The ENTIRE Story Of The American Revolution and More | Boring History For Sleep

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Hey, my friends tonight I'll be 
telling the entire story of the 

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American Revolution. 
How 13, colonies rose up against

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one of the most powerful Empires
on Earth and Against All Odds. 

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Forged a new nation from the 
first Sparks of unrest in 

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Boston, to the signing of the 
Declaration through years of 

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hardship on battlefields and 
bitter Winters. 

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And finally, to the Triumph at 
Yorktown, the Revolution was 

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more than a war. 
So, before we travel back in 

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time together, take a moment to,
like the video. 

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And let me know down below where
you're tuning in from, and what 

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time it is for you, it's always 
inspiring to see our little 

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circle of listeners gathered 
together for stories that once 

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reshaped the world. 
Now, dim the light's, grab your 

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blanket, and let our trusty 
Reign and narration guide you 

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into peaceful rest. 
Let's begin. 

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Have you ever noticed that? 
Sometimes a person you get along

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with begins to make small 
demands that appear reasonable. 

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This was Britain's relationship 
with the American colonies after

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1763. 
Britain had just finished the 

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French and Indian War which 
sounded like a war between two 

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groups, but was more like a 
neighborhood brawl that involved

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most of the world. 
The British one which was great 

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for English speakers but 
disastrous for the French. 

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However winning wars is costly. 
Britain reviewed its bank 

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account as if it were a credit 
card statement, following an 

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extravagant holiday shopping 
spree, Britain knew who should 

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pay for all those muskets and 
fancy uniforms. 

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Meanwhile, the colonists saw 
their lives as reasonable. 

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Everyone would mind their own 
business as they sent tobacco 

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and other Goods across the 
ocean. 

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Britain sent back tea and 
manufactured goods, it was akin 

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to a prosperous long-distance 
partnership. 

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Britain then became involved in 
the daily details of trade, the 

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Sugar Act of 1764 taxed, 
molasses and sugar. 

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You may Wonder What's the big 
deal about sugar taxes? 

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However, lassus was not only 
used in Cookie's glasses. 

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Played a crucial role in the 
production of rum, which was 

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considered the most valuable 
commodity in the Colonial 

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economy. 
Taxing molasses was like taxing 

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happiness. 
The colonists grumbled about the

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tax, but believed it would be 
temporary. 

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The Stamp Act of 1765 required 
tax stamps on, almost all 

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Colonial paper by newspaper. 
Stamp Duty, need a will Stamp 

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Duty. 
Are you enjoying a game of 

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cards? 
It's stamped tax. 

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Britain seemed to believe that 
the abundance of trees was 

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excessive and required 
regulation, the colonists had a 

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philosophical disagreement with 
the arrangement which made 

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things fascinating. 
They'd been managing themselves 

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well, but now, someone 3,000 
miles away was telling them how 

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to spend their money. 
It would be like your distant 

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cousin rearranging your 
furniture because they helped 

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you move. 
Britain's response to no 

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taxation without representation 
was but we're representing you. 

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We're British your British. 
It's all very British and 

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representational. this logic, 
didn't convince colonists when 

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two people argue about one 
thing, but are upset about 

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another things escalate The 
Townshend Acts of 1767 taxed 

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tea. 
Paint paper and glass By now 

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Britain was taxing so much that 
colonists wandered if breathing 

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was next. 
The colonial response of 

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boycotting British goods. 
Worked better than expected 

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British. 
Merchants suddenly found their 

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warehouses filled with unwanted 
items such as 40 pounds of 

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potato salad, left over from a 
party that had no guests. 

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Tension was so high in 1770. 
That a knife could cut them. 

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British soldiers kept ordering 
colonial cities, but armed 

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Soldiers, made people nervous 
hiring about your book club may 

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be technically beneficial, but 
it can significantly alter the 

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atmosphere. 
The Boston Massacre occurred in 

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March 1770, but calling it a 
massacre is like, calling a 

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small accident, a major 
transportation disaster. 

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British soldiers shooting into a
crowd, killed five, colonists, 

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which was tragic and 
unnecessary. 

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But not a systematic Slaughter. 
However, it gave the colonists, 

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something to be upset about and 
anger is a powerful organizing 

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Force. 
You're probably seeing how the 

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story will end, but we're just 
beginning after the Boston 

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Massacre, Britain considered 
retreating to maintain dignity 

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in this relationship, they 
repealed most of the Townshend 

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Acts keeping only the tea tax. 
It was akin to expressing regret

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over a disagreement yet. 
Asserting triumph over a minor 

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issue. 
A couple of years were quiet, 

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Britain. 
Resumed pretending the empire 

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was running smoothly while the 
colonists returned to their 

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daily lives. 
The situation, resembled a state

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of artificial Tranquility, as 
everyone chose to overlook the 

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pressing issue of Taxation, 
which was disguised by a 

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powdered wig, and held strong 
opinions. 

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In 1773 Britain, committed a 
strategic era, but it was more 

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akin to make a blind decision. 
The British East, India Company 

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monopolize, colonial, tea sales,
under the Tea Act making tea 

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cheaper for consumers. 
One might assume that cheaper 

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tea would be popular but that 
was not the case. 

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Principal not price was the 
issue local Merchants complete 

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removal from the tea business 
presented colonists with a 

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promising future. 
What prevented Britain from 

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monopolizing? 
Everything else if they could 

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monopolize tea, it was like 
watching someone rearrange your 

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furniture while claiming to 
help. 

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The colonial response was Swift,
and neither brilliantly 

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theatrical, or completely 
insane. 

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On December the 16th 1773 
colonists dressed as Native 

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Americans. 
Boarded, British ships in Boston

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Harbor and dumped 342 chests of 
tea into the water. 

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Their action was culturally 
insensitive and unconvincing the

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Boston Tea Party was likely the 
most expensive tantrum ever 

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Boston Harbor, briefly held the 
world's largest cup of weak tea 

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worth one point seven million 
dollars today, Britain's 

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response to this aquatic protest
was typical of someone who just 

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seen their expensive tea turned 
into Harbor, seasoning. 

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King George, the third, and 
Parliament, decided, 

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Massachusetts needed manners, 
and were the ones to teach them.

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Britain's Intolerable Acts of 
1774 said, you want to act like 

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children, Fine. 
We'll treat you like children. 

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They grounded a city by closing.
Boston Harbor until the tea was 

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paid for instead of colonial 
courts. 

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British officials accused of 
crimes would be tried in Britain

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which was like saying from now 
on when we break the rules we'll

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judge ourselves. 
The Quebec Act passed around the

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same time, extended Quebec's 
borders into the Ohio Valley 

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annoying, most American 
colonists, Britain seemed to 

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have thought, you know what? 
This needs more complications. 

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However, Britain's plan 
backfired almost poetically. 

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Instead of isolating 
Massachusetts and making an 

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example of them, the Intolerable
Act warned other colonies. 

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They could follow. 
It was akin to observing the 

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neighborhood, bully Target, one 
child. 

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And suddenly recognizing that 
you could be the subsequent 

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victim. 
At the First Continental 

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Congress in Philadelphia in 
September 1774. 

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Delegates from 12 colonies. 
Georgia was undecided discussed 

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their options. 12 groups of 
people agreeing on. 

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Anything is difficult. 
Let alone 12 groups, spread 

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across a thousand miles of 18th 
century, Transportation 

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infrastructure, the Congress 
stopped importing and exporting 

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Colonial Goods to Britain. 
They also agreed to meet again. 

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If things didn't improve 
politely saying, were serious 

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about this and will prove it by 
having more meetings. 

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Colonists were organizing 
malicious, which should have 

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worried Britain more than it 
did. 

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Farmers shopkeepers and 
blacksmiths spent their weekends

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learning to March and straight 
lines and shoot muskets 

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accurately. 
The militia movement was 

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practical and psychological. 
It meant colonists were ready to

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defend themselves. 
It was a big, mental shift to 

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think of themselves as people 
might need to defend themselves 

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against their own government. 
By 1774, Britain, and the 

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American colonies were 
stockpiling weapons and making 

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grievance lists. 
If This Were a marriage lawyers 

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would be involved, you're 
familiar with the moment when 

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someone uttered something they 
cannot retract and everything 

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shifts within the argument, it 
happened on April, 19th, 1775 in

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two small, Massachusetts towns 
that most people in Britain, and

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the American colonies had never 
heard of General Thomas. 

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Gage. 
The British commander in Boston 

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was ordered to suppress the 
colonial Rebellion by seizing 

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weapons and arresting the 
leaders. 

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He took a leisurely evening. 
Stroll with 700 of his closest 

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friends to retrieve the 
colonists military supplies from

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Concord 20 miles from Boston, 
the plan was simple. 

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Marched to Concord at night 
grabbed, the weapons. 

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Arrest Samuel, Adams, and John 
Hancock. 

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If they were there and return 
for breakfast. 

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It was the kind of plan that 
looks great on paper but falls 

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apart in practice. 
The colonists had a fantastic 

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neighborhood watch system. 
Paul Revere, William Dawes and 

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other Riders the countryside to 
warn of the British Revere's 

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midnight ride is legendary but 
he was captured halfway to 

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Concord proving that even famous
historical events. 

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Don't always go as planned. 
British troops arrived at 

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Lexington, at Sunrise to 
discover 70, Colonial militiamen

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on the Village, Green. 
The militia was armed but 

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outnumbered making this a tense 
neighborhood dispute rather than

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a military conflict. 
Who fired the first Lexington, 

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shot his unknown. 
It could have been a British 

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soldier, the colonial militia 
man or a musket accident, which 

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happened more often than, you'd 
think with 18th century 

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Firearms. 
We know that eight colonists 

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died and one British soldier was
wounded off to the Smoke. 

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Cleared British troops continued
to Concord were things improved 

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initially, they managed to move 
most of the valuable military 

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supplies, but they also 
destroyed some their day went 

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awry when they returned to 
Boston. 

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The colonial militia kept busy 
while the British search 

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Concorde with word of the 
Lexington fighting spreading 

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militia units. 
Converge from all directions. 

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The British encountered, the 
Concorde militia, as well as 

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nearby farmers and shopkeepers 
armed with muskets who then 

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fled. 
The Retreat from Concord to 

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Boston became a day-long battle.
The British founded unsporting 

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for the colonial militia to hide
behind trees and stone walls. 

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Shooted officers and not line up
in neat. 

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Formations to be shot at it was 
like a game where the other side

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changed the rules, the British 
limped back into Boston with 273

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casualties to 95, Colonial 
losses. 

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More importantly, they learn 
that Colonial militia were 

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different from European armies. 
The colonists didn't understand 

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that war should be gentlemanly. 
The colonies heard Lexington, 

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and Concord news faster than 
small town gossip. 

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Connecticut and New Hampshire 
militia marched towards Boston 

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within days. 
The British were besieged in 

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their own stronghold which was 
unexpected in May 1775. 

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The second continental congress 
met in Philadelphia and face to 

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simpler but more complicated 
situation than the first. 

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Since the shooting had begun, 
they didn't have to debate armed

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resistance's legitimacy. 
They were running a war without 

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realizing it, making it more 
complicated Congress appointed a

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committee as politicians do in 
confusing situations. 

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They appointed several 
committees but the most 

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important one organized, the 
colonial military forces in to 

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an army. 
After some debate, they chose 

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George Washington. 
The Virginia planter with 

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military experience, and a good 
horse. 

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Washington, accepted the 
appointment with The Reluctant 

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Grace politicians have perfected
since That he didn't feel 

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qualified for the job but would 
do his best was either humility 

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or political theater. 
Probably both the Battle of 

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Bunker Hill in June 1775, showed
that Colonial forces could 

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defeat professional British 
troops with good defense and 

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enough ammunition. 
After inflicting heavy 

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casualties on the British, the 
colonists retreated and defeat 

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that felt like a victory was 
exactly what colonial morale 

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needed. 
The American colonies were in 

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open Rebellion against Britain 
by 1775, though. 

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Nobody wanted to call it that? 
Admitting you've made a big 

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decision can be harder than 
choosing it in early. 1776. 

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The American colonies were 
fighting Britain organizing 

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their own government and 
printing their own money. 

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But they were still trying to 
reconcile at there was like 

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someone who moved out of their 
parents house. 

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00:12:02,900 --> 00:12:06,400
Got a new apartment and started 
a new job, but insist their 

233
00:12:06,400 --> 00:12:08,700
staying with friends, until 
things work out at home. 

234
00:12:08,700 --> 00:12:13,100
In January, 1776, Thomas, Paine 
published Common Sense. 

235
00:12:13,100 --> 00:12:14,900
And said, what everyone was 
thinking? 

236
00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:18,700
In the 18th century, most 
political writing sounded like 

237
00:12:18,700 --> 00:12:20,100
it was meant to put people to 
sleep. 

238
00:12:20,100 --> 00:12:23,000
But pain could explain complex 
political ideas in simple 

239
00:12:23,000 --> 00:12:26,600
language Common Sense argued 
that Independence was necessary 

240
00:12:26,600 --> 00:12:29,700
and desirable pain. 
Noted that kings were usually 

241
00:12:29,700 --> 00:12:32,700
useless or harmful. 
It was absurd to think that one 

242
00:12:32,700 --> 00:12:35,500
person should rule millions of 
others by their parents. 

243
00:12:35,500 --> 00:12:38,100
It was like entrusting your 
finances to someone who's 

244
00:12:38,100 --> 00:12:39,600
great-grandfather was good with 
money. 

245
00:12:39,600 --> 00:12:44,200
It sold 150,000 copies in three 
months, which was like going 

246
00:12:44,200 --> 00:12:47,600
viral in 1776. 
But with radical political 

247
00:12:47,600 --> 00:12:52,500
Theory, instead of funny cat 
videos, Taverns and town squares

248
00:12:52,500 --> 00:12:54,700
suddenly hosted whispered 
conversations. 

249
00:12:54,700 --> 00:12:58,800
Meanwhile, the worst bred Beyond
Massachusetts, the American 

250
00:12:58,800 --> 00:13:01,100
invasion of Canada. 
Seemed like a good idea at the 

251
00:13:01,100 --> 00:13:04,300
time, but it taught you why most
military Adventures of bad. 

252
00:13:05,200 --> 00:13:07,900
The Invasion failed 
spectacularly proving that 

253
00:13:07,900 --> 00:13:10,000
winter distance, and hostile 
population. 

254
00:13:10,000 --> 00:13:13,300
Stop armies. 
In the South, the British were 

255
00:13:13,300 --> 00:13:15,000
finding their optimism about 
loyal. 

256
00:13:15,000 --> 00:13:18,700
Colonists supporting the wrong. 
Well rallying, loyalists support

257
00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:21,300
in North Carolina. 
Most people prefer to stay home 

258
00:13:21,300 --> 00:13:24,200
and avoid being shot, which was 
probably wise back in 

259
00:13:24,208 --> 00:13:26,000
Philadelphia. 
The Continental Congress 

260
00:13:26,000 --> 00:13:28,000
struggled to wage war while 
seeking peace. 

261
00:13:28,000 --> 00:13:31,200
It was like planning a wedding 
while divorcing possible but 

262
00:13:31,200 --> 00:13:34,400
difficult King George. 
The third unexpectedly pushed 

263
00:13:34,400 --> 00:13:38,500
for Independence in December 
1775, he declared the American 

264
00:13:38,500 --> 00:13:41,600
colonies in open rebellion and 
no longer under his protection. 

265
00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:44,600
He meant fine. 
If you want to act like you 

266
00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:46,100
don't need me, then you really 
don't. 

267
00:13:47,500 --> 00:13:50,500
The king hired German 
mercenaries Hessians to fight 

268
00:13:50,500 --> 00:13:53,500
the colonists, which was like 
bringing in armed strangers to 

269
00:13:53,500 --> 00:13:57,100
settle a fight with your kids. 
This gesture made reconciliation

270
00:13:57,100 --> 00:13:59,900
less appealing even moderates in
Congress. 

271
00:13:59,900 --> 00:14:03,400
Thought, Independence might be 
the only option by Spring 1776. 

272
00:14:03,400 --> 00:14:07,000
You can't negotiate with someone
who's declared rebellion and 

273
00:14:07,000 --> 00:14:08,700
hired foreign soldiers to shoot 
you. 

274
00:14:09,500 --> 00:14:12,000
Thomas Jefferson was chosen to 
write the Declaration of 

275
00:14:12,000 --> 00:14:14,100
Independence because he was a 
good writer. 

276
00:14:14,100 --> 00:14:17,400
And because the other committee 
members had more important tasks

277
00:14:17,400 --> 00:14:21,500
Jefferson, who was 33 wrote. 
One of the most important 

278
00:14:21,500 --> 00:14:24,300
documents in history while still
paying off student loans. 

279
00:14:25,300 --> 00:14:28,000
Jefferson's initial draft was 
longer and more accusatory. 

280
00:14:28,000 --> 00:14:31,400
His inflammatory language, 
including blaming King George 

281
00:14:31,400 --> 00:14:34,700
for the slave trade was edited 
out by Congress for political 

282
00:14:34,700 --> 00:14:38,200
reasons and because slaveholders
were hypocritical The final 

283
00:14:38,200 --> 00:14:42,600
declaration approved on July 
4th, 1776 was a political 

284
00:14:42,600 --> 00:14:45,100
Masterpiece that was both 
philosophical and practical. 

285
00:14:46,100 --> 00:14:49,200
Stated why the colonies were 
declaring independence, listed 

286
00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:52,400
their grievances against Britain
and announced their intention to

287
00:14:52,400 --> 00:14:55,900
form a new nation. 
The most famous line, we hold 

288
00:14:55,900 --> 00:14:58,900
these truths to be self-evident,
that all men are created, equal,

289
00:14:58,900 --> 00:15:03,100
change politics, and philosophy.
In a world where most people 

290
00:15:03,100 --> 00:15:06,300
were ruled by Divine Kings. 
The idea that government should 

291
00:15:06,300 --> 00:15:09,800
be based on consent was Radical 
and 1776. 

292
00:15:09,800 --> 00:15:11,900
All men meant something 
different than it does. 

293
00:15:11,900 --> 00:15:15,900
Today women in Slave people and 
Native Americans couldn't vote. 

294
00:15:17,000 --> 00:15:18,700
Despite its promissory notes 
status. 

295
00:15:18,700 --> 00:15:22,400
The Declaration was a start. 
The Declaration signing, wasn't 

296
00:15:22,400 --> 00:15:24,200
as dramatic as painting 
suggested. 

297
00:15:24,900 --> 00:15:28,300
Many delegates signed a formal 
copy in August, but some waited 

298
00:15:28,300 --> 00:15:31,300
until November. 
John Hancock's, large signature 

299
00:15:31,300 --> 00:15:34,800
was likely more about habit than
Defiance public reaction to 

300
00:15:34,800 --> 00:15:39,200
Independence was mixed Patriot's
held bonfires bell, ringing and 

301
00:15:39,200 --> 00:15:41,300
readings. 
In a new nation that had 

302
00:15:41,300 --> 00:15:42,600
declared their former 
government. 

303
00:15:42,600 --> 00:15:45,300
Illegitimate loyalist, worried 
about their future. 

304
00:15:45,300 --> 00:15:48,700
Many wanted to know if they'd 
finally stopped arguing about 

305
00:15:48,700 --> 00:15:51,600
taxes, The Declaration of 
Independence. 

306
00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:54,500
Turn the colonial, Rebellion 
into a National Liberation War. 

307
00:15:55,100 --> 00:15:59,100
No, turning back Independence or
defeat, no middle ground. 

308
00:15:59,900 --> 00:16:02,800
Declaring independence was 
simple winning Independence. 

309
00:16:02,800 --> 00:16:06,300
Required defeating the world's 
strongest military force which 

310
00:16:06,300 --> 00:16:08,600
was like challenging the 
neighborhood, bully to a fight 

311
00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:11,200
and discovering that he was a 
professional wrestler with 

312
00:16:11,200 --> 00:16:14,200
several angry friends. 
The UK response to the 

313
00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:17,800
Declaration of Independence was 
Swift and overwhelming, their 

314
00:16:17,800 --> 00:16:21,600
largest expeditionary force over
30,000 troops and a massive 

315
00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:25,500
Fleet targeted, New York City. 
They wanted to capture the most 

316
00:16:25,500 --> 00:16:28,800
important Colonial ports, split 
the rebellion in half and 

317
00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:30,900
endless nonsense before it got 
out of hand. 

318
00:16:32,300 --> 00:16:34,600
While commanding, the 
Continental Army George 

319
00:16:34,600 --> 00:16:37,600
Washington learned that it was 
like herding cats, except the 

320
00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:40,500
cats were armed had strong 
opinions about military, higher 

321
00:16:40,500 --> 00:16:43,100
key and went home when their 
enlistments expired. 

322
00:16:44,000 --> 00:16:46,900
The Army consisted of 
Continental regulars State 

323
00:16:46,900 --> 00:16:50,300
militia volunteers who came and 
went as needed for farm work. 

324
00:16:51,300 --> 00:16:53,500
Washington's first major battle 
as a commander. 

325
00:16:53,500 --> 00:16:57,800
The Battle of Long Island in 
August. 1776 nearly ended the 

326
00:16:57,800 --> 00:17:00,700
revolution before it began. 
British General. 

327
00:17:00,700 --> 00:17:04,000
William Howe out maneuvered, 
Washington's Army, trapping them

328
00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:06,099
on Brooklyn, Heights with their 
backs to the East River. 

329
00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:09,500
Most military professionals call
being trapped with a river 

330
00:17:09,500 --> 00:17:13,000
behind you and a superior. 
Enemy force in front of you a 

331
00:17:13,000 --> 00:17:15,200
problem. 
Washington solved it with one of

332
00:17:15,208 --> 00:17:16,800
the most daring retreats in 
history. 

333
00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:20,400
Evacuating 9,000 troops across 
the East River at night, without

334
00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:23,599
the British noticing, like 
sneaking out of a party while 

335
00:17:23,599 --> 00:17:27,400
the host was distracted. 
But with cannons, The Retreat 

336
00:17:27,400 --> 00:17:30,400
from New York became a disaster.
That tested independent 

337
00:17:30,400 --> 00:17:34,000
supporters loyalty, Washington's
Army, disintegrated as soldiers,

338
00:17:34,000 --> 00:17:37,900
deserted enlistments expired and
militia units returned home. 

339
00:17:37,900 --> 00:17:41,900
He had less than 3,000 troops 
left by December and most of 

340
00:17:41,900 --> 00:17:43,900
their enlistments expired on New
Year's Eve. 

341
00:17:44,700 --> 00:17:48,600
During the dark period volunteer
Thomas Paine wrote The Crisis 

342
00:17:48,600 --> 00:17:50,600
which began with the famous 
line. 

343
00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:53,200
These are the times that try 
men's souls. 

344
00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:56,700
He met that things were bad but 
giving up wasn't an option. 

345
00:17:56,700 --> 00:18:00,600
The British capture of Fort 
Washington in November taking 

346
00:18:00,600 --> 00:18:03,100
nearly 3,000. 
Americans was the lowest point. 

347
00:18:03,900 --> 00:18:06,700
Its main goal was to stop 
British ships from sailing up 

348
00:18:06,700 --> 00:18:09,608
the Hudson River, but it proved 
that building a fort in the 

349
00:18:09,616 --> 00:18:13,700
wrong place is worse than none. 
Like Christmas 1776. 

350
00:18:13,700 --> 00:18:17,000
The Revolution was 10 us. 
The British and Hessians. 

351
00:18:17,000 --> 00:18:19,800
Controlled New York were about 
to defeat washing Army. 

352
00:18:20,500 --> 00:18:23,200
Many colonists, who supported 
independence, were beginning to 

353
00:18:23,208 --> 00:18:26,500
doubt their decision. 
Washington decided desperate 

354
00:18:26,500 --> 00:18:28,100
times required Desperate 
Measures. 

355
00:18:28,100 --> 00:18:31,300
He led his remaining troops 
across the ice choke Delaware 

356
00:18:31,300 --> 00:18:35,000
River on Christmas night to 
surprise 900, Hessian soldiers 

357
00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:37,500
in Trenton. 
The Crossing was dangerous due 

358
00:18:37,500 --> 00:18:40,000
to a winter storm and many 
soldiers didn't have proper 

359
00:18:40,000 --> 00:18:42,000
shoes. 
Leaving bloody footprints in the

360
00:18:42,008 --> 00:18:44,700
snow. 
According to military 

361
00:18:44,700 --> 00:18:47,600
historians. 
It was audacious, but insane. 

362
00:18:49,200 --> 00:18:51,500
The attack on Trenton worked 
well, because the Hessians 

363
00:18:51,500 --> 00:18:53,400
didn't expect anyone to attack 
in a blizzard. 

364
00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:56,900
The day after Christmas. 
The Americans took nearly 1,000 

365
00:18:56,900 --> 00:19:00,100
prisoners and needed military 
supplies but they also won 

366
00:19:00,100 --> 00:19:02,600
battles. 
Washington won again, at Prince 

367
00:19:02,600 --> 00:19:05,900
and a week later, convincing 
many that Independence wasn't 

368
00:19:05,900 --> 00:19:09,800
hopeless. 
Morales enlistments Rose, and 

369
00:19:09,800 --> 00:19:12,300
the revolution stumbled into 
1777. 

370
00:19:13,300 --> 00:19:17,400
The British had a new 1777 
strategy that looked great on 

371
00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:19,900
paper, but ignored, North 
American geography. 

372
00:19:20,700 --> 00:19:22,300
To divide the rebellion and 
isolate. 

373
00:19:22,300 --> 00:19:25,600
New England, three armies were 
to converge on Albany, New York,

374
00:19:25,600 --> 00:19:28,700
about 8,000. 
Troops under General, John 

375
00:19:28,700 --> 00:19:30,400
Burgoyne would March south from 
Canada. 

376
00:19:30,400 --> 00:19:34,900
Another force would move East 
from Lake Ontario, General Howe 

377
00:19:34,900 --> 00:19:38,000
marched North from New York City
Albany would be their meeting. 

378
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:40,300
Place to shake hands and watch 
the revolution fall. 

379
00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:45,600
The plan had one minor floor. 
It required precise coordination

380
00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:48,600
between Army separated by 
hundreds of miles of wilderness 

381
00:19:48,600 --> 00:19:51,600
with no reliable Communication 
in an era. 

382
00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:54,000
When the fastest way to send a 
message, was to give it to a 

383
00:19:54,000 --> 00:19:56,200
horseback rider and hope he 
didn't get lost or shot. 

384
00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:01,500
But Goin began, his March, South
in June 1777 with confidence and

385
00:20:01,500 --> 00:20:03,300
a large. 
Baggage train that included, his

386
00:20:03,300 --> 00:20:06,800
wardrobe and tons of champagne. 
He was the kind of general who 

387
00:20:06,800 --> 00:20:09,600
thought maintaining standards 
during a war was admirable, the 

388
00:20:09,600 --> 00:20:12,000
two difficult to do while 
marching through forests. 

389
00:20:13,400 --> 00:20:15,200
General. 
Horatio gates in the New 

390
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:17,900
England, militia surrounded. 
Burgoyne's, arminius Saratoga, 

391
00:20:17,900 --> 00:20:22,700
October found Burgoyne, trapped 
outnumbered and low on supplies.

392
00:20:22,700 --> 00:20:26,500
He gave up his army on October 
17th 1777. 

393
00:20:27,500 --> 00:20:30,600
The victory at Saratoga changed 
the war but not because it won 

394
00:20:30,600 --> 00:20:33,100
American independence. 
There were still years of 

395
00:20:33,100 --> 00:20:36,700
fighting, instead it convinced 
France that the Americans might 

396
00:20:36,700 --> 00:20:39,500
win making supporting them worth
annoying Britain. 

397
00:20:40,700 --> 00:20:43,500
The American victory at Saratoga
had far reaching effects 

398
00:20:43,500 --> 00:20:47,200
diplomats in European capitals 
saw the American Rebellion as a 

399
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:50,000
threat to British power, not a 
colonial tantrum. 

400
00:20:51,000 --> 00:20:54,700
Nothing pleased European powers 
more than British problems in 

401
00:20:54,700 --> 00:20:56,900
particular. 
Watch the american situation 

402
00:20:56,900 --> 00:20:59,500
with the same interests as a 
neighbor fighting with their 

403
00:20:59,500 --> 00:21:02,000
spouse. 
After secretly giving the 

404
00:21:02,000 --> 00:21:05,900
Americans money and weapons 
since 1776, they were ready to 

405
00:21:05,900 --> 00:21:09,500
reveal their support. 
The franco-american alliance of 

406
00:21:09,500 --> 00:21:13,300
February. 1778 was one of the 
most unlikely diplomatic 

407
00:21:13,300 --> 00:21:16,700
Partnerships. 
France was an absolute monarchy 

408
00:21:16,700 --> 00:21:20,100
with a rigid class system. 
While America fought for 

409
00:21:20,100 --> 00:21:21,600
democracy and individual 
liberty. 

410
00:21:21,600 --> 00:21:24,500
They teamed up like a 
vegetarian, and a butcher who 

411
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:27,700
disliked the same restaurant. 
However, shared enemies, make 

412
00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:30,600
strange bedfellows both 
countries wanted to lower 

413
00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:32,900
Britain. 
France could avenge their 

414
00:21:32,900 --> 00:21:36,200
humiliating defeat in the Seven 
Years War, while America gained 

415
00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:38,800
a powerful Ally with a navy. 
That could challenged British 

416
00:21:38,800 --> 00:21:42,300
control of the Seas as expected.
The British declared war on 

417
00:21:42,300 --> 00:21:44,400
France. 
Turning the American Revolution 

418
00:21:44,400 --> 00:21:49,500
into a global conflict Spain 
joined France in 1779 and the 

419
00:21:49,508 --> 00:21:53,000
Dutch in 1780. 
Britain suddenly found itself 

420
00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:56,100
fighting Colonial Rebels and 
most of Europe which was like 

421
00:21:56,100 --> 00:21:58,400
fighting everyone at the bar in 
the 18th century. 

422
00:21:59,500 --> 00:22:02,800
This Global expansion benefited 
America in unexpected ways 

423
00:22:02,800 --> 00:22:06,500
British resources, allocated to 
crushing the American Rebellion,

424
00:22:06,500 --> 00:22:10,700
had to be spread across theaters
to defend British Caribbean and 

425
00:22:10,700 --> 00:22:13,400
Mediterranean possessions ships,
that could have blocked. 

426
00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:16,700
American ports, were needed. 
The American war was a 

427
00:22:16,700 --> 00:22:19,800
frustrating stalemate, British 
forces abandoned the northern 

428
00:22:19,800 --> 00:22:21,900
colonies after the Saratoga 
disaster. 

429
00:22:21,900 --> 00:22:25,300
And focused on the south where 
loyalists support was Stronger, 

430
00:22:26,300 --> 00:22:28,000
British strategy in the South 
started. 

431
00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:32,300
Well over 5,000. 
Americans were captured in 1778 

432
00:22:32,300 --> 00:22:35,700
and 1780 in Savannah and 
Charleston. 

433
00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:38,800
Their new strategy seemed 
promising at first. 

434
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:41,000
However, like many invading 
armies. 

435
00:22:41,000 --> 00:22:43,600
The British assumed that 
controlling cities meant, 

436
00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:47,200
controlling the countryside. 
American militias and hit and 

437
00:22:47,200 --> 00:22:50,000
run, Irregulars, ruled the areas
between British strongholds. 

438
00:22:50,700 --> 00:22:52,300
France's Marion known as the 
Swamp. 

439
00:22:52,300 --> 00:22:55,600
Fox was famous for attacking 
British supply lines from the 

440
00:22:55,600 --> 00:22:58,300
South Carolina Wetlands before 
retreating into terrain. 

441
00:22:58,300 --> 00:23:02,400
Regular armies couldn't navigate
The term, it was guerrilla 

442
00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:04,900
warfare and it played the 
British occupation of the South.

443
00:23:04,900 --> 00:23:08,100
The British found their loyalist
supporters fewer and less 

444
00:23:08,100 --> 00:23:11,700
reliable than expected. 
After British military rule, 

445
00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:14,400
which often involved 
requisitioning supplies, 

446
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:18,300
quartering soldiers and treating
civilians as enemies, many 

447
00:23:18,300 --> 00:23:21,500
colonists switch sides, the 
Battle of Kings Mountain in 

448
00:23:21,500 --> 00:23:25,000
October, 1780 where American 
militia surrounded and defeated,

449
00:23:25,000 --> 00:23:27,700
loyalist troops changed, the 
southern campaign. 

450
00:23:28,900 --> 00:23:31,900
The victory showed that American
forces could win, decisive 

451
00:23:31,900 --> 00:23:33,500
battles. 
Without continental army 

452
00:23:33,500 --> 00:23:36,700
regulars, convincing many fence 
sitters to join the Rebellion. 

453
00:23:37,700 --> 00:23:40,700
In late, 1780 General. 
Nathanael Greene took command of

454
00:23:40,700 --> 00:23:44,300
American forces in the South and
devised a counter-intuitive but 

455
00:23:44,300 --> 00:23:47,700
effective strategy. 
He used constant movement and 

456
00:23:47,700 --> 00:23:50,700
carefully chosen battles to wear
down British forces instead of 

457
00:23:50,700 --> 00:23:54,800
Defending territory. 
Green famously said we fight get

458
00:23:54,800 --> 00:24:00,200
beat rise and fight again. 
It wasn't a heroic military 

459
00:24:00,200 --> 00:24:03,400
philosophy but it worked the 
British could win battles but 

460
00:24:03,400 --> 00:24:06,000
not greens. 
Attrition War British General 

461
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:09,100
Cornwallis chased American 
forces across the Carolinas in 

462
00:24:09,100 --> 00:24:12,700
1781 in a few tile attempt to 
win a decisive battle. 

463
00:24:12,700 --> 00:24:16,300
His army was shrinking, due to 
casualties disease and desertion

464
00:24:16,300 --> 00:24:19,000
while the Americans were 
multiplying with the feet 

465
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:22,300
Cornwallis realized, the South 
couldn't be pacified while 

466
00:24:22,300 --> 00:24:24,400
Virginia supplied and reinforced
the Rebellion. 

467
00:24:25,100 --> 00:24:27,900
He marched his army North in to 
Virginia to cut off American 

468
00:24:27,900 --> 00:24:30,400
supplies and force a final 
battle. 

469
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:34,400
Cornwallis established a base at
Yorktown Virginia to receive 

470
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:36,100
British Naval support for his 
army. 

471
00:24:36,100 --> 00:24:40,300
This reasonable plan, relied on 
Britain, controling, the Seas, a

472
00:24:40,300 --> 00:24:41,800
safer assumption for most of the
war. 

473
00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:44,600
All of America's diplomatic 
patience. 

474
00:24:44,600 --> 00:24:48,300
Paid off in 1781. 
The French Fleet under Admiral 

475
00:24:48,300 --> 00:24:51,900
de Grasse arrived in American 
Waters to Aid, the final push 

476
00:24:51,900 --> 00:24:55,000
for victory. 
Washington saw a rare 

477
00:24:55,000 --> 00:24:57,500
opportunity when Cornwallis 
fortified Yorktown. 

478
00:24:58,100 --> 00:25:00,100
Cornwallis would be trapped, 
like Burgoyne. 

479
00:25:00,100 --> 00:25:03,900
At Saratoga, if the French navy 
controlled Chesapeake Bay while 

480
00:25:03,900 --> 00:25:06,600
American and French Ground 
Forces, besieged Yorktown. 

481
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:10,100
Secretly transporting American 
and French forces from New York 

482
00:25:10,100 --> 00:25:14,000
to Virginia was difficult, but 
it worked Cornwallis was 

483
00:25:14,000 --> 00:25:17,400
surrounded by 16,000 American 
and French troops in late, 

484
00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:20,400
September, 1781 and French 
ships. 

485
00:25:20,400 --> 00:25:23,800
Controlled his Escape Route, The
American Revolution ended with 

486
00:25:23,800 --> 00:25:27,300
the three weeks of Yorktown 
Cornwallis surrendered, his army

487
00:25:27,300 --> 00:25:32,000
on October 19th, 1781 ending, 
Britain's last, major American 

488
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:34,500
Force. 
The British band supposedly 

489
00:25:34,500 --> 00:25:37,100
played the world turned upside 
down during the surrender 

490
00:25:37,100 --> 00:25:39,000
ceremony, which would have been 
symbolic. 

491
00:25:39,000 --> 00:25:42,200
They probably played something 
more conventional, but the 

492
00:25:42,208 --> 00:25:45,600
sentiment was right war is often
easier to win than to end. 

493
00:25:46,800 --> 00:25:49,300
After Yorktown, everyone knew 
British defeat was inevitable. 

494
00:25:49,300 --> 00:25:53,600
A turning military Victory into 
Political Independence, required

495
00:25:53,600 --> 00:25:57,200
delicate diplomatic, maneuvering
that made actual fighting seemed

496
00:25:57,200 --> 00:26:00,300
easy. 
British political denial after 

497
00:26:00,300 --> 00:26:02,500
cornwallis's surrender was 
masterful. 

498
00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:06,600
Minister Lord, North said he 
felt like he had been shot in 

499
00:26:06,600 --> 00:26:10,200
the chest after losing an army. 
British officials maintained the

500
00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:13,100
war would continue. 
That optimism lasted about as 

501
00:26:13,100 --> 00:26:16,400
long as expected. 
British public opinion which had

502
00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:17,800
never supported the American 
war. 

503
00:26:17,800 --> 00:26:22,100
Decisively opposed A losing War.
Members of parliament, asked 

504
00:26:22,100 --> 00:26:24,500
uncomfortable questions about 
why they were spending so much 

505
00:26:24,500 --> 00:26:26,900
to fight people who clearly 
didn't want to be Empire 

506
00:26:26,900 --> 00:26:29,700
partners. 
Lord North's, government fell in

507
00:26:29,700 --> 00:26:33,100
March 1782, replaced by a peace 
minded Ministry. 

508
00:26:33,100 --> 00:26:37,100
Negotiations were easier because
Lord Rockingham the new prime 

509
00:26:37,100 --> 00:26:41,000
minister opposed, the American 
war from the start. 18th 

510
00:26:41,000 --> 00:26:42,600
century. 
Peace talks were complicated. 

511
00:26:42,600 --> 00:26:45,000
Making modern diplomatic 
negotiations. 

512
00:26:45,000 --> 00:26:47,500
Seem simple. 
France, Spain. 

513
00:26:47,500 --> 00:26:50,500
And the Dutch also had 
territorial demands and agendas.

514
00:26:51,300 --> 00:26:54,100
France, sought former War 
territory, Spain wanted 

515
00:26:54,100 --> 00:26:57,400
Gibraltar back from Britain and 
had North America and Ambitions 

516
00:26:57,400 --> 00:26:59,300
that conflicted with American 
interests. 

517
00:26:59,300 --> 00:27:01,700
Dutch Traders, wanted their 
rights back. 

518
00:27:01,700 --> 00:27:05,300
Everyone wanted to gain from the
peace settlement Benjamin 

519
00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:09,600
Franklin, John Adams and John 
Jay was smart people who agreed 

520
00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:12,300
on the goal, a discreet on, 
almost everything else. 

521
00:27:12,300 --> 00:27:15,600
On the American negotiating 
team, franklyn wanted to work 

522
00:27:15,600 --> 00:27:18,500
with France. 
Adams was suspicious of everyone

523
00:27:18,500 --> 00:27:21,100
and Jay believed France was 
trying to limit American 

524
00:27:21,100 --> 00:27:24,200
expansion. 
Americans benefited from these 

525
00:27:24,200 --> 00:27:27,700
personality differences, 
European diplomats, never knew 

526
00:27:27,700 --> 00:27:30,500
which American they would meet, 
which kept them off balance and 

527
00:27:30,500 --> 00:27:32,900
prevented coalitions against 
American interests. 

528
00:27:34,000 --> 00:27:37,400
Due to their complexity and 18th
century communication, the 

529
00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:42,000
negotiations, took over a year. 
London, Paris messages took days

530
00:27:42,000 --> 00:27:44,000
to arrive and government 
instructions. 

531
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:46,000
To negotiators. 
Often arrived after 

532
00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:49,800
circumstances are changed 
American territorial boundaries 

533
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:52,200
were a major issue. 
The British were willing to 

534
00:27:52,208 --> 00:27:55,600
recognize American independence,
but they weren't sure how much 

535
00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:58,700
territory to include the 
British, thought, the Americans 

536
00:27:58,700 --> 00:28:00,400
ambition, to control the 
Atlantic Ocean. 

537
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:03,000
And Mississippi River was 
unusual for a former colony. 

538
00:28:03,700 --> 00:28:06,400
The Americans got most of what 
they wanted through skillful 

539
00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:09,600
negotiation and Britain's 
decision to Grant generous 

540
00:28:09,600 --> 00:28:12,700
territorial concessions, to keep
America friendly after the war. 

541
00:28:12,700 --> 00:28:15,700
It was like giving someone a 
nice farewell gift to remember 

542
00:28:15,700 --> 00:28:19,100
you buy? 
On September 3rd, 1783 the 

543
00:28:19,100 --> 00:28:22,000
Treaty of Paris ended the 
American Revolution and 

544
00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:25,700
recognized us independence from 
the Atlantic to the Mississippi 

545
00:28:25,700 --> 00:28:29,100
river in Canada to Florida. 
The new nation was one of the 

546
00:28:29,100 --> 00:28:32,500
world's largest on paper 
Britain, agreed to withdraw all 

547
00:28:32,500 --> 00:28:34,000
its military forces from 
America. 

548
00:28:34,000 --> 00:28:37,900
But it took years, some British 
posts in the Northwest Territory

549
00:28:37,900 --> 00:28:41,900
were to evacuated until the 
1790s causing tension but not 

550
00:28:41,900 --> 00:28:43,400
threatening American 
independence. 

551
00:28:44,500 --> 00:28:46,700
The peace process was 
complicated by other issues. 

552
00:28:46,700 --> 00:28:50,300
Addressed in the treaty repaying
American debts before the war, 

553
00:28:50,300 --> 00:28:51,900
to British merchants was 
reasonable. 

554
00:28:51,900 --> 00:28:55,500
But difficult to enforce, 
American state governments 

555
00:28:55,500 --> 00:28:58,300
ignored the oath to treat 
wartime British loyalists fairly

556
00:28:59,000 --> 00:29:01,900
The peace treaties announcement 
was celebrated but underwhelming

557
00:29:01,900 --> 00:29:04,500
in America. 
Many people were used to war 

558
00:29:04,500 --> 00:29:07,300
after eight years and didn't 
know what peace time was like. 

559
00:29:08,000 --> 00:29:10,800
The Continental Army was quickly
disbanded because Congress 

560
00:29:10,800 --> 00:29:13,900
couldn't pay the soldiers and 
because Americans were wary of 

561
00:29:13,900 --> 00:29:16,800
standing armies. 
Washington's emotional, farewell

562
00:29:16,800 --> 00:29:19,900
to his officers at France's 
Tavern in New York ended, a 

563
00:29:19,900 --> 00:29:23,000
shared experience that had 
United 13 colonies in one 

564
00:29:23,000 --> 00:29:25,400
nation. 
In America and Europe, 

565
00:29:25,400 --> 00:29:28,100
Washington's commission, 
resignation and returned to 

566
00:29:28,108 --> 00:29:31,500
private life were notable. 
If Washington voluntarily gave 

567
00:29:31,500 --> 00:29:34,100
up power he would be the 
greatest man in the world, 

568
00:29:34,100 --> 00:29:37,200
according to King George, the 
third who had spent eight years 

569
00:29:37,200 --> 00:29:41,200
trying to defeat him After the 
American Revolution, the hard 

570
00:29:41,200 --> 00:29:45,500
work of nation, building began 
the 13, former colonies had won 

571
00:29:45,500 --> 00:29:48,100
their independence, but they had
to figure out how to govern 

572
00:29:48,100 --> 00:29:50,900
themselves. 
Pay their debts and build a 

573
00:29:50,900 --> 00:29:54,300
society from the diverse regions
cultures and interests of the 

574
00:29:54,300 --> 00:29:58,400
new United States. 
After years of Roommates, the 

575
00:29:58,400 --> 00:30:00,700
end of the war was like moving 
into your own apartment. 

576
00:30:01,400 --> 00:30:05,400
Exciting and liberating but also
quiet and full of unanticipated 

577
00:30:05,400 --> 00:30:08,500
responsibilities. 
The colonists were too busy 

578
00:30:08,500 --> 00:30:10,400
fighting, British rule to plan 
ahead. 

579
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:13,800
Peacetime governance was failing
under the Articles of 

580
00:30:13,808 --> 00:30:16,600
Confederation which had ruled 
the nation during the war. 

581
00:30:17,400 --> 00:30:20,500
The federal government couldn't 
tax regulate or enforce its laws

582
00:30:20,500 --> 00:30:23,300
that was like managing a 
household where no one agreed on

583
00:30:23,308 --> 00:30:25,000
who paid the bills or made the 
rules. 

584
00:30:25,000 --> 00:30:29,300
A story for another night. 
Rest and contemplate, how a 

585
00:30:29,300 --> 00:30:32,200
group of colonial subjects, 
became citizens of an 

586
00:30:32,200 --> 00:30:35,900
independent nation with only 
determination, good, government,

587
00:30:35,900 --> 00:30:39,500
ideas and stubborn persistence 
from believing your right? 

588
00:30:40,700 --> 00:30:43,700
The revolution that began with 
tea tax debate, ended with the 

589
00:30:43,708 --> 00:30:47,000
creation of a new nation. 
Based on the radical idea that 

590
00:30:47,000 --> 00:30:50,000
people could govern themselves, 
it was imperfect. 

591
00:30:50,000 --> 00:30:53,200
It would take generations to 
guarantee equality, to all of 

592
00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:56,800
Americans, but it was a start. 
Sometimes starting is the 

593
00:30:56,800 --> 00:31:03,300
hardest. 
Imagine yourself relaxing in 

594
00:31:03,300 --> 00:31:05,500
your preferred chair on a Cool 
October evening. 

595
00:31:05,500 --> 00:31:10,100
Perhaps with a toasty, beverage 
in hand tonight, we will revisit

596
00:31:10,100 --> 00:31:12,500
appeared in which America 
believed it had successfully 

597
00:31:12,500 --> 00:31:15,200
mastered the legal printing of 
money when your neighbor's 

598
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:17,200
Barber was providing stock 
recommendations. 

599
00:31:17,200 --> 00:31:20,000
And when the question, what 
could go wrong was on the brink 

600
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:22,100
of receiving the most costly 
response in history. 

601
00:31:23,200 --> 00:31:26,500
The time period is the 1920s and
you are currently experiencing 

602
00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:29,100
The Roaring Twenties. 
As it is also known. 

603
00:31:30,000 --> 00:31:32,700
In the background Calvin 
Coolidge Is So Silent as 

604
00:31:32,700 --> 00:31:36,200
president that people just about
having to check his pulse while 

605
00:31:36,200 --> 00:31:38,800
Flappers are dancing. 
The Charleston and jazz music is

606
00:31:38,800 --> 00:31:42,700
spilling out of speakeasies. 
However, the genuine excitement 

607
00:31:42,700 --> 00:31:45,600
is not located in the illicit. 
Ginger joints or the dance 

608
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:48,300
halls. 
It is on Wall Street or an 

609
00:31:48,300 --> 00:31:49,900
entire nation has persuaded 
itself. 

610
00:31:49,900 --> 00:31:53,900
That purchasing stocks is as 
Dependable as the sunrise after 

611
00:31:53,900 --> 00:31:57,200
the end of World War 1, the 
United States found itself in a 

612
00:31:57,200 --> 00:32:00,600
unique situation, and America's 
factories were operating at full

613
00:32:00,600 --> 00:32:03,300
capacity. 
Manufacturing, a wide range of 

614
00:32:03,300 --> 00:32:06,300
products including 
refrigerators, radio's and 

615
00:32:06,300 --> 00:32:08,800
Automobiles. 
While Europe was still in the 

616
00:32:08,800 --> 00:32:11,600
process of assembling the parts 
and calculating the cost. 

617
00:32:12,400 --> 00:32:14,900
Henry, Ford had discovered a 
method to make cars affordable 

618
00:32:14,900 --> 00:32:18,200
for the general public. 
And as a result everyone became 

619
00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:21,500
interested in purchasing one. 
Please note, that the car in 

620
00:32:21,500 --> 00:32:23,000
question is not a single 
vehicle. 

621
00:32:23,000 --> 00:32:27,400
Rather, it is a modern more 
gleaming model, that is replaced

622
00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:30,700
every few years, the stock 
market, which was previously, 

623
00:32:30,700 --> 00:32:33,000
the domain of affluent 
industrialists and their 

624
00:32:33,000 --> 00:32:36,200
well-connected acquaintances 
appeared to be accessible to all

625
00:32:37,200 --> 00:32:40,200
Between deliveries newspaper 
boys were exchanging, stock 

626
00:32:40,200 --> 00:32:43,200
recommendations, your 
neighborhood grows and may 

627
00:32:43,200 --> 00:32:45,500
casually mention that he earned 
more money last week by playing 

628
00:32:45,500 --> 00:32:47,700
the market. 
Then he did selling vegetables 

629
00:32:47,700 --> 00:32:50,700
throughout the month. 
It was as if Wall Street had 

630
00:32:50,700 --> 00:32:52,000
discovered a mystical money 
tree. 

631
00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:55,400
And all you had to do was move 
its branches in retrospect the 

632
00:32:55,408 --> 00:32:58,200
amusement of this episode was 
primarily due to the fact that 

633
00:32:58,200 --> 00:33:01,200
everyone believed it was a 
straightforward matter, you are 

634
00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:03,800
not required to comprehend the 
actual operations of a company. 

635
00:33:03,808 --> 00:33:07,200
Its profitability or its 
existence in any meaningful 

636
00:33:07,200 --> 00:33:09,600
sense. 
It was enough to tell you that 

637
00:33:09,600 --> 00:33:12,600
its stock price Rose yesterday 
and will likely rise again 

638
00:33:12,600 --> 00:33:15,500
tomorrow. 
The logic was unwavering stocks 

639
00:33:15,500 --> 00:33:18,600
consistently increase. 
Everyone was becoming wealthy 

640
00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:21,900
and anyone who advocated for a 
different outcome was evidently 

641
00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:24,300
two traditional to comprehend 
contemporary economics. 

642
00:33:25,300 --> 00:33:27,900
Investment clubs emerged in 
communities similar to book 

643
00:33:27,900 --> 00:33:31,100
clubs, however, rather than 
engaging and discussion about 

644
00:33:31,100 --> 00:33:34,200
the most recent novel members 
would convene to compare the 

645
00:33:34,200 --> 00:33:35,900
amount of money, they earn that 
week. 

646
00:33:36,700 --> 00:33:39,500
Women who had never visited a 
bank with pooling their grocery 

647
00:33:39,500 --> 00:33:42,100
money to purchase shares and 
companies they were unfamiliar 

648
00:33:42,100 --> 00:33:44,500
with. 
College students were ditching 

649
00:33:44,500 --> 00:33:47,300
classes to observe the ticker 
tape of brokerage offices. 

650
00:33:47,300 --> 00:33:50,300
Treating it as the most 
thrilling entertainment in town 

651
00:33:50,300 --> 00:33:53,200
the newspapers. 
Contributed to this Hysteria by 

652
00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:55,900
publishing breathless accounts 
of ordinary individuals who 

653
00:33:55,900 --> 00:34:00,300
achieved financial success. 
The taxi driver retired at 35, 

654
00:34:00,300 --> 00:34:04,000
the secretary purchased a small 
apartment building with a stock 

655
00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:07,500
profit and the Homemaker funded 
her daughter's wedding with a 

656
00:34:07,500 --> 00:34:11,000
single well-timed purchase of 
radio Corporation stock. 

657
00:34:11,699 --> 00:34:14,800
These narrative spread swiftly 
much like gossip at a church 

658
00:34:14,808 --> 00:34:18,199
Gathering, inspiring everyone to
Aspire to become the next 

659
00:34:18,199 --> 00:34:21,300
successful individual. 
Thanks began lending money to 

660
00:34:21,300 --> 00:34:24,300
individuals who desire to 
purchase equities to capitalize 

661
00:34:24,300 --> 00:34:27,100
on the current prosperity. 
The reasoning appeared to be 

662
00:34:27,108 --> 00:34:31,100
sound if stocks consistently 
increased lending money to 

663
00:34:31,100 --> 00:34:33,400
individuals to purchase. 
Equities would be virtually 

664
00:34:33,400 --> 00:34:37,199
risk-free. 
They call it buying on margin a 

665
00:34:37,199 --> 00:34:39,199
fancier term than borrowing 
money to gamble. 

666
00:34:39,199 --> 00:34:43,100
But thats what it was you could 
acquire 1000 dollars worth of 

667
00:34:43,100 --> 00:34:46,600
security with only one dollars 
of your funds and the bank would

668
00:34:46,600 --> 00:34:50,300
provide the remaining funds, you
would sell the Security's repay,

669
00:34:50,300 --> 00:34:53,900
the loan and retain The Profit 
when they appreciated, what 

670
00:34:53,900 --> 00:34:57,200
could possibly go wrong as you 
prepare to retire for the 

671
00:34:57,200 --> 00:34:59,600
evening and vision of world in 
which all individuals were 

672
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:02,200
Financial Geniuses. 
The future appeared as 

673
00:35:02,200 --> 00:35:04,200
predictable as a well-oiled 
timepiece. 

674
00:35:04,200 --> 00:35:07,300
And the sole concern was not 
whether or not one would become 

675
00:35:07,300 --> 00:35:09,500
wealthy. 
But rather, how well he an 

676
00:35:09,500 --> 00:35:12,000
individual would become. 
Well, though crashes, still 

677
00:35:12,000 --> 00:35:14,500
several months away. 
The following morning in our 

678
00:35:14,508 --> 00:35:17,800
narrative, your awakened, in an 
American that is persuaded, it 

679
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:21,800
is outsmarted, economic history,
the year is 19208. 

680
00:35:21,800 --> 00:35:24,700
And if you had suggested to 
anyone that the party might be 

681
00:35:24,700 --> 00:35:27,500
ending shortly, They would have 
looked at you as if you had 

682
00:35:27,500 --> 00:35:29,600
announced that the sun was 
planning to stop Rising. 

683
00:35:30,700 --> 00:35:33,200
The foundation of all this 
confidence was not wholly, 

684
00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:35,600
unreasonable, which is why it 
was so perilous. 

685
00:35:35,600 --> 00:35:38,500
The American industry was 
performing exceptionally. 

686
00:35:38,500 --> 00:35:41,100
Well. 
General Electric and General 

687
00:35:41,100 --> 00:35:43,400
Motors were not merely 
manufacturing products. 

688
00:35:43,400 --> 00:35:46,300
They were also developing 
products that were significantly

689
00:35:46,300 --> 00:35:49,400
altering the way people lived. 
The world was brought into 

690
00:35:49,400 --> 00:35:52,400
people's Livvy people's living 
rooms for the first time 

691
00:35:52,400 --> 00:35:56,400
replaced, gas, lamps, 
automobiles replaced horses and 

692
00:35:56,400 --> 00:35:59,700
radio's were introduced. 
However, this is the point at 

693
00:35:59,700 --> 00:36:02,600
which the situation becomes 
intriguing much, like the moment

694
00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:04,500
are kettle of water reaches 
boiling point. 

695
00:36:05,300 --> 00:36:07,600
The stock prices of these 
companies were not merely 

696
00:36:07,600 --> 00:36:10,500
reflecting their success. 
They were also reflecting the 

697
00:36:10,500 --> 00:36:14,200
success of the companies wildest
dreams of everyone about their 

698
00:36:14,200 --> 00:36:18,400
future success, the generous 
helping of pure speculation and 

699
00:36:18,400 --> 00:36:20,800
whatever the barbershop employee
heard from his cousin, who 

700
00:36:20,800 --> 00:36:25,100
worked on Wall Street, Consider 
radio Corporation of America or 

701
00:36:25,100 --> 00:36:28,700
RCA as it was commonly known. 
The corporation was at the 

702
00:36:28,700 --> 00:36:30,100
epicenter of the radio. 
Boom. 

703
00:36:30,100 --> 00:36:32,500
And the radio's were truly 
revolutionary. 

704
00:36:34,400 --> 00:36:37,500
First time in human history it 
was possible to listen to a 

705
00:36:37,500 --> 00:36:39,800
concert in New York from the 
comfort of your living room in 

706
00:36:39,800 --> 00:36:42,800
Kansas. 
It was akin to Alchemy but it 

707
00:36:42,808 --> 00:36:47,000
was both profitable and genuine.
This enthusiasm was evident in 

708
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:51,400
the stock price of RCA RCA's 
stock price increased from 85 

709
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:54,900
dollars per share to 420 dollars
per share in 1928. 

710
00:36:54,900 --> 00:36:58,900
It is not a typo it nearly 
quadrupled in a single year. 

711
00:37:00,000 --> 00:37:02,900
It is reasonable to assume that 
the five fold increase in a 

712
00:37:02,900 --> 00:37:04,400
company, stock price over the 
course of a year. 

713
00:37:04,408 --> 00:37:07,900
Would induce some degree of 
anxiety among investors, you 

714
00:37:07,900 --> 00:37:11,700
would be mistaken in contrast. 
It heightened individuals and 

715
00:37:11,700 --> 00:37:14,100
enthusiasm. 
The reasoning was elegantly. 

716
00:37:14,100 --> 00:37:17,600
Circular RCA stock was 
increasing due to its 

717
00:37:17,600 --> 00:37:20,700
exceptional performance, which 
was evident in the company stock

718
00:37:20,700 --> 00:37:22,700
price. 
It was evident that the 

719
00:37:22,700 --> 00:37:26,300
individual who suggested that a 
stock price increase of 400%, in

720
00:37:26,300 --> 00:37:29,300
a single year, might be 
premature was unaware of the 

721
00:37:29,300 --> 00:37:31,500
fundamental principles of 
contemporary investing. 

722
00:37:32,400 --> 00:37:35,100
Truly cunning aspect. 
And this is the point at which 

723
00:37:35,100 --> 00:37:38,300
the creativity is almost 
admirable, was the manner in 

724
00:37:38,300 --> 00:37:41,200
which individuals convinced 
themselves that this time was 

725
00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:44,900
different. 
Speculation and foolishness were

726
00:37:44,900 --> 00:37:47,900
the causes of previous stock 
market bubbles, which ultimately

727
00:37:47,900 --> 00:37:51,200
exploded. 
However, the foundation of this 

728
00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:54,000
Prosperity was the robust 
productivity and innovation of 

729
00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:58,100
the United States. 
Radio's automobiles, electricity

730
00:37:58,100 --> 00:38:01,700
Powers, electricity Powers, 
these appliances CX. 

731
00:38:01,700 --> 00:38:05,100
Exploration, corporations or 
tulip bulbs, they were genuine 

732
00:38:05,100 --> 00:38:08,000
businesses that manufactured 
genuine products for genuine 

733
00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:10,600
customers. 
What individuals fail to 

734
00:38:10,600 --> 00:38:13,200
comprehend was that it is 
possible to have a legitimate 

735
00:38:13,200 --> 00:38:17,300
organization that produces 
genuine goods and yet pay an 

736
00:38:17,300 --> 00:38:18,800
exorbitant amount for its 
inventory. 

737
00:38:19,600 --> 00:38:22,400
It is comparable to paying $50 
for an exceptionally 

738
00:38:22,400 --> 00:38:25,500
high-quality fruit. 
Fifty dollars is not a 

739
00:38:25,500 --> 00:38:27,800
reasonable price. 
Although the apple is all 

740
00:38:27,800 --> 00:38:31,300
though, and everything you 
wished for, In the interim, the 

741
00:38:31,308 --> 00:38:34,000
institutions were experiencing 
their own variation of this 

742
00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:36,400
logic problem. 
They observe that all 

743
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:39,300
individuals who had borrowed 
money to purchase equities had 

744
00:38:39,300 --> 00:38:42,400
made a profit. 
Consequently, it was a secured 

745
00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:44,300
decision to lend money to 
purchase equities. 

746
00:38:45,100 --> 00:38:47,600
The fact that everyone had made 
money precisely because they 

747
00:38:47,600 --> 00:38:50,700
were lending money to buy 
stocks, creating the very demand

748
00:38:50,700 --> 00:38:53,400
that drove prices up somehow 
eluded notice. 

749
00:38:54,200 --> 00:38:57,500
It was akin to a dog pursuing 
its tail except that the dog was

750
00:38:57,500 --> 00:38:59,100
sits that it was making 
progress. 

751
00:39:00,700 --> 00:39:03,100
Begining in 1929 the financial 
system. 

752
00:39:03,100 --> 00:39:06,500
Beginning in 1929, the financial
system was borrowing 

753
00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:11,000
approximately 8.5 billion 
dollars To provide context this 

754
00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:13,400
was approximately equivalent to 
the entire federal budget. 

755
00:39:13,400 --> 00:39:16,900
At the time it was as though the
entire Financial system had 

756
00:39:16,900 --> 00:39:20,500
decided to place all of its be 
decided and was exceedingly 

757
00:39:20,500 --> 00:39:23,900
confident in its decision. 
You're beginning to comprehend 

758
00:39:23,900 --> 00:39:24,700
the issue. 
Are you not? 

759
00:39:25,500 --> 00:39:28,200
People were not being 
irrational, rather they were 

760
00:39:28,200 --> 00:39:30,400
reacting. 
Logically to the stimuli they 

761
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:32,900
observed. 
The economy appeared robust 

762
00:39:32,900 --> 00:39:36,000
stocks were increasing an 
individuals were earning money. 

763
00:39:36,000 --> 00:39:39,200
However, they were all reacting 
to the same information in the 

764
00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:42,500
same manner, resulting in a 
situation in which everyone was 

765
00:39:42,500 --> 00:39:46,200
correct until all of a sudden, 
everyone was proved incorrect. 

766
00:39:47,400 --> 00:39:50,000
Consider The Confident investors
of 1929. 

767
00:39:50,000 --> 00:39:52,900
As you prepare for bed, they 
were completely unaware. 

768
00:39:52,900 --> 00:39:55,000
That they were living through 
the economic equivalent of a 

769
00:39:55,008 --> 00:39:58,300
cartoon character who runs off a
cliff but doesn't fall until he 

770
00:39:58,300 --> 00:40:00,400
looks down. 
They would examine their 

771
00:40:00,400 --> 00:40:03,300
portfolio's each morning and 
examenul at their paper profits.

772
00:40:03,300 --> 00:40:07,300
The red flags were up everywhere
by the summer of 1929, if you 

773
00:40:07,308 --> 00:40:11,200
were to look, But when there are
warning signs at a party, no one

774
00:40:11,200 --> 00:40:12,600
wants to be the one to bring 
them up. 

775
00:40:12,600 --> 00:40:15,400
As if you were the designated 
driver, who keeps telling 

776
00:40:15,400 --> 00:40:17,800
everyone to slow down, while 
your friends are having the time

777
00:40:17,800 --> 00:40:21,100
of their lives, a few jerks 
tried to crash the party. 

778
00:40:22,000 --> 00:40:25,300
The famous and respectable 
Banker named Paul Warburg warned

779
00:40:25,300 --> 00:40:27,500
that the stock market had become
too risky for investors. 

780
00:40:27,500 --> 00:40:31,400
The reaction was about what 
you'd expect the next day. 

781
00:40:31,400 --> 00:40:34,400
The stock price of his bank 
dropped, a newspapers called him

782
00:40:34,400 --> 00:40:37,400
negative for no reason. 
It was a typical case of 

783
00:40:37,400 --> 00:40:40,400
shooting the messenger but this 
time the messenger was trying to

784
00:40:40,400 --> 00:40:41,800
keep people from crossing the 
street. 

785
00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:45,600
A famous economist named. 
Roger Babson said in September 

786
00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:48,100
that sooner or later a crash is 
coming. 

787
00:40:48,900 --> 00:40:52,700
Babson was known for being right
about financial trends that day.

788
00:40:52,700 --> 00:40:55,700
The market fell sharply. 
Some people even called it the 

789
00:40:55,700 --> 00:40:59,300
Babson break, but it quickly 
rose again, people thought 

790
00:40:59,300 --> 00:41:01,000
Babson was an old fashioned 
cynic. 

791
00:41:01,000 --> 00:41:03,300
Who didn't know how the new 
economy worked and wrote him 

792
00:41:03,300 --> 00:41:05,100
off. 
Everyone was happy that the 

793
00:41:05,100 --> 00:41:06,500
ruler seemed to have a lot of 
money. 

794
00:41:06,500 --> 00:41:09,200
So no one wanted to hear that. 
He didn't have any clothes. 

795
00:41:09,200 --> 00:41:11,400
At the same time, the smart 
money. 

796
00:41:11,400 --> 00:41:14,600
That is the people who knew what
was going on was quietly leaving

797
00:41:14,600 --> 00:41:16,800
the market. 
John F Kennedy's. 

798
00:41:16,800 --> 00:41:19,700
Father Joseph. 
Reportedly said that he knew. 

799
00:41:19,700 --> 00:41:21,400
It was time to get out of the 
stock market. 

800
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:24,000
When his shoe shine, boys 
started giving him stock tips. 

801
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:27,700
It made perfect sense. 
If everyone thinks stocks are a 

802
00:41:27,700 --> 00:41:30,300
good way to make money, then 
stops probably aren't so. 

803
00:41:30,300 --> 00:41:33,500
Good, after all. however, for 
every Joseph, Kennedy who 

804
00:41:33,500 --> 00:41:36,600
quietly sold his interests, 
there were thousands of regular 

805
00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:39,300
Americans who DoubleDown It made
sense. 

806
00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:43,000
If stocks were solid investment 
last year, they were probably an

807
00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:44,300
even better investment this 
year. 

808
00:41:44,300 --> 00:41:47,600
You might have thought you could
drive even fastest since you 

809
00:41:47,600 --> 00:41:49,000
hadn't gotten a speeding ticket 
yet. 

810
00:41:49,000 --> 00:41:52,600
All the excitement on Wall 
Street, Mars some really bad 

811
00:41:52,600 --> 00:41:54,800
economic news in the summer of 
1929. 

812
00:41:55,800 --> 00:41:58,400
The production of goods in 
factories was beginning to slow 

813
00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:02,300
down Car Sales were going down, 
less building was being done. 

814
00:42:02,300 --> 00:42:05,400
But who cared about dull things.
Like industrial production when 

815
00:42:05,400 --> 00:42:08,300
RCA was still going up and 
everyone knew someone who had 

816
00:42:08,300 --> 00:42:09,500
made a lot of money in the 
market. 

817
00:42:11,000 --> 00:42:14,300
This part of the story is almost
like a dream, the real economy 

818
00:42:14,300 --> 00:42:17,600
which includes factories farms 
and other businesses that do 

819
00:42:17,600 --> 00:42:22,600
real work was getting tired. 
However, the stock market a 

820
00:42:22,600 --> 00:42:24,100
symbol of the real economies 
performance. 

821
00:42:24,100 --> 00:42:26,300
Consistently reached 
unprecedented Heights. 

822
00:42:27,100 --> 00:42:30,200
It felt like a movie where the 
music is happy and upbeat, but 

823
00:42:30,200 --> 00:42:32,000
the ship is slowly sinking on 
the screen. 

824
00:42:32,900 --> 00:42:35,100
Despite its role as the 
responsible adult in the 

825
00:42:35,100 --> 00:42:38,400
scenarios, the Federal Reserve 
found itself in a challenging 

826
00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:41,300
situation. 
Every time the Federal Reserve 

827
00:42:41,300 --> 00:42:44,000
attempted to curb the out of 
control stock trading, they 

828
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:46,400
faced accusations of harming, 
the US economy. 

829
00:42:46,400 --> 00:42:48,700
It is challenging to be the 
authority. 

830
00:42:48,700 --> 00:42:50,000
That must bring an end to a 
gathering. 

831
00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:53,000
When all participants are 
enjoying themselves, this is a 

832
00:42:53,000 --> 00:42:55,100
specialty true. 
If ending the party means 

833
00:42:55,100 --> 00:42:58,500
disrupting the fun. 
The Federal Reserve did raise 

834
00:42:58,500 --> 00:43:02,400
interest rates in August 1929 
thinking, that the action would 

835
00:43:02,400 --> 00:43:05,800
stop some people from borrowing 
money on speculation after 

836
00:43:05,800 --> 00:43:08,400
stumbling for a few days. 
The market just Shrugged it off 

837
00:43:08,400 --> 00:43:10,600
and kept going up. 
We tapped someone on the 

838
00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:13,100
shoulder but they just turned 
and danced faster. 

839
00:43:13,800 --> 00:43:16,900
By September, it was clear that 
the prices of the most famous 

840
00:43:16,900 --> 00:43:20,500
stocks did not make sense by any
standard measure people. 

841
00:43:20,500 --> 00:43:24,100
Put a lot of value on companies,
as if they would keep growing at

842
00:43:24,100 --> 00:43:27,100
impossible rates forever, 
someone must have known that you

843
00:43:27,100 --> 00:43:30,800
would be 15 feet tall by age 30 
since you had grown six inches 

844
00:43:30,800 --> 00:43:32,900
taller between the ages of 12 
and 14. 

845
00:43:33,800 --> 00:43:36,600
What was really sad was how many
regular people had put their 

846
00:43:36,600 --> 00:43:40,200
life savings into this Market? 
In individuals who are 

847
00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:43,500
diligently saved money, LED 
Frugal Lifestyles and 

848
00:43:43,500 --> 00:43:46,200
meticulously planned for their 
retirement, for decades, 

849
00:43:46,200 --> 00:43:48,800
suddenly began to question the 
wisdom of their cautious 

850
00:43:48,800 --> 00:43:51,700
approach. 
They sold their bonds took out 

851
00:43:51,700 --> 00:43:54,800
mortgages on their homes and put
all of their money on the 

852
00:43:54,800 --> 00:43:58,100
further rise and stock prices. 
Imagine that people in the 

853
00:43:58,108 --> 00:44:01,800
United States in September 1929 
were pleased with their 

854
00:44:01,800 --> 00:44:04,200
Investments and planning to 
retire early. 

855
00:44:05,100 --> 00:44:08,000
As they went to sleep, that 
night, they had no idea that 

856
00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:10,600
they were about to learn one of 
the most expensive lessons in 

857
00:44:10,600 --> 00:44:14,400
the history of the economy. 
The first few days of October, 

858
00:44:14,400 --> 00:44:17,500
1929 were the same as any other 
month during the Boom. 

859
00:44:18,200 --> 00:44:21,500
People got up looked at their 
stock prices smiled at their 

860
00:44:21,500 --> 00:44:24,500
gains on paper and went about 
their days feeling like they 

861
00:44:24,500 --> 00:44:28,000
were great at money. 
If you looked really closely and

862
00:44:28,000 --> 00:44:30,700
not many people, did you might 
have seen that the base was 

863
00:44:30,700 --> 00:44:34,100
beginning to crack. 
On October 3rd, the market had 

864
00:44:34,100 --> 00:44:36,000
what Traders called a technical 
correction. 

865
00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:40,100
This was the first real sign of 
trouble in Wall Street torque. 

866
00:44:40,100 --> 00:44:43,700
That means don't worry about it,
prices dropped for no reason. 

867
00:44:43,700 --> 00:44:46,900
It may not seem like a big deal,
but the Dow Jones Industrial 

868
00:44:46,900 --> 00:44:50,000
Average went down by about 6 
points, this is because people 

869
00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:51,300
were used to it going up every 
day. 

870
00:44:52,300 --> 00:44:54,300
But everyone knew that markets 
have bad days. 

871
00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:57,000
Every so often it was important 
not to freak out. 

872
00:44:57,800 --> 00:45:00,700
Fear was for people who didn't 
know that America had entered a 

873
00:45:00,700 --> 00:45:03,900
new age of permanent wealth. 
The deal was a chance for the 

874
00:45:03,908 --> 00:45:06,900
smart money or at least the 
money that thought it was smart 

875
00:45:06,900 --> 00:45:10,000
to buy. 
Stocks for sale, how could you 

876
00:45:10,000 --> 00:45:13,300
say no to that? 
The market, exhibited, the 

877
00:45:13,300 --> 00:45:16,300
typical behavior of fluctuating 
unpredictably when it is 

878
00:45:16,300 --> 00:45:18,800
uncertain about its direction. 
For the next two weeks. 

879
00:45:19,800 --> 00:45:21,900
The market fluctuates daily, 
yet. 

880
00:45:21,900 --> 00:45:25,500
It largey remained steady. 
Akin to an inebriated individual

881
00:45:25,500 --> 00:45:27,100
attempting to maintain a 
straight path. 

882
00:45:27,900 --> 00:45:30,800
Not many people were worried. 
The market was just taking a 

883
00:45:30,800 --> 00:45:34,900
break before The Next Step Up. 
On October 18th, however, the 

884
00:45:34,900 --> 00:45:38,200
music began to slow down. 
This date would become famous 

885
00:45:38,200 --> 00:45:40,800
over time. 
The market dropped considerably,

886
00:45:40,800 --> 00:45:44,900
but this time it felt different.
It wasn't the slow decline in 

887
00:45:44,908 --> 00:45:48,100
early October instead, it seemed
like the market remembered 

888
00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:49,600
something important, but didn't 
like it. 

889
00:45:49,600 --> 00:45:52,700
As of this point, many people 
had borrowed money to buy 

890
00:45:52,700 --> 00:45:55,900
stocks, leaving them open to 
something called a margin. 

891
00:45:55,900 --> 00:45:59,200
Call to explain. 
Let's say you borrowed. 900 

892
00:45:59,200 --> 00:46:00,900
dollars to buy stock worth 
1,000. 

893
00:46:00,900 --> 00:46:03,700
It's possible that you'd owe 
more money than the stock was 

894
00:46:03,700 --> 00:46:05,300
worth. 
If it dropped to 800 dollars, 

895
00:46:05,300 --> 00:46:08,800
the bank would call and ask you 
to either add cash or sell stock

896
00:46:08,800 --> 00:46:12,400
to repay the loan, many people 
got those calls on October 18th.

897
00:46:12,400 --> 00:46:14,800
You aren't concerned about 
getting a good price. 

898
00:46:14,800 --> 00:46:17,900
When you have to sell stock to 
pay back alone, you just need to

899
00:46:17,900 --> 00:46:21,200
get rid of it quickly. 
Prices drop even faster. 

900
00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:22,800
When many people need to sell 
quickly. 

901
00:46:22,800 --> 00:46:25,800
At the same time, this leads to 
more margin calls which caused 

902
00:46:25,800 --> 00:46:29,400
even more, people to sell like a
Cascade of money for each rock 

903
00:46:29,400 --> 00:46:30,800
that falls. 
Sets off more rocks. 

904
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:35,200
The weekend of October 19th and 
20th, lightly marked the last 

905
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:37,700
time, most Americans believe 
they were living in an era of 

906
00:46:37,700 --> 00:46:40,900
never-ending. 
Well, Newspapers always willing 

907
00:46:40,900 --> 00:46:43,900
to help wrote stories that made 
people feel better by saying 

908
00:46:43,900 --> 00:46:45,700
that this was only a short-term 
setback. 

909
00:46:46,500 --> 00:46:49,600
Smart buyers took advantage of 
this chance to identify deals. 

910
00:46:50,300 --> 00:46:53,500
By Monday, everything would be 
fine on Tuesday. 

911
00:46:53,500 --> 00:46:56,300
October 21st, everything was 
fine. 

912
00:46:56,300 --> 00:47:00,200
The market opened trade went on 
and the world didn't end. 

913
00:47:00,200 --> 00:47:04,200
However, the situation remained 
largely unchanged throughout the

914
00:47:04,200 --> 00:47:07,100
day. 
Prices steadily declined, akin 

915
00:47:07,100 --> 00:47:08,400
to water. 
Gradually draining from a 

916
00:47:08,408 --> 00:47:11,300
bathtub. 
Tuesday was worse when Wednesday

917
00:47:11,300 --> 00:47:16,400
was even worse Friday, October 
24th which would become famously

918
00:47:16,400 --> 00:47:19,700
known as black Thursday. 
Something very important to 

919
00:47:19,700 --> 00:47:23,300
change. 
It wasn't a fix and update or 

920
00:47:23,300 --> 00:47:25,200
any other plight business term 
for the same thing. 

921
00:47:25,900 --> 00:47:29,300
It was just pure fear. 
Imagine waking up on October 

922
00:47:29,300 --> 00:47:33,500
24th, to find that your nest egg
is shrunk not just a little but 

923
00:47:33,500 --> 00:47:35,700
by a large enough amount that 
you feel like you need to do 

924
00:47:35,700 --> 00:47:38,900
some math in your head. 
When you attempt to contact your

925
00:47:38,900 --> 00:47:41,200
dealer, the phone lines 
experience, congestion. 

926
00:47:41,200 --> 00:47:44,500
Nobody appears to understand the
status of their Investments, 

927
00:47:44,500 --> 00:47:48,700
despite everyone's efforts, to 
learn an all-time high of over 

928
00:47:48,700 --> 00:47:51,900
12 million shares were traded 
that day, which is about three 

929
00:47:51,900 --> 00:47:54,200
times. 
The normal amount The stock 

930
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:56,900
price is, were meant to be shown
on ticker tape machines all day,

931
00:47:56,900 --> 00:48:00,500
but they couldn't keep up, they 
were hours behind schedule by 

932
00:48:00,500 --> 00:48:02,800
the afternoon, so no one knew 
what anything was worth. 

933
00:48:03,400 --> 00:48:06,100
People bought and sold stocks 
without knowing what the prices 

934
00:48:06,100 --> 00:48:08,700
were and sellers didn't know 
what they were getting charged. 

935
00:48:08,700 --> 00:48:11,900
As you go to sleep tonight, 
picture what Wall Street looked 

936
00:48:11,900 --> 00:48:14,900
like that Thursday night. 
Many people gathered around the 

937
00:48:14,900 --> 00:48:18,100
Stock Exchange, ticker tape was 
strewn across the streets like 

938
00:48:18,100 --> 00:48:21,400
confetti after a parade that no 
one wanted to go to and the 

939
00:48:21,400 --> 00:48:24,200
sound of a party ending for the 
evening could be heard somewhere

940
00:48:24,200 --> 00:48:27,700
in the Darkness. 
The party finished on October 

941
00:48:27,700 --> 00:48:32,000
24th, on October 29th, also 
known as Black Tuesday. 

942
00:48:32,000 --> 00:48:35,300
The police were called all the 
lights were turned on and 

943
00:48:35,300 --> 00:48:38,100
everyone saw the mess. 
They had made, it's already very

944
00:48:38,100 --> 00:48:40,400
different from the world, you 
went to sleep in when you wake 

945
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:42,800
up at Tuesday Morning, Over the 
weekend. 

946
00:48:42,800 --> 00:48:45,600
It became clear that this wasn't
just a short-term setback. 

947
00:48:45,600 --> 00:48:48,600
Even though Banks and well, 
known financiers were working 

948
00:48:48,600 --> 00:48:51,400
hard to restore Trust. 
It really happened. 

949
00:48:51,400 --> 00:48:53,500
There was a full-on banking 
Panic. 

950
00:48:53,500 --> 00:48:56,300
It was challenging for the 
morning newspapers to stay 

951
00:48:56,300 --> 00:48:59,200
positive, but you could read the
fear in the words. 

952
00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:03,000
The headlines talked about 
temporary Market adjustments and

953
00:49:03,000 --> 00:49:05,100
buying opportunities for smart 
investors. 

954
00:49:05,900 --> 00:49:08,400
But the numbers indicated that 
things were not what they seemed

955
00:49:08,400 --> 00:49:10,800
to be. 
Stocks were going down quickly 

956
00:49:10,800 --> 00:49:14,000
after slowly going up for 
months, when the stock market 

957
00:49:14,000 --> 00:49:17,300
opened at 10 a.m. millions of 
shares were already available 

958
00:49:17,300 --> 00:49:20,500
for sale prices, don't just drop
during a panic. 

959
00:49:20,500 --> 00:49:23,900
They crash because everyone 
wants to sell but no one wants 

960
00:49:23,900 --> 00:49:26,000
to buy. 
It's like musical chairs. 

961
00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:28,900
But someone took away all the 
chairs at once and everyone saw 

962
00:49:28,900 --> 00:49:32,600
it at the same time, over 16 
million shares were traded that 

963
00:49:32,600 --> 00:49:35,000
day, which was a record. 
That wouldn't be broken for. 

964
00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:38,500
Almost, 40 years, black Thursday
was already too busy for the 

965
00:49:38,500 --> 00:49:41,000
ticker tape machines to keep up 
by noon. 

966
00:49:41,000 --> 00:49:44,300
They were reporting prices from 
10 a.m. they were hours behind 

967
00:49:44,300 --> 00:49:47,600
by the afternoon people made 
financial decisions based on 

968
00:49:47,600 --> 00:49:49,600
data, that was almost 
immediately outdated. 

969
00:49:50,600 --> 00:49:53,800
Imagine the scene in The 
Brokerage offices phones were 

970
00:49:53,800 --> 00:49:56,100
ringing. 
Nonstop workers were rushing to 

971
00:49:56,100 --> 00:49:58,700
handle sell orders. 
And customers were squeezing 

972
00:49:58,700 --> 00:50:01,100
together to find out what was 
going on with their Investments.

973
00:50:01,100 --> 00:50:04,100
Everyone was talking at the same
time and trying to shout over 

974
00:50:04,100 --> 00:50:06,200
the others. 
The ticker tape machine's 

975
00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:09,100
clattered and people began to 
realize something terrible was 

976
00:50:09,100 --> 00:50:12,000
happening. 
The most distressing aspect was 

977
00:50:12,000 --> 00:50:14,600
witnessing ordinary individuals.
Discover they had lost their 

978
00:50:14,600 --> 00:50:18,100
entire life savings. 
The secretary had used the money

979
00:50:18,100 --> 00:50:20,900
she earned from selling stocks 
to purchase that apartment 

980
00:50:20,900 --> 00:50:23,500
building. 
The value of her stocks are 

981
00:50:23,500 --> 00:50:25,800
dropped since she bought them. 
Car driver. 

982
00:50:25,800 --> 00:50:29,000
Who quit when he was 35 his 
search for work. 

983
00:50:29,000 --> 00:50:31,700
Had begun again. 
Who was the mother who paid for 

984
00:50:31,700 --> 00:50:34,600
her daughter's wedding? 
There was no way for her to tell

985
00:50:34,600 --> 00:50:37,400
her family that the money was 
still there, but it wasn't just 

986
00:50:37,400 --> 00:50:39,100
small buyers, who lost all their
money. 

987
00:50:39,100 --> 00:50:42,100
The banks that gave all that 
money to buy stocks were all in 

988
00:50:42,100 --> 00:50:44,600
a lot of trouble. 
People couldn't pay back their 

989
00:50:44,600 --> 00:50:47,400
margin loans because the value 
of their stocks dropped below 

990
00:50:47,400 --> 00:50:50,300
what they borrowed. 
These circumstances meant that 

991
00:50:50,300 --> 00:50:52,100
the banks were left with useless
paper. 

992
00:50:52,100 --> 00:50:55,700
There was a chance that some 
banks, the specialty smaller 

993
00:50:55,700 --> 00:50:57,900
ones that had done a lot of 
dealing in the stock market 

994
00:50:57,900 --> 00:51:00,300
would fail. 
What a strange irony? 

995
00:51:01,000 --> 00:51:03,300
The system that had made all 
those paper richest was now 

996
00:51:03,300 --> 00:51:07,400
destroying them just as quickly 
calls on margin which at first 

997
00:51:07,400 --> 00:51:10,700
seemed like a smart way to boost
gains were now making losses 

998
00:51:10,700 --> 00:51:12,800
worse. 
People who bought stocks in 

999
00:51:12,808 --> 00:51:15,000
several different companies, 
thought they were lowering their

1000
00:51:15,000 --> 00:51:18,300
risk, but they soon learned that
when there is a panic, all 

1001
00:51:18,300 --> 00:51:21,600
stocks go down at the same time,
they were stories, going around 

1002
00:51:21,600 --> 00:51:24,100
all day, that would become part 
of Wall Street, folklore. 

1003
00:51:25,200 --> 00:51:27,500
There was the story that 
stockbrokers jumped out of 

1004
00:51:27,500 --> 00:51:31,000
office Windows, which was mostly
made up, but a few people did 

1005
00:51:31,000 --> 00:51:33,800
kill themselves in the weeks 
that followed the stories of 

1006
00:51:33,800 --> 00:51:36,500
millionaires who went from being
rich to being middle class. 

1007
00:51:36,500 --> 00:51:39,300
In one day, a middle-class 
families who went from being 

1008
00:51:39,300 --> 00:51:41,200
rich to being poor were more 
true. 

1009
00:51:41,200 --> 00:51:44,600
The Dow Jones Industrial Average
had declined by 12%. 

