Halloween in Rome: the Roman Tradition in 43 A.D | Boring History For Sleep

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Hey my sleepy listeners tonight.
We're traveling back to ancient 

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Rome but not to the battlefields
or the senate floor instead were

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exploring something quieter. 
Stranger and infinitely more 

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atmospheric. 
How Romans honored their dead. 

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Celebrated the Harvest and 
acknowledged the thin places 

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where the Living World touched 
something Beyond. 

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This is a story about Autumn in 
Rome, when the air turned cool 

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and the spirit grew Restless, 
please like the video. 

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Subscribe, and tell me where 
you're watching from, and what 

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time it is for, you has its 
greatly appreciated. 

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Now, dim your lights, get 
comfortable and let's begin. 

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Imagine yourself standing on the
Palatine Hill just to September 

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slide into October. 
The brutal Mediterranean summer 

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has finally loosened its grip on
the city and you can breathe 

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without feeling like, you're 
inhaling. 

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Warm honey. 
Yeah, carries a different 

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quality now sharper cleaner with
that peculiar Clarity. 

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That makes distant objects seem 
closer than they really are. 

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This is autumn in ancient Rome 
though. 

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The Romans themselves, never 
used that word, they called this

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season or tumnus, which 
originally meant the time of 

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increased referring to the 
Harvest rather than the falling 

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leaves. 
But whatever you called it this 

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time of year felt different from
the others, the city seemed to 

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Exhale, after months of heat and
with that, exhalation came, a 

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subtle shift in the Roman 
psyche, the light changes first.

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You'd notice it in the way, 
sunbeams slant, Through The 

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Columns of temples catching dust
modes and golden shafts that 

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seem almost solid enough to 
touch. 

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Shadows grow longer stretching 
across the Forum, like dark 

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fingers, reaching toward evening
by mid-afternoon, the sun sets 

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lower, in the sky painting, the 
marble buildings in shades of 

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Amber and honey that make the 
entire city look like it's been 

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dipped in some Divine preserve 
jar. 

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The vegetation transforms too. 
Though not with the dramatic 

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color changes. 
You might see in New England or 

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the European North Rome's, climb
it is gentlemen that more subtle

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in its transitions. 
The Laurel trees, keep their 

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glossy green leaves, but the 
great finds in the surrounding 

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Countryside, turned shades of 
rust. 

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And burgundy fig trees dropped 
their last fruits, which split 

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open on sun warmed Stones, 
filling the air with their 

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peculiar musky. 
Sweetness, that attracts clouds 

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of wasps drunk on fermented 
sugar. in the markets, the 

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produce changes with the season,
some as Peaches and cherries, 

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give way to pomegranates those 
strange fruits that Romans 

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associated with the underworld, 
thanks to the Greek story of 

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Persephone, vendor stacked them 
in pyramids, their leathery Red 

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Skins, promising, the jeweled 
seeds Within Quinces appear too 

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hard and astringent when raw but
transformed into something 

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magical. 
When cooked with honey the smell

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of roasting chestnuts begins to 
drift through the streets. 

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He sent that will become 
ubiquitous as the weather cools 

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further. 
The wind shifts direction as 

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Autumn deepens some as breezes 
come from the south carrying the

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smell of the Sea and the promise
of rain, that rarely arrives. 

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Autumn winds blow from the north
down from the mountains bringing

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with them. 
The first real chill that Romans

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of felt in months. 
These winds have names, the 

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aquilo and the chorus, each 
associated with different 

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qualities and Omens old women 
claim. 

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They can predict the winter by 
studying which wind blows 

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strongest in October. 
With the cooler, weather comes a

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change in Daily rhythms during 
some summer. 

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Romans wake Before Dawn, to 
accomplish their work before the

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heat becomes unbearable. 
Then retreating doors for long 

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after noon CSS. 
Autumn allows for more 

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flexibility, you can walk 
through the city at midday 

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without feeling like you're 
being slowly baked in an oven, 

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the baths become less about 
cooling off and more about 

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social connection. 
They're heated rooms now 

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appealing rather than stifling. 
The smell of the city changes 

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too. 
Some as Rome has a particular 

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perfume, a mixture of sun, baked
Stone, human sweat, cooking oil,

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and occasionally depending on 
which neighborhood you're in. 

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The Less Pleasant Aromas of 
inadequate sanitation. 

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Autumn brings relief from some 
of these scents. 

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While adding new ones smoke from
cooking fires, carries 

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differently in the cooler denser
air. 

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First would Fires for heating, 
begin to appear, adding a 

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pleasant Tang to the atmosphere 
rain. 

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When it finally comes releases, 
the smell of Wet Stone and 

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Earth. 
Patrol that seems to rise from 

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the ancient cobblestones 
themselves for Romans. 

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Autumn Mark the end of the 
military campaigning season. 

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Armies returned from distant 
province's and the city swelled 

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with soldiers, bringing strange 
stories and stranger spoils 

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ships. 
Arrived from Egypt and Beyond 

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the holes full of grain for the 
winter along with exotic spice's

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textiles and occasionally wild 
animals destined for the arena. 

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The City's population 
fluctuated. 

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With these arrivals creating a 
sense of gathering and 

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preparation. 
But beyond these practical 

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changes Autumn brought something
else. 

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A shift in the spiritual 
atmosphere that every Roman 

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could feel even if they couldn't
quite articulate. 

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It, this was the season when the
boundary between the living and 

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the dead group permeable when 
certain rituals had to be 

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performed to maintain the 
delicate balance between worlds.

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The Romans might not have had 
Halloween, but they had 

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something older stranger and in 
some ways more unsettling, The 

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knights grow longer now and 
darkness comes early in a world 

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without electric lights. 
This meant something more 

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profound than it does. 
Today, like full transformed, 

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the city into a place of Shadows
and uncertain shapes where the 

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flicker of oil, lamps created 
dance in Illusions and every 

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Alleyway held potential 
Mysteries. 

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This was the time when Romans 
told stories, about the dead 

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about spirits who walked and 
about the importance of proper 

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rituals to keep the Restless at 
peace. 

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To understand how Romans 
approached their festivals of 

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the Dead, you need to understand
their relationship with time 

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itself. 
The Roman Calendar wasn't just a

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tool for organizing daily life. 
It was a sacred text, a contract

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with the Divine and roadmap for 
maintaining Cosmic order every 

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month. 
Every day had its own character,

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its own requirements and its own
dangers. 

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Picture the calendar as Roman 
saw it not as a simple grid of 

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dates. 
But as a complex tapestry, woven

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from Divine birthdays historical
anniversaries, favorable days 

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and Dangerous Ones. 
The calendar was maintained by 

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the pontiffs Rome's, religious 
officials who had the 

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responsibility of determining 
when festivals should occur and 

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which days were safe for public 
business. 

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The Roman year was divided into 
12 months, though, it hadn't 

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always been that way. 
Originally, Romans only counted 

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10 months with winter being 
considered a vague period that 

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didn't count as real time, this 
created all sorts of problems as

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you might imagine, and by the 
time, our story takes place, 

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they'd added January and 
February to bring things into 

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better alignment with the solar 
year though. 

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Honestly, Roman time, keeping 
remained something of a creative

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exercise throughout the 
Republic. 

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Each month began with the colors
from which we get our word 

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kalander. 
Cullen's was followed by the 

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nonas and the Ides and Romans 
counted days not forward from 

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these markers but backward 
toward them, which made 

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announcing dates, sound like a 
mathematical riddle, you 

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wouldn't say October 10th, you'd
say, six days before the Ides of

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October counting inclusively, 
because Romans and included both

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the start and endpoints. 
It was the kind of system that 

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made perfect sense. 
If you grew up with it, and 

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absolutely no sense. 
If you didn't But the real 

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complexity came from the 
Calendar's religious 

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designations days were marked as
either fast or the fastest 

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lawful or unlawful. 
On fastest days you could 

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conduct legal business, hold 
assemblies. 

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And generally go about your 
public affairs and a fastest 

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days were different. 
They belonged to the gods and 

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Mortals were supposed to tread 
carefully. 

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Some days were divided with the 
morning, being the fastest and 

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the afternoon fastest or vice 
versa. 

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Imagine planning a wedding or a 
business meeting. 

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When half the days on the 
calendar are essentially 

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religious, no-go zones. 
The calendar was packed with 

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festivals, Romans celebrated 
about 60 major, religious 

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festivals throughout the year. 
Plus countless minor ones, 

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anniversary and special 
observance is Some were public 

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spectacles involving the entire 
city While others were intimate 

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family Affairs. 
Some required animal sacrifice, 

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While others called for simple 
offering of cakes and wine. 

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Calendar was so crowded with 
Divine obligations. 

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That his remarkable Romans found
time for anything else. 

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Each Festival had its own 
rituals, its own requirements, 

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and its own story. 
The lupercalia in February 

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involved. 
Priests running Nearly Naked 

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through the streets, striking 
women with strips of goat skin 

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to promote fertility, which 
sounds bizarre until you 

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remember that most ancient 
religious practices sound 

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bizarre when removed from their 
original context, the saturnalia

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in December was a wild Carnival 
When social norms, inverted and 

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slaves, dined with Masters, the 
vestalia in June, on the goddess

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of the half with ceremonies that
only women could attend. 

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But are focus is on the Autumn 
festivals. 

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The ones concerned with death, 
the underworld and the Harvest. 

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These festivals formed a loose 
network of observances, that 

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acknowledge something important.
The approach of Winter, the 

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dormant sea of the earth and 
Humanity's need to maintain good

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relations with the Dead. 
Romans didn't have a single 

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festival for the dead like 
modern Halloween or the others 

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Muertos. 
Instead they have several 

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scattered throughout the year 
each with its own focus and 

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flavor. 
This reflected Roman pragmatism.

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Why have one Festival when 
multiple festivals mean more 

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opportunities to address? 
The problem. 

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The dead were not a want to hear
concern but ongoing presence 

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that required regular attention 
and appeasement. 

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The religious calendar, also 
reflected agricultural, 

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realities, Romans were 
fundamentally and agricultural 

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people. 
Even as their city grew into a 

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metropolitan Colossus. 
The Harvest determined survival 

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and the gods who controlled the 
Harvest needed to be honored 

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thanked and implored for future 
blessing Autumn festivals. 

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Therefore combined two concerns,
honoring the dead and 

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celebrating the Harvest 
acknowledging that both 

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involved. 
Transition transformation and 

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the Mysterious processes by 
which life emerged from apparent

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00:10:56,300 --> 00:11:01,400
death, Understanding this 
calendar means understanding how

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00:11:01,400 --> 00:11:04,600
Romans experience time 
differently than we do time, was

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anal medium through which of 
events flowed. 

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It was thick with meaning 
dangerous, and some moments and 

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propitious in others. 
He couldn't just do anything. 

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On any day, you had to consult 
the calendar, determine whether 

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the gods approved and proceed 
accordingly. 

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This created a life structured 
around ritual, observance where 

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religious Duty woe through daily
existence like threads in cloth,

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you couldn't separate sacred 
from secular because the sacred 

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permeated everything. 
When autumn arrived, it arrived 

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00:11:34,900 --> 00:11:38,300
not just as a meteorological 
event, but as a series of 

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religious obligations, that had 
to be fulfilled. 

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If you wanted the gods to 
remain. 

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Favorably disposed toward you, 
your family, and your city. 

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In late February just as winter 
begins loosening. 

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Its grip in the first flowers. 
Start appearing in the Roman 

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Countryside. 
The City observed, a festival 

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that modern Halloween 
enthusiasts would find 

217
00:12:00,400 --> 00:12:04,000
hauntingly familiar. 
This was the ferraria, the 

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culmination of the parentalia a 
nine-day period dedicated to 

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honoring dead ancestors picture 
the atmosphere in Rome during 

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00:12:12,000 --> 00:12:14,800
these nine days. 
The usual bustle of City. 

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00:12:14,800 --> 00:12:17,800
Life didn't exactly stop but it 
muted itself. 

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00:12:17,800 --> 00:12:21,400
Like someone had turned down the
volume on the entire Metropolis.

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Temples closed their doors. 
Magistrates didn't conduct 

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public business. 
Wedding's were forbidden, who 

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00:12:29,300 --> 00:12:31,600
would want to celebrate New 
Beginnings during a Time, 

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00:12:31,600 --> 00:12:35,600
dedicated to ending even the 
Vestal virgins, who normally 

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kept their sacred flame burning 
bright. 

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00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:42,400
Let it dim the entire city 
oriented itself toward the Dead.

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The parentalia began on February
13th. 

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00:12:46,100 --> 00:12:48,900
And for the first eight days, 
families made private 

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observances at the tombs of 
their ancestors, but it was the 

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9th day, the ferraria that 
marked the festival's climax. 

233
00:12:55,900 --> 00:13:00,100
This was when the entire city 
participated in public, rituals 

234
00:13:00,100 --> 00:13:02,800
meant to ensure that the dead 
remained peaceful and well 

235
00:13:02,800 --> 00:13:06,400
disposed toward the living. 
You need to understand something

236
00:13:06,400 --> 00:13:08,400
about Roman attitudes toward 
death. 

237
00:13:08,400 --> 00:13:11,300
They didn't sentimental the way 
modern culture. 

238
00:13:11,300 --> 00:13:15,100
Sometimes does death wasn't a 
peaceful sleep or a joyful 

239
00:13:15,100 --> 00:13:17,700
reunion in heaven. 
He was a transition into the 

240
00:13:17,700 --> 00:13:19,900
underworld. 
Shadowy existence. 

241
00:13:19,900 --> 00:13:23,000
As a shade that was neither 
Fully Alive nor completely 

242
00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:25,400
extinguished. 
These Shades could become 

243
00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:29,500
Restless even dangerous. 
If the living failed in their 

244
00:13:29,500 --> 00:13:34,000
obligations Romans believed that
the dead needed sustenance from 

245
00:13:34,000 --> 00:13:36,800
the living. 
Not physical food, exactly. 

246
00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:40,200
But something offering's 
Rememberance. 

247
00:13:41,100 --> 00:13:44,400
Proper ritual, observance. 
Without these things, the dead 

248
00:13:44,400 --> 00:13:47,400
might become what? 
Romans called lamiez angry 

249
00:13:47,400 --> 00:13:49,900
wandering spirits who caused 
trouble for the living. 

250
00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:54,200
The farrier was insurances 
against this possibility, a 

251
00:13:54,200 --> 00:13:56,400
collective effort, to keep the 
boundaries between life and 

252
00:13:56,400 --> 00:14:02,100
death properly maintained During
the farrier families would visit

253
00:14:02,100 --> 00:14:05,300
the tombs of their ancestors, 
which in Rome were always 

254
00:14:05,300 --> 00:14:09,100
located outside. 
The seawalls the dead were not 

255
00:14:09,100 --> 00:14:11,600
allowed within the sacred 
boundary of the city itself. 

256
00:14:11,600 --> 00:14:13,700
It would pollute the living 
space's. 

257
00:14:13,700 --> 00:14:17,700
So Roman's their tombs along the
roads leading out of the city 

258
00:14:17,700 --> 00:14:22,100
creating these strange Avenue's 
line with monuments to mortality

259
00:14:22,100 --> 00:14:26,400
the Via Appiah Rome's. 
Most famous Road was essentially

260
00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:28,100
a highway through a city of the 
Dead. 

261
00:14:29,100 --> 00:14:32,300
The offerings brought to these 
tombs were specific and symbolic

262
00:14:32,300 --> 00:14:34,500
families. 
Carried wreaths of flowers. 

263
00:14:34,500 --> 00:14:37,900
Violets were particularly 
favored for their association 

264
00:14:37,900 --> 00:14:40,500
with death. 
They brought wine, which they 

265
00:14:40,500 --> 00:14:44,000
would pour, directly onto the 
grave, letting it seep into the 

266
00:14:44,000 --> 00:14:47,900
Earth to reach the dead below. 
They brought bread salt and 

267
00:14:47,900 --> 00:14:50,400
sometimes wine soaked bread 
which they would scatter around 

268
00:14:50,400 --> 00:14:52,500
the tomb. 
Some families brought rose 

269
00:14:52,500 --> 00:14:54,800
petals believing that their 
beauty and fragrance. 

270
00:14:54,800 --> 00:14:58,000
Pleased the Dead. 
Key offering was something 

271
00:14:58,000 --> 00:15:02,300
simpler remembrance family 
members would speak the names of

272
00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:06,000
the Dead loud, recounting their 
accomplishments, and expressing 

273
00:15:06,000 --> 00:15:09,900
continued devotion. 
This act of naming was crucial 

274
00:15:09,900 --> 00:15:12,900
to be forgotten was the worst 
fighter Roman could imagine 

275
00:15:12,900 --> 00:15:16,900
worse than death itself because 
it meant a kind of second death.

276
00:15:16,900 --> 00:15:21,600
If final extinguishing of 
existence, the fryer ensured 

277
00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:24,400
that the dead remained 
remembered their name spoke and 

278
00:15:24,400 --> 00:15:28,300
their lives acknowledge. 
The rituals had a practical 

279
00:15:28,300 --> 00:15:31,800
component to families would 
clean and maintain the tombs 

280
00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:34,200
making repairs to damaged and 
monuments. 

281
00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:37,900
Pulling weeds and generally 
ensuring that the resting places

282
00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:39,600
of their ancestors, remained 
dignified. 

283
00:15:39,600 --> 00:15:44,300
This was partly piratey and 
partly practicality a 

284
00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:47,100
well-maintained tomb reflected. 
Well on the living family 

285
00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:50,000
demonstrating that they honored 
their obligations. 

286
00:15:51,100 --> 00:15:54,400
As Darkness fell on the 
ferraria, the atmosphere grew 

287
00:15:54,400 --> 00:15:57,800
more intense, Romans believed 
that the dead were most active 

288
00:15:57,800 --> 00:16:01,400
at night when the sun's 
protective power waned and 

289
00:16:01,400 --> 00:16:05,100
shadows gained substance. 
Families would like lamps around

290
00:16:05,100 --> 00:16:08,300
the tombs creating islands of 
flickering, light in the 

291
00:16:08,300 --> 00:16:10,900
darkness. 
These lights served multiple 

292
00:16:10,900 --> 00:16:12,900
purposes. 
They honored the dead. 

293
00:16:12,900 --> 00:16:15,700
They guided living family 
members safely through the 

294
00:16:15,700 --> 00:16:19,000
dangerous nighttime streets and 
they helped maintain the 

295
00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:24,800
boundary between the living and 
dead worlds. the poet of it, in 

296
00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:28,500
his calendar of Roman festivals 
describe the Ferrari as a time 

297
00:16:28,500 --> 00:16:32,400
when ghosts demand their due, He
wrote about simple offering as 

298
00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:35,400
being most effective. 
Not elaborate sacrifices, but 

299
00:16:35,400 --> 00:16:39,000
genuine devotional, expressed 
through modest means an old 

300
00:16:39,008 --> 00:16:41,500
woman. 
He said could perform effective 

301
00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:45,600
rights with just a few grains of
salt and bread soaked in wine as

302
00:16:45,600 --> 00:16:47,100
long as her intentions were 
pure. 

303
00:16:48,300 --> 00:16:50,600
There was something both solemn 
and comforting about these 

304
00:16:50,600 --> 00:16:53,000
rituals. 
Yes, they acknowledged death 

305
00:16:53,000 --> 00:16:55,300
reality and the dead can 
continue presents. 

306
00:16:56,100 --> 00:16:59,000
But they also provided a 
structured way to process grief 

307
00:16:59,000 --> 00:17:01,100
and maintain connection with 
lost loved ones. 

308
00:17:01,100 --> 00:17:04,700
The ferrario wasn't morbid. 
Practical. 

309
00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:07,599
A necessary maintenance of the 
relationship between 

310
00:17:07,599 --> 00:17:10,599
Generations. 
During the festival. 

311
00:17:10,599 --> 00:17:13,400
Romans also told stories about 
what happened. 

312
00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:16,200
When these rituals were 
neglected, there were Tales of 

313
00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:20,400
houses haunted by unquiet 
Spirits, the family's plagued by

314
00:17:20,407 --> 00:17:24,300
Misfortune because they'd failed
to honor their dead properly of 

315
00:17:24,300 --> 00:17:27,800
entire city suffering because 
some crucial observance had been

316
00:17:27,808 --> 00:17:29,900
overlooked. 
These stories served as 

317
00:17:29,908 --> 00:17:31,800
reminders. 
That religious Duty wasn't 

318
00:17:31,800 --> 00:17:34,100
optional. 
It was the glue that held 

319
00:17:34,100 --> 00:17:38,100
reality together. 
The Feria concluded with a sense

320
00:17:38,100 --> 00:17:41,600
of relief and accomplishment, 
the dead had been honored, the 

321
00:17:41,600 --> 00:17:44,800
boundaries had been maintained, 
and another year of proper 

322
00:17:44,800 --> 00:17:47,500
relationship between the living 
and dead had been secured. 

323
00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:52,000
Temples could reopen wedding 
could be scheduled and life 

324
00:17:52,000 --> 00:17:55,500
could return to its normal 
rhythms at least until the next 

325
00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:57,100
time. 
The dead required attention. 

326
00:17:58,500 --> 00:18:01,700
Ferraria was Rome's, Collective 
orderly approached to honoring 

327
00:18:01,700 --> 00:18:04,800
the dead. 
Then lemuria was its dark twin. 

328
00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:09,900
A festival born from Fear 
Superstition and the Practical 

329
00:18:09,900 --> 00:18:13,100
acknowledgment, that sometimes 
the dead didn't stay peacefully 

330
00:18:13,100 --> 00:18:15,300
in their graves, no matter how 
well, you honored them. 

331
00:18:15,300 --> 00:18:20,300
The miera occurred in May on 
three separate nights, the 9th 

332
00:18:20,300 --> 00:18:24,500
11th and 13th. 
Romans, scheduled it for odd 

333
00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:27,300
number days, because they 
Associated even numbers with bad

334
00:18:27,300 --> 00:18:31,300
luck and Supernatural, danger. 
This was a festival specifically

335
00:18:31,300 --> 00:18:35,500
concerned with the Lemurs, those
angry Restless ghosts who had 

336
00:18:35,500 --> 00:18:38,600
not been properly buried or who 
had died violently, or 

337
00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:41,600
prematurely and therefore 
couldn't find peace in the 

338
00:18:41,608 --> 00:18:44,600
Underworld. 
The atmosphere during lemuria 

339
00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:48,100
was completely different from 
the solemn pirate of Farley. 

340
00:18:48,100 --> 00:18:51,700
This wasn't about maintaining 
family connections with beloved 

341
00:18:51,700 --> 00:18:54,100
ancestors. 
This was about protection. 

342
00:18:54,900 --> 00:18:58,200
About keeping malevolent Spirits
at Bay and about performing the 

343
00:18:58,208 --> 00:19:01,800
right rituals to ensure that the
dangerous dead stayed away from 

344
00:19:01,800 --> 00:19:05,900
your household. 
Picture a Roman house on a 

345
00:19:05,900 --> 00:19:08,200
Lemurian night. 
All temples are closed. 

346
00:19:08,200 --> 00:19:12,700
This is purely domestic magic 
performed by individual families

347
00:19:12,700 --> 00:19:16,300
without Priestly intervention 
household slaves, have been sent

348
00:19:16,300 --> 00:19:20,700
to bed early, the Master of the 
House, the paterfamilias, wait 

349
00:19:20,700 --> 00:19:24,300
until midnight, then Rises alone
to perform a ritual that has 

350
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:25,900
been passed down through 
generations. 

351
00:19:27,000 --> 00:19:30,800
First, he makes a protective 
gesture with his hand thumb, 

352
00:19:30,800 --> 00:19:34,200
tucked, between fingers in the 
Fig sign that Romans believed 

353
00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:37,400
warded off evil. 
Then he washes his hands in pure

354
00:19:37,400 --> 00:19:39,800
spring water, ensuring ritual 
cleanliness. 

355
00:19:40,800 --> 00:19:43,200
He walks barefoot through his 
house and here's where the 

356
00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:45,200
ritual gets specific and 
strange. 

357
00:19:45,900 --> 00:19:49,200
He places nine black beans in 
his mouth without chewing them. 

358
00:19:49,200 --> 00:19:53,600
Why black beans Romans 
Associated them with death and 

359
00:19:53,600 --> 00:19:57,300
the Underworld the color black 
itself had funeral connotations 

360
00:19:57,300 --> 00:20:00,900
and beans were believed to 
contain the souls of the Dead, a

361
00:20:00,900 --> 00:20:02,400
belief. 
So strong that Pythagoras 

362
00:20:02,400 --> 00:20:04,800
reportedly forbade his followers
from eating them. 

363
00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:07,800
Nine was a sacred number of 
associated with the underworld 

364
00:20:07,800 --> 00:20:13,600
and with completion, so 9 black 
beans, the color of death held 

365
00:20:13,600 --> 00:20:16,500
in the mouth to prevent speech 
that might anger the spirits 

366
00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:20,700
Walking through his dark and 
house the pattern for Melius 

367
00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:23,900
would spit out these beans one 
by one saying each time. 

368
00:20:24,800 --> 00:20:27,500
With these beans, I redeem me 
and mine. 

369
00:20:28,300 --> 00:20:31,600
The beans were offering Rance 
was paid to the hungry ghosts, 

370
00:20:31,600 --> 00:20:34,300
to leave his household alone. 
He wouldn't look back as he 

371
00:20:34,308 --> 00:20:37,600
dropped the beans to look back, 
might invite the spirits to 

372
00:20:37,600 --> 00:20:40,400
follow him. 
To notice him to take an 

373
00:20:40,400 --> 00:20:44,600
interest in his family. 
After dispensing, all nine 

374
00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:46,700
beings. 
He would wash his hands again 

375
00:20:46,700 --> 00:20:51,700
then Clash brass pots together. 
The noise was meant to frighten 

376
00:20:51,700 --> 00:20:55,300
away any lingering Spirits, 
finally, he would repeat nine 

377
00:20:55,300 --> 00:21:00,600
times ghosts of my father's 
depart Only then with the ritual

378
00:21:00,600 --> 00:21:03,700
complete, could he look back and
consider his household safe for 

379
00:21:03,700 --> 00:21:06,400
another year? 
This ritual reveals something 

380
00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:08,800
important about Roman religious 
psychology. 

381
00:21:08,800 --> 00:21:12,100
They understood that not all the
dead were beneficial ancestors 

382
00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:13,800
waiting to bless their 
descendants. 

383
00:21:13,800 --> 00:21:18,700
Some angry confused or 
malevolent, some had been denied

384
00:21:18,700 --> 00:21:21,000
Proper Burial and therefore 
couldn't enter the underworld. 

385
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:24,500
Some had died in ways that left 
him frustrated or vengeful. 

386
00:21:24,500 --> 00:21:26,800
He Spirits needed to be dealt 
with. 

387
00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:30,100
But carefully with the right 
words and gestures that 

388
00:21:30,100 --> 00:21:32,700
acknowledge their power while 
keeping them at arms length. 

389
00:21:33,500 --> 00:21:37,200
The lemuria rituals varied by 
household some families would 

390
00:21:37,200 --> 00:21:39,700
make additional offerings Milt 
honey. 

391
00:21:39,700 --> 00:21:43,000
Or wine poured onto the floor as
Lightning's to the Restless 

392
00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:44,900
Dead. 
Some would hang protective 

393
00:21:44,900 --> 00:21:48,500
amulets over doorways or place. 
Iron objects which Spirits 

394
00:21:48,500 --> 00:21:51,800
reportedly couldn't cross at 
strategic points around the 

395
00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,700
house. 
Some would burn special incense 

396
00:21:54,700 --> 00:21:57,800
believed to purify the air and 
drive away Supernatural 

397
00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:01,300
contamination. 
Children found lemuria 

398
00:22:01,300 --> 00:22:04,500
simultaneously terrifying and 
fascinating the way. 

399
00:22:04,500 --> 00:22:07,700
Modern children feel about 
Halloween parents would tell 

400
00:22:07,700 --> 00:22:10,900
them stories about the Lemurs, 
How they looked like Twisted 

401
00:22:10,900 --> 00:22:14,800
Shadows, how they Could slip 
through the smallest cracks and 

402
00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:16,900
how they hungered for the warmth
and life. 

403
00:22:16,900 --> 00:22:19,700
They had lost these stories, 
served to keep children. 

404
00:22:19,700 --> 00:22:22,600
Well, behaved and respectful of 
religious observances. 

405
00:22:22,600 --> 00:22:27,800
They also tapped into something 
deeper The universal human fear 

406
00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:30,300
of death and what might come 
after. 

407
00:22:31,700 --> 00:22:35,500
The odd timing of lemuria three 
separate nights rather than one.

408
00:22:35,500 --> 00:22:38,000
Continuous Festival. 
Reflects Roman belief about 

409
00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:42,500
supernatural, power evil had to 
be addressed multiple times from

410
00:22:42,500 --> 00:22:44,800
multiple angles to ensure 
complete protection. 

411
00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:49,800
One Night of ritual might not be
enough three nights separated, 

412
00:22:49,800 --> 00:22:53,500
by days of normal life, created 
a pattern of observance, that 

413
00:22:53,500 --> 00:22:57,700
was more likely to be effective 
interestingly, during lemuria 

414
00:22:57,700 --> 00:23:01,800
days all public business ceased,
it wasn't just about individual 

415
00:23:01,800 --> 00:23:04,500
household protection. 
The entire Community 

416
00:23:04,500 --> 00:23:07,200
acknowledged that these were 
dangerous times, when normal 

417
00:23:07,200 --> 00:23:11,000
activity should be curtailed 
Marriages were forbidden during 

418
00:23:11,000 --> 00:23:15,200
lemuria just as during ferraria,
who would want to begin a new 

419
00:23:15,208 --> 00:23:17,300
life when the air itself was 
thick with death. 

420
00:23:18,100 --> 00:23:21,300
The festival also reveals Roman 
attitudes toward poverty and 

421
00:23:21,300 --> 00:23:23,900
proper burial. 
Many of the Lemurs were believed

422
00:23:23,900 --> 00:23:26,400
to be spirits of people who 
couldn't afford elaborate 

423
00:23:26,400 --> 00:23:30,100
funerals or who had been buried 
in properly due to Poverty war 

424
00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:33,200
or accident in a sense. 
Lemuria was societies 

425
00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:35,400
acknowledgment, that not 
everyone received the death 

426
00:23:35,400 --> 00:23:39,200
rights they deserved and that 
this created ongoing problems 

427
00:23:39,200 --> 00:23:41,300
for the living. 
It was a kind of collective 

428
00:23:41,300 --> 00:23:44,500
guilt and Collective protection.
Rolled into one of observance. 

429
00:23:44,500 --> 00:23:48,800
After the third night of lemuria
Romans would feel a collective 

430
00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:51,400
relief. 
The dangerous period had passed.

431
00:23:51,400 --> 00:23:54,800
The proper rituals had been 
performed and life could return 

432
00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:57,500
to normal. 
The Lemurs had been fed their 

433
00:23:57,500 --> 00:24:01,400
beans and sent away at least for
another year, the boundaries 

434
00:24:01,400 --> 00:24:04,500
between living and dead had been
reinforced and people could 

435
00:24:04,500 --> 00:24:07,500
sleep soundly again without fear
of ghostly visitors in the 

436
00:24:07,500 --> 00:24:10,300
night. 
As Autumn deepened and November 

437
00:24:10,300 --> 00:24:13,700
approached Roman attention 
shifted from the dead to the 

438
00:24:13,700 --> 00:24:17,600
Harvest, though. 
As you'll see these concerns 

439
00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:20,800
were more into twine than you 
might initially think this was 

440
00:24:20,800 --> 00:24:24,600
the season of Pomona goddess of 
fruit trees, and Orchards whose 

441
00:24:24,600 --> 00:24:27,600
festive all represented a very 
different aspect of Rome's, 

442
00:24:27,600 --> 00:24:32,200
relationship with the natural 
and Supernatural worlds, Pomona 

443
00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:34,300
was an unusual deity in the 
Roman Pantheon. 

444
00:24:34,300 --> 00:24:37,300
Unlike many gods who were 
borrowed from the Greeks or 

445
00:24:37,300 --> 00:24:41,000
other cultures she was 
distinctly Roman her worship 

446
00:24:41,000 --> 00:24:44,400
rooted in the Italian 
Countryside and the Practical 

447
00:24:44,400 --> 00:24:47,700
concerns of people who depended 
on fruit harvests for their 

448
00:24:47,700 --> 00:24:50,700
survival. 
Her name comes from poem, the 

449
00:24:50,700 --> 00:24:53,500
Latin word for fruit, 
particularly tree fruit, like 

450
00:24:53,500 --> 00:24:57,800
apples, pears and plums. 
The Romans imagined Pomona as a 

451
00:24:57,808 --> 00:25:00,300
nymph who cared for nothing 
except her Orchards. 

452
00:25:00,300 --> 00:25:03,900
She Carried a pruning knife 
rather than a spear or Setter 

453
00:25:03,900 --> 00:25:07,000
and she spent her days. 
Tending, fruit trees, with the 

454
00:25:07,000 --> 00:25:10,700
focused devotion of someone who 
understood that proper care 

455
00:25:10,700 --> 00:25:13,300
meant the difference between 
abundance and starvation. 

456
00:25:13,300 --> 00:25:17,400
She was practical, this goddess 
less interested in Grand 

457
00:25:17,400 --> 00:25:20,100
mythological drama's. 
Then in the simple Miracle of 

458
00:25:20,108 --> 00:25:24,600
flowers becoming fruit, Her 
Festival didn't have a fixed 

459
00:25:24,600 --> 00:25:28,500
date in the way for Raleigh or 
lemuria did instead, it roughly 

460
00:25:28,500 --> 00:25:30,700
coincided with the final Fruit 
Harvest. 

461
00:25:30,700 --> 00:25:35,000
Usually, in November the exact 
timing varied by region, and by 

462
00:25:35,000 --> 00:25:38,300
which fruits were being 
gathered, Apple's and some areas

463
00:25:38,300 --> 00:25:42,400
late season Pairs, and others 
and quinces, that needed cold 

464
00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:43,900
weather to become properly. 
Sweet. 

465
00:25:43,900 --> 00:25:47,400
The festival, followed the 
Harvest rather than dictating it

466
00:25:47,400 --> 00:25:50,900
a refreshingly pragmatic 
approach for a Roman religious, 

467
00:25:50,900 --> 00:25:54,200
observance. 
Imagine visiting a Roman Orchard

468
00:25:54,200 --> 00:25:57,700
during Pomona's Festival. 
The trees mostly bare. 

469
00:25:57,700 --> 00:26:02,100
Now stand in ordered rows their 
branches dark against the Autumn

470
00:26:02,100 --> 00:26:04,700
sky. 
The ground underneath is 

471
00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:09,100
carpeted with fallen leaves and 
the air carries that peculiar 

472
00:26:09,100 --> 00:26:12,500
Center of decomposition. 
Mixed with the clean smell of 

473
00:26:12,508 --> 00:26:16,400
cold weather here and there late
fruit still clings to branches 

474
00:26:16,400 --> 00:26:18,400
Apple. 
So ripe, they've begun to 

475
00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:21,400
wrinkle their skins deep red or 
mottled yellow. 

476
00:26:22,400 --> 00:26:25,000
The orchard owner would make 
offerings to Pomona at the base 

477
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:27,400
of the oldest. 
Most productive tree these 

478
00:26:27,400 --> 00:26:29,500
offerings were simpler than 
those made to other gods. 

479
00:26:29,500 --> 00:26:31,800
No animal. 
Sacrifice was required. 

480
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:34,800
Just the first fruits of the 
Harvest, some wine. 

481
00:26:34,800 --> 00:26:37,800
And perhaps some, honey, the 
point wasn't to impress the 

482
00:26:37,800 --> 00:26:40,200
goddess with the elaborate 
ceremonies, but to show 

483
00:26:40,200 --> 00:26:43,600
gratitude and ensure her 
continued favor Farmers. 

484
00:26:43,600 --> 00:26:46,700
Understood that Pomona valued 
results over pageantry. 

485
00:26:47,600 --> 00:26:49,300
Romans approached fruit 
cultivation. 

486
00:26:49,300 --> 00:26:52,400
With the seriousness, they 
brought to all agricultural 

487
00:26:52,400 --> 00:26:54,500
matters. 
Their detailed knowledge about 

488
00:26:54,500 --> 00:26:57,400
pruning grafting and Orchard 
management that wouldn't look 

489
00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:00,800
out of place in a modern 
Horticultural textbook. 

490
00:27:00,800 --> 00:27:04,600
They understood that fruit trees
needed specific Care at specific

491
00:27:04,600 --> 00:27:08,300
times that proper pruning 
increased yields and that 

492
00:27:08,300 --> 00:27:10,700
grafting could combine the best 
qualities of different 

493
00:27:10,700 --> 00:27:13,200
varieties. 
This practical knowledge was 

494
00:27:13,200 --> 00:27:15,700
Inseparable from their religious
observances. 

495
00:27:15,700 --> 00:27:18,800
Honoring Pomona meant 
maintaining your orchard 

496
00:27:18,800 --> 00:27:22,300
properly, which in turn required
understanding her preferences 

497
00:27:22,300 --> 00:27:25,500
and requirements. 
The Harvest itself was a 

498
00:27:25,500 --> 00:27:28,000
communal Affair. 
Family members would gather to 

499
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:30,300
pick fruit sorting it into 
categories. 

500
00:27:30,300 --> 00:27:34,800
The best specimens for immediate
eating or sale, slightly damaged

501
00:27:34,800 --> 00:27:38,000
fruit from making preserved 
foods and Fallen fruit for 

502
00:27:38,000 --> 00:27:40,700
animal feed or cider nothing was
wasted. 

503
00:27:40,700 --> 00:27:44,900
Romans had an almost modern 
aware of food security and the 

504
00:27:44,900 --> 00:27:49,500
need to maximize every resource.
During the Harvest workers would

505
00:27:49,500 --> 00:27:53,100
sing traditional songs. 
Many of, which invoked pomonis 

506
00:27:53,100 --> 00:27:55,800
blessing or thank her for the 
years Bounty. 

507
00:27:55,800 --> 00:28:00,600
These songs were recorded in the
way him to Greater gods were But

508
00:28:00,600 --> 00:28:03,800
fragment suggests, they combined
practical advice about fruit 

509
00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:05,900
cultivation with religious 
devotion. 

510
00:28:05,900 --> 00:28:09,700
Instructions for pruning 
techniques nestled alongside 

511
00:28:09,700 --> 00:28:12,600
prayers for protection, from 
frost and blight. 

512
00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:16,300
The connection between Pomona 
and the dead becomes clearer. 

513
00:28:16,300 --> 00:28:18,800
When you understand Roman 
beliefs about agricultural 

514
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:23,700
Cycles, growth fruiting Harvest 
and dormant sea mirrored, the 

515
00:28:23,700 --> 00:28:28,000
human life cycle. 
Birth maturity death and 

516
00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:31,400
potential rebirth. 
Fruit itself was a kind of 

517
00:28:31,400 --> 00:28:34,800
Miracle, sweetness and 
nourishment emerging from 

518
00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:37,800
flowers, which emerged from 
apparently Deadwood. 

519
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:41,100
The whole process suggested that
death and life were not 

520
00:28:41,100 --> 00:28:43,500
opposites, but phases in a 
continuous cycle. 

521
00:28:44,400 --> 00:28:47,300
Romans also Associated certain 
fruits with the underworld 

522
00:28:47,300 --> 00:28:51,100
pomegranates as mentioned 
earlier, had connections to the 

523
00:28:51,100 --> 00:28:54,200
story of Persephone and her 
forced marriage to Hades. 

524
00:28:55,400 --> 00:28:57,900
Apples appeared in various 
myths, involving death and 

525
00:28:57,900 --> 00:29:00,800
transformation. 
Even the sweetness of righteous 

526
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:03,100
suggested, a kind of necessary 
decay. 

527
00:29:03,900 --> 00:29:06,600
Fruit becomes sweetest. 
Just before it begins to rot. 

528
00:29:07,300 --> 00:29:10,200
As if approaching its own death,
makes it more valuable to the 

529
00:29:10,200 --> 00:29:13,700
living. 
During Pomona's Festival, Romans

530
00:29:13,700 --> 00:29:17,300
would preserve fruits for winter
using techniques that involved 

531
00:29:17,300 --> 00:29:19,000
both practical knowledge and 
ritual. 

532
00:29:19,000 --> 00:29:21,500
Significance. 
Fruits would be dried in the 

533
00:29:21,500 --> 00:29:25,500
Autumn Sun stored in honey made 
into preserves or carefully 

534
00:29:25,500 --> 00:29:27,500
packed in straw for Cool 
Storage. 

535
00:29:27,500 --> 00:29:30,900
Each preservation method had its
own traditions and prayers 

536
00:29:30,900 --> 00:29:33,800
acknowledging that keeping fruit
through winter was a kind of 

537
00:29:33,808 --> 00:29:38,400
suspension of natural decay. 
Small victory over death itself.

538
00:29:40,100 --> 00:29:43,100
The festival also included 
offering at household shrines, 

539
00:29:43,100 --> 00:29:46,900
Urban Romans who didn't own? 
Orchards would still on a Pomona

540
00:29:46,900 --> 00:29:48,200
by placing fruit on their 
family. 

541
00:29:48,200 --> 00:29:52,500
Altars even poor families, tried
to acquire at least one perfect 

542
00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:56,300
apple or pear to offer 
understanding that neglecting 

543
00:29:56,300 --> 00:30:00,800
any God, even a relatively minor
agricultural deity, was risky 

544
00:30:00,800 --> 00:30:03,400
business. 
There was something particularly

545
00:30:03,400 --> 00:30:08,900
Roman about pomonis worship. 
Practical focused on results, 

546
00:30:08,900 --> 00:30:11,700
integrating religious 
observance, with technical 

547
00:30:11,700 --> 00:30:13,900
knowledge, the goddess didn't 
demand. 

548
00:30:13,900 --> 00:30:17,100
Elaborate temples or priest 
hoods she wanted properly. 

549
00:30:17,100 --> 00:30:21,200
Maintained Orchards careful 
harvesting in gratitude for her 

550
00:30:21,200 --> 00:30:23,900
gifts. 
This was religion as partnership

551
00:30:23,900 --> 00:30:27,300
rather than supplication a 
working relationship between 

552
00:30:27,300 --> 00:30:30,600
humans and the Divine powers 
that governed natural processes.

553
00:30:31,700 --> 00:30:35,100
As November progressed and the 
last fruits were gathered. 

554
00:30:35,100 --> 00:30:38,300
Romans could look at their 
stored, Provisions with 

555
00:30:38,300 --> 00:30:41,500
satisfaction. 
The Harvest was complete winter.

556
00:30:41,500 --> 00:30:44,400
Could be faced with full storms 
and Pomona had been properly 

557
00:30:44,400 --> 00:30:48,800
honored The orchard could rest. 
Now its bare branches dormant 

558
00:30:48,800 --> 00:30:52,500
until Spring's return. 
And in that dormant sea in that 

559
00:30:52,500 --> 00:30:56,200
apparent death, lay the promise 
of future blossoms and future 

560
00:30:56,200 --> 00:31:00,100
harvests the Eternal cycle that 
connected all living things. 

561
00:31:01,300 --> 00:31:04,600
As Autumn deepened into the 
time, we'd recognize as late 

562
00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:08,900
October and early November 
Romans engaged and Customs. 

563
00:31:08,900 --> 00:31:11,500
That might look surprisingly 
familiar to anyone who's ever 

564
00:31:11,500 --> 00:31:14,500
attended a Halloween party or a 
Thanksgiving dinner. 

565
00:31:14,500 --> 00:31:17,700
He's worked single festivals. 
But rather, a complex of 

566
00:31:17,700 --> 00:31:20,700
practices centered around 
Gathering feasting and Fire. 

567
00:31:21,500 --> 00:31:24,100
The three anchors that helped 
Romans navigate the transition 

568
00:31:24,100 --> 00:31:26,900
from Autumn's abundance to 
Winter scarce City. 

569
00:31:27,900 --> 00:31:32,400
Fire held special significance 
during this season in a world 

570
00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:35,400
without electric heating or 
lighting fire was life itself, 

571
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:39,000
during the cold months, Romans 
marked the transition to Winter 

572
00:31:39,000 --> 00:31:42,400
by rekindling household fires, 
with deliberate ceremony 

573
00:31:42,400 --> 00:31:45,000
acknowledging. 
That the flame that would warm 

574
00:31:45,000 --> 00:31:48,900
their homes and cook their food 
for months to come deserved 

575
00:31:48,900 --> 00:31:53,700
proper, respect and ritual. 
Attention the half, the central 

576
00:31:53,700 --> 00:31:57,100
fireplace in a Roman home, was 
sacred to Vesta. 

577
00:31:57,100 --> 00:32:01,300
Goddess of the half by 
extension, to the lairs, the 

578
00:32:01,300 --> 00:32:04,000
household spirits, who 
protected, the family, as the 

579
00:32:04,008 --> 00:32:07,200
weather turned, cold families 
would gather at their half for a

580
00:32:07,200 --> 00:32:09,600
small ceremony. 
That Mark the beginning of the 

581
00:32:09,600 --> 00:32:12,700
fire centered season. 
The paterfamilias would make 

582
00:32:12,700 --> 00:32:15,600
offerings of Sultan grain to the
fire speaking. 

583
00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:19,100
Traditional words that thank the
gods for past protection and 

584
00:32:19,100 --> 00:32:23,700
requested continued favor. 
These half fires were not 

585
00:32:23,700 --> 00:32:27,100
supposed to go out during winter
letting your half fire. 

586
00:32:27,100 --> 00:32:30,500
Die was considered unlucky at 
best and potentially disastrous 

587
00:32:30,500 --> 00:32:33,600
at worst. 
It's suggested negligence in 

588
00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:36,200
honoring, the household gods, 
and could leave the family, 

589
00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:39,000
vulnerable to Supernatural, and 
natural dangers alike. 

590
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:42,900
So Romans tended their fires 
carefully, banking them at night

591
00:32:42,900 --> 00:32:45,600
to preserve Embers, that could 
be blown back to life in the 

592
00:32:45,600 --> 00:32:49,200
morning. 
Smoke from these fires rising 

593
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:53,100
from thousands of homes, across 
Rome changed the city's 

594
00:32:53,100 --> 00:32:54,900
atmosphere. 
In ottoman, winter. 

595
00:32:54,900 --> 00:32:58,500
Rome wore a Perpetual Haze of 
wood smoke, which at least had 

596
00:32:58,500 --> 00:33:01,100
the benefit of masking. 
Some of the Less Pleasant Urban 

597
00:33:01,100 --> 00:33:03,300
smells the smoke carried with 
it. 

598
00:33:03,300 --> 00:33:07,100
The scent of burning Oaken olive
wood Occasionally mixed with 

599
00:33:07,100 --> 00:33:10,200
aromatic herbs that families 
would throw into the Flames as 

600
00:33:10,200 --> 00:33:14,600
offerings or simply to improve. 
The household are around these 

601
00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:18,800
fires families gathered for 
meals, The increased in 

602
00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:22,200
importance as the day shortened 
dinner in a Roman household was 

603
00:33:22,200 --> 00:33:25,400
never just about nutrition. 
It was a social and religious 

604
00:33:25,400 --> 00:33:28,600
event that reinforced family, 
bonds and acknowledged divine 

605
00:33:28,600 --> 00:33:30,800
presence. 
But Autumn dinners had 

606
00:33:30,800 --> 00:33:33,700
particular significance because 
they Mark the transition from 

607
00:33:33,700 --> 00:33:37,400
outdoor to indoor life. 
From agricultural labor, to the 

608
00:33:37,400 --> 00:33:39,300
more sedentary occupation of 
winter. 

609
00:33:40,300 --> 00:33:44,700
Autumn Feast not a single event,
but rather a type of meal that 

610
00:33:44,700 --> 00:33:48,100
occurred repeatedly during the 
seasons centered on Harvest 

611
00:33:48,100 --> 00:33:50,600
Foods. 
Roasted chestnuts mentioned 

612
00:33:50,600 --> 00:33:54,200
earlier, were Buick with us. 
They'd be cracked open to reveal

613
00:33:54,200 --> 00:33:58,000
their creamy Interiors eaten, 
hot from the pan, they're 

614
00:33:58,000 --> 00:34:01,100
slightly sweet flavor of perfect
accompaniment to conversation 

615
00:34:01,100 --> 00:34:04,000
greats, both fresh. 
And in the form of new wine 

616
00:34:04,000 --> 00:34:05,600
appeared at every level of 
society. 

617
00:34:05,600 --> 00:34:10,100
Even poor families could afford 
must a freshly pressed grape 

618
00:34:10,100 --> 00:34:12,600
juice that hadn't yet fully 
fermented into wine. 

619
00:34:13,500 --> 00:34:16,900
More prosperous families would 
Feast on roasted pork which 

620
00:34:16,900 --> 00:34:19,699
Romans considered the perfect 
Autumn meat. 

621
00:34:19,699 --> 00:34:21,699
Pigs were usually slaughtered in
late. 

622
00:34:21,699 --> 00:34:25,000
Autumn their meat preserved for 
winter consumption, but the 

623
00:34:25,000 --> 00:34:28,800
slaughter itself was an occasion
for feasting with fresh pork 

624
00:34:28,800 --> 00:34:33,600
prepared in various ways roasted
with herbs stewed with Autumn 

625
00:34:33,600 --> 00:34:35,699
vegetables or made into 
sausages. 

626
00:34:35,699 --> 00:34:39,000
That would be smoked and stored 
the Romans were masters of 

627
00:34:39,000 --> 00:34:42,699
charcuterie and Autumn was when 
their skills particularly shown 

628
00:34:42,699 --> 00:34:47,400
vegetables from the last Harvest
appeared in abundance, leaks, 

629
00:34:47,400 --> 00:34:53,600
cabbages, beets and variously 
humans had sophisticated ways of

630
00:34:53,600 --> 00:34:56,199
preparing vegetables that modern
Cooks might envy. 

631
00:34:57,100 --> 00:35:00,900
During them with herbs and 
spices mixing them with eggs and

632
00:35:00,900 --> 00:35:05,500
cheese or serving them dressed 
with garam that you would just 

633
00:35:05,500 --> 00:35:09,300
fermented fish sauce that added 
a mommy depth to nearly every 

634
00:35:09,300 --> 00:35:11,900
dish. 
Mushrooms forage from Autumn 

635
00:35:11,900 --> 00:35:15,000
Woods brought their earthy 
flavors to tables wealthy and 

636
00:35:15,000 --> 00:35:18,000
humble alike. 
Brett took on special importance

637
00:35:18,000 --> 00:35:21,300
at these Autumn meals, the 
Summers wheat had been harvested

638
00:35:21,300 --> 00:35:24,700
and milled and the resulting 
flour made bread that tasted 

639
00:35:24,700 --> 00:35:28,400
subtly different from Red made 
later in Winter fresh bread 

640
00:35:28,400 --> 00:35:31,800
broken and shared around the 
table symbolized, the Earth's 

641
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:34,300
generosity and the family's 
participation in the Harvest 

642
00:35:34,300 --> 00:35:38,000
bounty to waste bread was 
considered almost sacrilegious. 

643
00:35:38,000 --> 00:35:42,200
It represented too much labor, 
both human, and divine to be 

644
00:35:42,208 --> 00:35:45,700
treated carelessly. 
These family meals Incorporated,

645
00:35:45,700 --> 00:35:48,600
ritual elements, that 
acknowledge the presence of the 

646
00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:52,100
Divine, and the dead before, 
eating the paterfamilias, would 

647
00:35:52,100 --> 00:35:55,100
place a portion of food into the
half fire as an offering to the 

648
00:35:55,100 --> 00:35:58,000
household gods. 
Sometimes he would also Place 

649
00:35:58,000 --> 00:36:01,200
food on the family altar, or 
even leave offering at the door 

650
00:36:01,200 --> 00:36:03,900
for passing Spirits. 
The military itself was the 

651
00:36:03,900 --> 00:36:06,800
communion that included, not 
just the living family members 

652
00:36:06,800 --> 00:36:09,700
but also their gods and their 
ancestors. 

653
00:36:09,700 --> 00:36:13,900
The atmosphere at these Autumn 
dinners combined coziness with 

654
00:36:13,900 --> 00:36:17,800
awareness of the world Outside 
Inside the Fire crackled and 

655
00:36:17,800 --> 00:36:21,800
conversation flowed outside. 
Darkness came early each evening

656
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:25,900
and the night held on certain 
dangers the contrast made 

657
00:36:25,900 --> 00:36:30,100
endorse space is Philly, warm, 
and protected, creating the same

658
00:36:30,100 --> 00:36:34,000
cycle comfort that modern people
feel when they're safely home 

659
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:38,000
during a winter storm. 
As dinner progressed stories 

660
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:41,600
would be told. 
Romans loved storytelling, an 

661
00:36:41,600 --> 00:36:44,600
Autumn evenings provided perfect
opportunities for narratives, 

662
00:36:44,600 --> 00:36:47,900
that range from family history, 
to mythology to ghost stories. 

663
00:36:49,000 --> 00:36:51,700
Older family members would 
recount Tales of ancestors, 

664
00:36:51,700 --> 00:36:55,300
keeping their memory alive. 
Someone might tell a traditional

665
00:36:55,300 --> 00:36:59,100
story about the gods, perhaps 
explaining, why certain rituals 

666
00:36:59,100 --> 00:37:03,300
had to be performed or certain 
days of voided and inevitably, 

667
00:37:03,300 --> 00:37:06,400
especially if children were 
present, someone would tell a 

668
00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:08,300
ghost story. 
These ghost stories. 

669
00:37:08,300 --> 00:37:12,500
Served multiple purposes, the 
entertained certainly, but they 

670
00:37:12,500 --> 00:37:15,500
also educated children about 
proper religious, observances, 

671
00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:19,000
and social behavior. 
The story about a man haunted by

672
00:37:19,000 --> 00:37:22,300
Angry Spirits because he 
neglected his family's tomb was 

673
00:37:22,300 --> 00:37:25,500
simultaneously frightening and 
instructive, it taught that 

674
00:37:25,500 --> 00:37:29,700
actions had consequences, that 
religious duties mattered and 

675
00:37:29,700 --> 00:37:32,100
that the boundaries between 
living and dead required. 

676
00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:35,500
Careful maintenance. 
Music, sometimes accompanied, 

677
00:37:35,500 --> 00:37:38,600
these Autumn Gatherings, not 
elaborate performance is, but 

678
00:37:38,600 --> 00:37:43,100
simple songs work songs from The
Harvest lullabies and 

679
00:37:43,100 --> 00:37:46,100
traditional Melodies that 
everyone knew and could join the

680
00:37:46,100 --> 00:37:49,200
human voice. 
Lifted in song around a fire, 

681
00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:52,400
while Darkness pressed against 
the windows, create a sense of 

682
00:37:52,408 --> 00:37:54,900
community and continuity that 
connected. 

683
00:37:54,900 --> 00:37:58,400
The present moment to countless 
similar moments, stretching back

684
00:37:58,400 --> 00:38:00,800
through generations as the 
evening. 

685
00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:03,700
Well down and family members 
prepared for sleep. 

686
00:38:03,700 --> 00:38:07,300
There was often a moment of 
collective gratitude not 

687
00:38:07,300 --> 00:38:11,500
formally expressed perhaps but 
felt nonetheless the Harvest was

688
00:38:11,500 --> 00:38:13,600
complete. 
The store rooms were full, the 

689
00:38:13,600 --> 00:38:16,800
fire burned bright and the 
family was gathered safe and 

690
00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:20,900
warm winter was coming with all 
its challenges but for this 

691
00:38:20,900 --> 00:38:25,600
moment surrounded by a abundant 
and familial love future could 

692
00:38:25,600 --> 00:38:29,000
wait. 
To truly understand Roman 

693
00:38:29,000 --> 00:38:31,000
attitudes toward death and the 
dead. 

694
00:38:31,000 --> 00:38:35,000
You need to step outside the 
city walls and walk among the 

695
00:38:35,000 --> 00:38:38,800
tombs Roman law as mentioned 
earlier for bade burial within 

696
00:38:38,800 --> 00:38:40,600
the sacred boundary of the city 
itself. 

697
00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:43,900
So, the dead gathered along the 
roads leading into Rome, 

698
00:38:43,900 --> 00:38:47,000
creating these extraordinary 
neighborhoods with The Living 

699
00:38:47,000 --> 00:38:49,700
Past constantly among monuments 
to mortality. 

700
00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:54,100
The Via Appia. 
The Appian Way offers the most 

701
00:38:54,100 --> 00:38:57,900
famous example, walking along 
this ancient Road even today. 

702
00:38:57,900 --> 00:39:01,400
You're surrounded by tombs and 
various states of preservation. 

703
00:39:02,500 --> 00:39:06,200
Some intact enough to read their
inscriptions, others reduced to 

704
00:39:06,200 --> 00:39:08,900
romantic ruins, overgrown with 
wild herbs. 

705
00:39:08,900 --> 00:39:11,600
In ancient times. 
This road would have been even 

706
00:39:11,600 --> 00:39:14,800
more crowded with monuments. 
A constant reminder, to 

707
00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:16,700
Travelers. 
That death was not something to 

708
00:39:16,700 --> 00:39:20,300
be hidden away, but rather 
integrated into daily life. 

709
00:39:21,200 --> 00:39:24,300
Roman tombs varied wildly 
depending on the wealth and 

710
00:39:24,308 --> 00:39:28,100
status of their occupants. 
The very wealthy constructed. 

711
00:39:28,100 --> 00:39:32,000
Massive, mausoleums small 
buildings with Chambers inside 

712
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:34,800
were family members could be 
interned over Generations. 

713
00:39:34,800 --> 00:39:37,500
These structures were 
architectural statements 

714
00:39:37,500 --> 00:39:40,900
declaring the family's important
through Marble columns, 

715
00:39:40,900 --> 00:39:44,800
elaborate sculptures and 
inscriptions, that catalogued 

716
00:39:44,800 --> 00:39:47,900
achievements and virtues. 
The tomb of Cecilia. 

717
00:39:47,900 --> 00:39:50,300
Metallica, Still Standing on the
Appian Way. 

718
00:39:50,300 --> 00:39:53,700
Gives us a sense of the grand. 
These monuments could achieve 

719
00:39:54,500 --> 00:39:57,700
Middle class Roman's couldn't 
afford such elaborate structures

720
00:39:57,700 --> 00:40:00,300
but they still wanted permanent 
memorials. 

721
00:40:00,300 --> 00:40:04,700
Many joined burial societies, 
essentially ancient versions of 

722
00:40:04,700 --> 00:40:06,600
funeral. 
Insurer's were members 

723
00:40:06,600 --> 00:40:09,600
contributed regular payments in 
exchange for guaranteed. 

724
00:40:09,600 --> 00:40:12,700
Proper Burial and a place in a 
communal tomb. 

725
00:40:12,700 --> 00:40:15,900
These societies have their own 
rituals and traditions creating 

726
00:40:15,900 --> 00:40:20,900
communities Bound by the shared 
understanding of mortality, Cora

727
00:40:20,900 --> 00:40:24,100
Romans faced greater challenges,
burial costs money. 

728
00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:28,100
And those without resources, 
might be unceremoniously dumped 

729
00:40:28,100 --> 00:40:29,700
in common pits, outside the 
city. 

730
00:40:30,800 --> 00:40:33,000
This was considered a terrible 
fate. 

731
00:40:33,600 --> 00:40:37,600
Not just on dignified but 
spiritually dangerous without 

732
00:40:37,600 --> 00:40:41,400
Proper Burial and Memorial these
dead wrists becoming the very 

733
00:40:41,400 --> 00:40:44,500
lemurs that Romans feared during
their May festivals. 

734
00:40:45,200 --> 00:40:49,300
Poverty and death, as in life, 
created ongoing problems. 

735
00:40:49,300 --> 00:40:54,200
But even modest tombs shared 
certain features, almost all 

736
00:40:54,200 --> 00:40:57,400
included inscriptions, that 
spoke directly to pass as by 

737
00:40:58,200 --> 00:41:00,600
These were the solemn formal 
epitaphs. 

738
00:41:00,600 --> 00:41:02,200
You might find in modern 
cemeteries. 

739
00:41:03,200 --> 00:41:06,100
Roman two inscriptions often 
address Travelers Inn 

740
00:41:06,100 --> 00:41:10,100
surprisingly conversational. 
Tones one famous example reads. 

741
00:41:10,100 --> 00:41:16,000
I was not, I was I am not, I 
cared not A philosophical 

742
00:41:16,000 --> 00:41:19,800
statement about deaths finality,
others were more personal. 

743
00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:24,200
Stranger. 
I have few words to say stop and

744
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:27,900
read, this is the unwelcome tomb
of an unwelcome woman. 

745
00:41:27,900 --> 00:41:33,300
She was named Claudia These 
inscriptions reveal something 

746
00:41:33,300 --> 00:41:35,900
touching about Roman attitudes 
toward mortality. 

747
00:41:36,700 --> 00:41:40,000
The dead wanted to be remembered
to have their lives acknowledged

748
00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:42,800
by strangers. 
As well as family, the act of 

749
00:41:42,808 --> 00:41:46,100
reading an inscription of 
speaking, a dead person's name 

750
00:41:46,100 --> 00:41:50,500
allowed even silently in your 
mind was a form of continued 

751
00:41:50,500 --> 00:41:52,700
life. 
The tomb thus became a kind of 

752
00:41:52,700 --> 00:41:56,600
bridge between past and present.
Between the Dead who once walked

753
00:41:56,600 --> 00:41:58,400
these roads and the living who 
walk them. 

754
00:41:58,400 --> 00:42:03,600
Now, Many tombs included, 
portrait sculptures or busts the

755
00:42:03,600 --> 00:42:06,600
tradition of creating Death 
Masks taking from the face of 

756
00:42:06,600 --> 00:42:10,900
the deceased ensured remarkable.
Like this walking past these 

757
00:42:10,900 --> 00:42:14,300
tombs, you wouldn't see 
idealized or generic phases. 

758
00:42:14,300 --> 00:42:17,800
But actual people, a merchant 
with a crooked nose. 

759
00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:19,900
A matron with a Stern 
expression. 

760
00:42:19,900 --> 00:42:22,500
A soldier with a scar across his
cheek. 

761
00:42:22,500 --> 00:42:26,200
These faces, demanded 
recognition and insisted on 

762
00:42:26,200 --> 00:42:27,700
their continued presence in the 
world. 

763
00:42:27,700 --> 00:42:30,900
They'd left the tombs were 
designed to be interactive 

764
00:42:30,900 --> 00:42:33,900
spaces. 
Many included benches were 

765
00:42:33,900 --> 00:42:37,000
family, members could sit during
their visits, some had small 

766
00:42:37,000 --> 00:42:41,200
kitchens or dining areas for 
funeral, Banquets meals eaten at

767
00:42:41,200 --> 00:42:44,200
the tomb site where the dead 
were in effect guests of honor. 

768
00:42:44,900 --> 00:42:48,200
The idea was that death didn't 
end family relationships, but 

769
00:42:48,200 --> 00:42:50,700
merely changed them. 
You still visited your 

770
00:42:50,700 --> 00:42:53,900
relatives, you still shared 
meals with them, you still 

771
00:42:53,908 --> 00:42:57,300
updated them on family news and 
you still sort their 

772
00:42:57,300 --> 00:43:01,700
intercession with the Gods. 
During the parental and Ferrier 

773
00:43:01,700 --> 00:43:05,200
these two lined roads were 
transformed into something, like

774
00:43:05,200 --> 00:43:08,900
an ancient version of a festival
ground families, moving from 

775
00:43:08,900 --> 00:43:12,000
tomb to tomb, making their 
offerings, reciting their 

776
00:43:12,000 --> 00:43:14,900
prayers and cleaning and 
maintaining The Monuments. 

777
00:43:15,600 --> 00:43:18,700
The roads would be crowded with 
people carrying flowers, wine, 

778
00:43:18,700 --> 00:43:22,400
food, and lamps children would 
run between the tombs 

779
00:43:22,400 --> 00:43:25,900
simultaneously ORD and 
fascinated by this city of the 

780
00:43:25,900 --> 00:43:28,900
Dead. 
The sensory experience of these 

781
00:43:28,900 --> 00:43:33,400
two visits was rich and complex.
The smell of flowers mixed with 

782
00:43:33,400 --> 00:43:36,000
incense and wine poured onto 
Stone. 

783
00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:39,800
The sound of prayers and 
conversations, sometimes laughed

784
00:43:39,800 --> 00:43:43,000
as family, shared stories about 
the deceased, the visual 

785
00:43:43,000 --> 00:43:47,700
spectacle of hundreds of tombs, 
each different, each demanding 

786
00:43:47,700 --> 00:43:51,000
attention, the tactile 
experience of touching cold, 

787
00:43:51,000 --> 00:43:54,900
marble inscribed with names and 
dates, feeling the connection to

788
00:43:54,900 --> 00:43:57,900
people who had touched these 
same Stones decades or centuries

789
00:43:57,900 --> 00:44:01,600
earlier. 
Some tombs included small altars

790
00:44:01,600 --> 00:44:03,800
where families could burn 
offerings. 

791
00:44:03,800 --> 00:44:08,100
The smoke from these fires would
rise and dissipate carrying 

792
00:44:08,100 --> 00:44:11,300
prayers and messages to the 
underworld on Festival days. 

793
00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:13,900
The roads outside Rome would be 
hazy with this smoke. 

794
00:44:13,900 --> 00:44:18,500
The air thick with the smell of 
burning incense rendered fat in 

795
00:44:18,500 --> 00:44:21,700
various aromatics. 
It created an atmosphere that 

796
00:44:21,700 --> 00:44:25,500
was simultaneously solemn and 
celebratory, mournful and 

797
00:44:25,500 --> 00:44:30,500
life-affirming The wealthier 
tombs often included Gardens in 

798
00:44:30,500 --> 00:44:33,900
closed spaces with plants 
fountains and shade trees. 

799
00:44:33,900 --> 00:44:37,400
Where visitors could rest these 
Gardens served practical 

800
00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:41,100
purposes, providing Pleasant 
spots for funerals and family 

801
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,000
gatherings. 
That they all had symbolic 

802
00:44:44,000 --> 00:44:47,200
significant. 
A garden represented life, 

803
00:44:47,200 --> 00:44:51,800
continuing growth, emerging from
death, and Beauty arising from 

804
00:44:51,800 --> 00:44:54,100
Decay. 
The Romans understood the 

805
00:44:54,100 --> 00:44:58,700
garden's required dead matter. 
Composted leaves, aged manure to

806
00:44:58,700 --> 00:45:01,700
flourish. 
Death, literally, nurtured life 

807
00:45:01,700 --> 00:45:04,000
at night. 
The tomb Rhodes took on a 

808
00:45:04,008 --> 00:45:06,300
different character entirely oil
lamps. 

809
00:45:06,300 --> 00:45:08,800
Placed around monuments created 
pools of light. 

810
00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:12,400
In the darkness, making the 
sculptured faces seem to move 

811
00:45:12,400 --> 00:45:16,400
and shift with the flickering 
Flames Shadows, grew deeper and 

812
00:45:16,400 --> 00:45:19,500
the spaces between tombs became 
uncertain voids. 

813
00:45:19,500 --> 00:45:22,600
Where imagination could populate
all sorts of Supernatural 

814
00:45:22,600 --> 00:45:24,900
entities. 
This was when the dead were 

815
00:45:24,900 --> 00:45:27,900
believed to be most active. 
When the boundary between worlds

816
00:45:27,900 --> 00:45:31,300
grew thin enough to permit 
passage walking these roads at 

817
00:45:31,300 --> 00:45:34,700
night required courage. 
Most Romans avoided it when 

818
00:45:34,700 --> 00:45:38,300
possible, but sometimes 
necessity demanded travel after 

819
00:45:38,300 --> 00:45:40,800
dark. 
Those who ventured out would 

820
00:45:40,800 --> 00:45:44,700
speak, prayers of protection, 
make defensive gestures, and 

821
00:45:44,700 --> 00:45:47,600
move quickly passed the tombs 
without looking too closely at 

822
00:45:47,600 --> 00:45:50,900
the Shadows story. 
Circulated about people who had 

823
00:45:50,900 --> 00:45:55,400
seen Spirits among the tombs and
counted Restless Dead or heard 

824
00:45:55,400 --> 00:45:57,400
voices. 
Calling from empty monuments. 

825
00:45:58,400 --> 00:45:59,500
Yet, there was all. 
So something. 

826
00:45:59,500 --> 00:46:01,800
Oddly comforting about the tombs
presents. 

827
00:46:01,800 --> 00:46:06,300
They represented continuity, The
Unbroken chain of generations 

828
00:46:06,300 --> 00:46:09,900
that stretch back through time, 
every family had ancestors. 

829
00:46:09,900 --> 00:46:13,400
Every living person would have 
eventually join the dead and the

830
00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:16,900
tombs were physical proof of 
this continuity in a world that 

831
00:46:16,900 --> 00:46:20,000
could be brutally harsh and 
unpredictable the tombs. 

832
00:46:20,000 --> 00:46:23,900
Offered a kind of permanents. 
Stones would endure even when 

833
00:46:23,900 --> 00:46:27,400
flesh failed. 
The Romans practice of locating 

834
00:46:27,400 --> 00:46:29,700
tombs. 
Along roads was more than a 

835
00:46:29,700 --> 00:46:31,800
practical necessity or religious
requirement. 

836
00:46:32,600 --> 00:46:35,500
It was a philosophical statement
about the relationship between 

837
00:46:35,500 --> 00:46:39,100
life and death, The Living Past 
constantly among the dead 

838
00:46:39,100 --> 00:46:43,100
reminded with every Journey that
mortality was not an 

839
00:46:43,100 --> 00:46:45,900
abstraction. 
But a certainty death was not 

840
00:46:45,900 --> 00:46:49,600
hidden in remote cemeteries but 
integrated into the landscape of

841
00:46:49,600 --> 00:46:53,400
daily life. neither, feared nor 
forgotten, but simply 

842
00:46:53,400 --> 00:46:57,200
acknowledged as part of 
existence, As Rome's Empire 

843
00:46:57,200 --> 00:47:01,300
expanded Northwood and Westwood 
Roman Legions and counted. 

844
00:47:01,300 --> 00:47:04,500
Celtic people whose own Autumn 
festivals bore strange, 

845
00:47:04,500 --> 00:47:07,300
similarities too, and 
fascinating differences from 

846
00:47:07,300 --> 00:47:10,300
Roman Prague practices. 
This cultural encounter would 

847
00:47:10,300 --> 00:47:13,300
eventually influence how all of 
Europe thought about the season 

848
00:47:13,300 --> 00:47:16,900
of the Dead creating Traditions 
that echo down to our own 

849
00:47:16,900 --> 00:47:20,700
Halloween celebrations. 
The Celts, those tribal people 

850
00:47:20,700 --> 00:47:25,700
who inhabited, much of Gaul 
Britain, and Ireland, celebrated

851
00:47:25,700 --> 00:47:29,700
Sammy the end of October. 
A marked the transition from the

852
00:47:29,700 --> 00:47:34,000
light half of the year to The 
Dark Half like Romans the Celts 

853
00:47:34,000 --> 00:47:35,300
believed. 
This was a time when the 

854
00:47:35,300 --> 00:47:37,800
boundary between the living and 
the dead became permeable. 

855
00:47:37,800 --> 00:47:41,100
But their response to this 
belief differed in significant 

856
00:47:41,100 --> 00:47:45,100
ways from Roman practices. 
Roman soldiers stationed in 

857
00:47:45,108 --> 00:47:48,200
Celtic, territories would have 
observed Sammy in celebrations 

858
00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:52,000
with a mixture of recognition 
and bewilderment they'd 

859
00:47:52,000 --> 00:47:55,800
recognize the offerings to the 
Dead, the ritual fires, and the 

860
00:47:55,800 --> 00:48:00,000
sense of communal observance. 
But the scale and intensity of 

861
00:48:00,000 --> 00:48:03,600
Celtic practices exceeded 
anything they'd experienced in 

862
00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:06,100
Rome, the Celts didn't just 
honor the dead. 

863
00:48:06,100 --> 00:48:09,900
They seem to believe that the 
deadly returned to walk among 

864
00:48:09,900 --> 00:48:13,500
the living during Samhain. 
Celtic communities, would 

865
00:48:13,500 --> 00:48:16,700
extinguish all fires in their 
homes as Samurai and approached 

866
00:48:16,700 --> 00:48:21,000
creating a moment of complete. 
Darkness that symbolized the 

867
00:48:21,000 --> 00:48:24,500
death of the old year in Druid, 
priests would Kindle a new 

868
00:48:24,500 --> 00:48:26,800
sacred fire. 
And from this flame, all the 

869
00:48:26,800 --> 00:48:28,700
community's fires would be 
relit. 

870
00:48:28,700 --> 00:48:32,400
This practice of ritual, death 
and rebirth had no precise, 

871
00:48:32,400 --> 00:48:35,800
roman equivalent, and it 
suggested a view of time as 

872
00:48:35,800 --> 00:48:40,100
cyclical rather than linear. 
each year dying and being reborn

873
00:48:40,100 --> 00:48:46,300
each Harvest containing the 
seeds of the next Celt a normus,

874
00:48:46,300 --> 00:48:50,800
bonfires for Sammy far larger 
than anything Rome's used in 

875
00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:54,300
their more modest household. 
Observances, these fires served 

876
00:48:54,300 --> 00:48:58,600
multiple purposes, the gods, 
they provided protection against

877
00:48:58,600 --> 00:49:02,100
harmful spirits, and they 
created gathering places for the

878
00:49:02,100 --> 00:49:06,300
entire community. 
Animals were driven between two 

879
00:49:06,300 --> 00:49:10,400
fires as a purification ritual 
young people would perform Feats

880
00:49:10,400 --> 00:49:12,800
of Bravery by leaping over 
Flames. 

881
00:49:12,800 --> 00:49:16,400
The fires, transform the 
landscape turning ordinary 

882
00:49:16,400 --> 00:49:19,600
hillsides into stages for human 
drama played out against 

883
00:49:19,600 --> 00:49:24,400
Darkness around these fires, the
Celts practice divination. 

884
00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:26,700
Attempting to Glimpse the 
future. 

885
00:49:26,700 --> 00:49:30,400
During this liminal time, when 
normal rules were suspended, 

886
00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:34,000
they would read Omens in the 
Flames, interpret, the behavior 

887
00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:37,600
of animals, and perform rituals 
designed to reveal whom they 

888
00:49:37,600 --> 00:49:41,200
would marry, whether they would 
survive the coming winter and 

889
00:49:41,200 --> 00:49:44,000
what luck the next year would 
bring Romans practiced 

890
00:49:44,000 --> 00:49:47,800
divination 2 of course, but not 
with the same intensity or the 

891
00:49:47,800 --> 00:49:51,000
same belief that this particular
season offered special access to

892
00:49:51,000 --> 00:49:54,200
Hidden knowledge. 
The Celts all so left offerings 

893
00:49:54,200 --> 00:49:56,600
of food outside their homes, for
the returning dead. 

894
00:49:56,600 --> 00:50:00,400
But with a different Spirit than
Roman offering's where Romans 

895
00:50:00,400 --> 00:50:02,700
made offerings with a sense of 
Duty and respect. 

896
00:50:03,600 --> 00:50:05,900
Celtic offering's often 
contained an element of 

897
00:50:05,900 --> 00:50:09,400
appeasement or even fear the 
dead were not just honored 

898
00:50:09,400 --> 00:50:12,600
ancestors, but potentially 
dangerous beings whose favor had

899
00:50:12,600 --> 00:50:15,800
to be secured through. 
Generous gifts tables would be 

900
00:50:15,808 --> 00:50:18,600
set with the best food of 
available and portions of the 

901
00:50:18,600 --> 00:50:21,300
feast would be placed out side 
for spirits who might otherwise,

902
00:50:21,300 --> 00:50:26,300
cause Mischief or worse. 
When Rome conquered Celtic lands

903
00:50:26,300 --> 00:50:30,500
both cultures, influenced each 
other, Roman soldiers adopted 

904
00:50:30,500 --> 00:50:33,708
some Celtic practices. 
The bonfires some of the 

905
00:50:33,716 --> 00:50:37,000
Divination techniques in certain
protective rituals. 

906
00:50:37,000 --> 00:50:41,500
Celts in turn Incorporated, 
Roman religious Concepts, 

907
00:50:41,500 --> 00:50:45,100
creating hybrid festivals that 
combined elements from both 

908
00:50:45,100 --> 00:50:47,900
traditions. 
This cultural mixing was most 

909
00:50:47,900 --> 00:50:51,500
intense in the Border regions 
places, like Roman Britain, 

910
00:50:51,500 --> 00:50:54,800
where Celtic and Roman 
populations live side by side 

911
00:50:54,800 --> 00:50:58,100
for centuries. 
The Roman writer Lucan 

912
00:50:58,100 --> 00:51:00,800
describing Celtic religious 
practices. 

913
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:05,100
Was both horrified and 
fascinated by their intensity. 

914
00:51:05,100 --> 00:51:08,500
He wrote about sacred Grove's 
where the Celts made offering 

915
00:51:08,500 --> 00:51:12,500
places so permeated with 
Supernatural presence, that even

916
00:51:12,500 --> 00:51:16,400
Birds would land in the trees. 
His description, though probably

917
00:51:16,400 --> 00:51:19,700
exaggerated capture the sense 
that Roman observers felt they 

918
00:51:19,700 --> 00:51:23,900
were encountering, something 
older and wilder than their own 

919
00:51:23,900 --> 00:51:26,600
relatively organized religious 
practices. 

920
00:51:27,700 --> 00:51:31,900
But Romans also brought their 
own influences to Celtic lands. 

921
00:51:31,900 --> 00:51:35,500
They constructed tombs along 
Roman roads in Celtic 

922
00:51:35,500 --> 00:51:38,500
territories establishing the 
same kind of relationship 

923
00:51:38,500 --> 00:51:41,700
between the living and the dead.
That existed around Rome itself,

924
00:51:41,700 --> 00:51:44,700
they brought their calendar, 
their festivals and their 

925
00:51:44,700 --> 00:51:48,500
organized approach to religious 
observance over Generations 

926
00:51:48,500 --> 00:51:51,800
Celtic and Roman practices 
blended into something new. 

927
00:51:51,800 --> 00:51:55,400
Not quite either one, but 
containing elements of both. 

928
00:51:56,400 --> 00:51:59,200
This blending accelerated with 
the spread of Christianity, 

929
00:51:59,200 --> 00:52:03,000
through the Roman Empire, early 
Christians seeking to replace 

930
00:52:03,000 --> 00:52:06,800
Pagan festivals with Christian 
observance, chose dates that 

931
00:52:06,800 --> 00:52:09,000
coincided with existing 
celebrations. 

932
00:52:09,000 --> 00:52:13,800
All Saints Day was deliberately 
placed on of the first the day 

933
00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:17,300
after Sam Hine, in an attempt to
christianize the existing 

934
00:52:17,300 --> 00:52:20,500
Festival All Souls day. 
Followed on November the 2nd 

935
00:52:20,500 --> 00:52:24,300
incorporating elements of both 
Roman and Celtic practices 

936
00:52:24,300 --> 00:52:26,500
around. 
Honoring the dead These 

937
00:52:26,500 --> 00:52:30,200
Christian festivals retained 
many pre-christian elements, the

938
00:52:30,200 --> 00:52:32,900
practice of visiting Graves and 
leaving offerings continued, 

939
00:52:32,900 --> 00:52:35,900
just with Christian prayers and 
stead of pagan. 

940
00:52:35,900 --> 00:52:40,600
Once the bonfires continued, now
blessed by priests, rather than 

941
00:52:40,600 --> 00:52:44,500
Druids, the sense that late 
Autumn was a special time for 

942
00:52:44,500 --> 00:52:48,300
thinking about death, and the 
dead persisted even as the 

943
00:52:48,300 --> 00:52:52,800
theological framework change. 
What emerged from the centuries 

944
00:52:52,800 --> 00:52:56,100
of cultural mixing was a set of 
traditions that combined Roman 

945
00:52:56,100 --> 00:52:58,800
practicality. 
The Celtic mysticism, 

946
00:52:58,800 --> 00:53:02,400
Mediterranean order with 
Northern intensity and Civic 

947
00:53:02,400 --> 00:53:06,000
religion with ecstatic practice,
when these Traditions eventually

948
00:53:06,000 --> 00:53:07,800
crossed the Atlantic to North 
America. 

949
00:53:07,800 --> 00:53:10,800
They evolved further 
incorporating yet. 

950
00:53:10,800 --> 00:53:13,600
More cultural influences to 
become the Halloween, we know, 

951
00:53:13,600 --> 00:53:16,800
today, but the Roman 
contribution to this Evolution 

952
00:53:16,800 --> 00:53:20,400
shouldn't be underestimated. 
The idea that the dead need to 

953
00:53:20,400 --> 00:53:23,200
be remembered and honored that 
offering should be made to 

954
00:53:23,200 --> 00:53:27,000
maintain good relationships with
the deceased in the Autumn is a 

955
00:53:27,000 --> 00:53:28,600
time for thinking about 
mortality. 

956
00:53:28,600 --> 00:53:33,300
All of these have Roman roots 
that reach back to the ferraria.

957
00:53:33,300 --> 00:53:36,200
Lemuria and the countless 
household rituals that 

958
00:53:36,200 --> 00:53:40,100
punctuated Roman Life. 
As you nestled deeper into your 

959
00:53:40,108 --> 00:53:43,200
blanket, perhaps wandering, what
all this ancient history has to 

960
00:53:43,200 --> 00:53:46,900
do with the world, you inhabit? 
Let's trace the threads that can

961
00:53:46,900 --> 00:53:49,700
connect Roman Autumn festivals 
to the Customs. 

962
00:53:49,700 --> 00:53:52,600
You might practice today without
even realizing their Origins. 

963
00:53:53,600 --> 00:53:56,600
Every time you visit a cemetery 
on Memorial Day or All Souls 

964
00:53:56,600 --> 00:54:00,000
day, placing flowers on a grave 
and speaking memories of the 

965
00:54:00,000 --> 00:54:03,900
deceased, your participating in 
a tradition that leads directly 

966
00:54:03,900 --> 00:54:07,200
back to Roman practices. 
During the ferraria, the 

967
00:54:07,200 --> 00:54:10,600
specific forms of changed. 
We probably don't pour wine on 

968
00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:13,800
the grave or scatter grain, but 
the essential gesture remains 

969
00:54:13,800 --> 00:54:16,100
identical. 
You're maintaining the 

970
00:54:16,100 --> 00:54:18,000
connection between the living 
and the dead. 

971
00:54:18,000 --> 00:54:22,000
And showing that the deceased to
remembered and affirming that 

972
00:54:22,000 --> 00:54:26,300
death doesn't end relationships,
but transforms them When you 

973
00:54:26,308 --> 00:54:30,800
attend a funeral and participate
in a memorial meal, afterward 

974
00:54:30,800 --> 00:54:34,100
sharing food and stories about 
the person who died your 

975
00:54:34,100 --> 00:54:37,500
echoing, Roman funeral Bank 
wits, the Romans understood 

976
00:54:37,500 --> 00:54:40,100
something that modern grief 
counselors have rediscovered. 

977
00:54:40,100 --> 00:54:43,400
The communal eating in the 
presence of death serves 

978
00:54:43,400 --> 00:54:45,800
important cycle and social 
functions. 

979
00:54:45,800 --> 00:54:48,900
It reaffirms life in the face of
mortality. 

980
00:54:48,900 --> 00:54:53,700
It strengthens Community bonds 
and it provides a structured way

981
00:54:53,700 --> 00:54:57,000
to process grief. 
The Halloween tradition of 

982
00:54:57,000 --> 00:54:59,900
leaving out food, for Spirits, 
has direct parallels, to both 

983
00:54:59,900 --> 00:55:03,600
Roman and Celtic practices. 
When children placed cookies and

984
00:55:03,600 --> 00:55:07,200
milk for Santa Claus, their 
participating in a secularized 

985
00:55:07,200 --> 00:55:10,800
version of offering to 
supernatural beings Practice 

986
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:12,500
that Romans perform throughout 
the year. 

987
00:55:12,500 --> 00:55:16,500
But especially during Autumn 
festivals, the form has changed,

988
00:55:16,500 --> 00:55:21,000
the theological justification 
has vanished, but the basic 

989
00:55:21,000 --> 00:55:24,000
gesture persists, we leave food 
for being. 

990
00:55:24,000 --> 00:55:27,700
We cannot see acknowledging 
Powers beyond our control. 

991
00:55:29,100 --> 00:55:31,700
Jack-o-lanterns. 
Those carved pumpkins with 

992
00:55:31,700 --> 00:55:35,500
candles inside descend from 
Celtic turnip blantons. 

993
00:55:35,500 --> 00:55:38,400
But server function that Romans 
would have understood perfectly.

994
00:55:38,400 --> 00:55:42,100
Their boundary markers 
protective devices that creates 

995
00:55:42,100 --> 00:55:46,600
safe spaces around by Darkness, 
Roman lamps placed around tombs 

996
00:55:46,600 --> 00:55:50,300
during the Ferraris of the same 
purpose, like pushing back 

997
00:55:50,300 --> 00:55:54,600
against Shadow, human crafted, 
creating zones of safety in a 

998
00:55:54,600 --> 00:55:58,800
dangerous world. 
The modern practice of costume 

999
00:55:58,800 --> 00:56:03,000
wearing on Halloween has 
multiple Origins, but one thread

1000
00:56:03,000 --> 00:56:06,100
leads, back to Roman festivals. 
Were social norms were 

1001
00:56:06,100 --> 00:56:09,900
temporarily suspended during 
saturnalia, Romans wore 

1002
00:56:09,900 --> 00:56:13,400
different clothes and adopted 
different roles, Master served 

1003
00:56:13,400 --> 00:56:17,800
slaves, serious people, acted 
foolish, a normal hierarchies 

1004
00:56:17,800 --> 00:56:21,000
were inverted Halloween costumes
serve similar function. 

1005
00:56:22,000 --> 00:56:25,100
Permission to become someone 
else to transgress normal, 

1006
00:56:25,100 --> 00:56:29,000
boundaries to play with identity
in ways that ordinary life 

1007
00:56:29,000 --> 00:56:31,700
doesn't permit. 
Even our modern Harvest 

1008
00:56:31,700 --> 00:56:35,900
festivals Thanksgiving an 
America Harvest Home 

1009
00:56:35,900 --> 00:56:39,300
celebrations in Britain Echo the
Roman practice of communal 

1010
00:56:39,300 --> 00:56:41,800
feasting to Mark agricultural 
Cycles. 

