398
05:33:47,100 --> 05:33:50,600
insistent demand of the alarm. 
Captain Morris and appeared in 

6399
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:53,100
the doorway his face in the 
Lamplight. 

6400
05:33:53,700 --> 05:33:56,300
Whitworth mill, on Dean's, gate.
He announced tersely. 

6401
05:33:56,300 --> 05:33:59,600
Multiple floors are involved. 
And there are reports of workers

6402
05:33:59,600 --> 05:34:03,100
trapped inside. 
The men needed no further 

6403
05:34:03,100 --> 05:34:06,400
explanation, Whitworth Mill 
represented one of Manchester's,

6404
05:34:06,400 --> 05:34:10,200
largest textile operations, a 
six-story monument to Industrial

6405
05:34:10,200 --> 05:34:13,500
efficiency that employed nearly 
300 workers across its various 

6406
05:34:13,500 --> 05:34:16,000
departments a fire in such a 
facility. 

6407
05:34:16,000 --> 05:34:18,600
Could easily become a 
catastrophe that would dwarf the

6408
05:34:18,600 --> 05:34:21,900
previous day's Pemberton Mill 
disaster the night journey 

6409
05:34:21,900 --> 05:34:24,600
through Manchester streets 
revealed the industrial cities, 

6410
05:34:24,600 --> 05:34:28,500
nocturnal character a landscape 
of glowing furnaces and smoking 

6411
05:34:28,500 --> 05:34:32,000
chimneys that painted. 
The fog with hellish colors, gas

6412
05:34:32,000 --> 05:34:34,500
lamps, flickered, weakly through
the permanent Haze. 

6413
05:34:34,500 --> 05:34:37,300
They're like barely penetrating 
the toxic atmosphere. 

6414
05:34:37,300 --> 05:34:40,700
That filled the narrow streets. 
The horse-drawn fire engine 

6415
05:34:40,700 --> 05:34:43,600
clattered over Cobblestone slick
with Industrial Waste and 

6416
05:34:43,600 --> 05:34:46,400
condensed. 
Chemical Vapors, its iron Wheels

6417
05:34:46,400 --> 05:34:49,400
striking Sparks that briefly. 
Illuminated, the Grim faces of 

6418
05:34:49,400 --> 05:34:52,700
night shift workers heading home
from 12 hour, shifts in the 

6419
05:34:52,700 --> 05:34:55,500
Mills Whitworth Mill. 
Announced itself from several 

6420
05:34:55,500 --> 05:34:58,800
blocks away, its upper floors. 
Crowned, with flames that Rose 

6421
05:34:58,800 --> 05:35:01,300
higher than the surrounding 
buildings and cast. 

6422
05:35:01,300 --> 05:35:04,300
An orange glow that penetrated 
even Manchester's, industrial 

6423
05:35:04,300 --> 05:35:07,400
fog. 
Before anyone thought to summon 

6424
05:35:07,400 --> 05:35:10,500
the Brigade, the fire had been 
burning for some time spreading 

6425
05:35:10,500 --> 05:35:13,000
throughout the building's upper 
levels while workers on the 

6426
05:35:13,000 --> 05:35:15,300
lower floors. 
Continue their tasks, blissfully

6427
05:35:15,300 --> 05:35:17,400
unaware of the disaster 
unfolding of them. 

6428
05:35:17,400 --> 05:35:20,700
Thomas immediately realized that
this fire would challenge the 

6429
05:35:20,700 --> 05:35:22,800
limits of their outdated 
equipment and methods. 

6430
05:35:22,800 --> 05:35:25,900
This building's height made it 
impossible to reach the upper 

6431
05:35:25,900 --> 05:35:28,700
floors with their ladders while 
the intensity of the Flames 

6432
05:35:28,700 --> 05:35:30,200
suggested that the fire had 
found. 