1010
00:51:44,600 --> 00:51:48,700
By the time, the market closed 
at 3 p.m. at that point, it was 

1011
00:51:48,700 --> 00:51:51,800
the second worst single day 
percentage drop in its history. 

1012
00:51:52,900 --> 00:51:55,800
The percentage doesn't show how 
sad it was for the millions of 

1013
00:51:55,800 --> 00:51:58,400
Americans who went to bed that 
night knowing that their 

1014
00:51:58,400 --> 00:52:02,200
financial plans, their hopes of 
retiring, early or sending their

1015
00:52:02,200 --> 00:52:05,600
kids to college had been turned 
into useless paper, certificates

1016
00:52:05,600 --> 00:52:08,600
evening, newspaper headlines, 
which attempted to maintain. 

1017
00:52:08,600 --> 00:52:12,700
A positive outlook, reclaimed 
phrases, like Market hits bottom

1018
00:52:12,700 --> 00:52:16,700
and worst is over, they were 
mistaken, the stock market 

1019
00:52:16,700 --> 00:52:18,400
crashed didn't end on Black 
Tuesday. 

1020
00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:21,600
It was just the worst day of 
what would be a much longer and 

1021
00:52:21,600 --> 00:52:24,900
worse slide. 
It was a huge financial hangover

1022
00:52:24,900 --> 00:52:27,400
in the United States in the days
after Black Tuesday. 

1023
00:52:27,400 --> 00:52:30,800
You know how it feels to stay 
up, too late at a party and then

1024
00:52:30,800 --> 00:52:33,300
question every choice you made 
the night before. 

1025
00:52:33,300 --> 00:52:37,100
That's how you feel in the 
morning in November 1929. 

1026
00:52:37,100 --> 00:52:40,100
That was the whole country. 
The first thing that happened 

1027
00:52:40,100 --> 00:52:42,900
was denial, which is probably 
the most normal thing that can 

1028
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:45,200
happen. 
This had to be temporary, right?

1029
00:52:45,200 --> 00:52:48,700
Once prices dropped enough, 
smart money, would come back 

1030
00:52:48,700 --> 00:52:52,000
into the market, someone like 
the government, or the banks 

1031
00:52:52,000 --> 00:52:55,700
would figure out how to fix this
the newspapers thought so too. 

1032
00:52:55,700 --> 00:52:58,000
Because they kept writing up 
Beats stories about bargain 

1033
00:52:58,000 --> 00:53:00,900
hunters and buying opportunities
all the way through November. 

1034
00:53:00,900 --> 00:53:04,000
As it turned out, president 
Herbert Hoover was in office 

1035
00:53:04,000 --> 00:53:06,900
when The Music stopped He 
initially made an effort to 

1036
00:53:06,900 --> 00:53:09,400
project confidence. 
He made reassuring statements 

1037
00:53:09,400 --> 00:53:12,600
about the basic strength of the 
American economy, which were 

1038
00:53:12,600 --> 00:53:16,100
accurate, but not very helpful. 
It is akin to informing someone 

1039
00:53:16,100 --> 00:53:19,300
that their house is structurally
sound while it is engulfed in 

1040
00:53:19,300 --> 00:53:22,600
flames all around them. 
It was true that the economy was

1041
00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:25,500
strong, but that didn't help the
millions of people who had just 

1042
00:53:25,500 --> 00:53:29,200
seen their funds disappear. 
The weeks, following the crash 

1043
00:53:29,200 --> 00:53:31,100
revealed, the interconnectedness
of everything. 

1044
00:53:32,100 --> 00:53:34,900
Stock market was no longer just 
a place for Rich investors to 

1045
00:53:34,900 --> 00:53:37,200
have fun. 
It was an important part of 

1046
00:53:37,200 --> 00:53:40,500
American Business. 
Banks are giving out loans based

1047
00:53:40,500 --> 00:53:42,300
on stock prices that were too 
high. 

1048
00:53:42,300 --> 00:53:45,200
A lot of businesses plan to grow
because they thought the good 

1049
00:53:45,200 --> 00:53:49,000
times would last Regular 
families had made big Financial 

1050
00:53:49,000 --> 00:53:53,000
choices based on gains that were
only on paper and were now gone,

1051
00:53:53,000 --> 00:53:55,900
it was almost as bad for 
people's mental health, as it 

1052
00:53:55,900 --> 00:53:58,700
was for their finances. 
For nearly a decade. 

1053
00:53:58,700 --> 00:54:00,600
Americans were told that wealth 
was normal. 

1054
00:54:00,600 --> 00:54:03,200
And that anyone could get rich 
by trading in the market 

1055
00:54:03,200 --> 00:54:06,300
individuals, who believe they 
were financially Savvy had to 

1056
00:54:06,308 --> 00:54:09,400
quickly confront the possibility
that they had been part of a 

1057
00:54:09,400 --> 00:54:12,300
widespread illusion. 
Most terrible thing about the 

1058
00:54:12,300 --> 00:54:14,600
crash was that it showed the 
lies that had kept the boom 

1059
00:54:14,608 --> 00:54:17,400
Going Could you please share 
those stories again about 

1060
00:54:17,400 --> 00:54:20,000
secretaries and cab drivers 
achieving financial success? 

1061
00:54:20,000 --> 00:54:24,000
Those people were now broke and 
their stories were meant to warn

1062
00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:27,700
instead of inspire Investment 
clubs that had sprung up in 

1063
00:54:27,700 --> 00:54:30,700
neighborhoods across the country
quietly broke up because their 

1064
00:54:30,700 --> 00:54:32,800
members were too ashamed to talk
about their losses. 

1065
00:54:32,800 --> 00:54:36,700
It was clear by December 1929 
that the result wasn't going to 

1066
00:54:36,700 --> 00:54:39,500
be a quick comeback. 
Stock price is kept going down 

1067
00:54:39,500 --> 00:54:42,500
but not in big drops all at once
instead. 

1068
00:54:42,500 --> 00:54:45,700
They went down slowly and 
steadily in a way that was 

1069
00:54:45,700 --> 00:54:47,200
almost worse than the initial 
fear. 

1070
00:54:48,100 --> 00:54:51,800
Panic is at least interesting. 
Slow decline is just sad. 

1071
00:54:51,800 --> 00:54:55,500
It's like every day seeing 
someone, you care about get sick

1072
00:54:55,500 --> 00:54:57,200
and not being able to do 
anything about it. 

1073
00:54:58,300 --> 00:55:01,000
Thanks, that were eager to give 
money to buy stocks when now 

1074
00:55:01,000 --> 00:55:02,800
desperately trying to get those 
loans paid back. 

1075
00:55:03,700 --> 00:55:06,600
But a stone doesn't have blood 
and people can't give you money.

1076
00:55:06,600 --> 00:55:10,200
They don't have the first Banks 
to fail were the smaller ones 

1077
00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:11,900
that have been most involved in 
stock market. 

1078
00:55:11,900 --> 00:55:15,100
Speculation as the crash is 
spread, they moved up to the 

1079
00:55:15,100 --> 00:55:17,900
bigger Banks. 
Not many people knew the truth 

1080
00:55:17,900 --> 00:55:21,200
yet, but the stock market crash 
was only the beginning. 

1081
00:55:22,600 --> 00:55:25,300
Those who thought the crash 
wouldn't affect the real economy

1082
00:55:25,300 --> 00:55:29,000
factories farms and shops were 
about to be proven wrong. 

1083
00:55:29,900 --> 00:55:32,500
Losing their life savings, 
discourages people from making 

1084
00:55:32,500 --> 00:55:36,200
purchases, when people don't buy
things, businesses stopped, 

1085
00:55:36,200 --> 00:55:38,400
making them people lose their 
jobs. 

1086
00:55:38,400 --> 00:55:41,400
When companies stop making 
things, people tend to stop 

1087
00:55:41,400 --> 00:55:43,100
buying things when they lose 
their jobs. 

1088
00:55:43,100 --> 00:55:46,100
Once it starts his very 
difficult to break out of this 

1089
00:55:46,100 --> 00:55:49,300
vicious circle. 
Unemployment began to rise at 

1090
00:55:49,300 --> 00:55:53,100
the end of 1929 but people 
didn't fully understand how dire

1091
00:55:53,100 --> 00:55:54,900
things were going to get for a 
few more months. 

1092
00:55:55,700 --> 00:55:59,300
Not only did the stock market 
crash wipe out wealth, but it 

1093
00:55:59,300 --> 00:56:02,600
also destroyed Trust. 
It turns out that confidence is 

1094
00:56:02,600 --> 00:56:05,000
one of the most important parts 
of a healthy economy. 

1095
00:56:05,800 --> 00:56:07,600
The sad. 
Irony was that the things that 

1096
00:56:07,600 --> 00:56:08,900
made the boom? 
So amazing. 

1097
00:56:09,700 --> 00:56:13,500
Hope willingness to take risks 
and the belief that anything was

1098
00:56:13,500 --> 00:56:17,900
possible were now backfiring. 
At first, everyone thought 

1099
00:56:17,900 --> 00:56:20,600
stocks could only go up now 
everyone. 

1100
00:56:20,600 --> 00:56:24,400
Thought they could only go down 
prices were going down too low 

1101
00:56:24,400 --> 00:56:26,700
because of the same herd 
attitude that had pushed them up

1102
00:56:26,700 --> 00:56:30,000
too high. 
Now that the story is over you 

1103
00:56:30,000 --> 00:56:32,200
may be thinking about what 
happened next and more 

1104
00:56:32,200 --> 00:56:35,400
importantly, what we learned 
from this costly lesson in being

1105
00:56:35,400 --> 00:56:38,700
humble with money. 
The first question is about the 

1106
00:56:38,700 --> 00:56:41,900
Great Depression, which happened
for 10 years and had a giant 

1107
00:56:41,900 --> 00:56:45,700
impact on American society. 
The second question has a more 

1108
00:56:45,700 --> 00:56:48,300
difficult answer because the 
lessons people learned from the 

1109
00:56:48,300 --> 00:56:52,200
crash of 1929 weren't always the
ones that history was meant to 

1110
00:56:52,200 --> 00:56:55,300
teach them at the time. 
It looked like the most 

1111
00:56:55,300 --> 00:56:58,200
important lesson was that 
trading in the stock market was 

1112
00:56:58,200 --> 00:57:00,900
risky and not something regular 
people should do. 

1113
00:57:02,100 --> 00:57:05,300
For a generation of Americans 
investing in stocks lost all 

1114
00:57:05,300 --> 00:57:07,600
charm. 
It felt akin to dealing with 

1115
00:57:07,600 --> 00:57:09,800
explosives. 
This may have been an 

1116
00:57:09,800 --> 00:57:12,900
overreaction but it was to be 
expected from people who just 

1117
00:57:12,900 --> 00:57:14,200
saw their neighbor's lose 
everything. 

1118
00:57:15,100 --> 00:57:17,300
It took a while, but the 
government also learned some 

1119
00:57:17,300 --> 00:57:19,900
things, a lot of the worst 
things that happened in the 

1120
00:57:19,900 --> 00:57:23,500
1920s were stopped by new rules,
to keep an eye on the stock 

1121
00:57:23,500 --> 00:57:25,600
Marv, they established the 
Securities and Exchange 

1122
00:57:25,608 --> 00:57:27,400
Commission to monitor the stock 
market. 

1123
00:57:28,300 --> 00:57:29,900
Customers money to bet on 
stocks. 

1124
00:57:30,700 --> 00:57:33,100
Deposit Insurance was made so 
that people wouldn't lose their 

1125
00:57:33,100 --> 00:57:34,600
savings. 
If their bank went out of 

1126
00:57:34,608 --> 00:57:38,600
business, while these changes 
were wise, they arrived too late

1127
00:57:38,600 --> 00:57:40,400
to assist those who had already 
lost their lives. 

1128
00:57:41,200 --> 00:57:44,300
But here's the thing about 
people, We're very Adept at 

1129
00:57:44,300 --> 00:57:47,000
forgetting the exact lessons we 
learned from the last disaster 

1130
00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:49,300
while still being open to the 
next one. 

1131
00:57:50,000 --> 00:57:53,700
People who lived through 1929 
were very wary of speculating in

1132
00:57:53,700 --> 00:57:57,400
the stock market, their children
and grandkids who didn't live 

1133
00:57:57,400 --> 00:57:59,300
through the crash were not as 
careful. 

1134
00:58:00,700 --> 00:58:04,600
America experienced another 
speculative frenzy in the 1990s 

1135
00:58:04,600 --> 00:58:07,700
this time. 
The speculation frenzy focused 

1136
00:58:07,700 --> 00:58:11,700
on internet stocks which often 
lost money and sometimes made no

1137
00:58:11,700 --> 00:58:14,200
profit at all. 
People quit their jobs to become

1138
00:58:14,200 --> 00:58:16,800
day Traders. 
New technology seemed to change 

1139
00:58:16,800 --> 00:58:20,100
everything and stock prices that
had nothing to do with how 

1140
00:58:20,100 --> 00:58:23,400
businesses actually worked made 
the.com bubble of the late 

1141
00:58:23,400 --> 00:58:27,700
1990s. 
Eerily resemble 1929 experts 

1142
00:58:27,700 --> 00:58:29,900
were quick to point out why this
time is different. 

1143
00:58:29,900 --> 00:58:33,100
People were shocked when that 
boom burst in 2000. 

1144
00:58:33,100 --> 00:58:36,600
Even though anyone who knew what
happened in 1929 could have seen

1145
00:58:36,600 --> 00:58:40,600
it coming the 2000 housing 
bubble had easy credit gambling 

1146
00:58:40,600 --> 00:58:44,200
and the belief that prices could
only rise people were once again

1147
00:58:44,200 --> 00:58:49,000
shocked when that boom burst in 
2008 causing another financial 

1148
00:58:49,000 --> 00:58:51,700
crisis. 
Every generation must acquire 

1149
00:58:51,700 --> 00:58:54,400
these lessons in dependently, 
often through painful 

1150
00:58:54,400 --> 00:58:56,800
experiences. 
It's challenging to remember the

1151
00:58:56,800 --> 00:59:00,000
most important lesson from 1929.
When the market is booming, 

1152
00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:03,700
markets are driven by feelings 
as much as they are by economic 

1153
00:59:03,700 --> 00:59:06,500
facts. 
When everyone is, happy prices 

1154
00:59:06,500 --> 00:59:08,100
go up way. 
Past, what makes sense? 

1155
00:59:08,100 --> 00:59:11,000
Price has dropped below. 
What makes sense when everyone 

1156
00:59:11,000 --> 00:59:13,300
is negative. 
It makes sense to be careful 

1157
00:59:13,300 --> 00:59:16,500
when everyone else is happy and 
brave when everyone else is sad,

1158
00:59:16,500 --> 00:59:19,300
but that means going against 
your feelings and the crowd, 

1159
00:59:19,300 --> 00:59:22,300
which is never easy. 
Another thing I learned is that 

1160
00:59:22,300 --> 00:59:25,200
adding more complexity, doesn't 
always get rid of the risk. 

1161
00:59:25,200 --> 00:59:29,300
It just hides it. 
In the 1920s, the system of 

1162
00:59:29,300 --> 00:59:32,900
margin loans seemed like a smart
way to let more people 

1163
00:59:32,900 --> 00:59:34,800
participate in the growth of the
market. 

1164
00:59:34,800 --> 00:59:39,300
In fact, it made the crash worse
by amplifying, gains and losses.

1165
00:59:39,300 --> 00:59:43,100
It seems like every time there 
is a financial crisis, something

1166
00:59:43,100 --> 00:59:46,400
new comes out that is meant to 
make investing safer, but ends 

1167
00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:50,300
up making it riskier. 
The 1929 crash may have taught 

1168
00:59:50,300 --> 00:59:53,800
us more than anything else, that
there is no such thing as cheap 

1169
00:59:53,800 --> 00:59:56,500
money. 
The people who got rich in the 

1170
00:59:56,508 --> 00:59:59,200
1920 stock market, once smarter 
than everyone else. 

1171
00:59:59,200 --> 01:00:02,200
They were just lucky enough to 
own stocks when everyone else 

1172
01:00:02,200 --> 01:00:06,300
wanted to buy them. 
When that changed their paper 

1173
01:00:06,300 --> 01:00:09,800
gains went away, just as quickly
as they came, as you drift off 

1174
01:00:09,800 --> 01:00:12,700
to sleep contemplate, those 
lessons and how strong the 

1175
01:00:12,700 --> 01:00:16,600
people who lived through that 
time were they rebounded absorb 

1176
01:00:16,600 --> 01:00:19,600
their mistakes and bolstered and
stabilized the economy. 

1177
01:00:19,600 --> 01:00:23,200
Despite the devastating impact 
of the 1929 crash. 

1178
01:00:23,200 --> 01:00:27,800
It was not a catastrophic event.
Not just what can go wrong, but 

1179
01:00:27,800 --> 01:00:30,700
also how people fix things is 
sometimes the most important 

1180
01:00:30,700 --> 01:00:34,600
thing to learn from the past. 
The stock market did perform 

1181
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:38,200
better in the end but it took 25
years for it to hit its high 

1182
01:00:38,200 --> 01:00:42,100
points again in 1929. 
People became more careful and 

1183
01:00:42,100 --> 01:00:44,200
less trusting of plans to get 
rich quickly. 

1184
01:00:45,000 --> 01:00:48,000
They also learned to Value 
steady long-term growth more 

1185
01:00:48,000 --> 01:00:51,100
than big gains, the oso learned 
that people are creative and 

1186
01:00:51,100 --> 01:00:53,300
strong even in uncertain 
markets. 

1187
01:00:54,100 --> 01:00:56,000
Good night. 
And remember that, the oldest 

1188
01:00:56,000 --> 01:00:58,300
piece of investment advice is 
probably still the best. 

1189
01:00:59,200 --> 01:01:01,800
If it sounds too good to be 
true, it probably is. 

1190
01:01:06,900 --> 01:01:09,300
Imagine yourself carrying 
everything you own on your back,

1191
01:01:09,300 --> 01:01:12,600
while you slog, through another 
muddy Valley, your goatskin 

1192
01:01:12,600 --> 01:01:17,000
boots squelching with each step,
once more your stomach rumbles, 

1193
01:01:17,000 --> 01:01:19,600
your shoulders hurt. 
And to be honest, you'll growing

1194
01:01:19,600 --> 01:01:22,000
weary of living a nomadic 
lifestyle to that sound 

1195
01:01:22,000 --> 01:01:25,000
familiar. 
Perhaps not precisely but your 

1196
01:01:25,000 --> 01:01:27,100
distant ancestors were 
conversing with themselves. 

1197
01:01:27,100 --> 01:01:31,100
About 9,000 years ago you see 
people have been perfectly happy

1198
01:01:31,100 --> 01:01:34,300
to roam around like Perpetual 
tourists without guidebooks for 

1199
01:01:34,300 --> 01:01:37,600
thousands of years. 
They would hunt anything, that 

1200
01:01:37,600 --> 01:01:41,300
didn't hunt them back, pick 
berries, follow the herds and 

1201
01:01:41,300 --> 01:01:44,300
generally take each day as it 
came, yes, it was easy but it 

1202
01:01:44,308 --> 01:01:47,100
was also tiring. 
Imagine never being able to say,

1203
01:01:47,100 --> 01:01:50,000
honey, I'm home because your 
home was wherever you collapse 

1204
01:01:50,000 --> 01:01:53,700
that evening. 
Then something magical occurred 

1205
01:01:53,700 --> 01:01:56,600
in what is now known as the 
Fertile Crescent though? 

1206
01:01:56,600 --> 01:01:59,600
No one was referring to it as 
such at the time because, well, 

1207
01:01:59,600 --> 01:02:02,100
no one had yet. 
Come up with appropriate names 

1208
01:02:02,100 --> 01:02:04,500
for Regions. 
It would all change when a 

1209
01:02:04,500 --> 01:02:07,600
clever human named Bob because 
every good story needs a bob 

1210
01:02:07,600 --> 01:02:10,700
discovered that plants could be 
trained, not trained in the 

1211
01:02:10,700 --> 01:02:13,200
sense that if you planted seeds 
in the same spot and gave them 

1212
01:02:13,200 --> 01:02:16,600
proper care, they would grow 
there year after year, but not 

1213
01:02:16,600 --> 01:02:18,800
trained in the same way as your 
neighbor's overly eager. 

1214
01:02:18,800 --> 01:02:21,500
Golden retriever really 
revolutionary stuff. 

1215
01:02:22,400 --> 01:02:26,900
Bob most likely thought, well, 
this changes everything as he 

1216
01:02:26,900 --> 01:02:30,300
stood there gazing at his first 
successful wheat patch, and it 

1217
01:02:30,300 --> 01:02:33,800
did Because a funny thing 
happened when Bob realized he 

1218
01:02:33,800 --> 01:02:36,200
could grow his own food rather 
than chasing it around the 

1219
01:02:36,200 --> 01:02:41,800
countryside, he became lethargic
lazy but in a good way, like, 

1220
01:02:41,800 --> 01:02:45,300
you know what? 
I'm tired of walking everywhere.

1221
01:02:45,300 --> 01:02:50,500
What if I just stayed here? 
Bob, thus constructed a small 

1222
01:02:50,500 --> 01:02:53,400
shelter for himself, it was 
simple and likely. 

1223
01:02:53,400 --> 01:02:56,300
Resembled a Beaver Dam created 
by someone who had never seen a 

1224
01:02:56,300 --> 01:02:58,900
beaver in person, however it 
belonged to him. 

1225
01:02:58,900 --> 01:03:02,900
Additionally, when other roving 
humans discovered Bob set up, 

1226
01:03:02,900 --> 01:03:06,500
they experience what scientists 
refer to as a light bulb moment.

1227
01:03:06,500 --> 01:03:10,500
There was more of a flickering 
torch moment because light bulbs

1228
01:03:10,500 --> 01:03:13,300
wouldn't be invented for another
8,900 years. 

1229
01:03:14,300 --> 01:03:17,400
Since truly good tools, had not 
yet, been created these early, 

1230
01:03:17,400 --> 01:03:20,000
settlers went the sharpest 
tools, in the shed that they 

1231
01:03:20,008 --> 01:03:22,400
knew when something was good Bob
soon. 

1232
01:03:22,400 --> 01:03:25,200
Had neighbors, then there were 
neighbors for Bob's neighbors. 

1233
01:03:25,200 --> 01:03:28,000
They had themselves a real 
settlement before anyone really 

1234
01:03:28,000 --> 01:03:31,200
understood what was going on. 
You would be mistaken to believe

1235
01:03:31,200 --> 01:03:33,600
that the earliest permanent 
settlements were all sunshine 

1236
01:03:33,600 --> 01:03:36,600
and rainbows from pre-history. 
There were difficulties 

1237
01:03:36,600 --> 01:03:38,400
associated with permanent 
residents. 

1238
01:03:38,400 --> 01:03:41,800
That no one had considered when 
they were traveling such as how 

1239
01:03:41,800 --> 01:03:44,500
to dispose of trash garbage. 
Is simple. 

1240
01:03:44,500 --> 01:03:47,500
When, you know, nomadic, we 
simply leave it behind and let 

1241
01:03:47,500 --> 01:03:50,700
nature take care of it. 
However, when you remain in one 

1242
01:03:50,700 --> 01:03:53,800
place, the fish bones of 
yesterday, turning into a pest 

1243
01:03:53,800 --> 01:03:56,200
problem of today. 
Then there was the whole 

1244
01:03:56,200 --> 01:04:00,000
personal space problem, it takes
some getting used to being 

1245
01:04:00,000 --> 01:04:02,900
within spitting distance of your
neighbor when you're used to 

1246
01:04:02,900 --> 01:04:04,800
having the whole Wilderness as 
your backyard. 

1247
01:04:05,600 --> 01:04:09,000
It's likely that prehistoric HOA
conflicts began early than you 

1248
01:04:09,000 --> 01:04:12,200
might imagine. 
However, something amazing was 

1249
01:04:12,200 --> 01:04:14,100
taking place in spite of these 
growing. 

1250
01:04:14,100 --> 01:04:17,400
Pains people had enough 
stability for the first time in 

1251
01:04:17,400 --> 01:04:20,900
human history, to begin planning
for the coming week, the coming 

1252
01:04:20,900 --> 01:04:25,200
season, and even tomorrow. 
They could plan store food, and 

1253
01:04:25,200 --> 01:04:27,700
start creating the kinds of 
innovations that only occur, 

1254
01:04:27,700 --> 01:04:30,200
when you're not always concerned
with where you're going to eat 

1255
01:04:30,200 --> 01:04:33,500
next or how you're not going to 
become someone else's next meal.

1256
01:04:34,400 --> 01:04:36,900
Creating civilization as we 
know, it was not the goal of the

1257
01:04:36,900 --> 01:04:37,800
first city. 
Builders. 

1258
01:04:37,800 --> 01:04:41,400
They simply wanted to stop 
walking so much and perhaps grow

1259
01:04:41,400 --> 01:04:43,200
their own lunch because they 
were exhausted. 

1260
01:04:44,000 --> 01:04:46,300
Unbeknownst to them. 
They were establishing the 

1261
01:04:46,300 --> 01:04:48,300
foundation for everything that 
would come after. 

1262
01:04:49,100 --> 01:04:53,900
Philosophy literature art and 
eventually drive through coffee 

1263
01:04:53,900 --> 01:04:56,400
shops. 
But one muddy brick at a time, 

1264
01:04:56,408 --> 01:05:00,500
that's precisely what they did. 
Now that you're a part of Bob's 

1265
01:05:00,500 --> 01:05:03,200
expanding Community, you're 
beginning to understand that the

1266
01:05:03,200 --> 01:05:07,200
whole staying in one place thing
is more difficult than anyone 

1267
01:05:07,200 --> 01:05:09,800
thought. 
Although you no longer have to 

1268
01:05:09,800 --> 01:05:13,100
bear the burden of your life. 
You now face new challenges that

1269
01:05:13,100 --> 01:05:14,800
you're nomadic forebears did not
face. 

1270
01:05:14,800 --> 01:05:18,700
For example, when 30 families 
decide they must share a water 

1271
01:05:18,700 --> 01:05:21,800
source or when all crops are 
ready at the same time and you 

1272
01:05:21,800 --> 01:05:24,900
find yourself with more grain 
than you can use the first 

1273
01:05:24,900 --> 01:05:27,400
actual city builders were 
essentially making it up as they

1274
01:05:27,400 --> 01:05:29,400
went along. 
And we're talking about places 

1275
01:05:29,400 --> 01:05:34,200
like Chateau in modern day, 
Turkey, Circa, 7500 BCE. 

1276
01:05:34,200 --> 01:05:36,700
Imagine attempting to resolve 
issues. 

1277
01:05:36,700 --> 01:05:38,200
That have never been encountered
before. 

1278
01:05:38,200 --> 01:05:41,700
Without the aid of Google 
instruction manuals or even a 

1279
01:05:41,700 --> 01:05:44,500
rudimentary knowledge of terms, 
like, urban planning, or Waste 

1280
01:05:44,500 --> 01:05:48,400
Management, consider housing, 
your home is whatever, makeshift

1281
01:05:48,400 --> 01:05:51,100
shelter, you can improvise when 
you're on the Move, however, 

1282
01:05:51,100 --> 01:05:53,900
long-term housing. 
It had never been done before 

1283
01:05:53,900 --> 01:05:56,900
the residents of Chattahoochee 
device to solution that would 

1284
01:05:56,900 --> 01:05:58,700
confound contemporary city 
planners. 

1285
01:05:58,700 --> 01:06:01,800
They constructed their homes in 
a way that resembled a massive 

1286
01:06:01,800 --> 01:06:05,500
prehistoric, apartment complex. 
And then, and this is the best 

1287
01:06:05,500 --> 01:06:07,600
part. 
They turned the roof tops into 

1288
01:06:07,600 --> 01:06:10,100
streets. 
Yes, exactly. 

1289
01:06:11,100 --> 01:06:13,900
It seems that front doors were 
overpriced to visit your 

1290
01:06:13,900 --> 01:06:16,100
neighbor. 
You had to ascend to your roof 

1291
01:06:16,100 --> 01:06:19,400
cross, a number of other roofs 
and then descend through their 

1292
01:06:19,400 --> 01:06:22,100
ceiling. 
It may sound crazy, but it 

1293
01:06:22,100 --> 01:06:24,000
actually fixed multiple issues 
at once. 

1294
01:06:24,800 --> 01:06:27,900
Long before germs were a thing. 
There was built in Social 

1295
01:06:27,900 --> 01:06:31,400
distancing. 
No wasted space on streets and 

1296
01:06:31,400 --> 01:06:35,100
easy defense against Intruders, 
try attacking a city when the 

1297
01:06:35,108 --> 01:06:37,000
only way in is through someone's
Skylight. 

1298
01:06:37,000 --> 01:06:39,500
Of course, there were problems 
with this system. 

1299
01:06:39,500 --> 01:06:42,800
Have you forgotten anything at 
home to go back and retrieve? 

1300
01:06:42,800 --> 01:06:45,900
It would require a lot of roof 
climbing, you throwing a party. 

1301
01:06:46,800 --> 01:06:48,900
I hope the dozens of people 
tramping, across your 

1302
01:06:48,908 --> 01:06:51,400
downstairs, neighbors. 
Sealing won't bother them and 

1303
01:06:51,400 --> 01:06:53,300
don't even consider what 
happened when someone had to 

1304
01:06:53,300 --> 01:06:56,800
make their way home across a 
dozen slick rooftops in the dark

1305
01:06:56,800 --> 01:07:01,000
after consuming too much for 
mented grain beverage Even 

1306
01:07:01,000 --> 01:07:04,500
though their inventions may seem
strange to us, the truly amazing

1307
01:07:04,500 --> 01:07:07,100
thing about these early city. 
Builders is that they were 

1308
01:07:07,100 --> 01:07:10,500
highly practical innovators, 
they discovered ways to keep 

1309
01:07:10,500 --> 01:07:12,600
their communities clean enough 
to prevent disease. 

1310
01:07:12,600 --> 01:07:16,100
How to store grain without it, 
going bad and how to divide up 

1311
01:07:16,100 --> 01:07:17,600
labor. 
So that not everyone had to work

1312
01:07:17,600 --> 01:07:20,800
on the land all the time. 
This final section was enormous.

1313
01:07:21,600 --> 01:07:24,600
Having Dependable food storage 
allows some people to focus on 

1314
01:07:24,600 --> 01:07:27,000
other things. 
Instead of worrying about what 

1315
01:07:27,000 --> 01:07:30,200
to eat for dinner the following 
week, such as developing better,

1316
01:07:30,200 --> 01:07:33,500
tools producing art or 
determining more effective 

1317
01:07:33,500 --> 01:07:37,600
methods for building homes. 
The first true economy emerged 

1318
01:07:37,600 --> 01:07:41,200
along with specialization, 
around this time, most likely 

1319
01:07:41,200 --> 01:07:43,800
began to see the first 
prehistoric business people 

1320
01:07:43,800 --> 01:07:47,300
someone who was very skilled at 
making Stone axes discovered 

1321
01:07:47,300 --> 01:07:50,800
that he could exchange them for 
pottery grain or anything else 

1322
01:07:50,800 --> 01:07:53,300
he needed. 
Someone else became the first 

1323
01:07:53,300 --> 01:07:56,200
unofficial mayor of the 
settlement after realizing they 

1324
01:07:56,200 --> 01:07:58,400
had a talent for planning 
Community projects. 

1325
01:07:59,200 --> 01:08:01,700
Congratulations, you've just 
created accounting. 

1326
01:08:03,000 --> 01:08:05,700
Someone else proved to be very 
Adept at keeping track of who 

1327
01:08:05,700 --> 01:08:08,900
owed what to whom. 
However, specialization brought 

1328
01:08:08,900 --> 01:08:11,500
with it, new social dynamics for
which no one was ready. 

1329
01:08:13,100 --> 01:08:16,600
In a hunter-gatherer Society. 
Everyone is essentially on an 

1330
01:08:16,600 --> 01:08:20,399
equal footing everyone is doing 
about the same thing even though

1331
01:08:20,399 --> 01:08:22,899
some people may be better 
hunters or gatherers than 

1332
01:08:22,899 --> 01:08:26,700
others, however, social 
stratification occurs when Ugg 

1333
01:08:26,700 --> 01:08:30,000
controls the grain Supply and 
rock produces the best pottery 

1334
01:08:30,000 --> 01:08:32,300
in town. 
In fact, the archaeological 

1335
01:08:32,300 --> 01:08:35,000
evidence indicates that these 
early settlements manage this 

1336
01:08:35,000 --> 01:08:37,899
quite effectively. 
Places like Chateau Holyoke 

1337
01:08:37,899 --> 01:08:41,399
Grand palaces and over Tinder of
extreme inequality. 

1338
01:08:42,399 --> 01:08:44,500
People appeared to have an 
innate understanding that 

1339
01:08:44,500 --> 01:08:47,399
everyone was participating in 
the experiment together, and 

1340
01:08:47,399 --> 01:08:49,700
that maintaining relative 
equality was better for 

1341
01:08:49,700 --> 01:08:52,100
everyone. 
Survival You can still picture 

1342
01:08:52,100 --> 01:08:54,000
the conversations, around the 
communal fire. 

1343
01:08:54,800 --> 01:08:56,800
But I work just as hard 
Gathering berries. 

1344
01:08:56,800 --> 01:08:59,600
Yes. 
But anyone can gather berries, 

1345
01:08:59,600 --> 01:09:04,000
not everyone can make pots that 
don't fall apart so because good

1346
01:09:04,000 --> 01:09:05,600
pots are hard to make and we 
need them. 

1347
01:09:05,600 --> 01:09:08,800
Why does grot get extra grain? 
Just because his pots, don't 

1348
01:09:08,800 --> 01:09:11,500
leak. 
Thus began the first labor 

1349
01:09:11,500 --> 01:09:14,500
disputes which were likely 
resolved by the most diplomatic 

1350
01:09:14,500 --> 01:09:17,700
person who could persuade 
everyone to stop fighting and 

1351
01:09:17,700 --> 01:09:18,800
come up with a reasonable 
solution. 

1352
01:09:20,300 --> 01:09:23,000
The seeds of group decision 
making were undoubtedly being 

1353
01:09:23,000 --> 01:09:26,200
sown, even though democracy was 
still thousands of years away. 

1354
01:09:27,200 --> 01:09:30,300
Now that your truly getting used
to City Life, your learning that

1355
01:09:30,300 --> 01:09:32,500
sharing living quarters with 
hundreds of other people 

1356
01:09:32,500 --> 01:09:36,100
presents difficulties that would
make any contemporary Urban plan

1357
01:09:36,100 --> 01:09:39,100
a crime to their coffee, these 
were people who were figuring 

1358
01:09:39,100 --> 01:09:42,700
out civilization from scratch, 
one Orchard neighbor interaction

1359
01:09:42,700 --> 01:09:45,300
at a time. 
Keep in mind that they weren't 

1360
01:09:45,300 --> 01:09:48,399
raised with an understanding of 
ideas like shared resources or 

1361
01:09:48,399 --> 01:09:51,100
Community standards. 
Let's discuss. 

1362
01:09:51,100 --> 01:09:53,500
What transpired after 
settlements group past the point

1363
01:09:53,500 --> 01:09:56,000
at which everyone knows everyone
else's business. 

1364
01:09:57,000 --> 01:09:59,708
Social pressure is a good way to
keep people in line in a small 

1365
01:09:59,716 --> 01:10:03,000
group when everyone else can see
exactly what you're doing all 

1366
01:10:03,000 --> 01:10:04,900
day. 
Nobody wants to be the one who 

1367
01:10:04,900 --> 01:10:08,000
doesn't do their share. 
However, anonymity begins to 

1368
01:10:08,000 --> 01:10:10,400
creep in when your settlement 
reaches several hundred 

1369
01:10:10,400 --> 01:10:12,900
residents and the first 
freeloaders arrived along with 

1370
01:10:12,908 --> 01:10:15,900
anonymity. 
You know, the kind the archaic 

1371
01:10:15,900 --> 01:10:18,500
counterpart of your neighbor who
takes your lawnmower and never 

1372
01:10:18,500 --> 01:10:21,500
gives it back. 
However, in this instance, it's 

1373
01:10:21,500 --> 01:10:24,300
more akin to the individual who 
consumes food from the communal 

1374
01:10:24,300 --> 01:10:26,500
Grain Stores, but never helps 
with the Harvest. 

1375
01:10:27,200 --> 01:10:30,100
Modern HR departments would be 
proud of the accountability 

1376
01:10:30,100 --> 01:10:31,700
systems. 
These early cities had to 

1377
01:10:31,700 --> 01:10:35,700
devise. 
By 8,000 BCE settlements were 

1378
01:10:35,700 --> 01:10:37,600
facing problems. 
That seem surprisingly 

1379
01:10:37,600 --> 01:10:39,800
contemporary. 
According to archaeological 

1380
01:10:39,800 --> 01:10:43,100
evidence from sites, like 
Jericho, one of the oldest 

1381
01:10:43,100 --> 01:10:47,200
continuously inhabited cities in
the world for example, property 

1382
01:10:47,200 --> 01:10:51,000
disputes People start to care a 
lot about who owns what when 

1383
01:10:51,000 --> 01:10:54,300
land becomes valuable due to its
fertility or advantageous 

1384
01:10:54,300 --> 01:10:56,700
location. 
Neighbors, attempting to 

1385
01:10:56,700 --> 01:10:59,900
determine precisely where one 
family's plot ended and 

1386
01:10:59,900 --> 01:11:02,900
another's began like conducted 
the initial surveying rather 

1387
01:11:02,900 --> 01:11:04,800
than experts with sophisticated 
equipment. 

1388
01:11:06,000 --> 01:11:08,700
Then there is the Intriguing 
evolution of the first Public 

1389
01:11:08,700 --> 01:11:11,500
Works initiatives. 
You live in a settlement that 

1390
01:11:11,500 --> 01:11:14,200
has gotten so big that 
individual families are no 

1391
01:11:14,208 --> 01:11:15,600
longer able to keep up the 
infrastructure. 

1392
01:11:15,600 --> 01:11:20,100
A well that supplies water to 50
people requires different upkeep

1393
01:11:20,100 --> 01:11:22,300
than one that supplies water to 
five families. 

1394
01:11:22,300 --> 01:11:25,500
All of a sudden you have to plan
coordinate and get ready. 

1395
01:11:25,500 --> 01:11:28,900
Pay your first taxes. 
The complaints likely 

1396
01:11:28,900 --> 01:11:32,000
reverberated throughout the 
settlement for weeks, imagine 

1397
01:11:32,000 --> 01:11:34,900
having to stand up at the 
community meeting and say so 

1398
01:11:34,900 --> 01:11:37,800
folks we need everyone to 
contribute extra grain this 

1399
01:11:37,800 --> 01:11:40,800
season because we're going to 
hire grock and his sons to spend

1400
01:11:40,800 --> 01:11:42,900
the next month. 
Fixing the irrigation channels 

1401
01:11:42,900 --> 01:11:46,700
instead of farming However, 
these early Urban dwellers 

1402
01:11:46,700 --> 01:11:49,800
managed to figure it out somehow
they like likely created more 

1403
01:11:49,800 --> 01:11:52,300
complex Collective 
decision-making systems than we 

1404
01:11:52,308 --> 01:11:54,700
realize. 
According to recent 

1405
01:11:54,700 --> 01:11:58,300
archaeological findings, many 
early settlements had places set

1406
01:11:58,300 --> 01:12:01,400
aside for Community meetings, 
which other precursors of city 

1407
01:12:01,400 --> 01:12:05,100
councils and town halls. 
Naturally things did not go as 

1408
01:12:05,100 --> 01:12:08,500
player and the first wave of 
crime will occur when hundreds 

1409
01:12:08,500 --> 01:12:11,200
of people are brought together 
and give them the first taste of

1410
01:12:11,208 --> 01:12:13,100
material prosperity in human 
history. 

1411
01:12:13,100 --> 01:12:17,100
Definitely theft but not 
necessarily violent crime. 

1412
01:12:17,100 --> 01:12:20,300
Temptation becomes quite a 
luring when you know exactly 

1413
01:12:20,300 --> 01:12:22,600
where your neighbor keeps. 
Their exceptionally well-made 

1414
01:12:22,600 --> 01:12:25,100
tools or a beautiful collection 
of pottery. 

1415
01:12:26,000 --> 01:12:29,000
Usually the response to this was
imaginative and focused on the 

1416
01:12:29,000 --> 01:12:31,800
community. 
Most settlements relied on what 

1417
01:12:31,800 --> 01:12:35,900
we might call restorative 
justice, making the wrongdoer 

1418
01:12:35,900 --> 01:12:37,700
make amends. 
With the person they wronged and

1419
01:12:37,708 --> 01:12:41,000
the community at large, instead 
of creating intricate legal 

1420
01:12:41,000 --> 01:12:44,800
systems right away, you may end 
up working someone else's fields

1421
01:12:44,800 --> 01:12:47,800
for a season in addition to your
own if you steal their grain. 

1422
01:12:48,400 --> 01:12:49,800
The speed at which these 
settlements. 

1423
01:12:49,800 --> 01:12:54,000
Establish networks of trade is 
truly amazing by 7,000 BCE 

1424
01:12:54,000 --> 01:12:57,300
seashells from the Mediterranean
are beginning to appear in 

1425
01:12:57,300 --> 01:13:00,500
Inland communities, and obsidian
from Turkey is beginning to 

1426
01:13:00,500 --> 01:13:04,000
appear in settlements, hundreds 
of miles away. this was a 

1427
01:13:04,000 --> 01:13:07,700
systematic exchange, that 
required standardization trust 

1428
01:13:07,700 --> 01:13:11,200
and most likely, the earliest 
Credit Systems, it was not 

1429
01:13:11,200 --> 01:13:15,500
merely sporadic trading consider
this Without written contracts, 

1430
01:13:15,500 --> 01:13:18,600
without legal enforcement 
without any of the systems we 

1431
01:13:18,600 --> 01:13:21,800
take for granted these are early
cities developed International 

1432
01:13:21,800 --> 01:13:24,200
Commerce. 
Someone in your settlement is 

1433
01:13:24,200 --> 01:13:27,200
trusted Enough by people days 
away to show up with a cart full

1434
01:13:27,200 --> 01:13:29,100
of grain. 
And say, I'll take those 

1435
01:13:29,100 --> 01:13:32,100
obsidian blades. 
Now, my cousin will be by next 

1436
01:13:32,100 --> 01:13:35,500
month with the pottery. 
We owe you Most astonishingly 

1437
01:13:35,500 --> 01:13:39,000
though, they were beginning to 
create culture, not just a means

1438
01:13:39,000 --> 01:13:42,300
of survival, but real art music 
and narrative. 

1439
01:13:43,100 --> 01:13:46,800
Archaeologists discover musical 
instruments decorated pottery 

1440
01:13:46,800 --> 01:13:49,500
and carved figurines when 
Excavating these early 

1441
01:13:49,500 --> 01:13:52,200
settlements. 
Individuals who had only been 

1442
01:13:52,200 --> 01:13:55,100
living hand-to-mouth for a few 
Generations were investing time 

1443
01:13:55,100 --> 01:13:59,400
and money and expression, 
creativity and Beauty, even 

1444
01:13:59,400 --> 01:14:01,000
though you are probably unaware 
of it. 

1445
01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:04,700
At the time you were seeing the 
beginning of civilization, you 

1446
01:14:04,700 --> 01:14:07,200
believed that you were merely 
attempting to find a peaceful 

1447
01:14:07,200 --> 01:14:09,700
way to co-exist with your 
growing number of Neighbors. 

1448
01:14:10,400 --> 01:14:13,200
Living in the first real cities 
in human history, required, the 

1449
01:14:13,200 --> 01:14:15,600
acquisition of skills that were 
never necessary. 

1450
01:14:15,600 --> 01:14:19,300
For a nomadic lifestyle, such as
how to coexist with people, you 

1451
01:14:19,300 --> 01:14:22,500
didn't want to be around how to 
settle conflicts, without just 

1452
01:14:22,500 --> 01:14:25,700
relocating to a different area 
and how to organize activities, 

1453
01:14:25,700 --> 01:14:29,300
among hundreds of people who had
different opinions, about how 

1454
01:14:29,300 --> 01:14:32,500
things should be done. 
It felt like the first and most 

1455
01:14:32,500 --> 01:14:35,600
important group project in 
history and no one had ever 

1456
01:14:35,600 --> 01:14:38,400
worked on a group project 
before. settlements in 

1457
01:14:38,400 --> 01:14:41,900
locations, like to tell youyou 
had expanded to accommodate 

1458
01:14:41,900 --> 01:14:47,700
several thousand people by 
approximately 6,500 BCE To put 

1459
01:14:47,700 --> 01:14:50,700
that into perspective, these 
early City dwellers were in 

1460
01:14:50,700 --> 01:14:53,400
charge of population that were 
bigger than those of many small 

1461
01:14:53,400 --> 01:14:57,200
towns in the modern era but they
lacked the social legal and 

1462
01:14:57,200 --> 01:14:59,100
governmental Frameworks that we 
take for granted. 

1463
01:15:00,000 --> 01:15:02,800
They were making it up as they 
went along and it was working 

1464
01:15:02,800 --> 01:15:05,800
somehow. 
Just think of the logistics, 

1465
01:15:05,800 --> 01:15:08,700
organizing the production and 
distribution of food. 

1466
01:15:08,700 --> 01:15:11,900
For thousands of people 
controlling Water Supplies, 

1467
01:15:11,900 --> 01:15:14,800
disposing of waste, and 
preserving the types of 

1468
01:15:14,808 --> 01:15:17,500
specialized crafts that were 
transforming these settlements 

1469
01:15:17,500 --> 01:15:20,700
into thriving commercial, hubs 
to address these issues 

1470
01:15:20,700 --> 01:15:24,300
contemporary city planners rely 
on Decades of urban Theory and 

1471
01:15:24,300 --> 01:15:27,600
computer models, Common Sense, 
trial and error. 

1472
01:15:27,600 --> 01:15:30,800
And most likely a great deal of 
intense Community meetings were 

1473
01:15:30,800 --> 01:15:34,200
employed by your ancestors. 
The idea of communal work 

1474
01:15:34,200 --> 01:15:36,300
parties was one of the most 
Creative Solutions. 

1475
01:15:36,300 --> 01:15:39,700
These early cities came up with 
Do you need the walls of the 

1476
01:15:39,700 --> 01:15:41,800
settlement? 
Repairs for a few days? 

1477
01:15:41,800 --> 01:15:44,900
Everyone helps out. 
Is it Harvest Time to 

1478
01:15:44,900 --> 01:15:47,100
efficiently Harvest? 
Everyone's crops the entire 

1479
01:15:47,100 --> 01:15:51,100
Community pitches in large-scale
building project to boost 

1480
01:15:51,100 --> 01:15:54,400
Spirits, turn it into a social 
Gathering that combines a work 

1481
01:15:54,400 --> 01:15:58,300
party with food music and most 
likely some sort of fermented 

1482
01:15:58,300 --> 01:16:01,100
beverage. 
These were the best examples of 

1483
01:16:01,108 --> 01:16:03,300
social engineering, not just 
workable. 

1484
01:16:03,300 --> 01:16:07,400
Fixes, these early cities, 
strengthen social ties gave 

1485
01:16:07,400 --> 01:16:10,200
people a stake and shared 
infrastructure and provided 

1486
01:16:10,200 --> 01:16:13,100
opportunities for various 
families and craft experts, to 

1487
01:16:13,100 --> 01:16:15,900
collaborate and exchange 
knowledge by making major 

1488
01:16:15,900 --> 01:16:19,500
projects community events. 
But since things undoubtedly 

1489
01:16:19,500 --> 01:16:22,200
went wrong, in any Community 
with a population of several 

1490
01:16:22,200 --> 01:16:25,700
thousand, let's discuss what 
transpired when things went 

1491
01:16:25,700 --> 01:16:29,500
wrong property disputes disputes
over the distribution of 

1492
01:16:29,500 --> 01:16:33,200
resources disputes between 
various craft experts and the 

1493
01:16:33,200 --> 01:16:34,900
occasional Outburst of 
animosity. 

1494
01:16:35,900 --> 01:16:38,600
These early cities had to find 
innovative ways to resolve 

1495
01:16:38,600 --> 01:16:41,400
disputes because they lacked 
police departments Judicial 

1496
01:16:41,400 --> 01:16:43,800
Systems and established legal 
precedence. 

1497
01:16:44,600 --> 01:16:46,300
Archaeological evidence 
indicates. 

1498
01:16:46,300 --> 01:16:47,900
They became highly skilled at 
it. 

1499
01:16:48,600 --> 01:16:51,000
The majority of early settlement
appeared to have preferred 

1500
01:16:51,000 --> 01:16:53,800
strategies that focused on 
community Harmony and 

1501
01:16:53,800 --> 01:16:57,000
restoration over the development
of punitive Justice systems. 

1502
01:16:57,000 --> 01:17:00,700
Someone ruined your property, 
they fix it and give you a 

1503
01:17:00,700 --> 01:17:03,700
little extra to make up for the 
trouble to someone in fear with 

1504
01:17:03,700 --> 01:17:07,100
community service projects. 
To show their dedication to the 

1505
01:17:07,100 --> 01:17:08,700
group, they take on additional 
responsibilities. 

1506
01:17:08,700 --> 01:17:13,300
The way these communities dealt 
with repeat offenders, those who

1507
01:17:13,300 --> 01:17:16,200
simply could not or wouldn't 
adjust a city, life is a 

1508
01:17:16,208 --> 01:17:19,900
specialty intriguing, The 
majority of settlements appear 

1509
01:17:19,900 --> 01:17:22,400
to have employed banishment as a
last resort rather than 

1510
01:17:22,400 --> 01:17:24,200
execution or permanent 
imprisonment. 

1511
01:17:24,900 --> 01:17:27,000
Which would have required. 
A significant amount of 

1512
01:17:27,000 --> 01:17:29,000
resources and possibly caused 
instability. 

1513
01:17:30,100 --> 01:17:33,500
In essence, you are free to 
return to the nomadic lifestyle 

1514
01:17:33,500 --> 01:17:35,800
if you are unable to learn how 
to coexist with others. 

1515
01:17:36,700 --> 01:17:39,700
Although this may sound harsh, 
it was surprisingly effective 

1516
01:17:39,700 --> 01:17:43,000
and Humane for its time people 
were typically sufficiently 

1517
01:17:43,000 --> 01:17:45,800
motivated to resolve their 
differences by the prospect of 

1518
01:17:45,800 --> 01:17:49,300
losing the safety wealth. 
And social ties that came with 

1519
01:17:49,300 --> 01:17:53,100
living in a city. 
First true economic systems were

1520
01:17:53,100 --> 01:17:55,300
being developed in these early 
cities at the same time. 

1521
01:17:56,200 --> 01:17:59,600
Real market economies with 
standardized weights measures, 

1522
01:17:59,600 --> 01:18:03,200
and most likely early forms of 
currency existed in addition to 

1523
01:18:03,200 --> 01:18:07,500
trading and bartering by 6,000, 
BCE, according to archaeological

1524
01:18:07,500 --> 01:18:10,600
evidence some societies were 
representing different 

1525
01:18:10,600 --> 01:18:13,900
quantities of different Goods 
with standardized clay tokens. 

1526
01:18:13,900 --> 01:18:17,200
These were essentially the 
earliest accounting systems. 

1527
01:18:17,200 --> 01:18:20,100
Some intriguing social 
developments resulted from this 

1528
01:18:20,100 --> 01:18:23,400
wealth, could be a masked and 
preserved in ways other than 

1529
01:18:23,400 --> 01:18:26,200
immediate material belonging for
the first time in human history,

1530
01:18:26,200 --> 01:18:29,300
someone who is a specially 
skilled at arranging. 

1531
01:18:29,300 --> 01:18:31,000
Trade. 
Relations could become not just 

1532
01:18:31,000 --> 01:18:35,700
well fed, but truly prosperous 
due to skill in genuity and hard

1533
01:18:35,700 --> 01:18:38,600
work rather than luck or 
physical prowess, your children 

1534
01:18:38,600 --> 01:18:40,200
may have a better life than you 
did. 

1535
01:18:41,600 --> 01:18:44,300
This is the first instance of 
true social Mobility. 

1536
01:18:44,300 --> 01:18:48,700
However, Prosperity also brought
with it new difficulties when 

1537
01:18:48,700 --> 01:18:52,800
there is a real substantial item
to inherit, how do you handle 

1538
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:55,400
it? 
what occurs, when a family's 

1539
01:18:55,400 --> 01:18:58,800
wealth, surpasses, that of their
neighbors, when some people have

1540
01:18:58,800 --> 01:19:02,100
more resources than others, how 
can Community, cohesion be 

1541
01:19:02,100 --> 01:19:05,200
preserved, These early city 
builders demonstrated 

1542
01:19:05,200 --> 01:19:08,300
extraordinary sophistication in 
navigating these difficulties 

1543
01:19:08,300 --> 01:19:11,600
the majority of settlements 
established robust Customs 

1544
01:19:11,600 --> 01:19:13,400
whereby affluent. 
Families assumed more 

1545
01:19:13,400 --> 01:19:15,800
responsibility for the 
well-being of the community by 

1546
01:19:15,800 --> 01:19:19,500
organizing celebrations making 
larger contributions to Public 

1547
01:19:19,500 --> 01:19:22,900
Works projects and generally 
allocating their resources in 

1548
01:19:22,900 --> 01:19:24,500
ways that were advantageous to 
all. 

1549
01:19:25,400 --> 01:19:28,900
It was in like self-interest. 
The best way to safeguard your 

1550
01:19:28,900 --> 01:19:32,000
own Prosperity was to maintain 
the stability and prosperity of 

1551
01:19:32,000 --> 01:19:36,600
the entire community. 
One resolved issue at a time you

1552
01:19:36,600 --> 01:19:39,700
witnessed the development of 
civilization when the first 

1553
01:19:39,700 --> 01:19:43,500
person chose to stop wandering 
and sow some seeds, your little 

1554
01:19:43,500 --> 01:19:46,700
experimental settlement grew 
into something that no one could

1555
01:19:46,700 --> 01:19:50,300
have predicted at that time. 
Something amazing has occurred 

1556
01:19:50,300 --> 01:19:52,300
in your community of several 
thousand people. 

1557
01:19:53,100 --> 01:19:55,600
Not everyone must spend their 
days worrying about the 

1558
01:19:55,600 --> 01:19:58,800
necessities of life for the 
first time in human history. 

1559
01:19:58,800 --> 01:20:02,300
There is enough food surplus and
stability for people to focus on

1560
01:20:02,300 --> 01:20:05,900
mastering particular skills. 
Your ancestors are intentionally

1561
01:20:05,900 --> 01:20:07,600
created. 
What is now known as the 

1562
01:20:07,600 --> 01:20:10,700
division of labor here and 
believe me, when I say that it 

1563
01:20:10,708 --> 01:20:13,000
was revolutionary and ways that 
are difficult for us to 

1564
01:20:13,000 --> 01:20:16,400
understand, from a modern 
standpoint, nobody can be truly 

1565
01:20:16,400 --> 01:20:19,800
good at one thing when everyone 
must be a generalist hunting 

1566
01:20:19,800 --> 01:20:23,100
Gathering making their own tools
building, their own shelters 

1567
01:20:23,100 --> 01:20:27,100
Etc, However, Crocs Pottery 
becomes wonderful when he is 

1568
01:20:27,108 --> 01:20:29,800
able to spend every day. 
Creating Pottery while someone 

1569
01:20:29,800 --> 01:20:32,800
else grows his food and builds 
his home and buy amazing. 

1570
01:20:32,800 --> 01:20:38,400
I mean it Around 6,000. 
BCE settlements like shuttle. 

1571
01:20:38,400 --> 01:20:41,900
Hoyuk produced Pottery tools, 
textiles and artwork. 

1572
01:20:41,900 --> 01:20:44,600
That was so Advanced that they 
would have made contemporary 

1573
01:20:44,600 --> 01:20:47,600
Crafts People jealous. 
These were people who made 

1574
01:20:47,600 --> 01:20:49,900
rudimentary practical things to 
make ends meet. 

1575
01:20:49,900 --> 01:20:53,500
These were Master Crafts People 
and artists who had the time and

1576
01:20:53,508 --> 01:20:57,400
financial means to hone their 
craft and Advance it. however, 

1577
01:20:57,400 --> 01:21:00,900
specialization brought about 
issues that no one had foreseen 

1578
01:21:00,900 --> 01:21:04,900
leadership is typically 
situational and informal when 

1579
01:21:04,900 --> 01:21:07,700
everyone knows how to do 
everything, the person with the 

1580
01:21:07,700 --> 01:21:11,200
most knowledge of the current 
issue assumes leadership, Who is

1581
01:21:11,208 --> 01:21:14,500
in charge of what when there are
Master Potters skilled Farmers, 

1582
01:21:14,500 --> 01:21:18,600
skilled, Builders talented, 
Traders, and gifted organizers. 

1583
01:21:18,600 --> 01:21:21,800
All residing in the same place 
more significantly. 

1584
01:21:21,800 --> 01:21:23,700
How do you organize all these 
experts? 

1585
01:21:23,700 --> 01:21:26,500
So they collaborate rather than 
just follow their own interests.

1586
01:21:27,100 --> 01:21:30,300
Your ancestors had to invent 
Management in this situation and

1587
01:21:30,300 --> 01:21:31,800
they did. 
So, without the aid of 

1588
01:21:31,800 --> 01:21:35,100
leadership, seminars or Business
Schools, they discovered via 

1589
01:21:35,100 --> 01:21:36,900
trial, and error. 
That different kinds of 

1590
01:21:36,908 --> 01:21:39,200
decisions required. 
Different kinds of expertise. 

1591
01:21:40,100 --> 01:21:43,600
Organizing the Harvest, pay 
attention to the farmers putting

1592
01:21:43,600 --> 01:21:46,500
together a large scale, 
construction project, the 

1593
01:21:46,500 --> 01:21:49,500
builders are knowledgeable 
engaging in negotiations, with 

1594
01:21:49,500 --> 01:21:52,300
alternative settlements. 
It's time to speak with your 

1595
01:21:52,300 --> 01:21:55,500
top, diplomats and Traders. 
The result was likely the 

1596
01:21:55,500 --> 01:21:58,000
earliest incidents of 
Representative decision-making 

1597
01:21:58,000 --> 01:22:00,700
in human history. 
It would be more akin to 

1598
01:22:00,700 --> 01:22:03,600
accounts of experts, with 
various experts, leading 

1599
01:22:03,600 --> 01:22:06,400
decisions in their respective 
Fields, rather than democracy. 

1600
01:22:06,400 --> 01:22:10,100
As we know it, it was realistic 
adaptable and surprisingly 

1601
01:22:10,100 --> 01:22:13,600
successful at handling intricate
communities naturally. 

1602
01:22:13,600 --> 01:22:16,600
The first true class divisions 
in human society, were also 

1603
01:22:16,600 --> 01:22:19,200
brought about by this explosion 
of specialization. 

1604
01:22:20,000 --> 01:22:23,300
Certain specializations were 
more valuable than others, some 

1605
01:22:23,300 --> 01:22:26,500
required more training or skill 
and some allowed individuals to 

1606
01:22:26,500 --> 01:22:27,900
have a greater say and 
decisions. 

1607
01:22:27,900 --> 01:22:31,300
Made in the community, someone 
whose job it was to carry water 

1608
01:22:31,300 --> 01:22:35,100
or clean communal areas was in a
different social position than 

1609
01:22:35,100 --> 01:22:37,600
the person who could make the 
obsidian blades that everyone 

1610
01:22:37,600 --> 01:22:40,500
needed for harvesting. 
The Intriguing thing is that 

1611
01:22:40,500 --> 01:22:43,600
according to archaeological 
evidence, these early cities, 

1612
01:22:43,600 --> 01:22:47,400
maintained, comparatively, 
egalitarian values, even a 

1613
01:22:47,400 --> 01:22:51,200
social stratification emerged. 
For example, the size and 

1614
01:22:51,200 --> 01:22:53,900
construction of the homes in 
satellite or a remarkably 

1615
01:22:53,900 --> 01:22:56,400
consistent. 
While others lived in hovels, 

1616
01:22:56,400 --> 01:22:59,400
even though those with the most 
valuable skills did not live in 

1617
01:22:59,400 --> 01:23:02,600
palaces, it was acknowledged 
that for anyone to succeed. 

1618
01:23:02,600 --> 01:23:05,200
The community is a whole had to 
prosper. 

1619
01:23:05,200 --> 01:23:08,300
Additionally, trade networks, 
truly took off. 

1620
01:23:08,300 --> 01:23:11,300
At this time, you have the 
foundation for long-term trading

1621
01:23:11,300 --> 01:23:13,400
relationships. 
When your community produces the

1622
01:23:13,400 --> 01:23:16,300
best pottery in the area, your 
neighbor makes the best stone 

1623
01:23:16,300 --> 01:23:19,100
tools and the settlement across 
the valley has learned how to 

1624
01:23:19,100 --> 01:23:22,200
work metal. 
Goods were transported, hundreds

1625
01:23:22,200 --> 01:23:25,000
of miles between settlements. 
According to archaeological 

1626
01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:28,100
evidence indicating that people 
were traveling farther, 

1627
01:23:28,100 --> 01:23:31,700
communicating more and gaining a
more complex understanding of 

1628
01:23:31,700 --> 01:23:35,200
the World At Large. 
Normally these networks of trade

1629
01:23:35,200 --> 01:23:38,200
limited to the sale of goods, 
they served as channels for 

1630
01:23:38,208 --> 01:23:40,200
Concepts methods and 
advancements. 

1631
01:23:40,900 --> 01:23:44,000
A new Pottery firing technique 
created in one Community would 

1632
01:23:44,000 --> 01:23:46,700
spread to others. 
Innovations, in agriculture, 

1633
01:23:46,700 --> 01:23:48,700
building methods and Artistic 
Styles. 

1634
01:23:48,700 --> 01:23:52,900
All followed the same routes 
that brought grain textiles and 

1635
01:23:52,900 --> 01:23:56,200
obsidian though, it was 
happening at walking speed of 

1636
01:23:56,200 --> 01:23:58,900
light speed, you were living 
through the first information 

1637
01:23:58,900 --> 01:24:02,300
age in human history. 
Knowledge and Innovation could 

1638
01:24:02,300 --> 01:24:05,600
for the first time spread more 
quickly than the rate of 

1639
01:24:05,608 --> 01:24:07,500
cultural change in human 
migration. 

1640
01:24:07,500 --> 01:24:11,100
Instead of taking a few 
Generations, a breakthrough in 

1641
01:24:11,100 --> 01:24:14,200
one settlement could reach 
communities of miles away, and a

1642
01:24:14,200 --> 01:24:17,100
matter of seasons. 
Most astonishing of all though, 

1643
01:24:17,100 --> 01:24:20,400
these early cities were creating
the first Educational Systems, 

1644
01:24:20,400 --> 01:24:23,500
you need to find ways to 
transfer skills, to the Next 

1645
01:24:23,508 --> 01:24:25,800
Generation. 
When they become specialized 

1646
01:24:25,800 --> 01:24:29,300
invaluable, This was the 
beginning of informal schools, 

1647
01:24:29,300 --> 01:24:31,700
mentoring relationships, and 
apprenticeships. 

1648
01:24:31,700 --> 01:24:35,200
The first meritocratic 
institutions in human history 

1649
01:24:35,200 --> 01:24:38,300
were established when parents 
who were skilled Artisans began 

1650
01:24:38,300 --> 01:24:40,600
to accept students from outside 
their own families. 

1651
01:24:40,600 --> 01:24:44,700
Your kids May acquire abilities.
You never had pursue careers 

1652
01:24:44,700 --> 01:24:47,600
that didn't exist when you were 
a kid and reach levels of 

1653
01:24:47,600 --> 01:24:50,600
proficiency, that would have 
been Unthinkable in the nomadic 

1654
01:24:50,600 --> 01:24:53,600
Society or Grandparents were 
accustomed to one 

1655
01:24:53,600 --> 01:24:56,200
apprenticeship. 
At a time, social Mobility was 

1656
01:24:56,200 --> 01:24:58,800
being created. 
There you are surrounded by 

1657
01:24:58,800 --> 01:25:02,300
thousands of people, intricate 
social structures, sophisticated

1658
01:25:02,300 --> 01:25:05,100
crafts and a degree of 
prosperity that would have 

1659
01:25:05,100 --> 01:25:07,500
seemed Unthinkable to your 
nomadic great-grandparents. 

1660
01:25:07,500 --> 01:25:10,300
You are living in what has 
evolved into a true City. 

1661
01:25:10,300 --> 01:25:13,000
However your city is no longer 
alone. 

1662
01:25:13,900 --> 01:25:16,400
Similar Urban living experiments
are spreading throughout the 

1663
01:25:16,400 --> 01:25:19,600
Fertile Crescent and 
increasingly other parts of the 

1664
01:25:19,600 --> 01:25:21,700
world. 
And eventually these cities 

1665
01:25:21,700 --> 01:25:24,600
begin to take notice of one 
another contact between 

1666
01:25:24,600 --> 01:25:27,200
settlements was most likely 
unintentional at first. 

1667
01:25:28,000 --> 01:25:30,700
Groups of refugees from 
abandoned settlements seeking 

1668
01:25:30,700 --> 01:25:34,100
new homes Traders venturing. 
Father, the new pursuit of new 

1669
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:37,100
prospects or inquisitive 
adventurous seeking to see what 

1670
01:25:37,100 --> 01:25:38,500
labor on the next mountain 
range. 

1671
01:25:39,400 --> 01:25:42,500
However, systematic and 
sophisticated City to City. 

1672
01:25:42,500 --> 01:25:47,800
Communication was emerging by 
5,500 BCE, this led to 

1673
01:25:47,800 --> 01:25:50,200
challenges and opportunities, no
one had foreseen. 

1674
01:25:50,800 --> 01:25:52,900
There were a ton of 
opportunities for trade 

1675
01:25:52,900 --> 01:25:56,100
information, sharing and 
cross-cultural interaction, 

1676
01:25:56,100 --> 01:25:59,600
while a city 100 miles away, had
perfected weaving. 

1677
01:25:59,600 --> 01:26:03,100
But was unable to effectively 
work, copper your city may excel

1678
01:26:03,100 --> 01:26:05,600
at metalworking, but struggle 
with textile production. 

1679
01:26:06,500 --> 01:26:10,000
All of a sudden specialization 
could occur between cities as 

1680
01:26:10,000 --> 01:26:12,700
well as within them. 
However, these opportunities 

1681
01:26:12,700 --> 01:26:15,500
also brought with them, the 
first genuine risk of organized 

1682
01:26:15,500 --> 01:26:17,200
conflict between human 
settlements. 

1683
01:26:17,200 --> 01:26:21,000
When everyone lived on the Move 
conflicts were typically, minor 

1684
01:26:21,000 --> 01:26:23,700
and could be settled by simply 
staying out of each other's 

1685
01:26:23,700 --> 01:26:26,500
territory. 
But when cities disagree with 

1686
01:26:26,500 --> 01:26:28,600
their neighbors, they can't just
up and leave. 

1687
01:26:29,300 --> 01:26:32,100
Violence becomes a possibility 
if they are unable to resolve 

1688
01:26:32,100 --> 01:26:33,300
their different cities. 
Amicably. 

1689
01:26:34,200 --> 01:26:36,800
Your ancestors, most likely 
created the first official 

1690
01:26:36,800 --> 01:26:40,300
diplomatic Protocols of this 
time establishing territorial 

1691
01:26:40,300 --> 01:26:43,700
boundaries, negotiating trade 
agreements, communicating 

1692
01:26:43,700 --> 01:26:47,000
between cities and resolving 
conflicts without using Force 

1693
01:26:47,000 --> 01:26:50,300
earlier Urban centers. 
Exhibited remarkable diplomatic 

1694
01:26:50,300 --> 01:26:54,200
sophistication as evidenced by 
the use of standardized weights 

1695
01:26:54,200 --> 01:26:56,000
and measures that were 
recognized by several 

1696
01:26:56,000 --> 01:26:59,400
settlements shared, Artistic 
Styles and symbols that alluded 

1697
01:26:59,400 --> 01:27:02,700
to cross-cultural interactions 
and trade goods, that traveled, 

1698
01:27:02,700 --> 01:27:05,300
great distances, through 
networks of connected cities. 

1699
01:27:05,300 --> 01:27:09,500
But since diplomacy did 
regrettably occasionally fail. 

1700
01:27:09,500 --> 01:27:13,200
Let's discuss. 
What transpired Contrary to 

1701
01:27:13,208 --> 01:27:16,200
popular belief, the first city 
to City conflicts were most 

1702
01:27:16,200 --> 01:27:19,000
likely very different. 
These were more like very 

1703
01:27:19,000 --> 01:27:21,600
serious neighborhood disputes 
that went out controlled and 

1704
01:27:21,600 --> 01:27:23,400
great. 
Armies fighting on battlefields 

1705
01:27:23,400 --> 01:27:26,600
disputes that turned into 
organized violence over trade. 

1706
01:27:26,600 --> 01:27:29,800
Relations, territorial claims or
water rights. 

1707
01:27:29,800 --> 01:27:33,500
It's interesting to note how 
rapidly cities realized that war

1708
01:27:33,500 --> 01:27:35,400
was generally detrimental to all
parties. 

1709
01:27:36,100 --> 01:27:39,400
Disputes between neighbors, 
causing stability, disrupt, 

1710
01:27:39,400 --> 01:27:42,100
trade, and waste resources. 
That could be used more 

1711
01:27:42,100 --> 01:27:46,200
effectively, all of which 
reduced prosperity for all. even

1712
01:27:46,200 --> 01:27:49,200
though they were able to win 
battles by force, the majority 

1713
01:27:49,200 --> 01:27:51,400
of the early cities appear to 
have developed strong 

1714
01:27:51,400 --> 01:27:55,000
preferences for negotiated 
Solutions, some intriguing 

1715
01:27:55,000 --> 01:27:57,600
advancements in conflict, 
resolution resulted from this, 

1716
01:27:58,300 --> 01:28:01,300
Many early cities, according to 
archaeological evidence, 

1717
01:28:01,300 --> 01:28:04,800
established complex procedures, 
for competitive displays that 

1718
01:28:04,800 --> 01:28:07,600
could resolve conflicts without 
resorting to physical violence. 

1719
01:28:08,400 --> 01:28:10,700
Consider them the ancient 
counterparts of trade 

1720
01:28:10,700 --> 01:28:14,300
exhibitions or sporting contests
allowing cities to Showcase 

1721
01:28:14,300 --> 01:28:17,300
their wealth prowess and 
strength without resorting to 

1722
01:28:17,300 --> 01:28:20,300
physical combat. 
These competitive, exhibitions 

1723
01:28:20,300 --> 01:28:22,900
frequently took the shape of 
festivals or get togethers 

1724
01:28:22,900 --> 01:28:25,800
various cities would present 
their best crafts. 

1725
01:28:25,800 --> 01:28:29,200
Most accomplished Crafts, People
and most remarkable 

1726
01:28:29,200 --> 01:28:32,400
accomplishments in later 
negotiations, the city that 

1727
01:28:32,400 --> 01:28:35,800
produced the most intricate 
textiles, the sharpest, tools, 

1728
01:28:35,800 --> 01:28:39,200
or the most Exquisite Pottery 
gained Prestige and probably 

1729
01:28:39,200 --> 01:28:42,100
better terms. 
Instead of striking each other 

1730
01:28:42,100 --> 01:28:45,200
with clubs, it was a far more 
civilized form of diplomacy 

1731
01:28:45,200 --> 01:28:46,900
through the display of 
Excellence. 

1732
01:28:47,800 --> 01:28:50,400
Naturally, the first defensive 
tactics and Military 

1733
01:28:50,400 --> 01:28:52,700
Technologies were also developed
during this time. 

1734
01:28:53,500 --> 01:28:56,200
Around this time, the 
archaeological record reveals 

1735
01:28:56,200 --> 01:28:58,700
increasingly complex, 
fortification systems 

1736
01:28:58,700 --> 01:29:02,200
demonstrating that even peaceful
cities needed ways to defend 

1737
01:29:02,200 --> 01:29:04,100
themselves against less 
diplomatic Neighbors. 

1738
01:29:05,100 --> 01:29:08,400
It's interesting to note though 
that these defenses appear to 

1739
01:29:08,400 --> 01:29:10,500
have been built more for 
deterrence than for prolonged 

1740
01:29:10,500 --> 01:29:12,900
combat. 
We can defend ourselves if 

1741
01:29:12,900 --> 01:29:15,600
necessary but we'd rather work 
things out peacefully. 

1742
01:29:15,600 --> 01:29:19,000
Was the message, the speed at 
which early cities, established,

1743
01:29:19,000 --> 01:29:20,000
what? 
We might refer to as 

1744
01:29:20,000 --> 01:29:23,800
international law unofficial but
generally accepted guidelines 

1745
01:29:23,800 --> 01:29:27,100
for how cities ought to relate 
to one another is truly amazing.

1746
01:29:28,000 --> 01:29:29,700
Principles such as standard 
dispute. 

1747
01:29:29,700 --> 01:29:33,800
Resolution processes diplomatic 
immunity for trade invoice and 

1748
01:29:33,800 --> 01:29:36,200
even the earliest extradition 
agreements for criminals who 

1749
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:39,900
committed crimes in one city and
fled to another naturally, these

1750
01:29:39,900 --> 01:29:41,900
were not written laws because 
writing was still being 

1751
01:29:41,900 --> 01:29:44,600
developed, but they would 
generally accepted and well 

1752
01:29:44,600 --> 01:29:48,100
understood Customs that enabled 
and facilitated productive 

1753
01:29:48,100 --> 01:29:51,500
Intercity interactions. 
They were upheld out of mutual 

1754
01:29:51,500 --> 01:29:53,600
self-interest rather than by any
higher authority. 

1755
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:55,900
Cities. 
That disregarded these 

1756
01:29:55,900 --> 01:29:58,500
agreements were cut off from 
diplomatic ties and trade 

1757
01:29:58,500 --> 01:30:01,400
networks which were becoming 
vital for security and 

1758
01:30:01,400 --> 01:30:03,600
prosperity. 
As you watched your species, 

1759
01:30:03,600 --> 01:30:06,800
learn how to structure, complex 
societies and get them to 

1760
01:30:06,800 --> 01:30:09,200
cooperate rather than just 
compete with one another. 

1761
01:30:09,200 --> 01:30:11,700
You were witnessing the 
beginning of international 

1762
01:30:11,700 --> 01:30:15,100
relations, despite its messiness
and occasional violence. 

1763
01:30:15,100 --> 01:30:18,700
Civilization was eventually able
to flourish and spread, you have

1764
01:30:18,708 --> 01:30:21,200
contributed to the creation of 
something completely 

1765
01:30:21,200 --> 01:30:23,300
unprecedented in the history of 
life on Earth. 

1766
01:30:24,000 --> 01:30:27,200
Thousands of years after those 
initial hesitant attempts at 

1767
01:30:27,200 --> 01:30:30,800
staying put and cultivating your
own food, you're part of an 

1768
01:30:30,800 --> 01:30:33,300
economic and social system. 
That is so intricate, that no 

1769
01:30:33,300 --> 01:30:35,100
one could possibly comprehend it
all. 

1770
01:30:35,100 --> 01:30:38,400
But it manages to function, 
despite the fact that you're 

1771
01:30:38,400 --> 01:30:41,400
living in a true Urban 
civilization, that is linked to 

1772
01:30:41,408 --> 01:30:43,800
a network of similar cities over
great distances. 

1773
01:30:43,800 --> 01:30:47,400
The most amazing thing though, 
is that you and your fellow 

1774
01:30:47,400 --> 01:30:49,800
city, builders have 
unintentionally, created the 

1775
01:30:49,800 --> 01:30:53,300
foundation for almost every 
significant advancement in human

1776
01:30:53,300 --> 01:30:57,600
civilization, that has come 
since Science for philosophy and

1777
01:30:57,600 --> 01:31:00,800
Technology will eventually 
follow from the specialization 

1778
01:31:00,800 --> 01:31:03,400
of Labor. 
You have developed Your created 

1779
01:31:03,400 --> 01:31:06,500
trade networks, will serve as 
the main thoroughfares for the 

1780
01:31:06,508 --> 01:31:10,000
dissemination of Concepts, 
invention, and cultural 

1781
01:31:10,000 --> 01:31:13,000
advancements. 
The legal and political systems 

1782
01:31:13,000 --> 01:31:15,400
that currently govern. 
Human societies, will develop 

1783
01:31:15,400 --> 01:31:18,200
from The Diplomatic and conflict
resolution mechanisms. 

1784
01:31:18,200 --> 01:31:21,500
You have established In ways 
that previous generations, could

1785
01:31:21,500 --> 01:31:24,800
not have predicted the writing 
systems that are just starting 

1786
01:31:24,800 --> 01:31:28,100
to emerge in some cities will 
preserve and transmit knowledge 

1787
01:31:28,100 --> 01:31:30,300
in ways that will accelerate 
human development. 

1788
01:31:31,200 --> 01:31:34,400
The first schools libraries and 
universities will be created by 

1789
01:31:34,400 --> 01:31:36,300
the educational Traditions, you 
have established. 

1790
01:31:37,200 --> 01:31:41,100
The basic issues that Human 
Society still face today include

1791
01:31:41,100 --> 01:31:43,800
how to preserve Community. 
Cohesion in large. 

1792
01:31:43,800 --> 01:31:47,300
Populations strike a balance 
between individual success and 

1793
01:31:47,300 --> 01:31:50,500
the welfare of the group and 
manage resources sustainably. 

1794
01:31:51,300 --> 01:31:54,100
It's interesting to note that 
you most likely did not consider

1795
01:31:54,100 --> 01:31:57,500
yourself to be revolutionaries 
or Builders of civilization. 

1796
01:31:57,500 --> 01:32:00,800
You are merely individuals 
attempting to find solutions to 

1797
01:32:00,800 --> 01:32:03,600
Everyday issues. 
Such as how to ensure that your 

1798
01:32:03,600 --> 01:32:05,300
children had a better life than 
you did. 

1799
01:32:05,300 --> 01:32:08,300
How to live in harmony with your
neighbor's, how to have enough 

1800
01:32:08,300 --> 01:32:12,600
food and how to stay safe. 
But in the process of resolving,

1801
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:16,500
these common issues, you created
civilization, not just any 

1802
01:32:16,500 --> 01:32:19,300
civilization. 
But one that was extraordinarily

1803
01:32:19,300 --> 01:32:22,500
resilient and flexible. 
You can contributed to the 

1804
01:32:22,500 --> 01:32:25,500
development of the fundamental 
Urban model which spread 

1805
01:32:25,500 --> 01:32:26,900
throughout the world due to its 
success. 

1806
01:32:26,900 --> 01:32:30,600
This modeling included permanent
settlements specialized labor, 

1807
01:32:30,600 --> 01:32:34,200
trade networks, and social 
institutions for cooperation and

1808
01:32:34,200 --> 01:32:37,600
conflict resolution. 
From New York to Tokyo to 

1809
01:32:37,600 --> 01:32:39,900
Mumbai. 
Every modern city is essentially

1810
01:32:39,900 --> 01:32:42,300
based on ideas that you and your
fellow early city. 

1811
01:32:42,300 --> 01:32:44,400
Builders discovered, via trial 
and error. 

1812
01:32:44,400 --> 01:32:48,200
Thousands of years ago, like any
physical technology, the social 

1813
01:32:48,200 --> 01:32:50,400
Technologies you created were 
revolutionary. 

1814
01:32:50,400 --> 01:32:54,900
Innovations is important as 
agriculture metalworking or 

1815
01:32:54,900 --> 01:32:58,000
writing included learning how to
manage the activities of 

1816
01:32:58,000 --> 01:33:02,100
thousands of people, how to make
decisions as a group, how to 

1817
01:33:02,108 --> 01:33:06,300
settle dispute amicably, and how
to preserve social cohesiveness 

1818
01:33:06,300 --> 01:33:09,700
among various populations. 
Everything else was made 

1819
01:33:09,700 --> 01:33:12,700
possible by them. 
Most astonishing of all you 

1820
01:33:12,700 --> 01:33:15,100
accomplished, all of this while 
upholding essentially 

1821
01:33:15,100 --> 01:33:18,700
egalitarian, and Cooperative 
principles The early cities 

1822
01:33:18,700 --> 01:33:21,700
continue to be places, where 
everyone was responsible for the

1823
01:33:21,700 --> 01:33:25,000
welfare of the community, where 
Innovation and achievement were 

1824
01:33:25,000 --> 01:33:28,600
valued, but not at the expense 
of social stability and where 

1825
01:33:28,600 --> 01:33:30,700
individual success was 
understood to depend on 

1826
01:33:30,700 --> 01:33:33,800
Collective Prosperity, even in 
the face of growing social 

1827
01:33:33,800 --> 01:33:36,500
stratification and economic 
inequality. 

1828
01:33:37,600 --> 01:33:42,300
Crime conflict inequality, and 
all the other issues that arise 

1829
01:33:42,300 --> 01:33:45,300
when a lot of people are crammed
into a small area, made this 

1830
01:33:45,300 --> 01:33:49,600
place anything but utopian. 
However, you developed 

1831
01:33:49,600 --> 01:33:54,000
sophisticated compassionate and 
successful systems, for handling

1832
01:33:54,000 --> 01:33:58,200
these issues you demonstrated 
that people could co-exist and 

1833
01:33:58,200 --> 01:34:01,500
expansive intricate societies 
without losing their essential 

1834
01:34:01,500 --> 01:34:04,100
Humanity. 
According to the archaeological 

1835
01:34:04,100 --> 01:34:07,200
record, most people found life. 
In these early cities to be 

1836
01:34:07,200 --> 01:34:10,500
safer, wealthier, and more 
culturally, diverse than 

1837
01:34:10,500 --> 01:34:14,100
anything they had ever known in 
earlier Generations. they 

1838
01:34:14,100 --> 01:34:18,100
created amazing art and crafts 
at more varied diets, lived, 

1839
01:34:18,100 --> 01:34:21,700
longer and established the first
official Educational Systems, 

1840
01:34:22,500 --> 01:34:25,400
They were the first people in 
history to have a legitimate 

1841
01:34:25,400 --> 01:34:28,000
expectation, that their 
offspring would live better 

1842
01:34:28,000 --> 01:34:31,400
lives than they did. the problem
is that you carry out all of 

1843
01:34:31,400 --> 01:34:35,200
this without a plan without any 
examples to follow and without 

1844
01:34:35,200 --> 01:34:38,800
any idea of where it might go, 
As you went along, you were 

1845
01:34:38,800 --> 01:34:41,700
forming civilization based 
solely on human decency and 

1846
01:34:41,700 --> 01:34:44,000
practical necessity. 
It's amazing. 

1847
01:34:44,000 --> 01:34:47,200
It worked at all if it is truly 
miraculous that it functions. 

1848
01:34:47,200 --> 01:34:50,300
So well that it served as the 
basis for all later human 

1849
01:34:50,300 --> 01:34:53,200
development. 
Therefore keep in mind that you 

1850
01:34:53,200 --> 01:34:56,000
are a part of an experiment that
started with people just like 

1851
01:34:56,000 --> 01:34:59,200
you trying to figure out how to 
live together peacefully and 

1852
01:34:59,200 --> 01:35:01,800
prosperously the next time 
you're frustrated with 

1853
01:35:01,800 --> 01:35:05,700
bureaucracy stuck in traffic in 
a modern city or irritated with 

1854
01:35:05,700 --> 01:35:08,300
your neighbor's. 
They demonstrated that people 

1855
01:35:08,300 --> 01:35:11,000
can build societies that are 
greater than the sum of their 

1856
01:35:11,000 --> 01:35:14,000
individual Parts. 
Even though neither, they nor we

1857
01:35:14,000 --> 01:35:17,600
have all the answers. 
Heroes Visionaries or superhuman

1858
01:35:17,600 --> 01:35:20,800
beings were not the first people
to build cities, they were 

1859
01:35:20,800 --> 01:35:24,200
regular people who accomplished 
something extraordinary they 

1860
01:35:24,200 --> 01:35:26,400
figured out how to start from 
scratch and build a civilization

1861
01:35:26,400 --> 01:35:29,400
and they did it so well that we 
are still living in the world 

1862
01:35:29,400 --> 01:35:32,300
they made. 
It's not bad for those who 

1863
01:35:32,300 --> 01:35:34,700
simply wanted to avoid spending 
the rest of their lives, 

1864
01:35:34,700 --> 01:35:43,000
carrying everything, they owned.
Picture this, you'll settling 

1865
01:35:43,000 --> 01:35:46,300
into your favorite chair after a
long day, maybe with a warm cup 

1866
01:35:46,300 --> 01:35:49,800
of tea steaming beside you. 
Now, imagine if instead of 

1867
01:35:49,800 --> 01:35:53,000
relaxing your feet suddenly 
decided they had other plans 

1868
01:35:53,000 --> 01:35:56,900
entirely Not just a little 
restless leg syndrome, mind you,

1869
01:35:56,900 --> 01:35:59,600
but full blown can't stop. 
Won't Stop Dancing. 