1011
00:56:41,800 --> 00:56:45,100
The specific foods of changed 
according to what different 

1012
00:56:45,100 --> 00:56:48,400
regions produce but the 
underlying pattern remains 

1013
00:56:48,400 --> 00:56:52,400
gather the community share 
abundant food, give thanks for 

1014
00:56:52,400 --> 00:56:55,600
survival and prepare mentally 
and physically for winter 

1015
00:56:55,600 --> 00:56:59,200
scarcity. 
The Roman Calendar reform that 

1016
00:56:59,200 --> 00:57:01,400
gave us. 
The Julian calendar later 

1017
00:57:01,400 --> 00:57:03,200
modified into the Gregorian 
calendar. 

1018
00:57:03,200 --> 00:57:06,900
We use today means that our 
entire temporal framework has 

1019
00:57:06,900 --> 00:57:09,500
Roman origin's. 
When October gives way to 

1020
00:57:09,500 --> 00:57:11,800
November. 
When, you know, that the days 

1021
00:57:11,800 --> 00:57:15,500
are growing shorter and winter 
approaches your experience in 

1022
00:57:15,500 --> 00:57:18,600
time in a way that was 
deliberately structured by Roman

1023
00:57:18,600 --> 00:57:22,200
Innovations. 
Our months have Roman names and 

1024
00:57:22,200 --> 00:57:25,400
are concept of when the year 
begins and ends reflects Roman 

1025
00:57:25,400 --> 00:57:28,800
decision. 
Assistance of these Traditions 

1026
00:57:28,800 --> 00:57:30,900
reveal. 
Something important about human 

1027
00:57:30,900 --> 00:57:33,300
culture. 
We're not as modern as we 

1028
00:57:33,300 --> 00:57:36,900
sometimes think beneath the 
technology in the secular world 

1029
00:57:36,900 --> 00:57:40,000
view in the scientific 
understanding of death, we're 

1030
00:57:40,000 --> 00:57:42,800
still performing rituals that 
our ancestors would recognize. 

1031
00:57:42,800 --> 00:57:46,500
We still need to Mark 
transitions, to honor our dead 

1032
00:57:46,500 --> 00:57:50,100
to gather in the face of 
Darkness to eat together and 

1033
00:57:50,100 --> 00:57:53,200
tell stories and to light fires 
against the cold. 

1034
00:57:54,100 --> 00:57:57,100
Rome's last in contribution to 
Autumn Traditions wasn't 

1035
00:57:57,100 --> 00:58:00,800
primarily in specific rituals, 
though many of those persist. 

1036
00:58:00,800 --> 00:58:04,300
But in the framework for 
thinking about death community 

1037
00:58:04,300 --> 00:58:06,700
and the relationship between 
living and dead. 

1038
00:58:06,700 --> 00:58:10,800
The Roman approach was 
practical, structured communal 

1039
00:58:10,800 --> 00:58:14,800
and integrated into daily life 
rather than segregated into 

1040
00:58:14,800 --> 00:58:18,600
special spiritual moments. 
This framework proved remarkably

1041
00:58:18,600 --> 00:58:22,500
durable capable of absorbing 
influences from other cultures 

1042
00:58:22,500 --> 00:58:24,400
while maintaining essential 
character. 

1043
00:58:25,300 --> 00:58:28,300
When Christianity spread through
the Roman Empire, it didn't 

1044
00:58:28,300 --> 00:58:30,600
entirely replace these 
Traditions but rather 

1045
00:58:30,600 --> 00:58:34,600
Incorporated and transformed 
them Church, calendars included 

1046
00:58:34,600 --> 00:58:37,200
Saints days that mirrored the 
Roman festival calendar 

1047
00:58:37,200 --> 00:58:41,300
Christian funerals adopted, 
Roman practices around Memorial 

1048
00:58:41,300 --> 00:58:44,400
meals and tomb visiting the 
veneration of saints. 

1049
00:58:44,400 --> 00:58:47,400
Relics, reflected Roman 
practices around honoring the 

1050
00:58:47,400 --> 00:58:50,300
dead and maintaining connections
with the Departed. 

1051
00:58:51,200 --> 00:58:53,300
The Renaissance and 
Enlightenment challenged, some 

1052
00:58:53,300 --> 00:58:55,700
traditional practices around 
death and the dead. 

1053
00:58:55,700 --> 00:58:59,800
But even modern secular 
societies maintain versions of 

1054
00:58:59,800 --> 00:59:04,100
ancient Customs Memorial Day, 
veterans, day Holocaust, 

1055
00:59:04,100 --> 00:59:06,800
Memorial Day. 
All of these are essentially 

1056
00:59:06,800 --> 00:59:09,400
secularized versions of 
festivals for the dead. 

1057
00:59:09,400 --> 00:59:13,000
Maintaining the principle that 
communities have obligations to 

1058
00:59:13,000 --> 00:59:14,900
remember and honor those who 
have died. 

1059
00:59:16,700 --> 00:59:20,700
The way we design cemeteries 
today with permanent markers and

1060
00:59:20,700 --> 00:59:24,400
maintained grounds reflects 
Roman influence before Roman 

1061
00:59:24,400 --> 00:59:28,200
practices spread through Europe,
many cultures, buried their dead

1062
00:59:28,200 --> 00:59:31,900
in temporary or unmarked grave. 
The Roman insistence on 

1063
00:59:31,900 --> 00:59:35,700
permanent memorials on tombs 
that would endure and on 

1064
00:59:35,700 --> 00:59:39,200
inscription that would preserve 
names and achievements changed 

1065
00:59:39,200 --> 00:59:41,700
how Europeans thought about 
death and Rememberance. 

1066
00:59:42,500 --> 00:59:46,400
Even our ghost stories, a modern
Halloween staple Echo. 

1067
00:59:46,400 --> 00:59:49,600
Roman concerns about Restless 
spirits and proper burial. 

1068
00:59:49,600 --> 00:59:53,400
The archetype of the vengeful. 
Ghosts cannot rest until sunrise

1069
00:59:53,400 --> 00:59:55,800
righted appears in Roman 
literature and persists in 

1070
00:59:55,808 --> 00:59:58,900
modern horror fiction, the tools
for dealing with ghosts 

1071
00:59:58,900 --> 01:00:02,600
protective gestures, specific 
rituals, and offerings of his 

1072
01:00:02,600 --> 01:00:05,600
men. 
All have Roman precedents The 

1073
01:00:05,600 --> 01:00:07,600
agricultural calendar that 
structured. 

1074
01:00:07,600 --> 01:00:11,000
Roman Autumn festivals has 
become less relevant as most 

1075
01:00:11,000 --> 01:00:15,000
people no longer Farm or depend 
directly on harvests, but the 

1076
01:00:15,000 --> 01:00:18,100
psychological patterns those 
festivals addressed remain. 

1077
01:00:18,100 --> 01:00:21,800
We still need markers. 
For seasonal transitions, we 

1078
01:00:21,800 --> 01:00:24,900
still respond emotionally to 
Shorter days and Colder Weather.

1079
01:00:24,900 --> 01:00:28,100
And we still feel the need to 
gather, and feast before 

1080
01:00:28,100 --> 01:00:31,600
Winter's isolation, Halloween, 
and Thanksgiving, serve these 

1081
01:00:31,600 --> 01:00:34,600
functions for modern Americans 
much as Autumn festivals. 

1082
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:39,100
Serve them for ancient Romans. 
What's perhaps most remarkable 

1083
01:00:39,100 --> 01:00:43,500
is how these Traditions persist 
even when their original meaning

1084
01:00:43,500 --> 01:00:46,000
have been forgotten. 
Most people who carve 

1085
01:00:46,000 --> 01:00:49,400
Jacqueline's or visit Graves on 
the Memorial Day have no idea 

1086
01:00:49,400 --> 01:00:52,500
their participating in 
Traditions with roots to 2000 

1087
01:00:52,500 --> 01:00:55,200
years deep. 
The practices continue because 

1088
01:00:55,200 --> 01:00:58,600
they fulfill human needs that 
transcend specific cultural or 

1089
01:00:58,600 --> 01:01:04,500
historical contexts. 
A journey through Roman, Autumn 

1090
01:01:04,500 --> 01:01:06,400
festivals comes to its gentle 
close. 

1091
01:01:06,400 --> 01:01:10,400
And as you prepare to drift into
sleep, let's take a final moment

1092
01:01:10,400 --> 01:01:14,100
to reflect on what these ancient
practices reveal about human 

1093
01:01:14,100 --> 01:01:16,600
nature and our relationship with
mortality. 

1094
01:01:18,000 --> 01:01:20,400
The Romans were not a 
particularly mystical people, 

1095
01:01:20,400 --> 01:01:24,600
they were practical legalistic 
concrete, thinkers who 

1096
01:01:24,600 --> 01:01:27,900
approached religion, as a 
contractual Arrangement, do the 

1097
01:01:27,900 --> 01:01:31,200
right rituals, and the gods will
fulfill their obligations. 

1098
01:01:31,200 --> 01:01:35,000
Yet even these pragmatic people 
recognize that Autumn was 

1099
01:01:35,000 --> 01:01:37,700
special, that the boundary 
between living and dead 

1100
01:01:37,700 --> 01:01:40,900
required, careful maintenance, 
and that death was not something

1101
01:01:40,900 --> 01:01:44,000
to be ignored, but rather 
integrated into the Rhythm of 

1102
01:01:44,000 --> 01:01:49,500
Life, their Autumn festivals 
ferraria, lemuria Pomona, 

1103
01:01:49,500 --> 01:01:53,100
celebrations, and the countless 
household rituals represented. 

1104
01:01:53,100 --> 01:01:55,600
A sophisticated understanding of
what we might Now. 

1105
01:01:55,600 --> 01:01:58,800
Call death acceptance. 
Romans didn't try to deny 

1106
01:01:58,800 --> 01:02:02,100
mortality or pretend that death 
was an easily overcome obstacle,

1107
01:02:02,100 --> 01:02:06,200
they face it squarely 
acknowledged, its power and 

1108
01:02:06,200 --> 01:02:09,600
developed elaborate social 
mechanisms for processing grief 

1109
01:02:09,600 --> 01:02:11,700
and maintaining connections with
the deceased. 

1110
01:02:13,900 --> 01:02:17,200
This approach has much to teach 
our own death, denying culture 

1111
01:02:17,200 --> 01:02:21,100
modern Western Society, often 
treats death as a failure rather

1112
01:02:21,100 --> 01:02:25,200
than an inevitability something 
to be hidden away in hospitals 

1113
01:02:25,200 --> 01:02:28,400
and funeral homes, rather than 
integrated into daily life. 

1114
01:02:28,400 --> 01:02:31,000
We've lost the Roman comfort 
with mortality. 

1115
01:02:31,000 --> 01:02:34,900
There are acceptance that death 
is part of existence rather than

1116
01:02:34,900 --> 01:02:38,900
a violation of it. 
The Roman practice of locating 

1117
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:42,200
tombs along roads ensuring that 
The Living Past. 

1118
01:02:42,200 --> 01:02:44,500
Constantly among the dead 
embodied. 

1119
01:02:44,500 --> 01:02:48,200
A philosophy that modern people 
might benefit from recovering 

1120
01:02:48,200 --> 01:02:51,900
death is not separate from life 
but woven through it, every 

1121
01:02:51,900 --> 01:02:53,900
generation joins the dead of 
eventually. 

1122
01:02:53,900 --> 01:02:56,500
Remembering this doesn't have to
be morbid. 

1123
01:02:56,500 --> 01:03:00,300
It can be grounding perspective 
giving and even comforting. 

1124
01:03:01,600 --> 01:03:04,900
The Autumn festivals. 
Also reveal Roman sophistication

1125
01:03:04,900 --> 01:03:07,900
about ritual and its 
psychological functions. 

1126
01:03:07,900 --> 01:03:11,500
He understood that grief. 
Need structure, that transitions

1127
01:03:11,500 --> 01:03:14,700
require marketing and that 
abstract Concepts become 

1128
01:03:14,700 --> 01:03:17,300
manageable. 
When given concrete form, the 

1129
01:03:17,300 --> 01:03:20,300
bean spitting ritual of lemuria 
might seem silly to Modern 

1130
01:03:20,300 --> 01:03:24,200
sensibilities, but it provided a
specific action that addressed 

1131
01:03:24,200 --> 01:03:26,900
generalized anxiety about 
malevolent Spirits. 

1132
01:03:26,900 --> 01:03:30,000
The offering's during ferraria 
gave mourning families, 

1133
01:03:30,000 --> 01:03:33,800
something productive to do with 
their grief, We've lost much of 

1134
01:03:33,800 --> 01:03:37,600
this ritual sophistication and 
you can see the consequences in 

1135
01:03:37,600 --> 01:03:41,200
how modern people struggle with 
grief and mortality without 

1136
01:03:41,200 --> 01:03:44,000
structured, rituals, people 
often feel lost when facing 

1137
01:03:44,000 --> 01:03:46,300
death. 
Unsure, how to express sorrow, 

1138
01:03:46,300 --> 01:03:50,600
or honor the deceased, the Roman
Calendar of festivals provided a

1139
01:03:50,600 --> 01:03:52,900
framework that made death 
manageable without making it 

1140
01:03:52,900 --> 01:03:56,600
trivial the agricultural 
dimension of Roman, Autumn 

1141
01:03:56,600 --> 01:04:00,100
festivals reminds us that for 
most of human history survival 

1142
01:04:00,100 --> 01:04:03,800
was precarious and seasonal, 
Harvest wasn't a quaint rural 

1143
01:04:03,800 --> 01:04:07,700
activity but a matter of life 
and death The abundance or 

1144
01:04:07,700 --> 01:04:09,500
scarcity of the Harvest 
determined. 

1145
01:04:09,500 --> 01:04:11,300
Whether families would survive 
the winter. 

1146
01:04:11,300 --> 01:04:15,300
Modern people insulated from 
these realities by grocery 

1147
01:04:15,300 --> 01:04:19,000
stores and Global Food Systems 
have lost touch with the anxiety

1148
01:04:19,000 --> 01:04:21,100
and gratitude that Harvest 
generated. 

1149
01:04:22,000 --> 01:04:24,500
Yet we still respond to Autumn 
on some deep level. 

1150
01:04:24,500 --> 01:04:28,600
We still feel the urge to gather
Provisions to feast and to 

1151
01:04:28,600 --> 01:04:32,400
prepare for Winter's Darkness. 
These responses are written in 

1152
01:04:32,400 --> 01:04:35,700
to our Psychology, by thousands 
of years of seasonal, living 

1153
01:04:35,700 --> 01:04:39,200
Halloween and Thanksgiving tap 
into these ancient patterns 

1154
01:04:39,200 --> 01:04:43,300
giving us culturally sanctioned 
ways to express impulses that no

1155
01:04:43,300 --> 01:04:46,700
longer have practical, survival 
value, but remain emotionally 

1156
01:04:46,700 --> 01:04:50,800
significant. 
The Roman emphasis on community 

1157
01:04:50,800 --> 01:04:53,900
during Autumn festivals, also 
deserves attention. 

1158
01:04:53,900 --> 01:04:57,400
Their festivals were not Private
Affairs, but communal 

1159
01:04:57,400 --> 01:04:59,600
observance. 
Is that strengthen social bonds 

1160
01:04:59,600 --> 01:05:03,500
families gathered neighbors 
helped each other with Harvest 

1161
01:05:03,500 --> 01:05:07,000
and preservation. 
The entire city participated in 

1162
01:05:07,000 --> 01:05:09,700
festivals for the dead. 
This communal Dimension, 

1163
01:05:09,700 --> 01:05:13,000
provided support systems that 
helped people cope with death 

1164
01:05:13,000 --> 01:05:16,600
scarcity, and the challenges of 
seasonal change. 

1165
01:05:17,300 --> 01:05:20,900
Modern life's increasing, 
individualism has eroded many of

1166
01:05:20,900 --> 01:05:23,800
these communal. 
Supports people often face 

1167
01:05:23,800 --> 01:05:27,800
grief, alone, process mortality 
and isolation and lack the 

1168
01:05:27,800 --> 01:05:30,300
structured Community. 
Gatherings that helped Romans 

1169
01:05:30,300 --> 01:05:33,800
navigate difficult transitions 
rebuilding, some form of 

1170
01:05:33,808 --> 01:05:36,800
communal ritual around death and
seasonal change might address 

1171
01:05:36,800 --> 01:05:39,400
some of modern societies 
epidemic loneliness. 

1172
01:05:40,400 --> 01:05:42,700
As you drift towards sleep 
consider. 

1173
01:05:42,700 --> 01:05:45,300
The Romans who want to perform 
these Autumn rituals. 

1174
01:05:45,300 --> 01:05:48,600
They're all dead. 
Now, of course, dead for 2,000 

1175
01:05:48,600 --> 01:05:53,100
years, the specific people who 
poured wine on family tombs, who

1176
01:05:53,100 --> 01:05:56,400
scattered beans to appease 
linear's who offered first 

1177
01:05:56,400 --> 01:06:00,100
fruits to Pomona all gone. 
Their names mostly forgotten 

1178
01:06:00,100 --> 01:06:03,400
their lives reduced to 
archaeological traces and 

1179
01:06:03,400 --> 01:06:08,000
fragmentary texts. 
In a sense, they're not entirely

1180
01:06:08,000 --> 01:06:10,300
gone. 
Their practice is persist 

1181
01:06:10,300 --> 01:06:14,800
transformed but recognizable 
their understanding of death and

1182
01:06:14,800 --> 01:06:17,800
seasonal change continues to 
influence how we think about 

1183
01:06:17,800 --> 01:06:21,200
these matters when you carve a 
pumpkin or visit Cemetery or 

1184
01:06:21,200 --> 01:06:24,400
gather for a harvest Feast, your
performing variations on 

1185
01:06:24,400 --> 01:06:27,700
rituals, they would understand 
your part of a human story. 

1186
01:06:27,700 --> 01:06:30,900
That stretches back through. 
Countless generation's all of 

1187
01:06:30,900 --> 01:06:35,100
them faced in the same basic 
realities, the changing seasons,

1188
01:06:35,100 --> 01:06:39,900
the certainty of death, the need
for community and the search for

1189
01:06:39,900 --> 01:06:41,700
meaning in the face of 
mortality. 

1190
01:06:42,900 --> 01:06:45,500
The Autumn festivals of ancient 
Rome. 

1191
01:06:45,500 --> 01:06:48,000
Remind us that we're not the 
first people to Grapple with 

1192
01:06:48,000 --> 01:06:50,900
these Eternal questions. 
We're not alone in our 

1193
01:06:50,908 --> 01:06:53,600
mortality, or our struggles to 
make sense of death. 

1194
01:06:53,600 --> 01:06:56,800
We're part of a Long human 
tradition of facing Darkness, 

1195
01:06:56,800 --> 01:07:00,800
with light meeting death, with 
ritual, and gathering together, 

1196
01:07:00,800 --> 01:07:03,400
when the nights grow, cold, and 
long sleep. 

1197
01:07:03,400 --> 01:07:06,800
Well, then knowing that the 
rhythms that structured Roman 

1198
01:07:06,800 --> 01:07:11,200
Autumn the Harvest, the honoring
of the Dead, the preparation for

1199
01:07:11,200 --> 01:07:14,100
winter continued to structure, 
our own lives. 

1200
01:07:14,100 --> 01:07:18,300
Whether we recognize them or not
the season still turn, the dead 

1201
01:07:18,300 --> 01:07:21,600
still require our remembrance 
and Autumn Remains the time when

1202
01:07:21,600 --> 01:07:25,200
the boundary between worlds 
grows thin Tomorrow, when you 

1203
01:07:25,200 --> 01:07:28,300
wake to another autumn day, 
you'll be participating in that 

1204
01:07:28,300 --> 01:07:31,900
same Eternal cycle. 
The specific forms may have 

1205
01:07:31,900 --> 01:07:36,000
changed You'll check your 
thermos in stead of 10, a half 

1206
01:07:36,000 --> 01:07:39,100
fire and you'll buy bread 
instead of baking it from your 

1207
01:07:39,100 --> 01:07:42,400
own wheat. 
The underlying patterns persist,

1208
01:07:42,400 --> 01:07:46,500
Autumn is still a time of 
transition, still a season that 

1209
01:07:46,500 --> 01:07:49,300
calls us to remember our dead 
and prepare for Darkness. 

1210
01:07:50,100 --> 01:07:53,300
Still a moment, when the veil 
Between Worlds seems permeable. 

1211
01:07:54,500 --> 01:07:57,400
And that's perhaps the most 
comforting Legacy of Roman 

1212
01:07:57,400 --> 01:08:00,100
Autumn festivals. 
They remind us that we're not 

1213
01:08:00,100 --> 01:08:03,400
alone in our experience of 
mortality, seasonal change, and 

1214
01:08:03,400 --> 01:08:07,000
the Mysteries that lie Beyond 
ordinary life were part of an 

1215
01:08:07,000 --> 01:08:09,500
unbroken human chain, reaching 
back through time. 

1216
01:08:09,500 --> 01:08:12,900
All of us, trying to make sense 
of the same Eternal questions. 

1217
01:08:12,900 --> 01:08:16,000
All of us lighting our small 
fires against the Gathering 

1218
01:08:16,000 --> 01:08:20,200
dark, The Romans had a phrase 
Were Meant to Maury. 

1219
01:08:20,200 --> 01:08:24,100
Remember that? 
You will die sounds Grim to 

1220
01:08:24,100 --> 01:08:27,300
Modern ears but they didn't mean
it as a morbid Obsession. 

1221
01:08:27,300 --> 01:08:30,700
They meant it. 
As a reminder to live fully to, 

1222
01:08:30,700 --> 01:08:34,500
not waste the time you have and 
to honor your relationships and 

1223
01:08:34,500 --> 01:08:36,899
obligations. 
While you can their Autumn 

1224
01:08:36,899 --> 01:08:39,600
festivals embodied. 
This philosophy acknowledging 

1225
01:08:39,600 --> 01:08:42,100
deaths, reality, while 
celebrating life's abundance 

1226
01:08:42,100 --> 01:08:46,000
preparing for winter, while 
giving thanks for Harvest and 

1227
01:08:46,000 --> 01:08:48,300
honoring the dead while 
affirming connection with the 

1228
01:08:48,300 --> 01:08:51,899
living, as your eyes, grow, 
heavy and Consciousness, begins 

1229
01:08:51,899 --> 01:08:54,899
to slip away. 
Let yourself feel connected to 

1230
01:08:54,899 --> 01:08:57,700
those ancient Romans performing,
their Autumn rituals. 

1231
01:08:57,700 --> 01:09:01,300
Let yourself feel the continuity
that links you to their cross 

1232
01:09:01,300 --> 01:09:05,899
2000 years of History, your part
of the same human story face in 

1233
01:09:05,899 --> 01:09:08,800
the same seasonal, transitions 
grappling with the same 

1234
01:09:08,800 --> 01:09:12,300
fundamental Mysteries. 
The fire on the half Burns, low.

1235
01:09:12,300 --> 01:09:16,600
Now outside Autumn night as 
fully fall and the Stars wheel 

1236
01:09:16,600 --> 01:09:18,399
overhead in their Internal 
patterns. 

1237
01:09:19,000 --> 01:09:21,300
The same stars that Sean on 
Ancient Rome. 

1238
01:09:21,300 --> 01:09:24,800
The same sky that covered the 
tombs along the Via Appia. 

1239
01:09:24,800 --> 01:09:27,700
When families made their 
offerings during the ferraria 

1240
01:09:27,700 --> 01:09:31,300
time moves forward. 
But some things remain constant.

1241
01:09:32,200 --> 01:09:34,399
Seasons. 
The stars and the human need to 

1242
01:09:34,408 --> 01:09:36,000
Mark Transitions and honor the 
Dead. 

1243
01:09:37,000 --> 01:09:41,100
Rest now in the knowledge that 
you're held in patterns, older 

1244
01:09:41,100 --> 01:09:44,399
than Rome, part of cycles, that 
will continue long. 

1245
01:09:44,399 --> 01:09:46,700
After all of us, have joined the
ancestors. 

1246
01:09:46,700 --> 01:09:49,200
Tomorrow will bring another 
autumn day. 

1247
01:09:49,200 --> 01:09:52,800
Another opportunity to 
participate in the Eternal dance

1248
01:09:52,800 --> 01:09:56,400
between light and darkness, 
life, and death, and 

1249
01:09:56,400 --> 01:10:01,800
Remembrance, and forgetting. 
But for now sleep, let the 

1250
01:10:01,800 --> 01:10:03,900
ancient rhythms carry you into 
dreams. 

1251
01:10:03,900 --> 01:10:07,800
Let the wisdom of Roman Autumn 
festivals, inform your rest. 

1252
01:10:08,700 --> 01:10:11,800
The dead a quiet tonight 
properly honored and peacefully 

1253
01:10:11,800 --> 01:10:16,000
sleeping, the Harvest is 
gathered, the fires, a lit, and 

1254
01:10:16,000 --> 01:10:18,700
all is, as it should be. 
In the Eternal Autumn, the 

1255
01:10:18,700 --> 01:10:23,200
Connex, past to present, Living 
Dead, and each of us to the Long

1256
01:10:23,200 --> 01:10:26,400
human story that began long ago 
and continues still. 

1257
01:10:35,000 --> 01:10:38,200
Picture an early morning in the 
ancient Kingdom of Macedon. 

1258
01:10:38,200 --> 01:10:41,600
A hazy Dawn, light creeping over
the Rolling Hills and 

1259
01:10:41,600 --> 01:10:44,600
Illuminating. 
The stone walls of Pella the 

1260
01:10:44,600 --> 01:10:47,200
capital in the courtyard of the 
Royal Palace. 

1261
01:10:47,200 --> 01:10:50,600
A young prince takes measured 
steps across smooth. 

1262
01:10:50,600 --> 01:10:52,700
Flagstones still cool from the 
chill of night. 

1263
01:10:52,700 --> 01:10:57,500
He is Alexander son of King, 
Philip the second already 

1264
01:10:57,500 --> 01:11:01,100
restless with ambition. 
He stands No taller than any 

1265
01:11:01,100 --> 01:11:04,300
normal youth yet. 
There's a quiet intensity in his

1266
01:11:04,300 --> 01:11:06,500
gaze. 
Local gossips suggests. 

1267
01:11:06,500 --> 01:11:10,300
He asks questions, no child, his
age, should one's about life 

1268
01:11:10,300 --> 01:11:13,300
death and the boundaries of 
human capability. 

1269
01:11:13,300 --> 01:11:17,000
It's whispered that from the day
he first, saw the world, he's 

1270
01:11:17,000 --> 01:11:18,900
been driven by the desire to 
surpass. 

1271
01:11:18,900 --> 01:11:22,200
It Philip himself is not a 
particularly sentimental father,

1272
01:11:22,200 --> 01:11:25,900
he loves Alexander in his own 
way, yet the kingdom demands 

1273
01:11:25,900 --> 01:11:29,900
more attention than his son 
under King, Philip Macedon has 

1274
01:11:29,900 --> 01:11:32,900
become stronger, more organized,
and more dangerous to 

1275
01:11:32,900 --> 01:11:35,900
neighboring lands. 
Philip sees in Alexander the 

1276
01:11:35,900 --> 01:11:38,100
potential to carry on and expand
his work. 

1277
01:11:39,000 --> 01:11:41,500
He pushes the boy to study with 
the best tutors in all of 

1278
01:11:41,508 --> 01:11:44,800
Greece, ensuring a potent, blend
of Marshall, and intellectual 

1279
01:11:44,800 --> 01:11:48,000
preparation. 
Aristotle is one among many 

1280
01:11:48,000 --> 01:11:52,000
teachers, but uniquely revered. 
He nurtures Alexander's 

1281
01:11:52,000 --> 01:11:55,200
fascination with science 
philosophy and the fringes of 

1282
01:11:55,200 --> 01:11:57,400
knowledge. 
Lessons aren't wrote 

1283
01:11:57,400 --> 01:12:00,800
memorization, but dialogues full
of debates that test logic. 

1284
01:12:00,800 --> 01:12:04,400
And Stoke curiosity. 
This mental discipline shapes 

1285
01:12:04,400 --> 01:12:07,900
Alexander's sense of strategy 
and cunning the climate in the 

1286
01:12:07,900 --> 01:12:10,700
palace is complex. 
Every corner can hold a 

1287
01:12:10,700 --> 01:12:14,200
potential spy and each Dusty 
Corridor might Echo with rumors 

1288
01:12:14,200 --> 01:12:18,100
of betrayals and alliance's 
people talking low tones, about 

1289
01:12:18,100 --> 01:12:21,500
the tension between Philip and 
his wives Alexander's mother 

1290
01:12:21,500 --> 01:12:25,400
Olympia's, formidable in her own
writers, any Soldier. 

1291
01:12:26,100 --> 01:12:28,100
Devout worshiper of the god 
Dionysus. 

1292
01:12:28,100 --> 01:12:31,000
She's rumored participate in 
Midnight, rituals involving 

1293
01:12:31,000 --> 01:12:35,200
serpents drums and an ecstatic 
communion with the Divine. 

1294
01:12:35,200 --> 01:12:39,500
Some say she is cunning even a 
dangerous influence on Alexander

1295
01:12:39,500 --> 01:12:42,200
yet to him. 
She has not the mysterious 

1296
01:12:42,200 --> 01:12:45,900
Priestess but the unwavering 
pillar of maternal warmth. 

1297
01:12:46,900 --> 01:12:50,300
between Philip Stern, discipline
and Olympia's intense devotion, 

1298
01:12:50,300 --> 01:12:55,800
Alexander is shaped by a certain
Duality logic, wedded to the 

1299
01:12:55,800 --> 01:13:00,100
mystical ambition Guided by 
tradition, but in boldend by 

1300
01:13:00,100 --> 01:13:04,000
dreams of grandeur, From an 
early age, Alexander's thirst 

1301
01:13:04,000 --> 01:13:06,900
for the glory Finds. 
Its first real test in the 

1302
01:13:06,908 --> 01:13:10,400
Stables of his father, Legend 
has it that when he encounters a

1303
01:13:10,400 --> 01:13:14,100
spirited Black Stallion named 
bucephalus the horse refuses to 

1304
01:13:14,100 --> 01:13:17,900
Be Tamed by any of Philip's. 
Most capable men they try, they 

1305
01:13:17,900 --> 01:13:20,300
fail and the Beast is ready to 
be dismissed. 

1306
01:13:21,200 --> 01:13:23,800
But young, Alexander notices, 
the animals fear of its own 

1307
01:13:23,800 --> 01:13:27,300
shadow patiently. 
He coaxes bucephalus to face the

1308
01:13:27,300 --> 01:13:31,300
Sun away from the silhouette 
that spooked him in minutes, the

1309
01:13:31,300 --> 01:13:34,000
horses, calm, and Alexander 
writing without protest. 

1310
01:13:34,000 --> 01:13:38,800
Observers watch stunned, as the 
boy demonstrates, a combination 

1311
01:13:38,800 --> 01:13:42,500
of empathy and Ingenuity that 
even seasoned, Horseman lack. 

1312
01:13:43,300 --> 01:13:46,700
From that moment, youthfulness 
becomes a living extension of 

1313
01:13:46,700 --> 01:13:50,300
Alexander a half wild mirror to 
his own Fierce spirit. 

1314
01:13:51,300 --> 01:13:54,400
In the Macedonian Court. 
Nova virtue stands above the 

1315
01:13:54,400 --> 01:13:58,000
ability to wage war and art, 
requiring both brilliant and 

1316
01:13:58,000 --> 01:14:01,000
brute strength. 
Alexander's basic training 

1317
01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:04,300
begins filled with the typical 
rigors sprinting, uphill 

1318
01:14:04,300 --> 01:14:07,500
wrestling and Dusty Arenas and 
drilling with weapons under the 

1319
01:14:07,500 --> 01:14:09,100
unrelenting heat of the Summer 
sun. 

1320
01:14:09,100 --> 01:14:12,800
Yet his father insists, he 
allowed to oratory the skill. 

1321
01:14:12,800 --> 01:14:16,700
To sway hearts with words is as 
valuable in forging alliances as

1322
01:14:16,700 --> 01:14:20,600
a sharp and spear is in battle. 
Philip knows that to conquer new

1323
01:14:20,600 --> 01:14:22,300
lands. 
You need to win people's Faith 

1324
01:14:22,300 --> 01:14:25,500
or Kindle. 
Their Fear Alexander even as a 

1325
01:14:25,508 --> 01:14:27,600
teenager shows promise in both 
Realms. 

1326
01:14:27,600 --> 01:14:30,500
Before he ever lifts a sword and
Earnest combat. 

1327
01:14:30,500 --> 01:14:32,900
He has already convinced many of
his peers. 

1328
01:14:32,900 --> 01:14:37,100
He is destined for greatness. 
At night after the strenuous 

1329
01:14:37,100 --> 01:14:40,800
training and political chatter, 
Alexander retreats to the Palace

1330
01:14:40,800 --> 01:14:44,200
Library, he paused over Scrolls 
describing the achievements of 

1331
01:14:44,200 --> 01:14:47,700
Legendary Heroes. 
Achilles, most of all, When 

1332
01:14:47,700 --> 01:14:51,400
Alexander reads the stories, he 
doesn't see them as Dusty relics

1333
01:14:51,400 --> 01:14:55,000
but a signposts of what is 
possible, every Triumph of 

1334
01:14:55,000 --> 01:14:57,100
Achilles. 
Every cunning maneuver of 

1335
01:14:57,100 --> 01:15:01,000
Odysseus becomes a clue to his 
own destiny, yet, he's not 

1336
01:15:01,000 --> 01:15:03,000
content to just mirror these 
Heroes. 

1337
01:15:03,000 --> 01:15:07,000
He wants to Eclipse them to 
inscribe his own Feats into the 

1338
01:15:07,000 --> 01:15:09,800
tapestry of myths in his private
moments. 

1339
01:15:09,800 --> 01:15:12,200
He contemplates the ephemeral 
nature of life. 

1340
01:15:12,200 --> 01:15:14,300
He wonders. 
How many will remember him after

1341
01:15:14,300 --> 01:15:17,300
centuries of passed. 
Is conclusion is always the same

1342
01:15:17,300 --> 01:15:19,600
only through extraordinary 
Deeds. 

1343
01:15:19,600 --> 01:15:23,400
Can one transcend mortality? 
So from the vantage point of 

1344
01:15:23,400 --> 01:15:26,800
pillars Palace we see the 
formative years of a conqueror 

1345
01:15:26,800 --> 01:15:31,000
in the making The forces shaping
Alexander's character are as 

1346
01:15:31,000 --> 01:15:34,100
varied as the land, he will one 
day Traverse the unwavering 

1347
01:15:34,100 --> 01:15:37,500
discipline from King, Philip the
fierce spiritual intensity from 

1348
01:15:37,500 --> 01:15:40,000
Olympus. 
The philosophical grounding from

1349
01:15:40,000 --> 01:15:43,300
Aristotle and the burning 
ambition stoked by Legends of 

1350
01:15:43,300 --> 01:15:47,300
Warriors passed already. 
He's begun forging a path that 

1351
01:15:47,300 --> 01:15:50,400
few in the Greek World. 
Indeed the entire Known World 

1352
01:15:50,400 --> 01:15:53,500
can envision He's not simply an 
heir to a throne. 

1353
01:15:53,500 --> 01:15:57,100
He sees himself as the living 
manifestation of a myth destined

1354
01:15:57,100 --> 01:16:00,700
to break the boundaries of what 
Macedon or any Kingdom believes 

1355
01:16:00,700 --> 01:16:02,800
is possible. 
Life in Macedon. 

1356
01:16:02,800 --> 01:16:06,400
Even for a prince is precarious,
the hallways of the palace Buzz,

1357
01:16:06,400 --> 01:16:09,500
with potential treachery 
assassin's lurking in the 

1358
01:16:09,500 --> 01:16:12,500
shadows and cutting allies who 
are only as loyal as their 

1359
01:16:12,500 --> 01:16:16,700
opportunities demand every so 
often tensions flare between 

1360
01:16:16,700 --> 01:16:19,200
Philip and the aristocracy some 
resent. 

1361
01:16:19,200 --> 01:16:22,200
The king's bold military, 
reforms believing he is 

1362
01:16:22,200 --> 01:16:25,700
gradually dismantling old tribal
structures, that wants to find 

1363
01:16:25,700 --> 01:16:28,800
Macedonian life. 
Others fear that while building 

1364
01:16:28,800 --> 01:16:30,500
alliances with Greek 
city-states. 

1365
01:16:31,200 --> 01:16:34,900
Philip risks losing the distinct
identity of Macedon itself. 

1366
01:16:34,900 --> 01:16:39,700
Young, Alexander absorbing these
concerns learns early that power

1367
01:16:39,700 --> 01:16:42,900
can be fickle. 
Even the mightiest monarchy can 

1368
01:16:42,900 --> 01:16:45,600
topple under the weight of 
ambition, both from within and 

1369
01:16:45,600 --> 01:16:48,400
Beyond The Palace walls Beyond 
politics. 

1370
01:16:48,400 --> 01:16:50,900
Alexander wrestles, with 
internal doubt. 

1371
01:16:50,900 --> 01:16:54,400
Yes, he is fearless on a 
charging horse, but the 

1372
01:16:54,408 --> 01:16:57,400
responsibilities overshadowing 
him far greater. 

1373
01:16:57,400 --> 01:17:01,400
There's a hidden conflict often 
and spoken between Father and 

1374
01:17:01,400 --> 01:17:05,600
Son Philip expects gratitude for
all he provides training. 

1375
01:17:05,600 --> 01:17:11,100
A stable Empire connections. 
But Alexander Yarns to chart his

1376
01:17:11,100 --> 01:17:14,300
own course, and satisfied by 
mirror inheritance. 

1377
01:17:15,100 --> 01:17:18,800
He wants to carve out something.
Unprecedented an Empire bridging

1378
01:17:18,800 --> 01:17:21,800
cultures and continents. 
Sometimes it feels like the 

1379
01:17:21,800 --> 01:17:24,200
older generation just wants to 
secure massive ones. 

1380
01:17:24,200 --> 01:17:28,100
Local Dominion while Alexander's
private Vision stretches across 

1381
01:17:28,100 --> 01:17:30,700
the Horizon. 
He doesn't articulate it yet. 

1382
01:17:30,700 --> 01:17:33,900
But deep within the seeds of 
Conquest already. 

1383
01:17:33,900 --> 01:17:36,200
Take root. 
To outside his. 

1384
01:17:36,200 --> 01:17:39,700
Macedon can feel rugged compared
to the refined city-states of 

1385
01:17:39,708 --> 01:17:42,800
Southern Greece. 
Athenians and Spartans might 

1386
01:17:42,800 --> 01:17:46,700
sneer at Macedonian barbarism. 
But Philip has proven that 

1387
01:17:46,700 --> 01:17:50,200
macedon's might lie in an 
organized Army led by Fierce 

1388
01:17:50,200 --> 01:17:52,600
leadership. 
Alexander sees the 

1389
01:17:52,600 --> 01:17:56,200
Transformations, the Phalanx 
formation, perfected discipline 

1390
01:17:56,200 --> 01:17:58,900
enforced, a new Siege 
Technologies tested. 

1391
01:17:58,900 --> 01:18:02,500
He trains alongside hardened 
veterans who share stories of 

1392
01:18:02,500 --> 01:18:06,400
battles fought against 
formidable foes Growing up amid 

1393
01:18:06,400 --> 01:18:09,300
soldiers, banter, Alexander 
learns, not only the physical, 

1394
01:18:09,300 --> 01:18:13,100
the demands of combat. 
But also how morale, fear and 

1395
01:18:13,100 --> 01:18:16,100
loyalty can determine outcomes 
before the first Arrow even 

1396
01:18:16,100 --> 01:18:19,300
flies? 
Around this time Alexander is 

1397
01:18:19,300 --> 01:18:23,100
invited to visit Athens with his
father, despite any mocking 

1398
01:18:23,100 --> 01:18:25,700
glances from local 
intellectuals, he admires the 

1399
01:18:25,700 --> 01:18:29,300
marble columns the bustling 
Agora and the philosophical 

1400
01:18:29,300 --> 01:18:31,400
debate that spill out onto 
street corners. 

1401
01:18:32,400 --> 01:18:35,600
The famous city is a living 
Monument to human achievement in

1402
01:18:35,600 --> 01:18:38,900
art and reason yet. 
It also teams with political 

1403
01:18:38,900 --> 01:18:42,400
tensions, a sense of friction 
between progress and tradition. 

1404
01:18:43,300 --> 01:18:46,700
Walking those storied streets, 
Alexander Muses that controling 

1405
01:18:46,700 --> 01:18:49,100
a city as far, more than just 
occupying its walls. 

1406
01:18:49,100 --> 01:18:53,000
You must win over its Spirit, 
its sense of cultural Pride. 

1407
01:18:53,900 --> 01:18:56,300
Keeps that Insight close, 
suspecting. 

1408
01:18:56,300 --> 01:18:59,900
He'll one day need it. 
Yet tragedy and strife soon 

1409
01:18:59,900 --> 01:19:03,000
converge as they so often do in 
the ancient world. 

1410
01:19:04,600 --> 01:19:06,400
Word, spreads of plots against 
Philip. 

1411
01:19:07,000 --> 01:19:09,800
Some revolve around former 
allies, who feel slighted by the

1412
01:19:09,800 --> 01:19:12,600
king's conquests or suspect he's
grown to bold. 

1413
01:19:13,300 --> 01:19:16,500
Alexander stands on the 
periphery and certain whether he

1414
01:19:16,500 --> 01:19:20,300
should intervene afraid that any
misstep might implicate him as a

1415
01:19:20,300 --> 01:19:25,100
conspirator, the tension boils 
over during a grand ceremony one

1416
01:19:25,100 --> 01:19:28,700
that should have been a pinnacle
of Philips prestige in a sudden 

1417
01:19:28,700 --> 01:19:32,200
and shocking moment. 
And assassin, plunges a blade 

1418
01:19:32,200 --> 01:19:37,000
into the king, the crowd, gasps 
the king of Macedon Unstoppable,

1419
01:19:37,000 --> 01:19:40,600
in battle Falls victim to a 
single thrust in the confusion 

1420
01:19:40,600 --> 01:19:44,500
of the celebration chaos, erupts
with bystander, scattering and 

1421
01:19:44,500 --> 01:19:46,500
guards Russian forward within 
minutes. 

1422
01:19:46,500 --> 01:19:50,500
The Assassin lies dead. 
But the damage is done Philip's,

1423
01:19:50,500 --> 01:19:53,600
lifeblood seeps into the dirt 
and Macedon stands at a 

1424
01:19:53,600 --> 01:19:56,600
precipice. 
Alexander is thrust into an 

1425
01:19:56,600 --> 01:20:00,500
unexpected yet. 
Almost inevitable position at 

1426
01:20:00,500 --> 01:20:03,200
age 20 with the kingdom newly 
crowned upon his head. 

1427
01:20:03,200 --> 01:20:07,200
He must stabilize his realm, 
some friends Rejoice convinced, 

1428
01:20:07,200 --> 01:20:11,600
this is his Destiny others wait,
intense anticipation, unsure if 

1429
01:20:11,600 --> 01:20:15,300
the fledgling Monarch can hold 
the reins fractious Lords, sent 

1430
01:20:15,300 --> 01:20:18,100
an opening for Independence 
rival city states, begin 

1431
01:20:18,100 --> 01:20:22,200
murmuring about retaking lost 
territory even within Macedon 

1432
01:20:22,200 --> 01:20:26,600
old grudges resurfaced. 
All eyes fixed on the new king 

1433
01:20:26,600 --> 01:20:30,500
who must assert control with the
same decisive as his father. 

1434
01:20:31,400 --> 01:20:33,900
Or face disintegration of all 
that has been built. 

1435
01:20:34,900 --> 01:20:37,700
One of his first orders is 
brutal and direct subdue. 

1436
01:20:37,700 --> 01:20:42,000
Any potential revolts in a swift
campaign, Alexander and his 

1437
01:20:42,000 --> 01:20:45,300
loyal companions quell 
insurrections, sometimes 

1438
01:20:45,300 --> 01:20:47,000
responding with shocking 
severity. 

1439
01:20:47,800 --> 01:20:50,500
Towns that challenge him. 
Learn the cost of defiance as he

1440
01:20:50,500 --> 01:20:53,000
raises structures and exact 
harsh penalties. 

1441
01:20:53,800 --> 01:20:57,600
These measures while seemingly 
cruel do confirm a crucial fact.

1442
01:20:57,600 --> 01:21:01,500
The throne is not vacant. 
Alexander wields power with an 

1443
01:21:01,500 --> 01:21:04,800
iron determination that matches 
and at times, surpasses 

1444
01:21:04,800 --> 01:21:08,700
Philip's, yet behind the stern 
facade, there's a flicker of 

1445
01:21:08,708 --> 01:21:11,500
deeper purpose. 
Alexander doesn't want to be the

1446
01:21:11,500 --> 01:21:13,700
typical monk who rules merely 
out of fear. 

1447
01:21:13,700 --> 01:21:17,400
Yearns to unite, to be 
recognized, not just as a 

1448
01:21:17,400 --> 01:21:20,800
conqueror but as a Visionary 
leader who can guide disparate 

1449
01:21:20,800 --> 01:21:24,000
people's towards something 
grander In the midst of 

1450
01:21:24,000 --> 01:21:27,300
stamping, out rebellions, 
Alexander turns his eyes back to

1451
01:21:27,300 --> 01:21:30,400
the Greek city-states. 
Many think him too young to 

1452
01:21:30,400 --> 01:21:33,000
command their respect and until 
he arrives at Thebes. 

1453
01:21:33,000 --> 01:21:36,700
The city had rebelled Perhaps 
assuming the new King was 

1454
01:21:36,708 --> 01:21:41,300
inexperience in an audacious 
move, Alexander's troops stormed

1455
01:21:41,300 --> 01:21:45,600
Thebes quickly, unleashing 
severe punishment while horrific

1456
01:21:45,600 --> 01:21:48,600
to watch is Samantha realization
across Greece. 

1457
01:21:49,300 --> 01:21:53,700
This is no malleable successor. 
If Alexander is tested, he will 

1458
01:21:53,700 --> 01:21:57,100
respond forcefully. 
Punishment also sends a 

1459
01:21:57,108 --> 01:21:59,700
cautionary, note to ins and 
others tempted to break. 

1460
01:21:59,700 --> 01:22:03,800
Alliance's diplomacy Alexander 
understands can be on 

1461
01:22:03,800 --> 01:22:07,400
intimidation as well as flattery
by the time, the dust settles. 

1462
01:22:07,400 --> 01:22:11,400
The name Alexander already rings
with fear across rebellious 

1463
01:22:11,400 --> 01:22:14,300
enclaves, and resonates with 
respect among loyal allies. 

1464
01:22:14,300 --> 01:22:19,200
In fewer than two years. 
He consolidates macedonia's hold

1465
01:22:19,200 --> 01:22:22,700
over Greece, earning recognition
as the de facto hegemon of the 

1466
01:22:22,700 --> 01:22:25,100
region. 
Yet rather than rest on these 

1467
01:22:25,100 --> 01:22:29,300
Laurels Alexander looks East. 
Where the vast Persian Empire 

1468
01:22:29,300 --> 01:22:32,000
sprawls, the memory of previous 
Greek. 

1469
01:22:32,000 --> 01:22:35,500
Persian conflicts looms, large, 
but Alexander imagines, more 

1470
01:22:35,500 --> 01:22:39,200
than a retaliatory, strike 
rumors swirl that he sees an 

1471
01:22:39,200 --> 01:22:42,500
Empire Beyond the Horizon. 
A chance to bring Greek culture 

1472
01:22:42,500 --> 01:22:45,800
into a new world, if he can 
muster the daring to seize it. 

1473
01:22:45,808 --> 01:22:49,400
And so in the hush of late 
evening, he prepares to set in 

1474
01:22:49,400 --> 01:22:52,000
motion, one of the most 
extraordinary military campaigns

1475
01:22:52,000 --> 01:22:53,600
recorded in the annals of 
History. 

1476
01:22:54,500 --> 01:22:56,700
The war drums, beat in the 
hearts of those who follow 

1477
01:22:56,700 --> 01:23:00,200
Alexander Eastwood, it's more 
than just ambition or revenge 

1478
01:23:00,200 --> 01:23:03,600
for past person aggression. 
For many, it feels like a holy 

1479
01:23:03,600 --> 01:23:06,500
cause to punish the Empire that 
once threatened, Greek freedom, 

1480
01:23:06,500 --> 01:23:09,500
but Alexander's goals surpass 
near retribution. 

1481
01:23:10,400 --> 01:23:13,100
Standing at the helis edge where
Europe meets Asia. 

1482
01:23:13,100 --> 01:23:17,700
He performs symbolic rituals 
before Crossing a spear onto the

1483
01:23:17,700 --> 01:23:20,600
Asian shore. 
He allegedly proclaims the land 

1484
01:23:20,600 --> 01:23:24,900
to be won by the spear. 
It's a blend of theater and 

1485
01:23:24,900 --> 01:23:29,000
conviction carefully calculated 
to United's with the sense that 

1486
01:23:29,008 --> 01:23:31,500
Destiny itself. 
Beckons them forward. 

1487
01:23:31,500 --> 01:23:35,300
The Persian Empire stretching 
from the Aegean Sea to. 

1488
01:23:35,300 --> 01:23:38,000
The Indus Valley has Wealth 
Beyond imagination. 

1489
01:23:38,000 --> 01:23:42,400
Its roads like lifelines, 
connect distant provinces 

1490
01:23:42,400 --> 01:23:45,500
governed by satraps Alexander's 
Army though. 

1491
01:23:45,500 --> 01:23:49,000
Battle hardened pales in sheer 
numbers compared to the Persian 

1492
01:23:49,000 --> 01:23:51,000
forces. 
The counts on something. 

1493
01:23:51,000 --> 01:23:53,500
Intangible. 
The belief that each Macedonian 

1494
01:23:53,500 --> 01:23:57,000
Soldier is part of a historical 
Quest Logistics. 

1495
01:23:57,000 --> 01:24:00,400
Become the Silent Partner of 
this ambition, the organizes 

1496
01:24:00,400 --> 01:24:04,100
supply lines secure's, local 
alliances where possible and 

1497
01:24:04,100 --> 01:24:07,800
ensures his men remain 
disciplined rewarded and mindful

1498
01:24:07,800 --> 01:24:10,500
of the stakes. 
A Loosely, Nick Coalition of 

1499
01:24:10,500 --> 01:24:14,800
Greek, allies joined him, some 
of genuine admiration others, 

1500
01:24:14,800 --> 01:24:16,800
out of fear of Retribution. 
Should they refuse? 

1501
01:24:18,300 --> 01:24:21,500
The first major engagement a 
confrontation at the granicus 

1502
01:24:21,500 --> 01:24:23,900
river. 
Alexander's metal against 

1503
01:24:23,900 --> 01:24:28,900
Persian satraps, Cavalry Charges
Spears glinting in the sun churn

1504
01:24:28,900 --> 01:24:30,700
the Muddy Banks on the 
battlefield. 

1505
01:24:32,100 --> 01:24:34,000
Alexander fights at the 
Forefront. 

1506
01:24:34,000 --> 01:24:37,300
Disregarding the protective 
distance that many generals 

1507
01:24:37,300 --> 01:24:40,100
maintain. 
He trusts in his skill and the 

1508
01:24:40,100 --> 01:24:42,300
Loyalty of the men around him 
though. 

1509
01:24:42,300 --> 01:24:45,800
Pinned down at one point, he 
narrowly escapes, a fatal blow. 

1510
01:24:45,800 --> 01:24:49,800
Thanks to a timely intervention 
by a commander, the macedonians 

1511
01:24:49,800 --> 01:24:53,600
push forward turning the tide, 
the Persians momentarily, 

1512
01:24:53,600 --> 01:24:57,500
disorganized retreat. 
Their Swift defeat rattles the 

1513
01:24:57,500 --> 01:25:00,300
Empire's Western flank the 
rumors that Alexander's 

1514
01:25:00,300 --> 01:25:02,000
boldness. 
On the battlefield is as 

1515
01:25:02,000 --> 01:25:04,800
fearsome as his father's had 
been in the realm of politics 

1516
01:25:04,800 --> 01:25:06,800
victories. 
Follow in Rapid succession. 

1517
01:25:06,800 --> 01:25:10,200
Alexander's strategy is not 
merely about smashing through 

1518
01:25:10,200 --> 01:25:13,100
defenses but also about 
presenting himself as a 

1519
01:25:13,100 --> 01:25:15,300
liberated to Greek cities under 
Persian rule. 

1520
01:25:16,000 --> 01:25:18,600
He spares those willing to 
cooperate, displaying a 

1521
01:25:18,608 --> 01:25:21,000
surprising level of Mercy, 
towards some towns. 

1522
01:25:21,800 --> 01:25:25,200
This balanced approach 
undercuts, personality and 

1523
01:25:25,200 --> 01:25:28,400
encourages local population, to 
accept his leadership with fewer

1524
01:25:28,400 --> 01:25:32,400
of elians, it also cultivates. 
A sense of moral justification 

1525
01:25:32,400 --> 01:25:35,000
among his troops. 
They aren't mere Invaders. 

1526
01:25:35,000 --> 01:25:37,400
They are freeing these 
territories. 

1527
01:25:37,400 --> 01:25:40,700
At least that story told in 
Macedonian campfires and 

1528
01:25:40,708 --> 01:25:43,400
official Proclamation still, 
there are instances of 

1529
01:25:43,400 --> 01:25:46,700
calculated cruelty. 
When a city defies him, he 

1530
01:25:46,700 --> 01:25:49,000
doesn't hesitate to unleash. 
The Tariff of Siege Warfare 

1531
01:25:49,000 --> 01:25:52,800
employing Advanced Siege engines
learned from Philips campaigns 

1532
01:25:52,800 --> 01:25:55,200
walls crumble families. 
Flee. 

1533
01:25:55,200 --> 01:25:58,600
If the Defenders still refused 
to surrender, the aftermath is 

1534
01:25:58,600 --> 01:26:01,000
Dyer. 
The memory of Thebes resonates 

1535
01:26:01,000 --> 01:26:04,000
Disobedience to Alexander 
carries a dire cost. 

1536
01:26:04,000 --> 01:26:07,400
Yet what emerges is a pattern of
caution among local rulers? 

1537
01:26:08,100 --> 01:26:10,200
An increasingly. 
They waste submission as the 

1538
01:26:10,200 --> 01:26:13,500
safer path. 
While forging ahead, Alexander 

1539
01:26:13,500 --> 01:26:18,600
exemplifies a curious mind. 
Local environments, floral and 

1540
01:26:18,600 --> 01:26:22,000
fauna Fascinate him. 
He consults with his retinue of 

1541
01:26:22,000 --> 01:26:25,100
Scholars, describing new animal 
species, in letters to 

1542
01:26:25,100 --> 01:26:29,000
Aristotle, his bond with 
bucephalus remained strong, the 

1543
01:26:29,000 --> 01:26:31,600
horse Galloping across 
unfamiliar planes as though, 

1544
01:26:31,600 --> 01:26:33,900
both man and Beast are 
discovering their Destinies 

1545
01:26:33,900 --> 01:26:37,400
together and as the Army 
advances, forging New Roads, 

1546
01:26:37,400 --> 01:26:41,500
bridging Ravines, setting up 
Supply Depots, Alexander ensure 

1547
01:26:41,500 --> 01:26:43,600
each step is methodically 
prepared for the next 

1548
01:26:43,600 --> 01:26:45,200
confrontation with Persian 
Knight. 

1549
01:26:46,100 --> 01:26:49,300
The Turning Point Looms in an 
expansive plain near the city of

1550
01:26:49,300 --> 01:26:52,600
Isis here. 
Darius the third, the Persian 

1551
01:26:52,600 --> 01:26:55,300
king of kings personally leads a
massive Force. 

1552
01:26:55,300 --> 01:26:59,400
The disparity in numbers is 
staggering, Alexander must rely 

1553
01:26:59,400 --> 01:27:02,200
on the discipline, Macedonian 
Phalanx, and cunning Cavalry 

1554
01:27:02,200 --> 01:27:06,200
Maneuvers before the battle 
tension grips, his soldiers, 

1555
01:27:06,200 --> 01:27:09,200
they face an emperor whose 
domain and army dwarfed their 

1556
01:27:09,208 --> 01:27:13,700
own, Alexander never missing an 
opportunity for theater walks 

1557
01:27:13,700 --> 01:27:17,100
through his Camp, greeting 
individual soldiers, sharing a 

1558
01:27:17,100 --> 01:27:20,000
brief word of confidence. 
He underscores that they fight, 

1559
01:27:20,000 --> 01:27:23,100
not just for Macedon, but for 
Greece and for a place in the 

1560
01:27:23,100 --> 01:27:27,300
annals of Glory morale saws, it 
said that a single Warrior 

1561
01:27:27,300 --> 01:27:30,700
burning with faith in Victory 
can fight like three and 

1562
01:27:30,700 --> 01:27:33,400
Alexander aims to ensure that 
each Soldier feels that horse 

1563
01:27:33,400 --> 01:27:35,400
flame. 
Once the horn signal, the 

1564
01:27:35,400 --> 01:27:39,400
charged dust clouds enveloped 
the plane javelin's fly swords 

1565
01:27:39,400 --> 01:27:41,600
clash and war. 
Cries mix with the clamor of 

1566
01:27:41,608 --> 01:27:44,200
shields. 
Alexander targets, the heart of 

1567
01:27:44,200 --> 01:27:46,500
the personal line seeking to 
unnerve. 

1568
01:27:46,500 --> 01:27:50,400
Darius himself rumor has it that
during the most critical moments

1569
01:27:50,400 --> 01:27:53,800
Alexander and Darius lock eyes 
across the chaos. 

1570
01:27:53,800 --> 01:27:57,900
Darius seeing the Relentless 
approach loses his nerve and 

1571
01:27:57,908 --> 01:28:00,900
fleas the battlefield. 
Suddenly the king's personal 

1572
01:28:00,900 --> 01:28:05,500
guard disperses and the Persian 
ranks crumble, Victory belongs 

1573
01:28:05,500 --> 01:28:09,200
to Alexander, who captures not 
only the field, but also the 

1574
01:28:09,200 --> 01:28:13,000
family of Darius, his mother 
wife and children. 

1575
01:28:13,900 --> 01:28:18,100
Remarkably, he treats them with 
respect, we're calculated move 

1576
01:28:18,100 --> 01:28:21,900
to demonstrate both magnanimity 
and his sense of kingship if he 

1577
01:28:21,908 --> 01:28:25,300
is to succeed in ruling Persian 
lands, he must show that he can 

1578
01:28:25,300 --> 01:28:29,800
protect as well as conquer. 
After issus Alexander star Rises

1579
01:28:29,800 --> 01:28:32,100
among his own troops. 
While the Persian Empire 

1580
01:28:32,100 --> 01:28:35,400
grapples with uncertainty 
cities, open, their Gates more 

1581
01:28:35,400 --> 01:28:39,100
quickly satraps, waste switching
sides or forging secret deals 

1582
01:28:39,100 --> 01:28:41,200
and the myth of Persian 
invincibility. 

1583
01:28:41,200 --> 01:28:46,000
Splinter's still Darius remains 
at large and the Empire endures 

1584
01:28:46,000 --> 01:28:49,400
like a Hydra cutting off one 
head doesn't necessarily kill 

1585
01:28:49,400 --> 01:28:53,900
the beast but for Alexander is 
proof that no odds are too great

1586
01:28:53,900 --> 01:28:57,200
when armed with discipline 
daring and a bit of Destiny. 

1587
01:28:58,200 --> 01:29:01,400
The next chapter of his campaign
will test him in deserts on the 

1588
01:29:01,400 --> 01:29:04,400
high seas and within the 
labyrinth, in politics of an 

1589
01:29:04,400 --> 01:29:07,100
Empire older than Mastodon 
itself yet. 

1590
01:29:07,100 --> 01:29:10,900
One fact emerges unmistakably. 
The young king from the rugged 

1591
01:29:10,900 --> 01:29:14,800
North is rewriting the map of 
the known world and he has just 

1592
01:29:14,800 --> 01:29:18,800
begun In the aftermath of the 
battle of issus, the Macedonian 

1593
01:29:18,800 --> 01:29:22,500
army, marches Southward drawn 
toward the wealthy and strategic

1594
01:29:22,500 --> 01:29:26,200
coastal cities of phenicia. 
The broad objective is clear 

1595
01:29:26,200 --> 01:29:29,100
secure, the Eastern 
Mediterranean ports and deny the

1596
01:29:29,108 --> 01:29:32,200
Persian Fleet any safe harbors 
City by City. 

1597
01:29:32,200 --> 01:29:35,000
Alexander negotiates or 
procedures told fostering 

1598
01:29:35,000 --> 01:29:38,200
alliances with those who bow 
voluntarily and subduing, those 

1599
01:29:38,200 --> 01:29:41,800
who resist, at the city of Tyre 
perched on an island with 

1600
01:29:41,800 --> 01:29:45,200
towering walls, Alexander meets 
one of his most formidable 

1601
01:29:45,200 --> 01:29:49,500
sieges yet tires, Defenders mock
the macedonians convinced that 

1602
01:29:49,500 --> 01:29:52,900
their Fortress Is impregnable 
protected by the shimmering blue

1603
01:29:52,900 --> 01:29:55,300
Waters around it. 
Unfazed. 

1604
01:29:55,300 --> 01:29:57,900
Alexander orders the 
construction of a massive 

1605
01:29:57,900 --> 01:30:01,500
Causeway stretching from the 
mainland to the island day by 

1606
01:30:01,500 --> 01:30:03,500
day. 
The land bridge inches forward. 

1607
01:30:03,500 --> 01:30:07,000
Built from Timber and Rubble 
tires Defenders, her blazing 

1608
01:30:07,000 --> 01:30:10,400
projectiles and Stage daring 
Naval raids inflicting 

1609
01:30:10,400 --> 01:30:13,300
casualties still Alexander's 
men. 

1610
01:30:13,300 --> 01:30:17,800
Persist the siege of tired drags
on for months and agonizing test

1611
01:30:17,800 --> 01:30:21,600
of perseverance in engineering. 
To motivate his frustrated 

1612
01:30:21,600 --> 01:30:23,900
troops. 
Alexander personally joins. 

1613
01:30:23,900 --> 01:30:27,500
The construction shoulders 
loaded with materials as though 

1614
01:30:27,500 --> 01:30:31,000
he were an ordinary laborer, 
sweat mingling with dust on his 

1615
01:30:31,000 --> 01:30:33,200
brow. 
This spectacle of shared 

1616
01:30:33,200 --> 01:30:36,400
hardships, stiffens their 
resolve forging a deeper Bond, 

1617
01:30:36,400 --> 01:30:41,600
eventually Macedonian Siege 
engines batteries walls, the 

1618
01:30:41,600 --> 01:30:45,100
city Falls, unleashing, a bloody
aftermath that once again, 

1619
01:30:45,100 --> 01:30:48,000
underscores Alexander's. 
Ruthless approach when denied a 

1620
01:30:48,000 --> 01:30:51,800
swift Victory, the causeway left
behind in the sea stands. 

1621
01:30:51,800 --> 01:30:55,600
As a testament to his unbending 
will to succeed from Tire 

1622
01:30:55,600 --> 01:31:00,500
Alexander's, gaze shifts to 
Egypt, Egyptians long subjugated

1623
01:31:00,500 --> 01:31:03,500
by Persia and opening in the 
young conquerors approach. 

1624
01:31:04,200 --> 01:31:08,500
Upon arrival, Alexander greeted,
less as an Invader and more as a

1625
01:31:08,500 --> 01:31:12,800
liberator welcomed with 
procession and offering the 

1626
01:31:12,800 --> 01:31:16,900
famed City of Memphis, opens, 
its Gates, and Alexander visits 

1627
01:31:16,900 --> 01:31:20,100
its Temple's. 
He's fascinated by the age-old, 

1628
01:31:20,100 --> 01:31:23,800
rituals the Colossal statues of 
the Gods and the Labyrinth theme

1629
01:31:23,800 --> 01:31:26,800
law for some his admiration. 
Might seem an act. 

1630
01:31:26,808 --> 01:31:31,500
Another shrewd political ploid 
win Hearts but Alexander truly 

1631
01:31:31,500 --> 01:31:34,900
finds one during the cultural 
richness in counters, sensing 

1632
01:31:34,900 --> 01:31:36,500
the importance of Egyptian 
beliefs. 

1633
01:31:36,500 --> 01:31:39,600
He visits the Oracle of a moon 
at seawa traversing desert 

1634
01:31:39,600 --> 01:31:43,700
expanses Legends suggest that in
the hush of the sanctuary, the 

1635
01:31:43,700 --> 01:31:45,600
Oracle addresses him as the son 
of a god. 

1636
01:31:46,400 --> 01:31:49,100
The exact words remain hidden in
the desert silence. 

1637
01:31:49,100 --> 01:31:52,800
But from that day on Alexander's
conviction, in his Divine 

1638
01:31:52,800 --> 01:31:57,200
Destiny, intensifies, seizing. 
The momentum, he found the city 

1639
01:31:57,200 --> 01:32:01,100
of Alexandria on Egypt's 
Mediterranean Coast, his future 

1640
01:32:01,100 --> 01:32:05,000
capital in the region. 
Alexander envisions it, as a 

1641
01:32:05,000 --> 01:32:07,800
bustling hub for trade culture 
and philosophy. 

1642
01:32:08,700 --> 01:32:12,100
He consults Architects on layout
and design ensuring broad 

1643
01:32:12,100 --> 01:32:13,700
Avenues. 
To catch the Sea Breeze and 

1644
01:32:13,708 --> 01:32:16,400
Grand public spaces, that might 
rival Athens. 

1645
01:32:16,400 --> 01:32:20,200
Even in the midst of Conquest, 
his mind is drawn to City 

1646
01:32:20,200 --> 01:32:23,000
Planning forging, new centers of
learning and commerce. 

1647
01:32:24,000 --> 01:32:26,700
For him building, an empire 
isn't merely about claiming 

1648
01:32:26,700 --> 01:32:28,800
land. 
It's about shaping the fabric of

1649
01:32:28,800 --> 01:32:32,800
civilization. he leaves behind 
administrators and soldiers to 

1650
01:32:32,800 --> 01:32:36,500
some Macedonian Authority in 
that the nascent City will 

1651
01:32:36,500 --> 01:32:39,900
flourish once he has moved on 
Returning to the broader 

1652
01:32:39,900 --> 01:32:43,100
campaign, Alexander heads back 
north and east to chase Darius 

1653
01:32:43,100 --> 01:32:46,200
and to the heart of Persia. 
The next great confrontation 

1654
01:32:46,200 --> 01:32:48,900
comes at gaugamela a Dusty 
plane. 

1655
01:32:48,900 --> 01:32:52,000
Where the Persian king assembles
a massive Army bolstered by 

1656
01:32:52,000 --> 01:32:55,700
side's chariots and war 
elephants the site, intimidates,

1657
01:32:55,700 --> 01:32:59,400
an ocean of Persian soldiers, 
swirling, with countless 

1658
01:32:59,400 --> 01:33:04,500
banners, Yet Alexander employs 
cunning, tactics encouraging his

1659
01:33:04,500 --> 01:33:08,300
Cavalry to feign Retreats luring
enemy chariots into positions 

1660
01:33:08,300 --> 01:33:12,300
where they are easily, targeted 
and orchestrating the Phalanx to

1661
01:33:12,300 --> 01:33:15,100
hold firm against waves of 
attackers again. 

1662
01:33:15,100 --> 01:33:19,700
Darius flees The Persian kings 
departure, send shock waves 

1663
01:33:19,700 --> 01:33:21,600
through his ranks, inciting 
panic. 

1664
01:33:22,300 --> 01:33:25,900
Alexander's victory at gaugamela
effectively shatters the core of

1665
01:33:25,900 --> 01:33:28,200
Persian military might it's a 
Triumph. 

1666
01:33:28,200 --> 01:33:31,400
So decisive that historians 
later Market as the downfall of 

1667
01:33:31,400 --> 01:33:35,400
the Ikea mened Empire With no 
organized Persian resistance 

1668
01:33:35,400 --> 01:33:39,100
left, Alexander moves Eastward 
into Babylon, a city of 

1669
01:33:39,100 --> 01:33:43,200
legendary Splendor gold laiden 
temples, Lush Hanging Gardens 

1670
01:33:43,200 --> 01:33:44,900
and the Labyrinth of ancient 
streets. 

1671
01:33:44,900 --> 01:33:48,700
Leave Alexander in Orr Babylons.
Populace yields to him without 

1672
01:33:48,700 --> 01:33:51,400
significant conflict and he 
enters the city like a 

1673
01:33:51,400 --> 01:33:54,300
triumphant hero. 
Symbolic gestures follow 

1674
01:33:54,300 --> 01:33:58,500
Alexander orders that the local 
temples be restored presenting 

1675
01:33:58,500 --> 01:34:01,100
himself as a patron of 
Babylonian religion and 

1676
01:34:01,100 --> 01:34:04,000
traditions each region. 
He conquers, he strives to 

1677
01:34:04,000 --> 01:34:07,100
affirm its culture and worship 
forging, an image of himself as 

1678
01:34:07,100 --> 01:34:10,200
a unifier, rather than a mere 
plunderer beneath. 

1679
01:34:10,200 --> 01:34:14,200
The spectacle though is a shrewd
realization to rule lands. 

1680
01:34:14,200 --> 01:34:18,700
As vast as Persia, intimidation 
alone won't suffice and 

1681
01:34:18,700 --> 01:34:21,400
understanding and respecting. 
Local Customs will secure 

1682
01:34:21,400 --> 01:34:24,200
loyalty far more effectively 
than perpetuating fear. 

1683
01:34:25,100 --> 01:34:28,500
As he Journeys further into 
Persia's Heartland, Alexander 

1684
01:34:28,500 --> 01:34:31,700
takes possession of the Persian 
Capital Cities Sousa and 

1685
01:34:31,700 --> 01:34:34,900
persepolis among them. 
At persepolis the seat of 

1686
01:34:34,908 --> 01:34:39,300
achaemenid, power and iconic 
event unfolds during a drunken 

1687
01:34:39,300 --> 01:34:41,400
Revel. 
Some Macedonian soldiers 

1688
01:34:41,400 --> 01:34:44,800
possibly incited by Alexander or
by a woman's vengeful 

1689
01:34:44,800 --> 01:34:47,900
suggestion. 
Set Fire to the Royal Palace. 

1690
01:34:48,600 --> 01:34:51,400
Flames danced across Priceless 
reliefs and echo through the 

1691
01:34:51,400 --> 01:34:54,900
columns that once bought 
Testament to Persian might The 

1692
01:34:54,900 --> 01:34:57,700
devastation stands out as a 
moment of fiery Revenge, 

1693
01:34:57,700 --> 01:35:01,000
avenging, centuries of Persian 
against Greece. 

1694
01:35:01,000 --> 01:35:05,200
Yet as the Embers fade, 
Alexander reportedly regrets, 

1695
01:35:05,200 --> 01:35:07,500
the destruction of such a 
magnificent sight. 

1696
01:35:08,500 --> 01:35:11,900
Legend holds that the next day 
he wanders the charred remains 

1697
01:35:11,900 --> 01:35:15,900
in somber reflection, perhaps 
realizing that in a single night

1698
01:35:15,900 --> 01:35:19,600
of triumphal Fury, an 
irretrievable piece of human 

1699
01:35:19,600 --> 01:35:24,400
Heritage was incinerated. 
By now Alexander has all, but to

1700
01:35:24,400 --> 01:35:27,300
throw him, Darius who flees East
with a few loyalists. 

1701
01:35:27,300 --> 01:35:30,600
Yet the empires total 
subjugation remains incomplete. 

1702
01:35:30,600 --> 01:35:34,300
Vast territories in Central 
Asia, remain unconquered, 

1703
01:35:34,300 --> 01:35:36,800
rebellious satraps and local 
Warlords. 

1704
01:35:36,800 --> 01:35:38,800
Refused to acknowledge 
Macedonian rule. 

1705
01:35:38,800 --> 01:35:41,900
The campaign that began with 
dreams of bridging Europe, and 

1706
01:35:41,900 --> 01:35:44,100
Asia. 
Now stretches into a sprawling 

1707
01:35:44,100 --> 01:35:47,700
Pursuit, across deserts, 
mountains and unfamiliar Realms.

1708
01:35:47,700 --> 01:35:52,700
Alexander undeterred pushes 
onward, the once modest 

1709
01:35:52,700 --> 01:35:56,400
Macedonian forces evolved into a
complex, Multicultural Army, 

1710
01:35:56,400 --> 01:36:00,400
incorporating Persians, 
Egyptians, and other peoples, 

1711
01:36:01,200 --> 01:36:05,000
Still the spirit of Macedonia 
endures in the discipline of its

1712
01:36:05,000 --> 01:36:08,200
core Phalanx and the leadership 
of Alexander himself. 

1713
01:36:08,200 --> 01:36:11,700
No, rumor of a hostile warlord 
or a rebellious. 

1714
01:36:11,700 --> 01:36:13,100
City can quell his 
determination. 

1715
01:36:13,900 --> 01:36:15,800
The promised land lies yet 
further east. 

1716
01:36:16,600 --> 01:36:19,000
Beckoning him to push the 
boundaries of the known world. 

1717
01:36:20,000 --> 01:36:23,600
as Alexander forges deeper into 
Central Asia, the terrain itself

1718
01:36:23,600 --> 01:36:27,600
becomes an adversary The rocky 
Highlands, unpredictable 

1719
01:36:27,600 --> 01:36:31,100
Winter's and scarce Water 
Supplies, challenges Army in 

1720
01:36:31,100 --> 01:36:33,400
ways. 
The open Plains never did gone 

1721
01:36:33,400 --> 01:36:37,100
at the easy show, stopping 
battles of early campaigns and 

1722
01:36:37,100 --> 01:36:39,300
stared Alexander and his men 
face. 

1723
01:36:39,300 --> 01:36:42,200
Guerrilla warfare, local 
Warlords, Retreat into 

1724
01:36:42,200 --> 01:36:44,700
fortresses high in the mountains
from which they launched 

1725
01:36:44,700 --> 01:36:48,300
ambushes on the Macedonian 
columns supplies strain under 

1726
01:36:48,300 --> 01:36:51,400
the demands of a longer than 
anticipated Pursuit and the 

1727
01:36:51,400 --> 01:36:54,600
troops grow weary. 
In these hostile environments 

1728
01:36:54,600 --> 01:36:58,100
Alexander's formidable will 
serve as a kind of compass for 

1729
01:36:58,100 --> 01:37:01,200
his men. 
He refuses to turn back if he 

1730
01:37:01,200 --> 01:37:05,100
can't sway local Leaders with 
diplomacy methodically besiegers

1731
01:37:05,100 --> 01:37:08,300
their strongholds, using a 
combination of Siege Towers 

1732
01:37:08,300 --> 01:37:11,800
specialized the climbers and 
Cavalry blockades the 

1733
01:37:11,800 --> 01:37:13,900
macedonians gradually wear down 
resistance. 

1734
01:37:13,900 --> 01:37:18,600
It's slow and grueling a war of 
attrition in which Alexanders 

1735
01:37:18,600 --> 01:37:22,900
famed speed and decisiveness are
tested to the Limit occasionally

1736
01:37:22,900 --> 01:37:26,600
entire communities vowel, 
loyalty some out of all others 

1737
01:37:26,600 --> 01:37:30,300
out of exhaustion at resisting. 
Alexander sees his such 

1738
01:37:30,300 --> 01:37:33,900
opportunities to integrate them 
into his growing Empire placing,

1739
01:37:33,900 --> 01:37:36,400
local leaders in positions of 
governance if they played 

1740
01:37:36,400 --> 01:37:39,200
Allegiance. 
He's discovered that a balanced 

1741
01:37:39,200 --> 01:37:42,800
approach of magnanimity and 
unrelenting force can be potent.

1742
01:37:43,600 --> 01:37:45,600
Central Asia. 
Also, introduces him to new 

1743
01:37:45,600 --> 01:37:49,000
customs and cultures. 
The regions vibrant tapestries, 

1744
01:37:49,000 --> 01:37:52,500
horse breeding traditions, and 
then local myths, intrigued him,

1745
01:37:52,508 --> 01:37:56,700
even the architecture, mudbrick 
fortresses perched on 

1746
01:37:56,708 --> 01:37:59,900
precipitous Cliffs provides 
lessons in resourceful building 

1747
01:37:59,900 --> 01:38:01,800
methods. 
Though the campaign is 

1748
01:38:01,800 --> 01:38:05,000
physically draining. 
Alexander, seems mentally alive 

1749
01:38:05,000 --> 01:38:08,400
soaking up every experience as 
if it might offer a clue to how 

1750
01:38:08,408 --> 01:38:10,100
worlds might merge under his 
rule. 

1751
01:38:10,700 --> 01:38:13,800
As the Army trudges forward, 
Alexander's increasingly 

1752
01:38:13,800 --> 01:38:16,700
elaborate Tire. 
Sometimes blending Persian 

1753
01:38:16,700 --> 01:38:20,300
finery with Macedonian 
practicality Sparks, disquiet 

1754
01:38:20,300 --> 01:38:23,600
among his veteran officers. 
They mutter that he is adopting.

1755
01:38:23,600 --> 01:38:26,900
Foreign ways to eagerly, 
Alexander is aware of The 

1756
01:38:26,900 --> 01:38:30,000
Whispers, but believes that to 
govern effectively he must 

1757
01:38:30,000 --> 01:38:33,300
visibly embrace the cultures 
under his Dominion. for the 

1758
01:38:33,300 --> 01:38:36,400
older macedonians though, these 
gestures threaten the very 

1759
01:38:36,400 --> 01:38:39,500
identity, they fought to protect
Tension. 

1760
01:38:39,500 --> 01:38:43,500
Simmers one controversy that 
ignites this tension is 

1761
01:38:43,500 --> 01:38:45,600
Alexander's. 
Adoption of the Persian Court. 

1762
01:38:45,600 --> 01:38:49,800
Practice known as kinisis bowing
or prostrating oneself before 

1763
01:38:49,800 --> 01:38:53,400
the king among Persians. 
Its symbolizes respect for a 

1764
01:38:53,400 --> 01:38:55,200
ruler believed to be quasi 
Divine. 

1765
01:38:55,200 --> 01:38:59,500
However, for macedonians and 
Greeks, bowing to another mortal

1766
01:38:59,500 --> 01:39:05,000
man seems like servile flattery 
even blasphemy When Alexander 

1767
01:39:05,000 --> 01:39:08,900
begins expecting his courtiers 
to perform the gesture, he faces

1768
01:39:08,900 --> 01:39:12,400
a quiet but potent backlash is 
not outright mutiny. 

1769
01:39:13,000 --> 01:39:15,400
But murmurs drift through the 
camp that there. 

1770
01:39:15,400 --> 01:39:17,300
Once beloved leader, is 
succumbing to arrogance, 

1771
01:39:17,300 --> 01:39:20,300
forgetting that the bond between
commander and soldier. 

1772
01:39:20,300 --> 01:39:23,000
In the Macedonian, traditional 
was forged through a shared 

1773
01:39:23,000 --> 01:39:27,300
sense of mortal equality. 
Alexander for his part. 

1774
01:39:28,200 --> 01:39:31,000
Sees prosky, nieces as a means 
to unify the traditions of 

1775
01:39:31,008 --> 01:39:33,600
Eastern West under a single 
Court protocol. 

1776
01:39:34,400 --> 01:39:37,100
But the friction underscores, 
the growing distance between him

1777
01:39:37,100 --> 01:39:39,400
and the rank and file, who wants
him. 

1778
01:39:39,400 --> 01:39:43,300
So relatable. haddington to this
Strife is the case of fellow 

1779
01:39:43,300 --> 01:39:46,800
Lotus, a high ranking officer 
and Son of Alexander's, cherish 

1780
01:39:46,800 --> 01:39:51,300
General parmesan Accusations 
arise that filters is embroiled 

1781
01:39:51,300 --> 01:39:53,600
in a conspiracy to assassinate 
Alexander. 

1782
01:39:54,400 --> 01:39:57,600
Where the real or fabricated, 
Alexander reacts swiftly. 

1783
01:39:58,400 --> 01:40:01,700
Filters is tortured into 
confession and executed fearing 

1784
01:40:01,700 --> 01:40:05,200
parmesan might seek Vengeance. 
Alexander orders, the older 

1785
01:40:05,200 --> 01:40:08,400
General's murder preemptively. 
The effect ripples through the 

1786
01:40:08,400 --> 01:40:12,600
Army, striking fear and sowing 
down even close companions. 

1787
01:40:12,600 --> 01:40:14,900
Realize Alexander's paranoia has
grown. 

1788
01:40:14,900 --> 01:40:18,300
No one is Untouchable in the 
face of suspected betrayal. 

1789
01:40:19,000 --> 01:40:21,400
Rumor swelled at his mother 
olympias. 

1790
01:40:21,400 --> 01:40:25,300
And once warned him about 
trusting, anyone too deeply, the

1791
01:40:25,300 --> 01:40:28,800
triple of adoptive, Persian 
Customs, harsh punishment, of 

1792
01:40:28,800 --> 01:40:31,700
perceived traitors and the 
creeping sense that Alexander is

1793
01:40:31,700 --> 01:40:34,700
evolving into a distant figure 
combined to erode some of the 

1794
01:40:34,700 --> 01:40:38,200
camaraderie that once fueled his
men's devotion, Yet. 

1795
01:40:38,200 --> 01:40:41,700
If the internal climate is 
fractious, the external campaign

1796
01:40:41,700 --> 01:40:45,300
continues to expand Alexander's 
legend in the region known as 

1797
01:40:45,300 --> 01:40:48,400
bacteria and sogdiana. 
Roughly modern Afghanistan and 

1798
01:40:48,400 --> 01:40:51,800
parts of Central Asia. 
Alexander marries Roxana. 

1799
01:40:51,800 --> 01:40:55,300
The daughter of a local Noble. 
Historians debate. 

1800
01:40:55,300 --> 01:40:58,400
His reasons is it genuine 
affection stories. 

1801
01:40:58,400 --> 01:41:01,800
Described her as strikingly 
intelligent and beautiful or a 

1802
01:41:01,800 --> 01:41:04,300
strategic move to legitimize. 
His claim over the newly 

1803
01:41:04,300 --> 01:41:06,700
subjugated territories. 
Possibly both. 

1804
01:41:06,700 --> 01:41:10,700
In any case the wedding is 
symbolic it merges Macedonian 

1805
01:41:10,700 --> 01:41:14,900
power with Central Asian lineage
hinting at Alexander's deepam to

1806
01:41:14,900 --> 01:41:17,900
create a blended aristocracy 
that transcends all boundaries 

1807
01:41:17,900 --> 01:41:21,800
eventually the pursuit of Darius
ends, not with a climactic 

1808
01:41:21,800 --> 01:41:24,800
battle, but with the Persian 
kings murder at the hands of one

1809
01:41:24,800 --> 01:41:29,000
of his own satraps, bestest, 
Alexander finds Darius a band 

1810
01:41:29,000 --> 01:41:32,500
and fatally wounded along, a 
Dusty roadside granting him. 

1811
01:41:32,500 --> 01:41:36,200
A final respectful cloak, the 
demise of his long-standing 

1812
01:41:36,200 --> 01:41:38,400
rival brings Alexander, no real 
Triumph. 

1813
01:41:38,400 --> 01:41:42,400
Instead it leaves him with a new
antagonist bestest who declares 

1814
01:41:42,400 --> 01:41:44,000
himself, the rightful Persian 
king. 

1815
01:41:44,700 --> 01:41:47,700
To avenge Darius and maintain 
the semblance of continuity. 

1816
01:41:47,700 --> 01:41:49,900
A clever tactic to Rally 
Persian. 

1817
01:41:49,900 --> 01:41:53,400
Loyalists, under his Banner 
Alexander pursues bessos until 

1818
01:41:53,400 --> 01:41:55,200
the usurper, is captured and 
executed. 

1819
01:41:56,200 --> 01:41:59,500
It's a twist of fate that 
Alexander originally the Nemesis

1820
01:41:59,500 --> 01:42:01,900
of Persia. 
Now, punishes those who harm. 

1821
01:42:01,900 --> 01:42:04,800
The Persian royal family 
positioning himself as the 

1822
01:42:04,800 --> 01:42:08,200
legitimate heir to the Empire 
with that Alexander. 

1823
01:42:08,200 --> 01:42:10,800
Effectively becomes king of 
Asia, though. 

1824
01:42:10,800 --> 01:42:13,300
The label falls short of 
capturing the enormity of what 

1825
01:42:13,300 --> 01:42:15,500
he's achieved. 
He's already governed 

1826
01:42:15,500 --> 01:42:18,300
territories from Greece, to the 
Eastern edges of the Iranian 

1827
01:42:18,300 --> 01:42:21,000
Plateau, but the Horizon beckons
him yet. 

1828
01:42:21,000 --> 01:42:24,200
Again, this time toward the 
far-flung lands of the Indus 

1829
01:42:24,200 --> 01:42:27,200
Valley having extended his 
Empire across deserts and 

1830
01:42:27,208 --> 01:42:29,800
mountains. 
He thirsts for new challenges, 

1831
01:42:29,800 --> 01:42:32,500
no ancient map, fully satisfies 
him. 

1832
01:42:33,300 --> 01:42:36,700
If Ocean's Define the world's 
boundary, he wants to see that 

1833
01:42:36,700 --> 01:42:40,400
boundary for himself and 
possibly cross it marching into 

1834
01:42:40,400 --> 01:42:42,800
the Indian subcontinent. 
The vast industry. 

1835
01:42:42,800 --> 01:42:45,000
Region. 
Alexander confronts, not a 

1836
01:42:45,000 --> 01:42:48,200
monolithic Empire, but a 
tapestry of Kingdoms each with 

1837
01:42:48,200 --> 01:42:50,900
its own Traditions Warrior's and
alliance's. 

1838
01:42:50,900 --> 01:42:54,500
The land is Lush with tropical 
forests and rivers that swell 

1839
01:42:54,500 --> 01:42:58,100
during monsoon rains. 
As he advances, he sends invoice

1840
01:42:58,100 --> 01:43:01,700
to local rulers, hoping to forge
alliances or demand submission. 

1841
01:43:01,700 --> 01:43:06,300
Some comply offering gifts and 
tribute others test his mettle 

1842
01:43:06,300 --> 01:43:09,600
on the battlefield. 
Famed among these rulers is King

1843
01:43:09,600 --> 01:43:12,600
porus who Reigns over a 
territory in the Punjab region. 