6433
05:35:30,208 --> 05:35:33,500
The Mills stored in was feeding 
on thousands of pounds of 

6434
05:35:33,500 --> 05:35:36,600
combustible material. 
Workers streamed from the 

6435
05:35:36,600 --> 05:35:39,100
buildings ground floor, exits 
many carrying their few 

6436
05:35:39,100 --> 05:35:42,000
possessions While others 
supported colleague whose Burns 

6437
05:35:42,000 --> 05:35:44,700
would likely. 
Prove fatal, The Mills night, 

6438
05:35:44,700 --> 05:35:47,400
supervisor, a thin man whose 
permanently stained clothing 

6439
05:35:47,400 --> 05:35:49,700
testified to years. 
Spent among the textile 

6440
05:35:49,700 --> 05:35:53,300
Machinery approached Captain 
Morrison with visible Panic. 

6441
05:35:53,300 --> 05:35:55,600
There are a dozen workers on the
5th floor. 

6442
05:35:55,600 --> 05:35:59,400
He reported his voice cracking 
with stress the main staircase 

6443
05:35:59,400 --> 05:36:02,100
collapsed, 20 minutes ago, and 
we can't reach them through the 

6444
05:36:02,100 --> 05:36:05,700
smoke. 
Morrison nodded grimly knowing 

6445
05:36:05,700 --> 05:36:07,600
that it doesn't workers trapped 
on the 5th. 

6446
05:36:07,600 --> 05:36:10,000
Floor of a burning building 
represented a death sentence 

6447
05:36:10,000 --> 05:36:12,600
that 1852 technology could not 
commute. 

6448
05:36:13,500 --> 05:36:17,000
Thomas, found himself to 
Interior reconnaissance a polite

6449
05:36:17,000 --> 05:36:19,300
term for entering a burning 
building to determine how many 

6450
05:36:19,300 --> 05:36:23,100
people would die before the 
night ended. he wrapped a wet 

6451
05:36:23,100 --> 05:36:25,600
cloth around his face and 
plunged into the Mills ground 

6452
05:36:25,600 --> 05:36:28,500
floor where the air hung thick 
with smoke and the temperature 

6453
05:36:28,500 --> 05:36:31,700
climbed steadily as he moved 
deep into the building, The 

6454
05:36:31,700 --> 05:36:34,200
textile Machinery, created a 
maze of obstacles. 

6455
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:36,900
That seemed designed to trap 
anyone attempting to navigate in

6456
05:36:36,900 --> 05:36:40,800
near zero visibility The layout 
of the building designed to 

6457
05:36:40,800 --> 05:36:43,400
maximize productive space while 
minimizing, everything else 

6458
05:36:43,400 --> 05:36:47,700
resulted in narrow aisles low 
ceilings and bottle neck exits, 

6459
05:36:47,700 --> 05:36:51,400
that became deadly traps during 
emergencies gaslighting fixtures

6460
05:36:51,400 --> 05:36:54,100
had exploded throughout the 
facility, their shattered 

6461
05:36:54,100 --> 05:36:57,200
remains creating additional fire
sauces, while leaving the 

6462
05:36:57,200 --> 05:37:00,500
interior in dangerous Darkness, 
Thomas navigated the 

6463
05:37:00,500 --> 05:37:03,400
smoke-filled maze by feeling and
Instinct calling out for 

6464
05:37:03,400 --> 05:37:05,800
survivors. 
On the second floor, he 

6465
05:37:05,800 --> 05:37:08,900
encountered, the Mills steam 
engine a massive mechanical 

6466
05:37:08,900 --> 05:37:12,100
heart that continued to pound 
rhythmically, even as flames 

6467
05:37:12,100 --> 05:37:16,100
consumed the building around it.
The engines automatic stoking 

6468
05:37:16,100 --> 05:37:18,900
system fed coal into its Firebox
without regard for the 

6469
05:37:18,900 --> 05:37:21,700
surrounding, emergency 
maintaining steam pressure that 

6470
05:37:21,700 --> 05:37:24,200
powered Machinery on Floors 
where no workers remained to 

6471
05:37:24,208 --> 05:37:27,000
operate it. 
The combination of superheated 

6472
05:37:27,000 --> 05:37:28,600
steam and surrounding Flames 
created. 

6473
05:37:28,600 --> 05:37:32,300
And so hostile to human life, 
that Thomas could barely 

6474
05:37:32,300 --> 05:37:34,300
approach within 20 feet of the 
engine room. 