1870
01:35:59,600 --> 01:36:02,500
That's essentially what happened
to the good people of 

1871
01:36:02,500 --> 01:36:05,100
Strasbourg. 
In July 1518, though, they 

1872
01:36:05,100 --> 01:36:06,600
didn't have the luxury of 
calling it. 

1873
01:36:06,600 --> 01:36:10,700
Quirky, it started with Frau 
trophy, a woman whose name has 

1874
01:36:10,700 --> 01:36:13,700
echoed through history for all 
the wrong reasons, on a 

1875
01:36:13,700 --> 01:36:15,000
perfectly ordinary summer 
morning. 

1876
01:36:15,000 --> 01:36:18,000
She stepped out of her 
half-timbered house onto the 

1877
01:36:18,000 --> 01:36:20,800
Cobblestone of Strasbourg and 
began to dance. 

1878
01:36:20,800 --> 01:36:23,700
Her dancing was not the kind, 
you might do it at a wedding 

1879
01:36:23,708 --> 01:36:27,400
after a few glasses of wine, but
an urgent desperate kind of 

1880
01:36:27,400 --> 01:36:31,600
movement that seemed to possess 
her entire being You have to 

1881
01:36:31,600 --> 01:36:33,400
understand this wasn't 
Renaissance. 

1882
01:36:33,400 --> 01:36:37,200
Flash mob material. 
Prouder of fair danced as if her

1883
01:36:37,208 --> 01:36:41,100
life relied on it. 
And in fact, it did Her feet 

1884
01:36:41,108 --> 01:36:44,400
moved in patterns that made no 
musical sense and her arms 

1885
01:36:44,400 --> 01:36:46,900
flailed in rhythms, that 
belonged to no earthly song. 

1886
01:36:48,400 --> 01:36:50,900
Bounce people gathered around 
her initially amused. 

1887
01:36:50,900 --> 01:36:54,200
After all, who doesn't enjoy a 
bit of unexpected Street 

1888
01:36:54,200 --> 01:36:57,700
Entertainment. 
But as the hours ticked by their

1889
01:36:57,700 --> 01:37:02,600
smiles, began to fade like paint
in the rain, Faucet dancing 

1890
01:37:02,600 --> 01:37:06,100
during the midday heat. 
When sensible people sought 

1891
01:37:06,100 --> 01:37:10,500
shade and cool drinks Frau can 
continue to dance during the 

1892
01:37:10,500 --> 01:37:13,000
dinner. 
Hour of roasted meat and fresh 

1893
01:37:13,000 --> 01:37:16,200
bread, should have Bend any 
sense in individual home during 

1894
01:37:16,200 --> 01:37:17,800
the evening? 
Her feet should have been 

1895
01:37:17,800 --> 01:37:20,500
expressing gratitude for her 
decision to finally sit down. 

1896
01:37:21,500 --> 01:37:24,600
The cobblestones beneath her 
feet told their story warned 

1897
01:37:24,600 --> 01:37:26,700
Smooth by centuries of 
cartwheels and horses. 

1898
01:37:26,700 --> 01:37:31,100
Now witnessed to this strange 
new rhythm, You can almost hear 

1899
01:37:31,100 --> 01:37:33,100
them. 
Those ancient Stones Whispering 

1900
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:35,700
among themselves about this 
peculiar turn of events. 

1901
01:37:36,400 --> 01:37:41,200
They'd seen plague and War feast
and famine, but never anything 

1902
01:37:41,200 --> 01:37:45,100
quite like this. 
By Nightfall for our trophy was 

1903
01:37:45,108 --> 01:37:47,800
still moving though. 
Her dance had transformed from 

1904
01:37:47,800 --> 01:37:50,200
something almost graceful into 
something more. 

1905
01:37:50,200 --> 01:37:52,500
Akin to a marionette with 
tangled strings. 

1906
01:37:53,200 --> 01:37:56,200
Her neighbors brought her water,
which he drank without stopping 

1907
01:37:56,200 --> 01:37:58,400
her movement. 
They offered food which she 

1908
01:37:58,400 --> 01:38:01,600
barely managed to consume 
between steps, they pleaded with

1909
01:38:01,600 --> 01:38:03,900
her to rest, but she seemed as 
unable to stop. 

1910
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:05,400
As you might be unable to stop 
breathing. 

1911
01:38:06,600 --> 01:38:08,400
The local Authority, scratched 
their heads. 

1912
01:38:09,200 --> 01:38:10,700
And consulted, their limited 
medical knowledge. 

1913
01:38:11,600 --> 01:38:14,500
Perhaps it was a fever, they 
reasoned fevers could make 

1914
01:38:14,500 --> 01:38:18,200
people act strangely. 
The affair showed no signs of 

1915
01:38:18,200 --> 01:38:19,800
illness beyond the compulsive 
movement. 

1916
01:38:20,800 --> 01:38:23,300
Skin wasn't flushed. 
Her eyes went glassy. 

1917
01:38:23,300 --> 01:38:25,500
She simply could not stop 
dancing. 

1918
01:38:26,900 --> 01:38:29,700
As you lie there to night 
comfortable in your bed. 

1919
01:38:29,700 --> 01:38:33,100
Imagine the bewilderment of 
those medieval Minds trying to 

1920
01:38:33,108 --> 01:38:36,600
process this impossibility. 
They lived in a world where 

1921
01:38:36,600 --> 01:38:40,800
everything had a place in a 
purpose, cows gave milk chickens

1922
01:38:40,800 --> 01:38:43,800
laid eggs and people danced only
when there was music and 

1923
01:38:43,800 --> 01:38:46,600
merriment. 
But here was Frau trophy. 

1924
01:38:47,500 --> 01:38:50,200
The natural order with every 
unwilling step. 

1925
01:38:51,000 --> 01:38:54,300
The nightwatchman took turns 
observing her partly out of 

1926
01:38:54,300 --> 01:38:56,600
concern and partly out of morbid
fascination. 

1927
01:38:57,700 --> 01:39:00,000
They'd seen plenty of odd 
things, during their midnight 

1928
01:39:00,000 --> 01:39:04,700
rounds, drunken revelries, that 
lasted too long lovers quarrels,

1929
01:39:04,700 --> 01:39:07,800
that spilled into the streets 
and the occasional Sleepwalker, 

1930
01:39:07,800 --> 01:39:09,500
stumbling about in their night 
clothes. 

1931
01:39:10,500 --> 01:39:12,900
But nothing had prepared them 
for the sight of a middle-aged 

1932
01:39:12,900 --> 01:39:14,900
woman dancing alone under the 
stars. 

1933
01:39:14,900 --> 01:39:18,700
Her Shadow performing, an 
endless exhausting ballet on the

1934
01:39:18,700 --> 01:39:21,900
moonlit Stones as Dawn 
approached bringing with it the 

1935
01:39:21,900 --> 01:39:24,900
promise of a new day for our 
trophy was still dancing. 

1936
01:39:24,900 --> 01:39:29,700
Her movement had slowed but they
hadn't stopped it was as if some

1937
01:39:29,700 --> 01:39:32,400
invisible Puppeteer had taken 
control of her strings and 

1938
01:39:32,400 --> 01:39:35,300
forgotten how to let go. 
Now, you might assume that the 

1939
01:39:35,300 --> 01:39:37,800
sensible citizens of stress ball
would have shunned throughout 

1940
01:39:37,800 --> 01:39:40,300
her fare after witnessing her 
bizarre predicament for a full 

1941
01:39:40,300 --> 01:39:43,500
day and night. 
You'd be wrong of course because

1942
01:39:43,500 --> 01:39:45,700
people have always been 
magnetically drawn to the 

1943
01:39:45,700 --> 01:39:49,400
inexplicable like moths to a 
particularly puzzling flame 

1944
01:39:49,400 --> 01:39:53,200
instead of backing away, small 
crowds began to gather regularly

1945
01:39:53,200 --> 01:39:56,200
around roulette. 
They brought their morning bread

1946
01:39:56,200 --> 01:39:58,600
and ate it. 
While watching her dance, they 

1947
01:39:58,600 --> 01:40:01,800
discussed her condition over 
their midday meals, gesturing 

1948
01:40:01,800 --> 01:40:04,800
with chicken legs and chunks of 
cheese, they turned her 

1949
01:40:04,800 --> 01:40:07,100
suffering into a form of 
communal entertainment. 

1950
01:40:07,100 --> 01:40:10,200
Although none of them would have
openly acknowledged it in those 

1951
01:40:10,200 --> 01:40:13,300
exact terms. 
This is where the story takes a 

1952
01:40:13,300 --> 01:40:14,300
turn. 
That would make even the most 

1953
01:40:14,300 --> 01:40:16,300
creative screenwriter, pause, 
and reconsider. 

1954
01:40:17,500 --> 01:40:21,100
Within a week of foul trays 
first and voluntary step others 

1955
01:40:21,100 --> 01:40:23,400
began to join her. 
Not voluntarily. 

1956
01:40:23,400 --> 01:40:25,900
You understand? 
These weren't copycat dancers, 

1957
01:40:25,900 --> 01:40:28,200
or attention Seekers. 
These were ordinary. 

1958
01:40:28,200 --> 01:40:30,900
People who found their feet, 
betraying them in the most 

1959
01:40:30,900 --> 01:40:33,500
extraordinary way. 
Hands. 

1960
01:40:33,500 --> 01:40:36,900
The baker was kneading dough. 
When it started his hands which 

1961
01:40:36,900 --> 01:40:39,300
had shaped thousands of loaves 
with methodical Precision, 

1962
01:40:39,300 --> 01:40:41,700
suddenly began. 
Moving to a different rhythm 

1963
01:40:42,500 --> 01:40:45,200
Before he knew it, his whole 
body had joined the dance. 

1964
01:40:45,200 --> 01:40:49,000
Leaving behind a kitchen, full 
of half-formed bread and a wife 

1965
01:40:49,000 --> 01:40:51,200
who thought he'd finally succumb
to the summer heat. 

1966
01:40:52,300 --> 01:40:55,500
Greta, the Weaver of abandoned 
her Loom, mid thread when her 

1967
01:40:55,500 --> 01:40:57,500
feet decided. 
They had more important things 

1968
01:40:57,500 --> 01:40:59,700
to do than operate. 
The pedals in their usual, 

1969
01:40:59,700 --> 01:41:02,600
measured way. 
The half finished cloth remained

1970
01:41:02,600 --> 01:41:05,500
stretched on the frame for 
weeks, a testament to the moment

1971
01:41:05,500 --> 01:41:07,800
where normal life simply 
stopped, making sense. 

1972
01:41:08,700 --> 01:41:10,200
You can picture the scene, can't
you? 

1973
01:41:11,300 --> 01:41:14,000
The Town Square that had once 
been a place of orderly Commerce

1974
01:41:14,000 --> 01:41:17,900
vendors, Hawking, their Wares, 
children playing simple games, 

1975
01:41:17,900 --> 01:41:21,600
Merchants, negotiating deals 
transformed into something 

1976
01:41:21,600 --> 01:41:25,300
resembling a fever dream. 
Except the fever seemed to be 

1977
01:41:25,300 --> 01:41:29,500
catching spreading from person 
to person like a yawn in A Worn 

1978
01:41:29,500 --> 01:41:32,700
Out, congregational The dancing 
wasn't Beautiful Mind you. 

1979
01:41:32,700 --> 01:41:36,100
This wasn't some spontaneous 
celebration of life and joy. 

1980
01:41:37,200 --> 01:41:40,800
The dancers moved with a 
desperate urgency, their faces 

1981
01:41:40,800 --> 01:41:42,800
etched with exhaustion and 
confusion. 

1982
01:41:43,500 --> 01:41:46,800
The clothes became tattered from
the constant motion, their shoes

1983
01:41:46,808 --> 01:41:49,800
were thin against the 
unforgiving, cobblestones some 

1984
01:41:49,800 --> 01:41:53,400
danced until their feet bled. 
Leaving small red marks on the 

1985
01:41:53,408 --> 01:41:55,800
stones like some Macabre 
breadcrumb Trail. 

1986
01:41:57,400 --> 01:41:59,400
The local Physicians were 
summoned naturally. 

1987
01:41:59,400 --> 01:42:02,400
These learned men arrived with 
their leather satchels, full of 

1988
01:42:02,400 --> 01:42:05,700
mysterious remedies and their 
heads full of medieval medical 

1989
01:42:05,700 --> 01:42:08,000
wisdom. 
They observed the dancers with 

1990
01:42:08,000 --> 01:42:10,600
the same intensity, you might 
observe a puzzle that's missing.

1991
01:42:10,600 --> 01:42:14,400
Several crucial pieces. 
They took notes, they consulted 

1992
01:42:14,400 --> 01:42:17,300
their texts and they stroked 
their beards thoughtfully. 

1993
01:42:18,100 --> 01:42:21,000
The diagnosis when it came 
reflected, the medical 

1994
01:42:21,000 --> 01:42:24,600
understanding of the time, they 
declared that the dancers had a 

1995
01:42:24,600 --> 01:42:27,800
condition known as hot blood. 
Therefore, the solution was to 

1996
01:42:27,800 --> 01:42:30,600
encourage more dancing until the
heat dissipated from their 

1997
01:42:30,600 --> 01:42:33,000
systems. 
It was rather like suggesting 

1998
01:42:33,000 --> 01:42:35,500
that someone with hiccups should
hiccup more vigorously until 

1999
01:42:35,500 --> 01:42:38,500
they stopped, but it seemed 
logical within the framework of 

2000
01:42:38,500 --> 01:42:41,800
16th century medicine. 
Therefore, the authorities 

2001
01:42:41,800 --> 01:42:45,400
Guided by their immense wisdom, 
chose to combat the issue 

2002
01:42:45,400 --> 01:42:47,700
head-on. 
They hired musicians to play for

2003
01:42:47,700 --> 01:42:50,700
the dancers reasoning, that 
proper music might help regulate

2004
01:42:50,700 --> 01:42:53,800
their chaotic movements. 
They cleared larger spaces for 

2005
01:42:53,800 --> 01:42:56,900
the dancing moving Market 
stalls, redirecting cart 

2006
01:42:56,900 --> 01:42:59,200
traffic. 
They even build a stage thinking

2007
01:42:59,200 --> 01:43:01,900
that perhaps the dance would 
feel more dignified performing 

2008
01:43:01,900 --> 01:43:04,900
on an elevated platform. 
The irony would have been 

2009
01:43:04,900 --> 01:43:06,700
delicious if it worked. 
So tragic. 

2010
01:43:07,500 --> 01:43:10,600
Instead of curing, the dancers 
the music and attention seemed 

2011
01:43:10,600 --> 01:43:13,400
to attract more victims. 
The dancing seemed to have 

2012
01:43:13,400 --> 01:43:16,900
transformed into a seductive 
Melody appealing to a profound 

2013
01:43:16,900 --> 01:43:20,600
concealed fragility within the 
human soul by the end of the 

2014
01:43:20,600 --> 01:43:23,200
second week. 
Nearly 40 people were dancing in

2015
01:43:23,200 --> 01:43:26,200
the streets of Strasbourg. 
The individual rhythms creating 

2016
01:43:26,200 --> 01:43:29,900
a chaotic Symphony of movement, 
The families of the dancers, 

2017
01:43:29,900 --> 01:43:32,800
tried everything, they could 
think of, they brought favorite 

2018
01:43:32,800 --> 01:43:35,800
foods hoping to tempt, their 
loved ones to stop and eat 

2019
01:43:35,800 --> 01:43:38,900
properly. 
They Carried chairs and stools 

2020
01:43:38,900 --> 01:43:41,100
placing them hopefully in the 
dance as paths. 

2021
01:43:41,100 --> 01:43:44,400
They also brought pillows and 
blankets believing that if they 

2022
01:43:44,400 --> 01:43:47,200
could persuade, the dancers to 
take a moment's rest, the spell 

2023
01:43:47,200 --> 01:43:49,500
might be broken. 
But nothing worked. 

2024
01:43:50,200 --> 01:43:53,900
The dancers danced on day and 
night their movements becoming 

2025
01:43:53,900 --> 01:43:55,700
more frantic as their bodies 
grew weaker. 

2026
01:43:55,700 --> 01:44:00,000
It was like watching people 
slowly drown in are struggling 

2027
01:44:00,000 --> 01:44:01,900
against an invisible. 
Current that only. 

2028
01:44:01,900 --> 01:44:05,300
They could feel by the third 
week of this peculiar epidemic, 

2029
01:44:05,300 --> 01:44:08,100
the city of Strasbourg had 
transformed into something. 

2030
01:44:08,100 --> 01:44:11,600
Unrecognizable, you know, how a 
familiar room can settle for 

2031
01:44:11,608 --> 01:44:13,500
strange. 
When you move just one piece of 

2032
01:44:13,500 --> 01:44:17,000
furniture. 
Well, imagine an entire city 

2033
01:44:17,000 --> 01:44:19,600
where the fundamental rules of 
human behavior had been 

2034
01:44:19,600 --> 01:44:23,000
Rewritten overnight. 
The marketplace which had 

2035
01:44:23,000 --> 01:44:25,700
operated according to centuries 
old rhythms of buying and 

2036
01:44:25,700 --> 01:44:27,800
selling. 
Now, resembled something between

2037
01:44:27,800 --> 01:44:30,900
a medical ward and a carnival. 
Even in the face of 

2038
01:44:30,900 --> 01:44:33,600
impossibility vendors still set 
up their stalls each morning, 

2039
01:44:33,600 --> 01:44:37,000
but their attention was divided 
between their Wares and the 

2040
01:44:37,008 --> 01:44:39,900
growing number of dancers who 
wove between the displays like 

2041
01:44:39,900 --> 01:44:43,800
exhausted ghosts. children, who 
had initially found the whole 

2042
01:44:43,800 --> 01:44:47,600
spectacle entertaining, began to
grow frightened there's 

2043
01:44:47,600 --> 01:44:49,800
something unsettling about, 
seeing adults lose control, 

2044
01:44:49,800 --> 01:44:53,100
especially when those adults, 
include your neighbors, your 

2045
01:44:53,100 --> 01:44:56,200
teacher, or your aunt, who 
always remembered your birthday,

2046
01:44:57,700 --> 01:45:00,400
the dancing had crossed the line
from Curious novelty to 

2047
01:45:00,408 --> 01:45:03,300
something darker and more 
threatening the dancers, 

2048
01:45:03,300 --> 01:45:05,800
themselves had begun to show 
serious signs of wear. 

2049
01:45:06,600 --> 01:45:10,100
A clothes hung in tatters, their
faces gaunt from exhaustion and 

2050
01:45:10,100 --> 01:45:13,200
irregular eating some had 
collapsed and been carried home.

2051
01:45:13,200 --> 01:45:15,700
Only to rise and begin dancing 
again. 

2052
01:45:15,700 --> 01:45:19,300
As soon as they regained 
consciousness It was as if rest 

2053
01:45:19,300 --> 01:45:22,900
only stored up energy for more 
frantic movement Maria, the 

2054
01:45:22,900 --> 01:45:25,100
seamstress developed a 
particularly heartbreaking 

2055
01:45:25,100 --> 01:45:27,700
pattern. 
She would dance for hours then 

2056
01:45:27,700 --> 01:45:30,600
suddenly stopped mid-step and 
look around with clear confused 

2057
01:45:30,600 --> 01:45:34,100
eyes as if waking from a dream. 
She would recognize her 

2058
01:45:34,100 --> 01:45:37,500
surroundings call out to friends
and family and even sit down for

2059
01:45:37,500 --> 01:45:39,400
a few minutes to drink water or 
nibble bread. 

2060
01:45:39,400 --> 01:45:43,200
Then just as suddenly the 
compulsion would return, he 

2061
01:45:43,200 --> 01:45:45,800
would leap to her feet and 
resumed her endless dance. 

2062
01:45:47,000 --> 01:45:49,300
These moments of clarity made 
the condition even more 

2063
01:45:49,300 --> 01:45:51,800
disturbing. 
It wasn't Madness in any 

2064
01:45:51,800 --> 01:45:54,300
traditional sense. 
The dance is knew what was 

2065
01:45:54,308 --> 01:45:56,600
happening to them. 
They simply couldn't stop it. 

2066
01:45:56,600 --> 01:46:00,800
Imagine being trapped in your 
own body watching yourself 

2067
01:46:00,800 --> 01:46:03,600
perform actions. 
You never chose to perform like 

2068
01:46:03,600 --> 01:46:05,900
being a passenger in a vehicle 
who steering wheel. 

2069
01:46:05,900 --> 01:46:09,400
You can't reach. 
The city's records kept by 

2070
01:46:09,400 --> 01:46:12,600
meticulous scribes, who 
documented everything from grain

2071
01:46:12,600 --> 01:46:15,900
prices to weather patterns began
to read like something from a 

2072
01:46:15,900 --> 01:46:21,100
fever dream item, the dancing 
sickness continues item Johan, 

2073
01:46:21,100 --> 01:46:24,000
the Cooper joined the dancers 
this morning item. 

2074
01:46:24,000 --> 01:46:27,600
The musicians have been paid for
another week of playing item 

2075
01:46:27,600 --> 01:46:30,900
three, more dancers collapsed 
today, but resumed upon waking, 

2076
01:46:31,800 --> 01:46:34,900
You have to admire those 
record-keepers, really faced 

2077
01:46:34,900 --> 01:46:36,400
with something. 
Completely outside their 

2078
01:46:36,400 --> 01:46:38,800
experience. 
They did what bureaucrats have 

2079
01:46:38,808 --> 01:46:41,600
always done, they wrote it down 
carefully, and hoped someone 

2080
01:46:41,600 --> 01:46:42,900
else would figure out what it 
all meant. 

2081
01:46:42,900 --> 01:46:45,800
The religious authorities. 
Meanwhile were having 

2082
01:46:45,800 --> 01:46:48,400
theological debate, that would 
have been fascinating if they 

2083
01:46:48,400 --> 01:46:50,900
weren't. 
So urgent, was this Divine 

2084
01:46:50,900 --> 01:46:52,700
punishment for some collective 
sin? 

2085
01:46:52,700 --> 01:46:56,800
A test of faith Was this a 
manifestation of malevolent 

2086
01:46:56,800 --> 01:46:59,400
Spirits, different priests 
offered different 

2087
01:46:59,400 --> 01:47:02,600
interpretations, and their 
congregations split accordingly?

2088
01:47:03,400 --> 01:47:06,300
Some organized prayer, vigils 
others called for public 

2089
01:47:06,300 --> 01:47:08,800
confessions. 
And a few suggested that perhaps

2090
01:47:08,800 --> 01:47:12,000
God was simply enjoying some 
Cosmic entertainment at human 

2091
01:47:12,000 --> 01:47:14,800
expense. 
The dancers themselves became 

2092
01:47:14,800 --> 01:47:17,900
unwilling celebrities. 
People traveled from neighboring

2093
01:47:17,900 --> 01:47:21,100
towns to witness the phenomenon 
turning Strausberg into an 

2094
01:47:21,100 --> 01:47:25,200
accidental tourist, destination.
Merchants arrived to sell food 

2095
01:47:25,200 --> 01:47:28,000
and trinkets to the crowds 
street performers. 

2096
01:47:28,000 --> 01:47:29,900
Came to compete for attention 
though. 

2097
01:47:29,900 --> 01:47:32,400
Their conventional acts seemed 
almost quaint compared to the 

2098
01:47:32,400 --> 01:47:34,300
desperate dancing happening all 
around them. 

2099
01:47:35,300 --> 01:47:38,900
However, the locals were growing
tired of the novelty living in 

2100
01:47:38,900 --> 01:47:41,900
the middle of an ongoing crisis,
has a way of exhausting even the

2101
01:47:41,900 --> 01:47:44,900
most patient communities. 
Families were disrupted 

2102
01:47:44,900 --> 01:47:48,000
businesses, struggled to 
function normally and everyone 

2103
01:47:48,000 --> 01:47:50,700
walked around with the nervous 
energy of people waiting for the

2104
01:47:50,700 --> 01:47:54,200
other shoe to drop. 
Except in this case the shoes 

2105
01:47:54,200 --> 01:47:58,300
never stopped moving. 
The dancers families organized 

2106
01:47:58,300 --> 01:48:00,300
themselves into an informal 
support network. 

2107
01:48:00,300 --> 01:48:04,400
They took turns bringing food 
and water alternated in watching

2108
01:48:04,400 --> 01:48:07,100
over their Afflicted. 
Relatives and shared the burden 

2109
01:48:07,100 --> 01:48:09,400
of worry, that comes from 
loving, someone who is slowly 

2110
01:48:09,400 --> 01:48:12,900
wearing themselves down. 
It was Community Care, born from

2111
01:48:12,900 --> 01:48:15,400
desperation, but it was 
beautiful in his way. 

2112
01:48:15,400 --> 01:48:18,700
Some of the dancers had begun to
develop their own individual 

2113
01:48:18,700 --> 01:48:21,500
styles. 
Otto, the blacksmith danced with

2114
01:48:21,500 --> 01:48:24,800
heavy rhythmic movements, that 
echoed his hammering motion at 

2115
01:48:24,800 --> 01:48:28,800
the forge Liesel, the baker's 
daughter, spun and twisted as if

2116
01:48:28,800 --> 01:48:31,100
needing invisible dough their 
bodies. 

2117
01:48:31,100 --> 01:48:34,500
Even in the grip of this 
strange, compulsion remembered. 

2118
01:48:34,500 --> 01:48:36,700
Their daily work and transformed
it into movement. 

2119
01:48:37,500 --> 01:48:41,100
By now, the city authorities 
were beginning to panic, what 

2120
01:48:41,100 --> 01:48:43,800
had started as a curious. 
Local phenomenon was threatening

2121
01:48:43,800 --> 01:48:45,900
to become a complete breakdown 
of civil order. 

2122
01:48:46,500 --> 01:48:48,800
More importantly, people were 
starting to die. 

2123
01:48:50,000 --> 01:48:53,300
When it finally came to, the 
dancers arrived, not with drama,

2124
01:48:53,300 --> 01:48:55,300
but with a kind of merciful 
exhaustion. 

2125
01:48:56,100 --> 01:48:57,800
Similar to a candle nearing. 
Its end. 

2126
01:48:57,800 --> 01:49:00,300
The dance has struggled to 
maintain the constant energy 

2127
01:49:00,300 --> 01:49:03,200
their bodies required. 
It was Klaus the Miller who went

2128
01:49:03,200 --> 01:49:06,200
first collapsing in the middle 
of what had been a particularly 

2129
01:49:06,200 --> 01:49:09,400
vigorous sequence of spins and 
somehow failing to rise again? 

2130
01:49:10,500 --> 01:49:13,500
The site of clouds, flying, 
still on those worn cobblestones

2131
01:49:13,500 --> 01:49:15,400
created to strange silence in 
the Square. 

2132
01:49:16,400 --> 01:49:19,500
Even the other dancers seem to 
pause as if some invisible 

2133
01:49:19,500 --> 01:49:22,200
conductor had finally give them 
the permission for a moment's 

2134
01:49:22,200 --> 01:49:25,000
rest. 
However, only a brief moment 

2135
01:49:25,000 --> 01:49:27,300
passed before. 
The surviving dance was resumed.

2136
01:49:27,300 --> 01:49:30,400
Their endless movement carefully
stepping around their fallen 

2137
01:49:30,400 --> 01:49:33,600
friend, as if he were merely 
another obstacle in their path. 

2138
01:49:34,300 --> 01:49:36,900
You might wonder what goes 
through a community's mind where

2139
01:49:36,900 --> 01:49:40,300
the impossible becomes deadly. 
The people of Strasbourg were 

2140
01:49:40,300 --> 01:49:42,800
experiencing something that 
challenged every assumption 

2141
01:49:42,800 --> 01:49:45,000
laid, ever made about how the 
world worked. 

2142
01:49:45,700 --> 01:49:48,700
They were practical people 
accustomed to practical problems

2143
01:49:48,700 --> 01:49:52,300
with practical Solutions. 
Crop failures could be endured 

2144
01:49:52,300 --> 01:49:55,900
diseases, could be treated or at
least understood and Wars could 

2145
01:49:55,900 --> 01:49:59,400
be fought and ended. 
But this dancing plague defied 

2146
01:49:59,400 --> 01:50:01,900
every category they had, for 
making sense of suffering. 

2147
01:50:02,800 --> 01:50:05,700
The Physicians those learned men
with their impressive 

2148
01:50:05,700 --> 01:50:08,400
collections of books and 
instruments were beginning to 

2149
01:50:08,400 --> 01:50:11,400
admit privately that their hot 
blood theory might need some 

2150
01:50:11,400 --> 01:50:13,600
adjustment. 
Several had observed. 

2151
01:50:13,600 --> 01:50:16,000
The dancers closely enough to 
notice that they weren't 

2152
01:50:16,000 --> 01:50:20,300
sweating excessively despite 
their constant motion, their 

2153
01:50:20,300 --> 01:50:23,300
skin remained relatively cool. 
And they're breathing wasn't as 

2154
01:50:23,300 --> 01:50:25,600
labored as it should have been 
given their activity level. 

2155
01:50:26,400 --> 01:50:28,500
Their bodies appeared to 
function under entirely 

2156
01:50:28,500 --> 01:50:32,200
different rules. 
Dr. Hermon the most respected 

2157
01:50:32,200 --> 01:50:35,200
physician in the region, spent 
three full days and nights of 

2158
01:50:35,200 --> 01:50:38,100
observing the dancers. 
He took careful notes about 

2159
01:50:38,100 --> 01:50:41,200
their movements, their eating 
and drinking patterns, and their

2160
01:50:41,200 --> 01:50:44,400
brief moments of rest. 
What he discovered puzzled him 

2161
01:50:44,408 --> 01:50:46,200
even more than the original 
phenomenon. 

2162
01:50:46,800 --> 01:50:49,100
The dancers seem to be in a 
state that was neither fully 

2163
01:50:49,100 --> 01:50:52,400
conscious nor unconscious 
neither sick, nor healthy and 

2164
01:50:52,400 --> 01:50:54,400
neither voluntary, nor 
completely involuntary. 

2165
01:50:55,500 --> 01:50:58,900
It is he wrote in his journal as
if they are sleepwalking, while 

2166
01:50:58,900 --> 01:51:01,400
awake or perhaps Awakening, 
while they sleep. 

2167
01:51:02,300 --> 01:51:05,200
They respond to their names and 
can speak hurtley when directly 

2168
01:51:05,200 --> 01:51:07,300
addressed yet. 
They cannot choose to stop 

2169
01:51:07,300 --> 01:51:09,600
moving. 
It is as though some part of 

2170
01:51:09,600 --> 01:51:11,700
their will as being Borrowed by 
an unknown Force. 

2171
01:51:12,900 --> 01:51:15,600
The families of the dancers were
developing their own expertise. 

2172
01:51:15,600 --> 01:51:19,000
Born from Desperate necessity, 
they learned to anticipate when 

2173
01:51:19,000 --> 01:51:20,900
their loved ones were most 
likely to collapse from 

2174
01:51:20,908 --> 01:51:24,100
exhaustion. 
They discovered which foods the 

2175
01:51:24,100 --> 01:51:26,700
dancers could manage to eat 
while moving and they developed 

2176
01:51:26,700 --> 01:51:29,500
techniques for helping them 
drink water without breaking 

2177
01:51:29,500 --> 01:51:31,900
their rhythm. 
They became amateur medical 

2178
01:51:31,900 --> 01:51:34,100
attendance, though. 
No medical school could have 

2179
01:51:34,100 --> 01:51:35,300
prepared them for this 
particular. 

2180
01:51:35,300 --> 01:51:39,000
Curriculum, Anna, whose husband 
had been dancing for nearly a 

2181
01:51:39,000 --> 01:51:41,400
month. 
Described the experience in 

2182
01:51:41,400 --> 01:51:44,800
terms that still echo across the
centuries, he is there, and not 

2183
01:51:44,800 --> 01:51:48,700
there, his body dances, yet his 
eyes at me with a profound 

2184
01:51:48,700 --> 01:51:52,000
sadness as if he finds himself 
imprisoned behind glass. 

2185
01:51:53,000 --> 01:51:55,300
Occasionally, I think he's 
trying to tell me something with

2186
01:51:55,300 --> 01:51:58,500
his movements, but I cannot 
understand the language is fetus

2187
01:51:58,500 --> 01:52:00,500
speaking. 
The community was starting to 

2188
01:52:00,500 --> 01:52:03,800
feel the effects of the constant
music, which they had initially 

2189
01:52:03,800 --> 01:52:06,900
perceived as beneficial. 
The Hired musicians were 

2190
01:52:06,900 --> 01:52:10,400
exhausted from playing for weeks
on end and their Melodies are 

2191
01:52:10,400 --> 01:52:13,700
taken on a repetitive almost it 
not at quality that seemed to 

2192
01:52:13,700 --> 01:52:18,000
make some listeners feel dizzy. 
Several people reported feeling 

2193
01:52:18,000 --> 01:52:20,200
an uncomfortable urge to move 
their feet in time. 

2194
01:52:20,200 --> 01:52:22,400
With the music though, they 
managed to resist. 

2195
01:52:22,400 --> 01:52:25,200
The compulsion. 
The dancing itself was evolving.

2196
01:52:26,500 --> 01:52:29,600
What had started? 
As individual isolated movements

2197
01:52:29,600 --> 01:52:31,800
was becoming something more 
coordinated. 

2198
01:52:32,500 --> 01:52:34,500
The dancers seem to be 
responding to each other 

2199
01:52:34,500 --> 01:52:38,100
creating patterns and formations
without any apparent conscious 

2200
01:52:38,100 --> 01:52:41,200
intent. 
They would form circles, then 

2201
01:52:41,200 --> 01:52:44,300
lines scatter and reform in 
different configurations. 

2202
01:52:44,300 --> 01:52:47,600
It was like watching a flock of 
birds or a school of fish. 

2203
01:52:47,600 --> 01:52:50,800
Except these were human beings. 
Who should have been making 

2204
01:52:50,800 --> 01:52:54,100
deliberate choices about their 
movements, some of the dancers 

2205
01:52:54,100 --> 01:52:56,700
had begun to show signs of what 
we might now, recognized as 

2206
01:52:56,700 --> 01:53:00,000
trance states, there are eyes 
would roll back, their breathing

2207
01:53:00,000 --> 01:53:02,800
would become shallow and rapid, 
and they would move with an 

2208
01:53:02,800 --> 01:53:05,400
intense that seemed to come from
somewhere outside themselves. 

2209
01:53:06,400 --> 01:53:08,900
During these episodes, they 
appeared completely unreachable.

2210
01:53:08,900 --> 01:53:13,100
As if they had temporarily left,
their bodies behind entirely the

2211
01:53:13,100 --> 01:53:15,200
religious community was 
fracturing under the weight of 

2212
01:53:15,208 --> 01:53:18,900
competing interpretations. 
Father, Philip preached that the

2213
01:53:18,900 --> 01:53:21,900
dancing was a form of divine 
ecstasy, similar to what? 

2214
01:53:21,900 --> 01:53:23,500
Mystics experience during 
prayer. 

2215
01:53:23,500 --> 01:53:27,300
Father Johann, argued it was 
clearly demonic possession and 

2216
01:53:27,300 --> 01:53:30,700
called for exorcisms. 
Father, Klaus the city's, oldest

2217
01:53:30,700 --> 01:53:33,700
priest suggested that God was 
teaching them about the nature 

2218
01:53:33,700 --> 01:53:36,600
of human will and the body's 
relationship to the soul. 

2219
01:53:37,500 --> 01:53:40,100
The debates were becoming 
increasingly heated and the 

2220
01:53:40,100 --> 01:53:43,300
congregation was choosing sides 
based as much on their fears as 

2221
01:53:43,300 --> 01:53:45,600
on their faith. 
It's remarkable. 

2222
01:53:45,600 --> 01:53:49,000
How quickly theological 
certainty can crumble when faced

2223
01:53:49,000 --> 01:53:52,400
with something that doesn't fit 
neatly into existing categories 

2224
01:53:52,400 --> 01:53:55,600
of understanding. 
Meanwhile, the dancers danced on

2225
01:53:55,600 --> 01:53:58,800
their numbers fluctuating as 
some collapsed and others were 

2226
01:53:58,800 --> 01:54:00,300
mysteriously called to join 
them. 

2227
01:54:00,300 --> 01:54:02,700
The city had become a living 
laboratory. 

2228
01:54:02,700 --> 01:54:07,100
The questions that nobody knew 
how to ask let alone answer when

2229
01:54:07,100 --> 01:54:10,200
faced with the inexplicable. 
Humans, have a tendency to 

2230
01:54:10,200 --> 01:54:12,800
multiply explanations rather 
than admit ignorance. 

2231
01:54:13,900 --> 01:54:15,800
By the fourth week of the 
dancing plague. 

2232
01:54:15,800 --> 01:54:19,000
Strasbourg had attracted more 
experts than a modern medical 

2233
01:54:19,000 --> 01:54:21,800
conference each arriving, with 
their own pet, theories and 

2234
01:54:21,800 --> 01:54:25,600
proposed Solutions Master Yuan 
from the University of Basil, 

2235
01:54:25,600 --> 01:54:29,000
wrote an impressive collection 
of astrological charts and 

2236
01:54:29,000 --> 01:54:30,600
announced that the dancing was 
clearly. 

2237
01:54:30,600 --> 01:54:32,500
The result of planetary male 
alignment. 

2238
01:54:33,200 --> 01:54:35,200
Mercury. 
He explained with considerable 

2239
01:54:35,200 --> 01:54:39,100
Authority, was in an unfortunate
conjunction with Mars, creating 

2240
01:54:39,100 --> 01:54:42,000
an excess of kinetic energy and 
susceptible individuals. 

2241
01:54:42,800 --> 01:54:46,300
His solution involved complex 
calculations of when the planets

2242
01:54:46,300 --> 01:54:48,700
would return to a more 
harmonious configuration. 

2243
01:54:48,700 --> 01:54:52,300
Roughly six months, hints, 
brother, or Gust, in from the 

2244
01:54:52,300 --> 01:54:54,200
monastery at Mal time had a 
different interpretation 

2245
01:54:54,200 --> 01:54:56,900
entirely. 
He arrived with a cart full of 

2246
01:54:56,900 --> 01:55:00,200
holy relics, and proclaimed that
the dancers were experiencing a 

2247
01:55:00,200 --> 01:55:04,300
form of religious ecstasy, like 
Watson himself had experienced. 

2248
01:55:05,200 --> 01:55:08,000
The solution. 
He insisted was pilgrimage to 

2249
01:55:08,000 --> 01:55:11,300
the shrine of Saint Vitus, where
the dancers could Channel their 

2250
01:55:11,300 --> 01:55:13,900
divinely inspired movement into 
proper worship. 

2251
01:55:13,900 --> 01:55:17,600
You can imagine the scene 
learned men with their Scrolls 

2252
01:55:17,600 --> 01:55:19,900
and instruments. 
Religious authorities with their

2253
01:55:19,900 --> 01:55:23,300
crosses and holy water, all 
standing around debating the 

2254
01:55:23,300 --> 01:55:26,300
finer points of their theories. 
While 40 exhaust, people can 

2255
01:55:26,300 --> 01:55:30,100
continue their endless, dance, 
mere feet away, It was like 

2256
01:55:30,100 --> 01:55:33,500
convening a panel of experts to 
discuss the nature of rain while

2257
01:55:33,500 --> 01:55:34,800
standing in the middle of a 
thunderstorm. 

2258
01:55:35,900 --> 01:55:38,900
The city council meanwhile was 
dealing with increasingly 

2259
01:55:38,900 --> 01:55:43,200
practical concerns, the dancing 
had disrupted Commerce attracted

2260
01:55:43,200 --> 01:55:46,000
unwanted attention from 
neighboring regions and was 

2261
01:55:46,000 --> 01:55:48,500
beginning to strain. 
The city's resources, they 

2262
01:55:48,500 --> 01:55:52,300
needed Solutions, not theories, 
but every expert who arrived 

2263
01:55:52,300 --> 01:55:54,100
seemed to bring more questions 
than answers. 

2264
01:55:55,200 --> 01:55:58,100
Dr. Paracelsus, Who would later 
become famous for his 

2265
01:55:58,100 --> 01:56:00,400
revolutionary. 
Medical ideas made a brief 

2266
01:56:00,408 --> 01:56:03,300
appearance during this period is
assessment was 

2267
01:56:03,300 --> 01:56:06,700
characteristically blunt. 
These learned men speak of hot 

2268
01:56:06,700 --> 01:56:09,500
blood and planetary influences. 
While people die before their 

2269
01:56:09,500 --> 01:56:11,900
eyes. 
Perhaps the sickness is not in 

2270
01:56:11,900 --> 01:56:15,100
the dance as bodies, but in our 
understanding of what body's can

2271
01:56:15,100 --> 01:56:17,400
do. 
He was particularly critical of 

2272
01:56:17,400 --> 01:56:20,600
the decision to provide music 
for the dancers, you might as 

2273
01:56:20,600 --> 01:56:22,000
well. 
Give wine to a drunkard and call

2274
01:56:22,008 --> 01:56:24,600
it medicine. 
He observed, the music feeds, 

2275
01:56:24,600 --> 01:56:27,800
the compulsion rather than 
curing it occasionally, the 

2276
01:56:27,800 --> 01:56:30,900
kindest treatment is to remove 
what seems helpful, but proves 

2277
01:56:30,900 --> 01:56:35,100
harmful his words carried weight
and a faction began to form 

2278
01:56:35,100 --> 01:56:37,700
around the idea of trying 
complete silence, instead of 

2279
01:56:37,700 --> 01:56:41,500
constant music, It was a radical
departure from the established 

2280
01:56:41,500 --> 01:56:44,600
treatment, but then again, the 
existing treatment wasn't 

2281
01:56:44,600 --> 01:56:47,000
working particularly. 
Well, the families of the 

2282
01:56:47,000 --> 01:56:49,800
dancers were developing their 
own theories, based on intimate 

2283
01:56:49,800 --> 01:56:53,100
observation, they noticed that 
their loved ones seemed to dance

2284
01:56:53,100 --> 01:56:55,600
more frantically. 
When crowds gathered as if 

2285
01:56:55,600 --> 01:56:59,400
performing for an audience, they
couldn't see They observed that 

2286
01:56:59,400 --> 01:57:02,700
certain types of music triggered
more intense movements, While 

2287
01:57:02,700 --> 01:57:04,400
others seem to calm the dance of
slightly. 

2288
01:57:05,400 --> 01:57:08,200
They discovered that the dancers
movements, sometimes echoed 

2289
01:57:08,200 --> 01:57:12,000
their daily work routines. 
None of the learner's experts 

2290
01:57:12,000 --> 01:57:15,400
had to document. 
Elizabeth, whose teenage 

2291
01:57:15,400 --> 01:57:17,000
daughter had been dancing for 
three weeks. 

2292
01:57:17,000 --> 01:57:19,400
Made a particularly astute 
observation. 

2293
01:57:20,300 --> 01:57:23,400
She dances like she's trying to 
escape from something, but also 

2294
01:57:23,400 --> 01:57:24,500
like she's trying to reach 
something. 

2295
01:57:24,500 --> 01:57:28,300
Her movements aren't random this
searching, but I cannot tell 

2296
01:57:28,300 --> 01:57:30,400
what she searching for this 
idea. 

2297
01:57:30,400 --> 01:57:33,000
Of the dance is a form of 
searching resonated with other 

2298
01:57:33,000 --> 01:57:35,600
families. 
They began to notice that their 

2299
01:57:35,600 --> 01:57:38,300
dancers appeared to be moving, 
either towards something or away

2300
01:57:38,300 --> 01:57:40,600
from it, though. 
The nature of that something 

2301
01:57:40,600 --> 01:57:42,200
remained invisible to everyone 
else. 

2302
01:57:43,100 --> 01:57:46,000
Was as if the dancers could see 
a landscape that existed only 

2303
01:57:46,000 --> 01:57:48,300
for them. 
The younger members of the 

2304
01:57:48,300 --> 01:57:50,500
community were having their 
reactions to the prolonged 

2305
01:57:50,500 --> 01:57:54,400
crisis children who had 
initially been fascinated were 

2306
01:57:54,400 --> 01:57:56,600
now having nightmares about 
being unable to stop moving. 

2307
01:57:57,300 --> 01:58:00,300
Teenagers were avoiding the 
areas where dancers congregated 

2308
01:58:00,300 --> 01:58:03,600
afraid that the compulsion might
somehow reach out and grab them,

2309
01:58:03,600 --> 01:58:06,000
too. 
Young adults were leaving the 

2310
01:58:06,000 --> 01:58:09,600
city entirely unwilling to risk 
being caught up in whatever was 

2311
01:58:09,600 --> 01:58:12,800
happening. 
But perhaps most tellingly some 

2312
01:58:12,800 --> 01:58:15,600
people were beginning to report.
Feeling a strange sympathy with 

2313
01:58:15,600 --> 01:58:17,900
the dancers. 
They would watch the endless 

2314
01:58:17,900 --> 01:58:20,600
movement and find their feet. 
Tapping in voluntarily. 

2315
01:58:20,600 --> 01:58:23,800
They were dream of dancing and 
wake up with their legs. 

2316
01:58:23,800 --> 01:58:27,500
Tangled in bed, sheets, a few 
even reported brief moments of 

2317
01:58:27,500 --> 01:58:30,300
feeling enormous irresistible 
urge to join the dancers, 

2318
01:58:30,300 --> 01:58:32,300
though. 
They managed to fight off the 

2319
01:58:32,300 --> 01:58:35,300
compulsion. 
Their experience is raised 

2320
01:58:35,300 --> 01:58:37,400
disturbing questions about the 
nature of the condition. 

2321
01:58:37,400 --> 01:58:41,400
Was it truly random or some 
people more susceptible than 

2322
01:58:41,400 --> 01:58:44,500
others? 
Was it a hidden contagion or a 

2323
01:58:44,500 --> 01:58:45,900
dormant part of the human 
psyche? 

2324
01:58:46,700 --> 01:58:48,900
Dr. Hermon who had been 
observing the dancers? 

2325
01:58:48,900 --> 01:58:50,900
Since the beginning was 
developing a theory, that was 

2326
01:58:50,900 --> 01:58:53,700
both simpler and more complex 
than the others being proposed. 

2327
01:58:54,500 --> 01:58:57,200
He suspected that the dancing 
might be a physical expression 

2328
01:58:57,200 --> 01:59:00,600
of something psychological. 
A kind of breaking point where 

2329
01:59:00,600 --> 01:59:03,100
individual human will simply 
gave up trying to maintain 

2330
01:59:03,100 --> 01:59:05,700
control over an increasingly 
uncontrollable world. 

2331
01:59:07,000 --> 01:59:10,600
Perhaps he wrote in his private 
notes, the dancers are not sick,

2332
01:59:10,600 --> 01:59:12,600
but rather more honest than the 
rest of us. 

2333
01:59:13,300 --> 01:59:15,700
They are showing us what it 
looks like when the human Spirit

2334
01:59:15,700 --> 01:59:18,500
can no longer pretend that, it 
has Mastery over the body, it 

2335
01:59:18,500 --> 01:59:21,000
inhabits. 
It was a radical idea for its 

2336
01:59:21,000 --> 01:59:24,200
time suggesting that the 
boundary between mind and body. 

2337
01:59:24,200 --> 01:59:26,400
Might be more porous than anyone
had imagined. 

2338
01:59:26,400 --> 01:59:29,900
Sometimes the most profound 
shifts happen, not with dramatic

2339
01:59:29,900 --> 01:59:33,400
Revelations but with quiet 
observations made by exhausted, 

2340
01:59:33,400 --> 01:59:35,600
people who have run out of 
clever theories. 

2341
01:59:35,600 --> 01:59:39,100
It was for Alberta, the baker's 
wife, who had been caring for 

2342
01:59:39,100 --> 01:59:41,900
three different dancers, who 
first noticed the pattern that 

2343
01:59:41,900 --> 01:59:43,800
would eventually lead to the 
plagues resolution. 

2344
01:59:44,700 --> 01:59:47,700
She observed that the dancers 
seemed calmer though they never 

2345
01:59:47,700 --> 01:59:51,300
stopped moving entirely when 
they were in smaller groups away

2346
01:59:51,300 --> 01:59:53,100
from the crowds of the constant 
music. 

2347
01:59:53,900 --> 01:59:56,600
More importantly, she noticed 
that they dance differently in 

2348
01:59:56,600 --> 01:59:59,500
the early morning hours before 
the city fully awakened. 

2349
02:00:00,300 --> 02:00:03,100
Their movements were still 
compulsive but they seemed less.

2350
02:00:03,108 --> 02:00:06,300
Frantic more like people walking
in their sleep than people 

2351
02:00:06,300 --> 02:00:09,900
fleeing from invisible demons. 
It's the watching. 

2352
02:00:09,900 --> 02:00:12,800
She told Dr. Hermon one morning,
after a particularly long night 

2353
02:00:12,800 --> 02:00:14,900
of observation, they danced 
harder. 

2354
02:00:14,900 --> 02:00:17,600
When people watch them, not 
because they want attention. 

2355
02:00:17,600 --> 02:00:20,200
But because something about 
being watched makes the dancing 

2356
02:00:20,200 --> 02:00:23,400
worse. 
This Insight led to a quiet 

2357
02:00:23,400 --> 02:00:25,800
experiment. 
A few families began taking 

2358
02:00:25,800 --> 02:00:29,200
their dancing relatives to more 
secluded locations, quiet 

2359
02:00:29,200 --> 02:00:33,300
Courtyards Gardens outside the 
city walls even private homes 

2360
02:00:33,300 --> 02:00:35,900
with large rooms. 
The results were subtle. 

2361
02:00:35,900 --> 02:00:39,300
But unmistakable away from 
audiences and musicians, the 

2362
02:00:39,300 --> 02:00:42,200
dancers movements became less 
violent, less desperate. 

2363
02:00:43,500 --> 02:00:45,800
Dr. Hermon documented, these 
changes carefully? 

2364
02:00:46,600 --> 02:00:48,900
The dancers still couldn't stop 
moving, but their movements 

2365
02:00:48,900 --> 02:00:52,000
became more flowing, less likely
convulsion and more like a 

2366
02:00:52,008 --> 02:00:55,500
strange form of sleepwalking. 
Some even began to show brief 

2367
02:00:55,500 --> 02:00:59,000
moments of genuine rest. 
Not collapsed from exhaustion. 

2368
02:00:59,000 --> 02:01:02,200
But actual pauses in their 
movement, the religious 

2369
02:01:02,200 --> 02:01:04,500
authorities were initially 
resistant to this approach 

2370
02:01:04,500 --> 02:01:07,500
rather than argued. 
That removing the dancers from 

2371
02:01:07,500 --> 02:01:10,500
public view was tantamount to 
hide in God's work from the 

2372
02:01:10,500 --> 02:01:13,200
faithful. 
But father, Klaus the olderly 

2373
02:01:13,200 --> 02:01:15,400
priest who had been quietly 
observing throughout the crisis,

2374
02:01:15,400 --> 02:01:20,300
supported the experiment. 
Perhaps he suggested what these 

2375
02:01:20,300 --> 02:01:23,200
Souls need is not more 
attention, but more piece. 

2376
02:01:24,100 --> 02:01:27,500
The city council pragmatic has 
always, was simply relieved to 

2377
02:01:27,508 --> 02:01:30,200
have the disruption moved away 
from the main commercial areas. 

2378
02:01:30,200 --> 02:01:33,600
They officially sanctioned the 
creation of quiet spaces where 

2379
02:01:33,600 --> 02:01:36,400
dancers could be cared for away 
from crowds though. 

2380
02:01:36,400 --> 02:01:38,200
They were careful not to call it
a cure. 

2381
02:01:38,900 --> 02:01:41,600
Gradually, as they relocated the
dancers to more peaceful 

2382
02:01:41,600 --> 02:01:44,100
environments and unexpected 
event occurred. 

2383
02:01:44,700 --> 02:01:47,800
Without the stimulation of 
constant music and crowds their 

2384
02:01:47,800 --> 02:01:49,800
individual personalities began 
to reassert themselves. 

2385
02:01:51,100 --> 02:01:55,100
Maria, the seamstress started 
incorporating recognizable, 

2386
02:01:55,100 --> 02:01:57,100
gestures from her work in her 
dance. 

2387
02:01:57,900 --> 02:02:00,900
Not the Frantic mimicry that had
characterized her earlier 

2388
02:02:00,900 --> 02:02:03,800
movements but something more 
like a conversation between her 

2389
02:02:03,800 --> 02:02:08,100
conscious and unconscious minds.
Otto the blacksmith's movements 

2390
02:02:08,100 --> 02:02:10,600
began to follow the rhythm of 
breathing rather than some 

2391
02:02:10,600 --> 02:02:13,000
internal drum beat that no one 
else could hear. 

2392
02:02:14,100 --> 02:02:17,200
His dance became less about 
desperate energy and more about 

2393
02:02:17,200 --> 02:02:20,400
a kind of patient endurance as 
if he were waiting for something

2394
02:02:20,400 --> 02:02:23,200
to finish cooling in his 
foreword, the families caring 

2395
02:02:23,200 --> 02:02:25,000
for the dancers developed new 
routines. 

2396
02:02:25,000 --> 02:02:28,300
Based on these observations, 
they created spaces that were 

2397
02:02:28,300 --> 02:02:30,600
comfortable. 
But not stimulating provided 

2398
02:02:30,600 --> 02:02:32,400
simple Foods at regular 
intervals. 

2399
02:02:32,400 --> 02:02:35,400
And most importantly, they 
learned to be present without 

2400
02:02:35,400 --> 02:02:38,700
being intrusive. they discovered
that the dancers seemed to 

2401
02:02:38,708 --> 02:02:42,300
respond to quite companionship 
in ways they hadn't responded to

2402
02:02:42,300 --> 02:02:46,300
Medical interventions, or 
religious ceremonies Anna, whose

2403
02:02:46,300 --> 02:02:48,000
husband had been dancing for 
over a month. 

2404
02:02:48,008 --> 02:02:51,300
Described the change. 
He still moves constantly but 

2405
02:02:51,300 --> 02:02:53,800
now it's like he's dancing with 
something instead of fighting 

2406
02:02:53,800 --> 02:02:57,100
against something. 
I can see him in there behind 

2407
02:02:57,100 --> 02:03:01,100
his eyes waiting. 
This sense of waiting became a 

2408
02:03:01,100 --> 02:03:03,200
common theme in how family is 
described their dancing 

2409
02:03:03,200 --> 02:03:05,800
relatives. 
The dancers appeared to be in a 

2410
02:03:05,800 --> 02:03:08,300
state of flux. 
Neither fully present nor fully 

2411
02:03:08,300 --> 02:03:12,700
absent and neither completely 
sick nor completely well Dr. 

2412
02:03:12,700 --> 02:03:15,500
Hermon began to theorize that 
the dancing might represent a 

2413
02:03:15,500 --> 02:03:17,400
form of healing. 
Instead of being, merely a sign 

2414
02:03:17,408 --> 02:03:20,200
of sickness, though. 
He couldn't specify what it was 

2415
02:03:20,200 --> 02:03:23,500
healing from. 
Perhaps he wrote, there are 

2416
02:03:23,500 --> 02:03:26,300
injuries to the human spirit. 
That can only be mended through 

2417
02:03:26,300 --> 02:03:28,600
movement. 
Just as there are injuries to 

2418
02:03:28,600 --> 02:03:30,700
the body that can only be healed
through rest. 

2419
02:03:31,600 --> 02:03:35,000
The idea was revolutionary that 
the dancing might be a cure 

2420
02:03:35,000 --> 02:03:38,400
rather than a disease a 
necessary process rather than a 

2421
02:03:38,400 --> 02:03:41,600
pathological condition. 
It's suggested that the dancers 

2422
02:03:41,600 --> 02:03:44,500
body might possess a wisdom that
their conscious Minds could not 

2423
02:03:44,500 --> 02:03:46,800
access. 
As word of the quieter 

2424
02:03:46,800 --> 02:03:49,400
approached bread. 
Some of the original experts 

2425
02:03:49,400 --> 02:03:51,000
began to reconsider their 
theories. 

2426
02:03:51,900 --> 02:03:54,600
Master Johan from barcel 
admitted that his planetary 

2427
02:03:54,600 --> 02:03:57,000
calculations might need to 
account for environmental 

2428
02:03:57,000 --> 02:03:59,800
factors. 
Brother, Augustine suggested 

2429
02:03:59,800 --> 02:04:02,000
that perhaps the saint was 
working through peaceful 

2430
02:04:02,000 --> 02:04:05,100
contemplation rather than public
demonstration. 

2431
02:04:05,700 --> 02:04:07,700
Even paracelsus in his final 
notes. 

2432
02:04:07,700 --> 02:04:10,500
On the case, acknowledged that 
the solution had come not from 

2433
02:04:10,500 --> 02:04:13,700
learning intervention but from 
careful observation by people 

2434
02:04:13,700 --> 02:04:16,200
who cared more about helping 
than about being right. 

2435
02:04:17,400 --> 02:04:19,300
The families discovered, what we
experts missed. 

2436
02:04:19,300 --> 02:04:22,600
He wrote, sometimes healing 
requires not doing more but 

2437
02:04:22,600 --> 02:04:25,400
doing less. 
The number of new cases had 

2438
02:04:25,400 --> 02:04:27,100
already begun to slow the 
weather. 

2439
02:04:27,100 --> 02:04:29,600
The decline was due to the 
change to approach or simply the

2440
02:04:29,600 --> 02:04:31,800
natural progression of the 
phenomenon remained unclear. 

2441
02:04:33,000 --> 02:04:34,700
What was clear was that the 
desperate? 

2442
02:04:34,700 --> 02:04:37,900
Frantic quality of the dancing 
was gradually, giving way to 

2443
02:04:37,900 --> 02:04:40,500
something that looked more like 
a strange form of prayer or 

2444
02:04:40,500 --> 02:04:43,100
meditation. 
The city itself was slowly 

2445
02:04:43,100 --> 02:04:45,200
returning to something 
resembling normal life. 

2446
02:04:45,900 --> 02:04:48,200
Though the experience had 
changed everyone who lived 

2447
02:04:48,200 --> 02:04:51,000
through it. 
People walked more carefully as 

2448
02:04:51,000 --> 02:04:53,500
if testing whether their feet 
would obey their intentions. 

2449
02:04:53,500 --> 02:04:56,200
They looked at each other 
differently with the new 

2450
02:04:56,200 --> 02:04:58,800
awareness of how little control.
Any of them really had over 

2451
02:04:58,800 --> 02:05:01,800
their own bodies and Minds. 
You know, how some storms end 

2452
02:05:01,800 --> 02:05:05,300
not with the dramatic crash of 
Thunder, but with a gradual 

2453
02:05:05,300 --> 02:05:08,600
lessening of wind and rain until
you suddenly realize the silence

2454
02:05:08,600 --> 02:05:12,300
as returned. 
The dancing plague of Strathmore

2455
02:05:12,300 --> 02:05:15,700
ended in much the same way. 
So, gradually that nobody could 

2456
02:05:15,700 --> 02:05:18,400
say exactly, when it stopped 
being an emergency, and started 

2457
02:05:18,400 --> 02:05:22,600
being a memory, For our trifalia
would started it all with her 

2458
02:05:22,600 --> 02:05:25,300
first involuntary, step was 
among the last to find 

2459
02:05:25,308 --> 02:05:28,300
Stillness. 
The six weeks, she had been the 

2460
02:05:28,300 --> 02:05:30,400
unwilling Pioneer of this 
strange territory. 

2461
02:05:30,400 --> 02:05:33,100
Where human will met its 
mysterious limits? 

2462
02:05:33,900 --> 02:05:37,300
When she finally stopped moving,
it wasn't with collapse or drama

2463
02:05:37,300 --> 02:05:40,900
but with a simple pause that 
gradually extended into rest. 

2464
02:05:41,800 --> 02:05:44,800
She was sitting in the garden by
the baker's house where her 

2465
02:05:44,800 --> 02:05:47,300
family had moved her to escape 
the crowds and the constant 

2466
02:05:47,300 --> 02:05:49,700
music. 
The Morning Sun was filtering 

2467
02:05:49,700 --> 02:05:52,800
through Apple leaves and she'd 
been moving in slow gentle 

2468
02:05:52,800 --> 02:05:56,500
circles for hours. 
Then as naturally as a person 

2469
02:05:56,500 --> 02:05:59,900
might stop humming a tune. 
She simply sat down on a wooden 

2470
02:05:59,900 --> 02:06:03,200
bench and stayed there. 
Her sister had been watching 

2471
02:06:03,200 --> 02:06:06,000
anxiously from the kitchen 
window almost didn't believe it 

2472
02:06:06,000 --> 02:06:08,900
at first. 
She waited several minutes 

2473
02:06:08,900 --> 02:06:12,000
before approaching Aid that any 
attention might restart the 

2474
02:06:12,000 --> 02:06:15,000
compulsive movement, but trout 
Fair remained seated. 

2475
02:06:15,000 --> 02:06:18,700
Looking around the garden with 
clear present eyes as if she was

2476
02:06:18,700 --> 02:06:20,500
seeing it for the first time in 
weeks. 

2477
02:06:20,500 --> 02:06:24,000
I'm tired. 
She said, simply and her sister 

2478
02:06:24,000 --> 02:06:27,900
began to weep with relief. 
Over the following days, the 

2479
02:06:27,900 --> 02:06:30,200
other dancers found their ways 
back to Stillness. 

2480
02:06:30,900 --> 02:06:33,600
Some stopped during sleep and 
simply didn't resume when they 

2481
02:06:33,600 --> 02:06:37,200
woke others came to rest. 
Gradually their movements 

2482
02:06:37,200 --> 02:06:39,400
slowing like music boxes. 
Winding down. 

2483
02:06:40,300 --> 02:06:42,500
A few experienced. 
Their final dance is something 

2484
02:06:42,500 --> 02:06:45,900
beautiful rather than desperate.
The kind of Celebration or 

2485
02:06:45,900 --> 02:06:48,500
completion, that left them 
exhausted but oddly peaceful. 

2486
02:06:49,600 --> 02:06:53,100
Not everyone survived the 
experience, the official records

2487
02:06:53,100 --> 02:06:56,400
show that several dancers died 
from exhaustion or related 

2488
02:06:56,400 --> 02:06:59,300
complications though. 
The exact number was never 

2489
02:06:59,300 --> 02:07:02,800
precisely documented, those who 
lived carried the memory of 

2490
02:07:02,800 --> 02:07:05,200
those weeks in their bodies for 
the rest of their lives. 

2491
02:07:05,200 --> 02:07:08,200
They walked differently 
afterwards with a kind of 

2492
02:07:08,200 --> 02:07:11,300
conscious gratitude for their 
ability to choose when and how 

2493
02:07:11,300 --> 02:07:14,000
to move. 
Dr. Hermon spent months in to 

2494
02:07:14,000 --> 02:07:16,800
viewing the recovered dancers, 
trying to understand what they 

2495
02:07:16,800 --> 02:07:19,300
had experienced during their 
weeks of compulsive movement. 

2496
02:07:20,100 --> 02:07:22,900
Their descriptions were 
remarkably consistent in some 

2497
02:07:22,900 --> 02:07:25,200
ways, and completely individual 
in others. 

2498
02:07:26,100 --> 02:07:29,200
Most remembered feeling trapped 
in their body's aware of what 

2499
02:07:29,200 --> 02:07:30,900
was happening. 
But unable to control it. 

2500
02:07:31,700 --> 02:07:35,500
But they also described odd 
moments of Peace as if dancing 

2501
02:07:35,500 --> 02:07:37,800
had taken them to places, they 
couldn't reach on purpose. 

2502
02:07:39,000 --> 02:07:40,600
It was like being carried by a 
river. 

2503
02:07:40,600 --> 02:07:43,700
Maria seems just told him 
frightening because I couldn't 

2504
02:07:43,700 --> 02:07:47,100
swim to shore but also sometimes
beautiful because I could see 

2505
02:07:47,100 --> 02:07:49,800
things from the water that I 
never would have seen from the 

2506
02:07:49,800 --> 02:07:52,800
bank. 
Otto, the blacksmith had a 

2507
02:07:52,800 --> 02:07:55,100
different metaphor. 
It was like being a piece of 

2508
02:07:55,108 --> 02:07:57,800
metal on my Anvil being shaped 
by hammers. 

2509
02:07:57,800 --> 02:08:01,300
I couldn't see it hurt. 
But something in new the 

2510
02:08:01,300 --> 02:08:04,000
hammering was necessary. 
These interviews revealed that 

2511
02:08:04,000 --> 02:08:06,900
the dancers had maintained more 
awareness than anyone had 

2512
02:08:06,900 --> 02:08:09,400
suspected. 
They had been conscious of their

2513
02:08:09,400 --> 02:08:13,400
families care grateful for the 
quiet spaces and aware of the 

2514
02:08:13,400 --> 02:08:16,400
changes in their movement 
patterns they'd simply been 

2515
02:08:16,400 --> 02:08:19,000
powerless to communicate this 
awareness while the dancing 

2516
02:08:19,000 --> 02:08:22,200
continued. 
The city of Strasbourg, 

2517
02:08:22,200 --> 02:08:24,900
gradually returned to its normal
rhythms though. 

2518
02:08:24,900 --> 02:08:27,300
The memory of those summer 
weeks, left permanent changes, 

2519
02:08:27,300 --> 02:08:30,700
the authorities developed better
protocols for caring for people 

2520
02:08:30,700 --> 02:08:34,300
in crisis, emphasizing comfort 
and observation over dramatic 

2521
02:08:34,300 --> 02:08:37,500
interventions. 
The Physicians Incorporated, new

2522
02:08:37,500 --> 02:08:40,200
ideas about the relationship 
between mind and body into their

2523
02:08:40,200 --> 02:08:43,000
practice, the religious 
community developed, a more 

2524
02:08:43,000 --> 02:08:45,900
complex conception of how the 
sacred might manifest in Human 

2525
02:08:45,900 --> 02:08:48,500
Experience. 
But perhaps the most lasting 

2526
02:08:48,500 --> 02:08:51,400
change was in how the people of 
Strasbourg understood the nature

2527
02:08:51,400 --> 02:08:54,800
of human control and human 
vulnerability. they had 

2528
02:08:54,808 --> 02:08:56,600
witnessed something that 
challenged fundamental 

2529
02:08:56,600 --> 02:08:59,500
assumptions about how much power
individuals have over their 

2530
02:08:59,500 --> 02:09:02,900
bodies and choices they had 
learned that sometimes the most 

2531
02:09:02,900 --> 02:09:06,300
caring response to someone's 
crisis is not to try to fix 

2532
02:09:06,300 --> 02:09:08,800
them, but to stay present, while
they work through whatever 

2533
02:09:08,800 --> 02:09:11,800
healing process, they're more 
profound wisdom, has initiated 

2534
02:09:12,500 --> 02:09:14,000
The cobblestones in the Town 
Square. 

2535
02:09:14,000 --> 02:09:16,700
Still bear faint marks from 
those weeks of endless dancing, 

2536
02:09:16,700 --> 02:09:18,900
though, you'd have to know where
to look to see them. 

2537
02:09:19,700 --> 02:09:22,700
Local guides sometimes Point 
them out to visitors telling 

2538
02:09:22,700 --> 02:09:25,900
abbreviated version of the story
that emphasized the strangeness 

2539
02:09:25,900 --> 02:09:29,000
while missing the deeper lessons
about Community Care and the 

2540
02:09:29,000 --> 02:09:32,700
Mystery of human resilience. 
Years later when other 

2541
02:09:32,700 --> 02:09:36,300
communities experience, similar 
outbreaks of dancing Mania and 

2542
02:09:36,300 --> 02:09:39,000
there were several throughout 
Medieval Europe, some 

2543
02:09:39,000 --> 02:09:40,900
remembered, the lessons of 
Strasbourg. 

2544
02:09:40,900 --> 02:09:44,500
They learned to provide quiet 
spaces rather than public stages

2545
02:09:44,500 --> 02:09:47,700
to offer patient presents, 
rather than dramatic cures. 

2546
02:09:47,700 --> 02:09:50,800
And to trust that sometimes 
healing looks different from 

2547
02:09:50,800 --> 02:09:55,300
what we expect The dancing 
plague of 1580 remains, one of 

2548
02:09:55,300 --> 02:09:57,100
his most puzzling medical 
Mysteries. 

2549
02:09:57,100 --> 02:10:00,600
It's also a story about how 
communities can learn to care 

2550
02:10:00,600 --> 02:10:04,000
for members who are experiencing
something Beyond ordinary 

2551
02:10:04,000 --> 02:10:06,900
understanding. 
It reminds us that the human 

2552
02:10:06,900 --> 02:10:09,900
body and spirit capable of 
experiences that exceed our 

2553
02:10:09,900 --> 02:10:13,100
ability to categorize or control
them and that sometimes the 

2554
02:10:13,100 --> 02:10:16,600
wisest response to mystery is 
not to solve it but to honor it.

2555
02:10:17,600 --> 02:10:20,400
As you drift towards sleep 
tonight, you might think about 

2556
02:10:20,400 --> 02:10:23,600
Frau Trophy and her fellow 
dancers and about the family who

2557
02:10:23,600 --> 02:10:25,700
learn to love them through their
strange Journey. 

2558
02:10:26,600 --> 02:10:29,300
You might contemplate the 
delicate boundary that sometimes

2559
02:10:29,300 --> 02:10:33,200
exists between what we perceive 
as normal and what we perceive 

2560
02:10:33,200 --> 02:10:35,800
as impossible and how much 
healing occurs not through 

2561
02:10:35,800 --> 02:10:39,600
expert intervention through the 
patient presence of individuals 

2562
02:10:39,600 --> 02:10:43,100
who care enough to remain and 
observe what ever unfolds. 

2563
02:10:44,000 --> 02:10:47,000
The dance is always there. 
Just beneath the surface of our 

2564
02:10:47,000 --> 02:10:50,200
ordered lives waiting to teach 
us something about surrender 

2565
02:10:50,200 --> 02:10:54,300
about community, and about the 
beautiful terrifying, mystery of

2566
02:10:54,300 --> 02:10:57,600
Being Human in a body that is 
never entirely under our 

2567
02:10:57,600 --> 02:11:02,600
control. 
Elizabeth Shiloh came into the 

2568
02:11:02,608 --> 02:11:07,800
world on August 9th. 1757 
cradled by The Rolling vistas of

2569
02:11:07,800 --> 02:11:11,400
the Hudson River her father, 
Philip Schuyler was a respected 

2570
02:11:11,400 --> 02:11:14,600
military leader and landowner in
the colony of New York and Her 

2571
02:11:14,600 --> 02:11:18,300
Mother Catherine Van Rensselaer 
hailed from one of the most 

2572
02:11:18,300 --> 02:11:20,000
influential families in the 
region. 

2573
02:11:20,700 --> 02:11:22,200
Growing up a midsection 
privilege. 

2574
02:11:22,200 --> 02:11:26,400
Might have nurtured a sense of 
arrogance in some but Eliza as 

2575
02:11:26,400 --> 02:11:29,600
she was often called had a 
natural warmth that set her 

2576
02:11:29,600 --> 02:11:33,200
apart from many of her peers 
nestled in the Shiloh mansion in

2577
02:11:33,200 --> 02:11:35,700
Albany. 
Eliza spent her earliest years 

2578
02:11:35,700 --> 02:11:38,400
as part of a large clam that 
valued public service 

2579
02:11:38,400 --> 02:11:41,600
hospitality and the quiet force 
of tradition. 

2580
02:11:42,600 --> 02:11:45,600
The estate hummed with activity.
Soldiers. 

2581
02:11:45,600 --> 02:11:49,000
Sometimes shared camp stories by
the half traveling Merchants 

2582
02:11:49,000 --> 02:11:52,100
arrived to do business and 
politicians stopped by on their 

2583
02:11:52,100 --> 02:11:55,800
way to legislative sessions in 
this world of visitors. 

2584
02:11:55,800 --> 02:12:00,300
Eliza learned to mingle with all
sorts haughty Aristocrats weary 

2585
02:12:00,300 --> 02:12:02,700
militia officers. 
And even the occasional foreign 

2586
02:12:02,700 --> 02:12:07,300
Envoy, Yet her home, life had 
its share of complexities, the 

2587
02:12:07,300 --> 02:12:11,200
Skylar family, the wealthy 
carried, the anxiety of living 

2588
02:12:11,200 --> 02:12:13,200
in a colony, hovering on the 
brink of conflict. 

2589
02:12:13,200 --> 02:12:16,200
The tensions between Britain and
its American subjects. 

2590
02:12:16,200 --> 02:12:20,400
Simmered as a child Eliza 
observed how her father Wade the

2591
02:12:20,400 --> 02:12:22,600
possibility of War. 
General Philip. 

2592
02:12:22,600 --> 02:12:25,500
Schuyler eventually became a key
figure in the Continental Army, 

2593
02:12:25,500 --> 02:12:29,100
and dinner table conversations. 
Often circled back to strategy 

2594
02:12:29,100 --> 02:12:31,900
Logistics and the moral burden 
of rebellion. 

2595
02:12:32,700 --> 02:12:36,000
These discussions shaped Eliza's
understanding of politics is 

2596
02:12:36,000 --> 02:12:37,800
something more than an abstract 
game. 

2597
02:12:38,400 --> 02:12:41,200
It was about forging, a future 
from uncertain times. 

2598
02:12:41,200 --> 02:12:45,100
Despite such concerns her 
childhood retained, a sense of 

2599
02:12:45,100 --> 02:12:47,400
magic. 
She roamed the gardens 

2600
02:12:47,400 --> 02:12:49,700
overlooking. 
The Hudson daydreaming about 

2601
02:12:49,700 --> 02:12:53,400
distant places, she only knew 
from Travelers Tales, she and 

2602
02:12:53,400 --> 02:12:57,200
her sisters Angelica, and Peggy 
shared a bond forged by laughter

2603
02:12:57,200 --> 02:13:00,200
and Mischief pranks on 
unsuspecting cousins. 

2604
02:13:00,200 --> 02:13:03,300
Midnight raids on the kitchen to
pilfer sugar biscuits. 

2605
02:13:03,300 --> 02:13:07,500
Eliza was neither the bookish 
child Angelica was vivacious as 

2606
02:13:07,500 --> 02:13:11,100
Peggy but she combined a quiet 
determination with a thoughtful 

2607
02:13:11,100 --> 02:13:13,800
curiosity. 
As she approached her teenage 

2608
02:13:13,800 --> 02:13:16,300
years. 
Eliza's, mother introduced her 

2609
02:13:16,300 --> 02:13:19,400
to the more formal aspects of 
Womanhood sewing circles, 

2610
02:13:19,400 --> 02:13:22,800
polite, dances and lessons in 
Hospitality were considered 

2611
02:13:22,800 --> 02:13:24,400
essential to any young ladies 
future. 

2612
02:13:25,600 --> 02:13:29,100
Sum these rituals were wrote but
Eliza took to them, with a sense

2613
02:13:29,108 --> 02:13:31,500
of genuine. 
Kindness, She discovered, she 

2614
02:13:31,500 --> 02:13:35,000
could put people at ease, a 
smile here, a well-timed joke, 

2615
02:13:35,000 --> 02:13:38,200
there, it was less about social 
climbing and more about forging 

2616
02:13:38,200 --> 02:13:41,000
a real connection sometime 
around her adolescents. 

2617
02:13:41,000 --> 02:13:44,500
American Revolution moved from 
hushed speculation to living 

2618
02:13:44,500 --> 02:13:47,600
reality soldiers. 
Set up camp on the Skyler. 

2619
02:13:47,600 --> 02:13:50,800
Grounds forged Alliance is in 
the drawing room and 

2620
02:13:50,800 --> 02:13:53,600
apprehension about the future 
permeated daily life. 

2621
02:13:54,500 --> 02:13:57,300
Eliza's, father was dispatched 
on missions, across the region. 

2622
02:13:57,300 --> 02:14:01,000
Leaving her mother to manage the
estate's day-to-day operations 

2623
02:14:01,000 --> 02:14:04,700
in this environment. 
Eliza developed resourcefulness 

2624
02:14:04,700 --> 02:14:08,000
noticing, how the women of her 
family stepped up, when men were

2625
02:14:08,000 --> 02:14:10,600
off Waging War. 
Her father's increased 

2626
02:14:10,600 --> 02:14:14,700
involvement in the war in 1777, 
marked a significant shift in 

2627
02:14:14,700 --> 02:14:17,800
the situation. 
That year British forces 

2628
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:20,700
threatened the Hudson Corridor 
and Albany itself seemed 

2629
02:14:20,700 --> 02:14:23,200
vulnerable. 
While many families, fled South 

2630
02:14:23,200 --> 02:14:25,700
for safety. 
The Shiloh's remained steadfast 

2631
02:14:25,700 --> 02:14:28,100
trusting in Phillips strategic 
mine. 

2632
02:14:29,200 --> 02:14:32,700
Eliza watched as her once calm 
household transformed into a 

2633
02:14:32,700 --> 02:14:36,100
nerve center of patriot, 
supporters maps on tables, 

2634
02:14:36,100 --> 02:14:39,500
correspondences carried in and 
out by exhausted couriers. 

2635
02:14:39,500 --> 02:14:42,600
And the muffled clang of our 
moments stacked in the yard 

2636
02:14:42,600 --> 02:14:45,600
amid. 
This upheaval Eliza group, 

2637
02:14:45,600 --> 02:14:48,600
keenly aware of her position in 
the swirling drama of a young 

2638
02:14:48,600 --> 02:14:51,500
nation's birth. 
With Angelica off forging, 

2639
02:14:51,500 --> 02:14:54,300
social alliance's in other 
colonies and Peggy bounce in 

2640
02:14:54,300 --> 02:14:57,600
between acquaintances Eliza 
found herself called upon to 

2641
02:14:57,600 --> 02:15:01,100
make assemblance of normalcy. 
She visited the wounded in 

2642
02:15:01,100 --> 02:15:03,600
makeshift infirmaries and 
prepared care packages for 

2643
02:15:03,600 --> 02:15:06,600
soldiers though. 
Still unmarried she was no 

2644
02:15:06,600 --> 02:15:09,400
longer a mere child, listening 
in on adopt conversations. 

2645
02:15:09,400 --> 02:15:13,300
She was a participant embracing 
the cause of Liberty her father 

2646
02:15:13,300 --> 02:15:15,200
championed. 
As the war. 

2647
02:15:15,200 --> 02:15:19,200
Raged each new day, seemed to 
bring a surprise shifting 

2648
02:15:19,200 --> 02:15:23,100
alliances and certain supplies 
and heartbreak over Los battles 

2649
02:15:23,100 --> 02:15:27,500
in that cauldron of Revolution. 
Fate was about to introduce her 

2650
02:15:27,500 --> 02:15:30,500
to a fire young officer of 
illegitimate birth and boundless

2651
02:15:30,500 --> 02:15:34,100
ambition, Elizabeth Shiloh was 
about to meet Alexander Hamilton

2652
02:15:34,100 --> 02:15:36,400
and her life would never be the 
same. 

2653
02:15:37,700 --> 02:15:41,600
She first encountered Alexander 
Hamilton in 1779, but their 

2654
02:15:41,600 --> 02:15:44,900
paths had nearly crossed 
earlier, he served as an aide to

2655
02:15:44,900 --> 02:15:47,200
come to General George 
Washington, and was known among 

2656
02:15:47,200 --> 02:15:49,600
the Continental armies in a 
circle for his articulate 

2657
02:15:49,600 --> 02:15:51,400
letters and Keen, strategic 
mind. 

2658
02:15:52,300 --> 02:15:55,100
Hamilton's Origins, born out of 
wedlock in the West Indies. 

2659
02:15:55,100 --> 02:15:58,400
Could have made him an outsider,
but his intellect and further 

2660
02:15:58,400 --> 02:16:00,200
for the Patriots and him 
respect. 

2661
02:16:01,100 --> 02:16:04,100
They're not from an elite 
lineage like a lasers Hamilton 

2662
02:16:04,100 --> 02:16:07,200
possessed, a magnetic quality 
that defies social conventions. 

2663
02:16:07,200 --> 02:16:11,000
When they finally met it was 
through mutual acquaintances who

2664
02:16:11,000 --> 02:16:12,300
gathered in the Schuyler 
household. 

2665
02:16:12,300 --> 02:16:16,200
Hamilton arrived with a swirl of
laughter and conversation and 

2666
02:16:16,200 --> 02:16:19,500
earnestness in his eyes that 
left an impression he was no 

2667
02:16:19,500 --> 02:16:23,000
tall Gallant figure. 
Instead he was Compact and 

2668
02:16:23,000 --> 02:16:26,100
brimming with Restless energy, 
rumor had it. 

2669
02:16:26,100 --> 02:16:28,700
He could dictate multiple 
letters simultaneously to 

2670
02:16:28,700 --> 02:16:31,800
different AIDS, his mind racing 
faster than his quill. 

2671
02:16:31,800 --> 02:16:35,299
Could keep up Eliza. 
Conversely was known for her 

2672
02:16:35,299 --> 02:16:39,100
measured confidence quiet but 
unwavering their conversations 

2673
02:16:39,100 --> 02:16:41,400
at first centered on 
practicalities. 

2674
02:16:41,400 --> 02:16:45,500
The direction of the war rumors 
of British troop movements and 

2675
02:16:45,500 --> 02:16:48,900
the hardships faced by soldiers.
But beneath these tactical 

2676
02:16:48,900 --> 02:16:53,299
topics a personal connection 
sparked Eliza found Hamilton's 

2677
02:16:53,299 --> 02:16:57,100
ambition refreshing rather than 
boastful, he in turn 

2678
02:16:57,100 --> 02:16:59,900
appreciated, her sincerity in 
the intelligence, she did not 

2679
02:16:59,900 --> 02:17:03,299
flawed They spent evenings 
strolling through the garden. 

2680
02:17:03,299 --> 02:17:06,100
Forging, a bond grounded in 
Shared, Hope for America's 

2681
02:17:06,100 --> 02:17:09,000
future, and a mutual sense of 
responsibility to their 

2682
02:17:09,000 --> 02:17:12,700
respective families. 
Still alive, but doubts. 

2683
02:17:13,299 --> 02:17:15,600
Courtships, in Wartime carried 
uncertainty. 

2684
02:17:15,600 --> 02:17:18,400
She saw how heartbreak could 
follow a letter announcing a 

2685
02:17:18,400 --> 02:17:21,600
casualty or transfer to a 
distant front, The Hamilton's 

2686
02:17:21,600 --> 02:17:25,900
letters penned during his 
absences were tender infused 

2687
02:17:25,900 --> 02:17:30,000
with more than just flattery. 
He spoke of unity both for the 

2688
02:17:30,008 --> 02:17:33,000
nation and between two Souls 
ready to face life's challenges 

2689
02:17:33,000 --> 02:17:35,799
together. 
When he addressed her as Eliza, 

2690
02:17:35,799 --> 02:17:38,299
it felt simultaneously intimate 
and reverent. 

2691
02:17:39,100 --> 02:17:43,200
They married on December 14th. 
1780 in a ceremony that 

2692
02:17:43,200 --> 02:17:45,500
reflected the swirl of 
revolutionary further. 

2693
02:17:46,400 --> 02:17:49,700
The bride's father was still 
weighed down by the complexities

2694
02:17:49,700 --> 02:17:52,100
of War. 
Offered a generous celebration, 

2695
02:17:52,100 --> 02:17:55,500
at the skua Mansion, guests 
included, prominent, Military 

2696
02:17:55,500 --> 02:17:59,000
Officers, local dignitaries and 
friends from across the 

2697
02:17:59,000 --> 02:18:01,600
colonies. 
Candles flickered, as violins 

2698
02:18:01,600 --> 02:18:04,700
played and talked of 
Independence, mingle with toast 

2699
02:18:04,700 --> 02:18:07,700
to love. 
For Eliza, that night felt like 

2700
02:18:07,700 --> 02:18:10,000
a bridge between her old life 
and a new horizon. 

2701
02:18:10,799 --> 02:18:13,700
In the early weeks of marriage, 
their world seemed to pulse with

2702
02:18:13,708 --> 02:18:16,299
promise. 
Yet the reality of the war 

2703
02:18:16,299 --> 02:18:19,700
intruded, almost immediately 
Hamilton was pulled back to his 

2704
02:18:19,700 --> 02:18:22,700
post, drafting critical 
Communications for Washington, 

2705
02:18:22,700 --> 02:18:26,700
orchestrating Supply Logistics, 
and occasionally heading into 

2706
02:18:26,700 --> 02:18:31,200
dangerous territory. 
Lieser accustomed to supporting 

2707
02:18:31,200 --> 02:18:34,900
her father's campaigns adapted. 
Swiftly, she learned to manage 

2708
02:18:34,900 --> 02:18:37,500
household finance's. 
Keep track of important 

2709
02:18:37,500 --> 02:18:40,700
documents and serve as a 
confidant for Hamilton's anxiety

2710
02:18:40,700 --> 02:18:42,200
is about the fate of the 
revolution. 