1844
01:43:13,400 --> 01:43:16,100
Taller than most men. 
Poorest is said to command 

1845
01:43:16,100 --> 01:43:18,900
fearsome war elephants that 
Tower over the Macedonian 

1846
01:43:18,900 --> 01:43:21,800
Cavalry. 
When Alexander Scouts bring back

1847
01:43:21,800 --> 01:43:25,100
tales of the beasts trumpeting 
rules and the sight of their 

1848
01:43:25,100 --> 01:43:27,100
sweeping trunks used like living
battering rams. 

1849
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:30,600
It Sparks both Fascination and 
anxiety among the troops 

1850
01:43:30,600 --> 01:43:33,600
Alexander senses. 
This confrontation will be 

1851
01:43:33,600 --> 01:43:37,800
unlike any before elephants can 
shatter a Phalanx throwing even 

1852
01:43:37,800 --> 01:43:41,700
seasoned veterans into disarray.
Nevertheless, he refuses to be 

1853
01:43:41,700 --> 01:43:44,200
deterred. 
In fact, the challenge 

1854
01:43:44,200 --> 01:43:47,800
invigorates him His route to 
poorest leads him and his men 

1855
01:43:47,800 --> 01:43:51,600
across the haidas river where 
fast currents and Monsoon rains.

1856
01:43:51,600 --> 01:43:54,900
Make the crossing treacherous 
under the cover of darkness and 

1857
01:43:54,900 --> 01:43:58,500
using diversionary tactics. 
Alexander manages to transport a

1858
01:43:58,500 --> 01:44:00,600
significant portion of his 
forces to the opposite Bank 

1859
01:44:00,600 --> 01:44:04,400
positioning himself to attack 
when Dawn breaks the armies 

1860
01:44:04,400 --> 01:44:05,900
faced each other on a sudden 
plane. 

1861
01:44:06,600 --> 01:44:10,100
Poorest stride, an elephant 
appears Regal and unflinching, 

1862
01:44:10,100 --> 01:44:14,400
Alexander on his trusty 
bufferless readies his Cavalry, 

1863
01:44:14,400 --> 01:44:17,700
to Harry the flanks, as the 
battle commences, the Thundering

1864
01:44:17,700 --> 01:44:20,400
of the elephant shakes, the 
ground sending Tremors through 

1865
01:44:20,400 --> 01:44:24,800
the Macedonian lines yet, 
Alexander employs cunning, he 

1866
01:44:24,800 --> 01:44:28,900
directs archers to focus on the 
elephant's drivers, creating 

1867
01:44:28,900 --> 01:44:32,100
confusion among the beasts, and 
positions Horseman to strike 

1868
01:44:32,100 --> 01:44:35,900
from multiple angles. 
The Macedonian infantry displays

1869
01:44:35,900 --> 01:44:39,600
its trademark discipline forming
tight, formations that can pivot

1870
01:44:39,600 --> 01:44:43,700
to lure elephants into lethal. 
Cul-de-sacs The chaos is intense

1871
01:44:43,700 --> 01:44:47,200
mud and blood mingle underfoot 
and the Roar of maddened 

1872
01:44:47,200 --> 01:44:48,800
elephants. 
Resonates across the 

1873
01:44:48,800 --> 01:44:52,200
battlefield. 
Eventually poorest is forces 

1874
01:44:52,200 --> 01:44:53,900
Buckle under the unrelenting 
pressure. 

1875
01:44:53,900 --> 01:44:57,900
Even the mighty war elephants 
wounded and panicked, turn 

1876
01:44:57,900 --> 01:45:01,000
against their own side. 
In some cases, in the end, the 

1877
01:45:01,000 --> 01:45:04,700
macedonians triumph Rather than 
subjecting poorest to 

1878
01:45:04,700 --> 01:45:07,400
humiliation or execution, 
Alexander does something 

1879
01:45:07,400 --> 01:45:10,400
unexpected impressed by porus 
bravery. 

1880
01:45:10,400 --> 01:45:14,800
He restores him to his throne as
a subordinate ruler, extending a

1881
01:45:14,800 --> 01:45:16,300
policy of pragmatic 
statesmanship. 

1882
01:45:17,000 --> 01:45:19,300
This act leaves an enduring 
Legacy in the region. 

1883
01:45:19,300 --> 01:45:22,700
Capturing the idea that 
Alexander valued Noble opponents

1884
01:45:22,700 --> 01:45:25,900
and recognized the utility of 
local rulers, who would maintain

1885
01:45:25,900 --> 01:45:30,700
order in his name A sense of 
admiration grows on both sides, 

1886
01:45:30,700 --> 01:45:33,700
some of Alexander's men. 
Remark, they've never seen him 

1887
01:45:33,700 --> 01:45:37,300
so openly respectful to a 
defeated foe. and in return, 

1888
01:45:37,300 --> 01:45:40,800
poorest becomes a loyal Ally at 
least for a Time, despite the 

1889
01:45:40,800 --> 01:45:44,100
victory, macedonians are 
battered by the tropical climate

1890
01:45:44,100 --> 01:45:47,600
Monsoon, rains and familiar 
diseases, and the strain of 

1891
01:45:47,600 --> 01:45:51,200
campaigning so far from home, 
Some murmurs become open, 

1892
01:45:51,200 --> 01:45:55,000
pleased to turn back many, have 
marched for years, seldom seeing

1893
01:45:55,008 --> 01:45:57,800
their families. 
Tales spread of monstrous 

1894
01:45:57,800 --> 01:46:00,300
Rivers, further east of endless 
armies. 

1895
01:46:00,300 --> 01:46:05,000
Waiting were of new elephant 
core that dwarf porous. the men 

1896
01:46:05,000 --> 01:46:09,100
once Intoxicated by continuous 
string of conquests begin to 

1897
01:46:09,100 --> 01:46:13,000
waver the bond between Alexander
and his army is tested. 

1898
01:46:13,000 --> 01:46:16,700
He rallies them with talk of 
forging, an Empire that circles 

1899
01:46:16,700 --> 01:46:20,700
the entire known world Yet, even
as he speaks the weariness in 

1900
01:46:20,700 --> 01:46:23,600
their eyes is palpable. 
At the faces River. 

1901
01:46:23,600 --> 01:46:26,600
They finally balk refusing to go
any further. 

1902
01:46:27,800 --> 01:46:30,900
Alexander is outraged. 
This is the first time his men 

1903
01:46:30,900 --> 01:46:34,100
openly defy him on Mass. he 
tries all his powers of 

1904
01:46:34,108 --> 01:46:37,500
persuasion, calling upon their 
shared Glory, reminding them of 

1905
01:46:37,500 --> 01:46:40,300
the unswerving, Loyalty, they 
once showed under the scorching 

1906
01:46:40,300 --> 01:46:44,700
Sun of Persian deserts But the 
tired homesick soldiers refused 

1907
01:46:44,700 --> 01:46:47,100
to yield the standoff, is 
deeply. 

1908
01:46:47,100 --> 01:46:52,000
Emotional, last, Alexander, 
relents, perhaps realizing that 

1909
01:46:52,000 --> 01:46:54,400
an Empire without an army to 
maintain, it would collapse 

1910
01:46:54,400 --> 01:46:56,900
anyway. 
He constructs large altars at 

1911
01:46:56,900 --> 01:47:00,000
the boundary symbolically 
marking the farthest point of 

1912
01:47:00,000 --> 01:47:02,100
his March and dedicating them to
the Gods. 

1913
01:47:02,700 --> 01:47:04,000
It's a gesture. 
That provides him. 

1914
01:47:04,000 --> 01:47:06,900
A sense of closure. 
Even as frustration Royals in 

1915
01:47:06,900 --> 01:47:10,500
his heart, The Retreat begins 
though, it's hardly a 

1916
01:47:10,500 --> 01:47:13,500
straightforward journey home. 
Alexander splits his forces 

1917
01:47:13,500 --> 01:47:16,500
sending part by river while he 
leads the remainder through the 

1918
01:47:16,508 --> 01:47:20,700
harsh gedrosian desert, modern 
day, Southern Pakistan and Iran.

1919
01:47:20,700 --> 01:47:24,900
This route is fraught with 
scorching, heat, water, series 

1920
01:47:24,900 --> 01:47:27,500
City, and sandstorms that 
obscure the sun. 

1921
01:47:27,500 --> 01:47:32,400
Many men, succumb to thirst, 
exhaustion, and disease leaving 

1922
01:47:32,400 --> 01:47:36,300
their bleached Bones on the 
baron Dunes, the retreat in a 

1923
01:47:36,300 --> 01:47:39,300
way becomes more of a trial than
any of the battles waged 

1924
01:47:40,100 --> 01:47:41,700
Alexander shares in the 
hardships. 

1925
01:47:42,500 --> 01:47:44,900
He famously pours out to helmet 
of offered water. 

1926
01:47:44,900 --> 01:47:47,300
Onto the sand rather than 
drinking it himself. 

1927
01:47:47,300 --> 01:47:48,300
When his men have. 
None. 

1928
01:47:48,300 --> 01:47:51,700
Such acts rekindle a measure of 
respect though. 

1929
01:47:51,700 --> 01:47:54,300
No one can forget the scale of 
the suffering, they endure. 

1930
01:47:55,000 --> 01:47:58,000
At length, The Battered Army, 
reunites near the Persian 

1931
01:47:58,000 --> 01:48:01,600
Heartland in place of triumphal 
parades there is subdued relief.

1932
01:48:01,600 --> 01:48:04,600
They have conquered more 
territory than any Greek or 

1933
01:48:04,600 --> 01:48:06,900
Macedonian ever dreamed possible
yet. 

1934
01:48:06,900 --> 01:48:11,100
The human toll is devastating. 
Alexander now stands at the Apex

1935
01:48:11,100 --> 01:48:14,300
of his power in theory, the 
ruler of everything from the 

1936
01:48:14,300 --> 01:48:16,100
ionian sea to the fringes of 
India. 

1937
01:48:16,900 --> 01:48:20,400
He has tested the boundaries of 
the world as known to him but he

1938
01:48:20,400 --> 01:48:22,200
can't escape an inevitable 
question. 

1939
01:48:22,200 --> 01:48:24,400
What does one do after 
conquering? 

1940
01:48:24,400 --> 01:48:27,900
So much. 
There's an unease in the air, a 

1941
01:48:27,900 --> 01:48:30,400
sense that the Unstoppable force
of Alexander's ambition. 

1942
01:48:30,400 --> 01:48:33,600
Might have reached its outer 
limit In the final years 

1943
01:48:33,600 --> 01:48:36,800
Alexander's Empire is vast yet 
fragile. 

1944
01:48:37,500 --> 01:48:39,800
He understands that simply 
conquering land doesn't 

1945
01:48:39,800 --> 01:48:42,600
guarantee permanence. 
Cracks appear among his 

1946
01:48:42,600 --> 01:48:45,900
generals, each harboring, 
personal Ambitions, ethnic 

1947
01:48:45,900 --> 01:48:48,700
tensions flare between 
macedonians who considered 

1948
01:48:48,700 --> 01:48:52,200
themselves, the rightful rulers 
and Persians who resent, foreign

1949
01:48:52,200 --> 01:48:56,500
occupation but also resenting. 
Each other Alexander attempts a 

1950
01:48:56,500 --> 01:48:59,600
radical solution he pushes for a
few of the races. 

1951
01:48:59,600 --> 01:49:03,000
Encouraging Mass marriages 
between Macedonian officers and 

1952
01:49:03,000 --> 01:49:07,000
personal women, even presiding 
over a grand ceremony in Sousa. 

1953
01:49:07,000 --> 01:49:11,100
Thousands of couples weared 
under lavish canopies The event 

1954
01:49:11,108 --> 01:49:14,600
choreographed to Signal Unity. 
Well, it's a breathtaking 

1955
01:49:14,600 --> 01:49:16,900
spectacle, it doesn't fully 
ease. 

1956
01:49:16,900 --> 01:49:20,800
The undercurrents of distrust, 
many marriages end as soon as 

1957
01:49:20,808 --> 01:49:24,200
the official Feast conclude. 
The shift in Alexander's 

1958
01:49:24,200 --> 01:49:26,100
personal demeanor also calls his
Eunice. 

1959
01:49:26,100 --> 01:49:29,600
He drinks more heavily that 
times losing the composure that 

1960
01:49:29,600 --> 01:49:32,700
wants set him apart. 
Gone is the Simplicity that 

1961
01:49:32,700 --> 01:49:35,900
marked his early campaigns. 
Now he's surrounded by an 

1962
01:49:35,900 --> 01:49:38,900
Entourage of courtiers many 
eager to flatter or manipulate 

1963
01:49:38,900 --> 01:49:42,600
some suspect that guilt over the
killing of Old Friends haunts 

1964
01:49:42,600 --> 01:49:46,400
him. that the war where he 
ghosts of campaigns passed away 

1965
01:49:46,400 --> 01:49:51,400
on his conscience, anger flares,
unpredictably In one Infamous 

1966
01:49:51,400 --> 01:49:55,000
episode during a heated 
argument, he fatally stabs 

1967
01:49:55,000 --> 01:49:58,000
cleitus the black, the same 
officer who once saved 

1968
01:49:58,000 --> 01:50:02,000
Alexander's life at the Battle 
of the granulocyte forceful. 

1969
01:50:02,000 --> 01:50:06,400
Alexander is inconsolable for 
days, shutting himself away in 

1970
01:50:06,400 --> 01:50:09,600
anguish. 
But the damage is done the old 

1971
01:50:09,600 --> 01:50:11,700
Macedonian veterans. 
Now, see their King as a 

1972
01:50:11,708 --> 01:50:14,900
dangerous blend of paranoia and 
absolute power. 

1973
01:50:15,800 --> 01:50:18,700
Despite these tensions, 
Alexander doesn't abandon 

1974
01:50:18,700 --> 01:50:21,600
governance. 
He plans administrative reforms,

1975
01:50:21,600 --> 01:50:24,100
carving the empire into 
provinces, run by both 

1976
01:50:24,100 --> 01:50:28,600
Macedonian and local officials. 
He invests in rows trade routes 

1977
01:50:28,600 --> 01:50:32,900
and the expansion of cities. 
Alexandria and Egypt blossoms 

1978
01:50:32,900 --> 01:50:37,300
into a vibrant Metropolis. 
Of Hellenistic culture, similar 

1979
01:50:37,300 --> 01:50:40,300
foundations or he foundations 
across Asia, create a network of

1980
01:50:40,300 --> 01:50:44,300
Alexandria's each intended as a 
focal point of Greek influence 

1981
01:50:44,300 --> 01:50:47,300
and Twine with local Customs 
Scholars travel. 

1982
01:50:47,300 --> 01:50:50,100
These routes exchanging 
Knowledge from Athens Babylon 

1983
01:50:50,100 --> 01:50:54,800
and Beyond Alexander envisioned.
A Cosmopolitan tapestry, the 

1984
01:50:54,800 --> 01:50:56,100
weather such a vision can 
survive. 

1985
01:50:56,100 --> 01:51:00,000
Him remains uncertain, he even 
contemplates new campaigns. 

1986
01:51:00,800 --> 01:51:03,100
Rumah swirl that he wants to 
press into the Arabian, 

1987
01:51:03,100 --> 01:51:07,100
Peninsula, that he might return 
to India with a fresh army or 

1988
01:51:07,100 --> 01:51:10,000
sail around Africa, to file, go 
find a Western sea route. 

1989
01:51:11,300 --> 01:51:14,600
The man who once stood Restless 
in the courtyard of Pella still 

1990
01:51:14,600 --> 01:51:16,800
cannot resist. 
The siren Call of Uncharted 

1991
01:51:16,800 --> 01:51:20,300
Horizons yet. 
Fate intervenes while residing 

1992
01:51:20,300 --> 01:51:22,200
in Babylon. 
His chosen administrative 

1993
01:51:22,200 --> 01:51:25,400
Center, Alexander Falls ill. 
After a prolonged banquet. 

1994
01:51:26,100 --> 01:51:28,900
High fever grips him. 
Some Whispers the result of 

1995
01:51:28,900 --> 01:51:31,400
poisoning others claimed its 
malaria. 

1996
01:51:32,100 --> 01:51:35,000
Typhoid or complications from 
old battle wounds. 

1997
01:51:35,800 --> 01:51:39,700
The Unstoppable conqueror, only 
in his early thirties, finds 

1998
01:51:39,700 --> 01:51:42,800
himself bedridden as his 
conditioned deteriorate 

1999
01:51:42,800 --> 01:51:47,000
Alexander's High, commanders, 
gather, anxiously each wonders, 

2000
01:51:47,000 --> 01:51:50,300
who will inherit an Empire. 
So colossal that it defies any 

2001
01:51:50,300 --> 01:51:54,300
single are Rock sauna is 
pregnant but an unborn child. 

2002
01:51:54,300 --> 01:51:57,500
Can't rule a realm in Chaos on 
his deathbed voice. 

2003
01:51:57,500 --> 01:52:01,100
Rasping Alexander is said to 
murmur cryptic statements about 

2004
01:52:01,100 --> 01:52:03,200
leaving his Empire to the 
strongest. 

2005
01:52:04,200 --> 01:52:07,400
Or maybe he named no successor 
at all the records vary 

2006
01:52:07,400 --> 01:52:10,400
reflecting, the swirling 
confusion of that moment. 

2007
01:52:11,300 --> 01:52:14,100
He offers his Signet ring to a 
trusted General, but the 

2008
01:52:14,100 --> 01:52:17,700
gestures meaning as ambiguous. 
Was it a personal request or a 

2009
01:52:17,700 --> 01:52:21,300
declaration of succession? 
In the humid, Babylonian nights 

2010
01:52:21,300 --> 01:52:25,000
and mighty conqueror. 
Succumbs soldiers gather outside

2011
01:52:25,000 --> 01:52:27,600
the palace. 
Gates, refusing to believe the 

2012
01:52:27,600 --> 01:52:30,700
rumors, they beg to see him one 
last time. 

2013
01:52:30,700 --> 01:52:33,900
Legend says the dying. 
Alexander is carried to an 

2014
01:52:33,900 --> 01:52:37,000
anti-chamber where he silently 
acknowledges his troops, with 

2015
01:52:37,000 --> 01:52:40,100
his eyes, two weeks to speak 
sorrow. 

2016
01:52:40,100 --> 01:52:44,200
Enveloped them the man who led 
the cross Ocean's deserts and 

2017
01:52:44,200 --> 01:52:47,200
countless battlefields is now 
leaving them with no clear 

2018
01:52:47,200 --> 01:52:51,300
directive for tomorrow. 
With Alexander's death the 

2019
01:52:51,300 --> 01:52:54,200
Empire, he created trembles on 
the brink of fragmentation. 

2020
01:52:55,000 --> 01:52:58,600
Generals later called the deer 
dachi will carve the territories

2021
01:52:58,600 --> 01:52:59,600
into separate. 
Kingdoms. 

2022
01:52:59,600 --> 01:53:03,600
Forging their own dynasties in 
Egypt, Asia, Minor, and Beyond. 

2023
01:53:04,400 --> 01:53:07,400
Many of the Cities Alexander 
founded remain cultural 

2024
01:53:07,400 --> 01:53:11,300
crossroads that spin out, new 
fusions of art philosophy and 

2025
01:53:11,300 --> 01:53:14,100
religion. 
Hellenistic influence spreads 

2026
01:53:14,100 --> 01:53:16,500
further than any purely, Greek 
city state, ever could have 

2027
01:53:16,508 --> 01:53:20,100
imagined shaping centuries of 
development inlands as far as 

2028
01:53:20,100 --> 01:53:25,400
the Indus Valley And what have 
Alexander's Legacy for some is a

2029
01:53:25,400 --> 01:53:28,700
brilliant strategist, who 
rewrote the art of warfare, a 

2030
01:53:28,700 --> 01:53:31,200
king, who integrated peoples and
stoke, the fires of 

2031
01:53:31,200 --> 01:53:35,000
cross-cultural exchange to 
others, he is a figure of tragic

2032
01:53:35,000 --> 01:53:39,200
hubris, dragging thousands into 
a long, bloody March fueled by 

2033
01:53:39,208 --> 01:53:42,100
personal ambition. 
Stories from the Indus to the 

2034
01:53:42,108 --> 01:53:44,900
Nile from the oxus river to the 
Aegean Sea. 

2035
01:53:44,900 --> 01:53:49,500
Carrie, fragments of his Legend 
over centuries, the raw details,

2036
01:53:49,500 --> 01:53:52,900
morph into myths poets, 
transformed him into a demigod 

2037
01:53:52,900 --> 01:53:56,700
historians debate, his virtues 
and vices and explorers invoke 

2038
01:53:56,700 --> 01:54:00,300
his name when embarking on 
perilous quests But above all, 

2039
01:54:00,300 --> 01:54:03,500
Alexander Remains the wrestler 
of antiquity. 

2040
01:54:03,500 --> 01:54:06,800
A leader who from his first 
steps on Macedonian soil, 

2041
01:54:06,800 --> 01:54:10,700
dreamed of limiting Horizon's 
but of breaking them, his life 

2042
01:54:10,700 --> 01:54:13,800
stands as a testament to the 
sheer and sometimes terrifying 

2043
01:54:13,800 --> 01:54:17,300
force of will forever leaving 
questions about how one man's 

2044
01:54:17,300 --> 01:54:20,000
Drive can alter the course of 
Nations for good or ill. 

2045
01:54:20,700 --> 01:54:22,600
Thus, concludes our tapestry of 
Alexander. 

2046
01:54:22,600 --> 01:54:25,700
The Great a story woven from 
Dusty Palms. 

2047
01:54:25,700 --> 01:54:30,200
Rivers of conflict, lavish 
Banquets, and fleeting triumphs 

2048
01:54:31,000 --> 01:54:34,400
He was shaped by powerful 
parents, Guided, by philosophers

2049
01:54:34,400 --> 01:54:37,800
tested on countless 
battlefields, an enthralled by 

2050
01:54:37,800 --> 01:54:41,300
the promise of immortality 
through Conquest whether or not 

2051
01:54:41,308 --> 01:54:44,100
he ate that immortality remains 
for us to judge. 

2052
01:54:44,900 --> 01:54:48,500
As long as human curiosity, 
thrives his name, Echoes 

2053
01:54:48,500 --> 01:54:52,900
Alexander the man who sought to 
see to rule and to understand 

2054
01:54:52,900 --> 01:54:56,100
the edge of the known world, 
only to find that the world is 

2055
01:54:56,100 --> 01:54:57,600
always larger than we dare. 
Imagine. 

2056
01:55:04,800 --> 01:55:07,600
You get up early in your modest 
room of the olive oil business, 

2057
01:55:07,600 --> 01:55:11,100
not because you want to, but 
because your neighbor's donkey 

2058
01:55:11,100 --> 01:55:13,500
has decided that four in the 
morning, is the best time to 

2059
01:55:13,500 --> 01:55:16,900
practice his vocal scales, 
Alexandria sleeps, under a 

2060
01:55:16,900 --> 01:55:19,100
blanket of stars that come 
through the thin wooden 

2061
01:55:19,100 --> 01:55:20,900
shutters. 
But, you know, better than most 

2062
01:55:20,900 --> 01:55:22,500
that a good Merchant gets the 
worm. 

2063
01:55:22,500 --> 01:55:26,100
Or in your case the tastiest 
fish before anyone else, 

2064
01:55:26,100 --> 01:55:29,400
discovers their hungry, you 
stretch out like a cat that has 

2065
01:55:29,400 --> 01:55:32,000
been sleeping on bags of grain 
in stead of soft pillows. 

2066
01:55:32,000 --> 01:55:35,700
Your bare feet, touch the chili 
clay tiles, the smell of 

2067
01:55:35,700 --> 01:55:38,400
yesterday's bread, which was 
smells better in memory than it 

2068
01:55:38,400 --> 01:55:41,400
did when it was fresh is mixed 
with the smell of salt from the 

2069
01:55:41,400 --> 01:55:44,700
harbor and spices from a doesn't
other locations. 

2070
01:55:44,700 --> 01:55:47,800
You've come to love these quiet 
hours before the city knows how 

2071
01:55:47,800 --> 01:55:51,400
to make noise. 
The bronze mirror shows a face 

2072
01:55:51,400 --> 01:55:55,800
that has been through 43 years 
of Mediterranean Sun wind, and 

2073
01:55:55,800 --> 01:55:59,100
the occasional fight with people
who think that negotiating means

2074
01:55:59,100 --> 01:56:02,100
starting at half, you're asking 
price and working your way down 

2075
01:56:02,100 --> 01:56:04,900
to Ridiculousness. 
Your hair used to be as black as

2076
01:56:04,900 --> 01:56:07,400
Egyptian eyeliner, but now it 
has enough. 

2077
01:56:07,400 --> 01:56:10,600
Silver strands to remind you 
that time is always moving, even

2078
01:56:10,600 --> 01:56:13,300
if you don't see it, but your 
hands stay stable. 

2079
01:56:13,300 --> 01:56:16,300
Your eyes are sharp enough to 
spot a false coin from a cross. 

2080
01:56:16,300 --> 01:56:19,300
The Market Square. 
And your smile is genuine enough

2081
01:56:19,300 --> 01:56:22,400
to greet even the grumpiest 
customer The coolness of the 

2082
01:56:22,400 --> 01:56:25,300
water, when you Splash it on 
your face from the ceramic base 

2083
01:56:25,300 --> 01:56:28,500
and wakes you up every day, the 
city changes from a peaceful 

2084
01:56:28,500 --> 01:56:31,600
sleeping giant to a busy place 
where people talk and do things.

2085
01:56:32,400 --> 01:56:35,300
A priest in the temple calls The
Devout to morning prayers from a

2086
01:56:35,300 --> 01:56:38,900
distance, his voice drifts over 
the roof tops like incense on a 

2087
01:56:38,900 --> 01:56:41,700
light wind. 
Your tunic which is made of 

2088
01:56:41,700 --> 01:56:45,000
high-quality Egyptian, linen, 
slips over your shoulders like 

2089
01:56:45,000 --> 01:56:48,400
something you wear every day. 
It's more useful than beautiful.

2090
01:56:48,400 --> 01:56:51,000
The leather belt, which has been
worn smooth. 

2091
01:56:51,000 --> 01:56:54,400
Over the years Falls around your
waist with satisfying weight of 

2092
01:56:54,400 --> 01:56:56,700
your coin purse. 
It's not heavy enough to make 

2093
01:56:56,700 --> 01:56:59,200
you worry about thieves, but 
it's heavy enough to make 

2094
01:56:59,200 --> 01:57:02,400
dealing to day worth your time. 
The leather straps, go back to 

2095
01:57:02,400 --> 01:57:03,900
where they belong. 
As soon as you put on your 

2096
01:57:03,900 --> 01:57:07,600
sandals like old friend's, the 
wooden steps grown their morning

2097
01:57:07,600 --> 01:57:09,300
song as you go down to the shop 
below. 

2098
01:57:09,300 --> 01:57:12,800
You keep your real Treasures 
here, small jars of the greatest

2099
01:57:12,800 --> 01:57:16,400
oils flavored with herbs, that 
most Alexandria have never heard

2100
01:57:16,400 --> 01:57:20,600
of much less tasted their next 
to enormous clay and free full 

2101
01:57:20,600 --> 01:57:24,600
of olive oil from Sicily and 
Cyprus Anatolian Rosemary Greek 

2102
01:57:24,600 --> 01:57:28,500
island time and your secret 
weapon A special mix of herbs 

2103
01:57:28,500 --> 01:57:30,500
and spices that makes ordinary 
oil taste. 

2104
01:57:30,500 --> 01:57:32,200
So good. 
That even the most sophisticated

2105
01:57:32,200 --> 01:57:34,300
Roman matron would ask for the 
formula. 

2106
01:57:34,300 --> 01:57:38,200
You carefully wrap each of these
expensive containers and 

2107
01:57:38,200 --> 01:57:40,900
delicate fabric before putting 
them in a strong leather bag. 

2108
01:57:40,900 --> 01:57:43,600
To avoid the Calamity of broken 
pottery and squandered oil. 

2109
01:57:43,600 --> 01:57:46,200
You will walk like a drunk 
sailor before noon. 

2110
01:57:46,200 --> 01:57:48,100
If you carry too much weight on 
one side. 

2111
01:57:48,100 --> 01:57:51,100
It's too light and you don't 
have enough stuff to make money.

2112
01:57:51,100 --> 01:57:54,500
It's a fine line, like most 
things in the merchants life. 

2113
01:57:54,500 --> 01:57:57,700
If you push the street door 
gently, it will open and welcome

2114
01:57:57,700 --> 01:58:00,000
you into Alexandria's world 
before Daybreak. 

2115
01:58:00,000 --> 01:58:03,200
The stone streets are still cool
for the night air and you can 

2116
01:58:03,208 --> 01:58:06,400
feel how solid they are. 
Other early rise is out and 

2117
01:58:06,400 --> 01:58:08,900
about in the dark Bakers, 
heading to their ovens 

2118
01:58:08,900 --> 01:58:10,900
fishermen. 
Coming back from nocturnal, 

2119
01:58:10,900 --> 01:58:13,200
fishing trips with silver 
catches that gleam in the 

2120
01:58:13,208 --> 01:58:16,000
Moonlight and the odd City guard
trying to look alert. 

2121
01:58:16,000 --> 01:58:18,300
But clearly want to go back to 
sleep. 

2122
01:58:19,100 --> 01:58:21,400
As you walk near the harbor, the
fishing boats will soon. 

2123
01:58:21,400 --> 01:58:24,400
Come back with the day's, catch 
the sound of your breathing and 

2124
01:58:24,400 --> 01:58:27,000
the rhythm of your foot fall on 
the stone provide, a mild 

2125
01:58:27,000 --> 01:58:30,100
percussion, and you start to 
feel the meditative state that 

2126
01:58:30,100 --> 01:58:32,500
comes from completing familiar 
tasks and peace. 

2127
01:58:32,500 --> 01:58:35,400
The Satchel gently Taps. 
Your hip with each step 

2128
01:58:35,400 --> 01:58:38,800
reminding you that you're ready 
to compete with clients win 

2129
01:58:38,800 --> 01:58:41,900
money from purses. 
And maybe if the gods are 

2130
01:58:41,900 --> 01:58:45,100
willing find something amazing 
and surprising and huge 

2131
01:58:45,100 --> 01:58:48,300
Marketplace of human trade just 
like you have for the last 20 

2132
01:58:48,300 --> 01:58:50,300
years. 
The port comes into view as you 

2133
01:58:50,300 --> 01:58:52,200
round the last Corner, its 
Waters. 

2134
01:58:52,200 --> 01:58:55,000
Reflect the last stars, like 
diamonds on Black Velvet. 

2135
01:58:55,700 --> 01:58:58,300
The sun will soon color, the 
sky, pink and gold. 

2136
01:58:58,300 --> 01:59:00,000
The fishing boats will come 
back. 

2137
01:59:00,000 --> 01:59:03,100
Full of the work they did at 
night, and Alexandria will be 

2138
01:59:03,100 --> 01:59:06,400
awake and eager to buy sell 
trade and argue over everything 

2139
01:59:06,400 --> 01:59:09,200
from the price of grain to the 
quality of foreign. 

2140
01:59:09,200 --> 01:59:13,200
But just now the city is owned 
by dreamers and Merchants who 

2141
01:59:13,200 --> 01:59:16,400
know that the best transactions 
happen when the world is still 

2142
01:59:16,400 --> 01:59:19,800
softer around the edges. 
Like now when there are only a 

2143
01:59:19,800 --> 01:59:23,200
few minutes of silence left, The
fishing boats appear on the 

2144
01:59:23,200 --> 01:59:25,700
horizon. 
Like a fleet of moths drawn to 

2145
01:59:25,700 --> 01:59:28,500
the light House's. 
Blaze their triangular sails. 

2146
01:59:28,500 --> 01:59:30,300
Catching the first faint signs 
of dawn. 

2147
01:59:30,300 --> 01:59:33,400
He said up shop by the Stone 
Key, where Captain Marcus 

2148
01:59:33,400 --> 01:59:36,000
typically docks his ship because
his crew always brings in the 

2149
01:59:36,000 --> 01:59:37,800
biggest catches in Alexandria's 
Harbor. 

2150
01:59:37,800 --> 01:59:41,100
You don't like Marcus though 
because he tends to believe his 

2151
01:59:41,100 --> 01:59:42,900
own stories about the fish that 
got away. 

2152
01:59:43,900 --> 01:59:45,900
Can't help but sway a little as 
you. 

2153
01:59:45,900 --> 01:59:49,000
Wait because the smooth waves 
breaking against the port wall, 

2154
01:59:49,000 --> 01:59:51,300
make a Cadence that calms your 
soul. 

2155
01:59:51,300 --> 01:59:54,400
As the other Merchants start to 
gather, you can hear the sounds 

2156
01:59:54,400 --> 01:59:57,300
of water and the distant screams
of Seagulls starting their own 

2157
01:59:57,300 --> 02:00:00,000
daily hunt. 
Everyone understands their place

2158
02:00:00,000 --> 02:00:03,600
in the pecking order because of 
years of successful deals failed

2159
02:00:03,600 --> 02:00:05,400
discussions. 
And the occasional huge fight 

2160
02:00:05,400 --> 02:00:08,100
over fish prices. 
There is also an Unwritten code 

2161
02:00:08,100 --> 02:00:09,600
of conduct for these morning 
meetings. 

2162
02:00:09,600 --> 02:00:13,300
As Marcus is boat Glides toward 
the pier with the comfort of 

2163
02:00:13,300 --> 02:00:16,000
countless mornings. 
The Silvery flash of fish in the

2164
02:00:16,000 --> 02:00:18,600
Nets, is already evident at the 
front of the boat. 

2165
02:00:18,600 --> 02:00:21,400
The captain stands with a grin 
that splits his weathered face. 

2166
02:00:22,400 --> 02:00:25,100
Suggests either a very good 
night of fishing or a really 

2167
02:00:25,108 --> 02:00:27,400
creative way to explain. 
Why the fish are smaller than 

2168
02:00:27,400 --> 02:00:29,800
usual. 
It's not always easy to discern.

2169
02:00:29,800 --> 02:00:33,000
The difference with Marcus, the 
boat gently bumps against the 

2170
02:00:33,000 --> 02:00:36,200
peer as you sail forward with 
the confidence of someone who 

2171
02:00:36,200 --> 02:00:38,900
has been playing this game. 
Since Marcus was just a young 

2172
02:00:38,908 --> 02:00:41,700
fisherman with more enthusiasm 
and talent. 

2173
02:00:41,700 --> 02:00:45,200
As the crew begins to unload 
their haul, your experience die.

2174
02:00:45,200 --> 02:00:47,000
Quickly makes a list of the 
options. 

2175
02:00:47,800 --> 02:00:51,400
Sea bass with bright. 
Clear eyes, red mullet that 

2176
02:00:51,408 --> 02:00:55,200
sparkle like rubies and a number
of fish species whose names. 

2177
02:00:55,200 --> 02:00:58,000
You haven't bothered to learn, 
but whose quality you can tell 

2178
02:00:58,000 --> 02:01:01,600
with a single look, you easily 
pull the cork out of a tiny 

2179
02:01:01,600 --> 02:01:04,000
ceramic container. 
You take out of your bag, the 

2180
02:01:04,000 --> 02:01:07,000
smell of your special herb. 
Infused olive oil hints at. 

2181
02:01:07,000 --> 02:01:10,600
What could be making the simple 
Act of picking out, fish a sign 

2182
02:01:10,600 --> 02:01:13,508
of the supper to come the smell 
that escapes, makes a lot of 

2183
02:01:13,516 --> 02:01:16,300
adjacent Merchants. 
Look up markers, raises an 

2184
02:01:16,300 --> 02:01:17,800
eyebrows, he sees the well-known
ritual. 

2185
02:01:18,700 --> 02:01:21,600
You gesture to a really nice sea
bass with two fingers and don't 

2186
02:01:21,600 --> 02:01:24,700
say anything. 
Marcus nods and begins to wrap 

2187
02:01:24,700 --> 02:01:28,000
the fish in wide seaweed leaves,
which is the old-fashioned way 

2188
02:01:28,000 --> 02:01:30,500
to package things. 
He likely sprays, the fish with 

2189
02:01:30,500 --> 02:01:32,300
the oil and then puts it back in
its container. 

2190
02:01:32,300 --> 02:01:34,900
When you give it to him, this is
a cooperation between 

2191
02:01:34,900 --> 02:01:37,600
Specialists to recognize that 
the best deals are good for 

2192
02:01:37,600 --> 02:01:41,600
everyone, not just one person. 
Years of practice of made it 

2193
02:01:41,600 --> 02:01:44,800
easy to trade coins, you both 
keep the Goodwill that will make

2194
02:01:44,800 --> 02:01:48,000
future business successful and 
fun, and Marcus gets paid 

2195
02:01:48,000 --> 02:01:51,200
properly for good fish. 
You get a product that will sell

2196
02:01:51,200 --> 02:01:53,300
for high prices to Quality 
conscious customers. 

2197
02:01:53,300 --> 02:01:57,000
No, tents talks, no big gestures
and no, trying to convince each 

2198
02:01:57,000 --> 02:01:58,400
other. 
That prices should go down 

2199
02:01:58,400 --> 02:02:01,100
because times are tough. 
It's just commerce between 

2200
02:02:01,100 --> 02:02:02,900
people who respect each other's 
knowledge. 

2201
02:02:03,600 --> 02:02:06,400
A young Egyptian quarter 
Merchant looks with interest as 

2202
02:02:06,400 --> 02:02:08,900
you weigh the wrapped, fish 
against the oil canisters in 

2203
02:02:08,900 --> 02:02:11,300
your backpack, his sandals are 
too fresh. 

2204
02:02:11,300 --> 02:02:14,500
His tunic is too clean. 
And his face is too eager. 

2205
02:02:14,508 --> 02:02:17,400
These are all signals that he 
hasn't yet, figured out that 

2206
02:02:17,400 --> 02:02:20,300
successful dealing is about 
building trust over time rather 

2207
02:02:20,300 --> 02:02:23,400
than making big deals. 
You look him in the eye and 

2208
02:02:23,400 --> 02:02:24,900
offer him a tiny nod of 
acknowledgment. 

2209
02:02:24,900 --> 02:02:27,900
You remember your own early 
days, when every deal felt like 

2210
02:02:27,908 --> 02:02:30,600
a test you may fail. 
You know that everyone has to 

2211
02:02:30,600 --> 02:02:33,300
start someplace. 
It's not the right time or place

2212
02:02:33,300 --> 02:02:35,900
for long chats but the young 
man's hopeful look. 

2213
02:02:35,900 --> 02:02:38,100
Makes it seem like he's hoping 
you'll share some advice. 

2214
02:02:38,100 --> 02:02:41,800
No matter how curious or 
well-meaning someone is the 

2215
02:02:41,800 --> 02:02:43,400
morning Market. 
Never waits for them. 

2216
02:02:43,400 --> 02:02:47,100
Fish will go rotten eventually. 
The Harvest starts to fill up 

2217
02:02:47,108 --> 02:02:49,100
with activity. 
As more boats, come back and 

2218
02:02:49,100 --> 02:02:52,100
more, Merchants set up, shop 
along the key, you reached your 

2219
02:02:52,100 --> 02:02:55,400
main goal, but the Serene 
morning once is slowly replaced 

2220
02:02:55,400 --> 02:02:56,700
by the ordered bustle of 
business. 

2221
02:02:56,700 --> 02:02:59,700
The fish in your, Satchel 
represents the key to your 

2222
02:02:59,700 --> 02:03:03,200
success today, new better 
products that will sustain the 

2223
02:03:03,200 --> 02:03:06,500
increase prices, your devoted 
clients expect to pay for the 

2224
02:03:06,500 --> 02:03:09,600
things you propose. 
You start heading back toward 

2225
02:03:09,600 --> 02:03:12,600
the middle of the city where the
huge Market Square. 

2226
02:03:12,600 --> 02:03:15,700
Would soon be full of people 
shopping merchants and The 

2227
02:03:15,708 --> 02:03:18,700
NeverEnding cycle of supply and 
demand that made out of 

2228
02:03:18,700 --> 02:03:20,500
Alexandria. 
One of the most prosperous towns

2229
02:03:20,500 --> 02:03:24,100
in ancient times the sun rising 
over the water, warms your 

2230
02:03:24,100 --> 02:03:26,800
shoulders and informs you. 
That today is a great day to do 

2231
02:03:26,800 --> 02:03:29,800
business outside. 
The cobblestones Beneath Your 

2232
02:03:29,808 --> 02:03:33,100
Feet, tell the story of 
thousands of traders who have 

2233
02:03:33,100 --> 02:03:36,700
walked this same way with their 
products and dreams in quest of 

2234
02:03:36,700 --> 02:03:38,600
money. 
Every morning, you can count on 

2235
02:03:38,600 --> 02:03:41,300
the same thing that somewhere in
the huge Market. 

2236
02:03:41,300 --> 02:03:44,100
Someone needs what you have and 
is willing to pay a fair price 

2237
02:03:44,100 --> 02:03:46,808
to take it home some days. 
You are lucky and get a lot of 

2238
02:03:46,816 --> 02:03:48,100
money. 
Well, other days. 

2239
02:03:48,100 --> 02:03:51,500
You barely break, even 
Alexandria's, huge Market 

2240
02:03:51,500 --> 02:03:53,300
Square. 
Is like a blank canvas in front 

2241
02:03:53,308 --> 02:03:57,000
of you, waiting for artists to 
paint it with colors music and 

2242
02:03:57,000 --> 02:03:59,300
the Beautiful chaos of people 
trading. 

2243
02:03:59,300 --> 02:04:02,200
You get there, early enough to 
obtain your preferred spot on 

2244
02:04:02,200 --> 02:04:04,700
the Eastern side. 
Where the morning sun will warm 

2245
02:04:04,700 --> 02:04:07,200
your consumers without making 
them squint at your goods. 

2246
02:04:07,200 --> 02:04:10,200
This is better than being in the
Middle where the crowds of 

2247
02:04:10,208 --> 02:04:12,200
biggest and the competition are 
strongest. 

2248
02:04:13,100 --> 02:04:15,800
You stretched your woven Reed 
mat on the polished Stone 

2249
02:04:15,800 --> 02:04:18,400
sidewalk. 
Felt like a cherished blanket 

2250
02:04:18,400 --> 02:04:20,100
and had the same weight and 
texture. 

2251
02:04:20,100 --> 02:04:23,200
This matters been with you to 
markets in three different 

2252
02:04:23,200 --> 02:04:25,500
cities. 
Seem countless transactions 

2253
02:04:25,500 --> 02:04:29,500
soaked up wine and olive oil and
somehow stayed strong after 

2254
02:04:29,500 --> 02:04:33,700
years of being folded, unfolded.
And even used as a seat during 

2255
02:04:33,700 --> 02:04:37,000
long discussions. 
After 20 years of trying and 

2256
02:04:37,000 --> 02:04:39,800
failing, you have learned how to
arrange items in a way that 

2257
02:04:39,800 --> 02:04:43,000
makes them seem their best. 
The fish is the main thing, and 

2258
02:04:43,000 --> 02:04:47,000
it still smells like freshwater 
and his seaweed You put the 

2259
02:04:47,000 --> 02:04:49,700
olive oil containers around it 
in a way that shows off a lot 

2260
02:04:49,708 --> 02:04:52,200
without making it look. 
Cluttered they are close enough 

2261
02:04:52,208 --> 02:04:54,900
to make a statement but far 
enough apart so that customers 

2262
02:04:54,900 --> 02:04:57,000
don't get hurt when they reach 
for a closer look. 

2263
02:04:57,800 --> 02:05:01,100
Your exceptional herb, infused 
oils require their own section. 

2264
02:05:01,100 --> 02:05:04,200
They should be on a tiny wooden 
platform that's a little higher 

2265
02:05:04,200 --> 02:05:07,400
up and catches the light to show
off their beautiful golden 

2266
02:05:07,400 --> 02:05:09,400
color. 
These little bottles of magic 

2267
02:05:09,400 --> 02:05:12,500
may turn ordinary veggies into a
meal suitable for a Senators 

2268
02:05:12,500 --> 02:05:16,700
table and plain bread into 
something extraordinary. they're

2269
02:05:16,700 --> 02:05:20,000
not just cooking ingredients as 
the morning sun shines, through 

2270
02:05:20,000 --> 02:05:23,200
the colored glass bottles of 
certain containers, tiny 

2271
02:05:23,200 --> 02:05:27,300
rainbows, dance over the mat 
like Promises of flavor You stop

2272
02:05:27,300 --> 02:05:29,200
for a moment to glance at your 
competitors. 

2273
02:05:29,200 --> 02:05:32,800
And the people who live near you
to your left, an old rural woman

2274
02:05:32,800 --> 02:05:34,700
carefully, lays bundles of fresh
herbs. 

2275
02:05:34,700 --> 02:05:37,500
She knows the health things. 
Look, might be the difference 

2276
02:05:37,500 --> 02:05:40,900
between carrying home wilted 
items by Twilight or selling out

2277
02:05:40,900 --> 02:05:43,600
by noon. 
You notice her and you not in 

2278
02:05:43,600 --> 02:05:46,400
admiration as her wrinkled 
hands, move with the confidence 

2279
02:05:46,400 --> 02:05:49,400
that comes from years of skill. 
To your right. 

2280
02:05:49,400 --> 02:05:52,900
A young guy is struggling with a
remarkable arrangement of copper

2281
02:05:52,900 --> 02:05:55,500
pots that are clearly heavier 
than he imagined. 

2282
02:05:55,500 --> 02:05:58,000
They would be when he loaded 
them onto his car, this morning,

2283
02:05:58,000 --> 02:06:01,000
his face shows the particular 
read that comes from physical 

2284
02:06:01,000 --> 02:06:03,200
exertion. 
And it also shows that he 

2285
02:06:03,200 --> 02:06:06,000
starting to think he may have 
misjudged how much he can take 

2286
02:06:06,000 --> 02:06:09,100
with such heavy products. 
You want to help, but you've 

2287
02:06:09,100 --> 02:06:11,800
learned from experience that 
sometimes people see help as 

2288
02:06:11,800 --> 02:06:17,200
criticism instead of Goodwill. 
The market is full of the first 

2289
02:06:17,200 --> 02:06:19,600
customers of the day who are 
moving slowly. 

2290
02:06:19,600 --> 02:06:22,400
And with interest, these early 
consumers are usually the 

2291
02:06:22,400 --> 02:06:24,800
pickiest. 
They know what quality is and 

2292
02:06:24,800 --> 02:06:26,400
are willing to pay a fair price 
for it. 

2293
02:06:26,400 --> 02:06:29,300
They examine swiftly, but 
carefully at the many options 

2294
02:06:29,300 --> 02:06:32,400
moving with the confidence of 
experienced buyers. 

2295
02:06:33,500 --> 02:06:35,700
A well-dressed woman is walking 
toward your display. 

2296
02:06:35,700 --> 02:06:39,200
Her gold, jewelry and linen 
outfit show that she is used to 

2297
02:06:39,208 --> 02:06:42,000
the better things in life. 
She stops when she sees your 

2298
02:06:42,008 --> 02:06:45,300
herb-infused oils, picks up one 
of the containers and Pops. 

2299
02:06:45,300 --> 02:06:47,800
The cork to smell it. 
The face goes from polite, 

2300
02:06:47,800 --> 02:06:51,200
curiosity to genuine or like 
someone who has just found 

2301
02:06:51,200 --> 02:06:54,300
something that blows their mind.
You stay at a respectful 

2302
02:06:54,300 --> 02:06:56,600
distance so she can look at your
things without feeling 

2303
02:06:56,600 --> 02:06:58,700
pressured. 
This client knows what she 

2304
02:06:58,700 --> 02:07:00,100
wants, and has the means to get 
it. 

2305
02:07:00,100 --> 02:07:03,200
Your duty is to be available to 
answer her questions. 

2306
02:07:03,200 --> 02:07:05,800
While respecting her 
independence, she carefully 

2307
02:07:05,800 --> 02:07:08,600
replaces the cork, as someone 
who has been let down by bad 

2308
02:07:08,600 --> 02:07:12,100
Goods in the past would, and 
then looks at the fish noting 

2309
02:07:12,100 --> 02:07:17,700
its firm flesh and Clear Eyes. 
The morning Market has its own 

2310
02:07:17,700 --> 02:07:21,400
Rhythm different from the busy 
midday Market or the nighttime 

2311
02:07:21,400 --> 02:07:22,800
Market. 
When people are looking for 

2312
02:07:22,800 --> 02:07:25,900
deals, people are more polite 
when they negotiate and 

2313
02:07:25,900 --> 02:07:29,200
conversations acquire to, it 
appears like both buyers and 

2314
02:07:29,200 --> 02:07:31,800
sellers are taking their time to
make sure everyone is happy. 

2315
02:07:31,800 --> 02:07:35,500
The richest people shop at this 
time before the heat gets too 

2316
02:07:35,500 --> 02:07:37,700
hot and the crowds get too big 
to shop comfortably. 

2317
02:07:38,400 --> 02:07:42,300
The sound of coins passing hands
is a gratifying metallic whisper

2318
02:07:42,300 --> 02:07:44,800
that marks, the official start 
of your business day. 

2319
02:07:44,800 --> 02:07:47,600
The well-dressed woman has 
picked out the best fish from 

2320
02:07:47,600 --> 02:07:50,200
your display and a jar of your 
special oil. 

2321
02:07:50,200 --> 02:07:54,200
She paid with without complaint 
and thanked, you sincerely, you 

2322
02:07:54,200 --> 02:07:56,700
might feel the same happiness. 
You always do when you give a 

2323
02:07:56,708 --> 02:08:00,500
customer high quality Goods that
they really love as she leaves 

2324
02:08:00,500 --> 02:08:04,200
with her delivery safely raped. 
More customers are coming into 

2325
02:08:04,200 --> 02:08:07,200
the markets since there are more
things to choose from and trade 

2326
02:08:07,200 --> 02:08:09,800
is getting stronger as the sun 
rises in the morning. 

2327
02:08:09,800 --> 02:08:12,900
It warms the stones under your 
feet and signals that another 

2328
02:08:12,900 --> 02:08:15,900
successful day is coming in the 
biggest Marketplace of all time.

2329
02:08:15,900 --> 02:08:18,800
Your remaining Goods shine 
brightly on their weedmap 

2330
02:08:18,800 --> 02:08:22,200
waiting to be found by consumers
who know that some things are 

2331
02:08:22,200 --> 02:08:25,100
worth buying. 
By mid-morning, The Market 

2332
02:08:25,100 --> 02:08:28,400
Square is full of people trading
doing business and having 

2333
02:08:28,400 --> 02:08:31,600
friendly arguments over prices. 
That seemed too good to be true.

2334
02:08:31,600 --> 02:08:34,900
After years of practice, you've 
discovered a comfortable Pace 

2335
02:08:34,900 --> 02:08:37,400
that keeps you wear enough to 
see potential customers across 

2336
02:08:37,400 --> 02:08:40,800
the square and relaxed enough to
stay away from the Frantic 

2337
02:08:40,800 --> 02:08:43,900
energy that makes Shoppers 
uneasy and more likely to keep 

2338
02:08:43,900 --> 02:08:46,300
going. 
Middle-aged guy in a toga that 

2339
02:08:46,300 --> 02:08:48,900
has seen better days. 
Approaches carefully trying to 

2340
02:08:48,900 --> 02:08:50,600
look more successful than he 
really is? 

2341
02:08:50,600 --> 02:08:53,600
He looks at your things with the
kind of attention that only 

2342
02:08:53,600 --> 02:08:56,700
someone who cares about quality 
and has to make every dollar 

2343
02:08:56,700 --> 02:09:00,200
count can have. you can see 
immediately what kind of person 

2344
02:09:00,200 --> 02:09:04,000
they are not sloppy, but 
careful, they might be a 

2345
02:09:04,000 --> 02:09:06,200
mid-level manager or an Adept 
craftsmen, who knows the 

2346
02:09:06,200 --> 02:09:09,400
difference between cheap and 
affordable He grabs, one of your

2347
02:09:09,400 --> 02:09:12,700
normal, olive oil containers, 
weighs it and looks through the 

2348
02:09:12,700 --> 02:09:14,900
ceramic container to see how 
clear the oil is. 

2349
02:09:14,900 --> 02:09:17,800
You take note of this 
information for subsequent use 

2350
02:09:17,800 --> 02:09:20,100
in the debate because his manner
is knowledgeable enough to 

2351
02:09:20,100 --> 02:09:21,800
suggest that he knows how to 
cook. 

2352
02:09:21,800 --> 02:09:25,300
Good salespeople, don't try to 
make people buy things instead, 

2353
02:09:25,300 --> 02:09:27,900
they help the proper individuals
comprehend, why they should have

2354
02:09:27,900 --> 02:09:30,800
your products in their homes. 
You don't try to sell him 

2355
02:09:30,800 --> 02:09:33,500
anything right away. 
Instead you wait for him to 

2356
02:09:33,500 --> 02:09:37,300
finish his test a merchant best,
quality is patience, which is 

2357
02:09:37,300 --> 02:09:40,200
more important than making big 
gestures or giving convincing 

2358
02:09:40,200 --> 02:09:42,200
speeches when he finally looks 
up. 

2359
02:09:42,200 --> 02:09:45,000
You smile and tell him that the 
oil originates from olives, 

2360
02:09:45,000 --> 02:09:48,200
grown on the hills of Cyprus, 
where the sea wind gives them a 

2361
02:09:48,208 --> 02:09:50,400
particular flavor that goes well
with anything. 

2362
02:09:50,400 --> 02:09:52,200
From simple bread to 
complicated. 

2363
02:09:52,200 --> 02:09:55,500
Stews. 
He clearly grows more intrigued 

2364
02:09:55,500 --> 02:09:58,800
and asks smart questions about 
how long this oil will last how 

2365
02:09:58,800 --> 02:10:01,300
to store it and what the 
greatest users for it. 

2366
02:10:01,300 --> 02:10:05,200
Are you provide an honest answer
saying that this oil is fine for

2367
02:10:05,200 --> 02:10:08,300
every day cooking but your Urban
fused versions are better for 

2368
02:10:08,600 --> 02:10:11,400
Special occasions, or when he 
wants to impress visitors at 

2369
02:10:11,400 --> 02:10:14,100
dinner, it's important to 
provide him options without 

2370
02:10:14,100 --> 02:10:16,500
making him feel bad for thinking
about the cheaper one. 

2371
02:10:16,500 --> 02:10:18,800
You can show the difference is 
by giving people. 

2372
02:10:18,800 --> 02:10:22,600
Small samples of both oils on 
piece of bread that you set 

2373
02:10:22,600 --> 02:10:25,700
aside just for this purpose. 
The man's face shows that he 

2374
02:10:25,700 --> 02:10:27,800
found something. 
He didn't realize he wanted as 

2375
02:10:27,800 --> 02:10:31,400
he tastes the herb infused oil. 
The fight between want and 

2376
02:10:31,408 --> 02:10:34,800
budget has begun, you've learned
how to let customers decide for 

2377
02:10:34,800 --> 02:10:37,600
themselves, what they need and 
how much it's worth without 

2378
02:10:37,600 --> 02:10:40,300
getting in the way. 
While he thinks about what to 

2379
02:10:40,300 --> 02:10:41,800
do. 
You hear a disturbance at the 

2380
02:10:41,800 --> 02:10:43,100
Copper Pot? 
Sellers stand. 

2381
02:10:43,100 --> 02:10:45,600
It sounds like thunder. 
As it rolls on the stone 

2382
02:10:45,600 --> 02:10:47,600
pavement. 
Like the young guy dropped. 

2383
02:10:47,600 --> 02:10:50,800
One of his heavier pots. 
You can't help but giggle at the

2384
02:10:50,808 --> 02:10:53,700
Young, Merchants embarrassed 
face as he runs after his 

2385
02:10:53,700 --> 02:10:56,800
missing products, other Sellers 
and customers run away to avoid 

2386
02:10:56,800 --> 02:11:00,000
the runaway kitchenware. 
This short break actually, helps

2387
02:11:00,000 --> 02:11:03,300
your buyer, make a decision. 
Sometimes people need to take a 

2388
02:11:03,300 --> 02:11:06,100
break from thinking too much and
simply go with their instincts. 

2389
02:11:06,100 --> 02:11:07,800
He has already reached for his 
coin. 

2390
02:11:07,800 --> 02:11:11,100
Purse and asked how to store the
urban fused oil so that it keeps

2391
02:11:11,100 --> 02:11:13,200
its flavor when he looks back at
your display. 

2392
02:11:13,200 --> 02:11:16,400
Now that the deal is almost 
done, all you have to do is give

2393
02:11:16,400 --> 02:11:18,800
him great customer service. 
So he will come back and tell 

2394
02:11:18,800 --> 02:11:21,600
others about you. 
You carefully wrap his purchase 

2395
02:11:21,600 --> 02:11:25,100
in a clean cloth and then take 
the time to explain how to store

2396
02:11:25,100 --> 02:11:28,500
it and suggest foods that will 
bring out its unique flavor. 

2397
02:11:28,500 --> 02:11:32,000
This extra knowledge, converts a
simple sale, in to an investment

2398
02:11:32,000 --> 02:11:34,500
in client pleasure. 
And the only expense is your 

2399
02:11:34,500 --> 02:11:37,800
time customers who are happy 
with your service become, loyal 

2400
02:11:37,800 --> 02:11:41,400
customers and loyal customers 
become brand ambassadors, who 

2401
02:11:41,400 --> 02:11:42,900
tell their friends about your 
booth. 

2402
02:11:43,700 --> 02:11:46,700
You think about the psychology 
of successful selling as he 

2403
02:11:46,700 --> 02:11:48,800
leaves? 
Evidently happy holding his 

2404
02:11:48,800 --> 02:11:51,300
package. 
When a customer comes to your 

2405
02:11:51,300 --> 02:11:54,100
display, they each have their 
own demands budget, and 

2406
02:11:54,100 --> 02:11:56,600
knowledge of the products. 
You don't have to convince 

2407
02:11:56,600 --> 02:11:58,700
everyone to buy your most 
expensive things. 

2408
02:11:58,700 --> 02:12:02,100
Instead, you should help each 
person figure out, which of your

2409
02:12:02,100 --> 02:12:05,100
products will make a small but 
important difference in their 

2410
02:12:05,100 --> 02:12:07,600
lives. 
The morning goes on with the 

2411
02:12:07,600 --> 02:12:10,900
steady stream of browsers and 
customers each of whom helps. 

2412
02:12:10,900 --> 02:12:14,100
You understand people better and
the thin line that separates 

2413
02:12:14,100 --> 02:12:17,100
Commerce from actual service, 
some customers buy things 

2414
02:12:17,100 --> 02:12:19,700
quickly and easily because they 
know exactly what they want. 

2415
02:12:20,600 --> 02:12:24,400
Some people need time to look 
into things ask questions and 

2416
02:12:24,400 --> 02:12:26,500
slowly build their confidence in
their choices. 

2417
02:12:26,500 --> 02:12:30,200
Some visitors, use your stand as
a stop on a leisurely tour of 

2418
02:12:30,200 --> 02:12:33,800
Alexandria's shops enjoying the 
social side of buying at the 

2419
02:12:33,800 --> 02:12:37,600
market You keep acting with the 
friendly professionalism, that 

2420
02:12:37,600 --> 02:12:39,800
has helped you build a good 
reputation over the years. 

2421
02:12:39,800 --> 02:12:43,500
Always honest about the pros and
cons of your products never 

2422
02:12:43,500 --> 02:12:47,800
pushy and always ready to help. 
In the long run this method 

2423
02:12:47,800 --> 02:12:51,300
builds trust contentment and the
kind of good word of mouth that 

2424
02:12:51,300 --> 02:12:54,100
drives new customers to your mat
week after week. 

2425
02:12:54,100 --> 02:12:56,800
This is better than the big 
sales that come from high 

2426
02:12:56,800 --> 02:12:59,900
pressure tactics. 
The Market Square becomes a 

2427
02:12:59,900 --> 02:13:02,600
sparkling seen as the sun rises 
to its highest point. 

2428
02:13:02,600 --> 02:13:06,300
Heat waves dance, like invisible
Spirits above the stone 

2429
02:13:06,300 --> 02:13:08,700
pavement. 
Now tourists slaves doing 

2430
02:13:08,700 --> 02:13:11,600
errands for their bosses and the
occasional local who can't wait 

2431
02:13:11,600 --> 02:13:13,500
until evening to shop or all in 
the market. 

2432
02:13:13,500 --> 02:13:16,300
Most of the mornings. 
Refined customers have gone home

2433
02:13:16,300 --> 02:13:18,700
to cool off. 
The neighboring column that 

2434
02:13:18,700 --> 02:13:21,000
gives a narrow strip of shade is
one of the numerous 

2435
02:13:21,000 --> 02:13:23,900
architectural features that make
Alexandria's, Marketplace, 

2436
02:13:23,900 --> 02:13:26,300
beautiful, and sometimes 
beneficial. 

2437
02:13:26,300 --> 02:13:29,600
You've used it to your advantage
by repositioning your display, 

2438
02:13:29,600 --> 02:13:32,600
the heat from the stones are 
still powerful enough to make 

2439
02:13:32,600 --> 02:13:34,200
you appreciate the wide brimmed 
hatch. 

2440
02:13:34,200 --> 02:13:36,600
You bought from a Craftsman in 
the Ethiopian quarter last 

2441
02:13:36,600 --> 02:13:38,700
summer even though your Reed 
matters. 

2442
02:13:38,700 --> 02:13:42,600
Now in a cooler place during 
these hot midday hours, Commerce

2443
02:13:42,600 --> 02:13:46,400
slows down but it doesn't halt 
completely as a party of Roman 

2444
02:13:46,400 --> 02:13:47,800
visitors, walk through the 
market. 

2445
02:13:47,800 --> 02:13:50,500
Their Fair complexion is already
becoming pink. 

2446
02:13:50,500 --> 02:13:54,500
They seem to have miscalculated,
the North African sun, no matter

2447
02:13:54,508 --> 02:13:56,000
what. 
The weather is, like they stroll

2448
02:13:56,000 --> 02:13:59,100
from stall to vendor with the 
slightly overpowering. 

2449
02:13:59,100 --> 02:14:01,600
Excitement of individuals who 
are Keen to experience 

2450
02:14:01,600 --> 02:14:03,600
everything Alexandria has to 
offer. 

2451
02:14:04,400 --> 02:14:07,200
A Roman woman with an expensive 
stroller. 

2452
02:14:07,200 --> 02:14:11,200
That shows she is used to luxury
stops by your display and looks 

2453
02:14:11,200 --> 02:14:14,500
at it with interest as someone 
who has access to the best items

2454
02:14:14,500 --> 02:14:17,200
from all over the Empire. 
She knows how to spot quality 

2455
02:14:17,200 --> 02:14:19,200
when she sees it. 
Be carefully. 

2456
02:14:19,200 --> 02:14:20,900
Looks over your herb, infused 
oils. 

2457
02:14:20,900 --> 02:14:24,200
She says she's sorry, she 
doesn't speak the local dialect 

2458
02:14:24,200 --> 02:14:27,000
better but her Greek with a 
Latin accent is easy to 

2459
02:14:27,000 --> 02:14:29,600
understand your grammar isn't 
perfect. 

2460
02:14:29,600 --> 02:14:33,000
But you answer in your own 
careful Latin, which you've 

2461
02:14:33,000 --> 02:14:35,800
learned over the years of 
working with Roman clientele who

2462
02:14:35,800 --> 02:14:38,500
appreciate the effort, the 
discussion flows smoothly. 

2463
02:14:38,500 --> 02:14:41,700
As you talk about where your 
different oils come from and how

2464
02:14:41,700 --> 02:14:44,500
they can make the Italian meals.
She says, she misses from home 

2465
02:14:44,500 --> 02:14:46,900
taste better. 
Everyone liked the concept of 

2466
02:14:46,900 --> 02:14:49,100
adding unusual flavors to 
familiar items. 

2467
02:14:49,100 --> 02:14:53,000
And she buys several containers 
with the explicit purpose of 

2468
02:14:53,000 --> 02:14:55,500
revisiting her taste memory in a
unique area. 

2469
02:14:56,500 --> 02:14:59,200
You can see that the young 
Copper Pot seller has now fixed 

2470
02:14:59,200 --> 02:15:02,300
up his display and seems to have
learned from his mistake. 

2471
02:15:02,300 --> 02:15:04,900
In the morning, the Romans are 
still looking about the market. 

2472
02:15:04,900 --> 02:15:08,200
He has put himself in a good 
position to catch anything that 

2473
02:15:08,200 --> 02:15:11,100
could try to get away and his 
pots are now arranged in a way 

2474
02:15:11,108 --> 02:15:14,100
that makes them more stable. 
His serious look shows that he 

2475
02:15:14,100 --> 02:15:16,200
is taking his Merchant 
education, seriously. 

2476
02:15:17,500 --> 02:15:20,300
Heat of midday brings both 
chances and problems. 

2477
02:15:20,300 --> 02:15:23,100
Even while fewer people are 
walking about at these hours, 

2478
02:15:23,100 --> 02:15:26,100
the ones who do tend to have 
specific needs that make them 

2479
02:15:26,100 --> 02:15:28,900
less sensitive to pricing and 
more focused on obtaining 

2480
02:15:28,900 --> 02:15:31,900
exactly what they want. 
People who live, there are 

2481
02:15:31,900 --> 02:15:34,300
having cooking emergencies that 
can't wait for cooler weather. 

2482
02:15:35,100 --> 02:15:38,300
Travelers are stocking up before
they continue their trips and 

2483
02:15:38,300 --> 02:15:41,900
Rich families are sending slaves
to get certain items for fancy 

2484
02:15:41,900 --> 02:15:45,200
meals. 
A man who seems agitated and has

2485
02:15:45,200 --> 02:15:47,800
the energy of someone going 
through a family crisis, walks 

2486
02:15:47,800 --> 02:15:51,200
up to your stand, his clever. 
Greek wife is making a special 

2487
02:15:51,200 --> 02:15:52,500
dinner for an important guests 
today. 

2488
02:15:52,500 --> 02:15:56,200
But she can't find her good 
olive oil their teenage son. 

2489
02:15:56,200 --> 02:15:57,800
Who thinks that anything edible 
is. 

2490
02:15:57,800 --> 02:16:01,200
Fair game for experimenting. 
May have eaten it right now. 

2491
02:16:01,200 --> 02:16:04,100
The man needs oil and quality is
more vital than price. 

2492
02:16:04,900 --> 02:16:08,200
In times, like these experience,
pays off, it only takes a few 

2493
02:16:08,200 --> 02:16:10,300
seconds to figure out what 
consumer really wants. 

2494
02:16:10,300 --> 02:16:13,700
And it's clear that this man 
needs more than details product,

2495
02:16:13,700 --> 02:16:17,400
descriptions to feel safe. 
You chose one container of herb 

2496
02:16:17,400 --> 02:16:21,100
infused oil and one of your best
regular oils you say that the 

2497
02:16:21,100 --> 02:16:23,700
two together will provide you 
reliable cooking outcomes and 

2498
02:16:23,700 --> 02:16:26,600
the chance to make something 
special that will impress even 

2499
02:16:26,600 --> 02:16:30,000
the pickiest guests. 
He's obvious relief as he passes

2500
02:16:30,000 --> 02:16:32,600
over the money shows that you 
have correctly identified his 

2501
02:16:32,600 --> 02:16:35,200
problem. 
And priorities, you think his 

2502
02:16:35,200 --> 02:16:37,900
wife will be happy with the 
quality of her ingredients and 

2503
02:16:37,900 --> 02:16:40,299
the fact that her husband is 
taking charge of the situation 

2504
02:16:40,299 --> 02:16:43,000
as he rushes off. 
Holding his packages, like 

2505
02:16:43,000 --> 02:16:46,400
lifelines people, often come 
back to buy more after seeing 

2506
02:16:46,400 --> 02:16:49,000
the high quality ingredients can
make cooking more special. 

2507
02:16:50,600 --> 02:16:53,200
Heaps rising in the early 
afternoon making the Market 

2508
02:16:53,200 --> 02:16:56,299
Square feel strange. 
People generally think that once

2509
02:16:56,299 --> 02:16:59,500
the Sun starts to drop in the 
west everything will get serious

2510
02:16:59,500 --> 02:17:03,200
again and conversations will get
more tranquil and motions will 

2511
02:17:03,200 --> 02:17:06,100
become more systematic. 
This is the time for patient 

2512
02:17:06,100 --> 02:17:08,799
businesses, that know that not 
everyone has the same chance to 

2513
02:17:08,799 --> 02:17:11,900
make money. 
During this slower time, you 

2514
02:17:11,900 --> 02:17:15,100
organize the rest of your stock,
wraping up, things that could be

2515
02:17:15,100 --> 02:17:18,600
damaged by the Heat and putting 
others in places where they can 

2516
02:17:18,600 --> 02:17:21,500
get little breeze that blows 
through the square, the stone 

2517
02:17:21,500 --> 02:17:23,799
column that Shields. 
You create small air currents. 

2518
02:17:23,799 --> 02:17:26,299
That make your location a little
more comfortable than the open 

2519
02:17:26,299 --> 02:17:29,299
sections where some Merchants 
still have to deal with the full

2520
02:17:29,299 --> 02:17:33,299
force of the Mediterranean Sun, 
during the warmest part of the 

2521
02:17:33,299 --> 02:17:35,900
Earth Day. 
A few more people look around. 

2522
02:17:35,900 --> 02:17:39,400
Mostly tourists who have learned
to respect local conventions 

2523
02:17:39,400 --> 02:17:42,700
about resting in the afternoon 
or persons, with special needs, 

2524
02:17:42,700 --> 02:17:45,700
who put their requirements ahead
of their comfort, customers that

2525
02:17:45,700 --> 02:17:48,500
shot during these hours are 
sometimes very happy to locate 

2526
02:17:48,500 --> 02:17:51,100
exactly what they need when 
there are many other 

2527
02:17:51,100 --> 02:17:54,200
possibilities, but each sale 
takes a little more patients 

2528
02:17:54,200 --> 02:17:57,200
than in the morning. 
The Market Square comes back to 

2529
02:17:57,200 --> 02:18:00,799
life as the afternoon Sun starts
to set in a beautiful way over 

2530
02:18:00,799 --> 02:18:03,500
the Western Horizon. 
It's like a sleeping giant 

2531
02:18:03,500 --> 02:18:04,900
waking up. 
And remembering what it was 

2532
02:18:04,907 --> 02:18:08,200
meant to do when everything is 
bathed in warm amber light, and 

2533
02:18:08,200 --> 02:18:11,200
the Shadows are soft and 
forgiving the heat that made the

2534
02:18:11,200 --> 02:18:13,299
middle of the day. 
So unbearable, gives way to the 

2535
02:18:13,308 --> 02:18:16,400
magical light that photographers
would later call Golden hour. 

2536
02:18:17,400 --> 02:18:21,500
As the sun moves, your shadowed 
spot becomes less significant. 

2537
02:18:21,500 --> 02:18:24,700
You move your display again to 
take advantage of the better 

2538
02:18:24,700 --> 02:18:26,600
lighting. 
Even though sales have been 

2539
02:18:26,600 --> 02:18:30,100
steady all day, there are still 
a lot of stuff left over and it 

2540
02:18:30,100 --> 02:18:32,500
should be displayed in a way 
that makes the most of the 

2541
02:18:32,500 --> 02:18:35,700
beautiful evening light. 
The urban fuse oils seem to hold

2542
02:18:35,700 --> 02:18:39,799
onto the Warm Glow, creating a 
show that looks like a jewel and

2543
02:18:39,799 --> 02:18:42,500
draws the attention of people 
from all parts of the square. 

2544
02:18:44,100 --> 02:18:47,200
People who shop in the morning 
and at noon, a considerably 

2545
02:18:47,200 --> 02:18:49,200
different from those who shot at
night. 

2546
02:18:49,200 --> 02:18:52,600
These customers walk at a 
leisurely Pace, like people who 

2547
02:18:52,600 --> 02:18:55,200
have finished their daily tasks 
and have time to look around 

2548
02:18:55,200 --> 02:18:58,900
investigate and maybe find 
something new people who work 

2549
02:18:58,900 --> 02:19:01,500
during the day can finally see 
their favorite vendors. 

2550
02:19:01,500 --> 02:19:04,900
Families can walk around the 
market together and servants can

2551
02:19:04,900 --> 02:19:07,000
perform last minute chores 
before going home. 

2552
02:19:07,799 --> 02:19:11,200
A retired scholar walks up to 
your stool with a serious look 

2553
02:19:11,200 --> 02:19:13,700
on his face. 
And a walking stick that softly 

2554
02:19:13,700 --> 02:19:16,900
Taps on the stone pavement, he 
looks over your products very 

2555
02:19:16,900 --> 02:19:19,100
thoroughly and asked questions 
that show. 

2556
02:19:19,100 --> 02:19:21,200
He knows a lot about 
Mediterranean cooking. 

2557
02:19:21,200 --> 02:19:24,200
It's clear that this person 
thinks cooking is both an art 

2558
02:19:24,208 --> 02:19:27,200
and a science and he's looking 
for items that will show off his

2559
02:19:27,200 --> 02:19:29,600
skills. 
You have the kind of deep 

2560
02:19:29,600 --> 02:19:33,500
conversations that make this job
so rewarding he wants to know 

2561
02:19:33,500 --> 02:19:36,799
where the herbs in your infused 
oils come from and how different

2562
02:19:36,799 --> 02:19:39,600
combinations can perform better 
with different cooking methods. 

2563
02:19:39,600 --> 02:19:42,600
The talk goes across everything 
from Greek techniques to make 

2564
02:19:42,600 --> 02:19:46,400
veggies taste better to Roman 
ways to cook fish, you all so 

2565
02:19:46,400 --> 02:19:48,800
find out that your customer has 
traveled a lot and collected 

2566
02:19:48,800 --> 02:19:50,900
recipes like some people collect
coins. 

2567
02:19:50,900 --> 02:19:54,400
He finally buys a lot of things 
including many containers of 

2568
02:19:54,400 --> 02:19:56,900
different oils. 
Each chosen for a specific 

2569
02:19:56,900 --> 02:19:59,600
cooking purpose that he happily 
describes. 

2570
02:19:59,600 --> 02:20:02,400
He tells you about useless for 
your items that you hadn't 

2571
02:20:02,400 --> 02:20:05,500
thought of, and he promises to 
send other serious Cooks, he 

2572
02:20:05,500 --> 02:20:08,300
knows to your stand. 
This is worth more than the 

2573
02:20:08,300 --> 02:20:10,900
rapid sale. 
No amount of yelling or flashy 

2574
02:20:10,900 --> 02:20:13,700
sales pitchers can compare to 
the value of loyal, customers 

2575
02:20:13,700 --> 02:20:15,200
telling their friends about your
business. 

2576
02:20:16,200 --> 02:20:18,500
You can tell that the young 
Copper Pot seller had a tough 

2577
02:20:18,500 --> 02:20:21,000
morning. 
But as the day goes on, you can 

2578
02:20:21,000 --> 02:20:24,600
see that he has had good day 
with the pleasure of someone who

2579
02:20:24,600 --> 02:20:27,000
is effectively applied important
Lessons Learned. 

2580
02:20:27,000 --> 02:20:30,900
He has cut down on his display 
by a lot and is carefully 

2581
02:20:30,900 --> 02:20:32,400
wrapping up the rest of his 
stock. 

2582
02:20:32,400 --> 02:20:35,300
It's nice to see new people get 
settled into the traditional 

2583
02:20:35,300 --> 02:20:38,000
dance of business. 
The marketplace takes on a 

2584
02:20:38,000 --> 02:20:39,900
different identity as the day 
comes to an end. 

2585
02:20:39,900 --> 02:20:42,900
People seem to think that the 
serious business of buying and 

2586
02:20:42,900 --> 02:20:46,000
selling is giving way to the 
social side of Market life as 

2587
02:20:46,000 --> 02:20:48,300
talks. 
Get more casual and transactions

2588
02:20:48,300 --> 02:20:51,300
become less tense, regular 
customers and sellers, talk 

2589
02:20:51,300 --> 02:20:53,900
about neighborhood, gossip 
family news and what they expect

2590
02:20:53,900 --> 02:20:56,100
to sell tomorrow. 
Kids who have been stuck in 

2591
02:20:56,100 --> 02:20:59,000
doors because of the Heat come 
out with their parents and add 

2592
02:20:59,000 --> 02:21:01,700
their voices to the subtle 
murmur of evening Commerce. 

2593
02:21:02,600 --> 02:21:04,900
The well-dressed woman who was 
your first customer of the day 

2594
02:21:04,900 --> 02:21:08,300
comes back with two companions 
who are clearly from out of 

2595
02:21:08,300 --> 02:21:10,200
town. 
This leads to your last big 

2596
02:21:10,200 --> 02:21:13,800
transaction of the day. 
Something you didn't expect He 

2597
02:21:13,800 --> 02:21:16,200
talks about your herb infused 
oils with the eagerness of 

2598
02:21:16,208 --> 02:21:18,600
someone who has already used the
oil, she bought in the morning 

2599
02:21:18,600 --> 02:21:22,400
and is happy with the results. 
You mentally, note your friend's

2600
02:21:22,400 --> 02:21:25,700
choices for later, use when they
buy in bulk as the sun sets 

2601
02:21:25,700 --> 02:21:29,400
painting, the Western sky with 
pink and gold colors, that would

2602
02:21:29,400 --> 02:21:31,100
make even the gods. 
Stop and stare. 

2603
02:21:31,100 --> 02:21:34,200
You begin, the process of 
closing down your stall for the 

2604
02:21:34,200 --> 02:21:37,900
Earth Day, your coin purse which
is substantially heavier now 

2605
02:21:37,900 --> 02:21:40,900
than it was at Daybreak. 
Represents both your financial 

2606
02:21:40,900 --> 02:21:44,100
success and the satisfaction 
that comes from pairing high 

2607
02:21:44,100 --> 02:21:46,800
quality Goods with happy clients
all day long. 

2608
02:21:47,600 --> 02:21:50,000
The last of the goods are 
carefully packaged for 

2609
02:21:50,000 --> 02:21:53,200
tomorrow's Market, each box is 
wrapped and secured so that they

2610
02:21:53,200 --> 02:21:55,800
will be in perfect shape for 
another day of probable sales. 

2611
02:21:56,600 --> 02:21:59,200
Your read mat, which has been a 
loyal friend on many Market days

2612
02:21:59,200 --> 02:22:02,500
is folded with the respect that 
comes from a reliable business 

2613
02:22:02,500 --> 02:22:04,400
partner. 
You take apart the wooden 

2614
02:22:04,400 --> 02:22:06,900
platform that contains your 
special oils and store it with 

2615
02:22:06,908 --> 02:22:09,800
your other tools. 
The market square around you 

2616
02:22:09,800 --> 02:22:12,600
steadily empties out as other 
vendors conclude their own 

2617
02:22:12,600 --> 02:22:15,400
closing tasks. 
Some people are packing up empty

2618
02:22:15,400 --> 02:22:17,700
containers with happy 
Expressions, after selling out, 

2619
02:22:18,500 --> 02:22:22,400
Others who might not be as lucky
or experienced emerging their 

2620
02:22:22,400 --> 02:22:25,100
leftover goods and getting ready
for tomorrow's event. 

2621
02:22:25,100 --> 02:22:27,800
No matter what happened to 
today, tomorrow brings new 

2622
02:22:27,800 --> 02:22:30,200
Chance's. 
This shows that the merchants 

2623
02:22:30,200 --> 02:22:33,400
are always hopeful in every 
face, Walking home through 

2624
02:22:33,400 --> 02:22:36,400
Alexandria's quiet evening. 
Streets is a nice break from The

2625
02:22:36,400 --> 02:22:39,500
Busy Market Commerce and the 
more subtle pleasures of daily 

2626
02:22:39,500 --> 02:22:41,600
life. 
Your leather bag, which now, 

2627
02:22:41,600 --> 02:22:45,100
houses currency and products 
pleasantly brushes against your 

2628
02:22:45,100 --> 02:22:47,100
hip. 
With each stride, reminding you 

2629
02:22:47,100 --> 02:22:49,900
of what you've done that day. 
The cobblestones under your 

2630
02:22:49,900 --> 02:22:53,000
sandals, feel nice and familiar.
They are still warm from the 

2631
02:22:53,000 --> 02:22:56,800
days heat but not too hot. 
As people in the city like their

2632
02:22:56,800 --> 02:22:59,300
oil lamps and the smell of 
dinner cooking waft Through the 

2633
02:22:59,300 --> 02:23:02,900
Windows and Doors, the city, 
relaxes into its nightly Rhythm,

2634
02:23:02,900 --> 02:23:06,000
you smile at the prospect that 
the money made this morning, 

2635
02:23:06,000 --> 02:23:07,600
might go toward the family 
dinner tonight. 

2636
02:23:08,500 --> 02:23:10,600
Someone nearby is cooking fish 
with herbs. 

2637
02:23:10,600 --> 02:23:12,400
That smell a lot. 
Like the ones you use in your 

2638
02:23:12,400 --> 02:23:14,900
own personal blend. 
If it feels great to know that 

2639
02:23:14,900 --> 02:23:17,200
your work helps people get 
together over good food and 

2640
02:23:17,200 --> 02:23:19,600
meals. 
You buy a loaf of bread from the

2641
02:23:19,600 --> 02:23:22,200
bakery, where you've been a 
regular customer for 15 years. 

2642
02:23:22,200 --> 02:23:24,600
The bread is still warm from the
ovens. 

2643
02:23:24,600 --> 02:23:28,700
The heavy set, man, who works as
a baker and constantly has flour

2644
02:23:28,700 --> 02:23:32,000
on his apron, asks, about your 
day with the genuine interests 

2645
02:23:32,000 --> 02:23:35,900
of a small company owner, 
inquiring about another and a 

2646
02:23:35,900 --> 02:23:38,000
lot of approval and a loaf of 
bread that is a little bigger 

2647
02:23:38,000 --> 02:23:40,000
than what you paid for. 
Other fruits of your short 

2648
02:23:40,000 --> 02:23:42,200
report of steady sales and happy
customers. 

2649
02:23:42,200 --> 02:23:45,600
This is the kind of small 
gesture of kindness, that makes 

2650
02:23:45,600 --> 02:23:48,700
a local business, feel like a 
community in stead of just a 

2651
02:23:48,700 --> 02:23:51,500
transaction. 
The Narrow Street that connects 

2652
02:23:51,500 --> 02:23:54,100
to your home and store feels 
like a safe place after the 

2653
02:23:54,100 --> 02:23:57,100
Market Square is. 
So bustling, the voices are 

2654
02:23:57,100 --> 02:23:59,300
softer. 
The tempo is slower than the 

2655
02:23:59,300 --> 02:24:03,100
problems are more personal than 
business-related kids play games

2656
02:24:03,100 --> 02:24:06,200
in small Courtyards and their 
laughter Echoes off the old 

2657
02:24:06,200 --> 02:24:08,100
stone walls. 
That have seen many nights like 

2658
02:24:08,100 --> 02:24:11,300
these elderly people sit at 
doorways and watch the world go 

2659
02:24:11,300 --> 02:24:14,000
by, with the patient attention 
of individuals who have learned 

2660
02:24:14,000 --> 02:24:15,800
to enjoy the drama of everyday 
life. 

2661
02:24:16,500 --> 02:24:18,800
As you walk into your shop, 
which has been locked since 

2662
02:24:18,800 --> 02:24:22,600
Daybreak, The Familiar smell of 
olive oil and the faint floral 

2663
02:24:22,600 --> 02:24:24,400
notes, that fill the whole 
building greet. 

2664
02:24:24,400 --> 02:24:28,500
You the huge storage M40, which 
stand like motionless guards in 

2665
02:24:28,500 --> 02:24:31,900
the darkening Sky hold both the 
wealth of the present and the 

2666
02:24:31,900 --> 02:24:34,800
promise of the future tomorrow. 
You'll need to restock some 

2667
02:24:34,800 --> 02:24:36,900
items. 
Maybe test out a new herb 

2668
02:24:36,900 --> 02:24:38,800
combination that came to you 
while you were talking to 

2669
02:24:38,800 --> 02:24:42,100
clients today and definitely 
organized the best possible mix 

2670
02:24:42,100 --> 02:24:43,800
of products for another day in 
the market. 

2671
02:24:45,000 --> 02:24:48,700
The stairs to your living space 
Creek, their nightly greeting, 

2672
02:24:48,700 --> 02:24:51,000
as you climb to the chamber, 
that serves as both a bedroom 

2673
02:24:51,000 --> 02:24:53,100
and acquire to escape from the 
business World below. 

2674
02:24:53,100 --> 02:24:56,500
You may find finally relax here 
surrounded by things that tell 

2675
02:24:56,500 --> 02:24:58,200
the story of your 20 years as a 
merchant. 

2676
02:24:58,200 --> 02:25:01,800
The bronze mirror shows a face 
that his pleasantly tired from 

2677
02:25:01,800 --> 02:25:05,100
both mental and physical effort,
which is different from just 

2678
02:25:05,100 --> 02:25:07,400
being tired. 
You count the money, you 

2679
02:25:07,400 --> 02:25:09,700
generate every day because you 
need to keep an eye on your 

2680
02:25:09,700 --> 02:25:13,500
business's health and prepare 
for future purchases and 

2681
02:25:13,500 --> 02:25:15,400
Investments. 
Not because you want to the 

2682
02:25:15,400 --> 02:25:18,300
coins are more than just money, 
they show that you have good 

2683
02:25:18,300 --> 02:25:21,000
relationships with your 
customers that you're pricing 

2684
02:25:21,000 --> 02:25:23,800
and quality, judgement are still
good and that you'll have enough

2685
02:25:23,800 --> 02:25:26,900
resources for New Opportunities.
When the Market opens tomorrow, 

2686
02:25:26,900 --> 02:25:30,000
you make the evening meal with 
food, you bought on your way 

2687
02:25:30,000 --> 02:25:32,700
home and it becomes a private 
celebration of the days. 

2688
02:25:32,700 --> 02:25:36,000
Work, a simple but full dinner 
made with bread from your local 

2689
02:25:36,000 --> 02:25:39,600
bakery cheese, from the seller 
to blocks away and a little bit 

2690
02:25:39,600 --> 02:25:41,400
of your own. 
Best olive oil, connects you to 

2691
02:25:41,400 --> 02:25:44,400
the business and community that 
makes Alexandria such a terrific

2692
02:25:44,400 --> 02:25:50,300
place to live and work. 
As night sets and the sounds of 

2693
02:25:50,300 --> 02:25:54,100
the evening distant chatter, the
clip-clop of late Travelers 

2694
02:25:54,100 --> 02:25:56,600
donkeys, and the closing of 
shutters and doors. 