6475
05:37:35,200 --> 05:37:38,400
Staircase to the upper floors 
had indeed collapsed its wooden 

6476
05:37:38,400 --> 05:37:40,300
construction. 
No match for the intense heat 

6477
05:37:40,300 --> 05:37:43,600
generated by tons of burning 
cotton through the Gap where the

6478
05:37:43,608 --> 05:37:46,900
stairs once stood Thomas could 
hear the voices of the trapped 

6479
05:37:46,900 --> 05:37:49,800
workers on the 5th floor. 
Their cries becoming weaker due 

6480
05:37:49,800 --> 05:37:52,700
to the effects of smoking 
inhalation, The attempted to 

6481
05:37:52,700 --> 05:37:55,200
throw them a rope but the 
distance was too great in the 

6482
05:37:55,200 --> 05:37:57,600
angle too steep for any 
practical rescue attempt. 

6483
05:37:58,500 --> 05:38:00,700
Outside the building, the fire 
spectacular. 

6484
05:38:00,700 --> 05:38:04,000
Growth at a crowd of Spectators 
who gathered at what they 

6485
05:38:04,000 --> 05:38:06,400
considered a safe distance to 
watch, the industrial 

6486
05:38:06,400 --> 05:38:10,500
catastrophe unfolds provided 
free entertainment for 

6487
05:38:10,500 --> 05:38:13,500
Manchester's, working class, a 
dramatic break from the 

6488
05:38:13,500 --> 05:38:15,200
monotonous routine of factory 
labor. 

6489
05:38:16,100 --> 05:38:19,000
These observers showed little 
concern for the human tragedy 

6490
05:38:19,000 --> 05:38:21,300
playing out inside the burning, 
building their attention, 

6491
05:38:21,300 --> 05:38:24,300
focused in Stead on the 
impressive display of flames and

6492
05:38:24,300 --> 05:38:25,900
the building's eventual 
collapse. 

6493
05:38:26,600 --> 05:38:29,700
Here Dr. Ashworth arrived at the
scene, despite the late hour, 

6494
05:38:29,700 --> 05:38:33,200
his medical bag and portable 
surgical kit, marking him as one

6495
05:38:33,200 --> 05:38:35,700
of the few professionals willing
to treat industrial accident 

6496
05:38:35,700 --> 05:38:39,400
victims. he began triaging the 
workers who had escaped the 

6497
05:38:39,400 --> 05:38:42,100
building quickly, identifying, 
those whose injuries required 

6498
05:38:42,100 --> 05:38:45,300
immediate attention, and those 
who were Beyond medical help, 

6499
05:38:46,500 --> 05:38:49,000
The night are filled with the 
Mounds of burn victims and the 

6500
05:38:49,000 --> 05:38:51,300
sobbing of workers who had 
watched colleagues disappear 

6501
05:38:51,300 --> 05:38:54,400
into the flames. 
Thomas emerged from the building

6502
05:38:54,400 --> 05:38:56,300
as its internal structure, began
to fail. 

6503
05:38:56,300 --> 05:38:59,000
The massive Timbers that 
supported its six floors. 

6504
05:38:59,000 --> 05:39:01,700
Finally succumbing to the 
intense Heat and the weight of 

6505
05:39:01,708 --> 05:39:04,200
collapsing. 
Masonry, the trapped workers on 

6506
05:39:04,200 --> 05:39:06,200
the 5th. 
Floor, fell silent their voices 

6507
05:39:06,200 --> 05:39:08,700
lost in the thunderous crash of 
falling machinery. 

6508
05:39:08,700 --> 05:39:12,200
And structural beams, he'd fail 
to save them. 

6509
05:39:12,200 --> 05:39:15,300
Another dozen names to add to 
the growing list of industrial 

6510
05:39:15,300 --> 05:39:18,200
casualties that haunted his 
dreams Dawn broke over 

6511
05:39:18,200 --> 05:39:21,500
Manchester like a revelation of 
Hell, the Rising Sun, filtered 

6512
05:39:21,500 --> 05:39:24,800
through layers of industrial 
smoke and chemical fog until it 

6513
05:39:24,808 --> 05:39:28,100
resembled a sickly orange eye, 
surveying the destruction below.