2711
02:18:43,200 --> 02:18:47,600
She first encountered Alexander 
Hamilton in 1779 but their paths

2712
02:18:47,600 --> 02:18:50,799
had nearly crossed earlier, he 
served as an aide to comp to 

2713
02:18:50,799 --> 02:18:53,400
General George Washington and 
was known among the Continental 

2714
02:18:53,400 --> 02:18:56,200
armies in a circle for his 
articulate letters and Keen, 

2715
02:18:56,200 --> 02:18:59,500
strategic mind. 
Hamilton's Origins, born out of 

2716
02:18:59,500 --> 02:19:02,200
wedlock in the West Indies. 
Could have made him an outsider,

2717
02:19:02,200 --> 02:19:05,500
but his intellect and further 
for the Patriot cause earned him

2718
02:19:05,500 --> 02:19:07,600
respect. 
Though, not from an elite 

2719
02:19:07,600 --> 02:19:11,000
lineage, like, Eliza's Hamilton 
possessed a magnetic quality, 

2720
02:19:11,000 --> 02:19:15,000
that defied social conventions. 
When they finally met it was 

2721
02:19:15,000 --> 02:19:17,600
through mutual acquaintances who
gathered in the Shiloh 

2722
02:19:17,600 --> 02:19:20,100
household. 
Hamilton arrived with a swirl of

2723
02:19:20,100 --> 02:19:23,000
laughter and conversation and 
earnestness in his eyes that 

2724
02:19:23,000 --> 02:19:26,400
left an impression he was no 
tall Gallant figure. 

2725
02:19:26,400 --> 02:19:30,299
Instead he was Compact and 
brimming with Restless energy, 

2726
02:19:30,299 --> 02:19:33,900
rumor had it, he could dictate 
multiple letters simultaneously 

2727
02:19:33,900 --> 02:19:37,400
to different AIDS, his mind 
racing faster than his quilt. 

2728
02:19:37,400 --> 02:19:40,799
Could keep up Eliza. 
Conversely was known for her 

2729
02:19:40,799 --> 02:19:44,600
measured confidence quiet but 
unwavering their conversations 

2730
02:19:44,600 --> 02:19:46,900
at first centered on 
practicalities. 

2731
02:19:46,900 --> 02:19:51,000
The direction of the war rumors 
of British troop movements and 

2732
02:19:51,000 --> 02:19:54,400
the hardships faced by soldiers.
But beneath these tactical 

2733
02:19:54,400 --> 02:19:58,900
topics a personal connection 
sparked Eliza found Hamilton's 

2734
02:19:58,900 --> 02:20:03,300
ambition refreshing rather than 
boastful he in turn appreciated,

2735
02:20:03,300 --> 02:20:06,000
her sincerity in the 
intelligence, she did not flaunt

2736
02:20:06,800 --> 02:20:10,000
They spent the evening strolling
through the garden, forging a 

2737
02:20:10,000 --> 02:20:12,900
bond grounded, and Shared, Hope 
for America's future, and a 

2738
02:20:12,900 --> 02:20:15,500
mutual sense of responsibility 
to their respective families. 

2739
02:20:16,200 --> 02:20:20,000
Still Eliza Harper, doubts 
courtships in Wartime. 

2740
02:20:20,000 --> 02:20:22,800
Carried uncertainty. 
She saw how heartbreak could 

2741
02:20:22,800 --> 02:20:25,300
follow a letter announcing a 
casualty, or a transfer to a 

2742
02:20:25,300 --> 02:20:27,500
distant front, A Hamilton's 
letters. 

2743
02:20:27,500 --> 02:20:32,100
Penned during his absences were 
tender infused with more than 

2744
02:20:32,100 --> 02:20:35,500
just flattery. 
He spoke of unity both for the 

2745
02:20:35,508 --> 02:20:38,400
nation and between two Souls 
ready to face life's challenges 

2746
02:20:38,400 --> 02:20:41,200
together. 
When he addressed her as Eliza, 

2747
02:20:41,200 --> 02:20:43,800
it felt simultaneously intimate 
and reverent. 

2748
02:20:44,700 --> 02:20:48,700
They married on December 14th. 
1780 in a ceremony that 

2749
02:20:48,700 --> 02:20:50,900
reflected the swirl of 
revolutionary further. 

2750
02:20:51,900 --> 02:20:55,200
The bride's father hostile 
weighed down by the complexities

2751
02:20:55,200 --> 02:20:58,400
of War offered a generous 
celebration, at the Skiller 

2752
02:20:58,400 --> 02:21:01,500
Mansion, guests included 
prominent Military Officers, 

2753
02:21:01,500 --> 02:21:05,000
local dignitaries and friends 
from across the colonies. 

2754
02:21:05,800 --> 02:21:08,600
Candles flickered, as violins 
played and talked of 

2755
02:21:08,600 --> 02:21:10,600
Independence, mingle with toast 
to love. 

2756
02:21:11,400 --> 02:21:14,900
For Eliza that Nightfall, like a
bridge between her old life and 

2757
02:21:14,900 --> 02:21:17,500
a new horizon. 
In the early weeks of marriage, 

2758
02:21:17,500 --> 02:21:19,700
their world seemed to pulse with
promise. 

2759
02:21:20,400 --> 02:21:22,500
Get the realities of the war 
intruded. 

2760
02:21:22,500 --> 02:21:25,600
Almost immediately Hamilton was 
pulled back to his post, 

2761
02:21:25,600 --> 02:21:29,600
drafting critical Communications
for Washington, orchestrating 

2762
02:21:29,600 --> 02:21:32,300
Supply Logistics, and 
occasionally heading into 

2763
02:21:32,300 --> 02:21:36,800
dangerous territory. 
Eliza accustomed to supporting 

2764
02:21:36,800 --> 02:21:40,500
her father's campaigns adapted. 
Swiftly, she learned to manage 

2765
02:21:40,500 --> 02:21:43,100
household finances. 
Keep track of important 

2766
02:21:43,100 --> 02:21:45,900
documents and serve as a 
confidant for Hamilton's 

2767
02:21:45,900 --> 02:21:47,700
anxiety, about the fate of the 
revolution. 

2768
02:21:48,700 --> 02:21:50,600
When the Treaty of Paris 
officially ended the 

2769
02:21:50,600 --> 02:21:54,300
Revolutionary War in 1783 
Alexander, Hamilton found 

2770
02:21:54,300 --> 02:21:57,900
himself in a position to help 
shape America's future after his

2771
02:21:57,900 --> 02:22:00,900
borrowed Mission, he established
a thriving, legal practice in 

2772
02:22:00,900 --> 02:22:04,400
bustling, New York City. 
Initially he focused on property

2773
02:22:04,400 --> 02:22:07,400
disputes left in the walls. 
Wake yet, bigger Ambitions 

2774
02:22:07,400 --> 02:22:10,900
loomed, he sensed the new nation
needed, a stable Financial 

2775
02:22:10,900 --> 02:22:14,700
structure, a strong central 
government and a cohesive 

2776
02:22:14,700 --> 02:22:19,200
framework for Unity. 
Eliza meanwhile adapted to City 

2777
02:22:19,200 --> 02:22:21,700
Life with the same resilience, 
she had shown amid military 

2778
02:22:21,700 --> 02:22:25,400
camps The Hamilton's household 
was never quiet for long their 

2779
02:22:25,400 --> 02:22:28,700
circle of acquaintances, 
ballooned including Statesman, 

2780
02:22:28,700 --> 02:22:31,900
merchants and Military commands 
turned politicians. 

2781
02:22:31,900 --> 02:22:36,300
The Hamilton Home became a hub 
of Spirited discourse Eliza 

2782
02:22:36,300 --> 02:22:38,200
served as both Hostess and 
participants. 

2783
02:22:38,200 --> 02:22:42,700
The Hallmark was a welcoming 
presence in everyone felted ease

2784
02:22:42,700 --> 02:22:45,400
from the most polished Senator 
to the rough. 

2785
02:22:45,400 --> 02:22:49,500
Human Frontier representative 
Despite sometimes intimidating 

2786
02:22:49,500 --> 02:22:53,400
conversation about economics or 
legislation, she never shied 

2787
02:22:53,400 --> 02:22:55,200
away from asking pointed 
questions. 

2788
02:22:55,900 --> 02:22:58,800
Alexander's participation in the
Constitutional Convention in 

2789
02:22:58,800 --> 02:23:02,000
1787 represented a progressive 
moment. 

2790
02:23:02,900 --> 02:23:05,600
While he was away in 
Philadelphia Eliza managed 

2791
02:23:05,600 --> 02:23:08,600
Affairs, in New York maintaining
correspondence with him. 

2792
02:23:09,300 --> 02:23:12,500
She offered moral support 
reading newspapers to gauge 

2793
02:23:12,500 --> 02:23:14,600
public sentiment and relaying 
her observations. 

2794
02:23:15,300 --> 02:23:18,800
Though, not formally educated in
political Theory, she grasped 

2795
02:23:18,800 --> 02:23:20,400
the importance of a balanced 
government. 

2796
02:23:20,400 --> 02:23:23,600
She often wrote that the promise
of Liberty would flounder 

2797
02:23:23,600 --> 02:23:27,700
without practical safeguards and
Hamilton returned with the 

2798
02:23:27,700 --> 02:23:32,500
proposed Constitution debates, 
raged Federalists championed a 

2799
02:23:32,500 --> 02:23:35,600
robust central government while 
Anti-Federalists, feared 

2800
02:23:35,600 --> 02:23:38,700
tyranny. 
Hamilton a leading Federalists 

2801
02:23:38,700 --> 02:23:41,900
penned, the majority of the 
Federalist Papers explaining, 

2802
02:23:41,900 --> 02:23:46,000
the Constitution's merits late, 
nights of writing, blurred until

2803
02:23:46,000 --> 02:23:50,200
dawn, Eliza recognized his 
further doing what she could to 

2804
02:23:50,200 --> 02:23:54,100
ease his workload. 
She edited drafts lightly made 

2805
02:23:54,100 --> 02:23:58,000
sure he ate and even coordinated
with his co-authors, John Jay 

2806
02:23:58,000 --> 02:24:00,500
and James Madison. 
Although, her name never 

2807
02:24:00,500 --> 02:24:03,500
appeared on the pamphlets, her, 
unseen labor, and emotional, 

2808
02:24:03,500 --> 02:24:06,800
support proved invaluable. 
Has the Constitution was 

2809
02:24:06,800 --> 02:24:10,900
ratified, Hamilton stepped into 
a new role, the nation's first, 

2810
02:24:10,900 --> 02:24:13,400
Secretary of the Treasury under 
President, George Washington. 

2811
02:24:13,400 --> 02:24:17,400
He tackled the public debt 
proposed, a national bank and 

2812
02:24:17,400 --> 02:24:20,100
laid out an economic blueprint, 
that would stir controversy for 

2813
02:24:20,100 --> 02:24:22,900
years. 
Throughout this Whirlwind Eliza 

2814
02:24:22,900 --> 02:24:26,700
managed a rapidly expanding 
family, more children arrived, 

2815
02:24:26,700 --> 02:24:30,600
each named with care. 
She also tended her father's 

2816
02:24:30,600 --> 02:24:32,500
Affairs. 
As Philip Schuyler had joined 

2817
02:24:32,500 --> 02:24:36,500
the new US Senate, Eliza adeptly
juggled her responsibilities 

2818
02:24:36,500 --> 02:24:39,300
balancing. 
The Realms of motherhood social 

2819
02:24:39,300 --> 02:24:41,400
diplomacy and philanthropic 
engagements. 

2820
02:24:42,300 --> 02:24:44,900
One of her quieter achievements,
involved the creation of an 

2821
02:24:44,900 --> 02:24:48,500
orphanage in the aftermath of 
War, many children roam, the 

2822
02:24:48,500 --> 02:24:52,800
streets, bereft of parents. 
Eliza's, heart went out that she

2823
02:24:52,800 --> 02:24:55,800
tapped into her connections 
rallying other women from 

2824
02:24:55,800 --> 02:24:58,800
prominent families. 
To organize resources, though, 

2825
02:24:58,800 --> 02:25:01,200
Hamilton's name was more 
associated with financial 

2826
02:25:01,200 --> 02:25:03,700
policy. 
It was a lieser who championed 

2827
02:25:03,700 --> 02:25:06,700
charitable efforts seeing in 
them are reflection of the new 

2828
02:25:06,700 --> 02:25:10,600
Republic's moral obligations. 
She believes social welfare was 

2829
02:25:10,600 --> 02:25:13,700
not a luxury but a fundamental 
sine of civilised values. 

2830
02:25:13,700 --> 02:25:17,100
Meanwhile, the couple's personal
life was a tapestry of devotion 

2831
02:25:17,100 --> 02:25:21,200
intense arguments, and fleeting 
reconciliations Hamilton's 

2832
02:25:21,200 --> 02:25:23,400
political enemies. 
Targeted him relentlessly. 

2833
02:25:23,400 --> 02:25:27,700
He was accused of favouritism. 
Monarchy, leaning sympathies and

2834
02:25:27,700 --> 02:25:31,800
financial improprieties Eliza 
stood by him convinced of his 

2835
02:25:31,800 --> 02:25:35,500
integrity. 
Yet stress loomed long hours at 

2836
02:25:35,500 --> 02:25:38,600
the treasury combined with the 
soil and Scorn of detractors. 

2837
02:25:38,600 --> 02:25:41,700
Sometimes left Hamilton edgy, 
family dinners occasionally, 

2838
02:25:41,700 --> 02:25:45,200
turned into strategy sessions 
with Eliza offering a calm 

2839
02:25:45,200 --> 02:25:48,000
perspective at other times. 
He withdrew into brooding 

2840
02:25:48,000 --> 02:25:53,500
ruminations, then came scandal 
in 1791 Hamilton embarked on a 

2841
02:25:53,500 --> 02:25:57,100
disastrous affair with Maria. 
Reynolds eventually revealed in 

2842
02:25:57,100 --> 02:26:02,400
1797, Eliza learned of it in 
disjointed pieces, the Betrayal 

2843
02:26:02,400 --> 02:26:05,400
hitting hard. 
The affair was no trifling 

2844
02:26:05,400 --> 02:26:07,800
rumor. 
It was a reality that threatened

2845
02:26:07,800 --> 02:26:12,000
to unmoor her marriage. 
And yet in her heartbreak, she 

2846
02:26:12,000 --> 02:26:15,700
chose not to abandon him. 
Some historians interpret her 

2847
02:26:15,700 --> 02:26:19,500
reaction as moral fortitude. 
She believed in Redemption 

2848
02:26:19,500 --> 02:26:21,900
specially for the father of her 
children. 

2849
02:26:22,700 --> 02:26:25,400
Others. 
See it as a pragmatic move given

2850
02:26:25,400 --> 02:26:29,200
her limited options in that era.
Regardless her decision under 

2851
02:26:29,200 --> 02:26:32,600
scored a resolved forged by 
adversity, she insisted that 

2852
02:26:32,600 --> 02:26:35,300
Hamilton come clean publicly 
which he did through the 

2853
02:26:35,300 --> 02:26:37,800
infamous Reynolds. 
Pamphlet revealing private 

2854
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:42,100
matters in humiliating detail. 
Scandal tarnished Hamilton's 

2855
02:26:42,100 --> 02:26:48,100
reputation.' tested by the court
of public opinion. 

2856
02:26:48,100 --> 02:26:50,800
Emerged battered yet. 
Intact. 

2857
02:26:51,500 --> 02:26:55,100
She retreated from society's 
glare focusing on her children 

2858
02:26:55,100 --> 02:26:57,600
and philanthropic ventures in 
private. 

2859
02:26:57,600 --> 02:27:00,700
She and Hamilton work toward 
mending, the trust between them.

2860
02:27:01,400 --> 02:27:04,600
Her stance was rooted in a 
belief that individuals and the 

2861
02:27:04,600 --> 02:27:08,400
Young Nation could be redeemed 
from failings, provided they 

2862
02:27:08,400 --> 02:27:12,900
confronted their missteps, 
openly By the end of the 1790s 

2863
02:27:12,900 --> 02:27:16,500
Hamilton, had resigned from the 
treasury, political battles 

2864
02:27:16,500 --> 02:27:19,600
consumed him Federalists and 
Democratic Republicans fought 

2865
02:27:19,600 --> 02:27:22,500
bitterly. 
Eliza quietly reflective saw the

2866
02:27:22,500 --> 02:27:26,200
shape of things to come the new 
century beckoned but personal 

2867
02:27:26,200 --> 02:27:29,400
storms had left scars, still she
pressed on with her 

2868
02:27:29,400 --> 02:27:31,700
philanthropic dreams and 
unwavering commitment to her 

2869
02:27:31,708 --> 02:27:34,800
family convinced that the 
American experiment and her 

2870
02:27:34,800 --> 02:27:37,200
marriage, both warranted every 
out of perseverance. 

2871
02:27:37,200 --> 02:27:41,800
She could muster as the 1800s 
donned Alexander Hamilton's 

2872
02:27:41,800 --> 02:27:44,100
political career entered a 
contentious phase. 

2873
02:27:44,100 --> 02:27:48,000
He engaged in newspaper. 
Feuds criticized John Adams 

2874
02:27:48,000 --> 02:27:50,200
presence. 
See and tried to sway elections 

2875
02:27:50,200 --> 02:27:54,100
behind the scenes. 
Eliza watched worried that his 

2876
02:27:54,100 --> 02:27:56,600
Relentless ambition, might 
alienate even his allies. 

2877
02:27:57,400 --> 02:28:00,100
She urged moderation. 
But Hamilton's temperament 

2878
02:28:00,100 --> 02:28:02,800
demanded. 
He push forward certain that his

2879
02:28:02,800 --> 02:28:05,100
vision for the nation outweighed
short-term Unity. 

2880
02:28:06,000 --> 02:28:09,100
Meanwhile, Eliza deepened, her 
involvement in New York's 

2881
02:28:09,100 --> 02:28:12,100
charitable circles. 
She helped organize relief for 

2882
02:28:12,100 --> 02:28:15,200
impoverished families, often 
visiting tenements with a small 

2883
02:28:15,200 --> 02:28:18,500
retinue to distribute 
Necessities her presence in 

2884
02:28:18,500 --> 02:28:20,000
these rough neighborhoods 
surprised. 

2885
02:28:20,000 --> 02:28:23,600
Many Dressed modestly. 
But unmistakably from a higher 

2886
02:28:23,600 --> 02:28:26,400
Social sphere. 
She approached each household 

2887
02:28:26,400 --> 02:28:29,600
with empathy inquiring about 
their hardships and connecting 

2888
02:28:29,600 --> 02:28:33,100
them with local artists or job 
possibilities in her mind. 

2889
02:28:33,100 --> 02:28:36,400
The spirit of the Revolution 
hinged on ensuring that without 

2890
02:28:36,400 --> 02:28:39,100
was not purely for the 
privileged at home. 

2891
02:28:39,100 --> 02:28:43,200
Life was busy the Hamilton 
children by now, a lively brood 

2892
02:28:43,200 --> 02:28:47,000
required guidance, and moral 
grounding, The lies, his father 

2893
02:28:47,000 --> 02:28:49,900
had retired from the Senate and 
his sister's were scattered 

2894
02:28:49,900 --> 02:28:53,500
among marriages and the states. 
Letters flew back and forth. 

2895
02:28:53,500 --> 02:28:56,100
Among the wireless siblings, 
exchanging, gossip and 

2896
02:28:56,100 --> 02:28:59,100
confidence and jelica living 
abroad lamented. 

2897
02:28:59,100 --> 02:29:02,300
The distance while Peggy 
struggled with health issues in 

2898
02:29:02,300 --> 02:29:06,300
these letters, Eliza was a 
pillar pragmatic, affectionate, 

2899
02:29:06,300 --> 02:29:09,300
and ever eager to uphold family,
bonds, despite the swirling 

2900
02:29:09,300 --> 02:29:12,300
chaos of politics. 
Hamilton's disputes. 

2901
02:29:12,300 --> 02:29:18,000
Escalated of Aaron Burr, once a 
political Ally, but now, arrival

2902
02:29:18,000 --> 02:29:21,300
Burr equally. 
Ambitious, felt slighted by 

2903
02:29:21,300 --> 02:29:25,400
Hamilton's influence and remarks
in 1804 Burr. 

2904
02:29:25,400 --> 02:29:28,500
On the verge of losing New. 
York's governorship intensified 

2905
02:29:28,500 --> 02:29:31,400
tensions by accusing Hamilton of
undermining his campaign. 

2906
02:29:32,100 --> 02:29:35,300
Those accusations swirled. 
Bear, issued a challenge. 

2907
02:29:36,100 --> 02:29:40,000
Adorned duel to settle. 
Their honor Eliza upon learning 

2908
02:29:40,000 --> 02:29:42,900
of the challenge pleaded for 
Hamilton to find another 

2909
02:29:42,900 --> 02:29:45,500
resolution. 
She implored him to consider 

2910
02:29:45,500 --> 02:29:48,900
their children to think of the 
Scandal that had already tested 

2911
02:29:48,900 --> 02:29:52,000
their marriage to weigh the 
Heartbreak that another public 

2912
02:29:52,000 --> 02:29:55,000
confrontation would unleash. 
Hamilton assured. 

2913
02:29:55,000 --> 02:29:56,300
Her, the affair was a matter of 
principle. 

2914
02:29:56,300 --> 02:29:59,300
He confessed personal 
reservations about dueling. 

2915
02:29:59,300 --> 02:30:01,900
He contradicted his moral 
convictions, and religious 

2916
02:30:01,900 --> 02:30:05,000
beliefs, yet the unwritten rules
of Honor among gentlemen. 

2917
02:30:05,000 --> 02:30:07,600
At the time, left little room 
for retreat without being 

2918
02:30:07,600 --> 02:30:11,200
branded a coward torn between 
personal ethics and societal 

2919
02:30:11,200 --> 02:30:13,900
codes. 
Hamilton resolved to meet Burr 

2920
02:30:13,900 --> 02:30:16,400
across the Hudson River in 
Weehawken, New Jersey. 

2921
02:30:17,500 --> 02:30:20,100
The night before the duel. 
Hamilton wrote letters to 

2922
02:30:20,100 --> 02:30:23,100
friends and family Eliza found 
him in a somber. 

2923
02:30:23,100 --> 02:30:27,000
Mood is usual fiery. 
Determination by introspective. 

2924
02:30:27,000 --> 02:30:30,500
Melancholy gave her instructions
about the children's education 

2925
02:30:30,500 --> 02:30:33,300
finance's and even personal 
regrets. 

2926
02:30:34,100 --> 02:30:36,800
She tried desperately to 
dissuade him offering every 

2927
02:30:36,800 --> 02:30:38,900
argument from his political 
future to their family 

2928
02:30:38,900 --> 02:30:42,900
stability, but the Machinery of 
the duel was set in Motion in a 

2929
02:30:42,908 --> 02:30:45,400
final gesture of Love. 
They prayed together. 

2930
02:30:45,400 --> 02:30:50,300
Tears unspoken but understood. 
On the morning of the July 11th 

2931
02:30:50,300 --> 02:30:55,500
1804 Hamilton and Burr faced 
each other at Weehawken Eliza 

2932
02:30:55,500 --> 02:30:59,300
waited anxiously at home, 
wracked by dread the details of 

2933
02:30:59,300 --> 02:31:02,500
the Dual remained debated, but 
the outcome was tragically clear

2934
02:31:02,500 --> 02:31:05,700
Hamilton was mortally. 
Wounded shot in the lower 

2935
02:31:05,700 --> 02:31:07,900
abdomen and transported across 
the river. 

2936
02:31:07,900 --> 02:31:11,300
Eliza rushed to his side, 
finding him in a friend's house 

2937
02:31:11,308 --> 02:31:13,200
drifting in and out of 
Consciousness. 

2938
02:31:13,200 --> 02:31:17,500
He lingered for more than 24 
hours enough time for them to 

2939
02:31:17,500 --> 02:31:20,900
exchange final words. 
Expressed regret for the 

2940
02:31:20,900 --> 02:31:23,800
turmoil. 
He had caused and she threw 

2941
02:31:23,800 --> 02:31:28,200
tears assured him of her 
unconditional love Hamilton died

2942
02:31:28,200 --> 02:31:33,100
on July 12th. leaving Eliza a 
widow at age 47 with 7 surviving

2943
02:31:33,100 --> 02:31:37,400
children and another extended 
family to support the entire 

2944
02:31:37,400 --> 02:31:41,000
city of New York was shocked. 
A funeral procession took place 

2945
02:31:41,000 --> 02:31:44,000
over shadowed by the scandalous 
nature of the duel. 

2946
02:31:44,800 --> 02:31:50,100
Birth fled publicly vilified, 
Eliza's grief was immense a 

2947
02:31:50,100 --> 02:31:53,900
mixture of sorrow and anger. 
At a code of honor that demanded

2948
02:31:53,900 --> 02:31:57,300
lethal resolution at the 
political climate that spurred 

2949
02:31:57,300 --> 02:32:00,200
such violence. 
And at the cosmic cruelty of 

2950
02:32:00,200 --> 02:32:02,700
losing her husband, just as the 
nation was stabilizing. 

2951
02:32:03,700 --> 02:32:07,500
In her anguish, she sought 
solace in faith and family. 

2952
02:32:08,200 --> 02:32:11,700
The immediate aftermath required
practical decisions, Hamilton's 

2953
02:32:11,700 --> 02:32:15,000
debts, loomed large sum due to 
his lavish lifestyle and 

2954
02:32:15,000 --> 02:32:18,600
unprofitable Investments. 
Eliza reluctant though she was 

2955
02:32:18,600 --> 02:32:21,100
tackled the financial 
intricacies head on. 

2956
02:32:21,800 --> 02:32:24,500
Rather than Retreat into 
mourning, she found a Clarity of

2957
02:32:24,508 --> 02:32:26,500
purpose. 
She would Safeguard her 

2958
02:32:26,500 --> 02:32:29,400
husband's Legacy provide for 
their children and carry on with

2959
02:32:29,400 --> 02:32:31,500
the charitable missions. 
That held a special place in her

2960
02:32:31,500 --> 02:32:34,300
heart. 
If Alexander Hamilton died, 

2961
02:32:34,300 --> 02:32:38,200
ensuring his place in history, 
Eliza would live on to shape how

2962
02:32:38,200 --> 02:32:40,300
that history remembered him in 
the weeks. 

2963
02:32:40,300 --> 02:32:43,600
Following Alexander Hamilton's 
Funeral Eliza confronted a 

2964
02:32:43,600 --> 02:32:47,100
daunting to do list she sorted 
through unpaid bills. 

2965
02:32:47,100 --> 02:32:50,400
Discovered unfinished essays and
treatises in his study. 

2966
02:32:51,100 --> 02:32:54,200
And face the prospect of raising
her children in a social climate

2967
02:32:54,200 --> 02:32:57,000
that still buzzed with rumors 
about the Fatal duel. 

2968
02:32:58,100 --> 02:33:00,600
The Shiloh family offered 
emotional and financial support.

2969
02:33:01,400 --> 02:33:03,700
But Eliza felt compelled to 
manage her Affairs 

2970
02:33:03,700 --> 02:33:06,500
independently. 
She liquidated, some assets, 

2971
02:33:06,500 --> 02:33:10,100
negotiated with creditors and 
carefully planned a modest 

2972
02:33:10,100 --> 02:33:13,200
lifestyle that would preserve 
dignity, yet, remain financially

2973
02:33:13,200 --> 02:33:16,200
feasible. 
One of her first initiatives was

2974
02:33:16,200 --> 02:33:19,300
to gather Hamilton's letters and
writings she sensed that his 

2975
02:33:19,300 --> 02:33:21,800
political enemies, might attempt
to distort, his legacy 

2976
02:33:21,800 --> 02:33:24,600
determined, to present an 
accurate account of his 

2977
02:33:24,600 --> 02:33:27,000
contributions. 
She approached friends and 

2978
02:33:27,000 --> 02:33:29,900
colleagues for additional 
correspondents in a thing that 

2979
02:33:29,900 --> 02:33:32,600
could shed light on Hamilton's 
thought process and character. 

2980
02:33:33,500 --> 02:33:36,200
These efforts planted the seeds 
of what would eventually become 

2981
02:33:36,200 --> 02:33:39,800
a significant archival trove. 
Though, she had no formal 

2982
02:33:39,800 --> 02:33:41,200
training in historical 
preservation. 

2983
02:33:41,200 --> 02:33:45,000
All she knew was that the story 
of his role in founding the new 

2984
02:33:45,000 --> 02:33:46,600
nation needed to be told 
honestly. 

2985
02:33:47,500 --> 02:33:49,900
Free from the rancor that 
surrounded, his final years. 

2986
02:33:50,900 --> 02:33:52,900
Her philanthropic Spirit surged 
as well. 

2987
02:33:52,900 --> 02:33:56,000
She returned to the orphan, 
Asylum Society of New York, 

2988
02:33:56,000 --> 02:33:59,600
later known as gray, and Windham
dedicating, more hours to its 

2989
02:33:59,600 --> 02:34:02,400
expansion. 
The orphanage had grown since 

2990
02:34:02,400 --> 02:34:06,400
its Inception, and children of 
various ages depended on stable 

2991
02:34:06,400 --> 02:34:09,900
funds and guidance Eliza 
believed her personal grief, 

2992
02:34:09,900 --> 02:34:12,700
could fuel a deeper compassion. 
For those who had lost families,

2993
02:34:12,700 --> 02:34:14,600
under equally harsh 
circumstances. 

2994
02:34:16,000 --> 02:34:18,900
She organized fundraisers 
leaning on acquaintances. 

2995
02:34:18,900 --> 02:34:20,800
From Hamilton's, Federalists 
circles. 

2996
02:34:20,800 --> 02:34:22,300
And from her father's old 
Networks. 

2997
02:34:23,100 --> 02:34:26,900
Donation trickled in enough to 
expand the orphanages facilities

2998
02:34:26,900 --> 02:34:29,600
at home. 
She took solace in her children 

2999
02:34:29,600 --> 02:34:33,300
presents some older ones like 
Philip Junior and Jessica 

3000
02:34:33,300 --> 02:34:37,200
stepped into supportive roles 
though they too real from their 

3001
02:34:37,200 --> 02:34:41,100
fathers violent death. 
Eliza's maternal instincts 

3002
02:34:41,100 --> 02:34:44,900
extended Beyond mere Comfort. 
She actively cultivated their 

3003
02:34:44,900 --> 02:34:48,600
education and moral development.
Hamilton had always advocated 

3004
02:34:48,600 --> 02:34:51,900
for robust learning. 
So she ensured her sons and 

3005
02:34:51,908 --> 02:34:54,100
daughters had access to tutors 
and libraries. 

3006
02:34:54,100 --> 02:34:57,300
The younger children gleaned 
from her and abiding sense of 

3007
02:34:57,300 --> 02:35:00,900
hope despite life's traumas 
friendship with Dolly Madison 

3008
02:35:00,900 --> 02:35:04,600
charismatic wife of President 
James Madison, rekindled after 

3009
02:35:04,600 --> 02:35:07,500
the duel though Madison had 
once, been Hamilton's political 

3010
02:35:07,500 --> 02:35:11,200
rival, Dolly admired, Eliza's 
fortitude and philanthropic 

3011
02:35:11,200 --> 02:35:13,600
Drive. 
The two women exchanged letters 

3012
02:35:13,600 --> 02:35:16,900
on everything from Child rearing
to the complexities of shaping 

3013
02:35:16,900 --> 02:35:21,000
national identity, during visits
to the Capitol Eliza dined 

3014
02:35:21,000 --> 02:35:23,800
amongst statement who revered 
her husband's intellect yet had 

3015
02:35:23,800 --> 02:35:26,600
once clashed with him her 
presence in these circles 

3016
02:35:26,600 --> 02:35:29,200
underscored that. 
While Hamilton was gone his 

3017
02:35:29,200 --> 02:35:31,500
ideals and family. 
Remained part of America's 

3018
02:35:31,500 --> 02:35:35,800
evolving story over time, Eliza 
found a measure of Peace, she 

3019
02:35:35,800 --> 02:35:39,400
read extensively scripture 
philosophy and even Hamilton's 

3020
02:35:39,400 --> 02:35:42,700
essays on finance. 
She became a discrete mentor to 

3021
02:35:42,700 --> 02:35:45,300
young women. 
Advising them that lost did not 

3022
02:35:45,300 --> 02:35:47,300
have to Define one's entire 
existence. 

3023
02:35:48,100 --> 02:35:51,400
In that process, she uncovered 
an internal Wellspring of power.

3024
02:35:51,400 --> 02:35:54,700
No longer Define melee as a 
general's daughter or a 

3025
02:35:54,700 --> 02:35:58,000
statements wife, she was forging
her identity as a protector of 

3026
02:35:58,008 --> 02:35:59,900
children. 
A keeper of her husband's 

3027
02:35:59,900 --> 02:36:02,900
Legacy, and a quiet stabilizing 
figure in a nation still 

3028
02:36:02,900 --> 02:36:06,600
shaping, its post-war identity. 
Yet she confronted constant 

3029
02:36:06,600 --> 02:36:08,200
reminders of the jewels 
aftermath. 

3030
02:36:08,800 --> 02:36:12,400
Burr's reputation had collapsed 
but he lingered on society's 

3031
02:36:12,400 --> 02:36:15,100
fringes and occasionally rumors 
of his presence in New York. 

3032
02:36:15,100 --> 02:36:19,000
Circulated some supporters of 
Hamilton yearned for Eliza's 

3033
02:36:19,000 --> 02:36:22,200
public condemnation of Burr. she
responded by emphasizing 

3034
02:36:22,200 --> 02:36:25,600
forgiveness, not for burst sake 
alone, but for her own spiritual

3035
02:36:25,600 --> 02:36:29,300
health, Still, she admitted to 
close friends that the wound ran

3036
02:36:29,300 --> 02:36:31,600
deep. 
And any mention of Burr, 

3037
02:36:31,600 --> 02:36:36,100
reopened old pain. 
In 1806 tragedy Revisited, her 

3038
02:36:36,100 --> 02:36:39,500
life when her sister Peggy died.
Though, they had not spent as 

3039
02:36:39,500 --> 02:36:42,800
much time together recently 
losing a sibling reignited. 

3040
02:36:42,800 --> 02:36:46,700
Her sense of mortality each 
family lost bird reflection. 

3041
02:36:46,700 --> 02:36:49,700
Why does fate entwine sorrow and
joy? 

3042
02:36:49,700 --> 02:36:54,100
So tightly She found partial 
answers in her face which had 

3043
02:36:54,100 --> 02:36:55,900
grown more ernests since 
Hamilton's death. 

3044
02:36:56,600 --> 02:37:00,300
Eliza turned to church Community
for Comfort simultaneously 

3045
02:37:00,300 --> 02:37:02,700
offering her organizational 
skills to Parish events. 

3046
02:37:03,800 --> 02:37:06,400
Slowly, the Hamilton household 
stabilized. 

3047
02:37:07,000 --> 02:37:10,300
Debts were gradually paid off 
the children advance in their 

3048
02:37:10,300 --> 02:37:13,400
studies or commenced 
livelihoods, Eliza's 

3049
02:37:13,400 --> 02:37:16,500
philanthropic projects, 
flourished, earning her quiet 

3050
02:37:16,500 --> 02:37:20,100
admiration, across class lines, 
life was by no means. 

3051
02:37:20,100 --> 02:37:24,400
Carefree money was tight social,
slight stung but she navigated 

3052
02:37:24,400 --> 02:37:27,700
each challenge with calm 
determination by middle age. 

3053
02:37:27,700 --> 02:37:31,100
She stood as a testament to 
endurance weaving, heartbreak 

3054
02:37:31,100 --> 02:37:35,100
Duty and service into a tapestry
that gave her a renewed sense of

3055
02:37:35,100 --> 02:37:39,300
mission as decades rolled on 
Eliza entered a reflective phase

3056
02:37:39,300 --> 02:37:41,700
of life. 
She remained in New York though.

3057
02:37:41,700 --> 02:37:44,400
The city changed around her 
evolving from a 

3058
02:37:44,400 --> 02:37:46,900
post-revolutionary port in to a 
bustling Metropolis. 

3059
02:37:46,900 --> 02:37:50,100
She occasionally visited her 
beloved, Sheila mansion in 

3060
02:37:50,100 --> 02:37:53,000
Albany now, quieter and steeped 
in Nostalgia. 

3061
02:37:53,000 --> 02:37:56,900
Each time, she walked the garden
paths where she wants courted. 

3062
02:37:56,900 --> 02:38:00,700
Alexander reminded of both the 
innocence of Youth and the size 

3063
02:38:00,700 --> 02:38:02,500
make shifts that had sculpted 
her fate. 

3064
02:38:03,500 --> 02:38:06,700
During the War of 1812. 
When the US again, clashed with 

3065
02:38:06,708 --> 02:38:10,800
Britain, Eliza worried for her 
son's some of whom served in the

3066
02:38:10,800 --> 02:38:14,300
conflict, Memory of the 
Revolution merge with fresh 

3067
02:38:14,300 --> 02:38:17,900
anxiety is she found the 
national mood reminiscent of her

3068
02:38:17,900 --> 02:38:22,400
childhood uncertainty pride and 
the determination to defend 

3069
02:38:22,400 --> 02:38:24,900
Independence though. 
She was no longer at the 

3070
02:38:24,900 --> 02:38:28,800
Forefront of patriotic further. 
She contributed by donating to 

3071
02:38:28,800 --> 02:38:30,900
relief efforts for soldiers 
families. 

3072
02:38:31,900 --> 02:38:36,000
The orphan Asylum Society also 
expanded its reach taking in 

3073
02:38:36,000 --> 02:38:37,900
children, orphaned by this new 
war. 

3074
02:38:38,500 --> 02:38:41,000
Family events, punctuated her 
life with both grief and 

3075
02:38:41,000 --> 02:38:46,500
celebration, her father, Philip 
Schuyler passed away in 1804 

3076
02:38:46,500 --> 02:38:49,200
mere months. 
After Hamilton's death, her 

3077
02:38:49,200 --> 02:38:53,400
mother, Catherine died in 1803. 
So Eliza found herself 

3078
02:38:53,400 --> 02:38:55,700
increasingly the matriarch of a 
sprawling Clan. 

3079
02:38:55,700 --> 02:38:58,100
Grandchildren eventually came 
into the picture. 

3080
02:38:58,100 --> 02:39:02,000
She watched them with pride 
telling stories of their heroic 

3081
02:39:02,000 --> 02:39:04,600
grandfather. 
These Tales often alluded to 

3082
02:39:04,600 --> 02:39:08,300
Hamilton's intellectual prowess 
omitting, the specifics of his 

3083
02:39:08,300 --> 02:39:11,900
downfall, Eliza believed that 
preserving his better qualities 

3084
02:39:11,900 --> 02:39:15,700
would Inspire young Generations.
A notable shift occurred in the 

3085
02:39:15,708 --> 02:39:18,700
1820s. 
When John Church Hamilton one of

3086
02:39:18,700 --> 02:39:22,000
her son's began collecting 
material for a biography of his 

3087
02:39:22,000 --> 02:39:24,900
father, Eliza became an 
essential collaborator. 

3088
02:39:24,900 --> 02:39:29,600
Providing letters anecdotes and 
clarifications her memory was 

3089
02:39:29,600 --> 02:39:32,800
sharp despite advancing age. 
She recalled specific 

3090
02:39:32,800 --> 02:39:36,400
conversations recounted 
legislative battles and recalled

3091
02:39:36,400 --> 02:39:39,500
the exact inflection in 
Hamilton's voice when he debated

3092
02:39:39,500 --> 02:39:42,900
a point of law, many historians 
would later Marvel at her 

3093
02:39:42,908 --> 02:39:45,900
Recollections which filled gaps 
in the archival record. 

3094
02:39:46,900 --> 02:39:49,500
It was as if she carried a 
living library of Hamilton's 

3095
02:39:49,500 --> 02:39:52,700
life in her heart, yet that 
collaboration was not free of 

3096
02:39:52,708 --> 02:39:55,600
emotional toll. 
Revisiting, the events leading 

3097
02:39:55,600 --> 02:39:58,000
up to the duel. 
Forced her to confront Old, 

3098
02:39:58,000 --> 02:40:00,800
Wounds tears, occasionally 
halted, her storytelling. 

3099
02:40:01,800 --> 02:40:04,300
Specially, when she recounted 
the final hours of Hamilton's 

3100
02:40:04,300 --> 02:40:06,500
life. 
John Church pressed, gently 

3101
02:40:06,500 --> 02:40:11,200
wanting to capture every detail 
for posterity Eliza sensing the 

3102
02:40:11,208 --> 02:40:15,200
greater purpose persevered. 
She recognized that telling 

3103
02:40:15,200 --> 02:40:17,700
Hamilton's story might help the 
nation, appreciate the 

3104
02:40:17,700 --> 02:40:20,100
foundations, he helped lay 
structures. 

3105
02:40:20,100 --> 02:40:23,100
Like the treasury Department, 
the national bank and the 

3106
02:40:23,100 --> 02:40:28,000
concept of federal credit In 
1828 she traveled briefly to 

3107
02:40:28,000 --> 02:40:31,100
Washington, DC invited by 
friends who remembered her 

3108
02:40:31,100 --> 02:40:34,700
philanthropic achievements. 
The capital had grown since her 

3109
02:40:34,700 --> 02:40:37,400
early visits. 
Monuments dotted the landscape 

3110
02:40:37,400 --> 02:40:41,700
celebrating founding fathers. 
She experienced a bitter, sweet 

3111
02:40:41,708 --> 02:40:44,800
Pride passing tributes to men. 
Hamilton had worked alongside, 

3112
02:40:44,800 --> 02:40:48,500
George Washington, Thomas, 
Jefferson and James Madison. 

3113
02:40:49,500 --> 02:40:52,400
Some pointed out the conspicuous
absence of Hamilton's own 

3114
02:40:52,400 --> 02:40:54,500
Monument. 
She Shrugged it off. 

3115
02:40:54,500 --> 02:40:57,700
Insisting that the measure of a 
person's influence may not in 

3116
02:40:57,700 --> 02:41:01,800
stone Effigies, but in living in
institutions with the passage of

3117
02:41:01,808 --> 02:41:04,400
time, she also became more 
candidate about the Reynolds 

3118
02:41:04,400 --> 02:41:07,700
Scandal though, still discreet 
in private conversations. 

3119
02:41:07,700 --> 02:41:11,300
She admitted the pain, had never
vanished but she framed it. 

3120
02:41:11,300 --> 02:41:14,000
As a testament to the flawed 
Humanity, even brilliant people 

3121
02:41:14,000 --> 02:41:18,000
carry The capacity to forgive 
reflected a deep spirituality. 

3122
02:41:18,000 --> 02:41:21,900
She attended church regularly, 
praying for Unity in a country 

3123
02:41:21,908 --> 02:41:24,200
that seemed perpetually on the 
brink of new conflicts, 

3124
02:41:24,200 --> 02:41:28,100
Nullification Crisis debates 
over slavery, and the push 

3125
02:41:28,100 --> 02:41:30,700
Westward Living Well into her 
golden years. 

3126
02:41:30,700 --> 02:41:34,000
She gathered, a tight circle of 
confidants often. 

3127
02:41:34,000 --> 02:41:36,600
They found her mending clothing 
for Orphan children or 

3128
02:41:36,600 --> 02:41:39,300
proofreading a letter for John 
Church's next manuscript draft. 

3129
02:41:40,200 --> 02:41:42,400
She rarely sought to claim for 
her charitable work. 

3130
02:41:42,400 --> 02:41:45,900
If praised, she gently 
redirected attention to the 

3131
02:41:45,908 --> 02:41:50,000
cause itself for her, the real 
Triumph in ensuring children, 

3132
02:41:50,000 --> 02:41:53,400
had a chance at life Just as the
nation's Founders had tried to 

3133
02:41:53,400 --> 02:41:55,600
secure opportunity for future 
Generations. 

3134
02:41:56,600 --> 02:42:00,700
In 1832, she experienced another
heartbreak, when her oldest son,

3135
02:42:00,700 --> 02:42:02,500
Philip Jr. 
Passed away. 

3136
02:42:02,500 --> 02:42:06,500
After a struggle with illness 
each loss reminded her of time's

3137
02:42:06,500 --> 02:42:10,100
Relentless March, yet her faith 
and familial bonds kept her 

3138
02:42:10,100 --> 02:42:12,900
grounded. 
She wrote that her love for God.

3139
02:42:12,900 --> 02:42:15,900
And for the late General 
Hamilton fortified her soul 

3140
02:42:15,900 --> 02:42:20,000
against despair. 
Approaching 80 Elizabeth Sheila.

3141
02:42:20,700 --> 02:42:23,400
Hamilton was more than a relic 
of a revolutionary era. 

3142
02:42:23,400 --> 02:42:26,800
She was a living Narrative of 
strength, weaving, personal 

3143
02:42:26,800 --> 02:42:29,400
tragedy, and national memory 
into a single tapestry of 

3144
02:42:29,408 --> 02:42:33,700
compassion, and Hope. 
Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton live

3145
02:42:33,700 --> 02:42:36,400
to see Andrew Jackson's 
presidency in the beginning of 

3146
02:42:36,400 --> 02:42:40,100
the Industrial Revolution. 
She watched America morph into a

3147
02:42:40,100 --> 02:42:42,200
nation. 
Both deeply reflective of its 

3148
02:42:42,200 --> 02:42:44,800
revolutionary roots and 
straining toward modernity. 

3149
02:42:44,800 --> 02:42:49,600
Railroads, spread factories 
arose, this political scene 

3150
02:42:49,600 --> 02:42:52,300
erupted with fresh tensions, 
over states' rights and 

3151
02:42:52,300 --> 02:42:55,900
potential expansion. 
By now Eliza was considered a 

3152
02:42:55,908 --> 02:42:59,000
venerable figure. 
One of the last living links to 

3153
02:42:59,000 --> 02:43:00,600
the nation's founding 
generation. 

3154
02:43:01,400 --> 02:43:04,200
In her final years. 
She resided in a modest home in 

3155
02:43:04,208 --> 02:43:07,700
Washington DC partly to be near 
some of her children. 

3156
02:43:08,800 --> 02:43:12,200
The city had matured since the 
muddy partly built Capital. 

3157
02:43:12,200 --> 02:43:16,400
She wants new She took quiet 
walks with visitors reflecting 

3158
02:43:16,400 --> 02:43:18,100
on how her husband had helped 
shape. 

3159
02:43:18,100 --> 02:43:20,300
The financial systems that the 
fueled such growth. 

3160
02:43:21,100 --> 02:43:23,800
Political leaders, occasionally 
sought her out for anecdotal 

3161
02:43:23,800 --> 02:43:26,900
insights, hoping to glean from 
her personal glimpses into 

3162
02:43:26,900 --> 02:43:28,600
Hamilton strategies and 
relationships. 

3163
02:43:28,600 --> 02:43:31,900
She obliged politely though, she
often reminded them that real 

3164
02:43:31,900 --> 02:43:35,500
progress, required. 
Fresh ideas, not men, nostalgia,

3165
02:43:36,300 --> 02:43:39,600
A commitment to philanthropy 
Neville waned, even in advanced 

3166
02:43:39,600 --> 02:43:42,800
stage, she attended orphan. 
Asylum society meeting when 

3167
02:43:42,800 --> 02:43:45,900
possible offering guidance on 
fundraising and Resource 

3168
02:43:45,900 --> 02:43:48,200
Management. 
Younger trustees listened, 

3169
02:43:48,200 --> 02:43:51,500
intently aware that the society 
is founding mother was still 

3170
02:43:51,500 --> 02:43:53,900
sharp. 
Despite her Frailty in many 

3171
02:43:53,900 --> 02:43:55,800
ways. 
The orphanage of become a 

3172
02:43:55,800 --> 02:43:58,000
similar of her life's work, 
caring for the vulnerable 

3173
02:43:58,000 --> 02:44:00,300
preserving hope amidst 
adversity. 

3174
02:44:01,000 --> 02:44:03,700
Ensuring the completeness of 
John Church Hamilton's father's 

3175
02:44:03,700 --> 02:44:06,400
biography was one of her most 
cherished final projects. 

3176
02:44:07,100 --> 02:44:10,300
She reviewed the final drafts 
contributing details should 

3177
02:44:10,300 --> 02:44:11,900
previously withheld or 
forgotten. 

3178
02:44:12,600 --> 02:44:15,300
She emphasized Hamilton's 
unwavering dedication to the 

3179
02:44:15,300 --> 02:44:19,100
union, his Progressive stances 
on federal power, and his 

3180
02:44:19,100 --> 02:44:21,100
unrelenting push for financial 
stability. 

3181
02:44:22,100 --> 02:44:25,400
Some editorial, disagreements 
arose, particularly around the 

3182
02:44:25,400 --> 02:44:29,500
Reynolds Affair, but Eliza 
insisted on honesty, tempered by

3183
02:44:29,500 --> 02:44:32,900
grace. 
The published volumes not 

3184
02:44:32,900 --> 02:44:36,400
immediate bestsellers gradually 
shaped public, understanding of 

3185
02:44:36,400 --> 02:44:39,900
how Hamilton's Legacy. 
As her health declined, her 

3186
02:44:39,900 --> 02:44:43,300
family closed, ranks around her 
letters from grandchildren 

3187
02:44:43,300 --> 02:44:46,600
poured in stories of their 
studies, their marriage, is 

3188
02:44:46,600 --> 02:44:49,900
their small. 
Triumphs Eliza's once robust 

3189
02:44:49,900 --> 02:44:53,000
figure had become frail, but her
mind held firm. 

3190
02:44:53,700 --> 02:44:57,000
She reminisced about ballrooms 
in Albany, the swirling War 

3191
02:44:57,000 --> 02:45:00,300
councils at her childhood home, 
and the day, she first locked 

3192
02:45:00,300 --> 02:45:04,100
eyes with a solar abash, young 
officer in Revolutionary guard. 

3193
02:45:04,100 --> 02:45:07,700
Occasional visitors found her 
reading The Federalist Papers by

3194
02:45:07,700 --> 02:45:10,600
candlelight. as if we 
acquainting herself with 

3195
02:45:10,600 --> 02:45:15,200
Hamilton's voice, She also kept 
a well-worn Bible reflecting a 

3196
02:45:15,200 --> 02:45:17,900
faith that had void her through 
heartbreak after heartbreak. 

3197
02:45:18,800 --> 02:45:22,300
Prayer to her was less about 
ceremony and more about 

3198
02:45:22,300 --> 02:45:24,600
continuous conversation with a 
higher power. 

3199
02:45:24,600 --> 02:45:28,200
That a guided her from water. 
Widowhood in these final 

3200
02:45:28,200 --> 02:45:32,000
dialogues with God, she found 
peace certain that her labors 

3201
02:45:32,000 --> 02:45:35,200
both familial and charitable 
held meaning, Beyond mortal 

3202
02:45:35,200 --> 02:45:38,700
life, Elizabeth Schuyler 
Hamilton died. 

3203
02:45:38,700 --> 02:45:44,300
On November, the 9th 1854 at the
age of 97, her passing marked, 

3204
02:45:44,300 --> 02:45:46,800
the end of an era. 
Obituaries praised, her 

3205
02:45:46,800 --> 02:45:50,100
dedication to preserving 
Alexander Hamilton's Legacy and 

3206
02:45:50,100 --> 02:45:53,500
championing. 
Charitable causes publication's 

3207
02:45:53,500 --> 02:45:56,600
recounted her Devotion to the 
orphan, Asylum society, and her 

3208
02:45:56,600 --> 02:45:59,700
unwavering presence during the 
tumultuous birth of the 

3209
02:45:59,700 --> 02:46:02,100
Republic. 
While she never held public 

3210
02:46:02,100 --> 02:46:05,800
office. her influence was 
palpable in the community, she 

3211
02:46:05,800 --> 02:46:09,800
served and in The Narrative of 
America's founding She was 

3212
02:46:09,800 --> 02:46:12,800
buried near her husband in the 
graveyard of Trinity Church in 

3213
02:46:12,800 --> 02:46:15,400
Manhattan. 
Reuniting them in Eternal. 

3214
02:46:15,400 --> 02:46:19,400
Rest beneath the city skyline, 
he had once helped transform For

3215
02:46:19,400 --> 02:46:22,600
decades, the memory of her 
kindness lingered in the stories

3216
02:46:22,600 --> 02:46:26,200
told by those, who knew her, a 
woman who had endured Scandal 

3217
02:46:26,200 --> 02:46:30,000
and dual driven tragedy, only to
emerge as a symbol of Grace. 

3218
02:46:30,900 --> 02:46:34,000
From the decades following her 
death interest in Hamilton's 

3219
02:46:34,000 --> 02:46:38,000
financial genius grew spurred by
economic expansions and civil 

3220
02:46:38,000 --> 02:46:41,000
conflict. 
Historians found in Eliza's 

3221
02:46:41,000 --> 02:46:43,800
carefully guarded letters, a 
trove of insight into The Man 

3222
02:46:43,800 --> 02:46:46,500
Behind the policies. 
Her philanthropic Legacy. 

3223
02:46:46,500 --> 02:46:49,600
Endured with the orphanage, 
continuing to serve children 

3224
02:46:49,600 --> 02:46:53,700
well, into the Modern Age over 
time as the nation wrestled with

3225
02:46:53,700 --> 02:46:55,600
the complexities of its founding
ideals. 

3226
02:46:55,600 --> 02:46:58,400
The figure of Eliza gained 
renewed appreciation. 

3227
02:46:59,600 --> 02:47:02,900
She was not merely the devoted 
wife of a founding father, but a

3228
02:47:02,900 --> 02:47:05,200
quiet architect of social 
welfare and historical 

3229
02:47:05,200 --> 02:47:09,000
stewardship in her own right? 
To this day visitors at 

3230
02:47:09,000 --> 02:47:11,200
Hamilton's grave site. 
Often spare a moment for 

3231
02:47:11,200 --> 02:47:13,600
Elizabeth Sheila, Hamilton her 
story. 

3232
02:47:13,600 --> 02:47:16,700
Underscores, how the quieter 
characters of History can 

3233
02:47:16,700 --> 02:47:22,000
profoundly shape a nation's 
ethos You know, how someday 

3234
02:47:22,000 --> 02:47:24,500
start perfectly ordinary and 
then take a left turn into 

3235
02:47:24,500 --> 02:47:28,300
absolutely bonkers? 
Well, Tuesday, Morning, began 

3236
02:47:28,300 --> 02:47:30,600
with me standing. 
In my kitchen coffee, mug in 

3237
02:47:30,600 --> 02:47:33,600
hand staring at the antique, 
brass Compass, I'd inherited 

3238
02:47:33,600 --> 02:47:36,400
from great art Moira. 
The thing had been Gathering 

3239
02:47:36,400 --> 02:47:39,400
dust on my windowsill for 
months, but something about the 

3240
02:47:39,400 --> 02:47:41,100
way the Morning Light caught its
warning. 

3241
02:47:41,100 --> 02:47:45,200
Graving made me pick it up. 
The compass felt surprisingly 

3242
02:47:45,200 --> 02:47:49,100
warm in my palm almost like it 
had been sitting in sunshine all

3243
02:47:49,100 --> 02:47:52,700
morning instead of shadow. 
I traced the Celtic knots carved

3244
02:47:52,700 --> 02:47:56,100
around its rim with my finger 
wondering, if Moira had actually

3245
02:47:56,100 --> 02:47:59,000
used this thing or if it was 
just another piece of Scottish, 

3246
02:47:59,000 --> 02:48:00,700
family, folklore collecting 
cobwebs. 

3247
02:48:01,600 --> 02:48:05,300
The needle spun lazily pointing,
not North but to some direction 

3248
02:48:05,300 --> 02:48:08,400
that seemed to exist only in its
own mysterious geography. 

3249
02:48:08,400 --> 02:48:11,200
That's when things got 
interesting in the way that 

3250
02:48:11,200 --> 02:48:13,100
makes you question your morning 
coffee choices. 

3251
02:48:14,400 --> 02:48:17,200
The world around me began to 
Shimmer like heat waves rising 

3252
02:48:17,200 --> 02:48:20,400
from Summer pavement. 
Except my kitchen suddenly felt 

3253
02:48:20,400 --> 02:48:24,700
anything but warm Colors bled at
the edge of my vision and that 

3254
02:48:24,700 --> 02:48:26,800
peculiar ringing. 
You get in your ears during 

3255
02:48:26,800 --> 02:48:28,200
airplane, take off filled my 
head. 

3256
02:48:28,200 --> 02:48:32,700
I had just enough time to think.
Well, this is either a stroke or

3257
02:48:32,700 --> 02:48:35,600
something considerably more 
unusual before everything went 

3258
02:48:35,600 --> 02:48:38,300
sideways time travel as it 
turned out. 

3259
02:48:38,300 --> 02:48:41,100
Feels remarkably like being 
tumbled in the world's largest 

3260
02:48:41,100 --> 02:48:44,100
washing machine, while someone 
plays a bagpiper Orchestra 

3261
02:48:44,100 --> 02:48:47,200
directly into your skull, not 
unpleasant, exactly. 

3262
02:48:47,200 --> 02:48:50,100
But definitely not something 
you'd want to experience right 

3263
02:48:50,100 --> 02:48:53,000
after breakfast. 
The Sensational lasted either 

3264
02:48:53,000 --> 02:48:56,700
three seconds or three centuries
time, being somewhat negotiable 

3265
02:48:56,700 --> 02:48:58,900
during interdimensional Transit 
apparently. 

3266
02:48:59,600 --> 02:49:02,400
When the world stopped spinning 
like a cosmic carnival ride? 

3267
02:49:02,400 --> 02:49:05,600
I found myself standing in what 
appeared to be a meadow that had

3268
02:49:05,600 --> 02:49:08,900
never heard of lawn mowers hedge
trimmers or any other modern 

3269
02:49:08,900 --> 02:49:13,300
conveniences Tall Grass weighed 
around my ankles dotted with 

3270
02:49:13,300 --> 02:49:16,100
wildflowers, that looked like 
they'd stepped straight out of a

3271
02:49:16,100 --> 02:49:19,300
medieval illuminated manuscript,
the are carried sense. 

3272
02:49:19,300 --> 02:49:22,500
I couldn't quite place would 
smoke something cooking. 

3273
02:49:22,500 --> 02:49:25,400
That might have been bred and 
the earthy richness of a world 

3274
02:49:25,400 --> 02:49:27,300
where exhaust fumes hadn't been 
invented yet. 

3275
02:49:28,700 --> 02:49:32,600
The silence hit me first. 
Not the kind of quiet you get in

3276
02:49:32,600 --> 02:49:35,100
Suburban neighborhoods at 2 in 
the morning, but the deep 

3277
02:49:35,100 --> 02:49:37,800
breathing Silence of a place 
where the loudest sound for 

3278
02:49:37,800 --> 02:49:40,800
Miles might be a bird calling or
wind moving through leaves. 

3279
02:49:41,500 --> 02:49:43,800
No traffic whom no air 
conditioning units. 

3280
02:49:43,800 --> 02:49:47,900
No distant leaf blowers just the
world as it existed before we 

3281
02:49:47,900 --> 02:49:50,600
filled it with the constant 
background core of Modern Life. 

3282
02:49:51,800 --> 02:49:54,800
I looked down at the campus. 
Still clutched in my hand, it's 

3283
02:49:54,800 --> 02:49:57,700
needle now pointed steadily, in 
One Direction with the 

3284
02:49:57,700 --> 02:50:00,500
confidence of something that 
finally knew where it belonged. 

3285
02:50:01,200 --> 02:50:04,800
The brass felt cool again 
ordinary as if it had never been

3286
02:50:04,800 --> 02:50:08,000
anything more than a family 
heirloom, with a tendency toward

3287
02:50:08,000 --> 02:50:11,600
dramatic gestures. 
The landscape stretched around 

3288
02:50:11,600 --> 02:50:14,000
me and Rolling, Green Hills. 
That seem to go on forever 

3289
02:50:14,000 --> 02:50:17,700
punctuated by stands of trees 
that looked older than anything 

3290
02:50:17,700 --> 02:50:21,500
I'd ever seen. in the distant 
smoke Rose, from What Might Have

3291
02:50:21,500 --> 02:50:24,400
Been chimneys though, calling 
them chimneys might be generous 

3292
02:50:25,300 --> 02:50:28,500
Stone structures dotted. 
The hillside, not ruins, but 

3293
02:50:28,500 --> 02:50:32,200
buildings that were clearly 
lived in used part of someone's 

3294
02:50:32,200 --> 02:50:35,200
daily life. 
My modern clothes felt suddenly 

3295
02:50:35,200 --> 02:50:38,200
conspicuous jeans and a fleece 
jacket. 

3296
02:50:38,200 --> 02:50:41,400
Probably won't go to help me 
blend in wherever or whenever 

3297
02:50:41,400 --> 02:50:45,600
I'd landed. 
The realization crept Over Me 

3298
02:50:45,600 --> 02:50:48,500
Slowly like cold water seeping 
through boots. 

3299
02:50:48,500 --> 02:50:52,700
I was no longer in Kansas Toto 
that I had a sneaking suspicion.

3300
02:50:52,700 --> 02:50:54,600
I wasn't in the 21st century 
either. 

3301
02:50:55,800 --> 02:50:59,900
A distance sound drifted across 
the meadow voice is maybe and 

3302
02:50:59,900 --> 02:51:01,400
something that could have been 
alive stock. 

3303
02:51:02,100 --> 02:51:05,300
Civilization, or at least what 
passed for it in whatever area 

3304
02:51:05,300 --> 02:51:09,000
rides stumbled into. 
The compass needle held steady 

3305
02:51:09,000 --> 02:51:12,400
pointing towards Those Distant 
wisps of smoke, as if it knew 

3306
02:51:12,400 --> 02:51:16,000
exactly where I needed to go. 
I took a deep breath of air that

3307
02:51:16,000 --> 02:51:18,800
tasted like a had never met a 
factory adjusted. 

3308
02:51:18,800 --> 02:51:21,800
My grip on great, aunt, moira's 
campus, and started walking 

3309
02:51:21,800 --> 02:51:23,600
toward, whatever Adventure 
awaited. 

3310
02:51:23,600 --> 02:51:27,700
After all, when you accidentally
time travel to what appeared to 

3311
02:51:27,700 --> 02:51:31,000
be medieval, Scotland standing 
around in a meadow questioning 

3312
02:51:31,000 --> 02:51:33,700
Your Life Choices, seemed less 
productive than finding out 

3313
02:51:33,700 --> 02:51:37,500
where you'd actually ended up. 
Besides the coffee back home was

3314
02:51:37,500 --> 02:51:39,900
getting cold. 
Anyway, walking through medieval

3315
02:51:39,900 --> 02:51:42,800
Scotland, I discovered is like, 
hiking through the world's, most

3316
02:51:42,800 --> 02:51:46,200
authentic historical 
re-enactment, except nobody told

3317
02:51:46,200 --> 02:51:48,700
you the rules and there's no 
gift shop at the end. 

3318
02:51:49,900 --> 02:51:52,400
The path I followed. 
And I used the term path 

3319
02:51:52,400 --> 02:51:55,200
generously for what was 
essentially, a suggestion of 

3320
02:51:55,208 --> 02:51:58,200
where people might have walked 
repeatedly wound through 

3321
02:51:58,200 --> 02:52:00,900
Countryside, that looked like 
every romantic Highland 

3322
02:52:00,900 --> 02:52:03,200
calendar. 
You've ever seen the modern 

3323
02:52:03,200 --> 02:52:06,200
photographers and plus a 
concerning amount of what might 

3324
02:52:06,200 --> 02:52:08,500
charitably be called, natural 
fertilizer. 

3325
02:52:09,300 --> 02:52:11,600
The compass led me toward a 
cluster of buildings that 

3326
02:52:11,600 --> 02:52:14,300
materialized from the landscape 
like something emerging from a 

3327
02:52:14,308 --> 02:52:17,000
dream. 
Stone Cottages with thatched 

3328
02:52:17,000 --> 02:52:20,400
roofs huddled together as if 
sharing warmth connected by what

3329
02:52:20,400 --> 02:52:23,500
I gradually recognized as 
streets in the same way that 

3330
02:52:23,500 --> 02:52:26,600
rivers are connected by 
riverbeds more suggestion than 

3331
02:52:26,600 --> 02:52:31,000
engineering Smoke curled from 
Chimneys in lazy, Spirals and 

3332
02:52:31,000 --> 02:52:33,100
the whole scene had that soft 
focus quality. 

3333
02:52:33,100 --> 02:52:36,300
You see in paintings except its 
smelled considerably more 

3334
02:52:36,300 --> 02:52:41,200
authentic. as I got closer, the 
sounds of daily life, began to 

3335
02:52:41,200 --> 02:52:45,100
filter through the morning are 
voices, spoke in such thick acts

3336
02:52:45,100 --> 02:52:48,600
that they might as well have 
been speaking Gaelic, which I 

3337
02:52:48,600 --> 02:52:52,600
realized with growing concern, 
they probably were The rhythm of

3338
02:52:52,600 --> 02:52:56,400
hammering, the lowing of cattle 
and other sounds indicated that 

3339
02:52:56,400 --> 02:52:59,200
people were going about their 
perfectly normal, medieval 

3340
02:52:59,200 --> 02:53:02,000
morning routines, possibly from 
a Smithy nearby. 

3341
02:53:03,400 --> 02:53:06,600
The first person I encountered 
was a woman hanging laundry on a

3342
02:53:06,600 --> 02:53:07,800
line. 
Strung between two posts 

3343
02:53:07,800 --> 02:53:10,000
singing. 
Something under her breath, that

3344
02:53:10,000 --> 02:53:12,700
sounded like a lullaby written 
by someone who understood both 

3345
02:53:12,700 --> 02:53:16,800
Joy and sorrow intimately. 
She wore a long dress in a shade

3346
02:53:16,800 --> 02:53:21,200
of brown that probably had a 
fancy historical name like umber

3347
02:53:21,200 --> 02:53:25,200
or russet covered by an apron 
that had clearly seen heavy use.

3348
02:53:26,300 --> 02:53:29,400
When she spotted me approaching 
her song Trail off and she 

3349
02:53:29,400 --> 02:53:32,800
straightened slowly taking in my
appearance with the careful 

3350
02:53:32,800 --> 02:53:35,100
attention of someone of 
evaluating whether I was lost 

3351
02:53:35,100 --> 02:53:40,700
dangerous or merely peculiar. 
Give him my jeans sneakers and 

3352
02:53:40,700 --> 02:53:43,600
fleece jacket. 
I was probably hitting all three

3353
02:53:43,600 --> 02:53:47,200
categories, simultaneously, the 
conversation that ensued would 

3354
02:53:47,200 --> 02:53:49,200
have been amusing. 
If it hadn't been crucial to my 

3355
02:53:49,200 --> 02:53:54,000
immediate survival, She spoke in
what I eventually recognized as 

3356
02:53:54,000 --> 02:53:57,100
English, but English that had 
taken such a scenic route 

3357
02:53:57,100 --> 02:53:58,700
through time and Regional 
dialect. 

3358
02:53:58,700 --> 02:54:01,500
That understanding it required, 
the kind of mental gymnastics, 

3359
02:54:01,500 --> 02:54:04,600
usually reserved for solving 
crossword, puzzles in foreign 

3360
02:54:04,600 --> 02:54:07,900
languages through a combination 
of pointing pantomiming and the 

3361
02:54:07,900 --> 02:54:10,900
universal language of looking 
completely bewildered and 

3362
02:54:10,900 --> 02:54:15,000
managed to communicate that. 
I was a traveler from well far 

3363
02:54:15,000 --> 02:54:19,000
away, seemed safer than 700 
years in the future, she 

3364
02:54:19,000 --> 02:54:21,900
introduced to self as a less 
which she pronounced in a way 

3365
02:54:21,900 --> 02:54:25,100
that made my attempts to repeat 
it sound like someone sneezing 

3366
02:54:25,100 --> 02:54:28,700
while trying to say Alice. 
Alias had the kind of practical 

3367
02:54:28,700 --> 02:54:31,300
kindness that comes from living 
in a world where Hospitality 

3368
02:54:31,300 --> 02:54:34,000
might be the difference between 
life and death for travelers. 

3369
02:54:35,100 --> 02:54:38,800
She scrutinized me thoroughly 
observing, my clearly unfamiliar

3370
02:54:38,800 --> 02:54:42,300
attire and apparent bewilderment
before making a seemingly 

3371
02:54:42,300 --> 02:54:44,700
decisive assessment of My 
overall Innocents. 

3372
02:54:45,500 --> 02:54:48,200
Within minutes, I found myself 
sitting on a wooden stall in her

3373
02:54:48,200 --> 02:54:51,500
cottage which was simultaneously
smaller and more complex than 

3374
02:54:51,500 --> 02:54:54,300
I'd expected. 
The single rooms served as 

3375
02:54:54,300 --> 02:54:56,700
kitchen. 
Living room bedroom, and 

3376
02:54:56,700 --> 02:54:59,300
probably several other functions
I hadn't identified yet. 

3377
02:55:00,400 --> 02:55:04,200
Fire burned in a stone half that
dominated one wall, filling the 

3378
02:55:04,200 --> 02:55:06,900
space with warmth and the kind 
of wood smoke that makes you 

3379
02:55:06,900 --> 02:55:09,100
think of winter evening's even 
in broad daylight. 

3380
02:55:10,000 --> 02:55:12,700
She ladled something from a pot 
hanging over the fire into a 

3381
02:55:12,708 --> 02:55:15,900
wooden bowl and handed it to me 
with the universal gesture of 

3382
02:55:15,900 --> 02:55:20,100
eat this before you fall, over 
the stew that I'm calling it 

3383
02:55:20,100 --> 02:55:22,400
stew because that seemed like 
the closest modern equivalent 

3384
02:55:22,400 --> 02:55:25,500
contained ingredients. 
I couldn't entirely identify, 

3385
02:55:25,500 --> 02:55:28,800
but which tasted like someone 
had managed to make comfort food

3386
02:55:28,800 --> 02:55:31,500
out of whatever was available in
a world before, grocery stores? 

3387
02:55:32,700 --> 02:55:36,400
As I ate Alias continued talking
in her musical, incomprehensible

3388
02:55:36,400 --> 02:55:39,100
dialect. 
Occasionally gesturing at my 

3389
02:55:39,100 --> 02:55:40,700
clothes or the compass. 
I still carried. 

3390
02:55:41,500 --> 02:55:44,900
I nodded at what seemed like a 
propriate intervals and tried to

3391
02:55:44,900 --> 02:55:47,900
look great for rather than 
completely lost, which wasn't 

3392
02:55:47,900 --> 02:55:51,500
difficult since I was in fact, 
deeply thankful and completely 

3393
02:55:51,500 --> 02:55:56,500
lost the stew was surprisingly, 
delicious warming, me deeply and

3394
02:55:56,500 --> 02:55:59,100
easing, the residual 
disorientation from my temporal 

3395
02:55:59,100 --> 02:56:02,000
Journey. 
Outside the village continued. 

3396
02:56:02,000 --> 02:56:05,000
Its daily Rhythm blissfully 
unaware that someone from the 

3397
02:56:05,000 --> 02:56:06,700
future was sitting in alias's 
cottage. 

3398
02:56:06,700 --> 02:56:09,600
Trying to figure out how to 
explain the concept of time 

3399
02:56:09,600 --> 02:56:11,300
travel. 
Through interpretive dance, 

3400
02:56:11,300 --> 02:56:14,900
medieval Scottish Villages, I 
learned over the following days,

3401
02:56:14,900 --> 02:56:18,300
operate on a social system, that
makes modern office politics. 

3402
02:56:18,300 --> 02:56:21,500
Look straightforward, everyone 
knows everyone else's business, 

3403
02:56:21,500 --> 02:56:25,200
but they discuss it in such 
elaborate circumlocution that 

3404
02:56:25,200 --> 02:56:28,100
understanding. 
What actually happening requires

3405
02:56:28,100 --> 02:56:31,100
the analytical skills of a 
detective and the patience of a 

3406
02:56:31,100 --> 02:56:33,700
saint Ilyas. 
With her practical demeanor 

3407
02:56:33,700 --> 02:56:36,600
appeared to have taken on the 
role of my cultural interpreter 

3408
02:56:36,600 --> 02:56:39,700
and general care taker. 
She'd found me clothes that 

3409
02:56:39,700 --> 02:56:42,100
wouldn't immediately Mark me as 
either foreign or potentially 

3410
02:56:42,100 --> 02:56:47,400
magical a long tunic in undyed. 
Wool, rough Brown, trousers and 

3411
02:56:47,400 --> 02:56:51,000
shoes that were less shoes and 
more leather suggestions wrapped

3412
02:56:51,000 --> 02:56:54,300
around my feet. 
The transformation from 21st 

3413
02:56:54,300 --> 02:56:57,200
century person to medieval 
peasant was remarkably thorough 

3414
02:56:57,200 --> 02:56:59,800
though. 
I kept the compass hidden in a 

3415
02:56:59,800 --> 02:57:01,400
pocket like a technological 
talisman. 

3416
02:57:02,300 --> 02:57:05,100
The daily rhythm of village life
unfolded around me like a 

3417
02:57:05,100 --> 02:57:08,100
complex dance. 
I was learning one stumbling 

3418
02:57:08,100 --> 02:57:11,000
step at a time. 
People rose with the sun because

3419
02:57:11,000 --> 02:57:14,900
artificial lighting consisted of
candles and firelight both two 

3420
02:57:14,900 --> 02:57:17,500
precious to waste on, staying up
late, binge-watching, anything. 

3421
02:57:19,000 --> 02:57:22,600
Work commenced immediately and 
persisted until dusk into first 

3422
02:57:22,600 --> 02:57:24,400
with meals, that became unique 
events. 

3423
02:57:25,200 --> 02:57:27,000
Food. 
I discovered was both simpler 

3424
02:57:27,000 --> 02:57:30,200
and more complicated than I had.
Expected simpler because in 

3425
02:57:30,200 --> 02:57:33,100
greed's were limited to what 
could be grown caught or raised 

3426
02:57:33,100 --> 02:57:36,800
locally more complicated because
preparing even basic meals 

3427
02:57:36,800 --> 02:57:39,600
required skills. 
I'd never developed like knowing

3428
02:57:39,600 --> 02:57:42,800
which wild plants were edible 
versus which ones would make you

3429
02:57:42,800 --> 02:57:46,200
see colors that didn't exist. 
Police took my culinary 

3430
02:57:46,200 --> 02:57:48,400
education. 
Seriously, teaching me to 

3431
02:57:48,400 --> 02:57:52,300
identify herbs by smell and 
touch to judge when bread was 

3432
02:57:52,300 --> 02:57:54,600
properly needed. 
By the way, the dough felt under

3433
02:57:54,600 --> 02:57:57,900
my hands and attend a fire, so 
it provided steady heat. 

3434
02:57:57,900 --> 02:58:01,200
Without consuming, all the fuel,
these lessons came with running 

3435
02:58:01,200 --> 02:58:04,300
commentary and her musical 
dialect most of which went over 

3436
02:58:04,300 --> 02:58:07,600
my head that some of which I was
beginning to understand through 

3437
02:58:07,600 --> 02:58:11,300
sheer repetition and context. 
The Village Blacksmith a man 

3438
02:58:11,308 --> 02:58:14,100
named Hamish who looked like he 
could arm wrestle bears for 

3439
02:58:14,100 --> 02:58:17,900
entertainment became another. 
Inadvertent teacher He spoke 

3440
02:58:17,900 --> 02:58:20,900
even less comprehensible English
than Alias, but his 

3441
02:58:20,900 --> 02:58:23,000
demonstrations of metalworking 
were clear enough. 

3442
02:58:23,800 --> 02:58:26,900
Watching him shape iron with 
hammer and fire was like seeing 

3443
02:58:26,900 --> 02:58:29,200
magic that happened to obey the 
laws of physics. 

3444
02:58:30,100 --> 02:58:32,700
The rhythmic ringing of his 
hammer, provided The Villages 

3445
02:58:32,700 --> 02:58:35,700
soundtrack, a steady, percussion
that marked the passage of 

3446
02:58:35,700 --> 02:58:38,900
working hours. 
What struck me most was how much

3447
02:58:38,900 --> 02:58:42,600
everyone about everything Alias 
could predict whether by reading

3448
02:58:42,600 --> 02:58:45,700
clouds identify plants that 
would cure headaches or 

3449
02:58:45,700 --> 02:58:49,800
settlements spin wool into 
thread weave thread into cloth 

3450
02:58:49,800 --> 02:58:52,900
and cook meals that turned basic
ingredients into something 

3451
02:58:52,900 --> 02:58:55,400
approaching. 
Delicious, Hamish could make 

3452
02:58:55,408 --> 02:58:58,800
tools Horseshoes and weapons and
probably fix anything made of 

3453
02:58:58,800 --> 02:59:01,700
metal. 
Everyone possessed practical 

3454
02:59:01,700 --> 02:59:04,200
knowledge that had been passed 
down through generations of 

3455
02:59:04,200 --> 02:59:08,000
trial and error. 
I mean why knew how to operate a

3456
02:59:08,000 --> 02:59:10,500
microwave and had strong 
opinions about coffee brands? 

3457
02:59:10,500 --> 02:59:15,100
The skill Gap was humbling, the 
social dynamics fascinated me in

3458
02:59:15,100 --> 02:59:16,500
ways that probably weren't 
entirely healthy. 

3459
02:59:17,300 --> 02:59:20,100
Decisions seemed to emerge from 
informal discussions that could 

3460
02:59:20,100 --> 02:59:23,400
last days with everyone 
contributing opinions in ways 

3461
02:59:23,400 --> 02:59:25,800
that looked chaotic but followed
patterns. 

3462
02:59:25,800 --> 02:59:29,600
I was slowly learning to 
recognize leadership existed but

3463
02:59:29,600 --> 02:59:32,600
was more collaborative than 
hierarchical at least on the 

3464
02:59:32,600 --> 02:59:36,500
level of daily Village Life. 
My presence had become a source 

3465
02:59:36,500 --> 02:59:38,300
of mild entertainment for 
everyone. 

3466
02:59:38,300 --> 02:59:41,300
People needed to teach the 
stranger who appeared out of 

3467
02:59:41,300 --> 02:59:44,800
nowhere basic survival skills, 
that most people learned as 

3468
02:59:44,800 --> 02:59:47,400
children. 
But there was no mockery in 

3469
02:59:47,400 --> 02:59:51,300
their attention, just curiosity 
and the kind of practical 

3470
02:59:51,300 --> 02:59:53,900
helpfulness that comes from 
living in a community where 

3471
02:59:53,900 --> 02:59:56,700
everyone survival, depends on 
everyone else's competence. 

3472
02:59:57,600 --> 03:00:00,900
The evening's were my favorite 
time after the work was done and

3473
03:00:00,900 --> 03:00:02,100
the Animals settled for the 
night. 

3474
03:00:02,100 --> 03:00:05,700
People would gather around fires
to share stories songs and 

3475
03:00:05,700 --> 03:00:07,200
whatever passed for local 
gossip. 

3476
03:00:07,900 --> 03:00:10,600
These sessions were like a 
combination of theater news, 

3477
03:00:10,600 --> 03:00:14,100
broadcast and social media feed,
all rolled in to an oral 

3478
03:00:14,100 --> 03:00:16,100
tradition. 
That stretched back Generations.

3479
03:00:16,800 --> 03:00:19,900
I listened more than I spoke 
partly because understanding 

3480
03:00:19,900 --> 03:00:23,200
this stories required, most of 
my mental processing power, but 

3481
03:00:23,200 --> 03:00:26,700
mainly because the storytelling 
itself was so rich, These 

3482
03:00:26,700 --> 03:00:29,000
weren't just Tales. 
They were living history, 

3483
03:00:29,000 --> 03:00:32,400
entertainment, moral 
instruction, and Community 

3484
03:00:32,400 --> 03:00:35,200
memory all woven together, 
invoices that knew how to make 

3485
03:00:35,200 --> 03:00:39,200
words dance. 
Sitting by firelight surrounded 

3486
03:00:39,200 --> 03:00:41,600
by Voices, speaking. 
In rhythms older than written 

3487
03:00:41,600 --> 03:00:44,200
history. 
I began to understand why my 

3488
03:00:44,200 --> 03:00:46,300
great art moira's. 
Compass had brought me here. 

3489
03:00:47,700 --> 03:00:49,300
The present wasn't just a 
different time. 

3490
03:00:49,300 --> 03:00:52,800
It was a different way of Being 
Human one that operated on 

3491
03:00:52,800 --> 03:00:55,900
completely different assumptions
about What mattered and how life

3492
03:00:55,900 --> 03:00:58,300
should be lived. 
Just when I started feeling 

3493
03:00:58,300 --> 03:01:01,100
reasonably confident about my 
ability to navigate medieval 

3494
03:01:01,100 --> 03:01:03,600
Scottish life without 
accidentally starting a witch 

3495
03:01:03,600 --> 03:01:06,000
trial or dieing from eating the 
wrong mushroom. 

3496
03:01:06,000 --> 03:01:09,400
The universe decided to remind 
me that historical periods. 

3497
03:01:09,400 --> 03:01:12,600
Come with historical problems. 
The kind that don't have modern 

3498
03:01:12,600 --> 03:01:15,400
solutions. 
It started with Hamish not 

3499
03:01:15,400 --> 03:01:17,900
showing up at his Forge for two 
consecutive days. 

3500
03:01:18,700 --> 03:01:21,100
In a village where everyone's 
routine was as predictable as 

3501
03:01:21,108 --> 03:01:23,700
sunrise. 
This was equivalent to the town 

3502
03:01:23,700 --> 03:01:27,900
clock stopping Alias noticed. 
First the way mother's notice 

3503
03:01:27,900 --> 03:01:31,700
when children are too quiet, 
Stood in her doorway, looking 

3504
03:01:31,700 --> 03:01:34,300
toward the silent Smithy with 
the expression of someone 

3505
03:01:34,300 --> 03:01:38,000
calculating distances to the 
nearest, help the explanation 

3506
03:01:38,000 --> 03:01:41,500
when it came arrived in the form
of young tavish running through 

3507
03:01:41,500 --> 03:01:43,400
the village. 
Like his hair was on fire 

3508
03:01:43,400 --> 03:01:46,100
shouting, something and Rapid 
Gaelic. 

3509
03:01:46,100 --> 03:01:48,900
That sent every adult within 
hearing distance, into immediate

3510
03:01:48,900 --> 03:01:51,300
action. 
Even with my improving language 

3511
03:01:51,300 --> 03:01:55,400
skills, I caught only fragments 
something about Riders weapons 

3512
03:01:55,400 --> 03:01:58,700
and a word that might have been 
McLeod spoken in the tone. 

3513
03:01:58,700 --> 03:02:02,000
Usually reserved for natural 
disasters, within minutes, The 

3514
03:02:02,000 --> 03:02:05,100
Village transformed from Sleepy.
Rural community to organize 

3515
03:02:05,100 --> 03:02:08,300
Emergency Response, Team men 
appeared with weapons. 

3516
03:02:08,300 --> 03:02:11,000
I hadn't known. 
They possessed swords, Spears 

3517
03:02:11,000 --> 03:02:14,400
and bows that looked both well 
maintained and frequently used. 

3518
03:02:15,500 --> 03:02:19,500
Women began securing livestock 
hiding valuables and preparing 

3519
03:02:19,500 --> 03:02:21,200
for what was clearly a familiar 
drill. 

3520
03:02:22,700 --> 03:02:25,700
Elise grabbed my arm with a grip
that suggested this was not the 

3521
03:02:25,700 --> 03:02:29,400
time for questions, she led me 
to her Cottage where she began 

3522
03:02:29,400 --> 03:02:31,300
pulling up floorboards to reveal
a cache. 

3523
03:02:31,300 --> 03:02:35,000
That contained everything from 
silver coins to Woolen cloaks to

3524
03:02:35,000 --> 03:02:38,000
what appeared to be important 
documents in oil cloth. 

3525
03:02:38,000 --> 03:02:41,100
The Hiding Place was obviously 
well-played and frequently 

3526
03:02:41,100 --> 03:02:43,700
accessed. 
Through gestures and her 

3527
03:02:43,700 --> 03:02:46,700
increasingly urgent dialect. 
She managed to communicate that 

3528
03:02:46,700 --> 03:02:50,400
Raiders possibly Clan Rivals. 
Possibly just opportunistic. 

3529
03:02:50,400 --> 03:02:52,900
Troublemakers were approaching 
from the East. 