2695
02:25:56,600 --> 02:25:59,300
Create the sweet Lullaby of 
urban life. 

2696
02:25:59,300 --> 02:26:02,900
Winding down, you think about 
the routines and joys of the 

2697
02:26:02,900 --> 02:26:06,400
merchants existence each day 
brings new challenges and 

2698
02:26:06,400 --> 02:26:09,200
rewards the new group of people 
with different needs and 

2699
02:26:09,200 --> 02:26:12,600
personalities and opportunities,
to match products with clients 

2700
02:26:12,600 --> 02:26:16,500
who will really utilize them. 
As you get ready for bed, the 

2701
02:26:16,500 --> 02:26:20,000
lamp flame, flickers, softly 
making Shadows danced, on the 

2702
02:26:20,008 --> 02:26:22,300
walls that have kept. 
You safe during good times and 

2703
02:26:22,300 --> 02:26:24,700
bad when Alexandria was doing 
well. 

2704
02:26:24,700 --> 02:26:28,200
And when politics May trade 
harder, the basic appeal of 

2705
02:26:28,200 --> 02:26:31,500
being a merchant has never 
changed the satisfaction of 

2706
02:26:31,500 --> 02:26:34,400
delivering high quality Goods to
happy customers, the 

2707
02:26:34,400 --> 02:26:37,100
intellectual challenge of 
understanding markets and people

2708
02:26:37,100 --> 02:26:40,300
equally well and the knowledge 
that your work is helping the 

2709
02:26:40,300 --> 02:26:44,000
great human effort to provide 
food shelter and care for one 

2710
02:26:44,008 --> 02:26:47,600
another Tomorrow will bring a 
fresh opportunity to do business

2711
02:26:47,600 --> 02:26:50,100
ethically, and one of the 
biggest markets on the globe, 

2712
02:26:50,100 --> 02:26:53,400
you'll meet new clientele with 
different needs and tastes and 

2713
02:26:53,400 --> 02:26:55,500
you'll have new chances to do 
business ethically. 

2714
02:26:55,500 --> 02:26:58,400
You can rest easy to night, 
knowing that you did a good job 

2715
02:26:58,400 --> 02:27:01,700
kept your relationship strong 
and had another successful day 

2716
02:27:01,700 --> 02:27:04,700
in the endlessly, interesting, 
Business of Being Human where 

2717
02:27:04,700 --> 02:27:07,700
everyone needs something. 
And the wise Merchants Joy is in

2718
02:27:07,700 --> 02:27:10,900
helping and find it. 
The donkey next door. 

2719
02:27:10,900 --> 02:27:13,300
Seems happy with how he sang 
this morning and goes to sleep 

2720
02:27:13,300 --> 02:27:15,600
peacefully while Alexandria 
sleeps. 

2721
02:27:15,600 --> 02:27:17,100
The merchants of tomorrow 
already. 

2722
02:27:17,100 --> 02:27:27,700
Dreaming of mourning. 
Imagine yourself curled up in a 

2723
02:27:27,700 --> 02:27:30,200
cozy, chair, with a mug of 
something warm, because we're 

2724
02:27:30,200 --> 02:27:32,200
going to meet one of the most 
misunderstood figures in 

2725
02:27:32,200 --> 02:27:35,400
American history. 
You and your parents whom the 

2726
02:27:35,408 --> 02:27:39,000
Disney song About Davy Crockett.
The frontier hero with the 

2727
02:27:39,000 --> 02:27:42,500
coonskin cap. 
Instead of starting with bear 

2728
02:27:42,500 --> 02:27:45,800
wrestling or political speeches,
the true tale of David Crockett 

2729
02:27:45,800 --> 02:27:48,500
begins with the Restless lad who
couldn't settle into anything 

2730
02:27:48,500 --> 02:27:51,400
and he was far more fascinating 
than any myth. 

2731
02:27:52,100 --> 02:27:56,100
David sometimes known as Davey 
until the politicians had their 

2732
02:27:56,100 --> 02:28:00,100
hands on him was born in 1786 
into a nomadic family, in a 

2733
02:28:00,100 --> 02:28:02,700
one-room cabin and what is now 
Eastern Tennessee. 

2734
02:28:03,600 --> 02:28:07,200
John his father was the type of 
man who had constantly looked to

2735
02:28:07,200 --> 02:28:10,600
the Jason Valley for brighter 
prospects, young David likely 

2736
02:28:10,600 --> 02:28:13,200
assumed that having a permanent 
address was something that only 

2737
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:15,600
other people experience because 
the Crockett's packed up and 

2738
02:28:15,600 --> 02:28:18,500
moved. 
So frequently, now it's easy to 

2739
02:28:18,500 --> 02:28:21,600
pick your rugged outdoorsy kids 
growing up on the frontier, but 

2740
02:28:21,600 --> 02:28:23,500
David was really quite The 
Eccentric. 

2741
02:28:23,500 --> 02:28:27,700
Unlike his peers, David appeared
to have an aversion to sitting 

2742
02:28:27,700 --> 02:28:30,000
still even though they were 
learning to plow fields, and 

2743
02:28:30,000 --> 02:28:33,200
tend to livestock school. 
As he knew, it seemed to snug as

2744
02:28:33,200 --> 02:28:36,300
a pair of pine bark shoes. 
And his thoughts ran a mark like

2745
02:28:36,300 --> 02:28:39,400
a free chicken. 
Formal education wasn't for him.

2746
02:28:39,400 --> 02:28:42,900
After only four days of class, 
this decision would come back to

2747
02:28:42,900 --> 02:28:46,000
haunt him years later when he 
struggled to sound adult in 

2748
02:28:46,000 --> 02:28:50,900
letters to his wife. 
The tender age of 13 David's 

2749
02:28:50,900 --> 02:28:54,300
father likely distraught rented,
him out to a cattle driver. 

2750
02:28:54,900 --> 02:28:58,500
Envision yourself as a 13 year 
old, who is unexpectedly tasked 

2751
02:28:58,500 --> 02:29:01,400
with transporting, hundreds of 
finicky cows over Uncharted 

2752
02:29:01,400 --> 02:29:04,700
land. 
David learned that cows had zero

2753
02:29:04,700 --> 02:29:07,700
regard for a Young Person's 
timetable or dignity as he 

2754
02:29:07,700 --> 02:29:10,600
trudged through muck for months 
while sleeping under the stars. 

2755
02:29:11,500 --> 02:29:13,800
However, he felt a connection to
that trip. 

2756
02:29:14,500 --> 02:29:17,500
Because of his Restless 
personality, he thrived on the 

2757
02:29:17,500 --> 02:29:20,900
wide Road where he was always 
moving and had to tackle 

2758
02:29:20,900 --> 02:29:23,800
difficulties as they arose. 
David had gained the 

2759
02:29:23,800 --> 02:29:27,000
self-assurance that comes from 
facing adversity, head-on, and 

2760
02:29:27,000 --> 02:29:29,400
had grown three inches. 
By the time he reached home, 

2761
02:29:30,300 --> 02:29:33,700
However, he still had issues 
with his studies in a family 

2762
02:29:33,700 --> 02:29:35,200
where everyone could write their
names. 

2763
02:29:35,200 --> 02:29:38,200
He felt like the outcast because
he still couldn't read past 

2764
02:29:38,200 --> 02:29:39,800
first grade when he was 15 years
old. 

2765
02:29:40,700 --> 02:29:43,900
So he struck a bargain with his 
dad. he pay off the family's 

2766
02:29:43,900 --> 02:29:47,300
obligation, if he could go back 
to school, Imagine a classroom 

2767
02:29:47,300 --> 02:29:51,500
full of seven year olds with 15 
year old, David Kramden, his 

2768
02:29:51,500 --> 02:29:55,100
banging the small desk, trying 
to learn his letters at a time 

2769
02:29:55,100 --> 02:29:57,400
when other boys is age or 
already planning marriage and 

2770
02:29:57,400 --> 02:30:00,900
starting families. 
It must have been difficult for 

2771
02:30:00,900 --> 02:30:03,100
his pride. 
David persisted for a few months

2772
02:30:03,100 --> 02:30:05,700
as he gradually acquired. 
The fundamental abilities 

2773
02:30:05,700 --> 02:30:08,400
necessary for the complex life 
that lay ahead. 

2774
02:30:09,400 --> 02:30:12,700
Like many other youngsters David
found himself thrust into 

2775
02:30:12,700 --> 02:30:16,300
manhood on the frontier before 
he was ready at the age of 16. 

2776
02:30:16,300 --> 02:30:19,600
He had found a job with a nearby
farmer where he could support 

2777
02:30:19,600 --> 02:30:22,900
his family and begin to shape 
his future even when things 

2778
02:30:22,900 --> 02:30:25,100
became rough. 
He had a way of making people 

2779
02:30:25,100 --> 02:30:28,100
laugh and his stubborn streak 
would keep them going long after

2780
02:30:28,100 --> 02:30:30,800
they gave up. 
He wasn't the brightest student 

2781
02:30:30,800 --> 02:30:34,400
or the toughest worker but he 
had something else in those 

2782
02:30:34,400 --> 02:30:37,000
formative Years. 
Eve virtually appears as a 

2783
02:30:37,000 --> 02:30:40,300
towering lanky boy with enormous
hands and a wicked grin. 

2784
02:30:40,300 --> 02:30:42,100
That seems to be perpetually 
hatching. 

2785
02:30:42,100 --> 02:30:45,700
A plot Parents were first 
frightened by his Boundless 

2786
02:30:45,700 --> 02:30:49,100
Energy, but they eventually came
to forgive him for his charisma.

2787
02:30:50,300 --> 02:30:53,000
Years would pass before he 
became the renowned frontiersmen

2788
02:30:53,000 --> 02:30:56,900
but he had all the making of an 
outlaw, an innate desire to 

2789
02:30:56,900 --> 02:31:00,200
strike off on his own and the 
growing suspicion that the easy 

2790
02:31:00,200 --> 02:31:02,000
way out might not be the best 
choice. 

2791
02:31:03,200 --> 02:31:04,700
Delving, further into our 
narrative. 

2792
02:31:04,700 --> 02:31:08,100
Let us discuss how a young, 
David discovered, a profound 

2793
02:31:08,100 --> 02:31:10,700
truth. 
The ability to bring joy to 

2794
02:31:10,700 --> 02:31:14,000
another person's life is nearly 
as valuable as their material 

2795
02:31:14,000 --> 02:31:17,400
needs. 
Almost there, David was smitten 

2796
02:31:17,400 --> 02:31:19,500
with a girl from the 
neighborhood named Polly Finley.

2797
02:31:19,500 --> 02:31:22,900
When he was 19 years old. 
Poly the daughter of a fairly 

2798
02:31:22,908 --> 02:31:25,100
well-off farmer. 
Had her misgivings about this 

2799
02:31:25,100 --> 02:31:27,900
clumsy young man who couldn't 
seem to commit to a career. 

2800
02:31:28,700 --> 02:31:31,900
She wasn't your typical Frontier
woman though by local standards.

2801
02:31:31,900 --> 02:31:36,200
She was actually quite refined. 
As a charmingly awkward, wooing 

2802
02:31:36,200 --> 02:31:38,700
tactic. 
David would attend social events

2803
02:31:38,700 --> 02:31:40,700
in the hopes of winning her over
with his impressive, 

2804
02:31:40,700 --> 02:31:43,600
storytelling, abilities. 
And more importantly, his still 

2805
02:31:43,600 --> 02:31:45,400
developing practical 
capabilities. 

2806
02:31:46,300 --> 02:31:49,000
The catch was that David had 
never mastered accurate shooting

2807
02:31:49,000 --> 02:31:52,600
to use this may not appear 
significant but in 1805 

2808
02:31:52,600 --> 02:31:55,500
Tennessee a guy who failed to 
strike his Target was as 

2809
02:31:55,500 --> 02:31:59,400
valuable as a chocolate teapot. 
David realized he was in over 

2810
02:31:59,400 --> 02:32:01,000
his head. 
When Polly's, father proposed 

2811
02:32:01,000 --> 02:32:03,600
they go hunting together. 
It was a test of David 

2812
02:32:03,600 --> 02:32:05,400
suitability as a possible son in
law. 

2813
02:32:05,400 --> 02:32:08,700
There are after he did what any 
reasonable young man in love, 

2814
02:32:08,700 --> 02:32:11,600
would do. 
Practice until his ears, rang 

2815
02:32:11,600 --> 02:32:15,800
Non-Stop and his shoulder turned
purple from overuse whenever he 

2816
02:32:15,800 --> 02:32:18,100
had a spare moment. 
He would borrow rifles for 

2817
02:32:18,100 --> 02:32:20,900
ammunition and shooted. 
Anything that would remain still

2818
02:32:20,900 --> 02:32:23,300
long enough. 
David transformed, the entire 

2819
02:32:23,300 --> 02:32:26,200
County in to his own, private 
range by using objects, such as 

2820
02:32:26,200 --> 02:32:28,700
tin cans, fence, posts, and 
trees. 

2821
02:32:28,700 --> 02:32:31,900
He was able to thread a 50, yard
musket ball needle. 

2822
02:32:31,900 --> 02:32:35,400
By the time, he wed Polly in 
1806, a testament to his 

2823
02:32:35,400 --> 02:32:38,600
perseverance. 
I mean, not exactly, but it's 

2824
02:32:38,600 --> 02:32:41,300
near enough. 
Marriage was both a blessing and

2825
02:32:41,300 --> 02:32:44,800
a curse for David though. 
She brought stability poly. 

2826
02:32:44,800 --> 02:32:47,400
Also introduced expectations to 
his Restless temperament. 

2827
02:32:47,400 --> 02:32:49,900
No one should live in a tent 
with a wife. 

2828
02:32:49,900 --> 02:32:53,200
It wasn't enough to just eat 
whatever the kids caught or 

2829
02:32:53,200 --> 02:32:55,300
foraged, they required regular 
meals. 

2830
02:32:55,300 --> 02:32:59,000
The age-old conundrum of how to 
reconcile risk-taking with one's

2831
02:32:59,000 --> 02:33:00,700
responsibilities was before 
David. 

2832
02:33:00,700 --> 02:33:03,700
His response was as imaginative 
as usual. 

2833
02:33:03,700 --> 02:33:07,400
He would go on hunting trips for
weeks at a stretch returning 

2834
02:33:07,400 --> 02:33:11,100
with a bounty of wild turkey 
bear and deer that would feed 

2835
02:33:11,100 --> 02:33:14,800
the family and be sold off. 
These were no ordinary camping. 

2836
02:33:14,800 --> 02:33:18,900
Excursions, rather David would 
go far into Uncharted Territory.

2837
02:33:18,900 --> 02:33:21,300
Often more than 100 miles from 
civilization. 

2838
02:33:21,300 --> 02:33:25,300
Subsisting only on wild foods 
and his ever improving 

2839
02:33:25,300 --> 02:33:28,300
Marksmanship. 
The remarkable thing about David

2840
02:33:28,300 --> 02:33:31,200
hunting skills is that they came
about almost unintentionally. 

2841
02:33:31,200 --> 02:33:34,500
He had no aspirations of 
becoming a world-renowned 

2842
02:33:34,500 --> 02:33:37,900
marksman, his only goals were to
provide for his family and on 

2843
02:33:37,900 --> 02:33:40,200
occasion, treat Polly to a store
bought dress. 

2844
02:33:41,800 --> 02:33:44,800
The David became someone special
over those countless hours of 

2845
02:33:44,800 --> 02:33:48,000
tracking animals through dense 
forests and across Russians. 

2846
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:51,600
He had an almost miraculous 
snack for reading the forest. 

2847
02:33:52,400 --> 02:33:54,900
For seeing when and where 
animals would be, and how they 

2848
02:33:54,900 --> 02:33:57,700
would act. 
When David returned from hunting

2849
02:33:57,700 --> 02:34:00,400
trips with tales, that were too 
Fantastical to be true. 

2850
02:34:00,400 --> 02:34:04,300
His neighbors started to take 
note Bears that he had pursued 

2851
02:34:04,300 --> 02:34:07,100
for several days prior to 
obtaining, the ideal photograph 

2852
02:34:07,100 --> 02:34:10,300
using Justice patience and 
knowledge of the deer's habits. 

2853
02:34:10,300 --> 02:34:13,000
He had successfully brought them
within Arms, Reach. 

2854
02:34:13,000 --> 02:34:16,500
He seemed to have the power to 
hypnotize, wild turkeys with his

2855
02:34:16,500 --> 02:34:19,100
turkey calls. 
The unintended consequence of 

2856
02:34:19,108 --> 02:34:21,800
David's Rising profile. 
As a hunter though, was that 

2857
02:34:21,800 --> 02:34:24,500
others began looking to him to 
fix their own issues as well. 

2858
02:34:25,400 --> 02:34:28,900
Animals in Danger from a wolf 
pack, Dave Crockett should be 

2859
02:34:28,908 --> 02:34:31,300
summoned. 
Strange Footprints surrounding 

2860
02:34:31,300 --> 02:34:33,200
the chicken coop, he'll take 
care of it. 

2861
02:34:34,200 --> 02:34:36,700
Unidentified rumbling in the 
forest later at night. 

2862
02:34:37,500 --> 02:34:41,000
Hopefully, my point is clear. 
The ability to narrate stories 

2863
02:34:41,000 --> 02:34:44,300
was what set David apart from 
other Adept Hunters along with 

2864
02:34:44,300 --> 02:34:46,300
the meat. 
He brought home exciting new 

2865
02:34:46,300 --> 02:34:49,100
experience is even a mundane 
hunting trip. 

2866
02:34:49,100 --> 02:34:51,300
Would seem like an epic 
adventure when he was in his 

2867
02:34:51,300 --> 02:34:53,400
element. 
What was all the close calls 

2868
02:34:53,400 --> 02:34:56,500
flashes of Genius planning. 
And of course, the occasional 

2869
02:34:56,500 --> 02:34:58,800
salt idiotic move that almost 
cost him his life. 

2870
02:34:59,700 --> 02:35:02,700
David had a talent for making 
even old Tales sound thrilling 

2871
02:35:02,700 --> 02:35:04,700
in new. 
So even though pollywood roll 

2872
02:35:04,700 --> 02:35:06,200
her eyes, she would listen 
intently. 

2873
02:35:07,800 --> 02:35:10,700
When David was in his 
mid-twenties he had settled into

2874
02:35:10,700 --> 02:35:14,800
a routine hunt. 
Provide tell stories, repeat. 

2875
02:35:15,900 --> 02:35:18,200
While he was still a young 
husband attempting to master the

2876
02:35:18,200 --> 02:35:21,800
most important role of his life.
He was laying the groundwork for

2877
02:35:21,800 --> 02:35:23,100
the fame. 
That would come later. 

2878
02:35:23,100 --> 02:35:26,100
You would think, David's issues 
would go away if he just 

2879
02:35:26,100 --> 02:35:28,500
mastered hunting? 
But surprises are a part of 

2880
02:35:28,500 --> 02:35:30,900
life. 
David learned the hard way that 

2881
02:35:30,900 --> 02:35:33,700
not even his famed. 
Hunting abilities could ensure 

2882
02:35:33,700 --> 02:35:36,700
Financial stability on the 
frontier as his family expanded 

2883
02:35:36,700 --> 02:35:40,300
Polly had bestowed upon him. 
Two boys, John Wesley and 

2884
02:35:40,308 --> 02:35:42,900
William. 
Modifications. 

2885
02:35:42,900 --> 02:35:45,900
That would radically all to 
David's life occurred in 1813. 

2886
02:35:46,700 --> 02:35:49,200
David joined the Tennessee 
militia as a Scout during the 

2887
02:35:49,200 --> 02:35:52,800
creek War which broke out in 
Alabama, along with many other 

2888
02:35:52,800 --> 02:35:56,300
young, men seeking excitement, 
stable employment and an 

2889
02:35:56,300 --> 02:35:57,900
opportunity to serve their 
Nation. 

2890
02:35:59,100 --> 02:36:01,900
Unlike in the movies, this 
wasn't somebody delicate 

2891
02:36:01,900 --> 02:36:05,300
military Expedition. 
David devoted most of his time 

2892
02:36:05,300 --> 02:36:08,400
to sloughing through marshes 
searching for Creek, fighters 

2893
02:36:08,400 --> 02:36:11,700
who were more familiar with the 
area than he was and discovering

2894
02:36:11,700 --> 02:36:14,400
that military food was 
infinitely worse than anything. 

2895
02:36:14,400 --> 02:36:18,600
He had ever prepared himself. 
however, David learned, an 

2896
02:36:18,600 --> 02:36:21,200
important lesson, during his 
time in the military, he was 

2897
02:36:21,200 --> 02:36:25,100
born with leadership skills, his
fellow troops, relied on him for

2898
02:36:25,100 --> 02:36:28,100
guidance confidence in his 
judgment, in high stakes 

2899
02:36:28,100 --> 02:36:33,200
situations, and inspirational 
when time seemed bleacked As a 

2900
02:36:33,200 --> 02:36:36,200
leader, he didn't believe in 
barking out commands and 

2901
02:36:36,200 --> 02:36:39,700
expecting followers to follow 
suit, instead, he set a good 

2902
02:36:39,708 --> 02:36:42,900
example by treating everyone 
with the same laid-back. 

2903
02:36:42,900 --> 02:36:45,900
Respect he'd learned to value in
a world where acting 

2904
02:36:45,900 --> 02:36:48,100
superficially may result in 
death. 

2905
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:52,500
After serving his Country, David
came home to discover that his 

2906
02:36:52,500 --> 02:36:54,700
Fame had expanded Beyond Tales 
of hunting. 

2907
02:36:55,600 --> 02:36:57,800
He had a reputation for being 
calm Under Pressure. 

2908
02:36:57,800 --> 02:37:00,800
Able to make tough calls without
letting his humor get in the 

2909
02:37:00,808 --> 02:37:02,500
way. 
And someone who could handle 

2910
02:37:02,500 --> 02:37:06,400
himself in Risky situations, 
these traits would be crucial 

2911
02:37:06,400 --> 02:37:08,900
for David as he approached. 
What he would later refer to as 

2912
02:37:08,900 --> 02:37:11,400
his bare period. 
To make matters. 

2913
02:37:11,400 --> 02:37:13,800
Worse bears in early 19th 
century. 

2914
02:37:13,800 --> 02:37:18,100
Tennessee, were enormous common 
and completely disrespectful of 

2915
02:37:18,100 --> 02:37:21,600
human property rights. 
When bears came into towns and 

2916
02:37:21,600 --> 02:37:25,300
search of food, they would rip 
apart huts and generally make 

2917
02:37:25,300 --> 02:37:28,200
life difficult for the people 
who had managed to establish a 

2918
02:37:28,200 --> 02:37:31,500
civilized society. 
When confronted with a problem 

2919
02:37:31,500 --> 02:37:35,200
there, most people, either hope 
it would go away or summoned, a 

2920
02:37:35,200 --> 02:37:38,200
more courageous friend or 
relative for assistance. when 

2921
02:37:38,200 --> 02:37:42,500
others saw obstacles, David saw 
opportunity their hunting, he 

2922
02:37:42,500 --> 02:37:45,300
came to see may be more than 
simply a hobby, it could be a 

2923
02:37:45,300 --> 02:37:48,800
full-fledged Enterprise, The 
meat from bears was highly 

2924
02:37:48,800 --> 02:37:52,600
prized their fat could be 
processed into oil for use and 

2925
02:37:52,600 --> 02:37:55,700
cooking and lighting and their 
fur was constantly sought after.

2926
02:37:55,700 --> 02:37:59,600
So when farms and municipalities
needed help with a bare problem,

2927
02:37:59,608 --> 02:38:02,900
they would call David, who 
became something of a specialist

2928
02:38:02,900 --> 02:38:06,000
in the field. 
He was meticulous and to be 

2929
02:38:06,000 --> 02:38:08,800
honest, slightly obsessed when 
it came to hunting bears. 

2930
02:38:10,100 --> 02:38:12,800
David would take on the role of 
a naturalist studying certain 

2931
02:38:12,800 --> 02:38:16,100
Bears, observing and studying 
their behaviors for several days

2932
02:38:16,100 --> 02:38:19,200
or weeks before devising tactics
that were adapted to their 

2933
02:38:19,200 --> 02:38:22,500
unique personalities. 
Yes, the Bears personalities. 

2934
02:38:22,500 --> 02:38:26,000
David maintained that each one 
was unique with its own set of 

2935
02:38:26,000 --> 02:38:28,600
peculiarities tastes and degrees
of brainpower. 

2936
02:38:29,400 --> 02:38:33,000
The outcomes were remarkable 
David killed. 58 bears in one. 

2937
02:38:33,000 --> 02:38:37,400
Very fruitful winter, Just one 
season, not cross a number of 

2938
02:38:37,400 --> 02:38:41,400
years, he was able to become so 
proficient at hunting bears that

2939
02:38:41,400 --> 02:38:44,600
he could find kill and prepare 
one in a day or less before 

2940
02:38:44,600 --> 02:38:47,800
moving onto the next. 
Title, that David felt somewhat 

2941
02:38:47,800 --> 02:38:51,900
humiliating yet gratifying was 
bear hunter of the district, a 

2942
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:53,800
Monica, that his neighbor's 
began to use about him. 

2943
02:38:53,800 --> 02:38:57,400
However, there were unforeseen 
obstacles on the paths to 

2944
02:38:57,400 --> 02:39:00,400
success in the bearing industry.
David's hunting trips became 

2945
02:39:00,400 --> 02:39:03,900
increasingly longer and more 
frequent often lasting weeks 

2946
02:39:03,900 --> 02:39:07,000
that must have been incredibly 
challenging for Polly to manage 

2947
02:39:07,008 --> 02:39:10,800
their household and raise their 
children, all by herself, more 

2948
02:39:10,800 --> 02:39:13,400
muddy and wild smelling David 
would come home after his bare 

2949
02:39:13,400 --> 02:39:17,900
exports, the more varied feeling
would have During his time, 

2950
02:39:17,900 --> 02:39:21,400
spent hunting bears, David also 
began to rise from the status of

2951
02:39:21,408 --> 02:39:24,000
Local Hero to that of legendary 
figure in his own right. 

2952
02:39:24,000 --> 02:39:28,000
His extraordinary success and 
amusing anecdotes made him a 

2953
02:39:28,000 --> 02:39:30,500
popular speaker. 
And people started asking him to

2954
02:39:30,500 --> 02:39:32,300
parties only to hear about his 
travels. 

2955
02:39:33,300 --> 02:39:35,800
When David realized, he could 
take his life's events and 

2956
02:39:35,800 --> 02:39:38,300
transform them into stories. 
That could Captivate an 

2957
02:39:38,300 --> 02:39:40,700
audience. 
He knew he had a great aptitude 

2958
02:39:40,700 --> 02:39:43,500
for performing. 
David never felt the need to 

2959
02:39:43,500 --> 02:39:46,100
embellish his hunting 
achievements, which is an 

2960
02:39:46,100 --> 02:39:48,900
intriguing aspect. 
It was astonishing enough that 

2961
02:39:48,900 --> 02:39:51,700
it was true. 
However, he did hone an ability 

2962
02:39:51,700 --> 02:39:53,500
to paint vivid pictures of Every
Day. 

2963
02:39:53,500 --> 02:39:57,000
Life bringing drama and humor to
what others might perceive as 

2964
02:39:57,000 --> 02:40:00,800
dull happening. 
An ordinary bear hunt devolved 

2965
02:40:00,800 --> 02:40:03,800
into a Titanic, showdown between
humanity and the natural world. 

2966
02:40:03,800 --> 02:40:06,000
Replete with terrifying, 
moments. 

2967
02:40:06,000 --> 02:40:09,600
Brilliant moments. 
And more often than not at least

2968
02:40:09,600 --> 02:40:12,300
one instance of David's actions 
that were ingenious at the 

2969
02:40:12,308 --> 02:40:14,300
moment, but almost cost him his 
life. 

2970
02:40:15,100 --> 02:40:17,900
As we wind down for the next 
chapter, it's important to 

2971
02:40:17,900 --> 02:40:21,100
discuss how sometimes we have no
choice but to start over 

2972
02:40:21,100 --> 02:40:23,100
regardless of how prepared we 
are. 

2973
02:40:23,900 --> 02:40:26,500
While David was expecting to 
become famous in his hometown 

2974
02:40:26,500 --> 02:40:29,900
for his bear hunting exploits, 
the unexpectedly gained a 

2975
02:40:29,900 --> 02:40:32,300
reputation as someone who could 
solve problems and get things 

2976
02:40:32,300 --> 02:40:34,600
done. 
Because of his Stellar 

2977
02:40:34,600 --> 02:40:38,800
reputation is elected him to the
position of magistrate in 1817. 

2978
02:40:38,800 --> 02:40:42,100
A magistrate was effectively a 
municipal judge who presided 

2979
02:40:42,100 --> 02:40:44,000
over smaller cases and 
disagreements. 

2980
02:40:44,800 --> 02:40:47,900
Just to refresh your memory, 
David's official education was 

2981
02:40:47,900 --> 02:40:50,200
limited to a few months in a 
one-room schoolhouse. 

2982
02:40:50,200 --> 02:40:53,800
So when he was suddenly tasked 
with interpreting laws and 

2983
02:40:53,800 --> 02:40:56,800
administering Justice, it was 
like expecting someone who had 

2984
02:40:56,808 --> 02:40:58,800
never piloted an airplane to 
ride horses. 

2985
02:40:58,800 --> 02:41:03,000
However, David brought his usual
mix of modesty and common sense 

2986
02:41:03,000 --> 02:41:05,500
to the task. 
He had a really relaxed demeanor

2987
02:41:05,500 --> 02:41:09,600
in court fairness practical 
Solutions and David skill in 

2988
02:41:09,600 --> 02:41:11,900
mediating disputes amongst 
squabbling. 

2989
02:41:11,900 --> 02:41:14,600
Neighbors were more important 
than complicated procedures and 

2990
02:41:14,600 --> 02:41:17,800
legal presents. 
David would advise the disputing

2991
02:41:17,800 --> 02:41:20,900
Farmers to go for a walk over 
the contested ground and try to 

2992
02:41:20,908 --> 02:41:23,500
come to an agreement where they 
were arguing over, who owned 

2993
02:41:23,500 --> 02:41:26,100
what? 
David may substitute Community. 

2994
02:41:26,100 --> 02:41:28,800
Work for a fine where the 
offender is unable to pay the 

2995
02:41:28,800 --> 02:41:31,300
original amount. 
His rulings were mostly 

2996
02:41:31,300 --> 02:41:34,500
reasonable and Equitable, 
however, they lacked legal 

2997
02:41:34,500 --> 02:41:37,400
sophistication. 
Greater political prospects 

2998
02:41:37,400 --> 02:41:39,500
arose as a result of the 
Magistrate Office. 

2999
02:41:39,500 --> 02:41:42,600
No one could have been more 
surprised than David when he was

3000
02:41:42,600 --> 02:41:48,300
elected to the Tennessee State 
Assembly in 1821 present in the 

3001
02:41:48,300 --> 02:41:50,000
state. 
Capital was a man whose 

3002
02:41:50,000 --> 02:41:52,700
constituency was represented by 
someone who can continue to 

3003
02:41:52,700 --> 02:41:54,100
struggle with language and 
spelling. 

3004
02:41:55,100 --> 02:41:58,300
However, David's political 
ideology was surprisingly 

3005
02:41:58,300 --> 02:42:00,800
uncomplicated. 
The government had to assist 

3006
02:42:00,800 --> 02:42:02,700
common people in resolving 
actual issues. 

3007
02:42:02,700 --> 02:42:05,000
Not add further burdens to their
lives. 

3008
02:42:05,000 --> 02:42:09,600
His character was congruent with
his approach to legislation in 

3009
02:42:09,600 --> 02:42:12,500
contrast to his fellow 
legislators, David spoke frankly

3010
02:42:12,500 --> 02:42:15,700
about the issues at hand rather 
than delivering, lengthy 

3011
02:42:15,700 --> 02:42:18,000
ceremonial speeches. 
Replete with allusions to 

3012
02:42:18,000 --> 02:42:21,800
classical figures and legalese 
Regardless of party pressure. 

3013
02:42:21,800 --> 02:42:25,200
He usually voted according to 
his conscience which included 

3014
02:42:25,200 --> 02:42:28,000
supporting legislation that 
would help low-income households

3015
02:42:28,000 --> 02:42:30,900
purchase land and opposing 
policies that appeared to 

3016
02:42:30,900 --> 02:42:35,700
benefit primarily the wealthy 
However, everything changed when

3017
02:42:35,700 --> 02:42:39,000
a tragic event occurred, David 
was left to raise their three 

3018
02:42:39,000 --> 02:42:41,700
children alone after Polly 
passed away in 1815. 

3019
02:42:42,700 --> 02:42:45,600
A devastating loss. 
Bethel him with Polly as his 

3020
02:42:45,600 --> 02:42:47,000
Rock. 
He was able to channel his 

3021
02:42:47,000 --> 02:42:49,200
Restless Spirit while keeping 
the peace at home. 

3022
02:42:49,200 --> 02:42:53,000
David felt completely 
disoriented without her and it 

3023
02:42:53,000 --> 02:42:55,800
had nothing to do with 
navigating the terrain hunting 

3024
02:42:55,800 --> 02:42:59,000
farming, raising children and 
attending to his political 

3025
02:42:59,000 --> 02:43:01,700
responsibilities were. 
All things that David attempted 

3026
02:43:01,700 --> 02:43:03,100
to handle on his own for a 
period. 

3027
02:43:03,100 --> 02:43:06,700
It was a hopeless. 
Predicament David sort assistant

3028
02:43:06,700 --> 02:43:09,000
after realizing, he couldn't 
give his children, the 

3029
02:43:09,000 --> 02:43:11,200
attention, they required due to 
his busy lifestyle. 

3030
02:43:12,000 --> 02:43:14,700
Elizabeth Patton was a widow 
with two children when he wed 

3031
02:43:14,700 --> 02:43:18,200
her in 1816. 
Elizabeth had the patient's 

3032
02:43:18,200 --> 02:43:21,100
competence and practicality to 
manage, David's unorthodox, 

3033
02:43:21,100 --> 02:43:24,800
professional trajectory. 
While the blended family Dynamic

3034
02:43:24,800 --> 02:43:27,400
was harmonious. 
David's aspirations for public 

3035
02:43:27,400 --> 02:43:30,400
office were intensifying. 
He became a United States 

3036
02:43:30,400 --> 02:43:34,700
senator in 1827 David Crockett, 
who had spent his whole life in 

3037
02:43:34,700 --> 02:43:37,400
the woods and small. 
Frontier towns, suddenly found 

3038
02:43:37,400 --> 02:43:40,800
himself navigating the complex 
political landscape of the 

3039
02:43:40,800 --> 02:43:43,000
nation's capital when he was 
elected to the House of 

3040
02:43:43,000 --> 02:43:46,000
Representatives, which required 
him to leave Tennessee for 

3041
02:43:46,000 --> 02:43:49,900
extended periods of time to 
serve in Washington DC, At 

3042
02:43:49,900 --> 02:43:53,300
dinner parties this towering 
unassuming Congressman would 

3043
02:43:53,300 --> 02:43:56,200
tell tales about his bear hunts 
and appeared genuinely 

3044
02:43:56,200 --> 02:43:59,300
bewildered by the complex, 
social conventions that dictated

3045
02:43:59,300 --> 02:44:01,700
political life. 
The members of Washington 

3046
02:44:01,700 --> 02:44:03,900
Society were at a lost to 
understand him. 

3047
02:44:04,700 --> 02:44:07,400
The folksy demeanor of David 
belied his acute intellect and 

3048
02:44:07,400 --> 02:44:10,100
strong ideals. 
His colleague had assumed, he 

3049
02:44:10,100 --> 02:44:12,700
was alive frontiersmen, who was 
easily influenced. 

3050
02:44:13,500 --> 02:44:16,200
Land policy was the central 
political problem for David. 

3051
02:44:17,000 --> 02:44:19,400
Poor households were having a 
hard time getting Farmland. 

3052
02:44:19,400 --> 02:44:22,300
He thought while Rich 
speculators were buying up large

3053
02:44:22,300 --> 02:44:26,200
tracks for investment People who
had been living on and improving

3054
02:44:26,200 --> 02:44:30,000
land without legal title known 
as squatters would be granted 

3055
02:44:30,000 --> 02:44:32,600
the right to acquire that land 
at reasonable prices through the

3056
02:44:32,600 --> 02:44:33,600
law. 
He suggested. 

3057
02:44:34,500 --> 02:44:37,900
Although David saw it as a 
matter of basic Justice, it 

3058
02:44:37,900 --> 02:44:40,600
pitted him against influential 
groups that favored the status 

3059
02:44:40,600 --> 02:44:43,400
quo. 
David won over voters, but 

3060
02:44:43,400 --> 02:44:46,300
alienated powerful politicians 
with his support for common 

3061
02:44:46,300 --> 02:44:48,800
settlers. 
David became more and more 

3062
02:44:48,800 --> 02:44:50,800
alienated within his own 
political party. 

3063
02:44:50,800 --> 02:44:53,700
As he fought against certain of 
President, Andrew Jackson's 

3064
02:44:53,700 --> 02:44:57,600
policies, especially the Indian 
Removal Act which he believed to

3065
02:44:57,600 --> 02:45:01,300
be morally, reprehensible, 
Ironically, David actually had 

3066
02:45:01,300 --> 02:45:04,900
very complex political ideas 
despite how simple they appeared

3067
02:45:04,900 --> 02:45:06,500
to him. 
Democracy. 

3068
02:45:06,500 --> 02:45:10,800
He realized entails more than 
just majority rules it entailed 

3069
02:45:10,800 --> 02:45:12,500
defending. 
The rights of the defenseless, 

3070
02:45:12,500 --> 02:45:15,400
he thought the government should
look out for everyone's best 

3071
02:45:15,400 --> 02:45:17,100
interests. 
Not just the wealthy and 

3072
02:45:17,100 --> 02:45:20,000
Powerful. 
Politicians who favored easier 

3073
02:45:20,000 --> 02:45:22,300
Arrangements. 
They weren't novel Notions, but 

3074
02:45:22,300 --> 02:45:25,100
they were uncomfortable. 
David came to terms with the 

3075
02:45:25,108 --> 02:45:28,600
fact that his time as Tennessee 
politician, was likely numbered 

3076
02:45:28,600 --> 02:45:32,400
by the early 1830s, he lost 
popularity due to his rejection 

3077
02:45:32,400 --> 02:45:35,600
of popular ideas and a master 
and army of foes, due to his 

3078
02:45:35,600 --> 02:45:39,400
unwavering adherence to his 
principles adapting to political

3079
02:45:39,400 --> 02:45:43,000
reality or forging, a new route 
entirely would shape the 

3080
02:45:43,000 --> 02:45:47,100
remainder of his life. as you 
settle in, for this section of 

3081
02:45:47,108 --> 02:45:51,100
David's Journey, you'll find out
how at the same time, it can be 

3082
02:45:51,108 --> 02:45:54,600
freeing and terrible to stand up
for your beliefs, even if it 

3083
02:45:54,600 --> 02:45:58,700
means losing everything you've 
worked for David stay in the 

3084
02:45:58,700 --> 02:46:01,200
nation's capital was as 
entertaining as watching a fish 

3085
02:46:01,208 --> 02:46:03,900
scale, a tree. 
It was his job to represent his 

3086
02:46:03,900 --> 02:46:07,600
constituents vote on legislation
and serve on committees. 

3087
02:46:08,400 --> 02:46:10,700
But he felt like he was speaking
a different language when it 

3088
02:46:10,700 --> 02:46:12,600
came to the culture of political
manipulation. 

3089
02:46:13,800 --> 02:46:17,000
David adamantly refused to let 
the political ramifications of 

3090
02:46:17,000 --> 02:46:19,000
his votes, influences 
decision-making. 

3091
02:46:19,000 --> 02:46:22,800
In contrast to his fellow 
lawmakers who established 

3092
02:46:22,800 --> 02:46:25,100
coalitions and traded votes like
poker chips. 

3093
02:46:26,100 --> 02:46:28,900
When David's beliefs were in 
line with public opinion, this 

3094
02:46:28,900 --> 02:46:31,900
strategy was effective. 
Nevertheless, it proved 

3095
02:46:31,900 --> 02:46:34,700
Troublesome when they were not 
Most of his Tennessee 

3096
02:46:34,700 --> 02:46:37,700
constituents wanted Native, 
American territories open for 

3097
02:46:37,700 --> 02:46:40,500
white colonization. 
Therefore they supported the 

3098
02:46:40,500 --> 02:46:44,300
Indian Removal Act of 1830. 
Not because he was a specialty 

3099
02:46:44,300 --> 02:46:47,400
Progressive on racial Problems 
by today's standards but because

3100
02:46:47,400 --> 02:46:50,500
David had met and respected 
Native American's individuals. 

3101
02:46:50,500 --> 02:46:53,400
He was opposed to it. 
He thought it was morally, 

3102
02:46:53,400 --> 02:46:56,400
reprehensible to forcefully, 
uproot entire communities from 

3103
02:46:56,400 --> 02:46:59,600
their ancient homelands. 
Classic David Crockett, 

3104
02:46:59,600 --> 02:47:03,300
passionate direct, and totally 
at variance with political 

3105
02:47:03,300 --> 02:47:05,700
Acumen. 
That was his opposition speech 

3106
02:47:05,700 --> 02:47:08,400
in Congress. 
Concerning the distinction 

3107
02:47:08,400 --> 02:47:11,700
between what is legally required
and what is morally acceptable. 

3108
02:47:12,700 --> 02:47:14,100
He spoke about Cherokee 
families. 

3109
02:47:14,100 --> 02:47:16,900
He had known as well as 
Government dishonesty and broken

3110
02:47:16,900 --> 02:47:19,900
promises. 
Despite his colleagues courteous

3111
02:47:19,900 --> 02:47:23,100
listening, they ultimately voted
to have him removed from office 

3112
02:47:23,100 --> 02:47:26,100
even while David's vote, didn't 
sway, the result. 

3113
02:47:26,100 --> 02:47:28,908
It did demonstrate that he was 
unreliable when it came to 

3114
02:47:28,916 --> 02:47:32,400
supporting party policies. 
There were covert, but effective

3115
02:47:32,400 --> 02:47:34,600
efforts by the political Elite 
to undermine David. 

3116
02:47:35,500 --> 02:47:37,700
More trustworthy party members 
were given committee 

3117
02:47:37,700 --> 02:47:40,300
assignments. 
In Portland meeting invitations 

3118
02:47:40,300 --> 02:47:43,600
were misplaced his colleagues 
and Congress no longer sought 

3119
02:47:43,600 --> 02:47:47,600
his advice on proposed laws. 
As he continued to serve as a 

3120
02:47:47,608 --> 02:47:51,000
representative for his area. 
David felt further and further 

3121
02:47:51,000 --> 02:47:52,500
removed from the political 
process. 

3122
02:47:53,700 --> 02:47:57,500
David political persecution in 
his home state of Tennessee, due

3123
02:47:57,500 --> 02:47:59,300
to his stance against Indian 
relocation. 

3124
02:48:00,300 --> 02:48:02,900
His detractors said, he'd been 
in Tangled in the corruption of 

3125
02:48:02,900 --> 02:48:06,000
Washington politics and had lost
touch with his Heritage and that

3126
02:48:06,000 --> 02:48:10,000
he cared more about Indians than
his own constituency. although 

3127
02:48:10,000 --> 02:48:13,100
David had changed while serving 
in Congress, it was not in the 

3128
02:48:13,100 --> 02:48:16,100
manner, his detractors had 
envisioned and this fact made 

3129
02:48:16,100 --> 02:48:19,400
the criticism all the more 
hurtful David had grown 

3130
02:48:19,400 --> 02:48:22,300
increasingly certain that much 
political expertise was nothing 

3131
02:48:22,300 --> 02:48:24,500
more than a pretense to escape 
moral accountability. 

3132
02:48:24,500 --> 02:48:27,200
Rather than being politically 
intelligent. 

3133
02:48:27,200 --> 02:48:30,200
He has seen coworkers vote for 
initiatives, they were 

3134
02:48:30,200 --> 02:48:33,000
personally against just because 
it suited their political 

3135
02:48:33,000 --> 02:48:35,500
agenda. 
He was witnessed to the manner 

3136
02:48:35,500 --> 02:48:38,900
in which powerful people's 
pockets dictated laws that were 

3137
02:48:38,900 --> 02:48:42,900
ill-suited to the common welfare
rather than turning him cynical,

3138
02:48:42,900 --> 02:48:45,500
The Experience had helped him 
better understand what was 

3139
02:48:45,500 --> 02:48:48,700
important to him. 
As usual David remained 

3140
02:48:48,700 --> 02:48:51,700
unyielding in the face of 
political pressure, he did not 

3141
02:48:51,700 --> 02:48:54,600
learn to moderate his views or 
compromise, more skillfully. 

3142
02:48:54,600 --> 02:48:58,300
Rather, he got more vocal he 
started traveling around 

3143
02:48:58,300 --> 02:49:01,300
Tennessee, giving talks in which
he details his voting record. 

3144
02:49:01,300 --> 02:49:04,900
The reasons for his opposition 
to popular ideas and his 

3145
02:49:04,900 --> 02:49:07,100
Newfound, knowledge of the inner
workings of government. 

3146
02:49:08,200 --> 02:49:11,100
Though, entertaining David had a
natural talent for storytelling.

3147
02:49:11,100 --> 02:49:13,900
These remarks were political 
suicide. 

3148
02:49:14,900 --> 02:49:17,900
Campaigning for the 1833. 
Election was a bloodbath. 

3149
02:49:17,900 --> 02:49:20,900
There was no shortage of 
ammunition for David's to 

3150
02:49:20,900 --> 02:49:23,600
trackers his stance against 
popular initiatives. 

3151
02:49:23,600 --> 02:49:27,400
His many trips out of Tennessee 
while in Congress and his ties 

3152
02:49:27,400 --> 02:49:31,400
to controversial causes For 
someone whose whole sense of 

3153
02:49:31,400 --> 02:49:34,400
self was based on serving the 
people being portrayed, as an 

3154
02:49:34,400 --> 02:49:36,500
alien who had become 
disconnected from everyday, life

3155
02:49:36,500 --> 02:49:38,300
must have been extremely 
hurtful. 

3156
02:49:39,100 --> 02:49:42,700
David retaliated with Candor and
humor, which proved ineffective,

3157
02:49:42,700 --> 02:49:45,600
against a well-organized, 
political enemy, no matter, the 

3158
02:49:45,600 --> 02:49:48,900
political Fallout, he pledged to
keep voting, his conscience and 

3159
02:49:48,900 --> 02:49:51,900
told voters, just how he felt 
about a variety of subjects. 

3160
02:49:52,600 --> 02:49:56,100
It was Noble based on principles
and destined to fail. 

3161
02:49:57,000 --> 02:50:00,000
As the votes were tallied, David
congressional seat was vacated, 

3162
02:50:00,000 --> 02:50:03,800
he was out of politics and faced
an uncertain future after years 

3163
02:50:03,800 --> 02:50:08,100
of Public Service, he was at the
age of 47 which was neither two 

3164
02:50:08,100 --> 02:50:11,400
young, nor too old to retire 
gracefully but two old to start 

3165
02:50:11,400 --> 02:50:14,300
over comfortably. 
David was aware that he needed 

3166
02:50:14,300 --> 02:50:15,900
to find his life's purpose 
while. 

3167
02:50:17,100 --> 02:50:19,500
Elizabeth remained, patient 
regarding their financial 

3168
02:50:19,500 --> 02:50:22,100
condition. 
Although David was disappointed,

3169
02:50:22,100 --> 02:50:26,000
he was also liberated from 
unattainable expectations as a 

3170
02:50:26,000 --> 02:50:28,900
result of his loss. 
He was free from the burden of 

3171
02:50:28,900 --> 02:50:31,400
considering the potential 
political repercussions of his 

3172
02:50:31,408 --> 02:50:34,000
statements and the impact they 
could have on his career. 

3173
02:50:34,900 --> 02:50:37,800
It had been years since he could
do or say anything he wanted 

3174
02:50:37,800 --> 02:50:40,500
without worrying about how it 
might affect his chances of 

3175
02:50:40,500 --> 02:50:41,500
winning. 
The next election. 

3176
02:50:41,500 --> 02:50:45,100
The price he had to pay for The 
Independents was financially in 

3177
02:50:45,100 --> 02:50:48,900
stability, public, dissolution 
went and the realization that 

3178
02:50:48,900 --> 02:50:51,000
his time in politics was 
essentially over. 

3179
02:50:52,200 --> 02:50:54,300
It did, however, bring with it 
opportunities. 

3180
02:50:55,200 --> 02:50:58,200
Texas that enormous Western 
territory where independence 

3181
02:50:58,200 --> 02:51:01,800
from Mexico was being discussed 
started to play on David's mind.

3182
02:51:02,500 --> 02:51:05,000
To all appearances. 
It was the type of community 

3183
02:51:05,000 --> 02:51:07,700
where a guy could start over 
where values might take 

3184
02:51:07,700 --> 02:51:11,400
precedence over party, 
affiliation As we settle in, for

3185
02:51:11,400 --> 02:51:14,700
the last stretch of David's 
Journey will witness first-hand 

3186
02:51:14,700 --> 02:51:17,800
how the conclusion of one dream 
may pave the way for a new and 

3187
02:51:17,800 --> 02:51:22,400
perhaps more significant one. 
David pondered his next move for

3188
02:51:22,408 --> 02:51:24,700
months. 
After his electoral loss, his 

3189
02:51:24,700 --> 02:51:27,500
life had been organized and 
directed by politics for more 

3190
02:51:27,500 --> 02:51:30,300
than 10 years and now it was all
gone. 

3191
02:51:31,100 --> 02:51:34,000
He resembled a river that had 
been blocked for a long time and

3192
02:51:34,000 --> 02:51:37,200
suddenly the barrier had broke 
and releasing him but also 

3193
02:51:37,200 --> 02:51:38,800
leaving him with no idea where 
to go. 

3194
02:51:39,800 --> 02:51:43,100
Evidently suffering with what 
felt like early retirement from 

3195
02:51:43,100 --> 02:51:46,100
the only work that had ever 
truly suited him Elizabeth 

3196
02:51:46,100 --> 02:51:49,900
observed as Peter pace around 
their cabin starting and then 

3197
02:51:49,900 --> 02:51:53,400
abandoning projects. 
David usually came up with the 

3198
02:51:53,400 --> 02:51:55,800
solution. 
Tennessee will wasn't interested

3199
02:51:55,800 --> 02:51:57,700
in him. 
He'd look for another place that

3200
02:51:57,700 --> 02:52:01,300
was when Americans were looking 
for a location to start over 

3201
02:52:01,300 --> 02:52:04,300
where land was inexpensive. 
And Prospects were endless. 

3202
02:52:04,300 --> 02:52:06,500
Many began to hear stories of 
Texas. 

3203
02:52:07,400 --> 02:52:09,900
The Mexican government was 
actively courting American 

3204
02:52:09,900 --> 02:52:13,600
settlers by Distributing large, 
tracts of land to those families

3205
02:52:13,600 --> 02:52:17,800
who were ready to uproot and go.
Texas was the Pinnacle of new 

3206
02:52:17,800 --> 02:52:20,500
beginnings for David who had 
lived his whole life seeking 

3207
02:52:20,500 --> 02:52:23,800
opportunity. 
It wasn't just personal reasons 

3208
02:52:23,800 --> 02:52:27,100
that led David to Texas. 
Something major was about to 

3209
02:52:27,100 --> 02:52:28,400
happen. 
According to his political 

3210
02:52:28,400 --> 02:52:31,100
instincts, and he had been 
keeping up with the news about 

3211
02:52:31,100 --> 02:52:33,800
the escalating tensions, between
the Mexican Government and 

3212
02:52:33,800 --> 02:52:37,100
American settlers. 
The settlers dissatisfaction 

3213
02:52:37,100 --> 02:52:40,300
with Mexican policies. 
Such as those that limited local

3214
02:52:40,300 --> 02:52:44,400
autonomy, mandated Catholicism 
among settlers and restricted 

3215
02:52:44,400 --> 02:52:48,400
immigration was growing. 
Conflicts where regular people 

3216
02:52:48,400 --> 02:52:51,000
were caught between their 
everyday demands and Far Away 

3217
02:52:51,000 --> 02:52:53,400
government policies. 
Were Echoes of those that had 

3218
02:52:53,400 --> 02:52:55,000
molded David's own political 
career. 

3219
02:52:55,000 --> 02:53:00,500
He saw in late 1835, David set 
off for taxes on an exploratory 

3220
02:53:00,500 --> 02:53:03,000
Mission. 
He intended to serve the area, 

3221
02:53:03,000 --> 02:53:06,600
perhaps purchased some land and 
then returned to Tennessee to 

3222
02:53:06,600 --> 02:53:10,100
finalize his plans to move. 
nevertheless, he was also 

3223
02:53:10,100 --> 02:53:14,100
cognizant of the fact that 
regardless of his intentions, he

3224
02:53:14,100 --> 02:53:17,100
might find himself, embroiled if
political events in Texas were 

3225
02:53:17,100 --> 02:53:20,800
to escalate When faced with 
disagreements about right and 

3226
02:53:20,808 --> 02:53:23,600
wrong David had never been Adept
at maintaining objectivity. 

3227
02:53:24,400 --> 02:53:27,100
By traveling through Arkansas 
and into Texas, with a small 

3228
02:53:27,108 --> 02:53:30,000
band of followers, David was 
able to learn about the local 

3229
02:53:30,000 --> 02:53:32,700
conditions and interact with 
American settlers on multiple 

3230
02:53:32,700 --> 02:53:35,400
occasions. 
What he discovered was a people 

3231
02:53:35,400 --> 02:53:38,700
who were both Mexican and 
American in their cultural and 

3232
02:53:38,700 --> 02:53:41,300
practical identities. 
They were attempting to form 

3233
02:53:41,300 --> 02:53:44,300
communities based on familiar 
Traditions, while also adjusting

3234
02:53:44,300 --> 02:53:48,000
to new rules and expectations 
hard-working couples. 

3235
02:53:48,000 --> 02:53:49,500
Wanting a better life for their 
children. 

3236
02:53:49,500 --> 02:53:53,600
The settlers David Metroid, his 
neighbor's in Tennessee, they 

3237
02:53:53,600 --> 02:53:56,800
want Solitude to cultivate land,
engage in trade, and Rule 

3238
02:53:56,800 --> 02:54:00,700
themselves rationally. 
However, Mexican policies that 

3239
02:54:00,700 --> 02:54:03,400
appeared more intent on 
controlling them and helping 

3240
02:54:03,400 --> 02:54:05,400
them. 
Grow were becoming more and more

3241
02:54:05,400 --> 02:54:09,700
frustrating for them. 
David came away from his talks 

3242
02:54:09,700 --> 02:54:12,700
with these families with the 
conviction that the settlers 

3243
02:54:12,700 --> 02:54:15,400
would require Leaders with 
expertise in both military 

3244
02:54:15,400 --> 02:54:19,100
strategy and political reality 
in the event of an impending 

3245
02:54:19,100 --> 02:54:22,100
battle. 
The timing of David's arrival. 

3246
02:54:22,100 --> 02:54:25,100
In Texas was impeccable though, 
he could not have predicted it 

3247
02:54:25,100 --> 02:54:28,600
attent situation had quickly 
developed between the Mexican 

3248
02:54:28,600 --> 02:54:31,900
authorities and the settlers 
dissolving, the Mexican Congress

3249
02:54:31,900 --> 02:54:34,400
and advancing for total control 
General. 

3250
02:54:34,400 --> 02:54:37,500
Santa Anna jeopardized the 
minimal autonomy that had 

3251
02:54:37,500 --> 02:54:39,400
initially attracted American 
Immigration. 

3252
02:54:40,300 --> 02:54:43,600
The Texans who had just begun to
organize resistance, were in 

3253
02:54:43,600 --> 02:54:46,300
need of prominent, political and
Military personalities, who 

3254
02:54:46,300 --> 02:54:47,800
might provide credibility to 
their. 

3255
02:54:47,800 --> 02:54:51,700
Cause the scenario seemed like 
an opportunity for David to put 

3256
02:54:51,700 --> 02:54:55,800
his political experience and 
knowledge to use for causes in 

3257
02:54:55,800 --> 02:54:59,300
which he truly believed. the 
Texas settlers were demanding 

3258
02:54:59,300 --> 02:55:02,100
much, they simply wanted to be 
able to follow their own 

3259
02:55:02,100 --> 02:55:04,800
Traditions when it came to 
government freely practiced, 

3260
02:55:04,800 --> 02:55:07,700
their religion and have a say in
matters that directly touch the 

3261
02:55:09,200 --> 02:55:12,300
Now that he was away from home 
politics, David could endorse 

3262
02:55:12,300 --> 02:55:14,500
the same causes. 
He had fought for in Congress. 

3263
02:55:15,400 --> 02:55:19,200
San Antonio was under seed when 
David arrived in February 1836 

3264
02:55:19,200 --> 02:55:23,100
as general, Santa Anna's, 
Mexican Army's closed in the 

3265
02:55:23,100 --> 02:55:25,500
small garrisons sought sanctuary
in the Alamo. 

3266
02:55:25,500 --> 02:55:28,900
A former mission. 
With only 200 Defenders up 

3267
02:55:28,900 --> 02:55:32,000
against thousands of Mexican 
forces, the situation was Dire. 

3268
02:55:32,600 --> 02:55:35,500
However, David knew from his 
military experience that with 

3269
02:55:35,500 --> 02:55:39,000
persistence and cunning, even in
the face of overwhelming odds, 

3270
02:55:39,000 --> 02:55:43,100
victory was possible. 
The David staying in the Alamo 

3271
02:55:43,100 --> 02:55:46,000
wasn't a choice at all. 
Everything he had ever done up 

3272
02:55:46,000 --> 02:55:47,800
to this point had been leading 
up to this point. 

3273
02:55:47,800 --> 02:55:52,000
His years spent hunting alone in
perilous Wilderness his lessons 

3274
02:55:52,000 --> 02:55:54,900
in leadership, under duress, 
from military duty, and the 

3275
02:55:54,900 --> 02:55:57,400
lessons he had learned about the
value of sticking up for 

3276
02:55:57,400 --> 02:56:01,700
beliefs, no matter the cost from
his political career 50 years 

3277
02:56:01,708 --> 02:56:04,500
old, and still clinging to the 
belief that certain conflicts 

3278
02:56:04,500 --> 02:56:07,700
were worth fighting for. 
He had a wife and children back 

3279
02:56:07,700 --> 02:56:10,100
in Tennessee. 
The symbolic and Military 

3280
02:56:10,100 --> 02:56:12,800
significance of David's Presence
at the Alamo can not be 

3281
02:56:12,800 --> 02:56:15,200
overstated. 
He was willing to put his 

3282
02:56:15,200 --> 02:56:17,700
reputation on the line for 
Texas's Independence. 

3283
02:56:17,700 --> 02:56:20,200
And he had served as a 
congressman in the United 

3284
02:56:20,200 --> 02:56:24,800
States, his ruling bolstered 
support for the Texas cause and 

3285
02:56:24,800 --> 02:56:26,700
showed that the war was about 
National issues of 

3286
02:56:26,700 --> 02:56:30,000
self-governance and personal 
freedom, rather than Petty 

3287
02:56:30,000 --> 02:56:33,100
Regional disputes. 
David had to have understood his

3288
02:56:33,100 --> 02:56:36,100
chances of survival were limited
as the Mexican Army in the 

3289
02:56:36,100 --> 02:56:39,500
Alamo, but he was also wise 
enough to know that values. 

3290
02:56:39,500 --> 02:56:43,200
Not survival are often more 
essential and that it's better 

3291
02:56:43,200 --> 02:56:46,900
to lose a battle than to lose a 
life for a greater cause The 

3292
02:56:46,900 --> 02:56:49,000
Restless youngsters suddenly had
something to stand for. 

3293
02:56:49,000 --> 02:56:52,600
I'll link the evening together. 
Is coming to a close and with 

3294
02:56:52,600 --> 02:56:55,500
it, we reach the beginning and 
finish of David's Story. 

3295
02:56:55,500 --> 02:56:57,400
The moment. 
When arrested Restless 

3296
02:56:57,400 --> 02:57:00,400
politician from the frontier 
became an enduring emblem of the

3297
02:57:00,400 --> 02:57:04,300
American bravery in Independence
from February 23rd until March 

3298
02:57:04,300 --> 02:57:09,700
6th. 1836, the Alamo was 
besieged for 13 days, a former 

3299
02:57:09,700 --> 02:57:12,900
Congressman seeking A New 
Beginning, David Crockett became

3300
02:57:12,900 --> 02:57:16,100
a symbol of Common People 
prepared to give their all for 

3301
02:57:16,100 --> 02:57:18,800
the idea of self-determination 
during those two weeks. 

3302
02:57:19,700 --> 02:57:22,700
A complicated man who had spent 
50 years trying to balance 

3303
02:57:22,700 --> 02:57:24,800
practical demands with moral 
beliefs. 

3304
02:57:24,800 --> 02:57:27,700
The David who fought at the 
Alamo was nothing like the 

3305
02:57:27,700 --> 02:57:29,700
legendary figure with the 
coonskin cap. 

3306
02:57:30,500 --> 02:57:33,000
Inside the Alamo. 
David had a dual purpose 

3307
02:57:33,000 --> 02:57:36,000
bolstering morale and providing 
Military Support. 

3308
02:57:36,700 --> 02:57:39,900
His background as a scout in the
creek war made him an asset for 

3309
02:57:39,900 --> 02:57:43,200
planning and reconnaissance, but
more significantly, his 

3310
02:57:43,200 --> 02:57:45,100
storytelling skills, lifted 
morale. 

3311
02:57:45,100 --> 02:57:47,700
In, what everyone knew would be 
their last days. 

3312
02:57:47,700 --> 02:57:51,700
Picture, this David was keeping 
his fellow Defenders motivated, 

3313
02:57:51,700 --> 02:57:54,700
during those long hours of 
waiting for the last attack by 

3314
02:57:54,700 --> 02:57:57,600
telling stories about his bear 
hunts and political experiences.

3315
02:57:59,000 --> 02:58:01,600
In the Mayhem of the last 
conflict, the precise 

3316
02:58:01,600 --> 02:58:04,300
circumstances of David's demise 
a murky at best. 

3317
02:58:04,300 --> 02:58:07,800
A generation of Americans was 
inspired by his presence at the 

3318
02:58:07,800 --> 02:58:11,200
Alamo and considered his death 
as proof that Democratic ideas 

3319
02:58:11,200 --> 02:58:15,100
will worth dying for we all know
that he died fighting and never 

3320
02:58:15,100 --> 02:58:17,600
surrendered. 
The defeated Congressman had 

3321
02:58:17,600 --> 02:58:20,400
figured out how to cast the most
consequential vote of his life. 

3322
02:58:21,200 --> 02:58:24,200
Fascinatingly though. 
The real David Crockett started 

3323
02:58:24,200 --> 02:58:26,800
Fading Into Oblivion shortly 
after he passed away. 

3324
02:58:27,700 --> 02:58:29,800
And that is what truly defines 
his legacy. 

3325
02:58:30,600 --> 02:58:33,400
Newspapers began reporting 
greatly embellished accounts of 

3326
02:58:33,400 --> 02:58:36,508
his Frontier Adventures within a
few months, in a matter of 

3327
02:58:36,516 --> 02:58:38,300
years. 
He went from being portrayed as 

3328
02:58:38,300 --> 02:58:41,600
a mere mortal to a superhero who
could drink the Mississippi 

3329
02:58:41,600 --> 02:58:45,100
River dry, and beat his weight 
in Wildcats and cheap novels, 

3330
02:58:45,100 --> 02:58:48,500
even though the real David, most
likely, never sported. 

3331
02:58:48,500 --> 02:58:51,600
A coonskin cap. 
It came to symbolize him and 

3332
02:58:51,600 --> 02:58:54,400
meticulous and principled, 
politician became a naive 

3333
02:58:54,400 --> 02:58:57,300
Frontiersman. 
What this change reveals about 

3334
02:58:57,300 --> 02:58:59,400
the way Americans of 
historically treated their 

3335
02:58:59,400 --> 02:59:03,000
Heroes as significant. 
A Heroes should be simple and 

3336
02:59:03,000 --> 02:59:06,300
are symbols, should be obvious, 
the complicated real life. 

3337
02:59:06,300 --> 02:59:09,300
David Crockett who had 
difficulty spelling but had 

3338
02:59:09,300 --> 02:59:12,700
strong moral convictions was an 
accomplished Hunter and a 

3339
02:59:12,700 --> 02:59:14,900
brilliant. 
Political thinker was too 

3340
02:59:14,900 --> 02:59:16,800
complicated for simplistic 
mythology. 

3341
02:59:18,100 --> 02:59:21,000
Because of this, you became a 
cartoon character in popular 

3342
02:59:21,000 --> 02:59:24,900
culture which oversimplified 
him, despite this a crucial 

3343
02:59:24,900 --> 02:59:27,900
aspect of the historical, David 
managed to evade the myths 

3344
02:59:27,900 --> 02:59:31,100
regardless of the numerous urban
legends surrounding him. 

3345
02:59:31,100 --> 02:59:33,900
The fundamental truths that 
captivated audiences. 

3346
02:59:33,900 --> 02:59:37,400
The common people are capable of
extraordinary Deeds that 

3347
02:59:37,400 --> 02:59:39,500
principles. 
Take precedence over political 

3348
02:59:39,500 --> 02:59:43,000
expediency and that at times 
during the right thing demands 

3349
02:59:43,000 --> 02:59:45,200
giving up everything remain 
powerful. 

3350
02:59:46,500 --> 02:59:49,600
The impact that David had on 
American society did not cease 

3351
02:59:49,600 --> 02:59:52,100
with his death. 
A regular guy thrown into 

3352
02:59:52,100 --> 02:59:56,000
extraordinary circumstances who 
Rises to the occasion, he became

3353
02:59:56,000 --> 02:59:57,800
an archetype of the reluctant 
hero. 

3354
02:59:58,600 --> 03:00:00,800
Throughout American 
storytelling, for over two 

3355
03:00:00,800 --> 03:00:04,000
centuries characters, like Jimmy
Stewart from Frank, Capra, 

3356
03:00:04,000 --> 03:00:05,900
films, and contemporary 
politicians. 

3357
03:00:05,900 --> 03:00:08,200
Who highlight their humble 
Origins have repeated. 

3358
03:00:08,200 --> 03:00:09,900
David's example of honest 
leadership. 

3359
03:00:10,800 --> 03:00:13,400
The way, David dealt with the 
conflict between pragmatic 

3360
03:00:13,400 --> 03:00:17,000
politics and moral convictions 
is what gives his story modern 

3361
03:00:17,000 --> 03:00:19,800
relevance? 
Compromises inevitable 

3362
03:00:19,800 --> 03:00:23,300
ineffectively to ship but he was
aware that there are certain 

3363
03:00:23,300 --> 03:00:25,200
beliefs that must never be 
compromised. 

3364
03:00:26,000 --> 03:00:28,400
The ups and downs of striving 
for moral Integrity. 

3365
03:00:28,400 --> 03:00:31,700
In intricate, political 
institutions are laid bare by 

3366
03:00:31,700 --> 03:00:34,800
his political career. 
The lesson we may learn from 

3367
03:00:34,800 --> 03:00:38,300
David's tragic political career 
is that he was never effective 

3368
03:00:38,300 --> 03:00:40,500
because he refused to compromise
his ideals. 

3369
03:00:41,200 --> 03:00:44,000
That seeming failure. 
However, became something far 

3370
03:00:44,000 --> 03:00:47,600
more substantial when he died at
the Alamo David by laying down 

3371
03:00:47,600 --> 03:00:50,700
his life, for the independence 
of Texas, demonstrated that 

3372
03:00:50,700 --> 03:00:52,800
there are values higher than 
political power. 

3373
03:00:52,800 --> 03:00:56,500
And the true citizens of a 
Democratic Society are willing 

3374
03:00:56,500 --> 03:00:59,200
to put their personal interests 
on the back burner in order to 

3375
03:00:59,200 --> 03:01:03,500
uphold greater ideals. 
Think about David's rise, from a

3376
03:01:03,500 --> 03:01:06,000
fidget youngster to an American 
icon. 

3377
03:01:06,000 --> 03:01:09,000
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight, he was never able to 

3378
03:01:09,008 --> 03:01:12,900
settle down become politically 
powerful or a mass substantial 

3379
03:01:12,900 --> 03:01:15,600
riches. 
The knowledge that he had spent 

3380
03:01:15,600 --> 03:01:18,700
his life in accordance with his 
own, moral compass that he'd 

3381
03:01:18,700 --> 03:01:21,800
utilized his talents for causes,
he believed in, and that he had 

3382
03:01:21,800 --> 03:01:24,100
not backed down. 
When faced with the final test 

3383
03:01:24,100 --> 03:01:25,700
was something more significant 
to him. 

3384
03:01:26,400 --> 03:01:29,100
Instead of being the heroic 
frontiersmen, portrayed in 

3385
03:01:29,108 --> 03:01:32,800
popular culture, the real David 
Crockett was a multi-faceted 

3386
03:01:32,800 --> 03:01:35,900
imperfect human being who 
demonstrated that regular 

3387
03:01:35,900 --> 03:01:38,800
individuals are capable of 
remarkable acts of moral 

3388
03:01:38,800 --> 03:01:41,600
bravery. 
Being heroic isn't about having 

3389
03:01:41,600 --> 03:01:43,700
it all together. 
It's about having the courage to

3390
03:01:43,700 --> 03:01:45,200
fight for what you think is, 
right? 

3391
03:01:45,200 --> 03:01:48,800
No matter the cost. 
His narrative serves as a 

3392
03:01:48,800 --> 03:01:51,400
reminder of this. 
As we wrap up our evening 

3393
03:01:51,400 --> 03:01:54,400
together, it's worth reflecting 
on how we all encounter 

3394
03:01:54,400 --> 03:01:57,600
situations where we have to 
decide between doing what's easy

3395
03:01:57,600 --> 03:02:00,000
and what's right? 
Or putting our own interests 

3396
03:02:00,000 --> 03:02:03,300
ahead of our moral compass. 
The moral decision made by 

3397
03:02:03,300 --> 03:02:06,000
average citizens form, the 
Bedrock of our Democratic and 

3398
03:02:06,000 --> 03:02:10,400
free society as David Crockett's
account hints, rest easy. 

3399
03:02:10,400 --> 03:02:12,900
And always keep in mind that 
being heroic does not 

3400
03:02:12,900 --> 03:02:16,400
necessitate to coonskin cap. 
No matter the cost and must have

3401
03:02:16,400 --> 03:02:18,100
the guts to follow your own 
moral compass. 

3402
03:02:26,600 --> 03:02:29,700
Imagine passing through a hefty,
wooden gate with iron hinges 

3403
03:02:29,700 --> 03:02:32,400
that Creak like a long-time 
friend clearing their throat. 

3404
03:02:33,100 --> 03:02:36,100
A medieval Garden that has been 
waiting for centuries to reveal 

3405
03:02:36,100 --> 03:02:39,400
its secrets to you is something 
truly remarkable that you've 

3406
03:02:39,400 --> 03:02:42,600
just entered. 
It might be 1250 or 1350. 

3407
03:02:43,300 --> 03:02:45,000
Here time seems to move more 
slowly. 

3408
03:02:45,000 --> 03:02:48,300
The air is centered with 
lavender and damp Earth in each 

3409
03:02:48,308 --> 03:02:50,600
path. 
Seems to be whispering slow down

3410
03:02:50,600 --> 03:02:53,800
you're safe. 
Now, in an era known for plagues

3411
03:02:53,800 --> 03:02:55,700
Wars and the occasional Dragon 
sighting. 

3412
03:02:55,700 --> 03:02:58,300
Well, that last one was mostly 
in the stories but you never 

3413
03:02:58,300 --> 03:02:59,900
know. 
You might ask. 

3414
03:02:59,900 --> 03:03:03,100
Why anyone would bother 
designing elaborate Gardens the 

3415
03:03:03,100 --> 03:03:06,200
responses incredibly 
straightforward humans, have 

3416
03:03:06,200 --> 03:03:09,700
always required breathing 
spaces, medieval Garden's were 

3417
03:03:09,700 --> 03:03:12,600
meticulously planted Havens. 
That could literally save your 

3418
03:03:12,600 --> 03:03:16,800
sanity, not just lovely places. 
Take a moment to imagine life in

3419
03:03:16,800 --> 03:03:19,500
the Middle. 
Ages your crammed into cities 

3420
03:03:19,500 --> 03:03:22,000
with dark narrow streets, that 
lets face. 

3421
03:03:22,000 --> 03:03:25,500
It smell like things, you'd 
rather not recognize you have to

3422
03:03:25,508 --> 03:03:28,000
avoid suspicious puddles, Dodge 
horses. 

3423
03:03:28,000 --> 03:03:31,000
And hope the person selling your
bread hasn't been experimenting 

3424
03:03:31,000 --> 03:03:32,900
with using sawdust and stead of 
flour. 

3425
03:03:32,900 --> 03:03:36,400
By Nightfall, your nervous 
system is more tightly wound 

3426
03:03:36,400 --> 03:03:39,500
than the drawbridge of a castle.
Imagine now, finding a secret 

3427
03:03:39,500 --> 03:03:42,900
garden in a castle Courtyard, or
Behind the Walls of a monastery.

3428
03:03:43,500 --> 03:03:45,700
It's like walking into a warm 
kitchen after a thunderstorm. 

3429
03:03:46,700 --> 03:03:49,800
Suddenly the cobblestones that 
seemed to take offense at your 

3430
03:03:49,800 --> 03:03:52,300
ankles are replaced by neat 
Pathways beneath your feet. 

3431
03:03:53,000 --> 03:03:55,700
Instead of flag snapping, 
urgently in the wind flowers, 

3432
03:03:55,700 --> 03:03:59,500
nod in soft, breezes, The only 
sounds are bees humming, their 

3433
03:03:59,500 --> 03:04:02,900
old working songs and the water 
trickles rather than rushes. 

3434
03:04:02,900 --> 03:04:05,500
The need for specially designed 
areas to help people. 

3435
03:04:05,500 --> 03:04:08,400
Relax was recognized by medieval
Garden designers. 

3436
03:04:08,400 --> 03:04:10,200
Something we're still learning 
today. 

3437
03:04:11,000 --> 03:04:13,900
They were using centuries of 
meticulous observation about 

3438
03:04:13,900 --> 03:04:17,100
what truly makes people feel at 
ease rather than psychology 

3439
03:04:17,100 --> 03:04:20,600
textbooks which are not. 
Yet been created these Gardens 

3440
03:04:20,600 --> 03:04:22,500
are adhered to the enclosed 
Embrace concept. 

3441
03:04:22,500 --> 03:04:27,300
Every Serene medieval Garden was
in circled by buildings, Hedges 

3442
03:04:27,300 --> 03:04:30,600
or walls giving the impression 
that one was being held rather 

3443
03:04:30,600 --> 03:04:33,300
than left open. 
You were entering a protective 

3444
03:04:33,300 --> 03:04:36,000
cocoon where the chaos of the 
outside world could not follow 

3445
03:04:36,000 --> 03:04:37,400
you. 
Not just to Garden. 

3446
03:04:37,400 --> 03:04:41,100
Enclosure was also useful, 
medieval Garden's required 

3447
03:04:41,100 --> 03:04:43,800
protection from struggling 
animals, think attempting to 

3448
03:04:43,800 --> 03:04:45,900
meditate while chasing a 
determined goat away. 

3449
03:04:45,900 --> 03:04:48,900
Severe weather and the odd 
Bandit who might be more 

3450
03:04:48,900 --> 03:04:51,000
concerned with your turnips than
your spiritual health. 

3451
03:04:51,000 --> 03:04:55,900
The cycle impact, however, was 
even more significant, your mind

3452
03:04:55,900 --> 03:04:59,200
stops looking for far off 
dangers and becomes focused on 

3453
03:04:59,200 --> 03:05:01,200
the here. 
And now when you are unable to 

3454
03:05:01,200 --> 03:05:03,900
see past the garden's 
boundaries, every design 

3455
03:05:03,900 --> 03:05:05,700
featured water as a key 
component. 

3456
03:05:06,600 --> 03:05:10,000
Not tumbling waterfalls or 
flamboyant fountains which were 

3457
03:05:10,000 --> 03:05:12,300
added later when people felt 
that Leisure had to be more 

3458
03:05:12,300 --> 03:05:15,100
thrilling. 
Water in a medieval Garden 

3459
03:05:15,100 --> 03:05:18,200
flowed slowly. 
And purposefully rainwater could

3460
03:05:18,200 --> 03:05:21,400
be collected in a simple stone 
Basin, which would serve as a 

3461
03:05:21,400 --> 03:05:23,700
drinking area for birds and a 
mirror for clouds. 

3462
03:05:24,600 --> 03:05:27,100
Water flowed along raised beds 
in tiny channels. 

3463
03:05:27,100 --> 03:05:30,700
Creating the softest sound 
imaginable, like rain on leaves,

3464
03:05:30,700 --> 03:05:34,500
or a lullaby to the ground. 
The pathways themselves were 

3465
03:05:34,500 --> 03:05:38,100
psychological engineering. 
Masterpieces medieval Garden 

3466
03:05:38,100 --> 03:05:39,700
paths were intended for 
wandering. 

3467
03:05:39,700 --> 03:05:42,900
In contrast to contemporary 
Gardens where paths frequently 

3468
03:05:42,900 --> 03:05:46,100
lead to designated locations. 
They were never hurried. 

3469
03:05:46,100 --> 03:05:49,600
But in Stead curved gently 
offering fresh views at every 

3470
03:05:49,600 --> 03:05:53,600
bend it may appear to be a rose 
bush, but as you approach it 

3471
03:05:53,600 --> 03:05:57,200
you'll find a tiny herb garden 
behind it which leads to a sunny

3472
03:05:57,200 --> 03:06:00,200
area where you can sit and watch
butterflies compete for the best

3473
03:06:00,200 --> 03:06:02,600
flowers. 
These designs were hazard. 

3474
03:06:03,400 --> 03:06:06,400
Although they would have scoffed
at such a pretentious title, the

3475
03:06:06,400 --> 03:06:09,300
first landscape, therapists were
the designers of medieval 

3476
03:06:09,300 --> 03:06:11,600
Garden's. 
They were just individuals who 

3477
03:06:11,600 --> 03:06:16,500
realized that time Beauty safety
and gentle stimulation are all 

3478
03:06:16,500 --> 03:06:20,000
necessary for the human Spirit 
to unfold a ton of time. 

3479
03:06:20,000 --> 03:06:22,900
You'll find that each component 
had a purpose as you get 

3480
03:06:22,900 --> 03:06:25,300
comfortable, exploring these 
Gardens during our journey 

3481
03:06:25,300 --> 03:06:27,700
together. 
The herbs went only used to 

3482
03:06:27,700 --> 03:06:31,300
season soup depending on your 
needs, they release sense that 

3483
03:06:31,300 --> 03:06:33,200
could increase energy or 
reducing anxiety. 

3484
03:06:34,200 --> 03:06:37,000
In addition to being lovely, the
flowers used and forms were 

3485
03:06:37,000 --> 03:06:39,800
selected to soothe the weary 
eyes and promote the kind of 

3486
03:06:39,800 --> 03:06:43,300
gentle concentration that allows
your mind to relax, even the 

3487
03:06:43,300 --> 03:06:45,900
upkeep of these Gardens was 
planned with Tranquility in 

3488
03:06:45,900 --> 03:06:48,900
mind, and contrast to 
contemporary Landscaping which 

3489
03:06:48,900 --> 03:06:51,900
necessitates loud machinery. 
And last minute weekend labor 

3490
03:06:51,900 --> 03:06:55,600
medieval Gardens develop their 
beauty gradually seasoned by 

3491
03:06:55,608 --> 03:06:59,700
season pruning. 
Weeding watering all gentle 

3492
03:06:59,700 --> 03:07:03,000
repetitive tasks that allow your
thoughts to settle like sediment

3493
03:07:03,000 --> 03:07:07,300
in a peaceful Pond became a kind
of moving meditation as you fall

3494
03:07:07,300 --> 03:07:09,400
asleep. 
Tonight, picture yourself as the

3495
03:07:09,400 --> 03:07:11,800
garden's. 
Caretaker as you check on young 

3496
03:07:11,800 --> 03:07:15,500
seedlings, feel the morning dew,
on your fingertips, here, the 

3497
03:07:15,500 --> 03:07:18,600
gratifying of your blade cutting
overly eager herbs. 

3498
03:07:19,800 --> 03:07:21,600
Imagine yourself sitting on a 
plain. 

3499
03:07:21,600 --> 03:07:24,700
Wooden bench in the evening 
light watching the last of the 

3500
03:07:24,708 --> 03:07:28,100
day, visit flowers that appear 
to Glow in the golden hour in 

3501
03:07:28,100 --> 03:07:31,800
your fantasy Medieval World, you
awaken to the sound of bells, 

3502
03:07:31,800 --> 03:07:34,800
ringing throughout the 
countryside, not the startling 

3503
03:07:34,800 --> 03:07:38,600
clatter of contemporary life. 
But the soft bronze voices that 

3504
03:07:38,600 --> 03:07:40,800
have been calling people to pray
for centuries. 

3505
03:07:40,800 --> 03:07:44,200
You're now in a monastery 
Garden, the Pinnacle of the art 

3506
03:07:44,200 --> 03:07:47,500
of tranquil design for good 
reason, monastic communities, 

3507
03:07:47,500 --> 03:07:50,600
were the world's best gardeners 
during the Middle Ages through 

3508
03:07:50,600 --> 03:07:53,000
prayer meditation and what they 
referred to. 

3509
03:07:53,000 --> 03:07:55,500
As Opus manual, the work of 
hands. 

3510
03:07:55,500 --> 03:07:58,500
These individuals had devoted 
their lives to discovering a 

3511
03:07:58,500 --> 03:08:01,100
connection with God. 
They learned that certain 

3512
03:08:01,100 --> 03:08:03,700
physical settings could either 
help or hinder their spiritual 

3513
03:08:03,700 --> 03:08:07,100
objectives and they Incorporated
these insights into the design 

3514
03:08:07,100 --> 03:08:09,400
of their Guardians. 
As soon as you enter the 

3515
03:08:09,400 --> 03:08:11,900
monastery, you'll notice how 
different the atmosphere is from

3516
03:08:11,900 --> 03:08:15,500
the outside world. 
Not only is it quieter but the 

3517
03:08:15,500 --> 03:08:17,900
air itself seems to have aquired
patients. 

3518
03:08:17,900 --> 03:08:20,900
The garden unfolds and front of 
you in sections. 

3519
03:08:21,700 --> 03:08:24,300
Each serving a distinct 
function, but all being bound 

3520
03:08:24,300 --> 03:08:26,200
together. 
By the same overarching idea, 

3521
03:08:26,200 --> 03:08:29,400
everything in this place. 
Is there to restore the health 

3522
03:08:29,400 --> 03:08:32,600
of the human soul? 
The physical Garden were 

3523
03:08:32,600 --> 03:08:34,200
therapeutic herbs are grown in 
tidy. 

3524
03:08:34,200 --> 03:08:36,600
Rays is the first space, you 
can't cross. 

3525
03:08:36,600 --> 03:08:39,500
However, don't pick just stare 
all rows. 

3526
03:08:39,500 --> 03:08:42,800
Like the outdoor area of a 
contemporary farmacy, an artist 

3527
03:08:42,808 --> 03:08:46,300
of color texture. 
And scent is evident in the 

3528
03:08:46,300 --> 03:08:49,700
arrangement of these plants. 
Even though most utilitarian 

3529
03:08:49,700 --> 03:08:52,600
plantings were beautiful to 
behold because the monastery 

3530
03:08:52,600 --> 03:08:56,500
gardeners recognize that healing
starts with the census alongside

3531
03:08:56,500 --> 03:09:00,700
tidy time, borders chamomile, 
grows in silvery green, Mounds 

3532
03:09:00,700 --> 03:09:03,400
in purple ranks, that appear to 
glitter in the morning. 

3533
03:09:03,400 --> 03:09:05,600
Light lavender stands at 
attention. 

3534
03:09:06,500 --> 03:09:10,300
Wherever it is permitted, mint, 
grows producing, cool, green 

3535
03:09:10,300 --> 03:09:12,800
carpets, that smell good 
whenever you touch them. 

3536
03:09:12,800 --> 03:09:16,400
The real magic occurs when you 
discover that in fact, walking 

3537
03:09:16,400 --> 03:09:18,500
among these plants causes your 
breathing to slow. 

3538
03:09:18,500 --> 03:09:22,600
Down the visual effect is 
calming certain sense have 

3539
03:09:22,600 --> 03:09:24,200
direct Pathways to the nervous 
system. 

3540
03:09:24,200 --> 03:09:27,400
A discovery made by medieval 
monks that modern Aroma 

3541
03:09:27,400 --> 03:09:31,200
therapists still catching up to 
Its true that lavender reduces 

3542
03:09:31,200 --> 03:09:35,900
anxiety, in fact, Rosemary can 
help with mental Clarity, mint 

3543
03:09:35,900 --> 03:09:39,800
actually, improves mood and AIDS
and digestion however they did 

3544
03:09:39,800 --> 03:09:43,100
more than simply cultivate these
plants, they placed them along 

3545
03:09:43,100 --> 03:09:45,700
the garden paths so that people 
would naturally and 

3546
03:09:45,700 --> 03:09:47,300
unconsciously experience their 
benefits. 

3547
03:09:47,300 --> 03:09:50,600
It was not because medieval 
people lacked imagination, that 

3548
03:09:50,600 --> 03:09:52,000
monastic Guardians were laid 
out. 

3549
03:09:52,000 --> 03:09:55,600
According to rigid, geometric 
patterns, these geometric 

3550
03:09:55,600 --> 03:09:58,100
patterns functioned as a kind of
visual meditation. 

3551
03:09:59,000 --> 03:10:01,900
Your mind would naturally settle
into the same Serene Rhythm. 