6514
05:39:29,000 --> 05:39:30,700
The Whitworth Mill had burned 
through the night. 

6515
05:39:30,700 --> 05:39:35,100
Its six stories collapsing 
section by section until nothing

6516
05:39:35,100 --> 05:39:36,900
remained but a smoking pile of 
rubble. 

6517
05:39:37,800 --> 05:39:41,400
Continue to smolder for days. 
Thomas stood among the debris, 

6518
05:39:41,400 --> 05:39:44,700
his face blackened with soot and
his lungs Roar from breathing, 

6519
05:39:44,700 --> 05:39:47,400
the toxic air that passed 
atmosphere in England's 

6520
05:39:47,400 --> 05:39:51,500
industrial Heartland. 12 workers
had died in the Whitworth, fire,

6521
05:39:51,500 --> 05:39:54,400
their bodies crushed, beneath 
falling, Machinery. 

6522
05:39:54,400 --> 05:39:57,500
Will consumed by Flames that 
reach temperatures, exceeding, 

6523
05:39:57,500 --> 05:40:00,700
anything natural. 
Their names would be recorded in

6524
05:40:00,700 --> 05:40:03,300
the city's, death registers as 
industrial accidents 

6525
05:40:03,300 --> 05:40:05,800
statistical. 
Abstractions, that fail to 

6526
05:40:05,800 --> 05:40:07,600
capture the human cost of 
Manchester's. 

6527
05:40:07,600 --> 05:40:11,100
Textile prosperity. 
Behind each name, stood a family

6528
05:40:11,100 --> 05:40:13,300
thrust into destitution children
left. 

6529
05:40:13,300 --> 05:40:16,500
Orphaned in a society that 
viewed their survival As A 

6530
05:40:16,500 --> 05:40:18,900
Private Matter rather than a 
public responsibility. 

6531
05:40:20,000 --> 05:40:23,000
The Milo owner Mr. Whitworth 
himself surveyed. 

6532
05:40:23,000 --> 05:40:25,700
The ruin's from his Carriage 
calculating insurance 

6533
05:40:25,700 --> 05:40:28,800
settlements and replacement 
costs with the same methodical 

6534
05:40:28,800 --> 05:40:30,800
Precision. 
He applied to production quotas,

6535
05:40:30,800 --> 05:40:33,500
the building had been insured 
for its full value. 

6536
05:40:33,500 --> 05:40:36,300
While the Machinery could be 
replaced within months, if 

6537
05:40:36,300 --> 05:40:38,900
orders were placed immediately 
with the founders of Sheffield 

6538
05:40:38,900 --> 05:40:42,200
and Birmingham The human losses.
Barely registered in his 

6539
05:40:42,200 --> 05:40:46,300
accounting workers were abundant
and easily replaced their 

6540
05:40:46,300 --> 05:40:49,000
families suffering invisible to 
Men Who measured success in 

6541
05:40:49,000 --> 05:40:51,900
Pounds, Sterling, and production
of efficiency Thomas. 

6542
05:40:51,900 --> 05:40:55,000
Walked among the survivors 
offering what Comfort he could 

6543
05:40:55,000 --> 05:40:57,600
to people whose worlds have been
destroyed in a single night. 

6544
05:40:58,500 --> 05:41:01,300
Mrs. Hartwell clutched, the 
burned remains of her husband's.

6545
05:41:01,300 --> 05:41:03,500
Work clothes. 
The fabric, still warm from the 

6546
05:41:03,500 --> 05:41:06,600
Flames that acclaimed his life. 
Her three children huddled 

6547
05:41:06,600 --> 05:41:09,400
around her skirts, their faces 
already showing the Halo 

6548
05:41:09,400 --> 05:41:11,900
expression of poverty that would
mark them for the remainder of 

6549
05:41:11,900 --> 05:41:15,400
their shortened lives. 
Industrial England provided no 

6550
05:41:15,400 --> 05:41:16,900
compensation for workplace 
deaths. 