3530
03:02:53,600 --> 03:02:56,400
This was apparently a recurring 
problem, like having neighbors, 

3531
03:02:56,400 --> 03:02:59,300
who borrowed your tools and 
never returned them, except the 

3532
03:02:59,300 --> 03:03:02,500
tools were your livestock and 
the borrowing involved weapons. 

3533
03:03:04,000 --> 03:03:07,000
The next few hours unfolded, 
like a medieval Disaster Movie 

3534
03:03:07,000 --> 03:03:10,500
except with no special effects 
budget and considerably more 

3535
03:03:10,500 --> 03:03:13,900
authentic Terror. 
The Village emptied. 

3536
03:03:13,900 --> 03:03:16,900
As people moved to defensive 
positions or hiding places that 

3537
03:03:16,900 --> 03:03:18,500
had clearly been planned in 
advance. 

3538
03:03:19,600 --> 03:03:22,400
I found myself following Alias 
to a cave system in the nearby 

3539
03:03:22,400 --> 03:03:25,500
Hills along with most of the 
women children and elderly 

3540
03:03:25,500 --> 03:03:27,500
villagers. 
The caves were more 

3541
03:03:27,500 --> 03:03:32,000
sophisticated than I'd expected 
dry well-ventilated and stopped 

3542
03:03:32,000 --> 03:03:34,500
with supplies that suggested, 
this wasn't anyone's first 

3543
03:03:34,500 --> 03:03:37,400
rodeo. 
Someone had carved rough shells 

3544
03:03:37,400 --> 03:03:40,200
into the stone walls. 
And these held water containers 

3545
03:03:40,200 --> 03:03:43,200
preserved food, and bundles of 
warm clothing. 

3546
03:03:44,200 --> 03:03:47,600
This was infrastructure born 
from necessity, the kind of 

3547
03:03:47,600 --> 03:03:50,500
preparation that comes from 
living with ongoing uncertainty.

3548
03:03:51,500 --> 03:03:54,800
Waiting in the cave listening to
the muffled sounds of what might

3549
03:03:54,800 --> 03:03:56,300
have been conflict in the 
distance. 

3550
03:03:56,300 --> 03:03:59,900
Gave me plenty of time to 
contemplate how unprepared I was

3551
03:03:59,900 --> 03:04:01,900
for medieval life's more 
challenging aspects. 

3552
03:04:01,900 --> 03:04:05,600
My modern sensibilities kept 
expecting someone in authority 

3553
03:04:05,600 --> 03:04:09,600
to handle the situation. 
Police military, some form of 

3554
03:04:09,600 --> 03:04:13,300
organized government response. 
Instead, the villagers were 

3555
03:04:13,300 --> 03:04:15,200
handling. 
It themselves with the calm 

3556
03:04:15,200 --> 03:04:17,800
competence of people who'd never
had the luxury of expecting 

3557
03:04:17,800 --> 03:04:21,700
rescue from outside hours passed
with the kind of slow intensity.

3558
03:04:21,700 --> 03:04:23,800
That makes you hyper aware of 
every sound. 

3559
03:04:24,700 --> 03:04:27,900
Children remained remarkably 
quiet as if they understood the 

3560
03:04:27,900 --> 03:04:29,500
stakes without needing 
explanation. 

3561
03:04:30,700 --> 03:04:33,700
Adults took turns at the cave, 
entrance, listening for signals 

3562
03:04:33,700 --> 03:04:37,100
that would indicate whether it 
was safe to return the compass. 

3563
03:04:37,100 --> 03:04:40,500
In my pocket, felt warm against 
my leg, a reminder that I had 

3564
03:04:40,500 --> 03:04:42,900
options. 
These people didn't I could 

3565
03:04:42,900 --> 03:04:45,900
potentially use it to return to 
my time and escape this danger 

3566
03:04:45,900 --> 03:04:49,300
entirely. 
But the thought like abandonment

3567
03:04:49,300 --> 03:04:52,700
like walking away from people 
who'd shown me kindness when I 

3568
03:04:52,708 --> 03:04:57,000
was completely helpless. 
Late in the afternoon tavish 

3569
03:04:57,000 --> 03:04:59,200
appeared at the cave. 
Entrance with news delivered, in

3570
03:04:59,200 --> 03:05:02,600
an excited Whispers, the Raiders
had moved on without attacking 

3571
03:05:02,600 --> 03:05:04,700
the village directly apparently 
deciding. 

3572
03:05:04,700 --> 03:05:06,200
The target wasn't worth the 
effort. 

3573
03:05:07,100 --> 03:05:10,000
But they take in livestock from 
the outlying Farms, including 

3574
03:05:10,000 --> 03:05:12,700
hamish's prize Bull and several 
sheep belonging to other 

3575
03:05:12,700 --> 03:05:15,500
families. 
The relief was palpable but it 

3576
03:05:15,500 --> 03:05:17,900
came mixed with the Grim 
understanding that the victory 

3577
03:05:17,900 --> 03:05:20,800
was only a temporary reprieve, 
medieval life. 

3578
03:05:20,800 --> 03:05:24,800
I realized existed in a constant
state of low-level emergency, 

3579
03:05:24,800 --> 03:05:28,200
where security was temporary and
survival, required constant. 

3580
03:05:28,200 --> 03:05:31,600
Vigilance. 
As we emerge from the caves and 

3581
03:05:31,600 --> 03:05:32,800
made our way back to the 
Village. 

3582
03:05:33,500 --> 03:05:36,400
I found myself looking at my 
temporary home with new eyes. 

3583
03:05:37,500 --> 03:05:40,000
These buildings were more than 
just Charming historical 

3584
03:05:40,000 --> 03:05:42,800
structures. 
They served as Fortress walls, 

3585
03:05:42,800 --> 03:05:46,700
safe harbors and the delicate 
boundary between civilization 

3586
03:05:46,700 --> 03:05:50,100
and Chaos in a world more 
fragile than I had ever imagined

3587
03:05:50,100 --> 03:05:53,300
recovery from a medieval crisis.
I learned doesn't involve 

3588
03:05:53,300 --> 03:05:55,000
insurance claims or government 
assistance. 

3589
03:05:55,000 --> 03:05:58,200
It involves Community Action, 
that makes Barn raising look 

3590
03:05:58,200 --> 03:06:01,700
casual, The Villages response to
the recent raid played out like 

3591
03:06:01,700 --> 03:06:03,300
a carefully. 
Choreographed dance that 

3592
03:06:03,300 --> 03:06:05,300
everyone knew the steps to 
accept me. 

3593
03:06:06,800 --> 03:06:09,400
Within hours of returning from 
the caves assessment and 

3594
03:06:09,400 --> 03:06:12,800
redistribution began. 
Hamish's lost ball was borned 

3595
03:06:12,800 --> 03:06:15,900
briefly, then replaced through a
complex system of shared 

3596
03:06:15,900 --> 03:06:18,500
resources that involved, 
everyone contributing something 

3597
03:06:18,500 --> 03:06:22,200
grain, labor animals or 
promissory notes for future 

3598
03:06:22,200 --> 03:06:25,200
services. 
Watching this unfold was like 

3599
03:06:25,200 --> 03:06:28,500
seeing economics in its most 
basic form where value was 

3600
03:06:28,500 --> 03:06:31,700
measured in Practical terms and 
everyone survival depended on 

3601
03:06:31,700 --> 03:06:35,900
everyone else's generosity. 
My role in this recovery effort 

3602
03:06:35,900 --> 03:06:38,000
was initially unclear, I 
possessed. 

3603
03:06:38,000 --> 03:06:41,300
No, livestock to share No 
traditional skills to contribute

3604
03:06:41,300 --> 03:06:45,300
and no accumulated Social 
Capital to draw upon standing 

3605
03:06:45,300 --> 03:06:47,700
around looking sympathetic. 
Wasn't going to help anyone 

3606
03:06:47,700 --> 03:06:51,500
replace stolen sheep. 
For dailies with her gift for 

3607
03:06:51,500 --> 03:06:54,100
practical Solutions, found ways 
to make me useful. 

3608
03:06:54,900 --> 03:06:58,000
She set me to work, helping with
tasks that required more hands 

3609
03:06:58,000 --> 03:07:00,700
than skill. 
Holding wool while she Spanish 

3610
03:07:00,700 --> 03:07:04,400
into thread carrying water for 
various household needs and 

3611
03:07:04,400 --> 03:07:07,100
learning to 10 the fire. 
So it burned efficiently without

3612
03:07:07,100 --> 03:07:11,100
consuming precious fuel These 
work glamorous contributions, 

3613
03:07:11,100 --> 03:07:15,200
but they freed her to focus on 
more complex work which in turn 

3614
03:07:15,200 --> 03:07:16,800
help the overall Community 
effort. 

3615
03:07:17,900 --> 03:07:20,800
The compass in my pockets seem 
to pulse occasionally as if 

3616
03:07:20,808 --> 03:07:24,200
reminding me of its presence. 
Sometimes I'd catch myself 

3617
03:07:24,200 --> 03:07:26,000
wandering, what would happen if 
I use it? 

3618
03:07:26,000 --> 03:07:29,300
Whether I'd returned to my own 
time and place leaving this 

3619
03:07:29,300 --> 03:07:31,800
community to handle their 
challenges without the minor 

3620
03:07:31,800 --> 03:07:34,600
assistance. 
I was learning to provide The 

3621
03:07:34,600 --> 03:07:37,600
thought always left me feeling 
oddly Halo like contemplating 

3622
03:07:37,600 --> 03:07:41,800
leaving a book unfinished. 
As days passed, I began to 

3623
03:07:41,800 --> 03:07:44,800
understand the intricate social 
network that held the village 

3624
03:07:44,800 --> 03:07:47,400
together. 
Relationships here weren't just 

3625
03:07:47,400 --> 03:07:50,100
personal. 
They were economic political and

3626
03:07:50,100 --> 03:07:53,700
survival-based all at once. 
When old Morag shared her 

3627
03:07:53,700 --> 03:07:56,200
preserved, vegetables with 
families, who lost stores to the

3628
03:07:56,200 --> 03:07:58,200
Raiders, she wasn't just being 
kind. 

3629
03:07:58,200 --> 03:08:01,700
She was investing in a network 
of reciprocity that might save 

3630
03:08:01,700 --> 03:08:05,000
her life someday. 
My language skills, improved 

3631
03:08:05,000 --> 03:08:08,400
through, necessity and immersion
conversations that had been 

3632
03:08:08,400 --> 03:08:11,100
incomprehensible began, 
revealing their meanings, 

3633
03:08:11,100 --> 03:08:13,100
though. 
I still missed subtleties and 

3634
03:08:13,100 --> 03:08:16,600
references to Shared history. 
The dialect was like a musical 

3635
03:08:16,600 --> 03:08:19,000
instrument. 
I was learning to play, I could 

3636
03:08:19,008 --> 03:08:22,400
manage simple Melodies but the 
complex compositions were still 

3637
03:08:22,400 --> 03:08:25,700
be on my reach. 
Hamish recovered from whatever 

3638
03:08:25,700 --> 03:08:28,200
had kept him away. 
During the raid took an interest

3639
03:08:28,200 --> 03:08:31,900
in my metal working curiosity. 
His Forge became a second 

3640
03:08:31,900 --> 03:08:34,700
classroom where I learned that 
working with iron required 

3641
03:08:34,700 --> 03:08:37,700
patience timing and physical 
strength. 

3642
03:08:37,700 --> 03:08:41,200
I was slowly developing the 
rhythm of hammer on Anvil was 

3643
03:08:41,200 --> 03:08:43,900
meditative in ways. 
I hadn't expected and there was 

3644
03:08:43,908 --> 03:08:47,000
profound satisfaction in shaping
metal into useful forms. 

3645
03:08:48,000 --> 03:08:51,000
Under his patient instruction, I
managed to create my first 

3646
03:08:51,000 --> 03:08:53,500
piece, a simple hook for hanging
pots. 

3647
03:08:53,500 --> 03:08:57,000
It was crude functional and 
probably embarrassing by 

3648
03:08:57,000 --> 03:09:00,100
medieval standards. 
But Hamish examined it with the 

3649
03:09:00,100 --> 03:09:01,900
seriousness of a master 
Craftsman. 

3650
03:09:01,900 --> 03:09:05,800
Evaluating important work. 
His nod of approval felt like 

3651
03:09:05,800 --> 03:09:08,300
earning a diploma from the 
University of practical Life, 

3652
03:09:08,300 --> 03:09:11,100
The Villages children became 
another source of Education, 

3653
03:09:11,100 --> 03:09:13,300
though. 
They were probably learning as 

3654
03:09:13,300 --> 03:09:17,100
much from me as I was from them.
My stories about the future 

3655
03:09:17,100 --> 03:09:21,300
carefully disguised, as Tales 
from far away, fascinated them 

3656
03:09:21,300 --> 03:09:24,900
in return. 
They taught me Games songs and 

3657
03:09:24,900 --> 03:09:27,500
the kind of local knowledge that
adults took for granted but 

3658
03:09:27,500 --> 03:09:30,400
visitors needed to learn. 
Through their patient 

3659
03:09:30,400 --> 03:09:32,900
instruction. 
I discovered, which berries were

3660
03:09:32,900 --> 03:09:36,000
safe to eat how to read, whether
signs and cloud, formations. 

3661
03:09:36,000 --> 03:09:39,100
And the proper way to approach 
various animals without getting 

3662
03:09:39,100 --> 03:09:43,000
kicked, bitten or worse. 
I realized that children 

3663
03:09:43,000 --> 03:09:45,600
children's knowledge, and 
filtered by assumptions, about 

3664
03:09:45,600 --> 03:09:48,800
what everyone already near was 
often more practical than adult 

3665
03:09:48,800 --> 03:09:52,400
knowledge Evening storytelling 
session continued to be 

3666
03:09:52,400 --> 03:09:55,300
highlights of each day by 
contributions to these 

3667
03:09:55,300 --> 03:09:58,000
gatherings evolved from Silent 
listening to occasional 

3668
03:09:58,000 --> 03:10:01,100
participation. 
The first time I successfully 

3669
03:10:01,100 --> 03:10:02,900
told a story that made people 
laugh. 

3670
03:10:02,900 --> 03:10:06,100
I felt like I'd pass some 
invisible test of community 

3671
03:10:06,100 --> 03:10:09,100
membership. 
Story was about a traveler who 

3672
03:10:09,100 --> 03:10:12,300
got lost and ended up in a place
where everything was familiar. 

3673
03:10:12,300 --> 03:10:16,100
But slightly different like his 
home viewed through a distorting

3674
03:10:16,100 --> 03:10:17,600
mirror. 
Looking back. 

3675
03:10:17,600 --> 03:10:20,900
It was probably more 
autobiography Than Fiction but 

3676
03:10:20,900 --> 03:10:23,300
the audience appreciated the 
humor in someone bumbling 

3677
03:10:23,300 --> 03:10:26,400
through unfamiliar Customs while
trying to maintain dignity. 

3678
03:10:27,500 --> 03:10:30,300
Sitting by firelight surrounded 
by faces that had become 

3679
03:10:30,300 --> 03:10:32,700
familiar. 
And dear I realized I'd stopped 

3680
03:10:32,700 --> 03:10:34,600
thinking about this experience 
as temporary. 

3681
03:10:35,500 --> 03:10:38,200
The compass still rested in my 
pocket, still offered the 

3682
03:10:38,200 --> 03:10:41,900
possibility of return, but that 
possibility, less urgent than it

3683
03:10:41,900 --> 03:10:45,100
had when I had first arrived. 
Finding your place May mean not 

3684
03:10:45,100 --> 03:10:47,900
just surviving, but also adding 
value to those around. 

3685
03:10:47,900 --> 03:10:50,700
You living in medieval, 
Scotland, for several weeks. 

3686
03:10:50,700 --> 03:10:53,500
Talk me that Community isn't 
just a pleasant social concept. 

3687
03:10:54,200 --> 03:10:56,400
It's a survival technology. 
Refined over. 

3688
03:10:56,400 --> 03:11:00,700
Generation's Every relationship,
every tradition, and every 

3689
03:11:00,700 --> 03:11:03,500
seemingly, casual interactions 
served multiple purposes. 

3690
03:11:03,500 --> 03:11:06,200
That weren't immediately obvious
to someone raise in the age of 

3691
03:11:06,208 --> 03:11:08,100
individualism and social safety 
nets. 

3692
03:11:09,000 --> 03:11:11,500
The Revelation came during 
preparation for what is called 

3693
03:11:11,500 --> 03:11:14,800
the Harvest celebration though, 
my improving language skills 

3694
03:11:14,800 --> 03:11:17,400
suggested the actual name 
involved several syllables that 

3695
03:11:17,400 --> 03:11:19,500
didn't translate directly into 
Modern English. 

3696
03:11:20,600 --> 03:11:22,500
The celebration wasn't just a 
party. 

3697
03:11:22,500 --> 03:11:26,700
It was a community-wide ritual 
of gratitude resource assessment

3698
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:30,000
and social bonding that would 
help everyone survive the coming

3699
03:11:30,000 --> 03:11:31,900
winter. 
Preparations. 

3700
03:11:31,900 --> 03:11:35,100
Began weeks in advance and 
involved everyone in overlapping

3701
03:11:35,100 --> 03:11:38,300
Circles of responsibility. 
Women organized food, 

3702
03:11:38,300 --> 03:11:40,400
preparation. 
That required coordinating 

3703
03:11:40,400 --> 03:11:42,400
ingredients from dozens of 
households. 

3704
03:11:43,100 --> 03:11:45,400
Men handle construction of 
temporary structures and 

3705
03:11:45,400 --> 03:11:49,000
arrangements for entertainment. 
Children manage smaller tasks 

3706
03:11:49,000 --> 03:11:51,200
that nonetheless, proved 
essential to the overall effort.

3707
03:11:52,300 --> 03:11:55,400
my role in these preparations 
had naturally transitioned from 

3708
03:11:55,400 --> 03:11:59,500
that of a helpful, stranger to 
that of a Community member Alias

3709
03:11:59,500 --> 03:12:02,300
no longer gave me basic 
instructions for simple tasks. 

3710
03:12:02,300 --> 03:12:05,700
She assumed, I understood the 
underlying patterns and would 

3711
03:12:05,700 --> 03:12:09,100
apply them appropriately. 
This shift from explicit 

3712
03:12:09,100 --> 03:12:10,900
teaching to implicit 
expectation. 

3713
03:12:10,900 --> 03:12:13,200
Felt like Crossing an invisible 
threshold. 

3714
03:12:14,200 --> 03:12:17,100
Hey should began including me in
conversations about metalwork 

3715
03:12:17,100 --> 03:12:19,900
projects that extended Beyond 
immediate practical needs. 

3716
03:12:20,600 --> 03:12:23,600
Decorative elements for the 
celebration, discussing 

3717
03:12:23,600 --> 03:12:26,500
improvements tools, and 
equipment and considering the 

3718
03:12:26,500 --> 03:12:30,000
next season's requirements. 
These conversations assumed I 

3719
03:12:30,000 --> 03:12:31,200
would be present for their 
completion. 

3720
03:12:32,100 --> 03:12:35,700
The Assumption was never stated 
directly, but it colored every 

3721
03:12:35,700 --> 03:12:39,300
discussion about future plans. 
The compass in my pocket, had 

3722
03:12:39,300 --> 03:12:42,800
become a familiar weight. 
No longer foreign but not quite 

3723
03:12:42,800 --> 03:12:45,500
forgotten. 
Sometimes I'd catch myself, 

3724
03:12:45,500 --> 03:12:48,300
absolutely touching it through 
the fabric like checking for 

3725
03:12:48,300 --> 03:12:51,500
keys or a wallet in a habit that
suggested ownership rather than 

3726
03:12:51,500 --> 03:12:54,500
temporary possession. 
When had it stopped being 

3727
03:12:54,500 --> 03:12:57,300
migrated Aunt, moira's, compass 
and become simply mine. 

3728
03:12:58,200 --> 03:13:01,000
As the celebration approached, I
began to understand the deeper 

3729
03:13:01,000 --> 03:13:02,800
currents that moved beneath 
Village Life. 

3730
03:13:03,600 --> 03:13:05,500
This ceremony wasn't just about 
Harvest. 

3731
03:13:05,500 --> 03:13:09,000
It was about reinforcing social 
bonds, that would be tested by 

3732
03:13:09,000 --> 03:13:10,700
Winter's isolation and 
challenges. 

3733
03:13:10,700 --> 03:13:14,100
The shared work of preparation 
created opportunities for 

3734
03:13:14,100 --> 03:13:17,600
resolving conflicts. 
Negotiating marriages planning 

3735
03:13:17,600 --> 03:13:21,000
collaborative projects generally
maintaining the social fabric 

3736
03:13:21,000 --> 03:13:24,400
that held everyone together. 
My contribution to the 

3737
03:13:24,400 --> 03:13:27,000
Celebration, planing surprised 
me with its complexity. 

3738
03:13:27,700 --> 03:13:30,400
What started, as simple task 
assistance had grown into 

3739
03:13:30,400 --> 03:13:33,200
genuine responsibility for 
coordinating between different 

3740
03:13:33,200 --> 03:13:35,700
working groups. 
People came to me with 

3741
03:13:35,700 --> 03:13:38,500
questions, suggestions and 
problems that needed solving 

3742
03:13:38,500 --> 03:13:42,100
somehow without conscious 
intention had become someone 

3743
03:13:42,100 --> 03:13:44,800
others relied upon the night 
before the celebration. 

3744
03:13:44,800 --> 03:13:48,500
I found myself sitting with 
Hamish outside, his Forge, share

3745
03:13:48,500 --> 03:13:51,700
sharing ale, tasted like liquid 
bread, and watching stars that 

3746
03:13:51,700 --> 03:13:54,200
looked brighter than any idea. 
I'd seen in the 21st century. 

3747
03:13:55,600 --> 03:13:57,700
Our conversation. 
Meandered through topics that 

3748
03:13:57,700 --> 03:13:59,700
would have been impossible. 
When I'd first arrived, 

3749
03:13:59,700 --> 03:14:03,400
technical discussions of 
metalworking philosophical 

3750
03:14:03,400 --> 03:14:06,900
observations about community 
life and shared complaints about

3751
03:14:06,900 --> 03:14:10,000
whether a Neighbors You're 
different than when you first 

3752
03:14:10,000 --> 03:14:13,000
appeared Hamish said in his 
careful English clearly making 

3753
03:14:13,000 --> 03:14:16,100
an effort to communicate 
precisely less like someone 

3754
03:14:16,100 --> 03:14:17,400
watching everything from 
outside. 

3755
03:14:18,400 --> 03:14:20,700
His observation struck me as 
profoundly accurate. 

3756
03:14:20,700 --> 03:14:24,600
I had been watching from outside
initially observing medieval 

3757
03:14:24,600 --> 03:14:27,200
life like an anthropologist or 
tourist maintaining 

3758
03:14:27,200 --> 03:14:30,000
psychological distance even 
while learning practical skills.

3759
03:14:30,000 --> 03:14:33,900
But somewhere along the way, 
that distance had dissolved, I'd

3760
03:14:33,900 --> 03:14:35,900
stopped analyzing and started 
simply living. 

3761
03:14:36,800 --> 03:14:38,300
The realization raised 
questions. 

3762
03:14:38,300 --> 03:14:41,100
I'd been avoiding. 
What was my responsibility to 

3763
03:14:41,100 --> 03:14:42,800
this community that had taken me
in? 

3764
03:14:42,800 --> 03:14:46,800
What did I owe to people who 
share their resources knowledge 

3765
03:14:46,800 --> 03:14:49,500
and lives with someone who might
disappear at any moment? 

3766
03:14:50,300 --> 03:14:54,500
The compass offered Escape but 
escaped from what and to what? 

3767
03:14:55,200 --> 03:14:57,800
My Modern Life seemed 
increasingly abstract when I 

3768
03:14:57,800 --> 03:15:01,900
tried to recall, its details, 
the job that had felt vital, the

3769
03:15:01,900 --> 03:15:05,100
possessions I'd accumulated the 
relationships that operated 

3770
03:15:05,100 --> 03:15:07,200
through screens and scheduled 
interactions. 

3771
03:15:07,200 --> 03:15:10,500
All of it felt less real than 
the weight of bread dough in my 

3772
03:15:10,500 --> 03:15:14,300
hands, all the satisfaction of 
shaping metal in hamish's Forge.

3773
03:15:15,400 --> 03:15:18,600
That night I lay on the straw 
mattress in Elisa's Cottage 

3774
03:15:18,600 --> 03:15:22,000
listening to The Familiar sounds
of Village Life settling into 

3775
03:15:22,000 --> 03:15:25,600
sleep and tried to imagine using
the compass to return home. 

3776
03:15:25,600 --> 03:15:29,100
The image felt Hollow, like 
trying to remember a dream upon 

3777
03:15:29,100 --> 03:15:31,900
waking. 
This was not because Modern Life

3778
03:15:31,900 --> 03:15:34,900
was bad, but rather, because it 
belonged to someone, I could no 

3779
03:15:34,900 --> 03:15:36,500
longer confidently identify 
with. 

3780
03:15:37,300 --> 03:15:40,600
The celebration tomorrow would 
Mark, not just the Harvest, but 

3781
03:15:40,600 --> 03:15:44,300
a year cycle of growth work and 
Community survival. 

3782
03:15:45,100 --> 03:15:47,400
It occurred to me that I'd 
become part of that cycle. 

3783
03:15:47,400 --> 03:15:49,000
In ways I hadn't planned or 
expected. 

3784
03:15:49,000 --> 03:15:51,600
The question, wasn't whether I 
belonged here. 

3785
03:15:52,500 --> 03:15:55,400
As whether I could imagine 
belonging anywhere else tomorrow

3786
03:15:55,400 --> 03:15:58,600
would provide Clarity one way or
another Harvest celebration 

3787
03:15:58,600 --> 03:16:01,000
unfolded like a Symphony played 
by instruments. 

3788
03:16:01,000 --> 03:16:03,500
I'd never heard before. 
But somehow recognized in my 

3789
03:16:03,508 --> 03:16:07,400
bones Dawn brought the center of
bread baking in communal ovens. 

3790
03:16:07,400 --> 03:16:10,700
The sound of children's laughed 
after mixing with adult voices 

3791
03:16:10,700 --> 03:16:14,100
to song songs that seemed older 
than the stones themselves and a

3792
03:16:14,108 --> 03:16:17,000
sense of anticipation that made 
the air itself feel alive with 

3793
03:16:17,000 --> 03:16:20,200
possibility. 
I woke to find that Alias had 

3794
03:16:20,200 --> 03:16:23,300
left new clothes on the stool 
beside my bed, not the rough 

3795
03:16:23,300 --> 03:16:26,000
work, on garment side, grown 
accustomed to, but Festival 

3796
03:16:26,000 --> 03:16:27,700
clothes and colors that caught 
the light. 

3797
03:16:28,500 --> 03:16:31,400
The tunic was deep blue. 
The color of the evening sky 

3798
03:16:31,400 --> 03:16:34,300
with embroidery around the neck 
and sleeves that must have taken

3799
03:16:34,300 --> 03:16:38,400
weeks to complete. when had she 
found time to create this and 

3800
03:16:38,400 --> 03:16:42,400
why The day began with a ritual.
I was invited to join rather 

3801
03:16:42,400 --> 03:16:45,300
than simply observe. 
Standing in the Village Center 

3802
03:16:45,300 --> 03:16:48,000
with everyone else. 
Hands joined in a circle that 

3803
03:16:48,000 --> 03:16:49,500
encompassed the entire 
community. 

3804
03:16:50,600 --> 03:16:52,900
I listened to words spoken in 
Gaelic that I couldn't 

3805
03:16:52,900 --> 03:16:56,100
understand but somehow felt the 
meaning of gratitude 

3806
03:16:56,100 --> 03:16:58,400
remembrance. 
Hope for the future 

3807
03:16:58,400 --> 03:17:01,700
acknowledgment of the cycles 
that connected all life. 

3808
03:17:02,400 --> 03:17:05,200
Universal Concepts expressed in 
ancient syllables. 

3809
03:17:05,200 --> 03:17:08,500
Upon the conclusion of the 
formal ceremonies and the 

3810
03:17:08,500 --> 03:17:11,600
commencement of the celebration.
Proper I found myself 

3811
03:17:11,600 --> 03:17:14,500
effortlessly transitioning 
through familiar routines 

3812
03:17:15,300 --> 03:17:17,200
Helping to arrange food on long 
tables. 

3813
03:17:17,200 --> 03:17:21,200
Constructed from planks and saw 
horses in the fires were 

3814
03:17:21,200 --> 03:17:23,800
properly, tended to keep 
everything warm and solving 

3815
03:17:23,800 --> 03:17:26,600
small logistical problems that 
arose, when large groups tried 

3816
03:17:26,600 --> 03:17:28,200
to coordinate complex 
activities. 

3817
03:17:28,200 --> 03:17:32,000
Something had shifted in how 
others responded to my presents.

3818
03:17:32,800 --> 03:17:36,300
Previously strangers would greet
me with careful politeness but 

3819
03:17:36,300 --> 03:17:38,600
now they greet me with the 
Casual warmth of family. 

3820
03:17:39,400 --> 03:17:42,300
Children ran to me with 
questions and small disasters, 

3821
03:17:42,300 --> 03:17:45,800
that needed adult attention. 
Adults included me in 

3822
03:17:45,800 --> 03:17:48,200
conversations without the 
slight, pause that indicated 

3823
03:17:48,200 --> 03:17:51,500
translation or explanation. 
Hamish found me during the 

3824
03:17:51,500 --> 03:17:54,200
height of the festivities, 
carrying two cups of something 

3825
03:17:54,200 --> 03:17:56,100
that smelled like fermented 
happiness. 

3826
03:17:57,200 --> 03:17:59,900
You've been quiet today. 
He noted, as he settled beside 

3827
03:17:59,900 --> 03:18:02,600
me on a log strategically, 
positioned to overlook the 

3828
03:18:02,600 --> 03:18:06,900
celebration thinking, heavy 
thoughts, The question was more 

3829
03:18:06,900 --> 03:18:10,100
perceptive than I'd expected. 
I had been thinking heavy 

3830
03:18:10,100 --> 03:18:14,500
thoughts about time, belonging 
responsibility and the weight of

3831
03:18:14,508 --> 03:18:16,000
choices that could not be 
undone. 

3832
03:18:16,000 --> 03:18:18,800
The compass in my pocket felt 
heavier than usual. 

3833
03:18:18,800 --> 03:18:22,900
As if it understood the decision
time was approaching I've been 

3834
03:18:22,900 --> 03:18:26,500
thinking about staying, I said 
the words emerging before I 

3835
03:18:26,500 --> 03:18:30,100
consciously, decided to speak 
them, Hamish nodded as, if his 

3836
03:18:30,100 --> 03:18:33,400
Discovery wasn't surprising 
news, And what stopping you? 

3837
03:18:34,300 --> 03:18:36,200
The question pierced through my 
inner turmoil. 

3838
03:18:36,200 --> 03:18:39,200
What was stopping me? 
Fear of commitment to a life. 

3839
03:18:39,208 --> 03:18:40,800
So different from everything I 
know. 

3840
03:18:41,700 --> 03:18:43,500
Was I feeling guilty for 
forsaking my own 

3841
03:18:43,500 --> 03:18:47,200
responsibilities or something? 
Deeper the terror of discovering

3842
03:18:47,200 --> 03:18:49,200
that I might be happier in a 
world without modern 

3843
03:18:49,200 --> 03:18:52,600
conveniences that my carefully 
constructed 21st century. 

3844
03:18:52,600 --> 03:18:54,900
Life might have been a beautiful
prison. 

3845
03:18:54,900 --> 03:18:57,800
I'd mistaken for Freedom these 
evening approached and 

3846
03:18:57,800 --> 03:19:00,600
celebration began winding toward
its traditional conclusion. 

3847
03:19:00,600 --> 03:19:04,100
Alias appeared at my elbow with 
timing that suggested she'd been

3848
03:19:04,100 --> 03:19:07,500
watching for the right moment. 
without words, she led me away 

3849
03:19:07,500 --> 03:19:10,700
from the crowd to a quiet spot 
overlooking the village where 

3850
03:19:10,700 --> 03:19:13,600
the sounds of continuing 
festivities provided a cheerful 

3851
03:19:13,600 --> 03:19:17,900
background murmur the compass. 
She said simply using English 

3852
03:19:17,900 --> 03:19:19,700
words carefully. 
Chosen for clarity. 

3853
03:19:20,400 --> 03:19:23,400
It brought you here for a 
reason, I looked at her, in 

3854
03:19:23,400 --> 03:19:25,400
surprise, you know, about the 
compass. 

3855
03:19:26,100 --> 03:19:27,900
A smile carried, centuries of 
knowledge. 

3856
03:19:29,000 --> 03:19:31,300
Some things are older than the 
stories we tell about them. 

3857
03:19:31,300 --> 03:19:33,900
You're great aren't new. 
This place knew these people, 

3858
03:19:33,900 --> 03:19:37,400
the compass doesn't bring 
Travelers, it brings family 

3859
03:19:37,400 --> 03:19:40,100
home. 
The Revelation settled over me 

3860
03:19:40,100 --> 03:19:42,500
like recognition of something. 
I'd always known but never 

3861
03:19:42,500 --> 03:19:45,500
articulated. 
Great aren't moira's, story is 

3862
03:19:45,500 --> 03:19:47,800
about Scotland, her mysterious 
past. 

3863
03:19:47,800 --> 03:19:50,700
And the way, she'd always seemed
slightly out of step with modern

3864
03:19:50,700 --> 03:19:54,500
times suddenly they made sense 
in ways that had nothing to do 

3865
03:19:54,500 --> 03:19:56,500
with logic and everything to do 
with truth. 

3866
03:19:57,700 --> 03:20:00,800
The compass, grew warm in my 
pocket and I understood that, 

3867
03:20:00,800 --> 03:20:04,100
this was the moment of choice, I
could return to my time, 

3868
03:20:04,100 --> 03:20:07,000
carrying memories of this 
experience like souvenirs from 

3869
03:20:07,000 --> 03:20:11,400
an extraordinary vacation. 
Or I could stay accepting the 

3870
03:20:11,400 --> 03:20:15,100
responsibility and joy of 
genuine belonging in a community

3871
03:20:15,100 --> 03:20:18,400
that had already accepted me as 
one of their own looking down at

3872
03:20:18,400 --> 03:20:21,100
the village, where lights 
flickered in Windows, where 

3873
03:20:21,100 --> 03:20:23,600
people I'd grown to love were 
continuing celebrations. 

3874
03:20:23,600 --> 03:20:26,600
That would carry them through 
another winter, where my hands 

3875
03:20:26,600 --> 03:20:28,600
had helped build something 
larger than myself. 

3876
03:20:29,500 --> 03:20:32,800
Choice felt less like a decision
and more like recognition. 

3877
03:20:32,800 --> 03:20:35,300
The compass would stay in my 
pocket. 

3878
03:20:35,300 --> 03:20:39,000
Its work complete. 
I was already home. 

3879
03:20:41,700 --> 03:20:46,100
In the year, 1325 a 21 year old 
legal scholar from Tangier 

3880
03:20:46,100 --> 03:20:50,000
named, IBN battuta mounted, his 
horse to embark on the Hedge 

3881
03:20:50,000 --> 03:20:52,300
pilgrimage to Mecca. 
What distinguished, this 

3882
03:20:52,300 --> 03:20:55,800
particular Journey was not its 
beginning but its end or rather 

3883
03:20:55,800 --> 03:20:59,400
the absence of one when ibomber 
tutor finally returned home, 

3884
03:20:59,400 --> 03:21:02,600
nearly three decades later. 
He had traversed approximately 

3885
03:21:02,600 --> 03:21:06,100
75,000 miles visiting 
territories equivalent to 

3886
03:21:06,100 --> 03:21:08,800
roughly 44, modern countries. 
Yep. 

3887
03:21:08,800 --> 03:21:11,400
Perhaps the most remarkable 
aspect of his story is that 

3888
03:21:11,400 --> 03:21:14,000
traveling was never his passion 
or intention. 

3889
03:21:14,900 --> 03:21:17,600
Unlike Marco Polo. 
His Mercantile family had 

3890
03:21:17,600 --> 03:21:19,700
prepared him for Journeys abroad
or Jiang. 

3891
03:21:19,700 --> 03:21:21,900
He who commanded massive 
Chinese. 

3892
03:21:21,900 --> 03:21:26,100
Treasure fleets with Imperial 
backing Eden batuta, stumbled 

3893
03:21:26,100 --> 03:21:27,800
into exploration almost 
accidentally. 

3894
03:21:27,800 --> 03:21:30,800
His contemporaries would have 
considered him bookish and 

3895
03:21:30,800 --> 03:21:34,800
conventional a deviant to the 
Malachi School of Islamic 

3896
03:21:34,800 --> 03:21:37,600
jurisprudence. 
Who had memorized, the Quran and

3897
03:21:37,600 --> 03:21:41,200
studied legal precedence. 
His earliest writings reveal a 

3898
03:21:41,200 --> 03:21:43,600
young man will concerned with 
proper prayer technique than 

3899
03:21:43,600 --> 03:21:45,300
with the adventures and distant 
lands. 

3900
03:21:46,100 --> 03:21:49,400
I set out a loan having neither 
fellow traveler in whose 

3901
03:21:49,400 --> 03:21:52,000
companionship I might find 
cheering or Caravan, who's 

3902
03:21:52,000 --> 03:21:53,700
party? 
I might join, he wrote of his 

3903
03:21:53,700 --> 03:21:55,800
departure. 
His statement was not the 

3904
03:21:55,800 --> 03:21:59,800
romanticized Declaration of an 
Intrepid Explorer but the lament

3905
03:21:59,800 --> 03:22:03,700
of a somewhat anxious young man.
The Solitude was not by choice, 

3906
03:22:03,700 --> 03:22:06,600
he had missed the pilgrim. 
Caravan, while attending his 

3907
03:22:06,600 --> 03:22:09,700
sister's funeral. 
IBN battuta's first 

3908
03:22:09,700 --> 03:22:12,600
transformative experience, came 
not from natural wonders or 

3909
03:22:12,600 --> 03:22:16,200
architectural Marvels, but 
through an unexpected fever that

3910
03:22:16,200 --> 03:22:19,700
struck him outside the town of 
Tunis delirious and alone. 

3911
03:22:19,700 --> 03:22:22,800
He fell from his horse and was 
discovered by a passing traveler

3912
03:22:22,800 --> 03:22:26,300
who nursed him back to health. 
This stranger a Tunisian poet 

3913
03:22:26,300 --> 03:22:29,000
returning from Al andalus, 
shared stories of Courts. 

3914
03:22:29,000 --> 03:22:32,900
He had visited while even batuta
recuperated the Young jurists 

3915
03:22:32,900 --> 03:22:35,600
World expanded through these 
second-hand tails before he had 

3916
03:22:35,608 --> 03:22:39,100
even left North Africa. 
Upon reaching Alexandria in 

3917
03:22:39,100 --> 03:22:42,800
battuto encountered, another 
pivotal figure Astic named 

3918
03:22:42,800 --> 03:22:45,800
bahane Aldean who lived in 
isolation in the city's 

3919
03:22:45,800 --> 03:22:49,000
lighthouse. 
During their meeting the holy 

3920
03:22:49,000 --> 03:22:50,700
man made an astonishing 
prediction. 

3921
03:22:51,500 --> 03:22:54,200
Your visit, my brother for Reid 
in India, my brother. 

3922
03:22:54,200 --> 03:22:57,500
Rook now Dean in sin, and my 
brother burhan Aldine in China 

3923
03:22:57,500 --> 03:23:01,900
convey, my greetings to them. 
Even batuta would later claim 

3924
03:23:01,900 --> 03:23:05,400
this prophecy, guided his 
extended travels though. 

3925
03:23:05,400 --> 03:23:07,900
Historians note, these 
destinations weren't uncommon 

3926
03:23:07,900 --> 03:23:11,800
for medieval Muslim Travelers. 
His early Journey revealed a 

3927
03:23:11,800 --> 03:23:15,000
complex tension in his character
while he craved The Prestige of 

3928
03:23:15,008 --> 03:23:18,000
scoli appointments. 
He repeatedly abandoned secure 

3929
03:23:18,000 --> 03:23:21,100
positions after brief. 
Ten years in Damascus, he 

3930
03:23:21,100 --> 03:23:25,400
secured a respectable judge ship
but departed after just days the

3931
03:23:25,400 --> 03:23:27,300
same pattern occurred in Delhi 
years later. 

3932
03:23:27,300 --> 03:23:31,100
This behavioral inconsistency, 
puzzled his contemporaries and 

3933
03:23:31,100 --> 03:23:34,000
continues to challenge. 
Modern biographer's, the 

3934
03:23:34,000 --> 03:23:37,400
geographic scope of edinburgh's 
travels exceeded, even the 

3935
03:23:37,400 --> 03:23:41,000
expansive Muslim world of his 
time, yet he maintained a 

3936
03:23:41,000 --> 03:23:44,700
peculiar form of provincialism 
throughout often rejecting local

3937
03:23:44,700 --> 03:23:46,700
Customs despite his exposure to 
them. 

3938
03:23:47,500 --> 03:23:50,800
Traveled through Society with 
dramatically different Norms but

3939
03:23:50,800 --> 03:23:53,300
remained committed to judging 
them by the standards of his 

3940
03:23:53,300 --> 03:23:56,300
McGrady upbringing. 
Unlike many Travelers, whose 

3941
03:23:56,300 --> 03:23:58,800
Horizon's broaden through 
exposure to different cultures, 

3942
03:23:58,800 --> 03:24:02,100
IBM, battuta frequently 
hardened, his positions. 

3943
03:24:02,100 --> 03:24:05,500
When confronted with alternative
perspectives What truly 

3944
03:24:05,500 --> 03:24:08,300
distinguished him was not his 
openness to new experience's, 

3945
03:24:08,300 --> 03:24:11,600
but his remarkable adaptability 
within his own rigid framework. 

3946
03:24:11,600 --> 03:24:15,600
He could navigate foreign courts
established temporary households

3947
03:24:15,600 --> 03:24:18,200
in distance cities, an 
integrated himself into trading 

3948
03:24:18,200 --> 03:24:20,800
networks, without fundamentally 
changing his worldview. 

3949
03:24:20,800 --> 03:24:25,000
This paradoxical quality being 
simultaneously adaptable and 

3950
03:24:25,000 --> 03:24:28,200
flexible, defined both his 
travels, and his written 

3951
03:24:28,200 --> 03:24:31,000
account. 
By the time, it number two to 

3952
03:24:31,000 --> 03:24:33,200
completed his first Hajj in 
1326. 

3953
03:24:33,200 --> 03:24:36,600
Something had fundamentally 
shifted in his approach to life.

3954
03:24:37,300 --> 03:24:40,400
Though he had fulfilled his 
religious obligation, he chose 

3955
03:24:40,400 --> 03:24:44,100
not to return home but instead 
headed North toward Iraq his 

3956
03:24:44,100 --> 03:24:45,700
explanation was 
characteristically 

3957
03:24:45,700 --> 03:24:48,900
straightforward. 
I set out not knowing to what 

3958
03:24:48,900 --> 03:24:50,300
land. 
My journey would lead me. 

3959
03:24:51,400 --> 03:24:53,200
The Reluctant traveler had 
discovered something. 

3960
03:24:53,200 --> 03:24:57,100
Unexpected, not a passion for 
exploration, but a curious 

3961
03:24:57,100 --> 03:25:00,000
restlessness that would Propel 
him across continents for the 

3962
03:25:00,000 --> 03:25:02,600
next 24 years. 
The greatest misconception, 

3963
03:25:02,600 --> 03:25:05,500
about Evan tooters travels 
concerns, the economics that 

3964
03:25:05,500 --> 03:25:08,600
supported his Decades of 
movement to cross continents and

3965
03:25:08,600 --> 03:25:12,400
like state-sponsored, explorers 
or wealthy merchants funded his 

3966
03:25:12,400 --> 03:25:15,400
extraordinary, Odyssey, through 
a patchwork of what we might 

3967
03:25:15,400 --> 03:25:18,700
Now, call gig work, leveraging 
his credentials and a system 

3968
03:25:18,708 --> 03:25:20,800
that modern Travelers. 
Would barely recognize. 

3969
03:25:21,600 --> 03:25:24,300
The medieval Islamic World 
operated on a sophisticated 

3970
03:25:24,300 --> 03:25:27,400
network of patronage that 
rewarded, learning men, who 

3971
03:25:27,400 --> 03:25:30,900
crossed borders this system 
known as the adopt culture 

3972
03:25:30,900 --> 03:25:33,800
valued the cross-pollination of 
ideas through traveling 

3973
03:25:33,800 --> 03:25:37,200
Scholars. 
Even to exploited the economy 

3974
03:25:37,200 --> 03:25:40,800
with remarkable skill. 
Transforming his Malachi legal 

3975
03:25:40,800 --> 03:25:44,600
training into a portable career 
that functioned across cultural 

3976
03:25:44,600 --> 03:25:47,600
boundaries in Cairo. 
He served briefly as an 

3977
03:25:47,600 --> 03:25:51,300
assistant cardi judge, hearing 
minor cases relating to 

3978
03:25:51,300 --> 03:25:55,500
commercial disputes in Damascus.
He leveraged recommendations 

3979
03:25:55,500 --> 03:25:58,700
from previous hosts to secure. 
Temporary teaching appointments,

3980
03:25:58,700 --> 03:26:02,400
these positions, rarely lasted, 
more than a few months, but they

3981
03:26:02,400 --> 03:26:05,500
provided critical financial 
resources and enhanced his 

3982
03:26:05,500 --> 03:26:07,200
credentials for the next 
destination. 

3983
03:26:08,000 --> 03:26:11,700
When I arrived in any City, he 
noted a particularly candid 

3984
03:26:11,700 --> 03:26:13,600
passage. 
The first place is I visited 

3985
03:26:13,608 --> 03:26:16,700
with a mosque and madrasas 
seeking out the renowned 

3986
03:26:16,700 --> 03:26:19,800
Scholars of each town. 
These meetings were not merely 

3987
03:26:19,800 --> 03:26:22,700
scholarly exchanges. 
But calculated networking 

3988
03:26:22,700 --> 03:26:25,500
opportunities. 
A favorable impression might 

3989
03:26:25,500 --> 03:26:28,600
result in an invitation to 
dinner, temporary lodging or 

3990
03:26:28,600 --> 03:26:31,800
most valuable of all of 
introduction to influential 

3991
03:26:31,800 --> 03:26:33,400
figures in the next city on his 
route. 

3992
03:26:34,300 --> 03:26:36,900
His most lucrative opportunities
came through the system of 

3993
03:26:36,900 --> 03:26:41,100
diplomatic gift exchange. 
When rulers dispatched envoy's 

3994
03:26:41,100 --> 03:26:43,700
to foreign courts, they often 
included, scholars in their 

3995
03:26:43,700 --> 03:26:47,800
delegation Edinburgh to secure 
these appointments multiple 

3996
03:26:47,800 --> 03:26:50,400
times. 
Most lucrative, when Sultan 

3997
03:26:50,400 --> 03:26:54,000
Muhammad bin to look of Delhi, 
designated him as an Envoy to 

3998
03:26:54,000 --> 03:26:56,800
the UN dynasty in China, though,
the Diplomatic Mission 

3999
03:26:56,800 --> 03:26:59,000
ultimately failed. 
The appointment came with 

4000
03:26:59,000 --> 03:27:02,700
substantial compensation, 
including 13 bags of gold coins 

4001
03:27:02,700 --> 03:27:04,700
that Finance. 
His subsequent travels through 

4002
03:27:04,700 --> 03:27:07,600
South East Asia. 
Even batutas Financial 

4003
03:27:07,600 --> 03:27:11,600
strategies occasionally bordered
on exploitation, he became Adept

4004
03:27:11,600 --> 03:27:13,500
at what historians have termed 
credential inflation. 

4005
03:27:13,500 --> 03:27:17,300
Gradually elevating, his claimed
expertise and Authority as he 

4006
03:27:17,300 --> 03:27:20,400
moved farther from North Africa,
whereas actual qualifications 

4007
03:27:20,400 --> 03:27:24,000
might be verified By the time he
reached the Maldives he 

4008
03:27:24,000 --> 03:27:26,600
presented himself as a chief 
legal Authority despite having 

4009
03:27:26,600 --> 03:27:28,100
only modest training in his 
youth. 

4010
03:27:28,700 --> 03:27:31,900
His pattern of accumulating and 
abandoning wives reveals another

4011
03:27:31,900 --> 03:27:35,400
dimension of his economic 
approach to travel throughout 

4012
03:27:35,400 --> 03:27:37,700
his journeys. 
He married at least 10 women 

4013
03:27:37,700 --> 03:27:40,600
across various regions though. 
Some Scholars suggest the actual

4014
03:27:40,600 --> 03:27:43,800
number exceeded 15. 
These marriages offered him 

4015
03:27:43,800 --> 03:27:47,200
integration into local 
communities household management

4016
03:27:47,200 --> 03:27:51,700
during Extended Stays and 
crucially, accessed to dowries 

4017
03:27:51,700 --> 03:27:54,600
and matrimonial gifts. 
When to parting a region, he 

4018
03:27:54,600 --> 03:27:57,400
typically divorced, these women 
sometimes leaving behind 

4019
03:27:57,400 --> 03:28:00,300
children as well. 
The material reality of 

4020
03:28:00,300 --> 03:28:02,300
long-distance travel in the 14th
century. 

4021
03:28:02,300 --> 03:28:06,700
Imposed constraints that shaped 
in berto's, itinerary He 

4022
03:28:06,700 --> 03:28:09,300
deliberately followed trade 
routes, where Caravans arise 

4023
03:28:09,300 --> 03:28:12,800
offered secure lodging avoided 
territories without established 

4024
03:28:12,800 --> 03:28:16,300
Muslim communities and time to 
his journeys to coincide with 

4025
03:28:16,300 --> 03:28:19,300
Merchant, Caravans that provided
safety in numbers. 

4026
03:28:20,100 --> 03:28:22,700
His account downplays the 
pragmatic considerations that 

4027
03:28:22,700 --> 03:28:26,100
determined his path instead 
emphasizing religious 

4028
03:28:26,100 --> 03:28:31,300
motivations or pure wonderlust. 
Perhaps most remarkably IBN 

4029
03:28:31,300 --> 03:28:33,500
battuta operated within an 
economic system. 

4030
03:28:33,500 --> 03:28:37,800
That valued his very foreignness
as courts throughout the Islamic

4031
03:28:37,800 --> 03:28:41,100
World sought to demonstrate 
their cosmopolitanism hosting 

4032
03:28:41,100 --> 03:28:43,800
travelers from distant regions, 
became a form of cultural 

4033
03:28:43,800 --> 03:28:46,200
capital. 
The Moroccan scholar. 

4034
03:28:46,200 --> 03:28:49,100
Could leverage his exotic 
background increasingly 

4035
03:28:49,100 --> 03:28:52,200
embellished as he traveled and 
to opportunities that local 

4036
03:28:52,200 --> 03:28:55,200
Scholars could not access. 
This created a self-reinforcing 

4037
03:28:55,200 --> 03:28:59,500
cycle, the father, he traveled, 
the more valuable, his presence 

4038
03:28:59,500 --> 03:29:03,400
became to subsequent hosts. 
When resources fail, as they 

4039
03:29:03,400 --> 03:29:06,600
occasionally, did it but Toto 
resorted to more desperate 

4040
03:29:06,600 --> 03:29:10,400
measures in the steps, north of 
the Black Sea, he was robbed of 

4041
03:29:10,400 --> 03:29:13,200
nearly all possession and 
survived by attaching himself to

4042
03:29:13,200 --> 03:29:17,100
a passing Caravan as an informal
religious advisor in the 

4043
03:29:17,108 --> 03:29:19,800
mountains of turkey. 
He worked briefly as a copyist 

4044
03:29:19,800 --> 03:29:23,700
producing manuscripts for a 
local madrasa. these episodes of

4045
03:29:23,700 --> 03:29:26,600
vulnerability rarely appear in 
his polish narrative, but 

4046
03:29:26,600 --> 03:29:29,400
emerged through inconsistencies,
in his timeline and oblique 

4047
03:29:29,400 --> 03:29:33,400
references By the time, even 
batuta returned to Morocco in 

4048
03:29:33,408 --> 03:29:36,100
1349. 
He had mastered, the economic 

4049
03:29:36,100 --> 03:29:39,500
architecture of medieval travel 
transforming, his modest, legal 

4050
03:29:39,500 --> 03:29:42,200
credentials into a career, that 
spanned continents and cultures,

4051
03:29:42,200 --> 03:29:45,700
the conventional Narrative of 
IBN battuta, portrays him. 

4052
03:29:45,700 --> 03:29:48,700
As a solitary, male traveler 
moving through a world dominated

4053
03:29:48,700 --> 03:29:51,500
by men. 
It is own account when read 

4054
03:29:51,500 --> 03:29:54,100
against the grain reveals dozens
of women who profoundly 

4055
03:29:54,100 --> 03:29:58,000
influence his experiences 
provided critical assistance and

4056
03:29:58,000 --> 03:30:01,700
occasionally redirected his 
journey entirely Their stories, 

4057
03:30:01,700 --> 03:30:05,900
often reduced a brief mentions 
in his text illuminate, aspects 

4058
03:30:05,900 --> 03:30:09,000
of medieval Islamic Society, 
typically obscured in historical

4059
03:30:09,000 --> 03:30:13,700
accounts in Damascus. 
Eben battuta encountered zaynab 

4060
03:30:13,700 --> 03:30:17,700
bint Hamad a scholar who held 
the prize in jazza, teaching 

4061
03:30:17,700 --> 03:30:20,400
license for the collected works 
of Hadith scholar. 

4062
03:30:20,400 --> 03:30:24,500
Albacore despite his only legal 
training, Edinburgh, tutor 

4063
03:30:24,500 --> 03:30:26,300
lacked, this prestigious 
credential. 

4064
03:30:27,200 --> 03:30:30,300
He studied under her for several
months joining classes that 

4065
03:30:30,300 --> 03:30:33,400
included both male and female 
students before, receiving his 

4066
03:30:33,400 --> 03:30:36,500
only jaza. 
That a male scholar from Morocco

4067
03:30:36,500 --> 03:30:39,600
would seek instruction from a 
woman challenges, simplified 

4068
03:30:39,600 --> 03:30:43,000
narrative about gender in 
medieval Islamic education. 

4069
03:30:44,100 --> 03:30:47,800
The most remarkable woman I met 
IBN battuta wrote unexpectedly 

4070
03:30:47,800 --> 03:30:50,600
was the Turkish princess by 
elune. 

4071
03:30:51,500 --> 03:30:55,000
This daughter of the Byzantine, 
emperor had married, the Mongol 

4072
03:30:55,000 --> 03:30:57,600
Khan as beg, but maintained her 
Christian faith. 

4073
03:30:57,600 --> 03:31:00,500
When the Khan dispatched her to 
visit her father, in 

4074
03:31:00,500 --> 03:31:04,200
Constantinople IBN battuta 
secured permission to join her 

4075
03:31:04,200 --> 03:31:06,800
Entourage. 
Providing him rare access to 

4076
03:31:06,800 --> 03:31:09,700
Byzantine territories typically 
closed to Muslim Travelers. 

4077
03:31:10,600 --> 03:31:13,500
Throughout this journey by Alune
effectively served as his 

4078
03:31:13,500 --> 03:31:17,000
protector and guide, determining
the itinerary and managing 

4079
03:31:17,000 --> 03:31:21,100
diplomatic interactions in the 
Maldives where Edinburgh to 

4080
03:31:21,100 --> 03:31:24,500
served briefly, as chief judge, 
he described to society with 

4081
03:31:24,500 --> 03:31:28,400
striking features of matricula 
quality where husbands moved 

4082
03:31:28,400 --> 03:31:31,100
into the households of their 
wives and women maintained 

4083
03:31:31,100 --> 03:31:36,800
control over their divorce. 
He noted with evident 

4084
03:31:36,800 --> 03:31:39,700
discomfort. 
No, man would eat food except 

4085
03:31:39,700 --> 03:31:41,900
what has been prepared in his 
wife's house. 

4086
03:31:42,800 --> 03:31:45,700
And to eat in one's own house, 
would bring great shame. 

4087
03:31:46,900 --> 03:31:49,600
His attempts to impose stricter 
gender segregation during his 

4088
03:31:49,600 --> 03:31:52,600
judge ship generated significant
resistance from local women, 

4089
03:31:52,600 --> 03:31:55,900
ultimately contributing to his 
departure from the islands. 

4090
03:31:56,900 --> 03:31:59,900
His most consequential romance 
occurred in Bukhara with a 

4091
03:31:59,900 --> 03:32:02,800
Merchant's daughter named Aisha.
Though he mentions her only 

4092
03:32:02,800 --> 03:32:05,900
briefly contextual evidence 
suggests, she traveled with him 

4093
03:32:05,900 --> 03:32:08,700
for nearly eight months 
including through the dangerous 

4094
03:32:08,700 --> 03:32:12,000
mountain, passes of Central 
Asia, when she fell ill in 

4095
03:32:12,000 --> 03:32:14,500
Samarkand IBN battuta faced a 
pivotal Choice. 

4096
03:32:14,500 --> 03:32:17,000
Continue his journey or remain 
with her. 

4097
03:32:17,000 --> 03:32:20,600
He chose to proceed a decision. 
He later described with 

4098
03:32:20,600 --> 03:32:24,700
uncharacteristic regret. 
Of all the paths not taken the 

4099
03:32:24,700 --> 03:32:27,100
road back to Isha remains most 
Vivid in my memory. 

4100
03:32:28,300 --> 03:32:32,000
Eben beta's account, reveals a 
pattern in which female slaves 

4101
03:32:32,000 --> 03:32:34,900
frequently served as linguistic 
and cultural intermediaries. 

4102
03:32:35,700 --> 03:32:39,300
In Bengal, he purchased a slave 
girl who spoke both Persian and 

4103
03:32:39,308 --> 03:32:42,700
Bengali relying on her 
translation during his six-month

4104
03:32:42,700 --> 03:32:45,600
day. 
Similarly, in Constantinople, he

4105
03:32:45,600 --> 03:32:48,500
employed a greek-speaking slave 
who negotiated his access to 

4106
03:32:48,500 --> 03:32:51,200
various sights including the 
Hagia Sophia. 

4107
03:32:52,100 --> 03:32:55,700
These women are named in his 
text performed critical 

4108
03:32:55,700 --> 03:32:58,900
functions that made his travel 
possible yet received minimal 

4109
03:32:58,900 --> 03:33:02,100
acknowledgment. 
Perhaps most revealing is in 

4110
03:33:02,100 --> 03:33:05,300
batutas interaction with 
Khadijah daughter of the ruler 

4111
03:33:05,300 --> 03:33:08,100
of Mali. 
During his West African travels,

4112
03:33:08,100 --> 03:33:11,100
he committed a serious breach of
protocol when addressing her 

4113
03:33:11,100 --> 03:33:15,000
father, rather than having him 
punished Khadijah intervened 

4114
03:33:15,000 --> 03:33:17,900
explaining to the proper Court, 
etiquette. 

4115
03:33:18,900 --> 03:33:21,900
She later granted him access to 
women's quarters of the palace 

4116
03:33:21,900 --> 03:33:25,800
spaces entirely closed to most 
male visitors where he observed 

4117
03:33:25,800 --> 03:33:29,400
and documented female politic or
influence in the Mali Empire 

4118
03:33:29,400 --> 03:33:31,800
that would otherwise remain 
unrecorded. 

4119
03:33:32,800 --> 03:33:35,900
The pattern of IBM, berta's 
marriages reveals a calculated 

4120
03:33:35,900 --> 03:33:40,000
approach to Intimacy in regions 
where he planned Extended Stays.

4121
03:33:40,000 --> 03:33:43,600
He typically married women from 
politically connected families, 

4122
03:33:43,600 --> 03:33:47,000
providing him with both domestic
comfort and valuable social 

4123
03:33:47,000 --> 03:33:51,000
networks, when departing usually
exercise, the Islamic of 

4124
03:33:51,000 --> 03:33:53,700
unilateral divorce there. 
Occasionally economic 

4125
03:33:53,700 --> 03:33:56,800
circumstances or family 
interventions complicated these 

4126
03:33:56,800 --> 03:33:59,500
separation. 
While his descriptions of women,

4127
03:33:59,500 --> 03:34:02,800
often reflect the prejudices of 
his time and background, the 

4128
03:34:02,800 --> 03:34:04,400
occasionally contains a 
insights. 

4129
03:34:05,200 --> 03:34:07,800
In describing female religious 
scholars in Damascus. 

4130
03:34:07,800 --> 03:34:12,100
He observed their knowledge. 
Often exceeds that of men for 

4131
03:34:12,100 --> 03:34:14,800
they devote themselves entirely 
to study while men are 

4132
03:34:14,800 --> 03:34:18,700
distracted by worldly Pursuits. 
This recognition of how gendered

4133
03:34:18,700 --> 03:34:21,600
expectations might actually 
Advantage, female scholars in 

4134
03:34:21,600 --> 03:34:25,700
specific contexts demonstrates 
and analytical depth rarely 

4135
03:34:25,700 --> 03:34:28,900
credited to him. 
Through these fragmentary 

4136
03:34:28,900 --> 03:34:32,000
references, a different 
understanding of Edinburgh. 

4137
03:34:32,000 --> 03:34:35,600
Tutor's Journey, emerges, not as
the adventure of an independent 

4138
03:34:35,600 --> 03:34:39,300
male traveler, but as a complex,
social Endeavor shaped by 

4139
03:34:39,300 --> 03:34:43,400
numerous women whose assistants 
knowledge and relationships. 

4140
03:34:43,400 --> 03:34:47,500
Made his unprecedented travels 
possible in 1335 somewhere 

4141
03:34:47,500 --> 03:34:50,700
between the cities of astrakhan.
And Sarai along the Volga River 

4142
03:34:50,700 --> 03:34:54,100
IBN battuta experience. 
What modern psychologists would 

4143
03:34:54,100 --> 03:34:57,500
likely classify as a severe 
mental health crisis though? 

4144
03:34:57,500 --> 03:35:00,200
He never named it as such 
lacking the vocabulary or 

4145
03:35:00,200 --> 03:35:02,900
conceptual framework his writing
from this period. 

4146
03:35:02,900 --> 03:35:05,200
Reveals profound psychological 
distress. 

4147
03:35:05,200 --> 03:35:08,000
That nearly terminated his 
travels entirely. 

4148
03:35:08,800 --> 03:35:12,100
The episode began with physical 
symptoms insomnia, that lasted 

4149
03:35:12,100 --> 03:35:15,000
weeks followed by what he 
described as a heaviness of 

4150
03:35:15,000 --> 03:35:17,400
spirit that prevented even the 
simplest decision. 

4151
03:35:18,300 --> 03:35:22,200
He abandoned his plan, Eastwood 
Journey, three times, each time 

4152
03:35:22,200 --> 03:35:24,700
returning to Astro can after 
traveling just a few miles, 

4153
03:35:24,700 --> 03:35:27,900
local merchants and noted his 
erratic Behavior. 

4154
03:35:28,700 --> 03:35:30,800
Particularly his son of a 
version to crowds, and Market 

4155
03:35:30,800 --> 03:35:33,400
places that had previously been 
Central to his daily routine. 

4156
03:35:34,600 --> 03:35:37,400
I found myself unable to recall 
the first lines of even the most

4157
03:35:37,400 --> 03:35:40,100
familiar prayer prayers. 
He wrote in a passage, rarely 

4158
03:35:40,100 --> 03:35:43,300
highlighted by historians words.
I had known since childhood 

4159
03:35:43,300 --> 03:35:47,000
became foreign to me. 
This cognitive disruption 

4160
03:35:47,000 --> 03:35:49,200
coincided with an unusually 
harsh winter. 

4161
03:35:49,900 --> 03:35:53,600
During which IBN battuta 
remained largely confined to a 

4162
03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:56,600
small room provided by 
sympathetic Iranian physician 

4163
03:35:56,600 --> 03:36:00,000
named Al tabari. 
Several factors. 

4164
03:36:00,000 --> 03:36:02,600
Likely contributed to this 
cycle, collapse. 

4165
03:36:03,400 --> 03:36:06,100
Just months earlier IBN battuta 
had received news of his 

4166
03:36:06,100 --> 03:36:09,100
father's death delivered by a 
merchant from Tangier. 

4167
03:36:09,100 --> 03:36:12,000
Whom he encountered unexpectedly
and Damascus. 

4168
03:36:12,700 --> 03:36:15,100
This loss coincided with the 
10th anniversary of his 

4169
03:36:15,100 --> 03:36:18,900
departure from home, triggering 
what his writing suggests was an

4170
03:36:18,900 --> 03:36:21,500
intense period of grief and 
regret over his absence during 

4171
03:36:21,500 --> 03:36:24,000
his father's final Year's. 
Compounding. 

4172
03:36:24,000 --> 03:36:27,000
This emotional strain was a 
severe case of frostbite that 

4173
03:36:27,000 --> 03:36:30,600
damaged several toes on his 
right foot The injury left, him 

4174
03:36:30,600 --> 03:36:33,500
temporarily immobile and 
dependent on Strangers for basic

4175
03:36:33,500 --> 03:36:36,000
needs. 
A profound vulnerability for a 

4176
03:36:36,008 --> 03:36:38,500
man who had cultivated 
self-sufficiently throughout his

4177
03:36:38,500 --> 03:36:41,500
travels. 
The physical pain, limited 

4178
03:36:41,500 --> 03:36:44,800
mobility, and force dependents, 
created conditions, right for 

4179
03:36:44,800 --> 03:36:48,400
psychological distress. 
IBN battuta's recovery came 

4180
03:36:48,400 --> 03:36:52,900
through, an unexpected Source, a
Sufi Shaikh named Noman Al cow 

4181
03:36:52,900 --> 03:36:55,600
or yzma who practiced an 
unconventional form of therapy, 

4182
03:36:55,600 --> 03:36:59,300
rather than offering religious 
Council, the shake prescribed, 

4183
03:36:59,300 --> 03:37:02,900
daily immersion in Hot Springs 
outside the city, followed by 

4184
03:37:02,900 --> 03:37:06,600
structured conversations, 
focusing not on spiritual 

4185
03:37:06,600 --> 03:37:10,200
matters but on concrete memories
Each day, he asked me to 

4186
03:37:10,200 --> 03:37:12,900
describe a single Street or 
building from my hometown with 

4187
03:37:12,900 --> 03:37:15,400
complete Precision, IBN battuta 
noted. 

4188
03:37:16,200 --> 03:37:18,900
Through these Recollections. 
My mind began to clear. 

4189
03:37:20,000 --> 03:37:24,000
The crisis transformed into his 
approach to his travels before 

4190
03:37:24,000 --> 03:37:27,600
this episode. 
His writing displays an almost 

4191
03:37:27,608 --> 03:37:30,300
clinical Detachment when 
describing various cultures, 

4192
03:37:30,300 --> 03:37:33,700
afterward his observations 
become more empathetic, 

4193
03:37:33,700 --> 03:37:36,800
particularly regarding 
individuals experiencing forms 

4194
03:37:36,800 --> 03:37:40,400
of suffering or displacement. 
He began seeking hospitals and 

4195
03:37:40,400 --> 03:37:44,200
charitable institutions in each 
City he visited space, is he had

4196
03:37:44,200 --> 03:37:46,300
previously ignored during this 
period. 

4197
03:37:46,300 --> 03:37:50,900
He also abandoned a project, he 
did for Year's ambitious, legal 

4198
03:37:50,900 --> 03:37:53,900
Treatise, comparing, Judicial 
Systems across different Islamic

4199
03:37:53,900 --> 03:37:56,900
territories, his notes for this 
work, which he occasionally 

4200
03:37:56,900 --> 03:37:59,500
references in his later. 
Travelogue were left with a 

4201
03:37:59,508 --> 03:38:02,900
scholar in Sarai. 
This abandonment of scholarly 

4202
03:38:02,900 --> 03:38:06,300
ambition suggests a fundamental 
re-evaluation of priorities 

4203
03:38:06,300 --> 03:38:10,500
following his psychological 
crisis, most significantly, even

4204
03:38:10,500 --> 03:38:13,500
batuta emerged from this period 
with an altered relationship to 

4205
03:38:13,500 --> 03:38:15,800
home. 
Before his breakdown, his 

4206
03:38:15,800 --> 03:38:18,500
writings reveal an assumption 
that he would eventually return 

4207
03:38:18,500 --> 03:38:20,800
to Morocco. 
To occupy a prestigious judicial

4208
03:38:20,800 --> 03:38:23,600
position. 
Afterward he began 

4209
03:38:23,600 --> 03:38:27,500
conceptualizing himself as 
permanently transient a identity

4210
03:38:27,500 --> 03:38:30,400
shift that allowed him to engage
more deeply with each location 

4211
03:38:30,400 --> 03:38:33,700
rather than viewing it 
instrumentally as material for 

4212
03:38:33,700 --> 03:38:35,100
future. 
Scholarly work. 

4213
03:38:36,400 --> 03:38:39,900
The psychological vulnerability 
IBN battuta experienced 

4214
03:38:39,900 --> 03:38:42,900
contrasts sharply with the 
confident Persona, he cultivates

4215
03:38:42,900 --> 03:38:46,300
through most of his narrative. 
this tension between public 

4216
03:38:46,300 --> 03:38:49,300
performance and private struggle
characterized much of his 

4217
03:38:49,300 --> 03:38:54,400
journey in Delhi Constantinople 
and later in Mali, he presented 

4218
03:38:54,400 --> 03:38:57,200
himself as a composed 
authoritative figure while 

4219
03:38:57,200 --> 03:38:59,700
privately grappling with 
recurring episodes of what he 

4220
03:38:59,700 --> 03:39:04,300
called, the darkness of spirit, 
Eben, battuta's Mental Health 

4221
03:39:04,300 --> 03:39:07,700
crisis provides a rare window 
into the cycle dimension of 

4222
03:39:07,700 --> 03:39:11,000
medieval travel, the cognitive 
and emotional toll of sustained.

4223
03:39:11,000 --> 03:39:14,200
Displacement identity, 
disruption and cultural 

4224
03:39:14,200 --> 03:39:18,000
dissonance His experience, 
challenges romanticized, Notions

4225
03:39:18,000 --> 03:39:21,800
of pre-modern exploration 
revealing, the profound personal

4226
03:39:21,800 --> 03:39:25,200
cost that accompanied his 
Geographic Mobility, by Spring 

4227
03:39:25,200 --> 03:39:29,700
1336, Eben tutor had recovered 
sufficiently to resume his 

4228
03:39:29,700 --> 03:39:32,700
Eastwood Journey. 
Yet the psychological patterns 

4229
03:39:32,700 --> 03:39:36,400
established during this crisis, 
including periodic withdrawals 

4230
03:39:36,400 --> 03:39:39,200
into isolation and recurring 
battles with what appears to be 

4231
03:39:39,208 --> 03:39:42,500
situational depression would 
resurface throughout his 

4232
03:39:42,500 --> 03:39:45,700
subsequent travels particularly 
during his difficult final years

4233
03:39:45,700 --> 03:39:48,600
in Mali. 
And Spain among IBN battuta's 

4234
03:39:48,600 --> 03:39:50,700
most valuable contributions to 
historical knowledge. 

4235
03:39:50,700 --> 03:39:54,400
Is his detailed account of kilwa
a prosperous East African 

4236
03:39:54,400 --> 03:39:56,500
Coastal. 
Sultanate that dominated Indian 

4237
03:39:56,500 --> 03:39:58,200
Ocean trade networks for 
centuries. 

4238
03:39:58,200 --> 03:40:01,000
Yet remains largely absent from 
Western Historical awareness. 

4239
03:40:01,900 --> 03:40:04,400
His documentation provides one 
of the few contemporary 

4240
03:40:04,400 --> 03:40:06,800
descriptions of this 
sophisticated commercial power 

4241
03:40:06,800 --> 03:40:10,800
before its eventual, disruption 
by Portuguese forces, in the 

4242
03:40:10,808 --> 03:40:14,600
early 16th century. 
Urban tutor arrived in. 

4243
03:40:14,600 --> 03:40:19,300
Kilwa in modern Tanzania, in 
1331 having traveled down the 

4244
03:40:19,300 --> 03:40:20,900
East African Coast, from 
Mogadishu. 

4245
03:40:20,900 --> 03:40:24,700
What he encountered defied, his 
expectations and challenges 

4246
03:40:24,700 --> 03:40:28,300
persistent misconceptions about 
pre-colonial African States. 

4247
03:40:29,100 --> 03:40:32,000
I have seen no more beautiful 
city in all my travels he wrote 

4248
03:40:32,000 --> 03:40:35,500
with uncharacteristic enthusiasm
its buildings are constructed 

4249
03:40:35,500 --> 03:40:40,300
entirely of wood expertly joined
without nails or pegs and roofed

4250
03:40:40,300 --> 03:40:43,200
with panels of red, Mangrove 
that shine like polished metal 

4251
03:40:43,200 --> 03:40:46,100
Under the Sun. 
The killer he described was the 

4252
03:40:46,100 --> 03:40:48,800
center of a commercial Network 
that stretched from the interior

4253
03:40:48,800 --> 03:40:51,600
goldfields of Zimbabwe to the 
northern ports of India. 

4254
03:40:52,300 --> 03:40:55,000
It's Harbor, accommodated. 
Hundreds of vessels ranging from

4255
03:40:55,000 --> 03:40:58,800
Coastal, dowels to Deepwater 
Merchant ships from Gujarat and 

4256
03:40:58,800 --> 03:41:01,100
China. 
Even batuta noted with 

4257
03:41:01,100 --> 03:41:03,300
particular interest, the 
standardized system of 

4258
03:41:03,300 --> 03:41:07,800
commercial, documentation used 
in kilworth customs houses a 

4259
03:41:07,800 --> 03:41:11,100
sophisticated predecessor to 
Modern bills of lading that 

4260
03:41:11,100 --> 03:41:14,000
facilitated complex commercial 
Arrangements, across linguistic,

4261
03:41:14,000 --> 03:41:18,600
boundaries the ruler IBN battuta
encountered Sultan al-hassan 

4262
03:41:18,600 --> 03:41:22,100
Suleiman represented the 
culmination of a dynastic 

4263
03:41:22,100 --> 03:41:25,400
tradition that traced its 
Origins to Persian settlers who 

4264
03:41:25,400 --> 03:41:27,700
had intermarried with local 
Bantu populations. 

4265
03:41:27,700 --> 03:41:29,800
The resulting cultural 
synthesis. 

4266
03:41:29,800 --> 03:41:33,100
Had produced a distinctive 
Swahili civilization, that IBN 

4267
03:41:33,100 --> 03:41:36,200
tutor recognized as neither 
purely African or middle 

4268
03:41:36,208 --> 03:41:38,600
eastern, but something uniquely 
integrated. 

4269
03:41:39,700 --> 03:41:42,700
The sultan himself maintained a 
court protocol that combined 

4270
03:41:42,700 --> 03:41:46,300
elements from Abbasid, Fatimid 
an indigenous African 

4271
03:41:46,300 --> 03:41:50,300
traditions, Kill was economic 
Foundation rested on its control

4272
03:41:50,300 --> 03:41:53,700
of gold trade from the interior,
particularly from what IBN 

4273
03:41:53,700 --> 03:41:57,600
battuta called the land of yuhi,
like the Zimbabwe plateau. 

4274
03:41:58,800 --> 03:42:01,000
This goal, traveled along 
protected trade routes 

4275
03:42:01,000 --> 03:42:04,000
maintained by the sultanate 
through a series of Inland 

4276
03:42:04,000 --> 03:42:08,200
administrative centers hidden. 
Battuto observed one caravan's, 

4277
03:42:08,200 --> 03:42:11,300
arrival noting the elaborate 
security measures that protected

4278
03:42:11,300 --> 03:42:14,700
the precious cargo and the 
sophisticated weighing in a say,

4279
03:42:14,700 --> 03:42:16,900
techniques used to verify the 
Gold's purity. 

4280
03:42:17,900 --> 03:42:20,700
The religious life of kilworth, 
particularly impressed, IBN 

4281
03:42:20,700 --> 03:42:24,300
battuta, who counted more than 
40 substantial mosques within 

4282
03:42:24,300 --> 03:42:28,200
the city walls, the Grand Mosque
portions of which still stand 

4283
03:42:28,200 --> 03:42:29,700
today. 
Featured Innovative 

4284
03:42:29,700 --> 03:42:32,800
architectural elements, 
including sailing, derived 

4285
03:42:32,800 --> 03:42:36,300
tensioning systems that allowed 
its Dome to span a greater 

4286
03:42:36,300 --> 03:42:38,600
distance than typical Islamic 
structures of the period. 

4287
03:42:39,200 --> 03:42:42,000
IBN battuta specifically 
commented on the mosques 

4288
03:42:42,000 --> 03:42:46,000
distinctive octagonal minaret. 
Which Incorporated acoustic 

4289
03:42:46,000 --> 03:42:48,900
enhancements that carried the 
moose's call across the entire 

4290
03:42:48,900 --> 03:42:51,700
Harbor. 
Most remarkable was killed was 

4291
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:55,100
monetary system. 
Which utilized standardized gold

4292
03:42:55,100 --> 03:42:58,700
coins known as mitral? 
That circulated USD alongside 

4293
03:42:58,700 --> 03:43:00,700
copper tokens for smaller 
transactions. 

4294
03:43:01,500 --> 03:43:04,400
IBN battuta noted that these 
coins were accepted without 

4295
03:43:04,400 --> 03:43:08,400
question throughout the trading 
networks, extending to India a 

4296
03:43:08,400 --> 03:43:11,100
testament to kill was reputation
for commercial integrity. 

4297
03:43:11,800 --> 03:43:14,900
He recorded watching Court, 
metallurgists testing, incoming,

4298
03:43:14,900 --> 03:43:18,100
gold shipments and striking new 
coins under the Sultan's direct 

4299
03:43:18,100 --> 03:43:21,100
supervision. 
The social structure of kilwell 

4300
03:43:21,100 --> 03:43:24,600
revealed complex stratifications
that defied IBN battuta's 

4301
03:43:24,600 --> 03:43:26,900
attempts at simple 
categorization, the urban 

4302
03:43:26,908 --> 03:43:30,400
population included indigenous, 
Africans Arab and Persian, 

4303
03:43:30,400 --> 03:43:33,200
descendants mixed, Heritage 
individuals, who occupied 

4304
03:43:33,200 --> 03:43:37,100
various social positions without
rigid, racial boundaries, he 

4305
03:43:37,100 --> 03:43:39,200
observed, that key 
administrative positions were 

4306
03:43:39,200 --> 03:43:42,000
filled based on Merit and 
familial connections rather than

4307
03:43:42,000 --> 03:43:45,500
ethnic background creating a 
meritocratic system that 

4308
03:43:45,500 --> 03:43:47,600
contrasted with more hereditary 
structures. 

4309
03:43:47,600 --> 03:43:50,400
He had encountered, elsewhere 
women in Kill were occupied 

4310
03:43:50,400 --> 03:43:52,500
positions of significant 
economic independence, 

4311
03:43:52,500 --> 03:43:55,000
particularly in the textile 
sector. 

4312
03:43:55,700 --> 03:43:58,600
IBN battuta described workshops 
where women control the 

4313
03:43:58,600 --> 03:44:01,300
production of the finely woven 
cotton cloth that served as a 

4314
03:44:01,300 --> 03:44:03,900
major export. 
The mistresses of these 

4315
03:44:03,900 --> 03:44:07,300
establishments from he noted 
maintain their own accounts and 

4316
03:44:07,300 --> 03:44:11,000
negotiate directly with foreign 
Merchants requiring, no male 

4317
03:44:11,000 --> 03:44:14,800
intermediaries. 
This economic autonomy extended 

4318
03:44:14,800 --> 03:44:17,700
to property ownership with the 
urban batuta recording his 

4319
03:44:17,700 --> 03:44:20,400
surprise at learning. 
That nearly a third of kill was 

4320
03:44:20,400 --> 03:44:22,000
Urban real estate was held by 
women. 

4321
03:44:22,900 --> 03:44:26,500
When Peter departed, killer 
after a three-month stay he 

4322
03:44:26,500 --> 03:44:28,800
carried with him documentation 
that would later prove 

4323
03:44:28,800 --> 03:44:32,200
invaluable to a story and 
precise observations of a 

4324
03:44:32,200 --> 03:44:35,400
sophisticated African urban 
center that operated as an equal

4325
03:44:35,400 --> 03:44:37,500
participant in Indian Ocean, 
trade Networks. 

4326
03:44:38,400 --> 03:44:40,700
His account contradicts 
persistent narratives that 

4327
03:44:40,700 --> 03:44:44,500
portray pre-colonial African 
societies as isolated or 

4328
03:44:44,500 --> 03:44:47,800
technologically primitive. 
Instead revealing killers and 

4329
03:44:47,800 --> 03:44:51,000
Innovative commercial power that
combined multiple cultural 

4330
03:44:51,000 --> 03:44:53,700
Traditions into a distinctive 
and successful synthesis. 

4331
03:44:53,700 --> 03:44:58,100
The final destination in IBN 
battuta's, Epic Journey China, 

4332
03:44:58,100 --> 03:45:00,800
during the Yuan Dynasty 
represents his most 

4333
03:45:00,800 --> 03:45:03,300
controversial claim, and his 
most significant failure. 

4334
03:45:03,300 --> 03:45:07,000
Unlike his detailed accounts of 
other regions, his description 

4335
03:45:07,000 --> 03:45:10,500
of China contains geographical 
and consistencies implausible 

4336
03:45:10,500 --> 03:45:13,600
timelines and pathogens that 
appear borrowed from other 

4337
03:45:13,600 --> 03:45:17,700
Travelers reports for centuries.
Historians have debated whether 

4338
03:45:17,700 --> 03:45:21,300
IBN battuta actually reached 
China or fabricated this portion

4339
03:45:21,300 --> 03:45:23,800
of his narrative. 
Recent scholarship. 

4340
03:45:23,800 --> 03:45:27,300
Suggests a more nuanced 
possibility that IBN battuta did

4341
03:45:27,300 --> 03:45:30,600
indeed enter your territory but 
experience to series of setbacks

4342
03:45:30,600 --> 03:45:33,700
that prevented him from 
accepting the cultural and 

4343
03:45:33,700 --> 03:45:37,000
political centers, he had 
intended to visit His subsequent

4344
03:45:37,000 --> 03:45:40,600
account represents an attempt to
salvage reputation from failure 

4345
03:45:40,600 --> 03:45:43,700
through a combination of 
borrowed details and strategic 

4346
03:45:43,700 --> 03:45:45,700
emissions. 
IBN battuta's. 

4347
03:45:45,700 --> 03:45:50,000
China troubles began before he 
even reached its borders in 1345

4348
03:45:50,000 --> 03:45:53,000
while in Calicut modern Kerala 
India. 

4349
03:45:53,000 --> 03:45:56,500
He boarded a Chinese treasure 
ship Bound for Guangzhou with 

4350
03:45:56,500 --> 03:45:59,300
most of his accumulated 
possessions including gifs 

4351
03:45:59,300 --> 03:46:03,000
intended for the UN emperor. 
When a storm Force the ship to 

4352
03:46:03,000 --> 03:46:06,700
and connect overnight, IBN 
battuta went a shorter to attend

4353
03:46:06,700 --> 03:46:09,900
prayers during his absence a 
violent storm. 

4354
03:46:09,900 --> 03:46:13,100
Drove the ship out to sea, all 
my possessions remained on 

4355
03:46:13,100 --> 03:46:16,300
board, he wrote, including the 
slave girls and gifts that the 

4356
03:46:16,300 --> 03:46:18,800
Sultan of Delhi had sent with me
to the Emperor of China. 

4357
03:46:20,400 --> 03:46:23,300
This catastrophic loss left even
by tutor in a precarious 

4358
03:46:23,300 --> 03:46:25,400
position. 
Expected to continue his 

4359
03:46:25,400 --> 03:46:28,700
diplomatic Mission without the 
gift that would secure proper 

4360
03:46:28,700 --> 03:46:31,300
reception. 
After several months attempting 

4361
03:46:31,300 --> 03:46:34,200
to rebuild his resources in 
Southern India, he embarked 

4362
03:46:34,200 --> 03:46:38,300
again on a different vessel This
ship was attacked by pirates in 

4363
03:46:38,300 --> 03:46:41,900
the Strait of Malacca and even 
two tutor narrowly escaped with 

4364
03:46:41,900 --> 03:46:44,100
his life. 
Losing what remained of his 

4365
03:46:44,100 --> 03:46:46,200
possessions. 
When he finally reached what 

4366
03:46:46,200 --> 03:46:50,700
appears to have been fujian 
province in late 1346 in batuta 

4367
03:46:50,700 --> 03:46:53,300
and counted a political 
situation, he was unprepared to 

4368
03:46:53,300 --> 03:46:57,300
navigate the UN Dynasty 
established by Mongol conquerors

4369
03:46:57,300 --> 03:46:59,500
maintained. 
A rigid classification system 

4370
03:46:59,500 --> 03:47:02,100
that placed foreigners in 
specific administrative 

4371
03:47:02,100 --> 03:47:03,600
categories with limited 
privileges. 