3552
03:10:01,900 --> 03:10:05,300
If your I followed the neat 
patterns squares within squares 

3553
03:10:05,300 --> 03:10:09,100
circles intersected by crosses 
in rectangles divided by 

3554
03:10:09,100 --> 03:10:12,600
diagonal paths Beyond 
Aesthetics, geometric garden. 

3555
03:10:12,600 --> 03:10:14,700
Design has a profoundly 
fulfilling quality. 

3556
03:10:14,700 --> 03:10:18,000
It is easier for your internal 
state to achieve equilibrium 

3557
03:10:18,000 --> 03:10:21,100
when your external environment 
is well, organized and balanced.

3558
03:10:22,000 --> 03:10:25,000
Through daily practice the monks
were able to determine this. 

3559
03:10:25,000 --> 03:10:28,400
They discovered they could enter
and stay in meditative States, 

3560
03:10:28,400 --> 03:10:31,400
more quickly and for longer 
after spending hours in prayer 

3561
03:10:31,400 --> 03:10:33,900
and reflection in Garden, 
Gardens with solid geometric 

3562
03:10:33,900 --> 03:10:36,400
underpinning. 
A well-off fountain place where 

3563
03:10:36,400 --> 03:10:39,800
several paths met was the focal 
point of the majority of 

3564
03:10:39,800 --> 03:10:42,700
Monastery Gardens this. 
Had symbolic and cycle 

3565
03:10:42,700 --> 03:10:46,900
significant in addition, to 
being pragmatic, although access

3566
03:10:46,900 --> 03:10:48,400
to water was undoubtedly 
crucial. 

3567
03:10:49,400 --> 03:10:52,100
In almost all spiritual 
Traditions, water as a symbol of

3568
03:10:52,100 --> 03:10:56,600
Life, rebirth, and purification.
Having it at the center of the 

3569
03:10:56,600 --> 03:10:59,800
garden served as a conscious or 
unconscious reminded to guests 

3570
03:10:59,800 --> 03:11:03,100
that they were in a space 
devoted to Renewal the water 

3571
03:11:03,100 --> 03:11:05,500
features were intended to 
stimulate your sensei's without 

3572
03:11:05,500 --> 03:11:08,300
overpowering them, which is 
where the subtle Genius of 

3573
03:11:08,300 --> 03:11:10,300
medieval Garden designers was 
displayed. 

3574
03:11:11,300 --> 03:11:14,900
Water trickling slowly from a 
carved spout, into a basin in a 

3575
03:11:14,900 --> 03:11:17,600
basic Stone. 
Well could produce the softest 

3576
03:11:17,600 --> 03:11:20,800
sound possible enough to drown 
out distracting sounds outside? 

3577
03:11:20,800 --> 03:11:23,700
The garden walls, but not enough
to draw attention to itself. 

3578
03:11:23,700 --> 03:11:26,600
In order to maximize 
psychological benefits, the 

3579
03:11:26,600 --> 03:11:28,800
seating areas in the monastery 
Gardens were positioned 

3580
03:11:28,800 --> 03:11:32,900
strategically wooden benches 
were placed facing either West 

3581
03:11:32,900 --> 03:11:37,900
for evening reflection as the 
day came to an end or east for 

3582
03:11:37,900 --> 03:11:40,000
morning meditation. 
In the light of the sunrise, 

3583
03:11:40,000 --> 03:11:42,900
they were placed next to her 
beds where the scent would be 

3584
03:11:42,900 --> 03:11:46,300
most potent in the hottest hours
of the day or nestled in to 

3585
03:11:46,300 --> 03:11:49,700
alcoves created by carefully. 
Trained fruit trees sitting in 

3586
03:11:49,700 --> 03:11:52,100
one of these locations, you 
would observe how the garden 

3587
03:11:52,100 --> 03:11:54,500
seems to envelop you without 
making you feel crowded. 

3588
03:11:55,400 --> 03:11:58,100
Although the surrounding Hedges 
or walls provide privacy and 

3589
03:11:58,100 --> 03:12:01,200
security, they aren't so high 
that you feel confined. 

3590
03:12:02,100 --> 03:12:05,000
As the Sun Passes overhead, you 
can see the sky. 

3591
03:12:05,000 --> 03:12:08,100
Watch the clouds, move and take 
in the shifting patterns of 

3592
03:12:08,108 --> 03:12:11,500
light and Shadow. 
It feels like a soft verdant hug

3593
03:12:11,500 --> 03:12:14,000
Monastery. 
Garden's, maintenance philosophy

3594
03:12:14,000 --> 03:12:15,700
was a reflection of their 
spiritual mission. 

3595
03:12:16,600 --> 03:12:19,700
Slowly and deliberately the work
was done as a kind of Prayer. 

3596
03:12:20,500 --> 03:12:23,500
Weeding was an opportunity to 
exercise patience and attention 

3597
03:12:23,500 --> 03:12:25,900
to detail. 
Not a task to be hurried 

3598
03:12:25,900 --> 03:12:28,200
through. 
Watering was an opportunity to 

3599
03:12:28,200 --> 03:12:30,900
observe and appreciate the needs
and growth of each individual 

3600
03:12:30,900 --> 03:12:33,600
plant. 
An addition to providing basic 

3601
03:12:33,600 --> 03:12:36,800
plant care, this method, 
produced Garden's, that exuded 

3602
03:12:36,800 --> 03:12:41,200
serenity Spaces are quite a 
distinct energy quality when 

3603
03:12:41,200 --> 03:12:44,000
they are maintained with love 
and meditation as opposed to 

3604
03:12:44,008 --> 03:12:47,600
speed and efficiency. 
This phenomenon is frequently 

3605
03:12:47,600 --> 03:12:50,300
mentioned by contemporary 
visitors to restore Monastery 

3606
03:12:50,300 --> 03:12:53,000
Gardens. 
There is an unmistakably Serene 

3607
03:12:53,000 --> 03:12:55,700
quality to these areas that 
transcend, their aesthetic 

3608
03:12:55,700 --> 03:12:58,500
appeal, in ways, we have, mostly
forgotten the monks. 

3609
03:12:58,500 --> 03:13:00,800
Also had an understanding of 
seasonal rhythms. 

3610
03:13:00,800 --> 03:13:03,700
Their Gardens were planned to 
offer, various forms of 

3611
03:13:03,700 --> 03:13:06,200
aesthetic, appeal and 
practicality all year long. 

3612
03:13:07,100 --> 03:13:09,800
The delicate blossoms of fruit 
trees in the new green of fresh 

3613
03:13:09,800 --> 03:13:13,600
herbs arrived with spring. 
Harvest were plentiful and the 

3614
03:13:13,600 --> 03:13:15,800
center of blooming plants, 
filled the air during the 

3615
03:13:15,800 --> 03:13:19,500
summer, autumn brought vibrant 
foliage and the joy of 

3616
03:13:19,500 --> 03:13:21,700
collecting seeds for planting 
the following year. 

3617
03:13:22,800 --> 03:13:24,900
With the sharp lines of the 
geometric design. 

3618
03:13:24,900 --> 03:13:28,200
Clearly visible and Evergreen 
herbs offering patches of Life 

3619
03:13:28,200 --> 03:13:31,300
against the snow even winter had
its own Stern Beauty. 

3620
03:13:31,300 --> 03:13:34,800
Imagine how the light of the day
gradually Fades and how the air 

3621
03:13:34,800 --> 03:13:37,900
cools and carries the mix of 
herbs as you settle in to 

3622
03:13:37,900 --> 03:13:39,600
evening prayer. 
In this Monastery Garden. 

3623
03:13:40,700 --> 03:13:43,900
You discover that you have spent
the entire day in this verdant 

3624
03:13:43,900 --> 03:13:48,200
Haven without ever feeling 
rushed anxious or out of sync 

3625
03:13:48,200 --> 03:13:51,100
with the cycles of life itself. 
When the bells ring once more 

3626
03:13:51,100 --> 03:13:54,700
summoning the community to 
Vespers your exchanging, your 

3627
03:13:54,700 --> 03:13:57,500
modest Monastery, sell for 
something far more popular this 

3628
03:13:57,500 --> 03:14:00,400
morning, a castle Garden 
intended for medieval 

3629
03:14:00,400 --> 03:14:02,900
aristocracy. 
However, don't anticipate. 

3630
03:14:02,900 --> 03:14:05,800
The extravagant extravagance of 
later, centuries. 

3631
03:14:05,800 --> 03:14:09,600
Subtly sophisticated medieval 
Noble Gardens were designed to 

3632
03:14:09,600 --> 03:14:12,700
provide ideal settings for the 
kinds of Pursuits that kept 

3633
03:14:12,700 --> 03:14:14,600
Aristocrats. 
Sane amidst the demands of 

3634
03:14:14,608 --> 03:14:17,300
political life. 
The unusual living quarters of 

3635
03:14:17,300 --> 03:14:19,700
medieval Aristocrats resembled a
goldfish Bowl. 

3636
03:14:20,500 --> 03:14:23,400
From servants to rival families 
to visiting diplomats who 

3637
03:14:23,400 --> 03:14:26,900
reported back to foreign courts.
Everyone was continuously 

3638
03:14:26,900 --> 03:14:29,900
watching criticizing and 
analyzing their lives. 

3639
03:14:29,900 --> 03:14:33,500
There was hardly any privacy and
Leisure had to be carefully 

3640
03:14:33,500 --> 03:14:36,200
planned in between Court, 
rituals tourneys, and The 

3641
03:14:36,200 --> 03:14:39,300
NeverEnding negotiations that 
prevented kingdoms from falling 

3642
03:14:39,300 --> 03:14:42,700
into Anarchy, their Guardians, 
which were created a special to 

3643
03:14:42,700 --> 03:14:43,800
offer. 
The kinds of tranquil 

3644
03:14:43,800 --> 03:14:45,500
experience. 
Is that would be practically 

3645
03:14:45,500 --> 03:14:48,900
impossible to find elsewhere in 
medieval Society, turned into 

3646
03:14:48,900 --> 03:14:51,900
vital pressure valves. 
However, these were not merely 

3647
03:14:51,900 --> 03:14:54,800
enlarged. 
Monastic, guards Noble guards 

3648
03:14:54,800 --> 03:14:56,900
needed to do more than just 
impressed guests. 

3649
03:14:56,900 --> 03:14:59,600
The needed to offer useful 
advantages. 

3650
03:14:59,600 --> 03:15:01,800
In a real escape, from the 
bustle of the outside world. 

3651
03:15:01,800 --> 03:15:05,300
You can see how the garden areas
are shrewdly tucked into areas. 

3652
03:15:05,300 --> 03:15:08,000
That might otherwise go unused 
as you stroll through the 

3653
03:15:08,000 --> 03:15:12,200
Castle's main Courtyard. 
Every inch of protected interior

3654
03:15:12,200 --> 03:15:15,100
space was valuable because 
medieval castles were 

3655
03:15:15,100 --> 03:15:17,900
constructed primarily for 
defense and then for comfort. 

3656
03:15:19,200 --> 03:15:22,700
Working like puzzle solvers, the
garden designers created, lovely

3657
03:15:22,700 --> 03:15:25,500
Havens in small Courtyards with 
no military. 

3658
03:15:25,500 --> 03:15:28,700
Use a long walls and in strange 
Corners. 

3659
03:15:28,700 --> 03:15:31,500
One of the most clever features 
is what the medievals called, a 

3660
03:15:31,508 --> 03:15:35,200
pleasant, basically a private 
outdoor space intended for 

3661
03:15:35,200 --> 03:15:38,900
leisure and small parties. 
Imagine a square or rectangular 

3662
03:15:38,900 --> 03:15:43,000
area surrounded by dense Hedges 
or low walls with thoughtfully, 

3663
03:15:43,000 --> 03:15:45,500
placed sight lines, that 
preserve views of the Castle's 

3664
03:15:45,500 --> 03:15:48,300
most appealing features or far 
off Landscapes. 

3665
03:15:48,300 --> 03:15:50,000
While obstructing views from the
crowded. 

3666
03:15:50,000 --> 03:15:53,700
Main Courtyards, the spaces were
decorated to resemble outdoor 

3667
03:15:53,700 --> 03:15:57,300
living rooms backrests and 
seating were provided by raised 

3668
03:15:57,300 --> 03:16:00,600
beds, which were frequently 
topped with Turf benches, which 

3669
03:16:00,600 --> 03:16:03,300
were essentially Earth and grass
sofas that were surprisingly 

3670
03:16:03,300 --> 03:16:07,600
cozy and unmistakably different.
Depending on when the gardens 

3671
03:16:07,600 --> 03:16:10,800
owner wanted to escape from 
public responsibilities wooden 

3672
03:16:10,800 --> 03:16:13,500
benches were positioned to 
benefit from morning, sunlight, 

3673
03:16:13,500 --> 03:16:16,000
or afternoon. 
Shade Noble Garden's, plant 

3674
03:16:16,000 --> 03:16:19,200
selections, demonstrated a deep 
comprehension of social dynamics

3675
03:16:19,200 --> 03:16:22,300
and psychology. 
Roses were important because of 

3676
03:16:22,300 --> 03:16:25,600
their symbolic, meaning in 
addition to their beauty roses, 

3677
03:16:25,600 --> 03:16:29,400
stood for love Purity and the 
transient nature of Earthly 

3678
03:16:29,400 --> 03:16:31,700
Beauty. 
According to the medievals who 

3679
03:16:31,700 --> 03:16:35,400
interpreted everything Roses 
were a continual reminder that 

3680
03:16:35,400 --> 03:16:38,500
there was Beauty and life worth 
stopping to appreciate like 

3681
03:16:38,500 --> 03:16:40,400
poetry growing right outside 
your window. 

3682
03:16:40,400 --> 03:16:43,700
The way these roses were 
cultivated however was the truly

3683
03:16:43,700 --> 03:16:47,000
ingenious aspect. 
Medieval gardeners trained roses

3684
03:16:47,000 --> 03:16:49,700
as climbers and Ramblers. 
Weaving them through wooden 

3685
03:16:49,700 --> 03:16:53,100
Frameworks to create living 
walls and shaded alcoves in 

3686
03:16:53,100 --> 03:16:55,600
contrast to Modern rose bushes 
that bloom once. 

3687
03:16:55,600 --> 03:16:58,100
And then look rather ordinary 
for the rest of the year. 

3688
03:16:58,100 --> 03:17:01,700
Picture yourself, sitting 
beneath an arbor with hundreds 

3689
03:17:01,700 --> 03:17:04,800
of tiny highly fragrant. 
Roses that formed a natural 

3690
03:17:04,800 --> 03:17:08,500
canopy of you and petals that 
occasionally fell like fragrant 

3691
03:17:08,500 --> 03:17:11,200
snow in castle. 
Settings, Urban Gardens for 

3692
03:17:11,200 --> 03:17:14,200
filled three functions, they 
were useful, aesthetically 

3693
03:17:14,200 --> 03:17:18,000
pleasing, and instructive noble.
Families were supposed to know 

3694
03:17:18,000 --> 03:17:20,000
how to run the home cook and 
practice medicine. 

3695
03:17:20,900 --> 03:17:22,700
The herb garden offered 
practical and soothing 

3696
03:17:22,700 --> 03:17:24,200
opportunities for Hands-On 
learning. 

3697
03:17:25,000 --> 03:17:28,400
Identifying the various mints, 
which is surprisingly difficult,

3698
03:17:28,400 --> 03:17:31,600
and strangely, meditative 
knowing, which herbs aid in 

3699
03:17:31,600 --> 03:17:35,100
digestion, or just taking in the
complex sense that changed 

3700
03:17:35,100 --> 03:17:36,300
throughout the day. 
As plants. 

3701
03:17:36,300 --> 03:17:38,700
Released various aromatic 
compounds in response to 

3702
03:17:38,700 --> 03:17:41,100
temperature and Sun could all 
take up an afternoon. 

3703
03:17:41,100 --> 03:17:44,700
Although more or Nate than those
found in monasteries water 

3704
03:17:44,700 --> 03:17:47,700
features in Noble Gardens were 
still created with psychological

3705
03:17:47,700 --> 03:17:51,000
comfort in mind. 
The family's coat of arms could 

3706
03:17:51,000 --> 03:17:53,100
be carved into a raised Stone 
Basin. 

3707
03:17:53,100 --> 03:17:56,100
That was supplied with water 
from the Castle's main Supply 

3708
03:17:56,100 --> 03:17:59,100
via a tiny Channel. 
Although the visual effect was 

3709
03:17:59,100 --> 03:18:02,300
more advanced, the sound was 
still subdued because medieval 

3710
03:18:02,300 --> 03:18:04,500
people had not yet developed the
noisy. 

3711
03:18:04,500 --> 03:18:07,400
Fountain Obsession that would 
define later periods. 

3712
03:18:07,400 --> 03:18:10,600
These water features provided 
focal points for casual 

3713
03:18:10,600 --> 03:18:14,200
get-togethers and reflection. 
Since medieval Aristocrats 

3714
03:18:14,200 --> 03:18:17,700
lacked modern day coffee shops, 
and living rooms garden, water, 

3715
03:18:17,700 --> 03:18:20,700
features offered Serene, lovely 
settings in which challenging 

3716
03:18:20,700 --> 03:18:23,100
discussions could take place 
without creating tension. 

3717
03:18:23,800 --> 03:18:25,600
Moving water seems to promote 
honesty. 

3718
03:18:25,600 --> 03:18:29,200
While discouraging conflict 
medieval Garden designers were 

3719
03:18:29,200 --> 03:18:31,000
well aware of this and took 
advantage of it. 

3720
03:18:31,000 --> 03:18:34,400
Unlike Monastery, Gardens where 
paths and courage solitary 

3721
03:18:34,400 --> 03:18:38,200
meditation, Castle, Garden paths
were ideal for two, personal 

3722
03:18:38,200 --> 03:18:42,100
conversations wide enough for 
companions to walk side by side.

3723
03:18:42,100 --> 03:18:45,800
But not so wide that the Air 
Force formal or intimidating. 

3724
03:18:46,600 --> 03:18:48,800
The paths in Noble Garden 
Gardens were made for what we 

3725
03:18:48,800 --> 03:18:50,400
might call Therapeutic 
strolling. 

3726
03:18:50,400 --> 03:18:52,500
These Pathways frequently 
included. 

3727
03:18:52,500 --> 03:18:55,100
What medieval designers referred
to as viewing mounts. 

3728
03:18:55,100 --> 03:18:58,700
Tiny man-made Hills made by 
piling up dirt, and covering it 

3729
03:18:58,700 --> 03:19:01,100
with turf. 
More significantly. 

3730
03:19:01,100 --> 03:19:04,200
Climbing to the top of a viewing
Mount offered a mild form of 

3731
03:19:04,208 --> 03:19:06,800
exercise, that might help 
release the tension that had 

3732
03:19:06,800 --> 03:19:09,200
built up from long days of 
sitting through Court ceremonies

3733
03:19:09,200 --> 03:19:11,800
or Council meetings. 
It also gave you a new 

3734
03:19:11,808 --> 03:19:14,900
perspective on the garden and 
the surrounding area Noble 

3735
03:19:14,900 --> 03:19:16,800
Gardens. 
Displayed a remarkable level of 

3736
03:19:16,808 --> 03:19:18,800
sophistication in their seasonal
planning. 

3737
03:19:19,500 --> 03:19:22,000
In addition to ensuring that 
there is always something lovely

3738
03:19:22,000 --> 03:19:25,700
or intriguing Garden designers. 
Planned planting schedules to 

3739
03:19:25,700 --> 03:19:28,200
ensure that the garden would 
offer a variety of psychological

3740
03:19:28,200 --> 03:19:31,900
advantages all year long The 
emphasis on Hope and rebirth. 

3741
03:19:31,900 --> 03:19:35,400
In Spring plantings was ideal 
for acclimating to the long 

3742
03:19:35,400 --> 03:19:38,400
gloomy, winter months when 
everyone was cooped up inside. 

3743
03:19:39,300 --> 03:19:42,400
the social activities that were 
vital to aristocratic life was 

3744
03:19:42,400 --> 03:19:45,500
supported by the abundance and 
celebration that summer Garden's

3745
03:19:45,500 --> 03:19:48,900
provided Plants in Autumn 
Garden, Gardens gave Nobles a 

3746
03:19:48,900 --> 03:19:51,400
sense of preparation and 
achievement, which helped them 

3747
03:19:51,400 --> 03:19:54,000
adopt the planning, mentality 
needed to survive the winter. 

3748
03:19:54,000 --> 03:19:57,000
What could be referred to as 
emergency relaxation? 

3749
03:19:57,000 --> 03:20:00,600
Features elements created 
specially to offer prompt stress

3750
03:20:00,600 --> 03:20:04,000
relief during political crises 
were also present in medieval 

3751
03:20:04,000 --> 03:20:07,000
castle Gardens. 
The maze or Labyrinth was a 

3752
03:20:07,008 --> 03:20:09,000
favorite, but not the difficult 
puzzle. 

3753
03:20:09,000 --> 03:20:12,700
Mazes of later, eras, with their
single paths, winding in 

3754
03:20:12,700 --> 03:20:15,300
intricate patterns, but never 
offering choices or dead ends 

3755
03:20:15,300 --> 03:20:18,200
medieval labyrinths were 
intended to be walking 

3756
03:20:18,200 --> 03:20:20,900
meditations. 
When you needed to solve, 

3757
03:20:20,900 --> 03:20:24,300
complicated problems, you could 
walk the Labyrinth and the 

3758
03:20:24,300 --> 03:20:26,700
intricate pattern and rhythmic 
movement would frequently 

3759
03:20:26,700 --> 03:20:28,900
encouraged solutions to come to 
your organically. 

3760
03:20:28,900 --> 03:20:32,000
Imagine yourself sitting on one 
of those Turf benches in your 

3761
03:20:32,000 --> 03:20:35,600
make-believe Castle Garden as 
evening draws near and the 

3762
03:20:35,608 --> 03:20:38,500
center of plants that bloom at 
night starts to fill the air 

3763
03:20:38,500 --> 03:20:41,100
here. 
The meticulous design of the 

3764
03:20:41,100 --> 03:20:44,000
garden, somehow absorbs, the 
political tensions of the day. 

3765
03:20:44,900 --> 03:20:47,600
You can rest fully tonight 
surrounded by beauty that has 

3766
03:20:47,600 --> 03:20:51,200
been specifically designed to 
Foster human piece, but tomorrow

3767
03:20:51,200 --> 03:20:54,400
will present new challenges, 
your learning about the hortus 

3768
03:20:54,400 --> 03:20:57,700
conclusus or enclosed Garden. 
One of the most advanced 

3769
03:20:57,700 --> 03:20:59,600
inventions in medieval Garden 
tonight. 

3770
03:21:00,600 --> 03:21:03,500
This was not just any walled 
area with plants rather. 

3771
03:21:03,500 --> 03:21:06,900
It was a thoughtfully planned 
setting intended to produce. 

3772
03:21:06,900 --> 03:21:09,900
What could be referred to as 
perfect psychological conditions

3773
03:21:09,900 --> 03:21:12,800
for human flourishing. 
A thorough understanding of how 

3774
03:21:12,800 --> 03:21:15,300
environmental boundaries impact 
mental state led to the 

3775
03:21:15,300 --> 03:21:17,300
development of the enclosed 
Garden concept. 

3776
03:21:18,200 --> 03:21:20,900
People in the Middle Ages lived 
in constant, fear of danger, 

3777
03:21:20,900 --> 03:21:24,700
that might lurk outside of their
familiar boundaries anywhere. 

3778
03:21:24,700 --> 03:21:28,000
At any time, there could be 
banned, its Untamed animals 

3779
03:21:28,000 --> 03:21:32,400
hostile armies and unexplained 
illnesses every element of daily

3780
03:21:32,400 --> 03:21:36,200
life, including the layout of 
serene areas was influenced by 

3781
03:21:36,200 --> 03:21:38,000
this persistent low-level 
anxiety. 

3782
03:21:38,000 --> 03:21:41,800
Imagine yourself walking through
a small gate or doorway into an 

3783
03:21:41,800 --> 03:21:44,700
enclosed Garden. 
The changeover is purposeful and

3784
03:21:44,700 --> 03:21:48,100
dramatic your surrounded by 
walls, that Define and Safeguard

3785
03:21:48,100 --> 03:21:52,400
a smaller more manageable, 
Universe one moment and then you

3786
03:21:52,400 --> 03:21:55,200
are in the open world with its 
boundless Horizons and possible 

3787
03:21:55,200 --> 03:21:57,600
dangers. 
The next Your nervous system 

3788
03:21:57,600 --> 03:22:00,800
literally lets out a sigh of 
relief as a result of the 

3789
03:22:00,800 --> 03:22:04,600
profound and instantaneous 
psychological shift, medieval 

3790
03:22:04,600 --> 03:22:06,800
Garden designers. 
However, went beyond the basic 

3791
03:22:06,800 --> 03:22:09,700
enclosure, they realized that 
Walls by themselves. 

3792
03:22:09,700 --> 03:22:13,200
Could feel more like prisons 
than like freedoms, making the 

3793
03:22:13,200 --> 03:22:15,700
enclosure feel more like an 
Embrace than a prison was the 

3794
03:22:15,700 --> 03:22:18,100
trick. 
They achieved this by paying 

3795
03:22:18,100 --> 03:22:21,300
close attention to sight lines 
proportions and what we might 

3796
03:22:21,300 --> 03:22:25,200
refer to as controlled openings 
a sense of protected space where

3797
03:22:25,200 --> 03:22:27,700
you could not be surprised or 
threatened was provided by the 

3798
03:22:27,700 --> 03:22:31,300
walls of the most successful 
enclosed Gardens, which adhered 

3799
03:22:31,300 --> 03:22:33,200
to what contemporary 
environmental psychologists 

3800
03:22:33,200 --> 03:22:36,000
refer to as the Prospect and 
refuge principle. 

3801
03:22:36,000 --> 03:22:38,800
Though medieval designers would 
have simply referred to it as 

3802
03:22:38,800 --> 03:22:40,800
feeling safe while seeing 
Beauty. 

3803
03:22:40,800 --> 03:22:43,900
However, the gardens also 
featured thoughtfully, designed 

3804
03:22:43,900 --> 03:22:47,900
opportunities, Sky views, far 
off Landscapes or garden 

3805
03:22:47,900 --> 03:22:50,200
elements, that allowed your 
thoughts to roam without 

3806
03:22:50,200 --> 03:22:53,300
straying from the safeties Zone 
Gates or Windows in the walls 

3807
03:22:53,300 --> 03:22:55,100
that framed views like living 
paintings. 

3808
03:22:55,100 --> 03:22:58,900
Could create these opportunities
picture yourself, perched on a 

3809
03:22:58,900 --> 03:23:02,100
stone bench gazing, through an 
arched aperture that ideally 

3810
03:23:02,100 --> 03:23:04,900
frames of view of the Castle's 
Towers or a far off Hillside. 

3811
03:23:04,900 --> 03:23:08,500
Your body stays securely 
contained while your I can 

3812
03:23:08,500 --> 03:23:11,500
travel to these far off views 
meeting the human need for 

3813
03:23:11,500 --> 03:23:13,800
spatial variety. 
The enclosed Garden. 

3814
03:23:13,800 --> 03:23:16,600
Gardens plant choices were 
Exquisite examples of sensory. 

3815
03:23:16,800 --> 03:23:20,100
Design each plant was picked for
its ability to enhance the 

3816
03:23:20,100 --> 03:23:23,400
garden's, overall psychological 
Ambience an Edition to its 

3817
03:23:23,400 --> 03:23:26,500
aesthetic value. 
Lavender offered a soothing 

3818
03:23:26,500 --> 03:23:29,100
scent and delicate. 
Silver leaves that glistened in 

3819
03:23:29,100 --> 03:23:32,900
any kind of light, the strong 
and enlightening Aroma of Rose 

3820
03:23:32,900 --> 03:23:34,400
Marie. 
Could clear mental Haze and 

3821
03:23:34,400 --> 03:23:36,500
boost alertness without making 
people anxious. 

3822
03:23:37,300 --> 03:23:40,200
Plants in the mint, family 
offered, refreshing sense and 

3823
03:23:40,200 --> 03:23:41,700
cooling effects, that could help
cool. 

3824
03:23:41,700 --> 03:23:44,500
Even the hottest summer days, 
what we might refer to as 

3825
03:23:44,500 --> 03:23:47,400
layered fragrances, plant 
combinations, that release 

3826
03:23:47,400 --> 03:23:50,800
distinct sense at various times 
of day and in various weather 

3827
03:23:50,800 --> 03:23:53,300
conditions were common in, 
medieval and closed. 

3828
03:23:53,300 --> 03:23:57,100
Gardens the scent of wet herbs, 
may be green and Dewey in the 

3829
03:23:57,108 --> 03:23:59,100
morning. 
Mingled with the honey, sweet 

3830
03:23:59,100 --> 03:24:01,000
Aroma of flowers opening to the 
Sun. 

3831
03:24:01,700 --> 03:24:04,800
Aromatic plants such as oregano 
and Thyme would release their 

3832
03:24:04,800 --> 03:24:06,400
stronger sense in the midday 
Heat. 

3833
03:24:07,300 --> 03:24:10,500
Knight blooming plants with 
their enigmatic and frequently 

3834
03:24:10,500 --> 03:24:13,100
more complex scents, would 
emerge in the evening. 

3835
03:24:13,100 --> 03:24:15,800
These Garden's grounding adhere 
to principles. 

3836
03:24:15,800 --> 03:24:19,100
That seem to work almost 
magically, the walkways were 

3837
03:24:19,100 --> 03:24:21,500
both, intimately, intimate and 
sufficiently wide for 

3838
03:24:21,500 --> 03:24:24,700
comfortable walking since you 
could never see the entire 

3839
03:24:24,700 --> 03:24:27,500
Garden at once. 
They gently curved to evoke a 

3840
03:24:27,500 --> 03:24:30,800
sense of Discovery, there was 
always something new to discover

3841
03:24:30,800 --> 03:24:34,200
around every corner. 
However, everything happened at 

3842
03:24:34,200 --> 03:24:37,600
natural and secure pace and the 
curves were never abrupt enough 

3843
03:24:37,600 --> 03:24:40,100
to call surprise or fear 
enclosed garden. 

3844
03:24:40,100 --> 03:24:42,400
Water management, reached new 
artistic Heights. 

3845
03:24:42,400 --> 03:24:46,100
Each drop of water could be 
meticulously regulated and 

3846
03:24:46,100 --> 03:24:48,800
synchronized because these were 
in closed spaces. 

3847
03:24:49,700 --> 03:24:52,200
In order to produce various 
sounds and visual effects 

3848
03:24:52,200 --> 03:24:55,300
throughout the garden. 
Designers devices systems, that 

3849
03:24:55,300 --> 03:24:58,700
would allow water to move slowly
through the area appearing and 

3850
03:24:58,700 --> 03:25:00,800
disappearing. 
You may first see water as a 

3851
03:25:00,800 --> 03:25:04,100
soft spring, that emerges from a
carved Stone facing one wall 

3852
03:25:04,100 --> 03:25:07,300
then follow its path. 
As it feeds various plant beds 

3853
03:25:07,300 --> 03:25:10,800
via tiny channels before 
gathering in a central Basin to 

3854
03:25:10,800 --> 03:25:14,100
reflect the sky and Light. from 
the first soft bubbling of the 

3855
03:25:14,100 --> 03:25:16,900
spring to the soft trickling 
through the channels to the 

3856
03:25:16,908 --> 03:25:20,100
almost silent filling of the 
last Basin, the sound of this 

3857
03:25:20,100 --> 03:25:23,800
water would change as it 
travels, the cycle, significance

3858
03:25:23,800 --> 03:25:26,500
of what we might refer to, as 
controlled Wilderness within 

3859
03:25:26,500 --> 03:25:29,700
enclosed spaces, as also 
recognized by medieval 

3860
03:25:29,700 --> 03:25:33,100
designers, These gardeners 
featured sections where plants 

3861
03:25:33,100 --> 03:25:36,200
were permitted to grow in more 
organic patterns, despite their 

3862
03:25:36,200 --> 03:25:39,800
meticulous planning and upkeep. 
Herbs that had been left to 

3863
03:25:39,800 --> 03:25:43,400
self-seed and spread could be 
found in a corner, resulting in 

3864
03:25:43,400 --> 03:25:47,000
patches, that felt wild and 
impromptu, but were totally safe

3865
03:25:47,000 --> 03:25:50,100
a basic cycle. 
Need of humans was met by this 

3866
03:25:50,100 --> 03:25:52,100
harmony between naturalness and 
control. 

3867
03:25:52,100 --> 03:25:55,600
We need a certain amount of 
surprise natural beauty to keep 

3868
03:25:55,600 --> 03:25:59,100
our minds active and interested,
but we also need order and 

3869
03:25:59,100 --> 03:26:02,900
predictability for security. 
Both were simultaneously offered

3870
03:26:02,900 --> 03:26:05,800
by enclosed Gardens, which 
offered areas of delightful, 

3871
03:26:05,800 --> 03:26:08,200
unpredictability along with 
general order and safety 

3872
03:26:08,200 --> 03:26:11,400
enclosed Gardens featured, 
especially elaborate seating 

3873
03:26:11,400 --> 03:26:13,600
arrangements. 
There were several seating 

3874
03:26:13,600 --> 03:26:17,600
options to accommodate various 
social settings and moods Cool 

3875
03:26:17,600 --> 03:26:21,400
isolated places to reflect were 
provided by Stone benches, set 

3876
03:26:21,400 --> 03:26:25,800
into the walls, for Extended 
Stays wooden benches placed in 

3877
03:26:25,800 --> 03:26:27,500
bright spots, offered warmth and
comfort. 

3878
03:26:28,300 --> 03:26:31,100
The most private and cozy. 
Seating was provided by Turf 

3879
03:26:31,100 --> 03:26:33,300
benches. 
Those amazing earth and grass 

3880
03:26:33,300 --> 03:26:36,200
Creations from the Middle Ages 
that were ideal for reading 

3881
03:26:36,200 --> 03:26:38,600
taking naps or having quiet 
discussions. 

3882
03:26:38,600 --> 03:26:41,900
The placement of the seating 
sections was done to capitalize,

3883
03:26:41,900 --> 03:26:43,800
on the various seasons in time 
of day. 

3884
03:26:44,500 --> 03:26:47,700
In order to enjoy the soft early
Sun morning seats faced East. 

3885
03:26:47,700 --> 03:26:50,800
The locations of the midday 
seats were chosen to provide 

3886
03:26:50,800 --> 03:26:54,100
shade during the hottest times 
of the day seats in the evening,

3887
03:26:54,100 --> 03:26:58,100
face West to watch the sunset, 
In order to harness any of 

3888
03:26:58,100 --> 03:27:01,000
available warmth through the Low
Winter Sun, winter seats were 

3889
03:27:01,000 --> 03:27:04,100
placed in alcoves facing south 
in closed Garden Gardens 

3890
03:27:04,100 --> 03:27:06,500
seasonal, development was 
thoughtfully planned to offer 

3891
03:27:06,500 --> 03:27:10,700
cycle support all year long. 
After enduring the harsh winters

3892
03:27:10,700 --> 03:27:14,000
of the Middle Ages people 
needed, hope, and renewal, which

3893
03:27:14,000 --> 03:27:17,000
Spring plantings offered. 
Summertime designs. 

3894
03:27:17,000 --> 03:27:20,600
Offered celebration of plenty. 
Plants in autumnal Gardens. 

3895
03:27:20,600 --> 03:27:22,900
Conveyed a sense of preparation 
and harvest. 

3896
03:27:23,600 --> 03:27:26,900
Evergreen trees and intriguing. 
Architectural elements were 

3897
03:27:26,900 --> 03:27:30,000
included in the design to add 
Beauty and interest even during 

3898
03:27:30,000 --> 03:27:33,100
the winter months. 
Most significantly medieval 

3899
03:27:33,100 --> 03:27:35,900
enclosed Gardens, were intended 
to be places for what we might 

3900
03:27:35,900 --> 03:27:39,600
refer to as productive solitude.
These were not places where you 

3901
03:27:39,600 --> 03:27:42,500
could hide from the outside 
world forever, but rather places

3902
03:27:42,500 --> 03:27:45,600
where you could temporarily 
withdraw, regain your emotional 

3903
03:27:45,600 --> 03:27:48,600
and mental balance, and then 
resume your daily activities 

3904
03:27:48,600 --> 03:27:50,500
with fresh vitality and 
perspective. 

3905
03:27:50,500 --> 03:27:53,600
Imagine yourself falling asleep 
in your own little enclosed 

3906
03:27:53,600 --> 03:27:56,400
garden with walls. 
That feel protective rather than

3907
03:27:56,400 --> 03:27:59,700
limiting and breathing in air 
that is centered with herbs. 

3908
03:27:59,700 --> 03:28:01,900
That have been carefully 
selected to encourage relaxation

3909
03:28:01,900 --> 03:28:05,000
and tranquility. 
The boundaries of the garden, 

3910
03:28:05,000 --> 03:28:08,200
create a perfect little world 
where you can just enjoy being 

3911
03:28:08,200 --> 03:28:10,300
in an area, created, 
specifically for your 

3912
03:28:10,300 --> 03:28:12,300
well-being. 
When you wake up this morning, 

3913
03:28:12,300 --> 03:28:15,900
you'll find something amazing. 
Centuries before the terms 

3914
03:28:15,900 --> 03:28:19,000
environmental aromatherapy, were
coined medieval. 

3915
03:28:19,000 --> 03:28:21,500
People were engaging in a highly
developed form of it. 

3916
03:28:22,200 --> 03:28:25,000
In addition to being 
aesthetically pleasing, their 

3917
03:28:25,000 --> 03:28:27,700
Gardens were meticulously 
planned sensory experiences that

3918
03:28:27,700 --> 03:28:31,000
use the sense and qualities of 
plants to affect mental, 

3919
03:28:31,000 --> 03:28:35,200
physical and emotional states. 
Medieval Garden, designers, Drew

3920
03:28:35,200 --> 03:28:38,100
inspiration from a fascinating 
blend of traditional knowledge 

3921
03:28:38,100 --> 03:28:42,000
passed down through the 
generations, key knobs, and what

3922
03:28:42,008 --> 03:28:45,600
they dubbed, the doctrine of 
signatures, the idea that a 

3923
03:28:45,600 --> 03:28:48,600
plants growth patterns sent or 
appearance could reveal its 

3924
03:28:48,600 --> 03:28:51,600
medicinal uses their practical 
outcomes were frequently, 

3925
03:28:51,600 --> 03:28:54,900
remarkably effective even though
some of their theories now, 

3926
03:28:54,900 --> 03:28:57,400
seemingly Antiquated an early 
morning. 

3927
03:28:57,400 --> 03:28:59,900
Stroll through a medieval herb 
garden would reveal what is 

3928
03:28:59,900 --> 03:29:03,200
essentially a living Pharmacy 
but one that has been created 

3929
03:29:03,200 --> 03:29:06,900
with a psychologist awareness of
human needs and an artist sense 

3930
03:29:06,900 --> 03:29:10,600
of Aesthetics, every plant was 
placed to provide the greatest 

3931
03:29:10,600 --> 03:29:12,500
possible therapeutic benefit to 
Garden. 

3932
03:29:12,500 --> 03:29:16,300
Visitors in addition to ideal 
growing conditions along, 

3933
03:29:16,300 --> 03:29:19,900
Pathways where people would 
naturally brush against it was 

3934
03:29:19,900 --> 03:29:21,700
planted. 
It has tiny. 

3935
03:29:22,200 --> 03:29:25,400
Daisy-like flowers and a sweet 
Apple like scent. 

3936
03:29:25,400 --> 03:29:28,900
All the medieval gardeners were 
aware that the aroma of 

3937
03:29:28,908 --> 03:29:32,500
chamomile could reduce anxiety 
and encouraged sound sleep. 

3938
03:29:32,500 --> 03:29:36,400
They also recognized that the 
cycle impact was greater than 

3939
03:29:36,400 --> 03:29:38,800
the scent was inadvertently 
inhaled rather than 

3940
03:29:38,800 --> 03:29:42,300
intentionally Something about 
finding a healing sent by 

3941
03:29:42,308 --> 03:29:45,100
accident is more potent than 
actively seeking it out. 

3942
03:29:45,100 --> 03:29:48,400
In addition to its lovely purple
blooms and unique scent. 

3943
03:29:48,400 --> 03:29:52,400
Lavender was prized in medieval 
Gardens for its incredibly 

3944
03:29:52,400 --> 03:29:55,900
consistent calming properties. 
The biochemistry of how 

3945
03:29:55,900 --> 03:30:00,300
lavenders Lena Liu and Lionel 
acetate compounds actually slow 

3946
03:30:00,300 --> 03:30:04,000
down nervous system activity was
unknown to Medieval people but 

3947
03:30:04,000 --> 03:30:07,900
they were aware of the effects. 
In order to promote peaceful 

3948
03:30:07,900 --> 03:30:11,600
sleep, lavender was planted. 
Close to places where people sat

3949
03:30:11,600 --> 03:30:15,000
along walkways that led to 
private areas and particularly 

3950
03:30:15,000 --> 03:30:18,800
close to Windows in bedrooms, 
lavender's placement, in gardens

3951
03:30:18,800 --> 03:30:21,600
demonstrated, a sophisticated 
understanding of scent, 

3952
03:30:21,600 --> 03:30:25,900
dispersal Gardeners planted, 
lavender and sunny locations. 

3953
03:30:25,900 --> 03:30:28,600
Where after noon heat would 
optimize its therapeutic 

3954
03:30:28,600 --> 03:30:32,200
benefits, because they knew that
the plant releases its strongest

3955
03:30:32,200 --> 03:30:33,900
fragrance, during the warmest 
part of the day. 

3956
03:30:33,900 --> 03:30:36,900
Additionally, they placed 
lavender bushes where people 

3957
03:30:36,900 --> 03:30:39,200
might unintentionally brush 
against the wall strolling 

3958
03:30:39,200 --> 03:30:41,200
because they knew that bruised. 
Lavender. 

3959
03:30:41,200 --> 03:30:44,200
Releases, even more scent, 
almost like a garden guardian 

3960
03:30:44,200 --> 03:30:46,300
Rose. 
Marie was placed close to Gates 

3961
03:30:46,300 --> 03:30:49,800
and entrances, so that its 
potent Carmen sent could assist 

3962
03:30:49,800 --> 03:30:52,800
guests and shifting from the 
disorganized state of everyday 

3963
03:30:52,800 --> 03:30:55,500
life to the concentrated 
awareness required for 

3964
03:30:55,500 --> 03:30:58,400
appreciating a garden. 
According to contemporary 

3965
03:30:58,400 --> 03:31:01,200
research, medieval people, 
thought, Rosemary improved, 

3966
03:31:01,200 --> 03:31:04,500
mental, Clarity and memory. 
It is true that compounds found 

3967
03:31:04,500 --> 03:31:07,100
in Rosemary can enhance 
alertness and cognitive 

3968
03:31:07,100 --> 03:31:09,700
function. 
However, this is where the 

3969
03:31:09,700 --> 03:31:12,200
genius of medieval garden design
was displayed. 

3970
03:31:12,200 --> 03:31:15,500
Rosemary was also planted 
alongside soothing herbs like 

3971
03:31:15,500 --> 03:31:18,400
chamomile and lavender. 
The end effect was a 

3972
03:31:18,400 --> 03:31:21,400
well-balanced scent experience 
that could improve mental 

3973
03:31:21,400 --> 03:31:23,900
Clarity without causing over 
stimulation or anxiety. 

3974
03:31:24,900 --> 03:31:27,400
In these Gardens, you felt more 
at ease and could think more 

3975
03:31:27,400 --> 03:31:31,000
clearly two things that are 
surprisingly hard to combine the

3976
03:31:31,000 --> 03:31:33,900
most adaptable medicinal plants 
in medieval Gardens came from 

3977
03:31:33,900 --> 03:31:36,300
the mint family. 
Various mints were used to 

3978
03:31:36,308 --> 03:31:38,800
achieve various physical and 
psychological effects. 

3979
03:31:39,600 --> 03:31:42,500
Without the potency of 
peppermint spearmint provided 

3980
03:31:42,500 --> 03:31:45,500
mild digestive support and a 
revitalizing mental boost. 

3981
03:31:46,400 --> 03:31:48,000
The sweeter softer Center of 
Apple. 

3982
03:31:48,000 --> 03:31:51,600
Mint was ideal for unwinding in 
the evening in the damp spots. 

3983
03:31:51,600 --> 03:31:54,500
Next to garden water features 
where its cooling qualities 

3984
03:31:54,500 --> 03:31:58,100
could intensify the revitalizing
effects of flowing water water, 

3985
03:31:58,100 --> 03:32:01,000
mint, flourished, medieval 
gardeners all recognized. 

3986
03:32:01,000 --> 03:32:03,500
A fact that contemporary Roman 
therapy as rediscovering. 

3987
03:32:04,300 --> 03:32:07,200
Combinations of plants, rather 
than individual species 

3988
03:32:07,200 --> 03:32:10,500
frequently produce the most 
potent, therapeutic fragrances 

3989
03:32:10,500 --> 03:32:12,900
in their Gardens. 
They established what? 

3990
03:32:12,900 --> 03:32:14,900
We might refer to as fragrance 
neighborhoods. 

3991
03:32:14,900 --> 03:32:18,000
By assembling plants, whose 
fragrances would complement one 

3992
03:32:18,000 --> 03:32:20,600
another and offer supplementary 
medicinal advantages. 

3993
03:32:20,600 --> 03:32:23,700
The standard calming Corner 
might include rows for 

3994
03:32:23,700 --> 03:32:27,500
emotional, support chamomile for
mild sedation, lavender for 

3995
03:32:27,500 --> 03:32:30,200
anxiety relief and maybe a dash 
of mint for freshness. 

3996
03:32:31,400 --> 03:32:33,900
Because each plant releases a 
different amount of fragrance 

3997
03:32:33,900 --> 03:32:36,000
and response to temperature and 
humidity changes. 

3998
03:32:36,000 --> 03:32:39,000
These plants would be arranged 
so that they are distinct sense 

3999
03:32:39,000 --> 03:32:43,000
would naturally blend to create 
complex subtle scent experiences

4000
03:32:43,000 --> 03:32:44,600
that could change throughout the
day. 

4001
03:32:44,600 --> 03:32:48,200
In medieval Gardens Rose's, had 
uses far beyond Aesthetics, 

4002
03:32:48,200 --> 03:32:51,600
various types were selected 
based on their distinct scents 

4003
03:32:51,600 --> 03:32:55,100
and purported impact on health 
and happiness with their 

4004
03:32:55,100 --> 03:32:58,700
powerful complex scent. 
Damask roses were thought to 

4005
03:32:58,700 --> 03:33:00,900
uplift the soul and fortified 
the heart. 

4006
03:33:00,900 --> 03:33:04,500
In difficult times, Albert 
Rose's were believed to promote 

4007
03:33:04,500 --> 03:33:07,500
rational thinking and clear 
mental confusion because of 

4008
03:33:07,508 --> 03:33:10,700
their fresher, clean Ascent 
roses were planted, along 

4009
03:33:10,700 --> 03:33:13,200
Pathways that people might walk 
when resolving difficult 

4010
03:33:13,200 --> 03:33:16,700
emotions and medieval Rose 
Garden's were frequently created

4011
03:33:16,700 --> 03:33:20,500
as emotional support systems. 
Perfect environment for 

4012
03:33:20,500 --> 03:33:23,300
processing and healing emotions 
was created by the combination 

4013
03:33:23,300 --> 03:33:26,900
of therapeutic fragrance. 
Lovely visual stimulation and 

4014
03:33:26,900 --> 03:33:30,600
Mild physical exercise, medieval
Gardens seasonal, fragrance, 

4015
03:33:30,600 --> 03:33:33,200
progression, was thoughtfully 
planned to promote mental 

4016
03:33:33,200 --> 03:33:34,600
well-being? 
All year long. 

4017
03:33:35,300 --> 03:33:37,600
Fresh green fragrances that 
could alleviate winter 

4018
03:33:37,600 --> 03:33:41,000
depression, and promote mental 
Rejuvenation with a focus of 

4019
03:33:41,000 --> 03:33:45,200
spring gardens, early herbs such
as young Rosemary and mint. 

4020
03:33:45,200 --> 03:33:49,200
Offered a stringent energizing 
sense that might help dispel the

4021
03:33:49,200 --> 03:33:51,600
mental sluggishness. 
That frequently accompanied the 

4022
03:33:51,608 --> 03:33:55,000
dark months with several plants 
blooming at once to create 

4023
03:33:55,000 --> 03:33:57,300
intricate multi-layered sent 
environments. 

4024
03:33:57,300 --> 03:34:00,200
Some regards provided. 
The most complete fragrance 

4025
03:34:00,200 --> 03:34:03,300
experience is. 
However he was overpowered 

4026
03:34:03,300 --> 03:34:07,200
sensory attacks medieval 
gardeners recognized the value 

4027
03:34:07,200 --> 03:34:10,400
of restraint and balance. 
There were peaceful spots with 

4028
03:34:10,400 --> 03:34:13,100
delicate sense, and even the 
most ornate, summer garden 

4029
03:34:13,100 --> 03:34:17,300
places where over stimulated 
senses could relax warming, 

4030
03:34:17,300 --> 03:34:19,800
grounding sentence from Autumn 
Garden, Gardens could ease the 

4031
03:34:19,808 --> 03:34:24,200
cycle transition to Winter, the 
rich complex sentence of late, 

4032
03:34:24,200 --> 03:34:28,200
blooming herbs, such as origana 
and Sage seemed to capture the 

4033
03:34:28,200 --> 03:34:31,300
joy of harvest. 
These plants were frequently 

4034
03:34:31,300 --> 03:34:34,200
placed close to places where 
people could sit and think back 

4035
03:34:34,200 --> 03:34:37,000
on the events of the Year while 
mentally getting ready for the 

4036
03:34:37,000 --> 03:34:40,600
reflective winter months. 
Medieval herb gardens or served 

4037
03:34:40,600 --> 03:34:43,800
as therapeutic environments for 
their upkeep herb harvesting. 

4038
03:34:43,800 --> 03:34:47,200
Required methodical slow 
attention to timing, plant 

4039
03:34:47,200 --> 03:34:49,000
conditions and appropriate 
methods. 

4040
03:34:49,800 --> 03:34:52,900
Spaces filled with concentrated 
fragrances from drying herbs 

4041
03:34:52,900 --> 03:34:57,300
could benefit from aromatherapy 
for weeks since Disturbed herb, 

4042
03:34:57,300 --> 03:34:59,200
plants released their fragrances
as you worked. 

4043
03:34:59,200 --> 03:35:02,000
Even weeding herb. 
Gardens was more enjoyable than 

4044
03:35:02,000 --> 03:35:04,800
other Garden maintenance. 
The significance of a personal 

4045
03:35:04,800 --> 03:35:07,700
connection to medicinal plants 
is another thing that medieval 

4046
03:35:07,700 --> 03:35:11,100
people understood that we are 
still learning about They urged 

4047
03:35:11,100 --> 03:35:14,500
Garden visitors to form bonds 
with individual plants learning 

4048
03:35:14,500 --> 03:35:17,500
about their unique growth, 
patterns best time to harvest 

4049
03:35:17,500 --> 03:35:21,000
them and distinctive scent 
patterns, the therapeutic 

4050
03:35:21,000 --> 03:35:23,700
effects were enhanced by this 
individualized attention. 

4051
03:35:24,600 --> 03:35:27,300
The benefits of a plant seemed 
to be more potent when you know 

4052
03:35:27,300 --> 03:35:28,900
it. 
Well, imagine yourself 

4053
03:35:28,900 --> 03:35:31,600
surrounded by carefully, 
selected and arranged plants. 

4054
03:35:31,600 --> 03:35:34,300
That will support your health as
evening descends on your 

4055
03:35:34,300 --> 03:35:35,800
make-believe, medieval herb 
garden. 

4056
03:35:36,600 --> 03:35:38,200
The delicate combination of 
sense. 

4057
03:35:38,200 --> 03:35:41,600
Permeate the air calming the 
stresses of the day and 

4058
03:35:41,600 --> 03:35:43,600
preparing your mind for a good 
night sleep. 

4059
03:35:44,500 --> 03:35:46,900
Every breath brings you 
compounds that have been used 

4060
03:35:46,900 --> 03:35:49,800
for thousands of years to help 
people, find health and peace. 

4061
03:35:49,800 --> 03:35:53,300
These compounds were arranged by
gardeners who realized that 

4062
03:35:53,300 --> 03:35:56,300
healing occurs most effectively 
in settings that are beautiful 

4063
03:35:56,300 --> 03:35:58,800
and thoughtfully designed, 
you're studying one of the most 

4064
03:35:58,800 --> 03:36:01,400
intriguing facets of medieval 
gardening this morning. 

4065
03:36:02,100 --> 03:36:04,800
The creation of spaces that have
the power to literally alter 

4066
03:36:04,800 --> 03:36:08,100
human perception, through the 
use of geometric patterns, and 

4067
03:36:08,100 --> 03:36:11,300
symbolic designs. 
Plants were not arranged 

4068
03:36:11,300 --> 03:36:14,000
haphazardly or in accordance 
with contemporary aesthetic 

4069
03:36:14,000 --> 03:36:15,800
standards by medieval Garden 
designers. 

4070
03:36:15,800 --> 03:36:19,400
Their work was based on a deep 
understanding of how spiritual 

4071
03:36:19,400 --> 03:36:22,700
awareness and mental state are 
influenced by visual patterns. 

4072
03:36:22,700 --> 03:36:24,600
In the world of the medieval 
people. 

4073
03:36:24,600 --> 03:36:27,900
Everything was thought to have 
symbolic, meaning, rather than 

4074
03:36:27,900 --> 03:36:31,700
being nearly ornamental choices.
Numbers shapes colors, and 

4075
03:36:31,700 --> 03:36:35,200
spatial relationships were seen 
a stepping stones to a greater 

4076
03:36:35,200 --> 03:36:38,100
comprehension of natural Harmony
and divine order. 

4077
03:36:39,200 --> 03:36:42,200
This symbolic language was 
employed by Garden designers to 

4078
03:36:42,200 --> 03:36:44,900
create areas that could lead 
guests to particular spiritual 

4079
03:36:44,900 --> 03:36:48,000
and psychological States. 
You would instantly notice the 

4080
03:36:48,000 --> 03:36:50,700
sense of balance and Justice 
that seems to emanate from the 

4081
03:36:50,700 --> 03:36:52,700
layout itself. 
If you were to walk into a 

4082
03:36:52,700 --> 03:36:56,000
medieval Garden that was created
using sacred, geometric 

4083
03:36:56,000 --> 03:36:59,900
principles Pathways that follow 
mathematical proportions, found 

4084
03:36:59,900 --> 03:37:02,400
in nature. 
The same ratios that are present

4085
03:37:02,400 --> 03:37:06,500
in human bodies, flower petals 
and seashells would entice your 

4086
03:37:06,500 --> 03:37:08,800
attention. 
Your mind would perceive these 

4087
03:37:08,800 --> 03:37:12,100
patterns as essentially, 
reliable and harmonious, even if

4088
03:37:12,100 --> 03:37:15,100
you are not familiar with the 
technical specifics, the square 

4089
03:37:15,100 --> 03:37:17,800
formed by intersecting Pathways 
into four smaller. 

4090
03:37:17,800 --> 03:37:20,600
Squares was the most popular 
geometric foundation for 

4091
03:37:20,600 --> 03:37:24,200
medieval Gardens. 
The four elements earth air, 

4092
03:37:24,200 --> 03:37:27,500
Fire and Water, the Four 
Seasons, the four cardinal 

4093
03:37:27,500 --> 03:37:30,400
directions, and the four rivers 
of paradise mentioned in 

4094
03:37:30,400 --> 03:37:32,700
biblical texts were all 
represented by this pattern, 

4095
03:37:32,700 --> 03:37:34,800
which is known as a 
quadriparesis. 

4096
03:37:36,500 --> 03:37:38,100
Beyond its symbolic 
significance. 

4097
03:37:38,100 --> 03:37:41,300
However, this design had useful 
psychological effects. 

4098
03:37:41,300 --> 03:37:43,900
Quadra party Gardens offered a 
visual order. 

4099
03:37:43,900 --> 03:37:47,100
That was both simple enough to 
be instantly understandable and 

4100
03:37:47,100 --> 03:37:48,800
complex enough to be 
fascinating. 

4101
03:37:49,700 --> 03:37:53,000
The overall pattern was easy for
your mind to understand giving 

4102
03:37:53,000 --> 03:37:56,500
you a sense of control. 
However, there was space for 

4103
03:37:56,500 --> 03:37:58,100
variation and surprise. 
Within each. 

4104
03:37:58,100 --> 03:38:02,100
Quadrant human cycle needs 
appear to be well served by this

4105
03:38:02,100 --> 03:38:05,400
blend of controlled variation 
and predictable structure. 

4106
03:38:05,400 --> 03:38:08,600
Geometrically designed Garden 
Gardens had Pathways that were 

4107
03:38:08,600 --> 03:38:10,800
more than just ways to get from 
one place to another. 

4108
03:38:11,800 --> 03:38:14,600
They served as what we might 
refer, to as contemplation 

4109
03:38:14,600 --> 03:38:18,700
guides physical objects that by 
merely walking could induce 

4110
03:38:18,700 --> 03:38:22,600
meditative States in your mind. 
Special features such as a 

4111
03:38:22,600 --> 03:38:26,100
fountain and a special lovely 
plant or a religious sculpture 

4112
03:38:26,100 --> 03:38:29,000
that encouraged pause and 
contemplation were frequently 

4113
03:38:29,000 --> 03:38:32,600
used to Mark, the intersections 
where Pathways crossed medieval 

4114
03:38:32,600 --> 03:38:33,900
Garden. 
Designers realized something 

4115
03:38:33,900 --> 03:38:36,500
that contemporary meditation 
instructors of rediscovered. 

4116
03:38:37,200 --> 03:38:38,900
That beautiful visual 
stimulation. 

4117
03:38:38,900 --> 03:38:42,300
Coupled with repetitive rhythmic
movement can create deeply 

4118
03:38:42,300 --> 03:38:44,600
calming and restorative Altered 
States of consciousness. 

4119
03:38:45,800 --> 03:38:47,900
Became a kind of moving 
meditation to follow the 

4120
03:38:47,908 --> 03:38:51,200
geometric Paths of a medieval 
garden with their predictable 

4121
03:38:51,200 --> 03:38:54,600
curves and intersections, 
geometric, Gardens with circular

4122
03:38:54,600 --> 03:38:56,800
features had unique 
psychological purposes. 

4123
03:38:56,800 --> 03:39:00,400
Curved alcoves round fountains 
and circular herb. 

4124
03:39:00,400 --> 03:39:02,500
Beds. 
Offered visual respite from the 

4125
03:39:02,500 --> 03:39:05,000
overall geometric Frameworks 
angular precision. 

4126
03:39:06,200 --> 03:39:08,900
More significantly. 
However, in medieval symbolic 

4127
03:39:08,900 --> 03:39:11,300
thinking circles, stood for 
wholeness Harmony and 

4128
03:39:11,300 --> 03:39:13,200
perfection. 
It was thought that 

4129
03:39:13,200 --> 03:39:15,700
incorporating circular elements 
into garden design. 

4130
03:39:15,700 --> 03:39:18,700
Would Aid guests in achieving 
spiritual integration and 

4131
03:39:18,700 --> 03:39:21,900
psychological wholeness. 
What we might refer to as sacred

4132
03:39:21,900 --> 03:39:25,400
proportion systems, mathematical
relationships, thought to 

4133
03:39:25,400 --> 03:39:28,600
reflect Divine Harmony. 
We're incorporated into the most

4134
03:39:28,600 --> 03:39:32,600
elaborate medieval Gardens the 
golden ratio which can be found 

4135
03:39:32,600 --> 03:39:35,400
in everything from Nautilus 
shells to sunflower seed. 

4136
03:39:35,400 --> 03:39:38,300
Spirals was frequently used to 
establish the connections 

4137
03:39:38,300 --> 03:39:42,000
between various Garden sections,
even when visitors were unable 

4138
03:39:42,000 --> 03:39:44,700
to consciously pinpoint. 
The reason these proportional 

4139
03:39:44,700 --> 03:39:48,400
systems produced Gardens that 
felt enigmatically fulfilling to

4140
03:39:48,400 --> 03:39:50,800
experience. 
Your mind would react with a 

4141
03:39:50,808 --> 03:39:53,900
sense of calm and righteousness 
that seem to come from the 

4142
03:39:53,900 --> 03:39:56,600
surroundings rather than, from 
any deliberate effort on your 

4143
03:39:56,608 --> 03:39:59,800
part, as your eye move through 
areas that felt harmonious and 

4144
03:39:59,800 --> 03:40:03,200
well-balanced geometric. 
Gardens featured equally complex

4145
03:40:03,200 --> 03:40:05,600
color schemes, based on 
observed. 

4146
03:40:05,600 --> 03:40:09,100
Psychological effects and 
symbolic associations medieval 

4147
03:40:09,100 --> 03:40:12,700
designers employed, what they 
dubbed, color harmonies, White 

4148
03:40:12,700 --> 03:40:15,900
flowers were frequently planted 
in central areas or along main 

4149
03:40:15,900 --> 03:40:18,300
routes because they symbolize 
Purity and spiritual 

4150
03:40:18,300 --> 03:40:21,200
illumination. 
Red flowers were placed where 

4151
03:40:21,200 --> 03:40:24,200
their emotional intense could be
appreciated without 

4152
03:40:24,200 --> 03:40:26,200
overpowering. 
The Tranquil atmosphere of the 

4153
03:40:26,200 --> 03:40:30,100
garden symbolizing both Earthly,
passion and divine love. 

4154
03:40:30,100 --> 03:40:33,400
Despite being comparatively 
uncommon, in medieval Garden's 

4155
03:40:33,400 --> 03:40:36,800
blue flowers were prized for 
their purported capacity to 

4156
03:40:36,800 --> 03:40:40,900
Foster, introspection and 
spiritual understanding They 

4157
03:40:40,900 --> 03:40:43,600
were frequently placed in 
peaceful Nooks or beside 

4158
03:40:43,600 --> 03:40:45,400
walkways. 
That led to places of prayer 

4159
03:40:45,400 --> 03:40:48,400
where their calming Hue might 
assist guests in turning, their 

4160
03:40:48,408 --> 03:40:52,000
attention from Material worries,
to spiritual ones, keeping up 

4161
03:40:52,000 --> 03:40:55,200
geometric Gardens was a kind of 
spiritual exercise in and of 

4162
03:40:55,200 --> 03:40:57,900
itself. 
Regular patient attention was 

4163
03:40:57,900 --> 03:41:00,500
necessary to maintain the 
patterns Clarity and accuracy. 

4164
03:41:00,500 --> 03:41:04,000
The gardeners who cared for 
these areas frequently, referred

4165
03:41:04,000 --> 03:41:07,500
to their labor as a kind of 
meditation or prayer replanting 

4166
03:41:07,500 --> 03:41:10,800
to maintain color Arrangements. 
Weeding to preserve the clarity 

4167
03:41:10,800 --> 03:41:13,800
of planted patterns and trimming
Hedges to maintain clean. 

4168
03:41:13,800 --> 03:41:17,100
Geometric lines, all became 
opportunities to practice. 

4169
03:41:17,100 --> 03:41:20,000
The kind of focused attention 
that medieval people associated 

4170
03:41:20,000 --> 03:41:22,100
with Spiritual Development 
geometric. 

4171
03:41:22,100 --> 03:41:24,900
Gardens were designed with 
seasonal changes in mind to 

4172
03:41:24,900 --> 03:41:28,200
preserve the key patterns while 
offering year-round diversity 

4173
03:41:28,200 --> 03:41:32,600
and interest The linear features
of the garden such as the bulbs 

4174
03:41:32,600 --> 03:41:35,300
placed along the edge of the 
pathways to produce, clear, line

4175
03:41:35,300 --> 03:41:38,000
of color could be highlighted 
with spring planting. 

4176
03:41:39,100 --> 03:41:41,900
While keeping their fundamental 
boundaries, some of planting 

4177
03:41:41,900 --> 03:41:44,600
could fill in the geometric 
shape, with a profusion of 

4178
03:41:44,600 --> 03:41:48,400
growth, even as their foliage 
changed color, plants that 

4179
03:41:48,400 --> 03:41:50,200
offered strong. 
Structural elements, could be 

4180
03:41:50,208 --> 03:41:54,000
found in Autumn garlands, In 
order to maintain the geometric 

4181
03:41:54,000 --> 03:41:56,700
patterns, even when the majority
of the plants were inactive, 

4182
03:41:56,700 --> 03:42:00,000
Winter Gardens relied on 
Hardscape components and 

4183
03:42:00,000 --> 03:42:03,100
Evergreen plants. 
The psychological significance 

4184
03:42:03,100 --> 03:42:04,800
of what we might refer to as 
pattern. 

4185
03:42:04,800 --> 03:42:08,800
Completion was also recognized 
by medieval Garden designers, 

4186
03:42:08,800 --> 03:42:12,400
who produced geometric designs 
that encouraged guests to 

4187
03:42:12,400 --> 03:42:15,500
actively perceive the patterns, 
rather than merely passively 

4188
03:42:15,500 --> 03:42:18,600
observing them. 
The entire geometric pattern, 

4189
03:42:18,600 --> 03:42:21,400
may not be immediately apparent.
When you first enter a garden 

4190
03:42:21,400 --> 03:42:24,400
instead, you may need to 
navigate through different 

4191
03:42:24,400 --> 03:42:27,200
sections and observe the area 
from different perspectives 

4192
03:42:27,200 --> 03:42:30,800
before the entire pattern 
becomes clear to you important 

4193
03:42:30,800 --> 03:42:34,500
cycle purposes were fulfilled by
this gradual pattern recognition

4194
03:42:34,500 --> 03:42:36,700
process. 
It was a gentle fulfilling 

4195
03:42:36,700 --> 03:42:39,500
puzzle with a clear solution 
that kept your mind active. 

4196
03:42:40,400 --> 03:42:43,900
Garden patterns could be fully 
comprehended and appreciated in 

4197
03:42:43,900 --> 03:42:46,900
contrast to the intricate and 
frequently intractable issues of

4198
03:42:46,900 --> 03:42:50,200
every day, medieval life. 
A sense of emotional and 

4199
03:42:50,200 --> 03:42:52,600
intellectual relief, that was 
hard to find elsewhere, was 

4200
03:42:52,600 --> 03:42:55,300
brought on by this experience of
understanding and completion. 

4201
03:42:55,300 --> 03:42:57,800
The geometric Garden designed 
symbolic. 

4202
03:42:57,800 --> 03:43:00,400
Meaningful gave guests. 
What we might refer to, as 

4203
03:43:00,400 --> 03:43:04,100
contemplation Frameworks 
organized approaches to 

4204
03:43:04,100 --> 03:43:05,900
considering life's more profound
issues. 

4205
03:43:07,000 --> 03:43:09,800
The garden that is themed around
the number four could Inspire 

4206
03:43:09,800 --> 03:43:12,200
contemplation of the four 
seasons of spiritual growth. 

4207
03:43:12,200 --> 03:43:16,200
The four stages of Life. 
All the four virtues through 

4208
03:43:16,200 --> 03:43:18,500
garden design. 
These ideas were made tangible 

4209
03:43:18,500 --> 03:43:21,100
and approachable rather than 
being abstract philosophical 

4210
03:43:21,100 --> 03:43:24,700
Concepts, geometric, Gardens 
Maze, and Labyrinth features had

4211
03:43:24,700 --> 03:43:29,100
specific purposes since they 
could engender fear rather than 

4212
03:43:29,100 --> 03:43:30,600
Serenity. 
True. 

4213
03:43:30,600 --> 03:43:34,300
Mazes with their numerous paths 
and dead ends were less 

4214
03:43:34,308 --> 03:43:36,400
prevalent in Serene medieval 
Gardens. 

4215
03:43:37,300 --> 03:43:40,800
But because of their meditative 
properties, labyrinths single 

4216
03:43:40,800 --> 03:43:42,800
path patterns that wound in 
intricate. 

4217
03:43:42,800 --> 03:43:45,700
Yet, predictable ways toward a 
central goal were, well, liked, 

4218
03:43:45,700 --> 03:43:49,000
it took just the right amount of
mental focus to navigate to 

4219
03:43:49,000 --> 03:43:51,600
Labyrinth, keeping your 
conscious mind busy while 

4220
03:43:51,600 --> 03:43:53,800
allowing deeper levels of 
awareness to emerge. 

4221
03:43:54,900 --> 03:43:58,600
What medieval people referred to
as contemplative prayer and what

4222
03:43:58,600 --> 03:44:01,600
we might recognize as a type of 
walking meditation were made 

4223
03:44:01,608 --> 03:44:04,200
possible by the rhythmic 
movement and the visual interest

4224
03:44:04,200 --> 03:44:07,300
of the winding path. 
What medieval designers referred

4225
03:44:07,300 --> 03:44:10,900
to as Paradise features elements
created specially to evoke the 

4226
03:44:10,900 --> 03:44:13,400
biblical Garden of Eden or other
sacred Landscapes. 

4227
03:44:13,400 --> 03:44:16,800
A found in the most ornate 
geometric Guardians. 

4228
03:44:17,500 --> 03:44:20,200
These could include particular 
plant combinations mentioned in 

4229
03:44:20,200 --> 03:44:23,300
religious texts or fountains 
arranged to form the four rivers

4230
03:44:23,300 --> 03:44:26,900
of paradise. 
However, is highly symbolic 

4231
03:44:26,900 --> 03:44:30,100
components were incorporated 
into designs that placed more 

4232
03:44:30,100 --> 03:44:33,300
emphasis on psychological calm 
and comfort than on Purely 

4233
03:44:33,300 --> 03:44:36,000
symbolic accuracy. 
Observe how the Shadows 

4234
03:44:36,000 --> 03:44:39,400
highlight the patterns that lead
your eye and mind to peace as 

4235
03:44:39,400 --> 03:44:42,600
evening lights, starts to slope 
across your imagine geometric 

4236
03:44:42,600 --> 03:44:45,300
Garden. 
Lines of light and Shadow reveal

4237
03:44:45,300 --> 03:44:48,300
mathematical relationships, that
appeared abstract during the day

4238
03:44:48,300 --> 03:44:51,200
serving as a reminder, that the 
same principles that give 

4239
03:44:51,200 --> 03:44:54,200
flowers and seashells their 
beauty allso in Florence, the 

4240
03:44:54,200 --> 03:44:57,800
areas where people can find the 
most Tranquility, as our tour of

4241
03:44:57,800 --> 03:44:59,600
medieval Garden, Gardens comes 
to an end tonight. 

4242
03:44:59,600 --> 03:45:02,900
You find yourself sitting in a 
garden that reflects all we have

4243
03:45:02,900 --> 03:45:06,000
learned together. 
Place where Noble sophistication

4244
03:45:06,000 --> 03:45:09,600
meets Monastery wisdom, which 
geometric Precision Embraces 

4245
03:45:09,600 --> 03:45:12,500
natural beauty and where each 
element has been thoughtfully. 

4246
03:45:12,500 --> 03:45:16,200
Chosen to Foster human piece, 
the surrounding Guardian is a 

4247
03:45:16,200 --> 03:45:18,900
representation of centuries 
worth of knowledge about what 

4248
03:45:18,900 --> 03:45:21,400
people require in order to 
flourish spiritually and 

4249
03:45:21,400 --> 03:45:23,900
emotionally. 
Despite lacking access to 

4250
03:45:23,900 --> 03:45:26,900
contemporary psychology 
textbooks and environmental 

4251
03:45:26,900 --> 03:45:29,400
science. 
Research, medieval Garden 

4252
03:45:29,400 --> 03:45:32,600
designers, created methods and 
ideas that are still remarkably 

4253
03:45:32,600 --> 03:45:35,200
successful. 
Today, the gardens were more 

4254
03:45:35,200 --> 03:45:38,400
than just lovely settings. 
They were therapeutic Havens, 

4255
03:45:38,400 --> 03:45:41,300
designed by individuals, who 
recognized the power of outward 

4256
03:45:41,300 --> 03:45:43,000
Beauty to alter inner 
experience. 

4257
03:45:43,000 --> 03:45:46,200
You can see how every element 
we've come across during our 

4258
03:45:46,200 --> 03:45:48,700
exploration, fulfills several 
functions at once. 

4259
03:45:49,500 --> 03:45:52,800
In addition to offering physical
security, the wall surrounding 

4260
03:45:52,800 --> 03:45:55,500
these Gardens established 
psychological barriers, that 

4261
03:45:55,500 --> 03:45:58,700
help your mind focus on the Here
and Now, rather than constantly 

4262
03:45:58,700 --> 03:46:00,000
looking for threats in the 
future. 

4263
03:46:01,600 --> 03:46:04,300
In addition to being 
aesthetically pleasing, the 

4264
03:46:04,300 --> 03:46:06,800
geometric Pathways lead your 
body through soft. 

4265
03:46:06,800 --> 03:46:10,400
Rhythmic motion that naturally 
create meditative States, in 

4266
03:46:10,400 --> 03:46:13,900
addition to producing beautiful 
sounds and visual interest, the 

4267
03:46:13,900 --> 03:46:16,900
water features, we have found 
off the psychological advantages

4268
03:46:16,900 --> 03:46:21,400
of being near flowing water such
as enhanced Focus, lowered, 

4269
03:46:21,400 --> 03:46:24,500
stress hormones, and that 
inexplicable feeling of 

4270
03:46:24,500 --> 03:46:27,100
Rejuvenation, that people seem 
to experience when they are near

4271
03:46:27,108 --> 03:46:30,600
Water, Despite their ignorance 
of negative ions. 

4272
03:46:30,600 --> 03:46:33,300
And the neurological effects of 
specific sound frequencies. 

4273
03:46:33,300 --> 03:46:37,000
Medieval people noticed that 
people felt better when they 

4274
03:46:37,000 --> 03:46:40,000
were near flowing water. 
So they plan their Garden's 

4275
03:46:40,000 --> 03:46:43,100
accordingly, perhaps the most 
advanced knowledge of all can be

4276
03:46:43,108 --> 03:46:45,500
found in the plant choices. 
Made from medieval Gardens. 

4277
03:46:46,400 --> 03:46:48,700
These gardeners were aware of 
the sense that could reduce 

4278
03:46:48,700 --> 03:46:53,100
anxiety enhanced mental Clarity 
and facilitate the shift from 

4279
03:46:53,100 --> 03:46:56,200
wakefulness to sleep. 
They selected plants that would 

4280
03:46:56,200 --> 03:46:58,800
offer the appropriate sensory 
experiences during the seasons 

4281
03:46:58,800 --> 03:47:01,000
when people most needed them 
because they were aware of 

4282
03:47:01,000 --> 03:47:03,900
seasonal psychology, perhaps 
more significantly, though, 

4283
03:47:03,900 --> 03:47:06,600
medieval Garden designers, 
recognized that peace is more 

4284
03:47:06,600 --> 03:47:09,900
than simply the absence of 
stress or conflict something we 

4285
03:47:09,900 --> 03:47:13,100
occasionally overlooked in our 
contemporary World, true. 

4286
03:47:13,100 --> 03:47:15,800
Peace is a positive state that 
must be actively created and 

4287
03:47:15,800 --> 03:47:17,900
maintained through careful, 
attention to environment 

4288
03:47:17,900 --> 03:47:21,800
relationships and daily 
practices, mediaeval Gardens, 

4289
03:47:21,800 --> 03:47:25,200
were intended to promote. 
Peace each component, combine to

4290
03:47:25,200 --> 03:47:28,000
help guests transition, from 
whatever state they were in to 

4291
03:47:28,000 --> 03:47:29,700
one of true, peace and 
rejuvenation. 

4292
03:47:30,700 --> 03:47:33,800
Without strain or effort, the 
shift occurred, gradually and 

4293
03:47:33,800 --> 03:47:36,700
organically. 
Simply by spending time in a 

4294
03:47:36,700 --> 03:47:39,600
thoughtfully designed setting, 
he would find that your natural 

4295
03:47:39,600 --> 03:47:42,500
ability for peace, would 
reassert itself, and that the 

4296
03:47:42,500 --> 03:47:45,500
tensions and worries of the day 
would dissolve as you entered. 

4297
03:47:45,500 --> 03:47:49,200
These Gardens medieval Garden, 
made its ideas all contained, 

4298
03:47:49,200 --> 03:47:52,100
Timeless lessons. 
These areas were cared for with 

4299
03:47:52,100 --> 03:47:55,800
love patience and what the 
medievals referred to as right 

4300
03:47:55,800 --> 03:47:58,100
intention. 
The desire to bring about 

4301
03:47:58,100 --> 03:48:00,900
healing and Beauty rather than 
efficiency or maximum output. 

4302
03:48:02,000 --> 03:48:04,100
The gardeners who cared for 
these areas were aware that 

4303
03:48:04,100 --> 03:48:06,600
their own mental States during 
work, had an impact on the 

4304
03:48:06,600 --> 03:48:09,200
outcome. 
Compared to Gardens tended with 

4305
03:48:09,200 --> 03:48:13,100
meditative care Gardens tended 
with hurried frustration felt 

4306
03:48:13,100 --> 03:48:15,700
different. 
This idea applies to all facets 

4307
03:48:15,700 --> 03:48:18,500
of creating tranquil spaces not 
just gardening. 

4308
03:48:19,300 --> 03:48:21,900
Beyond just physical 
Arrangements, the energy and 

4309
03:48:21,900 --> 03:48:23,900
intention. 
We put into any space making 

4310
03:48:23,900 --> 03:48:26,200
activity. 
Whether we're setting up a room 

4311
03:48:26,200 --> 03:48:30,100
cooking or just planning our 
daily schedule influences. 

4312
03:48:30,100 --> 03:48:33,200
The outcome important lessons 
about the interplay between 

4313
03:48:33,200 --> 03:48:36,100
structure and freedom will 
imparted by medieval Gardens. 

4314
03:48:37,000 --> 03:48:40,500
They weren't wild unruly places 
but they also weren't strict or 

4315
03:48:40,500 --> 03:48:42,900
repressive. 
They offered Dependable Beauty 

4316
03:48:42,900 --> 03:48:46,900
well-defined boundaries and 
predictable patterns but there 

4317
03:48:46,900 --> 03:48:50,700
was also space for growth 
surprise and organic variation. 

4318
03:48:51,800 --> 03:48:54,900
Human cycle, well-being appears 
to depend on this harmony 

4319
03:48:54,900 --> 03:48:58,400
between spontaneity and order in
our contemporary world. 

4320
03:48:58,400 --> 03:49:01,600
We frequently vacillate between 
two extremes, either. 

4321
03:49:01,600 --> 03:49:04,500
We give up on structure, 
completely and hope that freedom

4322
03:49:04,500 --> 03:49:07,800
alone will bring peace or we 
attempt to control every element

4323
03:49:07,800 --> 03:49:09,200
of our surroundings and 
schedule. 

4324
03:49:10,000 --> 03:49:13,000
Medieval Garden's offer a 
compromise, building pillars, 

4325
03:49:13,000 --> 03:49:16,200
that support rather than impede 
are native ability to be happy 

4326
03:49:16,200 --> 03:49:18,500
and peaceful. 
Another Timeless lesson is 

4327
03:49:18,500 --> 03:49:21,200
provided by the seasonal 
awareness incorporated into 

4328
03:49:21,200 --> 03:49:24,400
medieval garden design. 
Recognizing that people have 

4329
03:49:24,400 --> 03:49:26,400
different needs at different 
times and Seasons. 

4330
03:49:26,400 --> 03:49:29,400
These Gardens were created to 
offer a variety of gifts, 

4331
03:49:29,400 --> 03:49:33,400
throughout the year. after long 
Winters, when people most needed

4332
03:49:33,400 --> 03:49:37,700
encouragement Spring Gardens 
provided hope and renewal Some 

4333
03:49:37,700 --> 03:49:40,500
are Gardens supported the active
growing season with celebration 

4334
03:49:40,500 --> 03:49:43,300
and plenty. 
As the year, came to a close 

4335
03:49:43,300 --> 03:49:46,500
Autumn Gardens provided a time 
for contemplation and 

4336
03:49:46,500 --> 03:49:49,200
preparation. 
During the reflective months, 

4337
03:49:49,200 --> 03:49:52,000
Winter Gardens, offered 
structure, and peaceful Beauty. 

4338
03:49:52,000 --> 03:49:54,900
The way we think about bringing 
peace into our own lives, may 

4339
03:49:54,900 --> 03:49:57,200
change as a result of this 
seasonal approach to the 

4340
03:49:57,200 --> 03:50:00,700
surrounding and activities. 
We might learn to modify our 

4341
03:50:00,700 --> 03:50:03,700
peacemaking techniques to fit 
with seasonal, psychological 

4342
03:50:03,700 --> 03:50:06,900
needs and natural rhythms, 
rather than relying on the same 

4343
03:50:06,900 --> 03:50:09,200
tactics to function, 
consistently throughout the 

4344
03:50:09,200 --> 03:50:11,300
year. 
Important insights can also be 

4345
03:50:11,308 --> 03:50:14,800
gained from the social aspects 
of medieval Garden's, these were

4346
03:50:14,800 --> 03:50:18,300
places intended to Foster both 
community and Solitude, not just

4347
03:50:18,300 --> 03:50:21,000
private Havens. 
They offered gathering places 

4348
03:50:21,000 --> 03:50:24,000
where people could congregate in
lovely, Serene surroundings as 

4349
03:50:24,000 --> 03:50:26,300
well as peaceful alcoves, where 
people could find time to 

4350
03:50:26,300 --> 03:50:29,900
themselves The Garden's 
demonstrated that fostering an 

4351
03:50:29,900 --> 03:50:32,600
environment free from stress and
conflict is what true. 

4352
03:50:32,600 --> 03:50:35,600
Peace is all about not isolating
oneself from others. 

4353
03:50:35,600 --> 03:50:38,800
Perhaps most importantly 
medieval Garden showed that 

4354
03:50:38,808 --> 03:50:42,100
usefulness and Beauty A Partners
rather than mutually exclusive 

4355
03:50:42,100 --> 03:50:45,100
every lovely feature in these 
Gardens had a functional 

4356
03:50:45,100 --> 03:50:48,400
function as well, whether it was
to improve growing, Conditions, 

4357
03:50:48,400 --> 03:50:52,000
Supply, medicinal plants, 
control water, flow, or promote,

4358
03:50:52,000 --> 03:50:56,100
mental well-being, in people. 
This combination of usefulness 

4359
03:50:56,100 --> 03:50:59,300
and Beauty offers ideas for how 
we could approach all of our 

4360
03:50:59,300 --> 03:51:03,200
life's decisions final worth 
passing down is provided by the 

4361
03:51:03,200 --> 03:51:06,000
timing principles ingrained in 
medieval garden design. 

4362
03:51:07,000 --> 03:51:09,700
Through repeated, exposure to 
thoughtfully Designed sensory 

4363
03:51:09,700 --> 03:51:12,900
experiences these Gardens 
gradually and gradually worked 

4364
03:51:12,900 --> 03:51:15,500
their calming Magic. 
They were intended to bring 

4365
03:51:15,500 --> 03:51:18,700
about the kind of profound 
long-lasting change that occurs 

4366
03:51:18,700 --> 03:51:20,800
when people regularly spend time
in settings. 

4367
03:51:20,800 --> 03:51:23,600
That encourage their best 
traits, rather than for 

4368
03:51:23,600 --> 03:51:25,700
temporary solutions or instant 
transformation. 

4369
03:51:25,700 --> 03:51:27,600
Imagine yourself carrying 
forward. 

4370
03:51:27,600 --> 03:51:30,100
The fundamental ideas we've 
learned as you get ready to 

4371
03:51:30,100 --> 03:51:33,700
leave this fictional garden and 
head back to your own time and 

4372
03:51:33,700 --> 03:51:37,900
place the significant of safety 
and enclosure the ability of 

4373
03:51:37,900 --> 03:51:40,400
natural beauty to alter mood and
Consciousness. 

4374
03:51:40,400 --> 03:51:43,300
The importance of geometric 
order mixed with Organic 

4375
03:51:43,300 --> 03:51:46,000
variety. 
And the fundamental human need 

4376
03:51:46,000 --> 03:51:48,400
for areas created a specialty to
Foster peace. 

4377
03:51:48,400 --> 03:51:51,200
The medieval Garden Keepers, had
a profound understanding 

4378
03:51:51,200 --> 03:51:54,500
establishing, peace and 
particular, locations is the 

4379
03:51:54,500 --> 03:51:57,500
first step toward establishing 
peace globally, and people 

4380
03:51:57,500 --> 03:52:00,000
naturally become more peaceful. 
When they regularly have access 

4381
03:52:00,000 --> 03:52:03,900
to truly peaceful setting The 
gardens were investments in 

4382
03:52:03,900 --> 03:52:08,100
human potential areas created to
support individuals and becoming

4383
03:52:08,100 --> 03:52:11,400
the most Serene astute, and 
affectionate versions of 

4384
03:52:11,400 --> 03:52:15,300
themselves, the center of 
medieval lavender, the sound of 

4385
03:52:15,308 --> 03:52:18,700
water, gently trickling through 
Stone channels and the 

4386
03:52:18,700 --> 03:52:21,700
Fulfillment that comes from 
spending time in places, created

4387
03:52:21,700 --> 03:52:25,700
with unending attention to human
flourishing should all accompany

4388
03:52:25,700 --> 03:52:27,200
you as you drift off to sleep 
tonight. 

4389
03:52:28,200 --> 03:52:30,900
Even though these Gardens are 
only in our imaginations right 

4390
03:52:30,900 --> 03:52:34,400
now, anyone who wants to bring 
Beauty order and peace to their 

4391
03:52:34,400 --> 03:52:37,200
own region of the world can 
always benefit from their 

4392
03:52:37,200 --> 03:52:39,700
wisdom. 
Some Human Experience is beauty 

4393
03:52:39,700 --> 03:52:41,900
peace. 
The healing power of well-kept, 

4394
03:52:41,900 --> 03:52:45,200
gardens transcend, time and 
connect us across, centuries to 

4395
03:52:45,200 --> 03:52:48,700
the basic needs and joys. 
That make us human these bells 

4396
03:52:48,700 --> 03:52:51,900
that called medieval people to 
prayer ring One Last Time across

4397
03:52:51,900 --> 03:52:54,600
your imagined landscape. 
But they are not calling you to 

4398
03:52:54,600 --> 03:52:57,000
any specific religious practice 
dreams. 

4399
03:52:57,000 --> 03:52:58,500
Sweet dreams in your peaceful 
garden. 