6551
05:41:16,900 --> 05:41:20,700
No pensions for widows and no 
support for orphaned children. 

6552
05:41:20,700 --> 05:41:23,400
Whose crimes being born into the
working class? 

6553
05:41:24,300 --> 05:41:28,000
Dr. Ashworth, moved among the 
injured with growing despair. 

6554
05:41:28,000 --> 05:41:31,000
His medical knowledge 
inadequate, against the scale of

6555
05:41:31,000 --> 05:41:35,000
suffering that surrounded him. 
Burns covering more than 20% of 

6556
05:41:35,000 --> 05:41:38,800
the body, were invariably fatal 
in an era before fluid 

6557
05:41:38,800 --> 05:41:42,000
replacement therapy or 
antibiotic treatment, he could 

6558
05:41:42,000 --> 05:41:45,100
offer Lord name for pain and 
perhaps preserve life for a few 

6559
05:41:45,100 --> 05:41:47,400
additional days. 
But the fundamental reality 

6560
05:41:47,400 --> 05:41:50,800
remained unchanged in industrial
progress consumed. 

6561
05:41:50,800 --> 05:41:54,200
Human lives as fuel for its 
advancement and Society accepted

6562
05:41:54,200 --> 05:41:56,300
this sacrifice as the natural 
order of things. 

6563
05:41:56,300 --> 05:42:00,200
The city's response to the fire 
revealed, the true priorities of

6564
05:42:00,208 --> 05:42:02,600
industrial civilization with 
brutal clarity. 

6565
05:42:03,400 --> 05:42:06,200
Within hours of the building's 
collapse municipal authorities 

6566
05:42:06,200 --> 05:42:08,700
had dispatched Crews to clear 
the rubble and restore traffic 

6567
05:42:08,700 --> 05:42:11,800
flow through the district. 
The dead would be buried quickly

6568
05:42:11,800 --> 05:42:13,300
in quietly. 
Their families. 

6569
05:42:13,300 --> 05:42:16,000
Grief subordinated to the 
economic imperative of 

6570
05:42:16,000 --> 05:42:17,800
maintaining in industrial 
production. 

6571
05:42:18,800 --> 05:42:22,000
New workers would be recruited 
from the Countryside by Promises

6572
05:42:22,000 --> 05:42:24,800
of steady wages that fail to 
mention the probability of 

6573
05:42:24,800 --> 05:42:27,800
industrial accident or early 
death from respiratory disease. 

6574
05:42:28,600 --> 05:42:31,500
Captain Morrison gathered, his 
exhausted firefighters for the 

6575
05:42:31,500 --> 05:42:34,600
journey back to their station. 
His weathered face showing the 

6576
05:42:34,600 --> 05:42:37,000
cumulative. 
Toll of decades spent fighting 

6577
05:42:37,000 --> 05:42:39,800
fires within adequate equipment 
and insufficient support. 

6578
05:42:40,700 --> 05:42:43,700
Three of his men showed signs of
serious injury from the night's 

6579
05:42:43,700 --> 05:42:45,900
work. 
Henderson had suffered severe 

6580
05:42:45,900 --> 05:42:49,000
burns on his hands and arms 
while Collins coughed blood that

6581
05:42:49,000 --> 05:42:51,000
indicated potentially fatal lung
damage. 

6582
05:42:51,900 --> 05:42:54,500
These men would continue working
because they had no alternative.

6583
05:42:55,500 --> 05:42:57,200
Firefighters. 
Who could not perform their 

6584
05:42:57,200 --> 05:43:00,300
duties, simply disappeared into 
Manchester's growing population 

6585
05:43:00,300 --> 05:43:03,300
of industrial invalids. 
The economic mathematics of 

6586
05:43:03,300 --> 05:43:06,000
firefighting in 1852. 
Manchester demonstrated 

6587
05:43:06,000 --> 05:43:08,200
societies. 
Perverted priorities with 

6588
05:43:08,200 --> 05:43:12,100
mathematical precision. 
The city allocated more money to

6589
05:43:12,100 --> 05:43:15,200
street cleaning, the fire 
prevention and more resources to

6590
05:43:15,200 --> 05:43:17,800
maintaining Public Gardens than 
to protecting working class 

6591
05:43:17,800 --> 05:43:19,600
neighborhoods from industrial 
Blazers. 