4372
03:47:04,900 --> 03:47:07,200
Without proper diplomatic 
credentials and GIFs. 

4373
03:47:07,700 --> 03:47:11,000
Even batuta could not secure the
state of necessary to access the

4374
03:47:11,000 --> 03:47:13,000
Imperial Court or major cultural
centers. 

4375
03:47:14,100 --> 03:47:16,800
His writing suggests, he spent 
approximately four months in 

4376
03:47:16,800 --> 03:47:20,400
Chinese territory, primarily in 
coastal regions with established

4377
03:47:20,400 --> 03:47:23,700
Muslim merchants communities. 
These enclaves while technically

4378
03:47:23,700 --> 03:47:27,100
within China, functioned as 
cultural islands where Arabic 

4379
03:47:27,100 --> 03:47:31,000
and Persian were commonly spoken
and Islamic Customs maintained. 

4380
03:47:32,100 --> 03:47:35,600
From these limited Vantage 
points given by tutor Glimpse 

4381
03:47:35,600 --> 03:47:38,200
Chinese Society, but never 
experienced the immersive 

4382
03:47:38,200 --> 03:47:40,000
engagement. 
That characterized his travels 

4383
03:47:40,000 --> 03:47:42,400
elsewhere. 
The UN China section of his 

4384
03:47:42,400 --> 03:47:46,700
narrative contains telling gaps 
unlike his accounts of India or 

4385
03:47:46,700 --> 03:47:50,700
Molly, where he named specific 
individuals who hosted him his 

4386
03:47:50,700 --> 03:47:54,000
Chinese interactions remained 
strikingly Anonymous, he 

4387
03:47:54,000 --> 03:47:56,100
describes no extended 
conversations with Chinese 

4388
03:47:56,100 --> 03:47:59,700
Scholars or officials suggesting
very limited contact Beyond 

4389
03:47:59,700 --> 03:48:03,300
Merchant intermediaries His 
observations Focus predominantly

4390
03:48:03,300 --> 03:48:07,500
on material culture Ceramics, 
paper currency shipbuilding, 

4391
03:48:07,500 --> 03:48:11,200
techniques, rather than social 
political systems, he could only

4392
03:48:11,200 --> 03:48:13,100
have understood through 
sustained interaction. 

4393
03:48:14,200 --> 03:48:17,900
Most revealing is even Butters 
omission of any mention of the 

4394
03:48:17,900 --> 03:48:20,500
Grand Canal. 
China's most impressive 

4395
03:48:20,500 --> 03:48:23,000
infrastructure projects that 
connected Beijing to Hangzhou. 

4396
03:48:24,100 --> 03:48:27,000
This absence is particularly 
striking given his pattern of 

4397
03:48:27,000 --> 03:48:29,500
documenting major engineering 
Works throughout his travels. 

4398
03:48:29,500 --> 03:48:32,700
Similarly, he fails to mention 
the distinctive Chinese 

4399
03:48:32,700 --> 03:48:36,700
examination system for civil 
service, a unique administrative

4400
03:48:36,700 --> 03:48:39,300
Innovation that would have 
fascinated a trend jurist. 

4401
03:48:40,000 --> 03:48:43,000
These gaps strongly suggest 
limited access to China's 

4402
03:48:43,000 --> 03:48:44,900
interior regions and 
administrative centers. 

4403
03:48:44,900 --> 03:48:49,900
What even pituitary experienced 
essentially was Maritime China. 

4404
03:48:51,100 --> 03:48:53,700
The coastal interface where 
foreign Merchants conducted 

4405
03:48:53,700 --> 03:48:55,900
heavily regulated trade under un
supervision. 

4406
03:48:57,000 --> 03:48:59,500
When he realized, he could not 
penetrate beyond the periphery 

4407
03:48:59,500 --> 03:49:00,400
with that. 
Proper credentials. 

4408
03:49:00,400 --> 03:49:03,600
He appears to have supplemented 
his limited first-hand 

4409
03:49:03,600 --> 03:49:07,000
observations with a counts from 
Persian and Arab Merchants who 

4410
03:49:07,000 --> 03:49:10,200
had better access. 
This experience of failure was 

4411
03:49:10,208 --> 03:49:13,900
not unique to China in batas 
travels throughout his nearly 

4412
03:49:13,900 --> 03:49:17,000
three decades of journeying 
experienced numerous setbacks 

4413
03:49:17,000 --> 03:49:19,800
redirect actions and outright 
disasters. 

4414
03:49:20,700 --> 03:49:23,600
What distinguishes, the China 
episode is his unwillingness to 

4415
03:49:23,600 --> 03:49:25,900
acknowledge these limitations in
his subsequent account. 

4416
03:49:25,900 --> 03:49:29,700
Like, because China represented,
the easternmost extent of his 

4417
03:49:29,700 --> 03:49:32,600
travels and therefore held 
symbolic importance to his 

4418
03:49:32,600 --> 03:49:36,200
overall narrative. 
Even batutas partially invented,

4419
03:49:36,200 --> 03:49:39,500
China becomes fascinating case, 
study in travel literatures 

4420
03:49:39,500 --> 03:49:43,300
complex relationship with truth.
Rather than viewing his account 

4421
03:49:43,300 --> 03:49:46,600
as either factual or fraudulent,
we might understand it as 

4422
03:49:46,600 --> 03:49:50,700
negotiation between experience 
expectation and reputation 

4423
03:49:50,700 --> 03:49:54,900
management. 
His China narrative reveals how 

4424
03:49:54,900 --> 03:49:58,700
medieval Travelers constructed 
authority of accounts, even when

4425
03:49:58,700 --> 03:50:01,500
they're actual experience is 
fell short of their ambitions. 

4426
03:50:02,300 --> 03:50:06,400
By early 1347 IBN battuta had 
abandoned his Chinese 

4427
03:50:06,400 --> 03:50:09,000
aspirations and begun the long 
journey that would eventually 

4428
03:50:09,000 --> 03:50:12,700
return him to Morocco the China 
episode with its blend of 

4429
03:50:12,700 --> 03:50:16,000
limited observation and borrowed
detail represents not just 

4430
03:50:16,000 --> 03:50:19,800
Geographic terrain but the 
boundaries of tutors remarkable 

4431
03:50:19,800 --> 03:50:22,200
adaptability. 
As a traveler, the conventional 

4432
03:50:22,200 --> 03:50:25,700
Narrative of Eden battuta 
conclude with his return to 

4433
03:50:25,700 --> 03:50:28,900
Morocco in 1349 and the 
subsequent dictation of his 

4434
03:50:28,900 --> 03:50:31,400
travels. 
To even Jose, who compiled the 

4435
03:50:31,400 --> 03:50:34,800
famous Realo Journey, that 
secured even tooters historical 

4436
03:50:34,800 --> 03:50:37,000
Legacy. 
Yet this account. 

4437
03:50:37,000 --> 03:50:40,000
Emits a significant Final 
Chapter his journey through 

4438
03:50:40,000 --> 03:50:42,100
Muslim Spain and the North 
African interior. 

4439
03:50:42,100 --> 03:50:45,300
The occupied the last decade of 
his life and revealed a man 

4440
03:50:45,300 --> 03:50:49,100
transformed by his earlier 
travels in 1350 just months 

4441
03:50:49,100 --> 03:50:51,100
after completing. 
The initial dictation of his 

4442
03:50:51,100 --> 03:50:54,200
epic travelogue. 
Urban tutor, embarked on a 

4443
03:50:54,200 --> 03:50:55,600
journey to the kingdom of 
Granada. 

4444
03:50:55,600 --> 03:51:00,200
The last remaining Muslim state 
in Iberia His motivations for 

4445
03:51:00,208 --> 03:51:03,600
this trip differed markedly from
his earlier travels rather than 

4446
03:51:03,600 --> 03:51:05,500
seeking Adventure or career 
advancement. 

4447
03:51:06,300 --> 03:51:09,200
He traveled as a cultural 
Ambassador concerned with the 

4448
03:51:09,200 --> 03:51:12,100
erosion of Islamic governance in
territories being steadily 

4449
03:51:12,100 --> 03:51:13,700
reconquered by Christian 
kingdoms. 

4450
03:51:14,400 --> 03:51:16,900
I found in Grenada people 
clinging to Traditions. 

4451
03:51:16,900 --> 03:51:20,200
They scarcely remembered he 
wrote in passages excluded from 

4452
03:51:20,200 --> 03:51:23,000
the standard Riddler. 
They maintain the forms of 

4453
03:51:23,000 --> 03:51:27,000
Muslim practice while forgetting
their substance This critical 

4454
03:51:27,000 --> 03:51:29,100
perspective. 
Reflective number two, tutors 

4455
03:51:29,100 --> 03:51:32,200
Evolution from an observer of 
cultural differences to an 

4456
03:51:32,200 --> 03:51:35,300
active advocate for religious 
authenticity as he defined it. 

4457
03:51:36,400 --> 03:51:39,400
The Granada Journey initiated 
appeared of what even batuta 

4458
03:51:39,400 --> 03:51:43,300
called purposeful travel. 
Journeys, undertaken not for 

4459
03:51:43,300 --> 03:51:47,200
exploration, but for specific 
cultural interventions between 

4460
03:51:47,200 --> 03:51:51,200
1352 and 1355. 
He traversed the middle Atlas, 

4461
03:51:51,200 --> 03:51:54,800
Mountains of Morocco, visiting 
remote Berber community's where 

4462
03:51:54,800 --> 03:51:57,700
his practices had blended with 
indigenous Traditions. 

4463
03:51:57,700 --> 03:52:01,100
Unlike his earlier descriptive 
approach to cultural difference.

4464
03:52:01,100 --> 03:52:04,300
These accounts, reveal active 
efforts to modify local 

4465
03:52:04,300 --> 03:52:06,100
practices. 
He deemed inconsistent with 

4466
03:52:06,100 --> 03:52:09,600
Orthodox, Islam. 
This late life transformation 

4467
03:52:09,600 --> 03:52:12,200
from traveler to reformer 
culminated in his. 

4468
03:52:12,200 --> 03:52:15,700
Most overlooked Journey, an 
expedition to the Mali Empire in

4469
03:52:15,700 --> 03:52:18,700
1352. 
This West African Kingdom had 

4470
03:52:18,700 --> 03:52:22,100
already embraced Islam but IBN 
battuta approached it with 

4471
03:52:22,100 --> 03:52:25,700
missionary Zeal nonetheless, his
account of Molly differs 

4472
03:52:25,700 --> 03:52:28,300
strikingly from his earlier 
writings focusing almost 

4473
03:52:28,300 --> 03:52:31,200
exclusively on religious 
practices, rather than the 

4474
03:52:31,200 --> 03:52:34,100
commercial and political systems
that had previously captured his

4475
03:52:34,100 --> 03:52:38,500
attention In Mali, IBN battuta 
experienced his. 

4476
03:52:38,500 --> 03:52:41,700
Most significant rejection after
attempting to implement 

4477
03:52:41,700 --> 03:52:44,200
stricter, religious 
interpretations at the court of 

4478
03:52:44,208 --> 03:52:46,700
Mansa Suleiman. 
He was effectively sidelined 

4479
03:52:46,700 --> 03:52:50,200
comfortable, but inconsequential
duties, that limited his 

4480
03:52:50,200 --> 03:52:52,900
influence. 
After six months of frustration,

4481
03:52:52,900 --> 03:52:56,800
he departed Northwood leaving 
behind a rare written record of 

4482
03:52:56,800 --> 03:52:59,500
his failure. 
I found myself unable to bend 

4483
03:52:59,500 --> 03:53:01,100
this Kingdom toward the 
practices. 

4484
03:53:01,100 --> 03:53:04,200
I had witnessed in Mecca for 
their Islam has taken root in 

4485
03:53:04,200 --> 03:53:05,900
forms adapted to their 
circumstances. 

4486
03:53:07,800 --> 03:53:11,200
The final years of Ebon Peters 
life, reveal a pattern, common 

4487
03:53:11,200 --> 03:53:14,700
to many long-term Travelers the 
complicated experience of 

4488
03:53:14,700 --> 03:53:16,800
returning home after 
transformative Journeys 

4489
03:53:17,600 --> 03:53:21,000
Following his Molly Expedition, 
he accepted a modest judicial 

4490
03:53:21,000 --> 03:53:24,000
position in fairs where 
colleagues regarded him with a 

4491
03:53:24,000 --> 03:53:26,400
mixture of respect for his 
travels and suspicion of the 

4492
03:53:26,400 --> 03:53:29,600
foreign influences, he had 
absorbed court records from this

4493
03:53:29,600 --> 03:53:32,500
period, show him frequently 
being overruled in his legal 

4494
03:53:32,500 --> 03:53:35,600
opinions, especially when he 
referenced practices from 

4495
03:53:35,600 --> 03:53:38,400
distant Islamic territories. 
IBN battuta's. 

4496
03:53:38,400 --> 03:53:40,700
Last recorded Journey came in 
1359. 

4497
03:53:40,700 --> 03:53:44,600
When he traveled to tafla in 
Southeastern Morocco, a remote 

4498
03:53:44,600 --> 03:53:47,600
Oasis region experienced in 
religious revival movements. 

4499
03:53:47,600 --> 03:53:50,400
His written observations from 
this period reveal a man. 

4500
03:53:50,408 --> 03:53:53,100
Attempting to reconcile his 
Global experiences with local 

4501
03:53:53,100 --> 03:53:55,800
realities. 
Seeking to apply lessons from 

4502
03:53:55,800 --> 03:53:58,300
distant Islamic societies to his
home region. 

4503
03:53:59,200 --> 03:54:02,800
This final Journey produced, no 
spectacular discoveries but 

4504
03:54:02,800 --> 03:54:05,600
represented his mature 
integration of Decades of 

4505
03:54:05,600 --> 03:54:10,300
cross-cultural experience. 
When it butted died around 1368,

4506
03:54:10,300 --> 03:54:14,100
the exact date remains on 
certain, he had come full circle

4507
03:54:14,100 --> 03:54:17,100
from a young man in barking on a
standard pilgrimage to a 

4508
03:54:17,100 --> 03:54:20,500
seasoned cultural intermediary, 
attempting to connect disparate 

4509
03:54:20,500 --> 03:54:23,200
parts of the Islamic world. 
He had experienced first-hand, 

4510
03:54:24,200 --> 03:54:26,700
contemporary accounts of his 
funeral mention, only, a modest 

4511
03:54:26,700 --> 03:54:30,000
attendance suggesting that, 
despite his extraordinary, 

4512
03:54:30,000 --> 03:54:33,600
travels, his immediate impact on
Moroccan Society, remained 

4513
03:54:33,600 --> 03:54:38,000
Limited The enduring Paradox of 
Edinburgh tutor is that his most

4514
03:54:38,000 --> 03:54:40,600
significant Legacy came not 
through his intended, religious 

4515
03:54:40,600 --> 03:54:43,800
and legal contributions. 
But through the travelogue, he 

4516
03:54:43,800 --> 03:54:47,000
initially considered secondary 
while his attempts at cultural 

4517
03:54:47,000 --> 03:54:49,900
reform faded quickly. 
After his death, his Geographic,

4518
03:54:49,900 --> 03:54:51,800
and ethnographic observations 
preserved. 

4519
03:54:51,800 --> 03:54:54,800
In the realer provided 
invaluable documentation, of 

4520
03:54:54,800 --> 03:54:58,400
societies, across Africa, and 
Asia during a pivotal historical

4521
03:54:58,400 --> 03:55:00,700
period. 
In the centuries, following his 

4522
03:55:00,700 --> 03:55:04,200
death, IBN battuta's account 
circulated primarily among 

4523
03:55:04,200 --> 03:55:07,500
scholars in North Africa. 
Never achieving The Wider 

4524
03:55:07,500 --> 03:55:09,700
recognition in the medieval 
period that it deserved. 

4525
03:55:10,400 --> 03:55:13,800
Only in the mid-19th century. 
When French Colonial officials 

4526
03:55:13,800 --> 03:55:15,600
discovered manuscripts of the 
regular. 

4527
03:55:15,600 --> 03:55:18,700
Did his extraordinary Journey 
begin receiving Global 

4528
03:55:18,700 --> 03:55:22,100
acknowledgment The Traveler who 
wants sought to change the world

4529
03:55:22,100 --> 03:55:25,700
through religious reform instead
left his Mark by simply bearing 

4530
03:55:25,700 --> 03:55:28,100
witness to the remarkable 
diversity of medieval 

4531
03:55:28,100 --> 03:55:34,800
civilization. 
During the summer of 1962 when 

4532
03:55:34,800 --> 03:55:36,800
Kennedy was the president. 
And the Beatles was still 

4533
03:55:36,800 --> 03:55:40,500
unknown young men in Liverpool, 
three men, each nursing dreams 

4534
03:55:40,500 --> 03:55:43,400
as vast as the Pacific that 
surrounded, their concrete cage,

4535
03:55:43,400 --> 03:55:48,100
sat in the heart of America's 
most notorious prison Alcatraz 

4536
03:55:48,100 --> 03:55:51,300
Federal Penitentiary The Rock to
those who knew her intimately 

4537
03:55:51,300 --> 03:55:54,100
perched, like a medieval 
fortress on her Island. 

4538
03:55:54,100 --> 03:55:57,600
Throne, 22 Acres of hubris 
wrapped in fog and federal 

4539
03:55:57,600 --> 03:56:01,900
Authority. 
Frank Morris, inmate as 1441 

4540
03:56:01,900 --> 03:56:06,000
possessed, the kind of mind that
could unravel a Rubik's cube 

4541
03:56:06,000 --> 03:56:08,600
blindfolded, if such puzzles had
existed. 

4542
03:56:08,600 --> 03:56:14,600
Then His IQ of 133, made him the
prisons unofficial genius, 

4543
03:56:14,600 --> 03:56:17,700
though, his criminal resume 
suggested, he'd been applying 

4544
03:56:17,700 --> 03:56:20,100
his considerable intellect all 
the wrong equations. 

4545
03:56:20,100 --> 03:56:23,900
Frank had collected felonies, 
such as bank robbery, car theft 

4546
03:56:23,900 --> 03:56:26,700
and armed robbery, similar to 
how other men collect baseball 

4547
03:56:26,700 --> 03:56:29,300
cards, and he did. 
So with about as much long-term 

4548
03:56:29,300 --> 03:56:32,400
planning, In the cell next to 
Frank's Metropolitan 

4549
03:56:32,400 --> 03:56:37,800
headquarters at John Anglin, as 
1476 a man whose Southern drawl 

4550
03:56:37,800 --> 03:56:40,800
could charm honey from a hive, 
but whose Sticky Fingers had 

4551
03:56:40,800 --> 03:56:43,200
landed him in more trouble than 
a cat in a yarn Factory. 

4552
03:56:44,100 --> 03:56:46,400
John and his brother Clarence 
had been robbing banks. 

4553
03:56:46,400 --> 03:56:49,100
Since they were old enough to 
reach the telur Windows though 

4554
03:56:49,100 --> 03:56:51,300
their methods lack, the 
sophisticated planning that 

4555
03:56:51,300 --> 03:56:54,300
Frank brought to his Endeavors. 
They were the kind of criminals 

4556
03:56:54,300 --> 03:56:56,400
who robbed a bank and then 
stopped for ice cream on the way

4557
03:56:56,400 --> 03:56:58,200
home. 
Not realizing that mint 

4558
03:56:58,200 --> 03:57:00,300
chocolate chip doesn't provide 
much of an alibi. 

4559
03:57:01,700 --> 03:57:06,300
Clarence Anglin as 1485 
completed, this Unholy Trio of 

4560
03:57:06,300 --> 03:57:09,100
criminals. 
John was the charmer and Frank 

4561
03:57:09,100 --> 03:57:11,500
was the brain. 
Clarence was the Steady Hand, 

4562
03:57:11,500 --> 03:57:14,500
the man who could keep his cool 
when the heat was on and the law

4563
03:57:14,500 --> 03:57:16,200
was closing in. 
Together. 

4564
03:57:16,200 --> 03:57:20,000
The three had accumulated enough
time Behind Bars to spend 

4565
03:57:20,000 --> 03:57:23,200
several geological, epochs their
sentences stretching into a 

4566
03:57:23,200 --> 03:57:26,100
future where flying cars and 
moon colonies, seemed more 

4567
03:57:26,100 --> 03:57:29,300
plausible than parole. 
The rocket earned her reputation

4568
03:57:29,300 --> 03:57:31,400
through careful cultivation of 
despair. 

4569
03:57:32,200 --> 03:57:34,600
Alcatraz surrounded by Waters so
cold. 

4570
03:57:34,600 --> 03:57:36,700
They could freeze amount sold 
before his body. 

4571
03:57:36,700 --> 03:57:40,400
Hit the bay was designed by men 
who understood that sometimes 

4572
03:57:40,400 --> 03:57:42,900
the most effective prison bars 
are made of saltwater and 

4573
03:57:42,900 --> 03:57:46,200
hypothermia. 
Swift and unforgiving currents 

4574
03:57:46,200 --> 03:57:48,100
around the island. 
Carried the dreams of wood would

4575
03:57:48,100 --> 03:57:49,900
be escapes towards the Golden 
Gate Bridge. 

4576
03:57:49,900 --> 03:57:53,200
And towards the sea Warden Olin 
Blackwell, ran the prison with 

4577
03:57:53,200 --> 03:57:55,700
the Precision of a Swiss time, 
peace and the warmth of a 

4578
03:57:55,700 --> 03:57:58,900
January morning, in Siberia, 
he'd inherited Alcatraz from his

4579
03:57:58,900 --> 03:58:02,100
predecessor like a family curse.
This description includes the 

4580
03:58:02,100 --> 03:58:05,400
mythology of impregnat and lists
of America's most creative 

4581
03:58:05,400 --> 03:58:10,500
criminals Under his watch 23 men
had attempted to escape in 14. 

4582
03:58:10,500 --> 03:58:16,600
Separate trees, all had been 
recaptured shot or drowned, a 

4583
03:58:16,600 --> 03:58:19,100
track record that would make any
Warden proud and any inmate 

4584
03:58:19,100 --> 03:58:22,600
thoughtful, the daily routine at
Alcatraz followed a rhythm as 

4585
03:58:22,600 --> 03:58:26,400
predictable as a metronome. 
Like, at 6:30 to the sound of a 

4586
03:58:26,400 --> 03:58:30,200
bell that have been imported 
from a defunct Monastery to add 

4587
03:58:30,200 --> 03:58:32,800
a touch of ironic spirituality 
to the proceedings. 

4588
03:58:32,800 --> 03:58:36,200
The kitchen staff prepared, 
breakfast leaving no room for 

4589
03:58:36,200 --> 03:58:40,000
weapons tools or hope the meals 
were nutritionally adequate and 

4590
03:58:40,000 --> 03:58:42,700
gastronomically. 
Devastating the combination that

4591
03:58:42,700 --> 03:58:45,400
seemed designed to break the 
spirit while preserving the body

4592
03:58:45,400 --> 03:58:48,600
for future punishment. 
Work assignments, varied from 

4593
03:58:48,608 --> 03:58:52,100
the mundane to the Mind numbing.
some inmates worked in the 

4594
03:58:52,108 --> 03:58:54,800
prison laundry where they could 
contemplate the cleanliness, 

4595
03:58:54,800 --> 03:58:57,500
they were providing to the 
outside world while wearing 

4596
03:58:57,500 --> 03:59:00,200
uniforms that made them look 
like extras in a particularly 

4597
03:59:00,200 --> 03:59:03,700
Grim musical others worked in 
the kitchen, where they learned 

4598
03:59:03,700 --> 03:59:06,800
to create meals, that would make
a medieval peasant grateful for 

4599
03:59:06,800 --> 03:59:10,100
gruel The most fortunate were 
employed in the prison Library 

4600
03:59:10,100 --> 03:59:12,400
where they could immerse 
themselves, entails of 

4601
03:59:12,400 --> 03:59:15,000
locations, where the walls 
remained, free of condensation, 

4602
03:59:15,000 --> 03:59:17,200
and the Sea did not talk them 
with its close proximity. 

4603
03:59:18,400 --> 03:59:20,400
But it was in the industrial 
Workshop that are three 

4604
03:59:20,400 --> 03:59:23,900
protagonists found themselves. 
Assigned surrounded by tools, 

4605
03:59:23,900 --> 03:59:26,400
that were counted more carefully
than votes in a contested 

4606
03:59:26,400 --> 03:59:29,200
election. 
Amid the center of machine oil 

4607
03:59:29,200 --> 03:59:30,900
and the rhythm of industrial 
equipment. 

4608
03:59:30,900 --> 03:59:35,400
Frank Morris began to notice 
details Frank Morris observed, 

4609
03:59:35,400 --> 03:59:37,900
the gradual settling of the 
concrete walls, over the 

4610
03:59:37,900 --> 03:59:40,600
decades. 
Patterns of condensation, 

4611
03:59:40,600 --> 03:59:43,000
suggested different densities in
the construction. 

4612
03:59:43,000 --> 03:59:46,400
Materials, The sound traveled 
through the ventilation system 

4613
03:59:46,400 --> 03:59:49,800
like whispered secrets. 
Every evening as the sun 

4614
03:59:49,800 --> 03:59:52,700
painted, the bay and shades of 
Freedom, the three men would 

4615
03:59:52,700 --> 03:59:56,000
return to their cells. 
Six feet by nine feet of 

4616
03:59:56,000 --> 03:59:59,500
government-issued Solitude. 
But while their bodies were 

4617
03:59:59,500 --> 04:00:02,700
confined their minds began to 
wander down path, that would 

4618
04:00:02,700 --> 04:00:04,500
have made. 
Who Deanie himself nod with 

4619
04:00:04,500 --> 04:00:08,400
approval, they started to see 
Alcatraz, not as an impregnable 

4620
04:00:08,400 --> 04:00:11,500
Fortress, but as a very, 
elaborate puzzle waiting to be 

4621
04:00:11,500 --> 04:00:16,000
sold, As the darkness in their 
cells grew and the fog rolled in

4622
04:00:16,000 --> 04:00:17,800
from the Pacific like a 
protective blanket. 

4623
04:00:17,800 --> 04:00:21,500
Three men began to dream of a 
morning when they were awake in 

4624
04:00:21,500 --> 04:00:24,400
a different place Ventura 
arrived at Alcatraz like an 

4625
04:00:24,400 --> 04:00:27,800
unwelcome relative settling in 
for a long stay and making 

4626
04:00:27,800 --> 04:00:29,800
everyone miserable with its 
presents. 

4627
04:00:29,800 --> 04:00:34,300
The fog grew thicker, the winds 
intensified and the concrete 

4628
04:00:34,300 --> 04:00:37,400
walls appear to radiate despair.
It was during these great 

4629
04:00:37,400 --> 04:00:40,100
months, that Frank Morris began 
to study the prison with the 

4630
04:00:40,100 --> 04:00:42,500
dedication of a doctoral 
candidate whose thesis was 

4631
04:00:42,500 --> 04:00:45,700
titled, creative applications of
Structural Engineering. 

4632
04:00:47,000 --> 04:00:50,000
The beauty of Frank's mind, lay 
not in its criminal applications

4633
04:00:50,000 --> 04:00:51,800
though, those had been 
impressive in their own 

4634
04:00:51,800 --> 04:00:55,700
misguided way but in its ability
to see patterns where others saw

4635
04:00:55,700 --> 04:00:58,300
only chaos. 
While his fellow inmates, 

4636
04:00:58,300 --> 04:01:01,400
counted days until release dates
that existed only in their most 

4637
04:01:01,400 --> 04:01:05,200
optimistic, fantasies Frank, 
counted rivets, measured shadows

4638
04:01:05,200 --> 04:01:08,300
and calculated the thermal 
expansion of Aging concrete. 

4639
04:01:09,300 --> 04:01:11,900
The Revelation came to him 
during a, particularly tedious 

4640
04:01:11,900 --> 04:01:14,500
afternoon in the workshop. 
While he was assigned to repair 

4641
04:01:14,500 --> 04:01:16,900
a ventilation great that had 
been damaged by the previous 

4642
04:01:16,900 --> 04:01:20,700
winter storms, as he worked, 
Frank noticed that the concrete 

4643
04:01:20,700 --> 04:01:24,300
around the vent developed small 
cracks hairline, fractures, that

4644
04:01:24,300 --> 04:01:28,400
spoke of a building settling 
into middle age, the sultan had 

4645
04:01:28,400 --> 04:01:31,200
been working its slow chemistry 
on the structure for decades. 

4646
04:01:31,200 --> 04:01:34,300
And even the mighty Alcatraz was
not immune to the patient 

4647
04:01:34,300 --> 04:01:37,500
Persistence of time. 
That evening as the lights 

4648
04:01:37,500 --> 04:01:40,500
dimmed and the prison settled 
into its nightly routine of 

4649
04:01:40,500 --> 04:01:44,100
enforced contemplation. 
Frank shared his office of the 

4650
04:01:44,100 --> 04:01:47,100
Anglin Brothers, their cell 
Block, B Block had been 

4651
04:01:47,108 --> 04:01:50,800
constructed in the 1910s when 
concrete was more an art than a 

4652
04:01:50,808 --> 04:01:53,600
science and building codes were 
suggestions, rather than 

4653
04:01:53,600 --> 04:01:56,600
Commandments the walls, that 
held them with thick enough to 

4654
04:01:56,608 --> 04:02:00,000
contain their bodies, but Frank 
suspected, not necessarily their

4655
04:02:00,000 --> 04:02:03,800
Ingenuity, John Anglin, despite 
his reputation for impulsive 

4656
04:02:03,800 --> 04:02:07,000
decision-making, possessed, a 
Craftsman's, understanding of 

4657
04:02:07,000 --> 04:02:10,700
tools and materials years of 
breaking into places, had taught

4658
04:02:10,700 --> 04:02:14,000
him to read the language of 
locks hinges and structural weak

4659
04:02:14,000 --> 04:02:16,100
points. 
When Frank described the 

4660
04:02:16,108 --> 04:02:19,600
condition of the concrete around
the ventilation systems, John's 

4661
04:02:19,600 --> 04:02:21,500
eyes lit up with the kind of 
enthusiasm. 

4662
04:02:21,500 --> 04:02:25,000
Usually reserved for surprise 
inheritances or unexpected 

4663
04:02:25,000 --> 04:02:28,400
pardons Clarence. 
Brought a different skill set to

4664
04:02:28,400 --> 04:02:31,100
their growing conspiracy. 
His years of incarceration. 

4665
04:02:31,100 --> 04:02:33,000
Had taught him The rhythms of 
prison life. 

4666
04:02:33,000 --> 04:02:36,700
When guards changed shifts which
routes the security, patrols, 

4667
04:02:36,700 --> 04:02:39,300
followed, and how to move 
through the institutional 

4668
04:02:39,300 --> 04:02:41,000
routine without attracting 
attention. 

4669
04:02:42,100 --> 04:02:44,600
If Frank acted as the architect 
and John as the engineer 

4670
04:02:44,600 --> 04:02:47,200
Clarence took on the role of the
choreographer. 

4671
04:02:47,200 --> 04:02:49,600
In their Evermore, intricate 
Dance With Disaster. 

4672
04:02:50,500 --> 04:02:52,600
The plan began to take shape 
during their evening 

4673
04:02:52,600 --> 04:02:55,700
conversations whispered through 
the ventilation system that 

4674
04:02:55,700 --> 04:02:58,100
connected their cells Like A 
Primitive telephone Network. 

4675
04:02:59,200 --> 04:03:01,800
They would begin by widening. 
The ventilation greats in their 

4676
04:03:01,800 --> 04:03:05,600
individual cells, not enough to 
escape immediately, but enough 

4677
04:03:05,600 --> 04:03:07,800
to create passage to the utility
Corridor. 

4678
04:03:07,800 --> 04:03:11,000
That ran by the cell block. 
From there, they could access 

4679
04:03:11,000 --> 04:03:14,000
the roof and theoretically find 
a way to reach the water. 

4680
04:03:15,200 --> 04:03:17,800
The word theoretically held 
significant weight in their 

4681
04:03:17,800 --> 04:03:20,400
discussions. 
The distance from Alcatraz to 

4682
04:03:20,400 --> 04:03:23,400
Angel Island was about two miles
of water, that had more 

4683
04:03:23,400 --> 04:03:25,000
experienced swimmers than any of
them. 

4684
04:03:25,000 --> 04:03:28,500
The currents were unpredictable.
The water temperature, really 

4685
04:03:28,500 --> 04:03:31,800
Rose above 55 degrees and the 
Coast Guard maintained regular 

4686
04:03:31,800 --> 04:03:34,500
patrols specifically to 
discourage the kind of Maritime 

4687
04:03:34,500 --> 04:03:35,700
Adventure. 
They were contemplated. 

4688
04:03:36,800 --> 04:03:39,300
But Frank had been studying the 
tides and currents with the 

4689
04:03:39,300 --> 04:03:40,800
dedication of a marine 
biologist. 

4690
04:03:41,600 --> 04:03:45,100
He'd noticed that during certain
tidal conditions debris from the

4691
04:03:45,100 --> 04:03:48,700
prison would wash up on Angel. 
They set out to reach the 

4692
04:03:48,700 --> 04:03:50,800
island. 
Determine not to let the sea 

4693
04:03:50,800 --> 04:03:53,300
sweep them away. 
If they could time their escape 

4694
04:03:53,300 --> 04:03:55,600
properly, the same currents that
had doomed. 

4695
04:03:55,608 --> 04:03:57,700
Previous attempts might actually
carry them to safety. 

4696
04:03:57,700 --> 04:04:00,500
Frank had been modifying and 
hiding tools in the prison 

4697
04:04:00,500 --> 04:04:03,500
Workshop that could be used to 
chip away at the concrete, Frank

4698
04:04:03,500 --> 04:04:07,300
meticulously sharpened and 
hardened, the spoon handle Frank

4699
04:04:07,300 --> 04:04:09,700
had broken off a piece of the 
saw blade and concealed it in 

4700
04:04:09,700 --> 04:04:12,700
the soul of his shoe. 
Small tools that would do small 

4701
04:04:12,700 --> 04:04:15,700
work over a long time, the kind 
of patient progress that builds 

4702
04:04:15,700 --> 04:04:17,000
pyramids and topples 
governments. 

4703
04:04:17,000 --> 04:04:19,100
But tools alone wouldn't be 
enough. 

4704
04:04:19,100 --> 04:04:22,100
They would need to conceal their
work from the daily sell 

4705
04:04:22,100 --> 04:04:24,800
inspections which meant creating
dummy walls. 

4706
04:04:24,800 --> 04:04:27,000
That would hide the growing 
holes while appearing completely

4707
04:04:27,000 --> 04:04:30,700
normal to casuals of Asian. 
This required materials, that 

4708
04:04:30,700 --> 04:04:33,000
weren't exactly available 
through the prison commissary 

4709
04:04:33,000 --> 04:04:36,400
paint, that matched the cell 
walls cardboard, that could be 

4710
04:04:36,400 --> 04:04:39,900
shaped, and colored to look like
concrete and some way to hold it

4711
04:04:39,900 --> 04:04:43,000
all in place. 
John anglin's, artistic talents,

4712
04:04:43,000 --> 04:04:45,800
previously, applied only to 
forging signatures and 

4713
04:04:45,800 --> 04:04:48,400
identification. 
Documents would be put to more 

4714
04:04:48,400 --> 04:04:51,200
constructive use. 
He began experimenting with 

4715
04:04:51,200 --> 04:04:53,800
soap, paint chips, and hair 
clippings to create a mixture. 

4716
04:04:53,800 --> 04:04:56,400
That could be molded into shape 
and painted to match the cell 

4717
04:04:56,400 --> 04:04:58,700
walls. 
The results wouldn't fool a 

4718
04:04:58,700 --> 04:05:00,600
details inspection but they 
might survive. 

4719
04:05:00,600 --> 04:05:02,900
The cursory glances that were 
part of the daily routine. 

4720
04:05:03,900 --> 04:05:06,900
Clarence had been mapping the 
guard schedules with the 

4721
04:05:06,900 --> 04:05:08,500
Precision of a railroad 
timetable. 

4722
04:05:09,200 --> 04:05:12,300
He knew which guards were 
thorough, which were lazy and 

4723
04:05:12,300 --> 04:05:15,300
which were easily distracted by 
conversation about sports or 

4724
04:05:15,300 --> 04:05:18,700
whether more importantly, he'd 
identified, the 15 minute 

4725
04:05:18,700 --> 04:05:20,500
window. 
Each evening, when the cell 

4726
04:05:20,500 --> 04:05:23,100
block was essentially unguarded 
while the guards changed shifts 

4727
04:05:23,100 --> 04:05:26,200
and counted heads. 
As winter deepened into spring, 

4728
04:05:26,200 --> 04:05:29,400
their plan evolved from wishful 
thinking to genuine possibility,

4729
04:05:29,400 --> 04:05:33,000
they would work at night when 
the prison settling sounds would

4730
04:05:33,000 --> 04:05:36,100
cover the scraping. 
They would take turns keeping 

4731
04:05:36,100 --> 04:05:38,800
watch communicating through 
their improvised, telephone 

4732
04:05:38,800 --> 04:05:42,300
system, and carefully disposing 
of the concrete dust and debris.

4733
04:05:43,400 --> 04:05:46,400
The timeline was ambitious. 
They hoped to complete their 

4734
04:05:46,400 --> 04:05:49,500
excavation by early summer when 
the water temperatures would be 

4735
04:05:49,500 --> 04:05:51,700
at their warmest and the 
weather, most favorable for 

4736
04:05:51,700 --> 04:05:54,800
their aquatic Adventure. 
But even as they refine their 

4737
04:05:54,800 --> 04:05:57,800
plans and gather their 
materials, each man understood 

4738
04:05:57,800 --> 04:06:00,500
that they were essentially 
planning and elaborate form of 

4739
04:06:00,500 --> 04:06:02,900
suicide with a slim chance of 
success. 

4740
04:06:03,800 --> 04:06:07,300
Yet somehow the impossibility of
their ski made it more appealing

4741
04:06:07,300 --> 04:06:11,300
rather than less after years of 
being told what to do when to 

4742
04:06:11,300 --> 04:06:13,700
wake up and what to eat 
planning, anything felt like a 

4743
04:06:13,708 --> 04:06:16,700
rebellion against the cosmic 
forces that had deposited them 

4744
04:06:16,700 --> 04:06:20,100
on this rock in the middle of 
the Bay Spring of 1962 brought 

4745
04:06:20,100 --> 04:06:22,600
New Hope to Alcatraz in the form
of fresh paint and 

4746
04:06:22,600 --> 04:06:25,700
administrative optimism. 
The Bureau of Prisons had 

4747
04:06:25,700 --> 04:06:28,200
decided that a little color 
might improve morale. 

4748
04:06:28,200 --> 04:06:31,400
Apparently operating under the 
theory that sage green Walls 

4749
04:06:31,400 --> 04:06:33,900
would somehow make Federal 
incarceration more palatable 

4750
04:06:34,800 --> 04:06:37,400
While painters applied their 
cheerful coats of institutional 

4751
04:06:37,400 --> 04:06:40,500
Improvement three inmates had 
begun their renovation project 

4752
04:06:40,500 --> 04:06:43,100
working with tools that wouldn't
have impressed the most 

4753
04:06:43,100 --> 04:06:45,200
desperate Home Improvement in 
enthusiast. 

4754
04:06:46,100 --> 04:06:49,700
Frank Morris had perfected the 
art of productive insomnia each 

4755
04:06:49,700 --> 04:06:51,900
night after the 9:30 light's 
out. 

4756
04:06:51,908 --> 04:06:56,000
He would wait exactly 40 minutes
for the sounds of the prison to 

4757
04:06:56,000 --> 04:06:57,600
settle in to their nocturnal 
Rhythm. 

4758
04:06:57,600 --> 04:07:00,800
Then with the dedication of a 
medieval monk, Illuminating 

4759
04:07:00,800 --> 04:07:04,100
manuscripts, he would begin his 
careful destruction of federal 

4760
04:07:04,100 --> 04:07:06,800
property. 
The concrete around his sells 

4761
04:07:06,800 --> 04:07:09,400
ventilation, great had revealed 
itself to be surprisingly 

4762
04:07:09,400 --> 04:07:13,200
Cooperative crumbling away in 
small satisfying chunks onto the

4763
04:07:13,208 --> 04:07:15,600
persistent attention of his 
modified spoon handle. 

4764
04:07:16,500 --> 04:07:18,700
The work required, a level of 
patience, that would have 

4765
04:07:18,700 --> 04:07:21,800
challenged a Buddhist monk. 
Each scrape of the improvised 

4766
04:07:21,800 --> 04:07:24,600
chisel, had to be gentled enough
to avoid detection, but 

4767
04:07:24,600 --> 04:07:27,400
persistent enough to make 
progress, too aggressive. 

4768
04:07:27,400 --> 04:07:29,600
And the sound would carry 
through the cell block like a 

4769
04:07:29,600 --> 04:07:32,000
dinner bell. 
If he was too tentative, he 

4770
04:07:32,000 --> 04:07:34,400
would still be chipping away 
when the next ice age arrived? 

4771
04:07:35,100 --> 04:07:38,200
Frank developed a rhythm, three,
gentle scrapes, pulls to listen,

4772
04:07:38,200 --> 04:07:41,300
three more scrapes pause to 
dispose of debris. 

4773
04:07:42,700 --> 04:07:45,800
It was meditation through 
demolition, a Zen approach to 

4774
04:07:45,800 --> 04:07:48,900
jailbreaking. 
John Anglin had discovered an 

4775
04:07:48,900 --> 04:07:52,400
unexpected talent for forgery 
that extended Beyond signatures 

4776
04:07:52,400 --> 04:07:55,500
and identification cards. 
His dummy ventilation great 

4777
04:07:55,500 --> 04:07:58,700
crafted from cardboard and 
painted with a mixture that 

4778
04:07:58,700 --> 04:08:01,100
included soap, shavings paint 
chips. 

4779
04:08:01,100 --> 04:08:02,900
And what he optimistically 
called? 

4780
04:08:02,900 --> 04:08:06,400
Artistic license was becoming a 
masterpiece of deceptive 

4781
04:08:06,400 --> 04:08:09,200
craftsmanship. 
The challenge wasn't just making

4782
04:08:09,200 --> 04:08:12,900
it look like concrete and metal.
It had to look like old concrete

4783
04:08:12,900 --> 04:08:16,400
and metal complete with the 
stains scratches and accumulated

4784
04:08:16,400 --> 04:08:19,900
Grime of Decades of neglect. 
The paint mixture had required 

4785
04:08:19,900 --> 04:08:22,900
considerable experimentation too
much soap. 

4786
04:08:22,900 --> 04:08:27,200
And it looked like what it was 
soap too little and it wouldn't 

4787
04:08:27,200 --> 04:08:28,800
hold together long enough to be 
useful. 

4788
04:08:29,800 --> 04:08:33,000
John had finally achieved the 
right consistency by adding hair

4789
04:08:33,000 --> 04:08:34,900
clippings. 
His own collected from monthly 

4790
04:08:34,900 --> 04:08:38,100
haircuts and Tiny fragments of 
concrete dust from Frank's 

4791
04:08:38,100 --> 04:08:40,700
excavation. 
The result was a substance that 

4792
04:08:40,700 --> 04:08:43,600
could be molded painted and 
positioned to fool. 

4793
04:08:43,600 --> 04:08:47,300
Anyone who wasn't looking too 
carefully, Clarence Anglin had 

4794
04:08:47,300 --> 04:08:49,300
appointed himself, the 
expedition's, intelligence 

4795
04:08:49,300 --> 04:08:51,600
officer maintaining surveillance
schedules. 

4796
04:08:51,600 --> 04:08:53,100
That would have impressed the 
CIA. 

4797
04:08:53,900 --> 04:08:56,600
He'd identified guard Paterson 
as their most dangerous threat. 

4798
04:08:56,600 --> 04:08:59,500
A man who approached sell 
inspections with the 

4799
04:08:59,500 --> 04:09:02,700
thoroughness of attacks auditor 
and the suspicion of a jealous 

4800
04:09:02,700 --> 04:09:06,700
husband. 
Counted rivets checked shadows 

4801
04:09:06,700 --> 04:09:09,700
and once discovered a Contraband
cigarette hidden, inside a 

4802
04:09:09,700 --> 04:09:12,600
hollowed out bar of soap. 
If their deception was going to 

4803
04:09:12,600 --> 04:09:14,800
fail, Patterson would be the one
to expose it. 

4804
04:09:15,800 --> 04:09:19,300
But even Patterson had 
weaknesses, he was diabetic and 

4805
04:09:19,300 --> 04:09:22,000
his blood sugar crashes, made 
him irritable and hurried during

4806
04:09:22,000 --> 04:09:25,600
evening inspections, he was also
a creature of habit following 

4807
04:09:25,600 --> 04:09:28,500
the same route through the cell 
block every night spending. 

4808
04:09:28,500 --> 04:09:31,400
Exactly 45 seconds in each cell 
before. 

4809
04:09:31,400 --> 04:09:35,200
Moving on, if they could predict
his timing and mood, they could 

4810
04:09:35,200 --> 04:09:37,200
ensure their dummy. 
Walls were in place when he 

4811
04:09:37,200 --> 04:09:40,800
looked and removed when they 
needed to work the disposal of 

4812
04:09:40,800 --> 04:09:44,600
excavated concrete presented, 
its challenges simply dumping, 

4813
04:09:44,600 --> 04:09:47,400
it would create suspicious piles
of debris that even the most 

4814
04:09:47,400 --> 04:09:51,400
inattentive guard would notice 
Instead they developed a 

4815
04:09:51,400 --> 04:09:54,700
distribution system, that would 
have impressed a drug cartel. 

4816
04:09:56,100 --> 04:09:58,600
They make small amounts of 
concrete dust with soap and 

4817
04:09:58,600 --> 04:10:01,300
washed it down the drains during
their evening washing routine. 

4818
04:10:01,300 --> 04:10:04,800
They concealed larger chunks in 
the seams of their mattresses 

4819
04:10:04,800 --> 04:10:07,500
Distributing them. 
So gradually that the changes in

4820
04:10:07,500 --> 04:10:11,500
weight and texture undetectable 
a scattered some in the workshop

4821
04:10:11,500 --> 04:10:13,900
allowing it to blend with the 
dust and debris of daily 

4822
04:10:13,900 --> 04:10:17,200
industrial activity. 
They had recruited Alan West. 

4823
04:10:17,200 --> 04:10:21,400
Another inmate who sells was 
adjacent to their operation as 

4824
04:10:21,400 --> 04:10:22,900
both a lookout and a 
participant. 

4825
04:10:23,800 --> 04:10:26,700
West sell required the same 
treatment as the others and his 

4826
04:10:26,700 --> 04:10:29,000
Escape would help provide cover 
for the main operation. 

4827
04:10:29,000 --> 04:10:32,600
However, West brought a level of
enthusiasm, that sometimes 

4828
04:10:32,600 --> 04:10:36,100
exceeded his competence while 
Frank approached the work with 

4829
04:10:36,100 --> 04:10:38,900
surgical precision and the 
Anglin Brothers, contributed 

4830
04:10:38,900 --> 04:10:42,100
their specialized skills. 
West attacked, his concrete with

4831
04:10:42,100 --> 04:10:43,600
the subtlety of a demolition 
crew. 

4832
04:10:44,400 --> 04:10:48,100
West scraping was audible from 
three cells away and his Moc 

4833
04:10:48,100 --> 04:10:49,900
wall resembled. 
Something a child might 

4834
04:10:49,900 --> 04:10:53,600
construct during a particularly 
unsuccessful art project. the 

4835
04:10:53,600 --> 04:10:56,600
work progressed through spring 
with the slow but steady pace of

4836
04:10:56,600 --> 04:11:01,000
erosion, carving Canyon's By Mae
Frank had created an opening 

4837
04:11:01,000 --> 04:11:04,200
large enough to squeeze through 
though, he tested it only with 

4838
04:11:04,200 --> 04:11:06,800
careful measurements rather than
actual human trials. 

4839
04:11:07,700 --> 04:11:09,000
The Anglin Brothers had 
achieved. 

4840
04:11:09,000 --> 04:11:12,000
Similar progress though. 
John's perfectionist Tendencies 

4841
04:11:12,000 --> 04:11:13,600
meant? 
He spent almost as much time. 

4842
04:11:13,600 --> 04:11:16,700
Improving his dummy wall. 
As he did enlarging his opening.

4843
04:11:17,700 --> 04:11:20,500
The psychological toll of the 
work was as challenging as the 

4844
04:11:20,500 --> 04:11:23,500
physical demands each night, 
brought the possibility of 

4845
04:11:23,500 --> 04:11:26,300
Discovery and each morning, 
required them to resume their 

4846
04:11:26,300 --> 04:11:30,000
roles as model prisoners, while 
concealing their growing excess,

4847
04:11:30,000 --> 04:11:33,300
excitement and anxiety. 
They had to maintain their 

4848
04:11:33,300 --> 04:11:36,900
routines participate in work. 
Assignments and interact with 

4849
04:11:36,900 --> 04:11:40,200
guards and fellow inmates as if 
their only concerns were the 

4850
04:11:40,208 --> 04:11:43,600
quality of the evening meal and 
the possibility of mail call. 

4851
04:11:44,500 --> 04:11:48,000
Frank found himself studying the
guards with new intensity, not 

4852
04:11:48,000 --> 04:11:51,300
just for security purposes but 
to understand how normal people 

4853
04:11:51,300 --> 04:11:53,500
behaved when they were not 
planning impossible. 

4854
04:11:53,500 --> 04:11:57,300
Escape, God Morris and had a 
habit of humming as he made his 

4855
04:11:57,300 --> 04:12:00,000
rounds guard Peterson. 
Had a habit of pausing at 

4856
04:12:00,000 --> 04:12:02,700
specific cells to engaging 
conversation with the inmates. 

4857
04:12:02,700 --> 04:12:06,400
He held a particular dislike for
guard Colin's, developed a 

4858
04:12:06,400 --> 04:12:08,900
nervous habit of jingling his 
keys whenever he felt anxious 

4859
04:12:08,900 --> 04:12:12,200
about something. these details 
would be crucial when the time 

4860
04:12:12,200 --> 04:12:15,600
came to move through the prison 
and detected The weather had 

4861
04:12:15,600 --> 04:12:17,200
begun to cooperate with their 
plans. 

4862
04:12:17,200 --> 04:12:20,600
The fog that rolled in each 
evening, provided natural cover,

4863
04:12:20,600 --> 04:12:23,500
and the spring tides were 
creating current patterns that 

4864
04:12:23,500 --> 04:12:26,200
might actually help rather than 
hinder, their water Escape. 

4865
04:12:27,500 --> 04:12:30,500
Frank had been studying the 
movements of debris and seaweed 

4866
04:12:30,500 --> 04:12:33,800
noting, which pieces ended up on
Angel Island and which 

4867
04:12:33,800 --> 04:12:37,300
disappeared into the Pacific. 
Their window of opportunity was 

4868
04:12:37,300 --> 04:12:39,700
approaching. 
But so was the increased risk 

4869
04:12:39,700 --> 04:12:42,200
that came with each passing day 
of their secret construction 

4870
04:12:42,200 --> 04:12:45,200
project. 
As May progress toward June 

4871
04:12:45,200 --> 04:12:48,500
three men continued their 
nightly routine of carefully 

4872
04:12:48,500 --> 04:12:51,800
destroying their prison cells, 
while maintaining the facade of 

4873
04:12:51,808 --> 04:12:55,000
resigned acceptance. 
They had committed themselves to

4874
04:12:55,000 --> 04:12:59,000
a plan that required perfect 
timing, Flawless execution, and 

4875
04:12:59,000 --> 04:13:02,800
a considerable amount of luck. 
The alternative spending the 

4876
04:13:02,800 --> 04:13:05,800
remainder of their lives and six
by nine foot concrete boxes 

4877
04:13:05,800 --> 04:13:08,800
provided all the motivation, 
they needed to continue their 

4878
04:13:08,800 --> 04:13:12,300
invisible demolition project, 
June arrived at Alcatraz with 

4879
04:13:12,300 --> 04:13:16,200
unusual warmth as if the Pacific
had decided to offer a brief 

4880
04:13:16,200 --> 04:13:19,200
respite from its customary, 
indifference to human comfort. 

4881
04:13:20,000 --> 04:13:22,700
The unseasonably Pleasant 
weather felt like a cosmic wink 

4882
04:13:22,700 --> 04:13:24,800
to three men who had been 
planning their departure for 

4883
04:13:24,800 --> 04:13:26,900
months though. 
They maintained the prison's 

4884
04:13:26,900 --> 04:13:29,600
routine with the dedication of 
method act as preparing for the 

4885
04:13:29,600 --> 04:13:32,900
performance of their lives. 
Frank Morris had discovered the 

4886
04:13:32,900 --> 04:13:36,200
escaping from Alcatraz required 
skills, not typically taught in 

4887
04:13:36,200 --> 04:13:39,400
criminal Enterprise's. 
Take navigation as an example, 

4888
04:13:39,408 --> 04:13:42,700
the waters around the island 
moved with currents that 

4889
04:13:42,708 --> 04:13:46,500
followed patterns more complex 
than Advanced calculus a 

4890
04:13:46,500 --> 04:13:49,000
miscalculating. 
Their timing could result in a 

4891
04:13:49,000 --> 04:13:52,100
one-way trip to the Farallon 
Islands or more likely the 

4892
04:13:52,100 --> 04:13:55,200
bottom of the Bay. 
Frank had been studying the 

4893
04:13:55,200 --> 04:13:58,100
movement of everything from 
seagull formations to sandwich 

4894
04:13:58,100 --> 04:14:01,500
wrappers thrown overboard by the
weekly supply boat building a 

4895
04:14:01,500 --> 04:14:05,000
mental map of how the water 
moved and when The Breakthrough 

4896
04:14:05,000 --> 04:14:08,000
came when he noticed that prison
garbage thrown into the bay 

4897
04:14:08,000 --> 04:14:10,800
during certain tidal, conditions
would wash up on Angel Island 

4898
04:14:10,800 --> 04:14:13,500
within hours. 
If they could time their escape 

4899
04:14:13,500 --> 04:14:16,300
to coincide with those same 
conditions, the treacherous 

4900
04:14:16,300 --> 04:14:18,600
currents that are doomed. 
Previous attempts might actually

4901
04:14:18,600 --> 04:14:21,300
carry them to safety. 
It was a theory that sounded 

4902
04:14:21,300 --> 04:14:24,600
plausible in whispered sailboat 
conversations but would require 

4903
04:14:24,600 --> 04:14:26,600
testing their hypothesis with 
their lives. 

4904
04:14:27,400 --> 04:14:30,100
John Anglin had been perfecting 
what he called, the Great 

4905
04:14:30,100 --> 04:14:32,400
deception, a collection of 
dummy. 

4906
04:14:32,400 --> 04:14:34,800
Heads that would occupy their 
beds during The crucial hours. 

4907
04:14:34,800 --> 04:14:38,200
When guards conducted, Knight 
counts, using a mix of soap, 

4908
04:14:38,200 --> 04:14:41,400
toilet paper, paint, and hair 
collected from the prison. 

4909
04:14:41,400 --> 04:14:44,700
Barber Shop floor, John had 
created sculptures that Bora 

4910
04:14:44,700 --> 04:14:46,500
reasonable resembled to sleeping
inmates. 

4911
04:14:46,500 --> 04:14:50,200
Assuming the guards, didn't look
too closely and the lighting 

4912
04:14:50,200 --> 04:14:54,000
remained appropriately dim. 
The heads were works of inspired

4913
04:14:54,000 --> 04:14:57,300
improvisation. 
John used real hair, which he 

4914
04:14:57,300 --> 04:15:00,200
carefully arranged to match the 
individual hairstyles of the 

4915
04:15:00,200 --> 04:15:02,600
sculptures. 
The features were molded from 

4916
04:15:02,600 --> 04:15:06,300
soap painted with pigments, 
extracted from magazine pages 

4917
04:15:06,300 --> 04:15:09,700
and mixed with substances that 
John preferred not to identify 

4918
04:15:09,700 --> 04:15:12,200
two. 
Specifically, the ears were 

4919
04:15:12,200 --> 04:15:15,100
particularly challenging 
apparently creating believably 

4920
04:15:15,100 --> 04:15:17,800
is from soap, required an 
artistic sensibility that John 

4921
04:15:17,800 --> 04:15:20,700
had never previously applied to 
anything more ambitious than 

4922
04:15:20,700 --> 04:15:24,000
forging signatures. 
Clarence Anglin had graduated 

4923
04:15:24,000 --> 04:15:26,400
from intelligence gathering to 
operational planning. 

4924
04:15:27,200 --> 04:15:30,100
He'd identified, the exact route
they would take from their cells

4925
04:15:30,100 --> 04:15:32,600
to the roof through the utility 
Corridor. 

4926
04:15:32,600 --> 04:15:35,200
Behind the cell block up of 
ventilation shaft that led to 

4927
04:15:35,200 --> 04:15:37,400
the roof. 
And then across the prison roof,

4928
04:15:37,400 --> 04:15:39,900
top to a point where they could 
send to the water without being 

4929
04:15:39,900 --> 04:15:43,100
seen from the guard towers. 
The journey would require them 

4930
04:15:43,100 --> 04:15:46,000
to navigating complete darkness 
through spaces that were barely 

4931
04:15:46,000 --> 04:15:47,000
large enough. 
For human. 

4932
04:15:47,000 --> 04:15:51,100
Passage carrying equipment that 
couldn't be left behind, Alan 

4933
04:15:51,100 --> 04:15:53,300
West had become their weakling 
in ways that were both 

4934
04:15:53,300 --> 04:15:55,800
predictable and frustrating. 
While the other three had been 

4935
04:15:55,800 --> 04:15:59,300
methodically preparing for every
aspect of their escape West had 

4936
04:15:59,300 --> 04:16:01,900
been treating the project like 
an extended hobby rather than a 

4937
04:16:01,900 --> 04:16:04,500
life or death endeavor. 
Is concrete removal. 

4938
04:16:04,500 --> 04:16:06,300
Had been inconsistent, his 
dummy. 

4939
04:16:06,300 --> 04:16:08,500
Wall was unconvincing and is 
security. 

4940
04:16:08,500 --> 04:16:11,200
Awareness was approximately 
equivalent to that of a tourist 

4941
04:16:11,200 --> 04:16:12,900
taking photos at a military 
installation. 

4942
04:16:14,200 --> 04:16:16,300
The tools and materials for 
their water Escape had been 

4943
04:16:16,308 --> 04:16:19,600
accumulated through a 
combination of theft creativity 

4944
04:16:19,600 --> 04:16:22,900
and what Frank called adaptive 
resource acquisition. 

4945
04:16:23,900 --> 04:16:26,600
Prison raincoats have been sewn 
together to create a makeshift 

4946
04:16:26,600 --> 04:16:28,900
raft and life. 
Preservers it. 

4947
04:16:28,900 --> 04:16:30,800
Sowed the raft together. 
Using thread from prison 

4948
04:16:30,800 --> 04:16:33,900
clothing, and needles, fashioned
from a metal scraps found in the

4949
04:16:33,900 --> 04:16:36,300
workshop. 
The result looked like something

4950
04:16:36,300 --> 04:16:38,900
that might have been rejected by
a particularly under demanding 

4951
04:16:38,900 --> 04:16:41,400
Coast Guard inspection. 
But it would hopefully provide 

4952
04:16:41,400 --> 04:16:44,100
enough buoyancy to keep them 
alive until they reached land. 

4953
04:16:45,000 --> 04:16:47,400
Paddles had been carved from 
wooden pieces, found in the 

4954
04:16:47,408 --> 04:16:50,800
workshop shaped and smooth 
during lunch breaks and moments.

4955
04:16:50,800 --> 04:16:53,800
When guards were distracted, the
paddles were crude but 

4956
04:16:53,800 --> 04:16:56,500
functional assuming they didn't 
encounter waves larger than 

4957
04:16:56,500 --> 04:16:57,900
those found in an average 
bathtub. 

4958
04:16:59,200 --> 04:17:01,200
Frank had calculated that they 
would need to cover 

4959
04:17:01,200 --> 04:17:04,800
approximately two miles of Open 
Water, probably in fog, while 

4960
04:17:04,800 --> 04:17:07,100
being sought by every law 
enforcement agency in Northern 

4961
04:17:07,100 --> 04:17:10,100
California, the Escape timeline 
had been planned with the 

4962
04:17:10,108 --> 04:17:13,100
Precision of a military 
operation with significantly 

4963
04:17:13,100 --> 04:17:16,300
less reliable equipment. 
They would begin their departure

4964
04:17:16,300 --> 04:17:20,800
at 9:45 p.m. 15 minutes after 
lights out when the cell block 

4965
04:17:20,800 --> 04:17:22,400
settled into its evening 
routine. 

4966
04:17:23,100 --> 04:17:25,800
The dummy heads would be 
positioned in their beds, the 

4967
04:17:25,800 --> 04:17:28,300
fake walls would be put in place
behind their ventilation grates,

4968
04:17:28,300 --> 04:17:31,100
and they would begin their 
Journey Through the utility 

4969
04:17:31,100 --> 04:17:34,000
corridor. 
The climb to the roof would be 

4970
04:17:34,000 --> 04:17:36,200
the most dangerous part of their
internal navigation. 

4971
04:17:37,100 --> 04:17:40,200
The ventilation shaft was barely
wide enough for human passage 

4972
04:17:40,200 --> 04:17:43,000
and any noise during the ascent 
could alert guards to their 

4973
04:17:43,000 --> 04:17:45,200
escape attempt. 
They would have to climb 

4974
04:17:45,200 --> 04:17:48,400
approximately 30 feet in 
complete darkness, carrying 

4975
04:17:48,400 --> 04:17:51,900
their makeshift equipment while 
remaining absolutely silent. 

4976
04:17:53,400 --> 04:17:56,000
Frank had rehearsed the climb in
previous reconnaissance missions

4977
04:17:56,000 --> 04:17:59,100
that the actual performance was 
a completely different matter. 

4978
04:17:59,100 --> 04:18:02,300
Once on the roof, they would 
have to cross approximately 60 

4979
04:18:02,300 --> 04:18:04,200
yards of open space to reach 
their descent Point. 

4980
04:18:04,200 --> 04:18:07,400
Moving carefully to avoid being 
seen by guards in the towers. 

4981
04:18:08,300 --> 04:18:10,100
The guard towers had searched 
like that. 

4982
04:18:10,100 --> 04:18:13,200
Swept, the prison grounds on 
irregular, schedules and being 

4983
04:18:13,200 --> 04:18:14,000
caught in. 
One of those. 

4984
04:18:14,000 --> 04:18:17,000
Beams would end their escape 
attempt in a Halo of gunfire and

4985
04:18:17,000 --> 04:18:20,200
official disappointment. 
The Descent the water would 

4986
04:18:20,200 --> 04:18:22,800
require them to climb down the 
outside of the prison building 

4987
04:18:22,800 --> 04:18:25,800
using makeshift roads created 
from sheets and towels, stolen 

4988
04:18:25,800 --> 04:18:28,600
from the laundry. 
The drop was approximately 50 

4989
04:18:28,600 --> 04:18:31,200
feet and the improvised climbing
equipment would have to support 

4990
04:18:31,200 --> 04:18:33,400
their weight, plus the weight of
their escape materials. 

4991
04:18:34,200 --> 04:18:36,300
Franka tested, the Rope strength
using methods. 

4992
04:18:36,300 --> 04:18:39,200
He preferred not to describe in 
detail but the results had been 

4993
04:18:39,208 --> 04:18:43,500
marginally encouraging as June 
progressed, their preparations 

4994
04:18:43,500 --> 04:18:46,500
entered, the Final Phase. 
The concrete removal was 

4995
04:18:46,500 --> 04:18:49,900
essentially complete but West 
continued to struggle with 

4996
04:18:49,900 --> 04:18:52,900
opening his act. 
The dummy heads were ready for 

4997
04:18:52,900 --> 04:18:55,700
their theatrical debut. 
The Escape equipment was as 

4998
04:18:55,700 --> 04:18:58,700
prepared as prison resources 
would allow where the conditions

4999
04:18:58,700 --> 04:19:01,300
were favorable with fog, 
predicted for the evening, they 

5000
04:19:01,300 --> 04:19:05,700
chose for their departure, but 
perhaps most importantly, three 

5001
04:19:05,700 --> 04:19:08,000
men had committed themselves 
psychologically to an 

5002
04:19:08,000 --> 04:19:10,500
undertaking that required them 
to bet their lives on the 

5003
04:19:10,500 --> 04:19:13,400
accuracy of their planning and 
the reliability of their 

5004
04:19:13,400 --> 04:19:16,300
improvised equipment. 
They had reached the point where

5005
04:19:16,300 --> 04:19:18,700
backing down was no longer 
possible, not because of 

5006
04:19:18,700 --> 04:19:21,200
external pressure, but because 
they had convinced themselves 

5007
04:19:21,200 --> 04:19:24,700
that freedom was worth the 
considerable risk of death. 

5008
04:19:25,900 --> 04:19:30,800
The date was set. 
June 11th 1962 in less than 48 

5009
04:19:30,800 --> 04:19:32,200
hours. 
They would discover whether 

5010
04:19:32,200 --> 04:19:34,900
months of planing and 
preparation had created viable 

5011
04:19:34,900 --> 04:19:37,700
escape plan or an elaborate form
of suicide. 

5012
04:19:38,700 --> 04:19:41,400
The Pacific Ocean would render 
its verdict with the finality 

5013
04:19:41,400 --> 04:19:44,900
that only nature can provide the
morning, sun painted, San 

5014
04:19:44,900 --> 04:19:47,100
Francisco Bay in shades of gold 
and promise. 

5015
04:19:47,100 --> 04:19:50,500
While inside Alcatraz 3 men, 
move through their daily 

5016
04:19:50,500 --> 04:19:53,600
routines with the focused calm 
of actors preparing for opening 

5017
04:19:53,600 --> 04:19:56,000
night. 
Each Monday night activity 

5018
04:19:56,000 --> 04:20:00,400
breakfast work detail afternoon 
Recreation carried the weight of

5019
04:20:00,408 --> 04:20:03,100
finality. 
As if they were participating in

5020
04:20:03,100 --> 04:20:05,300
a farewell tour of institutional
life. 

5021
04:20:06,000 --> 04:20:08,700
Frank Morris spent the morning 
in the workshop with unusual 

5022
04:20:08,700 --> 04:20:12,200
attention to his assigned, tasks
repairing, ventilation equipment

5023
04:20:12,200 --> 04:20:14,800
with the ironic dedication of a 
man who had spent months 

5024
04:20:14,800 --> 04:20:17,300
systematically dismantling 
similar fixtures. 

5025
04:20:18,300 --> 04:20:21,600
His hands worked automatically, 
while his mind ran through, the 

5026
04:20:21,608 --> 04:20:24,400
evening's timeline like a 
conductor, rehearsing a complex 

5027
04:20:24,400 --> 04:20:26,700
Symphony. 
Every movement had been 

5028
04:20:26,708 --> 04:20:31,100
choreographed every contingency 
considered yet the fundamental 

5029
04:20:31,100 --> 04:20:34,000
uncertainty remained. 
With their months of 

5030
04:20:34,000 --> 04:20:37,000
preparation, prove, sufficient, 
or would they join the ranks of 

5031
04:20:37,000 --> 04:20:39,000
Alcatraz fail to escape 
attempts? 

5032
04:20:39,000 --> 04:20:42,300
The Anglin Brothers maintained. 
Their customary routine with 

5033
04:20:42,300 --> 04:20:45,100
study normalcy though. 
John found himself paying 

5034
04:20:45,100 --> 04:20:48,100
unusual attention to details. 
He might never see again. 

5035
04:20:49,200 --> 04:20:51,800
The afternoon, like dance 
Through the Windows of the cell 

5036
04:20:51,800 --> 04:20:55,100
block, the sound of fog horns. 
Beginning, their evening chorus 

5037
04:20:55,100 --> 04:20:58,400
years of daily interaction had 
made the guards familiar faces 

5038
04:20:58,400 --> 04:21:01,900
as predictable as sunrise. 
These observations didn't stem 

5039
04:21:01,900 --> 04:21:03,900
from sentiment as they couldn't 
afford it. 

5040
04:21:03,900 --> 04:21:06,900
But rather from the sharper 
where the often accompanied 

5041
04:21:06,900 --> 04:21:10,800
reversible decision's, Alan West
had been struggling with his 

5042
04:21:10,800 --> 04:21:13,700
concrete removal for weeks 
working with the Frantic energy 

5043
04:21:13,700 --> 04:21:15,700
of a student cramming for final 
exams. 

5044
04:21:15,700 --> 04:21:18,400
Although his opening was still 
slightly too small for 

5045
04:21:18,400 --> 04:21:21,400
comfortable, passage his 
perfectionist Tendencies had run

5046
04:21:21,408 --> 04:21:24,200
out of time. 
The tides would be favorable to 

5047
04:21:24,200 --> 04:21:25,800
night. 
The guards schedules were 

5048
04:21:25,800 --> 04:21:28,500
optimal and weather forecasts 
predicted the fog cover. 

5049
04:21:28,500 --> 04:21:31,900
They needed Westward, have to 
make his existing opening work 

5050
04:21:31,900 --> 04:21:34,100
or risk compromising the entire 
operation. 

5051
04:21:35,100 --> 04:21:38,100
As evening approached, the 
prison settled into its familiar

5052
04:21:38,100 --> 04:21:41,800
with enforced routine dinner was
consumed with the usual 

5053
04:21:41,800 --> 04:21:44,600
institutional, efficiency food 
that was nutritionally. 

5054
04:21:44,600 --> 04:21:48,000
Adequate and gastronomically. 
Forgettable served by kitchen 

5055
04:21:48,000 --> 04:21:50,500
staff who had perfected, the art
of color in different. 

5056
04:21:51,700 --> 04:21:54,600
Conversation, followed the 
approved patents complaints 

5057
04:21:54,600 --> 04:21:57,900
about food quality speculation 
about guard, Personnel changes 

5058
04:21:57,900 --> 04:22:01,200
and discussions of shit scores 
from newspapers that arrived 

5059
04:22:01,200 --> 04:22:04,700
days late and already obsolete. 
But beneath this surface 

5060
04:22:04,700 --> 04:22:07,800
normalcy three, men were 
conducting final equipment 

5061
04:22:07,800 --> 04:22:10,600
checks with the thoroughness of 
astronauts preparing for launch.

5062
04:22:11,400 --> 04:22:13,200
The dummy heads were positioned 
and ready. 

5063
04:22:13,200 --> 04:22:16,700
The makeshift flotation devices 
were concealed and accessible. 

5064
04:22:17,500 --> 04:22:20,700
We tested the improvised ropes, 
one final time, employing 

5065
04:22:20,700 --> 04:22:23,800
methods, that would not draw the
attention of casual observers. 

5066
04:22:23,800 --> 04:22:28,000
Everything was ready as months 
of prison-based, preparation 

5067
04:22:28,000 --> 04:22:32,400
could make it At 9:30 p.m. the 
lights went out on schedule and 

5068
04:22:32,400 --> 04:22:34,700
Alcatraz began. 
Its transition to nighttime 

5069
04:22:34,700 --> 04:22:36,600
security. 
Protocols the three 

5070
04:22:36,600 --> 04:22:39,200
conspirators, waited in their 
cells, with the patience of 

5071
04:22:39,208 --> 04:22:41,700
experienced criminals, who 
understood that timing was 

5072
04:22:41,700 --> 04:22:44,100
everything. 
If they arrived to early the 

5073
04:22:44,100 --> 04:22:46,500
guards, would still be 
conducting their initial counts.

5074
04:22:47,300 --> 04:22:50,400
Too late and they would miss the
title conditions that could mean

5075
04:22:50,400 --> 04:22:53,500
the difference between reaching 
Angel Island and disappearing 

5076
04:22:53,500 --> 04:22:58,500
into the Pacific. 945 p.m. 
arrived with astronomical 

5077
04:22:58,500 --> 04:23:01,800
precision. 
Frank Morris began the delicate 

5078
04:23:01,800 --> 04:23:04,300
process of removing his dummy 
ventilation, great. 

5079
04:23:04,300 --> 04:23:08,000
And positioning, his soap 
sculpture head in his bed, the 

5080
04:23:08,000 --> 04:23:10,000
head looked reasonably 
convincing in the dim light. 

5081
04:23:10,000 --> 04:23:12,500
Certainly, convincing enough to 
fool a guard. 

5082
04:23:12,500 --> 04:23:15,200
Conducting a routine count from 
the cell block corridor. 

5083
04:23:15,900 --> 04:23:18,400
The real test would come at 
midnight when guards would 

5084
04:23:18,400 --> 04:23:22,700
conduct their moral inspection. 
But by then the Escape artists 

5085
04:23:22,700 --> 04:23:25,000
would either be safely away or 
Beyond caring. 

5086
04:23:25,000 --> 04:23:28,400
About Garden spectrums utility 
Corridor behind the cell block 

5087
04:23:28,400 --> 04:23:30,900
was everything. 
Frank had expected and several 

5088
04:23:30,900 --> 04:23:33,000
things. 
He hadn't the space was cramped 

5089
04:23:33,000 --> 04:23:35,400
filled with pipes and electrical
conduits. 

5090
04:23:35,400 --> 04:23:37,600
That seemed to catch on clothing
and equipment. 

5091
04:23:38,400 --> 04:23:41,100
The air was thick with Decades 
of accumulated dust and the 

5092
04:23:41,108 --> 04:23:42,700
metallic smell of Aging 
infrastructure. 

5093
04:23:42,700 --> 04:23:45,900
Moving through the corridor 
required, a combination of 

5094
04:23:45,908 --> 04:23:49,300
athletic ability and 
contortionist skills Complicated

5095
04:23:49,300 --> 04:23:52,200
by the need to remain absolutely
silent while carrying equipment 

5096
04:23:52,200 --> 04:23:55,100
that seem designed to make noise
at the worst possible moments 

5097
04:23:55,100 --> 04:23:58,000
with the grace of a man who had 
spent considerable time. 

5098
04:23:58,000 --> 04:24:01,500
Practicing the movement, John 
Anglin emerged, from his cell 

5099
04:24:01,500 --> 04:24:04,100
into the corridor. 
His dummy head was positioned 

5100
04:24:04,100 --> 04:24:07,300
his fake wall, was in place and 
his portion of the Escape 

5101
04:24:07,300 --> 04:24:09,300
equipment was secured and ready 
for transport. 

5102
04:24:10,300 --> 04:24:12,800
The months of preparation had 
honed a level of coordination, 

5103
04:24:12,800 --> 04:24:15,800
that would have impressed, 
professional dancers, despite 

5104
04:24:15,800 --> 04:24:18,400
the significant risk of missing 
a cue compared to audience to 

5105
04:24:18,400 --> 04:24:22,400
prove all Clarence followed with
the steady competence that had 

5106
04:24:22,400 --> 04:24:23,800
made him. 
The Operations Logistics 

5107
04:24:23,800 --> 04:24:26,400
coordinator. 
Everything that could be played 

5108
04:24:26,400 --> 04:24:29,700
had been played and everything 
else would have to be improvised

5109
04:24:29,700 --> 04:24:32,600
on principles of creative 
problem, solving and desperate 

5110
04:24:32,600 --> 04:24:35,700
innovation. 
The utility Corridor of the 

5111
04:24:35,700 --> 04:24:38,900
actress fear of a theater's 
backstage area where the 

5112
04:24:38,908 --> 04:24:41,400
performance held Paramount, 
importance of the audience 

5113
04:24:41,400 --> 04:24:43,500
consisted, solely of our armed 
critics. 

5114
04:24:44,400 --> 04:24:46,800
Alan West encountered. 
His first major crisis at 

5115
04:24:46,800 --> 04:24:51,400
exactly 9:52 p.m. 
His ventilation opening some way

5116
04:24:51,400 --> 04:24:55,000
despite weeks of enlargement 
efforts remained slightly too 

5117
04:24:55,000 --> 04:24:58,200
small for comfortable Passage. 
What it seemed like a minor 

5118
04:24:58,200 --> 04:25:00,200
issue during planning. 
Now revealed itself as a 

5119
04:25:00,200 --> 04:25:03,900
potentially catastrophic 
problem, West struggled with his

5120
04:25:03,900 --> 04:25:06,800
opening while his Partners 
waited in the corridor precious 

5121
04:25:06,800 --> 04:25:09,000
minutes ticking away like a 
countdown to a launch that 

5122
04:25:09,000 --> 04:25:12,000
couldn't be postponed. 
The decision was made with the 

5123
04:25:12,000 --> 04:25:16,100
brutal efficiency that emergency
situations demand Westward, 

5124
04:25:16,100 --> 04:25:18,300
continue working on his opening 
and follow when he could. 

5125
04:25:19,100 --> 04:25:21,600
The others would proceed with 
the Escape rather than risk the 

5126
04:25:21,608 --> 04:25:24,400
entire operation for one 
person's preparation problems. 

5127
04:25:24,400 --> 04:25:28,100
It was a calculated decision, 
but prison had taught all of 

5128
04:25:28,100 --> 04:25:30,200
them that survival. 
Sometimes necessitated 

5129
04:25:30,200 --> 04:25:32,900
abandoning those who couldn't 
keep up the climb to the roof 

5130
04:25:32,900 --> 04:25:36,300
began at 10:03 p.m. 13 minutes 
behind schedule. 

5131
04:25:36,300 --> 04:25:38,200
But still within acceptable 
parameters. 

5132
04:25:39,200 --> 04:25:41,700
The ventilation shaft was as 
challenging as reconnaissance 

5133
04:25:41,700 --> 04:25:45,100
had suggested, narrow dark and 
filled with obstacles, that 

5134
04:25:45,100 --> 04:25:47,600
seemed designed by someone with 
sadistic sense of humor. 

5135
04:25:48,500 --> 04:25:51,900
Frank led the climb followed by 
John and Clarence each man 

5136
04:25:51,900 --> 04:25:54,600
carrying equipment that made the
ascent more difficult than 

5137
04:25:54,600 --> 04:25:57,000
climbing a ladder while juggling
flaming torches. 

5138
04:25:57,000 --> 04:26:00,300
The roof of Alcatraz stretched 
before them like a concrete. 

5139
04:26:00,300 --> 04:26:03,500
Ocean bathed in fog that 
provided both concealment and 

5140
04:26:03,500 --> 04:26:06,200
navigation. 
Challenges the guard towers were

5141
04:26:06,200 --> 04:26:08,900
visible as points of light in 
the Mist, their searchlights 

5142
04:26:08,900 --> 04:26:11,500
creating moving patterns that 
had to be avoided with the 

5143
04:26:11,500 --> 04:26:13,900
Precision of Dance AS performing
a deadly choreography. 

5144
04:26:15,100 --> 04:26:18,700
The three men moved across the 
roof with careful steps, where 

5145
04:26:18,700 --> 04:26:20,900
there's a single misstep, could 
result in noise that would bring

5146
04:26:20,900 --> 04:26:24,700
guards running from all 
directions, 1047 PM, they reach 

5147
04:26:24,700 --> 04:26:27,200
their descent point and began 
the repel to The Waters Edge, 

5148
04:26:27,200 --> 04:26:30,400
the improvised ropes, supported 
the men's weight, but they 

5149
04:26:30,400 --> 04:26:32,500
creaked and stretched in a way 
that made each man questioned 

5150
04:26:32,500 --> 04:26:35,000
whether he would successfully 
complete The Descent or become 

5151
04:26:35,000 --> 04:26:36,900
an unwilling test of gravity's 
reliability. 

5152
04:26:38,000 --> 04:26:41,600
The water below was dark cold 
and moving with currents, that 

5153
04:26:41,600 --> 04:26:44,000
would determine whether their 
months of planning would result 

5154
04:26:44,000 --> 04:26:47,600
in Freedom or tragedy as they 
prepared to enter the bay three 

5155
04:26:47,600 --> 04:26:50,300
men stood at the edge of the 
Pacific Ocean with the equipment

5156
04:26:50,300 --> 04:26:52,500
that looked like, it had been 
designed by optimistic children 

5157
04:26:52,500 --> 04:26:55,400
and faith that had been tested 
by months of impossible. 

5158
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:58,200
Preparation. 
Behind them late, Alcatraz 

5159
04:26:58,200 --> 04:27:00,600
ahead, lay the unknown and all 
around them. 

5160
04:27:00,600 --> 04:27:03,600
Lay water that had previous 
Escape attempts with the 

5161
04:27:03,600 --> 04:27:05,500
indifference of natural forces 
operating. 

5162
04:27:05,500 --> 04:27:08,300
According to laws, that didn't 
recognize human ambition. 

5163
04:27:09,300 --> 04:27:11,000
The moment of commitment had 
arrived. 

5164
04:27:11,000 --> 04:27:14,000
There would be no more planning,
no, more preparation, no more 

5165
04:27:14,000 --> 04:27:16,100
rehearsals. 
All they had was the water, the 

5166
04:27:16,100 --> 04:27:18,900
darkness, and the hope that 
their months of diligent labor 

5167
04:27:18,900 --> 04:27:20,700
had yielded. 
Something capable of guiding 

5168
04:27:20,700 --> 04:27:27,000
them towards Liberation at 11:23
p.m. on June 11th. 1962 three 

5169
04:27:27,000 --> 04:27:30,100
men slipped in to San Francisco 
Bay with the quiet desperation 

5170
04:27:30,100 --> 04:27:33,700
of souls entering Purgatory. 
The waters coldness was the 

5171
04:27:33,700 --> 04:27:36,300
liquid embodiment of all their 
doubts, after months of 

5172
04:27:36,300 --> 04:27:38,900
planning. 
Frank Morris The Mastermind 

5173
04:27:38,900 --> 04:27:41,700
whose IQ had crafted. 
Their escape found himself 

5174
04:27:41,700 --> 04:27:45,400
wondering if intelligence was 
any match for the Primal forces 

5175
04:27:45,400 --> 04:27:47,900
of tide and current that now 
controlled their destiny. 

5176
04:27:48,600 --> 04:27:51,800
The makeshift raft, cobbled 
together from prison raincoats 

5177
04:27:51,800 --> 04:27:54,500
and sustained by faith rather 
than engineering principles. 

5178
04:27:55,300 --> 04:27:58,700
Settled into the water with all 
the buoyancy of a concrete life 

5179
04:27:58,700 --> 04:28:01,000
preserver. 
What had appeared relatively 

5180
04:28:01,000 --> 04:28:03,600
seaworthy during their cell 
block planning sessions now, 

5181
04:28:03,600 --> 04:28:06,400
stood as a testament, to the 
victory of Hope, over Hydro 

5182
04:28:06,400 --> 04:28:09,900
Dynamics. 
The improvised paddles carved 

5183
04:28:09,900 --> 04:28:13,600
from workshops in felt as 
effective as using spoon's to 

5184
04:28:13,608 --> 04:28:16,700
navigate the Atlantic. 
John Anglin whose artistic 

5185
04:28:16,700 --> 04:28:18,900
talents had created their 
deceptive dummy. 

5186
04:28:18,900 --> 04:28:22,000
Heads discovered that artistic 
Vision, didn't translate to 

5187
04:28:22,000 --> 04:28:25,000
Maritime navigation. 
The fog that had seemed like 

5188
04:28:25,008 --> 04:28:26,500
providential cover from the 
shore. 

5189
04:28:26,500 --> 04:28:29,500
Now surrounded, the like a 
living entity reducing 

5190
04:28:29,500 --> 04:28:32,000
visibility to approximately the 
length of their inadequate. 

5191
04:28:32,000 --> 04:28:36,100
Roth every direction looked 
identical, Dark Water Fading 

5192
04:28:36,100 --> 04:28:38,500
Into Dark Mist with no landmarks
visible. 

5193
04:28:38,500 --> 04:28:42,100
And no clear indication of which
way LED to Angel Island versus 

5194
04:28:42,100 --> 04:28:44,100
Witch Way. 
Led to the Farallon islands and 

5195
04:28:44,100 --> 04:28:47,300
certain death. 
Clarence Anglin, the Steady 

5196
04:28:47,300 --> 04:28:49,700
Hand, who had mapped guards 
schedule with military, 

5197
04:28:49,700 --> 04:28:53,200
Precision, found himself, trying
to apply that same methodical 

5198
04:28:53,200 --> 04:28:55,600
approach to reading water, 
currents and complete darkness. 