4400
03:53:06,000 --> 03:53:09,200
To yourself settling into a warn
leather chair by crackling fire 

4401
03:53:09,200 --> 03:53:11,700
holding a steaming of something 
warm. 

4402
03:53:12,500 --> 03:53:15,600
Now, let me tell you about a 
time, when your biggest medical 

4403
03:53:15,600 --> 03:53:18,000
worry, wasn't whether your 
insurance would cover a 

4404
03:53:18,000 --> 03:53:20,100
procedure. 
But whether the local barber 

4405
03:53:20,100 --> 03:53:22,200
surgeon had remembered to 
sharpen, his saw that morning, 

4406
03:53:22,900 --> 03:53:25,500
You are about to step into the 
wonderfully bizarre, world of 

4407
03:53:25,500 --> 03:53:29,200
medieval medicine, where logic 
took a permanent vacation and 

4408
03:53:29,200 --> 03:53:31,300
Common Sense. 
Apparently got lost somewhere 

4409
03:53:31,300 --> 03:53:34,700
around the 5th Century. 
This book isn't just any old 

4410
03:53:34,700 --> 03:53:37,400
history lesson. 
It's a gentle stroll through 

4411
03:53:37,400 --> 03:53:40,000
Humanity's, most creative 
attempts at staying alive. 

4412
03:53:40,000 --> 03:53:43,000
Back when people thought your 
personality was determined by, 

4413
03:53:43,000 --> 03:53:46,000
how much yellow bile you had 
sloshing around inside you 

4414
03:53:46,000 --> 03:53:50,500
imagine waking up in the year, 
1347 with a headache today. 

4415
03:53:50,500 --> 03:53:52,900
You might reach for some 
ibuprofen and call it good. 

4416
03:53:53,800 --> 03:53:57,000
But in medieval times, well, 
first someone would need to 

4417
03:53:57,000 --> 03:54:00,400
examine the color of your urine,
preferably while holding it up 

4418
03:54:00,400 --> 03:54:03,000
to the Morning Light, like a 
sommelier of evaluating a fine 

4419
03:54:03,000 --> 03:54:05,300
wine. 
Next they would determine the 

4420
03:54:05,300 --> 03:54:08,600
direction of the wind consult, 
the position of Mars and 

4421
03:54:08,600 --> 03:54:11,300
potentially drill a small hole 
in your skull to release any 

4422
03:54:11,300 --> 03:54:13,400
evil spirits, the headache 
remedy. 

4423
03:54:13,400 --> 03:54:16,900
Might involve wearing a necklace
made of peony roots or Betty yet

4424
03:54:16,900 --> 03:54:19,600
having someone read Latin poetry
to your forehead. 

4425
03:54:20,600 --> 03:54:23,500
Medieval folks lived in a world 
where everything interconnected 

4426
03:54:23,500 --> 03:54:26,900
in the most intricate ways 
possible, your health depended 

4427
03:54:26,900 --> 03:54:30,400
not just on what you ate or how 
much you exercise but on whether

4428
03:54:30,400 --> 03:54:33,400
you'd angered any Saints late 
fee, if you'd been looking at 

4429
03:54:33,400 --> 03:54:36,400
too many beautiful women 
apparently hazardous to male 

4430
03:54:36,400 --> 03:54:39,500
health or whether you'd 
committed the grave of bathing 

4431
03:54:39,500 --> 03:54:43,300
to frequently. the medieval 
medical toolkit, resembled a 

4432
03:54:43,308 --> 03:54:47,600
combination of a spice rack a 
garden shed, and a church all 

4433
03:54:47,600 --> 03:54:51,000
combined with a generous dose of
wishful thinking Positions of 

4434
03:54:51,008 --> 03:54:52,900
the time. 
And I use that term loosely 

4435
03:54:52,900 --> 03:54:56,100
carried around bags filled with 
dried herbs that smelled like 

4436
03:54:56,100 --> 03:54:59,100
your grandmother's attic 
mysterious powders that might 

4437
03:54:59,100 --> 03:55:01,900
have been anything from ground 
pearls to pulverize unicorn 

4438
03:55:01,900 --> 03:55:03,300
horn. 
Spoiler alert. 

4439
03:55:03,300 --> 03:55:06,600
It was usually just regular old 
horn and an impressive 

4440
03:55:06,600 --> 03:55:09,500
collection of sharp objects that
would make a modern surgeon 

4441
03:55:09,500 --> 03:55:12,000
weep. 
But here's what makes this all 

4442
03:55:12,000 --> 03:55:14,400
so endearing. 
These weren't stupid people. 

4443
03:55:14,400 --> 03:55:18,000
They were working with the best 
information they had which 

4444
03:55:18,000 --> 03:55:21,100
admittedly wasn't much. 
They looked at the human body. 

4445
03:55:21,100 --> 03:55:23,700
Like it was a mysterious black 
box that occasionally made 

4446
03:55:23,700 --> 03:55:26,700
alarming noises and they did 
their level best to figure out 

4447
03:55:26,700 --> 03:55:28,900
what all the buttons did 
occasionally. 

4448
03:55:28,900 --> 03:55:32,900
They encountered luck. 
More often, well, let's just say

4449
03:55:32,900 --> 03:55:36,200
that surviving medieval medicine
was almost as challenging as 

4450
03:55:36,200 --> 03:55:39,300
surviving medal diseases. 
The beautiful thing about 

4451
03:55:39,300 --> 03:55:42,100
medieval medical beliefs is how 
thoroughly they committed to 

4452
03:55:42,100 --> 03:55:44,700
their theories. 
When they concluded that all 

4453
03:55:44,700 --> 03:55:47,200
illness, stemmed from an 
imbalance of four bodily, fluids

4454
03:55:47,200 --> 03:55:49,900
known as humans. 
They delve deeply into this 

4455
03:55:49,900 --> 03:55:52,100
particular area of logic 
everything. 

4456
03:55:52,100 --> 03:55:55,300
And I mean, everything got 
explained through this lens 

4457
03:55:55,300 --> 03:55:58,200
feeling sad. 
If you're feeling sad, it's 

4458
03:55:58,200 --> 03:56:02,200
likely to an abundance of black 
bile angry undoubtedly. 

4459
03:56:02,200 --> 03:56:04,400
There is an abundance of yellow 
bile in love. 

4460
03:56:04,400 --> 03:56:07,200
Oh, that's just your blood 
getting a bit too enthusiastic 

4461
03:56:07,200 --> 03:56:10,900
as you sink into your chair and 
the fire pops, you may wonder 

4462
03:56:10,900 --> 03:56:14,000
how people survive back then, 
the answer lies in a blend of 

4463
03:56:14,000 --> 03:56:17,000
exceptional. 
Human fortitude, serendipitous 

4464
03:56:17,000 --> 03:56:20,300
circumstances and the remarkable
ability of the human body to 

4465
03:56:20,300 --> 03:56:22,900
self-heal. 
Even when we attempt to disrupt 

4466
03:56:22,900 --> 03:56:26,200
this process, so pour yourself, 
another cup of whatever's 

4467
03:56:26,200 --> 03:56:29,200
warming your hands and let's 
continue this journey together. 

4468
03:56:30,600 --> 03:56:32,800
We're going to delve into a 
world where medical treatment 

4469
03:56:32,800 --> 03:56:36,200
was a blend of theater, 
chemistry, experiments and 

4470
03:56:36,200 --> 03:56:41,300
religious ceremonies, and yet 
somehow miraculously people can 

4471
03:56:41,300 --> 03:56:44,000
continue to improve. 
Let's talk about the Cornerstone

4472
03:56:44,000 --> 03:56:46,900
of medieval medicine, the theory
of the four humors. 

4473
03:56:47,700 --> 03:56:50,400
Think of it as the medieval 
equivalent of personality tests 

4474
03:56:50,400 --> 03:56:54,300
except instead of asking whether
you're more of a dog person or a

4475
03:56:54,300 --> 03:56:57,100
cat person, they were checking 
how much phlegm you were 

4476
03:56:57,100 --> 03:56:59,800
producing and whether your blood
was feeling particularly with 

4477
03:56:59,800 --> 03:57:03,900
that day. you had four main 
characters, in this bodily, 

4478
03:57:03,900 --> 03:57:09,900
drama blood, phlegm yellow, bile
and black bile, these weren't 

4479
03:57:09,900 --> 03:57:12,100
just random fluids sloshing 
around inside you. 

4480
03:57:12,100 --> 03:57:16,300
Oh no they were sophisticated 
complex substances that 

4481
03:57:16,300 --> 03:57:19,900
determined everything from your 
mood to your favorite color to 

4482
03:57:19,900 --> 03:57:22,800
whether you are likely to become
a successful Merchant or a 

4483
03:57:22,800 --> 03:57:26,200
Melancholy poet. 
Blood stood Out Among the group.

4484
03:57:27,000 --> 03:57:29,800
If you had too much blood, you 
were sanguine cheerful 

4485
03:57:29,800 --> 03:57:33,600
optimistic and probably the life
of every medal party. 

4486
03:57:34,800 --> 03:57:38,600
Sanguine folks were supposedly 
hot and moist and evil medicine 

4487
03:57:38,600 --> 03:57:41,300
was surprisingly concerned with 
everyone's internal temperature 

4488
03:57:41,300 --> 03:57:44,900
and humidity levels with a rosy 
cheeks and an unfortunate 

4489
03:57:44,900 --> 03:57:48,200
tendency to be overly trusting. 
Cure for excess. 

4490
03:57:48,200 --> 03:57:51,500
Blood was refreshingly 
straightforward, just remove 

4491
03:57:51,500 --> 03:57:54,600
some of it. 
Medieval Physicians, approached 

4492
03:57:54,600 --> 03:57:57,600
bloodletting with the enthusiasm
of a wine enthusiast, discussing

4493
03:57:57,600 --> 03:57:59,200
a particularly excellent 
vintage. 

4494
03:58:00,400 --> 03:58:04,500
Phlegm, meanwhile was the calm 
steady type too much phlegm 

4495
03:58:04,500 --> 03:58:07,900
made. 
You slow thoughtful and about as

4496
03:58:07,900 --> 03:58:11,700
exciting as watching paint dry. 
And a monastery Fleek, people 

4497
03:58:11,700 --> 03:58:15,000
were cold and moist, which 
sounds deeply unpleasant when 

4498
03:58:15,000 --> 03:58:18,400
you put it that way. 
They were the reliable ones, the

4499
03:58:18,400 --> 03:58:19,700
people you'd want doing your 
taxes. 

4500
03:58:19,700 --> 03:58:22,200
If medieval people had taxes, 
the way we understand them 

4501
03:58:22,200 --> 03:58:24,700
today. 
Yellow bile served as the 

4502
03:58:24,700 --> 03:58:27,900
Catalyst, literally, it was hot 
and dry. 

4503
03:58:27,900 --> 03:58:31,400
And if you had too much of it, 
you became choleric quick 

4504
03:58:31,400 --> 03:58:34,300
tempered, ambitious, and 
probably the type who would 

4505
03:58:34,300 --> 03:58:36,700
challenge someone to a duel, 
over a perceived slight about 

4506
03:58:36,700 --> 03:58:40,200
your horse choleric, people were
natural leaders, which was 

4507
03:58:40,200 --> 03:58:42,000
convenient because they were 
also natural. 

4508
03:58:42,000 --> 03:58:45,600
Arguers black bile was the 
emotional side of medieval 

4509
03:58:45,600 --> 03:58:48,000
humors. 
Too much black bile made. 

4510
03:58:48,000 --> 03:58:52,500
You melancholic sad artistic and
prone to staring whistle out of 

4511
03:58:52,508 --> 03:58:54,200
Windows. 
While composing tragic. 

4512
03:58:54,200 --> 03:58:58,900
Poetry about unrequited love. 
Melancholic people were cold and

4513
03:58:58,900 --> 03:59:02,400
dry and they were often 
incredibly intelligent though. 

4514
03:59:02,400 --> 03:59:04,800
They used that intelligence 
primarily to contemplate. 

4515
03:59:04,800 --> 03:59:06,700
The fundamental sadness of 
existence. 

4516
03:59:07,500 --> 03:59:09,300
Now here's where it gets really 
interesting. 

4517
03:59:10,300 --> 03:59:13,900
Your humoral balance could 
change based on your age diet. 

4518
03:59:13,900 --> 03:59:15,900
The season and Mercury's 
position. 

4519
03:59:15,900 --> 03:59:18,300
Yes. 
Medieval medicine was also 

4520
03:59:18,300 --> 03:59:21,600
surprisingly astrological. 
A perfectly balanced person 

4521
03:59:21,600 --> 03:59:24,500
would have, just the right 
amount of each humor creating a 

4522
03:59:24,500 --> 03:59:26,600
kind of internal harmonie. 
That would make them healthy. 

4523
03:59:26,600 --> 03:59:29,500
Why is and probably insufferably
well adjusted. 

4524
03:59:30,600 --> 03:59:34,100
Practical implications of this 
system were enormous, medieval 

4525
03:59:34,100 --> 03:59:37,100
Physicians, didn't just treat 
diseases, they treated entire 

4526
03:59:37,100 --> 03:59:39,400
personality types. 
They wouldn't just give you 

4527
03:59:39,400 --> 03:59:42,500
herbs and send you off. 
If you were sad, first, they 

4528
03:59:42,500 --> 03:59:44,400
determine that. 
You obviously had too much black

4529
03:59:44,400 --> 03:59:47,500
bile, then they'd prescribe a 
complete lifestyle, overhaul 

4530
03:59:47,500 --> 03:59:49,700
designed to heat you up and dry 
you out a bit. 

4531
03:59:50,600 --> 03:59:53,100
Such an intervention might 
involve eating different foods. 

4532
03:59:53,100 --> 03:59:56,600
More hot moist things to 
counteract all that cold dry 

4533
03:59:56,600 --> 03:59:59,500
black bile, changing your 
exercise routine. 

4534
03:59:59,500 --> 04:00:02,800
Moving to a different climate or
even taking up a more cheerful 

4535
04:00:02,800 --> 04:00:05,500
profession. 
Medieval medicine was nothing. 

4536
04:00:05,500 --> 04:00:09,100
If not holistic though, there 
are idea of it included factors 

4537
04:00:09,100 --> 04:00:11,700
that modern medicine, might 
consider slightly irrelevant 

4538
04:00:11,700 --> 04:00:15,300
like the moral character of your
ancestors and whether you'd been

4539
04:00:15,300 --> 04:00:17,100
exposed to Too Much Moonlight 
recently. 

4540
04:00:18,100 --> 04:00:20,500
Beauty of the humoral. 
System was its elegance and 

4541
04:00:20,500 --> 04:00:24,400
simplicity every medical problem
had a clear cause and a logical 

4542
04:00:24,400 --> 04:00:27,300
solution. 
Are you experiencing symptoms of

4543
04:00:27,300 --> 04:00:29,600
illness? 
Clearly, your humors were 

4544
04:00:29,600 --> 04:00:32,500
imbalanced, pushing your humors 
back into balance. 

4545
04:00:32,500 --> 04:00:36,000
Was the simple treatment, akin 
to adjusting the setting on a 

4546
04:00:36,000 --> 04:00:40,100
complex biological thermostat. 
Of course, the challenge was 

4547
04:00:40,100 --> 04:00:43,600
figuring out exactly which jokes
were misbehaving and by how much

4548
04:00:44,600 --> 04:00:47,900
This process required 
considerable skill or at least a

4549
04:00:47,900 --> 04:00:51,000
great deal of confidence which 
explains why medieval Physicians

4550
04:00:51,000 --> 04:00:55,000
devoted so much time to 
examining bodily fluids with the

4551
04:00:55,000 --> 04:00:57,700
same intensity as wine critics 
at a taste in competition. 

4552
04:00:57,700 --> 04:01:01,800
Imagine you're not feeling well 
in medieval times so you decide 

4553
04:01:01,800 --> 04:01:05,000
to visit the local physician. 
As you enter their chamber you 

4554
04:01:05,000 --> 04:01:08,500
anticipate a setting akin to a 
modern doctor's office but in 

4555
04:01:08,500 --> 04:01:11,900
Stead you encounter a scene akin
to a hybrid of an alchemist 

4556
04:01:11,900 --> 04:01:13,800
laboratory and a fortune, 
tellers parlor. 

4557
04:01:13,800 --> 04:01:17,600
Replete with jars filled with 
unidentifiable floating objects,

4558
04:01:17,600 --> 04:01:21,600
your medieval doctor would want 
to see your urine first, not 

4559
04:01:21,600 --> 04:01:23,300
your insurance card or medical 
history. 

4560
04:01:24,200 --> 04:01:26,900
Not just a small sample mind you
but a nice. 

4561
04:01:26,908 --> 04:01:29,800
Big flask of the stuff. 
Preferably your first morning 

4562
04:01:29,800 --> 04:01:31,300
production. 
When it was at its most 

4563
04:01:31,300 --> 04:01:34,700
diagnostically informative, 
medieval Physicians were 

4564
04:01:34,700 --> 04:01:38,200
absolutely obsessed with urine 
and they had elevated its 

4565
04:01:38,200 --> 04:01:40,700
examination to an art form that 
would make modern lab 

4566
04:01:40,700 --> 04:01:43,800
technicians jealous. 
They possess special flasks 

4567
04:01:43,800 --> 04:01:47,500
known as matula's specifically 
designed for urine examination 

4568
04:01:47,500 --> 04:01:50,300
and they would scrutinize these 
flasks as if they were 

4569
04:01:50,300 --> 04:01:56,100
evaluating precious gems. 
The color Clarity smell and even

4570
04:01:56,100 --> 04:01:58,800
the way it settled in the flask 
could tell them everything they 

4571
04:01:58,800 --> 04:02:00,200
needed to know about your 
condition. 

4572
04:02:00,200 --> 04:02:04,200
If your urine had an unusual 
color, it could reveal a 

4573
04:02:04,200 --> 04:02:05,800
multitude of diagnostic 
possibilities. 

4574
04:02:05,800 --> 04:02:09,900
Red urine might indicate too 
much blood clearly while dark 

4575
04:02:09,900 --> 04:02:12,200
urine suggested, an excess of 
black bile. 

4576
04:02:12,200 --> 04:02:15,700
If your urine was particularly 
aromatic that, could mean your 

4577
04:02:15,700 --> 04:02:18,800
kidneys were working overtime or
possibly that you'd be eating 

4578
04:02:18,800 --> 04:02:21,800
too much garlic which was 
apparently a medical concern 

4579
04:02:21,800 --> 04:02:24,500
worth noting. 
Some Physicians claimed, they 

4580
04:02:24,500 --> 04:02:27,400
could tell not just what was 
wrong with you, but also predict

4581
04:02:27,400 --> 04:02:30,600
your future health, your 
romantic prospects and whether 

4582
04:02:30,600 --> 04:02:33,700
your crops would do well that 
year all from a single flask of 

4583
04:02:33,700 --> 04:02:37,000
morning urine, But urine was 
just the beginning. 

4584
04:02:37,000 --> 04:02:40,700
Medieval doctors were also 
intrigued by your pulse but 

4585
04:02:40,700 --> 04:02:43,300
their interpretation was more 
imaginative than today's. 

4586
04:02:43,300 --> 04:02:46,700
They didn't just count beats per
minute, they analyzed the 

4587
04:02:46,700 --> 04:02:49,700
quality of the pulse, its Rhythm
its strength and its character. 

4588
04:02:50,600 --> 04:02:53,100
A pulse could be described as 
jumping like a grasshopper 

4589
04:02:53,100 --> 04:02:56,100
creeping like a snake or flowing
like honey. 

4590
04:02:56,100 --> 04:02:59,100
And each of these poetic 
descriptions supposedly revealed

4591
04:02:59,100 --> 04:03:01,000
different aspects of your 
internal condition. 

4592
04:03:02,000 --> 04:03:05,800
Your complexion was another 
crucial diagnostic tool medieval

4593
04:03:05,800 --> 04:03:07,500
Physicians. 
Could read your face, like a 

4594
04:03:07,500 --> 04:03:09,800
map. 
Finding clues in the color of 

4595
04:03:09,800 --> 04:03:13,100
your cheeks, the brightness of 
your eyes and the texture of 

4596
04:03:13,108 --> 04:03:17,300
your skin. a ruddy complexion 
might indicate too much blood 

4597
04:03:17,300 --> 04:03:21,300
while a pale one appearance 
suggested insufficient vital 

4598
04:03:21,300 --> 04:03:25,000
Heat They paid particular 
attention to your nose, which 

4599
04:03:25,000 --> 04:03:27,900
they believed was directly 
connected to your brain and 

4600
04:03:27,900 --> 04:03:30,500
therefore, a reliable indicator 
of your mental state. 

4601
04:03:32,100 --> 04:03:35,200
The examination process also 
involved a considerable amount 

4602
04:03:35,200 --> 04:03:37,100
of what we might call lifestyle 
counseling. 

4603
04:03:37,900 --> 04:03:40,600
Your physician would want to 
know about your diet, your 

4604
04:03:40,600 --> 04:03:43,900
sleeping habits, your emotional 
state, and your recent 

4605
04:03:43,900 --> 04:03:46,900
activities. 
Have you been exposed to any 

4606
04:03:46,900 --> 04:03:49,500
strong emotions lately? 
Had you eaten anything 

4607
04:03:49,500 --> 04:03:52,700
particularly heating or cooling.
Had you been in the presence of 

4608
04:03:52,700 --> 04:03:54,900
anyone with suspicious humeral 
imbalances. 

4609
04:03:54,900 --> 04:03:58,600
They were also deeply interested
in your dreams which they 

4610
04:03:58,600 --> 04:04:01,000
considered Windows into your 
internal state. 

4611
04:04:01,700 --> 04:04:04,800
Dreaming about water might 
indicate excess phlegm while 

4612
04:04:04,800 --> 04:04:07,200
dreams of fire could suggest too
much yellow bile. 

4613
04:04:08,100 --> 04:04:11,000
If you dreamed about flying, 
that was clearly a sign that 

4614
04:04:11,000 --> 04:04:14,100
your natural heat was trying to 
escape your body, which required

4615
04:04:14,100 --> 04:04:17,800
immediate cooling therapy. 
Medieval Physicians or paid 

4616
04:04:17,800 --> 04:04:21,100
attention to your astrological 
sign and the current position of

4617
04:04:21,100 --> 04:04:23,300
the planets. 
Your health was intimately 

4618
04:04:23,300 --> 04:04:26,500
connected to Celestial movements
and a good physician would 

4619
04:04:26,500 --> 04:04:28,900
consult Star Charts before 
making any major treatment 

4620
04:04:28,900 --> 04:04:31,400
decisions. 
If Mars was in an aggressive 

4621
04:04:31,400 --> 04:04:34,100
position, it might not be the 
best time to bloodletting. 

4622
04:04:34,100 --> 04:04:37,200
While a favorable Venus might 
enhance the effectiveness of 

4623
04:04:37,200 --> 04:04:40,600
love potions. 
Prescribed for melancholy The 

4624
04:04:40,600 --> 04:04:44,200
diagnostic process could take 
hours involving detailed 

4625
04:04:44,200 --> 04:04:46,900
questioning, careful, 
observation and quite a bit of 

4626
04:04:46,900 --> 04:04:50,500
thoughtful stroking of beards. 
Medieval Physicians were 

4627
04:04:50,500 --> 04:04:53,700
apparently required to have 
impressive facial hair by the 

4628
04:04:53,700 --> 04:04:55,500
end of it. 
Your physician would have a 

4629
04:04:55,508 --> 04:04:57,500
complete picture. 
Not just of your physical 

4630
04:04:57,500 --> 04:05:01,000
condition, but of your moral 
character, your spiritual State 

4631
04:05:01,000 --> 04:05:02,900
and your place in the cosmic 
order. 

4632
04:05:02,900 --> 04:05:06,400
Now we come to the most famous 
and from our modern perspective,

4633
04:05:06,400 --> 04:05:11,300
most alarming aspect of medieval
medicine bloodletting If you 

4634
04:05:11,308 --> 04:05:13,900
lived in medieval times, you 
would have seen this practice as

4635
04:05:13,900 --> 04:05:16,300
often as we see a spare in now 
headache. 

4636
04:05:17,000 --> 04:05:20,000
Time to administer some 
bloodletting fever. 

4637
04:05:20,000 --> 04:05:23,300
Undoubtedly there is an 
abundance of blood present. 

4638
04:05:23,300 --> 04:05:25,300
Are you experiencing a mood 
swing? 

4639
04:05:25,300 --> 04:05:29,000
Clearly your blood needs some 
attention, the logic behind 

4640
04:05:29,000 --> 04:05:32,300
bloodletting was actually quite 
elegant in a Twisted medieval 

4641
04:05:32,300 --> 04:05:34,300
sort of way. 
Remember those four jokes? 

4642
04:05:34,300 --> 04:05:37,300
We talked about, well, blood was
the most active and abundant of 

4643
04:05:37,300 --> 04:05:40,400
these and medieval Physicians 
believe that most illnesses were

4644
04:05:40,400 --> 04:05:43,600
caused by having too much of it.
So the obvious solution was to 

4645
04:05:43,600 --> 04:05:46,300
remove the excess like letting 
air out of an over-inflated 

4646
04:05:46,300 --> 04:05:50,000
balloon except the balloon was 
you and the air was your life 

4647
04:05:50,000 --> 04:05:52,800
force. 
Medieval bloodletting wasn't 

4648
04:05:52,800 --> 04:05:56,000
just a matter of making a small 
cut and collecting a couple too.

4649
04:05:56,000 --> 04:05:58,700
Oh no. 
They had elevated it to a 

4650
04:05:58,700 --> 04:06:02,400
sophisticated art with multiple 
techniques specialized tools and

4651
04:06:02,400 --> 04:06:04,500
elaborate theories about timing 
and technique. 

4652
04:06:05,300 --> 04:06:08,000
You could choose from various 
bloodletting methods, like, 

4653
04:06:08,000 --> 04:06:10,700
selecting items from a deeply 
disturbing medical menu. 

4654
04:06:10,700 --> 04:06:14,500
There was Venice section, which 
involved making strategic cuts 

4655
04:06:14,500 --> 04:06:18,200
into major veins, Medieval 
Physicians had mapped out the 

4656
04:06:18,200 --> 04:06:21,500
human body like a roadmap. 
Identifying the best veins for 

4657
04:06:21,500 --> 04:06:24,200
different conditions. 
Armedes were good, for head, 

4658
04:06:24,200 --> 04:06:26,500
problems leg, veins helped with 
abdominal issues. 

4659
04:06:26,500 --> 04:06:29,300
And there were specific veins 
that were thought to be 

4660
04:06:29,308 --> 04:06:32,600
connected to different organs 
through invisible Pathways, that

4661
04:06:32,600 --> 04:06:34,700
made perfect sense. 
If you didn't think about them, 

4662
04:06:34,700 --> 04:06:37,400
too hard. 
Then there was cupping, which 

4663
04:06:37,400 --> 04:06:40,400
involved placing heated cups on 
your skin to draw blood to the 

4664
04:06:40,400 --> 04:06:43,000
surface. 
The cups would create suction as

4665
04:06:43,000 --> 04:06:45,400
they cooled. 
Pulling your skin up into little

4666
04:06:45,400 --> 04:06:48,500
domes and supposedly drawing out
the problematic blood along with

4667
04:06:48,500 --> 04:06:50,600
whatever evil humors were 
causing your trouble. 

4668
04:06:51,300 --> 04:06:54,800
occasionally, they'd make small 
Cuts, first turning the cupping 

4669
04:06:54,800 --> 04:06:58,300
session into a more efficient, 
blood extraction process, Is 

4670
04:06:58,300 --> 04:07:01,100
with a gentile option, 
considered more refined and 

4671
04:07:01,100 --> 04:07:04,800
controlled than crude cutting. 
Medieval Physicians maintained 

4672
04:07:04,800 --> 04:07:08,100
collections of medical leeches. 
Like, modern doctors keeps death

4673
04:07:08,100 --> 04:07:11,400
Scopes and they have strong 
opinions about leech, quality 

4674
04:07:11,400 --> 04:07:14,300
and technique. 
A good leak should be hungry but

4675
04:07:14,300 --> 04:07:17,600
not desperate active. 
But not overly aggressive and 

4676
04:07:17,600 --> 04:07:20,400
preferably sourced from clean 
running water rather than 

4677
04:07:20,400 --> 04:07:24,200
stagnant ponds. 
The timing of bloodletting was 

4678
04:07:24,200 --> 04:07:27,200
crucial and required Consulting 
multiple sources of information.

4679
04:07:28,400 --> 04:07:31,900
The phase of the moon mattered, 
certain phases, were better for 

4680
04:07:31,900 --> 04:07:34,900
bloodletting than others. 
Your astrological sign was 

4681
04:07:34,900 --> 04:07:38,700
important as was the current 
position of various planets The 

4682
04:07:38,700 --> 04:07:41,800
season, affected the quality of 
your blood and even the time of 

4683
04:07:41,800 --> 04:07:43,900
day could influence the success 
of the procedure. 

4684
04:07:45,100 --> 04:07:47,600
Medieval Physicians had 
elaborate charts showing the 

4685
04:07:47,600 --> 04:07:49,900
best times to bleed from 
different parts of the body. 

4686
04:07:50,700 --> 04:07:53,400
Spring was generally beneficial 
for bloodletting because that's 

4687
04:07:53,400 --> 04:07:56,800
when blood was thought to be 
most active like sap rising in 

4688
04:07:56,800 --> 04:07:58,900
trees. 
But you had to be careful, not 

4689
04:07:58,900 --> 04:08:01,500
to overdo it during hot summer 
months when your natural heat 

4690
04:08:01,500 --> 04:08:04,600
was already elevated. 
The amount of blood removed was 

4691
04:08:04,600 --> 04:08:07,500
determined by a complex 
calculation involving your age 

4692
04:08:07,500 --> 04:08:10,800
Constitution. 
The nature of your illness and 

4693
04:08:10,800 --> 04:08:14,600
various environmental factors. 
Young strong, people could 

4694
04:08:14,600 --> 04:08:17,200
handle more bloodletting than 
elderly or weak individuals. 

4695
04:08:17,200 --> 04:08:19,300
Someone with a sanguine 
temperament. 

4696
04:08:19,300 --> 04:08:21,500
Might need more aggressive 
treatment than someone who was 

4697
04:08:21,500 --> 04:08:24,600
naturally phlegmatic. 
What's remarkable is, how 

4698
04:08:24,600 --> 04:08:26,500
enthusiastic people were about 
this treatment. 

4699
04:08:27,500 --> 04:08:30,300
Bloodletting wasn't something. 
You endured it was something you

4700
04:08:30,300 --> 04:08:32,500
looked forward to like a 
medieval spa day. 

4701
04:08:33,200 --> 04:08:35,500
People would schedule regular 
bloodletting session as 

4702
04:08:35,500 --> 04:08:38,100
preventive medicine, and 
Physicians, would recommend it 

4703
04:08:38,100 --> 04:08:40,300
for everything from preventing 
illness to improving your 

4704
04:08:40,300 --> 04:08:42,400
complexion, to enhance your 
mental clarity. 

4705
04:08:43,400 --> 04:08:46,300
Barber surgeons who combined 
haircutting with minor medical 

4706
04:08:46,300 --> 04:08:49,300
procedures advertised their 
bloodletting Services alongside 

4707
04:08:49,300 --> 04:08:52,700
their grooming options, you 
could get a shave a haircut and 

4708
04:08:52,700 --> 04:08:56,800
have some excess blood removed 
all in one convenient visit The 

4709
04:08:56,800 --> 04:08:58,800
traditional barber pole with its
red and white. 

4710
04:08:58,800 --> 04:09:02,600
Stripes actually represents 
bloody bandages wrapped around a

4711
04:09:02,600 --> 04:09:05,000
pole, a cheerful, reminder of 
the professionals medical 

4712
04:09:05,000 --> 04:09:08,000
heritage. 
Social aspect of bloodletting 

4713
04:09:08,000 --> 04:09:10,900
was also important. 
It was often performed in groups

4714
04:09:10,900 --> 04:09:14,000
turning medical treatment into a
social event where people could 

4715
04:09:14,000 --> 04:09:17,300
catch up on local gossip while 
having their humors rebalanced 

4716
04:09:17,300 --> 04:09:20,300
wealthy families, would 
sometimes hire Physicians to 

4717
04:09:20,300 --> 04:09:22,700
perform bloodletting sessions 
for the entire household. 

4718
04:09:22,700 --> 04:09:25,200
Like, hosting a, very 
specialized dinner party, 

4719
04:09:25,200 --> 04:09:28,900
medieval medicine cabinets were 
incredibly chaotic causing a 

4720
04:09:28,900 --> 04:09:30,800
modern pharmacist to shudder and
confusion. 

4721
04:09:31,700 --> 04:09:34,300
Imagine opening a medieval 
Physicians bag and finding 

4722
04:09:34,300 --> 04:09:37,900
everything from dried Beatles to
powdered unicorn horn, which was

4723
04:09:37,900 --> 04:09:41,300
actually narwhal Tusk. 
But don't tell anyone alongside 

4724
04:09:41,300 --> 04:09:44,100
herbs, that might actually work 
and substances that definitely 

4725
04:09:44,100 --> 04:09:46,300
wouldn't. 
But smelled intriguing enough to

4726
04:09:46,300 --> 04:09:49,600
see medicinal The medieval 
approached to herbal medicine, 

4727
04:09:49,600 --> 04:09:53,400
was refreshingly inclusive. 
If something existed in nature, 

4728
04:09:53,400 --> 04:09:55,800
someone had probably tried using
it as medicine. 

4729
04:09:56,900 --> 04:10:00,800
This approach led to an enormous
farmer that included, not just 

4730
04:10:00,800 --> 04:10:03,900
plants. 
But also animal parts minerals 

4731
04:10:03,900 --> 04:10:07,000
and substances that defied easy 
categorization. 

4732
04:10:08,200 --> 04:10:11,400
Medieval Physicians, were like 
enthusiastic collectors, who 

4733
04:10:11,400 --> 04:10:14,000
never met a potential remedy. 
They didn't want to try at least

4734
04:10:14,000 --> 04:10:17,000
one. 
For instance the theory act 

4735
04:10:17,000 --> 04:10:21,100
regarded as the ultimate remedy 
could contain anywhere from 60 

4736
04:10:21,100 --> 04:10:23,600
to 100 different ingredients 
depending on the maker. 

4737
04:10:24,500 --> 04:10:27,700
The recipe included vipers 
flesh, which had to be prepared 

4738
04:10:27,700 --> 04:10:32,700
in a very specific way. 
Opium various spices herbs and 

4739
04:10:32,700 --> 04:10:35,300
enough other ingredients to 
stock a small Apothecary. 

4740
04:10:35,300 --> 04:10:38,900
In some cities, the complex 
process of making theriac became

4741
04:10:38,900 --> 04:10:41,700
a public event. 
Drawing crowds to witness the 

4742
04:10:41,700 --> 04:10:44,200
master apothecary's perform 
their mysterious Magic. 

4743
04:10:45,100 --> 04:10:48,200
But most medieval remedies were 
more accessible built around 

4744
04:10:48,208 --> 04:10:51,200
herbs and plants that grew 
locally and could be prepared in

4745
04:10:51,200 --> 04:10:53,100
any reasonably well equipped 
kitchen. 

4746
04:10:54,000 --> 04:10:56,800
People expected, medieval 
Housewives to understand, basic 

4747
04:10:56,800 --> 04:11:00,200
herbal medicine, just as modern 
parents, understand basic first 

4748
04:11:00,200 --> 04:11:02,700
aid. 
They maintained herb gardens 

4749
04:11:02,700 --> 04:11:05,600
with plants, specifically chosen
for their medicinal properties 

4750
04:11:05,600 --> 04:11:08,900
and they passed down recipes and
techniques through generations 

4751
04:11:08,900 --> 04:11:11,300
of women who took their healing 
responsibilities. 

4752
04:11:11,300 --> 04:11:15,400
Seriously, Willow bark was used 
for pain relief and actually 

4753
04:11:15,400 --> 04:11:18,800
worked, because it contains 
salicin a compound related to 

4754
04:11:18,800 --> 04:11:21,500
aspirin. 
Medieval people didn't know why 

4755
04:11:21,500 --> 04:11:24,800
it worked, but they knew it did.
Which was good enough for 

4756
04:11:24,800 --> 04:11:28,200
practical purposes. 
Similarly, digitalis from Fox 

4757
04:11:28,200 --> 04:11:31,100
Club was used for heart problems
and while it was dangerously 

4758
04:11:31,100 --> 04:11:34,200
easy to overdose on, it was 
actually an effective cardiac 

4759
04:11:34,200 --> 04:11:37,700
medication. 
But for every real remedy, there

4760
04:11:37,700 --> 04:11:40,600
were many that were Pure Fantasy
dressed up in medical terms. 

4761
04:11:41,400 --> 04:11:43,900
people prescribed powdered 
pearls for melancholy, 

4762
04:11:43,900 --> 04:11:47,000
presumably due to the belief 
that their lustrous Beauty could

4763
04:11:47,000 --> 04:11:50,400
uplift spirits, Ground up 
precious stones were mixed into 

4764
04:11:50,400 --> 04:11:53,800
medicines not because they had 
any therapeutic value, but 

4765
04:11:53,800 --> 04:11:56,300
because expensive ingredients 
were obviously more powerful 

4766
04:11:56,300 --> 04:11:58,900
than cheap ones. 
Animal-based remedies were 

4767
04:11:58,900 --> 04:12:02,500
particularly creative unicorn 
horn was the most prestigious 

4768
04:12:02,500 --> 04:12:06,000
thought to neutralize Poison's, 
and cure virtually any ailment. 

4769
04:12:06,000 --> 04:12:10,600
But since actual unicorns were, 
in short supply most unicorn 

4770
04:12:10,600 --> 04:12:13,200
horn was actually powdered or an
authoress horn. 

4771
04:12:13,200 --> 04:12:16,900
Now, while Tusk or just regular 
old animal horn that had been 

4772
04:12:16,900 --> 04:12:18,700
blessed by someone with 
impressive religious 

4773
04:12:18,700 --> 04:12:22,500
credentials, Medieval Physicians
also, prescribed remedies made 

4774
04:12:22,500 --> 04:12:25,700
from human body parts, which 
sounds ghoulish, but made 

4775
04:12:25,700 --> 04:12:28,500
perfect sense. 
According to their logic, if 

4776
04:12:28,500 --> 04:12:31,500
someone had died in perfect 
health, usually a young person 

4777
04:12:31,500 --> 04:12:34,500
who had suffered an accident. 
Parts of their body could be 

4778
04:12:34,500 --> 04:12:36,200
used to transfer that Health to 
sick. 

4779
04:12:36,200 --> 04:12:40,100
Patients This process led to a 
thriving trade in various 

4780
04:12:40,100 --> 04:12:43,300
human-derived medicines that we 
probably don't need to discuss 

4781
04:12:43,300 --> 04:12:46,100
in detail during our cozy bed 
time story. 

4782
04:12:47,300 --> 04:12:49,800
The preparation of these 
remedies was often as elaborate 

4783
04:12:49,800 --> 04:12:51,200
as their ingredients were 
exotic. 

4784
04:12:52,000 --> 04:12:55,500
Medieval medicine involved. 
A lot of precise timing specific

4785
04:12:55,500 --> 04:12:58,100
astronomical conditions and 
ritual elements. 

4786
04:12:58,100 --> 04:13:01,500
That transform simple cooking 
into something resembling a 

4787
04:13:01,500 --> 04:13:04,500
religious ceremony. 
Herbs had to be picked at the 

4788
04:13:04,500 --> 04:13:07,700
right phase of the moon. 
Dried in particular ways and 

4789
04:13:07,700 --> 04:13:09,500
combined. 
According to formulas, that had 

4790
04:13:09,500 --> 04:13:11,900
been passed down through 
generations of practitioners, 

4791
04:13:11,900 --> 04:13:15,400
medieval people also believed 
strongly in the power of 

4792
04:13:15,400 --> 04:13:18,500
synthetic magic, which meant 
that remedies should somehow 

4793
04:13:18,500 --> 04:13:20,000
resemble. 
Either the problem they were 

4794
04:13:20,000 --> 04:13:23,500
treating or the solution, they 
were trying to achieve yellow 

4795
04:13:23,500 --> 04:13:25,700
herbs, were good for liver 
problems, because the liver 

4796
04:13:25,700 --> 04:13:28,700
produced yellow. 
Bile red substance is good for 

4797
04:13:28,700 --> 04:13:31,400
blood disorders, heart-shaped 
leaves, were obviously 

4798
04:13:31,400 --> 04:13:34,800
beneficial for heart conditions.
These discoveries led to some 

4799
04:13:34,800 --> 04:13:37,800
remarkably Creative Connections 
between appearance and function.

4800
04:13:39,100 --> 04:13:41,600
Otterly leaves of lungwort were 
thought to resemble diseased 

4801
04:13:41,600 --> 04:13:43,400
lungs. 
So they were used to treat 

4802
04:13:43,400 --> 04:13:46,800
respiratory problems. 
Walnuts, which looks some like 

4803
04:13:46,800 --> 04:13:49,700
tiny brains were considered 
brain food long before. 

4804
04:13:49,700 --> 04:13:54,100
Anyone knew about a mega 3 fatty
acids, the dosing of medieval 

4805
04:13:54,100 --> 04:13:57,200
meds was more Art and Science 
relying heavily on the 

4806
04:13:57,200 --> 04:13:59,000
Physicians experience and 
intuition. 

4807
04:13:59,800 --> 04:14:02,600
Two little might not work but 
too much could kill you. 

4808
04:14:02,600 --> 04:14:05,800
And the line between effective 
dose and fatal overdose was 

4809
04:14:05,800 --> 04:14:09,100
often uncomfortably thin. 
This is why medieval Physicians 

4810
04:14:09,100 --> 04:14:12,200
spent so much time, studying 
their patients, constitutions 

4811
04:14:12,200 --> 04:14:14,200
and carefully adjusting 
treatments. 

4812
04:14:14,200 --> 04:14:17,700
Based on individual factors, 
medieval surgery was not for the

4813
04:14:17,700 --> 04:14:19,900
faint of heart. 
And if you lived during this 

4814
04:14:19,900 --> 04:14:22,500
time, you would have approached 
it with roughly the same 

4815
04:14:22,500 --> 04:14:24,900
enthusiasm. 
Most people today, reserved for 

4816
04:14:24,900 --> 04:14:28,500
root canal surgery, except 
medieval surgery was performed 

4817
04:14:28,500 --> 04:14:32,900
without anesthesia antibiotics 
or any real understanding of how

4818
04:14:32,900 --> 04:14:36,300
infections worked. 
The surgical toolkit of a 

4819
04:14:36,300 --> 04:14:38,600
medieval practitioner looked 
like something assembled by 

4820
04:14:38,600 --> 04:14:41,500
someone who had heard about 
surgery, second hand, but had 

4821
04:14:41,500 --> 04:14:45,000
never actually seen it before. 
Their bags were filled with 

4822
04:14:45,000 --> 04:14:49,800
saws, knives, hot ions for 
cauterizing, wounds, and various

4823
04:14:49,800 --> 04:14:51,300
sharp. 
Implements that appeared to be 

4824
04:14:51,300 --> 04:14:53,300
designed more for carpentry than
for medicine. 

4825
04:14:54,200 --> 04:14:56,600
Medieval surgeons approached, 
the human body, with the 

4826
04:14:56,600 --> 04:14:58,800
confidence of people who had 
never heard of medical 

4827
04:14:58,800 --> 04:15:01,300
malpractice lawsuits. 
Preparation. 

4828
04:15:01,300 --> 04:15:05,100
Drilling holes and skulls was 
surprisingly, common and was 

4829
04:15:05,108 --> 04:15:08,300
used to treat everything from 
headaches to mental illness to 

4830
04:15:08,300 --> 04:15:10,000
what they called, Melancholy 
Madness. 

4831
04:15:11,100 --> 04:15:15,100
The theory was the evil, spirits
excess humor or bad are had 

4832
04:15:15,100 --> 04:15:17,800
gotten trapped inside the head 
and needed a way to escape. 

4833
04:15:18,600 --> 04:15:20,300
Medieval surgeons would 
carefully. 

4834
04:15:20,300 --> 04:15:23,400
Drill a small hole in the 
patient's skull sometimes while 

4835
04:15:23,400 --> 04:15:26,100
the patient was fully conscious 
and then wait to see if the 

4836
04:15:26,100 --> 04:15:28,000
problem Spirits would take the 
hint and leave. 

4837
04:15:28,000 --> 04:15:30,400
What's remarkable? 
Is that some patients? 

4838
04:15:30,400 --> 04:15:32,200
Actually survived this 
procedure. 

4839
04:15:32,200 --> 04:15:35,000
And even seemed to get better 
afterward, though, such 

4840
04:15:35,000 --> 04:15:37,800
Improvement was probably more 
due to the placebo effect and 

4841
04:15:37,800 --> 04:15:40,700
sheer luck than to any 
therapeutic value of having 

4842
04:15:40,700 --> 04:15:44,300
holes drilled in their heads. 
Medieval people interpreted the 

4843
04:15:44,308 --> 04:15:47,500
successes as proof that the 
treatment worked rather than 

4844
04:15:47,500 --> 04:15:50,000
evidence that the human body is 
surprisingly resilient. 

4845
04:15:51,000 --> 04:15:54,200
Trek surgery was another common 
procedure performed by traveling

4846
04:15:54,200 --> 04:15:57,200
Specialists who had arrived in 
town perform a dozen or so 

4847
04:15:57,208 --> 04:16:00,600
cataract operations in a day and
then leave before anyone had 

4848
04:16:00,600 --> 04:16:02,400
time to evaluate the long-term 
results. 

4849
04:16:03,400 --> 04:16:06,100
The technique involved pushing 
the clouded lens back into the 

4850
04:16:06,100 --> 04:16:09,100
eye, with a sharp needle, which 
sometimes worked, and sometimes 

4851
04:16:09,100 --> 04:16:12,100
resulted in complete blindness. 
But at least it was quick. 

4852
04:16:13,200 --> 04:16:15,300
But medieval medicine was not 
purely physical. 

4853
04:16:15,300 --> 04:16:18,700
It was deeply intertwined, with 
spiritual healing and religious 

4854
04:16:18,700 --> 04:16:21,200
belief. 
Medieval people understood 

4855
04:16:21,200 --> 04:16:24,500
illness as having spiritual as 
well as physical causes which 

4856
04:16:24,500 --> 04:16:27,000
meant that treatment needed to 
address both the body and the 

4857
04:16:27,000 --> 04:16:30,500
Soul, this understanding led to 
a fascinating integration of 

4858
04:16:30,500 --> 04:16:33,600
medical and religious practices.
It would seem strange to 

4859
04:16:33,600 --> 04:16:35,300
modernize, but made perfect 
sense. 

4860
04:16:35,300 --> 04:16:37,900
In a world where the boundary 
between physical and spiritual 

4861
04:16:37,900 --> 04:16:41,200
was much more fluid. 
Saints were specialized medical 

4862
04:16:41,200 --> 04:16:44,200
Consultants each with their 
areas of expertise. 

4863
04:16:44,200 --> 04:16:46,800
Assembly was good for throat 
problems. 

4864
04:16:46,800 --> 04:16:49,800
Saint Lucie handled, eye 
diseases, and Saint. 

4865
04:16:49,800 --> 04:16:51,800
Apollonia was the go-to Saint 
for dental issues. 

4866
04:16:52,600 --> 04:16:56,100
If you had a specific medical 
problem, there was probably a 

4867
04:16:56,100 --> 04:16:58,600
saint who had suffered a similar
Affliction during their 

4868
04:16:58,600 --> 04:17:01,400
martyrdom and could therefore 
provide targeted assistance. 

4869
04:17:01,400 --> 04:17:04,800
Pilgrimage was considered both a
medical treatment and a 

4870
04:17:04,800 --> 04:17:07,600
spiritual exercise. 
Medieval people would travel 

4871
04:17:07,600 --> 04:17:09,500
hundreds of miles to visit holy 
sites. 

4872
04:17:09,500 --> 04:17:11,600
Where miraculous healing was 
said to occur. 

4873
04:17:12,300 --> 04:17:16,100
These Journeys served multiple 
purposes, the physical exercise 

4874
04:17:16,100 --> 04:17:19,000
was probably beneficial. 
The change of scenery might help

4875
04:17:19,000 --> 04:17:21,700
with mental health and the Hope 
and Faith involved in the 

4876
04:17:21,700 --> 04:17:24,100
pilgrimage could have real 
therapeutic effects. 

4877
04:17:24,900 --> 04:17:27,500
Holy relics were another 
important category of medieval 

4878
04:17:27,500 --> 04:17:30,900
medicine a bone from a saint a 
piece of cloth that had touched 

4879
04:17:30,900 --> 04:17:34,300
a holy person or water that had 
been blessed by someone with the

4880
04:17:34,300 --> 04:17:36,100
right. 
Religious credentials, could 

4881
04:17:36,100 --> 04:17:39,500
also serve as powerful medicines
the more exotic and well, 

4882
04:17:39,500 --> 04:17:42,200
documented, The Relic, the more 
effective it was believed to be 

4883
04:17:43,300 --> 04:17:46,900
Medieval hospitals were usually 
run by religious communities and

4884
04:17:46,900 --> 04:17:49,800
focused as much on spiritual 
care as on physical treatment. 

4885
04:17:51,100 --> 04:17:54,700
Patients, received regular 
prayers confession and spiritual

4886
04:17:54,700 --> 04:17:57,100
counseling alongside whatever 
Medical Treatments were 

4887
04:17:57,100 --> 04:17:59,400
available. 
The idea was that healing 

4888
04:17:59,400 --> 04:18:01,700
involved. 
The whole person not just their 

4889
04:18:01,700 --> 04:18:05,300
physical symptoms, this 
spiritual dimension of medieval 

4890
04:18:05,300 --> 04:18:08,300
medicine also included, 
elaborate rituals and ceremonies

4891
04:18:08,300 --> 04:18:10,700
designed to drive out evil 
influences. 

4892
04:18:11,800 --> 04:18:14,500
Exorcism was a recognized 
medical treatment for certain 

4893
04:18:14,500 --> 04:18:17,300
types of mental illness 
performed by clergy who 

4894
04:18:17,300 --> 04:18:18,800
specialized in spiritual 
healing. 

4895
04:18:19,500 --> 04:18:22,700
These ceremonies could last for 
hours or even days involving 

4896
04:18:22,700 --> 04:18:26,400
prayers, holy water, religious 
artifacts and considerable 

4897
04:18:26,400 --> 04:18:29,300
drama. 
It's fascinating is how this 

4898
04:18:29,300 --> 04:18:32,000
spiritual approached. 
Sometimes produced Real Results.

4899
04:18:32,800 --> 04:18:36,100
The combination of Hope 
Community Support ritual, 

4900
04:18:36,100 --> 04:18:39,400
healing and focused attention 
could have genuine therapeutic 

4901
04:18:39,400 --> 04:18:42,000
effects. 
Specially for conditions that 

4902
04:18:42,000 --> 04:18:43,900
had strong psychological 
components. 

4903
04:18:44,800 --> 04:18:47,500
Medieval people might not have 
understood the placebo effect, 

4904
04:18:47,500 --> 04:18:49,600
but they certainly knew how to 
harness. 

4905
04:18:49,600 --> 04:18:51,700
The power of belief in 
community, in their healing 

4906
04:18:51,700 --> 04:18:55,100
practices, the integration of 
physical and spiritual healing, 

4907
04:18:55,100 --> 04:18:59,300
meant that medieval medicine was
deeply, personal and holistic. 

4908
04:19:00,200 --> 04:19:02,900
Your physician wasn't just 
treating your symptoms, they 

4909
04:19:02,900 --> 04:19:06,400
were treating your entire life 
situation, your spiritual State,

4910
04:19:06,400 --> 04:19:09,600
your relationships and your 
place in the community. 

4911
04:19:10,600 --> 04:19:14,400
It was an approach that modern 
medicine is in some ways, still 

4912
04:19:14,400 --> 04:19:17,700
trying to figure out how to 
replicate as we conclude our 

4913
04:19:17,700 --> 04:19:19,400
intimate. 
Exploration of medieval 

4914
04:19:19,400 --> 04:19:22,600
medicine, you may be curious 
about the fate of these vibrant 

4915
04:19:22,600 --> 04:19:24,100
theories and inventive 
treatments. 

4916
04:19:24,900 --> 04:19:27,500
Did they just vanish overnight 
when someone invented the 

4917
04:19:27,500 --> 04:19:29,800
microscope or did they gradually
fade away? 

4918
04:19:29,800 --> 04:19:31,900
Like old tapestries left too 
long in the Sun? 

4919
04:19:33,000 --> 04:19:35,400
The truth is that medieval 
medicine didn't disappear all 

4920
04:19:35,400 --> 04:19:37,900
at. 
Once it evolved sometimes 

4921
04:19:37,900 --> 04:19:40,500
gracefully, and sometimes with 
the awkward, stumbling of a 

4922
04:19:40,500 --> 04:19:45,100
teenager trying to learn new 
dance steps, many medieval ideas

4923
04:19:45,100 --> 04:19:48,000
hung around well into the 
Renaissance and Beyond like 

4924
04:19:48,000 --> 04:19:50,500
house guests who don't quite 
know when it's time to leave the

4925
04:19:50,500 --> 04:19:53,400
party. 
The four humors theory, for 

4926
04:19:53,400 --> 04:19:56,400
instance, continued to 
influence, medical thinking, 

4927
04:19:56,400 --> 04:20:00,200
well into the 19th century even 
as new discoveries challenge. 

4928
04:20:00,200 --> 04:20:04,000
The basic premises Physicians, 
found ways to adapt and modify 

4929
04:20:04,000 --> 04:20:06,800
the system rather than a bandit 
entirely. 

4930
04:20:08,200 --> 04:20:11,000
The language of the human. 
So embedded in how people 

4931
04:20:11,000 --> 04:20:14,000
thought about personality and 
health that we still use terms, 

4932
04:20:14,000 --> 04:20:18,300
like sanguine flake, Matic 
choleric and melancholic today, 

4933
04:20:18,300 --> 04:20:21,300
though, now they're more likely 
to appear in literature classes 

4934
04:20:21,300 --> 04:20:24,800
than medical textbooks. 
Bloodletting proved particularly

4935
04:20:24,800 --> 04:20:28,200
stubborn persisting as a 
standard medical treatment for 

4936
04:20:28,200 --> 04:20:30,200
centuries. 
After Medieval Times ended, 

4937
04:20:30,900 --> 04:20:33,700
George Washington himself was 
treated with extensive 

4938
04:20:33,700 --> 04:20:38,200
bloodletting during his final 
illness in 1799, receiving what 

4939
04:20:38,200 --> 04:20:41,700
modern doctors would consider a 
fatal amount of blood loss in a 

4940
04:20:41,700 --> 04:20:44,500
well-intentioned but misguided 
attempt to cure his throat 

4941
04:20:44,500 --> 04:20:47,900
infection. 
It took until the mid-19th 

4942
04:20:47,900 --> 04:20:50,400
century for the medical 
establishment to finally admit 

4943
04:20:50,400 --> 04:20:54,700
that maybe just maybe removing 
large quantities of blood from 

4944
04:20:54,700 --> 04:20:56,400
sick. 
People wasn't actually helping 

4945
04:20:56,400 --> 04:20:59,700
them get better. 
But medieval medicine also gave 

4946
04:20:59,700 --> 04:21:02,600
us some genuinely valuable 
contributions that we still use 

4947
04:21:02,600 --> 04:21:05,700
today. many of the herbal 
remedies that medieval 

4948
04:21:05,700 --> 04:21:08,700
Physicians prescribed contained 
active compounds, that modern 

4949
04:21:08,700 --> 04:21:12,300
science has validated and 
refined Aspirin comes from 

4950
04:21:12,300 --> 04:21:15,800
willow bark, digitalis from 
foxglove, and morphine from 

4951
04:21:15,800 --> 04:21:18,600
poppies all plants that medieval
healers used. 

4952
04:21:18,600 --> 04:21:21,000
Even though they didn't 
understand the chemistry behind,

4953
04:21:21,000 --> 04:21:23,800
why they worked the medieval 
emphasis on careful. 

4954
04:21:23,800 --> 04:21:26,400
Observation of patients also 
laid in Portland, groundwork for

4955
04:21:26,400 --> 04:21:30,100
modern diagnostic techniques. 
Medieval Physicians might have 

4956
04:21:30,108 --> 04:21:33,200
been wrong about what they were 
observing but they established 

4957
04:21:33,200 --> 04:21:35,700
the principle that healing 
required paying close attention 

4958
04:21:35,700 --> 04:21:38,300
to individual patients and their
specific symptoms. 

4959
04:21:38,300 --> 04:21:42,500
The practices of taking detailed
medical histories examining 

4960
04:21:42,500 --> 04:21:45,900
bodily fluids and monitoring 
changes in patient conditions. 

4961
04:21:45,900 --> 04:21:48,800
All Trace their Roots back to 
Medieval Medical Practice, 

4962
04:21:48,800 --> 04:21:52,300
perhaps most importantly, 
medieval medicine established, 

4963
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:55,000
the idea that healing was a 
professional skill that required

4964
04:21:55,000 --> 04:21:57,700
training study and ongoing 
learning. 

4965
04:21:58,300 --> 04:22:01,000
Medieval universities began 
offering medical degrees, 

4966
04:22:01,000 --> 04:22:03,900
creating the foundation for 
modern medical education. 

4967
04:22:04,800 --> 04:22:07,000
The requirement that Physicians 
study anatomy. 

4968
04:22:07,000 --> 04:22:10,600
Even if their understanding was 
limited, established Prestons, 

4969
04:22:10,600 --> 04:22:13,600
that eventually led to much more
accurate knowledge of how bodies

4970
04:22:13,600 --> 04:22:16,800
actually work. 
Medieval medicine or gave us the

4971
04:22:16,800 --> 04:22:20,100
concept of hospitals, as 
institutions dedicated to 

4972
04:22:20,100 --> 04:22:23,400
Healing, rather than just places
where sick people went to die. 

4973
04:22:24,200 --> 04:22:27,700
Medieval hospitals, usually run 
by religious orders established,

4974
04:22:27,700 --> 04:22:30,500
the principle that Society had a
responsibility to care for the 

4975
04:22:30,508 --> 04:22:33,900
sick and that healing should be 
available to everyone not just 

4976
04:22:33,900 --> 04:22:36,100
the wealthy. 
This approach was a 

4977
04:22:36,100 --> 04:22:38,300
revolutionary idea that 
continues to influence 

4978
04:22:38,300 --> 04:22:40,000
Healthcare policy discussions 
today. 

4979
04:22:41,100 --> 04:22:43,700
The medieval integration of 
physical and spiritual healing. 

4980
04:22:43,700 --> 04:22:47,300
Also contributed valuable 
insights that modern medicine is

4981
04:22:47,300 --> 04:22:49,900
still exploring. 
The recognition that illness 

4982
04:22:49,900 --> 04:22:53,500
affects the whole person, not 
just specific body parts, and 

4983
04:22:53,500 --> 04:22:55,600
that healing involves 
psychological and social 

4984
04:22:55,600 --> 04:22:59,600
factors, as well as purely 
physical ones, reflects and 

4985
04:22:59,600 --> 04:23:01,900
understanding that contemporary 
medicine is working to 

4986
04:23:01,900 --> 04:23:04,400
recapture. 
Even some of the more seemingly 

4987
04:23:04,400 --> 04:23:07,300
bizarre, medieval practices 
contained, kernels of wisdom 

4988
04:23:07,300 --> 04:23:11,200
that we're only now beginning to
appreciate the emphasis on diet,

4989
04:23:11,200 --> 04:23:14,600
exercise and lifestyle factors 
in maintaining Health, was 

4990
04:23:14,600 --> 04:23:18,100
remarkably sophisticated even if
the specific theories were 

4991
04:23:18,100 --> 04:23:20,600
wrong. 
The comprehension that mental 

4992
04:23:20,600 --> 04:23:23,400
and emotional states. 
Could impact physical health was

4993
04:23:23,400 --> 04:23:26,800
centuries ahead of its era. 
As you settled back into your 

4994
04:23:26,808 --> 04:23:29,300
comfortable, chair, and 
finished, the last drops of your

4995
04:23:29,300 --> 04:23:32,700
warm drink, you might reflect on
how many evil medicine for all 

4996
04:23:32,700 --> 04:23:35,600
its apparent strangeness 
represented Humanity's 

4997
04:23:35,600 --> 04:23:39,100
persistent creative and often 
touching attempts to understand 

4998
04:23:39,100 --> 04:23:42,200
and heal and mysterious vessel 
that carries us through life. 

4999
04:23:43,300 --> 04:23:46,000
These medieval Physicians and 
healers were working with 

5000
04:23:46,000 --> 04:23:48,900
limited information and 
primitive tools but they 

5001
04:23:48,900 --> 04:23:52,500
approached their tasks with 
dedication, creativity and 

5002
04:23:52,500 --> 04:23:56,700
genuine care for their patients.
They remind us that medicine is 

5003
04:23:56,700 --> 04:24:00,800
not just a science but also an 
art requiring not only technical

5004
04:24:00,800 --> 04:24:04,500
knowledge but also compassion 
creativity and the willingness 

5005
04:24:04,500 --> 04:24:07,200
to keep trying new approaches 
when old ones don't work. 

5006
04:24:08,200 --> 04:24:11,400
And perhaps most importantly, 
they show us that the desire to 

5007
04:24:11,400 --> 04:24:14,000
heal and help. 
Others is one of Humanity's most

5008
04:24:14,000 --> 04:24:17,900
enduring and Noble impulses. 
Assisting across centuries and 

5009
04:24:17,900 --> 04:24:21,100
cultures adapting to new 
knowledge while maintaining its 

5010
04:24:21,100 --> 04:24:24,500
essential character sleep. 
Well, and be grateful for modern

5011
04:24:24,500 --> 04:24:27,700
medicine, but don't forget to 
appreciate the long winding 

5012
04:24:27,700 --> 04:24:29,400
often amusing path that led us 
here. 

5013
04:24:36,400 --> 04:24:39,300
The roosters crow pierced, the 
pre-dawn darkness of 13th 

5014
04:24:39,300 --> 04:24:41,800
century England. 
But Edith had been awake for an 

5015
04:24:41,800 --> 04:24:44,400
hour. 
Already a stomachs Holloway 

5016
04:24:44,400 --> 04:24:46,800
served as a more reliable time 
keeper than any church. 

5017
04:24:46,800 --> 04:24:49,100
Belle. 
She stirred The Embers in her 

5018
04:24:49,100 --> 04:24:52,700
half coaxing life back in to the
dying fire with practice. 

5019
04:24:52,700 --> 04:24:55,100
Efficiency of necessity, not 
choice. 

5020
04:24:56,300 --> 04:24:58,700
What a weighted her was not 
breakfast as we understand it 

5021
04:24:58,700 --> 04:25:01,100
today, the very concept of Three
Square meals. 

5022
04:25:01,100 --> 04:25:03,900
Was a luxury Beyond imagination 
for someone whose entire 

5023
04:25:03,900 --> 04:25:07,400
existence revolved around the 
brutal mathematics of caloric 

5024
04:25:07,400 --> 04:25:10,000
survival. 
Instead Edith encountered what 

5025
04:25:10,008 --> 04:25:13,600
peasants referred to as the 
first Hunger ignoring emptiness 

5026
04:25:13,600 --> 04:25:16,200
that required attention. 
Before the days, arduous labor 

5027
04:25:16,200 --> 04:25:19,000
could commence. 
Her mourning sustenance came in 

5028
04:25:19,000 --> 04:25:23,100
the form of Aller weak watery, 
but crucially safe to drink in 

5029
04:25:23,100 --> 04:25:24,500
an era. 
When water Could Just Kill 

5030
04:25:24,500 --> 04:25:27,700
faster than starvation. 
The beer wasn't the robust 

5031
04:25:27,700 --> 04:25:32,000
Brewing by nobility, but a thin 
concoction called smaller that 

5032
04:25:32,000 --> 04:25:35,200
contained just enough alcohol to
kill the bacteria lurking in 

5033
04:25:35,200 --> 04:25:38,700
medieval water sources for Edith
and her family, the drink 

5034
04:25:38,700 --> 04:25:40,700
represented, both hydration and 
nutrition. 

5035
04:25:41,600 --> 04:25:44,500
Providing essential calories 
that would fuel the first hours 

5036
04:25:44,500 --> 04:25:48,000
of their day. 
Should Fortune favor them heels 

5037
04:25:48,000 --> 04:25:51,500
accompanied by generous portion 
of bread but the food wasn't the

5038
04:25:51,500 --> 04:25:53,900
fluffy white loaves that Grace 
Noble tables. 

5039
04:25:54,800 --> 04:25:58,300
Peasant bread was a dense dark 
amalgamation of whatever grains 

5040
04:25:58,300 --> 04:26:02,000
can be scraped together, barley,
oats rye, and in desperate, and 

5041
04:26:02,008 --> 04:26:05,000
times, grounded, acorns, bean, 
flour or even sawdust. 

5042
04:26:05,000 --> 04:26:08,100
The wealthy consumed bread made 
from carefully sifted. 

5043
04:26:08,100 --> 04:26:11,400
Wheat, flour producing the 
coverted white bread that 

5044
04:26:11,400 --> 04:26:15,700
symbolized Purity and status. 
For peasants bread color, told a

5045
04:26:15,700 --> 04:26:19,000
story of social hierarchy, the 
darker, the loaf, the low are 

5046
04:26:19,000 --> 04:26:21,600
your station. 
This hierarchy of grain 

5047
04:26:21,600 --> 04:26:25,000
reflected, a fundamental truth 
about medieval society that 

5048
04:26:25,000 --> 04:26:27,300
extended far beyond mere 
sustenance. 

5049
04:26:28,000 --> 04:26:30,400
Your social status was 
determined by the quality of 

5050
04:26:30,400 --> 04:26:34,800
your bread, even before you 
spoke While Lords dined on 

5051
04:26:34,800 --> 04:26:36,700
Manchaca bread made from the 
finest wheat. 

5052
04:26:36,700 --> 04:26:40,200
Flour peasant. 
Subsisted, on maslen a mixed 

5053
04:26:40,200 --> 04:26:43,100
grain bread that was both 
nutritionally Superior and 

5054
04:26:43,100 --> 04:26:46,700
socially stigmatized. 
The irony wasn't lost on those 

5055
04:26:46,700 --> 04:26:49,700
who understood nutrition though.
Such knowledge was rare in an 

5056
04:26:49,700 --> 04:26:52,400
age where medical theory was 
dominated by the four humors 

5057
04:26:52,400 --> 04:26:55,900
Edith's morning routine revealed
the complex connections between 

5058
04:26:55,900 --> 04:26:58,200
food and survival that defined 
peasant. 

5059
04:26:58,200 --> 04:27:01,800
Existence, every crumb was 
accounted for every drop of 

5060
04:27:01,800 --> 04:27:04,500
pressure sale measured against 
the uncertainty of tomorrow's 

5061
04:27:04,500 --> 04:27:07,300
Provisions. 
A communal oven baked the bread.

5062
04:27:07,300 --> 04:27:10,100
She ate one of the few luxuries 
shared Among The Village 

5063
04:27:10,100 --> 04:27:13,300
peasant's individual families, 
couldn't afford the fuel 

5064
04:27:13,300 --> 04:27:16,500
required for private ovens. 
So braid, making a community 

5065
04:27:16,500 --> 04:27:19,800
Endeavor that reinforce social 
bonds while serving practical 

5066
04:27:19,800 --> 04:27:23,200
needs the timing of this morning
meal aligned with the natural 

5067
04:27:23,200 --> 04:27:24,800
rhythms that governed peasant 
life. 

5068
04:27:25,700 --> 04:27:27,800
Dawn brought the first 
opportunity to assess the 

5069
04:27:27,800 --> 04:27:30,300
night's damage. 
Had frost killed the sprouting 

5070
04:27:30,300 --> 04:27:33,000
crops and wolves or wild boars 
breached. 

5071
04:27:33,000 --> 04:27:36,100
The mega fencing around their 
vegetable plots the weekend 

5072
04:27:36,100 --> 04:27:38,400
course, bread. 
Provided just enough energy to 

5073
04:27:38,400 --> 04:27:40,600
begin the day's survey of their 
precarious. 

5074
04:27:40,600 --> 04:27:44,800
Agricultural enterprise. 
Perhaps, most revealing was what

5075
04:27:44,800 --> 04:27:46,700
didn't appear on Edith's Dawn 
table. 

5076
04:27:47,400 --> 04:27:49,600
No meat, except on the rarest 
occasions. 

5077
04:27:49,600 --> 04:27:53,100
They had no access to dairy 
products except for the 

5078
04:27:53,100 --> 04:27:56,400
occasional cup of thin milk from
their loan struggling cow. 

5079
04:27:56,400 --> 04:28:00,100
They had no access to fruits or 
vegetables except during The 

5080
04:28:00,100 --> 04:28:02,100
Limited Harvest Seasons when 
they were available. 

5081
04:28:02,900 --> 04:28:05,500
The absence of these Foods 
wasn't simply about poverty. 

5082
04:28:05,500 --> 04:28:09,200
It reflected a complex web of 
legal, restrictions seasonal, 

5083
04:28:09,200 --> 04:28:11,900
limitations, and social 
conventions, that shape every 

5084
04:28:11,900 --> 04:28:15,800
aspect of peasant nutrition. 
First meal of the day, also 

5085
04:28:15,800 --> 04:28:18,800
established the rhythm of hunger
that would dominate the next. 16

5086
04:28:18,800 --> 04:28:22,700
hours medieval peasants, didn't 
eat when hungry, they ate when 

5087
04:28:22,700 --> 04:28:25,400
food was available and when 
their labor scheduled permitted,

5088
04:28:26,500 --> 04:28:29,100
This practice created a 
psychological relationship with 

5089
04:28:29,100 --> 04:28:31,900
sustenance that modern people 
struggled to comprehend. 

5090
04:28:32,700 --> 04:28:36,200
Food was not pleasurable Comfort
but fuel for survival rational 

5091
04:28:36,200 --> 04:28:40,200
and precious beyond measure by 
midday when the sun reached its 

5092
04:28:40,200 --> 04:28:42,900
Zenith and cast short Shadows 
across the muddy Village 

5093
04:28:42,900 --> 04:28:47,000
streets, Edith faced her second 
great challenge, creating 

5094
04:28:47,000 --> 04:28:50,400
something resembling a meal, 
from virtually nothing. the 

5095
04:28:50,400 --> 04:28:53,100
moment was when the true genius 
of peasant Cuisine revealed 

5096
04:28:53,100 --> 04:28:57,300
itself not in exotic spices or 
elaborate preparations, but in 

5097
04:28:57,300 --> 04:29:01,900
the alchemical transformation of
scraps into sustenance, Enter 

5098
04:29:01,900 --> 04:29:05,000
pottage the unsung hero of 
medieval peasants of survival. 

5099
04:29:05,000 --> 04:29:09,000
This wasn't a dish, in any 
recognizable sense, but rather a

5100
04:29:09,000 --> 04:29:11,900
constantly evolving cauldron of 
possibility that bubbled over 

5101
04:29:11,900 --> 04:29:15,600
the half from dawn, until dusk. 
Modern food historians, often 

5102
04:29:15,600 --> 04:29:17,700
dismiss pottage as peasant 
gruel. 

5103
04:29:18,300 --> 04:29:21,200
But their interpretation misses 
the sophisticated understanding 

5104
04:29:21,200 --> 04:29:23,300
of nutrition and Resource 
Management that made it. 

5105
04:29:23,300 --> 04:29:27,300
The Cornerstone of survival for 
Millions the base of any pottage

5106
04:29:27,300 --> 04:29:30,300
began with water. 
Precious potentially dangerous 

5107
04:29:30,300 --> 04:29:34,100
water that had to be boiled to 
safety. into this broth went, 

5108
04:29:34,100 --> 04:29:39,000
whatever grains could be spared,
oats barley and sometimes Rye, 

5109
04:29:39,000 --> 04:29:41,900
if the harvested had been 
generous However the true 

5110
04:29:41,900 --> 04:29:44,200
Artistry began with what 
peasants referred to as the 

5111
04:29:44,200 --> 04:29:46,400
stretching. 
The careful edition of 

5112
04:29:46,400 --> 04:29:48,400
ingredients that were 
transformed a pot of grain 

5113
04:29:48,400 --> 04:29:50,200
mushroom to something resembling
nourishment. 

5114
04:29:51,100 --> 04:29:54,200
Edith would add herbs forage 
from the woods, nettle leaves 

5115
04:29:54,200 --> 04:29:57,800
that provided iron and vitamins.
While garlic that added flavor 

5116
04:29:57,800 --> 04:30:00,900
and fought infection and 
dandelion greens that Supply to 

5117
04:30:00,900 --> 04:30:03,700
Central nutrients during the 
lean months, when other 

5118
04:30:03,700 --> 04:30:07,000
vegetables were available. 
These were not Gourmet touches, 

5119
04:30:07,000 --> 04:30:11,100
they were medical Necessities to
seasoning medieval peasants 

5120
04:30:11,100 --> 04:30:13,500
possessed, an intuitive 
understanding of nutritional 

5121
04:30:13,500 --> 04:30:15,500
balance. 
That wouldn't be scientifically 

5122
04:30:15,500 --> 04:30:19,900
validated for centuries. 
The transformation of pottage 

5123
04:30:19,900 --> 04:30:22,100
throughout the day revealed. 
The sophisticated food 

5124
04:30:22,100 --> 04:30:25,500
Management systems that peasant 
households developed morning 

5125
04:30:25,500 --> 04:30:28,800
pottage was thin and watery 
designed to fill empty stomachs 

5126
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:30,800
and provide quick energy for 
morning labor. 

5127
04:30:31,600 --> 04:30:34,700
By afternoon, it had thickened 
into something more substantial 

5128
04:30:34,700 --> 04:30:37,400
with the addition of root 
vegetables, like turnips 

5129
04:30:37,400 --> 04:30:40,100
parsnips or the occasional 
pressure onion. 

5130
04:30:40,700 --> 04:30:43,600
Evening pottage achieved an 
almost stew like consistency, 

5131
04:30:43,600 --> 04:30:47,300
incorporating, any protein that 
could be obtained, a handful of 

5132
04:30:47,300 --> 04:30:50,200
dried beans, perhaps some eggs, 
if the chickens were productive 

5133
04:30:50,200 --> 04:30:52,400
or in moments of Celebration 
actual meat. 

5134
04:30:53,300 --> 04:30:56,400
This constant evolution of the 
same basic dish, reflected, The 

5135
04:30:56,400 --> 04:30:59,600
Peasants understanding of 
thermodynamics long before 

5136
04:30:59,600 --> 04:31:03,800
anyone knew what it was. 
Single Firefly maintained 

5137
04:31:03,800 --> 04:31:07,500
throughout the day could provide
continuous cooking without the 

5138
04:31:07,500 --> 04:31:11,000
massive fuel expenditure 
required for multiple separate a

5139
04:31:11,000 --> 04:31:13,300
meals. 
The pottage pot became a kind of

5140
04:31:13,300 --> 04:31:16,500
slow cooking technology that 
maximized nutritional extraction

5141
04:31:16,500 --> 04:31:20,200
from minimal ingredients. 
Portage also served a cycle 

5142
04:31:20,200 --> 04:31:24,200
function that historians often 
overlooked In a world where most

5143
04:31:24,200 --> 04:31:25,800
peasants often, went to bed 
hungry. 

5144
04:31:25,800 --> 04:31:29,400
The constant presence of cooking
provided them with emotional 

5145
04:31:29,400 --> 04:31:32,500
Comfort. 
The aroma of herbs and simmering

5146
04:31:32,500 --> 04:31:35,300
grains created an olfactory 
illusion of abundance, even when

5147
04:31:35,300 --> 04:31:39,000
actual food was scarce, The 
psychological dimension of 

5148
04:31:39,000 --> 04:31:41,300
peasant Cuisine was crucial to 
mental survival. 

5149
04:31:41,300 --> 04:31:44,900
During the long brutal Winters. 
When actual starvation was a 

5150
04:31:44,900 --> 04:31:48,400
real possibility, the social 
aspects of pottage preparation 

5151
04:31:48,400 --> 04:31:51,000
revealed, another layer of 
peasants of survival strategy. 

5152
04:31:51,000 --> 04:31:53,700
Neighbors would borrow 
ingredients from each other. 

5153
04:31:53,700 --> 04:31:57,400
A turnip here, a handful of 
barley there under, the 

5154
04:31:57,400 --> 04:31:59,600
understanding that they would 
repay these loans. 

5155
04:31:59,600 --> 04:32:03,800
When Fortune reverted These 
practices created a complex web 

5156
04:32:03,800 --> 04:32:06,800
of food-based social obligations
that helped communities survive 

5157
04:32:06,800 --> 04:32:08,800
periods. 
When individual families faced 

5158
04:32:08,800 --> 04:32:12,300
shortages, Different regions 
developed distinct pottage 

5159
04:32:12,300 --> 04:32:13,600
Traditions. 
That reflected local 

5160
04:32:13,600 --> 04:32:15,700
agricultural conditions, and 
cultural preferences. 

5161
04:32:16,600 --> 04:32:19,400
Northern English peasants 
favored, oat base Portuguese, 

5162
04:32:19,400 --> 04:32:21,900
that provided the dense calories
needed for Harsh Winters. 

5163
04:32:21,900 --> 04:32:25,200
Southern French, peasants 
Incorporated more legumes, 

5164
04:32:25,200 --> 04:32:28,100
taking advantage of longer 
growing seasons and different 

5165
04:32:28,100 --> 04:32:31,100
soil conditions. 
These Regional variations were 

5166
04:32:31,100 --> 04:32:35,200
not a matter of taste but rather
of adaptation each represented 

5167
04:32:35,200 --> 04:32:38,000
generations of experimentation, 
in the pursuit of optimal, 

5168
04:32:38,000 --> 04:32:41,600
survival nutrition. 
The preparation of pottage also 

5169
04:32:41,600 --> 04:32:44,200
revealed the gender Dynamic of 
medieval peasant households. 

5170
04:32:45,200 --> 04:32:47,300
While men dominated, 
agricultural labor in 

5171
04:32:47,300 --> 04:32:50,300
interactions with the outside 
world, women control the 

5172
04:32:50,300 --> 04:32:53,000
domestic Food Systems, which 
made a crucial difference 

5173
04:32:53,000 --> 04:32:56,900
between survival and starvation.
The knowledge of which wild 

5174
04:32:56,900 --> 04:32:59,700
plants were edible, which 
combinations of ingredients 

5175
04:32:59,700 --> 04:33:03,700
provided the best nutrition and 
how to stretch limited resources

5176
04:33:03,700 --> 04:33:05,900
through careful cooking 
techniques was passed down 

5177
04:33:05,900 --> 04:33:09,500
through maternal lineages like 
Precious Family Secrets, when 

5178
04:33:09,500 --> 04:33:12,000
hunger clawed at their bellies, 
with particular ferocity 

5179
04:33:12,000 --> 04:33:16,000
medieval peasants faced, a 
terrible Choice obey, the Lord, 

5180
04:33:16,000 --> 04:33:18,800
and starve or risk death to feed
their families. 

5181
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:22,900
This wasn't mellow drama. 
It was the Stark reality of a 

5182
04:33:22,900 --> 04:33:27,300
legal system that criminalized 
survival itself That surrounded 

5183
04:33:27,300 --> 04:33:31,500
every medieval village teaming 
with game and wild Foods, were 

5184
04:33:31,500 --> 04:33:34,200
forbidden territory where a 
desperate parents attempt to 

5185
04:33:34,200 --> 04:33:36,000
feed hungry children could 
result in hanging. 

5186
04:33:36,900 --> 04:33:39,700
The Norman conquest of 1066 had 
brought with it. 

5187
04:33:39,700 --> 04:33:44,099
The concept of Forest Law, A 
legal framework that claimed 

5188
04:33:44,099 --> 04:33:46,900
vast tracts of land exclusively 
for the king and nobility. 

5189
04:33:46,900 --> 04:33:51,300
These weren't just wooded areas,
but entire ecosystems, including

5190
04:33:51,300 --> 04:33:54,500
Fields streams and Villages 
where peasants had forage for 

5191
04:33:54,500 --> 04:33:56,900
Generations. 
Suddenly the act of gathering 

5192
04:33:56,900 --> 04:34:00,200
nuts, barriers, or mushrooms 
foods that has sustained 

5193
04:34:00,200 --> 04:34:03,300
communities for centuries was 
deemed a crime punishable by 

5194
04:34:03,300 --> 04:34:06,500
death mutilation or massive 
fines that could devastate 

5195
04:34:06,500 --> 04:34:09,599
entire families. 
Yet peasants developed an 

5196
04:34:09,599 --> 04:34:12,800
elaborate underground network of
survival, that operated in the 

5197
04:34:12,800 --> 04:34:16,599
shadows of these Draconian laws.
They created a parallel food 

5198
04:34:16,599 --> 04:34:19,200
system based on intimate 
knowledge of forest, Cycles 

5199
04:34:19,200 --> 04:34:22,700
animal behavior and the movement
patterns of forest officials. 

5200
04:34:22,700 --> 04:34:26,000
This wasn't random poaching. 
It was a sophisticated form of 

5201
04:34:26,000 --> 04:34:28,400
ecological management that 
required more skill and 

5202
04:34:28,400 --> 04:34:30,599
knowledge than most modern 
Hunters possess. 

5203
04:34:31,500 --> 04:34:34,300
Consider the seasonal rhythms 
that governed illegal foraging. 

5204
04:34:35,000 --> 04:34:38,700
Spring, brought the first edible
greens, wild onions, young metal

5205
04:34:38,700 --> 04:34:40,700
shoots and early berries. 
That could supplement the 

5206
04:34:40,700 --> 04:34:43,500
depleted winter storms. 
Peasant's learned to identify 

5207
04:34:43,500 --> 04:34:46,599
dozens of edible plants and 
their optimal harvesting times. 

5208
04:34:47,300 --> 04:34:51,300
They understood which mushrooms 
were safe, which tree bark could

5209
04:34:51,300 --> 04:34:54,400
be grounded into flour during 
famines and which routes could 

5210
04:34:54,400 --> 04:34:56,800
be processed into a emergency 
carbohydrates. 

5211
04:34:57,700 --> 04:35:00,800
The pursuit of protein required,
even greater skill and courage. 

5212
04:35:01,599 --> 04:35:04,800
Rabbits abundant in the medieval
Countryside were legally the 

5213
04:35:04,800 --> 04:35:08,099
property of landowners, but 
their Warren systems were mapped

5214
04:35:08,099 --> 04:35:10,300
and understood by peasant 
communities with military 

5215
04:35:10,300 --> 04:35:12,900
precision. 
Poachers developed silent 

5216
04:35:12,900 --> 04:35:14,599
trapping methods. 
That left no Trace. 

5217
04:35:14,599 --> 04:35:17,700
Snares made from human hair that
wouldn't reflect Moonlight 

5218
04:35:17,700 --> 04:35:21,200
Deadfall traps constructed from 
natural materials that appeared 

5219
04:35:21,200 --> 04:35:24,300
accidental and complex tracking 
systems that allowed them to 

5220
04:35:24,300 --> 04:35:26,099
monitor game movement without 
detection. 

5221
04:35:27,000 --> 04:35:29,800
Rivers and streams presented 
another Battlefield in the war 

5222
04:35:29,800 --> 04:35:32,900
between survival and lore. 
Fish were considered Royal 

5223
04:35:32,900 --> 04:35:36,099
property but peasant communities
developed in genius, methods for

5224
04:35:36,099 --> 04:35:37,500
catching them without leaving 
evidence. 

5225
04:35:38,500 --> 04:35:41,400
Night fishing with makeshift 
Nets, the construction of 

5226
04:35:41,400 --> 04:35:43,700
temporary fish traps. 
That could be quickly dismantled

5227
04:35:43,700 --> 04:35:46,900
if officials approached and the 
use of natural toxins that would

5228
04:35:46,900 --> 04:35:49,400
stunned fish without permanently
harming, the water supply. 

5229
04:35:49,400 --> 04:35:53,000
All of these techniques required
knowledge passed down through 

5230
04:35:53,000 --> 04:35:56,200
generations of desperate 
families, but perhaps the most 

5231
04:35:56,200 --> 04:35:59,400
dangerous and sophisticated form
of illegal food acquisition was 

5232
04:35:59,400 --> 04:36:03,400
organized, deer poaching. 
Venison wasn't just meet, it was

5233
04:36:03,408 --> 04:36:06,700
a symbol of nobility legally 
reserved, for the upper classes,

5234
04:36:06,700 --> 04:36:10,200
the punishment for killing a 
deer could be death yet 

5235
04:36:10,200 --> 04:36:12,700
organized poaching Rings 
operated throughout medieval 

5236
04:36:12,700 --> 04:36:16,099
England and France. 
These were bands of desperate 

5237
04:36:16,099 --> 04:36:19,099
individuals but carefully 
structured organizations with 

5238
04:36:19,099 --> 04:36:22,800
Lookouts, specialized hunters 
and distribution networks, that 

5239
04:36:22,800 --> 04:36:24,900
could process and hide large 
quantities of meat. 

5240
04:36:25,800 --> 04:36:28,800
The social dynamics of illegal 
food, acquisition revealed, 

5241
04:36:28,800 --> 04:36:32,500
fascinating aspects of peasant, 
community, structure information

5242
04:36:32,500 --> 04:36:35,500
about Forest official movements 
was shared through subtle 

5243
04:36:35,500 --> 04:36:38,200
signals. 
The placement of stones on paths

5244
04:36:38,200 --> 04:36:41,700
specific bird calls, or messages
embedded in seemingly innocent 

5245
04:36:41,700 --> 04:36:45,900
conversations at Market, Women 
played crucial roles as Lookouts

5246
04:36:45,900 --> 04:36:48,900
and information gatherers. 
Since their presence in villages

5247
04:36:48,900 --> 04:36:51,300
was less suspicious than men 
disappearing. 

5248
04:36:51,300 --> 04:36:54,599
Into forests children were 
trained from an early age in the

5249
04:36:54,608 --> 04:36:56,599
Arts of Silent movement and 
Quick Escape. 