6592
05:43:20,600 --> 05:43:23,100
Fire insurance companies. 
Employed private brigades to 

6593
05:43:23,100 --> 05:43:25,900
protect wealthy districts while 
public firefighters struggled 

6594
05:43:25,900 --> 05:43:28,700
with primitive equipment and 
skeleton Crews. 

6595
05:43:28,700 --> 05:43:32,600
The message was clear property 
mattered More Than People profit

6596
05:43:32,600 --> 05:43:36,000
more than human life, Thomas, 
reflected on his chosen 

6597
05:43:36,000 --> 05:43:39,100
profession as the fire engine 
clattered through Manchester's, 

6598
05:43:39,100 --> 05:43:42,000
smoke-filled streets. 
He had become a firefighter 

6599
05:43:42,000 --> 05:43:45,100
believing he could save lives 
and protect his community from 

6600
05:43:45,100 --> 05:43:46,900
the ravages of industrial 
progress. 

6601
05:43:46,900 --> 05:43:50,300
Instead he found himself serving
as witness to a systematic 

6602
05:43:50,300 --> 05:43:53,700
destruction of human life that 
masqueraded as economic 

6603
05:43:53,700 --> 05:43:56,600
advancement. 
Every fire revealed the same 

6604
05:43:56,600 --> 05:43:59,600
pattern, preventable accidents 
caused by cost, cutting, 

6605
05:43:59,600 --> 05:44:02,600
measures inadequate, safety 
equipment, and building. 

6606
05:44:02,600 --> 05:44:05,000
Designs that prioritize 
production efficiency over 

6607
05:44:05,000 --> 05:44:08,500
worker survival. 
The industrial revolution had 

6608
05:44:08,500 --> 05:44:12,100
transformed firefighting from a 
community responsibility into a 

6609
05:44:12,108 --> 05:44:15,100
professional necessity. 
But Society had failed to 

6610
05:44:15,100 --> 05:44:17,200
provide the resources necessary 
for success. 

6611
05:44:18,200 --> 05:44:20,600
Firefighters operated with the 
equipment that belonged in the 

6612
05:44:20,600 --> 05:44:24,300
previous Century, received 
training that consisted mainly 

6613
05:44:24,300 --> 05:44:27,500
of learning from the mistakes of
dead Collies and worked for 

6614
05:44:27,500 --> 05:44:29,500
wages. 
That barely sustained life in 

6615
05:44:29,500 --> 05:44:33,300
the expensive industrial cities.
Men who viewed worker safety, as

6616
05:44:33,308 --> 05:44:36,200
an unnecessary, expense that 
reduce shareholder profits 

6617
05:44:36,200 --> 05:44:39,600
expected, firefighters to risk 
their lives to protect their 

6618
05:44:39,600 --> 05:44:42,300
Investments. 
As they approached the fire 

6619
05:44:42,300 --> 05:44:45,600
station Thomas could see the 
next generation of Manchester's.

6620
05:44:45,600 --> 05:44:49,000
Industrial Workforce streaming 
toward the mills for the morning

6621
05:44:49,000 --> 05:44:51,400
shift. 
Children as young as eight 

6622
05:44:51,400 --> 05:44:54,100
walked alongside their parents 
heading for jobs, that would 

6623
05:44:54,100 --> 05:44:56,800
consume their childhoods and 
probably end their lives before 

6624
05:44:56,800 --> 05:45:00,000
they reached 40. 
These young faces reminded him. 

6625
05:45:00,000 --> 05:45:02,500
Why he continued fighting fires,
despite the professions 

6626
05:45:02,500 --> 05:45:05,900
countless Horrors, someone had 
to stand between Manchester's, 

6627
05:45:05,900 --> 05:45:08,200
working population and the 
industrial forces that treated 

6628
05:45:08,200 --> 05:45:11,500
human beings as disposable 
components in a vast economic 

6629
05:45:11,500 --> 05:45:14,100
machine. 
Before they had finished, 

6630
05:45:14,100 --> 05:45:17,600
unloading their equipment, the 
station bell rang again its 

6631
05:45:17,600 --> 05:45:21,300
urgent clanging announcing. 
Another fire in another Mill. 