5199
04:28:56,600 --> 04:28:59,900
The bay moved around them with 
liquid complexity streams within

5200
04:28:59,900 --> 04:29:03,300
streams, Eddie's and flows. 
That seem to follow patterns 

5201
04:29:03,300 --> 04:29:06,500
that were comprehensible only to
marine biologists in the sword 

5202
04:29:06,500 --> 04:29:09,800
spirits of drowned sailors. 
Every paddle stroke was a 

5203
04:29:09,808 --> 04:29:13,500
calculated guess and every 
navigational decision, carried a

5204
04:29:13,500 --> 04:29:15,000
risk of hyperthermia and 
drowning. 

5205
04:29:16,100 --> 04:29:18,600
The sound of their escape had 
been swallowed by fog and 

5206
04:29:18,608 --> 04:29:21,700
distance but somewhere behind 
them Alcatraz continued. 

5207
04:29:21,700 --> 04:29:25,100
Its nightly routine unaware that
three of its most reluctant 

5208
04:29:25,100 --> 04:29:27,800
residents had departed without 
filing, the proper paperwork. 

5209
04:29:28,900 --> 04:29:31,400
Alan West remained in his cell. 
Still struggling with his 

5210
04:29:31,400 --> 04:29:34,700
ventilation, opening his escape 
attempt to ban in favor of not 

5211
04:29:34,700 --> 04:29:36,800
alerting guards to the absence 
of his cellmates. 

5212
04:29:37,600 --> 04:29:40,400
His failure to join them was 
both a personal tragedy and a 

5213
04:29:40,400 --> 04:29:43,400
tactical Advantage. 
One fewer person to crowd their 

5214
04:29:43,400 --> 04:29:46,300
inadequate Raft. 
One More dummy, head in place to

5215
04:29:46,300 --> 04:29:48,300
maintain the illusion of 
normalcy. 

5216
04:29:48,300 --> 04:29:52,000
The Pacific Ocean began its 
examination of their escape plan

5217
04:29:52,000 --> 04:29:54,800
with the thoroughness of a 
federal prosecutor reviewing 

5218
04:29:54,800 --> 04:29:57,200
evidence. 
Every weakness in their 

5219
04:29:57,200 --> 04:30:00,200
preparation was tested by wives,
that seemed larger than physics,

5220
04:30:00,200 --> 04:30:03,000
should have allowed currents 
that pulled them in directions. 

5221
04:30:03,000 --> 04:30:06,200
They could not identify and 
water temperatures that made 

5222
04:30:06,200 --> 04:30:09,000
their improvised life, 
preservers feel like Ice Cube's,

5223
04:30:09,000 --> 04:30:12,500
with straps the raft designed by
hope and constructed by 

5224
04:30:12,508 --> 04:30:14,700
necessity. 
The counter show signs of 

5225
04:30:14,700 --> 04:30:17,700
structural anxiety as saltwater 
found every seam and tested 

5226
04:30:17,700 --> 04:30:21,100
every improvised repair. 
Frank had calculated that they 

5227
04:30:21,100 --> 04:30:23,800
needed to cover approximately 
two miles to reach Angel Island,

5228
04:30:23,800 --> 04:30:26,600
the calculations assume, 
knowledge of the starting point 

5229
04:30:26,600 --> 04:30:30,100
destination and Direction, all 
of which had become theoretical 

5230
04:30:30,100 --> 04:30:34,000
Concepts in the fog, wraps 
Darkness The lights of San 

5231
04:30:34,000 --> 04:30:37,300
Francisco were obscured by The 
Mists an Angel Island felt as 

5232
04:30:37,308 --> 04:30:40,300
distant as another continent. 
Their navigation equipment, 

5233
04:30:40,300 --> 04:30:44,200
relied on Instinct desperation 
and three waterlogged paddles 

5234
04:30:44,200 --> 04:30:46,600
that were starting to show their
own structural issues. 

5235
04:30:46,600 --> 04:30:49,900
The cold was becoming a factor 
that no amount of planning had 

5236
04:30:49,900 --> 04:30:53,300
adequately addressed Prison 
uniforms were designed for 

5237
04:30:53,300 --> 04:30:56,300
aquatic adventures and the 
improvised flotation devices 

5238
04:30:56,300 --> 04:31:00,000
provided buoyancy, but no 
insulation, each man could feel 

5239
04:31:00,000 --> 04:31:02,700
his body a temperature dropping 
with the systematic efficiency 

5240
04:31:02,700 --> 04:31:05,500
of a thermometer in a freezer 
and their paddling became less 

5241
04:31:05,500 --> 04:31:08,100
about navigation and more about 
generating enough movement to 

5242
04:31:08,100 --> 04:31:11,400
maintain circulation. 
But the most dangerous enemy 

5243
04:31:11,400 --> 04:31:15,000
wasn't cold or current. 
It was doubt every minute in the

5244
04:31:15,000 --> 04:31:17,500
water brought new evidence. 
That their plan had been created

5245
04:31:17,500 --> 04:31:19,300
by optimism. 
Rather than reality. 

5246
04:31:20,100 --> 04:31:22,800
The raft was too small, the 
equipment to improvised the 

5247
04:31:22,800 --> 04:31:25,300
distance too far and the 
conditions too hostile. 

5248
04:31:25,300 --> 04:31:29,100
Each wave that washed over their
makeshift vessel, carried the 

5249
04:31:29,100 --> 04:31:31,200
whispered suggestion that they 
should have stayed in their 

5250
04:31:31,208 --> 04:31:35,200
cells, accepted their sentences 
and grown old Behind Bars, 

5251
04:31:35,200 --> 04:31:36,600
rather than young beneath the 
bay. 

5252
04:31:36,600 --> 04:31:39,600
Yet, something kept them 
paddling, perhaps it was the 

5253
04:31:39,600 --> 04:31:42,700
months of investment they had 
made in the Escape Plan, perhaps

5254
04:31:42,700 --> 04:31:44,900
it was the knowledge that 
returned to Alcatraz would mean 

5255
04:31:44,908 --> 04:31:47,000
solitary confinement. 
And the kind of official 

5256
04:31:47,000 --> 04:31:50,600
attention that makes prison life
considerably more unpleasant or 

5257
04:31:50,600 --> 04:31:52,700
perhaps it was the simple human 
refusal to surrender. 

5258
04:31:52,700 --> 04:31:56,300
When surrender means death, even
when the alternative seems 

5259
04:31:56,300 --> 04:31:59,400
equally terminal. 
The fog began to thin around 

5260
04:31:59,400 --> 04:32:03,300
130, mm, revealing patches of 
Starlit sky that provided their 

5261
04:32:03,300 --> 04:32:05,500
first reliable navigational 
reference in hours. 

5262
04:32:06,300 --> 04:32:09,100
Frank oriented himself using 
constellation's, he remembered 

5263
04:32:09,100 --> 04:32:11,900
from childhood camping trips. 
The for his life had taken the 

5264
04:32:11,900 --> 04:32:14,400
series of Wrong Turns that led 
to Federal and castration. 

5265
04:32:15,400 --> 04:32:17,600
The North Star steady, and 
reliable helped him. 

5266
04:32:17,600 --> 04:32:20,300
Establish Direction though 
establishing their location 

5267
04:32:20,300 --> 04:32:22,300
remained. 
A matter of educated, guesswork 

5268
04:32:22,300 --> 04:32:25,600
and Maritime prayer. 
As a visibility improved, they 

5269
04:32:25,600 --> 04:32:27,700
could make out the darker mass 
of land ahead. 

5270
04:32:27,700 --> 04:32:31,200
Whether Angel Island, Alcatraz, 
or some previously, undiscovered

5271
04:32:31,200 --> 04:32:34,300
piece of real estate remained to
be determined, their paddling 

5272
04:32:34,300 --> 04:32:37,200
had become automatic their arms.
Moving with the mechanical 

5273
04:32:37,200 --> 04:32:40,000
Persistence of men, who had 
discovered that stopping meant 

5274
04:32:40,000 --> 04:32:42,700
sinking the raft. 
Structural Integrity had 

5275
04:32:42,700 --> 04:32:45,200
degraded into the point where it
was more of a flotation 

5276
04:32:45,200 --> 04:32:48,200
suggestion than an actual 
watercraft held together by 

5277
04:32:48,200 --> 04:32:50,500
determination and rapidly 
failing adhesive. 

5278
04:32:51,100 --> 04:32:53,800
The current had been carrying 
them steadily, but it remained 

5279
04:32:53,800 --> 04:32:56,100
unclear whether they were 
heading towards salvation or 

5280
04:32:56,100 --> 04:32:58,300
destruction and until they felt 
their improvised paddles, 

5281
04:32:58,300 --> 04:32:59,700
scraping against something 
solid. 

5282
04:33:00,500 --> 04:33:04,099
Sand rock. 
The Blessed resistance of land 

5283
04:33:04,099 --> 04:33:07,700
meeting water was evident. 
They had reached Shore there, 

5284
04:33:07,700 --> 04:33:10,800
whether they had traveled to 
miles to ancient island or 200 

5285
04:33:10,800 --> 04:33:13,300
yards in a circle back to 
Alcatraz would be determined 

5286
04:33:13,300 --> 04:33:15,400
when they could see their 
surroundings in daylight. 

5287
04:33:16,400 --> 04:33:18,300
Dragging themselves onto the 
beach with the grace of 

5288
04:33:18,300 --> 04:33:20,900
exhausted. 
Seals three, men collapsed onto 

5289
04:33:20,900 --> 04:33:22,800
Solid Ground. 
For the first time in hours, 

5290
04:33:22,800 --> 04:33:25,800
there are Escape equipment. 
What remained of it was 

5291
04:33:25,800 --> 04:33:28,900
abandoned to the tide? 
Their prison uniforms were 

5292
04:33:28,900 --> 04:33:32,400
soaked, torn and decorated with 
seaweed in ways that wouldn't 

5293
04:33:32,400 --> 04:33:35,900
have impressed any fashion 
critics, but they were alive on 

5294
04:33:35,900 --> 04:33:38,599
land and no longer inmates of 
Alcatraz federal. 

5295
04:33:38,599 --> 04:33:42,099
Penitentiary Dawn would reveal 
their location and determine 

5296
04:33:42,099 --> 04:33:46,500
their next moves until then they
lay on an unknown Beach watching

5297
04:33:46,500 --> 04:33:49,700
the fog roll back across the 
bay, listening to the sound of 

5298
04:33:49,700 --> 04:33:52,200
waves that had carried them 
either to Freedom or to a 

5299
04:33:52,200 --> 04:33:55,300
different kind of captivity. 
The Pacific had rendered its 

5300
04:33:55,300 --> 04:33:58,000
verdict but the final judgment 
remained to be written by 

5301
04:33:58,000 --> 04:34:01,900
daylight luck and the ability of
three exhausted fugitives to 

5302
04:34:01,900 --> 04:34:04,900
continue their improvised 
journey to wherever escaped 

5303
04:34:04,900 --> 04:34:05,500
convicts. 
Go. 

5304
04:34:05,508 --> 04:34:08,900
When the impossible becomes 
merely improbable Dawn arrived 

5305
04:34:08,900 --> 04:34:13,400
on June 12th 1962 with the cruel
Clarity that daylight brings to 

5306
04:34:13,400 --> 04:34:16,099
midnight decisions. 
Three men who had spent the 

5307
04:34:16,108 --> 04:34:18,099
night discovering where the 
desperation could overcome 

5308
04:34:18,099 --> 04:34:20,000
physics. 
Now face, the morning's harsh 

5309
04:34:20,000 --> 04:34:23,300
accounting of their aquatic 
Adventure Beach beneath them was

5310
04:34:23,300 --> 04:34:25,400
real. 
The water behind them was real 

5311
04:34:25,400 --> 04:34:28,599
but their location remained a 
mystery that would be solved by 

5312
04:34:28,599 --> 04:34:32,599
geography rather than hope. 
Frank Morris opened his eyes to 

5313
04:34:32,599 --> 04:34:34,700
find himself staring at a 
landscape that looked 

5314
04:34:34,700 --> 04:34:37,099
suspiciously like the California
coast. 

5315
04:34:37,900 --> 04:34:39,599
The weather. 
They had reached Angel Island 

5316
04:34:39,599 --> 04:34:43,300
returned to Alcatraz or washed 
up on some entirely different 

5317
04:34:43,300 --> 04:34:45,300
piece of real estate remained to
be determined. 

5318
04:34:46,099 --> 04:34:48,900
His body ached with the specific
pain that comes from spending 

5319
04:34:48,900 --> 04:34:51,200
hours and cold water. 
While wearing clothes designed 

5320
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:54,099
for indoor prison use rather 
than Maritime Adventures. 

5321
04:34:55,300 --> 04:34:59,000
The brilliant escape plan so 
carefully crafted during months 

5322
04:34:59,000 --> 04:35:02,599
of cell block conspiracies, had 
deposited them on an unknown 

5323
04:35:02,599 --> 04:35:05,000
Shore with no equipment. 
No identification. 

5324
04:35:05,000 --> 04:35:07,400
And no clear idea of what to do 
next. 

5325
04:35:08,300 --> 04:35:11,200
The Anglin Brothers moved 
cautiously like men testing 

5326
04:35:11,200 --> 04:35:13,900
which parts of their bodies 
still functioned after spending 

5327
04:35:13,900 --> 04:35:17,099
a night in the ocean. 
John's artistic talents. 

5328
04:35:17,099 --> 04:35:20,000
So useful for creating dummy, 
heads and fake walls. 

5329
04:35:20,000 --> 04:35:23,300
Seemed less applicable to their 
current situation which called 

5330
04:35:23,300 --> 04:35:25,700
for skills, more, commonly 
associated with survival 

5331
04:35:25,700 --> 04:35:29,300
training than creative forgery. 
Circumstances that are 

5332
04:35:29,300 --> 04:35:31,900
transcended the predictable 
routines of prison life. 

5333
04:35:31,900 --> 04:35:34,700
Similarly challenged clarence's 
systematic approach to planning 

5334
04:35:35,800 --> 04:35:37,900
their first priority was to 
pinpoint their location. 

5335
04:35:38,700 --> 04:35:42,000
A task that necessitated a level
of urgency in their economists 

5336
04:35:42,000 --> 04:35:44,099
compared to their early 
intelligence gathering. 

5337
04:35:44,900 --> 04:35:48,000
If they had somehow managed to 
Circle back to Alcatraz, their 

5338
04:35:48,000 --> 04:35:51,000
escape attempt, would become a 
very short story with an unhappy

5339
04:35:51,000 --> 04:35:53,099
ending. 
If they had reached Angel 

5340
04:35:53,099 --> 04:35:56,300
Island, they would need to find 
a way off the island before Park

5341
04:35:56,300 --> 04:35:58,300
Rangers or Coast Guard. 
Patrols discovered their 

5342
04:35:58,300 --> 04:36:00,200
presence. 
If they had been taken 

5343
04:36:00,200 --> 04:36:02,900
elsewhere, they would have to 
find their bearings and continue

5344
04:36:02,900 --> 04:36:06,200
their journey to Freedom. 
The coastline revealed itself as

5345
04:36:06,200 --> 04:36:09,900
they explored, and the News was 
both good and problematic, they 

5346
04:36:09,900 --> 04:36:13,000
had indeed reached Angel Island,
their intended destination, 

5347
04:36:13,000 --> 04:36:15,599
which meant their navigation had
been more accurate than the 

5348
04:36:15,608 --> 04:36:18,800
conditions had suggested. 
However, Angel Island was not 

5349
04:36:18,808 --> 04:36:20,500
exactly a launching pad to 
Freedom. 

5350
04:36:20,500 --> 04:36:23,900
It was a state park regularly, 
patrolled and connected to the 

5351
04:36:23,900 --> 04:36:26,300
mainland only by ferry service. 
That required tickets 

5352
04:36:26,300 --> 04:36:29,200
identification and the kind of 
paperwork. 

5353
04:36:29,200 --> 04:36:33,000
They were unlikely to possess 
But they were no longer inmates 

5354
04:36:33,000 --> 04:36:36,099
of Alcatraz which represented 
progress of a sort. 

5355
04:36:37,599 --> 04:36:40,800
Their legal status, had evolved 
from incarcerated to escaped 

5356
04:36:40,800 --> 04:36:44,400
fugitives, which was arguably an
improvement in terms of personal

5357
04:36:44,400 --> 04:36:47,099
autonomy, though it came with 
its set of challenges. 

5358
04:36:48,200 --> 04:36:51,099
The FBI would shortly be 
genuinely interested in their 

5359
04:36:51,099 --> 04:36:53,800
whereabouts. 
US Marshals would be updating 

5360
04:36:53,800 --> 04:36:56,800
their wanted posters and every 
law enforcement agency in 

5361
04:36:56,800 --> 04:36:59,500
Northern California would be 
looking for three men, whose 

5362
04:36:59,500 --> 04:37:02,400
descriptions would be circulated
with the efficiency of a chain 

5363
04:37:02,400 --> 04:37:04,700
letter. 
The immediate challenge was 

5364
04:37:04,700 --> 04:37:07,300
getting off Angel Island before 
their presents was discovered 

5365
04:37:07,300 --> 04:37:09,500
ferry. 
Service was out of the question.

5366
04:37:09,500 --> 04:37:12,700
Swimming was no longer appealing
after their previous aquatic 

5367
04:37:12,700 --> 04:37:16,099
experience in common during a 
boat would add Maritime theft to

5368
04:37:16,099 --> 04:37:18,800
their growing list of federal 
charges, they needed 

5369
04:37:18,800 --> 04:37:21,500
transportation, that was both 
available and inconspicuous 

5370
04:37:21,500 --> 04:37:24,700
which narrowed their options to 
Creative Solutions, that would 

5371
04:37:24,700 --> 04:37:27,599
have tested the Ingenuity of a 
professional skate artist. 

5372
04:37:28,700 --> 04:37:31,099
The prison uniforms had to be 
addressed before, they could 

5373
04:37:31,099 --> 04:37:33,099
move in public without 
attracting attention. 

5374
04:37:34,300 --> 04:37:36,599
The sight of three men in 
drenched federal prison 

5375
04:37:36,599 --> 04:37:38,400
clothing. 
Was likely to spark curiosity, 

5376
04:37:38,400 --> 04:37:42,599
leading to calls to authorities 
in a swift end to their fleeting

5377
04:37:42,599 --> 04:37:45,200
moment of Freedom. 
They needed civilian clothes, 

5378
04:37:45,200 --> 04:37:48,099
which meant finding them through
methods that were available to 

5379
04:37:48,099 --> 04:37:51,599
escaped convicts with no money, 
no connections, and no 

5380
04:37:51,599 --> 04:37:55,300
legitimate means of acquisition.
The morning progressed with the 

5381
04:37:55,300 --> 04:37:58,000
methodical problem solving that 
had characterized their escape 

5382
04:37:58,000 --> 04:38:01,200
planning. 
Franks intelligence, John's 

5383
04:38:01,200 --> 04:38:04,400
creative resourcefulness and 
Clarence is systematic approach.

5384
04:38:04,400 --> 04:38:07,200
Were applied to challenges that 
were immediate and practical. 

5385
04:38:07,900 --> 04:38:12,500
Food clothing, transportation 
and avoiding recapture long 

5386
04:38:12,500 --> 04:38:15,300
enough to establish some kind of
sustainable existence outside 

5387
04:38:15,300 --> 04:38:18,900
Federal custody, but even as 
they plan their next moves each 

5388
04:38:18,900 --> 04:38:21,700
man at understood, that their 
escape from Alcatraz was only 

5389
04:38:21,700 --> 04:38:23,400
the beginning of a much longer 
Journey. 

5390
04:38:24,200 --> 04:38:26,400
They had proved that the 
inescapable prison could be 

5391
04:38:26,400 --> 04:38:28,599
escaped. 
But they had committed 

5392
04:38:28,599 --> 04:38:31,599
themselves to lives as permanent
fugitives in a country where 

5393
04:38:31,599 --> 04:38:34,400
their faces would be known to 
every law enforcement officer 

5394
04:38:34,400 --> 04:38:38,000
from coast to coast. 
The morning sun illuminated, the

5395
04:38:38,000 --> 04:38:40,200
Paradox of their success 
warming. 

5396
04:38:40,200 --> 04:38:42,800
Their salt stiffened clothes and
revealing the California 

5397
04:38:42,800 --> 04:38:46,300
Landscaping shop detail. 
They achieved The Impossible. 

5398
04:38:47,300 --> 04:38:51,400
A gaping from Alcatraz Federal 
Penitentiary, using improvised 

5399
04:38:51,400 --> 04:38:54,900
tools, handmade equipment, and 
planning that had been conducted

5400
04:38:54,900 --> 04:38:57,400
entirely within the most secure 
prison in America. 

5401
04:38:57,400 --> 04:39:01,300
Yet their Triumph had delivered 
them, not to freedom, but to a 

5402
04:39:01,300 --> 04:39:04,599
different kind of captivity. 
The hunted existence of men who 

5403
04:39:04,599 --> 04:39:07,400
could never again live under 
their names, or return to the 

5404
04:39:07,400 --> 04:39:10,599
places they had known. 
As they prepared to leave Angel 

5405
04:39:10,599 --> 04:39:13,000
Island and begin the next 
chapter of their story. 

5406
04:39:13,000 --> 04:39:15,400
Three men stood at the 
intersection of Legend and 

5407
04:39:15,400 --> 04:39:18,400
reality they had become part of 
Alcatraz mythology. 

5408
04:39:18,400 --> 04:39:21,700
Their escaped joining the annals
of impossible achievements that 

5409
04:39:21,700 --> 04:39:23,599
Inspire others to attempt the 
improbable. 

5410
04:39:24,400 --> 04:39:27,200
But they had also learned that 
escaping from prison is only the

5411
04:39:27,200 --> 04:39:30,300
first step in a journey that 
continues for the rest of their 

5412
04:39:30,300 --> 04:39:32,800
lives. 
However, long those lives might 

5413
04:39:32,800 --> 04:39:37,099
prove to be The Pacific Ocean 
which are tested their resolve 

5414
04:39:37,099 --> 04:39:40,200
and nearly came their lives 
stretched behind them like, a 

5415
04:39:40,200 --> 04:39:43,900
liquid barrier between their 
past and their future ahead, lay

5416
04:39:43,900 --> 04:39:47,200
the mainland, with its 
opportunities, and dangers, its 

5417
04:39:47,200 --> 04:39:50,600
promise of freedom, and its 
guarantee of Perpetual Pursuit. 

5418
04:39:51,600 --> 04:39:54,100
Three men who had started. 
As inmates had become fugitives 

5419
04:39:54,100 --> 04:39:57,300
and the story was no longer 
about escaping from Alcatraz. 

5420
04:39:57,300 --> 04:40:00,200
It was about learning to live 
with the consequences of having 

5421
04:40:00,200 --> 04:40:03,500
done the impossible. whether 
Frank Morris and the Anglin 

5422
04:40:03,500 --> 04:40:06,900
Brothers survived their escape 
established new identities and 

5423
04:40:06,900 --> 04:40:09,600
lived out, their days in an 
anonymous Freedom, or whether 

5424
04:40:09,608 --> 04:40:12,900
they perished in the bay that 
night remains, one of America's 

5425
04:40:12,900 --> 04:40:19,200
most enduring Mysteries, On June
of 11th 1962 three men showed 

5426
04:40:19,200 --> 04:40:21,900
that even the most secure prison
is only a strong as the 

5427
04:40:21,900 --> 04:40:25,200
imagination of those. 
It seeks to contain a 

5428
04:40:25,200 --> 04:40:28,400
transformed themselves from 
criminals into legends from 

5429
04:40:28,400 --> 04:40:31,900
prisoners into symbols of the 
Eternal human desire to be free.

5430
04:40:32,900 --> 04:40:34,800
And somewhere in the Morning, 
Mist rolling off. 

5431
04:40:34,800 --> 04:40:38,800
San Francisco Bay their story 
continues, not as history, but 

5432
04:40:38,800 --> 04:40:42,300
as possibility, not as fact but 
as the kind of truth that grows 

5433
04:40:42,300 --> 04:40:45,600
stronger with each telling 
reminding us that sometimes the 

5434
04:40:45,600 --> 04:40:48,200
most impossible Dreams are the 
ones most worth pursuing. 

5435
04:40:51,800 --> 04:40:57,000
Leonardo da Vinci was born on 
April 15th, 1452 or 1452 by the 

5436
04:40:57,000 --> 04:41:02,000
Florentine calendar. 1452 to 
1453 by modern Reckoning, in the

5437
04:41:02,000 --> 04:41:04,900
Tuscan Hamlet of anciano near 
the town of Vinci. 

5438
04:41:05,600 --> 04:41:07,700
Came into a world undergoing. 
Seismic changes. 

5439
04:41:07,700 --> 04:41:11,600
Florence was a republic brimming
with our artistic energy and 

5440
04:41:11,600 --> 04:41:14,100
Europe was on the cusp of the 
renaissance's, full flowering 

5441
04:41:14,100 --> 04:41:17,600
his father. 
Samira Vinci was a notary of 

5442
04:41:17,608 --> 04:41:21,200
moderate Renown while his mother
Katarina is believed to have 

5443
04:41:21,200 --> 04:41:23,000
been a local woman of humble 
background. 

5444
04:41:23,800 --> 04:41:26,700
The boys illegitimacy meant he 
was never part of the upper 

5445
04:41:26,700 --> 04:41:29,900
echelons yet, it freed him from 
certain constraints that might 

5446
04:41:29,900 --> 04:41:32,100
have Shackled, a legitimate son 
to family business. 

5447
04:41:32,100 --> 04:41:36,000
Even as a child, Leonardo is 
said to have displayed an 

5448
04:41:36,000 --> 04:41:39,600
intense curiosity, wandering 
fields and streams sketching. 

5449
04:41:39,600 --> 04:41:43,200
Plants small creatures, or 
swirling Eddies in the water. 

5450
04:41:44,000 --> 04:41:47,100
At this time, many children in 
Tuscany received minimal formal 

5451
04:41:47,100 --> 04:41:50,700
education, but Leonardo's father
recognized the boys, precocious 

5452
04:41:50,700 --> 04:41:53,600
mind records. 
Suggest that around age 14, 

5453
04:41:53,600 --> 04:41:57,500
Leonardo began an apprenticeship
in Florence with Andrea Del 

5454
04:41:57,500 --> 04:41:59,700
verrocchio. 
A master known for sculpture 

5455
04:41:59,700 --> 04:42:04,200
metal work, and painting the 
workshop bustled with talented 

5456
04:42:04,200 --> 04:42:07,600
pupils and assistance, forging a
collaborative environment. 

5457
04:42:07,600 --> 04:42:12,100
Apprentices learn to prepare 
pigments, crafty details, and 

5458
04:42:12,100 --> 04:42:16,300
replicate the Master's Style. 
Leonardo's innate knack for 

5459
04:42:16,300 --> 04:42:19,400
observation set him apart his 
notebooks from that era. 

5460
04:42:19,400 --> 04:42:23,500
The mostly lost would have 
contained anatomical, Skechers 

5461
04:42:23,500 --> 04:42:27,800
mechanical Doodles and fleeting 
notes on Geometry while other 

5462
04:42:27,800 --> 04:42:31,300
students, memorize standard 
forms, Leonardo probe, the 

5463
04:42:31,300 --> 04:42:34,900
underlying structures dissecting
how limbs attached or how like 

5464
04:42:34,900 --> 04:42:38,500
refracted on glossy surfaces an 
early Turning Point arrived. 

5465
04:42:38,500 --> 04:42:42,200
When rakhiyo assigned him to 
paint a small angel in the 

5466
04:42:42,200 --> 04:42:47,200
corner of the baptism of Christ.
Legend has it that upon seeing 

5467
04:42:47,200 --> 04:42:50,800
Leonardo's contribution, 
Morocco, felt overshadowed and 

5468
04:42:50,800 --> 04:42:54,000
vowed never to paint again. 
Though, that story might be 

5469
04:42:54,008 --> 04:42:56,400
apocryphal. 
It underscores how swiftly, 

5470
04:42:56,400 --> 04:42:58,100
Leonardo's skill gained 
recognition? 

5471
04:42:59,000 --> 04:43:02,000
He brought a Fresh Approach to 
shading employing what? 

5472
04:43:02,000 --> 04:43:05,100
We now call Kiara skiro to 
infuse figures with tangible 

5473
04:43:05,100 --> 04:43:07,800
volume. 
While older Masters often used 

5474
04:43:07,800 --> 04:43:11,400
linear outlines, the Leonardo 
Blended tones, so that forms 

5475
04:43:11,400 --> 04:43:16,100
emerged gracefully from Shadow 
despite his promise, Leonardo's 

5476
04:43:16,100 --> 04:43:19,100
early years, in Florence 
carried, frustrations, some 

5477
04:43:19,100 --> 04:43:21,900
commissions fizzled due to 
political upheavals, or Patron, 

5478
04:43:21,900 --> 04:43:24,200
shifts. 
Eager to expand his reach 

5479
04:43:24,200 --> 04:43:28,500
Leonardo sought new Vistas 
around 1482. 

5480
04:43:28,500 --> 04:43:32,700
He journeyed to Milan offering 
his services to ludovicus Forte 

5481
04:43:32,700 --> 04:43:36,000
the ruling Duke. 
He wrote a letter extolling, his

5482
04:43:36,000 --> 04:43:40,200
engineering prowess listing 
designs for Bridges, cannons and

5483
04:43:40,200 --> 04:43:42,900
war machines. 
Only concluding with a mention 

5484
04:43:42,900 --> 04:43:46,600
that he could paint This detail 
reveals how Leonardo viewed 

5485
04:43:46,600 --> 04:43:50,600
himself, not merely an artist 
but a multi-faceted engineer who

5486
04:43:50,600 --> 04:43:53,600
happened to paint. 
Sports are intrigued by such 

5487
04:43:53,600 --> 04:43:58,200
potential welcomed him. 
In Milan Leonardo thrived. 

5488
04:43:58,200 --> 04:44:01,800
The ducal court was a center of 
intellectual Pursuits blending 

5489
04:44:01,800 --> 04:44:04,300
Politics, the Arts and emerging 
Sciences. 

5490
04:44:04,300 --> 04:44:08,200
He tackled a massive equestrian 
statue project for ludovico, 

5491
04:44:08,200 --> 04:44:11,500
intending to cast a colossal, 
bronze horse to honor, the 

5492
04:44:11,508 --> 04:44:14,800
Duke's, father for years, 
Leonardo studied horses, 

5493
04:44:14,800 --> 04:44:18,200
musculature sketched them in 
various Gates and designed 

5494
04:44:18,200 --> 04:44:22,300
elaborate Foundry techniques. 
Ultimately political Strife 

5495
04:44:22,300 --> 04:44:25,800
disrupted the project. 
French armies, invaded and the 

5496
04:44:25,808 --> 04:44:27,900
raw bronze. 
Allocated for the statue was 

5497
04:44:27,900 --> 04:44:31,300
repurposed in to Canon's. 
The uncompleted clay model 

5498
04:44:31,300 --> 04:44:35,500
became a casualty of War 
shattered as Milan fell, This 

5499
04:44:35,500 --> 04:44:39,200
Fiasco, however did not dampen 
Leonardo's thirst for Grand 

5500
04:44:39,200 --> 04:44:41,900
challenges. 
During his Milanese phase 

5501
04:44:41,900 --> 04:44:44,000
Leonardo, also produced the 
virgin of the Rocks. 

5502
04:44:44,000 --> 04:44:47,200
A painting that showcased his 
Mastery of atmospheric 

5503
04:44:47,200 --> 04:44:50,800
perspective, experimented with 
layered glazes and gentle 

5504
04:44:50,800 --> 04:44:53,300
transitions. 
Making the rocky Grotto and 

5505
04:44:53,300 --> 04:44:55,200
figures radiator and other 
worldly. 

5506
04:44:55,200 --> 04:44:58,400
Hush simultaneously. 
He furthered his anatomical 

5507
04:44:58,400 --> 04:45:01,600
investigation's dissecting 
animals to refine his knowledge 

5508
04:45:01,600 --> 04:45:04,300
of muscle groups. 
He documented swirling water 

5509
04:45:04,300 --> 04:45:07,900
patterns in the city's, canals 
studied, the flight of birds and

5510
04:45:07,900 --> 04:45:11,600
toyed, with the idea of a flying
machine Milan to environment, 

5511
04:45:11,600 --> 04:45:15,000
gave him the space to roam 
intellectually bridging Artistry

5512
04:45:15,000 --> 04:45:17,900
with scientific speculation in a
manner, rarely seen before. 

5513
04:45:18,600 --> 04:45:22,000
Yet, these Pursuits co-existed 
with real world demands. 

5514
04:45:22,800 --> 04:45:25,900
The sports Accord needed 
fortifications, Festival designs

5515
04:45:25,900 --> 04:45:29,100
and mechanical. 
Contraptions Leonardo obliged 

5516
04:45:29,100 --> 04:45:32,800
Penning treats, his on Geometry,
building stage sets for pageants

5517
04:45:32,800 --> 04:45:36,200
and Engineering, a femoral 
wonders, some found him 

5518
04:45:36,200 --> 04:45:38,400
eccentric, especially as he 
scribbled notes. 

5519
04:45:38,400 --> 04:45:41,200
In Mirror writing others, 
recognized him as an 

5520
04:45:41,200 --> 04:45:44,400
inexhaustible thinker who might 
at any moment produce the next 

5521
04:45:44,400 --> 04:45:47,200
stroke of Genius. 
By the late 15th century 

5522
04:45:47,200 --> 04:45:50,300
Leonardo had established himself
as a leading figure of the 

5523
04:45:50,308 --> 04:45:53,000
Renaissance though, his Restless
mind, kept him. 

5524
04:45:53,000 --> 04:45:56,000
Pushing forward, always hungry 
for the next Frontier of 

5525
04:45:56,000 --> 04:45:59,100
knowledge. 
Leonardo's life in Milan was 

5526
04:45:59,100 --> 04:46:01,900
bustling yet. 
Destiny had other turns in store

5527
04:46:01,900 --> 04:46:05,300
in 1499. 
French forces under King Louis. 

5528
04:46:05,300 --> 04:46:08,600
The 12th Concord Milan. 
The once powerful Sportster 

5529
04:46:08,600 --> 04:46:13,100
collapsed, leaving Leonardo in 
his Patron scrambling With the 

5530
04:46:13,100 --> 04:46:16,100
city's Patron gone, Leonardo 
lost his secure base. 

5531
04:46:16,100 --> 04:46:20,300
He departed Milan, traveling to 
Venice and briefly to Mantua 

5532
04:46:20,300 --> 04:46:23,500
carrying an uneven portfolio of 
half-finished, commission's and 

5533
04:46:23,500 --> 04:46:25,200
a head brimming with 
experiments. 

5534
04:46:25,200 --> 04:46:27,700
The aftermath was a tumultuous 
period. 

5535
04:46:27,700 --> 04:46:32,200
Marked by shifting alliance's 
across Italy city states, in 

5536
04:46:32,200 --> 04:46:36,600
Mantua the Martians, Isabella 
Desi, welcome to him seeking a 

5537
04:46:36,600 --> 04:46:39,700
portrait. 
She was a formidable Patron but 

5538
04:46:39,700 --> 04:46:41,500
Leonardo's restlessness 
prevailed. 

5539
04:46:42,200 --> 04:46:45,500
He quickly moved on, possibly 
uninterested in the standard 

5540
04:46:45,500 --> 04:46:48,200
portrait tasks, by the 
mid-1500s. 

5541
04:46:48,200 --> 04:46:51,100
He found his way back to 
Florence after two decades away.

5542
04:46:51,900 --> 04:46:55,200
The city had changed. 
It was now under the sway of the

5543
04:46:55,200 --> 04:46:58,500
Republican government briefly 
influenced by the fiery 

5544
04:46:58,500 --> 04:47:02,100
preacher, 7 arola. 
Tension simmered and art 

5545
04:47:02,100 --> 04:47:06,300
commissions had a new flavor 
patriotic or moralistic yet. 

5546
04:47:06,300 --> 04:47:09,900
Florence remembered Leonardo's 
early promise he was invited to 

5547
04:47:09,900 --> 04:47:14,500
paint a major Altarpiece though 
negotiation stalled instead he 

5548
04:47:14,500 --> 04:47:17,800
seized on a more prestigious 
assignment a mural in the 

5549
04:47:17,800 --> 04:47:21,000
Palazzo, Della signoria the seat
of Florence's government. 

5550
04:47:21,900 --> 04:47:25,900
This mural project known as the 
Battle of anghiari was meant to 

5551
04:47:25,900 --> 04:47:31,100
commemorate a 1444 team victory.
The crosstown Michelangelo was 

5552
04:47:31,100 --> 04:47:33,600
commissioned to do a different 
battle scene in the same Hall. 

5553
04:47:33,600 --> 04:47:37,000
The city braced for a 
competition between two towering

5554
04:47:37,000 --> 04:47:41,000
Geniuses Leonardo approached. 
The mural, with an experimental 

5555
04:47:41,000 --> 04:47:45,000
technique he planned to use a 
wax based paint to speed drying.

5556
04:47:45,000 --> 04:47:48,700
He built a giant scaffold and 
devised Advanced heating systems

5557
04:47:48,700 --> 04:47:52,300
to help the paint set but the 
Innovation backfired parts of 

5558
04:47:52,300 --> 04:47:56,300
the mural dripped or refused to 
adhere despite partial success 

5559
04:47:56,300 --> 04:47:57,300
in depicting. 
Dramatic. 

5560
04:47:57,300 --> 04:48:01,000
Cavalry Charges the painting 
never reached its final form 

5561
04:48:01,000 --> 04:48:04,200
over time. 
The incomplete mural decayed or 

5562
04:48:04,200 --> 04:48:07,000
was covered by later. 
Renovations, still the surviving

5563
04:48:07,000 --> 04:48:09,200
sketches and copies hint that it
was a dynamic. 

5564
04:48:10,200 --> 04:48:13,400
Swirling composition of men and 
horses locked in ferocious 

5565
04:48:13,400 --> 04:48:15,800
combat. 
During the same stretch, 

5566
04:48:15,800 --> 04:48:19,700
Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa 
commissioned by Francesca condo 

5567
04:48:19,700 --> 04:48:22,200
for his wife. 
Lisa, it was initially a private

5568
04:48:22,200 --> 04:48:26,300
portrait, Leonardo spent years 
refining, it working, and 

5569
04:48:26,300 --> 04:48:30,200
reworking, subtle glazes. 
The face is elusive smile and 

5570
04:48:30,200 --> 04:48:31,900
luminous. 
Complexion resulted from 

5571
04:48:31,900 --> 04:48:37,100
layering translucent, paint each
layer diffused, light the 

5572
04:48:37,100 --> 04:48:40,100
painting's mysterious Aura. 
Also came from Leonardo's habit 

5573
04:48:40,100 --> 04:48:43,400
of constantly, altering details,
while smaller than some Grand 

5574
04:48:43,400 --> 04:48:45,400
frescoes. 
The peace represented, a 

5575
04:48:45,400 --> 04:48:47,300
culmination of his few motto 
technique. 

5576
04:48:48,100 --> 04:48:50,500
The background hazy mountains 
and winding roads. 

5577
04:48:50,500 --> 04:48:53,800
Mirrored Leonardo's fascination 
with geology and fluid dynamics 

5578
04:48:53,800 --> 04:48:56,500
over time. 
He kept the painting with him. 

5579
04:48:56,500 --> 04:48:58,600
Never delivering it to the 
patron. 

5580
04:48:59,300 --> 04:49:01,400
Possibly, he saw it as a 
personal Testament to 

5581
04:49:01,400 --> 04:49:04,800
portraitures Pinnacle. 
Parallel to these artistic 

5582
04:49:04,800 --> 04:49:09,100
Feats, Leonardo Advanced his 
scientific Explorations, he 

5583
04:49:09,100 --> 04:49:11,900
dissected human cadavers in 
hospitals, outside Florence 

5584
04:49:11,900 --> 04:49:14,700
sketching, cross-sections of 
muscles and bones. 

5585
04:49:15,500 --> 04:49:19,000
Though, dissection was sensitive
certain hospitals allowed it for

5586
04:49:19,000 --> 04:49:22,400
educational ends. 
His anatomical, drawings some 

5587
04:49:22,400 --> 04:49:25,000
discovered. 
Centuries later revealed a near 

5588
04:49:25,000 --> 04:49:27,900
modern, understanding of the 
spine, the arrangement of 

5589
04:49:27,900 --> 04:49:30,300
internal organs and the 
skeletons mechanics. 

5590
04:49:31,200 --> 04:49:34,200
He planted an extensive 
Treasures on Anatomy, combining 

5591
04:49:34,200 --> 04:49:37,700
text with the diagrammatic 
Precision anticipating the 

5592
04:49:37,700 --> 04:49:41,700
modern concept of Illustrated 
medical textbooks, however, like

5593
04:49:41,700 --> 04:49:44,900
many Leonardo projects. 
It was never formally published 

5594
04:49:44,900 --> 04:49:48,700
in his lifetime. 
Politics royalty again, in 1503 

5595
04:49:48,700 --> 04:49:50,900
to 1504 when Pisa threatened 
Florence. 

5596
04:49:51,800 --> 04:49:54,200
Leonardo contributed to 
engineering Solutions 

5597
04:49:54,200 --> 04:49:58,100
brainstorming ways to divert the
Arno River to hamper's supply 

5598
04:49:58,100 --> 04:50:01,600
lines. 
He drafted canals levies and 

5599
04:50:01,600 --> 04:50:05,400
even considered flooding tactics
The plan was bold but face 

5600
04:50:05,400 --> 04:50:07,900
practical obstacles in Tuscany 
terrain though. 

5601
04:50:07,900 --> 04:50:10,900
Partially attempted the scheme 
never fully materialized. 

5602
04:50:10,900 --> 04:50:13,800
The episodes highlight 
Leonardo's willingness to tackle

5603
04:50:13,800 --> 04:50:16,600
large-scale, engineering 
challenges, blending 

5604
04:50:16,600 --> 04:50:19,000
topographical studies with 
strategic Insight. 

5605
04:50:19,000 --> 04:50:21,900
The lessons gleaned would echo 
in his future city. 

5606
04:50:21,900 --> 04:50:23,500
Planning sketches and Water 
Management. 

5607
04:50:23,500 --> 04:50:28,300
Designs by 1506 French rule 
stabilized in Milan opening the 

5608
04:50:28,300 --> 04:50:30,400
city. 
Once more long gone was 

5609
04:50:30,400 --> 04:50:33,500
ludovico's Forte, but the new 
French Governors beckoned 

5610
04:50:33,500 --> 04:50:36,100
Leonardo. 
Eager to revisit uncompleted 

5611
04:50:36,100 --> 04:50:38,300
ideas like the giant horse 
statue. 

5612
04:50:38,300 --> 04:50:41,200
He returned. 
Florence, parted ways with him 

5613
04:50:41,200 --> 04:50:44,800
under a cloud of frustration as 
the Battle of anghiari, lingard 

5614
04:50:44,800 --> 04:50:47,300
unfinished. 
Yet Leonardo's departure 

5615
04:50:47,300 --> 04:50:49,200
signaled, that loyalty to a 
single city. 

5616
04:50:49,200 --> 04:50:52,700
Was never his style. 
He roamed following whichever 

5617
04:50:52,700 --> 04:50:55,500
environment, let him Chase 
multiple intellectual Pursuits. 

5618
04:50:55,500 --> 04:50:59,100
In returning to Milan, he sought
continuity for the scientific 

5619
04:50:59,100 --> 04:51:01,800
and artistic projects left 
behind a decade prior. 

5620
04:51:01,800 --> 04:51:07,000
Thus, by the mid-1500s, Leonardo
had become an artist engineer. 

5621
04:51:07,000 --> 04:51:10,800
Bridging city states forging, a 
pattern of partial achievements 

5622
04:51:10,800 --> 04:51:13,700
and unfinished Marvels. 
Some critics found him 

5623
04:51:13,700 --> 04:51:17,800
unreliable and eternal tinkerer 
yet few denied His Brilliant. 

5624
04:51:18,600 --> 04:51:21,700
He left Florence having, 
revolutionized portraiture and 

5625
04:51:21,700 --> 04:51:25,000
capturing a femoral visual 
mysteries in the Mona Lisa. 

5626
04:51:25,700 --> 04:51:28,400
While also nearly 
revolutionizing mural painting. 

5627
04:51:29,300 --> 04:51:32,000
The stage was set for further, 
meanderings in Milan, and 

5628
04:51:32,000 --> 04:51:35,200
eventually Beyond, as Europe, 
recognized him as a truly 

5629
04:51:35,200 --> 04:51:39,000
singular figure, a testament to 
the renaissance's union of Art 

5630
04:51:39,000 --> 04:51:41,700
and Science. 
Leonardo's second stint in Milan

5631
04:51:41,700 --> 04:51:45,700
began around 1506, under the 
patronage of Charles de amwas, 

5632
04:51:45,700 --> 04:51:48,000
the French governor. 
This time. 

5633
04:51:48,000 --> 04:51:51,400
The city was controlled by the 
French Crown, not the sport of 

5634
04:51:51,400 --> 04:51:55,300
family The environment was 
different less personal loyalty,

5635
04:51:55,300 --> 04:52:00,100
more bureaucratic oversight. 
But Leonardo's Fame and groan. 

5636
04:52:00,100 --> 04:52:02,600
He was recognized as a 
renaissance man. 

5637
04:52:02,600 --> 04:52:06,400
Whose counsel was prized for 
everything from architecture to 

5638
04:52:06,400 --> 04:52:10,000
Geometry some records indicate. 
He was granted a Workshop near 

5639
04:52:10,000 --> 04:52:13,100
the port of a Jelena District 
where he resumed anatomical 

5640
04:52:13,100 --> 04:52:15,600
mechanical an Artistic 
Endeavors. 

5641
04:52:16,500 --> 04:52:18,900
One ongoing Obsession was the 
equestrian Monument. 

5642
04:52:18,900 --> 04:52:21,700
He had once played for 
ludovico's Forte, though. 

5643
04:52:21,700 --> 04:52:24,900
The bronze had been lost to war,
Leonardo still dreamed of 

5644
04:52:24,900 --> 04:52:28,400
building, the largest horse 
statue known, He refined the 

5645
04:52:28,400 --> 04:52:31,800
design adjusting how a rearing 
stallion might balance on hind 

5646
04:52:31,800 --> 04:52:34,200
legs. 
He sketched Innovative casting 

5647
04:52:34,200 --> 04:52:37,300
methods hoping to circumvent 
earlier, meltdown issues. 

5648
04:52:37,300 --> 04:52:41,700
However the politics had shifted
with ludovico deposed the 

5649
04:52:41,700 --> 04:52:45,100
impetus for a sports and 
Memorial dissipated Leonardo 

5650
04:52:45,100 --> 04:52:48,000
might have pitched the idea to 
the French Administration but it

5651
04:52:48,008 --> 04:52:50,900
never crystallized. 
You remained Resolute in 

5652
04:52:50,900 --> 04:52:52,300
exploring? 
Equine Anatomy. 

5653
04:52:53,000 --> 04:52:57,200
Capturing every sinew and tendon
in fresh sketches. 

5654
04:52:57,200 --> 04:53:00,800
During this period Leonardo 
welcomed a youthful. 

5655
04:53:00,800 --> 04:53:03,600
Apprentice named Francesco melty
who would become his most 

5656
04:53:03,600 --> 04:53:06,500
devoted disciple and eventually 
executor of his estate. 

5657
04:53:07,400 --> 04:53:12,100
Melty from a noble Milanese 
family, offered loyalty scribing

5658
04:53:12,100 --> 04:53:14,300
capabilities and stable 
finances. 

5659
04:53:15,300 --> 04:53:18,600
He accompanied Leonardo on trips
helped, organize notes and 

5660
04:53:18,600 --> 04:53:22,100
became the Master's confidant. 
The presence of a stem or 

5661
04:53:22,100 --> 04:53:24,700
respectful Apprentice might have
provided Leonardo, the 

5662
04:53:24,700 --> 04:53:26,000
continuity. 
He had long sought. 

5663
04:53:27,200 --> 04:53:30,100
After dealing with early 
assistance who sometimes parted 

5664
04:53:30,100 --> 04:53:34,000
on mixed terms, meanwhile 
glimpses of his scientific Mania

5665
04:53:34,000 --> 04:53:37,900
multiplied, he dissected more 
today of us filming notebooks 

5666
04:53:37,900 --> 04:53:41,300
with Nuance. 
Drawing of Hearts muscles, the 

5667
04:53:41,300 --> 04:53:44,900
bronchial system, observing that
heart, valves directed blood 

5668
04:53:44,900 --> 04:53:47,100
flow. 
He speculated about circulation 

5669
04:53:47,100 --> 04:53:51,300
decades, before William Harvey's
formal discovery, Studied the 

5670
04:53:51,300 --> 04:53:54,600
vitreous humor in an ox's. 
I investigating how images 

5671
04:53:54,600 --> 04:53:58,200
formed While the Catholic church
mostly tolerated such 

5672
04:53:58,200 --> 04:54:02,400
dissections for the medical 
progress, certain clergy frowned

5673
04:54:02,400 --> 04:54:05,700
on it so Leonardo often 
performed them discreetly or at 

5674
04:54:05,700 --> 04:54:08,000
night. 
Had he published these findings.

5675
04:54:08,000 --> 04:54:11,500
He might have revolutionized 
medicine, centuries earlier, but

5676
04:54:11,500 --> 04:54:14,900
perfectionism and continuous. 
Revision meant his data State 

5677
04:54:14,908 --> 04:54:18,900
personal locked in cramped 
notebooks and penned in a mirror

5678
04:54:18,900 --> 04:54:22,700
script in parallel Leonardo 
authored treatises on flight 

5679
04:54:22,700 --> 04:54:25,300
fascinated by birds Wing 
structures. 

5680
04:54:25,300 --> 04:54:28,500
He dissected Wings to decode the
interplay of feathers. 

5681
04:54:28,500 --> 04:54:32,300
He built mechanical, prototypes 
on as aiming to replicate 

5682
04:54:32,300 --> 04:54:35,800
flapping flight though never 
tested on a large scale, these 

5683
04:54:35,800 --> 04:54:38,200
Contraptions pressed modern 
Aviation Concepts. 

5684
04:54:38,200 --> 04:54:41,500
He recognized that pure flapping
wouldn't suffice for human 

5685
04:54:41,500 --> 04:54:45,200
flight, he studied gliding 
surfaces suspecting the air 

5686
04:54:45,200 --> 04:54:48,500
currents could keep acrossed a 
lot yet the technology of the 

5687
04:54:48,500 --> 04:54:52,200
era no engine's or suitable 
materials curb these ambitions 

5688
04:54:53,100 --> 04:54:56,400
Even so the sketches reveal an 
acute understanding of 

5689
04:54:56,400 --> 04:55:00,500
aerodynamics. 
Around 1510 Leonardo's Patron, 

5690
04:55:00,500 --> 04:55:03,800
Charles dunbar's died prompting.
Another shift in Milan's, 

5691
04:55:03,800 --> 04:55:07,300
political Circle, Still the 
French King Louis, the 12th 

5692
04:55:07,300 --> 04:55:11,300
value Leonardo. 
Another momentous figure emerged

5693
04:55:11,300 --> 04:55:14,800
the newly ascendant. 
Giuliano de Medici, brother of 

5694
04:55:14,800 --> 04:55:17,600
Pope Leo. 
The 10th invited Leonardo to 

5695
04:55:17,600 --> 04:55:21,100
return to the Florentine orbit 
or possibly move to Rome where 

5696
04:55:21,100 --> 04:55:23,400
the papacy was fueling Grand 
building projects. 

5697
04:55:24,800 --> 04:55:27,900
Leonardo. 
Now in his late 50s, weighed 

5698
04:55:27,900 --> 04:55:31,000
these overtures carefully, The 
Lure of Rome's architectural 

5699
04:55:31,000 --> 04:55:34,300
expansions and advanced 
scientific resources might prove

5700
04:55:34,300 --> 04:55:39,000
irresistible. 
Eventually around 1513 Leonardo 

5701
04:55:39,000 --> 04:55:42,900
departed Milan, for Rome with an
Entourage, that included melty 

5702
04:55:42,900 --> 04:55:46,800
and some assistance in Rome and 
a Pope Leo, the 10th, the 

5703
04:55:46,800 --> 04:55:50,000
artistic scenes, sword, 
Michelangelo and Raphael 

5704
04:55:50,000 --> 04:55:51,900
dominated the city's 
commission's. 

5705
04:55:51,900 --> 04:55:56,500
Sistine Chapel expansion's Grand
papal Apartments, Leonardo, 

5706
04:55:56,500 --> 04:55:59,100
expected a role in major 
architectural or hydraulic 

5707
04:55:59,100 --> 04:56:02,700
projects instead he found 
himself over shadowed by Young 

5708
04:56:02,700 --> 04:56:05,700
arrivals. 
Michael Angelo known for Moody, 

5709
04:56:05,700 --> 04:56:09,100
brilliant's had little patience 
for Leonardo's diversion while 

5710
04:56:09,100 --> 04:56:11,900
Raphael's rising star in thrall 
the papal Court. 

5711
04:56:12,700 --> 04:56:14,400
Leonardo was offered small 
tasks. 

5712
04:56:14,400 --> 04:56:18,300
For instance, the pope asked him
to devise mechanical amusements 

5713
04:56:18,300 --> 04:56:21,900
or stage designs, but no major 
people commission emerged, 

5714
04:56:21,900 --> 04:56:25,600
despite the frustration, 
Leonardo utilized Rome's, 

5715
04:56:25,600 --> 04:56:29,800
library's continuing anatomical 
dissections, he took advantage 

5716
04:56:29,800 --> 04:56:34,300
of more Supply from local 
hospitals Some rumors suggest 

5717
04:56:34,300 --> 04:56:38,000
friction with the Vatican curia.
Ashley after a cardinal, 

5718
04:56:38,000 --> 04:56:40,600
supposedly saw dismembered 
bodies in Leonardo's. 

5719
04:56:40,600 --> 04:56:44,600
Quarters environment, felt 
stifling He wrote letters, 

5720
04:56:44,600 --> 04:56:47,700
implying that the papal, Circle,
favored, spectacle over more 

5721
04:56:47,700 --> 04:56:50,600
profound research. 
With insufficient official 

5722
04:56:50,600 --> 04:56:53,800
support for his large-scale 
experiments, Leonardo grew 

5723
04:56:53,800 --> 04:56:56,300
Restless again. 
Yet, he found fleeting 

5724
04:56:56,300 --> 04:56:59,500
satisfaction exploring the 
Belvedere, Gardens measuring 

5725
04:56:59,500 --> 04:57:01,200
ruins of ancient Roman 
structures. 

5726
04:57:01,200 --> 04:57:05,200
He studied geometry with 
Scholars, exchanging ideas about

5727
04:57:05,200 --> 04:57:09,000
perspective and the ptolemaic 
universe Perhaps a quieter dream

5728
04:57:09,000 --> 04:57:11,200
to unify art and Mathematics 
kept him going. 

5729
04:57:12,100 --> 04:57:14,800
Still the Unstoppable politics 
of Italy soon. 

5730
04:57:14,800 --> 04:57:19,000
Overshadowed, local tasks. 
Shifting alliances in 1516 

5731
04:57:19,000 --> 04:57:20,700
catapulted France into 
dominance. 

5732
04:57:20,700 --> 04:57:23,500
Once more. 
France's the first became king, 

5733
04:57:23,500 --> 04:57:28,100
Italy, hungrily for Leonardo. 
The swirling intrigues, spelled 

5734
04:57:28,100 --> 04:57:31,800
an opportunity to Pivot yet. 
Again, the next invitation from 

5735
04:57:31,800 --> 04:57:33,400
the French Crown would Beckham 
cross. 

5736
04:57:33,400 --> 04:57:36,100
The Alps for what would become 
the final chapter of his life's 

5737
04:57:36,100 --> 04:57:39,600
remarkable Journey. 
In 1516, King Francis. 

5738
04:57:39,600 --> 04:57:42,800
The first of France, a young 
monk intrigued by Art and 

5739
04:57:42,808 --> 04:57:45,400
Technology. 
Extended an invitation to 

5740
04:57:45,400 --> 04:57:49,000
Leonardo da Vinci, tired of 
Roman politics and seeing 

5741
04:57:49,000 --> 04:57:53,200
limited scope for big projects 
there, Leonardo accepted, he 

5742
04:57:53,200 --> 04:57:55,800
traveled, north crossing, the 
Alps at an advanced age, 

5743
04:57:55,800 --> 04:57:59,600
bearing, precious paintings and 
volumes of notes among them, the

5744
04:57:59,600 --> 04:58:01,800
Mona, Lisa and likely Saint, 
John, the Baptist. 

5745
04:58:02,900 --> 04:58:06,000
Francis offered him the manor 
house of Closet near the Royal 

5746
04:58:06,000 --> 04:58:07,700
Chateau. 
Dom was in the Loire Valley. 

5747
04:58:07,708 --> 04:58:11,700
This Arrangement put Leonardo 
under Royal patronage granting 

5748
04:58:11,700 --> 04:58:16,200
him comfort and a platform for 
his creative urges a clueless 

5749
04:58:16,200 --> 04:58:19,600
say Leonardo enjoyed relative 
calm gone with a fierce 

5750
04:58:19,600 --> 04:58:22,300
rivalries of Florence and the 
ephemeral commission's of Milan.

5751
04:58:23,300 --> 04:58:25,200
Francis. 
The first often, strolled over 

5752
04:58:25,200 --> 04:58:29,300
discussing fortifications Canal 
systems or mechanical 

5753
04:58:29,300 --> 04:58:31,800
contraptions. 
The king revered. 

5754
04:58:31,800 --> 04:58:35,000
Leonardo is a living legend, a 
reservoir of Renaissance 

5755
04:58:35,000 --> 04:58:37,700
Brilliance. 
The old man reciprocated with 

5756
04:58:37,700 --> 04:58:41,300
sketches of improved Weaponry or
designs for a Grand Palace. 

5757
04:58:42,000 --> 04:58:44,900
However, age and ill health, 
limited the impetus for new 

5758
04:58:44,908 --> 04:58:47,400
large-scale Ventures. 
Summer camps. 

5759
04:58:47,400 --> 04:58:51,200
Leonardo, tried to outline an 
ideal city for France's merging 

5760
04:58:51,200 --> 04:58:53,900
symmetrical, layouts with 
official waterways but no, 

5761
04:58:53,900 --> 04:58:56,900
direct implementation followed 
Omit. 

5762
04:58:56,900 --> 04:59:00,500
This peaceful setting Leonardo's
health issues worsened. 

5763
04:59:01,000 --> 04:59:04,300
He wrote fewer lines in his 
notebooks and is once dexterous 

5764
04:59:04,300 --> 04:59:07,100
hand might have trembled from 
possible Strokes or nerve 

5765
04:59:07,100 --> 04:59:08,800
troubles. 
Yet his mind remained 

5766
04:59:08,800 --> 04:59:11,300
inquisitive. 
He refined old anatomical, 

5767
04:59:11,300 --> 04:59:14,200
drawings re-examining them. 
In the quiet orchard near his 

5768
04:59:14,208 --> 04:59:17,500
manner. 
Melty, ever faithful organized. 

5769
04:59:17,500 --> 04:59:20,700
The piles of manuscripts 
ensuring references to Geometry.

5770
04:59:20,700 --> 04:59:25,400
Geology Optics, Anatomy didn't 
vanish into chaos, the older 

5771
04:59:25,400 --> 04:59:27,900
assistance Elie, who had begun 
as a teenage model with a 

5772
04:59:27,908 --> 04:59:31,000
mischievous streak. 
Also lived there though rumored 

5773
04:59:31,000 --> 04:59:33,400
tensions occasionally flared, 
between him and melty. 

5774
04:59:33,400 --> 04:59:37,200
A highlight of this period was 
visits by French courtiers who 

5775
04:59:37,200 --> 04:59:40,500
marveled at the Mona Lisa. 
They admired her half smile 

5776
04:59:40,500 --> 04:59:43,600
rumored to be a representation 
of intangible Grace. 

5777
04:59:44,600 --> 04:59:47,200
Francis, the first himself is 
said to have purchased the 

5778
04:59:47,200 --> 04:59:51,000
painting directly from Leonardo 
or inherited it after the artist

5779
04:59:51,000 --> 04:59:54,900
death, eventually placing it in 
Fontainebleau, then it traveled 

5780
04:59:54,900 --> 04:59:57,700
to the Louvre later. 
Another puzzle. 

5781
04:59:58,300 --> 05:00:01,000
Saint John. 
The Baptist a moody half-lit 

5782
05:00:01,000 --> 05:00:04,600
figure pointing heavenwood also 
accompanied him to France. 

5783
05:00:04,600 --> 05:00:08,700
It's swirling hair and ambiguous
expression, invited speculation,

5784
05:00:08,700 --> 05:00:11,200
that it was a deeply personal 
reflection on spiritual 

5785
05:00:11,200 --> 05:00:15,400
transformation. 
They slowed physically, Leonardo

5786
05:00:15,400 --> 05:00:18,000
sometimes, produced, ephemeral 
amusements, for the court. 

5787
05:00:18,600 --> 05:00:22,300
Francis might request a 
mechanical lion that roared or a

5788
05:00:22,300 --> 05:00:24,600
winged Contraption to amuse 
guests. 

5789
05:00:25,600 --> 05:00:28,300
These ephemeral wonders were 
reminiscent of his younger days 

5790
05:00:28,300 --> 05:00:31,400
planning festivals for the 
Milanese Dukes in letters. 

5791
05:00:31,400 --> 05:00:33,500
Watchers described him as 
gracious. 

5792
05:00:33,500 --> 05:00:36,900
But occasionally melancholic 
lamenting the ephemeral nature 

5793
05:00:36,900 --> 05:00:40,200
of grand projects. 
He never completed. and once 

5794
05:00:40,200 --> 05:00:42,800
Unstoppable polymath was 
contending, with the reality 

5795
05:00:42,800 --> 05:00:46,700
that time was finite, He also 
penned Reflections on theology, 

5796
05:00:46,700 --> 05:00:49,400
bridging, Catholic doctrines 
with his own scientific 

5797
05:00:49,400 --> 05:00:52,600
viewpoint. 
While devout in belief, he had 

5798
05:00:52,600 --> 05:00:54,400
long championed rational 
inquiry. 

5799
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:57,200
Sometimes rattling clergy with 
statements about Earth's 

5800
05:00:57,200 --> 05:01:00,400
position or the universal laws 
of nature in France. 

5801
05:01:00,400 --> 05:01:03,300
The monarchy had a slightly more
flexible attitude toward 

5802
05:01:03,300 --> 05:01:06,800
intellectual exploration. 
So long as loyalties to church, 

5803
05:01:06,800 --> 05:01:10,600
Dogma wasn't overtly challenged.
This gave Leonardo space to 

5804
05:01:10,600 --> 05:01:14,800
fuse, spiritual musics with 
scientific Wonder, Few cryptic 

5805
05:01:14,800 --> 05:01:17,600
lines in his notebooks hint that
he believed the study of anatomy

5806
05:01:17,600 --> 05:01:19,600
and nature. 
Only deepened, reverence for a 

5807
05:01:19,600 --> 05:01:24,500
Divine creator, socially the 
small circle at Chloe was cozy 

5808
05:01:24,500 --> 05:01:27,200
Francis. 
The first occasionally dined 

5809
05:01:27,200 --> 05:01:30,600
with Leonardo absorbing Tall, 
Tales From Italy's golden 

5810
05:01:30,600 --> 05:01:33,600
cities. 
Melty recorded these dialogues 

5811
05:01:33,600 --> 05:01:35,400
though. 
Few transcripts remain. 

5812
05:01:35,400 --> 05:01:38,100
Meanwhile. 
Rumors circulated about 

5813
05:01:38,100 --> 05:01:40,300
Leonardo's final. 
Unseen manuscripts. 

5814
05:01:40,300 --> 05:01:43,500
Some believed he was petting a 
definitive Treatise on flight or

5815
05:01:43,500 --> 05:01:47,300
universal theory of water? 
Currents in truth, he likely 

5816
05:01:47,300 --> 05:01:50,100
polished segments of older notes
rather than forging a single 

5817
05:01:50,100 --> 05:01:53,900
cohesive magnum opus The 
scattered nature of his archive.

5818
05:01:53,900 --> 05:01:55,800
Meant the future. 
Would discover his brilliant 

5819
05:01:55,800 --> 05:02:01,100
piece meal. during the winter of
1518 to the 1519 Leonardo's 

5820
05:02:01,100 --> 05:02:04,600
conditioned, deteriorated, 
Chronic arm pains possibly from 

5821
05:02:04,600 --> 05:02:07,200
a stroke, forced him to rely 
heavily on melt for every day 

5822
05:02:07,200 --> 05:02:10,300
tasks. 
Francis hearing of the decline 

5823
05:02:10,300 --> 05:02:14,200
visited more often hoping for 
final insights from the Master 

5824
05:02:14,200 --> 05:02:18,000
Legend, has it that the King was
at Leonardo's side as he passed 

5825
05:02:18,000 --> 05:02:22,400
on May, the second 15 while 
romanticized accounts to pick 

5826
05:02:22,400 --> 05:02:26,300
Leonardo die in France's arms, 
the historical veracity is 

5827
05:02:26,300 --> 05:02:29,000
uncertain. 
Still the bond between them was 

5828
05:02:29,000 --> 05:02:31,900
genuine. 
The Deep mutual respect between 

5829
05:02:31,900 --> 05:02:35,500
an aging, Renaissance Titan and 
a monarchy for cultural 

5830
05:02:35,500 --> 05:02:38,500
ascendancy. 
Thus ended Lee annadoos mortal 

5831
05:02:38,500 --> 05:02:40,400
Journey. 
Far from the Tuscan Hills of his

5832
05:02:40,400 --> 05:02:43,700
birth in a French Manor, 
brightened by orchard blooms, 

5833
05:02:44,400 --> 05:02:48,100
This final French chapter was 
quieter reflective yet, still 

5834
05:02:48,100 --> 05:02:51,600
brimming with Sparks of 
creativity, from building a 

5835
05:02:51,600 --> 05:02:54,300
femoral mechanical Lions to 
preserving the greatest 

5836
05:02:54,300 --> 05:02:57,100
paintings. 
Humankind had known, Leonardo's 

5837
05:02:57,100 --> 05:03:01,200
culminating years embodied, a 
spirit that refused to go dim. 

5838
05:03:01,800 --> 05:03:04,700
he might not have erected a 
final Monument, but he left 

5839
05:03:04,700 --> 05:03:08,500
behind a personal realm of 
knowledge, bridging art, science

5840
05:03:08,500 --> 05:03:12,500
and Imagination, a legacy that 
would endure for centuries to 

5841
05:03:12,500 --> 05:03:17,000
come In the immediate aftermath 
of Leonardo da Vinci dying, the 

5842
05:03:17,000 --> 05:03:20,200
question arose, what would 
become of his manuscripts and 

5843
05:03:20,208 --> 05:03:22,900
personal effects? 
According to some accounts 

5844
05:03:22,900 --> 05:03:27,500
Francesco melt, see emerged as 
the designated are entrusted 

5845
05:03:27,500 --> 05:03:30,500
with safeguarding the thousands 
of pages brimming with sketches 

5846
05:03:30,500 --> 05:03:35,800
notes and drafts Sallie. 
An earlier companion, received 

5847
05:03:35,800 --> 05:03:39,400
certain paintings and minor 
possessions yet the sheer volume

5848
05:03:39,400 --> 05:03:43,300
of Leonardo's papers posed, a 
challenge melts, dedicated years

5849
05:03:43,300 --> 05:03:46,500
trying to organize them, hoping 
to publish coherent treatises 

5850
05:03:46,500 --> 05:03:49,300
that the scale was daunting over
time. 

5851
05:03:49,300 --> 05:03:52,800
Bits of the collection were 
dispersed soul'd or gifted by 

5852
05:03:52,800 --> 05:03:56,500
melts across Europe. 
This fracturing explains why 

5853
05:03:56,500 --> 05:04:00,400
Leonardo's notebooks, eventually
surfaced in places from Spain's 

5854
05:04:00,400 --> 05:04:02,900
Royal libraries to British 
aristocratic collections. 

5855
05:04:02,900 --> 05:04:05,700
Each chunk unveiled in a regular
intervals. 

5856
05:04:05,700 --> 05:04:09,400
Europe of the 16th century 
recognized Leonardo's artistic, 

5857
05:04:09,400 --> 05:04:13,400
Brilliance, the Last Supper. 
In Milan though, deteriorating 

5858
05:04:13,400 --> 05:04:16,800
due to his experimental Fresco 
approach was already hailed as 

5859
05:04:16,808 --> 05:04:20,300
an emotional Masterpiece, the 
Mona Lisa now in French Royal 

5860
05:04:20,300 --> 05:04:23,300
possession, attracted courtly 
admiration for her haunting 

5861
05:04:23,300 --> 05:04:26,100
expression. 
Yet the fullest scope of his 

5862
05:04:26,100 --> 05:04:29,200
genius. 
Engineering drawings, anatomical

5863
05:04:29,200 --> 05:04:33,700
plates or treatises on Geometry.
Remained largely hidden the slow

5864
05:04:33,700 --> 05:04:36,400
trickle of discovered, 
manuscripts fuel centuries of 

5865
05:04:36,400 --> 05:04:39,000
fascination. 
In the 17th century. 

5866
05:04:39,000 --> 05:04:43,500
A few scientists Glimpse, 
certain sketches marveling had 

5867
05:04:43,500 --> 05:04:46,900
advanced concepts of gear 
systems or diving apparatus, but

5868
05:04:46,900 --> 05:04:48,300
it wasn't until the 19th 
century. 

5869
05:04:48,300 --> 05:04:51,000
That broader scholarships 
systematically studied his 

5870
05:04:51,000 --> 05:04:54,300
codices unveiling a mine 
centuries ahead of his era. 

5871
05:04:55,500 --> 05:04:57,900
Leonardo's immediate Legacy and 
art was clearer. 

5872
05:04:57,900 --> 05:05:01,300
His painting style influencer to
generation of mannerists who 

5873
05:05:01,300 --> 05:05:05,300
admired his Smoky transitions 
for motto, an atmospheric debt. 

5874
05:05:06,000 --> 05:05:08,800
Melanie's artists though, 
overshadowed by the city's 

5875
05:05:08,800 --> 05:05:12,600
shifting political fortunes, 
carried forward, elements of his

5876
05:05:12,600 --> 05:05:17,000
approach in Florence students, 
who Glimpse the aborted Battle 

5877
05:05:17,000 --> 05:05:21,100
of anghiari mural adapted some 
compositional ideas, but the 

5878
05:05:21,100 --> 05:05:24,900
direct lineage was complicated. 
Leonardo left, no formal 

5879
05:05:24,900 --> 05:05:27,300
Academy. 
He taught a few pupils of 

5880
05:05:27,308 --> 05:05:30,400
Thoroughly except for melty and 
a handful of others. 

5881
05:05:30,400 --> 05:05:34,500
The intangible Aura of Leonard 
desk painting permit to the late

5882
05:05:34,500 --> 05:05:38,000
Renaissance with its softness of
edges and subtle, interplay of 

5883
05:05:38,008 --> 05:05:42,200
light, over the next centuries. 
As Brock, flamboyance Rose 

5884
05:05:42,200 --> 05:05:47,000
certainly anado Works fell out 
of style others, recognized them

5885
05:05:47,000 --> 05:05:49,600
as Timeless. 
The last supper, for example, 

5886
05:05:49,600 --> 05:05:53,300
underwent multiple Restorations 
each attempt off an introducing 

5887
05:05:53,300 --> 05:05:55,800
fresh problems. 
Leading to controversy is about 

5888
05:05:55,800 --> 05:05:57,600
how much of Leonardo's original 
brush. 

5889
05:05:57,600 --> 05:06:01,400
Stroke survived, meanwhile in 
the 19th century, romantic and 

5890
05:06:01,400 --> 05:06:03,800
Victorian Scholars. 
Resurrected The Cult of the 

5891
05:06:03,808 --> 05:06:07,200
Renaissance genius, the Leonardo
emerged as a symbol of the 

5892
05:06:07,208 --> 05:06:10,300
solitary Visionary. 
An introspective figure bridging

5893
05:06:10,300 --> 05:06:13,800
reason and art Writers Like 
Walter, Payton wrap, Sonic 

5894
05:06:13,800 --> 05:06:17,600
essays on the Mona Lisa, 
describing her as an enigma 

5895
05:06:17,600 --> 05:06:21,600
embodying centuries of emotion. 
Such a fusions etched, the 

5896
05:06:21,608 --> 05:06:24,200
paintings Fame, deep into 
Western cultural consciousness. 

5897
05:06:25,100 --> 05:06:27,900
Only in the modern age. 
Did the scale of Leonardo's 

5898
05:06:27,900 --> 05:06:31,900
scientific Legacy become widely 
recognized as more codices were 

5899
05:06:31,900 --> 05:06:34,900
catalogued like the Codex 
atlanticus or the Codex Arundel 

5900
05:06:34,900 --> 05:06:38,400
historians realized that he had 
conceptualized flying machines, 

5901
05:06:38,400 --> 05:06:41,700
armored vehicles and tension 
based Mechanical Devices. 

5902
05:06:41,700 --> 05:06:45,900
It studied wave patterns 
sketched gear differentials and 

5903
05:06:45,900 --> 05:06:48,800
dissected the human body with an
exact attitude unmatched for 

5904
05:06:48,800 --> 05:06:52,400
centuries art historians Marvel,
that how the same man, who 

5905
05:06:52,400 --> 05:06:55,100
painted the lady with an ermine.
Had also measured the 

5906
05:06:55,100 --> 05:06:58,600
mathematical proportions of 
reflection angles, the Synergy 

5907
05:06:58,600 --> 05:07:00,400
of Aesthetics and logic rendered
him. 

5908
05:07:00,400 --> 05:07:04,000
The archetype of the Renaissance
Man, modern Architects gleaned 

5909
05:07:04,000 --> 05:07:07,000
from his City and Concepts, 
while robotic Engineers found 

5910
05:07:07,000 --> 05:07:09,700
preludes to Modern mechanical 
linkages, in his swirling 

5911
05:07:09,700 --> 05:07:12,900
diagrams. 
For a Time many described 

5912
05:07:12,900 --> 05:07:16,500
Leonardo as a man out of time, 
but recent scholarship refines 

5913
05:07:16,500 --> 05:07:20,000
that narrative. 
He was indeed extraordinary, but

5914
05:07:20,000 --> 05:07:23,900
also a product of a vibrant 
milieu Italian city-states, 

5915
05:07:23,900 --> 05:07:27,700
teamed with cross-pollination 
from Greek, Roman, and Islamic 

5916
05:07:27,700 --> 05:07:29,900
knowledge. 
Leonardo built on the 

5917
05:07:29,900 --> 05:07:33,100
achievements of early maths from
the classical treatises of our 

5918
05:07:33,100 --> 05:07:36,500
committees to the reintroduced 
works of Al Hazen on Optics. 

5919
05:07:37,400 --> 05:07:41,000
Recognizing that Synergy doesn't
lessen his Brilliance, its 

5920
05:07:41,000 --> 05:07:43,200
situates him in the network that
made such leaps feasible. 

5921
05:07:43,200 --> 05:07:46,400
Meanwhile, the Mystique around, 
Leonardo occasionally 

5922
05:07:46,400 --> 05:07:49,800
overshadowed more grounded, 
truths, Tales of him, finishing 

5923
05:07:49,800 --> 05:07:51,900
Commissions in a single burst or
Conjuring. 

5924
05:07:51,900 --> 05:07:55,200
Bizarre Contraptions for stage 
Illusions became embroidered 

5925
05:07:55,200 --> 05:07:57,500
over time. 
The reality was that he left 

5926
05:07:57,500 --> 05:08:01,900
many tasks in complete struggled
with perfectionism and juggled 

5927
05:08:01,900 --> 05:08:05,300
ephemeral Court demands. 
This tension between the 

5928
05:08:05,300 --> 05:08:08,600
Unstoppable imagination and the 
Practical burden of day-to-day 

5929
05:08:08,600 --> 05:08:11,100
labor. 
Infuses his story with a human 

5930
05:08:11,100 --> 05:08:13,800
Dimension. 
He wasn't some aloof superhuman,

5931
05:08:13,800 --> 05:08:17,000
but an individual forging 
through the same complexities 

5932
05:08:17,000 --> 05:08:20,300
and distractions, we all face, 
all be it with an incandescent 

5933
05:08:20,300 --> 05:08:22,700
spark. 
If you could rival, thus 

5934
05:08:22,700 --> 05:08:26,900
centuries after his passing 
Leonardo's name, resonates as 

5935
05:08:26,900 --> 05:08:29,700
the embodiment of creative 
ambition, whether in art 

5936
05:08:29,700 --> 05:08:33,900
galleries, engineering Labs or 
philosophical debates references

5937
05:08:33,900 --> 05:08:38,800
to his Fusion of the imagination
and observation abound People 

5938
05:08:38,800 --> 05:08:43,000
see in him, the ideal of 
curiosity, Unshackled Bridging 

5939
05:08:43,000 --> 05:08:45,300
the intangible Rifts between 
Arts science. 

5940
05:08:45,300 --> 05:08:50,200
Beauty, and data that intangible
Legacy more than any single 

5941
05:08:50,200 --> 05:08:53,400
painting or device might stand 
as the core reason. 

5942
05:08:53,400 --> 05:08:56,500
We Revere him. 
He left behind not just objects 

5943
05:08:56,500 --> 05:08:59,800
but a testament that the Quest 
for knowledge and Mastery can in

5944
05:08:59,800 --> 05:09:03,900
the right hands rewrite, the 
boundaries of possibility in 

5945
05:09:03,900 --> 05:09:06,100
contemporary times, the 
Leonardo's Legacy. 

5946
05:09:06,100 --> 05:09:08,500
Permeates cultural and 
scientific discourse in ways, 

5947
05:09:08,500 --> 05:09:12,300
both lofty and mundane the Mona.
Lisa has become a pop icon 

5948
05:09:12,300 --> 05:09:15,200
reproduced endlessly, on posters
and Novelty items. 

5949
05:09:15,200 --> 05:09:19,000
It's Rye smile, fueling 
conspiracy theories about hidden

5950
05:09:19,000 --> 05:09:23,700
identities or coded messages. 
Meanwhile, the Last Supper 

5951
05:09:23,700 --> 05:09:26,200
continues to Captivate pilgrims 
and tourists. 

5952
05:09:26,200 --> 05:09:29,800
In Milan the advanced ticket 
reservations are required to see

5953
05:09:29,800 --> 05:09:33,100
the heavily conserved mural. 
Documentary is dissect. 

5954
05:09:33,100 --> 05:09:36,600
Each brushstroke offering 
competing theories about cryptic

5955
05:09:36,600 --> 05:09:39,000
symbolism in the arrangement of 
bread loaves or Apostolic 

5956
05:09:39,000 --> 05:09:43,200
gestures Beyond these famous 
works Leonardo's name adorns 

5957
05:09:43,200 --> 05:09:46,300
everything from children's 
educational kits about invention

5958
05:09:46,300 --> 05:09:50,800
to NASA references to lunar 
craters named in his honor Tech 

5959
05:09:50,800 --> 05:09:53,500
innovators, sometimes sight as a
paragon of design, thinking, 

5960
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:58,000
Aesthetics and function. 
The phrase Leonardo like mine's 

5961
05:09:58,000 --> 05:10:00,100
denotes someone Unbound by 
single domain. 

5962
05:10:00,800 --> 05:10:04,500
Museum stage Blockbuster, 
exhibitions assembling scattered

5963
05:10:04,500 --> 05:10:06,500
folios of his codices Under One 
Roof. 

5964
05:10:07,200 --> 05:10:10,200
Visitors queue for hours to 
climb the delicate sketches of a

5965
05:10:10,200 --> 05:10:13,100
fetus in utero or a swirling 
aerial screw. 

5966
05:10:13,800 --> 05:10:16,500
In such Gatherings, viewers 
witnessed, the raw lines of a 

5967
05:10:16,508 --> 05:10:20,300
man who wrestled with Nature's 
secrets on scraps of paper, and 

5968
05:10:20,300 --> 05:10:22,100
knowing they'd be revered, 
centuries later. 

5969
05:10:23,200 --> 05:10:26,800
Yet the question arises, what 
would Leonardo have done with 

5970
05:10:26,800 --> 05:10:30,500
modern resources? 
Some imagine him thriving in an 

5971
05:10:30,500 --> 05:10:34,000
era of 3D printers and digital 
imaging or leading biotech 

5972
05:10:34,000 --> 05:10:36,300
startups. 
Others caution that the 

5973
05:10:36,300 --> 05:10:39,400
intangible Synergy of 
Renaissance Italy, a World open 

5974
05:10:39,400 --> 05:10:43,100
to invention but also Bound by 
Kraft Traditions shaped him. 

5975
05:10:44,100 --> 05:10:47,600
A modern environment might 
hamper that slow observational 

5976
05:10:47,600 --> 05:10:50,100
approach. 
He thrived in a realm where 

5977
05:10:50,108 --> 05:10:53,200
forging your pigments and 
decking cadavers in candlelit 

5978
05:10:53,200 --> 05:10:55,000
Corners built a holistic sense 
of wonder. 

5979
05:10:55,900 --> 05:10:58,000
Today is rapid data flow. 
Might overshadow. 

5980
05:10:58,000 --> 05:11:00,800
The meticulous wonder that 
fueled his slow revelation. 

5981
05:11:01,800 --> 05:11:03,700
Scholars. 
Continue analyzing Leonardo's 

5982
05:11:03,700 --> 05:11:06,800
notebooks for overlooked. 
Insights one might find a newly,

5983
05:11:06,800 --> 05:11:09,100
deciphered margin note, 
revealing, how he planned water 

5984
05:11:09,100 --> 05:11:12,600
lifting devices for Farmland, 
irrigation and other might 

5985
05:11:12,600 --> 05:11:15,500
unearth a fragment referencing a
missing treaties on mirror, 

5986
05:11:15,500 --> 05:11:19,500
making each fresh Revelation. 
Underscores how incomplete our 

5987
05:11:19,500 --> 05:11:22,300
knowledge remains because his 
notebooks were so scattered 

5988
05:11:22,300 --> 05:11:24,600
lines, vanish and private 
collections. 

5989
05:11:24,600 --> 05:11:27,800
Sometimes re-emerging at auction
houses with a million dollar, 

5990
05:11:27,800 --> 05:11:31,300
price tags, Bill Gates, 
famously, purchased the Codex, 

5991
05:11:31,300 --> 05:11:35,400
Leicester in 1994, digitizing 
Pages, for public curiosity. 

5992
05:11:36,500 --> 05:11:39,000
This interplay of private 
ownership and public thirst. 

5993
05:11:39,000 --> 05:11:42,200
For knowledge, epitomizes 
Leonardo's enduring Mystique. 

5994
05:11:43,000 --> 05:11:46,300
One-dimension of modern interest
focuses on Leonardo's, personal 

5995
05:11:46,300 --> 05:11:49,100
life. 
The few references to Intimate 

5996
05:11:49,100 --> 05:11:51,400
Relationships or sexuality 
remain ambiguous. 

5997
05:11:52,100 --> 05:11:55,400
Some interpret, his heavy focus 
on male assistance as indicative

5998
05:11:55,400 --> 05:11:57,700
of hidden personal aspects 
others. 

5999
05:11:57,700 --> 05:12:00,000
See, no direct evidence of 
romance in his notes. 

6000
05:12:00,000 --> 05:12:04,000
He rarely wrote about personal 
feelings, preferring coded, 

6001
05:12:04,000 --> 05:12:05,600
references, or allegorical 
musings. 

6002
05:12:06,500 --> 05:12:09,300
The aura of secrecy around his 
private life parallels, the 

6003
05:12:09,300 --> 05:12:12,300
guarded manner in which he 
protected his scientific methods

6004
05:12:12,300 --> 05:12:16,700
fueling endless speculation at 
the same time the notion of the 

6005
05:12:16,700 --> 05:12:20,100
incomplete genius, resonates 
with modern anxieties about 

6006
05:12:20,100 --> 05:12:23,100
productivity. 
Leonardo's many half finished 

6007
05:12:23,100 --> 05:12:25,400
paintings, and ephemeral designs
illustrate. 

6008
05:12:25,400 --> 05:12:28,600
The challenge of reconciling 
curiosity with the finality of 

6009
05:12:28,600 --> 05:12:32,400
deadlines in an age, obsessed 
with completion and output. 

6010
05:12:32,400 --> 05:12:36,600
His story hints that the path of
exploration, though, Meandering.

6011
05:12:37,500 --> 05:12:41,100
Can yield intangible but 
profound insights that he never 

6012
05:12:41,100 --> 05:12:43,900
published his anatomical volumes
didn't negate their Brilliance. 