5250
04:36:57,300 --> 04:37:00,200
They learned to identify edible 
plants and safe hiding places, 

5251
04:37:00,200 --> 04:37:03,599
coming essential components of 
family, survival strategies, 

5252
04:37:03,599 --> 04:37:07,200
these practices for facilitated 
the generational transfer of 

5253
04:37:07,200 --> 04:37:09,900
illicit knowledge, which 
parallel the formal education 

5254
04:37:09,900 --> 04:37:12,800
systems of the upper classes. 
But this knowledge was crucial 

5255
04:37:12,800 --> 04:37:15,800
for survival. 
Psychological toll of living, 

5256
04:37:15,800 --> 04:37:18,300
constantly on the edge of legal 
disaster, shaped peasant 

5257
04:37:18,300 --> 04:37:21,599
Consciousness, and profound ways
every meal obtained. 

5258
04:37:21,599 --> 04:37:24,099
Through illegal means, carried 
the flavor of potential Doom. 

5259
04:37:25,200 --> 04:37:28,099
Families developed elaborate 
rituals for consuming forbidden 

5260
04:37:28,099 --> 04:37:31,400
Foods meals, eaten in darkness 
bones buried in Secret locations

5261
04:37:31,400 --> 04:37:34,000
in evidence destroyed with 
methodical care. 

5262
04:37:34,000 --> 04:37:38,599
Such Behavior wasn't paranoia, 
but a rational response to a 

5263
04:37:38,599 --> 04:37:40,800
system, where survival itself 
was criminalized. 

5264
04:37:41,599 --> 04:37:44,000
Weather patterns became 
essential information for the 

5265
04:37:44,000 --> 04:37:47,900
survival strategies of peasants 
stormy nights provided cover for

5266
04:37:47,900 --> 04:37:49,400
risky. 
Foraging Expeditions. 

5267
04:37:49,400 --> 04:37:53,099
Heavy snow might allow access to
previously dangerous areas while

5268
04:37:53,099 --> 04:37:56,700
covering tracks the phases of 
the moon determined when certain

5269
04:37:56,700 --> 04:37:58,800
activities were possible or 
suicidal. 

5270
04:37:58,800 --> 04:38:02,599
These variables, created a 
complex calendar of opportunity 

5271
04:38:02,599 --> 04:38:04,700
and danger that govern. 
The rhythm of illegal food, 

5272
04:38:04,700 --> 04:38:08,099
acquisition Summers brief 
abundance, presented, medieval 

5273
04:38:08,099 --> 04:38:11,099
peasants with their greatest 
opportunity, and most critical 

5274
04:38:11,099 --> 04:38:13,700
challenge. 
Transforming a few precious 

5275
04:38:13,700 --> 04:38:16,300
months of Plenty into fuel for 
survival through the dark 

5276
04:38:16,300 --> 04:38:19,500
Barren, winter ahead. 
The task wasn't simply about 

5277
04:38:19,500 --> 04:38:21,800
storing food. 
It was about mastering the 

5278
04:38:21,800 --> 04:38:24,000
complex chemistry of 
preservation using technique 

5279
04:38:24,000 --> 04:38:27,599
that represented centuries of 
accumulated, wisdom about 

5280
04:38:27,599 --> 04:38:33,200
battling time bacteria and 
decay, The race against spoilage

5281
04:38:33,200 --> 04:38:36,800
began with the earliest crops 
peasants understood that timing 

5282
04:38:36,800 --> 04:38:39,800
was everything Harvest, two 
early, and you lost precious 

5283
04:38:39,800 --> 04:38:42,700
calories, too late and you lost 
everything to rot. 

5284
04:38:43,500 --> 04:38:46,099
A developed, an intuitive grasp 
of plant chemistry. 

5285
04:38:46,099 --> 04:38:47,599
That wouldn't be formally 
understood. 

5286
04:38:48,400 --> 04:38:51,599
Until modern times, it was 
important to know precisely when

5287
04:38:51,599 --> 04:38:54,200
fruits reached their Peak sugar 
content for optimal 

5288
04:38:54,200 --> 04:38:57,700
preservation, when vegetables 
achieved maximum nutritional 

5289
04:38:57,700 --> 04:39:01,200
density, and when grains contain
the appropriate moisture levels 

5290
04:39:01,200 --> 04:39:04,599
for long-term storage. 
Salt was the gold standard of 

5291
04:39:04,599 --> 04:39:07,800
preservation, but for peasants, 
it was nearly as precious as 

5292
04:39:07,800 --> 04:39:10,700
actual gold. 
The few pounds of salt are 

5293
04:39:10,700 --> 04:39:13,200
family could afford annually had
to be allocated with 

5294
04:39:13,200 --> 04:39:16,200
mathematical Precision. 
They developed elaborate 

5295
04:39:16,200 --> 04:39:19,599
hierarchies of preservation, 
which foods, deserved precious 

5296
04:39:19,599 --> 04:39:22,200
salt treatment, which could be 
preserved through other methods 

5297
04:39:22,200 --> 04:39:25,000
and which had to be consumed 
immediately despite their 

5298
04:39:25,000 --> 04:39:28,700
seasonal abundance. 
The salting process itself was 

5299
04:39:28,700 --> 04:39:32,200
an art form, peasants created, 
specialized salt boxes with 

5300
04:39:32,200 --> 04:39:36,099
precise, ratios of salt to food.
Understanding that two little 

5301
04:39:36,099 --> 04:39:38,800
salt meant spoilage while too 
much meant waste of their most 

5302
04:39:38,800 --> 04:39:42,000
precious commodity. 
They learned to Pack Meat and 

5303
04:39:42,000 --> 04:39:45,600
Fish, and specific patterns that
maximize preservation while 

5304
04:39:45,600 --> 04:39:49,200
minimizing salt usage. 
Different cuts of meat required 

5305
04:39:49,200 --> 04:39:52,700
different salting techniques 
knowledge passed down through 

5306
04:39:52,700 --> 04:39:55,400
generations of families who 
understood that a mistaken 

5307
04:39:55,400 --> 04:39:58,200
preservation could mean 
starvation months later. 

5308
04:39:59,100 --> 04:40:02,300
However peasant also developed 
preservation techniques that did

5309
04:40:02,300 --> 04:40:06,200
not require expensive materials.
Smoking was the most common 

5310
04:40:06,200 --> 04:40:09,200
alternative though. 
It demanded constant attention 

5311
04:40:09,200 --> 04:40:11,300
and fuel. 
They built sophisticated. 

5312
04:40:11,300 --> 04:40:14,100
Smokehouses using locally 
available materials 

5313
04:40:14,100 --> 04:40:16,600
understanding, which would 
produce the best. 

5314
04:40:16,600 --> 04:40:19,600
Preservative smoke in which 
combinations of temperature in 

5315
04:40:19,600 --> 04:40:21,400
humidity achieved optimal 
results. 

5316
04:40:22,300 --> 04:40:25,600
Applewood Oak and Beech reprised
for their antimicrobial 

5317
04:40:25,600 --> 04:40:29,200
properties, and subtle flavors, 
while Pine and other resinous 

5318
04:40:29,200 --> 04:40:31,400
Woods were avoided for their 
bitter taste and potential 

5319
04:40:31,400 --> 04:40:34,600
toxicity. 
The construction of smokehouses 

5320
04:40:34,600 --> 04:40:37,200
revealed the collective nature 
of peasant preservation, efforts

5321
04:40:37,200 --> 04:40:40,400
individual families. 
Rarely had enough fuel or food 

5322
04:40:40,400 --> 04:40:42,500
to justify complete smoking 
operation. 

5323
04:40:42,500 --> 04:40:46,300
So communities pulled resources,
this created complex social 

5324
04:40:46,300 --> 04:40:49,000
Arrangements, where families 
contributed different elements, 

5325
04:40:49,000 --> 04:40:52,700
one, provided the structure, 
another the fuel, and a third, 

5326
04:40:52,708 --> 04:40:54,800
the technical knowledge and 
shared the results. 

5327
04:40:54,800 --> 04:40:57,300
According to elaborate formulas 
that ensured fairness while 

5328
04:40:57,300 --> 04:41:00,700
maximizing efficiency. 
Drawing represented another 

5329
04:41:00,700 --> 04:41:03,600
crucial preservation technology 
that peasants refined to 

5330
04:41:03,600 --> 04:41:07,000
Scientific precision. 
They understood the relationship

5331
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:10,800
between air circulation, temper 
and humidity that determines 

5332
04:41:10,800 --> 04:41:13,400
successful drying vs dangerous 
spoilage. 

5333
04:41:14,300 --> 04:41:17,100
Vegetables were cut into 
specific shapes and sizes that 

5334
04:41:17,100 --> 04:41:20,100
maximize surface area while 
maintaining structural 

5335
04:41:20,100 --> 04:41:22,900
integrity. 
Combinations of saltwater and 

5336
04:41:22,900 --> 04:41:25,200
honey, treated the fruits 
preventing Browning and 

5337
04:41:25,200 --> 04:41:28,600
accelerating moisture loss. 
The physical infrastructure of 

5338
04:41:28,600 --> 04:41:31,600
drying required, sophisticated 
understanding of architecture 

5339
04:41:31,600 --> 04:41:34,000
and meteorology. 
Peasant. 

5340
04:41:34,000 --> 04:41:36,000
Homes Incorporated, specialized 
drying areas. 

5341
04:41:37,200 --> 04:41:39,900
Is with controlled ventilation 
outdoor structures. 

5342
04:41:39,900 --> 04:41:42,400
That could be adjusted for 
seasonal wind patterns and 

5343
04:41:42,400 --> 04:41:44,900
indoor systems that took 
advantage of Hearth heat without

5344
04:41:44,900 --> 04:41:47,800
creating fire hazards. 
Despite their seemingly 

5345
04:41:47,800 --> 04:41:50,800
accidental appearance. 
These features are the result of

5346
04:41:50,800 --> 04:41:53,500
meticulous planning and 
generations of accumulated 

5347
04:41:53,500 --> 04:41:56,200
engineering knowledge. 
Fermentation was perhaps the 

5348
04:41:56,200 --> 04:41:58,900
most sophisticated preservation 
technique available to peasants,

5349
04:41:58,900 --> 04:42:00,800
though. 
They didn't understand the 

5350
04:42:00,800 --> 04:42:03,200
scientific principles that made 
it work in you. 

5351
04:42:03,200 --> 04:42:06,100
That certain combinations of 
vegetables, salt and controlled 

5352
04:42:06,100 --> 04:42:08,900
environments produced foods that
not only lasted through winter, 

5353
04:42:08,900 --> 04:42:12,100
but actually improved in flavor 
and nutritional value. 

5354
04:42:12,800 --> 04:42:15,900
Sauerkraut, pickled vegetables 
and fermented grain products 

5355
04:42:15,900 --> 04:42:18,000
weren't luxury is, but survival 
necessities. 

5356
04:42:18,900 --> 04:42:21,700
The process of fermentation 
required, precise control of 

5357
04:42:21,700 --> 04:42:25,000
variables that peasants managed 
through careful observation and 

5358
04:42:25,000 --> 04:42:27,600
inherited wisdom. 
They understood Which vessels 

5359
04:42:27,600 --> 04:42:30,600
produced the best results which 
ambient temperatures were 

5360
04:42:30,600 --> 04:42:34,500
optimal and which signs 
indicated successful in vs. 

5361
04:42:34,500 --> 04:42:37,300
Dangerous spoilage. 
This knowledge was closely 

5362
04:42:37,300 --> 04:42:40,200
guarded and carefully, 
transmitted since a family's 

5363
04:42:40,200 --> 04:42:42,900
fermentation skills, could mean 
the difference between survival 

5364
04:42:42,900 --> 04:42:46,800
and starvation. 
Storage technology represented 

5365
04:42:46,800 --> 04:42:48,200
another area. 
Where peasants? 

5366
04:42:48,200 --> 04:42:50,500
Demonstrated remarkable 
sophistication. 

5367
04:42:51,400 --> 04:42:53,800
Root Cellars weren't simple, 
holes in the ground, but 

5368
04:42:53,800 --> 04:42:56,200
carefully engineered systems 
that maintained optimal 

5369
04:42:56,200 --> 04:42:59,000
temperature and humidity for 
different types of preserved 

5370
04:42:59,000 --> 04:43:01,300
Foods. 
They understood the principle of

5371
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:04,000
thermal Mass using Stone and 
Earth to create stable 

5372
04:43:04,000 --> 04:43:06,800
environments that protected food
from both freezing and excessive

5373
04:43:06,800 --> 04:43:09,200
Heat. 
The organization of stored food 

5374
04:43:09,200 --> 04:43:11,700
revealed the mathematical 
Precision that governed peasants

5375
04:43:11,700 --> 04:43:14,700
of survival calculations 
families, developed elaborate 

5376
04:43:14,700 --> 04:43:17,500
inventory systems that track not
just what food was stored. 

5377
04:43:17,500 --> 04:43:20,800
But when it would spoil which 
items needed to be consumed 

5378
04:43:20,800 --> 04:43:23,300
first and how to rotate stocks 
to minimize waste. 

5379
04:43:23,300 --> 04:43:26,600
The result wasn't casual 
organization that life or death 

5380
04:43:26,600 --> 04:43:28,900
Resource Management. 
That required constant attention

5381
04:43:28,900 --> 04:43:33,000
and precise calculation food. 
In medieval Society, wasn't just

5382
04:43:33,000 --> 04:43:36,900
a complex language that 
communicated social status, 

5383
04:43:36,900 --> 04:43:41,600
legal rights and political power
with ruthless Precision, every 

5384
04:43:41,600 --> 04:43:44,300
meal consumed. 
Every ingredient access to every

5385
04:43:44,300 --> 04:43:47,600
cooking method, employed carried
messages, about social hierarchy

5386
04:43:47,600 --> 04:43:50,200
that were as clearly understood 
as any written law. 

5387
04:43:51,100 --> 04:43:53,900
For peasants, navigating. 
This edible caste system meant 

5388
04:43:53,900 --> 04:43:56,000
understanding, not just what 
they could eat but what they 

5389
04:43:56,008 --> 04:43:58,900
were allowed to eat as well as 
the severe consequences of 

5390
04:43:58,900 --> 04:44:01,500
transgressing these Unwritten, 
but strictly, enforced 

5391
04:44:01,500 --> 04:44:06,700
boundaries, The medieval concept
of sumptuary laws extended far 

5392
04:44:06,700 --> 04:44:09,800
beyond clothing, regulations to 
Encompass detailed restrictions 

5393
04:44:09,800 --> 04:44:12,600
on food consumption. 
These weren't suggestion. 

5394
04:44:12,600 --> 04:44:15,600
But legal requirements backed by
the full force of feudal 

5395
04:44:15,600 --> 04:44:18,700
Authority. peasants were 
forbidden from consuming white 

5396
04:44:18,700 --> 04:44:23,700
bread fresh meat from large 
game, imported spices or refined

5397
04:44:23,700 --> 04:44:28,700
sugar not These items were 
unavailable and consuming them 

5398
04:44:28,700 --> 04:44:31,500
represented an illegal attempt 
to assume the Privileges of 

5399
04:44:31,500 --> 04:44:34,900
higher social classes. 
Consider, the complex hierarchy 

5400
04:44:34,900 --> 04:44:37,900
of bread, which served as the 
most visible symbol of social 

5401
04:44:37,900 --> 04:44:41,000
stratification. 
At the Pinnacle set man. 

5402
04:44:41,000 --> 04:44:43,300
Shake bread made from twice 
sifted wheat, flour. 

5403
04:44:43,300 --> 04:44:46,100
So refined it to almost ethereal
white whiteness. 

5404
04:44:46,700 --> 04:44:49,500
This was reserved exclusively 
for the highest nobility and 

5405
04:44:49,500 --> 04:44:52,300
clergy. 
Below those ranks came cheap 

5406
04:44:52,300 --> 04:44:55,800
bread made from wheat flour, 
sifted once acceptable. 

5407
04:44:55,800 --> 04:44:57,400
For lesser Nobles and wealthy 
merchants. 

5408
04:44:58,400 --> 04:45:01,200
Peasants were legally restricted
to Massillon bread made from 

5409
04:45:01,200 --> 04:45:05,200
mixed grains or horse bread made
from Beans oats and whatever 

5410
04:45:05,200 --> 04:45:06,800
other grains could be scraped 
together. 

5411
04:45:07,900 --> 04:45:10,400
The enforcement of these bread 
laws was both systemic and 

5412
04:45:10,400 --> 04:45:13,700
brutal Bakers Who Sold white 
bread to peasants face. 

5413
04:45:13,700 --> 04:45:17,800
Severe penalties, including 
public humiliation, massive 

5414
04:45:17,800 --> 04:45:21,900
fines or even imprisonment. 
Peasants Court consuming bread 

5415
04:45:21,900 --> 04:45:25,300
about their station could face 
accusations of theft fraud 

5416
04:45:25,300 --> 04:45:29,100
retaining to falsely represent 
their social status crimes that 

5417
04:45:29,108 --> 04:45:32,600
carried severe punishments in US
Society, obsessed with 

5418
04:45:32,600 --> 04:45:36,200
maintaining rigid, hierarchical 
boundaries meat consumption, 

5419
04:45:36,200 --> 04:45:39,000
presented an even more complex 
web of legal and social 

5420
04:45:39,000 --> 04:45:42,100
restrictions law and custom 
carefully regulated. 

5421
04:45:42,100 --> 04:45:45,400
The great Slaughter that 
occurred each autumn Nobles were

5422
04:45:45,408 --> 04:45:48,900
entitled to the best cuts such 
as the haunches loins and tender

5423
04:45:48,900 --> 04:45:52,200
portions, which not only 
provided the best nutrition, but

5424
04:45:52,200 --> 04:45:54,300
also served as symbols, of power
and authority. 

5425
04:45:55,400 --> 04:45:58,600
Peasants, if they gained access 
to meter, tall receive the awful

5426
04:45:58,600 --> 04:46:01,500
bones and scraps that Nobles 
considered beneath their 

5427
04:46:01,500 --> 04:46:03,700
dignity. 
But even this access was 

5428
04:46:03,700 --> 04:46:06,300
conditional. 
And regulated peasants could not

5429
04:46:06,300 --> 04:46:08,100
simply slaughter, their animals 
at Wills. 

5430
04:46:08,100 --> 04:46:10,800
Such decisions were subject to 
Manor, courts, feudal, 

5431
04:46:10,800 --> 04:46:13,900
obligations and seasonal 
restrictions that ensured, the 

5432
04:46:13,900 --> 04:46:17,100
nobility maintained control over
this precious resource. 

5433
04:46:18,200 --> 04:46:21,400
The timing of Slaughter was 
dictated by feudal law with 

5434
04:46:21,400 --> 04:46:23,900
peasants required to provide 
specified portion of their 

5435
04:46:23,900 --> 04:46:26,300
animals to their Lords before 
they could consume any 

5436
04:46:26,300 --> 04:46:29,600
themselves. 
The social implications of spice

5437
04:46:29,600 --> 04:46:32,700
consumption revealed another 
layer of this edible hierarchy. 

5438
04:46:33,700 --> 04:46:37,900
Imported spices like pepper 
cinnamon and cloves weren't just

5439
04:46:37,908 --> 04:46:39,900
expensive. 
They were symbols of 

5440
04:46:39,900 --> 04:46:42,900
international trade connections 
and political power. 

5441
04:46:42,900 --> 04:46:44,800
That peasants were forbidden 
from accessing. 

5442
04:46:45,600 --> 04:46:48,500
The possession of such spices 
could be interpreted as evidence

5443
04:46:48,500 --> 04:46:51,800
of theft illegal trading or 
fraudulent social potential. 

5444
04:46:52,900 --> 04:46:56,600
Peasants who flavored their food
with expensive spices faced 

5445
04:46:56,600 --> 04:46:59,800
investigation into how they 
obtained, such luxuries often 

5446
04:46:59,800 --> 04:47:02,100
leading to accusations of 
serious crimes. 

5447
04:47:02,100 --> 04:47:05,800
These conditions created a 
parallel economy of flavor where

5448
04:47:05,800 --> 04:47:09,100
peasants developed sophisticated
techniques for creating 

5449
04:47:09,100 --> 04:47:12,500
intriguing taste using only 
locally available legally 

5450
04:47:12,500 --> 04:47:17,500
permissible ingredients, Wild 
herbs forage seasonings and 

5451
04:47:17,500 --> 04:47:20,400
creative combinations of 
permitted Foods became the 

5452
04:47:20,400 --> 04:47:24,700
foundation of peasant Cuisine 
not by choice but by legal 

5453
04:47:24,700 --> 04:47:27,700
necessity. 
The creativity of peasant 

5454
04:47:27,700 --> 04:47:30,500
cooking wasn't born from 
culinary ambition, but from the 

5455
04:47:30,500 --> 04:47:33,500
need to create palatable meals. 
Within the confines of rigid 

5456
04:47:33,500 --> 04:47:37,400
social restrictions the concept 
of feast days revealed how even 

5457
04:47:37,400 --> 04:47:40,000
religious celebration was 
reinforced social hierarchy, 

5458
04:47:40,000 --> 04:47:43,400
through food distribution while 
the church preached a quality. 

5459
04:47:43,400 --> 04:47:46,400
Before God, the Practical 
reality of religious feasts, 

5460
04:47:46,400 --> 04:47:49,400
created carefully structured 
events, where social status 

5461
04:47:49,400 --> 04:47:51,700
determined what foods were 
distributed to whom. 

5462
04:47:52,600 --> 04:47:55,800
Nobles received the finest 
portions wealthy, merchants 

5463
04:47:55,800 --> 04:47:58,800
received good, but secondary 
cuts and peasants received 

5464
04:47:58,800 --> 04:48:01,400
whatever remained if anything 
remained at all. 

5465
04:48:02,000 --> 04:48:04,600
Table manners and eating customs
served as another method of 

5466
04:48:04,600 --> 04:48:08,500
enforcing social distinctions 
peasants weren't simply too poor

5467
04:48:08,500 --> 04:48:10,000
to afford elaborate dining 
implements. 

5468
04:48:10,000 --> 04:48:13,000
They were legally and socially 
prohibited from using them. 

5469
04:48:13,600 --> 04:48:17,700
The possession of Silver Spoons,
decorated plates, or a fine 

5470
04:48:17,700 --> 04:48:19,900
serving vessels, could be 
interpreted as theft or 

5471
04:48:19,900 --> 04:48:23,800
fraudulent social impersonation.
Peasants, 8 with their hands or 

5472
04:48:23,800 --> 04:48:26,000
simple, wooden. 
Implements not just from 

5473
04:48:26,000 --> 04:48:27,900
necessity, but from legal 
requirement. 

5474
04:48:28,800 --> 04:48:31,600
The distribution of food during 
times of scarcity revealed, the 

5475
04:48:31,608 --> 04:48:35,600
most brutal aspects of this 
social hierarchy during famines 

5476
04:48:35,600 --> 04:48:39,200
food wasn't distributed 
distributed based on need, but 

5477
04:48:39,200 --> 04:48:42,900
on social status Nobles maintain
their accustomed diets. 

5478
04:48:42,900 --> 04:48:45,800
While peasants starved not 
because there wasn't enough food

5479
04:48:45,800 --> 04:48:48,200
to go around but because the 
social order required that 

5480
04:48:48,200 --> 04:48:52,000
hierarchy maintained even unto 
death, Peasants died of 

5481
04:48:52,000 --> 04:48:54,300
starvation. 
While granaries owned by Nobles 

5482
04:48:54,300 --> 04:48:57,400
remained, full protected by 
legal and military force. 

5483
04:48:58,800 --> 04:49:01,700
Psychological impact of this 
food based social control was 

5484
04:49:01,700 --> 04:49:05,400
profound, and deliberate every 
meal, reminded peasants of their

5485
04:49:05,400 --> 04:49:08,300
place in society. 
Every flavor they couldn't taste

5486
04:49:08,300 --> 04:49:11,500
reinforced, their subordinate 
status, and every Feast, they 

5487
04:49:11,500 --> 04:49:13,700
couldn't attend. 
Demonstrated their exclusion 

5488
04:49:13,700 --> 04:49:17,600
from Full participation in 
community life, Food became a 

5489
04:49:17,600 --> 04:49:20,000
tool of social control more 
effective than any military 

5490
04:49:20,000 --> 04:49:22,300
force. 
Creating a system where peasants

5491
04:49:22,300 --> 04:49:25,300
internalize their subordination 
through daily acts of 

5492
04:49:25,308 --> 04:49:27,500
consumption. 
The medieval peasants 

5493
04:49:27,500 --> 04:49:29,900
relationship with food was 
governed by a merciless 

5494
04:49:29,900 --> 04:49:32,400
seasonal, cycle that swung 
between brief moments of 

5495
04:49:32,400 --> 04:49:35,400
relative, abundance and long 
months of desperate scarcity. 

5496
04:49:35,400 --> 04:49:39,100
This cycle wasn't the gentle 
seasonal variation of modern 

5497
04:49:39,100 --> 04:49:42,200
agriculture, but a dramatic 
oscillation between survival and

5498
04:49:42,208 --> 04:49:44,700
starvation. 
That shaped every aspect of 

5499
04:49:44,700 --> 04:49:47,700
peasant, Consciousness, social 
organization, and spiritual 

5500
04:49:47,700 --> 04:49:50,400
life. 
Understanding this rhythm is 

5501
04:49:50,400 --> 04:49:54,200
critical for comprehending, how 
peasants thought about food time

5502
04:49:54,200 --> 04:49:56,000
and their place in the natural 
world. 

5503
04:49:57,000 --> 04:49:59,800
Spring arrived. 
Not as a gentle Awakening. but 

5504
04:49:59,800 --> 04:50:04,200
as a competition Against Time 
and death, the hunger Gap, those

5505
04:50:04,200 --> 04:50:07,000
desperate weeks between the 
exhaustion of winter storms and 

5506
04:50:07,000 --> 04:50:10,200
the arrival of new crops 
represented the most dangerous 

5507
04:50:10,200 --> 04:50:13,600
period in The Peasant calendar. 
Families that had carefully 

5508
04:50:13,600 --> 04:50:16,200
rationed their preserved Foods 
Through The Long Winter months. 

5509
04:50:16,200 --> 04:50:19,700
Now, face the terrifying 
reality, that their calculations

5510
04:50:19,700 --> 04:50:23,400
might have been wronged. 
The period was when peasants 

5511
04:50:23,400 --> 04:50:26,800
were most likely to die, not 
from dramatic catastrophes but 

5512
04:50:26,800 --> 04:50:31,300
from the slow grinding process 
of starvation First edible 

5513
04:50:31,300 --> 04:50:35,100
greens of spring were literally 
Lifesavers dandelion leaves 

5514
04:50:35,100 --> 04:50:38,600
Nettles and wild onions weren't 
gathered for their flavor, but 

5515
04:50:38,600 --> 04:50:41,200
for their ability to provide 
essential nutrients to bodies 

5516
04:50:41,200 --> 04:50:43,200
weakened by months of minimal 
nutrition. 

5517
04:50:44,200 --> 04:50:46,900
Peasants developed encyclopedic,
knowledge of which plants 

5518
04:50:46,900 --> 04:50:51,100
emerged when which parts were 
edible and how to process them 

5519
04:50:51,100 --> 04:50:53,700
into forms that provided maximum
nutritional benefit. 

5520
04:50:53,700 --> 04:50:56,800
There are activity, wasn't 
foraging for pleasure, but in 

5521
04:50:56,800 --> 04:51:00,900
emergency medicine disguised as 
food Gathering the arrival of 

5522
04:51:00,900 --> 04:51:04,500
the first crops created a cycle 
of transformation as dramatic, 

5523
04:51:04,500 --> 04:51:07,900
as the nutritional won, the 
appearance of young leaks, early

5524
04:51:07,900 --> 04:51:10,600
cabbages and the first grain 
shoots represented, not just 

5525
04:51:10,600 --> 04:51:14,200
food, but hope itself. 
However, the temptation to 

5526
04:51:14,200 --> 04:51:16,800
consume these early crops 
immediately had to be balanced 

5527
04:51:16,800 --> 04:51:19,100
against the knowledge that 
premature harvesting meant 

5528
04:51:19,100 --> 04:51:22,500
reduced yields later. 
Peasants developed sophisticated

5529
04:51:22,500 --> 04:51:26,000
self-control mechanisms that 
allowed them to resist immediate

5530
04:51:26,000 --> 04:51:28,100
gratification in favor of 
long-term survival. 

5531
04:51:29,000 --> 04:51:31,700
Summer, provided the peasants 
with the closest experience of 

5532
04:51:31,700 --> 04:51:34,100
abundance yet. 
Even this was a company by 

5533
04:51:34,100 --> 04:51:36,800
anxiety. 
The brief months of Plenty, had 

5534
04:51:36,800 --> 04:51:38,600
to support. 
Not just immediate consumption 

5535
04:51:38,600 --> 04:51:41,500
but the preservation efforts 
that would determine Winter 

5536
04:51:41,500 --> 04:51:44,700
survival. 
The situation created a paradox 

5537
04:51:44,700 --> 04:51:47,700
where the season of greatest 
food availability was also the 

5538
04:51:47,700 --> 04:51:49,800
season of most intense labor and
worry. 

5539
04:51:50,500 --> 04:51:54,300
Every sunny day was precious for
drying crops every calm day 

5540
04:51:54,300 --> 04:51:57,400
crucial for harvesting grains 
and every favorable wind 

5541
04:51:57,400 --> 04:52:00,900
essential for threshing. 
The social dynamics of Summer 

5542
04:52:00,900 --> 04:52:03,900
abundance revealed the complex 
relationship between individual 

5543
04:52:03,900 --> 04:52:07,700
and Community survival. while 
families competed for the best 

5544
04:52:07,700 --> 04:52:10,800
harvesting opportunities and 
preservation resources, they 

5545
04:52:10,800 --> 04:52:14,100
also recognize that Community 
cooperation was essential for 

5546
04:52:14,100 --> 04:52:17,800
everyone survival Harvest 
Traditions, like Cooperative 

5547
04:52:17,800 --> 04:52:21,100
grain cutting shared threshing, 
operations and communal. 

5548
04:52:21,100 --> 04:52:24,400
Preservation activities weren't 
just social Customs, but 

5549
04:52:24,400 --> 04:52:26,900
survival strategies. 
That maximize, everyone's 

5550
04:52:26,900 --> 04:52:31,500
chances of surviving the coming,
winter, Autumn brought the crate

5551
04:52:31,500 --> 04:52:34,300
Reckoning the time when peasant 
families had to calculate 

5552
04:52:34,300 --> 04:52:36,400
whether their preservation 
efforts had been sufficient. 

5553
04:52:37,200 --> 04:52:40,200
This wasn't a casual assessment 
but a mathematical computation, 

5554
04:52:40,200 --> 04:52:43,500
that literally determined who 
would live and who might die 

5555
04:52:43,500 --> 04:52:47,500
during the coming winter. family
that had miscalculated either 

5556
04:52:47,500 --> 04:52:51,300
through poor planning, bad luck 
or insufficient resources face 

5557
04:52:51,300 --> 04:52:54,900
the terrible decision of whether
to consume their seed grain, the

5558
04:52:54,900 --> 04:52:57,800
choice between surviving the 
current winter or having crops 

5559
04:52:57,800 --> 04:53:01,300
to plant in the spring, The 
Autumn Slaughter was perhaps the

5560
04:53:01,300 --> 04:53:04,800
most emotionally complex aspect 
of the seasonal cycle animals 

5561
04:53:04,800 --> 04:53:07,300
that have been carefully tended 
through the summer, often 

5562
04:53:07,300 --> 04:53:10,900
developing relationships with 
their human caretakers, had to 

5563
04:53:10,900 --> 04:53:13,600
be killed and processed for what
a winter survival. 

5564
04:53:13,600 --> 04:53:17,600
This wasn't casual butchering 
but a skilled process that 

5565
04:53:17,600 --> 04:53:20,800
required maximizing the 
preservation value of every part

5566
04:53:20,800 --> 04:53:23,300
of the animal. 
Nothing could be wasted. 

5567
04:53:23,300 --> 04:53:26,500
Bones were saved for broth. 
Organs were preserved for winter

5568
04:53:26,500 --> 04:53:29,300
protein and even blood was 
captured and processed into 

5569
04:53:29,300 --> 04:53:32,500
sausages that provided essential
iron during the lean months. 

5570
04:53:33,300 --> 04:53:36,000
Winter was the season of careful
calculation and constant 

5571
04:53:36,000 --> 04:53:38,400
anxiety. 
Every meal consumed had to be 

5572
04:53:38,408 --> 04:53:40,800
weighed against the remaining 
stores in the weeks left to 

5573
04:53:40,800 --> 04:53:43,700
survive. 
Peasant families sophisticated 

5574
04:53:43,700 --> 04:53:46,700
rationing systems that ensured 
fair distribution while 

5575
04:53:46,700 --> 04:53:50,500
maximizing survival chances. 
These were arbitrary rules. 

5576
04:53:50,500 --> 04:53:54,400
But carefully calculated 
formulas based on age physical 

5577
04:53:54,400 --> 04:53:57,200
demands and contribution to 
family survival. 

5578
04:53:58,600 --> 04:54:00,200
Children and elderly family 
members. 

5579
04:54:00,200 --> 04:54:03,800
Often received smaller portions 
not from cruelty, but from the 

5580
04:54:03,800 --> 04:54:07,400
Grim mathematics of survival, 
the psychological impact of this

5581
04:54:07,400 --> 04:54:11,200
seasonal cycle created, a unique
relationship with time that 

5582
04:54:11,200 --> 04:54:14,800
differed fundamentally from 
modern experience. peasants 

5583
04:54:14,800 --> 04:54:17,600
didn't plan for the future in 
abstract terms, but in the 

5584
04:54:17,600 --> 04:54:21,100
concrete calculations of 
survival, they thought, in terms

5585
04:54:21,100 --> 04:54:25,200
of seed, time and Harvest Time, 
Slaughter time and preservation 

5586
04:54:25,200 --> 04:54:29,000
time, The calendar wasn't an 
administrative convenience, but 

5587
04:54:29,000 --> 04:54:33,000
a survival manual that dictated 
when to plant went to harvest, 

5588
04:54:33,000 --> 04:54:35,400
went to preserve and went to 
carefully. 

5589
04:54:35,400 --> 04:54:39,100
Ration, dwindling supplies 
religious observances aligned 

5590
04:54:39,100 --> 04:54:42,300
with these seasonal rhythms, 
creating a spiritual framework 

5591
04:54:42,300 --> 04:54:45,400
that helped peasants cope with 
the psychological stress of 

5592
04:54:45,400 --> 04:54:49,100
their survival cycle. 
Harvest festivals were just 

5593
04:54:49,100 --> 04:54:52,200
celebrations, but Community 
rituals, that reinforce social 

5594
04:54:52,200 --> 04:54:54,200
bonds essential for winter 
survival. 

5595
04:54:55,500 --> 04:54:58,500
Lenten fasting, coincided with 
the Natural Gas City of late, 

5596
04:54:58,500 --> 04:55:01,600
winter transforming. 
Necessity of virtue and 

5597
04:55:01,600 --> 04:55:04,300
providing spiritual meaning for 
unavoidable suffering. 

5598
04:55:05,500 --> 04:55:08,400
Seasonal, cycle also created, 
distinct patterns of disease, 

5599
04:55:08,400 --> 04:55:10,900
and mortality that shaped 
peasant, understanding of life, 

5600
04:55:10,900 --> 04:55:13,400
and death. 
Late winter and early spring. 

5601
04:55:13,400 --> 04:55:16,500
Saw the highest death rates as 
weakened bodies succumbed to the

5602
04:55:16,500 --> 04:55:19,500
combined effects of malnutrition
and seasonal illnesses. 

5603
04:55:20,700 --> 04:55:23,500
Summer, brought different health
challenges as the intense labor 

5604
04:55:23,500 --> 04:55:27,000
of harvest season strained. 
Bodies already weakened by bit 

5605
04:55:27,000 --> 04:55:29,600
previous deprivation. 
These patterns weren't random, 

5606
04:55:29,600 --> 04:55:32,500
but predictable consequences of 
the seasonal food cycle, that 

5607
04:55:32,500 --> 04:55:35,700
governed peasant, existence, the
desperate Innovations of 

5608
04:55:35,708 --> 04:55:39,200
medieval peasants, born from the
daily struggle between survival 

5609
04:55:39,200 --> 04:55:42,500
and starvation, created a food 
Legacy that continues to shape 

5610
04:55:42,500 --> 04:55:45,300
our world in ways. 
Most people never realize the 

5611
04:55:45,300 --> 04:55:47,900
techniques they developed for 
maximizing nutrition, from 

5612
04:55:47,900 --> 04:55:50,500
minimal resources, the 
preservation methods, they 

5613
04:55:50,500 --> 04:55:52,100
perfected through trial and 
error. 

5614
04:55:52,900 --> 04:55:56,400
And the social systems they 
created around food, sharing the

5615
04:55:56,400 --> 04:56:00,600
foundation for modern and 
agriculture, Cuisine, and food 

5616
04:56:00,600 --> 04:56:02,800
security systems that we take 
for granted today. 

5617
04:56:03,800 --> 04:56:06,900
Consider the profound impact of 
peasant grain cultivation on 

5618
04:56:06,900 --> 04:56:09,700
Modern agriculture. 
The Mixed Grain breads that 

5619
04:56:09,700 --> 04:56:13,600
peasants 8 from necessity 
combining wheat, barley oats and

5620
04:56:13,600 --> 04:56:17,900
Rye when nutritionally superior 
to the refined white breads 

5621
04:56:17,900 --> 04:56:21,200
consumed by the wealthy modern 
nutritional science has 

5622
04:56:21,200 --> 04:56:22,300
validated. 
What peasants? 

5623
04:56:22,300 --> 04:56:25,900
Knew intuitively Diverse grain 
combinations, provide more 

5624
04:56:25,900 --> 04:56:30,500
complete protein profiles, 
better mineral absorption and 

5625
04:56:30,500 --> 04:56:34,400
Superior overall nutrition. 
Today's artisanal bread 

5626
04:56:34,400 --> 04:56:37,000
movement, with its emphasis on 
whole grains. 

5627
04:56:37,000 --> 04:56:40,400
And complex fermentation is 
essentially rediscovering 

5628
04:56:40,400 --> 04:56:43,100
peasant baking techniques. 
Refined over centuries of 

5629
04:56:43,100 --> 04:56:46,900
survival driven innovation. 
The fermentation techniques that

5630
04:56:46,900 --> 04:56:49,100
peasants developed to preserve 
vegetables through winter 

5631
04:56:49,100 --> 04:56:51,800
months, became the foundation 
for modern food preservation 

5632
04:56:51,800 --> 04:56:54,700
Industries. 
Sauerkraut, kimchi pickled 

5633
04:56:54,700 --> 04:56:57,900
vegetables, and fermented dairy 
products, all Trace their 

5634
04:56:57,900 --> 04:56:59,900
lineage to Peasant preservation 
methods. 

5635
04:56:59,900 --> 04:57:03,100
The controlled bacterial 
cultures that peasants learn to 

5636
04:57:03,100 --> 04:57:04,900
manage through. 
Careful observation and 

5637
04:57:04,900 --> 04:57:07,700
inherited wisdom with a 
precursors to Modern 

5638
04:57:07,700 --> 04:57:10,300
understanding of beneficial 
microorganisms in food 

5639
04:57:10,300 --> 04:57:14,100
production. 
What we now call probiotics were

5640
04:57:14,100 --> 04:57:16,300
simply the natural result of 
peasant, fermentation 

5641
04:57:16,300 --> 04:57:18,900
techniques, designed to prevent 
spoilage and maximized 

5642
04:57:18,900 --> 04:57:22,200
nutritional value. 
The Peasant understanding of 

5643
04:57:22,200 --> 04:57:24,600
seasonal, eating created Food 
Systems, that modern 

5644
04:57:24,600 --> 04:57:27,900
environmentalists are only 
beginning to appreciate peasants

5645
04:57:27,900 --> 04:57:31,500
8 locally out of necessity 
consumed, seasonally due to 

5646
04:57:31,500 --> 04:57:34,800
circumstance and did not waste 
anything because they believed 

5647
04:57:34,800 --> 04:57:37,600
that Waste Management death. 
Their actions created 

5648
04:57:37,600 --> 04:57:40,100
agricultural systems that were 
inherently sustainable. 

5649
04:57:40,100 --> 04:57:42,800
Designed to maintain soil 
fertility. 

5650
04:57:42,800 --> 04:57:46,100
Preserve seed varieties. 
And support local ecosystems 

5651
04:57:46,100 --> 04:57:49,000
modern movements toward local 
food production, seasonally 

5652
04:57:49,000 --> 04:57:51,100
eating and zero. 
Waste cooking are essentially 

5653
04:57:51,100 --> 04:57:53,700
attempts to recreate the 
sustainable Food Systems that 

5654
04:57:53,700 --> 04:57:57,000
peasants developed through 
centuries of resource scarcity, 

5655
04:57:57,000 --> 04:58:00,900
the social aspects of peasant 
food culture, provided templates

5656
04:58:00,900 --> 04:58:03,100
for Community, resilience, that 
remain relevant today. 

5657
04:58:04,100 --> 04:58:07,100
The complex networks of food, 
sharing reciprocal, obligations 

5658
04:58:07,100 --> 04:58:09,900
and Collective preservation 
efforts that peasant communities

5659
04:58:09,900 --> 04:58:13,000
developed were sophisticated 
systems for managing scarcity 

5660
04:58:13,000 --> 04:58:16,800
and ensuring Community survival,
Modern food banks, Community 

5661
04:58:16,800 --> 04:58:19,300
Gardens and Cooperative buying 
organizations. 

5662
04:58:19,300 --> 04:58:22,700
All Echo, the social innovations
that peasants created to help 

5663
04:58:22,700 --> 04:58:24,900
their communities survive 
seasons of shortage. 

5664
04:58:25,800 --> 04:58:27,800
Medicinal use of food that 
peasants, practice, 

5665
04:58:27,800 --> 04:58:31,900
incorporating, wild herbs, 
fermented foods and specific 

5666
04:58:31,900 --> 04:58:33,800
plant combination for health 
benefits. 

5667
04:58:33,800 --> 04:58:37,000
Proceeded, modern, understanding
of functional foods, and 

5668
04:58:37,000 --> 04:58:41,100
nutraceuticals by centuries. 
Peasants, who added metal to 

5669
04:58:41,100 --> 04:58:44,900
their Portage for iron used for 
foods to Aid digestion and 

5670
04:58:44,900 --> 04:58:48,700
Incorporated specific herbs to 
fight infection were practicing 

5671
04:58:48,700 --> 04:58:50,700
preventive medicine through food
choices. 

5672
04:58:50,700 --> 04:58:54,800
Modern Research, into the health
benefits of traditional foods. 

5673
04:58:54,800 --> 04:58:57,300
Often validates peasant 
practices that were developed 

5674
04:58:57,300 --> 04:59:00,300
through empirical observation 
and passed down through 

5675
04:59:00,300 --> 04:59:03,200
generations. 
Peasant approach to cooking 

5676
04:59:03,200 --> 04:59:06,200
maximizing flavor and nutrition 
from minimal ingredients. 

5677
04:59:06,200 --> 04:59:09,200
Through techniques like slow 
cooking, fermentation, and 

5678
04:59:09,200 --> 04:59:11,900
careful, seasoning. 
With wild herbs, became the 

5679
04:59:11,908 --> 04:59:14,000
foundation for many of the 
world's most celebrated 

5680
04:59:14,000 --> 04:59:17,400
cuisines. 
French peasant cooking with its 

5681
04:59:17,400 --> 04:59:20,700
emphasis on slow braised dishes,
carefully, preserved, 

5682
04:59:20,700 --> 04:59:24,100
vegetables, and resourceful, use
of every part of an animal 

5683
04:59:24,100 --> 04:59:25,900
provided. 
The foundation for classical, 

5684
04:59:25,900 --> 04:59:29,800
French cuisine, Italian Peasant,
traditions of pasta, making 

5685
04:59:29,800 --> 04:59:34,300
cheese production and vegetable 
preservation became the basis 

5686
04:59:34,300 --> 04:59:37,400
for one of the world's most 
influential culinary traditions.

5687
04:59:38,400 --> 04:59:41,100
Preservation techniques that 
peasants perfected smoking, 

5688
04:59:41,100 --> 04:59:43,800
salting drying, and fermentation
Remain. 

5689
04:59:43,800 --> 04:59:46,300
The fundamental methods used in 
modern food production. 

5690
04:59:47,300 --> 04:59:50,300
Industrial food preservation, 
often simply mechanized and 

5691
04:59:50,300 --> 04:59:54,000
scales up the basic principles 
that peasant through necessity. 

5692
04:59:54,800 --> 04:59:57,600
The artisanal food movement 
emphasizes traditional 

5693
04:59:57,600 --> 05:00:00,900
preservation methods is 
essentially a return to Peasant 

5694
05:00:00,900 --> 05:00:03,700
technique that were abandoned 
during the industrialization of 

5695
05:00:03,700 --> 05:00:06,800
food production, The Peasant 
understanding of plant breeding 

5696
05:00:06,800 --> 05:00:10,700
and Seed selection developed 
through careful, observation of 

5697
05:00:10,700 --> 05:00:13,100
which plants produced the best 
yields under difficult 

5698
05:00:13,100 --> 05:00:15,600
conditions provided the 
foundation for modern 

5699
05:00:15,600 --> 05:00:19,200
Agricultural Science. 
Peasants who saved seeds from 

5700
05:00:19,200 --> 05:00:22,300
their most productive, plants 
selected for disease, resistance

5701
05:00:22,300 --> 05:00:26,200
and climate adaptability and 
maintain diverse varieties for 

5702
05:00:26,200 --> 05:00:29,100
all different growing conditions
were practicing plant. 

5703
05:00:29,100 --> 05:00:31,000
Breeding techniques that remain 
relevant today. 

5704
05:00:31,000 --> 05:00:34,600
Modern efforts to preserve 
heirloom varieties and maintain 

5705
05:00:34,600 --> 05:00:37,200
genetic diversity. 
In crops often focus on 

5706
05:00:37,200 --> 05:00:39,900
varieties originally developed 
by peasant farmers. 

5707
05:00:40,600 --> 05:00:42,900
The lesson of peasant, food 
culture, extends Beyond 

5708
05:00:42,900 --> 05:00:45,000
technique to philosophy 
peasants. 

5709
05:00:45,000 --> 05:00:46,600
Understood that food was 
precious. 

5710
05:00:46,600 --> 05:00:49,400
That waste was immoral. 
And that sharing resources was 

5711
05:00:49,400 --> 05:00:51,000
essential for Community 
survival. 

5712
05:00:52,100 --> 05:00:55,700
These values born from scarcity 
and necessity created food 

5713
05:00:55,700 --> 05:00:58,700
cultures that were inherently 
respectful of natural resources 

5714
05:00:58,700 --> 05:01:01,900
and focused on community welfare
rather than individual 

5715
05:01:01,900 --> 05:01:05,000
accumulation. 
As we Face, modern challenges of

5716
05:01:05,000 --> 05:01:07,600
climate change Resource City and
food. 

5717
05:01:07,600 --> 05:01:10,900
Insecurity, the wisdom embedded 
in peasant, Food Systems, 

5718
05:01:10,900 --> 05:01:14,500
becoming increasingly relevant, 
their techniques for maximizing 

5719
05:01:14,500 --> 05:01:17,200
nutrition from minimal 
resources, their understanding 

5720
05:01:17,200 --> 05:01:20,300
of sustainable agricultural 
practices, and their social 

5721
05:01:20,300 --> 05:01:23,800
systems for ensuring Community 
Food Security, provide helpful 

5722
05:01:23,800 --> 05:01:27,100
information about creating 
resilient Food Systems in an 

5723
05:01:27,100 --> 05:01:31,300
uncertain world. 
The story of what peasants 8 is 

5724
05:01:31,300 --> 05:01:33,500
ultimately the story of human 
Ingenuity in the face of 

5725
05:01:33,508 --> 05:01:36,700
adversity. 
Community cooperation in times 

5726
05:01:36,700 --> 05:01:40,500
of scarcity and the development 
of food systems that sustained 

5727
05:01:40,500 --> 05:01:42,400
civilization through its most 
challenging periods. 

5728
05:01:43,400 --> 05:01:46,100
Their legacy lives on, not just 
in the foods we eat, and the 

5729
05:01:46,100 --> 05:01:47,800
techniques we use. 
But in the fundamental 

5730
05:01:47,800 --> 05:01:51,600
understanding that food is both 
a necessity for survival and a 

5731
05:01:51,600 --> 05:01:54,200
foundation for Community culture
and human dignity. 

5732
05:01:55,300 --> 05:01:57,300
In Remembering their struggles 
and Innovations. 

5733
05:01:57,300 --> 05:02:00,600
We honor not just their memory 
but the ongoing human challenge 

5734
05:02:00,600 --> 05:02:02,900
of feeding ourselves and our 
communities with wisdom 

5735
05:02:02,900 --> 05:02:14,800
sustainability and justice Now 
picture yourself settling into a

5736
05:02:14,808 --> 05:02:18,000
comfortable chair with a warm 
cup of tea, ready to hear about 

5737
05:02:18,000 --> 05:02:20,700
some of the most overlooked 
Heroes of the Victorian era. 

5738
05:02:21,500 --> 05:02:24,000
You've probably walked through, 
countless manicured, Gardens 

5739
05:02:24,000 --> 05:02:27,400
admiring, the perfect, rose, 
beds, and pristine Lawns. 

5740
05:02:27,400 --> 05:02:30,300
But have you ever wondered about
the people who made that magic 

5741
05:02:30,300 --> 05:02:33,500
happen? 
Tonight, we are looking into the

5742
05:02:33,500 --> 05:02:35,300
hidden realm of Victorian 
gardeners. 

5743
05:02:35,300 --> 05:02:38,400
Revealing a life far more 
vibrant than the flowers. 

5744
05:02:38,400 --> 05:02:41,900
They nurtured, you might think 
gardening in the 1800s was all 

5745
05:02:41,900 --> 05:02:45,400
about peaceful pruning and 
gentle watering well prepared to

5746
05:02:45,408 --> 05:02:48,900
have that notion thoroughly. 
Composted Victorian gardeners 

5747
05:02:48,900 --> 05:02:52,400
lived in a world where a single 
wilted Orchid could cost someone

5748
05:02:52,400 --> 05:02:54,500
their job. 
Where stealing a cutting from 

5749
05:02:54,500 --> 05:02:57,100
the master's prize roses was 
considered Grand Theft. 

5750
05:02:58,000 --> 05:03:00,500
And where the difference between
knowing your Latin plant names 

5751
05:03:00,500 --> 05:03:03,100
and fumbling through common 
ones, could determine whether 

5752
05:03:03,100 --> 05:03:06,100
you ate well or went hungry. 
Let's start with what you 

5753
05:03:06,108 --> 05:03:10,100
probably didn't learn in History
Class, Victorian Gardens weren't

5754
05:03:10,100 --> 05:03:12,400
just pretty spaces for ladies to
stroll through, with their 

5755
05:03:12,400 --> 05:03:15,000
parasols. 
They were status symbols, as 

5756
05:03:15,000 --> 05:03:19,300
Cutthroat as any modern luxury, 
car collection, the wealthier, 

5757
05:03:19,300 --> 05:03:22,600
the family, the more exotic and 
impossible, their Garden demands

5758
05:03:22,600 --> 05:03:26,000
became imagine being told to 
grow pineapples in England. 

5759
05:03:26,000 --> 05:03:29,300
In January, there were no 
greenhouses as we know them 

5760
05:03:29,300 --> 05:03:31,300
today. 
That wasn't a request that was 

5761
05:03:31,300 --> 05:03:33,500
Tuesday. 
The responsibilities of the 

5762
05:03:33,508 --> 05:03:36,000
head, Gardener of a grand 
estate, were far more demanding 

5763
05:03:36,000 --> 05:03:38,200
than those of today's corporate 
Executives. 

5764
05:03:38,200 --> 05:03:41,600
You a responsible for feeding 
the family year round with fresh

5765
05:03:41,600 --> 05:03:45,100
produce, maintaining Acres of 
ornamental Gardens that had to 

5766
05:03:45,108 --> 05:03:48,600
look perfect for surprise visits
from the neighbors and somehow 

5767
05:03:48,600 --> 05:03:50,200
making it all appear, 
effortless. 

5768
05:03:51,300 --> 05:03:55,800
One Bad season, 1 party 
centerpiece nude find yourself 

5769
05:03:55,800 --> 05:03:58,500
looking for new employment with 
a reference that might as well 

5770
05:03:58,500 --> 05:04:01,700
have been in disappearing Inc. 
And here's where it gets 

5771
05:04:01,700 --> 05:04:03,900
interesting. 
And where our story really 

5772
05:04:03,900 --> 05:04:07,000
begins these gardeners 
established an underground 

5773
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:10,500
Network, that would Inspire envy
and modern social media 

5774
05:04:10,500 --> 05:04:13,300
influences. 
They traded seeds, like, current

5775
05:04:13,300 --> 05:04:15,800
sea. 
Shared growing secrets in hushed

5776
05:04:15,800 --> 05:04:19,400
conversation at the local pub 
and developed elaborate systems 

5777
05:04:19,400 --> 05:04:20,700
for covering each other's 
mistakes. 

5778
05:04:21,800 --> 05:04:24,700
A prize-winning dahlia didn't 
just represent one person's 

5779
05:04:24,700 --> 05:04:26,500
skill. 
It was often the result of 

5780
05:04:26,508 --> 05:04:30,000
months of collaboration between 
gardeners who officially weren't

5781
05:04:30,000 --> 05:04:31,100
supposed to be talking to each 
other. 

5782
05:04:31,100 --> 05:04:35,100
You see during the Victorian 
era, strict rules prohibited 

5783
05:04:35,100 --> 05:04:37,900
servants from fraternizing, but 
it was nearly impossible to 

5784
05:04:37,900 --> 05:04:40,000
prevent gardeners from sharing 
growing tips. 

5785
05:04:40,700 --> 05:04:43,100
It's like trying to keep Bakers 
from discussing yeast, 

5786
05:04:43,100 --> 05:04:45,700
completely impossible and 
slightly ridiculous. 

5787
05:04:45,700 --> 05:04:49,800
So they found ways around the 
rules, they'd accidentally meet 

5788
05:04:49,800 --> 05:04:53,000
at the seed Merchants shop. 
Leave coded notes tucked into 

5789
05:04:53,000 --> 05:04:55,900
Greenhouse flower pots and 
develop a system of plant 

5790
05:04:55,900 --> 05:04:59,000
exchanges that operated with the
efficiency of a black market. 

5791
05:04:59,900 --> 05:05:02,800
The real secret of Victorian 
Garden's wasn't just the plants.

5792
05:05:02,800 --> 05:05:06,300
It was the people. 
Behind every perfectly, 

5793
05:05:06,300 --> 05:05:09,100
manicured hedge was someone who 
had probably spent Years 

5794
05:05:09,100 --> 05:05:12,800
Learning through trial era and 
the occasional spectacular 

5795
05:05:12,800 --> 05:05:15,500
failure that had to be covered 
up before the master notice. 

5796
05:05:15,500 --> 05:05:19,100
These were not just employees 
following a manual, they were 

5797
05:05:19,100 --> 05:05:24,200
artists scientists and diplomats
all rolled into one soil stained

5798
05:05:24,200 --> 05:05:26,900
package tonight as you drift off
to sleep. 

5799
05:05:26,900 --> 05:05:30,200
Imagine walking through one of 
these Grand Garden's at dawn. 

5800
05:05:31,000 --> 05:05:34,000
The Mist is still hanging over 
the carefully, planted beds and 

5801
05:05:34,000 --> 05:05:37,000
somewhere in the distance, you 
can hear the soft scraping of 

5802
05:05:37,000 --> 05:05:40,100
tools against soil. 
And if you look closely really 

5803
05:05:40,100 --> 05:05:43,100
closely, you might catch a 
glimpse of something far more 

5804
05:05:43,108 --> 05:05:47,200
intriguing than perfect roses. 
The intricate web of Secrets 

5805
05:05:47,200 --> 05:05:51,200
alliances and gentle rebellions 
that kept the Victorian Garden, 

5806
05:05:51,200 --> 05:05:55,100
World spinning, sweet dreams, 
and welcome to the real story of

5807
05:05:55,108 --> 05:05:58,100
the people who made England 
Bloom settled back into your 

5808
05:05:58,100 --> 05:06:00,400
cozy spot. 
Because you're about to learn 

5809
05:06:00,400 --> 05:06:03,400
about one of the most delicious 
scandals of the Victorian era 

5810
05:06:03,400 --> 05:06:06,800
and it all started with a fruit 
that had no business growing in 

5811
05:06:06,800 --> 05:06:09,400
England. 
You have to understand something

5812
05:06:09,400 --> 05:06:13,200
about victorians and their 
pineapples in the 1800s. 

5813
05:06:13,200 --> 05:06:16,200
A fresh pineapple was worth more
than most people's monthly wages

5814
05:06:16,200 --> 05:06:19,600
were talking about a fruit. 
So expensive that wealthy 

5815
05:06:19,600 --> 05:06:22,300
families would rent them for 
dinner parties, just to display 

5816
05:06:22,300 --> 05:06:24,900
on the table, then return them 
to the shop afterwards. 

5817
05:06:25,500 --> 05:06:29,200
Yes, you read that, right? 
Pineapple rental services were 

5818
05:06:29,200 --> 05:06:32,600
an actual business model. 
Only the truly wealthy could 

5819
05:06:32,600 --> 05:06:35,800
afford to actually eat one and 
doing so was roughly equivalent 

5820
05:06:35,800 --> 05:06:38,600
to serve in your guests. 
Caviar topped with gold leaf. 

5821
05:06:39,500 --> 05:06:42,300
Naturally these circumstances 
meant every self-respecting 

5822
05:06:42,300 --> 05:06:45,300
Victorian estate owner 
absolutely had to grow their own

5823
05:06:45,300 --> 05:06:48,100
pineapples. 
Not because it made Financial 

5824
05:06:48,100 --> 05:06:51,100
sense. 
It didn't But because having a 

5825
05:06:51,100 --> 05:06:54,100
fresh pineapple from your own 
garden was the ultimate Flex. 

5826
05:06:54,100 --> 05:06:57,000
It was like parking a 
Rolls-Royce in your driveway, 

5827
05:06:57,000 --> 05:07:00,800
except the Rolls-Royce needed to
be kept at exactly 65 degrees 

5828
05:07:00,800 --> 05:07:03,500
watered with precision and could
die. 

5829
05:07:03,500 --> 05:07:08,100
If you looked at it wrong, enter
our unsung heroes, the gardeners

5830
05:07:08,100 --> 05:07:10,700
who somehow had to make this 
Impossible Dream Come True. 

5831
05:07:10,700 --> 05:07:13,500
Growing tropical fruit in a 
climate where summer 

5832
05:07:13,500 --> 05:07:16,600
temperatures barely reached what
pineapples considered mildly 

5833
05:07:16,600 --> 05:07:20,000
unpleasant required creativity 
that bordered on genius. 

5834
05:07:20,000 --> 05:07:22,300
They built elaborate structures 
called. 

5835
05:07:22,300 --> 05:07:25,500
Pineries think of them as the 
great great grandparents of 

5836
05:07:25,500 --> 05:07:28,500
modern greenhouse's but heated 
with coal furnaces and 

5837
05:07:28,500 --> 05:07:29,900
maintained by pure 
determination. 

5838
05:07:31,000 --> 05:07:34,500
However, the truly clever aspect
extended Beyond, just the 

5839
05:07:34,500 --> 05:07:37,600
building's. 
Victorian gardeners developed a 

5840
05:07:37,600 --> 05:07:39,300
secret Network for sharing 
pineapple. 

5841
05:07:39,300 --> 05:07:42,300
Growing intelligence, that would
have impressed Cold War spies, 

5842
05:07:42,300 --> 05:07:44,600
they couldn't exactly advertise 
their methods. 

5843
05:07:44,600 --> 05:07:48,300
After all each estate wanted to 
maintain the illusion that their

5844
05:07:48,300 --> 05:07:51,600
miraculous pineapple production 
was due to Superior breeding and

5845
05:07:51,600 --> 05:07:54,100
natural Talent not borrow 
technique's. 

5846
05:07:54,100 --> 05:07:58,400
So they got creative with their 
communication Certain 

5847
05:07:58,400 --> 05:08:01,300
arrangement of tools left 
outside the greenhouse meant my 

5848
05:08:01,300 --> 05:08:03,200
pineapples are struggling with 
fungus. 

5849
05:08:04,800 --> 05:08:07,200
Particular way of stacking 
flower pots was a code for. 

5850
05:08:07,200 --> 05:08:08,800
I figured out the heating 
problem. 

5851
05:08:09,600 --> 05:08:12,000
They'd slip each other notes 
hidden inside seed packets. 

5852
05:08:12,000 --> 05:08:16,100
Share growing charts disguised 
as grocery lists and develop 

5853
05:08:16,100 --> 05:08:18,600
elaborate excuses. 
For visiting neighboring states,

5854
05:08:18,600 --> 05:08:21,500
that always seem to involve 
lengthy tours of the pineapple 

5855
05:08:21,500 --> 05:08:24,900
houses, the best part. 
Many of these gardeners were 

5856
05:08:24,900 --> 05:08:27,700
essentially running. 
Scientific experiments wouldn't 

5857
05:08:27,700 --> 05:08:30,100
have been out of place in modern
agricultural, research 

5858
05:08:30,100 --> 05:08:32,100
facilities. 
They tracked, temperature 

5859
05:08:32,100 --> 05:08:35,300
variations experimented with 
different soil, mixtures and 

5860
05:08:35,300 --> 05:08:37,700
developed heating genuinely 
Innovative systems. 

5861
05:08:38,700 --> 05:08:41,700
One Gardener famously discovered
that placing mirrors around his 

5862
05:08:41,700 --> 05:08:44,700
pineapple plants, increased 
their growth rate a technique 

5863
05:08:44,700 --> 05:08:46,700
that modern horticulturist still
used today. 

5864
05:08:47,700 --> 05:08:50,200
At the pineapple conspiracy went
deeper than just growing 

5865
05:08:50,200 --> 05:08:53,000
techniques. 
When a particularly important in

5866
05:08:53,000 --> 05:08:56,000
a party was approaching and the 
estate's, pineapples, were quite

5867
05:08:56,000 --> 05:08:58,300
ready. 
Gardeners would engage in. 

5868
05:08:58,300 --> 05:09:00,300
What we might polite, politely, 
call fruit dip. 

5869
05:09:01,700 --> 05:09:03,800
A perfectly right? 
Pineapple might mysteriously 

5870
05:09:03,800 --> 05:09:06,800
appear from a neighboring estate
with the understanding that the 

5871
05:09:06,800 --> 05:09:08,900
favor would be returned when 
their crop was ready. 

5872
05:09:09,700 --> 05:09:12,500
Careful timing and absolute 
discretion were necessary for 

5873
05:09:12,500 --> 05:09:15,400
these exchanges. 
Imagine being responsible for 

5874
05:09:15,400 --> 05:09:18,700
secretly transporting, a 
pineapple with several months of

5875
05:09:18,700 --> 05:09:21,500
wages, across the countryside 
knowing that if it arrived 

5876
05:09:21,500 --> 05:09:24,800
damaged, or if anyone discovered
the deception, multiple jobs 

5877
05:09:24,800 --> 05:09:27,200
would be lost and reputations, 
ruined forever. 

5878
05:09:28,300 --> 05:09:30,700
The lengths they went to were 
sometimes absurd. 

5879
05:09:31,500 --> 05:09:34,500
One documented case involves a 
gardener who dressed up as a 

5880
05:09:34,508 --> 05:09:37,500
traveling Merchant to deliver a 
prize pineapple to arrival. 

5881
05:09:37,500 --> 05:09:41,000
Estate complete with a fake 
accent and a made up backstory 

5882
05:09:41,000 --> 05:09:45,000
about fruit imports from London.
Another Gardener developed an 

5883
05:09:45,000 --> 05:09:47,200
elaborate system of underground 
tunnels that connected 

5884
05:09:47,200 --> 05:09:50,700
neighboring Pioneers allowing 
for discrete pineapple exchanges

5885
05:09:50,700 --> 05:09:52,900
and avoiding any awkward 
questions from the household 

5886
05:09:52,900 --> 05:09:55,500
staff. 
As you nestled deeper into your 

5887
05:09:55,500 --> 05:09:58,900
blankets tonight, picture these 
dedicated Souls tending. 

5888
05:09:58,900 --> 05:10:02,000
Their tropical Treasures in the 
English Countryside, armed with 

5889
05:10:02,000 --> 05:10:05,300
the monitors Cole, shovels, and 
an impressive network of 

5890
05:10:05,300 --> 05:10:09,300
Horticultural spies. 
Their legacy lives on every time

5891
05:10:09,300 --> 05:10:12,400
you casually, slice up a 
pineapple for a snack, something

5892
05:10:12,400 --> 05:10:15,200
that would have seemed like pure
magic to the Victorian families.

5893
05:10:15,200 --> 05:10:17,900
They served pour yourself 
another cup of tea and get 

5894
05:10:17,900 --> 05:10:20,600
comfortable because we're about 
to explore the Victorian 

5895
05:10:20,600 --> 05:10:22,200
equivalent of an underground 
railroad. 

5896
05:10:23,200 --> 05:10:26,400
Except instead of helping people
find Freedom, this network was 

5897
05:10:26,400 --> 05:10:28,700
all about helping rare, plants, 
find new homes. 

5898
05:10:29,500 --> 05:10:32,100
You might assume that in the 
rigid social hierarchy of 

5899
05:10:32,100 --> 05:10:35,300
Victorian England, a lowly 
Gardener had no business dealing

5900
05:10:35,300 --> 05:10:39,300
with exotic plants worth more 
than a carriage horse, you'd be 

5901
05:10:39,300 --> 05:10:42,300
wonderfully wrong. 
Some of the era's most valuable 

5902
05:10:42,300 --> 05:10:44,400
Botanical. 
Specimens changed hands through 

5903
05:10:44,400 --> 05:10:47,800
a shadowy network of gardeners 
who operated with the stealth of

5904
05:10:47,808 --> 05:10:51,100
Master criminals and the 
dedication of devoted parents. 

5905
05:10:51,800 --> 05:10:54,900
It all started with the 
victorians absolute obsession 

5906
05:10:54,900 --> 05:10:58,400
with collecting rare plants. 
The goal wasn't casual hobby. 

5907
05:10:58,400 --> 05:11:02,400
Gardening, this was Botanical 
Warfare Rich collectors were 

5908
05:11:02,400 --> 05:11:04,900
dispatch plant Hunters to remote
regions of the Empire. 

5909
05:11:04,900 --> 05:11:08,200
Taking significant risks to 
retrieve unique species. 

5910
05:11:09,300 --> 05:11:12,800
Single rare Orchid could be 
worth more than a house and 

5911
05:11:12,800 --> 05:11:15,200
owning something completely 
unique was the Botanical 

5912
05:11:15,200 --> 05:11:17,900
equivalent of having an original
Van Gogh in your city room. 

5913
05:11:19,400 --> 05:11:21,400
The complexity of our story 
begins here. 

5914
05:11:21,400 --> 05:11:24,800
The care of these precious 
plants required expertise. 

5915
05:11:25,800 --> 05:11:28,700
In the wealthy collectors, who 
could afford purchased them, 

5916
05:11:28,700 --> 05:11:31,400
often lack the knowledge 
necessary to keep them alive. 

5917
05:11:32,500 --> 05:11:35,700
Enter the gardeners who suddenly
found themselves custodians of 

5918
05:11:35,700 --> 05:11:38,700
Living Treasures worth more than
they earn in several lifetimes. 

5919
05:11:39,800 --> 05:11:42,700
the Smart Ones quickly realized 
they were sitting on a gold mine

5920
05:11:42,700 --> 05:11:46,000
literally, But they couldn't 
exactly March up to their 

5921
05:11:46,000 --> 05:11:49,000
employers and demand raises 
based on their plant Whispering 

5922
05:11:49,000 --> 05:11:51,900
abilities. 
Instead they developed something

5923
05:11:51,900 --> 05:11:55,800
far more clever, a secret 
sharing economy that operated 

5924
05:11:55,800 --> 05:11:57,900
entirely outside the official 
channels. 

5925
05:11:58,600 --> 05:12:00,900
Picture this. 
You're a head Gardener at a 

5926
05:12:00,908 --> 05:12:04,100
grand estate and you've 
successfully propagated a rare 

5927
05:12:04,100 --> 05:12:06,400
Himalayan Rhododendron that 
supposed to be impossible to 

5928
05:12:06,400 --> 05:12:09,400
grow in English soil. 
Your employer thinks he owns the

5929
05:12:09,400 --> 05:12:12,400
only specimen in the country, 
but you know, better through 

5930
05:12:12,400 --> 05:12:15,900
careful cultivation and a bit of
Botanical magic, you've got 

5931
05:12:15,900 --> 05:12:19,600
three healthy cuttings, ready to
plant now, tell your boss about 

5932
05:12:19,600 --> 05:12:22,400
your success and let him decide 
what to do with the extra 

5933
05:12:22,400 --> 05:12:24,900
plants. 
But you also know that the head 

5934
05:12:24,900 --> 05:12:27,900
Gardener at the estate, 50 miles
away has been struggling to keep

5935
05:12:27,900 --> 05:12:31,400
his employers prize Burmese 
orchids alive and you happen to 

5936
05:12:31,400 --> 05:12:33,400
figure out the secret orchid 
care. 

5937
05:12:34,500 --> 05:12:38,000
What develops is an elegant 
dance of neutral assistance that

5938
05:12:38,000 --> 05:12:42,200
would make modern networking, 
experts, weep With Envy, That 

5939
05:12:42,200 --> 05:12:44,800
rode a dendron cutting Finds Its
way to the Orchid expert 

5940
05:12:44,800 --> 05:12:48,200
Greenhouse while orchid care 
knowledge flows back in return. 

5941
05:12:49,600 --> 05:12:52,200
Both gardeners look like 
Geniuses to their employers. 

5942
05:12:52,200 --> 05:12:55,700
Both the state's maintain their 
reputation for Horticultural 

5943
05:12:55,700 --> 05:12:58,900
excellence and nobody asked too 
many questions about how these 

5944
05:12:58,900 --> 05:13:00,300
Botanical, Miracles, keep 
happening. 

5945
05:13:01,300 --> 05:13:04,300
The network operated through 
what you might call plausible 

5946
05:13:04,300 --> 05:13:06,900
deniability. 
Seeds would be discovered, 

5947
05:13:06,900 --> 05:13:08,900
growing wild and convenient 
locations. 

5948
05:13:08,900 --> 05:13:11,500
Cuttings would be found blown 
over from neighboring 

5949
05:13:11,500 --> 05:13:14,700
properties. 
During storms, rare plants were 

5950
05:13:14,700 --> 05:13:18,500
mysterious twin specimens that 
appeared just when other Gardens

5951
05:13:18,500 --> 05:13:21,900
needed the most The really 
sophisticated operations 

5952
05:13:21,900 --> 05:13:23,600
involved. 
What gardeners called Walking 

5953
05:13:23,600 --> 05:13:27,400
libraries elderly gardeners who 
had worked at multiple Estates 

5954
05:13:27,400 --> 05:13:30,800
over their careers and carried 
in their heads and encyclopedic.

5955
05:13:30,800 --> 05:13:33,500
Knowledge of who had what plants
and, who knew, what techniques, 

5956
05:13:33,500 --> 05:13:37,000
these living databases would 
make casual visits to various 

5957
05:13:37,000 --> 05:13:40,500
Gardens, ostensibly to admire 
the planting, but actually 

5958
05:13:40,500 --> 05:13:43,000
serving as information Brokers 
for the underground seed. 

5959
05:13:43,000 --> 05:13:46,300
Railway some gardeners became 
Legends in this Shadow World. 

5960
05:13:46,300 --> 05:13:49,600
There was reportedly one man, 
who could take a cutting from 

5961
05:13:49,600 --> 05:13:52,700
virtually any plant and get it 
to Route, earning him, the 

5962
05:13:52,700 --> 05:13:56,300
nickname, the propagator, his 
Services were so valued that 

5963
05:13:56,308 --> 05:13:59,600
gardeners would travel for days,
just to learn his techniques and

5964
05:13:59,600 --> 05:14:02,300
his methods were guarded more 
carefully than State secrets. 

5965
05:14:03,100 --> 05:14:05,400
The beauty of the system was its
gentle nature. 

5966
05:14:05,400 --> 05:14:08,600
Unlike other black markets, the 
underground seed Railway 

5967
05:14:08,600 --> 05:14:11,600
operated on principles of 
reciprocity and mutual benefit. 

5968
05:14:11,600 --> 05:14:14,900
No one was attempting to make 
quick money or dominate the 

5969
05:14:14,900 --> 05:14:18,600
market for rare plants. instead 
it was a community of 

5970
05:14:18,600 --> 05:14:22,000
craftspeople helping each other 
excel at their jobs, while 

5971
05:14:22,000 --> 05:14:26,600
keeping their employers happy 
and their positions secure You 

5972
05:14:26,608 --> 05:14:29,800
Close Your Eyes tonight. 
Imagine the quiet satisfaction 

5973
05:14:29,800 --> 05:14:32,600
of these Botanical conspirators,
tending. 

5974
05:14:32,600 --> 05:14:34,500
Their secret networks with the 
same care. 

5975
05:14:34,500 --> 05:14:37,800
They gave their visible Gardens 
knowing that their hidden Web of

5976
05:14:37,800 --> 05:14:40,100
Knowledge and generosity was, 
what really kept? 

5977
05:14:40,100 --> 05:14:41,900
The Victorian Garden World 
blooming. 

5978
05:14:41,900 --> 05:14:45,300
Now we're venturing into the 
surprisingly, Cutthroat world of

5979
05:14:45,300 --> 05:14:48,300
Victorian, weather prediction, 
and the lengths gardeners went 

5980
05:14:48,300 --> 05:14:50,800
to protect their green 
investments from Nature's mood 

5981
05:14:50,800 --> 05:14:53,200
swings. 
You probably think of weather 

5982
05:14:53,200 --> 05:14:55,100
forecasting. 
As a modern convenience, 

5983
05:14:55,100 --> 05:14:58,400
something involving satellites 
and meteorologists in front of 

5984
05:14:58,400 --> 05:15:01,400
greenscreens. 
However, Victorian gardeners 

5985
05:15:01,400 --> 05:15:04,300
were responsible for their own 
weather for casting and their 

5986
05:15:04,300 --> 05:15:08,000
livelihoods hinged on accuracy. 
A surprise Frost could destroy 

5987
05:15:08,000 --> 05:15:09,800
months of work in a single 
night. 

5988
05:15:09,800 --> 05:15:13,700
Turning a head Gardener from a 
respected, professional into an 

5989
05:15:13,700 --> 05:15:16,700
unemployed man with muddy boots 
and excellent references. 

5990
05:15:16,700 --> 05:15:20,400
Nobody wanted to read The 
challenge was that Victorian 

5991
05:15:20,400 --> 05:15:23,000
England's weather was about as 
predictable as a cat on catnip. 

5992
05:15:24,000 --> 05:15:27,400
spring could arrive in February 
or wait until May some of Mike 

5993
05:15:27,400 --> 05:15:30,200
bring tropical Heatwave or 
chilly rain that lasted for 

5994
05:15:30,200 --> 05:15:34,700
weeks and Autumn Well, Autumn 
was went everyone held their 

5995
05:15:34,700 --> 05:15:36,000
breath and hoped, they're 
carefully. 

5996
05:15:36,000 --> 05:15:38,100
Tended charges would survive 
until next year. 

5997
05:15:38,100 --> 05:15:42,000
So gardeners develop their own 
intelligence Network one, that 

5998
05:15:42,000 --> 05:15:45,100
would have made military 
strategist proud, they observed 

5999
05:15:45,100 --> 05:15:48,000
everything. 
The behavior of birds, the color

6000
05:15:48,000 --> 05:15:50,700
of sunset clouds. 
The way, there are thick joints 

6001
05:15:50,700 --> 05:15:53,700
felt on certain mornings. 
And even the mood of the Estates

6002
05:15:53,700 --> 05:15:57,700
cats, One famous Gardener swore.
He could predict Frost three 

6003
05:15:57,700 --> 05:16:00,700
days in advance by watching how 
the dairy cows position 

6004
05:16:00,700 --> 05:16:04,100
themselves in the pasture. 
But here's where it gets really 

6005
05:16:04,100 --> 05:16:06,300
interesting. 
They started sharing this 

6006
05:16:06,300 --> 05:16:09,500
whether intelligence with each 
other creating, what amounted to

6007
05:16:09,500 --> 05:16:12,000
an early warning system that 
stretched across the 

6008
05:16:12,000 --> 05:16:15,100
countryside. 
A gardener 20 miles to the West 

6009
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:17,100
might send word. 
That storms were headed east. 

6010
05:16:17,100 --> 05:16:19,900
Someone near the coast would 
pass along information. 

6011
05:16:19,900 --> 05:16:23,400
About changing wind patterns. 
The network operated through 

6012
05:16:23,400 --> 05:16:27,200
servant's delivery boys and 
anyone else who traveled 

6013
05:16:27,200 --> 05:16:31,000
regularly between a States The 
most sophisticated operations 

6014
05:16:31,000 --> 05:16:34,800
involved what you might call 
whether spies gardeners, who 

6015
05:16:34,800 --> 05:16:37,600
would make seemingly casual 
visits to other states to obtain

6016
05:16:37,600 --> 05:16:39,600
information on growing 
conditions and share 

6017
05:16:39,600 --> 05:16:43,500
meteorological observations. 
They did admire the Rose's while

6018
05:16:43,500 --> 05:16:46,100
actually noting, which plants 
were showing stress and 

6019
05:16:46,100 --> 05:16:47,700
discussed the beauty of the 
landscape. 

6020
05:16:47,700 --> 05:16:50,300
While secretly Gathering 
intelligence about which 

6021
05:16:50,300 --> 05:16:54,100
microclimates were performing 
better than others, These visits

6022
05:16:54,100 --> 05:16:56,600
served multiple purposes Beyond 
weather prediction. 

6023
05:16:56,600 --> 05:16:59,800
The Gardener might notice that 
his neighbors Tomatoes were 

6024
05:16:59,800 --> 05:17:03,200
ripening two weeks earlier than 
his own leading to discoveries 

6025
05:17:03,200 --> 05:17:06,100
about optimal, planting 
locations or soil, preparation 

6026
05:17:06,100 --> 05:17:08,600
techniques. 
Or they might observe that 

6027
05:17:08,600 --> 05:17:11,400
certain varieties were thriving 
in conditions where their plants

6028
05:17:11,400 --> 05:17:14,600
struggled sparking seed 
exchanges that we discussed 

6029
05:17:14,600 --> 05:17:16,900
earlier. 
The really clever ones developed

6030
05:17:16,900 --> 05:17:19,700
coded systems for sharing 
whether information without 

6031
05:17:19,700 --> 05:17:22,500
alerting their employers, to the
extent of their collaboration. 

6032
05:17:23,500 --> 05:17:25,100
A certain arrangement of tools 
outside. 

6033
05:17:25,100 --> 05:17:28,000
The greenhouse meant expect 
Frost tonight. 

6034
05:17:29,100 --> 05:17:32,000
Specific flowers left on Windows
indicated, wind direction 

6035
05:17:32,000 --> 05:17:34,500
changes. 
Even the timing of gardeners 

6036
05:17:34,500 --> 05:17:37,300
work, invisible areas of their 
Gardens, could convey 

6037
05:17:37,300 --> 05:17:38,800
information to observe at 
Neighbors. 

6038
05:17:39,800 --> 05:17:41,700
During particularly challenging 
Seasons. 

6039
05:17:41,700 --> 05:17:45,900
This network became a lifeline 
The legendary summer of 1816 

6040
05:17:45,900 --> 05:17:49,200
known as The Year Without a 
summer due to volcanic ash 

6041
05:17:49,200 --> 05:17:51,900
affecting global weather 
patterns would have been even 

6042
05:17:51,900 --> 05:17:54,700
more devastating without the 
informal cooperation between 

6043
05:17:54,700 --> 05:17:56,900
gardeners. 
They pulled their knowledge 

6044
05:17:56,900 --> 05:18:00,200
about which crops could survive 
in cooler temperatures, shared 

6045
05:18:00,200 --> 05:18:03,500
seeds for Hardie of varieties 
and coordinated their planting 

6046
05:18:03,500 --> 05:18:06,500
to ensure that between them, 
they could still provide fresh 

6047
05:18:06,500 --> 05:18:09,800
produce for their employers. 
Some gardeners became famous 

6048
05:18:09,800 --> 05:18:12,500
within this hidden Community for
their predictive abilities. 

6049
05:18:12,500 --> 05:18:16,000
There was reportedly one man, 
whose weather forecast was so 

6050
05:18:16,000 --> 05:18:17,800
accurate. 
That other gardeners would 

6051
05:18:17,800 --> 05:18:20,400
adjust their planting shared 
Jewels, based on messages, he 

6052
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:21,600
sent through the informal 
Network. 

6053
05:18:22,600 --> 05:18:25,200
Secret. 
He kept detailed records of 

6054
05:18:25,200 --> 05:18:28,400
weather patterns and plant 
responses over decades creating 

6055
05:18:28,400 --> 05:18:31,400
what was essentially a localized
climate database that he carried

6056
05:18:31,400 --> 05:18:34,100
in his head. 
The weather Wars also drove 

6057
05:18:34,100 --> 05:18:37,100
innovation in plant, protection 
gardeners developed, 

6058
05:18:37,100 --> 05:18:40,100
increasingly sophisticated 
methods for shielding their 

6059
05:18:40,100 --> 05:18:43,500
charges from unexpected 
temperature drops, wind damage 

6060
05:18:43,500 --> 05:18:47,600
and excessive rainfall. simple 
fabric covers and elaborate 

6061
05:18:47,600 --> 05:18:50,800
mobile structures quickly 
deployed when conditions turned 

6062
05:18:50,800 --> 05:18:54,600
threatening were among these 
methods what makes this story 

6063
05:18:54,600 --> 05:18:57,700
particularly Charming is how 
these weather Warriors, maintain

6064
05:18:57,700 --> 05:19:00,500
their facade of casual 
competence, while actually 

6065
05:19:00,500 --> 05:19:04,100
operating with the Precision of 
modern meteorologists, to their 

6066
05:19:04,100 --> 05:19:06,800
employers, it simply appeared 
that their gardeners had an 

6067
05:19:06,808 --> 05:19:09,800
almost magical ability to keep 
plants thriving, despite 

6068
05:19:09,800 --> 05:19:13,500
England's, unpredictable climate
The reality was far more 

6069
05:19:13,500 --> 05:19:16,900
impressive, a network of 
dedicated professional sharing 

6070
05:19:16,900 --> 05:19:18,600
knowledge, and resources to 
outsmart. 

6071
05:19:18,600 --> 05:19:21,900
Mother Nature herself. 
Tonight, as you listen to, the 

6072
05:19:21,900 --> 05:19:24,300
wind outside, your windows 
spare, a thought for those, 

6073
05:19:24,300 --> 05:19:27,400
Victorian gardeners peering at 
the sky and feeling the air 

6074
05:19:27,400 --> 05:19:30,100
pressure in their bones. 
Knowing that tomorrow's, weather

6075
05:19:30,100 --> 05:19:32,100
might determine whether they'd 
still have jobs. 

6076
05:19:32,100 --> 05:19:35,200
Next week, we are getting pretty
close to the icing on the cake 

6077
05:19:35,200 --> 05:19:37,500
of our experience tonight. 
But just not yet. 

6078
05:19:38,600 --> 05:19:41,700
We're now analyzing the most 
daring, Victorian Garden, Capers

6079
05:19:41,700 --> 05:19:44,500
tales that would Inspire today's
art thieves. 

6080
05:19:44,500 --> 05:19:47,700
You might think the biggest 
drama in a Victorian Garden. 

6081
05:19:47,700 --> 05:19:50,500
Involved deciding between roses 
and Lilies, but you'd be 

6082
05:19:50,508 --> 05:19:53,300
delightfully mistaken. 
Some of the errors. 

6083
05:19:53,300 --> 05:19:56,400
Most elaborate schemes revolved 
around plants and the lengths 

6084
05:19:56,400 --> 05:19:59,500
people went to acquire are 
specimens, would make Oceans 11 

6085
05:19:59,500 --> 05:20:03,300
look like Amateur hour. let's 
start with the case that became 

6086
05:20:03,300 --> 05:20:06,500
legendary among gardening 
circles, the great Greenhouse 

6087
05:20:06,500 --> 05:20:11,400
Heist of 1847, Lord Pemberton 
had spent a fortune requiring. 

6088
05:20:11,400 --> 05:20:13,900
What he claimed was the only 
specimen of a rare Chinese 

6089
05:20:13,900 --> 05:20:17,000
chameleon in all of Europe, he 
kept it in a specialty 

6090
05:20:17,000 --> 05:20:19,400
constructed. 
Greenhouse complete with a lock 

6091
05:20:19,400 --> 05:20:22,500
that would have impressed a bank
to designer and hired a guard to

6092
05:20:22,500 --> 05:20:25,800
patrol the grounds at night. 
What Lord Pemberton didn't count

6093
05:20:25,800 --> 05:20:29,100
on was the determination of his 
neighbors and the Ingenuity of 

6094
05:20:29,100 --> 05:20:32,200
their gardeners. 
He see this particular chameleon

6095
05:20:32,200 --> 05:20:35,300
wasn't just beautiful. 
It was also said to bloom in a 

6096
05:20:35,300 --> 05:20:38,200
shade of blue that bottomless 
insisted was impossible for 

6097
05:20:38,200 --> 05:20:41,600
Camellias to achieve every 
Garden in Enthusiast in the 

6098
05:20:41,600 --> 05:20:45,000
county was desperate to see it 
and more than a few were willing

6099
05:20:45,000 --> 05:20:49,000
to pay handsomely for cutting 
the plot that unfolded involved,

6100
05:20:49,000 --> 05:20:52,100
no, fewer than six neighboring 
states and their gardening star.

6101
05:20:52,800 --> 05:20:55,600
He began with the seemingly 
innocent delivery of a new 

6102
05:20:55,600 --> 05:20:58,200
Greenhouse thermometer except 
the delivery. 