6632
05:45:21,300 --> 05:45:24,000
Another group of workers whose 
lives were in the balance, 

6633
05:45:25,200 --> 05:45:26,700
Thomas checked, his scorched 
equipment. 

6634
05:45:26,700 --> 05:45:29,600
One more time, pulled on his 
battered leather helmet and 

6635
05:45:29,600 --> 05:45:32,100
prepared to Enter. 
Hell once again, this was the 

6636
05:45:32,100 --> 05:45:34,000
reality of being an industrial 
revolution. 

6637
05:45:34,000 --> 05:45:38,700
Firefighter, an endless cycle of
tragedy and loss fork with 

6638
05:45:38,708 --> 05:45:41,500
primitive weapons against an 
enemy that grew stronger with 

6639
05:45:41,500 --> 05:45:45,000
each passing day. 
Manchester smoke stained Sky. 

6640
05:45:45,000 --> 05:45:46,800
Offered, no. 
Promise of better days ahead, 

6641
05:45:46,800 --> 05:45:49,600
only the certainly that more 
fires would follow. 

6642
05:45:49,600 --> 05:45:53,100
More lives would be lost and 
more families would be thrust 

6643
05:45:53,100 --> 05:45:56,200
into poverty by the next Rebel. 
Demands of industrial progress. 

6644
05:45:57,400 --> 05:45:59,800
Thomas climbed aboard, the fire 
engine as it lurched into 

6645
05:45:59,800 --> 05:46:02,600
motion, carrying him toward 
another confrontation with the 

6646
05:46:02,600 --> 05:46:05,300
forces that were reshaping 
England into something barely 

6647
05:46:05,300 --> 05:46:07,200
recognizable as human 
civilization. 

6648
05:46:08,200 --> 05:46:09,800
The Towering chimneys of the 
mill. 

6649
05:46:09,800 --> 05:46:12,800
Districts stretching, endlessly 
in all directions, released 

6650
05:46:12,800 --> 05:46:15,700
clouds of toxic smoke turning, 
the very air into poison. 

6651
05:46:15,700 --> 05:46:18,300
This was the world that 
Industrial Revolution. 

6652
05:46:18,300 --> 05:46:21,800
Firefighters inhabited a 
landscape where human life was 

6653
05:46:21,800 --> 05:46:24,800
measured in production units 
where workers safety was 

6654
05:46:24,800 --> 05:46:27,700
subordinated to profit margins 
and where the brave men, who 

6655
05:46:27,700 --> 05:46:30,300
risked everything to save others
were themselves considered 

6656
05:46:30,300 --> 05:46:33,100
Expendable components in the 
great industrial machine. 

6657
05:46:33,800 --> 05:46:36,400
As the fire engine vanished, 
into the ever-present haze of 

6658
05:46:36,408 --> 05:46:39,800
Manchester Thomas, grassed, the 
profound frustration of being an

6659
05:46:39,800 --> 05:46:42,500
industrial revolution. 
Firefighter, they were fighting 

6660
05:46:42,500 --> 05:46:44,900
a war they could never win using
weapons. 

6661
05:46:44,900 --> 05:46:47,400
That guaranteed their 
destruction in service of a 

6662
05:46:47,400 --> 05:46:50,700
society that viewed their 
sacrifice as both necessary and 

6663
05:46:50,700 --> 05:46:53,700
invisible. 
The Flames they battled were 

6664
05:46:53,700 --> 05:46:55,800
merely symptoms of a larger 
conflagration that was 

6665
05:46:55,808 --> 05:46:57,800
consuming. 
The soul of industrial England 

6666
05:46:57,800 --> 05:47:01,200
leaving behind a wasteland where
human dignity had been traded 

6667
05:47:01,200 --> 05:47:04,400
for economic efficiency and 
where the price of progress was 

6668
05:47:04,400 --> 05:47:05,800
measured in unmarked Graves.