6013
05:12:43,900 --> 05:12:47,700
Their politicians influence 
shaped fields from architecture 

6014
05:12:47,700 --> 05:12:50,800
to fluid dynamics. 
Many contemporary creatives, 

6015
05:12:50,800 --> 05:12:53,900
draw solace in Leonardo's 
example, creation can be 

6016
05:12:53,908 --> 05:12:57,500
iterative perpetually and floods
and still crucial to progress. 

6017
05:12:58,500 --> 05:13:01,500
Even so some critics note, that 
praising Leonardo can 

6018
05:13:01,500 --> 05:13:04,300
overshadow, other Renaissance 
figures like Filippo 

6019
05:13:04,300 --> 05:13:08,300
Brunelleschi who concretely, the
Florence Dome or Luca pacioli 

6020
05:13:08,300 --> 05:13:10,300
whose mathematics influenced 
him. 

6021
05:13:11,100 --> 05:13:13,000
They argue that the Leonardo 
Legend. 

6022
05:13:13,800 --> 05:13:17,300
Occasionally, romanticizes an 
Irish Synergy while that Synergy

6023
05:13:17,300 --> 05:13:19,000
was real. 
Credit goes to many. 

6024
05:13:19,800 --> 05:13:22,000
Leonardo's singular star 
shouldn't blind us to the 

6025
05:13:22,000 --> 05:13:25,000
collective Genius of the period 
but precisely because he 

6026
05:13:25,000 --> 05:13:29,100
integrated so many fields. 
Art science, engineering and 

6027
05:13:29,100 --> 05:13:31,900
Anatomy. 
He became an enduring symbol for

6028
05:13:31,900 --> 05:13:35,200
the entire Renaissance moment. 
Capturing the further of 

6029
05:13:35,200 --> 05:13:39,100
bridging knowledge, domains. 
Hence, in the 21st century, 

6030
05:13:39,100 --> 05:13:44,100
Leonardo da Vinci remains less a
static, historical figure in a 

6031
05:13:44,100 --> 05:13:47,900
living metaphor for potential. 
Each generation reinterprets him

6032
05:13:47,900 --> 05:13:51,300
plugging his name into the 
contexts as varied as Steam, 

6033
05:13:51,300 --> 05:13:55,000
education, cultural diplomacy or
brown marketing. 

6034
05:13:55,000 --> 05:13:58,800
The friction between the legend 
and the historical details keeps

6035
05:13:58,800 --> 05:14:01,400
him relevant. 
People yearn for the secret of 

6036
05:14:01,408 --> 05:14:05,600
how a single mine could roam. 
So broadly producing both 

6037
05:14:05,600 --> 05:14:08,700
Timeless artistic wonders and 
notebooks brimming with half 

6038
05:14:08,700 --> 05:14:11,900
realized Marvels. 
That tension between the 

6039
05:14:11,900 --> 05:14:14,900
completed and the fragmentary 
May well be Leonardo's. 

6040
05:14:14,900 --> 05:14:17,100
Final gift spurring us to 
question. 

6041
05:14:17,100 --> 05:14:20,200
How far our curiosity might take
us if we refuse to erect 

6042
05:14:20,200 --> 05:14:23,700
barriers between the Arts and 
Sciences The story of Leonardo 

6043
05:14:23,700 --> 05:14:26,400
da Vinci serves as the lens on 
lifelong reinvention. 

6044
05:14:27,300 --> 05:14:31,200
Born in a modest Tuscan setting,
he navigated uneven patronage 

6045
05:14:31,200 --> 05:14:35,400
system accepted partial 
successes and found resilience 

6046
05:14:35,400 --> 05:14:38,900
In Perpetual learning. 
Each City he lived in Florence, 

6047
05:14:38,900 --> 05:14:42,800
Millen Rome and ultimately 
France, offered fresh, Vantage 

6048
05:14:42,800 --> 05:14:45,500
points. 
Reminding us that Mobility can 

6049
05:14:45,500 --> 05:14:47,900
spark renewal at any stage in 
life, though. 

6050
05:14:47,900 --> 05:14:50,200
He occasionally lamented in 
complete tasks. 

6051
05:14:50,200 --> 05:14:53,300
He pressed forward bridging 
discipline in our discipline. 

6052
05:14:54,900 --> 05:14:57,100
It's worth extracting lessons 
from his approach. 

6053
05:14:57,700 --> 05:15:00,700
He cultivated Town. 
An insatiable observational 

6054
05:15:00,700 --> 05:15:03,100
habit. 
Scrutinizing, swirling water. 

6055
05:15:03,100 --> 05:15:05,400
The geometry of a flower's 
petal. 

6056
05:15:06,100 --> 05:15:09,700
Well, the subtle shift of a 
faces muscles even in an era 

6057
05:15:09,700 --> 05:15:13,700
lacking cameras or modern Labs, 
he gleaned Universal patterns by

6058
05:15:13,700 --> 05:15:18,000
focusing on the details. 
As midlife adults we too can 

6059
05:15:18,000 --> 05:15:20,800
regain that sense of direct 
observation whether it's 

6060
05:15:20,800 --> 05:15:24,300
noticing minor changes in a 
friend's demeanor or analyzing 

6061
05:15:24,300 --> 05:15:27,600
complexities at work. 
Alana desk perspective 

6062
05:15:27,600 --> 05:15:31,100
encourages seeing a new not 
coasting on assumptions. 

6063
05:15:32,000 --> 05:15:35,200
Another facet resonates with 
modern times the Synergy of 

6064
05:15:35,208 --> 05:15:37,300
creative expression and 
methodical research. 

6065
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:40,100
Leonardo was no Carefree 
Dreamer. 

6066
05:15:40,800 --> 05:15:45,600
He systematically tested ideas, 
building prototypes, dissecting 

6067
05:15:45,600 --> 05:15:50,200
bodies and refining pigments. 
He let imagination drive him but

6068
05:15:50,200 --> 05:15:52,800
insisted on verifying theories 
with experiments. 

6069
05:15:53,700 --> 05:15:57,700
For those in middle, adulthood 
managing teams, families or 

6070
05:15:57,700 --> 05:16:01,100
personal projects balancing 
Vision with practicality. 

6071
05:16:01,100 --> 05:16:05,900
As an art Leonardo's notebooks, 
bristle with micro failures, a 

6072
05:16:05,900 --> 05:16:09,400
water lifting device that jammed
a mural technique that appealed,

6073
05:16:09,400 --> 05:16:13,100
yet each misstep taught him, 
something this iterative mindset

6074
05:16:13,100 --> 05:16:16,700
Fosters resilience and yields. 
Deep expertise, moreover, 

6075
05:16:16,700 --> 05:16:19,400
Leonardo story under schools, 
the role of collaboration. 

6076
05:16:19,400 --> 05:16:23,300
He sawed highest not in 
isolation but in Synergy with 

6077
05:16:23,308 --> 05:16:27,900
Patron's mentors and assistance.
The swords are in French courts,

6078
05:16:27,900 --> 05:16:31,700
gave him resources to dream big.
Skilled Workshop, members helped

6079
05:16:31,700 --> 05:16:34,600
realize or test Concepts even 
his competition with 

6080
05:16:34,600 --> 05:16:37,500
Michelangelo and Raphael will be
at fraught with tension. 

6081
05:16:37,500 --> 05:16:41,900
Catalyzed fresh impetus in 
present life Synergy across 

6082
05:16:41,900 --> 05:16:45,200
skill sets can amplify outcomes.
We see parallels and 

6083
05:16:45,200 --> 05:16:48,100
cross-functional corporate teams
or community coalitions that 

6084
05:16:48,100 --> 05:16:50,300
blend varied talents to achieve 
breakthroughs. 

6085
05:16:50,300 --> 05:16:53,400
However, we also need to address
the negative aspect. 

6086
05:16:53,400 --> 05:16:58,000
The Eerie feeling of unrealized 
potential, many of Leonardo's 

6087
05:16:58,000 --> 05:17:00,900
Grand designs such as the 
sports, a horse or the treaters 

6088
05:17:00,900 --> 05:17:04,900
on flight remained incomplete. 
Some might interpret him as a 

6089
05:17:04,900 --> 05:17:07,700
cautionary, tale about 
perfectionism indeed he 

6090
05:17:07,700 --> 05:17:10,900
sometimes spent years layering 
glazes on a single painting or 

6091
05:17:10,900 --> 05:17:12,600
rewriting the same mechanical 
design. 

6092
05:17:13,500 --> 05:17:16,200
For busy modern adults. 
It can be a nudge to find 

6093
05:17:16,200 --> 05:17:18,800
closure. 
Not every idea demands in 

6094
05:17:18,800 --> 05:17:21,900
definite polishing, finishing 
and sharing can unlock new 

6095
05:17:21,900 --> 05:17:24,800
phases of growth still 
Leonardo's. 

6096
05:17:24,800 --> 05:17:27,300
Incomplete wanders. 
Also reminded us that partial 

6097
05:17:27,300 --> 05:17:29,300
efforts can spark future 
revolutions. 

6098
05:17:29,300 --> 05:17:32,100
Even if we are cells, never see 
the fully bloom. 

6099
05:17:33,300 --> 05:17:36,000
His final years in the French 
Quarter, so highlight that one 

6100
05:17:36,000 --> 05:17:39,400
can remain relevant even in 
advanced stage by building a 

6101
05:17:39,400 --> 05:17:40,800
lifelong reputation for 
Innovation. 

6102
05:17:40,800 --> 05:17:43,800
He found fresh Patron who 
treasured his wisdom. 

6103
05:17:44,500 --> 05:17:47,900
He might not have executed large
Public Works, then but he 

6104
05:17:47,900 --> 05:17:50,600
contributed to strategic 
discussions and shaped cultural 

6105
05:17:50,600 --> 05:17:53,500
enrichment of the French Court. 
Similarly, for those 

6106
05:17:53,500 --> 05:17:56,700
transitioning out of intense 
early career phases, there's a 

6107
05:17:56,700 --> 05:17:59,500
reminder that mentorship idea 
sharing or specializes 

6108
05:17:59,500 --> 05:18:01,700
consultancy. 
Can be equally impactful. 

6109
05:18:03,000 --> 05:18:06,400
Leonardo's Twilight wasn't about
retirement in a quiet sense, but

6110
05:18:06,400 --> 05:18:09,300
about integrating Decades of 
experience into a culminating 

6111
05:18:09,300 --> 05:18:12,200
sphere. 
Another essential angle is how 

6112
05:18:12,200 --> 05:18:15,400
Leonardo balanced religious 
sentiments with rational inquiry

6113
05:18:15,400 --> 05:18:18,000
deeply respectful of Christian 
doctrine. 

6114
05:18:18,700 --> 05:18:21,300
He never let Dogma quell. 
His questions about Nature's 

6115
05:18:21,300 --> 05:18:23,900
mechanisms, you believed to 
understanding, creation's, 

6116
05:18:23,900 --> 05:18:27,800
intricacies on the Creator in an
era where faith and science 

6117
05:18:27,800 --> 05:18:31,700
sometimes clashed, he navigated 
a personal path for a modern 

6118
05:18:31,700 --> 05:18:34,100
audience frequently, contending 
with polarized debates. 

6119
05:18:34,100 --> 05:18:38,200
Leonardo's Outlook offers a 
model rational, exploration can 

6120
05:18:38,200 --> 05:18:41,800
coexist with spiritual death, 
each fuel in gratitude for 

6121
05:18:41,800 --> 05:18:44,900
existence of. 
Marvel's ultimately, the life of

6122
05:18:44,900 --> 05:18:48,000
Leonard of Vinci's stands as an 
emblem of boundless curiosity, 

6123
05:18:48,000 --> 05:18:51,400
bridging disciplines that many 
treaters separate. 

6124
05:18:51,400 --> 05:18:55,000
He embraced incremental 
knowledge ignoring that each 

6125
05:18:55,000 --> 05:18:57,400
Discovery planted the Seas for 
further Mysteries. 

6126
05:18:57,400 --> 05:19:01,800
His notebook, though scattered 
and partial reveal a mind and 

6127
05:19:01,800 --> 05:19:04,100
thrall by the interplay of form 
motion. 

6128
05:19:04,100 --> 05:19:08,100
Cosmic design Five centuries on,
we still clean from him. 

6129
05:19:08,100 --> 05:19:12,000
The power of Wonder the value of
Doggett experimentation and the 

6130
05:19:12,000 --> 05:19:14,800
humility to accept that Mastery 
is a continual Journey. 

6131
05:19:14,800 --> 05:19:18,800
Never fully complete. 
In a world that yearns for 

6132
05:19:18,808 --> 05:19:22,100
Innovation and empathy. 
He remains a shining example of 

6133
05:19:22,100 --> 05:19:24,900
what a single human can 
accomplish when Guided by the 

6134
05:19:24,900 --> 05:19:29,100
persistent or the world's 
complexities and that perhaps is

6135
05:19:29,100 --> 05:19:32,900
Leonardo's Ultimate gift to 
remind us that even the simplest

6136
05:19:32,900 --> 05:19:36,600
observation, like a swirl of 
water in a basin can unravel 

6137
05:19:36,600 --> 05:19:39,800
entire universes of insight. 
If we only debt to look closely 

6138
05:19:39,800 --> 05:19:46,100
enough, George Washington's. 
Formative years, unfolded 

6139
05:19:46,100 --> 05:19:48,800
Against The Rustic backdrop of 
mid, 18th century Virginia. 

6140
05:19:48,800 --> 05:19:52,100
While popular culture, might 
depict him as an almost Mythic 

6141
05:19:52,100 --> 05:19:57,100
hero from the start, he was in 
reality shaped by the day-to-day

6142
05:19:57,100 --> 05:20:00,400
concerns of a frontier society 
and a family struggling for 

6143
05:20:00,400 --> 05:20:05,500
greater prosperity. 
Born on February 22nd. 1732 in 

6144
05:20:05,500 --> 05:20:09,000
Westmoreland County, he was part
of a sprawling network of half 

6145
05:20:09,000 --> 05:20:12,800
siblings, uncles aren't and 
cousins, who formed a 

6146
05:20:12,800 --> 05:20:14,300
complicated social web in the 
colony. 

6147
05:20:14,300 --> 05:20:18,400
His father Augustine sought to 
expand the family's holding 

6148
05:20:18,400 --> 05:20:21,900
through tobacco farming, land 
speculation, and the occasional 

6149
05:20:21,900 --> 05:20:25,600
foray into iron mining. 
These early Pursuits carved out 

6150
05:20:25,608 --> 05:20:28,100
the environment where young 
George would learn about risk, 

6151
05:20:28,100 --> 05:20:31,800
reward and the challenges of 
shaping one's Destiny in a new 

6152
05:20:31,800 --> 05:20:34,400
world. 
Contrary to apocryphal stories 

6153
05:20:34,400 --> 05:20:36,900
Washington's. 
Childhood was not defined by 

6154
05:20:36,900 --> 05:20:39,200
toppling cherry trees or 
sporting wooden teeth. 

6155
05:20:39,800 --> 05:20:43,100
It was however marked by loss 
his father died. 

6156
05:20:43,100 --> 05:20:46,200
When George was only 11 throwing
the family's finances into 

6157
05:20:46,200 --> 05:20:49,600
uncertainty, his half-brother 
Lawrence considerably older 

6158
05:20:49,600 --> 05:20:53,900
stepped in as a paternal figure.
It was Lawrence who introduced 

6159
05:20:53,900 --> 05:20:57,200
George to polite Society in 
Virginia and instilled in him 

6160
05:20:57,200 --> 05:20:59,000
and admiration for military 
achievement. 

6161
05:20:59,000 --> 05:21:02,300
Lawrence had served under the 
British flag in the Caribbean, 

6162
05:21:02,300 --> 05:21:06,000
the detail that quietly stoked 
George's aspirations towards 

6163
05:21:06,000 --> 05:21:08,100
soldiering. 
Through Lawrence. 

6164
05:21:08,100 --> 05:21:11,600
He was exposed to the idea that 
honor discipline and loyalty 

6165
05:21:11,600 --> 05:21:14,100
could earn a young man respect 
in the British colonies. 

6166
05:21:14,100 --> 05:21:17,200
Despite these influences an 
assessee often. 

6167
05:21:17,200 --> 05:21:20,900
Guided Washington's early path 
formal schooling was peace meal 

6168
05:21:20,900 --> 05:21:23,900
at best tutors came and went 
young George's. 

6169
05:21:23,900 --> 05:21:27,200
Mother, Mary Ball washing strove
to keep the family float. 

6170
05:21:28,000 --> 05:21:30,600
But educational opportunities. 
Remain sporadic. 

6171
05:21:31,200 --> 05:21:34,900
This patchy instruction did not 
deter him, it forced him to 

6172
05:21:34,900 --> 05:21:37,500
become largely self-taught and 
approach. 

6173
05:21:37,500 --> 05:21:39,000
That would define his later 
life. 

6174
05:21:39,700 --> 05:21:41,900
He was from his teenage years, 
onward. 

6175
05:21:41,900 --> 05:21:45,900
A voracious Note, Taker and 
letter writer constantly 

6176
05:21:45,900 --> 05:21:47,900
refining. 
His penmanship grammar and 

6177
05:21:47,900 --> 05:21:51,300
mathematical skills. 
Writing itself became a window 

6178
05:21:51,300 --> 05:21:53,000
into the adult world. 
He hoped to master. 

6179
05:21:53,800 --> 05:21:57,200
One of his initial breakthroughs
came in the realm of surveying, 

6180
05:21:57,200 --> 05:22:00,200
a skill, both profitable and 
adventurous and colonial 

6181
05:22:00,200 --> 05:22:03,000
Virginia. 
Land in those days, was currency

6182
05:22:03,000 --> 05:22:06,200
an individuals who could map 
Uncharted territories were in 

6183
05:22:06,200 --> 05:22:09,100
high demand. 
Washington's early forays into 

6184
05:22:09,100 --> 05:22:11,900
the wild Frontiers often. 
In the company of rugged 

6185
05:22:11,900 --> 05:22:15,100
backwoodsman introduced him to 
the complexities of dealing with

6186
05:22:15,100 --> 05:22:18,700
Native, American tribes, 
unscrupulous land, speculators 

6187
05:22:18,700 --> 05:22:20,700
and the raw challenges of 
nature. 

6188
05:22:21,700 --> 05:22:24,700
These Expeditions were no mere 
camping trips night. 

6189
05:22:24,700 --> 05:22:28,000
Spent in crude shelters rainy 
days, measuring difficult, 

6190
05:22:28,000 --> 05:22:30,800
terrain and the ever-present 
threat of disease, built up his 

6191
05:22:30,800 --> 05:22:34,900
resilience By the time, he 
turned 17, he had already 

6192
05:22:34,900 --> 05:22:37,700
secured a points to serve a 
large tracts of land, in the 

6193
05:22:37,708 --> 05:22:41,100
Shenandoah Valley, a testament 
to his growing reputation for 

6194
05:22:41,100 --> 05:22:44,200
diligence. 
During this phase, Washington, 

6195
05:22:44,200 --> 05:22:47,300
observed first-hand, the 
tension's Brewing between French

6196
05:22:47,300 --> 05:22:51,900
British and Native interests. 
The Ohio Valley to the West Was 

6197
05:22:51,900 --> 05:22:55,100
a patchwork of claims and 
counterclaims with British 

6198
05:22:55,100 --> 05:22:58,400
colonists, French Trappers and 
Indigenous peoples. 

6199
05:22:58,400 --> 05:23:02,000
All jostling for control. 
The Washington was only a 

6200
05:23:02,000 --> 05:23:04,700
teenager these experiences 
litter spark. 

6201
05:23:04,700 --> 05:23:08,600
If he could prove himself an 
effective leader, especially in 

6202
05:23:08,600 --> 05:23:10,500
regions where boundaries were 
contested. 

6203
05:23:10,500 --> 05:23:12,900
He might Ascend socially and 
financially. 

6204
05:23:13,600 --> 05:23:17,100
Colonial Virginia had its share 
of privileged families but 

6205
05:23:17,100 --> 05:23:19,700
upward Mobility was possible for
those who possessed skill 

6206
05:23:19,700 --> 05:23:22,800
connections and an unrelenting 
work ethic. 

6207
05:23:23,800 --> 05:23:27,500
Beyond surveying Washington's, 
adolescent years were also a 

6208
05:23:27,500 --> 05:23:28,700
period of subtle, social 
schooling. 

6209
05:23:28,700 --> 05:23:31,300
He learned the art of 
conversation and manners. 

6210
05:23:31,300 --> 05:23:35,200
So important in an era, governed
by strict codes of Honor by 

6211
05:23:35,200 --> 05:23:37,400
memorizing. 
The Rules of Civility and Decent

6212
05:23:37,400 --> 05:23:40,600
Behavior. 
This pamphlet copied diligently 

6213
05:23:40,600 --> 05:23:43,300
in his youthful. 
Handwriting offered guidelines 

6214
05:23:43,300 --> 05:23:46,300
for everything from posture and 
polite company to showing 

6215
05:23:46,300 --> 05:23:49,300
respect for superiors though, it
might seem quaint. 

6216
05:23:49,300 --> 05:23:52,900
Now these rules exemplify the 
polished veneer that colonial 

6217
05:23:52,900 --> 05:23:57,000
society, demanded of any young 
man aiming to rise in Rank by 

6218
05:23:57,000 --> 05:24:00,100
the time Washington approached. 
Adulthood he was neither a 

6219
05:24:00,100 --> 05:24:02,200
wide-eyed Farm Boy nor a 
Pampered Aristocrat. 

6220
05:24:02,200 --> 05:24:05,900
He was a tall physically strong 
young man comfortable on 

6221
05:24:05,900 --> 05:24:09,600
Horseback capable with a musket 
Adept at mathematics. 

6222
05:24:09,600 --> 05:24:13,600
In cognizant of how crucial 
Alliance is, could be He held 

6223
05:24:13,600 --> 05:24:16,900
quite Ambitions that revolved 
around land, local military 

6224
05:24:16,900 --> 05:24:19,500
distinction and acceptance among
the elite. 

6225
05:24:20,100 --> 05:24:23,200
But events on the horizon 
Imperial rivalries that would 

6226
05:24:23,200 --> 05:24:27,100
ignite the frontier would soon 
catapult him onto a larger stage

6227
05:24:27,100 --> 05:24:30,100
in that transitional zone 
between surveying in the 

6228
05:24:30,108 --> 05:24:32,800
wilderness and attending Gentile
dances along the Potomac. 

6229
05:24:32,800 --> 05:24:36,500
George Washington was preparing 
without fully knowing it for 

6230
05:24:36,500 --> 05:24:39,500
trials that would define his 
future and reshape a continents 

6231
05:24:39,500 --> 05:24:42,500
destiny. 
Washington's transformation from

6232
05:24:42,500 --> 05:24:46,500
a surveyor to a soldier, was not
the result of random events or a

6233
05:24:46,500 --> 05:24:50,700
meticulously planned strategy. 
It was instead triggered by the 

6234
05:24:50,700 --> 05:24:53,100
turbulent geopolitics of the 
mid-18th century. 

6235
05:24:54,100 --> 05:24:56,600
At the time, the British and 
French Empires vied for 

6236
05:24:56,600 --> 05:24:59,100
dominance over North America's 
lucrative territories. 

6237
05:24:59,100 --> 05:25:03,400
The frontier regions of the Ohio
Valley, thick with forests and 

6238
05:25:03,400 --> 05:25:06,000
fur bearing Wildlife. 
We came a Flashpoint for 

6239
05:25:06,000 --> 05:25:09,200
competing claims in indigenous 
Nations far, from passive, 

6240
05:25:09,200 --> 05:25:12,500
onlookers, leverage, these 
rivalries and pursuit of their 

6241
05:25:12,500 --> 05:25:15,300
interests. 
Forging and breaking Alliance is

6242
05:25:15,300 --> 05:25:20,200
a circumstances demanded. 
In 1753, Virginia's left tenant 

6243
05:25:20,200 --> 05:25:22,300
Governor, Robert Dinwiddie 
sought. 

6244
05:25:22,300 --> 05:25:25,200
Someone Intrepid resourceful to 
deliver a warning to French 

6245
05:25:25,200 --> 05:25:26,900
forces. 
Building forts near the forks of

6246
05:25:26,908 --> 05:25:30,100
the Ohio, young, George 
Washington, then just 21. 

6247
05:25:30,100 --> 05:25:33,600
Volunteers. 
This Mission would catapult him 

6248
05:25:33,600 --> 05:25:36,300
into International Intrigue and 
for which he had limited formal 

6249
05:25:36,300 --> 05:25:39,400
training. 
Undeterred he set off with a 

6250
05:25:39,400 --> 05:25:41,900
small party in wintry 
conditions, navigating 

6251
05:25:41,900 --> 05:25:44,300
difficult, terrain and uncertain
receptions. 

6252
05:25:44,300 --> 05:25:47,700
He reached the French Outpost 
and handed over dinwiddie's 

6253
05:25:47,700 --> 05:25:49,300
demand, that they abandoned 
their incursion. 

6254
05:25:50,000 --> 05:25:52,900
The French officers responded 
politely but refused to budge. 

6255
05:25:53,900 --> 05:25:56,400
Wash Washington's. 
Return Journey was harrowing, he

6256
05:25:56,400 --> 05:25:58,200
nearly drowned across an icy 
River. 

6257
05:25:58,200 --> 05:26:01,800
Only surviving by grabbing onto 
a piece of Driftwood and Hauling

6258
05:26:01,800 --> 05:26:05,200
himself onto a small island, yet
that near fatal ordeal did 

6259
05:26:05,200 --> 05:26:08,900
little to shake his resolve Upon
returning to Williamsburg, he 

6260
05:26:08,900 --> 05:26:11,900
penned a report detailing his 
observations, the account 

6261
05:26:11,900 --> 05:26:15,500
published and widely distributed
burnished wash in Washington's 

6262
05:26:15,500 --> 05:26:17,800
name. 
His straightforward prose 

6263
05:26:17,800 --> 05:26:21,100
describing the hazards of the 
journey and the French refusal 

6264
05:26:21,100 --> 05:26:24,800
to retreat resonated with 
colonists hungry for news and 

6265
05:26:24,800 --> 05:26:27,400
British officials eager for 
evidence of French Defiance 

6266
05:26:27,400 --> 05:26:31,700
Washington emerged from 
anonymity suddenly recognized as

6267
05:26:31,700 --> 05:26:34,300
a figure capable of undertaking 
difficult assignments. 

6268
05:26:34,300 --> 05:26:38,000
At the Empire's margins, not 
long afterward, Dinwiddie 

6269
05:26:38,000 --> 05:26:40,600
promoted him and dispatched him.
Back to the frontier. 

6270
05:26:40,600 --> 05:26:45,100
With a modest Force to secure 
strategic points in 1754, 

6271
05:26:45,100 --> 05:26:48,500
tension's erupted into outright 
Conflict at Washington. 

6272
05:26:48,500 --> 05:26:51,100
Hastily fortified and named Fort
Necessity. 

6273
05:26:51,100 --> 05:26:54,600
An attack by French and 
Indigenous allies forced him to 

6274
05:26:54,608 --> 05:26:58,700
surrender under humiliating 
conditions, The engagement while

6275
05:26:58,700 --> 05:27:02,000
a setback militarily talked, 
Washington, sobering lessons 

6276
05:27:02,000 --> 05:27:05,700
about leadership, discipline. 
And the unpredictability of War,

6277
05:27:05,700 --> 05:27:09,100
the British press Twisted, the 
episode in contradictory ways, 

6278
05:27:09,100 --> 05:27:12,300
some painted him as a Plucky, 
Colonial undone by minimal 

6279
05:27:12,300 --> 05:27:14,700
support, others. 
As a full hearty officer, 

6280
05:27:14,700 --> 05:27:17,100
stumbling into a larger conflict
amid. 

6281
05:27:17,100 --> 05:27:20,700
This swirl of opinions, 
Washington's, internal drive to 

6282
05:27:20,700 --> 05:27:23,000
prove himself only intensified 
soon. 

6283
05:27:23,000 --> 05:27:26,300
The conflict, expanded into what
Europeans would call, the Seven 

6284
05:27:26,300 --> 05:27:28,800
Years War and Americans were 
dubbed, the French and Indian 

6285
05:27:28,800 --> 05:27:31,400
War. 
Washington, served as provincial

6286
05:27:31,400 --> 05:27:34,200
officer and a general Edward 
Braddock a British commander 

6287
05:27:34,200 --> 05:27:37,200
charged with seizing, French. 
Forts French troops and their 

6288
05:27:37,200 --> 05:27:40,000
indigenous allies ambushed 
British forces during the 

6289
05:27:40,000 --> 05:27:43,500
disastrous Braddock Expedition 
near the Monongahela River in. 

6290
05:27:43,500 --> 05:27:48,000
1755 decimating them. 
In the chaos Washington, 

6291
05:27:48,000 --> 05:27:50,500
distinguished himself by 
rallying survivors and 

6292
05:27:50,500 --> 05:27:52,700
organizing a fighting withdrawal
though. 

6293
05:27:52,700 --> 05:27:55,300
He was set by illness. 
And almost had multiple horses 

6294
05:27:55,300 --> 05:27:57,700
shot from under him. 
He emerged from the Carnage with

6295
05:27:57,700 --> 05:27:59,300
a reputation for courage Under 
Fire. 

6296
05:28:00,300 --> 05:28:03,500
Yet for all his Valor 
Washington, grew frustrated with

6297
05:28:03,500 --> 05:28:06,600
British arrogance toward 
Colonial officers he witnessed 

6298
05:28:06,600 --> 05:28:09,600
British regulars, disregarding 
local intelligence and ignoring,

6299
05:28:09,600 --> 05:28:12,200
suggestions from men, like 
himself, who knew the frontier 

6300
05:28:12,200 --> 05:28:16,900
this snobbery combined with 
logistical incompetence fuel 

6301
05:28:16,900 --> 05:28:20,500
deep, resentments, he realized 
that Colonial troops often 

6302
05:28:20,500 --> 05:28:24,300
receive second-class treatment, 
lesser pay and fewer Provisions.

6303
05:28:24,300 --> 05:28:27,200
This personal exposure to 
British condescension would 

6304
05:28:27,200 --> 05:28:30,000
later shape his willingness to 
challenge Imperial Authority 

6305
05:28:30,000 --> 05:28:33,500
though. 
That momently years ahead by the

6306
05:28:33,500 --> 05:28:36,500
war's end Washington. 
Had resigned his commission and 

6307
05:28:36,500 --> 05:28:39,000
returned to Mount Vernon. 
The estate, he inherited 

6308
05:28:39,000 --> 05:28:42,800
following Lawrence's death. 
The war had left him with real 

6309
05:28:42,800 --> 05:28:46,400
Combat experience and the seeds 
of an emerging identity part 

6310
05:28:46,400 --> 05:28:50,000
loyal, British subject Park 
Colonial leader, increasingly 

6311
05:28:50,000 --> 05:28:54,800
skeptical of Imperial attitudes 
over the ensuing decade, or he 

6312
05:28:54,800 --> 05:28:58,700
would focus on his plantations 
dabble in local politics and 

6313
05:28:58,700 --> 05:29:01,500
Mary Martha. 
Dandridge custis aali Widow, 

6314
05:29:01,500 --> 05:29:03,400
whose Fortune helped Shore up 
his finance's. 

6315
05:29:04,200 --> 05:29:06,800
Washington transformed. 
Mount Vernon into a profitable 

6316
05:29:06,800 --> 05:29:09,600
Enterprise. 
Experimenting with new crops 

6317
05:29:09,600 --> 05:29:13,100
analyzing agricultural 
techniques and exerting 

6318
05:29:13,100 --> 05:29:16,300
influence in Virginia's, House 
of Burgesses yet, the memory of 

6319
05:29:16,308 --> 05:29:18,600
the frontier battles never fully
dimmed. 

6320
05:29:19,100 --> 05:29:22,000
He had seen how tenuous British 
Authority could be on American 

6321
05:29:22,000 --> 05:29:26,200
soil, how alliances shifted and 
how local knowledge often out 

6322
05:29:26,200 --> 05:29:29,400
stripped distant orders. 
He also observed the subtle 

6323
05:29:29,400 --> 05:29:32,800
changes stirring among 
colonists, growing populations 

6324
05:29:32,800 --> 05:29:35,600
expanding commas. 
And A sense of collective 

6325
05:29:35,600 --> 05:29:37,600
identity. 
Not solely, anchored to Britain.

6326
05:29:38,500 --> 05:29:41,000
While Washington did not yet 
foresee a complete break with 

6327
05:29:41,000 --> 05:29:43,100
the crown. 
The stage was quite quietly, 

6328
05:29:43,100 --> 05:29:45,200
being set for a more profound 
Clash. 

6329
05:29:46,300 --> 05:29:49,300
Looking back his French and 
Indian War experience is with 

6330
05:29:49,300 --> 05:29:51,800
something of a dress rehearsal. 
Granting him. 

6331
05:29:51,800 --> 05:29:54,500
The on-the-ground insights that 
would prove indispensable in the

6332
05:29:54,500 --> 05:29:56,300
larger crisis. 
Looming on the horizon, 

6333
05:29:56,300 --> 05:29:58,600
following the French and Indian 
War. 

6334
05:29:58,600 --> 05:30:03,000
Washington, spent the 1760s and 
early 1770s deeply immersed, in 

6335
05:30:03,000 --> 05:30:06,500
The rhythms of Plantation life 
at Mount Vernon managing labor, 

6336
05:30:06,500 --> 05:30:10,000
maintaining his reputation as a 
local Squire and serving 

6337
05:30:10,000 --> 05:30:13,200
intermittently in the Virginia 
House of Burgesses occupied. 

6338
05:30:13,200 --> 05:30:16,100
Much of his time meticulously 
oversaw. 

6339
05:30:16,100 --> 05:30:19,400
The cultivation of crops 
initially, tobacco later 

6340
05:30:19,400 --> 05:30:22,500
diversifying into wheat and 
other Staples, adapting to 

6341
05:30:22,500 --> 05:30:25,400
market trends and soil 
conditions, but Economic 

6342
05:30:25,400 --> 05:30:28,100
Security. 
Remained tenuous British trade 

6343
05:30:28,100 --> 05:30:31,600
regulations, shipping monopolies
and Mercantile restrictions 

6344
05:30:31,600 --> 05:30:34,900
often pinched, Colonial 
Planters, Washington found 

6345
05:30:34,900 --> 05:30:38,500
himself confronting deaths 
currently shortages and a 

6346
05:30:38,500 --> 05:30:40,900
constraining imperial 
bureaucracy that dictated how 

6347
05:30:40,900 --> 05:30:44,800
Goods could be exported or 
imported Amid these challenges 

6348
05:30:44,800 --> 05:30:47,500
Washington's perspective on 
British Authority, gradually 

6349
05:30:47,500 --> 05:30:50,200
evolved early on. 
He had designed nothing more 

6350
05:30:50,200 --> 05:30:53,000
than to climb in status within 
the British Imperial framework. 

6351
05:30:53,000 --> 05:30:56,600
He'd admired British military 
traditions and social Customs, 

6352
05:30:56,600 --> 05:30:59,600
but he began to see the 
Practical constraints that came 

6353
05:30:59,600 --> 05:31:01,600
with living under a distant 
Parliament. 

6354
05:31:01,600 --> 05:31:04,500
That issued edicts without 
consulting Colonial, assemblies.

6355
05:31:04,500 --> 05:31:09,400
The Stamp Act of 1765, imposing 
taxes on printed materials 

6356
05:31:09,400 --> 05:31:12,100
galvanized discontent among 
colonists. 

6357
05:31:13,000 --> 05:31:15,800
Washington who used legal 
documents frequently for land 

6358
05:31:15,800 --> 05:31:18,700
transactions. 
Saw the act as a direct to front

6359
05:31:18,700 --> 05:31:21,700
to local autonomy. 
While not the most fiery 

6360
05:31:21,700 --> 05:31:24,900
rhetorician in Virginia figures 
like Patrick Henry captured that

6361
05:31:24,900 --> 05:31:27,700
honor Washington, expressed, 
measured indignation. 

6362
05:31:27,700 --> 05:31:31,500
He argued that taxation without 
representation violated the 

6363
05:31:31,508 --> 05:31:35,100
rights of Englishmen A stance 
that resonated among fellow 

6364
05:31:35,100 --> 05:31:38,000
Planters, merchants and small 
farmers alike. 

6365
05:31:39,000 --> 05:31:42,500
In 1769, the Virginia House of 
Burgesses, responded, to new 

6366
05:31:42,500 --> 05:31:45,200
British taxes, on glass paper, 
paint and tea. 

6367
05:31:45,200 --> 05:31:47,800
I passing resolves condemning 
these impositions. 

6368
05:31:47,800 --> 05:31:50,300
When the Royal Governor 
dissolved, the assembly. 

6369
05:31:50,300 --> 05:31:53,900
The delegates washing to 
included met informally at the 

6370
05:31:53,908 --> 05:31:56,100
rally. 
Tavern in Williamsburg, drafting

6371
05:31:56,100 --> 05:31:59,300
non-importation agreements. 
These packs not to purchase 

6372
05:31:59,300 --> 05:32:02,900
British goods until colonial 
grievances were addressed Though

6373
05:32:02,900 --> 05:32:06,300
not as flamboyant, as protests 
in Boston, these Virginian 

6374
05:32:06,300 --> 05:32:09,400
measures underscored How Deeply 
resentment had taken root among 

6375
05:32:09,400 --> 05:32:11,800
even, the more conservative land
holding classes. 

6376
05:32:12,300 --> 05:32:14,900
Washington's letters from this 
period, reveal a measured, but 

6377
05:32:14,900 --> 05:32:18,100
firm tone. 
He spoke of the encroachments of

6378
05:32:18,100 --> 05:32:20,600
Parliament and the need for 
Unity among the colonies. 

6379
05:32:21,500 --> 05:32:23,000
Not one to relish public 
speaking. 

6380
05:32:23,000 --> 05:32:26,000
He employed his reputation as a 
balanced pragmatic figure. 

6381
05:32:26,700 --> 05:32:29,400
People listened when Washington 
spoke because they trusted his 

6382
05:32:29,400 --> 05:32:31,000
sense of responsibility and 
fairness. 

6383
05:32:31,700 --> 05:32:34,400
Privately he worried about 
violence escalating yet. 

6384
05:32:34,400 --> 05:32:37,000
He also felt that the colonies 
should not yield to intimidation

6385
05:32:37,000 --> 05:32:40,100
this blend of caution and 
resolve was a Hallmark of his 

6386
05:32:40,100 --> 05:32:42,600
character. 
Tensions, escalated to a 

6387
05:32:42,600 --> 05:32:46,100
critical level, by 1774. 
The Boston Tea Party and 

6388
05:32:46,108 --> 05:32:49,100
subsequent punitive British 
measures prompted the formation 

6389
05:32:49,100 --> 05:32:50,700
of the First Continental 
Congress. 

6390
05:32:51,700 --> 05:32:53,800
Washington was chosen as one of 
Virginia's, delegates, 

6391
05:32:53,800 --> 05:32:56,900
solidifying, his role as a 
national figure rather than just

6392
05:32:56,900 --> 05:33:00,000
a regional voice, he traveled to
Philadelphia where 

6393
05:33:00,000 --> 05:33:02,500
representatives from a cross, 
the colonies, debated, how far 

6394
05:33:02,500 --> 05:33:04,400
to push back against British 
months? 

6395
05:33:05,300 --> 05:33:08,000
While radicals like Samuel 
Adams, advocated more Extreme 

6396
05:33:08,000 --> 05:33:10,600
Measures other sort of 
compromise or hope. 

6397
05:33:10,600 --> 05:33:13,700
For a restoration of harmonious 
relationships, Washington's 

6398
05:33:13,700 --> 05:33:16,400
presence, signaled, that 
Virginia, the largest and most 

6399
05:33:16,400 --> 05:33:18,500
populous colony was prepared to 
stand. 

6400
05:33:18,500 --> 05:33:21,400
Alongside New England, in 
protesting Imperial overreach. 

6401
05:33:22,300 --> 05:33:25,000
Washington's military background
was not overlooked during those 

6402
05:33:25,000 --> 05:33:27,900
Congress sessions, he was one of
the few delegates with 

6403
05:33:27,900 --> 05:33:30,300
first-hand experience in 
large-scale combat operations 

6404
05:33:30,300 --> 05:33:32,900
though. 
Overshadowed, by the fiery, 

6405
05:33:32,900 --> 05:33:36,400
oratory of John Adams or Patrick
Henry, he projected a quiet 

6406
05:33:36,408 --> 05:33:38,800
confidence that could unify 
disparate factions. 

6407
05:33:38,800 --> 05:33:41,700
He sold them took the floor for 
dramatic speeches. 

6408
05:33:41,700 --> 05:33:45,300
But in committee meeting 
delegates, consulted him about 

6409
05:33:45,300 --> 05:33:48,100
potential military scenarios of 
the standoff with Britain. 

6410
05:33:48,100 --> 05:33:50,600
Escalated. 
How might a ragtag colonial 

6411
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:53,100
militia, confront the most 
formidable army in the world, 

6412
05:33:54,000 --> 05:33:59,000
Event soon compelled everyone to
take action in April 1775, the 

6413
05:33:59,000 --> 05:34:01,500
battles at Lexington and Concord
Unleashed. 

6414
05:34:01,500 --> 05:34:05,300
Open conflict British soldiers 
and Colonial militiamen had 

6415
05:34:05,300 --> 05:34:07,800
exchanged shots. 
The war was effectively underway

6416
05:34:07,800 --> 05:34:10,200
by the time the second 
continental congress. 

6417
05:34:10,200 --> 05:34:13,000
Convened, the question was no 
longer whether to resist 

6418
05:34:13,000 --> 05:34:17,600
military but how John Adams 
recognizing this. 

6419
05:34:17,600 --> 05:34:19,500
Need to draw the southern 
colonies. 

6420
05:34:19,500 --> 05:34:22,700
More tightly into the cause 
nominated Washington, to lead 

6421
05:34:22,700 --> 05:34:24,200
the newly formed. 
Continental Army. 

6422
05:34:25,000 --> 05:34:28,300
With reluctance Washington, 
accepted declaring he would 

6423
05:34:28,300 --> 05:34:31,700
serve without pay. he stressed 
that he was neither the most 

6424
05:34:31,700 --> 05:34:35,300
qualified nor seeking personal 
Glory, yet he would do his duty 

6425
05:34:35,300 --> 05:34:39,400
of called upon in that moment, 
the diligent Virginia planter 

6426
05:34:39,400 --> 05:34:42,900
and local politician found 
himself thrust onto a stage with

6427
05:34:42,900 --> 05:34:45,700
no script. 
Leading a revolution against the

6428
05:34:45,700 --> 05:34:49,300
crown seemed or dacious even 
Reckless, but Washington 

6429
05:34:49,300 --> 05:34:51,800
believed the colonies had 
reached an irreversible point. 

6430
05:34:52,800 --> 05:34:54,700
Saddled his horse and departed 
for Massachusetts. 

6431
05:34:54,700 --> 05:34:59,200
Determined, if unsure about the 
trials, that lay ahead his 

6432
05:34:59,200 --> 05:35:01,000
leadership, would soon be tested
in ways. 

6433
05:35:01,000 --> 05:35:04,600
Few could have imagined both by 
the might of British forces and 

6434
05:35:04,600 --> 05:35:07,100
by the fractious, nature of a 
fledgling Nation, still 

6435
05:35:07,100 --> 05:35:10,100
discovering its Collective 
identity, Washington's 

6436
05:35:10,100 --> 05:35:11,700
appointment as the 
commander-in-chief of the 

6437
05:35:11,708 --> 05:35:14,500
Continental Army, paved the way 
for a challenging battle against

6438
05:35:14,500 --> 05:35:17,900
the most formidable military 
force of the era arriving in 

6439
05:35:17,900 --> 05:35:22,100
Cambridge. 
Massachusetts in July 1775, he 

6440
05:35:22,100 --> 05:35:24,900
took command of a collection of 
militias besieging British held 

6441
05:35:24,900 --> 05:35:27,800
Boston. 
What he found was a disorganized

6442
05:35:27,800 --> 05:35:32,000
Force lacking supplies uniforms 
and consistent discipline 

6443
05:35:32,000 --> 05:35:34,600
militias from different 
colonies, held different 

6444
05:35:34,600 --> 05:35:38,600
loyalties, very drastically and 
training an often viewed each 

6445
05:35:38,600 --> 05:35:42,200
other with suspicion. 
Washing realized that to stand 

6446
05:35:42,200 --> 05:35:46,000
any chance against the British 
yet, to forge these disparate 

6447
05:35:46,000 --> 05:35:49,700
units into a cohesive army with 
a shared purpose, early on 

6448
05:35:49,700 --> 05:35:53,700
Washington face to series of 
strategic 11s despite the often 

6449
05:35:53,700 --> 05:35:56,400
romanticized notion of the 
Continental armies Underdog 

6450
05:35:56,400 --> 05:36:02,000
Valor, the reality was messy 
disease desertions and short 

6451
05:36:02,008 --> 05:36:04,900
term in lists undercut. 
The stable Force he desperately 

6452
05:36:04,900 --> 05:36:08,200
needed British troops in. 
Boston were well, supplied by 

6453
05:36:08,200 --> 05:36:10,300
sea. 
So direct assault seemed 

6454
05:36:10,300 --> 05:36:13,100
suicidal. 
Instead Washington imposed 

6455
05:36:13,100 --> 05:36:17,000
discipline, orchestrated Siege 
lines and introduced stricter 

6456
05:36:17,000 --> 05:36:20,800
regulations over time. 
He acquired cannon from Fort to 

6457
05:36:20,800 --> 05:36:24,200
conderoga famously, transporting
them across difficult winter, 

6458
05:36:24,200 --> 05:36:28,400
terrain, under Henry Knox, 
oversight by March 76, artillery

6459
05:36:28,400 --> 05:36:31,200
on Dorchester Heights, forced 
the British to evacuate Boston. 

6460
05:36:32,000 --> 05:36:34,200
Although it was a bloodless 
victory for the Americans 

6461
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:37,100
Washington, understood that the 
war had barely begun. 

6462
05:36:37,100 --> 05:36:40,500
The British Navy and army could 
and would strike at more 

6463
05:36:40,500 --> 05:36:43,700
critical ports. 
Washington's next trials, 

6464
05:36:43,700 --> 05:36:46,800
unfolded in New York and 
anticipating a major British 

6465
05:36:46,800 --> 05:36:50,400
offense of, he shifted his army 
to defend Manhattan and its 

6466
05:36:50,400 --> 05:36:53,800
surrounding the British arrived 
in force under General, William 

6467
05:36:53,800 --> 05:36:58,800
Howe and by late summer in 1776,
Washington's men injured a 

6468
05:36:58,800 --> 05:37:02,200
crushing defeat at the Battle of
Long Island A series of Retreats

6469
05:37:02,200 --> 05:37:04,400
followed Cole culminating in the
British season. 

6470
05:37:04,400 --> 05:37:06,600
New York City, morale, 
plummeted. 

6471
05:37:06,600 --> 05:37:10,300
Many soldiers deserted others, 
questioned, Washington's 

6472
05:37:10,300 --> 05:37:12,900
competence. 
Yet in a bold move washing 

6473
05:37:12,900 --> 05:37:15,400
Washington ordered a stealth 
evacuation across the East 

6474
05:37:15,400 --> 05:37:17,300
River. 
During the night fairing, 

6475
05:37:17,300 --> 05:37:19,500
thousands of troops and avoiding
total annihilation. 

6476
05:37:20,500 --> 05:37:23,900
That partial salvation became an
early example of his knack for 

6477
05:37:23,900 --> 05:37:26,900
improvisational Retreats a skill
that may lack, the glamour of 

6478
05:37:26,908 --> 05:37:29,900
offensive victories. 
It was crucial for the survival 

6479
05:37:29,900 --> 05:37:34,700
of the cause In late 1776 with 
enlistments expiring and 

6480
05:37:34,700 --> 05:37:36,600
temperatures. 
Dropping Washington. 

6481
05:37:36,600 --> 05:37:38,300
Orchestrated one of the 
revolutions. 

6482
05:37:38,300 --> 05:37:41,800
Most dramatic Strokes crossing 
the icy Delaware River on 

6483
05:37:41,800 --> 05:37:44,700
Christmas night to surprise 
Hessian mercenaries at Trenton 

6484
05:37:44,700 --> 05:37:48,800
the successor, Trenton followed 
by another victory at Princeton 

6485
05:37:48,800 --> 05:37:53,300
rejuvenated the Patriot cause 
Washington's leadership style in

6486
05:37:53,300 --> 05:37:55,400
these moments combined 
particular planning with 

6487
05:37:55,400 --> 05:37:58,900
personal bravery. 
He rode at the front encouraging

6488
05:37:58,900 --> 05:38:02,400
his men proving that cunning and
audacity could offset numerical 

6489
05:38:02,400 --> 05:38:06,100
or logistical disadvantages. 
The morale boost was enormous 

6490
05:38:06,100 --> 05:38:09,300
coaxing recruits to stay in new 
volunteers to join. 

6491
05:38:10,300 --> 05:38:12,800
Yet the Continental armies, 
tribulation remained, abundant 

6492
05:38:12,800 --> 05:38:16,000
the British sought to isolate 
New England by seizing. 

6493
05:38:16,000 --> 05:38:18,500
The Hudson River Corridor while 
smaller armies. 

6494
05:38:18,500 --> 05:38:21,900
Skirmish in the interior, 
Washington clashed repeatedly 

6495
05:38:21,900 --> 05:38:24,300
with delegates in the 
Continental Congress Who 

6496
05:38:24,300 --> 05:38:27,900
provided inconsistent funding 
and supplies reflecting the 

6497
05:38:27,900 --> 05:38:29,800
fragile, nature of the young 
Confederation. 

6498
05:38:29,800 --> 05:38:34,000
He wrote endless letters 
pleading for shoes, blankets and

6499
05:38:34,000 --> 05:38:36,600
rationals. 
Meanwhile British raids and 

6500
05:38:36,600 --> 05:38:39,300
Loyalists sympathizers. 
So to confusion behind American 

6501
05:38:39,300 --> 05:38:43,800
lines. 
In 1777, Washington lost a key 

6502
05:38:43,800 --> 05:38:46,100
engagement at Brandywine, 
allowing the British to capture 

6503
05:38:46,100 --> 05:38:49,900
Philadelphia, the Patriot 
Capital, another setback at 

6504
05:38:49,900 --> 05:38:53,800
Germantown, followed critics and
Congress grew louder questioning

6505
05:38:53,800 --> 05:38:56,600
whether a different General 
might fare better yet. 

6506
05:38:56,600 --> 05:38:58,800
Washington retained the Loyalty 
of many officers. 

6507
05:38:58,800 --> 05:39:02,400
Forging a sense of unity that 
transcended, local affiliations 

6508
05:39:02,400 --> 05:39:07,000
Valley Forge during the cruel 
winter of 1777 to 1778. 

6509
05:39:07,000 --> 05:39:10,900
The Army, endured starvation, 
disease and freezing conditions.

6510
05:39:10,900 --> 05:39:14,500
Thanks to the drilling expertise
of Baron von Steuben next. 

6511
05:39:14,500 --> 05:39:17,100
Prussian, officer Washington's 
troops emerged. 

6512
05:39:17,100 --> 05:39:20,300
More disciplined able to engage 
British regulars, on nearly 

6513
05:39:20,300 --> 05:39:24,400
equal terms at Valley Forge, the
Continental Army underwent, a 

6514
05:39:24,400 --> 05:39:26,600
significant transformation 
transitioning. 

6515
05:39:26,600 --> 05:39:29,200
From an unruly collection of 
militias to a functional 

6516
05:39:29,200 --> 05:39:33,000
fighting force, washing to learn
the delicate art of balancing 

6517
05:39:33,000 --> 05:39:36,900
alliance's, the French persuaded
by the American victory. 

6518
05:39:36,900 --> 05:39:40,100
At Saratoga were Horatio Gates. 
Led the effort not Washington 

6519
05:39:40,100 --> 05:39:43,900
Direct Join the conflict. 
Providing Naval strength and 

6520
05:39:43,900 --> 05:39:46,700
additional Ground Forces 
coordinating with French 

6521
05:39:46,700 --> 05:39:49,900
officers like the Marquis De 
Lafayette, demanded diplomatic 

6522
05:39:49,900 --> 05:39:54,200
finesse Washington adapted, 
forging trust with these foreign

6523
05:39:54,200 --> 05:39:57,600
allies even as inter Colony 
tensions, threatened to fracture

6524
05:39:57,600 --> 05:39:59,800
the American side through it 
all. 

6525
05:39:59,800 --> 05:40:02,700
Washington, displayed, a 
steadiness that became Central 

6526
05:40:02,700 --> 05:40:06,700
to the Army's identity. 
His men might groan about scarce

6527
05:40:06,700 --> 05:40:10,000
supplies or ragged uniforms, but
they trusted their General to 

6528
05:40:10,000 --> 05:40:13,700
hold them together. 
By the wars midpoint Washington 

6529
05:40:13,700 --> 05:40:16,200
had solidified his role as the 
Lynch pin of American 

6530
05:40:16,200 --> 05:40:19,700
resistance, his direct 
Battlefield successes varied. 

6531
05:40:19,700 --> 05:40:22,800
Some were brilliant, others. 
Disappointing, but his 

6532
05:40:22,800 --> 05:40:26,000
unshakeable commitment to the 
cause combined with an ability 

6533
05:40:26,000 --> 05:40:29,800
to Pivot tax and maintain Unity 
kept the Rebellion alive. 

6534
05:40:30,500 --> 05:40:32,900
Emerging from these years of 
hardship was a sense that 

6535
05:40:32,908 --> 05:40:36,800
whether revered or criticized 
washing to was indispensable. 

6536
05:40:36,800 --> 05:40:40,700
He was no mere figurehead. 
The political apparatus and the 

6537
05:40:40,700 --> 05:40:43,100
Army itself needed. 
His Steady Hand at the helm if 

6538
05:40:43,100 --> 05:40:45,800
the Revolution was to stand a 
chance of seeing final victory, 

6539
05:40:46,700 --> 05:40:49,200
As the Revolutionary War 
entered, its latest stages, 

6540
05:40:49,200 --> 05:40:52,500
Washington face to new set of 
challenges that tested his 

6541
05:40:52,500 --> 05:40:56,000
leadership on multiple fronts. 
The conflict had become more 

6542
05:40:56,000 --> 05:40:59,800
sprawling with battles in the 
South intensifying British 

6543
05:40:59,800 --> 05:41:01,800
forces. 
Hoping to exploit loyalists 

6544
05:41:01,800 --> 05:41:04,300
sentiment launched campaigns in 
Georgia. 

6545
05:41:04,300 --> 05:41:07,300
And the Carolinas. 
Meanwhile the Continental Army 

6546
05:41:07,300 --> 05:41:10,000
in the north still had to guard 
against renewed offensives from 

6547
05:41:10,000 --> 05:41:12,400
New York. 
Washington, found himself 

6548
05:41:12,400 --> 05:41:15,700
juggling resource allocations 
and strategic oversight across a

6549
05:41:15,700 --> 05:41:18,200
vast territory. 
All with limited Manpower and 

6550
05:41:18,200 --> 05:41:21,700
meager finances. 
One of his core strengths lay an

6551
05:41:21,700 --> 05:41:24,100
understanding that Victory did 
not necessarily require 

6552
05:41:24,100 --> 05:41:26,000
defeating every British unit on 
the battlefield. 

6553
05:41:26,000 --> 05:41:30,400
Over years of warfare Washington
recognized that prolonging the 

6554
05:41:30,400 --> 05:41:33,500
conflict, making it too costly 
for Britain to sustain could be 

6555
05:41:33,500 --> 05:41:37,300
enough to force negotiations as 
British public support for the 

6556
05:41:37,308 --> 05:41:39,300
wall, waned and the conflict 
strained. 

6557
05:41:39,300 --> 05:41:42,400
The Empire's offers this 
strategy of endurance gained 

6558
05:41:42,400 --> 05:41:45,500
traction He coordinated 
part-time Warfare in the 

6559
05:41:45,508 --> 05:41:48,400
southern states where generals 
like Nathanael Greene used 

6560
05:41:48,400 --> 05:41:51,500
hidden run tactics and force the
British to overextend the supply

6561
05:41:51,500 --> 05:41:53,700
lines. 
Washington might not have 

6562
05:41:53,700 --> 05:41:56,600
designed every maneuver 
personally, but his overarching 

6563
05:41:56,600 --> 05:41:59,400
directive emphasized wearing 
down the opponent, while rather 

6564
05:41:59,400 --> 05:42:02,800
than seeking a single Grand 
triumphant at all costs. 

6565
05:42:03,700 --> 05:42:07,000
Yet, frustration still mounted 
the Continental Congress, 

6566
05:42:07,000 --> 05:42:11,000
perennially short, on funds, 
struggled to pay or Supply the 

6567
05:42:11,000 --> 05:42:13,900
troops inflation. 
Ran rampant and the paper 

6568
05:42:13,900 --> 05:42:15,700
currency. 
They issued known as 

6569
05:42:15,700 --> 05:42:17,700
Continentals lost much of its 
value. 

6570
05:42:17,700 --> 05:42:21,500
Sometimes entire regiments, 
threatened Mutiny over unpaid 

6571
05:42:21,500 --> 05:42:24,800
wages and lack of food. 
Washington wrote urgent letters 

6572
05:42:24,800 --> 05:42:28,500
balancing please and warnings 
desertion could unravel the 

6573
05:42:28,500 --> 05:42:33,000
entire Revolution, but the men's
hardships were genuine He 

6574
05:42:33,000 --> 05:42:35,400
balanced his empathy for his 
soldiers, suffering with the 

6575
05:42:35,400 --> 05:42:38,500
need to uphold discipline 
against this turbulent. 

6576
05:42:38,500 --> 05:42:41,300
Backdrop, French assistance, 
played a decisive role. 

6577
05:42:42,100 --> 05:42:44,500
Following France's official 
entry into the war. 

6578
05:42:45,200 --> 05:42:47,700
Spain and the Dutch Republic 
also offered varying degrees of 

6579
05:42:47,700 --> 05:42:50,900
support to America. 
Broadening the conflict into a 

6580
05:42:50,900 --> 05:42:52,400
larger Global struggle against 
Britain. 

6581
05:42:53,100 --> 05:42:55,900
Washington worked with French 
Admirals and Generals, who like,

6582
05:42:55,900 --> 05:42:58,200
Admiral Degrassi and general 
Rochambeau. 

6583
05:42:58,200 --> 05:43:01,100
Brought Naval superiority and 
well-trained troops. 

6584
05:43:01,100 --> 05:43:05,100
Diplomatic Synergy was crucial 
Washington, never fluent in 

6585
05:43:05,100 --> 05:43:08,400
French relied on interpreters 
and the Goodwill of allies like 

6586
05:43:08,400 --> 05:43:10,500
Lafayette to maintain strong 
communication. 

6587
05:43:11,300 --> 05:43:13,800
Joint operations, required, 
patience and compromise. 

6588
05:43:13,800 --> 05:43:17,000
The French navy schedule and 
European political priorities, 

6589
05:43:17,000 --> 05:43:20,200
often constrained, quick action.
The culmination of these 

6590
05:43:20,200 --> 05:43:23,400
alliances and strategies took 
shape in 1781 at Yorktown. 

6591
05:43:23,400 --> 05:43:26,500
Virginia British General 
Cornwallis had entrenched. 

6592
05:43:26,500 --> 05:43:30,300
His forces there, hoping for 
resupply by sea, Washington 

6593
05:43:30,300 --> 05:43:34,000
seized the moment. 
He fainted moves toward New York

6594
05:43:34,000 --> 05:43:38,000
but then swiftly marched a major
portion of his army, South The 

6595
05:43:38,000 --> 05:43:39,500
French Fleet under the grass 
blocked. 

6596
05:43:39,500 --> 05:43:42,500
The Chesapeake preventing a 
British Naval evacuation 

6597
05:43:42,500 --> 05:43:46,500
trapped, and under constant 
bombardment Cornwallis 

6598
05:43:46,500 --> 05:43:50,300
surrendered in October. 7081 the
Victory at Yorktown did not 

6599
05:43:50,308 --> 05:43:53,400
instantly end the war but it was
the decisive blow that 

6600
05:43:53,400 --> 05:43:56,900
shattered, Britain's willingness
to continue negotiations in 

6601
05:43:56,900 --> 05:44:00,400
Europe soon, began leading to 
the 70 of 83 Treaty of Paris 

6602
05:44:00,400 --> 05:44:02,800
recognizing American 
independence. 

6603
05:44:03,700 --> 05:44:05,300
Washington's role in the final 
phase. 

6604
05:44:05,300 --> 05:44:08,800
Showcased, two defining traits 
of his leadership adaptability 

6605
05:44:08,800 --> 05:44:12,400
and a knack for collaboration. 
He was not a tactical genius in 

6606
05:44:12,400 --> 05:44:15,200
the mold of Napoleon, but he 
excelled in forging. 

6607
05:44:15,200 --> 05:44:18,500
Unity among diverse groups with 
clashing ego's and conflicting 

6608
05:44:18,500 --> 05:44:21,300
interests. 
He also grasped the cycle 

6609
05:44:21,300 --> 05:44:24,500
dimension of War Victory. 
Could be achieved as much 

6610
05:44:24,500 --> 05:44:27,200
through morale and diplomatic 
pressure as through Battlefield 

6611
05:44:27,200 --> 05:44:30,000
conquests. 
Under his guidance, the 

6612
05:44:30,000 --> 05:44:32,400
Continental Army endured for 
eight, grueling years 

6613
05:44:32,400 --> 05:44:36,100
culminating in a capitulation 
that many had deemed impossible.

6614
05:44:37,100 --> 05:44:40,400
When peace was finally secured 
Washington stunned. 

6615
05:44:40,400 --> 05:44:43,100
The World by resigning his 
commission and returning to 

6616
05:44:43,108 --> 05:44:45,000
private life, rather than 
seizing power. 

6617
05:44:45,900 --> 05:44:48,300
In a time, when Victoria's 
Generals in Europe, often 

6618
05:44:48,300 --> 05:44:51,200
leveraged military success to 
become dictators or monarchs. 

6619
05:44:51,200 --> 05:44:53,200
His gesture was nearly 
unprecedented. 

6620
05:44:54,200 --> 05:44:57,300
He sent a farewell address to 
the Army bidding, an emotional 

6621
05:44:57,300 --> 05:44:59,800
goodbye to the officers who had 
become like, family through 

6622
05:44:59,800 --> 05:45:04,100
shared hardships. 
Then he returned to Mount Vernon

6623
05:45:04,100 --> 05:45:08,200
longing for quiet days. 
Overseeing his estate, In the 

6624
05:45:08,200 --> 05:45:11,600
public imagination. 
Became the embodiment of Roman 

6625
05:45:11,600 --> 05:45:15,800
Republican virtue, akin to since
a natus, leaving his plow to 

6626
05:45:15,800 --> 05:45:18,400
defend the nation and then 
returning to his farm. 

6627
05:45:18,400 --> 05:45:20,900
Yet the young Republic soon, 
discovered that Independence 

6628
05:45:20,900 --> 05:45:24,500
would not solve every problem 
War debts disputes, among the 

6629
05:45:24,500 --> 05:45:27,500
states, and a weak central 
government under the Articles of

6630
05:45:27,500 --> 05:45:30,100
Confederation threatened, the 
stability of the new nation 

6631
05:45:30,100 --> 05:45:33,000
calls for a stronger National 
framework grew louder. 

6632
05:45:33,000 --> 05:45:37,100
And once again, the Gaze of the 
fledgling country turned to 

6633
05:45:37,100 --> 05:45:39,900
Washington, would he remain a 
private citizen? 

6634
05:45:39,900 --> 05:45:42,600
Or would he use his stature to 
help shape? 

6635
05:45:42,600 --> 05:45:45,700
The governance of the country? 
He had been so instrumental in 

6636
05:45:45,700 --> 05:45:49,600
forging, The next chapter of his
life and In Deed of the nation's

6637
05:45:49,600 --> 05:45:53,500
would hinge on how he answered 
that question after returning to

6638
05:45:53,500 --> 05:45:57,700
Mount Vernon and 1783 Washington
tried to refocus on his 

6639
05:45:57,700 --> 05:46:01,600
plantations, hoping for a 
respite from public affairs yet,

6640
05:46:01,600 --> 05:46:04,400
the fragile state of the 
post-war union soon, pulled him 

6641
05:46:04,400 --> 05:46:08,100
back into the spotlight, under 
the Articles of Confederation, 

6642
05:46:08,100 --> 05:46:12,400
the federal government lacked 
authority to attacks regulate 

6643
05:46:12,400 --> 05:46:15,500
commerce, effectively or settle 
disputes among states. 

6644
05:46:16,500 --> 05:46:20,300
Economic turmoil, loomed, large 
debts from the war weighed on 

6645
05:46:20,308 --> 05:46:24,200
every state and the absence of a
cohesive National policy bread. 

6646
05:46:24,200 --> 05:46:27,600
Friction insurrections such as 
Shays Rebellion in 

6647
05:46:27,600 --> 05:46:29,500
Massachusetts. 
Highlighted how easily? 

6648
05:46:29,500 --> 05:46:31,800
Unrest might spiral. 
If the central government could 

6649
05:46:31,800 --> 05:46:35,400
not act decisively leaders, 
across the state's recognize, 

6650
05:46:35,400 --> 05:46:38,800
the dire need for reforms and 
Washington, was a natural figure

6651
05:46:38,800 --> 05:46:40,900
to help spearhead them though. 
Initially. 

6652
05:46:40,900 --> 05:46:42,800
Hesitant he feared Public 
Service. 

6653
05:46:42,800 --> 05:46:45,900
Would once again, swallow his 
private life, he came around to 

6654
05:46:45,900 --> 05:46:47,900
the idea that a stronger. 
Government framework was 

6655
05:46:47,900 --> 05:46:52,700
essential to preserve the Union.
In 1787, he agreed to preside 

6656
05:46:52,700 --> 05:46:55,800
over the Constitutional 
Convention in Philadelphia this 

6657
05:46:55,800 --> 05:46:59,300
Gathering intended, first to 
revise the Articles soon morphed

6658
05:46:59,300 --> 05:47:01,300
into a wholesale creation of a 
new constitution. 

6659
05:47:02,200 --> 05:47:05,500
Washington did not speak off and
during the debate, but his mere 

6660
05:47:05,500 --> 05:47:07,500
presence link gravity to the 
proceedings. 

6661
05:47:08,200 --> 05:47:12,100
Delegates disagreed vigorously 
over representation slavery and 

6662
05:47:12,100 --> 05:47:14,900
executive power. 
Yet most recognized that 

6663
05:47:14,900 --> 05:47:17,700
Washington's approval would be 
critical for winning public 

6664
05:47:17,700 --> 05:47:20,000
acceptance of any proposed 
Constitution. 

6665
05:47:20,000 --> 05:47:24,800
His role was largely that of 
mediator and symbol of unity, he

6666
05:47:24,800 --> 05:47:28,600
allowed men like James Madison, 
Alexander Hamilton, and Benjamin

6667
05:47:28,600 --> 05:47:30,700
Franklin to articulate competing
ideas. 

6668
05:47:31,700 --> 05:47:34,400
But whenever debate grew 
contentious, the image of 

6669
05:47:34,400 --> 05:47:37,800
Washington seated at the front, 
reminded them, that the 

6670
05:47:37,800 --> 05:47:41,300
revolution's integrity and the 
future of Republican governance 

6671
05:47:41,300 --> 05:47:45,800
were at stake. 
By September 1787, the delegates

6672
05:47:45,800 --> 05:47:48,900
crafted a new Constitution that 
incorporated a more robust 

6673
05:47:48,900 --> 05:47:52,000
federal government, tempered by 
system of checks and balances 

6674
05:47:52,000 --> 05:47:54,800
will not perfect. 
It was a revolutionary 

6675
05:47:54,800 --> 05:47:56,300
experiment in structured 
Liberty. 

6676
05:47:57,100 --> 05:47:58,600
Washington's endorsement 
carried. 

6677
05:47:58,600 --> 05:48:01,500
Enormous weight during the 
ratification process, especially

6678
05:48:01,500 --> 05:48:04,800
in the Virginia, reluctant 
Anti-Federalists. 

6679
05:48:04,800 --> 05:48:08,000
Founded difficult to argue that 
the Constitution must tyranny, 

6680
05:48:08,000 --> 05:48:11,800
when Washington vouched for it. 
Once the Constitution became law

6681
05:48:11,800 --> 05:48:14,800
calls for Washington to serve as
the first president for 

6682
05:48:14,800 --> 05:48:18,200
unanimous in their intensity. 
He was the linchpin who could 

6683
05:48:18,200 --> 05:48:22,000
lend immediately legitimacy to 
the new system despite personals

6684
05:48:22,000 --> 05:48:24,900
reservations. 
He was aging and the toll of 

6685
05:48:24,900 --> 05:48:28,200
public life was no small burden.
He reluctantly accepted the 

6686
05:48:28,200 --> 05:48:31,400
role, the Electoral College 
elected him, unanimously in 

6687
05:48:31,400 --> 05:48:34,300
1789. 
In April, of that year, he 

6688
05:48:34,300 --> 05:48:36,800
journeyed to New York City. 
The temporary capital to take 

6689
05:48:36,800 --> 05:48:39,500
the oath of office is 
inauguration was a subdued 

6690
05:48:39,500 --> 05:48:43,000
ceremony reflecting a new 
nation's blend of optimism and 

6691
05:48:43,000 --> 05:48:45,000
anxiety. 
He stood on a balcony, 

6692
05:48:45,000 --> 05:48:47,000
overlooking. 
Throngs of cheering citizens, 

6693
05:48:47,000 --> 05:48:50,200
placing in his hand, on a Bible,
and swearing to preserve, 

6694
05:48:50,200 --> 05:48:52,000
protect and defend the 
Constitution. 

6695
05:48:52,000 --> 05:48:57,200
Shaping the executive branch 
washing to face a blank slate. 

6696
05:48:58,200 --> 05:49:01,300
There was no blueprint for how a
president should behave you 

6697
05:49:01,300 --> 05:49:03,600
believed in setting, careful 
precedence, that would guide 

6698
05:49:03,600 --> 05:49:06,800
successes and this cautious 
approach colored his every 

6699
05:49:06,800 --> 05:49:09,000
decision. 
You formed a cabinet of 

6700
05:49:09,008 --> 05:49:13,100
advisors, including Thomas 
Jefferson as Secretary of State 

6701
05:49:13,100 --> 05:49:17,300
and Alexander Hamilton a 
Secretary of the Treasury, the 

6702
05:49:17,300 --> 05:49:20,200
ideological clashes between 
Jefferson who championed 

6703
05:49:20,200 --> 05:49:24,000
agrarian democracy and Hamilton,
who pushed for a robust, federal

6704
05:49:24,000 --> 05:49:27,100
government, and Industrial 
growth forced Washington to 

6705
05:49:27,100 --> 05:49:29,600
navigate to delicate balance 
balancing. 

6706
05:49:29,600 --> 05:49:32,300
These factions, he aimed to 
prevent the country from 

6707
05:49:32,300 --> 05:49:34,100
splitting into parties and 
camps. 

6708
05:49:34,800 --> 05:49:38,800
Still, the seeds of political 
rivalry were planted eventually,

6709
05:49:38,800 --> 05:49:41,500
sprouting into the Federalists 
and Democratic Republican 

6710
05:49:41,500 --> 05:49:44,300
parties. 
Washington's presence in 

6711
05:49:44,300 --> 05:49:47,200
navigated foreign policy, 
dilemmas the young. 

6712
05:49:47,200 --> 05:49:51,100
United States was military, 
weak, financially, indebted and 

6713
05:49:51,100 --> 05:49:55,200
overshadowed by European powers.
When the French Revolution 

6714
05:49:55,200 --> 05:49:58,100
erupted many Americans felt they
owed France. 

6715
05:49:58,100 --> 05:50:00,400
A debt of gratitude for its 
wartime support. 

6716
05:50:01,200 --> 05:50:04,300
Yet Washington believed new 
neutrality was crucial in 

6717
05:50:04,300 --> 05:50:07,300
tangling the fragile Republic. 
In Europe's Wars, could spell 

6718
05:50:07,300 --> 05:50:09,900
disaster. 
His proclamation of neutrality 

6719
05:50:09,900 --> 05:50:13,400
and 1793 Drew ire from those who
wanted to aid from France. 

6720
05:50:14,100 --> 05:50:16,800
But it shielded the new nation 
from a catastrophic conflict. 

6721
05:50:16,800 --> 05:50:20,700
It was ill-prepared to handle. 
Domestic issues also tested, the

6722
05:50:20,700 --> 05:50:24,200
new Administration, Hamilton's 
financial plan, which included, 

6723
05:50:24,200 --> 05:50:25,900
Federal Assumption of State 
debts. 

6724
05:50:25,900 --> 05:50:29,000
And the creation of a National 
Bank sparked, Fierce debates, 

6725
05:50:29,000 --> 05:50:32,500
Washington, backed Hamilton, 
believing that fiscal stability,

6726
05:50:32,500 --> 05:50:35,800
was essential for National 
respectability but Jefferson's 

6727
05:50:35,800 --> 05:50:38,500
faction decried. 
These measures as threats to 

6728
05:50:38,500 --> 05:50:42,000
states rights. 
Then in 1794 the Whiskey 

6729
05:50:42,000 --> 05:50:43,800
Rebellion flared in Western 
Pennsylvania. 

6730
05:50:44,800 --> 05:50:48,000
Where Farmers violently opposed 
to federal tax on distilled 

6731
05:50:48,000 --> 05:50:50,500
spirits. 
Washington alarmed by the 

6732
05:50:50,500 --> 05:50:53,400
prospect of an armed 
Insurrection, personally, LED 

6733
05:50:53,400 --> 05:50:55,500
troops to quell. 
The Rebellion, an act that 

6734
05:50:55,508 --> 05:50:58,300
showcases his Federal Authority,
but also raised fears about 

6735
05:50:58,300 --> 05:51:01,900
military's responses to dissent 
throughout these trials. 

6736
05:51:01,900 --> 05:51:05,900
Washington, Labor to maintain 
above partisan squabbles, though

6737
05:51:05,900 --> 05:51:09,900
that position grew increasingly 
difficult newspapers reflecting 

6738
05:51:09,900 --> 05:51:13,100
the rise of party driven 
journalism attacked or praised 

6739
05:51:13,100 --> 05:51:16,800
him depending on their tutorial 
leaning criticisms, stung the 

6740
05:51:16,800 --> 05:51:20,300
once revered hero but he 
remained steadfast convinced 

6741
05:51:20,300 --> 05:51:22,100
that the survival of 
constitutional governance 

6742
05:51:22,100 --> 05:51:25,000
required robust debate. 
Even if it's sometimes, 

6743
05:51:25,000 --> 05:51:28,600
descended into vitriol. 
By the end of his second term, 

6744
05:51:28,600 --> 05:51:30,900
he yearned for retirement more 
earnestly than ever. 

6745
05:51:30,900 --> 05:51:33,800
The question was whether the 
country could sustain itself 

6746
05:51:33,800 --> 05:51:36,800
without him or if his moral 
Authority and balanced 

6747
05:51:36,800 --> 05:51:40,900
leadership remained 
indispensable By 1796 Washington

6748
05:51:40,900 --> 05:51:43,300
had served two terms as 
president and felt strongly. 

6749
05:51:43,300 --> 05:51:45,900
That rotating leadership was 
essential to the Republic's 

6750
05:51:45,900 --> 05:51:50,000
Health unanimously, re-elected 
in 1792, he could likely have 

6751
05:51:50,000 --> 05:51:51,900
secured a third term, but he 
declined. 

6752
05:51:52,600 --> 05:51:55,100
In doing so, he established a 
precedent of voluntary 

6753
05:51:55,100 --> 05:51:58,500
executive, turnover later, 
codified by the 22nd amendment. 

6754
05:51:58,500 --> 05:52:01,600
That would profoundly influence 
American political culture, 

6755
05:52:01,600 --> 05:52:05,800
recognizing the young nation's 
precariousness, offered parting 

6756
05:52:05,800 --> 05:52:08,900
guidance in his farewell 
address, Published rather than 

6757
05:52:08,900 --> 05:52:12,500
delivered orally, it warned 
against the dangers of permanent

6758
05:52:12,500 --> 05:52:15,000
foreign alliances, and excessive
parties and ship. 

6759
05:52:15,700 --> 05:52:19,600
He urged Americans to cherish, 
Unity keep religion and morality

6760
05:52:19,600 --> 05:52:23,000
as public pillars and remain 
where of ideological factions 

6761
05:52:23,000 --> 05:52:24,500
that could fracture National 
cohesion. 

6762
05:52:25,800 --> 05:52:29,700
After leaving office, in March 
1797, Washington returned to 

6763
05:52:29,700 --> 05:52:32,300
Mount Vernon. 
A sense of relief washed over 

6764
05:52:32,300 --> 05:52:35,400
him tempered by ongoing concerns
about the fledgling. 

6765
05:52:35,400 --> 05:52:40,300
Nation's trajectory oversaw 
expanded his estate experimented

6766
05:52:40,300 --> 05:52:43,300
with different crop, rotations 
and dabbled in various 

6767
05:52:43,300 --> 05:52:46,900
manufacturing Ventures on site, 
such as a Grist Mill, and a 

6768
05:52:46,900 --> 05:52:49,500
Distillery. 
However, retirement did not 

6769
05:52:49,500 --> 05:52:53,200
provide an escape from moral 
dilemmas, Washington's wealth, 

6770
05:52:53,200 --> 05:52:54,900
and Plantation. 
Lifestyle had always hinged on 

6771
05:52:54,908 --> 05:52:58,500
enslaved labor, while he had 
privately expressed ambivalence 

6772
05:52:58,500 --> 05:53:01,400
about slavery, calling it 
repugnant in certain 

6773
05:53:01,400 --> 05:53:03,800
correspondences. 
He never publicly championed 

6774
05:53:03,800 --> 05:53:06,700
abolition. 
Only in his welded he arranged 

6775
05:53:06,700 --> 05:53:08,300
for the emancipation of his 
enslaved. 

6776
05:53:08,300 --> 05:53:11,500
People after Martha's death. 
A move that became one of the 

6777
05:53:11,500 --> 05:53:14,100
most significant private amounts
of patients of that era. 

6778
05:53:14,100 --> 05:53:17,600
But the structural system of 
slavery continued unabated 

6779
05:53:17,600 --> 05:53:21,200
across the South highlighting. 
The contradictions embedded in 

6780
05:53:21,200 --> 05:53:24,700
the new Republic increasingly 
foreign tensions threatened to 

6781
05:53:24,700 --> 05:53:27,800
pull Washington back in to 
public life relations with 

6782
05:53:27,800 --> 05:53:30,900
revolutionary France. 
Deteriorated under John Adams's,

6783
05:53:30,900 --> 05:53:33,900
Presidente culminating in the 
Quasi War at sea. 

6784
05:53:34,700 --> 05:53:38,500
In 1798 Adams asked, Washington 
to serve as commander of 

6785
05:53:38,500 --> 05:53:40,700
provisional Army. 
Should full scale War break out.

6786
05:53:40,700 --> 05:53:44,200
Washington, agreed though he 
delegated most duties to 

6787
05:53:44,200 --> 05:53:46,700
Hamilton. 
He remained on standby, hoping 

6788
05:53:46,700 --> 05:53:51,300
conflict could be averted. 
By 1799 the immediate threat 

6789
05:53:51,300 --> 05:53:54,600
passed and Washington settled 
again into the routine at Mount 

6790
05:53:54,600 --> 05:53:57,500
Vernon that same year. 
On December, the 12th, 

6791
05:53:57,500 --> 05:54:00,100
Washington braved, a cold wet 
ride around, his estate, 

6792
05:54:00,100 --> 05:54:04,000
checking fence lines and 
farmland later that evening, he 

6793
05:54:04,000 --> 05:54:06,300
developed a sore throat within 
days. 

6794
05:54:06,300 --> 05:54:09,400
His conditional worsened in to 
what many now believe was a 

6795
05:54:09,400 --> 05:54:10,300
cute. 
Epic Lotto Titus. 

6796
05:54:11,000 --> 05:54:14,000
Medical Treatments of the time 
bleeding, blistering and 

6797
05:54:14,000 --> 05:54:16,300
gargling only weakened him 
further. 

6798
05:54:17,100 --> 05:54:21,400
On the night of December 14th. 
1799 George Washington passed 

6799
05:54:21,400 --> 05:54:23,700
away. 
Surrounded by close friends and 

6800
05:54:23,700 --> 05:54:26,000
family. 
The new sent shockwaves 

6801
05:54:26,000 --> 05:54:29,300
throughout the country bells 
tolled in distant cities, 

6802
05:54:29,300 --> 05:54:33,300
eulogies poured in from a cross 
political, divides reflecting 

6803
05:54:33,300 --> 05:54:35,600
the universal respect. 
American felt for his 

6804
05:54:35,600 --> 05:54:38,200
leadership. 
Even in Europe figures like 

6805
05:54:38,200 --> 05:54:41,800
Napoleon ordered tributes, 
Washington's death brought a 

6806
05:54:41,800 --> 05:54:44,000
collective Reckoning. 
The man who had guided the 

6807
05:54:44,000 --> 05:54:47,600
nation through Revolution 
constitutional formation and 

6808
05:54:47,600 --> 05:54:50,900
early governance was gone. 
But his legacy was already 

6809
05:54:50,900 --> 05:54:55,300
enshrined over subsequent 
decades and centuries Americans 

6810
05:54:55,300 --> 05:54:59,400
would build monuments, mint 
coins and compose, Hagia graphic

6811
05:54:59,400 --> 05:55:02,800
stories, that sometimes obscured
the complexity of his life. 

6812
05:55:03,500 --> 05:55:07,000
Myths, multiplied. 
The cherry tree led by Parsons 

6813
05:55:07,000 --> 05:55:09,100
became a fixture in school 
primers. 

6814
05:55:09,100 --> 05:55:11,800
Overshadowing, the more 
instructive lessons of 

6815
05:55:11,800 --> 05:55:15,000
Washington's, real struggles, 
and ethical, dilemmas the wooden

6816
05:55:15,000 --> 05:55:18,500
teeth Trope over shadowed, the 
details of his expensive painful

6817
05:55:18,500 --> 05:55:21,400
dental operators made from 
various materials, including 

6818
05:55:21,400 --> 05:55:25,600
human or animal teeth and Metal.
Yet Behind The Shining marble 

6819
05:55:25,600 --> 05:55:26,600
statues. 
Stands. 

6820
05:55:26,600 --> 05:55:29,800
A more nuanced figure. 
Washington was a man of his 

6821
05:55:29,800 --> 05:55:33,500
times shaped by its limitations,
particularly regarding slavery 

6822
05:55:33,500 --> 05:55:37,300
and class structures but also 
capable of transcending narrow 

6823
05:55:37,300 --> 05:55:40,100
self-interest. 
He recognized the fragility of 

6824
05:55:40,100 --> 05:55:43,200
the American experiment and 
acted repeatedly to keep it 

6825
05:55:43,200 --> 05:55:45,100
intact. 
Resigning his military 

6826
05:55:45,100 --> 05:55:49,600
Commission in 1783 residing over
the Constitution's, drafting in 

6827
05:55:49,600 --> 05:55:54,200
1787 and stepping down as 
president after two terms, each 

6828
05:55:54,200 --> 05:55:57,200
decision sent an unmistakable 
message that they were republics

6829
05:55:57,200 --> 05:55:59,000
longevity. 
Depended on checks against 

6830
05:55:59,000 --> 05:56:01,700
personal ambition. 
Washing Washington's example, 

6831
05:56:01,700 --> 05:56:04,700
stood out for a nation still 
refining as democratic values. 

6832
05:56:05,600 --> 05:56:08,200
He was neither a flamboyant 
speaker, or philosophical 

6833
05:56:08,200 --> 05:56:13,000
theories Forest, but he 
possessed a calm gravitas, that 

6834
05:56:13,000 --> 05:56:16,400
could unify corals from State's.
He understood how to maintain 

6835
05:56:16,400 --> 05:56:19,000
moral legitimacy in the eyes of 
both Elite and ordinary 

6836
05:56:19,000 --> 05:56:21,300
citizens. 
And though he was not without 

6837
05:56:21,300 --> 05:56:24,900
flaws the ownership of enslaved,
individuals being Chief among 

6838
05:56:24,900 --> 05:56:27,600
them, he helped lay the 
groundwork for a political 

6839
05:56:27,600 --> 05:56:30,700
system capable of evolving 
Beyond its Founders limitations.

6840
05:56:31,800 --> 05:56:32,800
today, more than