6103
05:20:58,200 --> 05:21:01,100
Boy happened to be the nephew of
a gardener from a nearby estate 

6104
05:21:01,100 --> 05:21:04,300
and he spent just a little too 
much time admiring the famous 

6105
05:21:04,300 --> 05:21:09,600
chameleon Within a week details 
sketches of the plant and its 

6106
05:21:09,600 --> 05:21:11,700
housing Arrangements that made 
their way through the 

6107
05:21:11,700 --> 05:21:15,500
underground Network. the actual 
Heist was a masterpiece of 

6108
05:21:15,500 --> 05:21:18,400
timing and misdirection it 
happened during Lord 

6109
05:21:18,400 --> 05:21:21,800
pemberton's, annual foxhunt when
most of the household staff was 

6110
05:21:21,800 --> 05:21:24,600
either participating in or 
preparing for the elaborate 

6111
05:21:24,600 --> 05:21:28,400
lunch that followed While the 
Lord was chasing foxes across 

6112
05:21:28,400 --> 05:21:31,300
the countryside, a small team of
gardeners was conducting a much 

6113
05:21:31,308 --> 05:21:32,900
more valuable hunt in his 
Greenhouse. 

6114
05:21:32,900 --> 05:21:36,600
They didn't steal the plant that
would have been too obvious. 

6115
05:21:36,600 --> 05:21:40,400
Instead, they performed what 
modern gardeners would recognize

6116
05:21:40,400 --> 05:21:44,500
as expert propagation. 
Few carefully selected cutting 

6117
05:21:44,500 --> 05:21:48,100
small enough to go unnoticed 
were removed with surgical 

6118
05:21:48,100 --> 05:21:51,000
Precision, the mother plant 
remained intact and healthy 

6119
05:21:51,000 --> 05:21:54,200
showing no signs of the midnight
surgery at undergone. 

6120
05:21:55,100 --> 05:21:58,000
Here's the really clever part. 
They didn't just take cutting 

6121
05:21:58,000 --> 05:22:03,100
for the left behind a few small 
gifts hidden among the soil, 

6122
05:22:03,100 --> 05:22:05,900
around the Camellia, they 
planted seeds from other rare. 

6123
05:22:05,900 --> 05:22:07,800
Specimens that would take months
to germinate. 

6124
05:22:08,600 --> 05:22:11,200
By the time lord pemberton's 
Gardener noticed, the new 

6125
05:22:11,200 --> 05:22:14,400
plants, they would appear to be 
chant seedlings that had somehow

6126
05:22:14,400 --> 05:22:16,100
rooted near the precious 
Camellia. 

6127
05:22:16,100 --> 05:22:19,200
The blue Camellia cuttings were 
distributed through the network 

6128
05:22:19,200 --> 05:22:21,200
with the efficiency of a modern 
supply chain. 

6129
05:22:22,000 --> 05:22:25,900
Within six months, no fewer than
12, Estates in the surrounding 

6130
05:22:25,900 --> 05:22:29,200
counties, had successfully, 
rooted specimens, though. 

6131
05:22:29,200 --> 05:22:32,100
None of them could quite explain
how they'd acquired such rare 

6132
05:22:32,100 --> 05:22:34,700
plants. 
The official story when pressed 

6133
05:22:34,700 --> 05:22:37,900
always seem to involve 
mysterious seed packets that had

6134
05:22:37,900 --> 05:22:40,600
arrived with no return address 
or chance to discoveries of 

6135
05:22:40,608 --> 05:22:45,300
seedlings in unlikely locations.
Lord Pemberton never did figure 

6136
05:22:45,300 --> 05:22:47,900
out what had happened. 
This Camellia continued to 

6137
05:22:47,900 --> 05:22:51,000
thrive and blue magnificently 
and he remained convinced that 

6138
05:22:51,000 --> 05:22:52,600
he owned the only specimen in 
England. 

6139
05:22:53,500 --> 05:22:56,300
Meanwhile, his neighbor's would 
gather for garden parties where 

6140
05:22:56,300 --> 05:22:58,800
they did admire each. 
Other's completely, unrelated 

6141
05:22:58,800 --> 05:23:01,400
blue Camellias with perfectly 
straight faces. 

6142
05:23:02,400 --> 05:23:04,100
This wasn't a nice related 
incident. 

6143
05:23:04,100 --> 05:23:07,200
The Victorian era was full of 
similar Botanical Adventures. 

6144
05:23:07,200 --> 05:23:10,600
There was the case of the 
wandering Orchid, where a prized

6145
05:23:10,600 --> 05:23:13,300
specimen somehow managed to 
appear in three different County

6146
05:23:13,300 --> 05:23:17,300
Garden shows in the same season.
The Mystery of the multiplying 

6147
05:23:17,300 --> 05:23:20,400
Rose's involved. 
A supposedly unique variety that

6148
05:23:20,400 --> 05:23:23,300
began showing up in gardens 
across two, shires within a 

6149
05:23:23,300 --> 05:23:26,100
single growing season. 
Perhaps the most audacious 

6150
05:23:26,100 --> 05:23:28,700
scheme involved a gardener who 
became known as the midnight 

6151
05:23:28,700 --> 05:23:31,500
propagator. 
This shadowy figure would 

6152
05:23:31,500 --> 05:23:34,300
somehow managed to obtain 
cuttings from the most exclusive

6153
05:23:34,300 --> 05:23:36,100
and well-guarded collections in 
the country. 

6154
05:23:36,100 --> 05:23:40,500
His calling card was the small 
gift he'd leave behind usually 

6155
05:23:40,500 --> 05:23:43,400
seeds of equally rare. 
Plants that the original owners 

6156
05:23:43,400 --> 05:23:46,800
were discover months later. 
Beauty of these operations was 

6157
05:23:46,800 --> 05:23:49,800
their Gentile nature. 
In most cases, the original 

6158
05:23:49,800 --> 05:23:53,200
owners remained unaware of the 
visit causing no harm or 

6159
05:23:53,200 --> 05:23:55,900
destruction. 
It was planted piracy with 

6160
05:23:55,900 --> 05:23:59,600
impeccable manners and a keen 
sense of Horticultural Justice, 

6161
05:23:59,600 --> 05:24:02,800
what drove these elaborate 
schemes wasn't just greed or 

6162
05:24:02,800 --> 05:24:04,800
mischief. 
It was a genuine passion for 

6163
05:24:04,800 --> 05:24:07,300
plants and a belief that 
Botanical Treasures shouldn't be

6164
05:24:07,300 --> 05:24:09,100
hoarded by a few wealthy 
collectors. 

6165
05:24:09,100 --> 05:24:11,900
These gardeners viewed 
themselves as liberators 

6166
05:24:11,900 --> 05:24:15,500
dispersing, rare and beautiful 
plants across the countryside 

6167
05:24:15,500 --> 05:24:17,200
for proper appreciation, and 
Care. 

6168
05:24:17,200 --> 05:24:19,200
Now, how did Victorian 
gardeners? 

6169
05:24:19,200 --> 05:24:20,900
Turn? 
Innocent Flower Arrangements in 

6170
05:24:20,900 --> 05:24:23,500
the air as most sophisticated 
communication system. 

6171
05:24:23,500 --> 05:24:27,400
One that carried everything from
romantic messages to Industrial 

6172
05:24:27,400 --> 05:24:29,900
Espionage. 
You've probably heard about the 

6173
05:24:29,900 --> 05:24:33,100
Victorian language of flowers 
were different blooms carried 

6174
05:24:33,100 --> 05:24:35,900
specific meanings that allowed 
people to send coded messages 

6175
05:24:35,900 --> 05:24:39,100
through bouquets. 
A red rose, meant passionate, 

6176
05:24:39,100 --> 05:24:42,000
love forget-me-nots represented,
true love, and Remembrance 

6177
05:24:42,000 --> 05:24:44,900
yellow roses, indicated 
friendship, and so on. 

6178
05:24:45,800 --> 05:24:48,800
Floral Telegraph system was 
mostly run by the gardeners who 

6179
05:24:48,800 --> 05:24:51,700
grew the flowers and they used 
it for more than just love 

6180
05:24:51,700 --> 05:24:54,000
letters. 
The official flower language was

6181
05:24:54,000 --> 05:24:56,400
Charming. 
Enough lovers could declare 

6182
05:24:56,400 --> 05:24:59,700
their intentions through 
carefully, chosen nose, gaze and

6183
05:24:59,700 --> 05:25:01,500
proper. 
Victorian ladies could respond 

6184
05:25:01,500 --> 05:25:03,300
to suitors with Botanical 
precision. 

6185
05:25:04,600 --> 05:25:07,900
But the real action happened in 
the servants quarters and garden

6186
05:25:07,900 --> 05:25:10,000
sheds, where an entirely 
different? 

6187
05:25:10,000 --> 05:25:11,700
Floral vocabulary was 
developing. 

6188
05:25:12,600 --> 05:25:15,500
Gardeners needed to communicate 
with each other about everything

6189
05:25:15,500 --> 05:25:18,700
from plant diseases to 
employment opportunities, from 

6190
05:25:18,700 --> 05:25:21,600
weather patterns to the Romantic
entanglements of their 

6191
05:25:21,600 --> 05:25:24,300
employers. 
The problem was that sending 

6192
05:25:24,300 --> 05:25:26,700
direct messages between a 
state's was difficult and 

6193
05:25:26,700 --> 05:25:29,800
potentially compromising 
letters, could be intercepted 

6194
05:25:29,800 --> 05:25:32,600
Messengers. 
Could be questioned and two much

6195
05:25:32,600 --> 05:25:34,600
obvious communication between 
servants. 

6196
05:25:34,600 --> 05:25:37,900
Staffs raised suspicions. 
However, flowers offered a 

6197
05:25:37,900 --> 05:25:40,000
unique experience, flowers were 
innocent. 

6198
05:25:40,000 --> 05:25:43,600
A gardener could send a bouquet 
to another estate as a perfectly

6199
05:25:43,600 --> 05:25:47,000
legitimate gift, a sample of his
work or a seasonal greeting. 

6200
05:25:47,800 --> 05:25:50,600
Nobody questioned the movement 
of flowers between Gardens. 

6201
05:25:50,600 --> 05:25:53,300
It was expected. 
Even encouraged. 

6202
05:25:53,300 --> 05:25:55,600
So they developed their own 
meanings. 

6203
05:25:55,600 --> 05:25:59,500
Layered beneath the official 
romantic symbolism like a secret

6204
05:25:59,500 --> 05:26:02,600
code within a code. 
A bouquet that officially 

6205
05:26:02,600 --> 05:26:05,700
expresses friendship and good 
wishes might actually convey. 

6206
05:26:06,500 --> 05:26:09,100
The head Gardener at thornfield 
manner is looking for an 

6207
05:26:09,100 --> 05:26:11,700
assistant, good wages and fair 
treatment. 

6208
05:26:12,600 --> 05:26:15,300
An arrangement celebrating. 
The beauty of spring could be 

6209
05:26:15,300 --> 05:26:17,600
warning plant disease, spotted 
in the Rose Garden. 

6210
05:26:17,600 --> 05:26:21,800
Check your stock and immediately
The system was brilliantly 

6211
05:26:21,800 --> 05:26:25,100
subtle, take days. 
For example, officially they 

6212
05:26:25,100 --> 05:26:29,500
meant Innocents and purity. but 
among gardeners the number of 

6213
05:26:29,508 --> 05:26:32,400
days is in an arrangement, 
indicated specific information 

6214
05:26:33,400 --> 05:26:36,800
Three days is meant Urgent. 
Message, follows 7, mint. 

6215
05:26:36,800 --> 05:26:39,800
All clear. 
No problems here and 12 mint 

6216
05:26:39,800 --> 05:26:43,300
help is needed. 
Send advice The really 

6217
05:26:43,300 --> 05:26:45,900
sophisticated communication 
involved, what they called, 

6218
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:49,200
seasonal contradictions 
Arrangements that included 

6219
05:26:49,200 --> 05:26:51,200
flowers, that shouldn't 
naturally blue together. 

6220
05:26:52,200 --> 05:26:54,700
Spring, bouquet with Autumn 
Leaves, tuck discreetly among 

6221
05:26:54,700 --> 05:26:58,900
the stems was a signal that the 
message was time sets of winter 

6222
05:26:58,900 --> 05:27:01,500
flowers appearing. 
In summer Arrangement, indicated

6223
05:27:01,500 --> 05:27:04,200
that the sender was dealing with
unusual circumstances that 

6224
05:27:04,200 --> 05:27:08,200
required immediate attention. 
One of the most famous examples 

6225
05:27:08,200 --> 05:27:10,800
involved, the Network's response
to a potato blight, that 

6226
05:27:10,800 --> 05:27:13,700
threatened to devastate kitchen 
Gardens across several counties.

6227
05:27:15,000 --> 05:27:17,400
As Gardener to identify the 
problem, couldn't simply send 

6228
05:27:17,400 --> 05:27:21,000
letters warning, his colleagues.
Such alarm might cause Panic 

6229
05:27:21,000 --> 05:27:23,900
among the estate owners and 
resulted in hasty decisions that

6230
05:27:23,900 --> 05:27:27,900
would make the situation worse. 
Instead, he sent carefully 

6231
05:27:27,900 --> 05:27:30,200
crafted bouquets to key 
gardeners in the network. 

6232
05:27:30,800 --> 05:27:33,300
The arrangements appeared to be 
celebrating the successful 

6233
05:27:33,300 --> 05:27:36,200
Harvest of early, summer 
vegetables, but the inclusion of

6234
05:27:36,200 --> 05:27:39,600
specific herbs and the unusual 
combination of blooms actually 

6235
05:27:39,600 --> 05:27:42,900
conveyed details information 
about the blight symptoms, its 

6236
05:27:42,900 --> 05:27:45,100
progression rate and the 
treatment methods. 

6237
05:27:45,100 --> 05:27:48,500
He was a tempting within two 
weeks gardeners across Three, 

6238
05:27:48,500 --> 05:27:51,200
Counties were discreetly, 
implementing coordinated 

6239
05:27:51,200 --> 05:27:54,600
treatment strategies sharing 
resistance seed varieties. 

6240
05:27:54,600 --> 05:27:57,700
And adjusting their planting 
schedules to minimize crop 

6241
05:27:57,700 --> 05:28:00,600
losses. 
To their employers simply 

6242
05:28:00,600 --> 05:28:03,700
appeared that their gardeners 
had shown exceptional force, in 

6243
05:28:03,700 --> 05:28:05,900
preparing for potential, 
agricultural challenges. 

6244
05:28:07,100 --> 05:28:09,500
Flower Telegraph also carried 
more personal news. 

6245
05:28:10,300 --> 05:28:14,800
Information about births deaths,
marriages and other significant 

6246
05:28:14,800 --> 05:28:17,200
events in the gardening 
Community traveled through these

6247
05:28:17,200 --> 05:28:19,700
floral networks faster than 
official channels. 

6248
05:28:20,500 --> 05:28:23,300
The Gardener could learn about 
job openings, promising 

6249
05:28:23,300 --> 05:28:26,500
apprentices or Troublesome 
employers through Arrangements 

6250
05:28:26,500 --> 05:28:29,900
that appeared to be simple. 
Seasonal decorations romance 

6251
05:28:29,900 --> 05:28:32,800
also flourished through these 
channels, not just among the 

6252
05:28:32,800 --> 05:28:35,200
wealthy families who inspired 
the language of flowers. 

6253
05:28:36,000 --> 05:28:39,100
Gardeners used the system to 
court each other across a state 

6254
05:28:39,100 --> 05:28:42,000
boundaries with bouquets that 
carried layers of meaning that 

6255
05:28:42,000 --> 05:28:44,800
would have impressed. 
Professional cryptographers the 

6256
05:28:44,800 --> 05:28:47,500
women in the network and there 
were more than you might expect 

6257
05:28:47,500 --> 05:28:50,300
working as kitchen gardeners 
Greenhouse assistance. 

6258
05:28:50,300 --> 05:28:53,800
And specialists in flower 
cultivation became particularly 

6259
05:28:53,800 --> 05:28:56,400
skilled at reading. 
These complex floral messages, 

6260
05:28:56,400 --> 05:29:00,600
they often served as the 
communication, hubs receiving an

6261
05:29:00,600 --> 05:29:01,700
interpreting a arrangements 
before. 

6262
05:29:01,700 --> 05:29:04,300
Passing the decoded information 
along to the appropriate. 

6263
05:29:04,300 --> 05:29:07,500
Recipients Perhaps the most 
impressive aspect of this system

6264
05:29:07,500 --> 05:29:11,700
was its reliability throughout 
Decades of operation outside as 

6265
05:29:11,700 --> 05:29:14,600
a virtually never discovered or 
decoded the floral Telegraph, 

6266
05:29:14,600 --> 05:29:18,500
the gardeners maintain perfect 
operational security, partly, 

6267
05:29:18,500 --> 05:29:21,700
because the consequences of 
exposure could be severe, but 

6268
05:29:21,700 --> 05:29:24,700
mostly, because they genuinely 
enjoyed the elegant complexity 

6269
05:29:24,700 --> 05:29:26,300
of their hidden communication 
Network. 

6270
05:29:27,900 --> 05:29:30,900
As you close your eyes tonight, 
pick your Victorian drawing 

6271
05:29:30,900 --> 05:29:34,300
rooms filled with Innocent 
looking flower arrangements that

6272
05:29:34,300 --> 05:29:37,300
were actually carrying enough 
encoded information to run a 

6273
05:29:37,308 --> 05:29:41,200
small intelligence operation. 
Tended by gardeners who smiled 

6274
05:29:41,200 --> 05:29:43,200
politely while managing one of 
the most sophisticated 

6275
05:29:43,200 --> 05:29:45,300
communication networks of their 
era. 

6276
05:29:45,300 --> 05:29:48,200
Now we're finally settling in 
for our final chapter of our 

6277
05:29:48,200 --> 05:29:50,800
journey, through the secret 
world of Victorian gardeners, 

6278
05:29:50,800 --> 05:29:54,400
the story that ends not with an 
ending, but with a beginning 

6279
05:29:54,400 --> 05:29:56,400
that reaches all the way to your
garden. 

6280
05:29:57,200 --> 05:29:59,800
You might wonder what happened 
to all these elaborate networks 

6281
05:29:59,800 --> 05:30:03,500
secret societies and Botanical 
conspiracies as the Victorian 

6282
05:30:03,500 --> 05:30:05,100
era, gave way to the modern 
world. 

6283
05:30:06,000 --> 05:30:08,600
The truth is both simpler and 
more beautiful than you might 

6284
05:30:08,600 --> 05:30:12,300
expect. 
They evolved adapted and quietly

6285
05:30:12,300 --> 05:30:15,100
wove themselves into the fabric 
of how we understand gardening 

6286
05:30:15,100 --> 05:30:18,100
today. 
The underground seed, Railway 

6287
05:30:18,100 --> 05:30:20,700
never really disappeared. 
It just went digital. 

6288
05:30:21,500 --> 05:30:24,200
Those Victorian gardeners who 
traded rare cutting through 

6289
05:30:24,200 --> 05:30:27,400
coded flower arrangements with 
the great great grandparents of 

6290
05:30:27,400 --> 05:30:30,000
today's online. 
Gardening communities, seed, 

6291
05:30:30,000 --> 05:30:34,000
swaps and plant exchanges. 
The Same Spirit of generous 

6292
05:30:34,000 --> 05:30:37,400
sharing that drove gardeners to 
rest their jobs for rare Orchid.

6293
05:30:37,400 --> 05:30:39,700
Cutting's. 
Now motivates people to male 

6294
05:30:39,700 --> 05:30:41,500
seeds to strangers across the 
country. 

6295
05:30:41,500 --> 05:30:45,100
Host growing tips on social 
media and share their Gardens 

6296
05:30:45,100 --> 05:30:49,200
successes with anyone who 
listened every time you see a 

6297
05:30:49,200 --> 05:30:51,600
gardening Forum, where someone 
offers to send free seeds to 

6298
05:30:51,608 --> 05:30:54,200
fellow enthusiasts your 
witnessing, the direct 

6299
05:30:54,200 --> 05:30:58,300
descendant of Victorian, plant, 
piracy When Master Gardener 

6300
05:30:58,300 --> 05:31:01,400
programs share knowledge freely 
with home gardeners, they're 

6301
05:31:01,400 --> 05:31:03,600
carrying on the tradition of 
those whether watching networks 

6302
05:31:03,600 --> 05:31:06,200
that helped gardeners across 
entire counties, protect their 

6303
05:31:06,200 --> 05:31:09,000
crops. 
The techniques those ingenious 

6304
05:31:09,000 --> 05:31:11,100
victorians developed didn't 
disappear either. 

6305
05:31:11,100 --> 05:31:14,500
Modern Greenhouse technology. 
Still uses many of the heat 

6306
05:31:14,500 --> 05:31:16,900
management and ventilation 
principles that pineapple 

6307
05:31:16,900 --> 05:31:18,500
obsessed. 
Gardeners worked out through 

6308
05:31:18,500 --> 05:31:21,700
trial and error. 
The companion planting methods, 

6309
05:31:21,700 --> 05:31:24,500
they discovered while trying to 
maximize production in small 

6310
05:31:24,500 --> 05:31:27,600
spaces that came the foundation 
for sustainable, gardening 

6311
05:31:27,600 --> 05:31:31,200
practices we use today. 
Even more importantly, they 

6312
05:31:31,200 --> 05:31:33,900
established the tradition of 
gardening as a democratic art. 

6313
05:31:34,700 --> 05:31:37,500
Those Victorian gardeners who 
refused to let rare plants. 

6314
05:31:37,500 --> 05:31:39,100
Remain locked away in private 
collections. 

6315
05:31:39,100 --> 05:31:42,300
Were fighting for the same 
principle that drives public 

6316
05:31:42,300 --> 05:31:45,900
Garden's seed, library's and 
Community growing space as 

6317
05:31:45,900 --> 05:31:48,400
today. 
The belief that beauty and 

6318
05:31:48,400 --> 05:31:51,900
knowledge should be shared, not 
hoarded the record. 

6319
05:31:51,900 --> 05:31:54,900
Keeping habits, they developed 
tracking weather patterns 

6320
05:31:54,900 --> 05:31:57,900
noting, which varieties 
performed best in specific 

6321
05:31:57,900 --> 05:32:00,900
conditions and documenting. 
The relationships between 

6322
05:32:00,900 --> 05:32:04,300
different plants evolved into 
the citizen science. 

6323
05:32:04,300 --> 05:32:07,500
Networks, that help us 
understand climate change track,

6324
05:32:07,500 --> 05:32:10,200
plant diseases, and develop 
better growing methods. 

6325
05:32:10,200 --> 05:32:13,100
Their weather prediction 
networks were the ancestors of 

6326
05:32:13,100 --> 05:32:16,400
modern Agricultural Extension 
services, and the informal 

6327
05:32:16,400 --> 05:32:19,300
climate monitoring that helps 
farmers and gardeners adapt to 

6328
05:32:19,300 --> 05:32:22,700
changing conditions. 
Those Victorian gardeners who 

6329
05:32:22,700 --> 05:32:25,500
read the sky and felt changes in
their bones were practicing the 

6330
05:32:25,500 --> 05:32:27,700
same careful. 
Observation that helps to 

6331
05:32:27,700 --> 05:32:31,600
today's gardeners decide when to
plant when to harvest and went 

6332
05:32:31,600 --> 05:32:33,700
to protect their plants from 
unexpected weather. 

6333
05:32:35,400 --> 05:32:38,200
Perhaps most beautifully their 
tradition of mentorship and 

6334
05:32:38,200 --> 05:32:40,000
knowledge. 
Sharing continues in every 

6335
05:32:40,000 --> 05:32:43,100
experienced Gardener who takes 
time to help a neighbor, every 

6336
05:32:43,100 --> 05:32:46,200
Garden Club that welcomes 
newcomers and every grandparent 

6337
05:32:46,200 --> 05:32:50,100
who teaches a child to plant 
seeds, the same generous spirit 

6338
05:32:50,100 --> 05:32:52,600
that motivated, those 
underground Botanical networks 

6339
05:32:52,600 --> 05:32:55,700
drives, the informal education 
that happens over garden fences,

6340
05:32:55,700 --> 05:32:58,000
and in community garden, gardens
around the world. 

6341
05:32:59,200 --> 05:33:01,800
The flower language they used 
for communication as mostly 

6342
05:33:01,800 --> 05:33:03,900
faded. 
But the deeper principle, it 

6343
05:33:03,900 --> 05:33:07,900
represented that Gardens are 
spaces for connection creativity

6344
05:33:07,900 --> 05:33:10,400
and subtle communication lives 
on. 

6345
05:33:11,200 --> 05:33:14,100
Modern Gardens still serve as 
places, where people Express 

6346
05:33:14,100 --> 05:33:17,600
their personalities, share their
cultures, and create beauty that

6347
05:33:17,600 --> 05:33:20,900
speaks to others without words. 
What would those Victorian 

6348
05:33:20,900 --> 05:33:22,800
gardeners? 
Think if they could see us now. 

6349
05:33:23,800 --> 05:33:27,700
They'd probably be amazed by our
technology, Automatic Irrigation

6350
05:33:27,700 --> 05:33:31,600
Systems soil, testing kits, 
online plant identification apps

6351
05:33:31,600 --> 05:33:35,100
and Global seed exchanges that 
can deliver rare varieties to 

6352
05:33:35,100 --> 05:33:36,800
your door in days, rather than 
years. 

6353
05:33:37,600 --> 05:33:40,400
But they'd also recognize the 
same fundamental challenges. 

6354
05:33:40,400 --> 05:33:44,000
They face the need to work with 
unpredictable whether the 

6355
05:33:44,000 --> 05:33:46,400
satisfaction of nurturing 
Something, Beautiful into 

6356
05:33:46,400 --> 05:33:49,500
existence, the joy of sharing 
discoveries with fellow 

6357
05:33:49,500 --> 05:33:53,100
enthusiasts and the quiet 
rebellion of creating abundance 

6358
05:33:53,100 --> 05:33:55,300
in a world that often seems 
designed to limit it. 

6359
05:33:56,100 --> 05:33:59,000
Their Legacy isn't just in the 
plants, they preserved all the 

6360
05:33:59,008 --> 05:34:02,100
techniques they developed. 
It's in the understanding that 

6361
05:34:02,100 --> 05:34:05,900
gardening is fundamentally about
connection to the natural world 

6362
05:34:05,900 --> 05:34:09,600
to our communities and to the 
long chain of people who worked 

6363
05:34:09,600 --> 05:34:12,400
the soil before us and will 
continue after we're gone. 

6364
05:34:13,000 --> 05:34:15,700
So the next time you're in your 
garden, whether it's a window 

6365
05:34:15,700 --> 05:34:18,700
box of herbs or Acres of 
landscape Beauty. 

6366
05:34:18,700 --> 05:34:21,600
Remember those Victorian 
gardeners who worked by 

6367
05:34:21,600 --> 05:34:24,800
Moonlight to share are cuttings,
who read the weather in bird, 

6368
05:34:24,800 --> 05:34:27,900
behavior, and cloud formations 
who created networks of 

6369
05:34:27,900 --> 05:34:30,800
generosity that spanned counties
and decades. 

6370
05:34:30,800 --> 05:34:34,200
They're still there in a way. 
In every seed, you plant with 

6371
05:34:34,200 --> 05:34:36,300
hope every cutting you share 
with a friend. 

6372
05:34:36,300 --> 05:34:39,600
Every moment, when you stop to 
really notice the miracle of 

6373
05:34:39,600 --> 05:34:41,300
growth happening right in front 
of you. 

6374
05:34:42,000 --> 05:34:44,300
Their secret was never really 
about the plants. 

6375
05:34:44,300 --> 05:34:47,400
It was about understanding that 
the most beautiful gardens are 

6376
05:34:47,400 --> 05:34:50,400
grown, not just with soil and 
water, but with Community 

6377
05:34:50,400 --> 05:34:54,000
curiosity, and the kind of quiet
courage that chooses to create 

6378
05:34:54,000 --> 05:34:57,800
Beauty, regardless of the 
circumstances, sweet dreams 

6379
05:34:57,800 --> 05:35:01,300
fellow Gardener may your plants 
thrive in Your Roots Run Deep. 

6380
05:35:09,400 --> 05:35:11,300
The Morning, Mist hung thick and
cool. 

6381
05:35:11,300 --> 05:35:15,000
Cloaking, the sacred grove in 
ethereal silent as The Villages 

6382
05:35:15,000 --> 05:35:17,200
gathered quietly beneath the 
Towering Oak. 

6383
05:35:17,200 --> 05:35:21,700
Its ancient branches stretched 
wide leaves Whispering softly in

6384
05:35:21,700 --> 05:35:24,600
the gentle breeze. 
At the center of this Gathering.

6385
05:35:24,600 --> 05:35:28,100
Stood, the Druid, his white 
robes glowing softly against the

6386
05:35:28,100 --> 05:35:32,200
muted tones of the forest. 
Beside him, young, ayad waited 

6387
05:35:32,200 --> 05:35:35,900
nervously, his heart pounding in
anticipation of the ceremony 

6388
05:35:35,900 --> 05:35:37,100
that would shape the rest of his
life. 

6389
05:35:38,000 --> 05:35:39,700
A year. 
Did grown-up hearing stories of 

6390
05:35:39,700 --> 05:35:43,500
Druids keepers of knowledge, 
Guides of Kings interpreters of 

6391
05:35:43,500 --> 05:35:46,100
Omens. 
From the moment he was chosen as

6392
05:35:46,100 --> 05:35:48,400
an apprentice, his life had 
revolved around careful, 

6393
05:35:48,400 --> 05:35:52,300
training memorizing, countless 
oral Traditions, learning the 

6394
05:35:52,300 --> 05:35:54,900
subtle language of Nature and 
understanding the 

6395
05:35:54,900 --> 05:35:56,300
interconnectedness of all 
things. 

6396
05:35:57,300 --> 05:36:00,500
Yet today was different. 
Today marked his formal 

6397
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:04,300
initiation the beginning of his 
true path as a druid His 

6398
05:36:04,300 --> 05:36:08,000
teacher, bran stepped forward 
slowly, his aged face Serene, 

6399
05:36:08,000 --> 05:36:10,400
but deeply line from years of 
wisdom and care. 

6400
05:36:11,300 --> 05:36:15,000
Grant Rays to staff carved from 
you, symbolizing strength and 

6401
05:36:15,000 --> 05:36:17,500
rebirth. 
He struck it, gently upon the 

6402
05:36:17,500 --> 05:36:20,300
Earth. 
Three times each resonant third 

6403
05:36:20,300 --> 05:36:23,000
Breaking, the silence and 
calling attention to the sacred,

6404
05:36:23,000 --> 05:36:26,300
right? 
Today Grand began his voice. 

6405
05:36:26,300 --> 05:36:29,500
Calm yet powerful. 
We Gather beneath the oak, the 

6406
05:36:29,500 --> 05:36:32,900
heart of our people, the symbol 
of our enduring strength Aid 

6407
05:36:32,900 --> 05:36:35,000
stands, before us ready to 
begin. 

6408
05:36:35,000 --> 05:36:38,200
His journey as keeper of our 
knowledge and guardian of our 

6409
05:36:38,200 --> 05:36:41,300
traditions. 
All Eyes turned to aired who 

6410
05:36:41,308 --> 05:36:44,100
felt the weight of their gazes 
as both responsibility and 

6411
05:36:44,100 --> 05:36:47,000
honor. 
Bran continued, his voice 

6412
05:36:47,000 --> 05:36:48,700
carrying easily through the 
hushed. 

6413
05:36:48,700 --> 05:36:52,500
Clearing the yolk teaches us 
resilience its roots deep within

6414
05:36:52,500 --> 05:36:55,200
the Earth branches ever reaching
toward the sky. 

6415
05:36:56,200 --> 05:36:59,100
So must I add plant himself 
firmly in our traditions and 

6416
05:36:59,100 --> 05:37:01,500
stretched toward wisdom yet 
unknown. 

6417
05:37:02,400 --> 05:37:06,000
Bran handed aired a small pouch,
containing seeds of sacred 

6418
05:37:06,000 --> 05:37:10,400
herbs, mistletoe, yarrow and 
Meadow Suite, symbols of, 

6419
05:37:10,400 --> 05:37:12,500
healing, divination, and 
purification. 

6420
05:37:13,300 --> 05:37:15,700
Plant these carefully. 
Brown is structured softly. 

6421
05:37:15,700 --> 05:37:20,600
Let them remind you always of 
your duty to heal for sea and 

6422
05:37:20,600 --> 05:37:25,500
cleanse aired, accepted the 
pouch reverently bowing, his 

6423
05:37:25,500 --> 05:37:27,000
head slightly and 
acknowledgment. 

6424
05:37:28,000 --> 05:37:30,700
Brandon led him toward the 
massive Oak, where the ground 

6425
05:37:30,700 --> 05:37:33,700
beneath was rich and dark warmed
by sunlight filtering through 

6426
05:37:33,700 --> 05:37:37,000
the branches. 
Kneeling, I had gently placed 

6427
05:37:37,000 --> 05:37:39,800
each seed into the Earth 
covering them carefully 

6428
05:37:39,800 --> 05:37:44,100
Whispering quiet blessings. 
As a head, completed this task, 

6429
05:37:44,100 --> 05:37:47,900
bran latest hands, gently on the
young man, shoulders his voice 

6430
05:37:47,900 --> 05:37:49,500
now. 
Softer more intimate. 

6431
05:37:50,300 --> 05:37:53,500
From This Moment, your bound not
only to the Oak but to every 

6432
05:37:53,500 --> 05:37:56,700
life its shelters every creature
that finds refuge in its shadow,

6433
05:37:56,700 --> 05:38:00,300
walk this path with humility 
strength and compassion. 

6434
05:38:01,500 --> 05:38:04,000
Rising to his feet. 
Aired felt a surge of Pride 

6435
05:38:04,000 --> 05:38:08,100
mixed with profound humility. 
Around him, villagers nodded 

6436
05:38:08,100 --> 05:38:12,100
approvingly, their faces, warm 
with trust, This was more than 

6437
05:38:12,100 --> 05:38:14,800
mere tradition. 
It was a promise he had made to 

6438
05:38:14,800 --> 05:38:18,500
himself to bran and to the 
people who depended on The 

6439
05:38:18,500 --> 05:38:22,000
Druids wisdom and guidance. 
Following the ceremony, The 

6440
05:38:22,000 --> 05:38:25,100
Villages gathered and 
celebration offering simple but 

6441
05:38:25,100 --> 05:38:29,300
meaningful gifts woven reads, 
carved stones and handmade 

6442
05:38:29,300 --> 05:38:32,300
amulets. 
Ahead received each graciously 

6443
05:38:32,300 --> 05:38:35,600
feeling deeply connected to the 
community that had nurtured him 

6444
05:38:35,600 --> 05:38:39,300
from childhood. 
As evening descended and Bram 

6445
05:38:39,300 --> 05:38:43,000
walked slowly back to the 
Village, their path illuminated 

6446
05:38:43,000 --> 05:38:45,900
by Soft moonlight. 
Brand spoke quietly. 

6447
05:38:45,900 --> 05:38:51,000
His voice reflective remember 
Aid, a druid strength lies, not 

6448
05:38:51,000 --> 05:38:53,300
in his power to command, but in 
his ability to listen, 

6449
05:38:53,300 --> 05:38:57,600
understanding guide, A head, 
nodded absorbing the wisdom of 

6450
05:38:57,600 --> 05:39:00,500
his mentor. 
I will remember brand he 

6451
05:39:00,500 --> 05:39:03,300
promised earnestly. 
I will honor this responsibility

6452
05:39:03,300 --> 05:39:07,200
with every breath. 
Brand smile, gently laying a 

6453
05:39:07,200 --> 05:39:08,700
comforting hand on a head 
shoulder. 

6454
05:39:08,700 --> 05:39:10,700
Then your journey has truly 
begun. 

6455
05:39:11,900 --> 05:39:15,200
Returning to his, modest 
dwelling ahead quietly beneath 

6456
05:39:15,200 --> 05:39:17,800
the stars contemplating the days
of events. 

6457
05:39:18,400 --> 05:39:20,700
The weight of his new role 
settled comfortably upon his 

6458
05:39:20,700 --> 05:39:24,000
shoulders bolstered by the trust
and teachings of those around 

6459
05:39:24,000 --> 05:39:26,400
him. 
He knew challenges, lay ahead, 

6460
05:39:26,400 --> 05:39:30,200
it he felt prepared rooted in 
ancient wisdom and ready to 

6461
05:39:30,200 --> 05:39:33,200
guide his people forward. 
A sleep claimed him. 

6462
05:39:33,200 --> 05:39:35,800
The image of the gray Oak 
lingard vividly in his mind, 

6463
05:39:35,800 --> 05:39:38,200
strong enduring, and full of 
life. 

6464
05:39:39,000 --> 05:39:41,900
It was a symbol. 
Yes, but also a promise, a 

6465
05:39:41,900 --> 05:39:44,900
constant reminder of who he was 
and who he was meant to become 

6466
05:39:44,900 --> 05:39:48,800
the forest was silent and still 
blanketed in a hush and 

6467
05:39:48,800 --> 05:39:51,300
anticipation that hung heavily 
among the gathered Villages. 

6468
05:39:51,300 --> 05:39:55,100
It was the eve of the winter 
solstice the longest night of 

6469
05:39:55,100 --> 05:39:57,600
the year a time. 
When the veil Between Worlds, 

6470
05:39:57,600 --> 05:40:00,800
grew thin and the powers of 
nature pulse with quiet 

6471
05:40:00,800 --> 05:40:03,300
intensity. 
The villagers formed a 

6472
05:40:03,300 --> 05:40:05,700
respectful circle around the 
sacred Oak, their breath 

6473
05:40:05,700 --> 05:40:08,000
visible. 
In the cold are ice fixed 

6474
05:40:08,000 --> 05:40:11,200
intently on bran and aide who 
stood beneath the trees, immense

6475
05:40:11,200 --> 05:40:15,100
branches to stepped forward. 
His robes luminous in the 

6476
05:40:15,100 --> 05:40:18,900
Moonlight eyes, reflecting 
profound wisdom earned through 

6477
05:40:18,900 --> 05:40:22,500
years of devotion and study he 
held a golden sickle. 

6478
05:40:22,500 --> 05:40:26,400
Its curved blade guilting, 
gently capturing the sparse 

6479
05:40:26,400 --> 05:40:30,900
Moonlight that filtered through 
the Oaks sleeves. his item stood

6480
05:40:30,900 --> 05:40:35,000
Ada a year older since his 
initiation more confident, yet, 

6481
05:40:35,000 --> 05:40:37,200
humbled, by the gravity of the 
ceremony he was about to 

6482
05:40:37,200 --> 05:40:41,400
undertake I had raised his gaze 
to The Oaks lofty branches where

6483
05:40:41,400 --> 05:40:44,800
clusters of mistletoe, grew pale
berries, glowing softly. 

6484
05:40:44,800 --> 05:40:47,500
In the dimness, the mistletoe 
was sacred. 

6485
05:40:48,300 --> 05:40:51,900
Revered by The Druids for its 
Rarity, growing suspended 

6486
05:40:51,900 --> 05:40:54,700
Between Heaven and Earth, 
Untouched by the ground. 

6487
05:40:54,700 --> 05:40:58,100
It was a symbol of renewal 
heeling and peace. 

6488
05:40:58,100 --> 05:41:01,400
Its presence marking the oak, as
a specially blessed. 

6489
05:41:03,200 --> 05:41:05,300
Tonight. 
Grandpa. 

6490
05:41:05,300 --> 05:41:08,600
Clearly, his voice resonating 
through the attentive silence, 

6491
05:41:08,600 --> 05:41:12,100
we honor the sacredness missile 
toe, the plant of healing and 

6492
05:41:12,100 --> 05:41:14,600
peace. 
It reminds us that even in the 

6493
05:41:14,608 --> 05:41:17,000
harshest Winter life, and hope 
endure. 

6494
05:41:18,700 --> 05:41:20,300
Turning to iron Branch 
continued. 

6495
05:41:20,300 --> 05:41:22,800
Gently aired. 
You have proven yourself 

6496
05:41:22,800 --> 05:41:26,700
dedicated to our ways. 
Tonight, you take another step 

6497
05:41:26,700 --> 05:41:29,600
deeper into your path. 
You shall cut the missile toe, 

6498
05:41:29,600 --> 05:41:32,500
safeguarding its power, and 
sharing its blessings with our 

6499
05:41:32,500 --> 05:41:35,900
people. 
With deep respect head took the 

6500
05:41:35,900 --> 05:41:38,600
golden sickle from Brad. 
His heart beating steadily 

6501
05:41:38,600 --> 05:41:41,800
mindful of his mentals watchful 
eyes and the villagers 

6502
05:41:41,800 --> 05:41:44,100
Collective breath. 
Carefully. 

6503
05:41:44,100 --> 05:41:46,700
He ascended the sturdy ladder 
leaning against the oak. 

6504
05:41:46,700 --> 05:41:49,400
It's rough bark reassuring 
beneath his hands. 

6505
05:41:50,100 --> 05:41:53,300
Reaching the missile toe. 
He paused offering a silent 

6506
05:41:53,300 --> 05:41:56,700
prayer of gratitude to the tree 
and to Nature's generous spirit.

6507
05:41:57,800 --> 05:41:59,500
Holding the sickle reverently 
Aid. 

6508
05:41:59,500 --> 05:42:03,900
Spoke softly words known only to
Druids invoking, the spirits of 

6509
05:42:03,900 --> 05:42:08,400
Earth sky and the plant itself. 
The deliberate respectful 

6510
05:42:08,400 --> 05:42:10,000
motion. 
He severed, the mistletoe from 

6511
05:42:10,008 --> 05:42:13,200
its host allowing it to fall 
gently into the linen cloth 

6512
05:42:13,200 --> 05:42:16,300
Grand held below. 
The sacred plant could not come 

6513
05:42:16,300 --> 05:42:19,200
into contact with the Earth. 
As it would lose its potency. 

6514
05:42:20,400 --> 05:42:23,700
Descending carefully. 
Heed joined Brown, who gently 

6515
05:42:23,700 --> 05:42:25,800
wrap the missile? 
Toe nodding approvingly. 

6516
05:42:26,800 --> 05:42:28,700
Grand raised, it high turning 
slowly. 

6517
05:42:28,700 --> 05:42:30,400
So all might see the sacred 
Harvest. 

6518
05:42:31,300 --> 05:42:34,500
This gift from nature is now 
ours to protect and cherish, he 

6519
05:42:34,500 --> 05:42:36,600
proclaimed. 
It will be prepared into 

6520
05:42:36,600 --> 05:42:40,100
remedies Wards and blessings to 
sustain us through the coming 

6521
05:42:40,100 --> 05:42:43,100
seasons. 
The villagers mermaid reverently

6522
05:42:43,100 --> 05:42:45,600
their faces lit with quiet, ore 
and gratitude. 

6523
05:42:46,400 --> 05:42:49,000
The rituals, celebrity shifted, 
gradually into quiet 

6524
05:42:49,000 --> 05:42:52,000
celebration, a communal 
acknowledgment of the years, 

6525
05:42:52,000 --> 05:42:55,700
turning a lice persistence and 
darkness and of Hope's quiet 

6526
05:42:55,700 --> 05:42:58,800
strength. 
As the villagers began their 

6527
05:42:58,800 --> 05:43:01,600
subdued festivities, brand 
guided aired away from the 

6528
05:43:01,600 --> 05:43:03,700
Gathering to a quieter spot at 
The Groves Edge. 

6529
05:43:04,500 --> 05:43:06,700
You have done well. 
Grand spoke gently. 

6530
05:43:06,700 --> 05:43:10,200
His voice filled with pride. 
Remember Aire. 

6531
05:43:11,100 --> 05:43:15,200
Our strength lies, not in power 
over nature, but in partnership 

6532
05:43:15,200 --> 05:43:18,100
with it. 
I had nodded solely. 

6533
05:43:18,900 --> 05:43:21,300
Reflecting deeply on the 
evening, significance. 

6534
05:43:22,400 --> 05:43:25,700
I feel this partnership deeply 
tonight, he admitted softly, 

6535
05:43:25,700 --> 05:43:29,000
looking up at the branches of 
the silhouetted, against the 

6536
05:43:29,000 --> 05:43:32,000
Stars. 
Good and replied warmly. 

6537
05:43:32,800 --> 05:43:36,300
Carry this lesson with you 
always in moments of darkness 

6538
05:43:36,300 --> 05:43:40,100
when doubt make Cloud your path,
recall, the mistletoes, silent 

6539
05:43:40,100 --> 05:43:43,900
message that light and life 
persist even unseen. 

6540
05:43:45,400 --> 05:43:46,500
They stood quite quietly 
together. 

6541
05:43:47,300 --> 05:43:49,200
Absorbing the car energy 
surrounding them. 

6542
05:43:49,200 --> 05:43:52,600
Drawing strength from each 
other's presence and the Eternal

6543
05:43:52,600 --> 05:43:56,700
rhythms of nature Eventually 
Graham placed a reassuring hand 

6544
05:43:56,700 --> 05:43:58,700
on edge shoulder. 
Come. 

6545
05:43:58,700 --> 05:44:02,300
He said, gently, let us join the
others and share in the joy of 

6546
05:44:02,300 --> 05:44:05,700
this sacred night. 
Returning to the Gathering Aid, 

6547
05:44:05,700 --> 05:44:09,500
felt deeply connected to his 
mentor, his community, and the 

6548
05:44:09,500 --> 05:44:11,100
ancient Traditions guide in the 
mall. 

6549
05:44:11,800 --> 05:44:15,200
The night was filled with quiet 
laughter stories and shared 

6550
05:44:15,200 --> 05:44:19,400
hopes a testament to their unity
and strength as the fire's 

6551
05:44:19,400 --> 05:44:22,500
dimmed and Villages dispersed, I
add carried the memory of this 

6552
05:44:22,500 --> 05:44:26,200
nightly within his heart, 
understanding more profoundly 

6553
05:44:26,200 --> 05:44:29,500
the responsibility. 
He now bore He had taken another

6554
05:44:29,500 --> 05:44:32,500
important step on his druidic 
journey, strengthened by 

6555
05:44:32,500 --> 05:44:36,500
tradition, Guided by wisdom, and
inspired by the enduring power 

6556
05:44:36,500 --> 05:44:39,200
of Nature's gifts. 
The Village was isolated by 

6557
05:44:39,200 --> 05:44:43,300
dense thickets of Hawthorne and 
Elder when aired the air, had a 

6558
05:44:43,300 --> 05:44:44,600
center of wet Earth and wood 
smoke. 

6559
05:44:44,600 --> 05:44:48,400
We moved quietly through narrow 
paths, passed low Stone Cottages

6560
05:44:48,400 --> 05:44:51,400
where people, paused their work 
to watch him pass their 

6561
05:44:51,400 --> 05:44:53,900
expressions and mix of respect 
and cautious, hope. 

6562
05:44:54,700 --> 05:44:58,300
His journey had taken three days
on foot guided only by the 

6563
05:44:58,300 --> 05:45:00,500
whispered Direction's by a 
passing traveler. 

6564
05:45:00,500 --> 05:45:05,100
The message had been urgent. 
A young woman ethna daughter of 

6565
05:45:05,100 --> 05:45:08,300
the village Smith Lake Gravely, 
ill following childbirth. 

6566
05:45:09,100 --> 05:45:12,600
Noel within the village could 
help her and so aired had come 

6567
05:45:12,608 --> 05:45:16,200
swiftly driven by a sense of 
Duty deeper than his fatigue. 

6568
05:45:17,200 --> 05:45:20,800
Is not home, was at The Villages
Edge near a stream that murmured

6569
05:45:20,800 --> 05:45:24,700
quietly beneath Twisted olders, 
inside the dim Cottage was 

6570
05:45:24,700 --> 05:45:27,400
crowded with concerned, 
relatives and neighbors, who 

6571
05:45:27,400 --> 05:45:30,700
stepped aside silently. 
As a year-ended, he felt their 

6572
05:45:30,700 --> 05:45:33,200
eyes upon him. 
They're quiet, desperation 

6573
05:45:33,200 --> 05:45:36,000
tangible. 
He approached the low bed where 

6574
05:45:36,000 --> 05:45:40,300
ethanol a pale face glistening 
with sweat breaths shallow and 

6575
05:45:40,300 --> 05:45:44,700
labored beside her the newborn 
slept peacefully unaware of The 

6576
05:45:44,700 --> 05:45:48,200
Quiet fear around him. 
I had Nelson touched ethnus. 

6577
05:45:48,200 --> 05:45:50,800
Forehead feeling the fevers Heat
against his palm. 

6578
05:45:50,800 --> 05:45:55,200
She stirred slightly murmuring 
and coherently, Bring water from

6579
05:45:55,200 --> 05:45:58,700
the stream aired instructed. 
Gently addressing the nearest 

6580
05:45:58,700 --> 05:46:00,700
woman. 
And Fresh Linen. 

6581
05:46:01,900 --> 05:46:05,500
As they hurried to obey Aid 
opened his Satchel carefully 

6582
05:46:05,500 --> 05:46:09,700
laying out bundles of herbs, 
roots and small vials filled 

6583
05:46:09,700 --> 05:46:12,000
with meticulously prepared 
tinctures. 

6584
05:46:12,000 --> 05:46:16,000
The Villages watched their 
curiosity mixed with all as he 

6585
05:46:16,000 --> 05:46:18,200
crushed dried leaves of Willow 
and Meadows. 

6586
05:46:18,200 --> 05:46:21,600
Suite into a bronze Bowl, adding
hot water to make a bitter 

6587
05:46:21,600 --> 05:46:25,000
aromatic infusion. 
He lifted asthma's head, gently 

6588
05:46:25,000 --> 05:46:29,100
coaxing her to drink slowly, She
Winsted but managed a few sips 

6589
05:46:29,100 --> 05:46:32,900
then he bathed her forehead and 
wrist with cool cloth soaked in 

6590
05:46:32,908 --> 05:46:36,200
the fresh stream. 
Water murmuring, ancient healing

6591
05:46:36,200 --> 05:46:39,800
chants softly under his breath. 
Each word resonated with 

6592
05:46:39,800 --> 05:46:42,400
intention invoke. 
The spirits of water and Earth 

6593
05:46:42,400 --> 05:46:44,600
to restore balance to the 
woman's weakened body. 

6594
05:46:45,500 --> 05:46:48,200
As Knight deepened, aired by 
ethnic side. 

6595
05:46:48,200 --> 05:46:51,100
Tirelessly applying pulses of 
crushed, herbs and Moss. 

6596
05:46:51,100 --> 05:46:54,300
He taught the village Midwife 
how to mix remedies of chamomile

6597
05:46:54,300 --> 05:46:57,000
and mint for calming sleep, 
instructing her carefully. 

6598
05:46:57,000 --> 05:46:59,800
So the healing wisdom could stay
long after he'd gone. 

6599
05:47:01,400 --> 05:47:04,400
The villagers moved quietly 
around him offering food. 

6600
05:47:04,400 --> 05:47:07,500
He declined his Focus entirely 
on his patient. 

6601
05:47:08,600 --> 05:47:12,200
By Dawn Etna's, breathing had 
steadied her skinless feverish 

6602
05:47:12,200 --> 05:47:14,700
to the touch. 
She opened her eyes slowly 

6603
05:47:14,700 --> 05:47:17,700
looking at I aired with a 
mixture of confusion and 

6604
05:47:17,700 --> 05:47:21,600
gratitude. 
Rest, he whispered softly the 

6605
05:47:21,600 --> 05:47:24,000
danger has passed but your body 
is still weak. 

6606
05:47:25,300 --> 05:47:28,700
Relief washed visibly through 
the cottage quiet smiles and 

6607
05:47:28,700 --> 05:47:31,300
whispered prayers of thanks. 
Reading among the gathered 

6608
05:47:31,300 --> 05:47:34,600
family and neighbors aired, 
stepped outside into the cool 

6609
05:47:34,600 --> 05:47:37,300
morning. 
Air inhaling deeply as the first

6610
05:47:37,300 --> 05:47:39,500
rays of sunlight filtered 
through the trees. 

6611
05:47:39,500 --> 05:47:42,800
He felt drained but satisfied, 
knowing he had done. 

6612
05:47:42,800 --> 05:47:45,800
What he could later that day. 
He sat beside the stream 

6613
05:47:45,800 --> 05:47:49,000
teaching, a group of children, 
who gather around him eager and 

6614
05:47:49,000 --> 05:47:52,100
curious, he showed them plants 
that grew wild nearby. 

6615
05:47:52,100 --> 05:47:54,400
How Nettles could soothe 
inflammation? 

6616
05:47:54,400 --> 05:47:57,800
How elderberries could fortify 
the body against illness and how

6617
05:47:57,800 --> 05:48:00,100
careful observation was the 
healers greatest tool? 

6618
05:48:01,600 --> 05:48:05,700
His evening approached aired 
prepared to depart ethnus father

6619
05:48:05,700 --> 05:48:08,500
approached him. 
Pressing a small carved token 

6620
05:48:08,500 --> 05:48:11,700
into his hand, an intricate 
pattern symbolizing gratitude 

6621
05:48:11,700 --> 05:48:14,800
and protection. 
Your kindness will never be 

6622
05:48:14,800 --> 05:48:16,700
forgotten. 
The Smith said, solemnly. 

6623
05:48:17,400 --> 05:48:20,400
Aired bowed, his head 
respectfully, knowing this token

6624
05:48:20,400 --> 05:48:24,200
was not just gratitude, but a 
reminder of the Sacred bond 

6625
05:48:24,200 --> 05:48:27,900
between healer and community. 
He took the carving into his 

6626
05:48:27,900 --> 05:48:32,300
Satchel feeling its warmth 
against his palm. walking away 

6627
05:48:32,300 --> 05:48:36,000
ahead since the profound 
interconnectedness of all, then 

6628
05:48:36,000 --> 05:48:40,500
the things the delicate balance 
of Life, The Quiet Dignity of 

6629
05:48:40,500 --> 05:48:43,700
suffering, and the resilience 
inherent in every living being 

6630
05:48:44,600 --> 05:48:47,400
His footsteps, were quiet, 
carrying him toward the next 

6631
05:48:47,400 --> 05:48:50,700
place that might need him aware.
That healing was not just The 

6632
05:48:50,700 --> 05:48:53,600
Mending of bodies, but the 
weaving together of her lives 

6633
05:48:53,600 --> 05:48:58,100
stories, and Futures, the Great 
Hall at Domino's, was alive with

6634
05:48:58,100 --> 05:49:00,400
the firelight flickering over 
carved, wooden beams. 

6635
05:49:00,400 --> 05:49:04,100
Yes, thick with tension 
Warrior's and clansmen line, the

6636
05:49:04,100 --> 05:49:06,000
walls, their arms, folded, 
tightly. 

6637
05:49:06,000 --> 05:49:09,300
Their expressions are blend of 
Pride and weary anticipation. 

6638
05:49:10,400 --> 05:49:12,900
Two noble families, stood apart 
of opposite, ends of the room. 

6639
05:49:12,900 --> 05:49:16,200
Each led by their respective 
Chief Dunes, their eyes locked 

6640
05:49:16,200 --> 05:49:20,000
in mutual suspicion. 
Between them stood Aid to his 

6641
05:49:20,000 --> 05:49:22,600
white robes glowing softly in 
the dim light he had been 

6642
05:49:22,608 --> 05:49:25,100
summoned. 
Urgently a few that had simmered

6643
05:49:25,100 --> 05:49:27,200
for Generations. 
Now threatened open conflict 

6644
05:49:27,200 --> 05:49:29,200
spilling into violence and 
bloodshed. 

6645
05:49:29,800 --> 05:49:32,900
He arrived quietly traveling 
alone with no Entourage or 

6646
05:49:32,900 --> 05:49:35,600
guards, the weight of 
responsibility pressed heavily 

6647
05:49:35,600 --> 05:49:38,800
upon him yet. 
He stood calm A silent pillar 

6648
05:49:38,800 --> 05:49:42,400
amid. 
The storm emotions, speak it, 

6649
05:49:42,400 --> 05:49:45,100
began quietly, his voice steady 
yet resonant. 

6650
05:49:45,800 --> 05:49:47,400
The hall fell into immediate 
silence. 

6651
05:49:47,400 --> 05:49:49,800
Let your grievances be heard 
clearly. 

6652
05:49:51,000 --> 05:49:54,000
The first Chieftain, a large 
formidable man named Connell 

6653
05:49:54,000 --> 05:49:55,900
stepped forward. 
His voice. 

6654
05:49:55,900 --> 05:49:57,200
Trembling with barely 
suppressed. 

6655
05:49:57,200 --> 05:49:59,800
Anger. 
Your accounted a tale of stolen 

6656
05:49:59,800 --> 05:50:02,400
livestock violated boundaries 
and broken promises. 

6657
05:50:02,400 --> 05:50:04,500
Dating back to his father's 
father's time. 

6658
05:50:05,300 --> 05:50:08,500
His words painted the Rival 
families as aggressors greedy 

6659
05:50:08,500 --> 05:50:12,000
and untrustworthy. 
Next spoke fintan slender, but 

6660
05:50:12,000 --> 05:50:15,800
Fierce eyes blazing with pride. 
His story was just as 

6661
05:50:15,800 --> 05:50:19,500
impassioned weaving, A Narrative
of betrayal and just accusation 

6662
05:50:19,500 --> 05:50:22,300
and stolen, honor, each side 
presented their case, 

6663
05:50:22,300 --> 05:50:25,000
passionately drawing, murmurs 
and nods of agreement. 

6664
05:50:25,000 --> 05:50:26,800
From their supporters 
throughout. 

6665
05:50:26,800 --> 05:50:29,800
Aired listened without 
interruption his face, betraying

6666
05:50:29,800 --> 05:50:33,300
neither judgment or favoritism. 
He allowed the torrent of anger 

6667
05:50:33,300 --> 05:50:36,600
and accusation to flow freely 
knowing that only by emptying 

6668
05:50:36,600 --> 05:50:38,300
their bitterness fully could 
peace. 

6669
05:50:38,300 --> 05:50:40,500
Begin to grow. 
And both sides had finished 

6670
05:50:40,500 --> 05:50:42,600
silence. 
Once again, settled over the 

6671
05:50:42,600 --> 05:50:46,800
room heavy and expectant, I had 
stepped forward, his eyes 

6672
05:50:46,800 --> 05:50:50,000
Meeting those of each chieftain 
in turn holding their gazes 

6673
05:50:50,000 --> 05:50:52,900
firmly yet. 
Gently he speak of stolen 

6674
05:50:52,900 --> 05:50:56,300
cattle, broken Oaths, and 
injured Pride, he began softly. 

6675
05:50:56,300 --> 05:50:59,200
But at the heart of your words 
like pain and misunderstanding 

6676
05:50:59,200 --> 05:51:03,400
land is shared not owned. 
You can return cattle but you 

6677
05:51:03,400 --> 05:51:05,200
must rebuild trust once you've 
broken it. 

6678
05:51:06,600 --> 05:51:10,400
He spoke slowly carefully, 
invoking stories and Parables 

6679
05:51:10,400 --> 05:51:13,300
from ancient wisdom, Tails 
familiar yet poignant. 

6680
05:51:14,100 --> 05:51:17,000
He spoke of Legendary Heroes, 
who overcame pride and revenge 

6681
05:51:17,000 --> 05:51:19,600
and of wise ancestors who 
understood the power of 

6682
05:51:19,608 --> 05:51:23,500
forgiveness and Reconciliation. 
Has his words filled the hall. 

6683
05:51:23,500 --> 05:51:26,700
I had moved among the assembled 
Warriors touching shoulders 

6684
05:51:26,700 --> 05:51:29,800
looking into eyes and Bridging 
the physical distance between 

6685
05:51:29,800 --> 05:51:33,000
the divided clams. 
He reminded them that unity and 

6686
05:51:33,000 --> 05:51:35,500
peace, were not signs of 
weakness, but the highest form 

6687
05:51:35,500 --> 05:51:38,100
of strength, Finally, he 
returned to the center of the 

6688
05:51:38,100 --> 05:51:40,100
hall, addressing both 
chieftain's directly. 

6689
05:51:41,000 --> 05:51:43,500
Let there be no talk of blame or
Vengeance. 

6690
05:51:43,500 --> 05:51:47,600
He said fuel instead. 
Let each family give a gift. 

6691
05:51:47,600 --> 05:51:52,000
One cow from each herd. 
Exchanged in Friendship, let 

6692
05:51:52,000 --> 05:51:54,900
your sons and daughters meet 
openly at the next Festival. 

6693
05:51:54,900 --> 05:51:58,200
Not as Rivals, but as kin Bound 
by renewed piece. 

6694
05:51:59,100 --> 05:52:03,100
Connor and fintan exchange long 
uncertain glances slowly. 

6695
05:52:03,100 --> 05:52:06,000
The tension began to air 
Connolly stepped forward. 

6696
05:52:06,000 --> 05:52:09,000
First extending his hand, solely
toward his rival. 

6697
05:52:09,700 --> 05:52:11,900
Made peace. 
Restore what anger took? 

6698
05:52:11,900 --> 05:52:15,800
He said, gruffly. 
Fenton hesitated and class. 

6699
05:52:15,800 --> 05:52:19,200
The offered hand May our 
children walked together where 

6700
05:52:19,200 --> 05:52:21,300
we want stood apart, he 
responded firmly. 

6701
05:52:22,100 --> 05:52:25,900
Cheers erupted hesitant at first
then louder and more confident 

6702
05:52:25,900 --> 05:52:29,700
the Warriors relaxed, their 
postures easing, smiles and 

6703
05:52:29,700 --> 05:52:32,200
laughter breaking through the 
previously tense atmosphere. 

6704
05:52:32,200 --> 05:52:36,600
I add stepped back quietly 
content that his counselor had 

6705
05:52:36,600 --> 05:52:39,800
steered the Clans away from 
violence later that evening as 

6706
05:52:39,800 --> 05:52:42,500
the clan celebrated their 
Newfound, Accord aired sat 

6707
05:52:42,500 --> 05:52:45,900
quietly beside the half sipping,
warm Mead and reflecting on the 

6708
05:52:45,908 --> 05:52:48,900
evening's events. 
He knew that true peace required

6709
05:52:48,900 --> 05:52:52,900
vigilance and continued guidance
yet, for now, the cycle of anger

6710
05:52:52,900 --> 05:52:56,600
and retaliation had been broken 
replaced by tentative friendship

6711
05:52:56,600 --> 05:53:00,200
and renewed, hope the Chiefs and
approached him again offering 

6712
05:53:00,200 --> 05:53:03,700
gratitude ahead, smiled warmly, 
reminding them gently. 

6713
05:53:04,500 --> 05:53:08,100
Pieces not achieved in a single 
evening, nurture, this agreement

6714
05:53:08,100 --> 05:53:11,500
water with trust and patience 
and it will bear fruit for 

6715
05:53:11,500 --> 05:53:15,500
Generations. 
Under the glow of the firelight 

6716
05:53:15,500 --> 05:53:19,000
his words, resonated deeply 
reinforcing the bonds freshly 

6717
05:53:19,000 --> 05:53:22,000
made. 
As he left the hall, walking 

6718
05:53:22,000 --> 05:53:25,500
into the moonlit night, aired, 
the quiet satisfaction of a 

6719
05:53:25,500 --> 05:53:29,600
purpose for filled in his role 
was far from over yet. 

6720
05:53:29,600 --> 05:53:32,400
Tonight, his voice of council 
had brought Harmony to Discord 

6721
05:53:32,400 --> 05:53:36,100
turning bitter enemies into 
cautious, friends, the sacred 

6722
05:53:36,100 --> 05:53:39,500
Oaks stood majestically, its 
gnarled branches spreading wide,

6723
05:53:39,500 --> 05:53:42,200
casting dappled Shadows upon the
moss covered clearing. 

6724
05:53:42,900 --> 05:53:46,600
This Oak was not just ancient, 
it was revered, a Living 

6725
05:53:46,600 --> 05:53:49,000
testament to generations of 
druidic wisdom. 

6726
05:53:50,000 --> 05:53:53,100
I had stood beneath its massive 
limbs his white robe, 

6727
05:53:53,100 --> 05:53:55,800
illuminated by shafts of 
sunlight filtering through the 

6728
05:53:55,800 --> 05:53:58,200
leaves. 
Gathered around him were 

6729
05:53:58,200 --> 05:54:01,700
villagers and warriors each face
etched with anxiety and 

6730
05:54:01,700 --> 05:54:04,600
curiosity. 
Today the Oak Grove served as a 

6731
05:54:04,608 --> 05:54:07,400
court where Justice would be 
decided not by sword or might 

6732
05:54:07,400 --> 05:54:09,900
but by careful consideration and
wisdom. 

6733
05:54:10,800 --> 05:54:13,600
It had been summoned to judge a 
matter of grave importance. 

6734
05:54:13,600 --> 05:54:17,800
A young Warrior cattle was 
accused of stealing cattle a 

6735
05:54:17,800 --> 05:54:19,400
crime. 
Severe enough to ignite Clan 

6736
05:54:19,400 --> 05:54:22,200
Warfare. 
Castle stood defiantly at The 

6737
05:54:22,200 --> 05:54:26,400
Groves Edge, arms crossed his 
expression stubborn yet tinged 

6738
05:54:26,400 --> 05:54:28,300
with fear. 
Opposite him. 

6739
05:54:28,300 --> 05:54:30,800
Stood Fergus. 
An older Warrior renowned for 

6740
05:54:30,808 --> 05:54:34,800
bravery and honor whose cattle 
had been taken Ferguson's eyes 

6741
05:54:34,800 --> 05:54:38,000
were dark with anger. 
His fists clenched at his side's

6742
05:54:38,000 --> 05:54:40,800
aired raised his hand signaling 
silence. 

6743
05:54:40,800 --> 05:54:46,100
He began with a clear steady 
voice speak plainly That truth 

6744
05:54:46,100 --> 05:54:49,100
might emerge from the shadow of 
accusation. 

6745
05:54:49,800 --> 05:54:52,300
Fergus stepped forward, 
recounting the theft with 

6746
05:54:52,300 --> 05:54:55,900
passionate conviction, 
describing the prized cattle and

6747
05:54:55,900 --> 05:54:57,400
the devastating loss to his 
family. 

6748
05:54:57,400 --> 05:55:01,600
His words resonated deeply among
the crowd drawing, murmurs of 

6749
05:55:01,608 --> 05:55:04,700
sympathy Catholic, however 
maintained his innocence 

6750
05:55:04,700 --> 05:55:08,100
fiercely insisting. 
He was wrongly, accused his 

6751
05:55:08,100 --> 05:55:11,200
voice shaking with frustration, 
his friends stood behind him 

6752
05:55:11,200 --> 05:55:13,600
murmuring. 
Support eyes darting nervously 

6753
05:55:13,600 --> 05:55:16,600
between him and aired. 
Listening carefully ahead 

6754
05:55:16,600 --> 05:55:20,200
detected, discrepancies, not 
deliberate falsehoods, but 

6755
05:55:20,200 --> 05:55:22,700
misunderstanding born of anger 
and haste. 

6756
05:55:22,700 --> 05:55:26,100
He called forth Witnesses, from 
both sides, questioning them 

6757
05:55:26,100 --> 05:55:29,000
patiently, coaxing, fourth 
details with gentle. 

6758
05:55:29,000 --> 05:55:32,000
But firm probing. 
He watched their faces noting 

6759
05:55:32,000 --> 05:55:34,900
subtle shifts in posture, tone 
and expression. 

6760
05:55:35,900 --> 05:55:39,400
Finally, aired step toward the 
oak laying his hand upon its 

6761
05:55:39,400 --> 05:55:41,300
rough bark. 
Truth. 

6762
05:55:41,300 --> 05:55:45,800
He declared quietly is not a 
sword to cut through lies, but a

6763
05:55:45,800 --> 05:55:49,300
route that grows slowly hidden 
from sight until it reveals 

6764
05:55:49,300 --> 05:55:52,100
itself. 
He turned to Castle asking 

6765
05:55:52,100 --> 05:55:54,900
Softly. 
Have you ever seen these cattle?

6766
05:55:56,200 --> 05:55:58,900
Castle. 
Hesitated then shook his head 

6767
05:55:58,900 --> 05:56:03,200
earnestly. 
No, I swear upon my ancestors. 

6768
05:56:04,100 --> 05:56:08,600
I had turned back to Fergus. 
Could another perhaps seek to 

6769
05:56:08,600 --> 05:56:11,600
benefit from your loss? 
Is there someone who's absence 

6770
05:56:11,600 --> 05:56:13,500
you overlooked while feeling 
angry? 

6771
05:56:14,300 --> 05:56:17,900
Fergus, Paul's uncertainty 
flickering across his Stern 

6772
05:56:17,900 --> 05:56:20,800
face. 
He looked back at his men doubt 

6773
05:56:20,800 --> 05:56:22,400
beginning to creep into his 
expression. 

6774
05:56:23,200 --> 05:56:26,600
Perhaps he admitted reluctantly,
he had nodded. 

6775
05:56:27,400 --> 05:56:30,400
Search your own house first. 
He had advised calmly. 

6776
05:56:31,200 --> 05:56:34,100
The truth often lies closest to 
where trust is strongest. 

6777
05:56:35,100 --> 05:56:38,000
Reluctantly Fergus. 
Agreed ordering his Warriors to 

6778
05:56:38,000 --> 05:56:41,600
search carefully and fairly 
hours passed as tension. 

6779
05:56:41,600 --> 05:56:45,100
Lingard villagers Whispering 
anxiously while waiting Beneath 

6780
05:56:45,100 --> 05:56:48,900
The Oaks watchful presents. 
Finally a group returned 

6781
05:56:48,900 --> 05:56:53,200
bringing with them, a youth 
named Ronan Ferguson, guilt and 

6782
05:56:53,208 --> 05:56:55,200
shame etched deeply into his 
face. 

6783
05:56:56,000 --> 05:56:58,300
Ronan confessed. 
Explaining, his actions were 

6784
05:56:58,300 --> 05:57:02,100
born of envy and Foolish Pride. 
Fergus stared in shock and 

6785
05:57:02,100 --> 05:57:04,000
sorrow. 
His anger melting into 

6786
05:57:04,000 --> 05:57:07,600
disappointment. 
The crowd murmured softly eyes 

6787
05:57:07,600 --> 05:57:11,300
moving between the cousin and 
aiding judgment aired 

6788
05:57:11,300 --> 05:57:13,300
approached. 
Ronan his gaze firm but 

6789
05:57:13,300 --> 05:57:16,800
compassionate. 
Restitution must be made but 

6790
05:57:16,800 --> 05:57:19,100
forgiveness can heal wounds 
deeper than punishment. 

6791
05:57:20,000 --> 05:57:24,000
He turned toward Fergus except a
fair Penance, then let anger 

6792
05:57:24,000 --> 05:57:26,200
rest beneath this Oak replaced 
by wisdom and mercy. 

6793
05:57:27,100 --> 05:57:30,700
Fergus nodded his shoulders 
relaxing, he embraced, Ronan 

6794
05:57:30,700 --> 05:57:33,300
acknowledging family, bonds 
Stronger Than Pride. 

6795
05:57:33,900 --> 05:57:38,900
Castle, exonerated sighed deeply
gratitude, filling his eyes as 

6796
05:57:38,900 --> 05:57:43,200
he bowed to aired as villagers 
disperse peacefully, Justice had

6797
05:57:43,200 --> 05:57:45,400
been served, not through 
Vengeance but through 

6798
05:57:45,400 --> 05:57:49,800
understanding and restoration I 
had remained briefly beneath the

6799
05:57:49,808 --> 05:57:52,000
oak. 
Its silent strength reinforcing 

6800
05:57:52,000 --> 05:57:53,700
his role. 
Justice. 

6801
05:57:53,700 --> 05:57:58,300
He was more than judgment, that 
was balanced patience and mercy 

6802
05:57:58,300 --> 05:58:01,300
woven tightly together, beneath 
the shade of wisdoms. 

6803
05:58:01,300 --> 05:58:04,800
Ancient branches aired stood at 
the top of a solitary Hill, 

6804
05:58:04,800 --> 05:58:08,400
beneath the vast expanse of 
night where the heaven stretched

6805
05:58:08,400 --> 05:58:12,700
endlessly above. 
It was a sacred Place marked by 

6806
05:58:12,700 --> 05:58:15,600
a circle of ancient Stones, 
whose purpose Only The Druids 

6807
05:58:15,600 --> 05:58:18,000
remembered. 
He raped his cloaked tighter 

6808
05:58:18,000 --> 05:58:20,700
against the biting wind eyes, 
lifted toward the 

6809
05:58:20,700 --> 05:58:24,700
constellation's, each star, each
subtle shift in the Heaven's 

6810
05:58:24,700 --> 05:58:28,200
whispered Secrets, known only to
those who watched with patients 

6811
05:58:28,200 --> 05:58:31,500
and reverence. 
Tonight was the Winter Solstice.

6812
05:58:32,300 --> 05:58:35,700
The longest night when darkness 
held Sway and the boundary 

6813
05:58:35,700 --> 05:58:39,200
between worlds, grew thin. 
The Stars gleamed brightly clear

6814
05:58:39,200 --> 05:58:42,600
and sharp in the Frigidaire 
around him villagers gathered 

6815
05:58:42,600 --> 05:58:44,300
quietly. 
Their breath visible, in the 

6816
05:58:44,300 --> 05:58:46,400
cold, awaiting guidance, for the
year ahead. 

6817
05:58:47,200 --> 05:58:50,600
Aired his staff carved with 
symbols representing the cycles 

6818
05:58:50,600 --> 05:58:54,100
of the Moon and the Sun and 
began to speak softly, his 

6819
05:58:54,100 --> 05:58:55,700
voice. 
Carried through the silence 

6820
05:58:55,700 --> 05:58:58,700
gentle yet, filled with quiet 
Authority. 

6821
05:58:58,700 --> 05:59:04,100
Tonight, darkness is strongest. 
But even now the wheel, turns, 

6822
05:59:04,100 --> 05:59:08,400
the sun returns rebirth follows 
Darkness as spring follows 

6823
05:59:08,400 --> 05:59:12,408
winter, watch closely and you'll
see your lives mirrored in the 

6824
05:59:12,416 --> 05:59:16,700
stars of The villagers watched 
him, intently their eyes filled 

6825
05:59:16,700 --> 05:59:20,200
with wonder and Trust. 
He depended on his insights for 

6826
05:59:20,200 --> 05:59:22,500
planting harvesting travel and 
celebration. 

6827
05:59:22,500 --> 05:59:25,800
He was not merely a sage but a 
vital guide for their daily 

6828
05:59:25,800 --> 05:59:27,900
lives. 
Pointing skywards. 

6829
05:59:27,900 --> 05:59:30,000
Aired traced. 
The outline of familiar patterns

6830
05:59:30,000 --> 05:59:32,200
the plow the Hunter and the 
serpent. 

6831
05:59:32,200 --> 05:59:35,900
He spoke of how the hunters path
for told the coming cold and how

6832
05:59:35,900 --> 05:59:38,200
the plows positioning indicated 
the right time for planting. 

6833
05:59:39,300 --> 05:59:42,100
He explained patiently how the 
movement of the planets subtle 

6834
05:59:42,100 --> 05:59:45,900
but unearthing guided decisions 
on marriages battles and 

6835
05:59:45,900 --> 05:59:49,200
Journeys. 
As he spoke ads words with 

6836
05:59:49,200 --> 05:59:52,700
images in the minds of listeners
linking, their Earthly lives, to

6837
05:59:52,700 --> 05:59:55,700
the vast Cosmic order. 
He gently reminded them that 

6838
05:59:55,700 --> 05:59:58,700
they were bound to the Earth, 
but also Children of the Stars, 

6839
05:59:58,700 --> 06:00:01,800
each life reflecting the broader
rhythm of existence. 

6840
06:00:03,400 --> 06:00:06,100
He then turned to the younger 
villagers explaining patiently. 

6841
06:00:06,900 --> 06:00:10,300
Each of you has a star that 
watches your path, guiding you 

6842
06:00:10,300 --> 06:00:14,600
towards your destiny, learn to 
find your star to read its 

6843
06:00:14,600 --> 06:00:17,900
subtle language. 
A young girl raised her hand 

6844
06:00:17,900 --> 06:00:20,800
timidly her eyes wide with 
curiosity. 

6845
06:00:21,700 --> 06:00:26,000
How do we find our star? 
Druid ahead smiled warmly your 

6846
06:00:26,000 --> 06:00:28,900
staff finds. 
You first in moments of quiet 

6847
06:00:28,900 --> 06:00:32,000
and a clear skies, he will feel 
its gaze. 

6848
06:00:32,000 --> 06:00:35,400
Listen closely and it will 
whisper your purpose. 

6849
06:00:36,900 --> 06:00:39,200
Throughout the night. 
He taught them patiently 

6850
06:00:39,200 --> 06:00:42,400
describing how to read Omens 
from the flights of birds, the 

6851
06:00:42,400 --> 06:00:45,900
patterns of clouds, and the 
positions of the Stars, his 

6852
06:00:45,900 --> 06:00:49,300
voice remained calm and 
reassuring weaving understanding

6853
06:00:49,300 --> 06:00:53,300
among the Gap in villages. 
As Dawn began to pay the Eastern

6854
06:00:53,300 --> 06:00:56,000
Horizon aired. 
His staff concluding, the 

6855
06:00:56,000 --> 06:00:59,400
knights teachings, The Village's
dispersed quietly, Hearts 

6856
06:00:59,400 --> 06:01:03,800
uplifted their Spirits buoyed, 
by Newfound Clarity aired, 

6857
06:01:03,800 --> 06:01:07,400
remain behind gazing thought 
upward as the Stars began to 

6858
06:01:07,400 --> 06:01:10,600
fade. he felt the quiet 
satisfaction of a task, 

6859
06:01:10,600 --> 06:01:14,500
fulfilled of knowledge, shared 
In this Sacred Space between 

6860
06:01:14,500 --> 06:01:17,900
Earth and Sky, are reaffirmed, 
his role, not only as a watcher 

6861
06:01:17,900 --> 06:01:21,100
of celestial movements, but as a
keeper of balance, ensuring that

6862
06:01:21,108 --> 06:01:23,800
his people lived harmoniously 
with the rhythms of the natural 

6863
06:01:23,800 --> 06:01:26,400
world. 
As the first light touched the 

6864
06:01:26,408 --> 06:01:29,900
ancient Stones, he felt a deep 
connection knowing that in 

6865
06:01:29,908 --> 06:01:32,900
guiding others to watch the 
skies, he helped them navigate 

6866
06:01:32,900 --> 06:01:34,700
the complexities of their lives 
below. 

6867
06:01:34,700 --> 06:01:38,700
The sky was Heavy with fog and 
the center of burning wood. 

6868
06:01:38,700 --> 06:01:41,600
Filled the air as aired stood 
Atop The Hill, overlooking his 

6869
06:01:41,600 --> 06:01:44,800
village as usual. 
The Romans had come their 

6870
06:01:44,800 --> 06:01:47,800
Legions marching inexorably 
through lands that had remained 

6871
06:01:47,800 --> 06:01:51,400
untouched for Generations. 
As villages succumbed to 

6872
06:01:51,408 --> 06:01:54,800
Conquest fires dotted, The 
Horizon signaling Devastation 

6873
06:01:54,800 --> 06:01:58,000
and Flames consumed forests and 
sacred Groves. 

6874
06:01:58,700 --> 06:02:00,700
Aired. 
Now, older with silver threads 

6875
06:02:00,700 --> 06:02:04,000
and his hair watched quietly. 
A deep sorrow etched into his 

6876
06:02:04,000 --> 06:02:06,200
features. 
His life's work had been 

6877
06:02:06,208 --> 06:02:09,300
dedicated to nurturing balance 
to preserving the sacred 

6878
06:02:09,300 --> 06:02:11,300
knowledge passed down through. 
Countless Generations. 

6879
06:02:11,300 --> 06:02:15,000
Now that Legacy seemed 
threatened by the Relentless 

6880
06:02:15,000 --> 06:02:18,100
advance of Roman power. 
He gathered the remaining 

6881
06:02:18,100 --> 06:02:21,600
villagers who had fled to the 
hill for Refuge fear, filled 

6882
06:02:21,600 --> 06:02:25,300
their eyes, despair evident in 
their tents postures ads 

6883
06:02:25,300 --> 06:02:27,200
presence. 
However, remained steady, and 

6884
06:02:27,200 --> 06:02:31,000
reassuring, providing a beacon 
of calm, a mid chaos, gather 

6885
06:02:31,000 --> 06:02:33,600
around. 
He spoke his voice firm, but 

6886
06:02:33,600 --> 06:02:35,600
gentle cutting through their 
anxiety. 

6887
06:02:35,600 --> 06:02:39,300
We can't control the fires 
around us, but we can protect 

6888
06:02:39,300 --> 06:02:42,700
the flame within our knowledge, 
traditions and spirit. 

6889
06:02:43,600 --> 06:02:46,800
He knelt scooping Earth into his
hands feeling its familiar 

6890
06:02:46,800 --> 06:02:49,000
warmth and resilience the 
villagers. 

6891
06:02:49,000 --> 06:02:51,900
Watched him their breathing 
slowing their Panic easing under

6892
06:02:51,900 --> 06:02:55,200
his karma Authority. 
This land seen, countless 

6893
06:02:55,200 --> 06:03:00,700
Seasons ahead, continued Softly.
Survived Wars where the storms 

6894
06:03:00,700 --> 06:03:02,300
and will endure. 
Even this. 

6895
06:03:03,200 --> 06:03:06,200
Our true strength lies, not in 
walls, or weapons, but in memory

6896
06:03:06,200 --> 06:03:08,900
and tradition. 
We carry the sacred flame within

6897
06:03:08,900 --> 06:03:10,700
us passed down through 
generations. 

6898
06:03:10,700 --> 06:03:15,000
No enemy can extinguish it. 
He stood facing each villager in

6899
06:03:15,008 --> 06:03:17,000
turn his eyes filled with quiet 
determination. 

6900
06:03:18,200 --> 06:03:21,600
Our task now is to protect this 
flame and ensure it continues to

6901
06:03:21,600 --> 06:03:24,100
burn brightly within our 
children and their children 

6902
06:03:24,100 --> 06:03:28,300
after them as he spoke a 
directed, The Villages to begin 

6903
06:03:28,300 --> 06:03:31,400
preparations, organizing them 
into groups to gather what 

6904
06:03:31,400 --> 06:03:35,200
Provisions remained, 10 to the 
wounded and find safe passage 

6905
06:03:35,200 --> 06:03:37,300
toward hidden Glen's deeper 
within the forests. 

6906
06:03:38,400 --> 06:03:39,900
Commit these urgent 
preparations. 

6907
06:03:39,900 --> 06:03:43,400
He moved quietly providing 
guidance and support and showing

6908
06:03:43,400 --> 06:03:47,900
morale remains steady As night 
fell aired lit, a single fire, 

6909
06:03:47,900 --> 06:03:51,700
Atop The Hill, its Flames. 
Casting flickering Shadows, he 

6910
06:03:51,700 --> 06:03:53,400
invited the villagers to sit 
around it. 

6911
06:03:53,400 --> 06:03:56,800
Sharing stories of Bravery, 
resilience and wisdom passed 

6912
06:03:56,800 --> 06:04:00,900
down through generations. 
Each story carried a lesson, a 

6913
06:04:00,900 --> 06:04:03,500
subtle reinforcement of the 
strength inherent within their 

6914
06:04:03,500 --> 06:04:06,500
traditions. 
In the quiet that followed aired

6915
06:04:06,500 --> 06:04:08,800
addressed the group. 
Again, tomorrow we must move 

6916
06:04:08,800 --> 06:04:11,800
deeper into the forest to places
hidden from romanized. 

6917
06:04:11,800 --> 06:04:15,800
There we will preserve what 
matters most not our homes, but 

6918
06:04:15,800 --> 06:04:19,500
our heritage remember that even 
in darkness, Flames endure 

6919
06:04:19,500 --> 06:04:24,300
within our hearts, our memories 
and our stories, the villagers 

6920
06:04:24,300 --> 06:04:27,200
nodded solemnly strengthened by 
his words. 

6921
06:04:27,200 --> 06:04:29,500
Their despair replaced by 
determination. 

6922
06:04:30,600 --> 06:04:33,800
Ahead remained awake long after 
they had settled staring into 

6923
06:04:33,800 --> 06:04:38,100
the fire reflecting on the cycle
of time. despite the rise and 

6924
06:04:38,100 --> 06:04:41,500
fall of Empires and the arrival 
and departure of conquerors, the

6925
06:04:41,500 --> 06:04:45,800
spirit of his people remained 
unwavering Dawn he moved quietly

6926
06:04:45,800 --> 06:04:48,700
into the deeper Woods leaving 
behind only the smoldering 

6927
06:04:48,700 --> 06:04:51,400
remnants of their former lives 
ahead. 

6928
06:04:51,400 --> 06:04:54,600
Walked at the head, guiding them
confidently towards safety. 

6929
06:04:54,600 --> 06:04:58,400
Knowing that his true purpose 
remained clear It was not to 

6930
06:04:58,400 --> 06:05:00,700
resist violently but to 
safeguard the soul of his 

6931
06:05:00,700 --> 06:05:03,800
people. 
Days turned to weeks and slowly 

6932
06:05:03,800 --> 06:05:06,800
the immediate threat faded as 
they established, a hidden 

6933
06:05:06,800 --> 06:05:08,400
settlement deep within the 
forest. 

6934
06:05:09,300 --> 06:05:12,300
Ahead continued teaching, 
guiding the younger villagers 

6935
06:05:12,300 --> 06:05:15,300
and druidic law, rituals and 
knowledge of the natural world. 

6936
06:05:16,200 --> 06:05:19,100
Each evening around the fire. 
He shared stories ensuring that 

6937
06:05:19,100 --> 06:05:21,600
the flame of their Heritage 
continued to burn brightly. 

6938
06:05:22,400 --> 06:05:27,000
Years later as he lay on his 
deathbed, peace surrounded by 

6939
06:05:27,000 --> 06:05:29,300
villagers whose lives, he had 
touched profoundly. 

6940
06:05:29,300 --> 06:05:33,200
He whispered, one final message.
Remember the Flames? 

6941
06:05:33,200 --> 06:05:35,900
We guard are Eternal carried, 
forward, through memory and 

6942
06:05:35,900 --> 06:05:39,900
love. 
His Spirit passed gently leaving

6943
06:05:39,900 --> 06:05:43,500
behind a legacy that no 
conqueror could extinguish the 

6944
06:05:43,500 --> 06:05:45,300
villages honored him beneath the
stars. 

6945
06:05:45,300 --> 06:05:48,700
Sharing stories repeating 
Lessons Learned and vowing to 

6946
06:05:48,700 --> 06:05:52,400
carry forward his teachings and 
in their hearts, the flame aired

6947
06:05:52,400 --> 06:05:55,200
protected, continued to burn 
brightly unyielding. 

6948
06:05:55,200 --> 06:05:57,400
Guiding them through Darkness 
toward